Encyclopaedia Britannica [2, 3 ed.]

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ENCTCLOPJEDIA BRITANNICA; O R, A

DICTIONARY O F

ARTS, SCIENCES, AND

MISCELLANEOUS LITERATURE Conftructed on a PL AN, B

Y WH 1CH

THE DIF FE R E N T

S C I E M G E 3U An

Are digefted into the FORM of Diltindt

TREAT I S E S

OR

S Y S T E -M S3

■/

— — —

COMPREHENU1NO

The

and

HISTORY, THEORY,

PRACTICE,

of

each,

according to the Lateft Difcoveries and Improvements ; jxn

FULL

EXPLANATIONS

GIVEN OF THE

VARIOUS DETACHED PARTS OF KNOWLEDGE, WHETHER RELATING TO

NATURAL

and ARTIFICIAL Objeds, or to Matters ECCLESIASTICAL, CIVIL, MILITARY, COMMERCIAL, &C.

Including ELUCIDATIONS of the moft important Topics relative to RELIGION, MANNERS,

and the

MORALS,

OECONQMY OI LIFE .

A DESCRIPTION of all the Countries, Cities, principal Mountains, Seas, RiverSj 6e. throughout the WORLD;

A General

HISTORY, Ancitnt and Modern, of the different Empires, Kingdoms, and States*

An Account of the Liv ES of the moft Eminent Perfons in every Nation, fiom the earlieft ages down to the prefent times. '^Compiled frtm the ivritirgs of tie beji Authors, in fever J languages ; the mofl approved Diniancrhs, a, cular branches; the TranfaStione, 'Journal*, and Memoirs, of Learned See,ettes both at borne and £“> Ccrrefponcknce. Eminent Proffers on differentfciences ; and a ’variety of Original Materials, funujhed by an t.xtenj Jff THE THIRD EDITION, IN EIGHTEEN VOLUMES, GREAT LI IMPROVED*

ILLUSTRATED WITH FIVE HUNDRED AND FORTY-TWO COPPERPLATES.

VOL.

II.

IND'OCTI ® ISC ANT, ET AMENT MRM1KISS E

PERTTI.

EDINBURGH, PRINTED FOR A* BELL AND C. MACFARQCHAIL

MDCCXCVIL

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of parliament.

ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA

A N G Angerema- \ NGEREMANIA, a province of the kingdom

^

nia of Sweden, bounded on the N. by Lapland and H Bothnia, on the E. by the gulph of Bothnia and Men erS ^w _ delpadia, and on the W. by Jemti and Herndel. It is ~ full of rocks, mountains, and forefts ; and there is one very high mountain called Scull. It has excellent ironworks, and lakes abounding with fifh. ANGERMOND, a town of the duchy of Berg, in Germany, on the E. fide of the Rhine, fubjedt to the Eledtor Palatine. E. Long. 6. 20. N. Lat. 51. 10. ANGERONA, in mythology, the name of a Pagan deity whom the Romans prayed to for the cure of the quinzy ; in Latin, angina. Pliny calls her the goddefs of filence and calmnefs of mind, who banifhes all uneafinefs and melancholy. She is reprefented with her mouth covered, to denote patience and refraining from complaints. Her ftatue was fet up, and facrificed to, in the temple of the goddefs Volupia, to (how that a patient enduring of affli&ion leads to pleafure. ANGERONALIA, in antiquity, fblemn fealls held by the Romans the 21ft of December, in honour of Angerena, or Angeronia, the goddefs of patience and filence. Feftus and Julius Modeftus, quoted by Macrobius, Saturn, lib. 1. cap. 10. derive the name from angina, “ quinzy and fuppofe the goddefs to have been thus denominated, becaufe fhe prefided over that difeafe. —Others fuppofe it formed from angor, “grief, pain to intimate that (he gave relief to thofe affii&ed therewith.—Others deduce it from angeo, “ I prefs, I clofe,” as being reputed the goddefs of filence, &c. ANGERS, a great city of France, and capital of the duchy of Anjou, with a biihop’s fee. It is feated a little above the place where the Sarte and the Loire lofe themfelves in the Maine. This laft river divides the city into two equal parts, called the High and the Low Town. There are twelve parifhes in the city, and four in the fuburbs, which contain upwards of 36,OCX) inhabitants. Befides thefe, there are eight chapters, and a great number of convents for both fexes. Its greateft extent is along the declivity of a hill, which reaches quite down to the river fide. The caftle was built by St Louis, about the middle of the 13th centuuy. The walls, foffes, and numerous towers which yet fubfift, evince its former magnificence ; and its fituation in the centre of the city, on a rock overhanging the river, conduces to give it an air of grandeur, though at prefentin decay. It was the principal refidence of the kings of Sicily, as dukes of Anjou, but is now in a Hate of total ruin. The cathedral of Angers is a venerable ftrufture ; and although it has unVo L, II. Part I.

