Energy Atlas Working Report 1: Future Concept Renewable Wilhelmsburg 9783868593495

Table of contents :
Contents
Working Report on the Renewable Wilhelmsburg Future Concept
THE RENEWABLE WILHELMSBURG CLIMATE PROTECTION CONCEPT IN THE CONTEXT OF CURRENT DEBATES ON THE ENERGY TRANSITION
Decentralised Energy Transition— Challenges for Cities
Embedding the Renewable Wilhelmsburg Climate Protection Concept within a National and International Framework
Heating Grids as the Backbone of a Sustainable Municipal Energy Policy
The Hamburg Heat Strategy
Wilhelmsburg in the Context of Smart Energy City Research
METHODICAL BASES OF DISTRICT ENERGY CONCEPTS
Renewable Wilhelmsburg Climate Protection Concept
Energy-Focused Urban Regeneration Based on an Analysis of Urban Space Types
Renewable Energy Region— Around Lake Constance
“PROCESS CULTURE OF RENEWABLE WILHELMSBURG”— ACCOMPANYING INVESTIGATIONS
Area and Grid Monitoring
Building Monitoring
Hamburg-Wilhelmsburg Island Power Study
Framework for a Fully Renewable Energy— Based Power Supply for Germany
Future Heat Concepts for the Elbe Islands
Consideration of the User in the Estimation of Heat Demand in Buildings
Green Buildings and their Inhabitants
ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS CONCERNING ENERGY-RELATED URBAN RENEWAL
Energy-Efficient Modernisation as a Key Parameter for a Renewable Wilhelmsburg
Housing Market Studies—the Practise of Energy-Efficient Housing Modernisation in Hamburg
ROADMAP FOR A RENEWABLE WILHELMSBURG
Energy, Cities and Architecture
Knowledge Gains for Wilhelmsburg from Local Approaches to Climate Protection throughout Germany
On the Path towards a Renewable Wilhelmsburg
Vision 2050
ENERGY ATLAS 2010 (Reprint)
Glossary
Authors
Image Credits
Imprint

Citation preview

ENERGY ATLAS WORKING REPORT 1 Future Concept Renewable Wilhelmsburg

IBA HAMBURG GMBH / UMWELTBUNDESAMT / TU DARMSTADT (ED.)

ENERGY ATLAS WORKING REPORT 1 Future Concept Renewable Wilhelmsburg

JOVIS

6

Working Report on the Renewable Wilhelmsburg Future Concept Uli Hellweg, Manfred Hegger, Harry Lehmann THE RENEWABLE WILHELMSBURG CLIMATE PROTECTION CONCEPT IN THE CONTEXT OF CURRENT DEBATES ON THE ENERGY TRANSITION

14 20 24 32 40

Decentralised Energy Transition—Challenges for Cities Claudia Kemfert Embedding the Renewable Wilhelmsburg Climate Protection Concept within a National and International Framework Benno Hain Heating Grids as the Backbone of a Sustainable Municipal Energy Policy Matthias Sandrock The Hamburg Heat Strategy Hans Gabányi, Björn Dietrich Wilhelmsburg in the Context of Smart Energy City Research Jan Gerbitz METHODICAL BASES OF DISTRICT ENERGY CONCEPTS

50 60 68

4

Renewable Wilhelmsburg Climate Protection Concept Harry Lehmann Energy-Focused Urban Regeneration Based on an Analysis of Urban Space Types Manfred Hegger, Joachim Schulze Renewable Energy Region—Around Lake Constance Peter Droege

“PROCESS CULTURE OF RENEWABLE WILHELMSBURG”—ACCOMPANYING INVESTIGATIONS

76 86 102 112 116 128 134

Area and Grid Monitoring David Sauss, Lars Kühl Building Monitoring Jennifer König, Arne Diedrich, Florian Witowski, Thomas Wilken Hamburg-Wilhelmsburg Island Power Study Alexa Lutzenberger, Stefan Peter Framework for a Fully Renewable Energy-Based Power Supply for Germany Benno Hain Future Heat Concepts for the Elbe Islands Jan Gerbitz Consideration of the User in the Estimation of Heat Demand in Buildings Esteban Muñoz, Irene Peters Green Buildings and their Inhabitants Stefan Krümmel ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS CONCERNING ENERGY-RELATED URBAN RENEWAL

144 150

Energy-Efficient Modernisation as a Key Parameter for a Renewable Wilhelmsburg Joost Hartwig Housing Market Studies—the Practise of Energy-Efficient Housing Modernisation in Hamburg Bernd Jacobs ROADMAP FOR A RENEWABLE WILHELMSBURG

158 176 182 194

Energy, Cities and Architecture Manfred Hegger Knowledge Gains for Wilhelmsburg from Local Approaches to Climate Protection throughout Germany Peter Pichl, Benno Hain On the Path towards a Renewable Wilhelmsburg Uli Hellweg, Manfred Hegger, Harry Lehmann, Jan Gerbitz, Katharina Jacob, Simona Weisleder, Karsten Wessel Vision 2050 Jan Gerbitz, Katharina Jacob, Simona Weisleder, Karsten Wessel

201 ENERGY ATLAS 2010 (Reprint)

217 Glossary 221 Authors 223 Image Credits 224 Imprint

5

ULI HELLWEG, MANFRED HEGGER, HARRY LEHMANN

Working Report on the Renewable Wilhelmsburg Future Concept

In the 2010 Renewable Wilhelmsburg Climate

for subsequent work (cf. articles by Hain, Pichl/

Protection Concept, the IBA Hamburg set out

Hain, Lehmann). This self-imposed restriction re-

a strategic concept focused on the energy transformation of a district of central Hamburg

duces the diagnostic value of the results, as the almost CO2-neutral self-sufficiency in electricity

35 square kilometres in size and with more

by the end of the 2020s and in heat by the end

than 55,000 residents. The IBA Hamburg’s

of the 2040s, as targeted in the ENERGY ATLAS,

demonstration area, on the Elbe Islands, is in

clearly does not yet indicate the complete

urban and socio-spatial terms a clearly defined

climate neutrality of the Elbe Islands. It permits,

area, by the two arms of the Southern and

however, a methodological examination that

Northern Elbe and the abandoned course of

incorporates architectural and design aspects

the Reiherstieg river. Due to the historic flood

(cf. article by Hegger), which are often neglected

in 1962, this area was particularly exemplary

in energy-related urban redevelopment.

in showing how and what cities, as the main

Above all, the opportunities that emerged from

victims of but also the main contributors to

the IBA afforded the chance for the strategies

climate change, can do towards protecting the climate. The holistic approach taken by an

and projects to be implemented for the first time. Today the ENERGY ATLAS represents an

International Building Exhibition also presented

internationally acclaimed and applied meth-

the chance to implement an exemplary, locally

odological tool for local energy-related urban

based scheme through practical construction

redevelopment (cf. articles by Kemfert, Droege,

projects and campaigns, in the first major stage

Lehmann, Hain, and Gerbitz—“Smart Energy

up until 2013, the final Presentation Year of the

City” research). For Hamburg, it is the Road-

IBA Hamburg.

map towards the exemplary energy renovation

The cornerstones of the Renewable Wilhelms-

of Wilhelmsburg and Veddel over the coming

burg Climate Protection Concept, published in the ENERGY ATLAS,1 are the improvement of

decades (cf. article by Gerbitz—“Future Heat

energy efficiency and the use of local energy

towards a Renewable Wilhelmsburg”).

resources such as wind, sun, biomass, and geo-

By 2013 the IBA was able to implement most of

thermal energy. The ENERGY ATLAS restricts

the projects planned as part of the 2010 Road-

itself to the energy-related optimisation of the

map. 1,420 kWp electricity were installed on the

building stock of private households, com-

Elbe Islands. In practical terms this means that

merce, trade, and services—i.e. the core area

35 per cent of households are supplied with

of the built city environment, with an about 41

locally produced electricity as calculated on

per cent share of the total energy consumption nationwide.2 The energy required by industry,

annual balance, and 12 per cent of households

transport, and residents’ lifestyles are not con-

articles by Sauss, König). This makes Wilhelms-

sidered in the concept, and are to be reserved

burg probably the most climate-friendly district

6

Concepts for the Elbe Island” and “On the Path

are supplied with heat from Wilhelmsburg (cf.

Therefore local self-sufficiency cannot be the goal of sustainable energy supply; rather, it should be autonomy—namely, the enhancement of local production through load management, the use of storage facilities, and energy exchange with the other districts and the rest of the region.

of Hamburg regarding the energy supply of

ply; rather, it should be autonomy—namely, the

private households and commerce, trade and

enhancement of local production through load

service businesses.

management, the use of storage facilities, and

The preconditions for the implementation of

energy exchange with the other districts and

the Renewable Wilhelmsburg Climate Protec-

the rest of the region.

tion Concept against the backdrop of energy

Following five years of the Renewable Wilhelms-

policy in Hamburg were special, and not only

burg Climate Protection Concept, the learning

because of the IBA’s exceptional status. Of

processes have included not only new techni-

Hamburg’s total heat market, 20 per cent is

cal and economic challenges but also different

supplied with district heat from fossil energy sources3 but Hamburg’s Elbe Islands are not

political framework conditions at federal and

part of this system. In 2007 there were plans to

social experience of energy-related urban im-

connect the Elbe Island of Wilhelmsburg to the

provement in a socially disadvantaged district.

district heating grid during the construction of

The experience of the IBA demonstrates that

the controversial Moorburg coal power plant. In

sustainable development in an urban space is at

negotiations with the Hamburg Senate and the

least a technical problem, but above all a social

energy supplier Vattenfall, the construction of

and political, thereafter a financial, architectural

the grid, which had been contractually agreed,

and urban design problem. This is particularly

was abandoned in order to make space for the

evident in relation to the issue of the annual

IBA’s local supply concept.

renewal rate, the decisive factor in improving

Thus Hamburg’s Elbe Islands offered a unique

the energy efficiency of the existing building

laboratory for urban redevelopment in relation

stock. In its Excellence Scenario, the Renew-

to energy, whereby many problems typical of

able Wilhelmsburg Climate Protection Concept

current energy policy discussion were given focus, like under a magnifying glass. Today

starts out from the assumption of almost CO2 neutrality within the existing building stock, as

issues of grid integration and the load manage-

already mentioned, from a renewal rate of 3 to 5

ment of local and district energy producers

per cent. However, the energy-related improve-

are relevant beyond Hamburg, both in the heat

ment of houses in Wilhelmsburg is thought to be

and in the electricity sectors (cf. articles by

at around 0.8 per cent today, the same as the

Sandrock and Gerbitz—“Smart Energy City” research). While the ENERGY ATLAS in 2010

national average (cf. article by Hartwig). In this

contrasted the annual energy requirement of

Plan campaign initiated in 2009, in which

Wilhelmsburg, in a greatly simplified version,

private homeowners were to carry out energy-

with the amount of energy produced in one

related modernisation of their houses, has suc-

year, the 2013 Island Power Study (cf. article by

ceeded more qualitatively than quantitatively.

Lutzenberger) examined the dynamic electric-

For instance, the Wilhelmsburger Strasse 76–82

ity demand and production across four years

project on Veddel showed for the first time how

with an hourly resolution. The results are clear:

buildings from the 1920s, with their distinc-

on the one hand, the assumptions made by the ENERGY ATLAS are correct, and the objectives

tive brick façades, so typical of the city, could

set out for the local coverage of the annual

thus upgrading Hamburg’s “Red City” without

energy requirement with renewable energy are

visibly changing the historic façades. Similarly,

achievable. On the other hand, in the dynamic,

late nineteenth-century houses in Wilhelmsburg

time-dependent analysis the widely fluctuating

were renovated, and a much acclaimed model

production of renewable electricity leads both

project was carried out by VELUX, which with

to high electricity surpluses and to high deficits

the LightActive House provided an energy tem-

in provision. Therefore local self-sufficiency

plate for the modernisation of estate buildings

cannot be the goal of sustainable energy sup-

from the 1930s and 1950s, albeit not the only

state level (cf. article by Hain), as well as the

context, it must be noted that the Top Climate

be modernised almost to new-build standard,

INTRODUCTION

7

ever, could not be achieved in this way. Despite

Even though, with respect to the ENERGY ATLAS, it must be noted that the level of targets

the rather financially weak social structure on

reached is significantly higher on the supply side

the Elbe Islands the cause of this is not to be

than the increase in efficiency through energy-

found in the cost of the work, but mainly in two

related modernisation of existing buildings, we

other reasons: the demography—many home-

must warn against excessive optimism, as those

owners are of an advanced age; and in the fact

who are the first to criticise “densifiers and

that energy-related measures are rarely the sole

insulators” are by no means pioneers in terms of

reason for investment in one’s own house. For

renewable energy sources. One major difficulty

the most part, there is more extensive moderni-

in connecting existing districts to heating grids

sation (bathrooms, layouts) and repairs, so that

is the mass of institutional, logistical, and legal

the total package of costs increases and the

problems involved: whether when large, or even

renewal rate stagnates (cf. article by Jacobs).

city-owned, housing associations cannot coordi-

If the findings from the Top Climate Plan are

nate their retrofitting concepts with the energy

to be seen as representative, this raises the question of whether the supply side, i.e. the

suppliers, or can only do so in part; or when

production of renewable energy sources, should

environmentally friendly supply grids difficult or

be given greater emphasis in strategic and

impossible (cf. article by Sandrock).

practical terms, as opposed to the efficiency side, i.e. privately funded housing modernisa-

This then raises the question of what the ap-

tion, without harbouring any illusion that this

propriate concepts and the necessary frame-

means dispensing with energy efficiency for

work conditions might be for supplying districts

buildings and businesses (cf. article by Hartwig).

and cities with renewable forms of energy. In

In addition, strengthening the supply side has

the future, who will be the key stakeholders in

its own problems: it cannot eliminate the lack of

the energy transition? What role will residents and decentralised local concepts play? And Cui

one. A breakthrough in the renewal rate, how-

thermal comfort in housing units any more than the modernisation backlog that exists throughout Germany, which causes further deterioration of the building stock and ultimately leads to increased reconstruction or replacement costs. Strengthening the supply side would also adversely affect the overall increase in efficiency. This would encourage the use of fossil fuels due to increasing the uncertainty associated with the Renewable Energy Law (EEG), and the EU and the German government’s goals of reducing CO2 would recede into the distance. Major dependence on conventional heat suppliers (coal, natural gas, and crude oil), in particular, would be prolonged. It is therefore hoped that national and, if possible, local incentive programmes can contribute towards increasing the renewal rate in the near future and thus enhance efficiency-related improvement. Further investment and activation processes are required in line with this, in order to make climate protection concepts of concern to everyone in society.

8

incentives or tax laws make connection to new,

bono—who ultimately benefits from this? The Climate Protection Masterplan of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg envisions the continuation of the Renewable Wilhelmsburg Climate Protection Concept as a model. However, the referendum on the repurchase of the district heating grid raises the question of what value decentralised supply structures will be in Hamburg’s new heat strategy (cf. articles by Gabányi/ Dietrich, Sandrock), especially since at present new central investment is under discussion, such as in a combined-cycle power plant in Wedel. No final decisions have been made, but it is now clear that following the decisions surrounding investment in the power plant structure the course will have been set for decentralised, districtfocused concepts. The Senate is expected at the end of the editorial process to present the heat strategy by the end of 2014. Between 2008 and 2010, when the Renewable Wilhelmsburg Future Concept was being developed by the IBA, in close cooperation with the

In the future, who will be the key stakeholders in the energy transition? What role will residents and decentralised local concepts play? And Cui bono— who ultimately benefits from this?

research group from the University of Applied

tailored, and economically optimised develop-

Technology Nordhausen and an international

ment of forward-looking energy concepts. The

advisory board5 (cf. summary of the Climate

Renewable Wilhelmsburg Climate Protection

Protection Concept in the Appendix), the world

Concept thus literally acts as a blueprint: using

of renewable energy legislation seemed to be in

manual methods and is thus highly reliable and

order. Since then, a whole range of political and

experimental in its results, it nevertheless acts

legal framework conditions have changed, from

as a model for many other users. On Hamburg’s

the limited extension of the renewable energy

Elbe Islands this approach has been so suc-

producers to the financial burdens placed on

cessful that there are questions being asked,

small local plants. The Working Report on the

in Hamburg and beyond, as to whether it can

Future Concept therefore represents not only

at least be transferred to comparable districts.

the earlier results and impacts of the Renew-

Discussions on this matter are still ongoing.

able Wilhelmsburg Future Concept, but also

The implementation of such a climate protec-

examines the consequences arising from the in-

tion concept requires a lot of staying power,

terim decisions made at federal and state level

both in Hamburg and elsewhere. The me-

about the updating of the Roadmap. On the

dium- to long-term measures often need to

one hand a critical review has looked at what

be checked and adapted to altered technical,

has been achieved and also established that

economic, and political realities. In particu-

decentralised concepts can make a significant

lar, further technical developments and the

contribution towards energy self-sufficiency and the reduction of CO2 emissions within a

changes associated with them play a big role in

short space of time (cf. article “Path Towards

ing of renewable forms of energy are still in

a Renewable Wilhelmsburg”). On the other

their infancy and are thus dynamic. In the same

hand, essential tasks for the future are defined,

way, the integration of user behaviour analysis

such as the intelligent linking of local heat and

will have more emphasis in future planning (cf.

electricity production, as well as the issue of lo-

article by Peters), as such planning can only be

cal storage technology (cf. article by Lehmann).

successful if consumers become stakeholders in

At the same time it is also clear that, although

the energy transition. The Renewable Wilhelms-

the Renewable Wilhelmsburg Future Concept

burg Climate Protection Concept still has its

was indeed developed on an island, it is itself

economic and, ultimately, its social sustainabil-

far from being an island in the energy policy

ity to prove (cf. article by Krümmel).

landscape of today.

The Climate Protection Concept requires care-

An experiment has become a strategic ap-

ful control of the individual measures, using a

proach that may make a significant contribution

purely technical monitoring system, like that

to the policy goal of energy transition. It also

planned for Wilhelmsburg. First and foremost,

gives considerable impetus to further refine-

however, this major project requires engaged

ments of the methods included in local or re-

and technically competent leadership dedicated

gional climate protection concepts and energy

to the exemplary implementation of the energy

development plans (cf. articles by Lehmann,

transition, independent from the vicissitudes of

Hegger / Schulze). Universities and research in-

political life.

4

the cost structures. The evolution and market-

stitutions in many countries have paid attention to the planning approach that the IBA Hamburg has adopted for the district of Wilhelmsburg— for instance, the Lake Constance / Alpenrhein region (cf. article by Droege). They are using this as a basis for developing solutions that should facilitate the survey of requirements and potentials in the future, as well as locally based,

INTRODUCTION

9

Notes 1 IBA Hamburg (ed.): ENERGY ATLAS. Future Concept Renewable Wilhelmsburg. Berlin 2010. 2 AG Energieverbrauch e.V: Anwendungsbilanzen für die Endenergiesektoren in Deutschland in den Jahren 2011 und 2012 mit Zeitreihen von 2008 bis 2012. Berlin 2013. 3 Hamburg Senate: Printed issue 20/11237. Hamburg 2014. http://www.gruene-fraktion-hamburg.de/sites/gruenefraktion-hamburg.de/files/dokument/11451_ska_jens_ kerstan.pdf 4 Dieter D. Genske / Thomas Jödecke / Jana HenningJacob / Ariane Ruff: Energetische Optimierung des Modellraumes IBA Hamburg. Hamburg 2011. 5 The members of the IBA Hamburg’s Climate and Energy advisory board were: Prof. Peter Droege (Liechtenstein University and representative of the World Council for Renewable Energy, Australia), Prof. Manfred Hegger (Technical University Darmstadt), Dr. Harry Lehmann (team manager at the Environment Agency, Dessau), Prof. Irene Peters (HafenCity University Hamburg), Matthias Schuler (executive director of Transsolar, Stuttgart, and Adjunct Professor for Environmental Technologies at Harvard University, USA), Stefan Schurig (director of Climate and Energy, World Future Council, Hamburg).

10

The Climate Protection Concept for the Elbe Islands was published in 2010 and has been continuously adapted during the implementation since. To help properly position the concept in the debate on the energy transition, the contributions in this volume have been selected to show how the energy transition has developed in Germany in the years leading up to the mid 2010s, and the concomitant challenges faced by cities and local authorities. The political processes, activities, and research projects carried out in Hamburg in parallel with the Renewable Wilhelmsburg Climate Protection Concept also occupy an important place in this classification. Since renewable electricity production became the main focus of the energy transition in the 1980s, and a number of advances have already been made in this field, heating has become a key topic in recent years. The design and planning of sustainable heating grids has also emerged as a major factor in the Renewable Wilhelmsburg Climate Protection Concept, and their approaches are discussed here in terms of the economy, ecology, and community participation.

THE RENEWABLE WILHELMSBURG CLIMATE PROTECTION CONCEPT IN THE CONTEXT OF CURRENT DEBATES ON THE ENERGY TRANSITION

CLAUDIA KEMFERT

Decentralised Energy Transition— Challenges for Cities

Intelligent energy transitions can become an

Challenges Facing Cities

economic driver if investments are made in renewable forms of energy, new power plants,

In the future, two-thirds of humanity will live in

energy efficiency, and sustainable buildings,

urban areas, or communities with more than

as well as in mobility. The German industry in

one million inhabitants. In general, cities play

particular can benefit enormously from the con-

an important role in issues relating to climate

struction of facilities, infrastructure, and power

change, such as taking mitigating measures.

plants. Smart energy transition involves more

They must also adapt to climate change, for

economic opportunities than risks, especially

example, as greater temperature fluctuations

for cities like Hamburg and Berlin.

and extreme weather events will lead to a much greater need for heating and cooling.

Energy Transition—Economic Opportunities Germany aims to increase the renewable energy share from 25 per cent in 2014 to 80 per cent by 2050. By 2022 the remaining seven operational nuclear power plants, located mainly in the south of Germany, will be decommissioned. The focus is also on improving energy efficiency in buildings and transport. The national energy transition should thus secure a stable and sustainable energy supply. Energy generation will change greatly, moving towards more localised energy supply structures in which renewable forms of energy, combined heat and power plants, and smart distribution grids and storage solutions are combined. This also requires effective load management with a balanced supply and demand. All of these developments will yield considerable innovation, and open up future markets through new investment.1

14

It is therefore incumbent upon cities to adapt better to climate change and climatic fluctuations. In Germany urban planning must prepare

On the way to a sustainable future, families test the suitability of electric vehicles in everyday life.

for extreme heat, while buildings must pro-

no longer be sold in urban areas, but mobility

vide cooling in summer and heating in winter.

services will be used and paid for in their place.

Smart energy supply to buildings incorporates

One important precondition for sustainable

sufficient insulation on the one hand, while,

mobility is a well-developed public transport

on the other, the buildings of the future must

network. This can be enhanced by car- or

produce more energy than they consume. After

bicycle-sharing models. The use of environmen-

the transport sector, the greatest and easiest

tally friendly and sustainable driving technol-

potential for saving energy lies within the prop-

ogy plays an important role in this. Multi-modal

erty sector, and the outer shells of buildings in

systems make sense wherever feasible: it is

particular. Almost a fifth of the energy required

important to have a strong interconnection be-

by buildings could be saved simply by fitting

tween the different forms of transport. Cycling

them with efficient insulation and climate

plays a vital role, provided that cycle paths

technology. Energy costs can also be drastically

are well laid out and, above all, safe, and that

reduced in this way. Surplus power can be used

they do not compete for space with car traffic.

to fill the batteries, or energy stores, needed for

Safety and comfort must be ensured.

transportation.

The list of opportunities and possibilities for

In addition, cities have the challenge of reduc-

the cities of tomorrow is a long one. Climate

ing greenhouse gases without impairing quality

change is continuing apace, and cities need to

of life or mobility. Today, 70 per cent of an-

prepare for it. On the global stage, the world’s

thropogenic greenhouse gases are released in

nations may not be able to agree on a bind-

cities. Many of the world’s cities are actively ad-

ing climate protection agreement. This makes

dressing this issue. In Scandinavia, for example,

it all the more crucial that every individual,

there is a strong focus on climate change miti-

every citizen and every city and neighbourhood

gation: the use of renewable energy, effective

forge ahead with targeting options for climate

recycling, water and waste treatment methods,

protection, starting with saving energy in public

improving public transport and electric mobility, and improving quality of life through cleaner air,

buildings and promoting public transport and CO2-free inner city areas, for instance through

reduced noise, and green recreational areas.

electric vehicles, supporting pilot programmes

The use of electric mobility increases the at-

to expand renewable forms of energy, promote

tractiveness of cities for two basic reasons:

cogeneration plants, and improving informa-

lower noise, and reduced emissions and particu-

tion, education, and training of decision-makers

late matter. It thus addresses the need for sus-

and consultants.

tainable and environmentally friendly transport systems, particularly in urban areas. Electric cars until the mid 2010s were considered to be especially useful in urban areas, as the battery and charging technology had not yet been

Bottom-up Energy Transition— Hamburg as a “Turned-around City”

developed for long distances, and inhabitants of

The global Green City Index compares dif-

cities and urban areas travel no more than 20

ferent components, such as energy supply,

kilometres per day on average.2 People choose their means of getting about

transport systems, waste treatment, air and

according to comfort, lifestyle, and practicality. The way in which people move changes

protection programmes in individual European capitals.3 Scandinavian countries tend to rank

constantly: petrol is becoming more expensive,

at the top of this international list. In evaluating

young people have less of a connection with

this it is good to keep in mind that cities enter

the car and cities offer attractive alternatives

under different conditions and geographical

in public transport or through the creation of

and economic circumstances, while their size,

bicycle rental systems. In the future, cars will

growth structure and wealth also play crucial

water quality, and government-run climate

THE RENEWABLE WILHELMSBURG CLIMATE PROTECTION CONCEPT IN THE CONTEXT OF CURRENT DEBATES ON THE ENERGY TRANSITION

15

roles. For example, the comparison puts Berlin

Biomass is also used: the Stellingen waste

in the upper middle of the list, with high scores

incineration plant produces biogas of natu-

in energy efficiency of buildings but significant

ral gas quality from organic waste, while the

room for improvement in the areas of mobility

HAMBURG WASSER waterworks does the same

and energy supply. Using biomass for electricity

with digester gas from a sewage plant, and uses

and heat generation and the increased use of

them to operate its fleet of company vehicles.

electric mobility may also improve the overall

The Bützfeld biogas and composting plant

picture. After Stockholm, however, it was Ham-

processes the organic content of more than

burg, rather than Berlin, that was named the

100,000 tonnes of organic waste from Hamburg

runner-up European Green Capital.

every year to produce some 2.5 million cubic

Hamburg has created a comprehensive cli-

metres of biomethane. In total, the plant gener-

mate change mitigation or ‘climate protection’

ates enough energy to supply 11,000 households

programme. Its Climate Protection Masterplan

with electricity. Moreover, Hamburg is one of

established that Hamburg wishes to continue to

eight model regions in Germany that test the

make a contribution towards the national climate protection target of reducing CO2 emissions by

everyday use of electric cars. About 740 electric

40 per cent by 2020 and by at least 80 per cent

the streets as part of this project. This has made

by 2050. In addition, an action plan was drawn

it one of the best equipped charging grids for

up to cover all essential dimensions. Hamburg’s

electric cars in Germany. About 100 partners are

city authorities support upgrading of all public

involved in the model project, including compa-

buildings to ensure energy efficiency, thereby

nies, research institutes, and public administra-

setting an example, and reinforce environmental-

tion. The city operates 280 e-cars and thus has

ly friendly mobility measures. Significant atten-

the largest municipal electric fleet of any city.

tion was paid also to the contribution of research

Nearly 40 per cent of Hamburg’s energy

and of targeted information and education about

consumption relates to heating buildings and

climate change mitigation possibilities.

providing hot water. By improving energy ef-

Following the repurchase of energy grids in

ficiency, implementing fuel-efficient heating,

the wake of a referendum in September 2013,

choosing better insulation materials, using

Hamburg now has the opportunity to imple-

modern power plants, and optimising business

ment smart grids and effective energy and load management. The Businesses for Resource

processes, energy consumption can be greatly reduced.5 The Wilhelmsburg Energy Bunker is

Conservation programme was established in

a striking and model example of a project that

Hamburg a long time ago, whereby the city’s

has put energy transition into practise. Through

investment and development banks try to opti-

the local generation of power from renewable

mise their energy-intensive operations. There is

forms of energy and the use of waste heat from

a particular emphasis on solar thermal energy

neighbouring industries, the Energy Bunker is

for the climate-friendly heating of domestic

set to take over the heat supply of a whole city

hot water, as well as photovoltaic surfaces for

district. It connects the elements of the decen-

generating power. These are already used on

tralised energy transition in an ideal way: by

countless buildings, including large-scale facili-

producing electricity and heat from renewable

ties such as the Millerntor Stadium and the

forms of energy and by storing thermal energy,

historic “50er Schuppen” in the harbour. E.ON

it has made a “bottom-up energy transition”

also conducts a project to trial feeding into its

practical. This enhances security of supply, and

grid heat generated by solar thermal units on

helps reduce greenhouse gases, actively miti-

residential or commercial buildings.

gating climate change. Such flagship projects

Repowering meant providing old wind power

should be implemented as a matter of priority

plants with ultra-modern wind turbines, bringing

to encourage progress towards a truly decen-

renewable forms of energy into the spotlight.4

tralised energy transition.

