Elsevier’s Concise Spanish Etymological Dictionary [Hardcover ed.] 0444424407, 9780444424402

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containing 10000 entries, 1300 word families by GUIDO GÓMEZ DE SILVA, Ph.D. Former Professor o f Linguistics, Middlebury (Vermont, U.S.) Language Schools Former Chief, Terminology Section, United Nations, New York Former Chief, Language Section, United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, Kenya

ELSEVIER Amsterdam — London — New York — T okyo 1985

ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBLISHERS B.V. Molenwerf 1 P.O. Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands Distributors fo r the United States and Canada: ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBLISHING COMPANY INC. 52, Vanderbilt Avenue New York, N.Y. 10017

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Gómez de Silva, Guido. Elsevier's concise Spanish etymological dictionary. English and Spanish. Bibliography: p. 1. Spanish language— Etymology— Dictionaries. I. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company. II. Title. PC4580.G65 1985 462'.03 84-28749 ISBN 0-444-42440-7 (U.S.)

© Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., 1985 All rights reserved. No part o f this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, p h otocop y ­ ing, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission o f the publisher, Elsevier Science Publishers B.V./Science & Technology Division, P.O. B ox 330, 1000 AH Amster­ dam, The Netherlands. Special regulations for readers in the USA — This publication has been registered with the Copyright Clearance Center Inc. (CCC), Salem, Massachusetts. Information can be obtain­ ed from the CCC about conditions under which photocopies o f parts o f this publication may be made in the USA. All other copyright questions, including photocopying outside o f the USA, should be referred to the publisher. Printed in The Netherlands

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Introduction 1. Etymology is the history o f words, and, as words stand for things, it is often also the history o f things, and therefore o f civilization (consider, for example, Spanish pluma ‘writing pen (often made o f metal)’, which derives from pluma ‘writing pen (made from a large feather)’, which comes from pluma ‘feather’ ). 2. Not only history, but even prehistory can be explored through the study o f etymology. The speakers o f Indo-European, for instance, probably lived about 5000 years ago not very far from the Caspian Sea — a conclusion reached through inferences such as “ They knew snow in their original hom e­ land, as the word for ‘snow’ in Latin, Old Irish, Gothic, and Lithuanian derives from the same Indo-European root — sneigwh-” . A conclusion about the culture o f the Indo-Europeans would be that one o f their units o f time was the lunar month: men- meant both ‘m oon ’ and ‘m onth’ and is an exten­ sion o f me- ‘to measure’. 3. The words analyzed in this Dictionary cover every area o f human endeavor, including science and technology (e.g., cariocinesis, television). The book also contains phrases (baño María, sin embargo) and affixes (des-, -ito). This indicates how comprehensive this book is; accuracy, con ­ cision and clearness have also been striven for. 4. After giving the history o f a Spanish word and o f its predecessors in other languages (written form, and meaning), the earliest documented source is carried back into prehistory by means o f reconstructed forms and inferred meanings. 5. The main purpose o f this Dictionary is to trace each Spanish word as far back as possible in order to acquaint the reader with the story o f the evolution o f the Spanish language; another o f its aims is to help students learn vocabulary. Students o f Spanish as a foreign language can find in the word families (see paragraph 11c) “ bridges” or mnemonic devices to increase their vocabulary. The word sky, for instance, does not help English-speaking students learn cielo, but the English word celestial does. Even their English vocabulary may increase through the use o f the word families included in this book. 6. Although some Spanish words are not o f Indo-European origin, the great majority o f them are. Since Indo-European (sometimes called ProtoIndo-European, or Common Indo-European) was not written, its features must be reconstructed. This is done by comparing the written languages that are its descendants (there are, for instance, obviously regular correspondences of sounds among related languages). 7. For most Indo-European words, only the root — or the stem (o c­ casionally identical with the root but often derived from it by the addition o f affixes) — is shown (e.g., under nuera, snuso- is shown rather than the nominative singular snusós), as those words underwent many changes in their endings (according to case or number, for instance).

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8. In view o f the approximate proportion o f words with similar etym ol­ ogies in certain languages, one might say that this book can also be used to find the origin o f several thousand English, French, Italian, and Portuguese words, as well as that o f many from other languages (e.g., English and French constitution, Italian costituzione, Portuguese constituigao have the same etymology as Spanish constitución). Many Indo-European roots are repre­ sented in Spanish words and therefore this Dictionary forms a fairly com ­ plete picture o f Indo-European etymology. 9. Spanish etymological dictionaries are few. Only the two by Corominas mentioned below (paragraph 22) present ascertained facts, and follow sound techniques and modern linguistic knowledge. This one does to o ; moreover, it includes the following, usually excluded, types o f entries: a. Cities o f Spanish-speaking countries (see, for instance, Buenos Aires, Madrid, Puebla). b. Cities o f other countries, particularly when the traditional Spanish name is different from the local-language name (Esmirna, Londres, M oscú). c. Names o f countries (China, Italia, M éxico), including recent changes (Kampuchea, Sri Lanka, Zaire), and o f geographic objects such as islands (Groenlandia, Sumatra), lakes (Baikal, Superior), mountains (Blanco, Pirine­ os), oceans (Atlántico, índico), rivers (Amazonas, Nilo), seas (Caribe, M edite­ rráneo). d. Names o f peoples (árabe, tolteca, vasco). e. Masculine given names (Francisco, José, Manuel), feminine given names (Ana, Maria, Rosa), family names (Fernandez, González, López)-, for more detailed treatment o f Spanish personal names — both given names, and family names — as well as for a study o f personal names used in other languages, see the author’s article “ The Linguistics o f Personal Names” in Onoma, XVII, Leuven, 1972/73, pp. 92—136. In the case o f the preceding categories o f words, numerous dates — that assist in ascertaining the earliest appearance o f a word — are given in this book, as, unlike other words, these are not found in the Corominas dic­ tionaries. f. Prefixes (a-, inter-, pre-). g. Endings, both inflectional (-áis, -en, -mos, -s) and derivational (-ación, -oso, -ura), including those used in proper names (-burgo, -grado, -landia-, -ez). h. Names o f the letters o f the alphabet (a, be, ce, che). i. Music notes (do, re, mi). j. New words (circadiano, exónimo, ningunear). If a word is taken from the name o f a place or person, the etym ology o f that name is also given. 10. An etymological dictionary contains words (free morphemes); this one — as said in 9 f and 9g — also word elements (bound morphemes). Should it contain graphic symbols (e.g., the origin o f graphemes, or math­ ematical signs, or o f musical notation, or o f the symbols used to represent

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the signs o f the Zodiac)? For the present, it was decided not to include symbols. But an example would be: “ ij> and $ are allographs o f the dollar sign, earlier o f the peso sign; the sign $, which is probably the result o f evolution o f the Mexican sign Ps for pesos (1598) by lowering the letter s upon the letter P, was used in Spanish America (documented in New Orleans — which was under Spanish rule from 1762 to 1800 — in 1778) before the adoption o f the dollar by the United States in 1785” . 11. All terms most likely to be looked for were included, but considera­ tions o f space made concision necessary and it was achieved by the following means: a. Derivatives are added in parentheses after the entry word, but only when both (1) in the alphabetical order, they would immediately precede or follow it, and (2) their etymologies can be easily inferred by reference to the entry and, when necessary, to the endings shown at their own alphabeti­ cal place in the Dictionary. b. Not all intermediate forms are given and translated. Naturally, when they are not obvious, they are given: Spanish chulo — an extreme example — derives from Latin infans; since these two words do not have a single sound or written letter in com m on, if intermediate forms were not shown this derivation would hardly be believed. c. The evidence and evaluation upon which each assertion is made are not always presented. Although, with the exception o f what is stated in a, the etymology o f each word is given at the w ord’s own place in the alphabet, in the case o f each word-family reference is made to one o f its members (preceded by the symbol ° ) where the others (that are contained in this book) are listed. Only readers who wish to go back as far as possible, or to see the list o f all the words in that family that are included in this Dictionary, need look up these additional words. See, for example, references under efímero (the information given here will be sufficient for most readers, and they will have no need to look elsewhere), and a word family under °pender. d. Practically all Spanish words o f Latin origin that are not verbs derive from the form o f the accusative singular (that in Latin generally ended in -am, -um, or -em ) whose -m was pronounced weakly from the earliest times and not at all in Vulgar Latin (except in monosyllables). This is true not only o f Spanish, but o f modern French (the six Classical Latin cases had been reduced to two — nominative and accusative — in Vulgar Latin and these had survived in Old French), o f Catalan and Portuguese, o f Italian (but Italian plurals are taken from the nominative case forms o f Vulgar Latin). The Vulgar Latin form and the Latin accusative form are given in this Dictionary only when their omission would make the derivation difficult to understand (see, for instance, -a1). 12. This concision has made possible the inclusion o f many more entries than simply the most frequent words. 13. Adverbs in -mente, such as abiertamente, have not been included (but

see explanation under -mente). This is only one example o f words that may be said to have been “ tacitly” included (words o f this kind are o f course not counted when it is said that this Dictionary contains 10,000 entries). 14. Words given as examples o f the use o f prefixes or suffixes are not al­ ways analyzed separately in this book. This is another way to expand the total coverage o f the Dictionary. The entry — explanatory notes 15. Practically no abbreviations and only three symbols have been used: a. The symbol ° (a degree mark) marks the word under which the others o f the same family are listed (see paragraph 11c). b. The symbol : (a colon) means “ from ” (the first item after the colon indicates the immediate source o f the Spanish entry-word). c. The symbol * (an asterisk) means a reconstructed form, not attested in documents; it is placed before unattested forms except those labeled IndoEuropean, Romance (= Common Romance), Germanic (= Common Ger­ manic), Celtic (= Common Celtic), Slavic (= Common Slavic), or ProtoAlgonquian, where it is to be assumed because these are all prehistoric and therefore unattested. 16. If a word has no language label (such as “ Arabic” , “ Greek” , “ Latin” ) or no indication o f a period ( “ Medieval Latin” , “ Old French” ), the language or the period are the same as those that immediately precede; e.g., under candela, candére is Latin, because it is preceded by “ Latin candela” . 17. The alphabetical order is letter by letter, i.e. San Salvador is after sandia (as if it were printed Sansalvador without spacing), not before it, as in the word by word system. 18. Names o f cities and countries that begin with an article (El, La), such as El Cairo, El Salvador, La Habana, La Haya, La Paz, are found under the second element. 19. In the case o f Indo-European, the conjectured sound generally repre­ sented by an inverted e has not been shown, nor do syllabic consonants carry a special mark. 20. Words from languages that are not written in the Roman alphabet have been Romanized; in the case o f each language, the most com m on sys­ tem has been followed. When two transliteration or two transcription sys­ tems were found to be used with equal frequency, a choice was made. In the case o f Arabic, for instance, it was decided to follow a system that uses th to Romanize the fourth letter o f the alphabet (rather than, as in some other systems, an underlined i); the alif maqsUra is transcribed a. 21. In most cases, different signs in non-Roman alphabets are translit­ erated by different Roman characters (which makes it possible to revert easily to the former script), whence the use o f some diacritical marks; in ad­ dition to representing the original script, these Roman characters suggest as much as possible the original sound. In the case o f languages written with ideographs (Chinese, Japanese), imitation o f the original sounds is the only guide.

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Works consulted 22. Works most often consulted (but not necessarily follow ed ): Boisacq, Émile. Dictionnaire étym ologique de la langue grecque, étudiée dans ses rapports avec les autres langues indo-européennes. 4e éd. Heidel­ berg, Winter, 1950. Buck, Carl D. Comparative grammar o f Greek and Latin. Chicago, University o f Chicago Press, 1948. Corominas, Joan. Diccionario crítico etim ológico de la lengua castellana. Madrid, Gredos, 1954—57. Corominas, Joan. Breve diccionario etimológico de la lengua castellana, 3a edición. Madrid, Gredos, [1 9 7 3 ]. Ernout, A., and Meillet, A. Dictionnaire étym ologique de la langue latine; histoire des mots. 4e edition. Paris, Klincksieck, 1967. Frisk, Hjalmar. Griechisches etymologisches Wórterbuch. Heidelberg, Winter, 1 9 5 4 -7 2 . Mayrhofer, Manfred. Kurzgefasstes etymologisches Wórterbuch des Altindischen. Heidelberg, C. Winter, 1953. Pokom y, Julius. Indogermanisches etymologisches Wórterbuch. Bern, A. Francke, 1949—1969. Walde, Alois. Lateinisches etymologisches Wórterbuch. 3. Auflage. Heidel­ berg, Winter, 1938—54. Many articles referring to Spanish, Indo-European, Semitic, or American Indian etymology that have appeared in scholarly journals were also anal­ yzed. The thorough research that went into establishing the etymologies in­ cluded consulting lexicographers and other specialists in many countries; their opinions were sought by letter, telephone, or visit. An explanation of some Latin vowel changes 23. In many instances, the first vowel o f the second element o f a com ­ pound is different from what it was in the word in isolation; i.e., when a syllable is no longer initial, its vowel (or diphthong) often changes. For example, ag-, in agere, becomes -ig- in abigere, so that -igere is the combining form o f agere when this verb is not the first element o f a com pound (see abigeo); an-, in annus, becomes -en- in decennis (see decenio); clau-, in claudere, becomes -clu- in excludere (see excluir). A note on certain compound names 24. Personal names o f Germanic origin are often made up o f two elements. Many o f these names may have more than one meaning, according to whether the compound is interpreted as determinative or as copulative: the Old

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High German name Adalbert (compare A lberto), for instance, may mean ‘Noble Bright, Lineage Bright’ (i.e., ‘Shining by reason o f N obility’) or ‘Noble and Bright’. In addition, a com m on onomastic practice among Germanic peoples was to use elements from the names o f tw o ancestors, and although the resulting name had a possible meaning, the constituents were probably often combined without thinking o f the denotation (in some names, as Wigfrith [literally = ‘war peace’ ] , a translation would not make much sense); Adalbert, therefore, may also be the name given a boy whose mother was called Adalheid ( ‘N obility’ ) and whose father was Heribert (‘Shining by reason o f an Arm y’). An historical example o f this practice is that o f Clovis (Old High German Hluodowig; German Chlodwig, Chlodowech, Ludwig; see Luis) I, king o f the Salian Franks, who was born around A.D. 466; the first element o f his name is from that o f his great grand­ father’s, Clodion (German Chlodio; first Frankish king, ruled 428—448), the second element is from the name o f his grandfather, Merowig (German Merowech, French Mérovée, Medieval Latin Merovaeus), second Frankish king, ruled 448—458. Some other examples o f Germanic com pound names are (modern German form o f the name): Bernhard ( ‘Bear Bold, Bold as a Bear’), Gerhard ( ‘ Spear Bold, Bold with the Spear’ ), Gertrud ( ‘ Spear Strength’), Hildegard (‘ Battle Enclosure’), Konrad (‘Bold Counsel, Strong Counsel’). Still others can be seen in this Dictionary under Alberto, Alfonso, Álvarez, América, Armando, Bermudas, Elvira, Enrique, Fernando, Gui­ llermo, Gutiérrez, Ramón, Raúl, Ricardo, R oberto, Rodríguez.

A “a1 ‘the letter a’ : Latin a ‘the letter a’ , representing the sound o f the letter, perhaps from Etruscan or dialectal Greek in which it was so named (in­ stead o f álpha, as in Greek) on the analogy o f the early Greek designa­ tions o f graphic e, o, u (see °e‘ ). R e­ lated words: abecé, abecedario. “a2 ‘ to, tow ard’ : Latin ad ‘to , tow ard’ , from Indo-European ad- ‘to , near, at’ . Related words: a- ' ; abajo, abalanzar, and many others that begin with a-; echar de menos, edecán, hacia, hallar, p ostizo. a-1 ‘to , tow ard’ , as in acertar, ‘to cause, cause to b e ’ , as in abaratar, ‘ thoroughly, com pletely’ , as in abrumar (also a pre­ fix used in parasynthesis, i.e. when forming verbs from nouns or adjectives to which an infinitive ending is added, as in agarrar, and when forming adjec­ tives or nouns from nouns to which ■ado is added, as in acaudalado): Latin ad- ‘to , toward, near, into; in addition to , additional; to cause to be; thor­ oughly’ , from ad ‘to , toward’ (see °a2). a-2 ‘not, without, un-’ , as in abismo, abulia, afasia, amaranto, amatista: Greek a‘n o t’ , from an- ‘n o t’ (see an-, °no). °-a-, vowel o f the first conjugation: Latin -a-, thematic vowel o f first conjugation verbs (compare °-e-, °-i-'). Related suf­ fixes: -a3, -abilidad, -able, -abundo-, -ado', and all those beginning with athat are mentioned under -ado'; -áis', -am os', -an', -as'. -a1, a feminine singular ending o f com m on nouns (as in mesa), geographic names (as in España), given names (as in Julia), generally from Vulgar Latin -a, feminine singular ending o f nouns (nominative and accusative), from Latin a m , an accusative singular ending o f first d e­ clension nouns (most o f which were feminine), from Indo-European -am, an accusative singular ending o f feminine nouns, from a m , an accusative singular ending o f feminine adjectives (see a 2, °-os, °cuota). Spanish feminine singular nouns ending in a are sometimes o f

other origins (as in pimienta or seña). -a2, a feminine singular ending o f adjectives (as in bonita): Vulgar Latin -a, a feminine singular ending o f adjectives (nominative and accusative), from Latin a m , an ac­ cusative singular ending o f feminine ad­ jectives o f the first declension, from IndoEuropean a m , an accusative singular ending o f feminine adjectives, from a -, ending o f the stem o f many feminine adjectives (from a -, ending o f the stem o f many feminine pronouns [e.g. kwa-, feminine o f kw o-; see “cuota ]) + -m, ac­ cusative ending (see °-o5). °-a3, ending o f the third person singular o f the present indicative o f first co n ­ jugation verbs, as in ama: Latin a t (as in amat), third person singular ending o f the present indicative o f first co n ­ jugation verbs, from a -, thematic vowel o f first conjugation verbs (see °a -), + -t, ending o f the third person sin­ gular, from Old Latin -t (from IndoEuropean -ti, a third person singular ending [present]) or from Old Latin -d (as in feced [Latin fe c it]), from IndoEuropean -t, a third person singular ending (past). Related suffixes: a 6, a 8, a 9, -á, a b a 2, ara2, ará, -are2, aria2, -ase2, -e', -e2, -e4, -e5, -eria', -ia2, -¡a4, -i'a6, -ó.

-a4, an ending o f the second person singular o f the imperative o f first conjugation verbs, as in ama: Latin a (as in ama), second person singular ending o f the present imperative o f first conjugation verbs, from the bare stem o f the verb (unm odified; compare -e6, -e1). -a5, ending o f the first person singular o f the present subjunctive o f second c o n ­ jugation verbs, as in tema: Latin -earn (as in timeam), first person singular ending o f the present subjunctive o f second conjugation verbs (for -m ‘first person singular’ , see °a b a '). -a6, ending o f the third person singular o f the present subjunctive o f second conjugation verbs, as in tema: Latin -eat (as in timeat), third person singular ending o f the present subjunctive o f

2

-a

second conjugation verbs (for -t ‘third person singular’, see °-a3). -a7, ending o f the first person singular o f the present subjunctive o f third co n ­ jugation verbs, as in parta: Latin -iam (as in partiam), first person singular ending o f the present subjunctive o f fourth conjugation verbs (for -m ‘first person singular’, see °-abal ). -a8, ending o f the third person singular o f the present subjunctive o f third conjugation verbs, as in parta'. Latin ■iat (as in partiat), third person singular ending» o f the present subjunctive o f fourth conjugation verbs (for -t ‘third person singular’, see °-a3). -a9, ending o f the usted form o f the im­ perative o f second and third conjuga­ tion verbs, as in tema, parta: Spanish -a6 and -a8, respectively (see -a6, -a8,

■e5). -á, ending o f the third person singular o f the future indicative, as in amará, temerá, partirá: ha ‘he has’, an auxiliary (see -e'2), from Vulgar Latin habet, an auxiliary, o f which only the stressed vowel re­ mained, from Latin habet ‘he has’, third person singular o f the present indicative o f habere ‘to have; to have t o ’ (see °haber). For the -t ‘third person sin­ gular’ o f Latin habet, see -a3. °ab- ‘from, away’, as in abdicar, abducción, aberración, abigeo, abjurar: Latin ab‘from, away, away from ’, from ab ‘from ; b y ’, from Indo-European apo-, ap- ‘away, away from, o f f ’ (source, likewise, o f English ebb, of, o ff). Related words: ablativo and many others beginning with ab--, abs-; afelio, aféresis, aforismo, amanuense-, apócope and others be­ ginning with apo-: ausencia, ausente, avanzar, bodega, botica, pócima, póliza, vanguardia, ventaja. “-aba1, ending o f the first person singular o f the imperfect indicative o f first con ­ jugation verbs, as in amaba: Latin -abam (as in amabam), first person singular ending o f the imperfect indicative o f first conjugation verbs, from -a-, the­ matic vowel o f the imperfect indicative o f first conjugation verbs, + -6a-, a mark o f the imperfect indicative (from Indo-European -bhwa-, o f periphrastic origin, from bhu-, a form o f bheu- ‘to b e ’ ¡[see °futuro], + -a, a preterit tense suffix

[o f disputed origin, but also found in Celtic and Lithuanian]), + -m, an ending o f the first person singular o f the im­ perfect and the pluperfect indicative, and o f the subjunctive, o f all four co n ­ jugations, and o f the future indicative o f the third and fourth conjugations, from Indo-European -m, an ending o f the first person singular o f the im­ perfect (related endings: -a5, -a7, -ara', -ase', -e 3, -fa', -fa3, -ias, -iera', -iera3, -iese', -iese3). -aba2, ending o f the third person singular o f the imperfect indicative o f first co n ­ jugation verbs, as in amaba: Latin -abat (as in amabat), third person singular ending o f the imperfect indicative o f first conjugation verbs, from -a-, the­ matic vowel (see -aba'), + -6a- ‘imper­ fect indicative’ (see -aba', °futuro), + -t ‘third person singular’ (see °-a3). ábaco ‘abacus’: Greek ábax (stem abak-) ‘slab, calculating board (covered with dust)’, from Hebrew ’abhaq ‘dust’. The first abacuses were boards on which sand had been sprinkled and the num­ bers were written (scratched) in the sand. “abad ‘a bbot’: Late Latin abbatem, accusa­ tive o f abbas (stem abbat-) ‘abbot’, from Late Greek abbas ‘abbot’, from Aramaic abba ‘the father’ (emphatic state; ábh ‘father’, absolute state). Re­ lated words: abadía, barrabás. abadía ‘abbey’: Late Latin abbatia ‘abbey’, from abbat-, stem o f abbas ‘a b b ot’ (see °abad). -abais, ending o f the second person plural o f the imperfect indicative o f first co n ­ jugation verbs, as in amabais: Latin -abatis (as in amabatis), second person plural ending o f the imperfect indica­ tive o f first conjugation verbs, from -a-, thematic vowel (see -aba'), + -6a‘imperfect indicative’ (see -aba', °futuro) + -tis ‘second person plural’ (see °-is). abajo ‘b elow ’: a- ‘t o ’ (see a-', °a2) + bajo ‘low ; b elow ’ (see °bajo). abalanzar ‘to im pel’ : a- ‘t o ’ (see a-', °a2) + balanza ‘scale, balance’ (see °balanza, °bi-) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). “abalorio ‘glass bead’: Arabic al-balluri ‘the crystalline on e’, from al- ‘th e’ + ballür ‘crystal, beryl’ (from Greek béryllos

3

‘beryl’ [with metathesis o f the phonemes r and /], o f Dravidian origin; possibly related words: brillante, brillar) + -i, the relative-adjective ending. -ábamos, ending o f the first person plural o f the imperfect indicative o f first con ­ jugation verbs, as in amábamos: Latin -abamus (as in amabamus), first person plural ending o f the imperfect indica­ tive o f first conjugation verbs, from -a-, thematic vowel (see -aba'), + -ba- ‘im­ perfect indicative’ (see -aba1, “futuro), + -mus ‘first person plural’ (see °-mos). -aban, ending o f the third person plural o f the imperfect indicative o f first con ­ jugation verbs, as in amaban: Latin -abant (as in amabant), third person plural ending o f the imperfect indica­ tive o f first conjugation verbs, from -a-, thematic vowel (see -aba'), + -ba‘imperfect indicative’ (see -aba1, “futuro) + -nt ‘third person plural’ (see °-n). abanderado ‘standard-bearer’: a-, a noun­ forming prefix (see a-1, °a!), + bandera ‘standard, banner’ (see bandera, ° banda2) + -ado ‘characterized b y ’ (see -ado2). abanderar ‘to register (ship)’: a-, a prefix used to form verbs from nouns (see a-1, °a2), + bandera ‘flag’ (see bandera, “banda2) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar‘ ). abandonar ‘to abandon’ (abandono ‘aban­ donm ent’): Old French a bandon ‘in (som eone’s) pow er’ + Spanish -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-arl). Old French a ‘at’ derives from Latin ad ‘t o ’ (see °a2); Old French bandon ‘pow er’, from ban ‘jurisdiction, pow er’, from Frankish ban ‘jurisdiction; proclam ation’, from Germanic banwan ‘to proclaim ’ (see bandido, “fábula). abanico ‘fan’, literally = ‘little fan’, from abano ‘fan, ceiling fan ’ (from abanar ‘to fan’, from Latin evannere ‘to win­ n o w ’, from e- ‘out of, from ’ [see e x -1, “ex ] + vannus ‘winnowing fan’, from Indo-European wat-no- ‘winnowing fan’, from wat-, from we- ‘to b lo w ’ [see “vien to]) + -ico ‘little’ (see “-ic o 1). abaratar ‘to cheapen’: a- ‘to cause to be’ (see a-1, “a2) + barato ‘cheap’ (see “barato) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). abarcar ‘to embrace, encompass’: Vulgar Latin *abracchicare ‘to embrace’, from Latin ad- ‘t o ’ (see a-1, “a2) + bracchium

abecedario

‘arm’ (see “brazo). abarrotar ‘to stow, pack, overstock’: a-, a prefix used to form verbs from nouns (see a-1, °a2), + barrote ‘batten, bar’ (from barra ‘bar, lever’ ; see “barra) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see “-ar1). abarrote ‘batten, bar’ : abarrotar ‘ to stow ’ (see abarrotar, a-1, “a2, “barra, °-ar') + -e, a noun suffix (see -e8). The plural, abarrotes, = ‘groceries’, abarrotero ‘grocer’: abarrotes ‘groceries’ (see abarrote, abarrotar, a-1, “a2, “barra, “-ar1) + -ero ‘o f, connected with’ (see -ero2). -abas, ending o f the second person singular o f the imperfect indicative o f first co n ­ jugation verbs, as in amabas: Latin -abas (as in amabas), second person singular ending o f the imperfect indicative o f first conjugation verbs, from -a-, thematic vowel (see -aba'), + -ba- ‘imperfect indicative’ (see -aba1, “futuro) + -s ‘second person singular’ (see °-s2). abastecer ‘to supply’: a- ‘t o ’ (see a-1, °a2) + (probably) bastar ‘to suffice’ (see “bastar) + -ecer, an infinitive ending (see “-ecer, -er, “-ar1). abasto ‘supply’: abastar ‘to supply’ (from a- ‘t o ’ [see a-', °a2] + bastar ‘to suffice’ [see “ bastar]) + -o, an ending o f nouns (see -o 4, °-o5). abatir ‘to knock down, discourage’ : Vulgar Latin *abattuere ‘to knock dow n’, from Latin ad- (with assimilation) ‘t o ’ (see a-1, °a2) + battuere ‘to beat’ (see “ batir). abdicar ‘ to abdicate’: Latin abdicare ‘to abdicate’, from ab- ‘away from ’ (see °ab-) + dicare ‘to proclaim, dedicate, say’, from Indo-European dik-a- ‘to direct; direction’, from dik-, from deik‘to show ’ (see “decir). abdomen ‘abdom en’: Latin abdomen ‘ belly’, abducción ‘abduction’ : Late Latin abductionem , accusative o f abductio (stem abduction-) ‘a carrying o f f ’, from Latin abductus, past participle o f abducere ‘to lead away’ (from ab- ‘from, away’ [see “ab-] + ducere ‘to lead’ [see “con ­ ducir]), + -io ‘act, process’ (see °-ión). abecé ‘ABC, alphabet’, from the Spanish names (a + be + ce; see “a1, “be, °ce) o f the letters a, b, and c. abecedario ‘A B C ’s, primer’ : Medieval Latin abecedarium ‘alphabet’, from a + be +

abedul

ce + de, the Latín names o f the first four letters (see °a', °be, °ce, °d e'), + Latin -arium ‘o f, connected with’ (see -ario2). abedul ‘ birch’ : Gaulish betulla ‘birch’, from bet ‘pitch, resin’ (see °betún). The initial a- is due to the influence o f Spanish abeto ‘fir’. abeja ‘ bee’: Latin apicula (contracted to apiola) ‘little bee’, from apis ‘bee” + -icula ‘little on e’ (see -icula). aberración ‘aberration’ : Latin aberrationem, accusative o f aberratio (stem aberra­ tion-) ‘diversion’, from aberratus, past participle o f aberrare ‘to go astray’ (see aberrar, °ab-, °errar), + -io ‘result’ (see °-ion). aberrar ‘to err, be mistaken’: Latin aberrare ‘to go astray’, from ab- ‘from ’ (see °ab-) + errare ‘to stray’ (see °errar). abertura ‘an opening’: Latin apertura ‘an opening’, from apertus ‘open ’ (from apertus, past participle o f aperire ‘to open’ ; see °abrir) + -ura ‘result o f ’ (see °-ura). abeto ‘fir’: Latin abiet-, stem o f abies ‘fir’, + Spanish -o, an ending o f nouns (see -o 4). abierto ‘open ’: Latin apertus ‘open ’ (see abertura, °abrir). abigarrado ‘variegated, m otley’: a-, an ad­ jective-forming prefix (see a-1, °a2), + French bigarré ‘variegated’ (from bi- ‘tw o, twice, d ou b ly ’ [from Latin bi-; see °bi-] + Old French garre ‘variegated’) + Spanish -ado ‘being, characterized b y ’ (see -ado2, °-ado'). abigeo ‘cattle thief, rustler’: Latin abigeus ‘cattle thief’, from abigere ‘to push away’, from ab- ‘away’ (see °ab-) + -igere, from agere ‘to drive’ (see °agente). -abilidad ‘ability to, fitness fo r ’, an ending o f feminine abstract nouns, as in ama­ bilidad, insociabilidad, probabilidad, res­ ponsabilidad, variabilidad: Latin -abilitatem, accusative o f -abilitas (stem -abilitat-) ‘ability to, fitness fo r ’, from -a-, thematic vowel o f the first conju­ gation (see °-a-), + -bilitas ‘ability t o ’ (see -bilidad, °-ble, °-tad). Abisinia ‘Abyssinia (former name for Ethi­ op ia)’: Arabic Habash ‘Abyssinians’. abismo ‘abyss’: Greek dbyssos ‘abyss’, literally = ‘bottom less’, from a- ‘n o t’ (see a-2, an-, °no) + byssós ‘bottom ,

