Encyclopaedia Britannica [9, 11 ed.]

Table of contents :
Cover
Title Page
Initials Used to Identify Individual Contributors
EDWARDES
EGORIEVSK
EGYPT
EGYPT
EGYPT
EGYPT
EGYPT
EKRON
ELATERITE
ELECTRICITY
ELECTRICITY SUPPLY
ELECTROLYSIS
ELECTROSTATICS
ELEPHANT
ELISAVETPOL
ELSSLER
EMBRYOLOGY
EMIN PASHA
EMPLOYERS' LIABILITY
ENCYCLOPAEDIA
ENERGY
ENGLAND
ENGLAND
ENGLISH FINANCE
ENGLISH HISTORY
ENGLISH HISTORY
ENGLISH HISTORY
ENGLISH HISTORY
ENGLISH HISTORY
ENGLISH HISTORY
ENGLISH LAW
ENGLISH LITERATURE
ENGLISH LITERATURE
ENTRAGUES
EPI
EPISCOPACY
EQUATION
ERICHSEN
ESAU
ESSENES
ESTON
ETHICS
ETHICS
ETRURIA
EUCRATIDES
EUPION
EUROPE
EUROPE
EVANGELICAL

Citation preview

THE

ENCYCLOPJEDIA BRITANNICA ELEVENTH

FIRST SECOND THIRD FOURTH FIFTH SIXTH SEVENTH EIGHTH NINTH TENTH ELEVENTH

EDITION

edition, published in three "

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eighteen

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twenty

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twenty-one

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twenty-five

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,

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volumes,

ten twenty twenty twenty-two

ninth edition and eleven

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1768-xnr. 1777-1784. 1788-I797· x8ox-r8ro. x8xs-x817 . 1823-1824. 183o-I842. x853-x86o. x87s-x88g.

supplementary volumes,

1902-1903·

published in twent1-nine volumes,

l9IQ-l9U•

COPYRIGHT

in

all cbuntries subscribing to t4e ..

Bern Convention by

THE CHANCELLOR, MASTERS AND SCHOLARS of the

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE

Ali nghts rcscr'llf.d

THE

ENCYCLOPlEDIA BRITANNICA A

DICTIONARY .

ARTS,

SCIENCES,

OF

LITERATURE

AND

GENERAL

INFORMATION

ELEVENTH

EDITION

VOLUME

IX

EDWARDES to EVANGELICAL ASSOCIATION

Encyclop�dia Britannica, Inc. 342

Madison Avenue

Copyright, in the United States of America, 1910, by

The Encyclopoedia Britannica Company.

INITIALS

USED

IX.

IN VOLUME

CONTRIBUTORS,!

TO

THE

\\7ITH

IDENTIFY INDIVIDUAL

HEADINGS

OF

THE

ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME SO SIGNED.

A. A. T. A. Ca.

A. C. MeG.

ARTHUR AUGUSTUS TILLEY, M.A.

Fellow and Lecturer in Modern Languages, King's College, Cambridge. The Literature of the French Renaissance ; &c.

ARTHUR. ARTHUR CusHMAN McGIFFERT, M.A., PH.D., D.D. Eusebius.

REV. ALFRED ERNEST GARVIE, M.A., D.D.

A.

E. H.

A. E. HouGHTON.

E.H. L.

Principal of New College, Hampstead. Member of the Board of Theology and the Board of Philosophy, London University. Author of Stttdies in the Inner Life of Jesus ; &c. Formerly Correspondent of the Standard in Spain.

Bourbons in Spain.

Sedleian Professor of Natural Philosophy in the University of Oxford. Hon. Fellow of Queen's College. Formerly Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge. Secretary of the London Mathematical Society.

ALEXANDER FISHER.

A.F.K.

A. F. KENDRICK.

A. F. P.

ALBERT FREDERICK PoLLARD, M.A., F.R.HIST.Soc.

A. Go.*

REv. ALEXANDER GoRDON, M.A.

A.HI.

ARTHUR HASSALL, M.A.

A. H. G.

ALAN HENDERSON GARDINER, M.A.

A. B.S.

REv. A. H. SAYCE, LITr.D., LL.D.

A. H.-S.

. SIR A. HouTuM-SCHINDLER, C. I . E .

J.

G.

A.Mw.

Author of Restoration of the

AuGusTus EDWARD HouGH LovE, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S.

A. Fi.*

A.

