Energy and Mass Transfers [1st edition] 9781786302748

Table of contents :
Preface ixIntroduction xiiiChapter 1. Basic Concepts and Balances 11.1. Thermal energy and the first law of thermodynamics 11.2. Thermal energy and the second law of thermodynamics 21.3. For an energy and mass accounting: balances 31.3.1. Accounting principles for system inputs and outputs 41.3.2. Accumulation in the system 81.3.3. Generation in a system 111.3.4. Balance equation 151.4. Fluxes and flux densities 201.4.1. Energy fluxes 201.4.2. Mass fluxes 201.4.3. Flux densities 201.5. Operating states 251.5.1. Steady state 251.5.2. Transient state 251.6. Transfer area 281.6.1. What does the transfer area represent? 281.6.2. Illustration: transfer area in a heat exchanger 281.6.3. Illustration: transfer area inferred from a technical drawing 301.7. Driving potential difference 311.7.1. Heat transfer potential difference 321.7.2. Mass transfer potential difference 341.8. Exercises and solutions 381.9. Reading: seawater desalination 751.9.1. Level of purification 751.9.2. Water sources used 761.9.3. Water characteristics according to the source 761.9.4. Several techniques 761.9.5. Energy cost: the decisive factor 761.9.6. A promising outlook 77Chapter 2. Mechanisms and Laws of Heat Transfer 792.1. Introduction 792.2. Mechanism and law of conduction 792.3. Mechanism and law of convection 832.3.1. Examples 832.3.2. Law of convection 842.3.3. Forced convection versus natural convection 842.4. Radiation transfer mechanism 852.4.1. Correction to take account of the nature of the surface 872.4.2. Geometric correction: the view factor 872.4.3. Radiation transfer between black surfaces under total influence 892.4.4. Radiation transfer between black surfaces in arbitrary positions 902.4.5. Radiation transfer between gray surfaces in arbitrary positions 912.5. Exercises and solutions 922.6. Reading: Joseph Fourier 112Chapter 3. Mass Transfer Mechanisms and Processes 1153.1. Introduction 1153.2. Classification of mass transfer mechanisms 1163.3. Transfer mechanisms in single-phase systems 1173.3.1. The vacancy mechanism 1173.3.2. The interstitial mechanism 1183.3.3. Random walk 1183.3.4. The kinetic model 1183.3.5. The quantum model 1203.4. Mass transfer processes in single-phase media 1223.4.1. Transfer under the action of a concentration gradient: osmosis 1223.4.2. Transfer under the action of a pressure gradient: ultrafiltration 1273.4.3. Dialysis 1343.4.4. Thermal gradient diffusion 1393.4.5. Diffusion by a gradient of force: centrifugation 1413.4.6. Electromagnetic diffusion 1433.4.7. Laminar flux transfer 1443.4.8. Laser transfer 1453.4.9. Transfer under the action of an electric field: electrodialysis 1463.5. Mechanisms and processes in two-phase media 1543.5.1. Distillation 1543.5.2. Absorption mass transfer 1653.6. Exercises and solutions 1763.7. Reading: uranium enrichment 2173.7.1. Uranium as a fuel 2173.7.2. Uranium in nature 2173.7.3. Natural-uranium reactors 2173.7.4. Pressurized-water reactors 2183.7.5. Fast-neutron reactors 2183.7.6. Classification of uranium enrichments 2183.7.7. Uranium enrichment processes 2193.7.8. The uranium enrichment industry 219Chapter 4. Dimensional Analysis 2214.1. Introduction 2214.2. Basic dimensions 2224.3. Dimensions of derived magnitudes 2224.4. Dimensional analysis of an expression 2254.4.1. Illustration: determining the dimensions of 2254.4.2. Illustration: determining the dimensions of h 2254.5. Unit systems and conversions 2264.5.1. Illustration: dimensions and units of energy 2274.5.2. Illustration: units of heat conductivity 2274.5.3. Illustration: units of the convective transfer coefficient h 2284.6. Dimensionless numbers 2294.6.1. The Reynolds number 2304.6.2. The Nusselt number 2314.6.3. The Prandtl number 2314.6.4. The Peclet number 2314.6.5. The Grashof number 2324.6.6. The Rayleigh number 2334.6.7. The Stanton number 2334.6.8. The Graetz number 2344.6.9. The Biot number 2344.6.10. The Fourier number 2344.6.11. The Elenbaas number 2354.6.12. The Froude number 2354.6.13. The Euler number 2364.7. Developing correlations through dimensional analysis 2394.8. Rayleigh's method 2414.8.1. Illustration: applying Rayleigh's method 2424.8.2. Illustration: verifying Fourier's law by applying Rayleigh's method 2454.9. Buckingham's method 2474.9.1. Illustration: applying the Buckingham theorem 2484.10. Exercises and solutions 2514.11. Reading: Osborne Reynolds and Ludwig Prandtl 2944.11.1. Osborne Reynolds 2944.11.2. Ludwig Prandtl 296Appendix 299Bibliography 315Index 325

Polecaj historie

Energy Transfers by Convection

Cover; Half-Title Page; Title Page; Copyright Page; Contents; Preface; Introduction; 1. Basic Concepts and Balances; 1.1

488 25 22MB Read more

Energy Transfers by Radiation 9781119629443, 1119629446, 9781786302779

483 88 10MB Read more

Mass Transfers and Physical Data Estimation 9781119663263, 1119663261

Many practical operations, such as environment depollution, blood dialysis or product purification, require matter trans

360 133 5MB Read more

Energy Transfers in Atmosphere and Ocean [1st ed.] 978-3-030-05703-9, 978-3-030-05704-6

This book describes a recent effort combining interdisciplinary expertise within the Collaborative Research Centre “Ener

374 55 10MB Read more

Mass Spectrometry for the Clinical Laboratory [1st Edition] 9780128009925, 9780128008713

Mass Spectrometry for the Clinical Laboratory is an accessible guide to mass spectrometry and the development, validatio

1,813 212 8MB Read more

The Secrets of Energy Work. [1st edition] 0789467755, 9780789467751

Discover the origins of energy work, now becoming popular in the West. Learn in an easy-to-follow, step-by-step format t

391 13 15MB Read more

GURPS 4th edition. Mass Combat

720 37 1MB Read more

Advanced Mass Spectrometry for Food Safety and Quality [1st Edition] 9780444633927, 9780444633408

Advanced Mass Spectrometry for Food Safety and Quality provides information on recent advancements made in mass spectrom

1,160 112 22MB Read more

GURPS 4th edition. Mass Combat

364 141 1MB Read more

Science Fiction And The Mass Cultural Genre System [1st Edition] 0819577154, 9780819577153, 0819577162, 9780819577160, 0819577170, 9780819577177

In Science Fiction and the Mass Cultural Genre System, John Rieder asks literary scholars to consider what shape literar

394 95 2MB Read more