4 depth’. The -m- is probably due to analogy with the ending -ismo (see -ismo)\ it also appears in French abime ‘ abyss’. abjurar ‘to abjure’: Latin abjurare ‘to ab­ jure’, from ab- ‘away’ (see °ab-) + jurare ‘to swear’ (see °jurar). ablación ‘ablation’: Late Latin ablationem, accusative o f ablatio (stem ablation-) 'removal’, from ablatus ‘rem oved’ (from ab- ‘away’ [see °ab-] + lotus ‘carried, borne’ [see delator, °tolerar]) + -io ‘act’ (see °-ión). ablandar ‘to soften’: a- ‘to cause to be’ (see a-1, °a2) + blando ‘s o ft’ (see °blando) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °ar‘ ). ablativo ‘ablative’ : Latin ablativus ‘ex­ pressing removal’, from ablatus ‘re­ m oved’ (see ablación, °ab-, delator, °tolerar) + -ivus ‘performing’ (see °-ivo). -able ‘worthy of, capable of, fit fo r ’, an ending o f adjectives, as in aconsejable, afable, agradable, amable, apreciable: Latin -abilis ‘worthy of, capable o f ’ (as in amabilis), from -a-, thematic vowel o f the first conjugation (see °-a-), + -bilis, passive adjectival suffix, = ‘ca­ pable o f, worthy o f; causing’ (see °-ble). ablución ablution’: Latin ablutionem, ac­ cusative o f ablutio (stem ablution-) ‘ablution’, from ablutus, past participle o f abluere ‘to wash away’ (from ab‘away’ [see °ai>-] + -luere, from lavere ‘to wash’ [see °loción ]), + -io ‘act, pro­ cess’ (see °-ión). abnegación ‘abnegation’: Late Latin abnegationem, accusative o f abnegatio (stem abnegation-) ‘abnegation’, from abnegatus, past participle o f abnegare ‘to abnegate’ (see abnegar, °ab-, negar, °no), + -io ‘state o f being’ (see °-ión). abnegar ‘to abnegate’ (abnegado ‘selfdenying’): Latin abnegare ‘to reject, deny’, from ab- ‘away’ (see °ab-) + negare ‘to deny’ (see negar, °no). abobar ‘to make stupid; to grow stupid’ : a- ‘to cause to b e ’ (see a-1, °a2) + bobo ‘stupid’ (see °b ob o) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). abocar ‘to bite’ (abocarse ‘to approach, have an interview’): a-, a prefix used when forming verbs from nouns (see a-1, °a2), + boca ‘m outh’ (see °boca) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). abocinar ‘to shape like a trumpet’: a- ‘to,

5

,

toward’ (see a-', “a2) + bocina ‘trumpet’ (see bocina, buey, °bustrófedon, °cantar) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). abochornar ‘to overheat, blush’ : a-, a verbforming prefix (see a-', °a2), + bochorno ‘ blush’ (see ° b och orn o) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar‘ ). abofetear ‘to slap in the face’ : a-, a verbforming prefix (see a-', °a! ), + obsolete bofete ‘slap’ (see ° bofetada) + -ear, an infinitive ending (see -ear, -izar). abogacfa ‘legal profession’: Medieval Latin advocatia ‘legal profession’, from Latin advocatus ‘summoned’ (see abogado, a-' ,° a 2, “voz). abogado ‘lawyer’ (abogar ‘to plead’): Latin advocatus ‘legal assistant’, from advocatus ‘summoned’, past participle o f advocare ‘to summon, call to aid’, from ad- ‘t o ’ (see a-', °a2) + vocare ‘to call’, from Indo-European wok-d-, wokw-a- ‘to speak’, from wokw-, from wekw- ‘to speak’ (see °voz). abolengo ‘ancestry’ : abol-, base o f abuela ‘grandmother’ (see “abuela). abolición ‘revocation, abolition’: Latin abolitionem, accusative o f abolitio (stem abolition-) ‘abolition’, from abolitus, past participle o f abolere ‘to abolish’ (see abolir, °ab-, adolescente, “ alimento), + -io ‘act’ (see °-ión). abolir ‘to abolish, revoke’: Latin abolere ‘to abolish, destroy’ (underlying meaning: ‘to retard the growth o f ’), from ab‘from ’ (see “ab-) + -olere, probably from -olescere ‘to grow u p ’ (see adolescente, “alimento). abollar ‘ to dent, bum p’ : a-, a verb-forming prefix (see a-1, “ a2), + bollo ‘roll o f bread; curved dent’ (from Latin bulla ‘bubble, ball’ ; see “bola) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see “-ar'). abomaso ‘abomasum’: New Latin abomasum ‘abomasum’ (first used in English, 1706), from Latin ab- ‘away from ’ (see °ab-) + omasum ‘tripe o f a bullock’, possibly from Gaulish. abominable ‘abominable’ : Latin abominabilis ‘abominable’, from abominan ‘to detest’ (see abominar, “ab-, “om inoso) + -abilis ‘worthy o f ’ (see -able, °-ble). abominar ‘to abominate’ : Latin abominari ‘to shun as an ill omen, detest’, from ab- ‘away from ’ (see “ab-) + ominari ‘to forebode, presage’, from omin-, stem

abrasar

o í om en ‘om en’ (see °ominoso). abonado ‘subscriber’: abonarse ‘to subscribe’ (see abonarse, a-1, °a2, muñeca) + -ado ‘characterized b y ’ (see -ado2, °-ado'). abonar ‘to better, enhance; to vouch for; to fertilize’ (abono ‘voucher; manure’): a-, a verb-forming prefix (see a-', °a2), + bon-, base o f bueno ‘g o o d ’ (see °bueno), + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). abonarse ‘to subscribe’ (abono ‘subscription’): French s ’abonner ‘ to subscribe’, from abonner ‘to agree on a tax fee’, from a- ‘to, toward’ (from Latin ad‘to, tow ard’; see a-', °a2) + Old French banner (French borner) ‘to delimit’, from bonne, bodne ‘limit, boundary’ (akin to English bound ‘lim it’), from Medieval Latin bodina ‘lim it’, probably from Gaulish *bodina ‘lim it’ (com pare muñeca). abordar ‘to approach, board’: a- ‘to, toward’ (see a-', “a2) + bordo ‘board, side o f a ship’ (variant o f Spanish borde ‘border, edge’ ; see “borde) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see “-ar1). aborigen ‘aborigine; aboriginal’: Latin Aborigines, pre-Roman inhabitants o f Latium, probably a folk etym ology (as if derived from Latin ab origine ‘from the beginning’) o f the name o f a people, aborrecer ‘to abhor’: Late Latin abhorrescere ‘to bristle; to shrink from ’, from Latin ab- ‘away from ’ (see “ab-) + horrescere ‘to bristle, shudder’, from horrere ‘to bristle; to tremble, shudder’ (from Indo-European ghors-eyo-, from ghors-, from ghers- ‘to bristle’ ; see “horchata) + -escere, an inchoative ending (see °ecer). Compare aburrir. abortar ‘to abort’: Latin abortare ‘to abort’, from abortus ‘abortion’ (see aborto, “ab-, “oriente) + -are, an infinitive ending (see°-ar‘ ). aborto ‘abortion’: Latin abortus ‘abortion’, from abortus, past participle o f aboriri ‘to disappear; to miscarry’, from ab- ‘o ff; badly’ (see “ab-) + oriri ‘to rise, be born’ (see “oriente). abotonar ‘to button’: a-, a verb-forming prefix (see a-1, °a2), + botón ‘button’ (see botón, “botar) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar‘ ). abrasar‘to set afire, burn’: a-, a verb-forming prefix (see a-', °a2), + brasa ‘ember’ (see

abraxas

°brasa) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). abraxas ‘abraxas (word used as a charm, and amulet engraved with this w ord )’: Greek Abraxás, name o f a god; regarded as a charm from the numerical value o f the Greek letters, which is 365 (the number o f days in a year, originally related to sun worship) — alpha = 1, + beta = 2, + rho = 100, + alpha = 1, + xi = 60, + alpha = 1, + sigma = 200. abrazar ‘to embrace, clasp’ (abrazo ‘hug, embrace’): a-, a verb-forming prefix (see a-', °a2), + brazo ‘arm’ (see “ brazo) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar‘ ). abrelatas ‘can opener’: abre ‘opens’, third person singular o f the present indicative o f abrir ‘to open ’ (from abrir [see °abrir, °ah-] + -e [see -e2]), + latas ‘cans, tins’, plural o f lata ‘can, tin’ (from lata [see “lata] + -s, a plural ending [see °-s‘ ]). abrevar ‘to water (cattle)’ : Old Spanish abebrar (with metathesis), from Vulgar Latin *abbiberare ‘to water (cattle)’, from Latin ad- (with assimilation) ‘to, toward’ (see a-', V ) + bibere ‘to drink’ (see beber, °poción). abreviar ‘to abridge’: Late Latin abbreviare ‘to abridge’, from Latin ad- ‘t o ’ (see a-', °a2) + breviare ‘to shorten’, from brevis ‘short’ (see breve, “brazo). abreviatura ‘abbreviation’: Medieval Latin abbreviatura ‘abbreviation’, from Late Latin abbreviatus, past participle o f abbreviare ‘to abbreviate’ (see abreviar, a-', °a2, breve, °brazo), + Latin -ura ‘result’ (see °-ura). abridor ‘can opener’: abrir ‘to op en ’ (see “abrir, °ab-) + -idor ‘instrument’ (see -idor'). “abrigar ‘to shelter, p rotect’: Late Latin apricari ‘to sun oneself’ (the meaning changed from ‘sunning’ to ‘protecting from the cold by sunning’ to ‘protecting’ in general), from apricus ‘exposed to the sun’. Related w ord: abrigo. abrigo ‘shelter; overcoat’: abrigar ‘to shelter, p rotect’ (see “abrigar) + -o, an ending o f nouns (see -o ', ° o s). abril ‘April’ : Latin aprilis ‘April’, perhaps literally = ‘(m onth) o f Venus’, prob­ ably o f Etruscan origin; akin to Etruscan apru ‘April’, which may derive from Greek A phro, short for A phrodite, Greek goddess o f love, identified with

6

the Roman Venus. “abrir ‘to op en ’: Latin aperire ‘to open, un­ cover’, from Indo-European ap-wer-yo‘ to uncover’, from ap-, variant o f apo‘o ff, away’ (see °ab-), + wer- ‘to cover’ (related words: abertura, abierto, abre­ latas, abridor, abrojo, aperitivo, cubrir, descubrir, garantía, garantizar, garaje, guarida, guarnición, obertura; probably: cantuariense). abrochar ‘to clasp, bu tton ’: a-, a verb­ forming prefix (see a-1, °a! ), + broche ‘clasp’ (see °broche) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). abrogar ‘to abrogate, annul’: Latin abrogare ‘to abrogate’, from ab- ‘away’ (see °ab-) + rogare ‘to ask; to ask the people about a law ’ (see rogar, °regir). abrojo ‘thistle’, probably from the Late Latin warning aperi oculos'. ‘open your eyes!’ called out to someone reaping in a field covered with thistles (this is similar to English to keep o n e ’s eyes open = ‘to be careful’). Compare °abrir, ojo, “ocular. abrumar ‘to overwhelm, burden’: a- ‘thor­ oughly’ (see a-1, °a2) + brumar ‘to over­ whelm’, from bruma (variant o f broma ‘shipworm’, because this mollusk may be very destructive to w ooden ships; see broma, “voraz) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). abrupto ‘craggy, rugged’ : Latin abruptus ‘broken o f f ’, past participle o f abrumpere ‘to break o f f ’, from ab- ‘o f f ’ (see °ab-) + rumpere ‘to break’ (see romper, °robar). abs- ‘away from ’, as in absceso, abstemio, abstracto: Latin abs- (as in absens ‘ab­ sent’), variant o f ab- ‘away from ’ nor­ mally used before c, q, and t, as in abscondere, absque, abstinere (see °ab-). absceso ‘abscess’: Latin abscessus ‘ a going away; collection o f pus’, from abscedere ‘to go away’, from abs- ‘away’ (see abs-, °ab-) + cedere ‘to go, withdraw, yield’ (see 0ceder). abscisa ‘abscissa’: Latin abscissa ‘cut o f f ’, feminine o f abscissus, past participle o f abscindere ‘to cut o f f ’, from ab- ‘o f f ’ (see °ab-) + scindere ‘to cut, tear, split’, from caedere ‘to cu t’ (see “cesura). absoluto ‘absolute’ : Latin absolutus ‘set free, absolved’, from absolvere ‘to free from ’ (see absolver, “ab-, “resolver). absolver ‘to absolve’: Latin absolvere ‘to

7

acá

''H '

free from ’, from ab- ‘from ’ (see °ab-) + solvere ‘to loosen, release’ (see "re­ solver). absorber ‘to absorb’: Latin absorbere ‘to absorb’, from ab- ‘from ’ (see °ab-) + sorbere ‘to suck’ (see "sorbo). absorto ‘absorbed in thought, oblivious’ : Latin absorptus ‘absorbed’, from ab­ sorbere ‘to absorb’ (see absorber, °ab-, "sorbo). abstemio ‘abstemious’ : Latin abstemius ‘temperate, sober’, from abs- ‘away from ’ (see abs-, °ab-) + -temius (from temetum ‘mead, wine, liquor’), abstenerse ‘to abstain’: Latin abstinere ‘to hold back’, from abs- ‘fro m ’ (see abs-, "ab-) + -tiñere, from -tenere ‘to h old ’ (see "tener). abstracción ‘abstraction’: Late Latin abstractionem, accusative o f abstractio (stem abstraction-) ‘abduction’, from Latin abstractus ‘rem oved’ (see abstracto, abs-, "ab-, "traer) + -io ‘act o f ’ (see °-ión). abstracto ‘abstract’: Latin abstractus ‘re­ moved from reality’, past participle o f abstrahere ‘to draw away’, from abs- ‘from ’ (see abs-, °ab-) + trahere ‘to pull’ (see "traer). absurdo ‘absurd’: Latin absurdus ‘harshsounding, absurd’, literally = ‘away from what is dull-sounding’, from ab‘from ’ (see °ab-) + surdus ‘dull-sounding, deaf, silent’ (see sordo, "susurrar). abubilla ‘h o o p o e ’: Latin *upupella, dim­ inutive o f upupa ‘h o o p o e ’, from upupa, a word form ed in imitation o f this bird’s call, + -ella ‘little on e’ (see -ela). “abuela ‘grandmother’ (abuelo ‘grandfa­ ther’): Vulgar Latin *aviola ‘little grand­ m other’, from Latin avia ‘grandmother’, feminine o f avus ‘grandfather’ (from Indo-European awo- ‘an adult male relative other than on e’s father’), + -ola, a feminine diminutive ending. Related words: abolengo, bisabuelo. abulia ‘abulia’: Greek aboulia ‘irresolu­ tion ’, from a- ‘n o ’ (see a-2, an-, "no) + boule ‘will’ (underlying meaning: ‘throw­ ing forward o f the m ind’, from IndoEuropean gwol-sa ‘a throwing’, from guiol-, from gwel- ‘to throw, reach’ ; see "m etabolismo) + -ia ‘condition, state, quality’ (see -ia). abultar ‘to increase, enlarge’ (abultado ‘bulky, enlarged’): a-, a verb-forming

prefix (see a-¡, °a2), + bulto ‘bulk, bundle’ (see "bulto) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar' ). abundancia ‘abundance’ : Latin abundantia ‘abundance’, from abundant-, stem o f abundans ‘abounding’ (see abundante, abundar, "ab-, onda, "hidrógeno), + -ia ‘condition, state, quality’ (see -ia). abundante ‘abundant’: Latin abundantem, accusative o f abundans ‘abounding’, pres­ ent participle o f abundare ‘to abound’ (see abundar, "ab-, onda, "hidrógeno). abundar ‘to abound’: La tin abundare ‘to abound, overflow ’, from ab- ‘from ’ (see °ab-) + undare ‘to rise in waves’, from unda ‘wave’ (see onda, "hidrógeno) + -are, an infinitive ending (see “-or1), -abundo, an ending denoting duration, as in cogitabundo, errabundo, meditabundo, nauseabundo, vagabundo: Latin -abundus, from -a-, thematic vowel o f the first conjugation (see °-a-), + -bundus, an ending o f verbal adjectives (see "bundo). aburrir ‘to bore’ (aburrido ‘boring, tire­ som e’): Latin abhorrere ‘to loathe’, from ab- ‘from ’ (see "ab-) + horrere ‘to bristle, shiver’ (see aborrecer, "hor­ chata). Aburrir meant ‘to abhor’ until the sixteenth century; aborrecer, which has a very similar origin, has kept that meaning. abuso ‘abuse’ (abusar ‘to abuse’): Latin abusus ‘a using up, a consuming’, from abusus, past participle o f abuti ‘to con ­ sume, misuse’, from ab- ‘away’ (see "ab-) + uti ‘ to use’ (see °uso). abyecto ‘abject’: Latin abjectus ‘dow n­ cast’, from abjectus, past participle o f abjicere, abicere ‘to cast o f f ’, from ab- ‘from ’ (see "ab-) + -jicere, -icere, from jacere ‘to throw ’ (see "echar). “acá ‘here’: Vulgar Latin *ac(cu) hac, ec(cu) hac ‘here’, from Latin eccum ‘here is’ (prefixed for emphasis in cer­ tain Vulgar Latin expressions: com ­ pare aquel, aquí) + hac ‘here’. Latin eccum (related words: aquel, aquél, aquí) derives from ecce eum, from ecce ‘here is’ (probably from *ed-ce, from *ed- [from Indo-European e- (also found in Russian eto ‘this’), variant o f i-, a pronominal stem; see “ya ] + -ce ‘this; here’ [see hac lower in this entry]) + -eum (accusative o f is ‘this; that’), from Indo-European ey-om , from ey-,

acabar

another variant o f i-, pronominal stem (see °ya). Latin hac ultimately derives from Indo-European ghe-, a dem on­ strative particle (related words: ahora, aquí, aun, aún, aunque, em pero, hogaño, hoy, p ero), + ke-, variant o f ko- ‘this’, stem o f the demonstrative pronoun (related words: ahora, allá, allí, aquel, aquél, aquí, así, aun, aún, aunque, cis-, em pero, entonces, etcétera, he aquí, hogaño, hoy, pero, sí'). acabar ‘to finish, conclude’, literally = ‘to bring to an end’: a- ‘t o ’ (see a-', °a2) + cabo ‘ end’ (see °cabo) + -ar, an in­ finitive ending (see °-ar'). “academia ‘academy’: Latin Academia ‘Pla­ tonism’, from Greek Akademia, a place near Athens where Plato taught (fourth century B.C.), from Akádém os, legendary hero, + -eia ‘place, area’ (see -ia). Re­ lated words: académico. académico ‘academic’: Latin academicus, from Greek akadémeikós, from Akademeia (see °academia) + -ikós ‘o f ’ (see -ico 2). acaecer ‘to happen’: Vulgar Latin accadere, for Latin accidere ‘to happen, fall u p on ’ (from ad- [with assimilation] ‘t o ’ [see a-', V ] + -cidere, from cadere ‘to fall’ [see “caer]), + Spanish -ecer, an infini­ tive ending (see °-ecer). acalorar ‘to warm, inflame, overwork’: a-, a verb-forming prefix (see a-1, °a2), + calor ‘heat’ (see calor, °caliente) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). acampar ‘to camp, encamp’: a-, a verb­ forming prefix (see a-', °a2), + campo ‘field, cam p’ (see °cam po) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). acanto ‘acanthus’: Latin acanthus ‘acanthus’, from Greek ákanthos ‘acanthus’ (un­ derlying meaning: ‘thorn plant’), from ákantha ‘thorn’, from Indo-European ak- ‘sharp’ (see °aguja). “acaparar ‘to hoard’: French accaparer ‘to hoard’, from Italian accaparrare ‘to secure, hoard’, from caparra ‘earnest money, security’, from capo ‘beginning’ (from Latin caput ‘head’ ; see “cabo) + arra ‘earnest m on ey’, from Latin arra, short for arrabo, from Greek arrhabon, from Hebrew ‘erabon ‘security, pledge’ (related w ord: arras). acariciar ‘to caress’: a-, a verb-forming prefix (see a-', °a2), + caricia ‘caress’

8

(see caricia, °caro) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). acarrear ‘to convey, transport’: a-, a verb­ forming prefix (see a-', °a2), + carro ‘wagon’ (see carro, °correr) + -ear, an infinitive ending (see -ear, -izar). acaso ‘chance; by chance’: a ‘at, b y ’ (see “a2) + caso ‘chance, event’ (see caso, °caer). acatar ‘to respect, o b e y ’ (earlier = ‘to look carefully’): a- ‘thoroughly’ (see a-', °a2), + catar ‘to lo o k ’ (see catar, °capaz). acaudalado ‘wealthy’: a-, an adjective­ forming prefix (see a-', °a2), + caudal ‘wealth, capital’ (see caudal, °cabo) + -ado ‘characterized b y ’ (see -ado2, °-ado'). acceder ‘to accede, agree’: Latin accedere ‘to approach’, from ad- (with assimila­ tion) ‘t o ’ (see a-', °a2) + cedere ‘to go, yield, co m e ’ (see °ceder). accesible ‘accessible’: Late Latin accessibilis ‘ accessible’, from Latin accessus ‘approach, access’ (see acceso, acceder, a-', °a2, °ceder) + -ibilis ‘capable o f ’ (see -ible, °-ble). acceso ‘access’ (accesorio ‘accessory’): Latin accessus ‘approach, access, admittance’, from accessus, past participle o f accedere ‘to accede’ (see acceder, a-', °a2, °ceder). accidente ‘accident’ (accidental ‘accidental’): Latin accidentem, accusative o f accidens, present participle o f accidere ‘to fall upon, happen’ (see acaecer, a-1, °a2, °caer). acción ‘action’ : Latin actionem, accusative o f actio (stem action-) ‘action’, from actus ‘ d on e’, past participle o f agere ‘to d o ’ (see “agente), + -io ‘act o f ’ (see °-ión). acebo ‘h olly ’: Latin aquifolium ‘h olly ’ (a tree with leaves with spiny margins), from aqui- (from acer ‘sharp’ [stem acr-], from Indo-European ak-ri-, from ak- ‘sharp’ ; see “aguja) + folium ‘leaf’ (see “folio). acechar ‘to lurk’ : Latin assectari ‘to follow , pursue’, from ad- (with assimilation) ‘t o ’ (see a-', °a2) + sectari ‘to follow ’, from sequi ‘to fo llo w ’ (see “seguir). “aceite ‘o il’: Arabic az-zayt ‘the o il’, from al- ‘the’ (with assimilation) + za yt ‘o il’ (root zy t). Related word: aceituna. aceituna ‘olive’: Arabic az-zaytüna ‘the olive’, from al- ‘the’ (with assimilation) + zaytüna ‘olive’ (see “aceite).

9 "acelerar ‘to accelerate’: Latin decelerare ‘to accelerate’, from ad- (with assimila­ tion) ‘t o ’ (see a-1, °a2) + celerare ‘to hasten’, from celer ‘swift’, from IndoEuropean kel-es- ‘swift’, from kel- ‘to drive, set in swift m otion ’. Related words: celebrar, célebre. acelga ‘leaf-beet’: Arabic as-silqa ‘the leafbeet’, from al- ‘the’ (with assimilation) + silqa ‘leaf-beet’, possibly from Greek sikele, literally = ‘ the Sicilian on e’, feminine o f sikelós ‘Sicilian, Sicel’ (see "Sicilia). acémila ‘mule’ : Arabic az-zamila ‘the m ule’, from al- ‘th e’ (with assimilation) + zamila ‘m ule’. acendrar ‘to purify’ : a- thoroughly’ (see a-1, °a2) + Old Spanish cendrar ‘to purify’, from cendra ‘ash paste used to clean silver’, from Catalan cendra ‘ashes’, from Latin ciner-, stem o f cinis ‘ashes’ (see "ceniza). acento ‘accent’: Latin accentus (transla­ tion o f Greek prosbidi'a; compare p ro ­ sodia) ‘accent’, from ad- (with assimila­ tion) ‘t o ’ (see a-1, °a2) + -centus, from cantus ‘song’ (see can to1, "cantar). acentuar ‘to accentuate’ : Medieval Latin accentuare ‘to accentuate’, from Latin accentus ‘accent’ (see acento, a-1, "a2, canto1, "cantar). -áceo ‘of, connected with; resembling; com posed o f ’, as in cetáceo, farináceo, gallináceo, herbáceo, violáceo: Latin -aceus ‘ of, connected with’, from -ac(stem o f -ax, adjective suffix) + -eus ‘com posed o f; resembling’ (see °-eo 2). acepción ‘acceptation, meaning’: Latin acceptionem , accusative o f acceptio (stem deception-) ‘acceptance’, from acceptus, past participle o f accipere ‘to accept, receive’ (underlying meaning: ‘to take to oneself’, from ad- [with assimila­ tion] ‘t o ’ [see a-1, °a2] + -cipere, from capere ‘to take [see "capaz]) + -io ‘act o f ’ (see "-ión). aceptar ‘to accept’ (aceptación ‘accep­ tance’): Latin acceptare, frequentative o f accipere ‘to receive’ (see acepción, a-1, "a2, "capaz). acequia ‘canal, trench’ : Arabic as-sáqiya ‘the canal’, from al- ‘the’ (with assimila­ tion) + sáqiya ‘canal, irrigation ditch’, active participle o f saqá ‘to water’ (root sqy).

acierto

acera ‘sidewalk’: earlier hacera, facera, from Vulgar Latin *faciaria (it first meant ‘front o f a building, facade’), from *facia ‘face’, from Latin facies ‘shape; fa ce’ (see facial, "hacer). acerca ‘about’: Latin ad ‘to ; with regard t o ’ (see °a2) + circa ‘about’, from circum ‘round about’, from circus ‘circle’ (see "circo). acercar ‘to approach’: a- ‘t o ’ (see a-1, °a2) + cerca ‘near’ (see cerca, "circo) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar‘ ). acero ‘steel’ : Vulgar Latin *aciariu ‘steel’, from Latin acies ‘ sharp edge’, from acer ‘sharp’ (see acebo, "aguja). acérrimo ‘very sharp’: Latin acerrimus ‘very sharp’, from acer ‘ sharp’ (see acebo, "aguja). The ending ultimately derives from Indo-European -samo-, a superlative ending (see °-isimo). acertar ‘to hit the mark’: a- ‘t o ’ (see a-1, "a2) + cert-, base o f cierto ‘true, right’ (see cierto, "escribir), + -ar, an infini­ tive ending (see "-ar1). acervo ‘heap’: Latin acervus ‘heap’, acético ‘acetic’, probably from French acétique ‘acetic’, from Latin acetum ‘vinegar’, from acére ‘to be sour’, from Indo-European ak-é-, stative form o f ak- ‘sharp’ (see "aguja). For Indo-Euro­ pean stative -é-, see "tumor. “aciago ‘unfortunate, sad’: Latin aegyptiacus [dies], literally = ‘Egyptian [(i.e., dan­ gerous) d a y ]’, from Greek Aigyptiakós ‘ Egyptian’, from A ig yp tos ‘ Egypt’ (around the eighth century B.C.), from dialectal Egyptian Hikuptah, variant o f Egyptian Hat-kaptah, one o f the names o f the ancient Egyptian city o f Memphis. Related words: cop to, egipcio, Egipto, gitano. acíbar ‘aloes; bitterness’ : Arabic as-sibar ‘the aloes’, from al- ‘the’ (with assimila­ tion) + sibar (also sabr) ‘aloes’, acicalar ‘to polish, adorn’: Arabic saqala ‘to polish ’. acicate ‘goad, stimulus’: Arabic as-sikkat ‘the pointed tools, the bodkins’, from al- ‘the’ (with assimilation) + sikkat ‘pointed tools’. ácido ‘acid (adjective and noun)’ : Latin acidus ‘sour’, from acére ‘to be sour’ (see acético, "aguja). acierto ‘a good hit; prudence’: acertar ‘to hit the mark’ (see acertar, a-1, "a2, cierto,

acim ut

"escribir). acimut ‘azimuth’ : Arabic as-sumüt, plural o f as-samt ‘azimuth’, literally = ‘the w ay’, from Arabic al- ‘the’ (with as­ similation) + samt ‘way, path, road’, from Latin semita ‘path’ (see "senda). -ación ‘act of, process, state; result’, an ending o f feminine (generally abstract), nouns, as in aberración, generación, imaginación, preocupación, tentación: Latin -ationem, accusative o f -atio (stem -ation-) ‘act, process, state, condition; result’, a noun suffix, from -atus ‘acted upon, possessing’ (see °-ado') + -io (stem -ion-) ‘act, process, state’ (see °-ión). Doublet: -azón. Compare -ción, -ición, -ución. aclamar ‘to applaud’ : Latin acclamare ‘to shout at’, from ad- (with assimila­ tion) ‘to, at’ (see a-', "a2) + clamare ‘to shout, call’ (see "clamar). aclarar ‘to clarify’: Latin (rare) acclarare ‘to make clear’, from ad- (with assimi­ lation) ‘t o ’ (see a-1, "a2) + clarare ‘to make clear’, from clarus ‘clear’ (see claro, "clamar). aclimatar ‘to acclimatize’: French acclimater ‘to acclimatize’, from ac- ‘t o ’ (from Latin ad- ‘t o ’, with assimilation; see a-1, °a2) + climat ‘climate’ (from Late Latin clima ‘climate’ ; see clima, °inclinar) + -er, infinitive ending o f first conjugation verbs, from Latin -are (see °-ar'). acné, acne ‘acne’ : New Latin acne ‘acne’, originally an error for Greek akme ‘erup­ tion on the face; p oin t’, from IndoEuropean ak-ma-, from ak- ‘sharp’ (see "aguja). -aco ‘o f ’, as in austríaco, dem oníaco, eleg­ iaco, hipocondriaco, maniaco: Latin -acus ‘o f ’, adjective suffix, from Greek -akós ‘o f ’, adjective suffix. Spanish -aco is added to words whose stem ends in -i and therefore might seem an ending *-iaco. acoger ‘to receive’ (acogida ‘reception’): Vulgar Latin *accolligere ‘to receive’, from Latin ad- (with assimilation) ‘t o ’ (see a-1, °a2) + Late Latin colligere ‘to receive’, from Latin colligere ‘to gather’ (see coger, com-, "con, "leer). acólito ‘acolyte’: Medieval Latin acolytus, variant o f acoluthus ‘acolyte’, from Greek akólouthos ‘ follower, follow ing’,