Author of

H�story of Chrtsttantty tn the Apostohc A ge ; &c. Ed1tor of the Htstorza- Ecclesw of

E. G.*

Expert Examiner to the Board of Education, London. Gold Medallist, Barcelona. Hon. Associate, Royal College of Art. Author of The Art of Enamelling on Metals ; &c.

,

Keeper of the Victoria and Albert Museum, South Kensington.

Fellow of All Souls' College, Oxford. Professor of English History in the University of London. Assistant Editor of the Dictionary of National Biography, 1893-1901. Author of England under the Protector Somerset ; Life of Thomas Cranmer ; &c. Lecturer on Church History in the University of Manchester.

Student and Tutor of Christ Church, Oxford. Author of A Hrmdbook of European History ; The Balance of Power ; &c. Editor of the 3rd edition of T. H. Dyer's

History of Modern Europe.

Joint Editor of the New Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Berlin. Reader in Egyptology, University of Oxford.

Formerly Worcester

See the biographical article: SA veE, A. H.

General in the Persian Army.

Author of Eastern Persian Irak.

REV. ALEXANDER jAMES GRIEVE, M.A., B.D.

Professor of New Testament and Church History at the United Independent College, Bradford. Sometime Registrar of Madras University and Member of Mysore Educational Service.

ALLEN MAWER, M.A.

Professor of English Language and Literature, Armstrong College, Newcastle-onTyne. Fellow of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. Formerly Lecturer in English at t!Je University of Sheffield. 1

{

Estienne.

(

See the biographical article: CAYLEY,

Pr?fessor of C�urch. History, Union :rheological Sell?inary, New Yor�.

{

l Equation.

ARTHUR CAYLEY, LL.D., F.R.S.

A.

A.

Author of

{

{ {

lr {

{

{

{

{{ {

{

{

Eusebius· 01 Caesarea . •

Eschatology

•

Espartero. Elasticity

•

Enamel

•

· Embroidery ,·,tn par.t)

Elizabeth, Queen; E mser; Englefleld; English History (VII. and

XIII.).

Erastus. Europe. Htstory ( tn part). •

.

.

·

Egypt: A n cien t Religion,. Elam; Esar-haddon, Elburz

•

Epistle Ctn part)

· ·) · EngI and (V

A complete list, showing all individual contributors, appears in the final volume. v

·

•

vi

INITIALS AND HEADINGS OF ARTICLES

A.McM.

ALEXANDER MACMORRAN, K.C., M.A.

A.M:c.

AGNES MARY CLERKE.

A.M. ct.

Bencher of the Middle Temple. Author of works on the Local Government Act 1888 ; Local GovernmentAct 1894; London GovernmentAct 1899; &c.. See the biographical article: CLERKE, A. M.

AGNES MURIEL CLAY (MRS WILDE) .

Formerly Resident Tutor of Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford. Joint Author of Sources of Roman History, IJJ-JO B,C.

A.N.

ALFRED NEWTON, F.R.S.

A. Se.•

ADAM SEDGWICK, M.A., F.R.S.

A. S.C.

See the biographical article: NEWTON, ALFRED. Professor of Zoology at the lmpe�i�l Colleg:: of Scienc!' and Technology, London. Fellow, and formerly Tutor, of Tnmty College, Cambndge. Professor of Zoology in the University of Cambridge, 1907-1909.

ALAN SUMMERLY COLE, C.B.

Assistant Secretary for Art, Board of Education, 1900-1908. Author of Ancient Needle Point and Pillow Lace ; Embroidery and Lace; Ornament in European Silks ; &c.

A.W.H.*

ARTHUR WILLIAM HoLLAND.

A.W.R.

ALEXANDER WooD RENTON, M.A., LL.B .

Formerly Scholar of StJohn's College, Oxford. Bacon Scholar of Gray's Inn, 1900.

REv. CHARLES BouTELL, M.A. (1812-r877) .

C. El.

SIR CHARLES NoRTON EDGCUMBE ELioT, K.C.M.G., C.B., M.A., LL.D., D . C . L .

Author of English Heraldry ; A Manual of British Archaeology ; &c. Vice-Chancellor of Sheffield University. H.M. 's Commi&sioner and Ccmmander-inChief for the British East Africa Protectorate; Agent and Consul-General at Zanzibar; Consul-General for German East Africa, 190o--1904. Formerly Fellow of Trinity College, Oxford. Author of Turkey in Rurope ; Letters from the Far East; &c.

