Encyclopedia of Marine Biology (12 Volume Set) [Team-IRA] [1 ed.] 9781536195293, 9781536196542

Table of contents :
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1
Functional Morphology in Sea Turtle Skulls
Abstract
Introduction
Basic Terminology
Skull in Sea Turtles
Feeding Process and Feeding System
Feeding Habits of Each Species
Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas)
Loggerhead (Caretta caretta)
Olive Ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea)
Hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata)
Methods
Morphological Analysis through Geometric Morphometrics
Functional Analysis by Biomechanical Models
Example
References
Chapter 2
Ecotoxicology of Sea Turtles
Abstract
Introduction
Ecotoxicology as a Tool for Conservation of Sea Turtles
Analytical Procedures Used in Sea Turtles Ecotoxicology Studies
Chemical Determination of Metals: Use of Tissue Residues in Sea Turtle Ecotoxicology
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
Reduce Glutathione (GSH)
Glutathione S-Transferases (GST)
Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx)
Superoxide Dismutases (SODs)
Catalase (CAT)
Protein Carboxylation (PCO)
Lipid Peroxidation (LPO)
Antioxidant Capacity (ACAP)
Micronucleus Assay
Organic Pollutants into Sea Turtles
Case Study: Chelonia mydas Ecotoxicology in Brazil
Prospects for Ecotoxicology of Sea Turtles
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 3
Sea Turtle Photo-Identification
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Sea Turtle Non-Photographic Identification Methods
Sea Turtle Photo-Identification
Soft Shelled Sea Turtles
Other Sea Turtles
Level 1. Database
Types of Users
User Details
Specimen Details
Capture Details
Level 2. Monitoring System of Cephalic Scale Pattern
Level 3. Interface of Use
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 4
Topological Tools for Evaluating the Structural Importance of Sea Turtles in Trophic Networks
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Topological Approach
Building the Trophic Network
Node Degree (D)
Centrality Indices
Keystone Index (KI) (Jordán et al. 2006)
The Topological Importance Index (TI) (Jordán et al. 2009)
Key Player Problem (KPP)
Application of Topological Analysis to Evaluate Ecological Role of Sea Turtles
Results of Topological Analysis
Conclusion
References
Chapter 5
Research Techniques in the Study of Marine Turtle Strandings
Abstract
Introduction
Defining a Stranding
On the Interest of a Marine Turtle Stranding
What to Do When Finding a Marine Turtle Stranded on the Beach? Organizing the Response
Methods
Stranded Marine Turtle Sampling Techniques
Stranding Network
Beach Monitoring
Integrated Databases
Studies Based on Stranded Marine Turtles
Scopes and Limitations
Data Collection
Stranding Location
Species Identification
Family Dermochelyidae
Family Cheloniidae
Leatherback Turtle (Dermochelys coriacea)
Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas)
Flatback Turtle (Natator depressus)
Hawksbill Turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata)
Loggerhead Turtle (Caretta caretta)
Kemp’s Ridley (Lepidochelys kempii)
Olive Ridley Turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea)
Sex Determination
Photography Documentation
Tagging
State of Decomposition of the Carcasses
Morphometrics
Sample Collection
Live Turtles
Dead Turtles
Actions on Live Animals, First Aid In Situ
External Physical Examination
Diagnostic Techniques
Examples of Studies Based on Stranded Marine Turtles
Parallel Studies That Can be Conducted Associated to Marine Turtle Strandings (in-Water Studies, Aerial Surveys)
Conclusion
References
Annexes
Annex I. Example of Stranding Data Forms (Modified from STSN)
Annex II. Basic Field Equipment for Stranding Studies
Annex III. Equipment for Necropsy in Facilities
Annex IV. Example of Necropsy Data Form (Modified from Work 2000)
Chapter 6
Genetics and Conservation of Sea Turtles
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Analytical Procedures Used in Sea Turtles Genetic Studies
Microsatellite Analysis (Simple Sequence Repeats - SSRs)
PCR-RFLP Analysis (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms)
SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism)
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) Haplotypes
DNA Barcodes
Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS)
Studies Case of Conservation Genetic for Sea Turtles
Dermochelys coriacea: Molecular Data and Its Use on Leatherback Turtle’s Conservation
Phylogeography and Mixed Stocks at Foraging Grounds
Population Dynamics, Demographic Histories and Estimations of Effective Population Size
RMU´s and Conservation Priorities
Matings Systems and Multiple Paternity
Barcodes and PCR-RFLP to Identify Species
Eretmochelys imbricata
Caretta caretta
Brazilian Rookeries
Brazilian Foraging Aggregation
Additional Reports: Bycatch and Uncommon Nesting Site
Brazilian Demography History
Global Population Structure and Phylogeography
Hybridization
Conservation Perspectives for Caretta caretta
Perspectives for Genetic and Conservation of Sea Turtles
Conclusion
References
Chapter 7
Practical Manual on Clinical Cytology and Hematology for Sea Turtle Conservation
Abstract
Introduction
Hematology
Methodology
Blood Collection in the Field
Manual Preparation of Blood Samples
Counting Cells Manually
Hematocrit Determination
Determination of Total Leukocytes and Erythrocytes
Recording Cell Measurements
Evaluation of Cell Morphology
Color Reference of Blood Cell Types Using Diff Quick
Results
Blood Samples as Reference Values
Gulf of Venezuela, Alta Guajira (Montilla et al. 2006)
The Wildlife Refuge Aves Island, Venezuela
Conclusion and Discussion
References
Chapter 8
Arachidonic Acid is a Major Fatty Acid in Gonads of Coral Reef Fishes and Improves Larval Survival of Rabbitfish Sigunus gutattus
Abstract
Introduction
1. Wide Distribution of Arachidonic Acid as Major Fatty Acid Component in Coral Reef Associated Fishes
1.1. Coral Reef Associated, Demersal Fishes
1.2. Tropical Pelagic Fishes
1.3. Possible Origin of ArA in Coral Reef
1.4. Rabbitfish
2. Effects of Dietary Arachidonic Acid Supplementation on Reproductive Performance of Rabbitfish Broodstock
2.1. First Trial
2.2. Second Trial
3. Effects of DHA/Arachidonic Acid-Enriched Rotifers on Survival and Growth of Rabbitfish Fry
3.1. Preliminary Studies
3.2. Materials and Methods
3.3. Survival and Growth
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 9
Proteins Responsive to Variable Temperature Exposure in the Reef-Building Coral Seriatopora hystrix
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
SHVTS
Protein Extraction
2D Gel Electrophoresis 1st Dimension-Isoelectric Focusing
2D Gel Electrophoresis 2nd Dimension-SDS-PAGE
MS
MS Data Analysis
Western Blotting
Results
Differentially Expressed Proteins Uncovered by a 2D + MS-Based Approach
RBCL Western Blot
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Author Contribution Statement
References
Chapter 10
Arachidonic Acid Distribution in Seaweed, Seagrass, Invertebrates and Dugong in Coral Reef Areas
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Methodology
3. Fatty Acid Composition
I. Invertebrates
Corals
Crustaceans
Shells
II. Aquatic Plants
Seaweed and Seagrass
III. Dugong
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 11
Coral Skeletons as a Recorder of Metal Pollution: Environmental Monitoring in the Gulf of Thailand
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Location
2.2. Sampling
2.3. Preparation of CaCO3 Matrix Standard
2.4. LA-ICP-MS Analysis
2.5. Stable Isotopic Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Seawater Temperature, Salinity, and Oxygen Isotope
3.2. Oxygen and Carbon Isotopes in Coral
3.3. Me/Ca in Coral
4. Discussion
4.1. Salinity and δ18Ow in Seawater, and Oxygen and Carbon Isotopes in Coral
4.2. B/Ca in Coral
4.3. Ba/Ca in Coral
4.4. V/Ca in Coral
4.5. Cd/Ca in Coral
4.6. Hg/Ca in Coral
4.7. Pb/Ca in Coral
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 12
The Ratio of Constitutive and Reparative Neurogenesis in Pallium of Juvenile Masu Salmon (Oncorhynchus masou)
Abstract
Introduction
PCNA Localization in the Masu Salmon Pallial PVZ in Norm and after a Mechanical Injury
HuCD Localization in the Proliferative Zones and Parenchyma of the Masu Salmon Pallial PVZ in Norm and after a Mechanical Injury
Conclusion
Funding
References
Chapter 13
Neural Stem Cells in the Cerebellum of Juvenile Masu Salmon (Oncorhynchus masou) after Mechanical Injury
Abstract
Introduction
Comparative Aspects of Adult Neural Stem Cell Activity in Amphibians and Fish
Proliferation and Migration of Cells in Cerebellum of Fish
GFAP, Doublecortine and Other Markers of NSCs in Cerebellum of Fish
Conclusion
Funding
References
Chapter 14
Catalase and Peroxidase in Black Sea Teleosts: Evolutionary, Systematical, and Physiological Peculiarities
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Enzyme Activities and Fish Phylogenic Position
3. Biological Peculiarities of Fish
3.1. Early Development and Ageing
3.2. Reproductive Strategy and Gender Peculiarities
3.3. Diet and Food Deprivation
3.4. Swimming Activity
4. Abiotic Conditions
4.1. Ecological Specificity of Abundance
4.2. Salinity
4.3. Pressure and Deep Sea Conditions
4.4. Oxygen Availability
4.5. Temperature
5. Anthropogenic Impact
Conclusion
References
Chapter 15
The Teleost Retina as a Model for Regenerative Medicine
Abstract
Adaptations of the Fish Eye
The Fish Retina
Fish Eye Development and Retinogenesis
Stem Cell Niches in the Teleost Retina
Healthy Retina
Ciliary Marginal Zone (CMZ)
Müller Glia
Injured Retina: Regeneration
Therapeutic Applications
References
Chapter 16
Importance of Benthos in the Trophic Structure of the Ichthyofauna of Los Frailes Reef, Gulf of California, Mexico
Abstract
Introduction
Composition of the Fish Community
Abundance
Classification of Species According to Their Relative Abundance
Trophic Organization
Functional Trophic Groups
Diagram of Biomass Flow in the Reef
Discussion
Habitat Structural Complexity
Fish Community Composition
Trophic Organization of the Fish Community
Effect of Benthic Structural Complexity on the Trophic Organization of the Ichthyofauna of the Los Frailes Reef
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 17
Marine Seaweeds of the Yucatan Peninsula: Diversity, Economic Importance and Conservation
Abstract
Introduction
Study Area
Results
Conservation
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 18
Benthic Assemblages in South American Intertidal Rocky Shores: Biodiversity, Services, and Threats
Abstract
Introduction
The Intertidal Rocky Shores in South America: Main Features and Associated Biodiversity
The Caribbean
Colombia
Venezuela
Trinidad and Tobago
The Atlantic
Brazil
The Northeast: Ceara
The Northeast: Sergipe
The Northeast: Bahia
The Southeast: Espírito Santo
The Southeast: São Paulo
The South: Paraná and Santa Catarina
Uruguay
Argentina
The Pacific
Colombia
Ecuador
Peru
Chile
Northern Chile: Iquique, Antofagasta and Copiapó
Central-Northern Chile: Coquimbo, Los Vilos and San Antonio
Central-Southern Chile: Concepción and Valdivia
Southern Chile: Punta Arenas
Uses and Threats to the Intertidal Rocky Shores in South America
The Caribbean
The Atlantic
The Pacific
Gaps in Our Knowledge and Future Prospects
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 19
Evaluation of Biomass and Reproductive Aspects of Invasive Algae Acanthophora spicifera in Punta Roca Caimancito B.C.S. Mexico
Abstract
Introduction
Ecological and Economic Impact of Marine Invasive Species
Impact on Coral Reef
Economic Importance
Algae Introduced
Acanthophora spicifera an Invasive Seaweed
Description of Genus
Description of the Species
Geographical Distribution
Floristic Records of Algae
Study Area
Materials and Methods
Results
Environmental Conditions
General Features and Morphological of Punta Roca Acanthophora spicifera in Punta Roca Caimancito
Percentage of Wet and Dry Weight
Flora and Fauna of Acanthophora spicifera
Discussion
Conclusion
Recommendation
Annex
References
Chapter 20
Environmental Impacts on Marine Benthic Communities in an Industrialized Caribbean Island-Trinidad and Tobago
Abstract
Introduction
Brief Review of Local Benthic Ecological Assessments
Environmental Impacts on Macrobenthos in the Point Lisas Industrial Estate (PLIE) Coastal Area
Materials and Methods
General Results
Discussion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 21
Prediction of Zostera marina Shoot Growth, Leaf Production, Leaf Area and Shoot Weight Using the Sheath Length
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 22
Distribution and Ecology of the Pacific Lobsterette Nephropsis occidentalis Faxon, 1893 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Astacidea), on the Continental Slope Off Western Mexico
Abstract
Introduction
Material and Methods
The Mexican Pacific
Sampling of Biological Data
Sampling of Environmental Data
Sediment Sampling and Analysis
Data Analyses
Population Structure
Environmental Variables
Drivers of Population Structure
Worldwide Distribution
Results
The Mexican Pacific
Population Structure
Environmental Variables
Drivers of Population Structure
Worldwide Distribution
Discussion
Mexican Pacific
Population Structure
Environmental Drivers of the Distribution of the Pacific Lobsterette
Worldwide Patterns of Distribution
Fishery Potential
Outlook
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 23
Sea Turtles as Ecosystem Indicators: Situation in Mexico
Abstract
Introduction
Biodiversity of Sea Turtles in Mexico
Threats to Sea Turtles
Climate Change
Pollution
Pesticides
Hydrocarbons
Heavy Metals
Sewage and Garbage
Damage Caused by the Lights on Nesting Beaches
Challenges
References
Chapter 24
Similarity in Mollusk Assemblages Associated with Conspicuous Habitat Formers in Northwest México
Abstract
Introduction
Study Site
Field Sampling
Laboratory Analyses
Feeding Habits and Feeding Guilds
Data Analysis
Results
Fauna Composition
Similarity and Taxocenosis Structure
Discussion
Appendix
References
Chapter 25
A Critique of the Environmental Impact Studies in México Based on Two Study Cases
Abstract
Introduction
Dolphins, Mangroves and El Mogote
Marina Azul and the Accumulative and Synergic Impacts
Conclusion
References
Chapter 26
The Key Role of the Species Hediste diversicolor (Polychaeta, Nereididae) in Estuarine Ecosystems
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Population Dynamics of Hediste diversicolor
Comparison with Other Estuaries
4. Bioturbation Activity of Hediste diversicolor
4.1. Bioturbation Activity of Hediste diversicolor in the Loire Estuary
4.2. Bioturbation Activity of Hediste diversicolor in the Nereis Park Experiment
References
Chapter 27
Hox-Genes in the Ontogenesis of Polychaetes
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Polychaetes: What Are They?