10

literally = ‘that follow s the same path’, from a- ‘together’ + -kolouthos, from kéleuthos ‘path’. acometer ‘to attack’: a- ‘thoroughly’ (see a-', "a2) + obsolete com eter ‘to attack’, from Latin com m ittere ‘to arrange a battle, bring together in a fight, put together’ (see com eter, com-, "con, "meter). acomodar ‘to accom m odate’ (acomodado ‘wealthy’): Latin accommodare ‘to make fit’, from ad- (with assimilation) ‘t o ’ (see a-', °a2) + comm odore ‘to make fit, give’, from com m odus ‘fit’ (see cóm od o, "médico). acompañar ‘to accom pany’ (acompaña­ miento ‘accompaniment’ ): a-, a verb­ forming prefix (see a-1, °a2), + Old Spanish compaña (from Vulgar Latin *compania, akin to Late Latin companio ‘one who eats bread with another’ ; see compañía, "pacer) + -ar, an infini­ tive ending (see °-ar‘ ). Aconcagua ‘Aconcagua (mountain, Argen­ tina)’, o f much disputed (probably Kechumaran) origin (from A con-cagua?; = ‘White (i.e. ‘Snow y’) L ook ou t’?, with a first element akin to Aymara jankco ‘white’, and a second element akin to Quechua ccahuana- ‘look ou t (elevated place affording a wide view )’, from ccahuay ‘to lo o k ’), acondicionado ‘con ditioned’: acondicionar ‘to con dition ’, from a-, a verb-forming prefix (see a-1, °a2), + condición ‘con ­ dition’ (see condición, con-, "con, "decir) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar‘ ). acongojar ‘to afflict’: a- ‘to cause’ (see a-', "a2) + congoja ‘grief’ (see congoja, co-, com-, "con, angosto, "ansioso) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). aconsejar ‘to advise’: a-, a verb-forming prefix (see a-1, "a2), + consejo ‘advice’ (see consejo, com-, "con, "consultar) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). acontecer ‘to happen’ (acontecim iento ‘ event’): a- ‘thoroughly’ (see a-1, "a2) + obsolete con tecer ‘to happen’, from contir ‘to happen’ (from Vulgar Latin *contigere ‘to happen’, from Latin contingere ‘to happen tou ch ’ ; see con ­ tiguo, com -, "con, "tangible) + -ecer, an infinitive ending (see °-ecer). acoplar ‘to jo in ’: a- ‘to cause to b e’ (see a-1, °a2) + copla ‘couple, pair; ballad,

11

cou p let’ (see copla, °con, °apitud) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ari ). acorazado ‘ironclad; armored ship’ : acora­ zado ‘armored’, past participle o f acorazar ‘to armor’, from a-, a verb­ forming prefix (see a-1, °a2), + coraza ‘cuirass, armor’, from Late Latin cori­ áceo ‘leather shield’, feminine o f Latin coriaceus ‘o f leather’, from corium ‘leather, skin’ (see cuero, °cam e) + -aceus ‘o f ’ (see -áceo, °-eo2). acordar ‘to con cert’ (acorde ‘agreed’): Vulgar Latin *accordare ‘to harmonize’ (underlying meaning: ‘to be heart to heart with’), from Latin ad- (with as­ similation) ‘to, toward’ (see a-1, V ) + cord-, stem o f cor ‘heart’ (see °cordial), + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). acordarse ‘to remember, recall’, m odifica­ tion o f Latin recordari ‘to recall’ (see recordar, °cordial). acordeón ‘accordion ’: French accordéon, from German A kkordion ‘accordion’, from A kkord ‘ch ord’, from French accord ‘ch ord ’, from accorder ‘to har­ m onize’, from Vulgar Latin *accordare ‘to harmonize’ (see acordar, a-', V , °cordial, °-ar'). acortar ‘to shorten’ : a- ‘to cause to b e’ (see a-1, °a2) + corto ‘short’ (see corto, °carne) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). acosar ‘to harass’ : a-, a verb-forming prefix (see a-', V ) , + Old Spanish cosso ‘course, a running’ (from Latin cursus ‘course’ ; see curso, °correr) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-cr‘ ). acostar ‘to lay’ (underlying meaning: ‘to cause to lie on the ribs’), from a-, a verb-forming prefix (see a-', °a2), + obsolete costa ‘rib ’ (modern costilla), from Latin costa ‘rib, side’ (see °costa) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). acostumbrar ‘to accustom ’ : a- ‘to cause to b e ’ (see a-1, °a2) + costumbre ‘custom ’ (see costumbre, °suya) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). acre ‘sharp’: Latin acrem, accusative o f acer (stem acr-) ‘sharp’ (see acebo, ° aguja). acreditar ‘to credit’: a- ‘to cause to b e ’ (see a-', V ) + crédito ‘credit’ (see cré­ dito, °creer) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar‘ ). acreedor ‘creditor’: Old Spanish acreer

actriz

‘to lend’ (from a-, a verb-forming prefix [see a-‘ ,°a2], + creer ‘to believe, entrust’ [see “creer]) + -edor ‘acting, doer’ (see -edor1). acróbata ‘acrobat’: French acrobate ‘acro­ bat’, from Greek akrobátés ‘tightrope walker; one who walks on tiptoe’, from ákros ‘highest, extreme’ (from IndoEuropean ak-ro-, from ak- ‘sharp’ ; see °aguja) + -bates ‘one that goes or treads’, from Indo-European gw-to-, from gw-, from gwd-, gwem- ‘to go, co m e ’ (see °venir). acrópolis ‘acropolis’: Greek akrópolis ‘cita­ del’, literally = ‘upper city ’, from ákros ‘highest, extreme’ (see acróbata, °aguja) + polis ‘city ’ (see 0p o litic o ). “acróstico ‘acrostic’: Greek akrostikhis ‘end­ line’, from ákros ‘extreme’ (see acró­ bata, °aguja) + -stikhis, from stfkhos ‘line o f verse, row, line’, from IndoEuropean stigh-o- ‘way, path’, from stigh-, from steigh- ‘to stride, step, rise’ (related words: catastro, estribar, estri­ billo, estribo, hemistiquio). acta ‘record, official account’: Latin acta ‘things done’, plural o f actum ‘thing done, record’, from agere ‘to drive, act’ (see °agente). actitud ‘attitude, posture; attitude, be­ havior’: Italian attitudine ‘posture; be­ havior’, from attitudine ‘natural ten­ dency, aptitude’, from Late Latin aptitudinem, accusative o f aptitudo (stem aptitudin-) ‘fitness’ (see "aptitud). actividad ‘activity’: Medieval Latin activitatem, accusative o f activitas (stem activitat-) ‘activity’, from Latin activus ‘active’ (see activo, °agente, °-ivo) + -itas ‘ quality’ (see -idad, °-tad). activo ‘active’: Latin activus ‘active’, from actus ‘acted, driven’ (see acto, °agente) + -ivus ‘performing’ (see °-ivo). acto ‘act, action’: Latin actus ‘act, deed’, from actus ‘acted, driven’, past parti­ ciple o f agere ‘to act, drive’ (see "agente). actor ‘perform er’ : Latin actor ‘doer, per­ former; plaintiff’, from actus ‘act, deed’ (see acto, °agente) + -or ‘acting, doer’ (see °-or'). actriz ‘actress’: Latin actrix ‘female plain­ tiff’, feminine o f actor ‘actor, doer; plaintiff’, from actor (see actor, acto, °agente, °-or') + -trix, feminine o f -tor (see -triz).

actual

actual ‘present’: Late Latin actualis ‘o f acts, active, practical’ , from actus ‘act’ (see acto, °agente) + -ualis ‘o f ’ (see -ual). actualidad ‘the present’: Medieval Latin actualitatem, accusative o f actualitas (stem actualitat-) ‘the present’, from Late Latin actualis ‘o f acts’ (see actual, acto, °agente) + Latin -itas ‘quality, state’ (see -idad, “-tad). actuar ‘to perform ’: Medieval Latin ac­ tuare ‘to perform ’, from Latin actus ‘act, deed’ (see acto, activo, “agente). acuarela ‘w atercolor’: obsolete Italian acquarella (now acquerello, acquarello) ‘w atercolor’, from acqua ‘water’, from Latin aqua ‘water’ (see °agua). acuario ‘aquarium’: Latin aquarium ‘o f water’, from aqua ‘water’ (see °agua) + -arium ‘o f ’ (see °-ario'). acuático ‘aquatic’: Latin aquaticus ‘o f water’, from aqua ‘water’ (see °agua) + -aticus ‘o f ’ (see -ático, °-ado', -ico2). acudir ‘to assist, run t o ’, m odification o f Old Spanish recudir ‘to go back, re­ spond’, from Latin recutere ‘to reject, cause to go back’, from re- ‘thoroughly’ (see °re-) + -cutere, from quatere ‘to shake, strike’ (see 0discutir). acueducto ‘aqueduct’: Latin aquaeductus ‘aqueduct’, from aquae ‘o f water’, geni­ tive o f aqua ‘water’ (see °agua), + ductus ‘a leading, conducting’, from ductus ‘led, con ducted’, past participle o f ducere ‘to lead’ (see “conducir). acuerdo ‘ decision, agreement’: acordar ‘to con cert’ (see acordar, “cordial). -áculo ‘little on e’, a diminutive ending, as in tabernáculo: Latin -aculum ‘little on e’, from -a- + -culum ‘little on e’ (see -culo', °-ulo). acumular ‘to accumulate’ : Latin accumulare ‘to heap up, add’, from ad- (with assimi­ lation) ‘thoroughly’ (see a-1, °a2) + cumu­ lare ‘to heap u p ’, from cumulus ‘a heap’ (see colm o, “cavar). acuñar ‘to coin, m int’: a-, a verb-forming prefix (see a-1, °a2), + cuño ‘tool for stamping coin s’ (see “cuña) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar‘ ). acupuntura ‘acupuncture’: Latin acu ‘with a needle’ (ablative o f acus ‘ needle’ ; see “aguja) + punctura ‘a pricking, punc­ ture’, from punctus ‘pricked’ (see punto, “puño). acurrucarse ‘to squat’, probably from Latin

12

corrugatus ‘wrinkled’, from corrugare ‘to make full o f wrinkles’, from com‘ together’ (see com-, “con ) + rugare ‘to wrinkle’, from ruga ‘wrinkle’ (see “rugoso). acusación ‘accusation’: Latin accusationem, accusative o f accusatio (stem accusa­ tion-) ‘complaint, accusation’, from accusatus ‘blamed’, past participle o f accusare ‘to accuse, call to accou nt’ (see acusar, a-', “a2, “causa), + -io ‘act o f ’ (see °-ión). acusar ‘to accuse’: Latin accusare ‘ to call to accou nt’, from ad- (with assimila­ tion) ‘t o ’ (see a-1, °a2) + -cusare, from causa ‘cause, lawsuit’ (see “causa). acusativo ‘accusative’: Latin accusativus ‘accusative; accusing’ (mistranslation o f Greek aitiatikós ‘causal’, aitiatike [ptosis] ‘causal [ca se]’, from aitia ‘cause’ [also = ‘accusation’ ]: the terminating point o f an action was considered to be its cause; the correct Latin translation — causativus — was used b y the Latin grammarian Priscian around A .D .500), from accusatus ‘ blamed’ (see acusación, acusar, a-', “a2, “causa) + -ivus ‘perform­ ing, tending toward’ (see °-ivo). "acústico ‘acoustic’: Greek akoustikós ‘o f hearing’, from akoustós ‘heard, audible’ (from akoúein ‘to hear’, from IndoEuropean a-kous-yo- ‘to hear’, from kous-, from keu- ‘to be careful, watch, see; to hear’ ; related words: cautela, cauto, precaución; possibly: cotorra) + -ikós ‘o f ’ (see -ico2). "achacar ‘to impute’ (achacoso ‘sickly’): Arabic shákñ ‘to com plain’ (root: sh-k-w). Related w ord: achaque. achaque ‘habitual indisposition’ : Arabic shaka ‘complaint; disease’ (root: sh-k-w, see “achacar). ad- ‘to, toward; thoroughly’, as in adherir, admitir; adecuado, adivinar: Latin ad‘to, toward; thoroughly’ (see a-1, “a2). ad1 ‘ quality, con d ition ’, an ending o f abstract nouns, as in amistad, bondad, gravedad, libertad, serenidad. This ending is always preceded b y -d- or by -t-\ both -dad and -tad derive from Latin -tatem, accusative o f -tas (stem -tat-) ‘quality, con d ition ’ ; see “-tad. -ad2, ending o f the second person plural o f the imperative o f first conjugation verbs, as in amad: Latin -ate (as in

13

amate), second person plural ending o f the present imperative o f first con ­ jugation verbs, from -a-, thematic vowel (i.e., ending o f the stem) o f first con ­ jugation verbs, + -te, second person plural imperative ending, from IndoEuropean -te, general second person plural ending (see °-is). -ada1 ‘acted u p on ’ (feminine o f -ado'), an ending o f feminine past participles o f first conjugation verbs, as in amada, bañada, cerrada, fiada, lavada: Latin -ata (as in amata), feminine past par­ ticiple ending o f verbs in -are (see °-ado'). -ada2 ‘acted upon, being, characterized b y ’ (feminine o f -ado2), an ending o f fem­ inine adjectives, as in abanderada, abi­ garrada, afamada, afeminada, aficionada, from -ada' and often identical with it, or from Latin -ata, feminine adjective ending, from -ata, feminine past par­ ticiple ending (see -ada', -ado2, °-ado'). -ada3 ‘acted upon, being, characterized by; act, action; prod u ct’ (feminine o f -ado3), an ending o f feminine nouns, as in embajada, jornada, madrugada, tem­ porada, tonada, from -ada2 and often identical with it, or from Late Latin -ata (in some instances, as in jornada, through Provencal), feminine noun end­ ing, from Latin -ata, feminine adjective ending (see -ada2, -ado3, °-ado'). In names o f fruit drinks (as limonada, naranjada), the ending derives from Late Latin -ata ‘fruit drink’, from Latin -ata ‘acted u p on ’, feminine past par­ ticiple ending (see -ada', °-ado'). "adagio ‘adage’ : Latin adagium ‘proverb’, literally = ‘a speaking t o ’, from ad- ‘t o ’ (see a-1, °a2) + -agium (akin to aio ‘I say’, from Old Latin *agio), from IndoEuropean g-io, from g-, from eg- ‘to speak’ (related w ord: prodigio). adalid ‘chief, leader’ : Arabic ad-dalil ‘ the guide’ , from al- ‘the’ (with assimilation) + dalil ‘guide’ (root dl ‘to show ’), adaptar ‘to adapt’: Latin adaptare ‘to fit t o ’, from ad- ‘t o ’ (see a-', °a2) + aptare ‘to fit, adapt’, from aptus ‘fit’ (see °aptitud). adecuado ‘adequate’ : Latin adaequatus ‘made equal’, from adaequare ‘to make equal’, from ad- ‘thoroughly’ (see a-1, °a2) + aequare ‘to make equal’, from aequus ‘equal’ (see °igual) + -are, an infinitive

adherir

ending (see °-ar'). adelante ‘forward’ (adelantar ‘to advance’, adelanto ‘progress’): a ‘to, toward’ (see °a2) + delante ‘in fron t’ (see delante, °en, °ante). adelgazar ‘ to thin’: a- ‘thoroughly’ (see a-', °a2) + obsolete delgazar ‘to thin’, from Vulgar Latin *delicatiare ‘to thin’, from Latin delicatus ‘alluring, dainty’ (see °delicado). ademán ‘gesture’, o f uncertain origin. In the thirteenth century, ademán meant ‘falsehood’ ; later, ‘gesture that feigns a certain em otion ’. además ‘moreover’: a- ‘t o ’ (see a-', °a2) + demás ‘other’ (see demás, de-, °de2, más, °magnitud). adentro ‘within’: a ‘to, toward’ (see °a2) + dentro ‘inside’ (see dentro, °de2, °en). -adera1 ‘ o f ’ (feminine o f -adero'), an ending o f adjectives, as in casadera, duradera, ganadera, llevadera, pagadera: obsolete -aduera, from Latin -atoria ‘o f ’ (see -atoria, °-orio'). -adera2 ‘o f, serving fo r ’ (feminine o f -adero2), an ending o f nouns, as in abrazadera, andadera, coladera, enredadera, lanza­ dera: obsolete -aduera, from Latin -atoria, a noun suffix, feminine o f -atorius (see -atorio, °-orio'). aderezar ‘to adorn, prepare; to guide, direct’: a- ‘thoroughly’ (see a-', °a2) + Old Spanish derezar ‘to set straight, direct’, from Vulgar Latin *directiare ‘to place, pre­ pare, set straight, direct’, from Latin directus ‘straight’ (see directo, °dis-', ° regir). -adero1 ‘o f ’, an ending o f adjectives, as in asadero, duradero, llevadero, pagadero, pasadero: obsolete -aduero (as in cobdiciaduero), from Latin -atorium, ac­ cusative o f -atorius (masculine) and o f -atorium (neuter), adjective suffixes (see -atorio, °-orio'). -adero2 ‘o f, serving for, connected with; place o f ’, an ending o f nouns, as in aserradero, atascadero, burladero, cria­ dero, desfiladero: obsolete -aduero, from Latin -atorium, accusative o f -atorius (masculine) and o f -atorium (neuter), noun suffixes, from -atorium, -atorius, adjective suffixes (see -adero', °-orio'). "adherir ‘to adhere’ : Latin adhaerere ‘to stick t o ’, from ad- ‘t o ’ (see a-', °a2) + haerere ‘to stick, cling’, from Indo-

adición

European ghais-é, from ghais- ‘to ad­ here’. Related words: coherencia, he­ rencia, inherente. adición ‘addition’ (adicional ‘supplement­ ary’): Latin additionem, accusative o f additio (stem addition-) ‘an adding to, addition’, from additus, past participle o f addere ‘to add’ (from ad- ‘t o ’ [see a-1, °a2] + -dere ‘to pu t’, from dare ‘t o ’ d o; to give; to pu t’ [see °dar]), + -io ‘act, process’ (see °-ión). adiestrar ‘to strain’: a-, a verb-forming prefix (see a-', V ) , + diestro ‘skillful’ (see °diestro) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-arl ). adiós ‘good-bye’, probably translated from French adieu ‘farewell’, literally = ‘to G od ’, from a (from Latin ad ‘t o ’ ; see °a2) + Dieu ‘G o d ’, from Latin deus ‘g od ’ (see °dios). adiposo ‘adipose’: New Latin adiposus (in French, adipeux, 1503), from Latin adip-, stem o f adeps ‘fa t’, + -osus ‘having’ (see -oso). Adis Abeba ‘Addis Ababa (capital o f Ethi­ opia)’ : Amharic A dis Abeba ‘Addis Ababa’, literally = ‘New Flower’, from adis ‘new’ + abeba ‘flow er’. The city was founded in 1887, in a flowery valley. adivinar ‘to guess’ (adivinanza ‘riddle’): Latin addivinare ‘to divine’, from ad‘thoroughly’ (see a-1, °a2) + divinare ‘to divine’, from divinus ‘soothsayer’ (see adivino, divino, °dios). adivino ‘fortune-teller’: obsolete divino (noun), from Latin divinus ‘fortuneteller’, from divinus ‘o f a g o d ’ (see divino, °dios). adizo ‘o f; -like; prone to; good fo r ’, as in arrojadizo, levadizo, olvidadizo, que­ bradizo, resbaladizo: -ado, past par­ ticiple ending (see °-ado1), + -izo ‘o f; -like; prone to; good fo r ’ (see -izo, °-icio). adjetivo ‘adjective’: Late Latin adjectivum ‘adjective (n ou n )’, from adjectivum, neuter o f adjectivus ‘adjective (adjective)’, from Latin adjectus ‘added’, past participle o f adjicere ‘to throw to, add’ (from ad- ‘t o ’ [see a-', V ] + -jicere, from jacere ‘to throw ’ [see °echar]), + -ivus ‘performing’ (see °-ivo). adjudicar ‘to adjudge’: Latin adjudicare ‘to adjudge; to award to . . . . (e.g., a creditor)’, from ad- ‘t o ’ (see a-1, °a2) +

14

judicare ‘to judge’ (see juzgar, °jurar). administrar ‘to manage’ (administración ‘management’, administrador ‘manager’): Latin administrare ‘to attend, serve, be an aid t o ’, from ad- ‘ t o ’ (see a-', V ) + ministrare ‘ to serve’ , from ministr-, stem o f minister ‘servant’ (see ministro, °m iocen o), + -are, an infini­ tive ending (see °-ar'). administrativo ‘administrative’: Latin ad­ ministrativas ‘administrative’, from administratus, past participle o f admi­ nistrare ‘ to attend’ (see administrar, a-1, °a2, ministro, °m ioceno), + -ativus ‘performing’ (see -ativo, °-ivo). admirar ‘to marvel’ (admirable ‘admirable’, admiración ‘w onder’, admirador ‘ad­ mirer’): Latin admirari ‘to wonder at’, from ad- ‘to, at; thoroughly’ (see a-1, °a2) + mirari ‘to wonder at’ (see 0mirar). admisión ‘acceptance’: Latin admissionem, accusative o f admissio (stem admission-) ‘admission’, from admissus, past par­ ticiple o f admitiere ‘to allow entry’ (see admitir, a-1, °a2, °m eter), + -io ‘act, process’ (see °-ión). admitir ‘to receive’ : Latin admitiere ‘to allow entry, send in t o ’, from ad- ‘t o ’ (see a-1, °a2) + mittere ‘to send’ (see ° meter). °-ado‘ ‘acted u p on ’, an ending o f the past participle o f first conjugation verbs, as in amado, bañado, cerrado, fiado, lavado: Vulgar Latin -afu, from Latin -atum, accusative o f -atus ‘acted u p on ’ (as in amatus), past participle ending o f verbs in -are (first conjugation), from -a-, thematic vowel o f the first conjugation (see °-a-), + -tus, adjective suffix used especially to form past participles (com ­ pare -to ') and ordinal numbers (com ­ pare -to 2), from Indo-European -tos, -to-, suffix forming verbal adjectives (com pare a lto; Indo-European -to- also became a participial suffix [usually with the force o f a passive past parti­ ciple] and an ordinal-number suffix. As an ending o f participle it is the source o f English -ed, as in missed, and o f Sanskrit -ta, past j participle endings, and o f Greek -tos, suffix forming verbal adjectives; as an ending o f ordinal num­ bers, it is the source o f English -th, as in tenth, o f Greek -tos and Sanskrit -tha, ordinal-number suffixes). Related

15

suffixes: -ación, -ada', -ada2, -ada3, -adera', -adera2, -adero', -adero2, -adizo, -ado2, -ado3, -ado4, -ador, -adura, -aduría, -aje, -amento, -amiento, -ático, -útil, -ativo, -ato', -ato2, -atoria, -atorio, -azgo, -azón, -ción, -do, -ed or’ , -edor2, -eduría, -ida, -ido', -ido2, -ido3, -idor', -idor2, -iduría, -im ento, -imiento, -itoria, -itorio, -m entó, -ta, -ticio, -til, -tivo, -to', -to2, -tor, -toria, -torio, -triz, -tura, -udo. -ado2 ‘ acted upon, being, characterized b y ’, an ending o f adjectives, as in aban­ derado, abigarrado, afamado, afeminado, aficionado, from -ado' and often iden­ tical with it, or from Latin -atus, -atum ‘characterized b y ’, adjective endings (as in hastatus ‘armed with a spear’, from hasta ‘spear’), from -atus, past parti­ ciple ending (see °-ado'). -ado3 ‘one acted upon, one characterized b y ’, an ending o f nouns, as in abogado, ahijado, aliado, arado, asado, from -ado2 and often identical with it, or from Latin -atus, -atum, noun endings, from -atus, -atum, adjective endings (see -ado2, °-ado'). -ado4 ‘office, rank’, an ending o f nouns, as in obispado, pontificado, principado, profesorado, senado: Latin -atus ‘group o f persons; office, rank’, an ending o f abstract nouns, from -atus, past parti­ ciple ending (see °-ado'), + -us, nomina­ tive ending o f fourth declension nouns, adobe ‘adobe’: Arabic at-tüba ‘the brick’, from al- ‘the’ (with assimilation) + tuba ‘brick’, from Coptic tob e ‘ brick’, adolecer ‘to suffer’: a- ‘thoroughly’ (see o-1, V ) + doler ‘to hurt’ (see °doler) + -ecer, an infinitive ending (see °-ecer). adolescencia ‘adolescence’ : Latin adolescentia ‘youth, the time o f you th ’, from adolescent-, stem o f adolescens ‘growing u p ’ (see adolescente, a-', V , °alimento, °-ecer), + -ia (see -ia). adolescente ‘adolescent, teen-ager’: Latin adolescentem, accusative o f adolescens (stem adolescent-) ‘growing u p ’, present participle o f adolescere ‘to grow u p ’, from ad- ‘tow ard’ (see a-1, °a2) + -olescere, from alescere ‘to grow ’, literally = ‘to be nourished’, inceptive (= in­ choative) o f alere ‘to nourish’ (see °ali­ m ento, °-ecer). adolorido ‘afflicted’ : a- (see a-', °a2) + dolorido ‘afflicted; painful’, from dolor

adquisición

‘pain’ (see dolor, °doler) + -ido ‘acted u p on ’ , an adjective ending (see -ido2, -ido', °-ado'). adonde, adonde ‘whither?, where’ : a donde ‘to where’, from a ‘t o ’ (see a2) + donde ‘where’ (see donde, °cuota). adopción ‘adoption’: Latin adoptionem, accusative o f adoptio (stem adoption-) ‘a choosing for oneself’, from ad- ‘t o ’ (see a-', °a2) + op tio ‘choice, choosing’ (see °opción). adoptar ‘to adopt’: Latin adoptare ‘to choose for oneself’, from ad- ‘t o ’ (see a-', °a2) + optare ‘to ch oose’ (see optar, °opción). -ador1 ‘ acting, doer’, an ending o f nouns generally derived from first conjugation verbs, as in cazador, fiador, ganador, labrador, orador: Latin -ator ‘acting, doer’, from -atus ‘acted upon ’ (see -ado2, °-ado') + -or ‘acting, doer’ (see °-or'). -ador2 ‘acting, doing’, an ending o f adjec­ tives, as in abrasador, buscador, d eco ­ rador, gastador: -ador' ‘acting, doer’ (see -ador', -ado2, °-ado', °-or'). adoración ‘adoration’: Latin adorationem, accusative o f adoratio (stem adoration-) ‘worship, adoration’, from adoratus, past participle o f adorare ‘to adore’ (see adorar, a-', °a2, °orar), + -io ‘act, process’ (see °-ión). adorar ‘to adore’: Latin adorare ‘to pray t o ’, from ad- ‘t o ’ (see a-', °a2) + orare ‘to speak; to pray’ (see °orar). adormecer ‘to lull asleep’ : Latin addormiscere ‘to go to sleep’ (inchoative), from ad- ‘thoroughly’ (see a-', °a2) + dormiscere ‘ to fall asleep’ (inchoative), from dormiré ‘to sleep’ (see °dormir) + -iscere, an inchoative ending (see °-ecer). adornar ‘to adorn’ (adorno ‘ornament’): Latin adornare ‘to put ornament o n ’, from ad- ‘t o ’ (see a-', °a2) + ornare ‘to furnish, embellish’ (see omar, °orden). adquirir ‘to acquire’ : Latin adquirere, acquirere ‘to add to, get’, from ad- ‘in addition t o ’ (see a-', °a2) + -quirere, from quaerere ‘to seek, obtain’ (see °querer). adquisición ‘acquisition’: Latin acquisitionem , accusative o f acquisitio (stem acquisition-) ‘acquisition’, from acquisitus, past participle o f acquirere ‘to

adrenalina add to, get’ (see adquirir, a-', “a2, “querer), + -io ‘act, process’ (see °-ión). adrenalina ‘epinephrine, adrenalin’; adrenal ‘near the kidneys’ (from Latin ad- ‘to­ ward, near’ [see a-', °o! ] + Late Latin renalis ‘o f the kidneys’ [see “renal]) + -ina ‘chemical substance’ (see -ina2, °-ino). Adriático ‘Adriatic Sea’: Latin Adriaticus ‘Adriatic, o f Adria’, from Adria ‘the Adriatic Sea’ (from Adria [also Hadria, A tria] ‘Adria (ancient Etruscan seaport near A ncon a)’) + -aticus ‘o f ’ (see -ático, “-ado', “-ico1). The name Adria (the port) may mean ‘the black on e’, the mud being o f a dark color there (from Latin atr-, stem o f ater ‘black’ ; see “atroz). aduana ‘custom-house’ : M oroccan Arabic ad-diwana ‘the register’, from al- ‘the’ (with assimilation) + dlwan ‘register, office, customs o ffic e ’, from Persian diwan ‘account b o o k ; o ffice o f accounts’ (see “diván). adueñarse ‘to seize’ : a-, a verb-forming prefix (see a-1, °o!), + dueño ‘ owner, master’ (see dueño, °d om éstico) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'), + -se ‘oneself’ (see se', “suya). adulación ‘flattery’: Latin adulationem, accusative o f adulatio (stem adulation-) ‘ flattery’, from adulatus, past participle o f adulari ‘to flatter’ (see “adular), + -io ‘act, process’ (see °-ión). "adular ‘to flatter’ : Latin adulari ‘to flatter’. Related word: adulación. adulterio ‘adultery’: Latin adulterium ‘adul­ tery’, from adulter ‘adulterer’, from adulterare ‘to com m it adultery, pollute’ (underlying meaning: ‘to approach an­ other’), from ad- ‘to, toward’ (see a-1, V ) + -ulterare, from alter ‘other, an­ other’ (see otro, °el'). adulto ‘adult, grown u p ’: Latin adultus ‘grown u p ’, past participle o f adolescere ‘to grow u p ’ (see adolescente, “alimento). -adura ‘act, result, being’, an ending o f nouns generally derived from first co n ­ jugation verbs, as in abolladura, cerra­ dura, cortadura, quemadura, soldadura: -ado (see °-ado') + -ura ‘act, result, being’ (see °-ura). -aduria ‘office, duty, place o f business; act, result’, an ending o f nouns, as in contaduría, habladuría, juraduría, paga­