CHARLES EDMUND NEWTON ROBINSON, M.A.

c. w. c. 0.

c. w. w.

D. G. H.

D. H.

D.M.W.

D. S.M.*

{

{ {{

Eupatridae. Eider; Emeu. Embryology. Embroidery (in part) . Einhard.

r Ejectment;

{

{

Eminent Domain.

Effigies (in part) . Ephthalites; Esthonia (in part) .

f

{

CARLTON HUNTLEY HAYES, A.M., PH.D .

Assistant Professor of History in Columbia University, New York City. Member of theAmerican HistoricalAssociation. CHARLES WILLIAM CHADWICK OMAN, M.A., F.S.A . Chichele Professor of Modern History, Oxford University. Fellow of All Souls' College. Fellow of the British Academy. Corresponding Member of the Madrid Academia de la Historia. Author of The Art of War in the Middle Ages; The Great Revolt of IJ8I ; Warwick the King-maker; &c.

SIR CHARLES WILLIAM WILSON, K.C.B ., K.C.M.G., F.R.S. (1836-!907).

Major-.G�neral, Royal Engi�":ers. Sec�et?-ry to the Nort� American Bounda;y Comm1ss1on, 1858-1862. Bntlsh Comm1sswner on the Serv1an Boundary Comm1ssion. Director-General of the Ordnance Survey, 1886-1894. Director-General of Military Education, 1895-1898. Author of From Korti to Khartoum ; Life of Lord Cltve ; &c. DAVID GEORGE HoGARTH, M.A. Keeper of theAshmoleanMuseum, and Fellow of Magdalen Col1ege, Oxford. Fellow of the British Academy. Excavated at Paphos, 1888; Naukratis, 1899 and 1903; Ephesus, 1904-1905; Assiut, 1906-1907. Director, British School at Athens, 1897-1900 ; Director, Cretan Exploration Fund, 1899.

DAVID HANNAY.

. Formerly British Vice-Consul at Barcelona. Aut hor of Short Hzstory of Royal Navy,

I2J7-I688; Life of Emilio Castelar; &c. D.J.M.

{

X. (in part) .

Trinity College, Cambridge. Barrister-at-Law, Inner Temple. Founder of the l Epee de Combat. Epee Club, London. Author of The Golden Hind ; &c. CHARLES FRANCIS BASTABLE, M.A., LL.D. Regius Professor of Laws and Professor of Political Economy in the University of English Finance Dublin. Author of Public Finance; Commerce of Nations ; Theory of International Trade.

C.H.Ha.

{ Enck'3.

L

C. B.

C. F. B.

England:

Puisne Judge of the Supreme Court of Ceylon. Editor of Encyclopaedia of the Laws � Emblements;

of England.

C. E. N.R.

{

D. J. MATTHEWS.

K.C.V.O.

Hydrographer, Laboratory of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, Plymouth.

SIR DONALD MACKENZIE WALLACE, K.C.I.E.,

{

{

{ {

{ {

Jl

•

Eugenius III. and IV.

.

.

English History (I., II., III.,

IV., V., VI.).

(in part) · Erzerum . . Erzmgan (t� part ) 'i Euphrates (zn part) . Egin'· Ephesus. Ensenada· EspagnoI's sur Mer. English Channel (in part).

Extra Groom of the Bedchamber to H.M . King George V. Director of the Foreign Egypt . . Mo dern Hzstory Department of The l'imes, 1891-1899· Member of Institut de Droit International (tn part ) ; and Officer de l'Instruction Publique of France. Joint Editor of New Volumes (roth ed.) of the Encyclopaedia Britannica. Author of Russia; Egypt and the Europe: History (in part) . Egyptian Question ; The Web of Empire ; &c.

DAVID S�MUEL MARGOLIOUT� , M.A., D. LITT. Laud1�n Professor ?f Ar�b1c, Oxford.

Fellow of Ne'Y College. Author of Arabic

Papyrt of the Bodlezan Lzbrary ; Mohammed and the Rzse of Islam ; Cairo, Jerusalem and Damascus.

•

.

( Egypt: HistoT'V - (Mahommedan

l

d). _en? '

p

·

EthiOpia.

{{

.

INITIALS AND HEADINGS OF ARTICLES E. A. S. *

EDWARD ANTHONY SPITZKA.