16

cars and several electric buses are already on

Its Climate Protection Masterplan established that Hamburg wishes to continue to make a contribution towards the national climate protection target of reducing CO2 emissions by 40 per cent by 2020 and by at least 80 per cent by 2050.

Conclusion Municipalities are the main agents in the implementation of the energy transition. Energy savings in public buildings also play a role, along with the promotion of public transport and CO2free inner cities. Energy transition can also be achieved successfully in cities through electric mobility, targeted support for pilot programmes focused on developing renewable forms of energy, and support for cogeneration plants. It is also important to ensure transparency and to provide information, better education and training for decision-makers and consultants. There are major economic opportunities for cities: in addition to the direct added value and the creation of jobs that may arise through the emergence of new companies in the renewable energy sector, the process of energy transition

Notes 1 Claudia Kemfert: “Mehr Chancen als Risiken. Roadmap 2050 zum Umbau des Energiesystems”. In: Forum Nachhaltig Wirtschaften. Munich 2011; Claudia Kemfert: Kampf um Strom. Mythen, Macht und Monopole. Hamburg 2013. 2 Uwe Kunert / Sabine Radke / Bastian Chlond / Martin Kagerbauer: “Mehr Frauen und mehr Ältere am Steuer”. In: DIW Wochenbericht, 47, 2012. Berlin 2012, pp. 3–24. 3 Siemens: The Green City Index. Munich 2012 http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/de/greencityindex. htm 4 Parliament of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg (ed.) Masterplan Klimaschutz – Zielsetzung, Inhalt und Umsetzung. Printed issue 20/8493. Hamburg 2013. http://www.hamburg.de/energiewende/erneuerbareenergien/ 5 dena: Der dena-Gebäudereport. Berlin 2012; Karsten Neuhoff / Hermann Amecke / Aleksandra Novikova / Kateryna Stelmakh: “Energetische Sanierung: Handlungsbedarf auf vielen Ebenen”. In: DIW Wochen­ bericht, 34, 2011. Berlin 2011, pp. 3–13.

may also generate indirect added value. More and more municipalities engage in the energy transition in an active and decentralised way, and benefit from it in turn. Hamburg has set itself ambitious goals for sustainable

Bibliography IÖW, Berliner Energieagentur: Energiekonzept 2020. Berlin 2011 http://www.berlin.de/imperia/md/content/ sen-wirtschaft/energie/energiekonzept.pdf

energy and transport transition. Massive savings can be made in terms of energy demand, system costs, and greenhouse gas reductions, in particular through greater energy efficiency in the property sector. A model for a decentralised and efficient “bottom-up energy transition” is exemplified by the “100 per cent Renewable Wilhelmsburg” project. Such schemes serve as models, demonstrating how energy and heat transition can be achieved, and can also act as flagship projects for bottom-up, decentralised energy transition.

THE RENEWABLE WILHELMSBURG CLIMATE PROTECTION CONCEPT IN THE CONTEXT OF CURRENT DEBATES ON THE ENERGY TRANSITION

17

BENNO HAIN

Embedding the Renewable Wilhelmsburg Climate Protection Concept within a National and International Framework The latest report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) makes clear that the 2˚C limit can still be observed. This will only be possible, however, with highly ambitious climate protection measures that can be imple-

International and European Framework Conditions for Decentralised Energy Supply in Germany

mented quickly. All levels of authority are called

The development of a regional climate protec-

upon to act, from national governments to local

tion concept like the Renewable Wilhelmsburg

administration.1 The implementation of energy transition there-

Concept should be seen in the context of

fore requires district and regional engagement.

policy. The decisions and findings discussed

Experiences from the Renewable Wilhelmsburg

here provide the framework for regional and

Climate Protection Concept act as a paradigm,

local concepts.

and the example of Wilhelmsburg can serve as

On a European level, the ambitious climate

a model for other regions, even abroad. The

protection targets to be achieved by 2030 will

significance of a “model energy district” lies not

be set out in autumn 2014. This will enable the

only in the technical challenge of decentralised

spread of the commitments by different EU

energy supply and its integration into the grid,

member states to reduce greenhouse gas emis-

but also in its implementation as part of the

sions, and will thus act as a roadmap for the

urban planning programme, through citizen

future configuration of national action plans.

participation and policy-making. A shift towards

The reform of the European emissions trad-

a greenhouse gas neutral energy supply is the

ing scheme is also on the agenda of leaders

cornerstone of a sustainable urban policy. Cities

in Brussels. At present, this is not fulfilling its

are hubs for the development of sustainable,

task of compensating for the market shortage

consumer-oriented energy structures. An intelli-

of pollution rights. Drastic certificate surpluses

gent combination of decentralised and central-

would have to be reduced through shutdowns

ised energy generation and supply is a national

and demanding national caps would have to be

goal. International frameworks, national policy-

imposed. The cost of certification determines

making, and community structural development

whether energy-intensive businesses will invest

are brought together in such projects.

in energy efficiency measures. This would result

national and international climate protection

in impacts on the ground, including on local energy balances and load management. This is especially pertinent for districts like Wilhelmsburg, which contains numerous industrial enterprises that also participate in emissions trading. The task of the European energy market is, in addition, to design the intelligent expan-

20

The main objective of energy transition within Germany is the sustainable transformation of energy supply, in terms of economy, secure supply and environmental credentials.

sion and interconnection of national networks.

input from local sources of power generation.

This opens up major opportunities for energy market flexibility and thus improvement in the

Here the use of local flexible options plays a crucial role.4 One indicator of this is that energy

security of supply as a European goal. The bet-

prices are consolidated on the basis of renew-

ter system integration of renewable forms of

able forms of energy, and are less dependent on

energy would also be an important additional

demand over the course of the day. This should

benefit for Wilhelmsburg.

also play a role in a substantial expansion of

Concrete national policy decisions on climate

renewable power generation in Wilhelmsburg

protection in Germany also specify the action

and the development of the distribution grids.

pathway for neighbourhoods. This includes the

Sound network expansion planning for Ham-

ambitious reduction of greenhouse gas emis-

burg and Wilhelmsburg in particular must be

sions in the country by 40 per cent by 2020.

geared not just towards building and distribut-

In order to achieve the long-term goal of an 80–95 per cent reduction by 2050, the 2050

ing additional renewable energy units quickly,

Climate Protection Plan should be developed by 2016.2 The Climate Protection Masterplan is the offering of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg,3 and reflects the climate protection targets and measures being implemented at a city level. The Renewable Wilhelmsburg Climate Protection Concept is one building block of this masterplan. The main objective of energy transition within Germany is the sustainable transformation of energy supply in terms of economy, secure supply, and environmental credentials. This does not merely involve the conversion of the power supply to renewable forms of energy, but also includes the fundamental transformation of the whole power supply system. The options for adjusting supply and demand in a versatile way include network expansion, the adaptation of the demand side (“demand-side-management“), the use of storage techniques, the development of highly efficient and versatile gas power plants as a temporary solution, and a phasing-out of power generation from fossil fuels, especially coals. It is necessary to analyse and carefully decide upon which local instruments and mix of measures would be ideal for a decentralised and renewable Wilhelmsburg energy system. The local extension of renewable forms of energy in Germany brings with it a number of additional problems for network expansion. When looking at the expansion of the distribution grids, the output of renewable power from the lower distribution grid into higher grid levels should also be considered in the case of a rising

power generation system as a whole, on the

but also depends on the development of the one hand, and the demand side on the other. As a result, future planning for expansion is dependent on different scenarios that may result in feasible pathways towards development.

Greenhouse Gas Neutral Energy Supply as a Cornerstone of a Sustainable Urban Policy Hamburg is well on the way towards adopting climate protection as a cross-sector guiding principle for integrated urban planning. The current Climate Protection Masterplan for the city sees the modern metropolis as the key to climate protection.5 While it includes targets, climate protection is also seen as a model for economic success, presenting ways of switching Hamburg to become a low-CO2 city by 2050. At a national and international level, Hamburg sees itself as a model of carbon-neutral urban development. The key areas for climate protection through community- and district-oriented development are surely to be found in cases where the city has major scope for action and governance. In Hamburg, area-based concepts and action programmes should therefore be developed by communities and districts “to both minimise building-related carbon dioxide emissions (through heating and energy supply) and bring those aspects together with urban planning, traffic-related and social aspects.” The experience gained in EU projects and as part of the projects launched under the International

THE RENEWABLE WILHELMSBURG CLIMATE PROTECTION CONCEPT IN THE CONTEXT OF CURRENT DEBATES ON THE ENERGY TRANSITION

21

Building Exhibition IBA Hamburg 2013 should

Conclusion

be used to advance urban development aimed at climate protection. Examples include the

There needs to be cross-linking at all political

European co-operation project “Climate Neutral

leveIs in order to shape climate protection in

Urban Districts in Europe” (INTERREG CLUE)

an ambitious way and bring about a green-

and other instances of the implementation of

house gas neutral society. The construction and

climate goals in neighbourhoods and districts.

integration of decentralised structures within a

The Renewable Wilhelmsburg Climate Protec-

national energy generation and supply system

tion Concept is set to “gradually introduce the

is thus of major significance. By integrating

complete conversion of the electricity and heat

climate protection into overall urban planning

supply for the Elbe Island of Wilhelmsburg to

and developing their own climate protection

100 per cent from renewable forms of energy.”

and energy concepts, communities have set a

After 2013, Wilhelmsburg will serve as a model

series of good examples. These model projects

for climate protection and climate change ad-

succeeded in representing all relevant sectors,

aptation, and will develop further projects, such

integrating policy goals and involving residents.

as those focusing on environmentally friendly

The Renewable Wilhelmsburg Climate Protec-

mobility.

tion Concept is one such successful example.

As the transport sector and industry were not

The exchange of experience between Wilhelms-

previously participants in the Wilhelmsburg

burg and other regions, including countries

Climate Protection Concept, the author believes

abroad, could give the city a new impetus for

that it makes sense to approach and integrate

the further development of the approach. The

these two sectors. Likewise, the following

two European co-ordination projects CLUE and

criteria should be considered for the further

TRANSFORM are the first examples that others

implementation of the concept in policy:

should follow.

1. All of the impacts of energy supply through

When further developing the concept and con-

the entire service chain should be analysed

ducting monitoring in the future, the transport

in order to ensure compatibility across envi-

and industry sectors, which were previously

ronmental, climate, and health concerns.

absent, should be taken into account. These

2. Everything should be founded on a com-

Notes 1 http://www.un.org/climatechange/summit/2014/ Access: (data). 2 Federal Government (ed.): Deutschlands Zukunft gestalten. Koalitionsvertrag zwischen CDU, CSU und SPD für die 18. Legislaturperiode. Berlin 2013. 3 Parliament of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg (ed.): Masterplan Klimaschutz – Zielsetzung, Inhalt und Umsetzung. Printed issue 20/8493. Berlin 2013. 4 Federal Ministry for the Economy and Energy (ed.): Leitstudie Strommarkt – Optimierung des Strommarktdesigns. Berlin 2014. 5 Parliament of Hamburg: Masterplan Klimaschutz (see Note 3).

sectors not only represent important energy

prehensive cost-effectiveness calculation.

reductions (for example for local heat systems),

Only reasonable economic energy services

but are also essential in any overall urban plan-

costs ensure that an energy supply system is

ning strategy for sustainable energy supply. The

sustainable. This also includes the external

observation period should be extended to the

costs of fossil fuels, which have long been

sustainable use of resources and the consider-

the norm.

ation of pertinent material flows.

3. Energy use, in particular with decentralised generation, must be priced at levels that

It is hoped that in the future the Free and Han-

are reasonable for society. If energy is too

seatic City of Hamburg will develop the example

expensive, this reduces the scope for action

of Wilhelmsburg and its Climate Protection

for residents and businesses alike.

Concept as a greenhouse gas neutral model energy quarter into a citywide, integrated context, based on the constructive and international dialogue surrounding the IBA and its projects.

View of Wilhelmsburg Central and the Building Exhibition within the Building Exhibition

22

MATTHIAS SANDROCK

Heating Grids as the Backbone of a Sustainable Municipal Energy Policy

The current debate surrounding the energy

In recent years, around 1 per cent of existing

transition in Germany is almost exclusively

buildings have been upgraded to make them

restricted to the electricity sector; the enor-

more energy efficient. As a result, the thermal

mous importance of heat supply for the energy

energy demand per square metre has been low-

industry and climate protection remains very

ered by about a third compared with the 1990

much neglected. More than half of Germany’s

figures. The majority of these specific savings

final energy demand is in the form of heat;

has been offset by the simultaneous increase

electricity accounts for only around 15 per cent.

in buildings’ interior spaces being heated. Since

Without heat transition, the energy transition is

1990 the total reduction in the final energy de-

bound to founder.

mand of buildings have only been about 15 per

Even in the intense debate surrounding the

cent, although considerable funding for building

costs of energy transition the focus is pri-

refurbishment was provided every year and

marily on the rise in electricity prices. This

the EnEV minimum standards set out a level of

obscures the fact that space heating and hot

quality for energy-related renovation.

water prices for a household are on average

Operational instruments at the federal level

twice as high as those for electricity—and they

for implementing the necessary far-reaching

have been rising significantly faster over the

efficiency measures within the existing build-

last twenty years. The social significance of

ing stock are not evident. It seems therefore

heating is becoming increasingly important in

neither realistic nor financially feasible to seek

local communities.

to achieve climate targets in the building sector

Unlike in the case of electricity or gas supply,

through efficiency measures alone. Without a

the generation, distribution, and consump-

dynamic rise in renewable forms of energy in

tion of thermal energy are managed locally or

the heat sector, the cost of the necessary ef-

regionally. Hence heat supply is a local concern

ficiency work will see a significant increase. As

and the primary responsibility of the munici-

a result, the task of the municipal heating policy

palities. For example, the costs of heating the

is to find an economic optimum between build-

homes of the unemployed are borne increas-

ing efficiency and the use of renewable energy

ingly by the municipal authorities.

in the thermal energy supply.

Municipalities face the major challenge of mak-

In the thermal energy supply systems the level

ing the local heat supply climate neutral over

of integration of renewables is far less advanced

the long term, in line with national and Euro-

than in the power supply sector. The portion of

pean targets. Earlier strategies in Germany fo-

renewable energy stood at 12 per cent in 2014,

cused primarily on steadily reducing the energy

half of that in the electricity sector. In addition,

demand of the existing building stock. With the

in the heat market the sources of energy are

adjustment of the renewal rates, however, this

also problematic. More than 90 per cent of the

strategy seems doomed to fail.

renewable energy is based on biomass. Half

24

The energy transition requires a transition in municipal heating. The importance and potential of heating grids for the implementation of such a transition has been strongly underestimated.

A future-oriented municipal district heating strategy aimed at climate  protection, security of supply and costs, flexibility, consumer protection, and public participation.

of this is burned in small-scale systems (e.g.

prices. Heating costs are thus primarily deter-

stoves) with low efficiency and highly polluting

mined by the level of investment in generating

gas emissions.

plants, which is easy to calculate.

In the future, heat supply should increasingly be based on other energy sources such as solar

Efficient and flexible infrastructures...

energy, geothermal energy, or industrial waste

... are the cornerstone of any far-sighted energy

heat. For low-cost integration of renewable

policy. Given rapid changes in the energy mar-

energy, cities now offer the use of district heat-

ket, new investments should be highly respon-

ing infrastructure to a certain degree. As in Ger-

sive to changing markets and technological

many’s neighbouring country, Denmark, heating

innovation. The introduction of renewable en-

grids can be essential to integrating renewable

ergy into the energy system also means a more

energy into the heat market.

profound integration of the electricity and the

In order to initiate and control the structural

heat markets. Heat grids offer great potentials

change towards renewable energy, municipalities

here, and provide a high degree of flexibility for

require a long-term district heating strategy. The

incorporating future heat production technol-

major challenge will be to integrate the transfor-

ogy. Municipal heat policy must therefore also

mation towards renewable energy with a wider,

be interpreted as a planning concern in which

far-sighted thermal energy policy. Alongside

infrastructure policy and urban design are

climate change mitigation, therefore, the focus

interwoven.

must be on other aspects and targets of energy industry and municipal policy, such as security of

Strengthening regional added value...

supply and other consumer consideration.

... resulting from local energy transition generates sustainable economic value for municipali-

01 Guidelines and considerations for a future district heating strategy

District heating strategy

Climate change mitigation and the safe-

ties, their residents, and local economies. Dur-

guarding of resources...

ing 2011 alone fossil fuels worth 86 billion euros

... are the key objectives of a forward-looking

were imported by Germany, twice as much as in

energy strategy. The climate change mitigation

the year 2000. With the transfer of these enor-

goals of the EU and the federal government can

mous sums to foreign, crude oil, gas, and coal

be achieved only if the energy supply is suc-

exporting countries these financial resources

cessfully based on renewable sources. The finite

are lost to the local economic cycle. The use of

nature of fossil fuels—against a backdrop of

renewable energy within the heat sector can

globally increasing energy demand—is an added

replace energy imports with local trade skills

important driver behind the necessary transfor-

and engineering expertise.

mation to an efficient energy system based on Climate and resource protection

renewable energy.

ests... Security of cost and supply

Resident participation District heating strategy

Flexible infrastructure

Consumer protection Regional added value

A proper consideration of consumer inter-

Long-term supply and cost security...

... is the foundation for the further develop-

... are vital in supplying energy to our society.

ment of grid-dependent heat supply, securing

The debate surrounding the supply of natural

a high degree of social acceptance. Unlike in

gas, given the current crisis in Ukraine, demon-

the electricity and gas markets, consumers

strates just how vulnerable our energy system

cannot freely choose from competing suppliers

is if it uses a high proportion of fossil fuels.

of district heating. The dominant position of

Security of supply increases when the shift is

district heating suppliers, however, means that

made to local renewable energy sources. In

consumers’ interests require special protection.

addition, energy must remain affordable in the

Neither the pricing nor the environmental qual-

long term for consumers and society. By basing

ity of district heating systems are transparent

it on renewable energy, the thermal energy

to consumers.

supply is largely protected from a rise in fuel

THE RENEWABLE WILHELMSBURG CLIMATE PROTECTION CONCEPT IN THE CONTEXT OF CURRENT DEBATES ON THE ENERGY TRANSITION

25

Strengthening resident participation...

lies mainly on the use of bituminous coal for the

... is necessary to give the restructuring process

inner-city district heating grid in Hamburg. In

a broad base within society. It is not only about

the future, pending alternative investment, the

achieving public acceptance for new infrastruc-

necessary change in fuels must be taken into

ture projects. Increasing numbers of residents

consideration. The path towards climate-neutral

also contribute financially towards specific

district heating could be achieved in two suc-

energy transition projects. In the future the

cessive stages of investment. In the first phase,

heat sector will be more widely accessible to

coal would be replaced as a fuel by natural gas,

financial participation from residents, for exam-

which has far lower emissions. In the second

ple via co-operative structures.

phase, generation would be organised so that it is increasingly decentralised and based on

In order to integrate renewable energy into the

renewable forms of energy.

future energy system, district heating offers

District heating grids offer many different

great structural potential for climate-friendly

ways of integrating forms of renewable energy.

heat supply. This has gone largely untapped,

Given the limitations of biomass, in the future

however. More than 90 per cent of fuels used in

geothermal energy, large-scale solar thermal

district heating come from fossil sources, and

energy, wastewater heat, and power-to-heat

around 40 per cent from coal, which is particu-

from renewable electricity could play an impor-

larly damaging to the climate. The proportion

tant role. There is considerable potential for the

of renewable energy in district heat is currently

cost-effective use of industrial waste heat in

well below 10 per cent nationwide. This renew-

thermal grids.

able energy comes mainly from waste incineration. So far, industrial waste heat contributes

In order to make the integration of renewable

only 1 per cent to the district heating total.

energy and waste heat as efficient as possible,

Although district heating is largely generated

the existing district heating grids should be

using combined heat and power (CHP), the impact of CHP on reducing CO2 emissions is often

geared towards a more decentralised genera-

overstated in comparison to separate energy

be lowered. This can be done partly by the

production using modern technology and lower-

exergetic restructuring of the existing grids

carbon fuels. Even a saving of 10 per cent of

using secondary grids, allowing coverage areas

primary energy when compared with separate

to be identified in which it is possible to reduce

generation would be enough to rate a CHP pro-

flow temperatures on the basis of the existing

cess as “highly efficient”. This gain in efficiency

capture and distribution structure.

is not enough to compensate for the damaging

In Scandinavian countries, LowEx systems with

effect of bituminous coal on the climate when

very low flow and return temperatures have

compared with gas.

been in general use for years, supporting the

The environmental friendliness of district heat-

integration of renewable energy. Almost half of

ing is determined primarily by the fuel used. Ac-

the local and district heat supply in Denmark is

cording to official accounting methods, district

already based on renewable energy sources.

heating based on coal is more damaging to the

The aim should be for municipal heating grids

environment than decentralised gas heating,

to be developed in a new innovation and

despite the use of CHP.

development phase to establish intelligent,

Replacing coal with natural gas as a fuel is the

open heat platforms that combine, store, and

most important action to take in decarbonising

distribute the various local and sustainable

district heating systems. The climate impact

sources of heat.

per kilowatt hour of heat thus can be roughly

It can also be important to open up the grids

halved. This is particularly true of district heat-

to third parties. Prerequisites for this are clear

ing in Hamburg. The operator Vattenfall still re-

technical requirements for feeding in or receiv-

26

tion structure, and system temperatures should

District heating requires technical and environmental structural change.

02 Elements of the heat platform

Heat platform

Industrial waste heat

Heating network Thermal storage system

Central solar thermal energy, geothermal energy

High-capacity heat pumps Biomass power plants

Energy supply Electricity

Decentralised (electricity-powered) cogeneration

Excess renewable power

ing heat and the development of fairer business

operated by HAMBURG ENERGIE GmbH and the

models for grid operators and those who feed

integration of various heat contributors, is an

into the system.

important step in a new conceptual direction in the district heat supply.

With further technological development, the operators of district heating grids will also be

The expansion and conversion of heating grids

afforded new opportunities to offer energy

requires a process of innovation that cannot

services to the market and promote energy

be achieved through legal decrees and fund-

transition in the electricity and heat sector.

ing programmes alone. It requires a modified

By gradually providing heat storage facilities,

framework for resident participation: the

the economic value of the heating grids will be

previously dominant structure of heat supply

even greater.

without consumer involvement complicates

The necessary switch to renewable energy

the expansion and conversion process for

could thus provide new impetus for the expan-

district heating.

sion and conversion of district heating. This

District heating consumers are particularly

next phase of an open, decentralised heating

dependent on suppliers. This particular depend-

system requires a series of technical innova-

ence ceases to be an issue in the liberalised

tions and an appropriate regulatory framework

electricity and gas market, but the district heat-

for its structured development.

ing sector lacks the opportunity for consumers

The Wilhelmsburg Central Integrated Energy

to change their supplier. In addition, there is

Network, an International Building Exhibition

often no direct customer relationship between

IBA Hamburg project, with the local heat supply

consumer and supplier. In most cases in Ham-

THE RENEWABLE WILHELMSBURG CLIMATE PROTECTION CONCEPT IN THE CONTEXT OF CURRENT DEBATES ON THE ENERGY TRANSITION

27

burg, the customers are the housing associa-

Due to the renovation of buildings and the

tions, while the consumers are the tenants.

replacement of outdated boilers, the last few

District heating customers who have opted to

years have seen a reduction in building energy

connect to a district heating grid are “trapped”

demand. In addition, heating oil has been

in this heating system for the long run, as sub-

increasingly replaced by natural gas, which

sequent conversion to another heating system

is lower in emissions. In order to achieve the

usually entails unaffordable high costs.

targets of a forward-looking energy and climate

This complete and lasting dependence on a

policy, this process must be accelerated signifi-

single supplier in the district heating sector

cantly at a government level and given greater

coincides with a lack of transparency in relation

impetus in the shift to renewable energy. This

to prices, environmental quality, and the alloca-

process does not have a structured form in

tion of the profits achieved. For many consum-

Germany; it depends on individual decisions and

ers this dependence, coupled with the lack of

the financial situation of the building owner.

accountability and control, leads to a pervasive

The building owners come to their own deci-

distrust of district heating.

sions about heat supply, mostly for financial

Among the innovative features of networked

reasons and on the basis of the available supply

heat supply are community-oriented organisa-

alternatives. Many districts have parallel infra-

tions prepared to make long-term investments

structure systems.

while satisfied with limited profit expectations.

This is not the best way to implement the

As in the development of the electricity sector,

energy transition. In cities and urban areas,

the engagement of residents can also here play

renewal and upgrading should be carefully

a key role: it can help to (re)connect suppliers

structured and dovetailed with urban design

and consumers. In German heat policy and

frameworks. This promises to be successful if

politics, tenants have long been cast in a purely

there is operational access to the city’s heating

passive role. Heat supply in cities and districts

grids, in Hamburg’s case in conjunction both

is usually planned and implemented without

with the large urban grid operated by Vattenfall

participation by members of the public. Heat

and with the various local heating grids.

policy innovation should commence here. In the private sector, consumer participation

Like many other municipalities, after the wave

can have a positive effect as well. The suc-

of energy supply privatisation in the 1990s,

cess of Danish district heating policy is in part

Hamburg ceased to take a strategic and plan-

attributed to the fact that residents are often

ning based approach to the urban heat supply,

directly involved in the heat supply utilities

and left its development to the “free” energy

through co-operatives. The profits from the

market. The expansion of the infrastructure

operation of the district heating system are

was simply subject to the calculations of the

capped by law, hence surplus benefits the

energy suppliers—up until now, the city has had

consumers. This represents an effective barrier

no influence in this area. In addition, there are

against the abuse of the market monopoly.

no nationwide legal requirements for efficiency,

In Germany many good ideas and much dedi-

environmental friendliness, or product transpar-

cation have gone into the creation of more

ency in the district heating sector.

than 1,500 municipal climate concepts and, for

As the owner of the municipal district heat sup-

some years, also concepts at district level. Un-

ply, the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg has

fortunately, only a few have been implement-

the opportunity to push forward the rebuilding

ed. The initiative to invest in the upgrading of

of the system directly and rapidly, and in this

buildings and decentralised heating systems

way provide a large number of heat consumers

lies with the property owners. Often the public

with an environmentally more friendly supply. In

sector can offer only information, advice, and

Hamburg, the newly re-enacted municipal own-

encouragement.

ership of the district heating system provides

28

The further development of district heating must be based on a new energy culture and attract consumers as stakeholders.

Municipal district heating policy is instrumental in implementing energy concepts.

the opportunity to implement a long-term heat strategy in the district heating sector. This would be a significant step towards achieving the goals of the Climate Protection Masterplan, as the restructuring of district heating is one of the most important measures affecting the local climate balance. About a third of the CO2 emissions caused by heat consumption are attributable to district heating. In addition—and as a necessary alternative to a private-sector approach—the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg should advance the development of a state-level legal framework for the district heating sector, to function alongside the necessary investment in new heating grids and the conversion of existing grids.

Next double page: The buildings connected to the Wilhelmsburg Central Integrated Energy Network produce and store energy and feed it into the local heating grid.