3. Set and Structure of Hox-Clusters in Polychaetes
4. Expression Patterns of Hox-Genes
4.1. Chaetopterus variopedatus
4.2. Capitella teleta
4.3. Alitta virens and Platynereis dumerilii
5. What Do Polychaetes Tell Us about Urbilateria?
6. Hox-Genes and Larval Development
References
Chapter 28
Dynamics of the Stress Protein Content in the White Sea Mussel Mytilus edulis L. in Course of Salinity Adaptation
Abstract
Introduction
Material and Methods
Results
Discussion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 29
Novel Fibrinogenolytic Metalloprotease from the Antarctic Scallop (Adamussium colbecki)
Abstract
Introduction
Conclusion
References
Chapter 30
Investigation of Marine Biotoxins and Human Toxicity
Abstract
Abbreviations
Impact of the Harmful Algal Blooms in the Marine Ecosystems
Human Toxicity of the Marine Biotoxins
Methods of Detection of the Marine Biotoxins
The Monitoring Programs in Molluscs from the Adriatic Sea, Italy
Conclusion
References
Chapter 31
Natural Products from Marine Sponges: Current Status and Future Potential for Novel Drugs
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Marine Natural Product
3. Milestones in Research on Marine Natural Products
4. Current Marine Pharmaceutical Pipeline
5. Sponges (Porifera) as a Source of Drug Treasure Trove
6. Marine Sponges and Natural Chemical Components
7. Pharmacological Potency of Marine Sponges
7.1. Anti-Oxidant Activity
7.2. Anti-Bacterial Activity
7.3. Anti-Fungal Activity
7.4. Anti-Viral Activity
7.5. Anti-Malarial Activity
7.6. Marine Invertebrates with Anti-Inflammatory Properties
7.7. Anti-Coagulating Activity
7.8. Marine Sponges with Anti-Tumour Properties
Cytarabine
Halichondrin B
Hemiasterlins
Discodermolide
Spongistatin 1
8. Future Prospects of Sponge-Derived Natural Products in Drug Discovery
Conclusion
References
Chapter 32
Black Vultures (Coragyps atratus) Foraging on Olive Ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea) Sea Turtle Eggs and Hatchlings
Abstract
Methods
Results
Discussion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 33
Mitigation Strategies for the Reduction of Sea Turtle Bycatch in the Mediterranean Bottom Trawl Fisheries
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Study Area
Assessment of Turtle-Trawl Interaction
Telemetry Data
VMS Data
Interaction Index
Flexible Turtle Excluder Device (TED)
Trawl Gear and TED Specifications
Study of Gear and TED Performance
Catch Analysis
Results
Identification of Turtle-Trawl Interaction
Flexible Turtle Excluder Device (TED) Performance
Gear Behaviour
Catch Efficiency
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 34
Spatial-Temporal Distribution of Kemp's Ridley Turtles (Lepidochelys kempi) and Green Turtles (Chelonia mydas) Nests in a Beach of the North of Veracruz, Mexico
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Data Recording
Nests Distribution per Area
Nests Distribution per Site
Results
Nests Number per Month
Spatial-Temporal Distribution of Nests
Nest Distribution per Zone (A, B and C)
Nests Distribution per Site
Discussion
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 35
Marine Turtles: Conservation Strategies and Future Research
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Conservation Strategies and Future Research on Reproductive Areas
2.1. Population Genetic Structure Phylogeographic Relationships
2.2. Natal Homing
2.3. Temperature Dependent Sex Determination
2.4. Environmental Conditions Affecting Embryonic Development
3. Conservation Strategies and Future Research on Oceanic Phases
3.1. Migratory Routes and Movements
3.2. Foraging Grounds
Conclusion
References
Chapter 36
Spirorchiidiosis and Other Forms of Parasitosis in Sea Turtles on the Coast of Brazil
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
The Family Spirorchiidae
Spirorchiidiosis in Sea Turtles on the Coast of Brazil
Spirorchiidiosis in Chelonia mydas
Spirorchiidiosis in Eretmochelys imbricata
Spirorchiidiosis in Lepidochelys olivacea
Parasites in Sea Turtles on the Coast of Brazil
Parasites in Chelonia mydas
Helminths Reported in Green Sea Turtles on the Coast of Brazil
Parasites in Eretmochelys imbricata
Helminths Reported for the Hawksbill Sea Turtle along the Coast of Brazil
Parasites of Caretta caretta
Helminths Reported in the Loggerhead Sea Turtle along the Coast of Brazil
Parasites of Dermochelys coriacea
Parasites of Lepidochelys olivacea
Challenges for the Future
Acknowledgments
References
Biographical Sketches
Chapter 37
Effect of Clays on Removal of Okadaic Acid from Seawater
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Selection of Clays
2.2. Seawater Sampling
2.3. Clay Suspensions Preparation
2.4. Okadaic Acid Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 38
Helminth Diversity of Cetaceans: An Update
Abstract
Parasitism in Cetaceans
Helminths of Cetaceans
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 39
Influenza Viruses: A Threat to Marine Mammals Populations
Abstract
Introduction
Influenza Outbreaks in Seal and Whale Populations
Genetic Background of Marine Mammals Influenza Viruses
Marine Mammals and Public Health
Conclusion
References
Chapter 40
Ecological Interdependence in Marine Habitats: Bio-Economic Management of a Spanish Mixed Fishery
Abstract
Introduction
The European Hake and Blue Whiting Mixed Fishery
An Applied Management Model
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Biographical Sketches
Chapter 41
Marine Sponge Compounds with Anti-Inflammatory Activity in 2012–2016; and Their Mechanism of Action
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Marine Sponge’s Anti-Inflammatory Activity
3. Chemical Structures of Compounds Isolated and Their Mechanism of Action
4. Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Bacteria Associated with Marine Sponges
5. Synthetic Compounds from the Marine Sponge Compounds Lead
Conclusion
References
Chapter 42
Trophic Ecology of the Shortfin Mako Isurus oxyrinchus (Lamniformes: Lamnidae) in the Eastern Pacific Ocean
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Methods and Statistical Analyses Applied in the Trophic Ecology of Isurus oxyrinchus
2.1. Stomach Content Analysis Applied to the Trophic Ecology of Isurus oxyrinchus
2.1.1. Prey Identification
2.1.2. Cumulative Prey Curves
2.1.3. Diet Analysis
2.1.4. Trophic Overlap
2.1.5. Niche Breadth and Trophic Level
2.1.6. Feeding Strategy
2.1.7. Consumption by Sharks of Key Prey Species
2.2. Stable Isotopic Analysis
2.2.1. Sampling and Isotopic Analysis
2.2.2. Trophic Level Based on Isotope Values
2.3. Trophic Ecology of Isurus oxyrinchus in the Eastern Pacific
2.3.1. Feeding Habits of Isurus oxyrinchus
2.3.2. Stable Isotopic Analysis of Isurus oxyrinchus
3. Feeding Description of Isurus oxyrinchus in the Eastern Pacific Ocean
3.1. Results of Stomach Content Analysis
3.1.1. Central Area “Ecuadorian Pacific”
General Description of I. oxyrinchus Caught in the Central Area
Prey Identification
3.1.2. Northern and Southern Pacific Areas
Prey Identification
3.1.3. Trophic Overlap
3.1.4. Niche Breadth and Trophic Level
3.1.5. Feeding Strategy
3.1.6. Consumption of Fish and Squid by Isurus oxyrinchus
3.2. Results of Stable Isotope Analysis
4. Discussion
4.1. Feeding Habits in the Eastern Pacific Ocean
4.2. Variation in Diet in the Three Areas of the Eastern Pacific Ocean
4.3. Niche Breadth and Trophic Level
4.4. Feeding Strategy
4.5. Consumption of Fish and Squids by Isurus oxyrinchus
4.6. Stable Isotopic Analysis of Isurus oxyrinchus
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 43
Biomarker Response in Black Sea Scorpion Fish Scorpaena porcus to Anthropogenic Impact
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Biochemical Assays
Antioxidant Enzyme Activities
Aminotransferases Activity
Cholinesterase (ChE) Activity
Oxidized Proteins (OP) Concentration
TBARS Level
Chemiluminescence Analysis
Total Soluble Protein Concentration
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Ecological Characteristics of Tested Sites
3.2. Biomarkers Response
Antioxidant Enzyme Activity
Cholinesterase Activity
Aminotransferase Activity
TBARS Concentration
Chemiluminescence Level
Oxidized Proteins (OP) Concentration
4. Discussion
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 44
Aquatic Invasive Species: Additional Steps Could Help Measure Federal Progress in Achieving Strategic Goals*
Why GAO Did This Study
What GAO Recommends
What GAO Found
Abbreviations
Background
Task Force Member Agencies Estimated Expending an Average of about $260 Million Annually to Address Aquatic Invasive Species in Fiscal Years 2012 through 2014
Task Force Member Agencies Conducted a Wide Range of Activities and Identified Several Challenges in Addressing Aquatic Invasive Species
Prevention
Early Detection and Rapid Response
Control and Management
Restoration
Research
Education and Public Awareness
Leadership and International Cooperation
The Task Force Has Not Taken Key Steps to Measure Progress in Achieving Its Strategic Goals
Conclusion
Recommendation for Executive Action
Agency Comments and Our Evaluation
Appendix I: Objectives, Scope, and Methodology
Appendix II: Examples of Aquatic Invasive Species and Their Reported Presence by State, and Common Pathways
Appendix III: Aquatic Invasive Species Activities Conducted by Task Force Member Agencies
End Notes
End Notes for Appendix I
Chapter 45
Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force Strategic Plan (2013-2017)(
Executive Summary
Introduction
Environmental Harm
Economic Harm
Harm to Human Health
ANS - What Can Be Done?
Future Challenges
Structure of the Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force
Federal and Ex-Officio Members
ANSTF Regional Panels
ANSTF Committees
ANSTF Strategic Plan
ANSTF Operational Plan
Coordination with Other Federal and State Invasive Species Management Plans
Conclusion
Goal 1: Coordination - Maximize the Organizational Effectiveness of the Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force
Objective 1.1: Strengthen the Coordination Capacity of the ANSTF
Objective 1.2: Evaluate the Ability of Statutory Authorities, Regulations, and Programs Necessary to Implement ANSTF Goals and Objectives
Objective 1.3: Facilitate the Development and Continued Effectiveness of State and Interstate ANS Management Plans
Objective 1.4: Coordinate the Development and Implementation of ANSTF- Approved Species Control and Management Plans and Pathway Management Plans
Objective 1.5: Cooperate with Nations That Have Neighboring Waters and Shared Pathways with the United States to Prevent, Detect, and Control ANS
Goal 2: Prevention - Develop Strategies to Identify and Prevent the Establishment of New and Slow the Spread of Existing ANS in the Waters of the United States
Objective 2.1: Take Steps to Interdict Specific Pathways by Developing and Implementing Guidance and Appropriate Measures
Objective 2.2: Facilitate Use of Science-Based Risk Assessment and Screening Procedures to Assess and Prioritize Pathways for the Introduction of ANS or Potential Species of Concern
Objective 2.3: Expand Training and Use of the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) Program into Work Conducted by Natural Resource Managers
Goal 3: Early Detection and Rapid Response - Identify and Respond to Aquatic Nuisance Species within a Timely Manner Following Introduction in Order to Prevent Their Establishment and/or Spread
Objective 3.1: Facilitate Surveys and Monitoring to Detect ANS
Objective 3.2: Make Taxonomic and Ecological Information and Expertise Readily Available
Objective 3.3: Increase Public and Industry Involvement in Early Detection and Rapid Response Programs
Objective 3.4: Facilitate Development of Rapid Response Contingency Plans
Objective 3.5: Build Capacity to Respond Rapidly to Invasions
Goal 4: Control and Management - Control Established Aquatic Nuisance Species When Feasible and When the Benefits of Managing the Established Species Outweigh the Costs of Removing Them with Respect to Harm to the Environment, the Economy, and Public ...
Objective 4.1: Support and Evaluate ANSTF-Approved Control and Management Plans
Objective 4.2: Increase Invasive Species Training for Natural Resource Managers and Leverage Participation
Objective 4.3: Evaluate the Benefits and Risks Associated with the Commercial Harvest of ANS as a Means of Control or Eradication
Objective 4.4: Encourage an Integrated Pest Management (IPM)25 Approach to Manage Existing ANS Populations
Goal 5: Restoration – Protect and Rehabilitate Native Species and Ecosystems by Conducting Habitat Restoration Efforts on Multiple Scales
Objective 5.1: Restore Impacted Ecosystems
Objective 5.2: Address and Provide Technical Assistance for Invasive Species Management before, during, and after Habitat Restoration Projects
Goal 6: Education and Outreach - Increase Awareness Concerning the Threats of Aquatic Nuisance Species, Emphasizing the Impacts, Importance of Prevention and Containment, and Recommendations for Appropriate Domestic and International Actions
Objective 6.1: Increase Understanding Among the General Public of the Problems and Impacts Associated with ANS and Actions That Can Be Taken to Prevent and Control ANS in Waters of the United States
Objective 6.2: Disseminate ANS Outreach and Technical Guidance Materials to Target Audiences
Objective 6.3: Promote the Use of Guidance Documents, Best Management Practices (Bmps)26, and Other Outreach Materials Related to ANS
Objective 6.4: Promote Awareness of the ANSTF and Its Activities and Provide Educational Briefings on ANS Threats and Solutions and to Legislators and Other Decision Makers
Goal 7: Research - Facilitate Research to Address Environmental, Economic, and Human Health Risks and Impacts Associated with Aquatic Nuisance Species
Objective 7.1: Develop and Maintain a List of ANS Research Priorities; Communicate This List to the Scientific Community
Objective 7.2: Develop and Maintain Guidance Documents, Protocols, and Best Management Practices (BMPs) Related to ANS
Objective 7.3: Track the Progress of Research Activities Funded or Prioritized by the ANSTF
Objective 7.4: Support Development of Socio-Economic Research and Methods to Quantify the Economic Impact of ANS
Objective 7.5: Support Research on Interdiction Methods for Specific Pathways of ANS30
Objective 7.6: Support Efforts to Identify Gaps and Expand Research Relevant to Control and Eradication Measures to Address ANS That Have Become Established in Waters of the United States
Objective 7.7: Encourage Research to Develop Species Invasion-Risk Forecast Tools
Objective 7.8: Support Existing Databases and Global Database Networks So National and Worldwide Decision-Support Information for Invasive Species Management Is Accessible, Transparent, and Accurate
Goal 8: Funding - Coordinate Federal Agency Budgets to Support the Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force’s Priorities and Establish a Clear Process That Links State and Regional Needs in Their Areas of Responsibility
Objective 8.1: Secure Dedicated, Long-Term Funding for the ANSTF Strategic Plan Actions
Objective 8.2: Optimize Use of Current Funding for ANS Activities by Engaging Potential Resources and Programs Within Federal Agencies and Additional Partners
Objective 8.3: Develop a List of ANS Funding Priorities
Appendix 1: List of Acronyms
End Notes
Chapter 46
A New Late Triassic (Warepan: Middle to Late Norian) Orthoconic Nautiloid from New Zealand and New Caledonia
Abstract
Introduction
Systematics
Genus Stipamonotis Grant-Mackie, n. gen.