E. Br.

ERNEST BARKER, M.A.

E. B. T.

E. C. B.

Professor of Genera�A!1atomy,Jeffer.sonMedical C.ollege and J:Iospitai, Philadelp.hia ; Member of Assoc1atwn of Amencan Anatom:"t", Amencan Anthropologists Association, &c. .

Fellow of, arid Lecturer inModern History at, StJohn's College, Oxford. Formerly Fellow and Tutor of Merton College. Craven Scholar, 1 895. EDWARD BuRNETT TYLoR, D.C . L. , LL.D., F.R.S. See the biographical article: TYLOR, E. B. RT. REV. EDWARD CuTHBERT BuTLER, O.S. B. , M.A., D .LITT. (Dublin). Abbot of Downside Abbey, Bath. Author of "The Lausiac History of Palladius," in Cambridge Texts and Studies, vol. vi.

E. G.

EDMUND GossE, LL.D.

E. Ga.

EMILE GARCKE, M.INST.E.E.

E.

Go.

Managing Director of British Electric Traction Co., Ltd. Author of Manuf!ll of Electrical Undertakings ; &c. See the biographical article: Go RsT, SIR jOHN ELDON.

SIR ELDON GoRST, K.C.B.

ERNEST ARTHUR GARDNER, M.A.

E. He.

EDwARD HEAwooD, M.A.

E. S. P. E. V.

E. Wo. F. C. C.

See the biographical article: GA.RDNE R, PERCY.

Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. Librarian of the Royal Geographical Society, London. EDUARD MEYER, PH.D., D.LITT. (Oxon. ), LL.D. Professor of Ancient History in .. the University of Berlin. Author of Geschichte des Alterthums ; Geschichte des alten A gyptens ; Die Israeliten und ihre Nachbarstiimme.

EDWARD STANLEY PooLE.

See the biographical article: PoOLE, REGINALD STUART.

REv. EDMUND VENABLES (r 8I9-Is9s).

Canon and Precer.tor of Lincoln. Author of Episcopal Palaces of England.

FIELD-MARS�AL SIR. EVELYN WooD, v.c., _ G.C.M.G. See the bwgraph1cal article: WooD, SI R EVELYN. FREDERICK CoRNWALLIS CONYBEARE, M.A., D. TH.

(Giessen).

(Aberde n), F.S.A.

Fellow of the British Academy. Formerly Fellow of University College, Oxford. Author of The A ncient Armenian Texts of A ristotle ; Myth, Magic and Morals ; &c.

F. G. M. B.

FREDERICK GEoRGE MEESON BECK, M.A .

F. J. H.

FRANCIS JoHN HAVERFIELD, M.A., LL.D.

F. Ll. G.

{

See the biographical article: GossE, EDMUND W.

E. Gr.

Ed. M.

{

Fellow and Lecturer in Classics, Clare College, Cambridge.

Camden Professor of Ancient History in the University of Oxford. Fellow of Brasenose College, Oxford. Fellow of the British Academy. Member of the German Imperial Archaeological Institute. Formerly Senior Censor, Student, Tutor and Librarian of Christ Church, Oxford. Ford's Lecturer, I906. Author of Monographs on Roman History; &c.

FRANCIS LLEWELYN GRIFFITH, M.A.,

PH.D.

Reader in Egyptology, Oxford University. Formerly Scholar of Queen's College, Oxford. Editor of the Archaeological Survey and Archaeological Reports of the Egypt Exploration Fund. Fellow ol Imperial German Archaeclogical Institute.

F.R. C.

FRANK R. CANA.

F. R. M.

FRANCIS RICHARD MAUNSELL, C.M.G.

F. W. M.

FREDERICK �ILLIA� MA�TLAND, LL.D.

Author of South A frica from the Great Trek to the Union. Lieutenant-Colonel, R.A. Military Vice-Consul, Sivas, Trebizond, Van (Kurdistan), I897-1 898. Military Attache, British Embassy, Const;mtinople, I90I-I90S. Author of Central Kurdistan ; &c.

F. W. R. *

See the bwgraplucal article: MAITLAND, F. W. FREDERICK WILLIAM RuDLER, I.S.O., F.G.S. Curator and Librarian of the Museum of Practical Geology, London, 1879-1902. President of the Geologists' Association, r 887-1889.

G. C. W.

GEORGE CHARLES WILLIAMSON, LITT.D.