16 duría, procuraduría: -ador ‘acting, doer’ (see -ador', °-ado', °-or') + -jo ‘place o f business’ (see -ia). adverbio ‘adverb’ : Latin adverbium ‘adverb’ (translation o f Greek epirrhema ‘adverb; added w ord’, from epi- ‘on ; t o ’ [see epi-] + rhema ‘word, saying’, from Indo-European wre-mn, from wre-, from wer- ‘to speak’ [see retórica, “verbo]), from ad- ‘additional’ (see a-', “a1) + -verbium, from verbum ‘w ord’ (see “verbo). adversario ‘opponent’ : Latin adversarius (noun) ‘opponen t’, from adversarius (adjective) ‘turned toward’, from adversus, past participle o f advertere ‘to turn t o ’ (from ad- ‘tow ard’ [see a-', °a2] + vertere ‘to turn’ [see “verter]), + -arius ‘connected with’ (see °-ario'). adversidad ‘misfortune’ : Latin adversitatem, accusative o f adversitas (stem adversitat-) ‘opposition’, from adversus, past parti­ ciple o f advertere (see adversario, a-', “a2, “verter), + -itas ‘quality, state’ (see -idad, °-tad). adverso ‘adverse’: Latin adversus, past participle o f advertere (see adversario, a-', “a2, “verter). advertir ‘to warn; to n otice’ (advertencia ‘warning’): Latin advertere ‘to turn t o ’ (see adversario, a-', “a2, “verter). adyacente ‘adjacent’: Latin adjacentem, accusative o f adjacens (stem adjacent-), present participle o f adjacere ‘to lie near’, from ad- ‘near t o ’ (see a-', °a2) + jacere ‘ to lie dow n’ (see yacer, “echar). “aéreo ‘aerial’ : Latin aerius, from Greek aérios ‘aerial’, from aer-, stem o f aer ‘air, mist, breath’. Related words: aero-, aerolito, aeroplano, aeropuerto, aire, Bueanos Aires, desairar. aero- ‘aerial, air, aviation’, as in aerodiná­ mica, aeronáutica, aeronave: Latin aero‘air’, from Greek aero-, from aer- ‘air’ (see “aéreo). aerolito ‘aerolite’ : Greek aero- ‘aerial’ (from aer- ‘air’ ; see “aéreo) + líthos ‘stone’ (see “litografía). aeroplano ‘airplane’ : Late Greek aeroplanos ‘wandering in the air’, from Greek aero‘aerial’ (from aer- ‘air’ ; see “aéreo) + -planos ‘wandering’, from planásthai ‘to wander’ (see planeta, “Polonia). aeropuerto ‘airport’: aero- ‘air, aviation’ (see aero-, “aéreo) + puerto ‘p ort’ (see

17

pu erto, °peroné). afable ‘affable’: Latin affabilis ‘easy to speak t o ’, from affari ‘to speak t o ’ (from ad- [with assimilation] ‘t o ’ [see a-1, °a2] + fari ‘to speak’ [see °fábula]) + -abilis ‘capable o f ’ (see -able, °-ble). afanar ‘to toil’ (afán ‘ eagerness; laborious­ ness’), probably from Vulgar Latin *affannare ‘to toil’, probably from Latin affanniae ‘difficult words, non­ sense’ (through the meaning ‘difficult situation’), from Greek aphánnai ‘o b ­ scure thing’, from aphanes ‘unseen’, from a- ‘n o t’ (see a-2, an-, °n o) + -phones, from phainesthai ‘to be seen, appear’ (see fenóm eno, epifanía, °banda2). afasia ‘aphasia’: Greek aphasia ‘aphasia’, from a- ‘w ithout’ (see a-2, an-, °n o) + -phasia ‘speech’, from phásis ‘utterance’, from phánai ‘to say, speak’, from IndoEuropean bha- ‘to speak’ (see "fábula). afear ‘to deform, mar’: a- ‘to cause to b e’ (see a-', °a2) + fe o ‘ugly’ (see °fe o ) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). afección ‘disease, affection’ : Latin affectionem, accusative o f a ffectio (stem affection-) ‘disposition’, from affectus, past participle o f afficere ‘to do some­ thing t o ’ (see afecto, a-', °a2, "hacer), + -io ‘process’ (see °-ión). afectar ‘to affect’ : Latin affectare ‘to strive after’, frequentative o f afficere ‘to do something t o ’ (see afecto, a-', °a2, "hacer). afecto ‘affection ’ : Latin affectus ‘disposi­ tion, affection’, from affectus, past participle o f afficere ‘to do something t o ’, from ad- (with assimilation) ‘t o ’ (see a-', °a2) + -ficere, from facere ‘to d o ’ (see "hacer). afectuoso ‘loving’: Late Latin affectuosus ‘affectionate’, from Latin affectus ‘dis­ position’ (see afecto, a-', "a2, "hacer) + -osus ‘having’ (see -oso). afeitar ‘to shave’ : Latin affectare ‘to strive after’ (see afectar, afecto, a-', "a2, "hacer), through the meanings ‘to adorn, beau­ tify ’. afelio ‘aphelion’: Greek ap(o)- ‘away frorri’ (see apócope, °ab-) + Greek helios ‘sun’, from Indo-European sawél-yo-, from sawel- ‘the sun’ (see "sol1). afeminado ‘effeminate’ : obsolete efeminado, from Latin effeminatus ‘made effem i­ nate’, past participle o f effeminare ‘to make effeminate’, literally = ‘to make

afinidad

a woman out o f ’, from Latin ex- (with assimilation) ‘out o f ’ (see e x -1, °ex) + femina ‘wom an’ (see "fem enino) + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). aféresis ‘aphaeresis’ : Greek aphairesis ‘aphaeresis’, literally = ‘a taking o f f ’, from aphairein ‘to take away’ (from ap(o)‘away’ [see apócope, °ab-] + hairein ‘to take’ [see "hereje]) + -sis ‘process, action’ (see "-sis). aferrar ‘to seize’: Catalan aferrar ‘to grasp (as a ship) with iron tools or anchors’, from ferro ‘iron; anchor’, from Latin ferrum ‘iron ’ (see "férreo). Afganistán ‘Afghanistan’: Pashto or Persian Afghanistan ‘Afghanistan’, literally = ‘Place o f the Afghans’ (eighteenth cen­ tury), from afghani ‘Afghan’ (first I found — as avagána — in the sixth cen­ tury o f the Christian era, in the writings o f the Indian astronomer Varahamihira) + -stan ‘place, land’ (see -stán, "estar). afianzar ‘to make fast’: a-, a verb-forming prefix (see a-1, V ) , + fianza ‘ guarantee’ (from fiar ‘to vouch’ [see "fiar] + -anza ‘action’ [see -anza]) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see "-ar1). afición ‘inclination’ (aficionado ‘amateur’, aficionarse ‘to take a fancy t o ’): Latin affectionem , accusative o f affectio (stem affection-) ‘disposition’ (see afección, afecto, a-1, "a2, "hacer, °-ión). afijo ‘a ffix ’: Latin affixus, past participle o f affigere ‘to fasten t o ’, from ad- (with assimilation) ‘t o ’ (see a-1, "a2) + figere ‘to fasten’ (see fijo, "dique). afilar ‘to whet, grind’: a- ‘to cause’ (see a-1, °a2) + filo ‘edge’ (see "filo) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar‘ ). afiliar ‘to affiliate’: Medieval Latin affiliare ‘to take as a son ’, from Latin ad- (with assimilation) ‘t o ’ (see a-1, °a2) + filius ‘son’ (see "hijo) + -are, an infinitive ending (see "-ar1). afín ‘related’: Latin affinis ‘bordering o n ’, from ad- (with assimilation) ‘near t o ’ (see a-1, °a2) + finis ‘border, end’ (see "fin). afinar ‘to polish; to tune’: a- ‘to cause to b e ’ (see a-1, °a2) + fino ‘fine, refined’ (see fino, "fin) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar‘ ). afinidad ‘affinity’ : Latin affinitatem, accusa­ tive o f affinitas (stem affinitat-) ‘rela­ tionship’, from affinis ‘bordering o n ’

afirm ación

(see afin, a-1, °a2, °fin) + -itas ‘quality’ (see -idad, °-tad). afirmación ‘ assertion’: Latin affirmationem, accusative o f affirmatio (stem affirma­ tion-) ‘assertion’, from affirmatus, past participle o f affirmare ‘to make firm ’ (see afirmar, a-1, °a2, °firme), + -io ‘act, process’ (see °-ión). afirmar ‘to make fast; to affirm’: Latin affirmare ‘to make firm, assert’, from ad- (with assimilation) ‘t o ’ (see a-', °a2) + firmare ‘to make firm’, from firmus ‘firm ’ (see °firme). afirmativo ‘affirmative’ : Latin affirmativus ‘affirmative’, from affirmatus, past parti­ ciple o f affirmare ‘to make firm ’ (see afirmar, a-', °a2, °firm e), + -ivus ‘per­ form ing’ (see °-ivo). aflicción ‘affliction’ : Latin afflictionem , accusative o f afflictio (stem affliction-) ‘affliction’, from afflictus, past parti­ ciple o f affligere ‘to strike dow n ’ (see °afligir, a-', V ) , + -io ‘act, process’ (see °-ión). “afligir ‘to a fflict’: Latin affligere ‘to strike down, deject’, from ad- (with assimila­ tion) ‘t o ’ (see a-1, °a2) + fligere ‘to strike’, from Indo-European bhlig- ‘to strike’. Related words: aflicción, conflicto, in­ fligir. aflojar ‘to loosen, slacken’ : a- ‘to cause to b e ’ (see a-', °a2) + flojo ‘lo o se ’ (see flojo, °fluido) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). afluente ‘affluent, tributary’: Latin affluentem , accusative o f affluens (stem affluent-), present participle o f affluere ‘to flow t o ’ (see afluir, a-1, “a2, °fluido). afluir ‘to flow in to’ : Latin affluere ‘to flow t o ’, from ad- (with assimilation) ‘t o ’ (see a-1, °a2) + fluere ‘to flo w ’ (see °fluido). aforismo ‘aphorism’: Greek aphorismós ‘ delimitation, definition’, from aphorizein ‘ to mark o f f b y boundaries, define’ (from ap(o)- ‘o ff, away from ’ [see apó­ cope, °ob-] + horizein ‘to separate’ [see °h orizon te]) + -ismos ‘act, process’ (see -ismo, °-izar). afortunado ‘fortunate’ (afortunadamente ‘luckily’): a- (see a-1, °a2) + obsolete fortunado ‘fortunate’, from Latin fortunatus ‘lu ck y’, from fortunatus, past participle o f fortunare ‘to make pros­ perous’, from Latin fortuna ‘fate, lu ck’ (see ° fortuna).

18

afrenta ‘affront’ : obsolete afruenta ‘af­ fron t’, from afrontar ‘to con fron t’ (see afrontar, a-‘ , °a\ °frente). afrentar ‘to affront’ : afrenta ‘affront’ (see afrenta, afrontar, a-', °a2, °frente) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). “África ‘Africa (continent)’ : Latin Africa, a name which first referred to the north­ ern part o f the continent near Carthage (Le., near modern Tunis). The Roman province Africa was created in 146 B.C. and embraced approximately the territory o f present Libya and Tunisia. A fter a millenium, the name was ex­ tended to the entire continent. The word is probably o f Berber origin; it is em ployed in Latin literature for the first time by the poet Ennius (about 239—about 169 B.C.). Related words: africano, Centroafricana, Sudáfrica. africano ‘African’ : Latin africanus ‘A frican’, from Africa (see °África) + -anus ‘per­ taining t o ’ (see °-ano). afrontar ‘to con fron t’ : Vulgar Latin *affrontare ‘to d e fy ’ (underlying meaning: ‘to stand (defiantly) in front o f ’), from Latin ad- (with assimilation) ‘t o ’ (see a-1, °a2) + front-, stem o f frons ‘fore­ head’ (see °frente), + -are, an infinitive ending (see “-ar1). afuera ‘outside’ (afueras ‘environs’): a ‘to, tow ard’ (see °a2) + fuera ‘outside’ (see ° fuera). “agachar ‘to sto o p ’, o f uncertain origin. Related word: gacho. agalla ‘gill; courage’, also ‘tonsil’: obsolete galla, o f uncertain origin; possibly from Latin glándula ‘glandular swelling’ (see glándula). agarrar ‘to grasp’ (underlying meaning: ‘to grasp with the claws’), from a-, a verb-forming prefix (see a-', V ) , + -garrar, from garra ‘claw ’ (see °garra) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). agasajar ‘to receive kindly’: agasajo ‘kind reception’ (see agasajo, a-', “a2, °con, °sala) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). agasajo ‘kind reception; entertainment’ : a- (see a-1, °a2) + obsolete gasajo ‘socia! reception’, from Gothic gasalja ‘com ­ panion’ (underlying meaning: ‘who room s with another’), from ga- ‘together, w ith’ (from Indo-European kom ‘near, with’ ; see °con) + sal- ‘room , hall’, from Indo-

19

European sol- ‘ro o m ’ (see °sala). agencia ‘agency’: agente ‘agent’ (see °agente) + -cia ‘o ffice ’ (see -cia). “agente ‘agent’: Latin agentem, accusative o f agens (stem agent-) present parti­ ciple o f agere ‘to act, drive, d o ’, from Indo-European ag- ‘to drive, lead’. Re­ lated words: abigeo, acción, acta, ac­ tividad, activo, acto, actor, actriz, ac­ tual, actualidad, actuar, agencia, ágil, agitar, agonía, agrario, agreste, agrícola, agricultor, agricultura, ambages, ambiguo, antagonismo, axioma, castigar, coágulo, cuajo, cuidado, cuidar, demagogo, des­ cuidado, embajador, enjambre, ensayo, estratagema, estrategia, exacto, examen, examinar, exigir, exiguo, fumigar, hos­ tigar, indagar, lidiar, litigio, mitigar, navegar, paragoge, pedagogo, peregrino, prodigar, pródigo, protagonista, purgante, purgatorio, reacción, redacción, redactar, rumiar, sinagoga, transigir. ágil ‘agile’: Latin agilis ‘easily moved, nim­ ble’, from agere ‘to act, d o ’ (see °agente) + -ilis ‘of, capable o f ’ (see °-il). agitar ‘to agitate’ (agitación ‘agitation’): Latin agitare ‘to drive, agitate’, fre­ quentative o f agere ‘to act, drive’ (see °agente). “aglomerar ‘to put together’: Latin agglomerare ‘ to join, gather’, from ad(with assimilation) ‘t o ’ (see a-', °a2) + glomerare ‘to wind into a ball’, from glomer-, stem o f glomus ‘ball, clew ’ (from Indo-European glom- ‘lump, mass, ball’, from gel- ‘ball, rounded o b je ct’ ; related words: club, gluten, glúteo, ovillo-, possibly: g lob o), + -are, an in­ finitive ending (see “-ar1). agobiar ‘to oppress’ (underlying idea: ‘(to oppress) as by a weight on the back)’, from a- (see a-1, °a2) + Vulgar Latin gubbus ‘hump on the back’ (com ­ pare Italian g ob b o ‘hum pbacked’), from Latin gibbus ‘hum p’. agolpar ‘to cro w d ’ (underlying meaning: ‘to gather all at once, at one b low ’): a-, a verb-forming prefix (see a-1, °a2), + golpe ‘b low ’ (see °golpe) + -ar, an in­ finitive ending (see “-ar1). agonía ‘agony, anguish’ : Late Latin agonía ‘anguish’, from Greek agonía ‘contest, anguish’, from agon ‘contest, gathering at games’, from ágein ‘to drive, lead, celebrate’, from Indo-European ag- ‘to

agravar

drive’ (see °agente). agosto ‘August’ : Vulgar Latin agustu ‘August’, from Latin ( mensis) Augustus ‘August’, literally = ‘(m onth o f) Augus­ tus’, a name given in 8 B.C. by the Roman Senate (to a month previously called sextilis, literally = ‘sixth (m on th )’: the old Roman year, until about 153 B.C., began with March; see diciembre) after Augustus (63 B.C.—A.D. 14), first Roman emperor (and on his request). The emperor’s original name was Gaius Octavius; he had changed it to Gaius Julius Caesar (name o f his adoptive father) in 44 B.C.; and the Roman Senate gave him the honorific title augustus by decree in 27 B.C. (for Latin augustus ‘august, magnificent’, see au­ gusto, “aumento). agotar ‘ to exhaust’: Vulgar Latin *eguttare ‘to dry to the last drop’, from Latin gutta ‘drop’ (see °gota). agraciado ‘handsome’, literally = ‘made pleasing’, from agraciar ‘to make pleasing, adorn’, from a-, a verb-forming prefix (see a-', °a2), + gracia ‘grace’ (see gracia, “grato) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see “-ar1). agradable ‘pleasing’: agradar ‘to please’ (see agradar, a-', °a2, °grato) + -able ‘capable o f ’ (see -able, °-ble). agradar ‘to please’: a- ‘thoroughly’ (see a-1, °a2) + obsolete gradar ‘to please’, from grado ‘will, pleasure’, from Late Latin gratum ‘thankfulness’, from Latin gratus ‘pleasing, thankful’ (see “grato). agradecer ‘to thank’ (agradecimiento ‘grate­ fulness’): a- ‘thoroughly’ (see a-', °a2) + obsolete gradecer ‘to thank’, from grado ‘will, pleasure’ (see agradar, “grato) + -ecer, an infinitive ending (see °-ecer). agrado ‘liking’: agradar ‘to please’ (see agradar, “grato) + -o, an ending o f nouns (see -o 4, ° - o 5). agrandar ‘to enlarge’: a- ‘to cause to be’ (see a-1, “a2) + grande ‘large’ (see °grande) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see “-ar1). agrario ‘agrarian’ : Latin agrarius ‘agrarian’, from agr-, stem o f ager ‘land, field, property, district’ (from Indo-European agro- ‘field’ [underlying meaning: ‘place to which cattle are driven’ ], from ag‘to drive’ [see “agente]), + -arius ‘o f ’ (see “-ario'). agravar ‘to com plicate’: Latin aggravare

agravio ‘to make heavier’, from ad- (with as­ similation) ‘in addition t o ’ (see a-1, V ) + gravare ‘to burden’ (see gravar, °grave). agravio ‘offe n ce ’: agraviar ‘to o ffe n d ’ (from Vulgar Latin *aggraviare ‘to complicate; to o ffe n d ’, from Latin aggravare ‘to make heavier’; see agravar, a-', “a2, gravar, °grave) + -o, a noun suffix (see -o4, °-o5). "agredir ‘to assault’ : Latin aggredi ‘to ap­ proach (with hostility), attack’, from ad- (with assimilation) ‘tow ard’ (see a-', °a2) + -gredi, from gradi ‘to step, g o ’, from Indo-European ghrdh-yo-, from ghrdh-, from ghredh- ‘to walk, g o ’. Re­ lated words: agresión, agresor, co n ­ greso, digresión, egreso, grada, grado, graduar, ingrediente, ingreso, plantigrado, progreso, regreso, retrógrado. agregar ‘to add’ : Latin aggregare ‘to add’ (underlying meaning: ‘to add to the flo ck ’), from ad- (with assimilation) ‘t o ’ (see a-1, °a2) + gregare ‘to herd’, from greg- ‘flo c k ’ (see °grey). agresión ‘aggression’ (agresivo ‘aggressive’ ): Latin aggressionem, accusative o f aggressio (stem aggression-) ‘aggression’, from aggressus, past participle o f ag­ gredi ‘to attack’ (see °agredir) + -io ‘act o f ’ (see °-ión). agresor ‘aggressor’ : Late Latin aggressor ‘aggressor’, from Latin aggressus (see agresión, °agredir) + -or ‘doer’ (see “-or1). agreste ‘wild, rustic’: Latin agrestis ‘rural’, from agr- ‘field’ (see agrario, “agente). agrícola ‘agricultural’: Latin agrícola ‘farm­ er’, from agri, genitive o f ager ‘field’ (see agrario, “agente), + -cola ‘inhabi­ tant’, from Indo-European kwol-a ‘dwel­ ler’, from kwol-, from kuiel- ‘to dwell’ (see “colon o). agricultor ‘farmer’: Latin agricultor ‘farmer’, from agri, genitive o f ager ‘field’ (see agrario, “agente), + cultor ‘tiller, cul­ tivator’, from cultus ‘cultivated’ (see cultura, culto, “colon o). agricultura ‘agriculture’: Latin agricultura, originally agri cultura ‘land cultivation’, from agri ‘o f the field’, genitive o f ager ‘ field’ (see agrario, “agente), + cultura ‘cultivation’ (see cultura, “colon o). agrietar ‘to crack’ : a- ‘to cause’ (see a-1, V ) + grieta ‘crack’ (see “grieta) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). agrio ‘sour’: obsolete agro ‘sour’ (influenced

20 by agriar ‘to make sour’), from Vulgar Latin acru (Latin acre), neuter accusa­ tive o f Latin acer ‘sharp’ (see acebo, “aguja). agrupar ‘to group’ (agrupación ‘a group’): a- ‘to cause to b e’ (see a-', °a2) + grupo ‘group’ (see “grupo) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-arl). “agua ‘water’: Latin aqua, from IndoEuropean akwa- ‘water’. Related words: acuarela, acuario, acuático, acueducto, aguacero, aguar, aguardiente, Aguascalientes, enjuagar, escandinavo, Feroé, paraguas. “aguacate ‘avocado’: Náhuatl auacatl ‘avo­ ca d o’, literally = ‘testicle’ (from the shape o f the fruit). Related w ord: gua­ camole. aguacero ‘heavy shower o f rain’, probably from *aguazo ‘heavy shower’, literally = ‘a blow with water’ (from agua ‘water’ + -azo ‘b low ’), + -ero ‘connected with’ (see -ero2). aguantar ‘to endure’: Italian agguantare ‘to hold, seize (originally, while wearing gauntlets or gloves)’, from ad- (with assimilation) ‘t o ’ (from Latin ad-; see a-', °a2) + guanto ‘glove’, from Frankish *want ‘m itten’ (see “guante), + -are, an infinitive ending, from Latin -are, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). aguar ‘to mix with water; to spoil pleasure’ : agua ‘water’ (see “agua) + -ar, an infini­ tive ending (see °-arl ). aguardar ‘to wait’ : a- (see a-1, °a2) + guardar ‘to guard’ (see “guardar). aguardiente ‘brandy’, literally = ‘burning water’, from agua ‘water’ (see “agua) + ardiente ‘burning’ (see ardiente, arder, “árido). Aguascalientes ‘Aguascalientes (city, Mex­ ic o )’, literally = ‘Warm Waters’, from aguas, plural o f agua ‘water’ (see “agua), + calientes, plural o f caliente ‘warm, h o t’ (see “caliente). The tow n is in an area o f springs o f thermal waters; it was officially founded on 22 October 1575 but is mentioned as early as 1531. agudo ‘sharp, acute’: Latin acutus ‘sharp’, from acutus, past participle o f acuere ‘to sharpen’, from acus ‘needle’ (see “aguja). agüero ‘omen, augury’: Vulgar Latin *aguriu, from Latin augurium ‘augury’, from augur ‘augur, a senior official

21

diviner’ (underlying meaning: ‘who o b ­ tains good omens or an increase’), from Indo-European aug- ‘to increase’ (see °aumento). águila ‘eagle’ : Latin aquila ‘ eagle’ (akin to Latin aquilus ‘dark-colored’ and aqua ‘water’?). "aguja ‘needle’ (agujero ‘h ole’): Vulgar Latin acucula, diminutive o f Latin acus ‘needle’, from Indo-European ak-u‘something sharp’, from ak- ‘sharp’. Related words: acanto, acebo, acero, acérrimo, acético, ácido, acné, acre, acróbata, acrópolis, acróstico, acupun­ tura, agrio, agudo, hueco, mediocre, óxido, oxigen o, o x íto n o , oxiuro, paro­ xismo, paroxíton o, peróxido, vinagre; possibly: acre. For Latin -cula ‘little on e’, see -cula. ahí ‘there’: a- (by analogy [as in así, ayer] to other Spanish adverbs such as afuera, apenas, where the a- was originally the preposition a) + obsolete hi ‘there’, from a merging o f Latin hie ‘here’ (see ahora, °acd) and ibi ‘ there’ (French y ‘there’ also derives from Latin ibi); ibi is instead o f *idi (influenced by ubi ‘where’ ; see ubicuo), from IndoEuropean i-dhe-i, from i- a pronominal stem (see °ya), + dhe-i, locative o f dhe-, adverbial suffix (see °ubicuo). ahijado ‘godchñd’: ahijado ‘adopted as a child’, past participle o f ahijar 'to adopt as a child’, from a- ‘toward; to cause to b e’ (see a-', V ) + -hijar, from hijo ‘son ;ch ild ’ (see °hijo). ahínco ‘ardor’: ahincar ‘to insist, urge, press’, from a- ‘tow ard’ (see a-', V ) + hincar ‘to drive, plant (cause to pene­ trate)’ (see hincar, finca, ficha, fijo, °dique). ahogar ‘to ch oke; to drown’ : Late Latin offocare ‘to strangle’, from Latin ob(with assimilation) ‘to ; against’ (see ob-, °epi-) + foces, fauces ‘throat’ (see °fauces). ahondar ‘to deepen’ : a- ‘to cause to be’ (see a-1, °a2) + hondo ‘deep’ (see hondo, profundo, °fon d o) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). ahora ‘n ow ’: obsolete agora ‘n ow ’ (com ­ pare Portuguese agora ‘n ow ’), from Latin hac hora ‘at this tim e’, literally = ‘at-this hour’, from hac, feminine ablative o f hie ‘this’ (from Indo-European

-áis2

ghi-ke ‘this’, from ghi-, variant o f ghe-, a demonstrative particle [see °acá], + fee-, variant o f ko- ‘this’ [see °acá]), + hora, ablative o f hora (a feminine) ‘hour’ (see °hora). ahorcar ‘to kill by hanging’: a-, a verb­ forming prefix (see a-', °a2), + horca ‘gallows’ (see °horca) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see "-ar1). ahorrar ‘to save, spare’ (ahorros ‘savings’): ahorrar ‘to free a slave’, from a- ‘to cause to b e ’ (see a-', °a2) + horro (ad­ jective) ‘free’, from Arabic hurr ‘free’ (root hr). ahumado ‘ smoked’, past participle o f ahumar ‘to smoke (in order to preserve meat or fish)’, from a-, a verb-forming prefix (see a-1, °aJ), + humo ‘sm oke’ (see humo, “fumar) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar‘ ). ahuyentar ‘to drive away’: a- ‘to cause to b e ’ (see a-1, °a2) + huyente ‘fleeing’, present participle o f huir ‘to flee’ (see huir, “fuga), + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). This verb follow s the model o f Vulgar Latin verbs in -entare, which in turn follow that o f Latin praesentare (see presentar). -aico ‘o f ’, an ending o f adjectives, as in arcaico, judaico, laico, pirenaico, p ro ­ saico: Latín -aicus, from Greek -aíkós ‘o f ’, from -a-, stem vowel, + -ikós ‘o f ’ (see °-ico2). ainu ‘Ainu (inhabitant o f northern Japan)’ : Ainu ainu ‘A inu’, literally = ‘man’. airado ‘angry’: airado ‘angered’, past par­ ticiple o f airar ‘to anger’, from a- ‘to cause’ (see a-1, °a2) + ira ‘anger’ (see °ira) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see “-ar1). aire ‘air’ (airoso ‘successful’): Latin aer ‘air’, from Greek aer ‘air, mist, breath’ (see “aéreo). -áis1, ending o f the second person plural o f the present indicative o f first con ­ jugation verbs, as in amáis: Old Spanish -ades (as in amades), from Latin -atis (as in amatis), second person plural ending o f first conjugation verbs, from -a-, thematic vowel o f first conjugation verbs (see °-a-), + -tis ‘second person plural’ (see °-is). -áis2, ending o f the second person plural o f the present subjunctive o f second conjugation verbs, as in temáis: Old