THE RENEWABLE WILHELMSBURG CLIMATE PROTECTION CONCEPT IN THE CONTEXT OF CURRENT DEBATES ON THE ENERGY TRANSITION

29

HANS GABÁNYI, BJÖRN DIETRICH

The Hamburg Heat Strategy

Cities all over the world face major challenges.

while goal. Hamburg pursues a proactive heat

They cause up to 75 per cent of global green-

strategy. In recent years, the desirability of a re-

house gases, which means that they are crucial

design has seen the development of a range of

to the global climate protection debate. In

different initiatives and programmes. It is worth

recent years, moreover, the parameters for the

mentioning that, due to the referendum on the

development of cities have changed consider-

buyback of the energy grids in 2013 and the

ably. Globalisation, the financial crisis, and

implementation of this decision by the Senate,

demographic and social transition, combined

there has been an increase in leading citizens’

with the expression of new lifestyles and de-

awareness of the significance of heat.

creasing levels of public funding, are now the

At an earlier stage, Hamburg’s existing struc-

starting points for community evolution. This is

tures for heat supply were analysed on behalf

particularly true in Hamburg, which is subject

of the State Ministry for Urban Development

to intense economic competition in many dif-

and Environment, and as a result a number

ferent commercial areas, if quality of life and economic prosperity are to develop alongside

of approaches were developed for different urban areas and districts.1 In the first Hamburg

one another in a stable way.

Climate Protection Concept 2007–2012, a prominent place was given to particular elements.

Heat—A Key to Climate Protection in Hamburg

It stated that “energy-efficient construction,

The important subject of heat supply has

in a strategy that will provide impetus for

often been excluded from the discussion of the

sustainable planning and construction, not only

energy transition. Renewable forms of energy

in the forward-looking HafenCity district and

have not played nearly the same role in the

the future IBA site in Wilhelmsburg, but in the

heat sector as they do in the electricity supply. In order to reach climate protection targets,

whole urban area”.2 In the fourth updated version of the Climate

however, the heat sector for a city like Hamburg

Protection Concept for 2011/2012, the subject

represents a key contribution. The importance

of the local and long-distance heat grid was

of the proportion of renewable energy is also

highlighted once again: “In order to achieve

clear in terms of final energy consumption for

the climate protection goals, the greater use

the year 2011, as shown in Figures 1 and 2.

of low-emission fuels and renewable forms

Also, the meaning of the households as well as

of energy should define the future genera-

the low share of renewable energy so far is get-

tion system for long-distance heat supply. As

ting clear here.

part of this policy, more heat that has been

Increasing the energy saving potential in the

generated using renewable forms of energy

heat sector over the next few years is a worth-

should be fed locally into the long-distance

32

smart heat supply systems, and the use of renewable forms of energy are the key points

Both climate change mitigation and adaptation measures will be implemented in Wilhelmsburg. This complies with the provisions of the Hamburg Masterplan that climate protection and climate change adaptation should be integrated into urban development approaches.

heat grids. In addition, the existing potential in Final energy consumption Hamburg 2011 the long-distance heat system should be used 2011

12,493 GWh

19,744 GWh

13,466 GWh

Heat 43% Transport 29% Electricity 27%

Final heat energy Hamburg 2011 By fuel share 837 GWh

641 GWh

2,097 GWh 2,499 GWh 13,667 GWh

Natural gas 69.2% Petroleum 12.7% Coal 10.6% Renewable energy 4.2% Waste (fossil share) 3.2%

Final heat energy Hamburg 2011 By consumer share

tion, increase energy efficiency, and promote renewable forms of energy: this district concept

to store energy.”3 The current Climate Protec-

takes a holistic view of the energy transition.

tion Masterplan both continues the approaches

The IBA Hamburg projects are an important

set out in the Climate Protection Concept, and

step towards the switch of electricity and heat

reinforces an integrated view of urban develop-

supply on the Elbe Islands to renewable energy:

ment and climate protection. In this way the Senate pursues the city’s

the pioneering concept deploys untapped local

ongoing residential construction and district

mal along with energy storage systems and in-

development projects while ensuring energy-

novative ways of boosting the energy efficiency

efficient building methods and an increasingly

of the building stock, including listed historical

low-carbon heat supply system.

structures. With the implementation of the IBA’s

In the following, the district concepts and long-

Climate Protection Concept, Hamburg has also

distance heating are outlined as two corner-

made an internationally recognised contribu-

stones of the thermal strategy, before the details

tion to energy-oriented urban redevelopment.

and process of developing Hamburg’s heat strat-

Both climate change mitigation and adaptation

egy are set out in a more comprehensive way.

measures will be implemented in Wilhelmsburg.

4

energy sources from solar thermal to geother-

This complies with the provisions of the Ham-

District Concepts—Bottom-up Learning

burg Masterplan that climate protection and

The pursuit of very different district concepts

Using the Dulsberg District Concept (see box),

stems from the recognition that in its heat

it is possible to show exactly which target

supply, the city should be divided into small

conflicts and resolution strategies must be iden-

districts with similar building, use, and supply

tified and investigated.

climate change adaptation should be integrated into urban development approaches.

structures: general thermal supply strategies 4,444 GWh 9,644 GWh 5,656 GWh

Households 48.8% Commerce, service sector 28.6% Manufacturing industry 22.5%

demand relatively uniform areas. The housing sector in Hamburg is a key factor in the success of energy transition: its energy-saving potential should be largely harnessed by 2050. The Senate hopes to reduce the annual final thermal energy requirement in the apartment building stock to an average of 40–45 kWh/m2 per year.

01 Final energy consumption, share of fuels, and distribution of consumers in Hamburg 2011

The final energy demand of residential buildings must be lowered through better insulation of roofs, basement ceilings, pipes, and façades and windows.5 Hamburg has seen this neighbourhood-oriented approach implemented both in the model climate districts that take the energy issue as their starting point such as Harburg Upriver Port and those that are specifically geared towards heat supply: Dulsberg, Bergedorf-Süd, and others. HafenCity is yet another example of integrated district development with high energy standards. The Renewable Wilhelmsburg Climate Protection Concept aims to reduce energy consump-

THE RENEWABLE WILHELMSBURG CLIMATE PROTECTION CONCEPT IN THE CONTEXT OF CURRENT DEBATES ON THE ENERGY TRANSITION

33

Dulsberg: Bricks and Cogeneration Units

Recommended redevelopment alternatives in Dulsberg, to 2050

The current appearance of Dulsberg largely dates back to the planning carried out by Fritz Schumacher in the 1920s. As head of Hamburg’s planning authorities he created a concept for the establishment of a residential district in Dulsberg where ambitious social aims were to be implemented alongside new urban development principles and a new architectural language.6 Dulsberg largely maintained this design language even after the devastation of World War II, along with its typical character as a residential quarter featuring the brickwork that is so characteristic of Hamburg. Bricks are the dominant façade material in large areas of Hamburg, and should be maintained in preservation, culture, and history. Hamburg’s brickwork was to be conserved with these recommendations: “An integrated and comprehensive strategy is required, based on energy-related

0

principles and integrating issues of social

250 metres

preservation, family-friendliness, use of existing infrastructure, extension through new building, and climate protection.”7 The Dulsberg district houses some 11,000 people on 74 hectares. At 15,000 people/km2

No redevelopment IFB standard model A and similar Retrofitting without exterior wall Retrofitting with interior insulation Retrofitting with EIFS and split bricks

New brick shell and cavity wall insulation Front, existing – back, split bricks Low-threshold redevelopment Upgrading of building technology

Dulsberg is far denser than other Hamburg neighbourhoods, Hamburg-Nord has 4,906 people/km2 and the whole of Hamburg 2,313

A renewable energy supply solution is the

02 Overview of proposed retrofitting alternatives in

people/km2. A large number of small residential

second major factor in reducing the prevailing use of fossil fuels.10 Only an integral strategy

the Dulsberg district up until 20509

units with an average size of 53 square metres contributes to this high population density. The

of reducing CO2 emissions in building retrofit-

average floor space index of the apartment

ting and the integration of renewable energy

blocks is also high at 1.18.

sources into the long-distance heating system

The report uses various scenarios to demonstrate that, when taking into account the

can guarantee that a 70 per cent reduction in CO2 emissions can be achieved by 2050.

different aspects of conservation, economy,

The construction of a biogas cogeneration unit

and socio-cultural issues, it will be possible to

delivering 2 MW of heat by 2020 and another

achieve an efficiency target of 60 per cent final energy savings in Dulsberg by 2050,8 but that

2 MW by 2030 while significantly lowering the

the goal of the Hamburg Climate Protection Masterplan of an average of 45 kWh/m2 per

along with the extension of the long-distance heat grid in coming years.11 This requires techni-

year in final energy requirement seems to be

cal and economic solutions to take the interests

out of reach.

of all local stakeholders into consideration.

34

grid’s temperature may also prove important,

Recommendation for district heating grid in Dulsberg, to 2050

all Dulsberg stakeholders. There is a relatively small number of active partners in Dulsberg due to the ownership conditions. As part of the final project presentation in June 2014 the housing industry, energy suppliers, district authorities, and the State Ministry of Urban Development and Environment established that

Construction of two bio natural gas-powered cogeneration units, 4 MWth in total, TVL 90°C

a management team should be recruited. The benchmarks for the management team are to be defined by all participants in a workshop. The collaboration between owners and the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg will be crucial

Transfer point incl. construction of mixing unit + inlet pump and outlet pump

for the successful energy-efficient and conservation-oriented redevelopment in the medium and long term. The measures and standards in the report address the ambitious energyrelated requirements and high urban planning demands; they must continue to be discussed critically.

Construction of district heating section DN150, 500 m

03 Planned district heating grid with major investment in the Dulsberg district up until 2050

The target scenario of a 70 per cent CO2 reduction is a major challenge. But can be reached when all relevant requirements of conservation, economy, and socio-cultural issues are inextricably linked when it comes to facilitating an ambitious efficiency target and an almost completely renewable energy supply in the long term. Over the coming decades Dulsberg will require intensive urban planning along with the previously defined objectives to ensure a high planning quality for the brickwork-based architecture and the well-being of its residents. A redevelopment and district management team should also be established. This team will play a key role in the preparation and implementation of the required measures. This should guarantee co-ordinated, goal-oriented behaviour by

THE RENEWABLE WILHELMSBURG CLIMATE PROTECTION CONCEPT IN THE CONTEXT OF CURRENT DEBATES ON THE ENERGY TRANSITION

35

Long-distance Heating: Important Design Issues for Hamburg’s Future

Heat Strategy—An Initial Approach

The major urban long-distance heat grid run

Ministry for Urban Development and Environ-

by Vattenfall Wärme Hamburg GmbH will play

ment develops a heat strategy to properly

a key role in the energy transition. Hamburg’s

explain the opportunities for exerting influence

share in 2014 is 25.1 per cent, but the city is set to invest to 100 per cent by 2019, exercising its

and taking action, as well as chances to further develop the heat market.15 This is necessary

call option. This grid is enhanced by a range of

because a considerable proportion of the heat

local heat grids in areas around the edges or

supply is not attributable to long-distance heat

urban districts with a lower heat density. This

(approx. 80 per cent, Fig. 2). Supply is imple-

acquisition will reclaim a significant degree of

mented here through local gas supply struc-

control over energy policy.

tures and other individual combustion plants.

The replacement of the Wedel coal-powered

The first part of the parliamentary request cov-

combined heat and power station with a gas

ered questions about the city’s awareness of the

and steam power plant is an important step towards the reduction in CO2 emissions of

heat requirement and the relevant structures,

conventional long-distance heating systems.

be assessed later on. All this takes into account

The agreement reached with Vattenfall12 on this

the fact that the heat supply largely depends

investment was cancelled by a referendum and

on private investors and providers. The city of

must be renegotiated in 2015.13 Currently, pos-

Hamburg has different powers, for example in:

sible technical alternatives to earlier gas and

· support measures

steam plant plans are assessed from environ-

· co-operation and voluntary commitments

mental, urban planning, and economic perspec-

· urban development planning

tives by the State Ministry for Urban Develop-

· legislation

ment and Environment. The multi-step process

· public enterprises

also involves a look at the options at hand. It

· planning concepts, e.g. for districts

will be refined as the project progresses.

· the existing building stock.

Different, politically relevant solutions and as-

The underlying instruments and measures will

sessment criteria are addressed in interviews

be analysed for any improvement they may

with the stakeholders and reviewed by experts. The alternatives will then be discussed in terms

make in strengthening Hamburg’s potential to reduce CO2 emissions. This also applies to

of the criteria used. The aim is to set out vari-

interpreting possible synergies and conflicts in

ous courses of action for consideration, to then

implementation. Along with the assessment and

develop preferred solutions.

the further development of individual meas-

As part of the parliamentary request “Hamburg 2020: A Heat Concept for Hamburg”,14 the State

while the various tools used to implement will

ures, the study is intended to support the city in formulating strategic guidelines, both for reducing the heat demand in a growing city and for updating existing utilities and infrastructure. Consideration will also be given to existing European models for the successful transformation of the heat market, such as Vienna, Amsterdam, and Copenhagen. For this the framework conditions for the successful implementation in different countries will first be investigated, and replicated here where possible, with comparable parameters in Hamburg.

36

The city’s goals can be achieved through sustainable development only if climate protection and urban development are systematically linked.

Subsequently, guidelines and recommendations will be developed that allow Hamburg to learn from the experiences of the other cities. The instruments developed from this overview will be set out in detail, critically discussed, and prioritised according to feasibility at a stakeholder workshop. The responses collated from the parliamentary request are available at the end of 2014.

Conclusion: Accomplishing More Together The city’s goals can be achieved through sustainable development only if climate protection and urban development are systematically linked. Hamburg benefits from a myriad of committed stakeholders from the housing industry, housing associations, energy suppliers, grid operators, public enterprises, and universities. One particular challenge will be to set out requirements and model solutions for the heat supply in a timely fashion for major developments. These may be based on the model studies for heat supply in other districts such as Dulsberg or Bergedorf-Süd, or on the experience gained in HafenCity, or IBA Hamburg’s “Leap across the Elbe” project. New forms of co-operation and co-ordination must also be developed. The planning and implementation of heat grids are to be synchronised with investment plans of municipal and private developers, while regulatory requirements and funding logistics must be compatible and easy to manage, and the economics of the project, including tenant interests, must be safeguarded, along with a sustainable approach towards the climate protection objectives, and an adequate consideration of the urban image. Energy transition, is and remains, an issue for the whole city, and must therefore be addressed jointly by all city stakeholders.

Typical street of brick-built houses in Dulsberg

THE RENEWABLE WILHELMSBURG CLIMATE PROTECTION CONCEPT IN THE CONTEXT OF CURRENT DEBATES ON THE ENERGY TRANSITION

37

Notes 1 Ecofys Germany GmbH: Flächendeckende Erhebung des energetischen Zustandes des Hamburger Gebäudebestandes. Updating, collation and visualisation. 2012. 2 Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg: Hamburger Klimaschutzkonzept 2007–2012. Parliamentary Paper 18/6803, 21.08.2007. Hamburg 2007, p. 26. 3 Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg: Hamburger Klimaschutzkonzept 2007–2012. Parliamentary Paper 20/2676, 20.12.2011. Hamburg 2011, p. 6. 4 Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg: Masterplan Klimaschutz. Parliamentary Paper 20/8493, 25.06.2013. Hamburg 2013, p. 18. 5 Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg: Handlungsem­ pfehlung zur Erhaltung der Backsteinstadt Hamburg, Ed. Chief Planning Director, on the basis of discussions on preserving brick façades. Hamburg 2011, (p. 5) 6 Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg: Hamburg Dulsberg. Entwicklungskonzept Städtebaulicher Denkmalschutz. Hamburg 2012, (p. 14) 7 Cf.: Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg: Handlungsempfehlung zur Erhaltung der Backsteinstadt Hamburg (see Note 5), (p. 1) 8 Ecofys Germany GmbH: Energiekonzept HamburgDulsberg. Erstellung eines energetischen Konzepts für das Quartier Dulsberg im Rahmen des Programms 432 der KfW. Ecofys 2014, (p. 93) 9 Cf.: Ecofys Germany GmbH: Energiekonzept HamburgDulsberg (see Note 8), (p. 93) 10 Currently, approximately 65 per cent of the buildings in Dulsberg are supplied with long-distance heat. 11 Cf.: Ecofys Germany GmbH: Energiekonzept HamburgDulsberg (see Note 8), (pp. 58 ff) 12 Public announcement by the Senate: Hamburg schafft die Energiewende – Strategische Beteiligung Hamburgs an den Netzgesellschaften für Strom, Gas und Fernwärme. Printed issue 20/2392, 29.11.2011. 13 Public announcement by the Senate: Umsetzung des Volksentscheids über die Hamburger Strom-, Fernwärme- und Gasleitungsnetze – Verträge und Vereinbarungen mit Vattenfall zum Erwerb der Stromnetz Hamburg GmbH, der Vattenfall Wärme Hamburg GmbH sowie weiterer Gesellschaften bzw. Serviceeinheiten. Printed issue 20/10666, 28.01.2014. 14 Parliamentary request 13.11.12: Hamburg 2020: Wärmekonzept für Hamburg. Printed issues 20/6188 15 Public briefing by the President of the Hamburg Parliament on the parliamentary request carried out on 13 December 2012: Hamburg 2020: Wärmekonzept für Hamburg. Printed issue 20/6188, via printed issue 20/11772, 12.05.2014.

The Schumacher Building on the Veddel was retrofitted under the IBA.

38

JAN GERBITZ

Wilhelmsburg in the Context of Smart Energy City Research

The International Building Exhibition IBA

and a target-oriented “Intake Workshop” on the

Hamburg, the Renewable Wilhelmsburg Climate

themes of district development, mobility, and

Project title

Protection Concept, and the individual projects

energy supply.

TRANSFORM—TRANSFORMation Agenda

carried out as part of the IBA are tied into count-

Considering model districts, the partner cities

for Low Carbon Cities

less national and international co-operation and

chose certain “Smart Urban Labs”. Hamburg

Research programme

research projects, not only allowing them to be

chose Wilhelmsburg, with the Renewable Wil-

7th EU Framework Programme for Re-

presented to a wider public, but also to have

helmsburg Climate Protection Concept, while

search

their approaches and experiences studied, dis-

other selected urban districts were Nordhavn in

Duration

cussed, and further developed. These projects

Copenhagen, Zuidoost in Amsterdam, Part Dieu

January 2013–June 2015

thus address the planning and organisation of

in Lyon, Genoa Mela Verde, and Vienna Aspern

Project partners

sustainable Smart Energy City processes at a

Seestadt and Liesing Gross Erlaa. Implemen-

· City of Amsterdam, Netherlands (lead

local and citywide level, while also dealing with

tation-oriented plans are being developed for

technical issues of urban infrastructure plan-

these areas. For Wilhelmsburg, the Implemen-

· City of Hamburg

ning.

tation Plan represents a detailed roadmap for

· City of Copenhagen, Denmark

the further evolution of the earlier IBA projects

· City of Genoa, Italy

The TRANSFORM project, with IBA Hamburg

and the execution of new measures, based on

· City of Vienna, Austria

as project partner, sheds light on processes

· Greater Lyon region, France

that lead to the Smart Energy City at a citywide

the points set out in the roadmap included in the ENERGY ATLAS WORKING REPORT 1. In

level and, by the same token, at a district level.

order to develop the measures to be taken, a

The project thus works towards concrete goals

series of workshops on various key subjects,

· Electricité Réseau Distribution France

in the partner cities, while also translating the

the “Intensive Lab Sessions”, took place in all

· Enel Distribuzione S.p.A.

knowledge and experience gained into transfer-

of the districts. In Hamburg these workshops

· HAMBURG ENERGIE GmbH

able concepts.

focused on future local heat supply and as-

· HOFOR (Greater Copenhagen Utility)

For every partner city there is a transforma-

pects of sustainable building as part of the IBA

· Accenture

tion schedule that runs until the end of the

conference on the Climate Protection Concept

· Hespul Association

project, comprising a strategic plan for spheres

in October 2013.

· Ove Arup & Partners International Limited

of action, leading to a further reduction in CO2 emissions. Besides technical issues, Hamburg

The first concrete result of the project is the

· Siemens AG Österreich

participation of the city of Hamburg, through

· AIT Austrian Institute of Technology

has the specific goal of introducing into the

its model district of Wilhelmsburg, in the calls

process aims such as mainstreaming, partici-

for proposals for the EU Research Framework

· Technical University of Denmark

pation and stakeholder involvement, as well

programme Horizon 2020 as part of the Smart

· IBA Hamburg GmbH

as monitoring and evaluation. In addition, the

City initiative.

· Österreichisches Institut für Raumpla-

development of the transformation agenda sup-

In order to support the identification of con-

ports the evaluation and roll-out of the Climate

cepts at a city and district level, the prototype

Website

Protection Masterplan through the targeted

for a Decision Support Tool is being devel-

www.urbantransform.eu

involvement of stakeholders in general hearings

oped to demonstrate the impact of directing

40

partner)

· A.R.E. Agenzia Regionale per l’Energia della Liguria

GmbH

nung

energy plans to target CO2 emissions, as well

and other methods for reducing the carbon

as approaching time-related, financial, and

footprint are being implemented. In various

spatial resources in a holistic way. This proto-

cities, however, a number of good projects

type covers the most important components

progress towards becoming climate-neutral

such as energy, waste, mobility, and water

districts in one way or another, serving as

management.

models. These climate-neutral districts can then

A Smart Energy City Handbook that presents

become laboratories for new, comprehensive

methods for the creation of a Transformation

solutions geared towards climate neutrality. It is

Agenda and an Implementation Plan for the

therefore vital that, as part of the CLUE project,

city itself will be drawn up on the basis of the

the neighbourhoods under investigation incor-

experience gained in the cities and the “Smart

porate both new precincts and the redevelop-

Urban Labs”. This handbook may take the form

ment of existing areas and buildings.

of an internet platform and will be freely avail-

The key result of this project is the Good

able supporting other cities as they attempt to

Practise Guide, with a recommended course of

become Smart Energy Cities.

action for integrating climate issues into urban

In order to achieve ambitious objectives and en-

development, in the following subject areas:

sure ongoing research a memorandum or letter

1. Legislation/guidelines and economic aspects

of understanding will be signed regarding the

2. Private sector and resident involvement in

implementation of the results from the partner cities, other engaged “buddy cities” within the EU, and important stakeholders in economic,

population density, multiple use of green

scientific, and social fields. These recommenda-

areas

tions will flow forward into the EU’s agenda for smart cities.

Project title

the planning process 3. Planning strategies: social mix, services,

4. Technology and systems for heating, cooling, and energy efficiency 5. Technology and system solutions for the

CLUE—Climate Neutral Urban Districts in Europe

The CLUE project also addresses the transfor-

Research programme

mation of urban development and the deter-

Among other Hamburg-based projects, the

INTERREG IVC-EU project

mination of courses of action, with the aim

IBA exemplifies good practise in terms of

Duration

of reducing urban greenhouse gas emissions,

“planning strategies” in Wilhelmsburg Central,

January 2012–December 2014

redesigning the city, and thus advancing its con-

and in terms of “technology and systems for

Project partners

version into a sustainable city for future gen-

heating, cooling, and energy efficiency” at the

· City of Stockholm, Sweden (lead partner)

erations. The focus is on how climate protec-

Energy Bunker.

· City of Hamburg

tion goals can best be met, with the emphasis

Since there is neither a single transferable

· City of Rome, Italy

primarily on the district or city neighbourhood

climate-neutral urban district nor a defined way

· Risorse per Roma, Italy

as a nucleus or test bed for climate-neutral

to get there, the CLUE Roadmap was developed

· Barcelona Region, Spain

urban development.

as part of the Good Practise Guide (see Fig.

· City of Turin, Italy

CLUE unites various cities and regions in which

CLUE Roadmap). The roadmap is graphically

· City of Vienna, Austria

such projects are already being implemented

coded according to the specific requirements

· City Administration of Paggiao, Greece

or planned, to bring together valuable ideas

(for example, cities have completely different

· Małopolska Region, Poland

and approaches regarding climate protection

starting points and political, legal, and financial

· Edinburgh Napier University, UK

in urban development. These include Ham-

conditions), along with the measures relevant

· KTH Royal Institute of Technology,

marby Sjöstad and Royal Seaport in Stockholm,

for the individual city district.

Seestadt Aspern in Vienna, and the Renewable

In parallel to the results found by the cities and

Wilhelmsburg Climate Protection Concept in

regions, the university partners developed a

Hamburg.

methodological guide to the themes participa-

Website

As of yet, there is no single instance of a com-

tion, benchmarking, evaluation, and scenarios.

www.clue-project.eu

pletely climate-neutral district, a zoned urban

Another outcome of the project has been the

area in which innovative forms of technology

Implementation Plans. Based on the informa-

Stockholm, Sweden · Delft University of Technology, Netherlands

transport sector

THE RENEWABLE WILHELMSBURG CLIMATE PROTECTION CONCEPT IN THE CONTEXT OF CURRENT DEBATES ON THE ENERGY TRANSITION

41

The TheCLUE CLUERoadmap Roadmap CLUE Roadm The ap

Legislation/ guidelines

CITY C

Private sector & resident engagement

Planning strategies

CITY D

CITY A

Heating, cooling, and energyefficiency technology

Climate neutrality

CITY E

Transport sector

CITY B

Definin gg

fo uidelines

he rt

transition proce

ss

Activities and tools on the CLUE themes

Present

Future

tion collated from the Good Practises and Case

helmsburg Climate Protection Concept and its

Studies reports, an Implementation Plan is be-

individual projects (Energy Bunker, Integrated

ing drawn up for every city and region, setting

Energy Network, New Hamburg Terraces local

out recommended courses of action that are

heat grid) demonstrated, as did Graz-Mitte and

direct and, if possible, short term. The Hamburg

Berlin-Adlershof, there are often trade-offs

implementation plan focuses on processes

between the operators of the individual energy

and instruments from the fields of legislation /

infrastructures, as well as with higher-level

regulation and the private sector, in particular

infrastructure planning.

with regard to resident involvement. There are

Based on these experiences, the existing

plans for co-ordination with the TRANSFORM

and the planned energy infrastructure in the

Transformation Agenda.

three model districts is being analysed across all energy providers (electricity, natural gas,

With INFRA-PLAN, another international

long-distance and local heat), and the differ-

research project is focused on integrated en-

ent expansion and investment scenarios are

ergy planning in urban districts. Under D-A-CH

being compared against one another from both

Co-operation (German, Austrian, and Swiss par-

a technical and an economic perspective. For

ticipants), existing and planned projects will be

this purpose, a new multi-grid simulation tool is

examined in three model districts: Graz-Mitte,

used, allowing for the simultaneous viewing of

Berlin-Adlershof, and Hamburg-Wilhelmsburg.

all energy providers and grids. This reveals the

As the implementation of the Renewable Wil-

target conflicts between the model districts and

42

Repeating planning cycles

01 The CLUE Roadmap symbolises the way different cities are moving towards climate neutrality.

INFRA-PLAN Smart Energy Systems Import

Smart Grids / Smart Cities D-A-CH Cooperation through the Austrian Federal Ministry for Transport, Innovation and Technology (BMVIT) / e!MISSION pro-

Hydrogen

H2 infrastructure

Electrolysis

Electricity storage

Import Export

Integrated electricity grid

gramme

· ENERGY RESEARCH AUSTRIA (co-ordination) · Energie Steiermark AG

Biomass PV

Battery

Decentralised gas generation and storage

H2 infrastructure

Project partners

Decentralised electricity generation and storage

Variable voltage

May 2013–April 2015

Distribution grid

Duration

Biogas

Storage

Integrated grid

Research programme

Gas storage

Distribution grid

model urban districts

Methanation

Variable operating pressure

infrastructure planning and hybrid grids in

Integrated grid

INFRA-PLAN—Cross-energy provider

Admixture

Integrated gas grid

Project title

Customer

· WISTA Management GmbH Website www.infra-plan.eu

Green Driving Cogeneration

Heat pump

Local heating grid

Solar thermal energy

02 INFRA-PLAN Smart Energy Systems: Overview of the elements of an overall urban energy supply plan

Boiler

Customer

· Technical University of Vienna

Load management

· Technical University of Graz

Electrical heat (P2H)

· IBA Hamburg GmbH

Heat storage

Biomass

whole-city infrastructure planning at an early

or local heat grids through power-to-heat (P2H)

stage and identifies possible solutions in order

units is simple and cost-effective, as well as

to avoid poor investments in capital-intensive

being considerably more efficient than power-

infrastructures.

to-gas technology. As part of the project is not

The second point of focus for this project is

only the technical feasibility of P2H units in the

the start of demonstration and implementation

three model districts being investigated, but

projects relating to hybrid grids. Through the

solutions are also being developed to address

intelligent combination of electricity, natural

how the regulatory, fiscal, and organisational

gas, and long-distance and local heat grid (hy-

barriers can be overcome.

brid grids), individual elements of natural gas

The first P2H unit in the three model districts

powered and long-distance heat systems can be

is set to be installed in Berlin-Adlershof in

made into functional electricity stores in which

2015, and will have a capacity of 5 megawatts.

large amounts of energy can be cached. The

Another unit could be installed in the Energy

use of excess renewable energy in long-distance

Bunker in Hamburg-Wilhelmsburg.