G. E..

REv. GEORGE

Chevalier of the Legion ,of H onour. Auth.or of Portrait Miniat u_¥es ; Life of Ric.hf!rd , Cosway, R.A.: George Engleneart; Portratt Drawmgs ; &c. Editor of new edition of Bryan's Dictionary of Painters and Engraver!', En�mNDSOK,

M.A. , F.R HIST.

S.

Formerly Fellow and Tutor of Brasenose College, Oxford. Ford's Lecturer, I909-I9IO. Employed by British Government in preparation of the British case in the British Guiana-Venezuelan and British Guiana- Brazilian boundary arbitrations .

GEORGE GouDIE CHISHOLM, M.A,

Lectu.rer on Geogr�phy in .the University of Edinburgh. Secretary of the Royal Scottish Geographical Soc1ety. Author of Handbook of Commercial Geography. Editor of Longman's Gazetteer of the World. ·

{{

{ {

{ {

Electrocution. Electors; Emperor; Empire. Eunuch' Elias.

.

Elegy; Epic Poetry; E11ilogue; Epistle: Poetry; Essay; Etheredge; Euphuism. Electricity Supply:

Commercial.

Egypt: Finance (in part) . Eleusis; Elis; Epidaurus; Erechtheum; Eretria. Elgon. Eucratides; Euthydemus'

{ Egypt: History (II. in part)

{

Ember Days and Ember Weeks.

f Egypt: Modern' Army .

{

l

{

{

�

{

L

{{

{

{ { {

.

Vll

Epiphany· Eucharist''

Edwin; Essex, Kingdom of. Ermine Street

•

· t Egypt· A ncten •

·

Egypt·' Modern (in part) '

.

Erzerum (tn part) ; Erzingan (in part) . English Law. Emerald; Emery. Engleheart.

Egmont, Count of. Europ�: Geography and .

Statzsttcs.

'

Vlll

INITIALS AND HEADINGS OF ARTICLES

G. H.C.

GEORGE HERBERT CARPENTER, B.Sc.

G. S. C.

SrR GEORGE SYDENHAM CLARKE, G.C.M.G., G .C .I.E., F.R.S.

H. A. E. D.

HANS A. E. DRIESCH, PH.D., LL.D.

{

Professor of Zoology in the Royal College of Science, Dublin. Author of Insects:

{

Their Structure and Life.

{

power .,

Governor of Bombay. Author of Imperial Defence; Russia's Great Sea The Last Great Naval War ; &c.

Gifford Lecturer at the University of Aberdeen, 1907-1908. Author of Die Or-

.

ganischen Regulationen ; Der Vitalismus als Geschichte und als Lehre ; The Science and Philology of the Organism ; &c.

H. Br.

HENRY BRADLEY, M.A., PH.D.

H. Ch.

HuGH CmsHOLM, M.A.

H. C. R.

MAJOR-GENE_RAL SI� HEN�Y CRESWICKE R;\WLINSON, BART., G.C.B.

H. F. T.

{ { {

Fellow of the British Academy. Joint Editor of the New English Dictionary (Oxford). Author of The Story of the Goths ; The Making of English ; &c.

Formerly Scholar of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. Editor of the 1 Ith edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica. Co- Editor of the roth edition. See the b10graph1cal article:

RAWLINSON,

SIR H. C.

REV. HENRY FANSHAWE TozER, M.A., F.R.G.S.

Hon. Fellow and formerly Tutor of Exeter College, Oxford. Fellow of the British Academy. Corresponding Member of the Historical Society of Greece. Author of

History of A ncient Geography ; Classical Geography ; Lectures on the Geography of Greece ; &c.

H.Ha.

HEBER HART, LL.D.

H. H. W.

REV. HENRY HERBERT WILLIAMS, M.A.

H.M.R.

HuGH MuNRO Ross.

,H.M.R.M.

HILDA MARY R. MURRAY, M.A.

H.

HARRY NoRMAN GARDINER, A.M.

� · 9·

H.R.M.

H. S. H. Sw.

H.

van D.

H. W. C. D. I. A.

Barrister-at-Law, Middle Temple.

Fellow, Tutor and Lecturer in Philosophy, Hertford College, Oxford. Examining Chaplain to the Bishop of Llandaff. Formerly Exhibitioner of Lincoln College, Oxford. Editor of The Times Eng�neenng Supplement. Author of British Railways.

Lecturer on English at Royal Holloway College.