-áis:

Spanish -ades (as in temades), from Latin -eatis (as in timeatis), second person plural ending o f the present subjunctive o f second conjugation verbs (for -tis ‘second person plural’, see °-is). -áis3, ending o f the second person plural o f the present subjunctive o f third conjugation verbs, as in partáis: Old Spanish -ades (as in partades), from Latin -iatis (as in partiatis), second person plural ending o f the present subjunctive o f fourth conjugation verbs (for -tis ‘second person plural’, see °-is). aislar ‘to insulate; to isolate’: a- ‘to cause to b e ’ (see a-', °a2) + isla ‘island’ (see °isla) + -or, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). -aje ‘o f, related t o ’, an ending o f nouns, as in coraje, equipaje, forraje, lenguaje, personaje: Old French -age ‘o f, related to ; action, process; place’ (or French -age), from Latin -aticum, ‘o f, related t o 1 (see -ático, °-ado\ °-ico2); or from Catalan -atge or Provencal -atge, both from Latin -aticum. Doublets: -ático, -azgo. ajedrez ‘chess’: Arabic ash-shitranj ‘the chess’, from al- ‘th e’ (with assimila­ tion) + shitranj ‘chess’, from Sanskrit caturahga, a kind o f chess, literally = ‘(having) four limbs’, a word first ap­ plied to armies, an ancient Indian army having four com ponents (fo o t soldiers, horsemen, elephants, and chariots, rep­ resented in the game, respectively, by pawns, knights, bishops, and rooks; compare alfil, caballo, enrocar, peón, torre). Sanskrit caturahga derives from catur ‘fou r’ (from Indo-European kwetwer- ‘fou r’ ; see °cuatro) + ahga ‘lim b’, from Indo-European ank-, ang- ‘to bend’ (see °ancla). ajenjo ‘w orm w ood ’: obsolete asenjo, from asensio, from Latin absinthium, from Greek apsinthion ‘w orm w ood’, o f Med­ iterranean origin. ajeno ‘another’s’: Latin alienus ‘another’s; strange’, from alius ‘other ( o f more than tw o )’ (akin to Latin alter ‘other (o f tw o )’ ; compare otro), from IndoEuropean alyo- ‘other ( o f more than tw o )’, from al- ‘beyon d ’ (see °eP). ají ‘h ot pepper’: Taino ashi ‘hot pepper’, ajo ‘garlic’ : Latin alium, allium ‘garlic’, -ajo ‘little’, an ending o f masculine nouns,

22

as in badajo, cascajo, espantajo, legajo, renacuajo: Latin -aculum, a diminutive suffix (see -áculo, °-ulo). Doublet: -áculo. °ajolote ‘a xolotl’: Náhuatl axolotl ‘axo­ lo tl’, literally = ‘water spirit, water monster’ (another possible interpretation is ‘ toy o f the water’), from atl ‘water’ (related words: Anáhuac, chiapanecas, chocolate) + xolotl, a kind o f monster (com pare guajolote), also = ‘spirit; servant; d oll; to y ’. ajonjolí ‘sesame’, probably from co llo ­ quial Arabic al-jonjotil ‘the sesame’, from al- ‘the’ (from Arabic al- ‘the’) + jon joñ l ‘sesame’, from Arabic juljulan ‘sesame’. ajuar ‘furniture; trousseau’: Arabic ashshuwar ‘the trousseau’, from al- ‘the’ (with assimilation) + shuwar ‘trousseau’ (root sh-w-r ‘advice; sign, signal’ ), ajustar ‘to adjust’ : Vulgar Latin *adjuxtare ‘to put near’, from Latin ad- ‘near’ (see a-1, °a2) + -juxtare, from juxta ‘near’, from *jugista ‘near’, from IndoEuropean yug-istos, superlative (compare p leistocen o) form o f yug-, from yeug‘to jo in ’ (see °yugo). al ‘to the’: a ‘t o ’ (see °a2) + el ‘the’ (see °ell). °al ‘o f, relating t o ’, an ending o f adjectives, as in animal, central, gramatical, mine­ ral, renal: Latin -alis ‘ of, relating t o ’ (as in mortalis, navalis), adjectival suffix. Related suffixes: -alia, -ar2, -ar3, -ial, -ual. Many nouns are derived from these adjectives and are identical in form with them; one large category is made up o f nouns where -al stands for ‘place o f ’ often follow ing names o f plants (e.g., almendral, berenjenal, cafetal, maizal, naranjal; added to names o f rocks or sand: arenal, pizarral). Also, added to names o f fruits or flowers, = ‘tree’ or ‘shrub’, as in moral, nogal, peral, rosal. After stems containing -I-, -al usually becomes -ar (see -ar3). ala ‘wing’ : Latin ala ‘ wing; armpit’, from Old Latin *axla, from Indo-European aks-la- ‘wing; armpit’, from aks- ‘axis’ (see °axila). alabar ‘to praise’ (alabanza ‘praise’): Late Latin alapari ‘to boast, praise oneself’, perhaps akin to Latin alapa ‘slap’ (un­ derlying meanings: to boast o f being strong; to threaten to slap’), which may be akin to Greek kólaphos ‘blow,

23

buffet’ (see °golpe). alacena ‘cupboard’: alhacena, from o b ­ solete alhazena ‘cupboard’, from Arabic al-khazana ‘the cupboard’, from al‘the’ + khazana ‘cupboard, storehouse’, from khazana ‘to store’ (see °almacén). alacrán ‘scorpion’: Arabic al-‘aqrab ‘the scorpion’, from al- ‘the’ + ‘aqrab ‘scor­ pion; arrow’. alado ‘winged’: Latin alatus ‘winged’, from ala ‘wing’ (see ala, °axila) + -atus ‘characterized b y ’ (see -ado2, “-ado1). alambique ‘still (vessel)’: Arabic al-anbiq ‘the still’, from al- ‘the’ + anblq ‘still’, from Greek ámbix (stem ambik-) ‘vase’, alambre ‘wire’ (older meaning: ‘copper, bronze, brass’): obsolete arambre ‘copper, bronze, brass’, from Late Latin aeramen ‘bronze’, from aer-, stem o f aes ‘bronze’ (see °era). álamo ‘poplar’, perhaps akin to Latin ulmus ‘elm’ (see olm o) and alnus ‘alder’, and to Germanic aliza ‘alder’ (the last two, like Latin ulmus, derive from IndoEuropean el- ‘red; brow n’), alanos ‘Alani, Alans (a Scythian people that invaded Spain in the fifth century o f the Christian era)’: Latin Alani (sin­ gular Alanus; both, first century o f the Christian era), from Greek Alanoi ‘Alani’, probably from Scythian ala ‘mountain’, alarde ‘ostentation’: Arabic al-‘ard ‘the parade’, from al- ‘th e’ + ‘ard ‘military parade, review’ (root ‘rd ‘ to show, pres­ ent, o ffe r’). alargar ‘to lengthen’: a- ‘to cause to be’ (see a-', °a2) + largo ‘lon g’ (see °largo) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see “-ar1). alarma ‘alarm’ (alarmar ‘to alarm’): ial arma\, literally = ‘to the w eapon!’, a call to arms (as to soldiers on the ap­ proach o f an enemy), from al ‘to the’ (see al, °a2, “el1) + arma ‘w eapon’ (see °arma). Alaska ‘Alaska (state, United States)’: English Alaska, so named in 1867 (b u t' documented in English — as Alaschka — as early as 1778) when the territory — then called in English Russian America — was purchased from Russia by the United States, from Russian Alashka (1762), first applied to the Alaska Pen­ insula, from Aleut alakshak ‘peninsula’, i.e. as distinct from the Aleutian Islands. alba ‘dawn’: Vulgar Latin *alba ‘dawn’,

A lb erto

from Latin alba, feminine o f albus ‘white’ (see °álbum). albahaca ‘sweet basil’: Arabic al-habaqah (with metathesis) ‘the basil’, from al‘the’ + habaqah (also habaq) ‘basil’. Albania ‘Albania (country; Albanian Shqiperia) ’ : Medieval Latin Albania. The inhabitants o f the area were first men­ tioned (as A lbanof) by the Greek astron­ omer and geographer Ptolemy (around A.D. 130). The word may be akin to Celtic alb- ‘high’ (compare Alpes). Al­ banian Shqiperi (-a is the definite article for feminine nouns ending in stressed -i) is also o f uncertain origin (perhaps from Albanian shqip ‘(speak) intelli­ gibly’ or from shqipe ‘ eagle’). albañil ‘mason’: regional Arabic (Spain) al-banni ‘the mason’, from al- ‘the’ + banni ‘mason’, from Arabic banna’ ‘builder; mason’ (root bny ‘to build’ ). albaricoque ‘apricot’ : Arabic al-birquq (also al-barqüq) ‘the apricot’, from al- ‘the’ + birqUq, barquq ‘apricot’, from Late Greek praikókion ‘apricot’, from Latin praecoquum ‘apricot’, literally = ‘ earlyripening (the word for ‘plum ’ or ‘peach’ being understood)’, from praecoquere ‘to ripen early’ (see precoz, pre-, °per-, “cocer). albatros ‘albatross’: English albatross, from Portuguese or Spanish alcatraz, both = ‘pelican’ (probably influenced by Latin albus ‘white’) and both from Arabic al-ghattds ‘the white-tailed sea eagle’ (see “alcatraz). albedrío ‘free will’: Latin arbitrium ‘free will; judgment, decision’ (see “árbitro). alberca ‘tank, p o o l; (M exico) swimming p o o l’: Arabic al-birka ‘the p o o l’, from al- ‘the’ + birka ‘pool, pond, puddle, reservoir’. albergue ‘lodging’ (albergar ‘to lodge’): Old Provencal alberga ‘inn; shelter; cam p’, from Vulgar Latin *arberga ‘army cam p’, from Germanic harja-bergaz ‘hill fort; army quarters’, literally = ‘army hill’, from harjaz ‘army’ (see “Armando) + bergaz ‘hill’, from Indo-European bhergh‘high’ (see “-burgo). ’ Alberto, masculine given name (corre­ sponding to English A lb ert): Old High German Adalbert, Adalberaht (tenth century; source, likewise, o f the German masculine given name Albrecht), literally

albino

= ‘Shining through N obility’ (but see paragraph 24 o f the Introduction), from adal ‘nobility’ (see °Alicia) + beraht ‘bright’, from Germanic berhtaz, from Indo-European bherg- ‘bright; white’ (related name: R o b e r to ; probably re­ lated w ord: fresno). albino ‘albino’: albo (poetic) ‘w hite’, from Latin albus ‘white’ (see °álbum). Albion ‘ A lbion (a name for Britain)’, from Latin A lbion ‘Britain’, see Alpes. albóndiga ‘meatball’: Arabic al-bunduqa ‘the nut’ (underlying meaning: ‘nut­ sized meatball’), from al- ‘the’ + bunduqa ‘nut (fruit)’. albornoz ‘burnoose’: Arabic al-burnus ‘the burnoose’, from al- ‘the’ + burnus ‘bur­ n oose’, from Greek bi'rros ‘cloak with a h o o d ’, probably o f Celtic origin, alborotar ‘to disturb’ (alboroto ‘distur­ bance’): obsolete abolotar, avolotar ‘to disturb’ (probably influenced by o b ­ solete alborozar ‘to cause disorder’, now = ‘to cause merriment’), possibly from a- ‘thoroughly’ (see a-1, °a2) + Latin volutare ‘to roll, turn, tumble about’, frequentative o f volvere ‘to roll’ (see °volver). alborozo ‘merriment’ : Arabic al-buriiz ‘the parade’, from al- ‘the’ + burüz ‘military parade; pageant; appearance; a going o u t’ (root brz ‘to appear, show oneself’), “álbum ‘album’: Latin album ‘blank (often white) tablet (on which ancient Roman edicts were written)’, from album, neuter o f albus ‘white’, from IndoEuropean albho- ‘white’. Related words: alba, albino-, possibly: A lfredo. “alcabala ‘sales tax’: Arabic al-qabalah ‘the tax’, from al- ‘the’ + qabalah ‘tax, tribute’ (underlying meaning: ‘receipt’ ; root qbl ‘to receive’). Related word: cúbala. alcachofa ‘artichoke’: alcarehofa ‘artichoke’, from regional Arabic (Spain) al-kharshufah ‘the artichoke’, from al- ‘th e’ + kharshUfah (Arabic khurshüfah) ‘arti­ ch ok e’. alcalde ‘m ayor’: Arabic al-qddi ‘the judge’, from al- ‘the’ + qadi ‘judge’ (see "cadi). alcance ‘range, capacity’: alcanzar ‘to reach (see alcanzar, calcar, "escaleno). alcancía ‘m oney chest’: Vulgar Arabic *al-kanztya ‘the m oney chest’, from al- ‘the’ + kanziya ‘m oney chest’, from

24

Arabic kanz ‘hidden treasure’ (root knz ‘to bury’). alcanfor ‘cam phor’ : Arabic al-kafür ‘the cam phor’, from al- ‘the’ + kafiir ‘cam ­ phor’, from Malay kdpUr ‘camphor; chalk’ , probably from the source o f Khmer kapor ‘cam phor’, alcantarilla ‘sewer’: alcantarilla ‘culvert; bridge over a culvert’, diminutive o f obsolete alcántara ‘bridge’, from Arabic al-qantara ‘the bridge’, from al- ‘the’ + qantara ‘bridge, dam, arch’, alcanzar ‘to reach’: obsolete alcalqar, from acalqar ‘ to follow closely after, follow at the heels o f ’, from Vulgar Latin accalceare ‘ to follow at the heels o f’ , from Latin ad- (with assimilation) ‘t o ’ (see a-1, °a2) + -calceare, from calc-, stem o f calx ‘heel’ (see calcar, "escaleno). alcaparra ‘caper (shrub, and its flower b u d )’: Arabic al-kabar ‘the caper’, from al- ‘th e’ + kabar ‘caper’, from Latin capparis, from Greek kápparis ‘caper’, “alcatraz ‘pelican’: Arabic al-ghattds ‘the white-tailed sea eagle’, from al- ‘th e’ + ghattas ‘white-tailed sea eagle’ (root gh-t-s ‘to duck, plunge, dive’). Related w ord: albatros. alcázar ‘castle’: Arabic al-qasr ‘the castle’, from al- ‘the’ + qasr ‘castle, fo rt’, from Latin castra ‘fo r t’, plural o f castrum ‘fortified cam p’ (see castillo, "casto). alcoba ‘bed room ’: Arabic al-qubbah ‘the small room ; the vault, the arch’, from al- ‘the’ + qubbah ‘small room opening into a larger one; vault, arch’ (root qb). alcohol ‘a lcoh ol’ : alcohol ‘powdered anti­ m ony used by wom en to darken the eyelids’, from Vulgar Arabic al-kohol ‘the powdered antim ony’, from al- ‘the’ + koh ol ‘powdered antim ony’, from Arabic kuhl ‘powdered antimony (used to darken eyelids)’. alcuzcuz ‘couscous’: Arabic al-kuskus ‘the cou scou s’, from al- ‘the’ + kuskus ‘cous­ cou s’, from kaskasa ‘to pound, pulverize’, aldaba ‘knocker; latch’: Arabic ad-dabba ‘the b o lt’, from al- ‘th e’ (with assimila­ tion) + dabba ‘ bolt, latch’, aldea ‘village’ (aldeano ‘villager’): Arabic ad-day‘ah ‘the village’, from al- ‘the’ (with assimilation) + d ay‘ah ‘village, farm, countryside’ (root dy ‘). alegar ‘to allege’ : Latin allegare ‘to cite, adduce, send on a mission’, from ad-

25

(with assimilation) ‘tow ard’ (see a-', °-ro- ‘excre­ m ent’, from kokw-, from kekw- ‘to excrete’) + -lalia ‘speech disorder’, from Greek laliá ‘chatter’, from lalein ‘to chat, talk’, from Indo-European la-, a root imitative o f the sound o f talking (see “ladrar). cop to ‘Coptic (adjective and noun )’ : Arabic qubt, qibt ‘Copts’ (adjective qibfi), from Coptic gyptios ‘Egyptian’, from Greek A igyptios ‘Egyptian’ (see egipcio, “aciago). coqueta ‘coquette; flirtatious’ : French c o ­ qu ette, feminine o f coquet (adjective) ‘flirtatious’, from coq u et (noun) ‘flirta­ tious man’, from coq u et Tittle co ck ’, diminutive o f coq ‘cock, rooster’, from Old French coc, from Late Latin coccus ‘c o c k ’, from Latin co co ‘ a cackle; a cluck’, a word formed in imitation o f sounds made by hens. coraje ‘courage; anger’ : Old French corage (French courage) ‘courage’, also = ‘ the heart as the seat o f feeling’, from Vulgar Latin *coraticu ‘heart as the seat o f feeling’, from Latin cor ‘heart’ (see “cordial). coral ‘coral’: Latin corallium, from Greek korállion ‘coral’, possibly o f Semitic

139

origin (akin to Hebrew gordl ‘pebble’, also = ‘lo t’ and ‘pebble for casting lots’), coraza ‘armor’ , see acorazado. corazón ‘heart’, probably from Vulgar Latin *coratione ‘ big heart’, from Latin cor ‘heart’ (see °cordial). corbata ‘necktie’: Old Italian corvatta ‘linen neckband worn in the seven­ teenth century by certain Croatian sol­ diers’ (underlying meaning: ‘Croatian scarf’), from Serbo-Croatian Hrvat ‘Croat; Croatian’, o f disputed origin, but akin to Old Slavic Chürvatinü ‘Croatian’ (twelfth century). Córcega ‘ Corsica’: Latin Corsica (first century B.C.), o f disputed (Phoenician?) origin. corcel ‘swift horse, cavalry horse’ : French coursier, from Old French coursier ‘ swift horse, cavalry horse’ , from cours ‘course, run’, from Latin cursus ‘course, run’ (see curso, °correr). corchete ‘clasp; bracket, square bracket’: French croch et ‘h o o k ’, from Old French crochet, diminutive o f croché, croc ‘h o o k ’, from Frankish *krok ‘h o o k ’, from Indo-European ger- ‘curving’ (see °grupo). corcho ‘cork ’, probably from Latin corticem, accusative o f cortex (stem cortic-) ‘ bark; bark o f the cork tree’ (see corteza, °came, °sección). cordel ‘cord ’ : regional Catalan cordell, from Latin chorda ‘co rd ’ (see °cuerda). cordero ‘lam b’ : Vulgar Latin *cordarius (noun) ‘lam b’ , from Latin cordus, chordus (adjective) ‘late-born; produced late in the season’. °cordial ‘cordial’ : Medieval Latin cordialis ‘o f the heart’, from Latin cord-----stem o f cor ‘heart’ — (from Indo-European krd-, from kerd- ‘heart’. Related words: acordar, acordarse, acordeón, acuerdo, cardiaco, cardiografía, cardiología, coraje, corazón, cuerdo, discordia, miocardio, misericordia, pericardio, recordar, re­ cuerdo, taquicardia; possibly: creer) + -ialis ‘ o f ’ (see -ial, °-al). cordillera ‘mountains’: cordilla (diminutive o f cuerda ‘rope, cord, chain, line o f mountain peaks’), from cord-, base o f cuerda (see °cuerda), + -ilia ‘small’ (see -ilia). córdoba ‘cordoba (monetary unit, Nica­ ragua)’ (1913), so named for Francisco

corn ucopia

Hernández (or Fernández) de Córdoba (1475—1526), Spanish explorer in Nicaragua. His name probably derives from Córdoba, city in Spain (see °Córdoba). "Córdoba ‘Córdoba (city, Argentina)’, founded on 6 July 1573 by Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera, and named for Córdoba (Spain). The Spanish city was established as a Roman colon y around 152 B.C. (Latin Corduba) near the site o f a pre­ vious town probably founded by Car­ thaginians. Related word: córdoba. __cordón ‘rope’ : cord-, base o f cuerda ‘rope, co rd ’ (see °cuerda). Corea ‘Korea (country; Korean Chosdn [from Chinese Zhao-xian (fourteenth century), from the name o f an area in northern Korea, literally = ‘Dawn Freshness’, from zhao ‘ dawn, morning’ (in northeastern China, daylight first appears from the direction o f Korea) + xian ‘ fresh, pure’ ] ) ’ : Korean Koryd, an ancient state in Korea (founded A.D. 918; most o f Korea unified under it from around 935 to around 1392), written in Chinese as Gaoli, literally = ‘High and Beautiful’, from gao ‘high, tall’ + li ‘ beautiful, elegant’. corintio ‘Corinthian’ : Latin corinthius, from Greek korinthios ‘Corinthian’ , from Kórinthos ‘ Corinth’ (docum ented in the eighth century B.C.), a city o f an­ cient Greece on a site inhabited at least from 3000 B.C.; probably a pre-Greek (Pelasgian?) name. cormorán ‘corm orant’ : French cormoran, from Old French cormoran, cormorán, cormareng ‘corm orant’, from corp ‘raven’ (from Latin corvus ‘raven’ ; see cuervo, °grieta) + marenc ‘ o f the sea’, from Latin marinus ‘o f the sea’ (see marino, °mar, °-ino). corneja ‘crow ’ : Latin cornicula ‘crow ’ , diminutive o f cornix (stem com ic-) ‘crow ’, from Indo-European kor- ‘crow, raven’ (see cuervo, °grieta). For Latin -ula ‘small’, see -ula. com eta ‘ trumpet, co m e t’ : corn-, stem o f cuerno ‘horn’ (see °cuerno), + -eta ‘small’ (see -eta). cornucopia ‘cornucopia’: Late Latin cor­ nucopia ‘horn o f plenty’ (a goat’s horn overflowing with fruit and ears o f grain used in art as a decorative m otif), from

coro

Latin cornu copiae ‘horn o f plenty’, from cornu ‘horn’ (see °cuerno) + copiae, genitive o f copia ‘abundance, plenty’ (see copia, co-, com-, °con, °ópera). "coro ‘chorus, choir’ : Latin chorus ‘ dance, choral dance’, from Greek khorós ‘ dance, dance accompanied with singing’. Re­ lated word: Terpsicore. corola ‘corolla’ : Latin corolla ‘small garland’ , diminutive o f corona (from * coron-la, with assimilation o f the -n-) ‘garland’ (see °corona'). Latin -la, diminutive ending, is the feminine o f -lus and de­ rives from Indo-European -la, feminine o f -lo-, a diminutive ending (see °-ulo). "corona1 ‘crown (m onarch’s headdress)’ : Latin corona ‘ garland, crow n’, from Greek korone ‘ anything curved; kind o f crow n’, from koronós ‘curved’ , from Indo-European kor-ono- ‘curved’ , from kor-, from ker-, variant o f sker- ‘ bend­ ing, turning’. Related words: corola, corona2, coronar, crines, curva, rancho, rango, zafarrancho-, possibly: circo and its family. corona2 ‘crow n (any o f several ancient or modern coins originally bearing a representation o f a crow n — Austrian [K ron e], Castilian, Czechoslovak [k o ­ runa], Danish [k ron e], English [crow n ], Estonian [k roon ], Icelandic [krona], Norwegian [k ron e], Portuguese [coroa ], Swedish [k ro n a ])’: corona ‘crow n (m on ­ arch’s headdress)’ (see °corona'). coronar ‘ to crow n’ : Latin coronare ‘ to crow n’, from corona ‘ garland, crow n’ (see °corona') + -are, an infinitive ending (see "-or1). coronel ‘co lo n e l’: Old French coronel ‘colon el’ (French colon el), from Old Italian colonnello ‘colon el’ (also Italian), from colonnello ‘column o f soldiers; little colum n’ , diminutive o f colonna ‘colum n’ (also Italian), from Latin columna ‘colum n’ (see columna, °cul­ minar'). corpulento ‘fat, corpulent’ : Latin corpulentus ‘fat’, from corpus ‘b o d y ’ (see °cuerpo) + -ulentus ‘abounding in’ (see °-ulento). corral ‘pen, corral’, o f disputed (H otten tot?) origin. correa ‘ strap’ : Latin corrigia ‘shoelace’ , probably o f Celtic origin (from a com ­ pound whose first element is akin to

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Latin com - ‘together’ [see com -] and whose second element is akin to Middle High German ric ‘ b on d ’, from Germanic raigwa- ‘line’, from Indo-European roig-, from reig- ‘line’, from rei- ‘to scratch, cu t’ [see °arriba]). correcto ‘correct’: Latin correctus ‘co r­ rect’, from correctus, past participle o f corrigere ‘ to correct’ (see corregir, com-, °con, °regir). corredor ‘runner; broker; corridor’ , literally = ‘the running on e’, from correr ‘ to run’ (see "correr) + -edor ‘ acting, doer’ (see -ed or’ ). corregir ‘ to correct’ : Latin corrigere ‘to correct, make straight, set right’, from com - ‘ thoroughly’ (see com-, °con ) + -rigere, from regere ‘ to rule, direct, lead straight’ (see °regir). correo ‘post o ffice; courier’ : Catalan correu ‘courier’ , from Old Provencal corrieu ‘courier’ , ultimately from Latin currere ‘ to run’ (see "correr). "correr ‘ to run; to flo w ’: Latin currere ‘ to run’ , from Indo-European krs-, from kers- ‘ to run’. Related words: acarrear, acosar, cargar, cargo, cari­ catura, carpintería, carpintero, carrera, carreta, carrete, carretera, carril, carro, carrocería, carroza, carruaje, concurso, corcel, corredor, correo, corrida, c o ­ rriente, curso, curul, descargar, discurso, encargar, epicúreo, escurrir, excursión, ferrocarril, húsar, incurrir, ocurrir, pre­ cursor, recorrer, recurrir, recurso, s o ­ correr, sucursal, transcurrir. correspondencia ‘correspondence’: Medieval Latin correspondentia ‘correspondence’, from correspondent-, stem o f correspondens ‘corresponding’ (see correspon­ diente, corresponder, com-, °con, res­ ponder, "re-, "esposo), + -ia ‘condition, state, quality’ (see -ia). corresponder ‘to correspond’ : Medieval Latin corresponderé ‘to correspond, be in con form ity’ , from Latin com - ‘reci­ procally’ (see com-, °con) + responderé ‘ to respond’ (see responder, "re-, "es­ poso). correspondiente ‘corresponding’ : Medieval Latin correspondentem , accusative o f correspondens (stem correspondent-) ‘corresponding’ , present participle o f corresponderé ‘to correspond’ (see c o ­ rresponder, com-, °con, responder, "re-,

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"esposo). corrida ‘running’ ( corrida de toros ‘bull­ fight’): corrida, feminine o f corrido, past participle o f correr ‘ to run’ (see "correr). corriente (adjective) ‘current’ : corriente ‘running’, present participle o f correr ‘ to run’ (see "correr). corroborar ‘to corroborate’ : Latin corro­ borare ‘ to confirm ; to strengthen’ , from com - (with assimilation) ‘thor­ oughly’ (see com-, "con ) + roborare ‘ to strengthen’, from robur ‘ oak’ (see roble, "rojo). cortar ‘ to cu t’ : Latin curtare ‘ to cut o f f ’ , from curtus ‘cut o f f ’ (see corto, "carne). corte ‘court (residence o f a sovereign)’ : Latin cohortem , accusative o f cohors (stem cohort-) ‘court, courtyard, en­ closure, thing enclosed, coh ort’ , from Indo-European ko-ghr-ti- ‘ thing enclosed’, from ko- ‘ together’ (from kom ‘ to­ gether’ ; see "con ) + ghr-, from gher‘ to gird, enclose’ (see "huerto). cortejar ‘ to court’ : Italian corteggiare ‘ to court, seek to win, serve a sovereign at cou rt’, from corte ‘court (residence o f a sovereign)’ , from Latin cohortem , accusative o f cohors ‘court, enclosure’ (see corte, "con, "huerto). cortés ‘courteous’ ( cortesía ‘courtesy’): corte ‘court (residence o f a sovereign)’ (see corte, "con, "huerto) + -és ‘ o f (a place)’ (see -és, °-ense), from the idea ‘having the kind o f manners used at a king’s court’. corteza ‘(tree) bark’ : Latin corticea ‘(things) made o f bark’ , neuter plural o f corticeus (adjective) ‘o f bark’, from cortic-, stem o f cortex ‘ bark, co rk ’ (underlying mean­ ing: ‘which can be cut o f f ’), from IndoEuropean kort-, from skert-, kert-, from sker-, ker- ‘ to cu t’ (see "carne, "sección). cortina ‘curtain’ : Late Latin cortina ‘en­ closure; curtain’ (translation o f Greek aulaia ‘curtain’, from aule ‘cou rt’ ; com ­ pare aula), from Latin cohort-, stem, o f cohors ‘enclosure’ (see corte, "con, "huerto), + -ina ‘ o f ’ (see -ina', °-ino). corto ‘short’: Latin curtus ‘cut o ff, cut short, shortened’, from Indo-European kr-to- ‘cut o ff, cut short’ , from kr-, from ker-, sker- ‘ to cu t’ (see "carne). corvina (noun) ‘corbina (fish)’: corvina