Type
Derivation of Name
Diagnosis
Comments
Stipamonotis herangiae Grant-Mackie, n. sp. (Figure 4)
Derivation of Name
Holotype
Paratypes
Additional Material
Diagnosis
Description
Comments
Associated Biota
Age
Acknowledgments
Appendix 1
References
Chapter 47
Combined Effects of Ocean Acidification and Salinity on Foraging Behaviour of Intertidal Scavenging Gastropod Nassarius festivus
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Study Organisms
Experimental Setup
Food Detection Experiment
Statistical Analysis
Results
Food Detection Time
Percentage of Individuals Engaged in Foraging
Discussion
References
Chapter 48
Oxidative Effects in Aquatic Organisms Exposed to Lipophilic Marine Biotoxins
Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Response
Harmful Algal Blooms and Lipophilic Marine Biotoxins
Okadaic Acid-Group (OA-Group)
Yessotoxins-Group (YTX-Group)
Pectenotoxins-Group (PTX-Group)
Azaspiracids-Group (AZA-Group)
Levels of Oxidative Stress in Marine Organisms Exposed to Lipophilic Marine Biotoxins
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 49
The Jumbo Flying Squid (Dosidicus gigas) off of Costa Rica
Abstract
Introduction
Results
1. Fishery
1.1. Catch and Its Relationship with Environmental Factors
1.2. Fishing Technology
2. Hard Structure
2.1. Statolith
2.2. Beak
2.3. Gladius
3. Biology
3.1. Size, Age and Hatching Time
3.2. The Relationship between ML and BW
3.3. Maturity
3.4. Growth and Growth Rates
3.5. Diet
References
Chapter 50
Spatial Distribution and Species Composition of Zooplankton in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean Waters Off Costa Rica
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Total Biomass and Abundance
2.2. Composition of Zooplankton
2.3. Distribution and Frequency of Zooplankton
Appendix: Zooplankton Species List
References
Chapter 51
Turbot Aquaculture in Spain: An Overview
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Biology and Habitat of the Turbot
3. Turbot Farming
4. Spanish Research on Turbot Aquaculture
4.1. Farming Research
4.2. Vaccine Research
4.3. Genetic Research
5. The Spanish Turbot Industry
6. Turbot Production in Spain
6.1. Production Volume
6.2. Production Value
6.3. Markets for Turbo Production
7. Future Outlook and Challenges for Spanish Turbot Farming
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 52
The Gregarious Behavior of Marine Fish and Their Relation to Fishing
Abstract
Introduction
Advantages and Disadvantages of Grouping Behavior
Advantages
Disadvantages
Grouping’s Structure
Influence of the Behavior of Grouping Type in the Development of Fishing Activity
Industrial Fisheries of Shoals and Schools
Pelagic Fisheries with Purse Seine Net
Pelagic Fisheries with Midwater Trawl Net
Pelagic Fisheries with Set Nets
References
Chapter 53
The Interaction of Aquatic Organisms (Mytilus sp.) with Harmful Algal Blooms: Composition, Distribution and Metabolism of Lipophilic Marine Biotoxins in the Austral Pacific Fjords
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Lipophilic Marine Biotoxins
2.1. Okadaic Acid Group
2.2. Yessotoxins Group
2.3. Pectenotoxins Group
2.4. Azaspiracid Toxins Group
3. Composition and Biotransformation of Lipophilic Marine Biotoxins in Mussels
4. Impact of Lipophilic Marine Biotoxins on Aquaculture Development in the South Pacific Fjords
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 54
The Effect of the Nitrogen-Source Modification and the Addition of CO2 on the Growth and Composition of Lipids in Nannochlorospis Sp.
Abstract
1. Introduction
1.1. Microalgae
1.2. Eustigmatophyceae
1.3. Nannochloropsis
2. Effect of Nitrogen-Source Modification and CO2 Addition on Nannochloropsis sp.
2.1. Effect of CO2 Addition on Nannochloropsis Cultures
2.2. Effect of the Nitrogen Source on Nannochloropsis Cultures
2.3. Effect of Nitrogen-Source Modification and CO2 Addition on the Content and Profile of Lipids
2.3.1. Fatty Acid Profile
Conclusion
References
Chapter 55
Potential of Nannochloropsis in Beta Glucan Production
Abstract
1. Introduction
1.1. Carbohydrate Metabolism in Microalgae
1.2. Factors and Strategies to Improve βG Production from Nannochloropsis
Metabolis Type
Temperature
Osmotic Stress
Lighting Type and Intensity
Nutrient Limitation
Supply Inorganic Carbon
Production of βG in Two-Stage Process
1.3. Molecular Structure and Capacity as Immunostimulants of βG
1.4. Characterization of Microalgal βG
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Microalgae Strain and Cultures
2.2. Determination of Dry Weight and Organic and Inorganic Content
2.3. Total Carbohydrates Determination
2.4. Enzymatic Quantification of Beta Glucans
2.5. Volumetric Productivity of Beta Glucans
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Growth Curve
3.2. Volumetric Production of Biomass and Carbohydrates Accumulation
3.3. Cellular and Volumetric Productivity of Beta Glucans
4. Discussion
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 56
Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) Assisted Protein Extraction from Nannochloropsis
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Basic Technological Description of Electropulsation
3. A Biophysical Description
3.1. An Electric Field Has Physical Effects
3.1.1. Electrochemistry at the Electrodes (pH, Corrosion)
3.1.2. Electrophoresis in the Suspension
3.1.3. Electrophoresis in the Cell Membrane
3.1.4. Stretching of the Cell
3.1.5. Induction of Acoustic Shock Waves
3.2. The External Field Induces Membrane Potential Difference Modulation
3.3. Electropermeabilization
4. Materials
4.1. Analytical Methods
4.1.1. Analysis of Ionic Components
4.1.2. Analysis of Proteins
4.2. Physical Techniques of Cell Disruption
4.2.1. LFLP (Low Field Long Pulse)
4.2.2. HFSP (High Field Short Pulse)
4.2.3. HVED (High Voltage Electrical Discharge)
5. Results
5.1. LFLP
5.1.1. Microalgae Electropermeabilization
5.1.2. Protein Extraction from N. salina
5.2. HFSP and HVED Treatments
5.2.1. Microalgae Electropermeabilization
5.2.2. Microscopic Observations
5.2.3. Protein Extraction
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 57
Recent Advances in the Utilization of Nannochloropsis Biomass for Commodity Chemicals, Feeds, High Value Products, Biofuels, Cosmetics, Fertilizers, and Materials Production
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Commodity Chemicals Production from Nannochloropsis
2.1. Lipids Production via Solvent Extraction
2.2. Biocrude Production via Thermal Process
2.3. Sugars Production via Enzymatic and Acidic Hydrolysis
2.4. Lactic Acid Production via Fermentation
2.5. Protein Isolation from Defatted Nannochloropsis sp. Biomass
3. Aquaculture and Animal Feeds Production from Nannochloropsis
3.1. Aquaculture Feed Production from Nannochloropsis
3.2. Animal Feed Production from Nannochloropsis
4. High Value Products Production from Nannochloropsis
4.1. Production of Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) from Nannochloropsis
4.2. Production of Pigments from Nannochloropsis
5. Biofuels Production from Nannochloropsis
5.1. Biodiesel Production from Nannochloropsis
5.2. Biodiesel Production from Nannochloropsis via Chemical Heterogeneous Catalysis
5.3. Biodiesel Production from Nannochloropsis via Chemical Homogeneous Catalysis
5.4. Biodiesel Production from Nannochloropsis via Enzymatic Catalysis
5.5. Biodiesel Production from Nannochloropsis via Supercritical CO2
5.6. BioH2 Production from Nannochloropsis
6. Cosmeceuticals Production from Nannochloropsis
7. Solid Biofertilizers Production from Nannochloropsis
8. Materials Production from Nannochloropsis
9. Challenges and Future Perspectives of Nannochloropsis for Biorefinery
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 58
Genetic Improvement of Microalgae Nannochloropsis Species
Abstract
Introduction
Genetic Modification Approaches in Nannochloropsis Species
Particle Bombardment
Electroporation
Agrobacterium tumefaciens-Mediated Genetic Transformation
Mutagenesis
Selection Markers Applied to the Transformation
Selective Marker of Antibiotic-Resistant and Reporter Genes
GUS and GFP Reporter Genes Applied to Nannochloropsis Species
Expression of Foreign Proteins Applied for Aquaculture and Lipid Biosynthesis
Reverse Genetic Approaches of Silencing, Knockout and Knockdown in Nannochloropsis Species
Homologous Recombination
CRISPR/Cas9 System
RNA Interference (RNAi)-Mediated Gene Silencing
Biosynthesis Mutation in Nannochloropsis
Mutation to Enhance Lipid Productivity and Change Lipid Content
Mutation to Improve Pigment Productivity
Mutation to Increase Photosynthesis Efficiency and Biomass Productivity
Future Perspectives
The Expression Level of Foreign Protein in Chloroplast
Promoter Used in Gene Construct for Transformation
Codon Usage
Further Improvement of Selective Marker System
References
Biographical Sketches
Chapter 59
Nannochloropsis oculata and Integrated Biorefinery Based on Palm Oil Milling
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Factors Affecting Nannochloropsis oculata Cultivation
2.1. Effects of pH, Salinity and Light Intensity
2.2. Effects of Macro and Micronutrients
2.3. Effects of Reactor Configuration
3. Different Types of Biorefinery
3.1. Oil Recovery Biorefinery
3.2. Biogas Biorefinery
3.3. Sugar Feedstock Biorefinery
3.4. Thermo-Chemical Biorefinery
4. Palm Oil Mill Biorefinery
4.1. Algal Biomass Co-Utilization
4.2. Cellulose Extraction and the Biocomposite Materials
5. Bioproducts from Algal Feedstock
6. Cost-Estimation Analyses
Conclusion
References
Chapter 60
Trends in Copepod Studies
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Trends in Copepod Studies – Summary of Contributions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 61
Using the Continuous Plankton Recorder to Study the Distribution and Ecology of Marine Pelagic Copepods
Abstract
1. Introduction
1.1. Why Use a CPR and CPR Methodology?
1.2. Copepod Taxa Recorded by the Survey
2. What Can CPR Data Be Used for?
2.1. Mapping Copepod Biogeography
2.2. Disentangling Short-Term and Rhythmic Variations from Long-Term Trends
2.3. Monitoring Northward Shifts and Range Expansions
2.4. Observing Phenological Changes
2.5. Detecting Non-Native Species
2.6. CPR Copepod Data and Policy
3. Future of the CPR Survey
3.1. Sample Archive and Molecular Methods
3.2. Copepods and Human Health
3.3. Instrumentation
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 62
Global Distribution of Tropical and Subtropical Copepods
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Abundance and Distribution
3.2. Copepod Community Structure
4. Discussion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 63
Biogeographical Distribution and Ecology of the Planktonic Copepod Oithona davisae: Rapid Invasion in Lakes Faro and Ganzirri (Central Mediterranean Sea)
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Distribution and Ecology of Oithona davisae
2.1. Biogeographic Distribution
2.2. Habitat Characteristics
2.3. Ecology
2.4. Dispersal
3. Oithona davisae in the Central Mediterranean Sea (Lakes Faro and Ganzirri, Sicily, Italy)
3.1. Study Area
3.2. Materials and Methods
3.3. Results
3.3.1. Seasonal Variations of Environmental Factors
3.3.2. Seasonal Variations in Abundance of Oithona davisae
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 64
Impact of the Invasive Species Acartia tonsa on the Distribution of Autochthonous Acartiidae Species in Estuaries of the Bay of Biscay
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.1.1. Estuary of Bilbao
2.1.2. Estuary of Urdaibai
2.2. Data Source
2.3. Data Treatment
3. Results
3.1. Environmental Conditions
3.2. Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Acartiidae Species
3.3. Species Segregation in Environmental Gradients
3.4. Niche Breadth and Overlap
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 65
Can Changes in the Distribution of Two Congeneric Copepods (Acartia clausi vs. Acartia tonsa) Constitute a Sign of Recovery for the Anthropized Berre Lagoon (France, Mediterranean Sea)?