A N G dergone many alterations in the courfe of ages fince its ■^nSers conftru&ion, yet the archite&ure is fingular, and de- Angle, ferves attention. Here lies interred with her anreflnrs^ _ | the renowned Margaret, daughter of Rene king of Sicily, and queen of Henry VI. of England. She expired, after her many intrepid, but ineffe&ual, efforts to replace her hufband on the throne, in the year 1482, at the caftle of Dampierre in Anjou. Near the church of St Michael is the handfomeft fquare in the city, from whence runs a ftreet which has the name of the church. On one fide of this ftreet is the town-houfe ; which has a fine tower, with a clock, raifed upon an arch, which ferves for a paffage into the great fquare. There are two large bridges, which keep up a communication between the two parts of the city ; and in the lefter of thefe there is another fquare, which ferves for a market. The univerfity of Angers was founded in 1398, and the academy of belles lettres in 1685. This laft: confifts of thirty academicians. At the end of the fuburbs of Brefigny are the quarries of Angiers, fo famous for the fine Hate which is got from thence. The pieces are of the thicknefs of a crown piece, and a foot fquare. All the houfes in Angers are covered with this Hate, which has gained it the appellation of the Black city. The walls with which king John of England furrounded it in 1214 remain nearly entire, and are of very great circumference. W. Long. o. 30. N. Lat. 47. 28. ANGHIERA, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Milan, and capital of a county of the fame name. It is feated on the eaftern fide of the lake Maggiore, i* E. Long. 9. 5. N. Lat. 45. 42. ANGINA, in medicine, a violent inflammation of the throat, otherwife called quinzy. See MEDICINE* Index. ANGINA Pectoris. See MEDICINE-Index. ANGIOSPERMIA, in the Linnaean fyftem of botany, the fecond order in the clafs Didynamia. It confifts of thofe plants, of that clafs, whofe feeds are inclofed in a pericarpium. In this order the ftigma is generally obtufe. Thefe are the perfonati of Tournefort. ANGITIiE LUCUS or NEMUS, (Virg.), fituated on the weft fide of the Lacus Fucinus. The inhabitants are called Luccnfcs, by Pliny. Angitia was filler of Medea, who taught antidotes againft poifon and ferpents, according to Sil. Italicus. But Servius on Virgil fays, that the inhabitants called Medea by this name for the fame reafon. The town is now called Luco. ANGLE, the inclination of two lines meeting one another in a point. See GEOMETRY..

A

ANGLE

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a

[

0 T1CS optics,

in the angle which a Angle ANGLE of Incidence, w P ’ 1r'111 *• i i i* I-o tnat P DOI 11 ray of light makes with a perpen icu < . tho’ Anglefey. furface of any medium on which it falls, t v-v— it !s fometimcs nnderftood of the angle wh.ch .t makes with the furface itfelf. ANGLE of Refrattion now generally means the ang which a ray1 or ngne, refrafted by ^ anyv medium, , r cmakes ofTlight, ' . . 1--. -ra/ai'nf nf the flirfaCC OH with a perpendicular to that point of the furface on which it was incident; but has fometimes been underftood of the angle which it makes with the furface oi the refracting medium itfelf. r ANGLER, a perfon who praftifes the art o. angling, whether as a divevfion, or otherwife. Se« the

]