Costa d e(l) Marfil

(adjective), feminine o f corvino ‘ raven­ like, o f a raven’ (from the color o f the fish), from Latin corvinus ‘ o f a raven’, from corvus ‘raven’ (see cuervo, "grieta) + -inus ‘ o f ’ (see °-ino). cosa ‘thing’: Vulgar Latin causa ‘ thing’, from Latin causa ‘matter, subject’ , from causa ‘reason, cause; motive; law­ suit’ (see "causa). cosaco ‘ Cossack’ : Ukrainian kozak, from Russian kazak ‘ Cossack’ (fifteenth cen­ tury), from Kazakh kazak ‘ Cossack, Kazakh’, literally = ‘free person, vaga­ b on d ’ (see "Kazajia). cosecha ‘harvest’ : obsolete cogecha ‘harvest’, from cogecha, feminine o f cogecho ‘ taken’ (past participle o f coger ‘ to take’), from Latin collectus, past par­ ticiple o f colligere ‘to gather together’ (see coger, com-, "con, "leer). coser ‘ to sew’ : Latin consuere ‘to sew together’, from con- ‘ together’ (see com-, "con) + suere ‘ to sew’ (see "sutura). cosm os ‘universe, cosm os’ : Greek kósm os ‘ order; ornament; universe’, possibly from Indo-European kons-mo- ‘ order’, from kons-, from kens- ‘to proclaim’ (see "censo). °costa ‘coast’: Latin costa ‘rib, side’, from Indo-European kost- ‘ bone’. Related words: acostar, Costa Brava, Costa d e(l) Marfil, costado, costal, costilla, cuesta, recostar. Doublet: cuesta. Costa Brava ‘ Costa Brava (coastal region o f northeastern Spain)’ : Catalan Costa Brava (1 908) ‘Costa Brava’, literally = ‘Wild (i.e., still in a natural state) I Coast’, from costa ‘coast’ (from Latin costa; see "costa) + brava ‘wild’ (feminine), from Vulgar Latin * braba, femi­ nine o f *brabus ‘w ild’ (see bravo, bár­ baro, "bobo). Costa de(l) Marfil ‘Ivory Coast (cou n try)’, translation o f French C ote d ’Ivoire, literally = ‘Coast o f (= having) Ivory’, first documented as Coste des dens — 1601 — (obsolete spelling o f Cote \ des dents), literally = ‘Coast of-the tusks’ (from the sixteenth century the area was frequented by traders fo r ivory, but elephants are now rare). French cote derives from Old French coste ‘coast’, from Latin costa ‘rib, side’ (see "costa); French dent stems from Old French dent ‘tooth, tusk’ ,

Costa R ica

from Latin dent-, stem o f dens ‘ tooth ’ (see “diente): French ivoire is from Old French ivoire, from Vulgar Latin *eboreus ‘ivory’ , from Latin eboreus (adjective) ‘o f ivory’, from ebor-, stem o f ebur ‘ivory’ , probably o f Egyptian origin, akin to Egyptian abu ‘ elephant; ivory’ and to Greek -ephas in eléphas ‘ elephant; ivory’ (see °elefante). Costa Rica ‘ Costa Rica (cou n try)’ (cos­ tarricense, costarriqueño ‘Costa Rican’), literally = ‘rich coast’ , from Spanish costa ‘coast’ (referring to the country’s Caribbean coast) + rica, feminine o f rico ‘rich’. The name is documented around 1539; the reason for it is dis­ puted (one theory is that it is a trans­ form ation o f Spanish costa de oreja, literally = ‘ear coast’ , really meaning ‘earring coast’). costado ‘side’ : Vulgar Latin costatu ‘side’, from Latin costatum, neuter o f costatus ‘ribbed, having ribs’ , from costa ‘rib; side’ (see °costa). costal (noun) ‘ sack, bag’: costal (adjec­ tive) ‘ o f the ribs, costal’ (because sacks are often carried on the back, against the ribs), from Vulgar Latin costalis ‘o f the ribs’ , from Latin costa ‘rib’ (see “costa) + -alis ‘o f ’ (see °-al). costar ‘ to cost’: Latin constare ‘ to stand with, stand at (a certain price), cost, stand firm’ (see constar, com-, “con, “estar). costilla ‘ rib; cutlet’, diminutive o f obsolete costa ‘rib’ , from Latin costa ‘rib’ (see “costa). For -ilia ‘ small’ , see -ilia. costo ‘co st’ : costar ‘to cost’ (see costar, constar, com-, “con, “estar) + -o, an ending o f nouns (see -o 4). costra ‘crust’ : Latin crusta ‘ shell, crust’ (see “crustáceo). costumbre ‘custom ’ : obsolete costum ne, from *costudne, from Latin consuetudinem, accusative o f consuetudo (stem consuetudin-) ‘a being accustom ed’ , from consuetus, past participle o f consuescere ‘ to accustom ’, from con- ‘ thoroughly’ (see com-, “con ) + suescere ‘ to becom e accustomed; to accustom’, from IndoEuropean swedh-sko- ‘ to becom e ac­ custom ed’ (for Spanish descendants o f other Indo-European verbs with -sko-, see -ecer), from swedh- (also swedh-) ‘peculiarity, custom ’ (underlying mean­

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ing: ‘on e’s own (practice)’), from swe-, seu- ‘ oneself, on e’s ow n ’ (see “suya). costura ‘sewing; seam’: Vulgar Latin consutura ‘sewing; seam’ , from consutus, past participle o f consuere ‘to sew’ (see coser, com-, “con, “sutura). cotidiano ‘ daily, quotidian’ : Latin cotidianus, quotidianus ‘ daily’ , from cotidie, quotidie ‘ each day, daily’, from q u ot ‘ as many as; how m any’ (see “cuota) + dies ‘ day’ (see día, “dios). cotiledón ‘cotyledon (first leaf o f a plant em bryo)’ : Latin cotyled on ‘navelwort’, from Greek kotyledon ‘navelwort; cu p­ shaped h ollow ’, from kotyle ‘cup, small vessel; anything h ollow ’. Cotopaxi ‘C otopaxi (peak, Ecuador)’ , p rob­ ably from Aymara, = ‘M oon (i.e. ‘white, snow y’? ) Peak’ , from coto, ccoto, kcoto ‘pile, heap; goiter; peak’ + pasci, pakhsi ‘m o o n ’. cotorra ‘parrot’, perhaps from cotorrera ‘prater’, variant o f cotorrera ‘ woman who gads about’ (underlying idea: ‘go­ ing from one cotarro to another’), from cotarro ‘charity shelter’, from coto ‘boundary; boundary marker’, earlier also = ‘precept, order’, from Latin cautum ‘legal provision’, from cautum, neuter o f cautus ‘careful, cautious’ (see cauto, “acústico). coy ote ‘c o y o te ’: Náhuatl c o y o tl ‘co y o te ’, probably akin to coyom a ‘to perforate, pierce’. coz ‘kick’: Latin calx ‘heel’ (see calcar, “escaleno). Cracovia ‘Cracow (city, Poland; Polish K raków )’ : Medieval Latin Cracovia ‘Cracow’. The town is first mentioned in the tenth century, as having been founded around A.D. 700 by a (prob­ ably legendary) Polish prince named Krak. cráneo ‘ skull, cranium’ : Medieval Latin cranium, from Greek kram'on ‘ skull; upper part o f the head’, from IndoEuropean krs-no- ‘skull’, from krs-, from kr-, from ker- ‘horn; head’ (see “cuerno). “cráter ‘crater’ : Latin crater ‘crater; mixing b ow l’ , from Greek krater ‘mixing vessel (in which wine was mingled with water); crater’, from Indo-European kr-ter- ‘m ix­ ing vessel’ , from kr-, from ker- ‘to m ix’. Related word: idiosincrasia.

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crear ‘to create’ : Latin creare ‘ to create, produce, beget, bring forth’ (under­ lying meaning: ‘to cause to grow’), from Indo-European kre-ya- ‘growth’, from kre-, from ker- ‘ to grow’ (see “cereal). Doublet: criar. crecer ‘ to grow’ : Latin crescere ‘ to grow, increase’ , from Indo-European kre-sko‘ to grow’ (fo r Spanish descendants o f other Indo-European verbs with -sko-, see °-ecer), from kre-, from ker‘ to grow ’ (see “cereal). crédito ‘credit’ : Latin creditum ‘loan’ , literally = ‘something entrusted’, from creditum, neuter o f creditus, past par­ ticiple o f credere ‘ to believe, entrust’ (see “creer). "creer ‘to believe’ : Latin credere ‘to trust, believe; to entrust’, perhaps related to Indo-European kerd- ‘heart’ (see “cordial). Related words: acreditar, acre­ edor, crédito. crema1 ‘cream’ : French creme, from Old French cresme, craime ‘cream’ , blends o f Late Latin cramum ‘cream’ (prob­ ably o f Celtic origin) and Late Latin chrisma ‘ointm ent’, from Greek khrisma ‘ ointm ent’ , from khriein ‘ to anoint’ (see “Cristo). crema2 ‘ diaeresis (mark on a vow el)’, m odif­ ication o f Greek trema ‘ dot on a die’, from trema ‘hole, perforation’, from Indo-European tré-, from ter- ‘ to pierce’ (see “triturar). creosota ‘creosote’ : German K reosot ‘creo­ sote’ (1832), with the underlying mean­ ing ‘ flesh preserver’ (from the antiseptic qualities o f this liquid), from kreo‘ flesh’ (from Greek kreo-, from kréas ‘ flesh’, from Indo-European krew-s-, from kreu- ‘ raw flesh’ ; see “crudo) + Greek soter ‘preserver’ , from sozein ‘ to preserve, save, rescue’, from sáos ‘safe, healthy’ (underlying chain o f ideas: ‘healthy—strong—swollen’), from Indo-European tw-wo- ‘safe’, from tw-, from teu- ‘ to swell’ (see “tumor). crespúsculo ‘ twilight, crepuscule’ : Latin. crepusculum ‘ twilight’, from creper ‘ dusky, dark’. crestomatía ‘chrestomathy’ : Greek khréstomátheia ‘chrestomathy’ (underlying meaning: ‘useful learning’), from khréstós ‘useful’ (from khresthai ‘to use, need’ ; see “catacresis) + -mátheia, from mathei'n

crim en

(aorist), manthdnein ‘ to learn’ (see °matem ático). Creta ‘ Crete (island, Greece; modern Greek K riti) ’: Latin Creta (first century B.C.), from Greek K reté ‘Crete’ (around the eighth century B.C.), o f uncertain origin, although the following earlier forms have been reconstructed or encountered: Katra, *Kattra, Kaptra, and in the second millenium B.C. are found Assyrian Raptara, Egyptian K afto(r), Hebrew Kaphtor standing for ‘ Crete’ and ‘ Cretans’. "cretáceo ‘ Cretaceous (period)’ : Latin cretaceus ‘ o f chalk’, from creta ‘chalk, clay’ (related word: greda) + -aceus ‘ o f, connected with’ (see -áceo). cretino ‘cretin’ : French cretin ‘cretin’ , from regional French (Swiss and French Alps) crétin, crestin ‘a kind o f deformed idiot; human being; Christian’ (the meaning changed from ‘Christian’ to ‘any human being’ [compare Russian krest’yanin, earlier = ‘Christian’, then ‘man (in general)’, later ‘peasant’ ; the word for ‘Christian’ has also had the meaning ‘any human being, person’ in Spanish, Italian, English, and other Eropean languages] to ‘id iot’ [under­ lying idea: ‘an idiot is, after all, human’ ]), from Latin christianus ‘Christian’ (see cristiano, “Cristo). crfa ‘nursing, breeding, rearing, brood’ : criar ‘ to bring up, breed; to feed’ (see criar, crear, “cereal). criado ‘servant’ (underlying meaning: ‘vassal or servant reared in his lord ’s house’), from criado ‘reared’, past participle o f criar ‘to rear, bring up’ (see criar, crear, “cereal). Compare criollo. criar ‘to bring up, breed; to feed; to create’ (criatura ‘creature; baby’): Latin creare ‘ to create, produce, beget, bring forth’ (see crear, “cereal). Doublet: crear. cricoides ‘cricoid ’ : New Latin cricoides ‘cricoid ’, from Greek krikoeides ‘ ringshaped’, from krt'kos ‘ring’ (see “circo) + -oeides ‘having the shape o f ’ (see -oide, “ver). crimen ‘crim e’ : Latin crimen ‘crime, fault’, from crimen ‘accusation; verdict, judg­ m ent’ , from Indo-European krei-men‘sifting, separation’, from krei-, variant o f skeri- ‘ to separate, sift’ (see “escribir), + -men- ‘product or result o f action’

criminal

(see °-m entó). criminal ‘criminal’ : Late Latin criminalis ‘criminal’, from Latin crimin-, stem o f crimen ‘crim e’ (see crimen, °escribir, °-m ento), + -alis ‘ o f ’ (see °-al). crines ‘horsehair, mane’ , plural o f crin ‘horsehair, mane’, from Latin crinis ‘hair’, from Indo-European kris-ni-, from kris- ‘vibrating, shaking’, from ker-, sker- ‘ bending, turning’ (see “corona1). criollo ‘native, Creole’ : Portuguese crioulo ‘person o f European descent b om in a co lo n y ’, earlier = ‘slave b om and brought up in his master’s house’, prob­ ably from criar ‘ to bring up’ (compare criado), from Latin creare ‘ to beget’ (see criar, “cereal). "criptografía ‘cryptography’ : New Latin cryptographia ‘cryptography’ , from crypto- ‘hidden; secret, private’ (from Greek kryptós ‘hidden’ , from kryptein ‘ to hide’ , from Indo-European krup-yo-, from krup-, from kru-, from kráu- ‘ to hide’ ; related words: apócrifo, grotesco, gruta) + -graphia ‘writing; descriptive science’, from Greek -graphia ‘writing’ ( s e e -grafía, “gráfico, -ia). “crisálida ‘chrysalis’ : Latin chrysallid-, stem o f chrysallis ‘chrysalis, pupa o f a butter­ fly ’, from Greek khrysallis (stem khrysallid-) ‘gold-colored pupa o f a butter­ fly ’, from khrysós ‘gold’ , o f Semitic origin (akin to Hebrew hárüz ‘ gold’). Related word: crisantemo. crisantemo, crisantema ‘chrysanthemum’ : Latin chrysanthemum ‘chrysanthemum’, from Greek khrysdnthemon ‘chrysanthe­ m um ’, literally = ‘gold flow er’, from khrys- (from khrysós ‘ gold’ ; see “cri­ sálida) + ánthemon ‘ flow er’ , from ánthos ‘ flow er’ (see “antología). crisis ‘crisis’: Latin crisis ‘crisis’ , from Greek krisis ‘ decisive point, turning p oin t’, from krinein ‘ to separate, de­ cide’, from Indo-European kri-n-yo-, from kri-, from krei-, variant o f skeri‘ to cut, separate’ (see “escribir, “carne). “cristal ‘crystal’ : Latin crystallum ‘crystal, rock crystal’, from krystallos ‘crystal; clear ice ’. Related word: cristalino. cristalino ‘crystalline’ : Latin crystallinus, from Greek krystállinos ‘crystalline, o f crystal’, from krystallos ‘crystal’ (see “cristal) + -inos ‘o f ’ (see °-ino). cristiano ‘Christian’ : Latin christianus, from

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Greek khristianós ‘Christian’, from Khristós ‘Christ’ (see “Cristo). “Cristo ‘Christ’ (Cristus around 1140): Latin Christus ‘Christ’, from Greek Khristós ‘Christ’, literally = ‘Annointed’ from khriein to annoint’ , from IndoEuropean ghfis-, from ghrei- ‘ to rub’. Related words: crema', cretino, cristiano, Christmas [/sla], Jesucristo, San Cristóbal-Nieves-Anguila), translation o f Hebrew másKiah ‘ annointed; Messiah’ (see mesías). Cristóbal, masculine given name (corre­ sponding to English Christopher), see San Cristóbal. criterio ‘criterion; judgment’ : Greek kriterion ‘a means for judging, standard’, from krites ‘judge, umpire’, from krinein ‘ to separate, decide’ (see crisis, “escribir, “carne). crom o ‘chrom ium ’ : French chrom e ‘ch ro­ mium’ (1797), from Greek khroma ‘c o lo r ’ (from the beautiful colors o f chromium com pounds), crónica ‘chronicle’ : Latin chronica ‘chron­ icle’, from Greek khroniká ‘ record o f events arranged in order o f time’ , from khroniká, neuter plural o f khronikós ‘pertaining to time, arranged in order o f tim e’ (see “crónico). “crónico ‘chronic’ : Latin chronicus ‘chronic’ , from Greek khronikós ‘pertaining to time’ , from khrónos ‘ time’. Related words: crónica, sincrónico. “crudo ‘raw; crude’: Latin crudus ‘ raw; b lo o d y ’, from Indo-European krü-do‘raw; b lo o d y ’ , from kru-, from keu‘raw flesh’. Related words: creosota, cruel, páncreas, recrudecer. cruel ‘cruel’ : Latin crudelis ‘cruel’, from Indo-European kru-do- ‘raw; b lood y ’ (see “crudo). “crustáceo ‘crustacean’: New Latin crustaceus ‘crustacean’, from Latin crusta ‘shell, crust’ (related words: costra, incrustar) + -aceus ‘ of, connected with; com posed o f ’ (see -áceo). “cruz ‘cross’ : Latin crucem, accusative o f crux ‘cross’ (from Phoenician?). Re­ lated words: cruzar, Veracruz. cruzar ‘ to cross’ : cruz ‘cross’ (see “cruz) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). cu ‘ the letter q ’ : Latin qu ‘ the letter q ’, perhaps from Etruscan or dialectal Greek (see ce).

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cuaderno ‘n oteb ook ’ : Vulgar Latin *quaternu ‘set o f four sheets folded together to make a n oteb ook ’, from Latin quaterni ‘set o f four; four each’, from quater ‘four times’, from Indo-European kwetur‘four times’, from kwetwer ‘fou r’ (see °cuatro). cuadra ‘hall, room ; a stable; (Americas) block (street segment)’: Latin quadra ‘a square’, ultimately from Indo-Euro­ pean kwetwer- ‘fou r’ (see °cuatro). cuadrado ‘square, quadrate’: Latin quadratus, past participle o f quadrare ‘to square, make square, fit’, from quadrus ‘a square’ (underlying meaning: ‘four­ sided thing’ ), from Indo-European kwetrus ‘four times’, from kwetwer‘fou r’ (see °cuatro). cuadro ‘picture, painting’: Latin quadrum ‘a square’ (underlying meaning: ‘some­ thing with four sides’), from IndoEuropean kwetru- ‘four times’, from kwetwer- ‘fo u r’ (see °cuatro). cuadrúpedo ‘quadruped’: Latin quadruped-, stem o f quadrupes ‘ four-footed, qua­ druped’, from quadru- ‘fou r’ (from Indo-European kwetru- ‘four times’ ; see cuadro, °cuatro) + ped-, stem o f pes ‘fo o t ’ (see “pie). cuajo ‘curdling agent, rennet’: Latin coagulum ‘curdling agent, rennet’ (see coágulo, co-, com-, °con, °agente). cual, cuál ‘which’: Latin qualis ‘o f what kind, how constituted’ , from IndoEuropean kwa-li- ‘h ow ’, ultimately from kwo-, stem o f relative and interrogative pronouns (see °cuota). cualidad ‘quality’: Latin qualitatem, ac­ cusative o f qualitas ‘quality’ (transla­ tion o f Greek p oiótés, from poi'os ‘ o f what kind’), from qualis ‘o f what kind’ (see cual, “cuota). Doublet: calidad. cualquier (used before singular nouns), cualquiera ‘any, anyone’ (underlying meaning: ‘whichever one may want, whichever you like’), from cual ‘which’ (see cual, “cuota) + quiera ‘ one may want’, third person singular o f the present subjunctive o f querer ‘ to want’ (see “querer). cuando, cuándo ‘ when’: Latin quando ‘when’, from *quam-do, ultimately from Indo-European kwo-, stem o f relative and interrogative pronouns (see “cuota) + de-, a demonstrative stem (see “débil).

cuarzo

cuanto, cuánto ‘as much as; how m uch’: Latin quantus 'how great, how large’, from *quam-to, ultimately from IndoEuropean kwo-, stem o f relative and interrogative pronouns (see “cuota). cuarenta ‘fo rty ’ : obsolete quaraenta, cuaraenta, from Vulgar Latin quaraginta, from Latin quadraginta ‘fo rty ’, from quadra- ‘fou r’ (from Indo-European kwetru-, from kwetwer- ‘ fou r’ ; see “cuatro) + -ginta, decimal suffix, = ‘ten times’, from Indo-European -kmtá, from -dkm-ta ‘ten times’, from -dkm-, from dekm ‘ten’ (see “diez). The ending in -a (in Latin triginta ‘thirty’, qua­ draginta ‘fo rty ’, etc.) is that o f the neuter plural (compare Spanish veinte, from Latin viginti [from Indo-European w ikm fi] which preserves the -7 o f the dual). The second part o f this com pound is one o f several indications o f the fact that the Indo-Europeans’ number system was decimal. cuaresma ‘Lent’: Late Latin quadragesima ‘ Lent’ (from the fact that this Roman Catholic period lasts forty weekdays), from Latin quadragesima, feminine o f quadragesimus ‘ fortieth’, from quadra­ ginta ‘fo r ty ’ (see cuarenta, “cuatro, “diez) + -esimus ‘ ordinal number’ (see -ésim o). cuartel ‘ barracks’: Old French quartier ‘lodgings o f soldiers’, from quartier ‘district o f a tow n ’, from quartier ‘one o f four parts into which a region is divided’, from quartier ‘a fourth part, quarter’, from Latin quartarius ‘a fourth part’, from quartus ‘fourth’ (see cuarto, “cuatro) + -arius ‘ of, connected with’ (see -ario2). cuarteto ‘quatrain; quartet’ : Italian quartetto ‘quartet’, diminutive o f quarto (noun) ‘fourth’, from quarto (adjec­ tive) ‘fourth’, from Latin quartus ‘fourth’ (see cuarto, “cuatro). cuarto ‘fourth, quarter; ro o m ’ : Latin quartus ‘quarter, fourth’, from Indo-European kwetur-to- ‘fourth’, from kwetwer- ‘fou r’ (see “cuatro), + -to- ‘ordinal number’ (see -to 2, °-ado'). The sense ‘ro o m ’ com es from a house being divided into four, or about four, parts (compare English living quarters). "cuarzo ‘quartz’: German Quarz, from Middle High German quarz, from a

cuate

West Slavic form kwardy ‘quartz’, from Slavic tvrd- (source o f Czech tvrdy ‘(noun) quartz’ and ‘(adjective) hard’ ; compare also Polish twardy and Russian tverdyy, both = ‘hard, firm ’), from Indo-European twer- ‘ to grasp, hold firm ly’, hence ‘hard, firm ’. Related word: sirena. cuate ‘(M exico) twin; friend’: Nahuatl coatí ‘snake; twin’. The meaning ‘ twin’ may derive from the fact that snakes have more than one young at a time. °cuatro ‘ fou r’ : Vulgar Latin qua tro, quattor, from Latin quattuor ‘ fou r’, from IndoEuropean kwetwor-, from kwetwer‘fou r’. Related words: ajedrez, carillón, carné, cartabón, catorce, cuaderno, cua­ dra, cuadrado, cuadro, cuadrúpedo, cua­ renta, cuaresma, cuartel, cuarteto, cuarto, encuadernar, escuadra, tetrágono, tra­ p ecio', trapecio2, trapecio3. Cuba ‘Cuba (cou n try)’ ( cubano ‘Cuban’), o f American Indian (probably fifteenthcentury Arawak) origin. Possibly from the name o f a native village in the area visited by Columbus in late October 1492 (northeastern Cuba). cubeta ‘pail’ : cuba ‘tub, vat’ (from Latin cupa ‘tub, vat’, from Indo-European küp-a ‘vessel’ , from küp-, from kup‘vessel’ ; see °copa) + -eta ‘small’ (see -eta). cu b o 1 ‘cu be’ : Latin cubus ‘a cube, a die’, from Greek ky bos ‘cube, die’, from Indo-European kub- ‘ bending’ (see codo, °copa). cu b o 2 ‘ bucket’ : cuba ‘ tub, vat’ (see cubeta, “copa). cubrir ‘to cover’ : Latin cooperire ‘ to cover com pletely’ , from co- ‘com pletely, thor­ oughly’ (see co-, com-, °con) + operire ‘to cover’, from * opverire, from IndoEuropean op-w er-yo- ‘to cover over’ , from op- ‘ over’ (see °epi-) + wer- ‘ to cover’ (see °abrir). cucaracha ‘cockroach’, possibly from cuca (also cu co) ‘caterpillar, m oth ’. Spanish cucaracha is the source o f English c o c k ­ roach. cucubano ‘(Puerto R ico) firefly’, o f un­ certain origin. cuchara ‘spoon ’: Latin cochleare ‘small spoon with one end pointed’, from cochlea ‘ snail; snail shell’ (from the fact that this kind o f spoon was used

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for eating snails [and eggs]), from Greek kokhlias ‘ snail’ , from kókhlos ‘land snail’ , from Indo-European konkho‘mussel’ (see °concha). cuchicheo ‘whisper’ : cuchichear ‘ to whisper’, a word form ed in imitation o f the sounds o f soft speech. cuchillo ‘ knife’ : Latin cultellus ‘small knife’, diminutive o f cutter ‘knife; plow ­ share’ , from Indo-European kel-tro-, from kel-, variant o f skel- ‘to cut’, + -tro- ‘ instrument (see estro). For Latin -ellus ‘ small’ , see -elo. cuello ‘neck; collar’ : Latin collum ‘ neck’ , from Indo-European kwol-so- (with as­ similation o f the -s-) ‘neck’ (underlying meaning: ‘part o f the b od y on which the head turns (in relation to the trunk)’), from kwol-, from kwel- ‘to bend, turn’ (see “colon o). cuenca ‘ bowl, basin; river basin’ : Latin concha ‘mussel shell’ (see “concha). cuenta ‘count, account; bead’ : contar ‘to cou n t’ (see contar, com-, °con, “podar). The meaning ‘bead’ derives from the rosary beads, which helped in counting prayers (compare English beads, = both ‘small pieces o f w ood (shell, stone) pierced for stringing’ and ‘rosary’ ; bead derives from Middle English bede, bead ‘prayer; prayer bead’). cuento ‘ tale’: Late Latin computus ‘com ­ putation’, from Latin computare ‘to reckon, com pute, sum u p ’ (see contar, com-, “con, “podar). "cuerda ‘rope, cord ’ : Latin chorda ‘catgut, string o f a musical instrument, cord ’, from Greek khorde ‘ gut, string’ , from Indo-European ghor-d-, from ghor-, from gher- ‘gut’. Related words: cordel, cor­ dillera, cordón, notocordio. cuerdo ‘ sensible; prudent’, ultimately from Latin cord-, stem o f cor ‘heart, heart as the seat o f wisdom and understanding, mind, judgment’ (see “cordial). "cuerno ‘horn’ : Latin cornu ‘horn’, from Indo-European kr-n-, from kr-, from ker‘horn; head’. Related words: Capricornio, carótida, carotina, cerebro, ciervo, corneta, cornucopia, cráneo, jenjibre, quilate, reno, rinoceronte, uni­ cornio ; possibly: cara, carear, careo, careta. cuero ‘leather’ : Latin corium ‘leather, skin, hide’ , from Indo-European kor-yo-