THE RENEWABLE WILHELMSBURG CLIMATE PROTECTION CONCEPT IN THE CONTEXT OF CURRENT DEBATES ON THE ENERGY TRANSITION

43

Concepts relating to urban energy infrastruc-

renewable energy sources. The Energy Bunker,

ture and the use of storage and control facilities

with its hot water storage and potential as a

are the subjects of the joint project SMART

location for P2H, and the energy network as

POWER HAMBURG.

an open heat grid are already connected to the

Its aim is to intelligently connect energy suppli-

energy platform, while additional units with dif-

Project title

ers, consumers, and storage facilities to a vir-

ferent power levels and usage targets are being

SMART POWER HAMBURG

tual power plant and examine their interaction.

planned. As a result, the existing and planned

Research programme

Using the collected data, the research team

local energy plants in Wilhelmsburg are being op-

EnEff:Wärme—Energy Efficient Heat by the

analyses how different production units behave

timised and further developed, in order to make

State Ministry for the Economy and Energy

when they are connected, and how flexible this

a contribution to the citywide energy supply.

Duration January 2011–December 2015

system can respond to the future demand for energy supply. The team also assesses how

The TransiEnt.EE research project focuses on

Project partners

efficiency measures and additional innovative

the integration of renewable forms of energy

· HAMBURG ENERGIE GmbH (consortium

storage solutions can be supplemented in a

into existing energy supply systems and the

useful way. The focus is on electricity, heating,

coupling effects between different energy grids.

cooling, and gas supply.

Using a dynamic system simulation for the

manager) · Hamburg University for Applied Sciences (HAW Hamburg)

In relation to heat, for example, SMART POWER

wider energy supply grid in Hamburg, it is pos-

· RWTH Aachen Technical University

HAMBURG investigates new storage concepts.

sible to examine different approaches to the

Website

This includes thus far unused heat storage

optimum use of sharply fluctuating forms of

www.smartpowerhamburg.de

potential in the urban infrastructure (such

energy and to determine the optimal type, loca-

as schools, sewage disposal facilities, swim-

tion, and size of storage facilities.

ming pools, and office buildings) as well as the

Dynamic modelling allows the coupling effects

economic and environmental potential for novel

between the different stakeholders in the sup-

storage methods such as P2H, as in the case of

ply grid to be examined. An example of such a

the Energy Bunker in Wilhelmsburg. The role of

coupling effect is the use of combined heat and

public infrastructure should thus be considered

power in cogeneration plants, as well as the

an active element in the energy system.

work carried out in various projects in Wilhelms-

Project title

Appropriate IT and communications technol-

burg (Energy Bunker, Integrated Energy Net-

TransiEnt.EE—Transient behaviour of

ogy (ICT) is essential for the efficient use of a

work, New Hamburg Terraces), that feed energy

coupled energy grids with a high share of

city’s available “energy elements” and features.

into both the heat and the electricity grids.

renewable forms of energy

SMART POWER HAMBURG therefore develops

In order to prevent a shortage of renewably

Research programme

a scalable, open ICT platform that connects the

generated energy, the different possibilities for

State Ministry for the Economy and Energy

associated systems and users to a smart energy

load management should be investigated for

Duration

platform. Now in its demonstration phase, this

the processing of metals such as steel, alu-

May 2013–October 2016

plant grid is already connecting generation

minium, and copper, for which there are plants

Project partners

plants and users. This allows energy markets

in Wilhelmsburg or the area to the west of it.

· Hamburg-Harburg Technical University

to participate and harness additional potential.

By viewing these dynamically i.e. in a ‚transient‘

Compared with a single plant, this has benefits

manner, we can identify time-based possibilities

· XRG Simulation GmbH

for energy efficiency.

for balancing through the targeted use of stor-

Website

Building on the experience gained, SMART

age technology such as pump storage facilities,

www.tuhh.de/transient-ee

POWER HAMBURG continuously develops

gas storage, and heat grids and storage.

operating ideas for the concept of this energy

From the studies, there are indications as to

grid and business models for energy-efficiency

where it would make most sense to invest in the

services. These include balancing energy and

future in order to support the transformation of

demand-based production.

the energy supply towards renewable forms of

With its innovative development concepts,

energy. Accordingly, suitable legal and econom-

Wilhelmsburg is used as a study example for the

ic incentives will also need to be established. At

energy platform and the integration of different

the end of the research project there should be

44

(TUHH)

TransiEnt.EE Grids TransiEnt.EE Grids

1

Hamburg grids Electricity grid Gas grid District heating grid Transformer stations 1

Hamburg-Nord

2

Hamburg-Ost

3

Hamburg-Süd

Major consumers

2 2 3

1

Aurubis

2

Mittal

3

Trimet Alu

1

3

03 Map of energy grids and the main energy consumers in the Hamburg region

a concrete proposal for future infrastructure

Note

planning that will be implemented in a subse-

This article was written on the basis of individual project descriptions, by:

quent project. The result of the TransiEnt.EE project will be the freely available TransiEnt model library, addressing the dynamic simulation of coupled energy supply grids. TransiEnt can assist in the discussion of climate protection potential and the related investment and funding opportuni-

Ulf Skirke, State Ministry for Urban Development and Environment, Hamburg (TRANSFORM); Cordelia Koenig, State Ministry for Urban Development and Environment, Hamburg (CLUE); Robert Hinterberger, ENERGY RESEARCH AUSTRIA (INFRA-PLAN); Mareike Thomsen, HAMBURG ENERGIE GmbH (SMART POWER HAMBURG); Lisa Andresen, Hamburg-Harburg Technical University (TransiEnt.EE)

ties. It is hoped that by the end of the project the model library will be used by decisionmakers in different cities to evaluate measures for integrating renewable forms of energy into energy grids.

THE RENEWABLE WILHELMSBURG CLIMATE PROTECTION CONCEPT IN THE CONTEXT OF CURRENT DEBATES ON THE ENERGY TRANSITION

45

TransiEnt.EE Energy System Model Waste or biomass unit

Coal-fired power station

Wind energy

Pump storage station

Pore/cavern storage

Tube gas storage

(with or without CO2 separation)

H2 Bulk flywheel storage CO2 Compressed air storage

(Large) battery storage

CO2 H2

H2 Electrolysis CH4

Gas turbine

Electricity

H2

High voltage grids Medium voltage grids Low voltage grids Hamburg district heating grid Gas High pressure grids Medium pressure grids Low pressure grids Electric heat pump

Heat transformer

PCM storage

(Large) battery storage

Solar thermal plant

Cogeneration unit Thermal storage

Battery

04 Elements of a regional energy plan

46

Boiler

Photovoltaic plant

Bulk flywheel storage Industrial plant

The desire to create a climate protection concept that will apply to entire districts or areas of cities raises many questions, both during planning and implementation. Both assumptions and instruments are required for a successful overall concept. These assumptions and the foundations of the Renewable Wilhelmsburg Climate Protection Concept will be examined and discussed here in the light of current knowledge. Learning from one another and exchanging information about successes and problems form the basis of a comprehensive energy transition. This chapter presents examples of concept development based on urban space types, focussing on a locally oriented approach, and investigating both common factors and differences.

METHODICAL BASES OF DISTRICT ENERGY CONCEPTS

HARRY LEHMANN

Renewable Wilhelmsburg Climate Protection Concept A Glimpse of a Possible Future

National Climate Protection: State of Play

Cities and Climate Change, the IBA Hamburg offers many ideas and concepts that implement the reduction targets through actual actions.

By 2050, highly developed industrial nations

Another factor is the investigation of a possible

such as Germany will have to reduce their emis-

development of the IBA area using scenarios

sions by 80–95 per cent compared to 1990s

focused on scenarios to a climate-neutral loca-

figures, and thus become almost completely

tion supplied by renewable energy.

free of greenhouse gas emissions, if the global temperature increase due to climate change is to be restricted to 2° C when compared with the pre-industrial age. Up until now, Germany

Renewable Wilhelmsburg: Scenario Development Methodology

has achieved a 25 per cent share of renewable

Scenarios are scientific glimpses of a possible

energy in electricity generation, and around 10

future. In a scenario, assumptions are made

per cent in heat generation. Under the Kyoto

about the components of the system. For

Protocol there was also an international obliga-

instance, a scenario sets out future population

tion to lower greenhouse gas emissions by 21

growth trends, technological development, and

per cent between 2008 and 2012. Moreover,

the speed with which new techniques spread.

in 2007 the German government set out the

Various different factors are analysed in order

objective of reducing greenhouse gas emissions

to come up with this scenario, from which a

by 40 per cent by 2020, as part of its Inte-

data model set of calculations are created, the

grated Energy and Climate Package. The 2011

results of which can predict the future develop-

update foresees a growing share for renewable

ment of our society.

energy in Germany’s energy production, and

The meaningfulness of scenarios is limited, on

a simultaneous phasing out of nuclear energy.

the one hand, due to the subjectivity of the

Differentiated limits for the reduction of energy

models; in all of these models only a part of

consumption in different sectors have been

our world is used to make predictions and the

established in order to achieve these goals. In

choice of which part to use is different for each

addition, specific reduction targets have been

research group.

set up for greenhouse gas emissions, against

Moreover, the assumptions in the scenarios

1990s figures: 40 per cent by 2020, 55 per cent

bring the subjective expectations and esti-

by 2030, 70 per cent by 2040, and 80 to 95 per

mates of the various researchers to bear. This

cent by 2050.

is permissible from a scientific point of view

Hamburg, the 2011 European Green Capital, has

if the various assumptions are presented in a

therefore defined its own climate protection

transparent way. This may result in scenarios in

goals: a 40 per cent reduction by 2020, and

which the centralised energy system of today

80 per cent by 2050. Under its key theme of

is continued and renewable energy is accorded

50

Scenarios are not prognoses: they become reality only if the “story”—the assumed development—is implemented through political and social action.

only marginal importance, or scenarios in which

Areas of refurbishment and efficiency poten-

renewable energy is highly significant. Both are

tial were identified for each of these urban

valid perspectives on our future.

space types using documentation and practical

Why do we bother gazing into this “crystal ball”

experience. The potential for utilising renew-

if the information is so ambiguous? We do so

able energy was determined separately for

because the models and scenarios allow us to see how specific goals can be achieved under

each urban space type. The values cited in the ENERGY ATLAS were employed when calculat-

various technical, social, economic, and political

ing the possible scope for temporal coverage

conditions. Comparing the applied scenarios al-

with renewable energy. The transport sector

lows us to see how trends develop under differ-

and industry were not considered as part of the

ent circumstances. Scenarios are not progno-

calculations. At the time when the concept was

ses: they become reality only if the “story”—the

being drawn up, these two sectors were consid-

assumed development—is implemented through

ered to be both retrograde and, in their future

political and social action.

development, not quantifiable in terms of a suf-

The scenarios created for the IBA were aimed

ficient degree for a balance. There was a wide

at achieving 100 per cent renewable energy

range of reasons for this, from immeasurable

supply in the electricity and heat sectors on

commuting flows to major industry and harbour

the Hamburg Elbe island of Wilhelmsburg by

areas, which could not be captured or clearly

2050. To this end, the long-term energy needs

and accurately incorporated in a balance.

of this area had to be calculated, along with the urban potential for renewable energy production and CO2 savings. The ultimate goal was to draw up a concrete package of measures for energy-related urban regeneration.1 The results formed the basis of the ENERGY ATLAS for the Elbe Islands in 2010, centred on the Renewable Wilhelmsburg Climate Protection Concept.2 The scenarios, assumptions, and goals were developed and discussed in detail by the Climate and Energy Advisory Board3 between 2008 and 2010, and among IBA employees as part of the IBA Hamburg’s key theme of Cities and Climate Change. The methodology used for the ENERGY ATLAS is based on a spatial and energy-focused approach, for which the whole district is divided into different urban space types. Over twenty different urban space types were identified through a very detailed analysis of all spatial information from the IBA area. Every urban space type has its own parameters, such as specific building density and particular levels of heat and electricity consumption, from the pre-industrial old town built before 1840, to high-rise developments from the 1970s and modern districts of single-family housing built to a Passive House standard.4

METHODICAL BASES OF DISTRICT ENERGY CONCEPTS

51

0 2007

2020

2030

2040

2050

Zeit [a]

Assumptions in the Reference Scenario ebedarfe im Referenzszenario 1

Renewableheat heatyield yieldand andheat heatdemand demandin inthe theReference ReferenceScenario Scenario Renewable Regenerative Stromerträge und Strombedarf im Referenzszenario 1 (Moorburg) (Moorburg)

In the “business as usual” Reference Scenario, the measures assumed have not been specifically tailored to the IBA area. The municipal and foreseeable back then were continued. Overall, despite new areas being developed and a population increase from approximately Wärmebedarf

55,000 to around 69,000, in the Reference Scenario upDeponiegas to 2050 there is a need for around 35 per cent Abwasserwärme less heat for heating, process heat, Erdwärmesonden and domestic hot water. However, only around a Sonnenkollektoren seventh of this is supplied by renewable energy.

The figures are a little more promising when it comes to electricity production. Although, due to the population growth and the amount of new building, the electricity demand rises by more than 50 per cent from 2007 to 2050, 2040

500 StromerzeugungHeat und supply Strombedarf [GWhEnd/a] and heat demand [GWhFinal/year]

federal measures and instruments that were

400 400 Heat demand

300

Landfill gas Strombedarf Wastewater heat Borehole heat exchangers Bestehende Windkraftanlagen Solar collectors PV (Dach u. Fassade)

300 200 200

100 100

0

0

despite saving and efficiency measures, in the 2050

2007 2007

2013 2013

Reference Scenario half of the energy demand

2020 2030 2020 2030 Time [year] Zeit [a]

2040 2040

2050 2050

in 2050 can nevertheless be covered renewably

Renewable electricity yield electricity demand in the Renewable electricity yield andand electricity demand in the Reference Scenario (Moorburg) Reference Scenario (Moorburg)

Heat demand Landfill gas Wastewater heat Borehole heat exchangers Solar collectors

01 Renewable heat yield and heat demand, Reference Scenario in ENERGY ATLAS 201013

2050

02 Renewable electricity yield and electricity demand, Reference Scenario in ENERGY ATLAS 201014

52

Electricity production and electricity demand [GWhFinal/year]

by existing wind turbines and the use of photoand in the Reference Scenario voltaic systems. rg)

400

300 Electricity demand Existing wind turbines PV (roof and façades)

200

100

0 2007

2013

2020 2030 Time [year]

2040

2050

Assumptions in the Excellence Scenario

Annual CO2 emissions in2the Reference Scenario Referenzszenario

The aim of the Excellence Scenarios was to

250,000

work out how the stated objectives of 100 per cent renewable energy supply in the electricity and heat sector could be achieved through

Emissions [tC02/year]

200,000

efficiency measures and the renewable energy development.5 All of the positive impacts arising from the projects of the IBA Hamburg and

150,000

With heating networks Without heating networks

100,000

those carried out as a result of this Climate Protection Concept were taken into consideration. Thus, extensive energy production on roofs, façades, and with heat pumps could be operated faster and more decisively. In addition, there is construction and retrofitting work,

50,000

an increase in the renewal rate in individual building segments, concrete IBA projects,6 and subsequent construction projects.

0 2007

2013

2020 2030 Time [year]

03 Annual CO2 emissions, Reference Scenario in ENERGY ATLAS 201015

2040

2050

As a result, by 2025 around half of the whole heat demand should be covered by renewable energy. A significant proportion of that is made up of rapid and large-scale supply of the building stock through the introduction of renewable heating grids. In 2050 85 per cent of the heat demand is from renewable energy sources, although that assumes a higher population growth within the IBA area (from 55,000 to 73,000) due to the IBA projects, compared with the Reference Scenario. The electricity demand in the Excellence Scenarios is 100 per cent supplied by renewable sources as early as 2025. From this point, the excess electricity can be used for purposes such as electric transport, industry, or heating, in order to ensure a full heat supply from renewable energy. In the Excellence Scenarios it is clear that efficiency measures and the targeted substitution of fossil fuels and nuclear energy by renewable energy lead to a considerable reduction in CO2 emissions. In the IBA Presentation Year 2013 around 50 per cent more greenhouse gases were saved than would have been the case in the Reference Scenarios. At the end of the forecast period in 2050, the emissions in the Excellence Scenario are only 5 per cent of the emissions from 2007. In terms of the energy shares taken into consideration (households,

METHODICAL BASES OF DISTRICT ENERGY CONCEPTS

53

2007

2020

2030

2040

2050

Zeit [a]

f im Exzellenzszenario 1 services), the IBA area is alindustry, trade and most climate-neutral, whereas in the Reference

Regenerative Stromerträge und Strombedarf im Exzellenzszenario 1

Renewable heat yield and heat demand in the Excellence Scenario 2 Regenerative Wärmeerträge und Wärmebedarf im Exzellenzszenario

Scenario 40 per cent of the greenhouse gases

500

emitted in 2007 will still have a significant ef-

600

fect on the climate. 400

one supplied by renewable energy is primarily

500

dependent on whether the necessary economic, social, and political support for such a trans-

Wärmebedarf

formation exists at present and will exist in the

Solarthermie, future. Easier to answer is the question of the Erdwärmesonden, Abwasserwärmerückextent to which the delay or cancellation of indigewinnung vidual specific IBA projects and the subsequent Tiefengeothermie projects that build upon them call the overall Wilhelmsburg goal into question. Both the IBA area and the Urbane Biogasanlage Energieverbund surrounding region have further potential for Wilhelmsburg Mitte renewable energy, which can serve as a substiNahwärmenetz Neue tute for these unrealised projects. Hamburger Terrassen Energiebunker Energieberg Georgswerder

Heat supply and heat demand Stromerzeugung und Strombedarf [GWhFinal/year] [GWhEnd/a]

This potential development of the IBA area into

Heat demand Biomethane

300 400 200 300 100 200

0 100

-100 0

050

2007 2007

2013 2013

2020 2030 2040 2050 2020 2030 2040 2050 Zeit [a] Time [year]

Methane Strombedarf Solar thermal energy, borehole heat exWindparks außerhalb changers, wastewater Energieberg heat recovery Kirchdorf-Süd Photovoltaik (Dachund Fassadenanlagen) Elbe heat pump in Veddel Geothermal Urbane Biogasanlage Energy Wilhelmsburg Energieverbund Urban bio Mitte gas plant Wilhelmsburg Wilhelmsburg Central Energiebunker Energy Network Energieberg Georgswerder New Hamburg Terraces local heating network Energy Bunker Georgswerder Energy Hill

Renewable electricity yield and electricity demand in the Excellence Scenario

darf im Exzellenzszenario 2

050

2013

Regenerative Stromerträge und Strombedarf im Exzellenzszenario 2

Heat demand Biomethane Methane Solar thermal energy, borehole heat exchangers, wastewater heat recovery Kirchdorf-Süd Elbe heat pump in Veddel Geothermal Energy Wilhelmsburg Urban bio gas plant Wilhelmsburg Central Energy Network New Hamburg Terraces local heating network 04 Renewable heat yield and heat demand, Excellence Energy Bunker Scenario 2 in the ENERGY ATLAS 201016 Georgswerder Energy Hill 05 Renewable electricity yield and electricity demand, Excellence Scenario 2 in the ENERGY ATLAS 201017

54

Electricity production and electricity demand [GWhFinal/year]

300

Electricity demand

200

Kirchdorf-Süd Wind parks outside the Energy Hill

100

Photovoltaics (roof and façade units) Urban biogas plants Wilhelmsburg Central Energy Network Energy Bunker

0

Georgswerder Energy Hill -100

-200

Biomethane

2007

2013

2020

2030

Time [year]

2040

2050

comparison with the systems currently avail-

Annual emissions in the Excellence Scenario Annual COCO2 emissions in the Excellence Scenario 2

able on today’s market. In the long term, we can expect to see the level of efficiency applied in the study. In addition, the lifetime of current

250,000

photovoltaic systems is higher than assumed here, and this leads to a lower level of replacement installations in later years.

Emissions [tC02/year]

200,000

The assumptions should be considered not only against the background of development in later years when looking at supply technologies, but

150,000 With heating networks Without heating networks 100,000

also when looking at the building sector and refurbishment aimed at energy efficiency—these all formed part of the balance. The level of refurbishment indicates the extent of upgrading work for the individual urban space types, with a view to reducing heating requirements.

50,000

The values stipulated in the heat protection and energy-saving regulations (WSVO, EnEV) at the time of the study were used as targets for new

0 2007

2013

2020 2030 Time [year]

2040

2050

construction and the thorough refurbishment of residential buildings. In 2009, these were at about 60 kWh/m2 per year final energy. Analysis of historical development and analysis of energy-efficient buildings misled us to believe

06 Annual CO2 emissions, Excellence Scenario 2 in the ENERGY ATLAS 201018

Exzellenzszenario 250.000

Emissionen [tC02/a]

200.000

150.000

Reviewing the Assumptions and Classification in the Current Context

50.000

0 2007

2013

per year, and would stay there. Levels of renovation for 2030 and 2050 were

To summarise some of the assumptions, the as-

subsequently defined for each urban space type, based on different publications.9 If we

sumed maximum expansion rates for renewable

look at these levels of renovation, we see that

energy in the scenarios are based on an analysis

the most significant change up to 2050 has

of national and international scenarios.7 The fact that these expansion rates could be even

been assumed for type “HH WS 70s NBL sheet 1970s”—at 40 kWh/m2 per year—and type “WS

higher than those in the scenarios is borne out

social housing 1950s” at 44 kWh/m2 per year.

by the explosion of photovoltaic in Germany

Both of these are values that should not pres-

and all over the world in recent years, due to

ent any problem in the light of present knowl-

targeted funding and resulting in lower costs. In

edge. There was relatively little reduction in

2006 around 8 GW photovoltaic were installed

energy consumption for the building types that

durch Wärmenetze worldwide, but only five years later this figure 100.000

that by 2030 this value could drop to 15 kWh/m2

already consume little energy.

has increased to 70 GW. This rapid growth has ohne Wärmenetze

There are two different approaches to deter-

continued since 2011. A similar development can

mining the renewal rate. One is from a historical

be seen in wind energy: in 2006 wind plants had

perspective: how much energy-related retrofit-

a worldwide capacity of 74 GW; by 2011 this had

ting has been carried out in recent years? This

quadrupled to 238 GW. Various market studies

is undoubtedly too low to achieve the goals that

predict an increase in the capacity of photovol-

we have set ourselves for 2020, and even 2050.

taic installations by a factor of 10–25 by 2030.8 The level of efficiency assumed for photovol-

Alternatively, we can look at it from the point

2020 2030 taic2040 2050has been underestimated in in the study Zeit [a]

of view of necessity: how much needs to be retrofitted in order to achieve the goal set for

METHODICAL BASES OF DISTRICT ENERGY CONCEPTS

55

2050? No renovation is necessary in a new

lution to analyse heavily fluctuating electricity

development area with passive and low-energy

and heat demand and production (cf. article by

houses. These homes already meet the energy

Lutzenberger and Peter).

target and should be maintained in the coming

The basis of this dynamic simulation is the cre-

decades. If building components have a lifetime of thirty to sixty years, in 2050—that is, in thirty-

ation of individual modules for the urban space types defined in the ENERGY ATLAS, taking into

five years—they will have the desired energy

account the amount of electricity generated,

efficiency only if conservation-oriented upgrad-

the electricity demand, the heat demand, and

ing has taken place. For an urban space type in

the heat production in these urban space types.

which energy efficiency has yet to be achieved,

In addition, other renewable energy producers

the renewal rate is calculated at around 3 per

such as the Energy Bunker and the countless

cent. This is a lower limit that can be raised by

wind turbines located within the study area

the lifetime of building components, a lack of

were integrated into the model. The model

construction work, and the need to achieve the

was enhanced by meteorological data so that

goal of reduction more rapidly.

energy demand and production could be calcu-

Are we relying solely on these assumptions?

lated with an hourly resolution. Two versions

In Article 5, “The model character of public

were simulated, with and without storage of

institution buildings”, the EU stated that every

electrical energy.

Member State should ensure that, from 1 Janu-

When considering the individual urban space

ary 2014, 3 per cent of the total area of heated

types, there are significant differences in terms

and/or cooled buildings that are owned and

of both electricity and heat. This affects not

used by central government should be retro-

only the balance, but also, to a large degree, the

fitted every year according to the minimum

dynamic representation of the data.

requirements for overall energy efficiency. This

Strongly fluctuating electricity production leads

renewal rate has been criticised by many as

both to high electricity surpluses and to deficits

too low to achieve the goals for 2050. A study

in the provision for the residential, commercial,

by DENA, which drew up a retrofitting plan

and trade and service sectors of urban areas.

for the building stock of the housing company

As a result, there is a need for optimisation.

Deutsche Annington, reveals that a renewal rate

Firstly, there are implications for load man-

of 2.5 per cent is required in order to achieve a

agement, which can lead to an adjustment of

70 per cent reduction in energy consumption.

electricity supply and demand. Moreover, the development and use of short-, medium- and

How Should We Proceed?

long-term storage is necessary in order to achieve a temporal balance of production and

During the creation of the scenarios one meth-

consumption. Comparison of the calculations

odology issue was raised over and over again:

with and without storage technology reveal

in the scenarios the urban space typology led

very different requirements and needs for stor-

to a very high spatial resolution being chosen.

age in the respective urban space types.

However, this was not equalled by a high tempo-

In its current study, A Greenhouse Gas Neutral

ral resolution. Temporal averaging was there-

Germany in 2050 (2014), the Federal Environ-

fore carried out when calculating the rates of

ment Agency shows that a reduction of 95 per

coverage by renewable forms of energy. In the light of studies, we now know that this is not

cent and an annual per capita output of a ton of CO2 equivalents is technically possible (cf.

sufficient for high levels of renewable energy in

“Framework conditions” article by Hain). More-

electricity and heat production.

over, three fundamentally different scenarios

As a result, an initial “electricity study” was

for an electricity and energy supply fully based

subsequently launched, which used a simulation

on renewable energy in Germany by 2050 have

program with a high temporal and spatial reso-

been developed for the Federal Environment

56

Strongly fluctuating electricity production leads both to high electricity surpluses and to deficits in the provision for the residential, commercial, and trade and service sectors of urban areas. As a result, there is a need for optimisation.

140 regions across Germany have embarked on the path towards achieving this vision.

Agency. Taken together, these three “archetyp-

ings. Efficiency and saving potential should be

al” scenarios cover the range of solutions for a

the primary focus in urban areas. Following

German electricity supply based on renewable

a county council decision, the Odenwaldkreis

sources in 2050 and present various points

district is working towards becoming a 100 per

in relation to this. The IBA scenarios come to

cent renewable energy region. The Odenwald

similar conclusions.

energy co-operative was founded in 2009 in

Apart from the Federal Environment Agency, as part of various studies other institutions10 have

order to develop renewable energy sources and

investigated the possibility of a full electricity

than 2,400 stakeholders from the region have

supply using 100 per cent renewable sources.

launched projects, with a total volume of over

The study, 100% Renewable Electricity Supply

30 million euro.

by 2050: Climate-friendly, Safe, Affordable

On the international stage, the urban 100 per

by the Advisory Council on Environmental

cent renewable energy movement continues to

Issues and the Enquiry Committee’s report on

gather pace. The EU’s “100% RES Communi-

“Sustainable energy supply under conditions

ties” project analyses and supports regional

of globalisation and liberalisation” also set

activities in ten European countries. It is also

out scenarios that show how a 100 per cent

worth noting the international “Go 100% RE”

renewable electricity supply can be achieved,

campaign.12

implement regional energy transition. More

and ultimately came to the conclusion that an electricity supply that uses 100 per cent renew-

Concluding Comments

able energy sources should be possible round the clock by 2050.

A concrete concept emerged from the scenario

All of these studies are highly aggregated in

in Wilhelmsburg, and has been partially imple-

spatial terms and do not answer the question

mented. We will measure the results against the

of the extent to which such approaches are

scenarios that also represent the goals of the

feasible at an urban and rural level. In this area,

concept, and, in doing so, will also measure our

the IBA scenarios are the studies with the high-

own contributions. If the current situation is

est spatial resolution.

no longer consistent with the scenarios, do the

Today the IBA Hamburg is not alone in its quest

scenarios or the concept need to be changed?

to develop a greenhouse gas neutral region.