Professor of Philosophy, Smith College, Northampton, U.S.A. Editor of Jonathan

.Edwards-a Retrospect.

HuGH RoBERT MILL, D.Sc., LL.D.

Director of British Rainfall Or,;anization. Formerly President of the RoyalMeteorological Society. Hon. Member of Vienna Geographical Society. Hon. Corresponding Member of Geographical Societies of Paris, Berlin, Budapest, St Petersburg, Amsterdam, &c. British Delegate to International Conference on the Exploration of the Sea at Christiania, 1 90 1 . Author of The Realm of Nature ; The Clyde Sea A rea ; The English Lakes ; The International Geography. Editor of British Rainfall.

HENRY SIDGWICK, LL.D.

See the biographical article: SIDGW1CK, H.

HENRY SWEET, M.A., PH.D., LL.D.

University Reader in Phonetics, Oxford. Member of the Academies of Munich, .Berlin, Copenhagen and Helsingfors. Author of A History of English Sounds since the Earliest Period ; A Handbook of Phonetics ; &c.

HENRY VAN DYKE, A.M., D.D., LL.D.

Professor of English Literature, Princeton University, U.S.A. Author of The Poetry of Tennyson ; The Ruling Passion ; The Spirit of America ; &c.

HENRY WILLIAM CARLESS DAVIS, M.A.

.

Fellow and Tutor of Balliol College, Oxford. Fellow of All Souls' College, Oxford, 1895-1902. Author of England under the Normans and A ngevins ; Charlemagne.

IsRAEL ABRAHAMS, M.A.

Reader in Talmudic and Rabbinic Literature, University of Cambridge. President, Jewish Historical Society of England. Author of A Short History of Jewish Literature ; Jewish Life in the Middle Ages ; &c.

J. A. F.

joHN AMBROSE FLEMING, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S.

J. A. H.

joHN ALLEN HowE, B.Sc.

lr

{ {

{

{ {

1

{

{

{ {{

Geology of Building Stones.

See-the biographical article: MuRRAY, SI R } AMES A. H.

J. A.H.M.

SIR ]AMES AuGUSTUS HENRY MuRRAY, LL.D., D.C.L., LITT.D.

J. G. C. A.

JoHN GEORGE CLARK ANDERSON, M.A.

_

Censor and Tutor of Christ Church, Oxford. Formerly Fellow of Lincoln College; Craven Fellow, Oxford, 1 896. Conington Prizeman, 1 893.

Egypt: Military Operations, 1 88 2_188 5. Embryology: Physiology of

Development.

English Literature (I.). EnglishHistory: XII. (in part). Euphrates (in part).

Euboea. Estate and House Agents. Ethics (in part) . English Channel (in part). English Language (in part). Edwards, Jonathan (in part).

(II., IV) · ·

England: Physical Geography

· part) Eth'c 1 S (m

•

Esperanto' Emerson. Eleanor of Aqu1tame. .

W

•

Einhorn David Elijah ilna .' • El'IS ha ben Abuyah Electrical Machine; Electricity ; Electricity Supply; Electrokinetics; Electromagnetism; Electrometer; Electrophorus ; Electroscope ; Electrostatics. •

•

Pender Professor of Electrical Engineering in the University of London. Fellow of University College, London. Formerly Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge. Vice-President of the Institution of Electrical Engineers. Author of The Principles of Electric Wave Telegraphy ; Magnets and Electric Currents ; &c.

Curator and Librarian of the Museum of Practical Geology, London. Author of

Entomology.

{ {

{

England: Geology (III.); Eocene. EngrIS h Language. Euyuk.

INITIALS AND HEADINGS OF ARTICLES J- G. M.

JoHN GRAY McKENDRICK, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S., F.R.S. (Edin.).

J. G. R.

JoHN GEORGE RoBERTSON, M.A., PH.D.

Emeritus Professor of Physiology at the University of Glasgow. Professor of Physiology, 1 876-1906. Author of Life in Motion ; Life of Helmholtz ; &c.

Professor of German Language and Literature, University of London. Editor of the Modern Language Journal. Author of History of German Literature ; Schiller after a Century ; &c.

J. H. F.

JOHN HENRY FREESE, M.A.

J. H. Rs.

REV. }AMES HARDY ROPES, D.D.

Formerly Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge. Bussey Professor of New Testament Criticism and Interpretation, and Dexter Lecturer on Bibli