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‘piece o f flesh’, from kor-, from ker-, sker- ‘to cu t’ (see °carne). "cuerpo ‘b od y; corps’: Latin corpus ‘ b o d y ’, from Indo-European krp-es-, from krp-, from krep- ‘ b o d y ’. Related words: corpulento, incorporar. cuervo ‘raven’: Latin corvus ‘raven’, from Indo-European kor-, from ker- ‘noise; noisy (croaking) bird’ (see °grieta). cuesta ‘slope’: Latin costa ‘side’ (see °costa). Doublet: costa. cuestión ‘question, matter’ : Latin quaestionem, accusative o f quaestio (stem quaestion-) ‘inquiry; subject o f inquiry’, from quaestus, past participle o f quaerere ‘to seek, ask’ (see °querer). cueva ‘cave’: Vulgar Latin cova ‘cave’, literally = ‘the hollow on e ’, feminine o f covus ‘h ollow ’, variant o f Latin cavus ‘h ollow ’ (see °cavar). cuidado ‘care, attentiveness; care, caution; look o u t!’ ( cuidadoso ‘careful’): Late Latin cogitatus (noun) ‘a thought’, from Latin cogitatus, past participle o f cogitare ‘to think’ (see cuidar, co-, com-, °con, agitar, °agente). cuidar ‘ to take care, protect, be cautious in action; to pay attention, be cautious in thought’ : obsolete cuidar, coidar ‘to think’, from Latin cogitare ‘to co n ­ sider thoroughly, think, think about, pursue something in the m ind’, from co- ‘ thoroughly’ (see co-, com-, °con) + agitare ‘ to drive, agitate, drive at a thing in the mind, turn over in the mind’ (see agitar, “agente). -cula (unstressed suffix) ‘little on e’, a fem ­ inine diminutive ending, as in auricula, canícula, molécula, partícula, película: Latin -cula ‘little on e ’, feminine o f -cuius, -culum ‘little on e’ (see -culo', °-ulo). "culebra ‘snake’ : obsolete culuebra, from Vulgar Latin *colobra, from Latin colubra ‘snake’, feminine o f coluber ‘snake’. Related word: cobra-, possibly: colibrí. culinario ‘culinary’ : Latin culinarius ‘o f cookery; o f a kitchen’, from culina ‘ kitchen’, variant o f coquina ‘kitchen; female c o o k ’, from coquere ‘ to c o o k ’ (see “cocer). "culminar ‘ to culminate’ : Late Latin cul­ minare ‘ to crow n ’, from Latin culmin-, stem o f culmen ‘ top, summit’, from

cuna

Indo-European kolmen-, kolumen- ‘sum­ mit, elevation’, from kol-, from kel‘rising; hill’. Related words: colina, colmillo, columna, coronel, cumbre, Estocolm o, excelente, excelso. -cu lo1 (unstressed suffix) ‘little on e’, a diminutive ending, as in artículo, cálculo, círculo, opúsculo, ventrículo: Latín -culum, accusative o f -cuius (masculine) and o f -culum (neuter) ‘little one, small on e’, from Indo-European -ko-, a dimi­ nutive suffix, + -lo-, a diminutive suffix (see °-ulo). -culo2 (unstressed suffix) ‘instrument, means; place’, as in obstáculo, oráculo, tentáculo: Latin -culum, a suffix denoting instrument or means (as in gubernaculum ‘helm, rudder’, receptaculum ‘receptacle, container’), or place (as in oraculum), probably from -culum, neuter o f -cuius ‘little on e’ (see -culo', °-ulo). In Latin, it may also have the form -cula (com ­ pare navaja). culpa ‘guilt, fault’ ( culpable ‘guilty’): Latin culpa ‘ guilt, fault’ (Old Latin colpa). cultivar ‘to cultivate’ (cultivo ‘cultivation’): Medieval Latin cultivare ‘to cultivate’, from cultivus ‘cultivated’, from Latin cultus ‘cultivated’ (see culto, °c o lo n o ) + -ivus ‘tending toward’ (see °-ivo). culto ‘educated, cultivated’ : Latin cultus ‘cultivated’, past participle o f colere ‘to cultivate’ (see “colon o). cultura ‘culture’: Latin cultura ‘cultiva­ tion’, from cultus ‘cultivated’ (see culto, “colon o) + -ura ‘act; result’ (see °-ura). cumbre ‘to p ’: Vulgar Latin culmine, ac­ cusative o f culmen, from Latin culmen (stem culmin-) ‘to p ’ (see “culminar). cumpleaños ‘birthday’ (underlying meaning: ‘ day when one completes a certain number o f years’), from cumplir ‘to com plete’ (see cumplir, com pleto, com-, “con, “plen o) + años ‘years’, plural o f año ‘year’ (see “año). cumplir ‘to carry out, accomplish, co m ­ plete, perform what is due, be courte­ ous’: Latin com plére ‘to complete, fill u p ’ (see com pleto, com-, “con, “pleno). "cuna ‘cradle’ : Latin cuna ‘cradle’ (usually in the plural: cunae), from Indo-Euro­ pean koi-na- ‘cradle’, from koi-, from kei- ‘to lie; bed’. Related word: in­ cunable.

cuna

“cuña ‘wedge, c o in ’: cuño ‘wedge, wedge stamped on a coiner’s die, tool for stamping coins’ , from Latin cuneus ‘ wedge’. Related word: acuñar. cuñado ‘brother-in-law’: obsolete cuñado ‘related by marriage’ , from Latin cognatus ‘related by blood ; related’ (un­ derlying meaning: ‘ born in the same fam ily’), from co- ‘same’ (see co-, com-, °con) + gnatus ‘ b o m ’ (also natus), past participle o f gnasci, nasci ‘ to be born’ (see nacer, °género). “cuota ‘ quota’: obsolete cuota parte, from Medieval Latin quota pars ‘what part, how big a part’, from Latin quota, feminine o f quotus ‘ o f what number, how many’, from q u ot ‘how many, as many as’ , from Indo-European kwo-ti‘how many’, from kw o- (also kwi-), stem o f relative and interrogative pro­ nouns (the feminine is kwa-). Related words: -a', -a2, adonde, -aduria, algo, alguien, algún, alguno, alícuota, -anda, -anza, aunque, calidad, calificar, can­ tidad, casi, com o, conque, cotidiano, cual, cualidad, cualquiera, cuando, cuándo, cuanto, cuánto, cuyo, donde, -eduría, -ería3, hidalgo, -ia, -ía7, -iduría, neutral, nunca, -o 4, -o 5, porque, p o r qué, porqué, que', qu e2, qué, quehacer, quien, quién, quizá, quizás, ubicarse, ubicuo. For Latin pars ‘part’, see parte. “cupido ‘flirtatious man’: Cupido ‘Cupid (ancient Roman god o f lov e)’, from Latin Cupido ‘ Cupid’, from cupido ‘ desire’, from cupere ‘ to desire’ , from Indo-European kup-yo- ‘ to desire; to be disturbed’, from kwép- ‘ smoking, boiling; em otion’. Related word: codicia. cúpula ‘ dome, cupola’ : Italian cupola ‘ dom e’, from Late Latin cupula ‘small burying vault, small tub’, diminutive o f Latin cupa ‘tub, cask, vat’, from Indo-European küp-a, from küp-, from kup- ‘vessel’ (see °copa). For Latin -ula ‘ small’, see -ula. “cura ‘cure, care; priest’ : Latin cura ‘care; healing’, from Old Latin coisa- ‘care; cure’ (akin to Old Latin coiraveront

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‘they cared fo r ’). The meaning ‘priest’ derives from the idea o f ‘ one who takes care o f souls’. Related words: asegurar, curar, curioso, procurar, seguro. curar ‘to cure’: Latin curare ‘to take care o f; to heal’, from cura ‘care; heal­ ing’ (see “cura). curioso ‘curious’ (curiosidad ‘curiosity’): Latin curiosus ‘ inquisitive, diligent, care­ fu l’ , from curi- (from cura ‘care’ ; see °cura) + -osus ‘having, abounding in’ (see -oso). curso ‘course’ (cursar ‘to frequent; to study’): Latin cursus ‘course’, from cursus, past participle o f currere ‘to run’ (see “correr). curul ‘ seat fo r dignitary; curule’: (silla) curul ‘curule (chair)’, from Latin (sella) curulis ‘curule chair, seat o f the highest officials in ancient R om e’, from curulis, currulis ‘ o f a chariot; o f a curule chair (originally mounted on a chariot)’, from currus ‘chariot’, from currere ‘ to run’ (see “correr). curva (noun) ‘curve’ : curva (adjective), feminine o f curvo ‘curved, bent’, from Latin curvus, from Indo-European kur-wo- ‘curved, bent’, from kur-, variant o f ker-, sker- ‘ bending, turning’ (see “corona'). cúspide ‘ apex, cusp’ : Latin cuspidem, accusative o f cuspis (stem cuspid-) ‘p oin t’ (also = ‘spear’ ). custodia ‘custody’ : Latin custodia ‘ guarding, keeping’, from custod-, stem o f custos ‘ guardian, keeper, guard, protector’ (ul­ timately from Indo-European keu-, skeu‘ to cover’? ; see “cutis), + -ia ‘ quality’ (see -ia). “cutis ‘skin’: Latin cutis ‘skin’, from IndoEuropean ku-ti- ‘skin, hide’, from keu-, skeu- ‘to cover, conceal’. Related words: eritrocito, fagocito, leucocito, obscuro. cu yo ‘whose’ : Latin cuius ‘ whose, pertain­ ing to whom, o f w hom ’ (genitive o f qui ‘ w h o’), from Old Latin quoius, from Indo-European kwo-, stem o f relative pronouns (see “cuota).

CH chacal ‘jackal’ : French chacal, from Turkish gakal, from Persian shagál, shaghal ‘jackal’, possibly from Sanskrit srgala, srgala ‘jackal’. chacra ‘(Americas) farm’: Old Quechua chacra ‘ farm’ (Quechua chakhra). Chad ‘Chad (cou n try )’: French Tchad ‘ Chad’, from (Lac) Tchad ‘(Lake) Chad’ , perhaps from K otok o chad ‘lake’. The name o f the lake is first documented in Arabic (fifteenth century). °chal ‘shawl’ : French chále, from Persian shál ‘shawl’. Related word: chalina. chaleco ‘vest’ : jaleco ‘vest’ (source, likewise, o f French gilet ‘vest’), from Arabic jalikah, an Algerian garment, from Turkish yelek ‘vest’. chalina ‘necktie’ : chai ‘shawl’ (see °chal) + -ina ‘resembling’ (see -ina2). chamaco ‘(M exico) youngster’, o f Nahuatl origin, probably from chamahua ‘to grow ( o f a child, o f an ear o f m aize)’, chamarra ‘outer jacket’, see zamarra and compare ch e2. champaña ‘champagne’ : French champagne ‘champagne’, from Champagne, region o f France where this sparkling wine was first produced, from Late Latin campania ‘a plain; level country’ (see campaña, °campo). chancla ‘ old shoe; slipper’ : chanca ‘ old shoe; slipper’ (-1- possibly through the influence o f choclo ‘clog, sandal’ ; see ch oclo1), probably from zanca ‘stilt’ (see °zanco and compare ch e2). chancleta ‘slipper’: chancla ‘ old shoe; slipper’ (see chancla, °zanco). changa ‘(Americas) cricket’, o f uncertain origin. chango ‘(M exico) m onkey’ , o f unknown origin. chao, chau ‘ good-bye’, first used in Argentina, now generalized in Spanish America, from Italian ciao ‘ good-bye; hello’, first used in northern Italy (in Piedmont and Milan, ciau\ in Lombardy, ciao), from Venetian ciao ‘goodbye; hello’ , from sciao, sciavo ‘slave’ (used as an expression o f farewell or as a greeting in sentences similar to the

old-fashioned English complimentary close in correspondence I have the honour to be, Sir, you r obedient servant, and to Spanish iServidor de usted'., Su seguro servidor, Portuguese Disponha de este seu criado, and old-fashioned French Je suis votre serviteur [under­ lying meaning: T am ready to serve you ; I am at your disposal’ ]), from Medieval Latin sclavus ‘slave’ (see es­ clavo, ° Checoslovaquia). chaparro ‘short; short and ch ubby’ : cha­ parro ‘small oak’ , o f pre-Roman origin; akin to regional Basque txaparra ‘ the small oak’, diminutive o f sapharra ‘ the shrub, the hedge’, from saphar ‘shrub’ + -a ‘ the’ (with gemination o f the -r; compare zamarra). chaqueta ‘jacket’ : French jaquette ‘jacket’, feminine diminutive o f Old French jaque (masculine) ‘short jacket (used by peasants in the fourteenth century)’, probably from jaque ‘peasant’ (four­ teenth century), transferred use o f the given name Jacques (corresponding to English James and Jacob) due to the frequency o f this name among French peasants at the time. French Jacques (Old French also Jaques) de­ rives from Late Latin Iacobus (see °Jaime). charco ‘puddle’ ( charca ‘pool, p on d ’), o f disputed origin. charlar ‘ to talk’ (charla ‘talk’), probably from Italian ciarlare ‘ to chatter’ , a word form ed in imitation o f the sound o f chattering. charlatán ‘prater; charlatan’: Italian ciarlatano ‘charlatan’, originally a variant o f cerretano (influenced by ciarlare ‘ to chatter’ ; see charlar) ‘charlatan’, literally = ‘inhabitant o f Cerreto’ (from the fact that in fifteenth-century Italy many barkers o f dubious remedies either came, or were held to come, from Cerreto), from Cerreto (now Cerreto di Spoleto, Italian town some 110 km north o f R om e) + -ano ‘ of, from ’ , from Latin -anus ‘ o f ’ (see -ano2). charola ‘(M exico) tray’ : charol ‘lac (resin);

charro

shellac’, from Portuguese chamo ‘lac’ , from regional Chinese chat liao ‘lac’ , from chat ‘varnish’ (Chinese ch i) + liao ‘material, ingredient’ (Chinese liao). charro ‘Mexican horseman’: charro ‘coarse’ , from Basque txar ‘ defective’. chasco ‘jok e; disappointment’ : obsolete chasco ‘crackle, crepitation’, a word form ed in imitation o f crackling noises. chato ‘pug-nosed’ : Vulgar Latin *plattus ‘ broad, flat; pug-nosed’ (see °plato, “Polonia). chau ‘ good-bye’, see chao. Chávez, family name: Chaves, family name (b y analogy with family names ending in -ez\ see -ez2), from Chaves, a town in northern Portugal near the Spanish border (originally a name added to som eone’s given name to indicate locality o f origin, = ‘from Chaves’), from the second element o f Latin Aquis Flaviis, literally = ‘ A t Flavius’ Waters’ (the town was called in Latin Aquae Flaviae ‘Flavius’ Waters’ [first century o f the Christian era] in honor o f Titus Flavius Sabinus Vespasianus, A.D. 9—79, Roman emperor, 69—79), from aquis ‘ at the waters’ , ablative (a grammatical case that often expresses relations o f place) plural o f aqua ‘water’ (see °agua) + Flaviis ‘ o f Flavius’, genitive (a gram­ matical case that often expresses pos­ session) plural o f Flavius, a Roman gens name, from flavus ‘ golden yellow, reddish yellow, blond’ , from IndoEuropean bhlo-wo- ‘yellow ’ (also ‘ blue’), from bhlo-, from bhel- ‘to shine; to burn’ (see “bianco). chayóte ‘chayóte (thorny fruit o f a vine o f the cucumber fam ily)’: Nahuatl ch a yo’tli ‘ch ayóte’ (possible underlying meaning: ‘thorny squash’, from tzaptli ‘ thorn’ + a y o ’tli ‘ squash, gourd’ [see chilacayote]). ch e 1, name o f a Spanish letter (written ch), formed in Spanish on the analogy o f be, p e, and other names o f letters (see pe). ch e 2 ‘(Argentina, Uruguay) h ey ’ , an in­ terjection used to call attention or to express surprise, probably akin to Valencian x e ‘h ey’ (pronounced like Spanish che), probably from obsolete Spanish ce, qe ‘h ey’ (pronounced tse until around 1500). Some other cases

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o f ch for c in Spanish (often due to the influence o f Mozarabic speech) are: chamarra/zamarra, chancla, chico, chícharo, chinche, machacar, machete, marchito; possibly: habichuela. “Checoslovaquia ‘ Czechoslovakia (country; Czech and Slovak Óeskoslovensko)’: French Tchécoslovaquie, an adaptation o f Czech or o f Slovak Óeskoslovensko, from French Tchéco-, a combining form o f Tchéque ‘Czech’ (from Czech Cech ‘Czech’, possibly akin to Czech and Slovak Ceta ‘ troop, band’), + Slovaque ‘Slovak’ (from Slovak slovák ‘ Slovak; Slav’ , akin to Old Russian slovéne, a Slavic people near Novgorod, o f disputed origin [akin to Old Russian slovo ‘w ord’? ]; related words: chao, chau, esclavo, eslabón, eslavo, Yugo­ slavia) + -ie ‘area, country’ , from Latin -ia ‘area, country’ (see -ia). cheque ‘ bank check’ : English cheque, chiefly Britishvariant o f check ‘order to a bank to pay m on ey’ , from obsolete check ‘the counterfoil o f a bank draft’, so called because this counterfoil was used to check forgery o f the draft, from check ‘arrest, repulse, abrupt stop’ , from check ‘move in chess that attacks an oppon en t’s king’, from Middle English chek ‘check at chess, attack, repulse’ , from Old French eschec, eschac (French éch ec) ‘check at chess, repulse’ , from Arabic shah ‘check at chess; king’ , from Persian shah ‘check at chess; king’ , from Old Persian khshayathiya (as a prefix also khshaya-, with a short first vowel) ‘king’, from Indo-European kseye-tyo- ‘ruler, king’, from kse ye-, from ksei- ‘ to rule’ (source, likewise, o f Greek ktáomai ‘ to possess, acquire’ ). °chfa ‘plant o f the genus Salvia; seed o f this plant’ : Nahuatl chia, chian, from Maya chihdan ‘plant o f the genus Salvia’ , from chihdan (also chiich) ‘strong, strengthening’. Related word: chiapanecas. chiapanecas ‘Mexican dance’, literally = ‘girls from Chiapas’ (it originated in Chiapas and is danced by all-girl groups), feminine plural o f chiapaneca (mas­ culine; for the masculine, the form chiapaneco is used to o ) ‘from Chiapas’ (Spanish Chiapas ‘Chiapas (state o f M exico)’ is plural in form because there

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were two provinces o f this name — las Chiapas), from Náhuatl chiapanecatl ‘from the Chiapan area’, from Chiapan, literally = ‘Chia River’ (from chia, a plant [see °chia] + -apan ‘river’ [as in Cozamaloapan, Papaloapan\ from atl ‘water’ + -pan ‘at, o n ’ ]), + -ecatl, variant o f -tecatl ‘from ’ (see °-teca). ForNahuatl atl ‘water’ , see °ajolote. chicle ‘chicle; chewing gum’ : Nahuatl chictli ‘latex, gum’, akin to chicaua ‘ to harden’. chico ‘little, small; b o y ’, probably from Latin ciccum ‘pomegrenate core; trifle (something small or worthless)’ (co m ­ pare ch e2), from Greek kikkos ‘pom e­ grenate core’. chícharo ‘pea’ : Latin cicer ‘chick-pea’ (perhaps on the analogy o f words like bárbaro, cántaro), akin to Armenian sisern ‘chick-pea’. Compare ch e2. chichimeca ‘Chichimec’: Nahuatl chichimecatl ‘Chichimec’ (underlying meaning: ‘whose ancestors were dogs’), from ch ichi ‘ dog’ + mecátl ‘ string, rope; history, ancestry’ (see °m ecate). chichón ‘ bump, swelling’ , perhaps related to chicha ‘m eat’ and to Italian ciccione ‘boil, tumor, furuncle’ (which derives from ciccia ‘m eat’, originally babytalk for Late Latin isicia, from Latin insicia, insicium ‘ forcemeat, stuffing, a dish o f minced meat’, from insecare ‘ to cut into, cut u p ’ [see in secto]). chiflar ‘ to whistle’ : Vulgar Latin *sifilare ‘ to whistle’, from Latin sibilare ‘ to hiss, whistle’ (see °sibilante). chilacayote ‘chilacayote (Mexican gourd)’: Nahuatl tzilacayo’tli ‘chilacayote’, pos­ sibly from tzilac ‘sm ooth’ + a y o ’tli ‘ gourd’ (from ayotl ‘turtle’, from its rounded shape). Compare chayóte. chile ‘h ot pepper’: Nahuatl chilli ‘hot pepper’. "Chile ‘Chile (cou n try )’ (around 1541), of disputed origin, possibly from Quechua chiri ‘c o ld ’ , a name applied to the area by Peruvian Indians who conquered it from the north in the first half o f the fifteenth century. R e­ lated word: chileno. chileno (1596) ‘Chilean’: Chile ‘ Chile’ (see °Chile) + -eno ‘ o f ’ (see -eno). chillar ‘ to cry, screech’ , perhaps ultimately from Vulgar Latin fistulare ‘to play the

chinela

pipe’, from Latin fistula ‘reed pipe; tube, water-pipe’. Chimborazo ‘Chimborazo (mountain, Ecua­ d o r)’, possibly = ‘ the snow b y the river Chim bo’ , from Quechua chimba ‘river; the other side o f the river; that which is on the other side (o f rivers, e tc.)’ + rasu, razu, raju ‘snow’. The twin peaks o f this mountain are always capped with snow; the Chimbo river rises in the Chimborazo. chimenea ‘ fireplace; chim ney’: Old French cheminee (French chem inée), from Late Latin caminata ‘fireplace; chim ney’, from Latin caminus ‘furnace, fireplace’, from Greek káminos ‘furnace’. china1 ‘(Puerto R ico) orange’: naranja china ‘Chinese orange’ (sweet oranges were first grown in China and did not appear in the West until the seventeenth century; the Spanish word naranja [fourteenth century] first referred to the sour orange. Compare mandarina), from naranja (a feminine noun) ‘orange’ (see °naranja) + china, feminine o f chino ‘Chinese’ (see chino', °China). "china2 ‘American Indian woman; mestizo wom an; female servant’ : Quechua and Aymara china ‘ female animal; female servant’. Related word: chino2. "China ‘ China (country; Chinese Zhongg u ó )’ : Portuguese China ‘China’ (1516), from Sanskrit Cina (first century B.C.) ‘ the Chinese (masculine plural)’, prob­ ably from Chinese Qin (also romanized as Ch’in2), a Chinese dynasty (221— 206 B.C.) under which the feudal states were merged into the first unified Chinese empire ( Qin was used in Chinese until the second century o f the Christian era as a name for China); the dynasty was originated by the state o f Qin, one o f these feudal states from 897 to 221 B.C., located in the northwest o f the unified country. Related words: china', chinero, chino'. chinche ‘bedbug; thumbtack’ : Latin cimicem, accusative o f cim ex (stem cimic-) ‘bedbug’ (com pare ch e2), prob­ ably akin to Sanskrit s'yáma ‘ black, dark’. chinchilla ‘chinchilla’ , probably from Aymara, possibly from Quechua, chinela ‘slipper’ : obsolete chanela ‘ slipper’, probably from regional Italian cianella,

chinero

from Italian pianella ‘slipper, flat slipper with no heel’, from piano ‘flat’ (from Latin planus ‘ flat’ ; see plano1, °Polonia) + -ella ‘little one’, feminine diminutive ending, from Latin -ella ‘little one’ (see -ela). chinero ‘china closet’ : china ‘china’ (from porcelana china, literally = ‘Chinese porcelain’, from porcelana [a feminine noun] ‘porcelain’ [see porcelana] + china, feminine o f chino ‘ Chinese’ [see chino', "China]) + -ero ‘ of, connected with’ (see -ero2). ch in o 1 ‘ Chinese’ : China ‘China (cou n try)’ (see "China). chino 2 ‘ American Indian; m estizo; servant’ , masculine o f china (see "china2). "Chipre ‘ Cyprus (country and island; Greek Kypros, Turkish K ibris)’ : Latin Cyprus, Cypros ‘Cyprus (island in the Mediter­ ranean)’ (first century B.C.), from Greek Kypros (around the eighth century B.C.), o f disputed origin. Related word: cobre. chirimoya ‘cherimoya (fruit o f a tropical tree)’: Quechua chirimúya, chirimoya ‘cherim oya’. chispa ‘ spark’ , a word form ed in imitation o f the sound o f sparks. chiste ‘jok e’ : obsolete chiste ‘ obscene jo k e ’, from chistar ‘to speak in a low voice, whisper’, a word form ed in imita­ tion o f the sound o f whispering. chivo ‘ kid, young goat’, perhaps from an interjection used to call kids (compare cochino). Or akin to Old French chevre (French chevre) ‘goat’? (which derives from Latin capra ‘goat’ ; see "cabra). "chocar ‘to strike against, collide’, prob­ ably from French choquer ‘ to strike against; to strike with fear’, possibly o f Germanic origin (com pare Middle Dutch schoken ‘ to shake, jo lt’). Re­ lated word: choque. c h o c lo 1 ‘clog, sandal’ : Basque txokolo ‘clo g ’, from Latin socculus, diminutive o f soccus ‘a kind o f shoe’ (see "zócalo). For Latin -ulus ‘small on e’ , see °-ulo. c h o clo 2 ‘(South America) ear o f Indian corn ’ : Quechua choccllo ‘ear o f corn ’. chocolate ‘chocolate’ , probably from Náhuatl *xocoa tl ‘chocolate (the bever­ age)’, possibly = ‘bitter drink’ , from x o c o c ‘bitter; sour’ + atl ‘water; drink’ (but possibly from Nahuatl p och o-

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cacaua-atl ‘ceiba-seed and cacao-bean drink’ [through a Spanish form *chocau-ate], from p o ch o tl ‘ceiba seed’ + cacauatl ‘cacao bean’ + atl ‘water; drink’). Cacao-bean drinks o f this type are men­ tioned by sixteenth-century Spanish explorers o f M exico. For Nahuatl atl ‘water’, see "ajolote. chofer, chófer ‘ driver, chauffeur’ : French chauffeur ‘ driver’, from chauffeur ‘stoker (on a locom otive)’, from chauffer ‘ to heat, warm’ , from Old French chaufer, from Vulgar Latin calfare, calefare, from Latin calefacere ‘ to warm’ (see calefacción, "caliente, "hacer). ch op o ‘poplar’ : Vulgar Latin *ploppus, from Latin populus ‘poplar’. choque ‘ shock’ : chocar ‘ to strike against’ (see "chocar). chorro ‘ gush’ , a word possibly form ed in imitation o f the sound o f a torrent or a waterfall. choza ‘hut’ , probably from ch ozo ‘ small hut’, possibly from Latin pluteus ‘sol­ dier’s portable shed’. Christmas (Ida) ‘Christmas Island (Indian Ocean)’ : English Christmas, a name given this island by Captain William Mynors o f the British East India Com ­ pany when he sighted it on Christmas day (25 December) 1643. English Christmas derives from Old English Cristesmaesse, Cristes maesse ‘Christmas’ (underlying meaning: ‘Christ’s festival’), from Cristes ‘ Christ’s’ , genitive o f Crist ‘ Christ’ (from Latin Christus; see "Cristo), + maesse ‘ festival mass’ , from Late Latin missa ‘mass’ (see misa, "meter). chubasco ‘rain shower’ : Portuguese chuvasco ‘rain shower’, from chuva ‘rain’ , from Latin pluvia ‘rain’ (see lluvia, "llover). chuleta ‘ch op (meat c u t)’: regional Catalan (Valencia) xulleta ‘ch o p ’, diminutive o f xulla ‘ch o p ; bacon’ , ultimately from Old Catalan ensunya ‘fat, pork fat’ , from Late Latin axungia ‘fat, lard’ , from Latin axungia ‘axle grease’, from axis ‘ axle’ (see "axila) + -ungia, from ungere, unguere ‘ to grease, smear, anoint’ (see "ungir). chulo ‘rascal; (Americas) pretty, attractive; (Americas) darling’ : obsolete chulo ‘ b o y ’ , from Old Italian ciullo ‘ b o y ’, short fo r fanciullo ‘ b o y ’, diminutive o f fante ‘ b o y ’, from Latin infantem, accusative

chupar

153

o f infans (stem infant-) infante, in-2, °no, °fábula).

, W rtíE V -.J Í

a s b íí-r

1 -!.■

msss;

‘you ng’ (see

chupar ‘to suck’ , a word form ed in imitation o f the sound o f sucking.

D -dad ‘quality, con dition ’, an ending o f abstract nouns, as in bondad, crueldad, edad, hermandad, igualdad: L atin -tatem, accusative o f -tas (stem -tat-) ‘quality; con dition ’ (see °-tad). dado ‘a die (cube with dots used in games)’, probably from Vulgar Latin *datu ‘playing piece, pawn in chess’ (compare French dé, Italian dado, both = ‘a die’), from Latin datum ‘gift, something given’ (see dato, °dar). daga ‘ dagger’ : Old Provencal or Old Italian daga ‘ dagger’. dalia ‘ dahlia’, a name given this plant (and its flower) by Spanish botanist Cavanilles (in 1 7 9 1 ?) in honor o f Swedish botanist Andreas (or Anders) Dahl (1751—1789), who introduced it in Europe from M exico around 1789. The Swedish family-name Dahl was probably at first a name o f origin, = ‘ Dweller in the Valley’ (com ­ pare Swedish dal ‘valley’, English dale, German Tal ‘valley’). dama ‘lady’: Old French dame ‘lady’, from Latin domina ‘mistress, lady’, feminine o f dominus ‘master, lord ’ (see d o n 1, °d om éstico). Damasco ‘ Damascus (capital o f Syria; Arabic Dimashq)’: Latin Damascus (first century o f the Christian era), from Greek Damaskós, akin to Hebrew Dammeseq ‘Damascus’ and to Arabic Dimashq. The name appears in Egyptian inscriptions o f the fifteenth century B.C. as Ti-mas-ku and in the Tell el-Amarna cuneiform tablets (written around 1375 B.C.) as Di-mash-ka. The name is also found several times in the Bible, the earliest occurrences being in parts o f Genesis written around 1000 B.C. Damascus may be the oldest city in the world that is still inhabited. °danés ‘ Dane; Danish’ : Medieval Latin Dani (documented in 550) ‘Danes’ (plural), from Old Norse Danr ‘ Dane’ (plural Danir), possibly from Germanic danjam (the source o f English den ‘lair’ ), from dan- ‘low ground’ (underlying meaning: ‘lowland dwellers’). Related words: Dinamarca, Tallin.