Whether a 100 per cent renewable electricity

Increasingly, regions, municipalities, and cities

supply can or cannot be achieved in a highly

in Germany and other countries are pursuing

developed industrial country such as Germany

the goal of implementing an energy supply

is not just a question of technical feasibility, but

that is completely based on renewable energy.

also a matter of social and political will. No one

Meanwhile, 140 regions across Germany have

should worry about shortages of supply.

embarked on the path towards achieving this

Whether the electricity supply in 2050 should

vision. From the North Sea island of Pellworm

be based on 80 per cent or 100 per cent renew-

to Wildpoldsried in Bavaria, and from the Os-

able energy sources, society and politics are

nabrück region to the financial hub of Frankfurt

bound to face a large number of challenges

am Main, different communities are presenting

on the way towards a greenhouse gas-neutral

their goals, strategies, and success stories.11 The city of Frankfurt am Main can already look

society. These challenges include the creation

back on a long process of active energy policy.

of measures relating to infrastructure, which

A fully renewable energy supply is necessary

can be mired in conflict, and the stepping up

in order to achieve the agreed goal of saving at least 95 per cent of annual CO2 emissions by

of energy research. It is vital to find as wide a

2050. To this end, Frankfurt is looking to realise

tion and the associated loads. The reward for

co-operation across the city and surround-

these efforts would be not only more effective

of an adequate legal basis, the implementation

social consensus as possible for energy transi-

METHODICAL BASES OF DISTRICT ENERGY CONCEPTS

57

climate protection, but a modern energy supply system that can meet the demands of a secure, affordable, consumer-considerate, efficient, and environmentally friendly energy supply in the long term. Notes 1 See also: Dieter D. Genske / Thomas Jödecke / Jana Henning-Jacob / Ariane Ruff: Energetische Optimierung des Modellraumes IBA Hamburg. Hamburg 2011. 2 IBA Hamburg (ed.): ENERGY ATLAS. Future Concept Renewable Wilhelmsburg. Berlin 2010. 3 Besides the author of this article, this Advisory Board consists of the following members: Prof. Peter Droege (Liechtenstein University and representative of the World Renewable Energy Congress, Australia), Prof. Manfred Hegger (Technical University, Darmstadt), Prof. Irene Peters (HafenCity University Hamburg), Matthias Schuler (Director of Transsolar, Stuttgart and lecturer at Harvard University, USA), and Stefan Schurig (Director of Climate Energy, World Future Council, Hamburg). 4 See also: IBA Hamburg (ed.): ENERGY ATLAS. Future Concept Renewable Wilhelmsburg. Berlin 2010. 5 The Innovation Scenario of the German model was used for the Excellence Scenario. Prognos & Ökoinstitut 2009. 6 These include the Georgswerder Energy Hill and the Energy Bunker in the Reiherstieg district; the New Hamburg Terraces local heating network; Geothermal Energy Wilhelmsburg; three other large wind turbines outside the Energy Hill and the repowering of all wind turbines by 2050; the Wilhelmsburg Integrated Central Energy Network; and the Urban Biogas project. Excellence Scenario 2 also featured the following: use of the Elbe as a source of heat for a low-temperature heating network in the (renovated) Schumacherestate on Veddel; installation of a solar thermal heating network for the (renovated) high-rise development of Kirchdorf-Süd, with seasonal geothermal energy storage reservoirs; generation of methane from renewable electricity that is fed into the gas network; photovoltaic roofing over the Stillhorn motorway rest stop. 7 See also: Prognos & Öko-Institut (compiled by A. Kirchner, F.C. Matthes, et al.): Modell Deutschland, Klimaschutz bis 2050: Vom Ziel her denken. A study on behalf of WWF Deutschland. Basel/Freiburg 2009; Stefan Peter et al., Energy Watch Group: Renewable Energy Outlook 2030. 2008; S. Achner, et.al.: Klimaschutz: Plan B 2050. Energiekonzept für Deutschland. Hamburg, 2005/2009; Federal Environment Agency (ed.): Politikszenarien für den Klimaschutz V – auf dem Weg zum Strukturwandel. Dessau 2009; Federal Environment Agency (ed.): Energieziel 2050 – 100 Prozent Strom aus erneuerbaren Energien. Dessau 2010; Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt /

58

Institut für Technische Thermodynamik / Fraunhofer Institut für Windenergie und Energiesystemtechnik / Ingenieurbüro für neue Energien (AG): Langfristszenarien und Strategien für den Ausbau der erneuerbaren Energien in Deutschland bei Berücksichtigung der Entwicklung in Europa und global. Stuttgart, Kassel, Teltow 2012. 8 See also: Eric Martinot: REN21 Renewables Global Futures Report. Paris 2013. 9 See also: Dagmar Everding: Leitbilder und Potenziale eines solaren Städtebaus. 2004. Deutsche Energie-Agentur (ed.): Besser als ein Neubau: Hocheffizientes Sanieren leicht gemacht. Berlin 2008. 10 The Greenpeace Climate Protection Plan comes to the same conclusion (Greenpeace e.V: Klimaschutz: PLAN B 2050 – Energiekonzept für Deutschland. Hamburg 2009. Further studies in this area include: The Group LTI-Research: Long-Term Integration of Renewable Energy Sources into the European Energy System. Heidelberg 1998. Harry Lehmann et al.: Energy Rich Japan—A Vision for the Future. Markkleeberg 2003. 11 See also: IdE Institut dezentrale Energietechnologien gGmbH (ed.): 100ee Regionen in Deutschland und Europa. Kassel 2014. 12 See also: www.go100re.net.org. 13-18 Dieter Genske / Jana Henning-Jacob / Thomas Joedecke / Ariane Ruff: Forecasts for the Reference Scenarios. In IBA Hamburg (Ed.): ENERGY ATLAS. Future Concept Renewable Wilhelmsburg. Berlin 2010.

The solar thermal system on the Energy Bunker supplies the surrounding Global Neighbourhood.

MANFRED HEGGER, JOACHIM SCHULZE

Energy-Focused Urban Regeneration Based on an Analysis of Urban Space Types

On the Need to Establish Space Types

records and accounts. Both methods require a considerable amount of work, but this is justified for achieving energy certification. However,

Urban spaces and districts are complex func-

the individual assessment of each building in a

tional, social, and spatial constructs, defined

neighbourhood, district, or even an entire city

by the local climate and other environmental

is impossible. This would be too costly and risks

factors, technical and social infrastructure,

breaching data privacy principles. Assessing the

and their individual historical development.

renewable energy potential of each individual

These characteristics have an effect on their

building or plot of land across a large area is

energy requirements and potentials. Against a

similarly difficult.

backdrop of climate change and the need for an

The advantage of a systematic space typology

energy transition, it is essential that municipal

is that it is predicated on abstraction: domains

policies and scientific approaches are discussed

and dimensions of shared characteristics, which

as part of energy-specific urban redevelopment,

are brought together and classed as a group.

with a view to identifying their energy-related

Since the late nineteenth century the clas-

characteristics and arriving at development

sification of urban spaces has been a useful

strategies for urban structures.

method in geography, and later became much

Today’s energy-related urban redevelopment in

used in urban and regional planning. Largely

progress is inconceivable without a reasonably

homogeneous developments and uses of urban

reliable database. Data on energy demand is of

or rural subspaces are brought together and

paramount importance: how much electricity,

categorised according to particular character-

heating and domestic hot water heating or cool-

istics. Main distinguishing features typically are

ing does a city, district, or neighbourhood need?

location, structural and historic building charac-

If the redevelopment is to be geared towards

teristics, and building age, as well as uses, such

intensive use of renewable energy sources, it is

as family homes in postwar neighbourhoods or

also necessary to ascertain whether the same

mixed-use town centres.

urban space also offers potential for this form

Building age classes have been established at

of energy, such as solar energy, harnessed via

the level of individual buildings, categorising

units on the outer shells of buildings, geother-

the construction and energy demand specifi-

mal energy from a plot of land, wind power via

cations for each individual building according

outdoor installations, or biomass through the

to its usage and age. The revision of these

management of open spaces.

individual building assessments is currently

The standardised energy requirement of a sin-

being considered by the Institut Wohnen und

gle building can be determined by calculations

Umwelt (IWU) in Darmstadt. In addition to build-

relating to energy balances, while the real level

ing classes urban space type systems can also

of energy consumption can be ascertained from

capture the impacts of urban spatial networks.

60

Through a systematic building typology, the costly individual assessment of each building can be avoided. This allows the calculation of energy balances on district level.

With the increased level of attention being

In view of this preliminary work, in 2014 Ecofys

given to energy-related matters, the classifica-

set out another, more differentiated urban

tion of urban space types takes on a new task.

space typology in “Nationwide Survey and Map-

Typification can now be used to consider the energy-specific characteristics of urban areas

ping of the Energy Status of Hamburg’s Building Stock”4, which worked with a total of eighty-two

collectively. Essentially, the same differentiat-

different urban space types. Hamburg thus has

ing characteristics apply here: aspects such as

a methodology for capturing information about

location, building type, building age, condition,

the energy status of the whole urban space,

and use are significant indicators of energy

beyond the district of Wilhelmsburg. On closer

consumption.

examination, this system is less an urban space typology than a building typology. It allows a

Comparison of Selected EnergyFocused Urban Space Typologies

differentiated approach that includes special

Various energy-focused urban space typologies

level of effort in conducting surveys. It does

have been developed over the last few decades,

not provide coverage of the renewable energy

each based on specific objectives. A study back

potential; rather, the documentation focuses on

in the late 1970s looked at interactions between

grid connections.

the settlement structure and the heat supply system1 in Switzerland. The emphasis was on

The project UrbanReNet5 by the Technical University of Darmstadt is independent of any

heating and domestic hot water supply, as well

space-specific urban morphology, unlike those

as the provision of grids at district level. It dif-

used for previously established morphologies

ferentiated between nine urban space types.

based on Wilhelmsburg or Hamburg as a whole.

After a gap of several years, more recent

The project, run as part of the EnEff:Stadt

times have seen further studies and ‘typing’ approaches. In Solar Urban Planning2 Dagmar

programme and funded by the Federal Ministry

Everding concentrates on retrofitting strategies

between only thirteen “energy-specific urban

based on the analysis of building age categories

and landscape space types” and three “energy-

and façade-related structural characteristics.

specific road space types”. These are extended,

Everding also establishes nine urban space

however, by another twenty-six “energy-specific

types, although these differ from those of Roth. The ENERGY ATLAS3, published as part of the

individual space elements”, which take into

IBA Hamburg 2010, marked a first comprehensive

schools, and hospitals within otherwise ho-

approach to energy typing. This typology consid-

mogenous districts. The urban space types are

ers urban space types, in this case those found in

further differentiated by additional parameters

Hamburg’s Wilhelmsburg district, as a whole, en-

such as location and orientation, site occupancy

compassing development type, building age and

index, number of floors, and equipment tech-

type of use. It then allocates a total of twenty-six

nology. Gathering data about the renewable

urban and landscape types to Wilhelmsburg,

energy potential is part of the classification

according to their typical energy requirements

scheme, resulting in a district-specific account

in terms of heating, domestic hot water and

of requirements and opportunities.

electricity. In addition, it identifies renewably

The sensitivity analyses carried out, especially

generated forms of energy and squares these

as part of the IBA and UrbanReNet typologies,

with existing requirements, which are considered

could validate the methodology of the approach

not as static but as dynamic, according to the

towards urban space types. While the basic

expected progress of retrofitting in the individual

data of the IBA typology were derived from

urban space types and the availability of technol-

real consumption data, for the UrbanReNet

ogy for the use of renewable energy systems.

classification the typologically generated data

structures such as hotels, restaurants, and so on within a district, but which require a higher

for Economic Affairs and Energy, distinguishes

account special facilities such as nurseries,

METHODICAL BASES OF DISTRICT ENERGY CONCEPTS

61

Urban space typification

2007

1979

The table is suitable for the review and comparison of the different approaches in urban space typification.

Ueli Roth:

Dagmar Everding:

Correlations between the settlement structure and heat supply systems

Solar urban design

Key:

Aim:

Aim:

The settlement types set out as part of the typification are assessed and compared for their suitability for different types of heat supply.

Typification is used to develop retrofitting strategies, which place particular emphasis on building age specific characteristics.

Typification traits:

Typification traits:

Weighting of the trait How strong is the respective trait within the typification? Location within the city Can be differentiated according to location in the centre, close to the centre, or on the periphery Building structure traits The building structure traits include roof shape, number of storeys, granulation, or building density

up to 1918 1919-48

......

Architectural history traits or retrofitting state

from 2002

up to 1918 1919-48

......

from 2002

up to 1918 1919-48

......

from 2002

Usage Distinction is made between commerce, trade, services, residential, and special usage Typification traits:

Typification traits:

Derived values:

Derived values:

Individual building

Estate or district

Energy requirements Heating, hot water, cooling, electricity, ventilation Potential for renewable energy recovery or collective supply Structural façade characteristics

62

2010

2012

2014

IBA Hamburg:

TU Darmstadt:

Ecofys:

ENERGY ATLAS

UrbanReNet

Comprehensive survey and mapping of the energy status of Hamburg’s building stock

Aim:

Aim:

Aim:

The Wilhelmsburg district is categorised into urban space types in order to develop holistic concepts for renewable energy supply.

The typification is aimed at communicating energy supply and demand specific to each urban space type, in order to use these in an urban balance model.

The typification forms the basis for an assessment of the energy standards of Hamburg’s building stock.

Typification traits:

Typification traits:

Typification traits:

up to 1918 1919-48

......

from 2002

up to 1918 1919-48

......

from 2002

up to 1918 1919-48

......

from 2002

Typification traits:

Typification traits:

Typification traits:

Derived values:

Derived values:

Derived values:

METHODICAL BASES OF DISTRICT ENERGY CONCEPTS

63

Urban space typification The table is suitable for the review and comparison of the different approaches in urban space typification.

Ueli Roth:

Dagmar Everding:

Correlations between the settlement structure and heat supply systems

Solar urban design

Urban space typologies:

Urban space typologies:

9 types of settlement were defined:

9 urban space types were defined:

- ST1

- Late nineteenth-century districts - Turn-of-the-century / garden city districts - 1920s and 1930s housing estates - 1950s housing estates - 1960s and early 1970s urban design projects - 1970s urban design projects - 1980s urban design projects - GDR urban design models - 1990s urban design projects

- ST2 - ST3 - ST4 - ST5 - ST6 - ST7 - ST8 - ST9

64

2007

1979

Low-density single- and multi-family homes and apartment buildings Village Estate of terraced houses Medium-density linear development High-density linear development / tower blocks Perimeter development Mid-nineteenth century city development Medieval town Industrial and warehouse buildings

2010

2012

2014

IBA Hamburg:

TU Darmstadt:

Ecofys:

ENERGY ATLAS

UrbanReNet

Comprehensive survey and mapping of the energy status of Hamburg’s building stock

Urban space typologies:

Urban space typologies:

Urban space typologies:

26 urban and landscape space types (USTs) were defined:

13 energy-related urban and landscape space types (ESTs) were defined:

82 urban space types were defined (excerpt):

- UST I - UST IIa

- EST 1

- Accommodation up to 1948 - Accommodation 1949–1978 - Accommodation 1979–1994 - Accommodation from 1995 - Business premises up to 1948 - Business premises 1949–1978 - Business premises 1979–1994 - Business premises from 1995 - Semi-detached single-family house I up to 1918 - Semi-detached single-family house I 1919–1948 - Semi-detached single-family house I 1949–1957 - Semi-detached-family house I 1958–1968 - Semi-detached-family house I 1969–1978 - Semi-detached-family house I 1979–1983 - Semi-detached-family house I 1984–1994 - Semi-detached from 1995 - Restaurants up to 1948 - Restaurants 1949–1978 - Restaurants 1979–1994 - Restaurants from 1995 - Healthcare up to 1948 - Healthcare 1949–1978 - Healthcare 1979–1994 - Healthcare from 1995 - Trade, services up to 1948 - Trade, services 1949–1978 - Trade, services 1979–1994 - Trade, services from 1995 - Teaching, research, support up to 1948 - Teaching, research, support 1949–1978 - Teaching, research, support 1979–1994 - Teaching, research, support from 1995 - Block of flats up to 1918 - Block of flats 1919–1948 - Block of flats 1949–1957 - Block of flats 1958–1968 - Block of flats 1969–1978 - Block of flats 1979–1983 - Block of flats 1984–1994 ...

- UST IIb - UST IIc - UST III - UST IV - UST V

- UST VI - UST VII - UST VIIIa - UST VIIIb - UST VIIIc - UST VIIIc+ - UST IXa - UST IXb - UST IXb+ - UST Xa - UST Xa+ - UST Xb - UST Xc - UST Xc+ - UST Xd - UST S1 - UST XII - UST XIII - UST XIV

Pre-industrial/old town before 1840 Late nineteenth-century blocks before 1938 Buildings imitating late-nineteenth century or pre-war style, before 1990 Late-nineteenth century style villas before 1938 Complexes reconstructed in the 1950s Fragmented village-like areas Workmen’s dwellings and cooperative housing of the late-nineteenth century and pre-war period before 1938 Social housing developments of the 1950s High-rise developments of the 1970s Apartment complexes of the 1960s - 1980s Apartment complexes of the 1990s Low Energy House standard apartment complexes before 2002 Passive House standard apartment complexes before 2013 Single-family houses from before 1950 Low Energy House standard single-family houses before 2002 Passive House standard singlefamily houses before 2013 Commercial building Passive House standard commercial building before 2013 Industry + port Purpose-built complexes Purpose-built Passive House standard buildings before 2013 Commercial building in mixed areas Schumacher buildings of the 1920s - 1930s Green spaces Agriculture Residual areas - water surfaces

- EST 2 - EST 3 - EST 4 - EST 5 - EST 6 - EST 7 - EST 8 - EST 9 - EST 10 - EST 11 - EST 12 - EST 13

Small, detached residential development, mostly of low or medium height Terraced housing Linear development of low or medium height Large-scale, high-rise residential development Perimeter block Village-like development Historical old town development Inner-city development Retail, office, and administrative area Commercial area Public parks Cemeteries Allotments

Definition of 3 energy-related road space types (RSTs): - RST 1 - RST 2 - RST 3

Residential and collector roads Major business and entry roads Commercial and industry roads

Definition of 26 energy-related individual elements (EEs) (excerpt): - EE 1 - EE 2 - EE 3 - EE 4 - EE 5 - EE 6 - EE 7 - EE 8 - EE 9 - EE 10 - EE 11 - EE 12

Office-like businesses Manufacturing plants Trade Hospitals Nurseries Schools Colleges University buildings Swimming pools Accommodation facilities Catering facilities Homes ...

METHODICAL BASES OF DISTRICT ENERGY CONCEPTS

65

were matched with real data sets from districts where actual consumption values were available. In every respect, there was a high level of agreement between the typological data derived from calculations and simulations, and the real consumption data. In most cases the deviation between real consumption and the calculated values was only a few percentage points. For both projects this was an extremely complex process, but one that was necessary in order to ensure reliability. In addition to the five energy-specific urban space typologies described in detail, a number of other approaches are possible, such as the Düsseldorf system or the cross-regional

Notes 1 Ueli Roth: Wechselwirkungen zwischen Siedlungsstruktur und Wärmeversorgungssystemen; Zweiter Zwischenbericht: Teilarbeiten 1 - 4 Quantitative Verknüpfung von Siedlungsszenarien mit Wärmeversorgungsszenarien. State Minister for Regional Development, Construction and Urban Planning. Bonn, 1979. 2 Everding, Dagmar: Solarer Städtebau vom Pilotprojekt zum planerischen Leitbild. Stuttgart, 2007. 3 IBA Hamburg (ed.): ENERGY ATLAS. Future Concept Renewable Wilhelmsburg. Berlin 2010. 4 Ecofys/State Ministry for Urban Development: Flächendeckende Erhebung und Kartierung des energetischen Zustands des Hamburger Gebäudebestands. Hamburg, 2014. 5 Technical University of Darmstadt/EnEff:Stadt: UrbanReNet. Darmstadt, 2012.

planning approach for Lake Constance, which encompasses parts of Switzerland, Austria, Liechtenstein, and Germany.

Outlook The intensive further development of energyspecific space type categorisation allows an increasingly comprehensive view of the energy aspects of urban structures. Local authorities, energy suppliers, and housing associations can use this approach to obtain information about the energy status and the development potential of districts or whole urban areas at relatively low cost. The results allow conclusions to be drawn about methods of optimising performance and developing strategies for upgrading the power supply and improving the local management of energy transition. In particular, the systematic and rapid gathering of information about large urban areas through the use of typified urban blocks clearly facilitates the assessment of urban spaces. In the future these energy-specific urban space typing approaches will be accessible via software tools and as a planning tool, and will thus enable the significantly simplified development of renewable energy concepts at district level. As part of this same approach, it will also be possible to simulate various development scenarios and compare them with one another from various environmental and economic angles.

66

Kirchdorf-Süd is an example of an urban space type with the highest retrofitting potential.

PETER DROEGE

Renewable Energy Region— Around Lake Constance Atlas for a Renewable and Resilient Lake Constance—Alpine Rhine Energy and Climate Region

The International Building Exhibition IBA Ham-

and climate atlas as a signpost for the transi-

burg is globally significant. Energy autonomy

tion to regional energy supply based on renew-

developed as a vision and model for Wilhelms-

able sources. This means that the region can

burg can be applied in other places in Hamburg, Europe, and beyond. The Energy- and Climate

serve as a model for large-scale, cross-border

Atlas Lake Constance—Alpine Rhine has been prepared in the International Lake Constance Region: it stretches over eastern Switzerland, parts of Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria, the Austrian state of Vorarlberg, and the Principality of Liechtenstein. The Lake Constance region is the domain of the International Lake Constance Conference, formed forty years ago with the aim of ensuring the environmental recovery of this large regional drinking water reservoir and glacial inland lake. Almost four million people live and work here, across nearly 15,000 square kilometres, including territories of four countries in the centre of Europe. Different educational and cultural landscapes meet a rich agricultural sector, basic industry, and highly specialised technology. This alpine area, with Lake Constance at its centre, also forms the region’s major life-giving source of water, secret to the region‘s mild climate and a unique habitat.

of renewable forms of energy. By deploying

1

From Wilhelmsburg to Other Regions: Energy Autonomy and Climate Stabilisation An international research team spanning multiple universities and disciplines sees the

and yet autonomous self-sufficiency in terms targeted measures, a completely emission- and nuclear-free energy system can be created by the middle of this century, and we can expect major local, municipal, and regional gains. The research findings, as detailed in this energy and climate atlas, demonstrate the following: · Energy autonomy is playing an increasingly important role in regional resilience when spatial development is undertaken, as shown by concrete examples and their principles of governance. · The complete transition to renewable forms of energy for electricity by 2027, and for heat by the middle of the twenty-first century is possible, and the same applies to electric vehicles intended for personal transport. · It is expected that around 10 billion euro will be saved within the region when compared to continuing the conventional energy path, over the 2040–50 period.2a · The municipal added value created through the necessary measures implemented on a local level within the region, through tax revenue, wages, and operating income, will generate around 1.7 billion euro by 2020 in added value, and create 5,300 new jobs.3 · Renewable energy sources and systems can

development of a Lake Constance—Alpine Rhine

be integrated formally, functionally, cultur-

Energy Region—abbreviated as BAER2—as a ma-

ally, and aesthetically into the settlement

jor opportunity, and has developed an energy

structure, and models based on small-scale

68

structures—i.e. those implemented in cities

to the renewable energy region, the integration

and towns—can prove useful.

of the necessary new infrastructure, increased

· The opportunities for energy efficiency

efficiency, and the switch to electric transport,

improvements in the regional building stock

and shows how important it is to research and

and the transport sector in rural agglomera-

take account of the attitudes and interests of

tions differ from those in urban centres.

the local people. The benefits of this process,

· Individual motorised mobility can be based

the first of its kind in the region, the member

entirely on renewable energy if electrical en-

countries of the International Lake Constance

ergy production surpluses are stored in new

Conference, in Europe and worldwide, can be

storage systems such as synthetic methane.

ensured, not least through the participation of

· Consumers across the region feel positively

the European countries of Germany, Liechten-

about renewable energies but there are sure

stein, Austria, and Switzerland. Although these

to be major differences in opinion regarding

countries alone do not always set the high-

wind and geothermal energy. 80 per cent of

est and optimum goals, available models and

consumers welcome the role of the public

experience such as those gained through the

authorities in the energy transition.

IBAs show that general goals and targets can

· Through regeneration of natural land cover, waterways, wetlands, and biologically sound

be exceeded in a defined and specific common area, at a local and sub-regional level.

agriculture, the region has the potential to act as an atmospheric carbon sink and contribute to the necessary stabilisation of the global climate.

Significance for Hamburg, Europe, and Beyond

The last point is critically important: from the

When it comes to many vital decisions and

late 1980s on, when the Maona Loa Observa-

social considerations, regions can be more

tory began to record atmospheric GHG concen-

important than states and nations. Long

trations above 350 parts per million (ppm) a

neglected by policy and science, regions once

rapidly growing excess of greenhouse gas has

again grew in importance since the late 1900s

been building up in the atmosphere, increas-

and early 2000s, as habitats, bases, and points

ingly destabilising the Earth’s climatic balance

of reference, as spheres of action and centres

towards a tipping point in the natural feedback

of responsibility, and as areas of settlement and

cycle, a point of no return. This anthropogenic

landscape planning. They are also significant

excess in carbon concentration needs to be

as large and self-sufficient energy systems

reduced as quickly as possible. The area can be

that implement energy and climate measures,

a leader and a model for sustainable regional

and as wider frameworks allow steps towards

development: its construction, agriculture, and

resource autonomy to be taken more easily at

forestry sectors can become a greenhouse gas

a more local level. This also applies to Ham-

sink within a short space of time, through the

burg, but in a reverse sense: Wilhelmsburg has

regeneration of areas of forest and water, hu-

proved such a remarkable success as a renew-

mus accumulation in agricultural soils, and the

able city district on so many levels that its

use of biochar in farming and construction.

influence within the region may well prove to be

This forms the foundation for emerging global

crucial, as its further application will fulfil the

bioregions and promises to act as a basis for

promises of an effective International Building

a new and more resilient economy on a much

Exhibition.

smaller environmental footprint. Our scien-

The future of regions depends on the health

tific study demonstrates that regional energy

and resilience of their own energy systems. An

transition is possible, is wanted by the majority

accelerated transition is necessary, and since

of inhabitants, and is already in progress in suc-

the lead times for change can be long, action

cessful governance structures. It gives impetus

is long overdue since the 1970s. Complete

METHODICAL BASES OF DISTRICT ENERGY CONCEPTS

69

energy transition is a privilege, an opportunity, and a fundamental responsibility for advanced civilisations during economically strong times.

Sigmaringen

Once global warming, supply bottlenecks, and resource and climate conflicts sap this strength, the capacity for energy conversion will be severely degraded, if not lost. Human civilisation will then be further paralysed by the prevailing obsolete and toxic conventional infrastructures,

Kempten

and slip beyond the possibility of recovering its

Constance

resilience.

Friedrichshafen

Major progress has been made in recent years

Lindau

in the development and dissemination of renew-

St. Gallen

particularly solar power installations has grown rapidly worldwide. Since 2012, more money has been invested annually in new renewable

Heat coverage % in 2010

electricity plants than in new conventional

2013 (IXb+)

(0.00 ha)

Commercial areas (Xa)

(106.53 ha)

Commercial areas Passive House Standard > 2013 (Xa+)

(0.00 ha)

Industry + Harbour (Xb)

(655.75 ha)

Functional buildings and public facilities (Xc)

(83.49 ha)

Functional buildings and public facilities Passive House Standard > 2013 (Xc+)

(0.00 ha)

Commercial in mixed use areas (Xd)

(17.51 ha)

Schumacher buildings 1920s–1930s (S1)

(6.85 ha) 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Percentage [%]

04 eng_abstrakt_210x210_110315.indd 6

204

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SRT IXb

SRT IXb+

SRT Xc+

SRT Xd

SRT S1

2007, the year IBA started, 2013, IBA’s last year, and the year 2020. Additionally, distinct reference scenarios and excellence scenarios are differenced for each of these years. Reference scenarios assume there will be a continuous development based on German energy saving requirements and the anticipated technical developments over the coming years – and does not take into account the IBA. Excellence scenarios are based on projects with excellent energy-related features and on IBA Hamburg’s “Climate Protection Concept Renewable Wilhelmsburg“. These progress renewable energy generation and the energy-saving modernisation of buildings faster and more decisively than the reference scenarios. On account of the coal power station that is being built in Hamburg Moorburg the ENERGY ATLAS distinguishes between two reference scenarios. Reference scenario 1 describes the development without the Elbe Islands being connected

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SRT VIIIb

SRT III

SRT IV

SRT VIIIc

The ENERGY ATLAS demonstrates that it will be possible to meet the electricity requirements of the buildings on the Elbe Islands by 2025, and that by 2050 almost allSRTofXa their heating requirement SRT Xa+ will be covered by renewable and locally produced energy. The mechanisms and projects presented here will help us achieve a step-by-step conversion to SRT XII renewable energy SRT XIII – culmi100 per cent nating in climate-neutral Elbe Islands.