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Site and Sampling Strategy
2.2. Environmental Parameters
2.3. Metazooplankton Community
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Environmental Parameters
3.2. Spatiotemporal Variations of Zooplankton Community and Acartia Populations
3.3. Effects of Environmental Factors on Acartia Distribution
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 66
The Impact of Conspicuous Environmental Changes on the Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Acartia tonsa and Acartia clausi: A Decadal Study in a Temperate Estuary (Mondego, Portugal)
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Environmental and Biological Data
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Variabilty of Environmental Parameters and Acartia Abundance
3.2. Acartia Variability in Relation to Environmental Parameters
3.2.1. CUSUM Analysis of Time-Series
3.2.2. Interstructure Analysis of the Years
3.2.3. Compromise Analysis
3.2.4. Trajectories Analysis
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 67
Temperature, Salinity and Oxygen Concentration in Life Cycle Traits of the Black Sea Copepods
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Salinity Tolerance of the Black Sea Species and Their Congeneric Populations from the Marmara and Ionian Seas
2.1. Salinity Tolerance in Calanipeda aquaedulcis and Arctodiaptomus salinus
2.2. Salinity Tolerance of Native Acartia clausi and Alien Acartia tonsa
2.3. Salinity Tolerance of the Copepods from the Genus Oithona
2.4. Salinity Tolerance of Calanus helgolandicus
2.5. Types of Osmotic Response in the Black Sea Copepods
2.6. Copepod Egg Salinity Tolerance
2.7. Effect of Salinity on Copepod Respiration Rate
3. Effect of Temperature
3.1. Effect of Temperature on Respiration Rate
3.2. Effect of Temperature on Moving Activity
3.3. Temperature Impact on the Life Cycle and Respiration Rate of the Black Sea Native and Alien Species
4. Tolerance of the Black Sea Copepods to Oxygen Deficiency Stress
4.1. Effect of Oxygen Concentration on Energy Metabolism of the Migrating and Diapausing Calanus helgolandicus
4.2. Effect of Oxygen Concentration on Respiration Rate of Calanipeda aquaedulcis and Arctodiaptomus salinus
4.3. Energy Benefits of the Development of Calanus helgolandicus in the Black Sea Environment
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 68
The Biology of Myelin in Calanoid Copepods
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Structure and Function of Copepod Myelin
2.1. Copepod Myelin is an Axonal Sheath Composed of Multiple Concentric Layers of Membrane
2.2. Copepod Myelin is Produced by Nerve Cells, Not Glia
2.3. Myelin Functions by Electrically Insulating Axons
3. Copepod Myelin is Confined to More Recently Evolved Superfamilies
4. Body Size Does Not Correlate with Myelination
5. Myelinate Copepods Have Shorter Reaction Times Than Amyelinates
6. Myelinates Localize Sudden Hydrodynamic Disturbances Better Than Amyelinates
7. Do Milliseconds Matter?
8. Ecology of Myelin
8.1. Myelinates Dominate over Amyelinates in Marine Environments with High Visibility
8.2. Myelin is Correlated with Niche Separation between Co-Occurring Myelinate and Amyelinate Species
9. Invasion of the Pelagic Environment and Evolution of Myelin
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 69
Evasion from Predation: Understanding Copepod Escape Behavior in Relation to Predator Capture Strategies
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Detection of Predators
3. Generation of an Escape Jump
4. Non-Visual Predators
5. Visual Predators
6. Effect of Water Motion
7. Effect of Temperature and Viscosity
Conclusion
Funding
References
Chapter 70
Chemosensation and a Potential Neuronal Mechanism of Ratio Detection in a Copepod
Abstract
Abbreviations
1. Introduction
2. Observations of Temora longicornis
3. The Spiking Neuron Model for Ratio Detection
4. Synaptic Weight Selection
5. Results
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 71
Planktonic Calanoids Embark into the “Omics Era”
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Techniques
2.1. RT-qPCR
2.2. Microarray
2.3. EST and SSH
2.4. RNA-Seq and De Novo Assembly of Transcriptomes
3. The Target Species
4. Gene Expression Approach
4.1. RT-qPCR-Based Works
4.2. Microarrays and EST Libraries
4.3. RNA-Seq
5. Metabolomics and Proteomics
6. Genome Up-Dates
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 72
Macroalgae for Functional Feed Development: Applications in Aquaculture, Ruminant and Swine Feed Industries
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Macroalgae as Source of Macro-Nutrients
2.1. Macroalgal Proteins
2.2. Macroalgal Polysaccharides
2.3. Macroalgal Fatty Acids
3. Macroalgae as Source of Micro-Nutrients
3.1. Minerals
3.2. Pigments
4. Macroalgae as Functional Feed
4.1. Aquaculture Nutrition
4.2. Ruminant Nutrition
4.3. Swine Nutrition
5. Future Prospects
References
Chapter 73
Environmental Impacts of Seaweed Co-Culture on Coastal Fisheries
Abstract
1. Coastal Fisheries
1.1. Current Situation and Problems
1.1.1. Global Situation
1.1.2. Domestic Situation
1.1.3. Problems Facing Coastal Fisheries
1.1.3.1. Environmental Impact
1.1.3.2. Diseases
1.1.3.3. Fish Production
1.1.3.4. Social Concerns
1.1.3.5. Geographical Effects
1.2. Development Schemes
1.2.1. Existing Schemes
1.2.1.1. Environmental Monitoring
1.2.1.2. Feed Management
1.2.1.3. Limitations
1.2.1.4. Farming Site Management
1.2.2. Integrated Multitrophic Aquaculture
1.2.3. Use of Lugworm
2. Seaweeds
2.1. Diversity
2.1.1. Current State in Korea
2.1.2. Domestic Uses
2.2. Seaweed Culture
2.2.1. Positive Effects
2.2.1.1. Physical Aspects
2.2.1.2. Ecological Aspects
2.2.2. Negative Effects
2.2.2.1. Physical Aspects
2.2.2.2. Ecological Aspects
2.3. Seaweed Co-Culture
2.3.1. Role of IMTA
2.3.2. Association with Lugworm
2.4. Schemes for Diverse Uses
2.4.1. Acquisition of Useful Microbes from the Lugworm viscera
2.4.2. Biodegradation of Seaweeds
2.4.3. Others
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 74
Sustainable Production of Seaweed in Malaysia: A Review of Policies and Future Prospects
Abstract
1. Introduction
1.1. Seaweed Cultivation in Malaysia: An Overview
2. The Interventions of Malaysian Government Agencies in Seaweed Production
2.1. Mini Estate System (MES) and Cluster System (CS) as a New Approach in Seaweed Cultivation in Sabah, East Malaysia
3. Seaweed Socio-Economic Benefits to Malaysia’s Development
4. The Potential Usage of Seaweed in Business Ventures or Commercialisation
5. Prospect of Seaweed Industry and Way Forward
Conclusion
References
Biographical Sketches
Chapter 75
The Identification of Macroalgae and the Assessment of Intertidal Rocky Shores’ Ecological Statuses in the Central Western Coast of Continental Portugal
Abstract
Introduction
Seashores of the Western Coast of Portugal (Peniche)
Survey of the Phycological Flora
Macroalgal Diversity and Community Structure
Assessment of the Ecological Status of Coastal Water Bodies
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Annex I. Macroalgae Biodiversity in Images and Their Characteristics
Chlorophyta – Green Algae
Ochrophyta (Phaeophyceae) – Brown Algae
Rodophyta – Red Algae
References
Chapter 76
Potential Applications of Ulva rigida for Biofuel and Biochemical Production
Abstract
Introduction
Seaweeds as Biofuel Feedstock
Unconventional Strategies for the Farming and Conversion of Ulva rigida to Bioethanol
Continuous-Flow Solar-Energy-Driven SSF Process for the Conversion of Ulva rigida to Bioethanol
Time-on-Stream Studies of Solar-Energy-Driven Bioethanol Production from Continuous-Flow SSF of Ulva rigida
Can Seaweeds Be a Sustainable Feedstock for the Production of Levulinic Acid, a Key Economic Driver for the Biorefinery?
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Biographical Sketches
Chapter 77
Aluminium Impact on the Growth of Benthic Diatom
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Sediments
2.2. Sediment Preparation and Benthic Diatom Cultivation Experiment in Response to Contamination by Aluminium
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Sediments Contamination
3.2. Water Contamination
3.3. Impact of Aluminium Contamination on Benthic Diatom Growth
Conclusion
References
Chapter 78
Evaluation of Micro-Fabric Network within Marine Sediments Based on a Rock Magnetic Technique
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Methodology: A Review
2.1. Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility
2.2. Conventional Method
2.3. Ferrofluid Method
3. Case Study
3.1. Geological Background
3.2. Previous Studies
3.3. Experimental Scheme
4. Results
5. Discussion
5.1. AMS Fabric
5.2. Tectonic Implication
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 79
Actinobacteria from Marine Sediments: Diversity and Secondary Metabolites
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Samples Collection, Isolation and Cultivation of Actinobacteria
2.1. Samples Collection
2.2. Selective Isolation Procedure
2.3. Media for Selective Isolation
3. Identification and Diversity of Actinobacteria
3.1. Identification Techniques
3.2. Diversity of Actinobacteria
4. Secondary Metabolites and Biological Activity of Actinobacteria
4.1. Secondary Metabolites and Biological Activity of Streptomyces
4.2. Secondary Metabolites and Biological Activity of Rare Actinomycetes
Conclusion
References
Chapter 80
Bibliography
Chapter 81
Overview of Seaweed By-Products
Abstract
Introduction
Seaweed Composition
Major Sources of Seaweeds By-Products
Food
Industrial Production of Hydrocolloids
Production of Fertilizers and Plant Growth Stimulants
Algal Blooms and Beach Wrack
Valorization and Utilization of Seaweed By-Products and Wastes
Separate Utilization of the Constituent Fractions
Valorization as a Whole
Biofuel
Adsorbent
Examples of Valorization of Seaweed Wastes
Brown Seaweeds
Green Seaweeds
Red Seaweeds
Conclusion
References
Chapter 82
Algae and Microalgae Biorefinery
Abstract
Introduction
Macroalgae
Microalgae
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 83
Potential Uses of Seaweed By-Products in High-Value Products and Materials
Abstract
Introduction
Commercial Applications of Seaweeds
Food Products
Agriculture
Biomaterials
Bioactive Compounds
Products Derived from Seaweed By-Products
Products Obtained by Solvent Extraction
Products Obtained Using the Enzymatic Extraction Process
Biofuels
Biocomposites and Composite Materials
Challenges
References
Chapter 84
Color Stability and Pigment Contents of Powdered Laver (Pyropia yezoensis)
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Preparation and Storage of Powdered Laver
2.3. Color Analysis of Powdered Laver
2.4. Measurement of the Amount of Chlorophyll
2.5. Measurement of Pheophytin Content
2.6. Measurement of Carotenoid Levels
2.7. Analysis of Phycobiliproteins
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Effect of Relative Humidity on Color Stability and Pigment Levels
3.2. Temperature Dependence of Color Stability and Pigment Levels
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 85
Understanding the Interactions of Sargassum muticum with Metals as a Starting Point for the Valorisation of Invasive Seaweed Species
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Pre-Treatment
Effect of pH and Ionic Strength
Potentiometric Titrations
Isotherms and Kinetics
Column Studies at Laboratory Scale and Pilot Plants
Redox Capacity of the Aqueous Extract: Formation of Nanoparticles
Structural and Acid–Base Properties
Chemical Composition and Natural Environment
Binding Capacity for Metals and Other Species
Column Studies at Laboratory Scale and Pilot Plants
Redox Capacity of the Aqueous Extract: Synthesis of Nanoparticles
The Sorbigal Project
Conclusion
References
Chapter 86
New Insights into Seaweeds on Nutrition and Functionality
Abstract
Introduction
Seaweeds as Functional Food Sources
Seaweeds as Emergent Sources of Prebiotics
Fucoidan as Anticancer Agent in Preclinical Development
Prevention of Syndrome Metabolic by Fucoxanthine
Prevention of Obesity through Alginate Mediated by Enzyme Digestion Inhibition
Phlorotannins as Promising Functional Ingredient
Fucosterol Still Needs to Reinvent Itself
Sulphated Polysaccharides as Inhibitors of Calcium Oxalate Renal Stone Formation
Algae Ingredients as Antimicrobials
Innovative Extraction Technology of Algal Biomass
Conclusion
References
Chapter 87
Microalgae Biomass as a Food Ingredient to Design Added Value Products
Abstract
1. Introduction
1.1. What Are Microalgae?
1.2. New Trends in Microalgae Food Applications
2. Microalgae Pre-Treatment
2.1. Cell Disruption Methods
2.2. Impact of Cell Disruption on Rheological Properties of Wheat Bread with Chlorella vulgaris Incorporation
2.2.1. Morphological Changes on the Cells
2.2.2. Impact on Rheological and Colour Properties of Wheat Doughs and Breads
2.2.3. Impact on the Bread Antioxidant Capacity
3. Impact of Processing on the Microalgae Performance as a Food Ingredient
3.1. Antioxidant Activity Microalgae Biomass on Food Emulsions
3.2. Incorporation of Microalgae as a Source of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Pasta Products
3.3. Gelled Desserts Enriched with Microalgae
3.4. Bioactive Cookies
3.5. Bioaccessibility of Microalgae Biomass
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 88
Seaweed By-Products for Food and Bioremediation
1. Introduction
2. Seaweed Biomass and By-Products for Biomonitoring and Bioremediation
2.1. Seaweeds as Bioindicators
2.2. Seaweeds By-Products for Bioremediation
3. Seaweed Biomass for Feeding Fish and Bioremediation in Integrated Aqua Culture Systems
3.1. Seaweeds as a Sustainable and Functional Aquafeed Ingredient
3.2. Seaweeds Biomass for Bioremediation in Integrated Aquaculture Systems
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 89
Ethanol and Macro Algae: Where to Next?