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there were 2010 houfeholds, or families, in Angle- Anglefey. fev ; allowing five to a family, the whole number of inhabitants in that 1period was 10,050. In ly?6* ^ ' , j Anglefey was about 3,956 : alf h f number^ boulesnt A ^ „ ber of inhabitants was at that time 19,780; which wants doubling the number of inhabitants in the OUDU only ? ATTM ARIS. a4o intervening fpace. The chief town is Ttc BEAUMARIS. In ancient Umes this ifland was called Mon, Mona, or Moneg. It was the great nurfery of the religion o e Druids ; being the refidence of the Grand Druid, or chief pontiff, and confequently of all the learned doc-

nts of DruuUftn Hill reman, in the ifland.—At Tre’r Dryw, or the habitation of the ANGLER, in ichthyology, the Englilh name of a fpearch druid, are feveral mutilated remains, which have cies of lophus. See LOPHUS. . . . been deferibed by Mr Rowlands.. His Bryn Gnvyn, or ANGLES, an ancient German nation, originally Brein Gnuyn, or royal tribunal, is a circular hollow of a branch of the Suevi; who, after various migrations, 180 feet in diameter, furrounded by an immenfe fettled in that part of Denmark, and duchy of Ski- earth and dones, evidently brought from fome other wick, which to this day is called ATW/, and of which place, there not being any mark of their being take, the city of Fleniburgh is the capital. Here they were from the fpot. It has only a fingle entrance. 1 hi sis known! even in the time of Tacitus, by the name of fuppofed to have been the grand confidory of the diuidi j4nnli. The origin of this name is varioufly accounted al adminidration.-Not far from it was one of the GVfbr? According to Saxo-Grammaticus, they were feddau, now in a manner difperfed, but which once con called Angl'h Lorn one Angulus, fon to Humblus king Tided of a great copped heap of dones, on which fat aof Denmark. Widifchind, a Saxon writer, will have loft a druid, indrafting the furrounding people multa them to be called Angli, from an ifland in the corner de Deorurn immortalium vi et potef ate difputare, et juvenor angle of the fea, which they conquered. Goropius tuti tradunt; CaT lib. 6—Here were alfo the relics of derives their name from the Saxon word Angel, or Rn- a circle of dones, with the cromlech in the midd , but eel, fignifying a filh-hook ; the Angles, like the other T1 extremely im^erfea. Two of the dones are very Saxon nations, being gready addifted to piracy, and large ; one, which ferves at prefent as part of the en I on that account being fo named by the neighbour g off houfe, is 12 feet 7 inches high, and 8 feet broad, nations ; as if, like hooks, they caught all that was in and another 11 feet high, and 23. feet in girth. Some the fea. To this nation the Britifli ambafladors are leffer dones yet remain. This circle, when comp , faid to have applied when foliciting fuccours againit was one of the temples of the druids, in which the the Scots and Pias. The Angles, therefore, came over religious rites were performed. It is the conjeaure o^ in greater numbers than any other. Saxon nation ; and MrSRowlands, that the whole of thefe remains were accordingly had the honour of giving the name oi An- furrounded with a circle of oaks, and formed a deep glia to England. See ENGLAND. andfacred grove: Jam per fe rohorum ANGLESEY (Me of) is the moft weftern county ' n-que ulla facra fme ea fronde conficiunt; (Phn. Did. of North Wales. It is 24 miles in length, 18 in Sat. xv. 44.)—Near this is leh, or the moated breadth, and fends one member to parliament. It is entrenchment; of a fquare form, with a doubk ramfeparated from Caernarvonfhire by a (trait calledAA**/, part, and broad ditch intervening, and.a leffer on the and on every other fide is furrounded by the outfide. Within are foundations of circular and ot is a fertile fpot, and abounds in corn, cattle, neln, till , Square buildings. This Mr Rowland ruppofes to have been the refidence of the arch druid, and to have gi 311 At° Port Aethwy, the meft general ferry into the ven the name, Tre'r Drya, to the townlhip m winch c ifland, there is a great paffage of cattle. It is °mpute it Hands. AtTrev-Wryarefeveral famt traceso cirthat the ifland fends forth annually from 12,000 to cles of Hones, and other veHiges of buildings , but all 1 e,ooo heads, and multitudes of (beep and hogs. _ fo dilapidated, or hid in weeds, as to become alrfloft is alfo computed that the remaining (lock of cattle is formlefs. Boi-iruian, or the habitation of the druids, orf° embafiy. viceroy. Having confented, but without^ forgetting after took it into his head to make war on the h _ tu-portUgUef