SRT V

SRT VIIIc+

The discovery of fossil fuels together with the automation and acceleration of work processes paved the way for to Moorburg power station‘s thermal industrialisation. Electricity, mobility, energy network. By contrast reference mass production, speed and major infrascenario 2 considers the impact of the structural measures; ultimately all these new power station’s heating network can be traced back to the combustion on the renewable energy supply in the of oil, gas and coal, and the availability IBA area. The result of the study clearly of – historically unprecedented – amounts shows that the inclusion of heat from of energy. The key players in this are the the coal power station is an obstacle cities. Today over 80 per cent of all of on the way to climate neutrality. the world’s resources are consumed in the cities. Climate change and dwindling The reference scenarios serve as resources have caused the European a standard of comparison for the excellence scenarios. The excellence scenarios describe a tailor-made strategy for Wilhelmsburg that will give the IBA area independence from fossil fuels through the extensive use of innovative and imaginative technologies and spatial strategies. The IBA’s innovative projects (refurbishment measures, new buildings and lighthouse projects such as the Energy Bunker and the Energy Hill Georgswerder) have an important role to play as initiators and “drivers”.

Commission to commit to a 20 per cent reduction of CO2 emissions by 2020 as compared to 1990 levels. Germany has even set itself a target of 40 per cent, although this is tied in with raising EuroSRT Xb SRT Xc pean climate protection targets. Above all, the future development of our cities and the way we live in them are what will decide whether man will gain control SRT XIV the worst effects of climate change. over As one of Europe’s large metropolitan areas, Hamburg has a key role to play. Hamburg – the European Green Capital 2011Urban – hasenvironment for this reason Top: and already defined its own climate protection targets: a landscape types within the IBA area 40 per cent reduction by 2020 and 80 per cent by 2050. The Internationale Bauausstellung (International Building Exhibition) IBA Hamburg and its key theme of Cities and Climate Change offer many starting points for the conversion of the somewhat abstract CO2 reduction targets into concrete measures.

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Status quo and trend In 2007, the IBA’s first year, the buildings in its area had an annual heat requirement of 550 gigawatt hours and a total electricity requirement of 143 gigawatt hours. Most of it was generated with fossil fuels and caused annual emissions in excess of 200,000 tons of CO2. Merely one per cent of the thermal requirement and approximately ten per cent of the demand for electricity are covered by regenerative sources.

The reference and excellence scenarios both presume a change in the distribution of urban environment and landscape types. Comparison of area development in both scenarios shows that in the excellence scenarios fewer single-family homes will be built, while multi-storey housing will increase, and this will result in a greater urban density. In the excellence scenarios, industrial and port areas see a greater reduction than in the reference scenarios. This is caused by more extensive conversion of these areas for commerce, mixed-use and residential use, as seen in IBA’s Wilhelmsburg Central project. Despite the additional building development and an increase in population numbers from around 55,000 to approximately 69,000, the reference scenarios will

require about 35 per cent less thermal energy for heating, process heat and hot water by 2050. However, only around one-seventh will be met renewably. The situation is slightly improved as regards the supply of electricity. Whilst electricity demand, despite savings and efficiency measures, will rise by more than half between 2007 and 2050 due to population growth and new building developments, the reference scenarios will at least supply half of the electricity that will be required in 2050 by using renewable power sources, like existing wind power plants and photovoltaics.

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Introduction

The diagram shows the heating demand reduction (final energy demand) to the forecast time horizon in the reference scenario. This is contrasted with thermal energy yields in the form of renewable energy production (including waste water heat, geothermal heat pumps The ENERGY ATLAS demonstrates that Commission to panels commit to aas20 per cent and solar as well existing systems, as landfill gas collected it will be possible to meet the electricity of COsuch Heating demand reduction 2 emissions by 2020 as from the refuse site at Georgswerder).

Heating supply and heating demand GWh[final]/a

Renewable heating yields and heating demand in the reference scenario (Moorburg)

500

400

Electricity production and electricity demand GWh[final]/a

requirements of the buildings on Landfill the gas compared to 1990 levels. Germany has Wastewater heat Elbe Islands by 2025, and that byGeothermal 2050 sensors even set itself a target of 40 per cent, Solar collectors although this is tied in with raising Euroalmost all of their heating requirement 200 will be covered by renewable and locally pean climate protection targets. Above 100 produced energy. The mechanisms and all, the future development of our cities projects presented here will help us and the way we live in them are what 0 achieve a step-by-step conversion to will decide whether man will gain control 2007 2013 2020 2030 2040 2050 Timecent [a] renewable energy – culmi100 per over the worst effects of climate change. nating in climate-neutral Elbe Islands. As one of Europe’s large metropolitan areas, Hamburg has a key role to play. The diagram shows the development The and discovery of demand fossil fuels together Renewable electricity yields electricity in the reference scenario of electricity demand (final electricity (Moorburg) with the automation and acceleration Hamburg – the to European Green Capitalin demand) the forecast time horizon of work processes paved the way for 2011 – has for this reason defined the reference scenario.already This is contrasted electricity yields from renewable industrialisation. Electricity, mobility, its ownwith climate protection targets: a energy (including photovoltaic units and 400 mass production, speed and major infra40 per existing cent reduction 2020 and 80 wind powerby plants). structural measures; ultimately all these per cent by 2050. The Internationale can be traced back to the combustion Bauausstellung (International Building 300 of oil, gas and coal, and the availability Exhibition) IBA Hamburg and its key Electricity demand of – historically unprecedented – amounts theme of Cities and Climate Change offer 200 Existing wind power units of energy. The key players in this are the many starting points for the conversion PV (roof and façades) cities. Today over 80 per cent of all of of the somewhat abstract CO2 reduc100 tion targets into concrete measures. the world’s resources are consumed in 300

0 2007

2013

the cities. Climate change and dwindling resources have caused the European 2020 2030 2040 2050 Time [a]

It is clear that not nearly enough energy is produced renewably in the reference scenarios to meet demand. In this study the Elbe Islands remain largely dependent on fossil fuel energy resources. Hamburg’s climate protection target of reducing CO2 emission by 80 per cent by 2050 cannot be met in this way.

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On the way to sustainability Renewable electricity yields and electricity demand in the excellence scenario

Electricity production and electricity demand GWh[final]/a

300

Electricity demand

200

Renewable electricity yields and electricity demand (final energy demand) to the forecast time horizon in the excellence scenario. By converting hydrogen and CO2 into organic methane, surplus electricity is indirectly converted into heat. This electricity consumption is shown as negative electricity yield.

Kirchdorf-Süd Wind power units other than Energy Hill

100

Photovoltaic technology (roof and facade) Urban biogas plant Integrated Energy Network Wilhelmsburg Central Energy Bunker

0

Energy Hill Georgswerder -100

Organic methane

-200

2007

2013

2020

2030

2040

2050

Time [a]

In comparison with reference scenario 1, renewable electricity production increases steadily in the excellence scenario. 100 per cent self-sufficiency will be achieved in around 2025. From then on, the surplus electricity can be used for the provision of thermal energy.

Electricity self-sufficiency

Self-sufficiency coverage [%]

150

Photovoltaic efficiency Follow-on projects Excellence scenario 2 Resulting yield Reference scenario

100 Electricity conversion into heat

50

approx. 2025 0 2007

2013

2020

2030 Time [a]

The excellence scenarios consider the energy potential including all the positive effects derived from the IBA Hamburg projects as well as the follow-on projects from this Climate Protection Concept: this provides for faster and more decisive promotion of surface area energy production on roofs, facades and with heat pumps. Additionally there are new

2040

2050

buildings and conversions, more renovations of single building segments as well as specific IBA projects and subsequent follow-on projects. Consequently about half of the total heating demand will be met from renewable resources. A significant part is covered by the fast and extensive supply to existing buildings through the introduction of renewable

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Introduction Renewable heating yields and heating demand in the excellence scenario 600

Renewable thermal energy yields and thermal energy demand (final energy demand) to the forecast time horizon in the excellence scenario.

The ENERGY ATLAS demonstrates that Commission to commit to a 20 per cent it will be possible to meet the Heating electricity reduction of CO2 emissions by 2020 as demand methane requirements of the buildingsOrganic on the compared to 1990 levels. Germany has Other Elbe Islands by 2025, and thatSolar by heating, 2050geothermaleven set itself a target of 40 per cent, 400 sensors, wastewater heat almost all of their heating requirement although this is tied in with raising Eurorecovery 300 will be covered by renewable and locally pean climate protection targets. Above Kirchdorf-Süd River Elbeand heat pump Veddel produced energy. The mechanisms all, the future development of our cities Deep Geothermal Energy 200 Wilhelmsburg projects presented here will help us and the way we live in them are what Urban biogas plant Integrated achieve a step-by-step conversion toEnergy Network will decide whether man will gain control Wilhelmsburg Central 100 100 per cent renewable energy – culmiLocal Heating Network over the worst effects of climate change. New Hamburg Terraces nating in climate-neutral ElbeEnergy Islands. As one of Europe’s large metropolitan Bunker Energy Hill Georgswerder 0 areas, Hamburg has a key role to play. 2007 2013 2020 2030 2040 2050 TheTime discovery of fossil fuels together [a] with the automation and acceleration Hamburg – the European Capital The excellence scenario Green sees a steady Thermal self-sufficiency renewable energy of work processes paved the way for 2011 –increase has forinthis reasonthermal already defined supplies as compared to the reference 150 industrialisation. Electricity, mobility, its own climate protection targets: a scenario, first through the realisation Organic methane River Elbe heat Veddel mass production, speed 40 per reduction by 2020 andof80 of cent the IBA projects, then by means Process heat utilisation Renovation rates and major infraExhaust heat utilisation Excellence scenario 2 (without follow-on projects) possible additional (Veddel and structural measures; ultimately all these per cent by 2050. Theprojects Internationale Kirchdorf-Süd Reference scenario 1 Kirchdorf-Süd), and ultimately through can be traced back to the combustion Bauausstellung (International Building the production of organic methane. In 100 of oil, gas and coal, and the availability Exhibition) IBA Hamburg and its key addition, thermal self-sufficiency will be cent achieved by theChange end of theoffer of – historically unprecedented – amounts theme85ofper Cities and Climate forecast time horizon. of energy. The key players in this are the many starting points for the conversion cities. Today over 80 per cent of all of of the somewhat abstract CO2 reduction targets into concrete measures. the world’s resources are consumed in 50

Self-sufficiency coverage [%]

Heating supply and demand GWh[final]/a

500

the cities. Climate change and dwindling resources have caused the European 0 2007

2013

2020

2030

2040

2050

Time [a]

thermal energy networks. In 2050 85 per cent of the thermal energy demand will be covered by renewable energy sources – and this despite the fact that we can assume that the IBA projects will lead to greater population growth, from 55,000 to 73,000, as compared to the reference scenarios. 100 per cent of the electricity demand in the excellence scenarios will

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be covered by renewable resources by as early as 2025. From then on the surplus electricity can be used for electric mobility, industrial purposes or for the thermal energy supply, to ensure that the total demand for heat is also covered by renewable energy sources.

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Climate neutrality is possible Reference scenario 250,000

Emissions [tC02/a]

200,000

150,000 With heating networks Without heating networks

100,000

Annual CO2 emissions for energy supply to households as well as commerce, trade and the service providers to the forecast time horizon. In reference scenario 1, more fossil fuel/nuclear energy is substituted by renewable energy than in reference scenario 2. By the end of the forecast time horizon, the emissions from the Moorburg thermal energy network will constitute about half of all emissions in the IBA area.

50,000

0 2007

2013

2020 2030 Time [a]

2040

2050

Annual CO2 emissions for households and commerce, trade and the service providers in the excellence scenario.

Excellence scenario 250,000

Emissions [tC02/a]

200,000

150,000

With heating networks Without heating networks

100,000

50,000

0 2007

2013

2020 2030 Time [a]

2040

The excellence scenarios show that efficiency measures and targeted replacement of fossil fuel/nuclear energy with renewable energy will result in a considerable reduction of CO2 emissions. By the end of the IBA in 2013 approximately 50 per cent more greenhouse gases will already have been saved than would be the case in the reference scenarios. By the end of the forecast time horizon in 2050, emissions in the excellence scenario amount to only five per cent of 2007 emissions. As regards the energy users that have been considered (i.e. households,

2050

commerce, trade and service providers), the IBA area is virtually climate-neutral while in the reference scenario greenhouse gases still amount to almost 40 per cent of 2007 emissions, and this will still have a considerable impact on the climate. This ambitious target of climate-neutrality can only be accomplished in cooperation with the local population, institutions and local businesses as well as tenants’ and property owners’ associations.

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Introduction Road map to renewable Wilhelmsburg (excellence scenario)

The ENERGY ATLAS demonstrates that it will be possible to meet the electricity requirements of the buildings on the Elbe Islands by 2025, and that by 2050 almost all of their heating requirement will be covered by renewable and locally produced energy. The mechanisms and projects presented here will help us achieve a step-by-step conversion to 100 per cent renewable energy – culminating in climate-neutral Elbe Islands. 100% renewable electricity production

100% limit

50% limit

2010

2013 IBA Hamburg

2007

2020

2025

2030

Commission to commit to a 20 per cent reduction of CO2 emissions by 2020 as compared to 1990 levels. Germany has even set itself a target of 40 per cent, although this is tied in with raising European climate protection targets. Above all, the future development of our cities and the way we live in them are what will decide whether man will gain control over the worst effects of climate change. As one of Europe’s large metropolitan areas, Hamburg play. 2040 has a key role to 2050

The discovery of fossil fuels together Climate-friendly Houses on Haulander Weg Building phase 1 electricity – self-sufficiency coverage in renew. energy [%] with the Climate-friendly automation and – the European Green Capital CO2-reduction[%] Houses on acceleration Haulander Weg Building phase 2 Hamburg – self-sufficiency coverage in renew. energy [%] Solar concept of work processes pavedKirchdorf-Süd the way for 2011heat – has for this reason already defined RiverElectricity, Elbe heat for Veddel industrialisation. mobility, its own climate protection targets: a Urban biogas project mass production, speed and major infra40 per cent reduction by 2020 and 80 Additional wind power units structural measures; ultimately all these per cent by 2050. The Internationale Harburger Schloßinsel Newcan building the State Ministry Urban Development and the Environment be of traced back tofor the combustion Bauausstellung (International Building Deep Geothermal Energy Wilhelmsburg I of oil, gas and coal, and the availability Exhibition) IBA Hamburg and its key IBA campaign ”Prima Klima-Anlage“ of – historically unprecedented – amounts theme of Cities and Climate Change offer Wilhelmsburg Central Construction phase I Wilhelmsburg Central Wilhelmsburg Central Construction phase II phase III of energy. The key players in this are the many starting points forConstruction the conversion Energy Bunker Local Heating Network New Hamburg Terraces cities. Today over 80 per cent of all of of the somewhat abstract CO2 reducOpen House tion targets into concrete measures. the world’s resources are consumed in Car park roofing Stillhorn Global Neighbourhood (Weltquartier)

the cities. Climate change and dwindling Energy Hill Georgswerder resources have caused the European

(Photovoltaic) Repowering wind power units

VELUX Model home 2020 IBA DOCK

Start of electricity generation from organic methane production

By 2025 the Elbe Islands and Harburger Binnenhafen will already be 100 per cent renewable in terms of their electricity supply, and by 2050 they will be virtually carbon-neutral with regard to both electricity and thermal energy supply.

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Sustainable investment in the future Saving compared to previous heating energy demand [%]

Cost effectiveness of the renovation measures 100

Reconstructed areas, Social welfare housing, Schumacher buildings 1920s–1930s

80 70

urban environment areas

Cost efficiency

90

19th-century company housing Pre—industrial/historic city centre 19th-century and pre-war villas

Multi-storey housing 1960s–1980s

60

100 ha

Single family dwellings > 1950

Village-like, small-scale

30 ha

19th-century construction units

50

10 ha

40 High-rise housing

30

Single family dwellings (Low Energy Standard)

19th-century and pre-war imitative buildings > 1990, Multi-storey housing > 1990

20 10 0 50

100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 Cost per square metre of living area [euro/m2]

500

Employment in maintenance and operation 250 Jobs in the fields of maintendence and operation

Attainable cost-efficiency of renovation measures for different urban environment types in the IBA area. The y-axis indicates the savings potential for heating energy requirements as compared to consumption to date as a percentage. The x-axis indicates the cost of renovation measures per square metre of living area. The size of the circles shows the proportion of land taken up by the respective urban environment types in the IBA area in 2007. The ideal is to achieve the greatest possible savings together with maximum costs reductions.

IBA projects 200

Energy Hill Georgswerder

150

Wastewater heat recovery

100

near-surface geothermics

Employment generated by the maintenance and operation of different energy technologies in both the reference and excellence scenarios. Reference scenario 2 includes the thermal energy supply provided by Moorburg power station. Excellence scenario 1 presupposes several deep geothermal sites, while excellence scenario 2 assumes a diversified portfolio of renewable energy.

Solar heating 50

Wind power Photovoltaic technology

0 R1

R2

E1

2007

E2

R1

R2

E1 E2

R1

2013

R2

E1

2020

E2

R1

R2

E1

E2

2050

Years [a]

The efficiency study shows that the investment required for the implementation of the Climate Protection Concept for a renewable Wilhelmsburg will be more than compensated for by future savings. It becomes clear that the effects achieved in the reference scenarios and those in the excellence scenarios differ greatly; although there is only a slight difference between the investment costs.

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Annual investments and savings for the reference scenario.

Reference scenario

200 180 160

The ENERGY ATLAS demonstrates that Commission to commit to a 20 per cent it will be possible to meet the electricity reduction of CO2 emissions by 2020 as requirements of the buildings on the compared to 1990 levels. Germany has 100 Elbe Islands by 2025, and that by 2050 Electricity costs even set itself a target of 40 per cent, 80 avoided almost all of their heating requirement although this is tied in with raising Euro60 Heating costs will be covered by renewable and locally pean climate protection targets. Above avoided 40 produced energy. The mechanismsRenovation and costsall, the future development of our cities 20 projects presented here will help us 0 Investments for and the way we live in them are what achieve a step-by-step conversionenergy to yields will decide whether man will gain control -20 100 per cent renewable energy – culmiover the worst effects of climate change. -40 -60 nating in climate-neutral Elbe Islands. As one of Europe’s large metropolitan 2007 2010 2013 2020 2030 2040 2050 areas, Hamburg has a key role to play. Years [a] The discovery of fossil fuels together Annual investments and savings for Excellence scenario with the automation and acceleration Hamburg – the European the excellence scenario. Green Capital of work processes paved the way for 2011 – has for this reason already defined 200 industrialisation. Electricity, mobility, its own climate protection targets: a 180 mass production, speed and major infra40 per cent reduction by 2020 and 80 Electricity sales 160 structural measures; ultimately all these per cent by 2050. The Internationale 140 Electricity costs can be traced back to the combustion Bauausstellung (International Building avoided 120 of oil, gas and coal, and the availability Heating costs Exhibition) IBA Hamburg and its key 100 avoided of – historically unprecedented – amounts theme of Cities and Climate Change offer 80 Investments of energy. The key players in this are the for many starting points for the conversion 60 energy yields cities. Today over 80 per cent of all of of the somewhat abstract CO2 reduc40 Renovation costs tion targets into concrete measures. the world’s resources are consumed in 20

Investments/savings [million euro]

Investments/savings [million euro]

140 120

IBA projects and

the cities. Climate change and dwindling follow-on projects resources have caused the European

0 -20 -40 -60

2007

2010

2013

2020 2030 Years [a]

2040

Development of the IBA area into a CO2 -neutral district will have an impact on the local economy and promote employment and training. The reference scenarios anticipate that between 50 and 60 new jobs in the field of maintenance and operation of renewable energy technology will be created by 2050, while the excellence scenarios provide for approximately 230 jobs, four times as many.

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2050

The strategy developed in the excellence scenarios is tailored to suit the individual urban environments. In addition to the IBA projects and their follow-on projects, decentralised energy production, renovation measures and efficiency initiatives are promoted. The IBA area will be self-sufficient, climate-neutral and sustainable.

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Deep Geothermics

Open House

Integrated Energy Network Wilhelmsburg Central

IBA DOCK

Recommendations The ENERGY ATLAS demonstrates that it is possible to use renewable and locally produced energy to meet the electricity demand of buildings by 2025 as well as almost the entire thermal energy requirement by 2050. The excellence scenarios allow us to accomplish a step by step conversion to 100 per cent renewable energy and ultimately to achieve climate-neutral Elbe Islands. What are the major elements and success factors on the way to this goal? City and buildings Climate protection excellence for existing and new buildings The success of a comprehensive urban climate change mitigation strategy is largely determined by the condition of the existing building stock. However, this does not reduce the importance of excellence in the energy performance of new builds. Any new building that does not have excellent climate performance will be a climate hazard in the future.

Renovating existing buildings • Increase the rate of renovation, especially in the private, municipal and co-operative housing sectors (e.g. SAGA GWG’s IBA project Weltquartier / Global Neighbourhood) • Targeted support for the renovation of the large number of single-family homes (e.g. IBA campaign “Prima Klima-Anlage” ) • Further develop Hamburg’s climate change mitigation regulations with

the aim of achieving an environmentally sound and socially acceptable renovation of existing buildings • Retain and develop funding programmes • Provide organisational support to help people find qualified tradesmen and energy consultants and to assist with funding applications • Renovate public facilities to an exemplary standard • Considerate energy improvements to landmark structures and building groups in the neighbourhood (e.g. Schumacher buildings on Veddel) • Promote climate awareness by creating objects of identification with relevance to everyday life, and by widely communicating exemplary renovation measures (e.g. the IBA project “VELUX Model Home 2020: LichtAktiv Haus / Light-Active House”).

New Buildings • Further develop Hamburg’s climate protection regulations with an early

introduction of passive house standards and the EU’s 2020 standards • Place the focus of urban planning on the concept of denser, mixed-use cities • Rigorously use every opportunity for buildings to produce their own energy (e.g. IBA project “Open House”) • Utilise building surfaces for photovoltaic units, thereby adding to the efficiency gains from connecting to renewable heating networks (e.g. the IBA project “Bauausstellung in der Bauausstellung” / “Building Exhibition in the Building Exhibition”) • Give priority to redensification, infill development, the addition of storeys on existing buildings and land recycling over greenfield development.

Energy Systems The prerequisite for achieving the goal of climate-neutrality for the Elbe Islands is the complete conversion of energy supplies to renewable energy.

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Introduction VELUX Model Home

Prima Klima-Anlage

Energy Bunker Urban Biogas Plant The ENERGY ATLAS demonstrates that it will be possible to meet the electricity requirements of the buildings on the Elbe Islands by 2025, and that by 2050 almost all of their heating requirement Efficiency Renewable Electricity Production will be covered by renewable and locally • Review the efficiency potential of • Safeguard land for wind energy produced energy. The mechanisms and existing technical installations. at an early stage by means of projects presented here will help us urban land-use planning achieve a step-by-step conversion to Renewable Heat Generation • Comprehensively involve and inform 100 per cent renewable energy – culmi• Obligation for new buildings to be the citizens and public agencies nating in climate-neutral Elbe Islands. connected to and utilise renew• Use urban infrastructure and land for able heat networks; incremental solar energy: the facades and roofs of The discovery of fossil fuels together connection of existing buildings buildings, (noise) barriers, landfill areas, with the automation and acceleration • Promotion and development of open roof canopies over parking areas (e.g. of work processes paved the way for heating networks. Stillhorn motorway service area), bus industrialisation. Electricity, mobility, In this respect, generally binding stops, public squares and many more mass production, speed and major infraregulations, comparable to the German • No new buildings or energy structural measures; ultimately all these Renewable Energy Act (EEG), should renovation without consideration can be traced back to the combustion be developed for the power supply of photovoltaic technology of oil, gas and coal, and the availability system on the basis of the IBA‘s pilot • Link the gas, heat and electricity of – historically unprecedented – amounts project (“Energieverbund Wilhelmssupply to enable common load of energy. The key players in this are the burg Mitte” / ”Integrated Energy management and the expansion of cities. Today over 80 per cent of all of Network Wilhelmsburg Central”) their respective storage capacities the world’s resources are consumed in • Early securing of heating consumers to • Manage demand by means of the cities. Climate change and dwindling reduce the investment risk to energy “intelligent meters” and diversify resources have caused the European companies. electricity tariffs accordingly In this respect the municipalities • Develop electrical mobility and use of should lead the way with their own batteries for interim electricity storage. buildings and municipal facilities (IBA project “Energy Bunker” with Process–Involvement and economic participation HAMBURG ENERGIE and SAGA GWG) • Use heating networks as heat Investing in energy plants and buildings storage facilities and incorporate brings about a sustained reduction in additional heat storage capacities the buildings’ energy-related operating (IBA project “Energy Bunker”) costs, creates jobs and local employ• Exploit urban biomass as ment, and leads to a marked reduction a source of energy in energy import costs. What’s more, • Municipal investment in they produce benefits by avoiding deep geothermics. environmental and climate damage.

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Energy Hill Commission to commit to a 20 per cent reduction of CO2 emissions by 2020 as compared to 1990 levels. Germany has even set itself a target of 40 per cent, although this is tied in with raising Euro• Persuade the city’s key energy pean climate protection targets. Above protagonists and disseminators all, the future development of our cities to join alliances (e.g. IBA campaign and the way we live in them are what “Prima Klima-Anlage”) will decide whether man will gain control • Promote training and qualifications over the worst effects of climate change. (e.g. Elbcampus – KompetenzAs one of Europe’s large metropolitan zentrum der Handwerkskammer areas, Hamburg has a key role to play. und Ausbildungszentrum-Bau / Elbcampus – Competence Centre Hamburg – the European Green Capital of the Hamburg Chamber of Trade 2011 – has for this reason already defined and Construction Training Centre) its own climate protection targets: a • Support local businesses (e.g. Be40 per cent reduction by 2020 and 80 ratungsteam Elbinselhandwerk / per cent by 2050. The Internationale Elbe Islands‘ Trade Advisory Team) Bauausstellung (International Building • Provide low-threshold opportuExhibition) IBA Hamburg and its key nities for involvement (e.g. Sotheme of Cities and Climate Change offer largenossenschaft Open House / many starting points for the conversion Open House Solar Cooperative) of the somewhat abstract CO2 reduc• Include tenants’ and propety tion targets into concrete measures. owners’ associations • Prompt and transparent information of the public and political bodies.

The ENERGY ATLAS illustrates a possible route towards renewable Elbe Islands. Moreover, it aims to provoke further thought around the issues at hand, develop new projects that adhere to the spirit of the Climate Protection Concept and entice people take action themselves.