Abstract
Introduction
Algae Blooms
Species and Production
Cultivation System Bottleneck
Processing and Fermentation of Macroalgae Biomass
Seaweed Polysaccharides for Bioethanol Production
Ethanol Production
Pretreatment
Hydrolysis
Enzymatic Hydrolysis
Fermentation
Conclusion
References
Chapter 90
The Brook Lamprey (Lampetra planeri) and Ukrainian Lamprey (Eudontomyzon mariae) in the Czech Republic: General Biology, Ecology, Distribution and Status with Recommendation for Conservation
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Lamprey Population Monitoring
2.2. Growth of Larvae and Population Structure of the Brook Lamprey Population
2.3. Habitat Selection by Lampreys and Food of Ammocoetes
2.4. Breeding
2.5. Metamorphosis
2.6. Bioindication by Lampreys
2.7. Occurrence of Lampreys
2.7.1. Lampetra planeri
2.7.2. Eudontomyzon mariae
2.8. Main Threats to Lampreys and Their Conservation and Management
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 91
Lamprey Blood Clotting: A 60-Year Journey from Field Work to Genomics
Abstract
Introduction
Catching Lampreys
Bleeding Lampreys
Blood Clotting in Mammals
Nomenclature of Clotting Factors
Back to Lampreys
Species Specificity
Identifying the Less Abundant Clotting Factors
Domain Shuffling
Bioinformatics
Lamprey Clotting and the 2R Hypothesis
Fibrin Clots Pre-Date Lampreys
Afterthoughts
References
Chapter 92
Morphometric and Meristic Variability in Lampreys of the Genus Lethenteron (Petromyzontida: Petromyzontiformes) in Sakhalin Island Rivers
Abstract
Abbreviations
1. Material and Methods
2. Taxonomic Notes
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Larvae
3.2. Adults
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 93
Biology of Common Carp in Natural and Farmed Habitats from a Global Perspective
Abstract
Introduction
Origin, Habitats and Distribution
Growth and Production
Length–Weight Relationship and Condition Factors
Food Habit
Spawning, Maturation and Fecundity
Behavior
References
Chapter 94
Assessing the Effectiveness of Controlled Reproduction of the Common Carp from 16 Breeding Lines
Abstract
Introduction
Material and Methods
Results
Female Ovulation after Ovopel Treatment
The Effect of the Origin of Females on the Weight, Quality and Total Number of Eggs and the Number of Living Embryos after 36 h Incubation
The Effect of Female Age on the Weight, Quality and Total Number of Eggs and the Number of Living Embryos after 36 h Incubation
Regression Predictions
Summary
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 95
Utilisation of Natural Food Resources by Carp in Fish Ponds
Abstract
Introduction
The Changing Role of Natural Food Resources in Central European Carp Farming
A Short History
Natural Food Resources in Carp Diet
The Role of Natural Food Resources in Carp Diet
Natural Food Resources and Carp Nutrition
Summarising Carp Impact on Zooplankton and Zoobenthos Assemblages under Extensive Conditions
Present Pond Management Practice and Production of Natural Food
Use of Manure and Lime for Increasing Natural Food Availability
Supplementary Feeding and Its Impact on Natural Food Utilisation
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 96
Zooplankton Ecology in Common Carp Ponds
Abstract
Introduction
Interactions Zooplankton-Carp
Zooplankton as Food for Carp
Influence of Pond Management on Zooplankton Ecology
Fish Stock Density and Biomass
Supplementary Feeding
Fertilization
Zooplankton Succession in Carp Ponds
Other Interactions
Predation of Copepods on Carp Juveniles
Zooplankton as Parasites and Disease Vector
Interactions Zooplankton-Environment
Impact of Zooplankton on Pond Ecosystem Health
Zooplankton Organisms and Pond Water Quality
Influence of Bioturbation
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 97
Heavy Metals and Microelements Content in Common Carp
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Study Area and Sample Collection
Sample Preparation
Statistical Analysis
Results and Discussion
Target Organs for Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals and Microelements in Common Carp
Sampling Sites Variations of Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals and Microelements in Common Carp
Species-Specific Differences in the Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals and Microelements
Ecosystems Variations of Accumulations of Heavy Metals in Common Carp
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 98
Factors Affecting the Meat Quality of Common Carp
Abstract
Introduction
The Significance of Fish in the Human Nutrition
Factors Affecting Changes in the Chemical and Fatty Acid Composition of Meat of Common Carp
Chemical Composition of the Fillets of Various Fish Species
Effects of Diet on the Chemical Composition of Common Carp
Effects of Good Production Technology and Appropriate Structure of Planktonic and Benthic Organisms on Chemical and Fatty Acid Composition of Common Carp
Effects of Formulated Feed Mixtures on Fish Health, Production Parameters and Meat Quality
Effects of Age, Sex and Genetic Factors on the Chemical Composition of Fish Meat
Age
Sex and Sexual Maturity
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 99
Diseases of Common Carp and Their Control Measures
Abstract
Introduction
Saprolegniasis
Causative Agents
Disease Signs
Management and Control
Branchyomycosis
Causative Agent
Disease Signs
Management and Control
Erythrodermatitis
Causative Agents
Disease Signs
Management and Control
Columnaris Disease
Causative Agent
Disease Signs
Management and Control
Bacterial Gill Disease
Causative Agent
Disease Signs
Management and Control
Mycobacteriosis
Causative Agent
Disease Signs
Management and Control
Spring Viraemia of Carp (SVC)
Causative Agent
Disease Signs
Management and Control
Carp Pox
Causative Agent
Disease Signs
Management and Control
Koi Herpes Virus Disease (KHV)
Causative Agent
Disease Signs
Costiasis
Causative Agents
Disease Signs
Management and Control
Coccidiosis
Causative Agents
Disease Signs
Management and Control
Ich (White Spot Disease)
Causative Agent
Disease Signs
Management and Control
Chilodonellosis
Causative Agent
Disease Signs
Management and Control
Trichodiniasis
Causative Agent
Disease Signs
Management and Control
Myxobolosis
Causative Agent
Disease Signs
Management and Control
Dactylogyrosis
Causative Agents
Disease Signs
Management and Control
Gyrodactylosis
Causative Agents
Disease Signs
Management and Control
Causative Agents
Disease Signs
Management and Control
Phosthodiplostomosis
Causative Agent
Disease Signs
Management and Control
Sanguinicoliasis
Causative Agents
Disease Signs
Management and Control
Ligulosis
Causative Agent
Disease Signs
Management and Control
Bothriocephalosis
Causative Agent
Disease Signs
Management and Control
Khawiosis
Causative Agents
Disease Signs
Management and Control
Nematode Infestation
Causative Agents
Disease Signs
Management and Control
Phylometrosis
Causative Agent
Disease Signs
Management and Control
Fish Leech Infestation
Causative Agent
Disease Signs
Management and Control
Ergasilosis
Causative Agents
Disease Signs
Management and Control
Lernaeosis
Causative Agents
Disease Signs
Management and Control
Argulosis
Causative Agents
Disease Signs
Management and Control
References
Chapter 100
Blooms Caused by the Diatom Cylindrotheca closterium along the Northern Coast of Yucatan, Southeastern Gulf of Mexico (2001-2014)
Abstract
Introduction
Material and Methods
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 101
Phytoplankton Chlorophyll-( Concentration Associated with Hydrographic Conditions on the Continental Shelf in the Southern Gulf of Mexico
Abstract
Introduction
Material and Methods
Results
Regional Hydrographic Conditions
Chlorophyll-a Distribution
Discussion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 102
Molecular Identification of Thunnus Species
Abstract
Introduction
Review of the Molecular Identification History of Thunnus Tunas Since the 1990s
Thunnus Species Identification
Sequencing
PCR-RFLP
Real-Time PCR
Other Techniques
Phylogenetic Studies
Allozyme Locus Analysis
Gene Sequence Analysis
Population Genetics Studies
Thunnus albacares (Yellowfin Tuna)
Thunnus alalunga (Albacore)
Thunnus obesus (Bigeye)
Thunnus orientalis (Pacific Bluefin Tuna)
Thunnus thynnus (Atlantic North Bluefin Tuna)
Thunnus maccoyii (Southern Bluefin Tuna)
Conclusion
References
Chapter 103
Marine Bacteria with Strong Survivability toward Tributyltin
Abstract
Tributyltin in a Marine Environment
Biodiversity of TBT-Resistant Marine Bacteria
Importance of Marine Bacterial Cell Walls to Protect against the Inflow of TBT
Existence of Environmental Bacteria Possessing Congenital TBT Tolerance
Estimation of the Impact of TBT-Resistant Marine Bacteria in TBT-Polluted Surface Sediment
Bioremediation of TBT-Contaminated Sediments by TBT-Degradable Marine Bacteria
References
Biographical Sketch
Chapter 104
The Strait of Hormuz: Characteristics, Challenges and Opportunities in the Northern Coastline
Abstract
1. Geography and Geomorphology of the Strait of Hormuz
2. Living Marine Resources
2.1. Coral Reefs
2.2. Mangrove Forests
2.3. Planktonic Assemblages
2.4. Bony Fish and Elasmobranches
2.5. Macrobenthos
3. Changing Environmental Conditions
4. Pollution
5. Coastal Ecotourism Potentials
5.1. Mangrove Forests
5.2. Marine Wildlife Watching
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 105
Macroalgal Polyphenols: Isolation, Characterization and Bioactivity
Abstract
1. Introduction
1.1. The Classes of Marine Algae and Their Bioactive Compounds
1.2. The Diversity of Phenolic Compounds Derived from Macroalgae
2. The Analysis of Phenolic Compounds
2.1. The Extraction and Characterization of Polyphenols in Macroalgae
2.1.1. Conventional Polyphenol Extraction Methods
2.1.2. Novel Extraction Methods for the Isolation of Polyphenols
Supercritical CO2 Extraction (SC-CO2)
Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE)
Subcritical Water Extraction (SWE)
Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE)
2.2. The Analysis of Phenolic Compounds
2.3. Phlorotannins as Biologically Active Agents
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 106
The Identification, Characteristic Feature and Role of Burrow (Neoichnological) Structure in Bioturbation Activities of Ocypodoid and Grapsoid Crabs of Pakistan
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Bioturbation Role and Ecological Significance of Burrows and Burrowing
3. Environmental Factors Affecting on Burrow Density and Distribution
4. Role of Substratum in Microhabitat Specification
4.1. Organic Matter
4.2. Grain Size Composition
5. Relationship between Density of Crabs and Crab Burrows
6. Relationship of Carapace Length and Burrow Diameter
7. Inter and Intra-Specific Variations in Burrow Architecture
8. Sematectonic Communication through Allied Landmark and Structures Near Burrows
9. Anthropogenic Effects on Burrow and Burrowing
References
Chapter 107
Estimating Intrinsic Optimum Temperatures and Lower and Upper Thermal Thresholds for the Development of American Lobster Larvae Using a Thermodynamic Model
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sources of Development Data
2.2. Estimating SSI Model Parameters
2.3. Calculating Bootstrap Confidence Intervals of Parameter Estimates
2.4. Comparisons of Estimates among Larval Stages and Studies
2.5. Combined Analyses Using All Studies’ Data
3. Results
3.1. Overall Findings
3.2. Comparisons among Larval Stages for Each Study
3.3. Comparisons among Studies for Each Larval Stage
3.4. Results for All Datasets Combined
4. Discussion
4.1. Variability and Issues among Estimates Based on Different Source Studies’ Data
4.2. Interpretation and Implications of Estimates Based on All Studies’ Data Combined
4.3. Findings Relevant to SSI Model Fitting Procedures
4.4. Need for New Rearing Studies to be Analyzed with the SSI Model
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 108
The Cryptic Homarus gammarus (L., 1758) Juveniles: A Comparative Approach to the Mystery of Their Whereabouts
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Results
3.1. Overall Comparisons among Decapods
3.2. Morphology
3.3. Life History
3.4. Biotope
3.5. Behavior
4. Discussion: The Full Picture
Acknowledgments
References
Biographical Sketches
Chapter 109
Biologic and Socioeconomic Harvesting Strategies for the Caribbean Spiny Lobster Fisheries
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data, Models, and Analyses
2.2. The Simulations
2.3. Theoretical Statement
3. Results
3.1. Optimum Yields
3.2. Optimum Economic Yields
3.3. Social Benefits
4. Discussion
4.1. The Model Output
4.2. Management Options
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 110
Marine Debris: Interagency Committee Members Are Taking Action, but Additional Steps Could Enhance the Federal Response(
Why GAO Did This Study
What GAO Recommends
What GAO Found
Abbreviations
Background
Marine Debris Act
Interagency Committee Coordinates through Meetings, but NOAA Does Not Have a Process for Determining Committee Membership and Agency Representation
Interagency Committee Holds Quarterly Meetings to Share Information about Individual Agency Activities Such as Education and Outreach
NOAA Has Not Established a Process for Determining Interagency Committee Membership and Agency Representation
Interagency Committee’s Reports Do Not Contain Some Required Elements
Implementation of Recommendations and Analysis of Effectiveness
Estimated Funding and Recommendations for Priority Funding Needs
Experts Suggested a Range of Actions the Federal Government Could Take to Most Effectively Address Marine Debris
Education and Outreach
Establishment of Federal Requirements or Incentives
Cleanup
Research and Technology Development
Coordination
Conclusion
Recommendations for Executive Action
Agency Comments and Our Evaluation
List of Requesters
Appendix I: Objectives, Scope, and Methodology
Appendix II: Recommendations from the Interagency Marine Debris Coordinating Committee’s 2008 Report
Appendix III: Examples of Interagency Marine Debris Coordinating Committee Member Agencies’ Activities
Education and Outreach
Legislation, Regulation, and Policy
Cleanup
Research and Technology Development
Coordination
Appendix IV: Comments from the Department of Commerce
Appendix V: Comments from the U.S. Agency for International Development
Chapter 111
The Effects of Marine Debris on Beach Recreation and Regional Economies in Four Coastal Communities: A Regional Pilot Study*
Executive Summary
Study Design
Survey Results
Recreational Value
Regional Economic Impacts
1. Introduction
1.1. Marine Debris Survey
1.2. Nationwide Recreation Model
1.3. Regional Economic Impact Analysis
2. The Marine Debris Survey
2.1. Survey Design
2.1.1. Onsite and Mail Survey Pretest
2.1.2. Onsite Survey – Regional Pilot
2.1.3. Mail Survey – Regional Pilot
2.2. Survey Implementation
2.2.1. Survey Schedule and Response Rates
2.2.2. Onsite Sampling Procedures
Alabama
Delaware/Maryland
Ohio
Orange County, California
2.2.3. Sample Statistics
2.3. Development of Sampling Weights
2.3.1. Base Weights
2.3.2. Reweighting Mail Respondents
2.4. Results of the Marine Debris Survey
2.4.1. Population Statistics
2.4.2. Effects of Marine Debris on Recreation Trips
3. Recreational Value Model
3.1. Nationwide Recreation Model
3.1.1. Nationwide Coastal Recreation Data
3.1.2. Model Structure
3.1.3. Estimated Model Parameters
3.2. Comparisons to External Sources
3.2.1. Effects of Debris on Recreation
3.2.2. Seasonal Consistency
3.2.3. Debris Ratings
3.2.4. Benefit Function Transfer
3.3. Caveats and Uncertainties
3.4. Effects of Marine Debris on Recreation Value
4. Regional Economic Impacts Model
4.1. Trip Expenditures
4.2. Economic Impacts of Coastal Recreation
4.3. Regional Economic Impacts of Marine Debris
4.4. Caveats and Uncertainties
5. Summary of Results
References
Appendix A: Example Surveys
Beach Recreation Survey - Alabama
Garbage or Manmade Debris You May See on Beaches
Beach Recreation Survey – Delaware and Maryland
Garbage or Manmade Debris You May See on Beaches
Beach Recreation Survey – Lake Erie, Ohio
Garbage or Manmade Debris You May See on Beaches
Beach Recreation Survey – Orange County, California
Garbage or Manmade Debris You May See on Beaches
Appendix B: Mail Survey Summary Statistics
Appendix C: Methods for Reweighting Mail Respondents
Adjusting Sampling Weights Using Key Variables
Appendix D: Detailed Methods of Economic Impacts Model
D.1. Converting Visitor Spending into Producer Value
D.2. Expenditure and Multiplier Tables
Chapter 112
Great Lakes Land-Based Marine Debris Action Plan Accomplishments Report(
List of Acronyms
Introduction
Action Plan Purpose
Action Plan Status
Marine Debris Goals, Objectives and Actions
Goals
Objectives
Actions
Vision
Mission
Goal 1. Research and Monitoring
Action Status
Goal Accomplishments
Great Lakes Marine Debris Collaborative Portal (Objective 1.1)
Convened Researchers to Foster Collaboration (Objective 1.2)
Completed a Research Summary and Gap Analysis (Objective 1.3)
Management Community Connections (Objective 1.4)
Goal 2. Science-Based Approaches and Management
Action Status
Goal Accomplishments
Summary of Existing Marine Debris Policies (Objective 2.1)
Dissemination of Action Plan to Policy and Management Officials (Objective 2.2, Actions 2.2.1 and 2.2.2)
Goal 3. Prevention and Education
Action Status
Goal Accomplishments
Education Needs Assessment (Objective 3.1)
Awareness Campaign in Cleveland, OH (Objective 3.2)
Outreach Highlights
Goal 4. Removal and Tracking
Action Status
Goal Accomplishments
Bi-Nationally Remove Marine Debris (Objective 4.1)
Best Management Practices for Removing and Preventing Debris (Objective 4.2)
Chapter 113
Statement of Anne Kinsinger, Associate Director for Ecosystems(
Role of the U.S. Geological Survey
USGS Capabilities
Chapter 114
Statement of Stephen Guertin, Deputy Director U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior(
Marine Debris Overview
Plastics and Microplastics
Derelict Fishing Gear
Abandoned and Derelict Vessels
Examples from across the National Wildlife Refuge System
Northwestern Hawaiian Islands and Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuges
Maine Coastal Island National Wildlife Refuge Complex
Florida Keys National Wildlife Refuge Complex
Conclusion
Chapter 115
Testimony of Christy Leavitt, Campaign Director, Oceana(
Oceans Are Critical to Life on Earth
Plastic Pollution is a Growing Problem for Ocean Health
Solution: Reduce Plastic Pollution at the Source
Governments Play a Critical Role in Reducing Plastic Pollution
Chapter 116
Written Testimony of Linsey E. Haram, Research Ecologist, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center(
Introduction
Plastic Marine Debris
Floating Plastics as Vectors for Invasive Species
Current Research and Collaborations
1. Ecological Community Surveys
2. Large Floating Debris Movement
3. Marine Invertebrate Colonization of New Debris
4. Education and Outreach
Conclusion
Chapter 117
Written Testimony of Dr. Chelsea Rochman, House Appropriations Subcommittee on Interior, Environment and Related Agencies Hearing on Ecosystem Impacts of Marine Debris/Ocean Plastic Pollution(
Microplastics
Macroplastics
Chapter 118
Mussels as Sentinel Organisms in Metal and Metalloid Contamination Scenarios: Environmental and Public Health Risk Bioindicators
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Metal and Metalloid Toxicity
3. Mussels as Bioindicators Concerning Environmental Metal and Metalloid Contamination
4. Subcellular and Molecular Effects of Metal and Metalloid Exposure: Reactive Oxygen Species and Oxidative Stress
5. Mussel Biomarker Responses against Metal - and Metalloid-Induced Oxidative Stress
6. Mussel Responses to Nanoparticle Exposure
7. Necessary Considerations When Applying Mussels as Bioindicators for Metal and Metalloid Exposure in Aquatic Ecosystems
8. Mussels and Public Health
Conclusion
References
Chapter 119
Mussel Shells’ Thermal Valorisation and Odour Emissions
Abstract
1. Introduction
1.1. Odour Management
2. Case Study
3. Methodology
3.1. Greening the Process
3.2. Olfactometric Analysis
3.2.1. Qualitative Analysis
3.2.2. Quantitative Analysis
3.2.3. Immission Analysis
3.3. Results
3.3.1. Detection of Improvable Flows
3.3.2. Identification of Solutions
3.3.2.1. Reception and Storage of Raw Materials
3.3.2.2. Thermal Treatment
3.3.2.3. Final Product Management
3.3.2.4. Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP)
Conclusion
References
Chapter 120
Determination of Emerging Metal Pollutants and Toxic Metals in Mussels and Bivalve Mollusks, Very Important Food and Environmental Bio-Monitoring Species
Abstract
Experimental
Reagents, Reference Solutions, and Standard Reference Materials
Sampling Area and Sampling Sites
Sample Preparation before the Instrumental Determination
Voltammetric Procedure
Spectroscopic Procedure
Limits of Detection
Metals of Interest
Copper, Lead, Cadmium and Zinc
Mercury
Arsenic and Selenium
Tin and Antimony
Nickel and Cobalt
Chromium
Bismuth
Vanadium
Platinum Group Metals (PGMs)
Determination of PGMs, Part I: Pt(II), Pd(II) and Rh(III)
Determination of PGMs, Part II: Os(VIII), Ru(III) and Ir(III)
Thallium
Analytical Procedure for the Voltammetric Determination of Tl(I)
Results and Discussion
Limits of Detection and Linear Range
Quality Control and Quality Assessment
Practical Application
Bio-Remediation
Conflict of Interest
References
Chapter 121
Hemocytes of the Ribbed Mussel Aulacomya atra atra from Nuevo Gulf (Chubut) as Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress
Abstract
Introduction
Objective
Materials and Methods
Zones Selected
Animal Collection
Flow Cytometry Studies
Superoxide Anion Production
DCFH-DA Oxidation Rate
Content of Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS)
Quantification of Lipid Radicals by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR)-Spin Trapping
Cardiolipin Content
Statistical Analyses
Results
Discussion
Acknowledgments
References
Biographical Sketches
Chapter 122
Biomarker Responses in Bivalves Affected by Environmental Stressors Associated with the Global Climate Change
Abstract
Introduction
Acidification
Seasonality
Temperature
Salinity
Oxygen Partial Pressure (pO2)
Biotoxins
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Biographical Sketches
Chapter 123
The Effects of Ascorbic Acid on Lipid Oxidation during the Processing of Mytilus edulis chilensis in the Beagle Channel (Tierra del Fuego)
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Experimental Design
Physico-Chemical Determination in the Sampling Area
TBARS Content
Lipid Soluble Antioxidants Content
Ascorbyl Radical Content (A•)
Ascorbate Content (AH-)
Statistical Analyses
Results
Discussion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 124
A Sea of Problems: Impacts of Plastic Pollution on Oceans and Wildlife(
Statement of the Hon. S. Alan Lowenthal, Representative in Congress from the State of California
Prepared Statement of the Hon. Alan S. Lowenthal, Representative in Congress from the State of California
Statement of the Hon. Tom Mcclintock, Representative in Congress from the State of California
Prepared Statement of the Hon. Tom Mcclintock, Ranking Member, Subcommittee on Water, Oceans, and Wildlife
Statement of Ted Danson, Actor, Advocate, and Board Member, Oceana, Los Angeles, California
Prepared Statement of Ted Danson, Vice Chair, Oceana Board of Directors, Los Angeles, California
Questions Submitted for the Record by Rep. Velázquez to Ted Danson
Statement of Juan Parras, Founder, Executive Director, Texas Environmental Justice Advocacy Services (TEJAS), Houston, Texas
Prepared Statement of Juan Parras, Executive Director, Texas Environmental Justice Advocacy Services (T.E.J.A.S.)
Questions Submitted for the Record to Mr. Juan Parras
Question Submitted by Rep. Lowenthal
Question Submitted by Rep. Velázquez
Question Submitted by Rep. Cox
Statement of Dr. Jenna Jambeck, Professor of Environmental Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
Prepared Statement of Jenna R. Jambeck, PhD, Professor of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia; National Geographic Fellow
Key Points
Introduction
Context
Introduction
Impacts from Plastic Marine Debris
Input into the Ocean from Mismanaged Plastic Waste
Import-Export of Plastic Waste
It’s a Global Issue
Interventions and Mitigation Strategies
1. Reducing Plastic Production
2. Innovative Materials and Product Design
3. Reduce Waste Generation
4. Improve Waste Management Globally
5. Litter Capture
Community-Based Data Collection and Assessment
The U.S. Can Be a Global Leader in Addressing This Issue
Summary
Questions Submitted for the Record to Jenna R. Jambeck, PhD Professor of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Georgia
Questions from Rep. Alan Lowenthal
Questions from Rep. Nydia M. Velazquez
Questions Submitted by Rep. Cox
Statement of Tony Radoszewski, President and CEO, Plastics Industry Association, Washington, DC
Prepared Statement of Tony Radoszewski, President and CEO, Plastics Industry Association
Questions Submitted for the Record by Rep. Mcclintock to Mr. Tony Radoszewski, Plastics Industry Association
Sustainable Packaging
Government Response
Possible Solutions
Submission for the Record by Rep. Lowenthal
Regional Partners/Zips
Using Sound Science to Inform Policy
Multi-Pronged, Innovative Approaches
Submission for the Record by Rep. Lowenthal, Strategies to Reduce the Global Carbon Footprint of Plastics
Online Content
References
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Competing Interests
Additional Information
Chapter 125
Cleaning Up the Oceans: How to Reduce the Impact of Man-Made Trash on the Environment, Wildlife, and Human Health(
Opening Statement of Hon. John Barrasso, U.S. Senator from the State of Wyoming
Opening Statement of Hon. Thomas R. Carper, U.S. Senator from the State of Delaware
Opening Statement of Hon. Dan Sullivan, U.S. Senator from the State of Alaska
Opening Statement of Hon. Sheldon Whitehouse, U.S. Senator from the State of Rhode Island
Dooley to Remain at ACC through the End of 2019
Statement of Jonathan Baillie, Executive Vice President and Chief Scientist, National Geographic Society
Written Testimony of Dr. Jonathan Baillie, Executive Vice President and Chief Scientist National Geographic Society, before the United States Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works “Cleaning Up the Oceans: How to Reduce the Impact of Man-Mad...
Plastics: A Global Crisis
Impact of Plastic Debris on Marine Wildlife
Impact of Plastic Debris on Humans
My Background on the Issue
Planet or Plastic?
Investing in Change
Stopping Plastic Pollution at Its Source
Improving Plastics Waste Management
Cleaning Up Plastic Fishing Gear Pollution
Partnership for Change
An Opportunity for U.S. Leadership
U.S. Plastic Waste
Model Nation and Innovation
Appendix
World Map Display of Plastic Waste in Oceans via National Geographic
Recent Editorial Co-Authored by Jonathan Baillie
Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works, Hearing Entitled, “Cleaning Up the Oceans: How to Reduce the Impact of Man-Made Trash on the Environment, Wildlife, and Human Health?”, September 26, 2018
Chairman Barrasso
Ranking Member Carper
Senator Markey
Senator Merkley
Senator Whitehouse
Statement of Hon. Cal Dooley, President and CEO, American Chemistry Council
American Chemistry Council, Statement for the Record, Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works, “Cleaning Up the Oceans: How to Reduce the Impact of Man-Made Trash on the Environment, Wildlife, and Human Health,” September 26, 2018
Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works, Hearing Entitled, "Cleaning Up the Oceans: How to Reduce the Impact of Man-Made Trash on the Environment, Wildlife, and Human Health?", September 26, 2018, Questions for the Record for the Honorable Ca...
Chairman Barrasso
Circulate Capital
Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
Ranking Member Carper
Education of Consumers
Investment in Technology and Infrastructure
Senator Whitehouse
Save the Bay Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island
Keep It Beachy Clean (Virginia Beach)
Circulate Capital
Statement of Bruce Karas, President of Environment and Sustainability, Coca-Cola North America
Testimony of Bruce Karas, Vice President of Environment and Sustainability, the Coca-Cola Company North America, before the United States Senate, Environment and Public Works Committee, Hearing on Marine Debris, September 26, 2018
Design
Collect
Partner
Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works, Hearing Entitled, "Cleaning Up the Oceans: How to Reduce the Impact of Man-Made Trash on the Environment, Wildlife, and Human Health?", September 26, 2018, Questions for the Record for Mr. Bruce Karas
Chairman Barrasso
China
Indonesia
Philippines
Thailand
Vietnam
Ranking Member Carper
Senator Markey
Senator Merkley
Senator Whitehouse
Statement of Kara Lavender Law, Research Professor of Oceanography, Sea Education Association
Written Testimony of: Kara Lavender Law, PhD, Research Professor of Oceanography, Sea Education Association, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, before the U.S. Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works, Hearing: “Cleaning Up the Oceans: How to Reduce t...
Introduction
Plastics: Ubiquitous, Long-Lived and Harmful to Wildlife
Identifying the Sources
From Sources to Solutions
Contain the Waste
Clean Up Uncontained Waste
Sustainable Solutions
Concluding Remarks
Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works, Hearing Entitled, "Cleaning Up the Oceans: How to Reduce the Impact of Man-Made Trash on the Environment, Wildlife, and Human Health?", September 26, 2018, Questions for the Record for Dr. Kara Lavende...
Chairman Barrasso
Ranking Member Carper
Senator Markey
Senator Merley
Senator Whitehouse
G7 Innovation Challenge to Address Marine Plastic Litter
Examples of Implementation Mechanisms
Plastic Pollution Is Now Spreading from Ocean Food Chains into Land Animals, Thanks to This Insect
Statement for the Record, of the September 26, 2018, Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works Public, Public Hearing, on the Subject: "Cleaning Up the Oceans: How to Reduce the Impact of Man-Made Trash on the Environment, Wildlife, and Human H...