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Published by: Internationale Bauausstellung IBA Hamburg GmbH Uli Hellweg, Managing Director Am Zollhafen 12 20539 Hamburg www.iba-hamburg.de The ENERGY ATLAS of the IBA Hamburg is based on a scientific study by EKP Energie-Klima-Plan Nordhausen and has been compiled in close cooperation with the IBA comittee „Climate and Energy“ and other experts. Publishers: jovis Verlag GmbH Kurfürstenstraße 15/16 10785 Berlin www.jovis.de ISBN 978-3-86859-076-0 Price: 29.80 EUR Picture credits: Pages 2, 3: bloomimages | page 5: (left to right, top to bottom): (first line) all IBA Hamburg GmbH / Johannes Arlt | (second line) image 1–4: IBA Hamburg GmbH / Johannes Arlt | image 5: LAN architecture | image 6: bloomimages | (third line) Bild 1–4: IBA Hamburg GmbH / Johannes Arlt | image 5: Sprinkenhof AG, Hamburg / Sauerbruch Hutton, Berlin | image 6-7: IBA Hamburg GmbH / Johannes Arlt | (fourth line) image 1: bof architekten Hamburg mit bloomimages | image 2-6: IBA Hamburg GmbH / Johannes Arlt | page 8,9: Martin Kunze | pages 10,11: IBA Hamburg GmbH / Johannes Arlt | pages 12,13: bloomimages | diagrams: urbanista Design and layout of the summary: urbanista

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Glossary Anergy, Exergy [kWh] Anergy is used to describe energy that is no longer capable of working, i. e. energy that is no longer directly usable in a work process, for example environmental heat. It must be activated by the input of exergy. Unlike anergy, exergy indicates the maximum mechanical energy available during a process that brings the system into thermodynamic (thermal, mechanical, and chemical) equilibrium with the environment. This is the source of the two main laws of thermodynamics: 1. The law of energy conservation The sum of exergy and anergy in a closed system remains constant in both reversible and irreversible processes. 2. The law of entropy The sum of exergy and anergy in a closed system remains constant in reversible processes. In irreversible processes, exergy is converted to anergy. Annual Primary Energy Demand and Other To calculate the energy demand of a building, three energy categories have to be distinguished: 1. The thermal energy demand gives the heat required to maintain a specifically determined room temperature, taking account of the ventilation heat loss and the losses through heat bridges. 2. The final energy demand refers to hot water production and the energy demand for ventilation and systems technology in the energy balance by taking account of the losses during production, distribution, storage, and delivery of heat. Final energy means the amount of energy, that is delivered to the site of the building. In addition, for non-residential buildings, the energy demand for static lighting, air conditioning, and equipment such as lifts or escalators is included in the final energy demand. 3. For primary energy demand, the calculated final energy demand is valued as primary energy, while the losses arising from the production, conversion, and transportation of the respective energy source and the effect of this energy source on the climate are taken into account in the building’s energy balance by using a primary energy factor. The annual demand indicates how much of the appropriate energy is required in the course of an average year. The specific annual demand is determined by the annual demand per unit of the building’s floor space. However, different floor spaces are used as the basis, depending on the method used for drawing up the balance (building floor space in accordance with EnEV and energy reference surface in accordance with PHPP). Biomethane Production In the production of biomethane, hydrogen is thermochemically synthesised (methanised) with CO2. The biomethane produced in this way can be stored and fed into the gas grid, so that it can be converted into heat when needed. The efficiency factor for the conversion of electricity to methane is 60 per cent, i.e. 0.6 kilowatt hours of the energy source methane can be produced from 1.0 kilowatt hours of electricity. Break-Even Point In economics, the break-even point is that at which production (or product) costs and revenue are at the same level, meaning that neither a profit nor a loss is made. To put it more simply, it means that the revenue from all of the products sold is identical to the fixed costs. If the break-even point is exceeded, a profit is made; if it is not reached, a loss is made. BSU Behörde für Stadtentwicklung and Umwelt der Stadt Hamburg—State Ministry of Urban Development and Environment, City of Hamburg

CO2-Equivalent Emissions Factor The CO2-equivalent emissions factor converts the effect of a gas on the climate to an equivalent quantity of CO2. This factor is calculated in g/kWh on the basis of the final energy demand values for the relevant energy source. Combined Heat and Power (CHP) A Combined Heat and Power plant (also known as Cogeneration) is a modular unit for producing electricity and thermal energy, preferably operating at the site where the thermal energy is required and/or feeding available thermal energy into a local heating grid. It functions according to the cogeneration principle. The overall efficiency compared with the conventional combination of local heating and major, centralised power station results from the use of waste heat from electricity generation directly at the source. Depending on the size of the plant, the efficiency of electricity generation is 25–50 per cent. However, using the waste heat close to the source means that the primary energy supply is from 80 to over 90 per cent utilised. Cogeneration plants are thus able to produce primary energy savings of up to 40 per cent. Electrically powered cogeneration plants start up when there is a demand for electricity and then also produce heat, whereas thermal energy powered cogeneration plants start up when heat is required at the time. Cold Local Heating The principle of cold local heating consists of transporting heat at low temperature levels (for instance from groundwater lying close to the surface or domestic wastewater). It can be heated from around 10–15°C by heat exchangers in sewers, but purified wastewater leaving treatment plants is also suitable for distribution. Then, when it reaches the consumer, a heat pump can be used to heat the cold water to a sufficient temperature to heat the building. Deep Geothermics (and see Geothermal Energy) Deep geothermics generally begin at a depth of more than 400 metres and a temperature of above 20° C. However, strictly speaking, we should talk of deep geothermics only at depths of more than 1,000 metres and temperatures higher than 60 °C. The targeted exploitation of deep geothermal potential requires extremely complex assessment of the relevant geological formations and structures, as well as precise geological and hydrogeological information about the sub-surface. Degree Days The number of degree days (DD) and heating degree days (HDD) are measurements of a building’s heating demand during the heating period. They represent the relationship between the room temperature and the external air temperature for the heating days during an assessment period and are therefore a means of determining heating costs and heating fuel requirements. Demand Side Management Demand Side Management (DSM) is also described as load management. It refers to the control of demand for power and heat from industrial, commercial, and domestic consumers. Intelligent DSM can enable demand to be better distributed throughout the day and thus reduced at a specific point in time. Various incentive programmes have been launched in connection with this practise: one example is more favourable electricity tariffs at times of high production of power from renewable sources.

EEG (Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz)—Renewable Energy Sources Act In 2000, the Energy Grid Feed-in Law was replaced by the Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG). The EEG regulates the prioritising of the purchase and transmission of, and payment for, electricity from renewable energy sources. In 2014, the EEG was amended by a related reform, which included adjustments to payments and cost-sharing. EEWärmeG (Erneuerbare-Energien-Wärmegesetz)—Renewable Energy Heat Act The aim of the Renewable Energy Heat Act or EEWärmeG is to increase the proportion of renewable energy used in heating, hot water, cooling; and process heat by 14 per cent by 2020. In order to achieve this target, the Act lays down that new buildings (planning applications from 1 Jan 2009) with a total floor space of 50 square metres and above must obtain part of their heating energy from renewable sources, i.e. solar heat, biomass, environmental heat, or geothermal heat. Efficiency From the point of view of energy, the efficiency of a system is the ratio of available energy to energy used. The lower the loss due to the conversion, storage, and transport of energy, the greater the usable energy and consequently the efficiency. Efficiency House 55 This is the KfW (Development Bank) building standard for funding new building and refurbishment measures in older buildings. A KfW Efficiency House 55 must not exceed an annual primary energy demand (Qp) of 55 per cent or a transmission heat loss HT‘ of 70 per cent of the calculated values for the corresponding reference building in the current Energy-Saving Ordinance (EnEV). Other fundable KfW building standards in the area of renovation are Efficiency House 70, 85, 100, 115, the KfW Efficiency House “monument”, and, for new buildings, Efficiency House 40. Energy Demand The energy demand of a building is shown on the energy performance (or EnEV) certificate. It is the value calculated under standard conditions, indicating how much final energy a building needs. It is used to compare insulation standards and installation engineering in buildings. Energy Reference Area [m2] The energy reference area of buildings is needed as the basis for an energy demand balance. It is the sum of all floor areas above and below ground that are heated or cooled. For residential buildings it can be calculated net or gross. For non-residential buildings, a different surface reference is used in the balance calculation. The energy reference area is determined by the floor space, in accordance with DIN 277. Main and subsidiary floor space is calculated at 100 per cent, transport and functional space at 60 per cent; stairs, shafts, and unheated space are not included in the calculation. EnEV, Energieeinsparverordnungen (Energy-Saving Ordinances) 2002, 2004, 2007, 2009, 2014 EnEV = Energy-Saving Ordinances, and apply to heated buildings. They indicate the minimum energy requirements for a new building. The main requirement of the EnEV is the annual primary energy demand (Qp’’), and the secondary requirement is the transmission heat loss (Ht‘). Under the current EnEV, the balance calculation is carried out in three steps: Step 1: Calculation of the heating demand, taking account of heat losses through ventilation and through thermal bridges, as well as passive internal and solar gains. Step 2: Incorporation of installation engineering in the energy balance by taking account of the losses incurred during generation, distribution, storage, and delivery of thermal energy.

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It is not only the net energy made available to a space (the net heat) that is relevant, but also the final energy (from the energy source) transferred at the building’s boundary. Step 3: The calculated energy demand is based on primary energy, since the losses incurred during the generation, conversion, and transportation of the respective energy sources, and the relevance of the energy sources to the climate, are taken into account in the building’s energy balance by means of a primary energy factor. Europe 20-20-20 The European Commission target is to achieve 20 per cent less greenhouse gas emissions, a 20 per cent share of renewable energies, and 20 per cent more energy efficiency by the year 2020, compared with 1990. European Energy Performance of Buildings Directive 2010/31/EU The EU Directive on improving the energy efficiency of buildings was drawn up at European level against the background of the EU building sector accounting for 40 per cent of total energy consumption, and obligations under the United Nations’ Kyoto Protocol on climate change. Included in the Directive is the introduction of a “Nearly-Zero-Emission” building standard, for public buildings from 2019 and for all other buildings from 2021. The precise definition and formulation of this standard rests with national legislators. Final Energy Any conversion and transportation of energy involves losses. Final energy refers to the quantity of energy, including the losses at plants and in distribution, or to the quantity of an energy source delivered to a property before conversion. Fossil Energy Sources Fossil fuel energy denotes usable energy derived from energy sources, whose energy content was transferred long ago to a concentrated form, which allows it to be used today. Fossil energy sources are the result of biological and physical processes, such as changes to the interior and surface of the earth over long periods of time. Today, the best-known fossil energy source is oil, which was formed by the decomposition of organic materials in the distant past. Coal, which is owed to similar processes, is also a fossil energy source. Oil is still the world’s most important source of energy. We obtain around 40 per cent of the energy we require from oil. Fossil energy sources are finite. The above definition of fossil energy sources also applies in principle to uranium, which is currently used as an energy source in nuclear power plants. However, unlike coal, and natural gas, which result from biological and geological processes, uranium and other heavy elements are created by fusion processes in the final phase of particular stars (supernovae). The term fossil fuel is generally used only for those fossil energy sources that release their stored energy through chemical combustion with oxygen. Examples of fossil fuels are, therefore, oil, natural gas, lignite, coal, and peat. Fuel Cell In a fuel cell mechanical energy is produced from a chemical energy source such as gas. Thermal energy is also generated through combustion, and then converted into mechanical energy by a generator. In this case it refers to a heat engine. Fuel cells are simpler to construct than the “heat-engine-generator” system and can be more reliable and robust. Hydrogen / oxygen fuel cells with hydrogen as the energy source are particularly promising.

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Geothermal Energy Geothermal energy is the thermal energy stored in the accessible part of the earth’s crust. It can be extracted and used and is one of the renewable energy sources. It can be used both directly, for instance, for heating and cooling on the heating market (heat pump heating), for generating electricity, or in a cogeneration plant. A distinction is drawn between near-surface geothermal energy, which can be extracted via geothermal probes, geothermal piles, or geothermal collectors with the aid of heat pumps, and deep geothermal energy, where the higher temperatures can be used directly for supply via heating networks and sometimes for generating electricity.

Heat Recovery Heat recovery is a collective term for procedures to make the mass flow of thermal energy from a process reusable. Heat recovery is never essential to the actual function of the manufacturing process, so it is therefore not part of the actual manufacturing process. Its only task is the long-term retention and renewal of the energy potential of the energy flows ultimately released into the environment by the manufacturing process. This means that heat recovery has the properties of a form of renewable energy. A concrete example of this is the route of waste heat from a controlled ventilation system, reused via the transfer of the heat to the air supply.

Greenhouse Effect The “greenhouse effect” is used colloquially to describe the warming of a planet caused by greenhouse gases and water vapour in the atmosphere. The term was originally used to describe the way the temperature rises behind the glass panes and thus inside a glazed greenhouse, when the sun shines on the glass. Nowadays, the term is used in a much wider sense and describes the build-up of atmospheric heat from the sun shining on the earth as the greenhouse effect, because the physical basis for the two processes is similar.

Heat Sinks A heat sink is an area or a device that can remove heat. In technical applications this might be a cooling device that can expel waste heat in order to prevent overheating. In the field of energy generation, for example in electricity production, the resulting waste heat can be used for heating or drying purposes or as process heat. This method, known as cogeneration, can increase the overall efficiency of an energy process with possible economic and ecological benefits.

Greenhouse Gases Greenhouse gases are gaseous substances which contribute to the greenhouse effect and can be both natural and anthropogenic in origin. They absorb part of the infra-red radiation released by the ground, which would otherwise escape into space. Some of this energy is then radiated back to the Earth’s surface along with the sunlight. Greenhouse Potential The (relative) greenhouse potential (also known as: global warming potential, greenhouse warming potential, or GWP) or CO2-equivalent (CO2 is always used as the reference value) indicates the extent to which a set quantity of a greenhouse gas contributes to the greenhouse effect. The value denotes the average warming effect over a specific period of time. The period under consideration is often 100 years. Grey Energy Grey energy denotes the quantity of energy that must be used, directly or indirectly, for the production or preparation of a product or service. It refers to a specific production and preparation site. In grey energy a distinction is drawn between renewable and non-renewable energy. Heat Demand Density Heat demand density is the figure per hectare of urban environment calculated from the heating energy and hot water demand per urban space and the area of the urban space. Heat Extraction The technically feasible energy yield from wastewater is a function of the quantity of wastewater per unit of time (flow rate), the temperature difference before and after the heat extraction, the specific heat capacity of the wastewater, and the seasonal performance factor of the heat pump. Heat Output Heat output is the useful heat emitted by a heat generator over a specific period of time (for instance one hour). It is expressed in kW (kilowatts). The heat output must at least match the heat load. Heat Pump A heat pump brings heat from a lower to a higher temperature level through the input of technical effort (electricity). Air, water, and geothermal energy are possible heat sources.

Heat Load Heat load is a measurement of the heat output required, and the basis for the measurement of both the heating surfaces in individual rooms and the layout of the entire heating system. It is dependent on the location of the building, the construction of the exterior heat transmission surfaces, and the purpose of individual areas. IBA IBA stands for Internationale Bauausstellung—International Building Exhibition. In Germany, an IBA is an established means in urban planning and design for introducing new ideas and projects in the social, cultural, and ecological spheres. This aims to provide inspiration for a transformation of urban design or landscape considered essential in the region concerned. The intention is that the desire to involve urban planners and designers, architects, landscape architects, and companies from outside Germany will encourage the international competition for the projects. igs international garden show Hamburg 2013 KfW (Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau)—KfW Development Bank The KfW group of banks is a public institution under the legal supervision of the Federal Ministry of Finance. The KfW Development Bank provides a wide range of options, in the fields of construction, housing, and energy-saving, for the financing of investments in residential property. Funding objectives include construction of residential property, energy renovation of buildings, modernisation of living space, building of economical new projects, and installation of photovoltaic systems. Since 2006, the federal government has made 1 billion euro available each year under the funding initiative “Wohnen, Umwelt, Wachstum” (Living, Environment, Growth), in order to increase the appeal of programmes for CO2 reduction and achieve the national climate protection obligations incurred under the Kyoto Protocol. The annual funding amounted to 29 billion euro in 2012 and 28 billion euro in 2013. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a tool for analysing the consumption of resources and environmental impact of a material during its life cycle. It creates a balance for the path of a building material through the stages of raw material extraction,

production, and processing. Transport, utilisation, reuse, and disposal may also be taken into account. The information that can be obtained from a life cycle assessment depends on the parameters for the balance. Life Cycle Costs Life cycle costs denote the total costs of a product from the initial idea until withdrawal from the market. However, only investments and expenditure are considered, not the positive returns in the form of profit. Local Heating Grid Local heating describes the transfer of heat between buildings for heating purposes, when this only takes place over relatively short distances (compared to district heating). Local heating grids are given political support, because they make it possible to supply customers with thermal energy produced on a decentralised basis in the locality. This makes it possible to have energy generation systems with higher overall energy efficiency as well as greater value creation in the regions. Low Temperature Grid The principle of the low temperature grid consists in the distribution of local heat at low temperatures (35–70°C) through a heating grid. The source can be heat from a central heat pump or a manufacturing business. Depending on the heating system in the building, the consumers connected to it use the heat from the grid either directly for their heating or to run decentralised heat pumps. Mainstreaming Mainstreaming means reflecting the taste, views, or behaviour of a large majority. It can also be a strategy to have a positive influence on the intellectual mainstream and thus gain acceptance for innovations or turn generally negative attitudes to certain topics into positive opinions. Mainstreaming can also mean aiming to implement priority targets in a variety of fields. Masterplan Municipalities 100% Climate Protection In 2011, the programme “Masterplankommunen 100% Klimaschutz” (Masterplan Municipalities 100% Climate Protection) was included in the municipal guidelines in order to support the federal government’s climate protection targets. The targets to be achieved by the participating municipalities, by 2050, are a greenhouse gas reduction of 95 per cent and a fall of 50 per cent in energy demand. The nineteen municipalities participating since May 2012 differ widely in size and structure, thus demonstrating how the Masterplan can be implemented by any urban body, from relatively small local authorities to large administrative districts and big cities. Microclimate Microclimate denotes the climate in the layers of air close to the ground up to a height of about 2 metres or the climate that develops in a small, clearly defined area (for example, between buildings in a city). Passive House The Passive House standard is the most energy-saving of the widespread building standards. The parameters are a thermal energy demand of below 15 kWh/m2a and a primary energy demand, including hot water and domestic electricity, of below 120 kWh/m2a. This is achieved through optimum insulation of the building shell and consciously meeting a high proportion of the thermal energy demand from “passive” sources such as direct sunlight and heat emissions from people and appliances. A controlled air-conditioning system with heat recovery is obligatory, so a conventional heating system is often unnecessary.

Phase Change Materials (PCMs) Phase change materials are those that are able to reverse their aggregate state as a result of external influences (light, pressure, water, temperature, etc.). Through crystallisation they have the property of being able to change their state from liquid to solid and re-release a quantity of thermal energy previously absorbed at a higher temperature and stored. Latent heat cells filled with PCMs offer an alternative to water storage. Photovoltaics Photovoltaic systems convert radiation energy, mainly solar energy, directly into electrical energy. They have been in use since 1958, initially for supplying space satellites with energy by means of solar cells. They are now used all over the world to generate energy and are installed on roofs, parking ticket machines, noise protection barriers, or in open spaces. The name is derived from photos—the Greek word for light—and Volta—after Alessandro Volta, a pioneer of electrical technology. Photovoltaics is a sub-section of the wider field of solar technology, which also includes other technical applications for solar energy. Power-to-Gas Power-to-gas (P2G) denotes the chemical process, by which a combustible gas is produced using water electrolysis and partial methanisation with renewably generated electricity. This procedure is one way of exploiting surplus electricity to generate heat. In principle, the gas, which is produced from renewable resources, can be distributed via the existing gas infrastructure. Power-to-Heat Power-to-heat (P2H) denotes the conversion of electricity from renewable sources into heat. If a large quantity of electrical energy is generated at times of low demand, for example by wind power or photovoltaic systems, this conversion can help to avoid throttling back production at power stations and meet the demand for heat that would otherwise have been produced from fossil fuels with heat from renewable sources. Primary Energy Primary energy is the energy available from naturally occurring energy forms or energy sources. Primary Energy (Demand) (Qp)[kWh/a] The losses arising from the generation, conversion, and transportation of an energy source are calculated using a primary energy factor and expressed as a primary energy evaluation. The EnEV therefore simply records the fossil fuel proportion of these losses. Natural gas and oil have a factor of 1.10, meaning that 10 per cent of the energy is lost in upstream processes (refining and transportation). According to the new EnEV 2014, electricity has a primary energy factor of 2.40 (the efficiency of electricity production is approximately 35 per cent, including renewable energy sources), while renewable energy sources have factors of below 1 (wood pellets 0.30, wood chips 0.20), as here only petrol and electricity for processing are taken into account. Solar energy, which has a primary energy factor of 0.00, is not considered. Process Heat Process heat is used for technical processes and procedures. It is generally produced through combustion processes or by electricity. Ideally waste heat can be used as process heat. Process heat with temperatures up to 90°C can also be obtained from the production of electricity in a cogeneration plant. Attempts are also being made to produce process heat using special solar collectors.

Renewal (or Renovation) Rate The renewal (or renovation) rate was originally a historical measured value. It is dependent on the assumed renewal cycle for residential buildings of every thirty years. However, renewal rates vary according to the components: for example 20–50 years for façades, 13–50 years for roofs, and 13–27 years for glazing. Legislators can influence the renovation rate through regulations and subsidies. Renovation Depth Renovation depth is the extent of renovation with regard to the reduction in thermal energy demand and the building standard achieved Repowering Repowering refers to the replacement of old wind turbines with new, modern, often more powerful and/or efficient units. Resilience Systems are subject to external disturbances. The resilience or resistance of a system describes how well the system can withstand disturbances. Resources These are quantities of a raw material for energy production that have been very accurately recorded and could be exploited using currently available technology. Also commonly known as extractable, workable reserves, or secure and (probably) obtainable stocks. Roadmap Roadmap is a synonym for strategy or project plan. Secondary Energy Secondary energy is the form of energy remaining after the conversion of the primary energy source into what is known as the useful or net energy source. Secondary energy is mainly characterised by one of the following properties: - easily storable (for example coke, refined oils); - easily transportable (for example electrical energy); - high energy density (for example coke); - simple/low cost production (briquettes). Preference is usually given to one of these properties, depending on location and intended use. Often the by-products of secondary energy production are equally useful secondary energy (for example, gas from petrol production or heat from electrical energy production are by-products that can be reused as process gas or district heating). However, these byproducts are not always utilised. Self-Sufficiency Self-sufficiency refers to organisational units or ecosystems that themselves produce everything that they consume or use from their own resources. In terms of energy planning, this means the complete supply of an area from its own energy resources without connection to a nearby city or region. Smart Grid Technologies The term smart grid (intelligent electricity network) covers the communicative networking and control of electricity generation, storage, electricity consumption, and grid resources in the energy transfer and distribution networks relating to electricity supply. This enables the networked components to be monitored and optimised, with the aim of achieving a secure energy supply based on an efficient and reliable system operation. Solar Thermal Energy Solar thermal energy denotes the conversion of solar radiation into thermal energy.

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Sufficiency Sufficiency is a measure of energy and resource-conscious consumption, whereby individuals replace energy-intensive services by others with low energy demand and thus optimise their consumption behaviour, for example, by using video conferencing instead of flying to meetings or the reduction of living space per person. Thermal Energy Demand (Qh)[kWh/a] The quantity of heat per year that must be used for heating spaces. This is calculated under standard conditions and represents net energy. Thermal Insulation Ordinance 1977, 1984, 1995 (to 2002) (WSchV) Ordinance on energy-saving thermal insulation with respect to building envelops. In the light of increasing energy prices, the aim was to reduce energy consumption through construction measures, first in new-build and then in the existing housing stock. The WSchV was first applied in connection with the Heating Systems Ordinance. In 2002 it was replaced by the Energy-Saving Ordinance (EnEV). Urban Space Type (UST) A key requisite for developing a climate protection concept is detailed information referring to a specific space. Dividing the urban structure into sub-spaces means that the information obtained can be directly assigned to neighbourhood-related plans and political measures. A suitable measure for generating basic data on the residential structure is the typification of the residential space according to structural types and using this to determine specific parameters for the structural type (for example, building density, energy demand, etc.). This means that every built-up surface unit—usually blocks of buildings—is allocated to a type of urban space. The UST approach is based on the assumption that the sub-sections of a residential area are generally characterised by a largely homogeneous building structure. USTs are described, located, and mapped for the entire urban area. Each type of urban space has particular characteristics relating to urban development and energy. The structure of the USTs is classified according to an existing building typology, in order to determine the specific energy demand. 100% Renewable Energy Regions 100% Renewable Energy Regions are regions, cities, and municipalities that intend in the long term to convert their energy supply to energy from renewable resources. The project is led by the Institute (for) Decentralised Energy Technologies (IdE), and currently includes 140 districts, municipalities, regional organisations, and cities, in Germany.

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Authors Arne Diedrich Born 1984, qualified engineer. Studied Architecture at the TU Braunschweig. From 2010 to 2012 he had a scholarship from the Reiner Lemoine Foundation and attended the Institute for Building and Solar Technology at the TU Braunschweig, headed by Professor Dr.-Ing. M. Norbert Fisch. Since 2012 he has been a scientific researcher at the Institute, working with the Energy-Efficient Construction team. Björn Dietrich Born 1972, PhD. Studied Biology at the University of Göttingen (Dipl.-Biol.) and completed an international Master’s programme in Environmental and Energy Law (LL.M) at the University of Lüneburg. After his time as a researcher and assistant in the Public Law Department at Lüneburg and in the Department of Strategy and Landscape Development Management at TU Munich, from 2007 to 2010 he worked at the State Ministry for Agriculture and Forestry in Munich as a senior scientist. With his doctorate in Political and Administrative Sciences (Dr. rer. publ.) complete, in 2010 he became head of the Department of Environmental and Climate Protection in Würzburg. Since 2014 he has been the head of the Energy Department at the State Ministry for Urban Development and Environment in Hamburg. Peter Droege Professor. Studied Architecture with a focus on urban design at the TU Munich until 1976. Received a post-graduate degree from Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1978. Teaching and research positions at Tokyo, Sydney, and Beijing Universities (1992–2008). Since 2001 he has been head of an office for renewable urban development, and since 2004 he has taught as conjoint professor at the University of Newcastle, Australia. Since 2002 he has acted as the Pacific Asia representative of the International Energy Agency. From 1999 to 2004 he led an international Solar City research development programme under the auspices of the International Energy Agency. Since 2008 he has been Professor of Sustainable Space Development at the University of Liechtenstein. Since 2011 he has been the President of Eurosolar. Hans Gabányi Born 1955, landscape planner (TU Berlin) and solicitor (University of Bremen). In 1987 he became a research assistant to Member of the Bundestag Otto Schily, with respect to the Nuclear Investigation Committee. In 1988 he worked as a lawyer in Hamburg. Since 1989 he has held various Environmental Authority posts, and since 2011 has headed the Office for Nature and Resource Conservation, part of the Hamburg State Ministry for Urban Development and Environment. Jan Gerbitz Born 1977. Studied Architecture and Urban Planning at the University of Fine Arts (HfbK) Hamburg and at the HafenCity University (HCU) Hamburg. Since 2006 he has been a project manager at the ZEBAU Zentrum für Energie, Bauen, Architektur und Umwelt GmbH, Hamburg. From 2010 to 2013 he also worked as a project co-ordinator at the International Building Exhibition IBA Hamburg, focusing on the key theme of Cities and Climate Change, and was responsible for the energy performance of the individual construction projects. In 2014 he was also a project co-ordinator for IBA Hamburg GmbH, and worked on the extension and further implementation of the Renewable Wilhelmsburg Climate Protection Concept. Benno Hain Born 1961, PhD in Natural Sciences. Studied Biology at the TU Darmstadt, PhD from the University of Hannover. From 1990 to

1995 he was a research assistant at Kali & Salz AG and the veterinary school in Hannover. From 1995 to 2004 he headed the Department of Basic Ecology, and from 2005 to 2010 he led the Department of Climate Protection at the Environmental Agency in Berlin and Dessau. From 2010 to 2012 he ran the Centre for Climate Protection in the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg, in the State Ministry for Urban Development and Environment. As part of his role as climate protection co-ordinator, he was also responsible for the implementation and further development of the Hamburg Climate Protection Concept from 2007 to 2012. From 2012 he assumed more leadership roles within the Environment Agency, heading the Department of International Environmental Protection up to 2013 and the Department of Energy Strategies and Scenarios from 2013 onwards. Joost Hartwig Born 1980, Professor, Dipl.-Ing. Studied Architecture at the TU Darmstadt (TUD). From 2007 to 2012 he was a research assistant at the Department of Design and Energy-Efficient Construction under Professor Manfred Hegger at the TUD, where his research focused on ecobalance and sustainability assessment. From 2007 to 2013 he worked for HHS Planer + Architekten AG in Kassel and was the personal assistant of Prof. Hegger. Since 2008 he has been an auditor for the sustainability certification system of the German Sustainable Building Council (Deutschen Gesellschaft für Nachhaltiges Bauen, DGNB). Since 2011 Joost Hartwig has been a managing partner of ina Planungsgesellschaft mbH. After teaching at the Erfurt University of Applied Sciences, the Umea School of Architecture (Sweden), and the Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences. Since March 2014 he has also been a visiting professor for Ecobalance, Sustainability Assessment, and Energy Efficiency in Building at the Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences. Manfred Hegger Born 1946, Professor. Studied Architecture at the University of Stuttgart/Ulm School of Design, Systems Technology at the TU Berlin and Planning at the University of London/London School of Economics and Political Science. From 1976 to 1989 he collaborated with ANF Arbeitsgruppe Nutzungsforschung. Since 1980 he has been a partner and CEO at HHS Planer + Architekten in Kassel. Among other roles, he has acted as a consultant for OECD, as a director of the UIA Work Programme Sustainable Architecture of the Future (1999–2008) and for the EU Expert Working Group Sustainable Construction Methods and Technology. He has held several teaching posts, including honorary and guest professorships. From 2001 to 2014 he headed the Department of Design and Energy-Efficient Construction at the TU Darmstadt. He has received numerous awards and authored many publications, including Baustoff Atlas (2005) and Energie Atlas – Nachhaltige Architektur (2007). Uli Hellweg Born 1948, qualified architectural engineer. Studied Architecture and Urban Development at RWTH Aachen. 1980 freelance urban planner in Berlin. 1982 co-ordinator at the IBA Berlin GmbH 1984/87 for pilot projects. 1986 planning co-ordinator at S.T.E.R.N. GmbH for Moabit urban renewal in Berlin. 1992 head of Department of Planning and Building in Kassel. 1996 managing director of Wasserstadt GmbH, Berlin. 2002 managing director of agora s.à.r.l., Luxembourg. Since 2006 managing director of the IBA Hamburg GmbH. Katharina Jacob Born 1977, qualified geographer. Studied Geography at the Universities of Hamburg and Innsbruck, with a focus on natural hazard management. Since 2012 worked at the IBA Hamburg, focussing on the key theme Cities and Climate Change. Since 2014 she has also worked at the ZEBAU Zentrum für Energie, Bauen, Architektur und Umwelt GmbH.