Microplastics
Marine Debris in General
Regional Partnerships
Using Sound Science to Inform Policy
Multi-Pronged, Innovative Approaches
Chapter 126
Marine Environment and Contaminations of Radiocesium and Organohalogens in Cetaceans and Pacific Cod Inhabiting the Coastal Waters around Hokkaido, Northern Japan
Abstract
1. Sea Areas of Hokkaido
1.1. Introduction to the Sea Areas of Hokkaido
1.2. Sea Currents around Hokkaido, Japan
1.3. Coastal Zone
1.4. Cetaceans and Their Migrations
1.5. Fishes and Their Migrations
1.6. Conclusion
2. Radiocesium Contamination and Migratory Behavior of Cetaceans and Pacific Cods from the Seawaters of Hokkaido
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Contamination of Radiocesium in Stranded Cetaceans on the Coast of Hokkaido
2.3. Contamination of Radiocesium in Pacific Cod Caught Off Hokkaido
2.4. Stable Carbon and Nitrogen Isotope Ratios in Fish and Cetaceans in the Seawater around Hokkaido
2.5. Conclusion
3. Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Cetaceans and Fish from the Seas of Northern Japan
3.1. Introduction
3.2. PFASs in Cetaceans
3.2.1. Stranded Cetacean Samples for PFASs Analysis
3.2.2. Tissue-Specific Accumulation and Species Differences
PFOS (C8S) and PFOA (C8A)
Long-Chain PFCAs (C9A-C14A)
3.2.3. Congener-Specific Accumulation
3.2.4. Geographical Distribution
PFOS (C8S)
PFOA (C8A)
Long-Chain PFCAs (C9A to C14A)
3.3. PFCAs in Pacific Cods
3.3.1. Profiles and Levels of PFCAs in Hokkaido
3.3.2. Geographical Distribution
3.3.3. PFCAs in the Food Chain
3.4. Conclusion
4. Anthropogenic Organohalogens in Cetaceans and Fish from Northern Japan
4.1. Introduction
4.2. POPs Contamination in Cetaceans
4.3. POPs Contamination in Pacific Cod
4.4. Conclusion
5. Contamination of Naturally Produced Organohalogens in Northern Japan
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Profiles and Levels of NHCs in Hokkaido
Br4Cl2-DBP
Cl7-MBP
MeO-BDEs
5.3. Comparisons between Natural and Anthropogenic Compounds
PFCAs and NHCs
PCBs and NHCs
5.4. Conclusion
References
Chapter 127
Comparative Study of Histopathological and Biochemical Biomarkers of Two Black Sea Marine Fish Species, Belonging to Different Ecological Groups
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Biological Characteristics of Tested Fish Species
Sample Preparation for Histochemical Studies
Sample Preparation for Biochemical Studies and Antioxidants Assay
Statistical Analysis
Results
Hystopathological Characteristics of Fish Liver and Spleen
Scorpion Fish
Antioxidant System of the Fish Species
Discussion
Conclusion
References
Chapter 128
Design of IoT-Cloud Marine Knowledge System Based on Open Source
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Marine Knowledge System
2.1. Proposal System Concept
2.1.1. Marine μBox (MB)
2.1.2. Marine IoT-Cloud Hub
2.1.3. Red Tide Prediction Server
2.2. Test of Designed Marine Knowledge System
Conclusion
References
Chapter 129
Methods of Determination of Micropollutants in Different Marine Matrices
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. The Organic Pollutants
2.1. Organochlorine Pesticides (OCPs)
2.2. Synthetic Musks
2.3. Triazole Pesticides
3. Detection Techniques for Organic Pollutants
3.1. Gas Chromatography
3.2. High Performance Liquid Chromatography
3.3. High Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Mass Spectrometry Detector and Quadrupole Time of Flight Analyzer (HPLC-MS-QTOF)
3.3.1. Mass Spectrometer
3.3.1.1. Ionization Source: Electrospray Ionization Source (ESI)
3.3.1.2. Electrospray History
3.3.1.3. Desolvation/Ionization Mechanism
3.3.1.4. Electro-Nebulization of Liquid under Influence of an Electric Field
3.3.1.5. Factors Influencing Ionization
3.3.2. QTOF Analyser
4. Extraction Techniques of Organic Pollutants
4.1. Soxhlet Extractor
4.1.1. The Advantages and Disadvantages of Soxhle Extraction
4.1.2. Example of Study 1: Distribution of Organochlorine Pesticides in Sediment Cores from the Bizerte Lagoon (Tunisia) (Necibi et al. 2019)
4.1.3. Example of Study 2: Distribution of Organochlorine Pesticides in Suspended Particulate Matter and Sediment from the Bizerte Lagoon, Tunisia (Necibi et al. 2019)
4.1.3.1. Residual Levels of OCPs in SPM
4.1.3.2. Residual Levels of OCPs in Sediment
4.2. Liquid-Liquid Extraction (LLE)
4.2.1. The Advantages and Disadvantages of Liquid-Liquid Extraction
4.2.2. Example of Study: Distribution and Partitioning of Aliphatic Hydrocarbons and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons between Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Sediment in the Harbours of the West Coast of the Gulf of Tunis (Tunisia) (Mzoughi e...
4.3. QuEChERS Extraction Method
4.3.1. The Advantages of Extraction with QuEChERS
4.3.2. Example of Study 1: Determination of Synthetic Musks in Surface Sediment from the Bizerte Lagoon by QuEChERs Extraction Followed by GC-MS (Necibi et al. 2016)
4.4. Solid Phase Extraction (SPE)
4.4.1. Definition of SPE
4.4.2. SPE Protocol
4.4.3. Example of Study 1: Response Surface Methodology Approach for the Preparation of a Molecularly Imprinted Polymer for Solid Phase Extraction of Fenoxycarb Pesticide in Mussels (Atayat et al. 2019)
5. Detection Techniques of Inorganic Pollutants
5.1. Heavy Metal
5.2. Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
5.2.1. Example of Study 1: Assessment of Heavy Metals in Sediment and in Suspended Particles Affected by Multiple Anthropogenic Contributions in Harbors (Chouba et al. 2011).
References
Biographical Sketch
Chapter 130
Organochlorine Pesticides (OCPs) in Coastal Marine Environments: Levels, Fate, Behavior, and Effects on Biota
Abstract
Introduction
Production and Use
Management
Current Sources to Coastal Environments
Environmental Fate and Behavior of OCPs
Factor: Nature and Physic-Chemical Properties of OCPs
Factor: Environmental Characteristics and Conditions
Water
Sediment
Air
Biota
Toxicity
Wild Animal Toxicity
Human Toxicity
Current OCP Levels in Coastal Sediments
Literature Review and Information Processing
Results and Discussion
DDTs
HCHs
Drins
Endosulfans
Other Organochlorine Pesticides
Conclusion
References
Biographical Sketches
Chapter 131
Atmospheric POPs Threat the Marine Environments
Abstract
Introduction
Considerations on the Atmospheric Transport of POPs
Oceanic Atmospheric Deposition: Relevance, Control and Implications
Oceanic POPs Outgassing
Conclusion
References
Biographical Sketch
Chapter 132
Microplastics Pollution: From Continental Sources to Marine Systems
Abstract
Introduction
The Relevance of Microplastics Contribution from Continental Sources
Continental MPs Sources
Soil
Atmosphere
Lakes, Rivers and Estuaries
Pathways of Continental Microplastics: Environmental Variables and Particles Characteristics
Dry and Wet Atmospheric Deposition
Precipitation Patterns and Runoff
Hydrodynamics
Worldwide Continental Influence on Ocean Pollution by MPs
Conclusion
References
Biographical Sketches
Chapter 133
Bioindicators of Pollution in Marine Environments
Abstract
Introduction
Nutrient Pollution Bioindicators
Metal Pollution Bioindicators
Bioindicators of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
Plastic Pollution Bioindicators
Bioindicators of Emerging Pollutants (EPs)
Acoustic Pollution Bioindicators
Conclusion
References
Biographical Sketch
Chapter 134
Occurrence, Behavior and Ecotoxicity of Organophosphorus Pesticides (OPPs) in Marine Environments: A Review
Abstract
1. Introduction: History, Chemistry and Uses of Organophosphorus Pesticides
1.1. History and Evolution of Organophosphorus Compounds and Opps
1.2. Chemistry
1.3. Uses of OPPs
1.4. Currently Used OPPs, Quantities and Restricted Compounds
2. Chemical Properties of OPPs and Environmental Behavior
2.1. Physical- Chemical Properties of OPPs: Structures and Related Parameters of 28 Compounds
2.2. OPPs Mechanisms of Degradation and Sorption in Estuaries and Oceans
2.2.1. Hydrolysis
2.2.2. Oxidation
2.2.3. Biodegradation
2.2.4. Photodegradation
2.2.5. Sorption
3. Current OPP Levels in Marine Environments
3.1. OPPs in Marine Sediments
3.2. OPPs in Seawater
4. Organophosphorus Pesticides Toxicity on Non-Target Organisms
4.1 Mode of Action of OPPs
4.2. Bioaccumulation and Bioconcentration of OPPs in Marine Biota
4.3. Common Effects and Toxicity on Marine Biota
4.4. Effects on Human Health
Conclusion
References
Biographical Sketch
Chapter 135
Removal of Emerging Organic Pollutants from Seawater Using Photoactivated Persulfate
Abstract
Introduction
Efficiency of SO4●– -Based AOPs in Saline Waters
Radicals Distribution in Saline Waters: Kinetics Modeling Data
Experimental
Efficiency of UV/Persulfate Process in Seawater: CB Degradation
Evidence of RCS Implication
Role of Bromide Ions
Overall Effect of Seawater Salinity
Impact of Solution pH and Pollutant Concentration
Impact of Surfactants
Conclusion
References
Biographical Sketches
Chapter 136
Diversity and Classification of Dinoflagellates
Abstract
Introduction
Basal Dinoflagellates
Unarmored Dinoflagellates (Gymnodiniphycidae)
Thecate Dinoflagellates (Peridiniphycidae)
Prorocentroids and Dinophysoids
Gonyaulacales
Peridinioids
Thin-Walled Dinoflagellates
Current Issues
Classification
References
Chapter 137
Photosynthetic Pigments in Dinoflagellates
Abstract
Introduction
Chlorophylls and Carotenoids Described in Dinoflagellates
Chlorophylls in Dinoflagellates
Carotenoids in Dinoflagellates
Chloroplast Pigment Types and Dinoflagellate Taxa
Type-1: Peridinin-Containing
Type-2: 4-Keto-Acyloxifucoxanthin-Containing
Type-3: Acyloxifucoxanthin-Containing
Type-4: Fucoxanthin-Containing
Type-5: Alloxanthin-Containing
Type-6: chl b-Containing
Kleptoplasts and Endo/Ectocytobionts from Multiple Origins
Linking Pigment and Plastid Diversity
Pigment Composition and Habitat Types
A Brief Methodology of Pigment Analyses
Strategic Utility of Pigments
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 138
Species Assemblies and Seasonal Succession of Dinoflagellates
Abstract
Introduction
Species Assembly
Species Do Not Assemble Randomly
The Species Pool
Functional Traits and Seasonal Succession
The Role of Abiotic Factors in Species Assembly
Filtering by the Physical Environment
Dinoflagellate Adaptive Strategies in Response to the Physical Environment
Life-Forms Based on Functional Traits and the Physical Environment
Dinoflagellate Assembly Rules
Dinoflagellate Species Assembly in Freshwater Lakes
Biological Factors Shaping Dinoflagellate Communities
Competition
Resource Competition
Diatom-Dinoflagellate Competition
Interference Competition – Alleopathy
Dinoflagellate – Cyanobacteria Competition in Lakes
Natural Enemies
Grazing by Metazoan Zooplankton
Predation by Dinoflagellates and Mixotrophy
Parasites and Dinoflagellate Dynamics
The Role of Life-Cycle Transitions in Seasonal Succession
Conclusion
References
Chapter 139
Culture and Growth of Dinoflagellates
Abstract
Introduction
Brief History of Dinoflagellate Cultures
Protocol for Cultures
Categories of Cultures
Photobioreactors
Turbulence: Photobioreactors
Isolation of Cells
Antibiotics
Media for Autotrophs
Culturing Mixotrophs
Division Rates
Monophasic
Bayesian Generalized Logistic Model
Division Rates (GK) of Cultured Athecate and Thecate Dinoflagellates
In Situ Division Rates
Division Rates: Cultures
Division Rates: Benthic Dinoflagellates
Culture Conditions: Division Rates
Salinity and Temperature
Light
Nutrient Phosphate and Nitrate
Iron
Mixotrophic Cultures
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 140
Growth and Feeding Behaviour of Mixotrophic Dinophysis Species in Laboratory Cultures
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Biogeography of Dinophysis and Phalacroma Species Associated with DSP Events
3. Isolation of Clonal Strains, Growth and Feeding Process
3.1. Importance of the Establishment of Clonal Culture Strains
3.2. Establishment of Dinophysis Cultures
3.3. Growth under Laboratory Conditions
3.4. The Feeding Behavior, Cell Division and Other Biological Observations in Dinophysis
3.5. Observation of the Chloroplasts Sequestration Process by Dinophysis
4. The Simple Food Chain of Cryptophyte/ Mesodinium/Dinophysis
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 141
Carbon Assimilation: Dinoflagellates
Abstract
Introduction
General Methodology
Photosynthetic Rates
Photosynthetic Pigments
Peridinin and Photoprotection
Carbon Assimilation
Uptake in Dark
Uptake in Light
Athecate Dinoflagellates
Thecate Dinoflagellates
Zooxanthellae
Host Factor
Irradiance
Temperature
Nutrients
Response to Chemical Perturbation
Survival Strategies
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 142
Mixotrophy in Dinoflagellates: Prey Selection, Physiology and Ecological Importance
Abstract
Introduction
A Short Historical Survey of Dinoflagellate Mixotrophy Research
Mixotrophy is a Widespread Phenomenon among Dinoflagellates
Prey Type, Feeding Mechanisms, Prey Size and Prey Selectivity
Prey Types
Feeding Mechanisms, Prey Capture and Prey Size
Toxin or Mucus Assisted Prey Capture
Environmental Controls of Feeding, Growth and Photosynthesis
Constitutive Mixotrophs (CMs)
Non Constitutive Mixotrophs (NCMs)
Species That Harbour Intact Symbionts
Species That Harbour “Reduced Endosymbionts”
Species That Only Sequester the Chloroplasts
Importance of Mixotrophic Dinoflagellates as Grazers in Natural Waters
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 143
Ecophysiology and Bloom Dynamics of Karenia with Emphasis on Karenia brevis in Florida Waters
Abstract
1. Introduction
1.1. Karenia and Algal Blooms
1.2. Taxonomy and Distribution
1.3. Toxins and Their Effects
2. Life Cycle, Behavior and Physiology of K. brevis (with Contrasts and Parallels for K. mikimotoi)
2.1. Life History, Diel Cycle and Vertical Migration
2.2. Cell Growth and Its Requisites
3. Bloom Dynamics of K. brevis
3.1. The Karenia Assemblage
3.2. Bloom Frequency, Duration, and Large-Scale Area Coverage
3.3. Bloom Initiation, Growth, Maintenance, and Termination
3.4. Comparison with K. mikimotoi Blooms
3.5. K. brevis Bloom Dynamics and the Life-Form Selection Approach
Acknowledgments
References
Biographical Sketches
Chapter 144
Pfiesteria: A Common Estuarine Dinoflagellate with a Colorful Past
Abstract
Introduction
Taxonomy
Pfiesteria Life Cycle
Geographic Distribution of the PLDs
Ecology and Nutrition
Impacts
Fish Kills
Lesions
Fish Bioassays and Micropredation
Human Health
Identification and Characterization of Pfiesteria spp. Toxins
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 145
Karlodinium veneficum: Still Blooming and Toxic Sixty-Two Years Later
Abstract
Introduction
Characterization of Gymnodinium (Karlodinium) veneficum PLY103
Pigmentation
The Toxin from Gymnodinium veneficum: It’s a Karlotoxin
Karlotoxin Identification for the Norway Strains
Karlotoxin Potency
Determination of Goby Kill Units
Sterol Dependency of Toxicity
Can PLY103 Eat?
Toxin Production during Batch Culturing for the Norwegian Strains
Genome Size Variation in K. veneficum Strains
DNA Base Composition Variation in K. veneficum Strains
Cell Cycle
Cell Cycle and Toxicity
Life Cycle
Asexual Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
Swimming Behavior
Ecology and Toxicity in K. veneficum
Global Distribution and Potential Roles of Karlotoxin in Karlodinium veneficum
K. veneficum Distribution and Reported Blooms
Top Down Forces Regulating K. veneficum Abundance
Synthesis: Why Does K. veneficum (Sometimes) Form Ichthyotoxic HABs?
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 146
Ciguatera-Causing Dinoflagellates in the Genera Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa: Distribution, Ecophysiology and Toxicology
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Biodiversity of Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa spp.
3. Global Distribution of Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa spp.
4. Ecophysiology
4.1. Gambierdiscus/Fukuyoa spp. Preferred Habitats
4.2. In Vitro Growth
5. Toxicology
5.1. Chemodiversity of Secondary Metabolites
5.2. Modes of Action of Bioactive Compounds
5.3. Toxin Production in Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa spp.
5.3.1. CTXs Production
5.3.2. MTXs Production
5.3.3. Biotic Factors Influencing Toxin Production in Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa Spp.
5.3.3.1. Genetics of Toxin Production
5.3.3.2. Growth Stage
5.3.3.3. Contribution of Bacterial Flora
5.3.4. Abiotic Factors Influencing Toxin Production in Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa spp.
5.4. Ecological Relevance of Ciguatera-Related Compounds
6. Socio-Economic Impacts of Ciguatera Poisoning
6.1. Ciguatera Poisoning Impact on Health-Related Expenses
6.2. Ciguatera Poisoning Impact on Local Fisheries
6.3. Ciguatera Poisoning Impact on International Trade
6.4. Ciguatera Poisoning Impact on Tourism
6.5. Ciguatera Poisoning as a Cause of Lifestyle and Tradition Upheaval
6.6. Ciguatera Poisoning before the Law
Conclusion
References
Chapter 147
Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning
Abstract
Introduction
Chemistry and Bioactivities
Toxin Contents and Profiles in Dinophysis spp.
Accumulation and Metabolism of Toxins in Shellfish
Instrumental Analytical Methods
Liquid Chromatography (LC)/ Mass Spectrometric (MS) Detection
Liquid Chromatography (LC)/ Fluorometric (FL) Detection
Quantitative Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (qNMR)
References
Chapter 148
The Toxic Marine Thecate Dinoflagellate Pyrodinium bahamense
Abstract
Introduction
Taxonomy and Biology
Thecal Morphology
Varietal Status of Pyrodinium bahamense
Reproduction
Bioluminescence
Saxitoxin Production
Sterol Production
Ecological Significance
Ecological Niches
Saxitoxins in the Food Web
Bloom Dynamics
Bacteria Interaction
Conclusion: Knowledge Gaps and Suggestions for Future Research
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 149
Ecology and Range Expansion of Noctiluca scintillans in the Global Oceans
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Distribution
3. Description
4. Growth and Grazing
5. Remote Sensing of Noctiluca
6. Emergence and Expansion of Noctiluca Blooms
7. Socioeconomic Effects from Blooms of Noctiluca
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 150
Putting It All Together: The Arabian Gulf Dinoflagellates
Abstract
Introduction
Dinoflagellate Distribution
Distribution Limitations
Xenobiodiversity and Plausible Ballast Water Introductions
Harmful Algal Blooms in the Gulf
Conclusion
Recommendations
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 151
Dinoflagellates and Global Environmental Change
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Case Studies from the Oslofjord and Skagerrak Fossil Record
3. Case Studies of Possible Anthropogenic Transport of Dinoflagellate Species via Ship’s Ballast Water or Translocation of Shellfish Products
4. Dinoflagellates as Indicators of Ocean Currents and Bioregions
5. Dinoflagellates and Climate Change
References
Chapter 152
Evolution of Dinoflagellate Genomics and Gene Expression of Toxins
Abstract
1. Dinoflagellates
2. Dinoflagellate Genomics
3. Dinoflagellate Toxins
3.1. Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) Toxin
3.2. Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning (NSP) Toxin
3.3. Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) Toxin
3.4. Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP) Toxin
3.5. Azaspiracid Poisoning (AZP) Toxin
4. Dinoflagellate Toxin Synthesis
5. Applications for Detection and Quantification of Toxic Dinoflagellate
6. Dinoflagellate Bioactives: Potential Applications
Conclusion
References
Chapter 153
Impacts and Management of Dinoflagellate Harmful Blooms
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Impacts of Harmful Dinoflagellate Blooms
2.1. Direct Impacts on Human Health
2.2. Losses in Shellfish and Finfish Aquaculture
2.3. Societal Losses: Tourism and Culture
2.4. Losses on Desalination Plants
2.5. Impacts on Marine Organisms
3. Prevention, Management and Mitigation
3.1. Prevention: Monitoring and Scientific Research
3.2. Management and Mitigation
4. How to Progress on the Estimation of the Economic Costs of Harmful Dinoflagellate Blooms?
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 154
Mitigation of the Effects of Harmful Algal Blooms Originated by Dinoflagellates
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Actions on Phytoplankton Populations
2.1. Inoculum Reduction
2.2. Flocculation/Sedimentation of Algae from the Water Column
2.3. Chemical Methods to Kill Algae
2.4. Biological Methods
2.4.1. Predation
2.4.2. Parasitism
3. Actions on the Environment
4. Actions on the Accumulation of Toxic or Noxious Substances in Fish and Shellfish
4.1. Actions on the Accessibility of the Harmful Algae to the Cultured Organisms
4.2. Actions on Toxin Accumulation
4.3. Actions on the Final Product
4.3.1. Selection of Individuals
4.3.2. Selective Evisceration
4.3.3. Industrial Processing
5. Regulation and Monitoring
References
Chapter 155
U.S. Offshore Aquaculture Regulation and Development(
Abstract
Introduction
Background
Seafood Production
Aquaculture Overview
Offshore Aquaculture
Federal Government Involvement in Aquaculture
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Department of the Interior
Department of Commerce
Offshore Aquaculture Challenges
Current Regulatory Framework
Federal Permits to Conduct Aquaculture in the Federal Waters
Section 10 Permits
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Permit
Fishing (Aquaculture) Permit
Federal Consultation and Review Requirements
Coastal Zone Management Act
National Environmental Policy Act
Endangered Species Act and Marine Mammal Protection Act
MSA Essential Fish Habitat
National Marine Sanctuary Act
National Historic Preservation Act
Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act
Other Authorizations and Approvals
Environmental Concerns
Fish Waste
Fish Diseases
Drugs and Other Chemicals
Escapes, Genetic Concerns, and Invasive Species
Interactions with Other Species
Aquaculture Feeds and Related Issues
Feed Production and Use
Conversion of Aquaculture Feed to Fish Flesh
Substitutes for Fish Meal and Oil
Fish Health
Human Health and Preferences
Sustainability Concerns
Economics, International Conditions, and Stakeholder Concerns
Factors Related to the Economic Viability of Offshore Aquaculture
Demand
Supply
Private Benefits and Externalities
International Factors and Domestic Experiences
Trade
U.S. Experiences
Offshore Development in Other Countries
Stakeholder Concerns and Aquaculture Development
Institutional Needs and Industry Support
Regulatory Framework for Offshore Aquaculture
Lead Agency
Permits and Leases
Conditions of Use
Other Management Entities
Federal Support for Offshore Aquaculture
Potential Issues for Congress
Congressional Actions
116th Congress
115th Congress
Congressional Actions Prior to the 115th Congress
Conclusion
Chapter 156
An Approach to Determining Economic Impacts of U.S. Aquaculture(
Abstract
Executive Summary
1. Introduction
1.1. Purpose and Organization of the Study
2. Integrating Domestic Aquaculture Production Impacts into Fisheries Economics of the U.S.
2.1. Wild Domestic Harvest in Fisheries Economics of the U.S.
2.2. Aquaculture Integration
3. Case Studies
3.1. Crawfish Aquaculture
3.1.1. Crawfish Production Data
3.1.2. Crawfish Economic Impacts
3.2. Oyster Aquaculture
3.2.1. Oyster Production Data
3.2.2. Oyster Economic Impacts
3.3. Clam Aquaculture
3.3.1. Clam Production Data
3.3.2. Clam Economic Impacts
3.4. Salmon Aquaculture
3.4.1. Salmon Production Data
3.4.2. Salmon Economic Impacts
4. Aggregate Summary and Analysis
4.1. Overview
4.2. Demonstration - Using Analysis for Future Impacts
4.2.1. Estimating Increase in First Sales Value
4.2.2. Estimating Total Impact and Jobs of First Sales Value
4.2.3. Including Downstream Impacts
Conclusion and Recommendations
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 157
Saltonstall-Kennedy Act: Background and Issues(
Abstract
Introduction
The Saltonstall-Kennedy Act
Current Provisions
History of the Saltonstall-Kennedy Act
Revenue
Use of Funds
Operations, Research, and Facilities Account
Remaining Funding
Saltonstall-Kennedy Grant Program
Issues for Congress
Congressional Actions
Funding Allocation
Stopping the Transfer to the Operations, Research, and Facilities Account
American Fisheries Advisory Committee Act
Appendix. History of Financing under the Saltonstall-Kennedy Act
Chapter 158
American Fisheries Advisory Committee Act(
Section 1. Short Title
Section 2. American Fisheries Advisory Committee
Section 3. Expansion of Specified Purposes of Fisheries Research and Development Projects Grants Program to Include Fisheries Research and Development Projects
Section 4. Public Availability of Grants Proposals
Purpose of the Bill
Background and Need for Legislation
Committee Action
Hearings
Section-by-Section Analysis
Section 1. Short Title
Section 2. American Fisheries Advisory Committee
Section 3. Expansion of Specified Purposes of Fisheries Research and Development Projects Grants Program to Include Fisheries Research and Development Projects
Section 4. Public Availability of Grants Proposals
Committee Oversight Findings and Recommendations
Compliance with House Rule XIII and Congressional Budget Act
Earmark Statement
Unfunded Mandates Reform Act Statement
Federal Advisory Committee Act Statement
Existing Programs
Applicability to Legislative Branch
Preemption of State, Local, or Tribal Law
Changes in Existing Law Made by the Bill, as Reported
Act of August 11, 1939
Supplemental, Minority, Additional, or Dissenting Views
Chapter 159
Fishery Disaster Assistance (Updated)(
Abstract
Introduction
Disaster Requirements and Procedures
Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act
MSA Regional Coastal Disaster Assistance
Interjurisdictional Fisheries Act
Other Potential Sources of Assistance
Secretarial Disaster Determinations
State Role
Fishing Capacity Reduction Programs
Selected Fishery Failure Cases
West Coast Salmon Ocean Troll Fishery (Sacramento)
New England Red Tide
Gulf of Mexico Fisheries (Hurricanes Katrina and Rita)
California Dungeness and Rock Crab Fishery
Potential Issues for Congress
Timing of Relief
Long-Term Management Approaches
Defining Fishery Failures
Who Benefits?
Aquaculture, Subsistence, and Recreational Fisheries
Recent Congressional Actions
Fishery Failures: Urgently Needed Disaster Declarations Act
Other Bills Introduced in the 116th Congress
Recent Disaster Determinations and Appropriations
Chapter 160
Mixed-Use Fisheries: South Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico Councils Would Benefit from Documented Processes for Allocation Reviews(
Why GAO Did This Study
What GAO Recommends
What GAO Found
Abbreviations
Background
Fisheries Allocations
South Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico Councils Have Established and Revised Allocations to Varying Degrees
South Atlantic Council Has Established Allocations for Almost All Mixed-Use Fish Stocks and Revised Most of Those Allocations in 2012
Gulf of Mexico Council Has Established Allocations for Certain Mixed-Use Fish Stocks and Revised Three of Those Allocations in 2008
Various Sources of Information May Be Available to Help NMFS and the Councils Conduct Allocation Reviews
Trends in Catch and Landings
Stock Assessments
Economic Analyses
Social Indicators
Ecosystem Models
South Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico Councils Developed Criteria for Initiating Allocation Reviews, but Not Processes for Conducting or Documenting Them
Both Councils Established Criteria for Initiating Allocation Reviews
Neither Council Has Developed a Process for How to Conduct or Document Allocation Reviews, Although the Gulf of Mexico Council Began Taking Steps to Develop One
Conclusion
Recommendations for Executive Action
Agency Comments and Our Evaluation
Appendix I: Mixed-Use Fisheries Allocations in the South Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council Regions
Appendix II: Comments from the Department of Commerce
Index
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本书版权归Nova Science所有

本书版权归Nova Science所有

MARINE AND FRESHWATER BIOLOGY

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MARINE BIOLOGY VOLUME 1 (12 VOLUME SET)

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MARINE AND FRESHWATER BIOLOGY

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