Bernd Jacobs Born 1949, qualified engineer. Studied Architecture at the Fine Arts University (HfbK) Hamburg and Sociology at the University of Hamburg. From 1973 to 1981 he worked as a research assistant, and then as a freelancer for the GEWOS Institut für Stadt-, Regional- und Wohnforschung in Hamburg. Since 1981 he has been a co-partner at ARGE Kirchhoff/Jacobs—research and consulting, Hamburg. Since 2003 he has also been a lecturer at the Vocational Academy Schleswig-Holstein Economics Academy in Kiel, where he focuses on Property Management Studies as part of the Business Administration course. Claudia Kemfert Born 1968, Professor, PhD. Studied Economics at the Universities of Bielefeld, Oldenburg (PhD, 1998) and Stanford. She had a research visit to the Eni Enrico Mattei Foundation (FEEM) in Milan in 1998. From 1999 to 2000 she headed the junior research group at the Institute for Rational Energy Use at the University of Stuttgart and at the University of Oldenburg from 2000 to 2004. From 2004 to 2009 she was professor of Environmental Economy at Humboldt University, and since 2009 has been professor of Energy, and Sustainability at the Hertie School of Governance in Berlin. Since 2004 she has headed the Department of Energy, Transport, and Environment at the German Institute for Economic Research (DIW Berlin). She has won numerous research awards and is a sought-after economic expert on energy research and climate protection by politicians and the media, as well as being active in many networks and on advisory boards. Most recently, she received the Urania Medaille and the B.A.U.M. Environment Prize in the Science category. 2013 saw the publication of her book Kampf um Strom, in which she sets out the myths prevalent in energy policy debate. Jennifer König Born 1981, qualified engineer. Studied Architecture at the TU Braunschweig. From 2008 to 2011 she held a doctoral scholarship at the German Federal Environment Foundation at the Institute for Building and Solar Technology, headed by Univ. Prof. Dr.-Ing. M. Norbert Fisch at the TU Braunschweig, where she focussed on ventilation concepts in educational institutions. Since 2011 she has remained there as a research assistant for the Energy-Efficient Construction Working Group, with a research focus on monitoring at a building and district level. Stefan Krümmel Born 1972, qualified in Geography and Economic and Political Sciences. Studied Applied Geography and Spatial Planning, Economics, and Political Science. Obtained his PhD under Prof. Dr. Ingrid Breckner in the field of Urban and Regional Sociology at the HafenCity University Hamburg, where he has remained since late 2011 as an associate of the EnEff:Stadt-IBA Hamburg research group. Lars Kühl Born 1965, Professor of Engineering. Trained at a heating and ventilation firm before studying Mechanical Engineering at the TU Braunschweig. Project engineer at Buderus Heiztechnik GmbH. Worked at the IGS at TU Braunschweig. PhD in Engineering. Managing director of an engineering firm focussed on energy-efficient building planning. Professor of Renewable Energy Technology at the Ostfalia University for Applied Sciences, Wolfenbüttel, in the Faculty of Supply Engineering. Lecturer at the TU Braunschweig, the TU Clausthal, and the Hannover University of Applied Sciences, and member of the Niedersachsen Energy Research Centre. Harry Lehmann Born 1954, PhD. Studied Physics at the RWTH Aachen until 1984. In 1985 he founded the engineering company UHL Data for software development, systems analysis, and systems

APPENDIX

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simulation in energy technology and environmental protection. From 1985 to 1998 he held teaching positions at the Aachen University of Applied Sciences, in the Departments of Physical Engineering, Nuclear Applications, and Biotechnology. From 1992 to 1999 he was the deputy chairman of the German branch of Eurosolar and a member of the European executive board. Since 1997 he has been a member of the scientific advisory board of the 50 Solar Settlements project in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia and from 1998 a member of the Factor 10 Club, France. From 1999 to 2000 he headed the research department of the Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment, and Energy. From 2000 to 2002 he was a member of the enquiry committee on sustainable energy supply under conditions of globalisation and liberalisation for the German Bundestag. From 2000 to 2003 he was director of the Solutions and Innovations Unit at Greenpeace International, Amsterdam. Since 2000 he has been vice president of Eurosolar. From 2001 to 2004 he founded and headed the Institute for Sustainable Solutions and Innovations in Aachen and since 2001 he has been a member of the World Renewable Energy Council. From 2001 to 2002 he taught at the Department of Environmental Sciences at Lüneburg University, from where in 2003 he obtained his doctorate in Environmental Sciences. Since 2004 he has headed the Environmental Planning and Sustainability Strategies Department of the Federal Environment Agency in Berlin and since 2004 he has been chairman of the Factor 10 Club. Alexa K. Lutzenberger Born 1971, PhD in Natural Sciences. Studied Agriculture at the Weihenstephan-Triesdorf University of Applied Sciences. After a few years in agriculture, in 2006 she transferred to the Institute for Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg. After obtaining her doctorate in 2009, she continued to work in the fields of sustainable agriculture, resources, and renewable energy as a project manager, as well as holding teaching posts. Since 2010 she has handled training and implementation strategies, as well as scientific projects, at the engineering firm Alrene. Among other roles, Alexa Lutzenberger is a member of the scientific advisory board of the European Biomass Conference and the Renewable 100 Policy Institute. Since 2013 she has been a member of the Resources Committee of the Federal Environment Agency.

Marcelo Esteban Muñoz Hidalgo Born 1984, M.Sc. Esteban Muñoz studied Architecture and Urban Planning from 2004 to 2008 at the Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences (HsKA). After graduating, he worked at the European Institute for Energy Research (EIFER) in Karlsruhe for one year, before undertaking the Master’s programme in Resource Efficiency in Architecture and Planning (REAP) at the HafenCity University Hamburg (HCU) in 2009. Since graduating with a Master‘s degree in 2011 he has worked as a doctoral student in the Infrastructure Planning and Urban Technology Department of the HCU, under Professor Irene Peters. Stefan Peter Born 1967, qualified engineer. Studied Energy and Environmental Technology at Aachen University of Applied Sciences. From 2001 to 2003 he worked at the Greenpeace International Solutions Unit in Aachen, and from 2001 to 2009 at the Institute for Sustainable Solutions and Innovations (ISuSI), first as a project engineer, and later in a management role as senior scientist in the Energy, Scenarios, and Simulations Department. Since 2008 he has also been a member of the scientific branch of the Energy Watch Group. In addition to the development and application of SimREN simulation software, his work includes the study of the conditions and feasibility of a fully renewable energy supply, the development of scenarios,

222

the integration of increasing amounts of renewable energy into existing supply systems, the analysis of potential, and the evaluation of funding mechanisms for renewable energy. Irene Peters Born 1962, Prof. Dr. Studied Economics and Philosophy in Germany and the USA. Received her PhD in Economics from Clark University, Massachusetts in 1995. From 1989 to 1997 she worked at the Tellus Institute for Resource and Environmental Strategies on waste management, energy and transport planning, environmental tax reform, and environmental economic issues. In 1997 she moved to EAWAG, a water research institute affiliated with the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology. Since 2003 she has been professor of Infrastructure Planning and Urban Technology on the Urban Planning course at the HafenCity University Hamburg (formerly the TU Hamburg-Harburg). Her work focusses on municipal utilities in the future, exploiting the potential for more efficient energy supply and demand, and opportunities for transition to sustainable urban water management. Peter Pichl Born 1953, Geography degree, doctorate. Studied Geography at Martin Luther University in Halle-Wittenberg from 1975 to 1977 and at Humboldt University in Berlin from 1977 to 1979. From 1979 to 1980 he worked at the land planning office for the Erfurt district (now the state of Thüringen) and from 1980 to 1986 at the district planning committee there. He received his PhD in 1986 from the Academy of Sciences of the GDR, where he worked from 1986 to 1991 at the Central Institute for Economic Sciences on issues relating to energy and environmental economics. Since 1991 he has been a researcher at the Federal Environment Agency, focussing on local climate protection and innovative investment in climate protection within the municipal sector. Matthias Sandrock Born 1959, degree in Chemistry and PhD in Natural Sciences. Studied Chemistry at the University of Paderborn. Since 2012 he has led the Hamburg Institut. Sandrock has many years of experience in the possibilities and boundaries of energy policy at municipal and federal state level. He looks back on more than twenty years of work for the authorities of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg. While there, he served as a head of division responsible for renewable energy, energy-efficient building redevelopment, and new energy technology, and concentrated on matters relating to energy economics and policy. These included the re-establishment of the city’s energy supplier, HAMBURG ENERGIE GmbH, the inspection process for the remunicipalisation of the energy networks, and the creation of spatial heat concepts. For the Hamburg Institute, Sandrock drew up various expert reports for public and private clients on energy and climate protection strategies based on energy efficiency and renewable energy. At present he is participating in two comprehensive research projects on the integration of renewable energy into district heat supply. David Sauss Born 1974, business graduate. Studied Business Economics at the Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University in Greifswald and the University of Applied Sciences at Braunschweig/Wolfenbüttel. From 2005 to 2011 he was a researcher at the Institute of Building and Solar Technology at the TU Braunschweig (under Prof. Dr.-Ing. M. Norbert Fisch). From 2011 to the present day he has been a researcher at the Niedersachsen Energy Research Centre (under Prof. Dr.-Ing. Lars Kühl). Joachim Schulze Born 1978, qualified engineer. Studied Architecture at the TU Darmstadt (TUD). From 2008 to 2011 he worked in various

planning offices in the Frankfurt area as a project architect. In 2012 he was registered as an architect at the Chamber of Architects in Hessen. Since 2012 he has worked as a research associate in the Design and Energy-Efficient Construction Departments of the TUD under Professor Manfred Hegger. In the meantime, he has completed a training course for energy consultants at the TUD, and another for professional planners on passive and energy-plus houses, also at the TUD. Since 2014 he has also worked in teaching and research relating to the field of design and urban development under Professor Dr.-Ing. Annette Rudolph-Cleff. Simona Weisleder Born 1965 in Hamburg. Studied Architecture and Urban Planning at the University of Fine Arts (HfbK) in Hamburg. She has worked in various planning offices in Hamburg, Dresden, and Montevideo. In 1999 she was a research assistant under Professor Sabine Busching in the Department of Construction at the HfbK Hamburg. In 2001 she was a project manager at ZEBAU in Hamburg. In 2008 she was a project co-ordinator for the key theme Cities and Climate Change as part of the IBA Hamburg. 2010 publication of the IBA ENERGY ATLAS. Renewable Wilhelmsburg Climate Protection Concept. Since 2014 she has worked at the IFB Hamburg in the Department of Economics and the Environment, focussing on providing funding to companies for resource conservation. Karsten Wessel Born 1962, qualified engineer. Studied Landscape and Open Space Planning at the TU Berlin. From 1988 to 1996 he worked as a landscape architect in Berlin. From 1996 to 2007 he was a development co-ordinator for Wasserstadt Berlin-Oberhavel. From 2007 to 2013 he was a project co-ordinator for the key theme Cities and Climate Change as part of the IBA Hamburg GmbH. Since 2014 he has been a freelance landscape architect and climate protection manager in Berlin. Thomas Wilken Born 1971, qualified engineer and architect. Studied Architecture at the TU Braunschweig. Since 2001 he has worked as a research associate at the Institute for Building and Solar Technology, led by Professor Dr.-Ing. M. Norbert Fisch, at the TU Braunschweig. In 2005 he was registered by the Chamber of Architects in Niedersachsen. He works for energydesign braunschweig GmbH as a partner and project engineer on holistic energy concepts for buildings and districts, and plans building services for residential and non-residential projects. In 2009, following the introduction of the sustainability certification system established by the German Sustainable Building Council (Deutschen Gesellschaft für Nachhaltiges Bauen, DGNB), he became an auditor. Since 2010 Thomas Wilken has been the deputy director at the Institute for Building and Solar Technology. Florian Witowski Born 1982, qualified engineer. Studied Electrical Engineering and Information Technology at the University of Stuttgart. Since 2012 he has worked as a research associate for the Energy Efficient Building working group at the Institute for Building and Solar Technology, headed by Professor Dr.-Ing. M. Norbert Fisch, at the TU Braunschweig. Since 2010 Florian Witowski has been a partner and managing director of the company mondayVision UG (limited liability), where he works on the design and implementation of energy monitoring and management in buildings.

Image Credits

100/101: IBA Hamburg GmbH/Martin Kunze

11: Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg/Landesbetrieb für Geoinformation und Vermessung

111: IBA Hamburg GmbH/Johannes Arlt

14: Peugeot Deutschland 18/19: IBA Hamburg GmbH/Martin Kunze 23: IBA Hamburg GmbH/Falcon Crest Air 25: HIC Hamburg Institut Consulting GmbH/urbanista 27: HIC Hamburg Institut Consulting GmbH/urbanista 30/31: IBA Hamburg GmbH/Johannes Arlt 33 all: State Ministry for Urban Development and Environment Hamburg/urbanista 34: State Ministry for Urban Development and Environment Hamburg/urbanista 35: State Ministry for Urban Development and Environment Hamburg/urbanista 37: bildarchiv-hamburg.de 39: IBA Hamburg GmbH/Bernadette Grimmenstein 42: K. Klindworth/urbanista 43: Energy Research Austria/urbanista 45: Technische Universität Hamburg-Harburg, Institut für Thermofluiddynamik/based on publicly accessible maps by OpenStreetMap, Hamburg Netz GmbH and Vattenfall Wärme Hamburg GmbH/urbanista 46: Technische Universität Hamburg-Harburg, Institut für Thermofluiddynamik/urbanista 47: IBA Hamburg GmbH/Axel Nordmaier 52–55: IBA Hamburg GmbH/FH Nordhausen, Fachbereich Ingenieurwissenschaften, Flächen- und Stoffrecycling/ urbanista 59: IBA Hamburg GmbH/Martin Kunze 62–65: Technische Universität Darmstadt, Fachgebiet Entwerfen und Energieeffizientes Bauen/urbanista

102–110: Alexa Lutzenberger/Stefan Peter/IBA Hamburg GmbH/ urbanista 115: IBA Hamburg GmbH/Martin Kunze 116: State Ministry for Urban Development and Environment Hamburg, Amt für Natur- und Ressourcenschutz, based on material provided by Landesbetrieb Geoinformation und Vermessung 117: FH Nordhausen, Fachbereich Ingenieurwissenschaften, Flächen- und Stoffrecycling 119: IBA Hamburg GmbH/urbanista, based on material provided by Jo Coenen &. Co. Architects und Agence Ter Landschaftsarchitekten GmbH; MARS Metropolitan Architecture Research Studio S.a.r.l. 121: IBA Hamburg GmbH/MARS Metropolitan Architecture Research Studio S.a.r.l. und Agence Ter Landschaftsarchitekten GmbH 122: IBA Hamburg GmbH/urbanista 125: IBA Hamburg GmbH, based on the designs by raumwerk, Frankfurt and LRW, Hamburg 127: IBA Hamburg GmbH, based on Parliamentary Paper 20/13206: Rahmenkonzept „Hamburgs Sprung über die Elbe – Zukunftsbild 2013+“, State Ministry for Urban Development and Environment Hamburg 133: IBA Hamburg GmbH/Bernadette Grimmenstein 136: IBA Hamburg GmbH/urbanista 140/141: IBA Hamburg GmbH/Bas Kohler 146: ina Planungsgesellschaft mbH/urbanista 147 all: ina Planungsgesellschaft mbH/urbanista 149: IBA Hamburg GmbH/Bernadette Grimmenstein 159–175: Technische Universität Darmstadt, Fachgebiet Entwerfen und Energieeffizientes Bauen/urbanista 161: IBA Hamburg GmbH/Bernadette Grimmenstein

67: IBA Hamburg GmbH/Axel Nordmeier

164: IBA Hamburg GmbH/www.luftbilder.de

70/71: Universität Liechtenstein, Institut für Architektur und Raumentwicklung/Energie-Klima-Plan GmbH/urbanista

168: IBA Hamburg GmbH/www.luftbilder.de

73: bodenseebilder.de 78–84: Energie-Forschungszentrum Niedersachsen/urbanista 85: IBA Hamburg GmbH/Bernadette Grimmenstein 88: 1–6, 9, 10 IBA Hamburg GmbH/Martin Kunze; 7 VELUX Deutschland GmbH/Adam Mørk; 8 IBA Hamburg GmbH/Bente Stachowske

172: visualisation: channel hamburg e.V. 174: IBA Hamburg GmbH/Martin Kunze 177: IBA Hamburg GmbH/urbanista 181: IBA Hamburg GmbH/Martin Kunze 194–197: IBA Hamburg GmbH/urbanista 198/199: IBA Hamburg GmbH/Bente Stachowske

89–99: Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Gebäude- und Solartechnik/urbanista

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© 2015 by jovis Verlag GmbH and IBA Hamburg GmbH Texts by kind permission of the authors. Pictures by kind permission of the photographers/holders of the picture rights. All rights reserved. Special volume of the series METROPOLIS, edited by the IBA Hamburg within the framework of the key theme “Cities and Climate Change” Overall coordination and editing: Katharina Jacob and Jan Gerbitz Editor: IBA Hamburg GmbH Uli Hellweg, managing director Am Zollhafen 12 20539 Hamburg www.iba-hamburg.de Umweltbundesamt Dr. Harry Lehmann, head of division I, Environmental Planning and Sustainability Strategies Wörlitzer Platz 1 06844 Dessau-Roßlau www.umweltbundesamt.de Technical University Darmstadt Prof. Manfred Hegger, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Design and Energy-Efficient Construction El-Lissitzky-Straße 1 64287 Darmstadt www.architektur.tu-darmstadt.de Co-editing: ina Planungsgesellschaft mbH, Isabell Passig, Technical University Darmstadt, Caroline Fafflok Image research and editing: Daniela Hoffmann Diagrams: urbanista Design and setting: Tom Unverzagt, Leipzig Lithography: Bild1Druck, Berlin Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de

jovis Verlag GmbH Kurfürstenstrasse 15/16 10785 Berlin www.jovis.de ISBN 978-3-86859-349-5

224

Now available as e-book: ENERGY ATLAS Future Concept Renewable Wilhelmsburg

Showcasing the International Building Exhibition IBA Hamburg

IBA Hamburg GmbH (ed.)

Building the City within the City International Building Exhibition Hamburg 2006–2013

Global climate change calls for rapid and decisive measures, particu-

IBA Hamburg GmbH / Uli Hellweg (ed.)

larly from the world’s metropolises—the future of our climate will be decided in cities! But how can cities forge a path to a post-fossil fuel,

Since late 2006 the International Building Exhibition (IBA) Hamburg has

post-atomic energy era, to ensure that urgently needed steps are put

made the concept of the “Leap across the Elbe” a reality, and in doing

into practice? The ENERGY ATLAS takes the example of Hamburg’s

so has provided considerable support for the urban, environmental, and

Wilhelmsburg district to examine developments in future energy

social development of the Elbe Islands and Harburg Upriver Port. Under

requirements. This book presents potential for saving energy, increasing

its three key themes – “Cosmopolis”, “Metrozones” and “Cities and

efficiency and using renewable energies, as well as strategic steps for

Climate Change”—the IBA has also given real impetus to international

optimising energy supply. The analytical methods used here form the

discussions on the future of major cities. Building the City within the

basis for urban action strategies, which can be applied more gener-

City documents the projects carried out over the seven years, as well as

ally, demonstrating how cities in particular can become the pioneers of

novel approaches taken by the IBA, such as in the areas of education and

climate protection and resource conservation.

participation processes, which will influence policy and everyday planning

ePDF: ISBN 978-3-86859-890-2

far beyond the end of the IBA in 2013. In addition, long-term partners of the IBA provide an initial summary of the current state of affairs. ISBN 978-3-86859-285-6

The series of publications METROPOLIS: accompanied the IBA on its way. Volume 7, METROPOLIS: BUILDING THE CITY ANEW

Volume 3, METROPOLIS: EDUCATION

Volume 7 considers and comments on what has been achieved over the

Volume 3 considers the new city of the information society and presents

seven years, and outlines ideas for the future of the Elbe Islands and the

examples of innovative “pedagogic architecture” and of reformative

city in the twenty-first century.

interventions.

ISBN 978-3-86859-221-4

ISBN 978-3-86859-070-8

Volume 6, METROPOLIS: CIVIL SOCIETY

Volume 2, METROPOLIS: RESOURCES

Volume 6 asks how planning can be democratically legitimised, what

Volume 2 is taking a look at “Cities and Climate Change” with the inten-

influence the new media wield, and demonstrates how the expertise of

tion of generating innovative and sustainable strategies and visions for

members of the public can supplement specialist knowledge.

new energies in the cities.

ISBN 978-3-86859-220-7

ISBN 978-3-939633-91-4

Volume 5, METROPOLIS: COSMOPOLIS

Volume 1, METROPOLIS: REFLECTIONS

Volume 5 of the IBA series asks how all residents can benefit from cultu-

Volume 1 reviews earlier International Building Exhibitions, looks at pro-

ral diversity in cities and describes various projects that open up fresh

spects for the IBA Hamburg and its projects and provides differentiated

opportunities for the city.

reflections on the phenomenon of the metropolis.

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Volume 4, METROPOLIS: METROZONES Volume 4 presents examples of and visions for a “new city within the city”: The uneven boundaries between city and landscape, and between traffic, industrial and harbour areas reveal themselves as new spaces for urban development. ISBN 978-3-86859-071-5

Building the City Anew

ISBN 978-3-939633-90-7

ENERGY ATLAS Future Concept Renewable Wilhelmsburg

Showcasing the International Building Exhibition IBA Hamburg

IBA Hamburg GmbH (ed.)

Building the City within the City International Building Exhibition Hamburg 2006–2013

Global climate change calls for rapid and decisive measures, particu-

IBA Hamburg GmbH / Uli Hellweg (ed.)

larly from the world’s metropolises—the future of our climate will be decided in cities! But how can cities forge a path to a post-fossil fuel,

Since late 2006 the International Building Exhibition (IBA) Hamburg has

post-atomic energy era, to ensure that urgently needed steps are put

made the concept of the “Leap across the Elbe” a reality, and in doing

into practice? The ENERGY ATLAS takes the example of Hamburg’s

so has provided considerable support for the urban, environmental, and

Wilhelmsburg district to examine developments in future energy

social development of the Elbe Islands and Harburg Upriver Port. Under

requirements. This book presents potential for saving energy, increasing

its three key themes – “Cosmopolis”, “Metrozones” and “Cities and

efficiency and using renewable energies, as well as strategic steps for

Climate Change”—the IBA has also given real impetus to international

optimising energy supply. The analytical methods used here form the

discussions on the future of major cities. Building the City within the

basis for urban action strategies, which can be applied more gener-

City documents the projects carried out over the seven years, as well as

ally, demonstrating how cities in particular can become the pioneers of

novel approaches taken by the IBA, such as in the areas of education and

climate protection and resource conservation.

participation processes, which will influence policy and everyday planning

ePDF: ISBN 978-3-86859-890-2

far beyond the end of the IBA in 2013. In addition, long-term partners of the IBA provide an initial summary of the current state of affairs.

Based on the example of the Hamburg district of Wilhelmsburg, this book presents a strategic approach to the energy conversion of a district, which aims to be almost exclusively supplied by renewable and locally generated energy by 2050. For four years, this concept was applied practically as part of the International Building Exhibition Hamburg and now the first report is available. This volume, published by the IBA Hamburg GmbH, the Federal Environment Agency, and TU Darmstadt, sets the implementation and further development of the concept in the context of current discussions about the energy transition.

ISBN 978-3-86859-285-6

The series of publications METROPOLIS: accompanied the IBA on its way. Volume 7, METROPOLIS: BUILDING THE CITY ANEW

Volume 3, METROPOLIS: EDUCATION

Volume 7 considers and comments on what has been achieved over the

Volume 3 considers the new city of the information society and presents

seven years, and outlines ideas for the future of the Elbe Islands and the

examples of innovative “pedagogic architecture” and of reformative

city in the twenty-first century.

interventions.

ISBN 978-3-86859-221-4

ISBN 978-3-86859-070-8

Volume 6, METROPOLIS: CIVIL SOCIETY

Volume 2, METROPOLIS: RESOURCES

Volume 6 asks how planning can be democratically legitimised, what

Volume 2 is taking a look at “Cities and Climate Change” with the inten-

influence the new media wield, and demonstrates how the expertise of

tion of generating innovative and sustainable strategies and visions for

members of the public can supplement specialist knowledge.

new energies in the cities.

ISBN 978-3-86859-220-7

ISBN 978-3-939633-91-4

Volume 5, METROPOLIS: COSMOPOLIS

Volume 1, METROPOLIS: REFLECTIONS

Volume 5 of the IBA series asks how all residents can benefit from cultu-

Volume 1 reviews earlier International Building Exhibitions, looks at pro-

ral diversity in cities and describes various projects that open up fresh

spects for the IBA Hamburg and its projects and provides differentiated

opportunities for the city.

reflections on the phenomenon of the metropolis.

ISBN 978-3-86859-075-3

Methods are reflected on against the background of nationwide experiences, and the social and economic viability of the whole scheme is examined critically. This analytical process culminates in suggestions for the ongoing development of the climate protection concept of Renewable Wilhelmsburg. The three editors present the necessary technical measures, as well as the social and political framework conditions for the forthcoming years.

IBA HAMBURG GMBH / UMWELTBUNDESAMT / TU DARMSTADT (eds.)

ENERGY ATLAS WORKING REPORT 1

Now available as e-book:

ENERGY ATLAS WORKING REPORT 1 Future Concept Renewable Wilhelmsburg

Even after the end of the Building Exhibition, a holistic approach and fresh, groundbreaking ideas for climate-friendly urban construction form the main focus of the planning work carried out by the IBA Hamburg GmbH, which, as an urban project developer, is now participating in the next stage of the city of Hamburg’s evolution.

ISBN 978-3-939633-90-7

Volume 4, METROPOLIS: METROZONES Volume 4 presents examples of and visions for a “new city within the city”: The uneven boundaries between city and landscape, and between traffic, industrial and harbour areas reveal themselves as new spaces for urban development. ISBN 978-3-86859-071-5

Stadt neu bauen

JOVIS

From 2006 to 2013 the International Building Exhibition IBA Hamburg provided a major impetus for innovation in urban development. Overall, around seventy projects were carried out over this period, including residential buildings, pioneering case studies, educational and sports facilities, senior citizens’ centres, local commercial hubs and creative venues, the widely celebrated Energy Bunker, and parks and open spaces. These now define the cityscape in southern Hamburg, the area composed of the long-neglected districts of Wilhelmsburg, Veddel, and Harburg Upriver Port. The IBA Hamburg produced many new solutions and ideas for future construction. It created living space and demonstrated how a twenty-first century metropolis can grow in an environmentally and socially balanced way.

Stadt neu bauen

JOVIS