"Danubio ‘Danube (river)’ : Latin Danuvius, from Celtic Danuvius ‘ Danube’, from Indo-European danu- ‘river; flowing’. Related words: Dniéper, Don. danza ‘dance’ : Old Spanish danga ‘ dance’,— from danger ‘to dance’, akin to Old French dander (French denser) ‘to dance’, o f disputed origin. "daño ‘ damage’ (dañar ‘to damage’, dañino ‘harmful’): Latin damnum ‘damage, harm; loss; fine (sum paid as compensa­ tion )’, from Indo-European dap-no- ‘loss; expenditure’, from dap- ‘to divide; to allot (in com pensation)’. Related words: condenar, indemne. °dar ‘to give’ : Latin dare ‘ to give; to do; to put, place’, from Indo-European d-, from do- ‘ to give; to set, put’. R e­ lated words: adición, anécdota, antí­ doto, añadir, arrendar, Bagdad, cir­ cundar, comandante, dativo, dato, de­ mandar, desperdicio, don2, donaire, dote, dosis, edición, editar, encomendar, imper­ dible, mandar, mando, perder, perdonar, posdata, recomendación, recomendar, rendir, renta, súbdito, tradición, traición, traidor, vender; probably: dado. dardo ‘ dart’ : French dard, from Old French dart ‘ dart’, o f Germanic origin; akin to Old English daroth and Old High German tart, both = ‘dart’, dátil ‘ date (fruit o f palm )’: Catalan or Old Provencal dátil, from Latin dactylus ‘ date’, from Greek dáktylos ‘finger’ (also = ‘date’, from the shape o f this fruit). See °pterodáctilo. dativo ‘ dative’ : Latin dativus ‘dative; o f giving’ (translation o f Greek dotikós ‘dative; o f giving’), from datus, past participle o f dare ‘ to give’ (see °dar), + -ivus ‘performing’ (see °-ivo). dato ‘ datum’: Latin datum ‘datum, some­ thing given, gift’, from datum, neuter o f datus ‘ given’, past participle o f dare ‘ to give’ (see °dar). "de 1 ‘ the letter d ’ : Latin de ‘ the letter d ’ (see p e). Related word: abecedario. "de 2 ‘ o f, from ’: Latin de ‘ from ’, possibly from Indo-European de-, demonstrative stem (see °débil). Related words: al-

155

rededor, de--, delicia and many others beginning with de-; difunto, diminuto, diseño, disminuir, donde, dorado, dorar, duende, edecán, hidalgo, independencia, gendarme, monte de piedad, m ontepío, pedestal, predecesor, R ío de Janeiro, vendimia, vendimiar-, probably: después, dibujar. de- ‘from, away; thoroughly, com pletely’, as in declamar, demostrar: Latin de‘from, off, away, away from , apart, aside; against each other; dow n; reversal; thoroughly, com pletely’ (also a pejora­ tive prefix), from de ‘from ’ (see °de2). debajo ‘under; beneath’ : de ‘ o f, from ’ (see °de1) + bajo ‘low ; under’ (see °bajo). de balde ‘free o f co st’, see balde. debate ‘ debate’ : Old French debat (French débat) ‘ discussion; contest; quarrel’, from debattre, debatre ‘ to fight, contend’, from de- ‘ apart; against each other’ (from Latin de- ‘ apart; against each other’ ; see de-; °de2) + battre, batre ‘to fight; to beat’, from Latin battere, battuere ‘to fight; to beat’ (see °batir). deber (verb) ‘must, ought; to ow e’ (deber [noun] ‘ duty’): Latin debére ‘ to owe; ought, must, should’ (underlying mean­ ing: ‘to keep from someone, withhold, have something belonging to another’), from de-, ‘ away from ’ (see de-, °de2) + Indo-European -bh-é-, from ghabh-e- ‘ to have, h old ’ (see °haber). °débil ‘weak’ : Latin debilis ‘weak, feeble’ (underlying meaning: ‘without strength’), from Indo-European de-belo- ‘weak, without strength’, from dé- ‘without, no, n ot’ (as also seen in Latin demens, deform is; from Indo-European de-, a demonstrative stem. Related words: de­ mente, empero, ídem, idéntico, iden­ tidad, mientras-, possibly: de 2 and its family) + -belo- ‘ strength’, from bel‘strong’ (source, likewise, o f Russian b o l’shoy ‘large’). deca- ‘ten; ten times’, as in decaedro, de­ cágono, decámetro, decápodo, decasí­ labo: Greek deka- ‘ ten’, from déka ‘ ten’, from Indo-European dekm ‘ten’ (see °diez). decálogo ‘ Decalogue’ : Late Latin decalogus, from Greek dekálogos ‘ Decalogue, the Ten Commandments (Exodus, 20.1-17, Deuteronomy 5.6-21)’, from déka ‘ ten’ (see deca-, °diez) + logos ‘speech, w ord’

decir

(see -logo, °leer). decano ‘ dean; senior’: Late Latin decanus ‘ch ief o f ten’, from Greek dekanos ‘chief o f ten’, from déka ‘ ten’ (see deca-, °diez). decapitar ‘ to behead, decapitate’: Late Latin decapitare ‘ to behead’, from Latin de- ‘ from, o ff, away’ (see de-, °de2) + capit-, stem o f caput ‘head’ (see °cabo), + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). decena ‘group o f ten’ : dec-, base o f diez ‘ten’ (see °diez), + -ena ‘group o f ’ (see -ena). decenio ‘ decade, decennium’ : Latin decennium ‘period o f ten years’, from decennis ‘o f ten years’, from dec- (from decern ‘ten’ ; see °diez) + -ennis, from annus ‘year’ (see °año). decente ‘decent’ : Latin decentem , accusa­ tive o f decens (stem decent-) ‘ decent, proper’, present participle o f decére ‘ to be fitting, be proper’ (underlying meaning: ‘acceptable’), from Indo-Euro­ pean dek-é-, stative form o f dek- ‘ to accept’ (see °decorar). For Indo-Euro­ pean stative -é-, see °tumor. decepción ‘ disappointment; deception’ : Late Latin deceptionem , accusative o f deceptio (stem deception-) ‘deception’, from Latin deceptus, past participle o f decipere ‘ to deceive, ensnare, cheat, take in’, from de- ‘ down, away’ (also a pejorative prefix; see de-, "de2) + -cipere, from capere ‘ to take’ (see °capaz). deci, decf- ‘ tenth part’, as in decigramo, decilitro, d ecím etro: French déci- ‘ tenth part’, from Latin decimus ‘ tenth’ (see décimo, °diez). decidir ‘to decide’ : Latin decidere ‘to decide, determine, cut o f f ’ , from de‘o ff, away’ (see de-, °de2) + -cidere, from caedere ‘to cu t’ (see °cesura). décim o ‘ tenth’ : Latin decimus ‘ tenth’ , from decern ‘ ten’ (see °diez). “decir ‘to say, tell’ : Latin dicere ‘ to say, tell, speak’ , from Indo-European deik‘ to show, point out, pronounce sol­ emnly’. Related words: abdicar, acondi­ cionado, Bangladesh, bendecir, bendi­ ción, bendito, Benito, condición, dedicar, dedo, diccionario, dictar, dicha, dicho', dicho2, dichoso, digital, disco, indicar, índice, judicial, juez, juicio, jurídico, jurisdicción, juzgar, maldecir, maldición,

decisión

maldito, paradigma, perjudicar, perjuicio, predicar, predicción, prejuicio, póliza, reivindicar, revancha, sindicato, suso­ dicho, tacha, venganza, vengar, vere­ dicto, verídico', probably: pregonar. decisión ‘ decision’: Latín decisionem, ac­ cusative o f decisio (stem decision-) ‘ decision, act o f deciding’ , from decisus, past participle o f decidere ‘ to decide’ (see decidir, de-, °de2, °cesura) + -io ‘act o f; result’ (see °-ión). declamar ‘ to recite, declaim’ : Latin decla­ mare ‘ to declaim’, from de- ‘ away; com pletely’ (see de-, °de2) + clamare ‘ to call, cry ou t’ (see °clamar). declarar ‘to state, declare’ (declaración ‘ declaration’): Latin declarare ‘ to declare; to explain, make clear’, from de- ‘ thor­ oughly’ (see de-, °d e2) + clarare ‘ to make clear’ (see aclarar, claro, °clamar). declinación ‘ declension’ : Late Latin declinationem, accusative o f declinatio (stem declination-) ‘grammatical declension’ , from Latin declinatio ‘ grammatical in­ flection; avoidance; a turning aside’, from declinatus, past participle o f decli­ nare ‘ to inflect grammatically; to turn aside, go dow n’, from de- ‘ from , away, aside’ (see de-, °de2) + -diñare ‘ to bend, lean, incline’ (see °inclinar). declive ‘ slope’ : Latin declive (noun) ‘slope’ , from declive, neuter o f declivis (adjec­ tive) ‘sloping dow n’, from de- ‘ down, away’ (see de-, °de2) + -clivis, from clivus ‘slope, hill’ , from Indo-European klei-wo- ‘hill’ , from klei- ‘to lean’ (see °inclinar). °decorar ‘to adorn, decorate’: Latin decorare ‘ to adorn, decorate’, from decus (stem decor-) ‘ornament, grace, honor’, from Indo-European dek-os- ‘h on or’, from dek- ‘ to take, accept’ (possibly akin to Indo-European deks ‘right’ ; see "diestro). For Indo-European -os-, a suffix forming nouns from verbs, see °-or‘ . Related words: decente, desdén, digno, disciplina, discípulo, docente, dócil, doctor, doctrina, docum ento, duela, heterodoxo, ortod oxo, paradoja, sinécdoque; probably: fonda; possibly: diestro and its family. decreto ‘ decree’ : Latin decretum ‘ decree’, from decretum, neuter o f decretus, past participle o f decem ere ‘ to decide’ , from de- ‘ from, away’ (see de-, °d e2) +

156

cernere ‘ to decide; to sift’ (see cerner, “escribir). dédalo ‘labyrinth’ : Dédalo ‘Daedalus (build­ er o f the Cretan labyrinth in Greek m yth ology)’, from Latin Daedalus, from Greek Daidalos ‘Daedalus’ , literally = ‘skillful, ingenious’, probably from IndoEuropean del- ‘ to carve, split’, dedicar ‘ to devote, dedicate’: Latin dedicare ‘ to affirm, dedicate, proclaim’ , from de- ‘ from , away (from oneself)’ (see de-, “d e 2) + dicare ‘ to proclaim’ (see abdicar, “decir). dedo ‘finger; toe’ : Latin digitus ‘finger; to e ’ (underlying meaning: ‘pointer’), from Indo-European deig-, variant o f deik- ‘to show, point ou t’ (see “decir). deducir ‘ to deduce, infer; to deduct, sub­ tract’ : Latin deducere ‘ to infer; to de­ duct; to take away, lead away’, from de- ‘from , away’ (see de-, °de2) + ducere ‘ to lead’ (see “conducir). defecto ‘ defect’ : Latin defectus ‘lack, deficiency’, from defectus, past par­ ticiple o f deficere ‘ to desert, fail, be wanting, remove from ’, from de- ‘away from ’ (see de-, °de2) + -ficere, from facere ‘ to do, make, place’ (see “hacer). "defender ‘ to defend’ : Latin defendere ‘to fend o ff, ward o f f ’ , from de- ‘ from, o f f ’ (see de-, °de2) + -fendere ‘ to strike’, from fendere (archaic), from IndoEuropean gwhen-do-, from gwhen- ‘ to strike, hurt’. Related words: bezoar, defensa, González, ofender, ofensa, ofensivo. defensa ‘defense’ : Latin defensa ‘ defense’, from defensa, feminine o f defensus, past participle o f defendere ‘ to fend o f f ’ (see “defender). definir ‘ to define’ : Latin definiré ‘ to de­ termine, bring to an end, explain, set bounds t o ’, from de- ‘ o f f ’ (see de-, °de2) + finiré ‘ to limit, finish, end’, from finis ‘ boundary, end’ (see “fin). definitivo ‘ definitive’ : Latin definitivus ‘ de­ finitive’, from definitus, past participle o f definiré ‘ to determine’ (see definir, de-, “d e2, “fin), + -ivus ‘tending toward’ (see °-ivo). degollar ‘to behead’ : Latin decollare ‘ to behead, sever from the neck’, from de- ‘from, away’ (see de-, °de2) + -collare, from collum ‘n eck’ (see cuello, “colon o).

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dehiscente ‘ dehiscent’ : Latin dehiscentem, accusative o f dehiscens (stem dehiscent-) ‘ opening wide, gaping’ , present parti­ ciple o f dehiscere ‘ to split open, gape’ , from de- ‘ o f f ’ (see de-, °de2) + hiscere ‘ to gape, open, split’, inchoative o f hiare ‘ to yawn, gape, be open’ (see °hiato). For the Latin inchoative ending -scere, see °-ecer. de improviso ‘unexpectedly’ , see improviso. dejar ‘ to leave; to allow’ : obsolete lejar, from Old Spanish lexar ‘ to leave’ , from Latin laxare ‘ to loosen, relax’ (source, likewise, o f Old French laissier ‘ to leave’ [French laisser]), from laxus ‘loose, lax’ (see °laxo) + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). del ‘ o f the’ : de ‘ o f ’ (see °de2) + el ‘ the’ (see "el1). delantal ‘ apron’ (underlying meaning: ‘gar­ ment worn over the front o f the b o d y ’), from delante ‘in fron t’ (see delante, "de2, in-1, °en, °ante). delante ‘ before, in fron t’ : obsolete denante ‘ before’ , from de ‘ o f ’ (see °de2) + enante ‘in fron t’, from Late Latin inante ‘in fron t’ , from Latin in- ‘in ’ (see in-1, °en) + ante ‘ before, in fron t’ (see "ante). delator ‘inform er’: Latin delator ‘informer, accuser’, from delatus, suppletive past participle o f deferre ‘ to bring, bring down, accuse’, from de- ‘ dow n’ (see de-, °de2) + latus ‘ borne, carried’, sup­ pletive past participle o f ferre ‘ to bear, support’ , from Indo-European tl-to‘ bom e, lifted’ , from tl-, from tel- ‘to lift, support’ (see °tolerar). delegación ‘ delegation’ : Latin delegationem, accusative o f delegatio (stem delega­ tion-) ‘ delegation, assignment’, from delegatus, past participle o f delegare ‘ to delegate, send away, dispatch’ , from de- ‘ away’ (see de-, "de2) + legare ‘to send on a mission’ (see legar, ley, °leer). delegado ‘ delegate’: Medieval Latin delegatus ‘ delegate’, from Latin delegatus, past participle o f delegare ‘to delegate’ (see delegación, de-, °de2, legar, ley, “leer). deleitar ‘to delight’ : Latin delectare ‘ to delight, please’ (frequentative o f delicere ‘ to allure’ ), from delectus, past parti­ ciple o f delicere (see °delicia). deleite ‘ delight’ : deleitar ‘ to delight’ (see deleitar, "delicia). de León, family name, literally = ‘from

delirio

León (region o f Spain)’ (see °L eó n '). "delfín ‘ dolphin’: Latin delphinus ‘ dolphin’ , from Greek delphin-, stem o f delphis ‘ dolphin’ , from delphys ‘w om b ’ (from the shape o f this marine mammal), from Indo-European gwelbh- ‘ w om b’. Related word: Filadelfia. delgado ‘ thin’ : Latin delicatus ‘ dainty, charming’ (see "delicado). Doublet: delicado. Delgado, family name, inherited from an ancestor nicknamed Delgado ‘Thin’ (see delgado, "delicado). Delhi ‘Delhi (city, India)’ , see Nueva Delhi. deliberar ‘ to deliberate’ : Latin deliberare ‘ to deliberate, ponder, weigh well’, m odification o f *delibrare ‘ to weigh well’, from de- ‘com pletely’ (see de-, °d e2) + librare ‘ to weigh’, from libra ‘ balance, scale’ (see "libra). "delicado ‘ delicate’ : Latin delicatus ‘al­ luring, dainty’ , probably akin to delicere ‘ to allure’ (see "delicia). Related words: adelgazar, delgado, Delgado. Doublet: delgado. "delicia ‘ delight’ : Latin delicia ‘pleasure, delight’, from delicere ‘ to allure’, liter­ ally = ‘to entice away’, from de- ‘away’ (see de-, °de2) + -licere, from lacere ‘ to allure’. Related words: aliciente, deleitar, deleite, delicioso; probably: delicado and its family, enlace, enlazar, lazo. delicioso ‘ delicious’: Late Latin deliciosus ‘ delightful, pleasing’ , from Latin delicia ‘pleasure, delight’ (see "delicia) + -osus ‘having’ (see -oso). delincuente ‘ offender, delinquent’ : Latin delinquentem, accusative o f delínqueos (stem delinquent-), present participle o f delinquere ‘ to fail (in duty), o ffen d ’ (underlying meaning: ‘ to leave undone’), from de- ‘com pletely’ (see de-, °de2) + linquere ‘ to leave’ , from Indo-European li-n-kw-, from likw-, from leikw- ‘ to leave’ (see "elipsis). "delirar ‘ to be delirious’ : Latin delirare ‘ to be crazy; to deviate from a straight line’ (underlying meaning: ‘ to diverge from the furrow’), from de- ‘away from ’ (see de-, "d e2) + lira ‘ furrow, track’, from Indo-European leis-a, from leis‘ track, furrow’. Related word: delirio. delirio ‘ delirium’ : Latin delirium ‘mental disturbance, delirium’ , from delirare

delito

‘ to be crazy’ (see °delirar). delito ‘crime, delict’ : Latin delictum ‘ fault’, from delictum, neuter o f delictus, past participle o f delinquere ‘ to fail (in duty), offend’ (see delincuente, de-, “d e2, °elipsis). delta ‘ delta (usually triangular alluvial deposit at the mouth o f a river)’ : English delta ‘ delta o f a river’, from Delta ‘ the Nile delta in Egypt’, from Latin Delta, from Greek Delta ‘ the Nile delta in Egypt’ , from délta, fourth letter o f the Greek alphabet (because the Nile delta resembles a capital delta), o f Sem­ itic origin (akin to Hebrew daleth, fourth letter o f the Hebrew alphabet, from dalt, literally = ‘ d oor’ ; the fact that its Semitic graphic sign was similar to a door o f that time may have con ­ tributed to the choice o f the name [com pare alfabeto]). For the -a in the Greek name o f the letter, see °alfabeto. demagogo ‘ demagogue’ : Greek demagogos ‘popular leader’ , from dem- (from demos ‘com m on people’ ; see democracia, °de­ m onio') + agogós ‘leading’ (see pedagogo, agonía, °agente). demandar ‘ to ask for; to bring legal action’ (demanda ‘request; legal action’): Late Latin demandare ‘ to ask, inquire; to entrust’, from Latin demandare ‘ to entrust, com m it’ , from de- ‘ thoroughly’ (see de-, °de2) + mandare ‘ to entrust’ (see mandar, °mano, °dar). demás ‘ other; to o m uch’ : de ‘from ’ (see °de2) + más ‘m ore’ (see más, °magnitud). The meaning ‘to o m uch’ derives from Latin demagis ‘m uch’ , from de- ‘from ’ (see de-, “d e 2) + magis ‘m ore’ (see más, “magnitud). demasiado (adverb) ‘ too, to o m uch’ : de­ masiado (adjective) ‘excessive’, from demasía ‘excess’, from demás ‘ too much; other’ (see demás, de-, °de2, más, °mag­ nitud). demente ‘mad, demented’ : Latin dementem, accusative o f demens (stem dement-) ‘mad, out o f on e’s m ind’, from de‘w ithout’ (see “débil) + mens ‘m ind’ (see “m ente). democracia ‘dem ocracy’: Late Latin democratia ‘ dem ocracy’, from Greek démokratia ‘ democracy, government by the people’, from dem o- (from demos ‘people, com m on people; land’, from

158

Indo-European da-mo- [possible under­ lying meaning: ‘ division (o f society)’, a com m unity being grouped into divisions by location ], from da- ‘ to divide’ [see “d em on io]) + -kratia ‘ government, rule’, from krátos ‘strength, pow er’, from Indo-European krt- ‘ strong; hard’, from kr-, from ker-, variant o f kar- ‘hard’ (see “cáncer). demoler ‘to demolish’: Latin demoliri ‘to demolish, pull down, tear dow n’, from de- ‘ reversal’ (see de-, °de2) + moliri ‘ to construct, build, strive, toil’, from moles ‘mass, massive structure’ (see “m ole'). “dem onio ‘ devil, dem on’ : Latin daemonium ‘lesser divinity; evil spirit’, from Greek daimónion ‘spirit’, from daimon ‘ a god ’s power; fate; spirit, god ’ (under­ lying meaning: ‘ one who distributes’), from Indo-European dai-mon- ‘ divider’, from dai-, da- ‘ to divide’. Related words: demagogo, democracia, endémico, epi­ demia). demorar ‘ to delay’ : Latin demorari ‘to delay, loiter, linger, tarry’ , from de‘com pletely’ (see de-, °de2) + morari ‘ to delay’ (see “morar). demostrar ‘ to demonstrate’ (demostración ‘ demonstration’): Latin demonstrare ‘ to demonstrate, point ou t’, from de- ‘co m ­ pletely’ (see de-, °de2) + monstrare ‘ to show’ (see mostrar, monstruo, “mente). denigrar ‘ to denigrate’ : Latin denigrare ‘ to denigrate, blacken’ , from de- ‘ thor­ oughly’ (see de-, °de2) + nigrare ‘ to blacken’, from nigr-, stem o f niger ‘ black’ (see “negro), + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). denso ‘dense’ : Latin densus ‘ thick, com pact, dense’, from Indo-European dens- ‘ thick, dense’. dental ‘ dental’ : dent-, base o f diente ‘ tooth ’ (see “diente), + -al ‘ o f ’ (see °-al). dentista ‘ dentist’ : dent-, base o f diente ‘ tooth ’ (see “diente), + -ista ‘specialist’ (see -ista). dentro ‘inside’ : de ‘ o f ’ (see °d e2) + obsolete entro ‘inside’, from Latin intro ‘inwardly, within, on the inside’, from Old Latin *interus ‘inward’, from Indo-European en-t(e)ro- ‘inward’, from en ‘in’ (see °en). For Indo-European -tero-, a co n ­ trastive suffix, see “vuestro.

159

denunciar ‘ to denounce; to proclaim’ : Latin denuntiare ‘to denounce; to proclaim, make an official announce­ ment’ , from de- ‘ thoroughly’ (see de-, °de2) + nuntiare ‘ to announce, report’ (see anunciar, “nuncio). departamento ‘ department; (Americas) apartment’ : French département ‘ de­ partment’, from Old French departement ‘ area o f activity, division’, from departir ‘ to divide; to go away’ (from de- ‘away’ [from Latin de- ‘away’ ; see de-, “d e2) + partir ‘ to go; to divide’ [from Latin partiré, partiri ‘ to divide’ ; see partir, parte, °parar]) + -m ent ‘result’, from Latin -mentum (see °-m ento). depender ‘ to depend’ (dependiente ‘clerk; dependent’): Latin dependere ‘ to depend, be contingent; to hang dow n’, from de- ‘ dow n’ (see de-, °de2) + pendere ‘ to hang’ (see °pender). deplorar ‘ to deplore’ : Latin deplorare ‘ to deplore’, from de- ‘com pletely’ (see de-, °de2) + plorare ‘ to weep, wail’ (see °implorar). deponer ‘ to depose’ : Latin deponere ‘to put down, put aside’, from de- ‘ dow n’ (see de-, °de2) + p on ere ‘ to put’ (see °poner). deportar ‘ to deport, banish’ : Latin de­ portare ‘ to carry o ff, carry away; to exile’, from de- ‘ o ff, away’ (see de-, °de2) + portare ‘ to carry’ (see portarse, °peroné). deporte ‘sport’ (deportista ‘sportsman’ , deportivo ‘ o f sport’): obsolete deporte ‘recreation, pastime’, from deportarse ‘ to make oneself merry; to relax’ , from Latin deportare ‘ to carry o f f ’ (see de­ portar, de-, °de2, portarse, °peroné). depositar ‘ to deposit’: depósito ‘ deposit’ (see depósito, deponer, de-, °de2, °poner) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). depósito ‘ deposit’ : Latin depositum ‘some­ thing deposited’, from depositum, neuter o f depositus ‘put aside’, past participle o f deponere ‘ to put down, put aside’, (see deponer, de-, “d e 2, °poner). deprimir ‘ to depress’ : Latin deprimere ‘ to depress; to press dow n’ , from de‘ dow n’ (see de-, °de2) + -primere, from premere ‘ to press’ (see °presión). -dera ‘ o f ’ , an ending o f feminine adjectives and nouns, as in casadera, lanzadera-, crecedera, moledera-, crujidera, ador­

derretir

midera, see -adera, -edera, -idera. derecha ‘right (n ou n )’: derecha (adjective), feminine o f derecho (adjective) ‘right (adjective)’ (see derecho, directo, °dis-', “regir). The political meaning ‘ the right, the conservatives’ (la derecha) is due to the fact that in some countries the more conservative or reactionary mem­ bers o f a legislative chamber occupy seats to the right o f the presiding officer (this meaning originated in French, in 1789: at the French National Assembly the Nobles sat on the President’s right, the Third Estate on his left; compare izquierda). derecho ‘ direct; straight; right; law’ : Vulgar Latin derectus, from Latin directus ‘ straight, direct’ (see directo, °dis-1, “regir). Doublet: directo. de repente ‘ suddenly’ , see repente. derivar ‘ to derive’ : Latin derivare ‘ to derive (one word from another), com e from a certain source; to draw o ff, divert (water) into a different channel’, from de- ‘away, o f f ’ (see de-, °de2) + -rivare, from rivus ‘ brook, stream’ (see río, “oriente). “dermatosis ‘ dermatosis’ : New Latin der­ matosis ‘ dermatosis’, from dermat- ‘skin’ (from Greek dermat-, stem o f dérma ‘skin’ , from Indo-European der-mn ‘skin’, from der- ‘to peel, skin, flay, split’ ; related words: epidermis, paquidermo, taxidermia) + -osis ‘disease’ (see -osis). -dero ‘ o f ’, an ending o f adjectives and nouns, as in asadero, burladero-, crece­ dero, heredero-, crujidero, asidero, see -adero, -edero, -idero. derogar ‘ to repeal (a law)’ : Latin derogare ‘to repeal (a law )’, from de- ‘away’ (see de-, °de2) + rogare ‘ to ask; to ask the people about a law’ (see rogar, “regir). derramar ‘ to spill; to scatter’ : Vulgar Latin *diramare ‘to scatter; to branch out, ramify’, from Latin di- ‘ apart’ (see °dis-') + ramus ‘ branch’ (see ramo, “radicar) + -are, an infinitive ending (see “-ar1). derredor ‘perimeter; around’: de ‘ o f ’ (see °d e2) + redor ‘ around’ , earlier = ‘behind’, probably from Latin retro ‘ behind’ (see retroceder, “re-, introducir, dentro). derretir ‘ to m elt’ : de- ‘ thoroughly’ (see de-, “d e2) + obsolete retir ‘ to melt,

derribar

destroy, undo’, from Vulgar Latin *retrire ‘ to destroy, wear dow n’ , from Latin retritus ‘worn dow n’ , from re‘ o f f ’ (see °re-) + tritus, past participle o f terere ‘ to rub’ (see °triturar). derribar ‘to fell, knock down, demolish’ , perhaps from de- ‘ dow n’ (see de-) + riba ‘ sloping m ound’ (from obsolete riba ‘river bank’ , from Latin ripa ‘river bank’ ; see °arriba), and originally mean­ ing ‘ to knock down from a sloping m ound’. derrocar ‘ to bring down, overthrow’ : Catalan or Provencal derrocar ‘ to bring dow n’ , originally = ‘ to hurl down from a rock ’ , both from de- ‘ o f f ’ (from Latin de-', see de-, °de2) + roca ‘rock ’ , from Vulgar Latin *rocca ‘rock ’ (see °roca). derrota ‘ defeat, rou t’: French déroute ‘ defeat’, from Old French desroute, desrote ‘ defeat’, from desrouter, desroter ‘to defeat’, from des- ‘ to u ndo’ (from Latin dis- ‘ apart’ ; see °dis-') + route, rote ‘ band, troop, dispersed group’, from Vulgar Latin *rupta ‘ dis­ persed group’ (see rota, roto, romper, °robar). des- ‘ to undo, do the opposite of, remove; no, not; apart, aside; thoroughly’ (also a pejorative prefix), as in desacuerdo, desaguar, desconfiar, desgarrar, deshacer: Latín dis- ‘ apart, asunder’ (see °dis-'). Doublet: dis-'. desafío ‘challenge, defiance’ : desafiar ‘to challenge’ , from des- ‘ to undo’ (see des-, °dis-') + obsolete afiar ‘to pro­ mise not to hurt’ , from a- ‘ thoroughly’ (see a-', °a2) + fiar ‘ to vouch, guarantee’ (see °fiar). desagradable ‘unpleasant, disagreeable’ : des‘ n ot’ (see des-, °dis-') + agradable ‘pleas­ ing’ (see agradable, agradar, a-', “a2, °grato, -able, °-ble). desairar ‘ to slight’ (underlying meaning: ‘ to treat in a way that will strip a person o f airs (= affectation)’), from des- ‘to rem ove’ (see des-, °dis-') + -airar, from aire ‘air; affectation, conceit, preten­ tiousness’ (see aire, °aéreo). desamparar ‘ to desert’ : des- ‘to d o the opposite o f ’ (see des-, °dis-') + amparar ‘ to shelter, protect’ (see amparar, “ante, °parar). desaparecer ‘ to disappear’: des- ‘ to do the opposite o f ’ (see des-, °dis-') +

160

aparecer ‘ to appear’ (see aparecer, a-', °a2, °parecer). desarrollar ‘ to develop’ : des- ‘ to d o the opposite o f ’ (see des-, °dis-') + arrollar ‘ to roll up’ (see arrollar, a-', “a2, rollo, rotación, “rotundo). desarrollo ‘ development’: desarrollar ‘ to develop’ (see desarrollar, des-, °dis-', arrollar, a-', °a2, rollo, rotación, °ro­ tundo). desastre ‘ disaster’ : Old Provencal desastre ‘m isfortune’ (underlying meaning: ‘mis­ fortune due to the evil influence o f a heavenly b o d y ’ ), from des-, a pejora­ tive prefix (from Latin dis-; see °dis-'), + astre ‘star’ , from Latin astrum ‘heavenly b o d y ’ (see astro, asteroide, “estrella). desatar ‘ to untie’ : des- ‘to do the opposite o f ’ (see des-, °dis-') + atar ‘to tie’ (see atar, “aptitud). desayunarse, desayunar ‘to breakfast’ (desa­ yuno ‘ breakfast’): Vulgar Latin *disjejunare ‘to break on e’s fast’, from dis-, denoting reversal (see °dis-'), + Late Latin jejunare ‘to fast’ , from Latin jejunus ‘fasting, hungry’ (see “ayuno). desbaratar ‘ to destroy; to squander’ : des‘ to d o the opposite o f ’ (see des-, °dis-') + obsolete baratar ‘ to barter’ (see “bara­ to). descalabrar ‘ to wound in the head’ : *descalaverar ‘ to wound in the head’, from des- ‘ to u n d o’ (see des-, “dis-') + cala­ vera ‘ skull’ (see calavera, calvario, “calvo). descalzo ‘ barefoot, unshod’ : *descalzado ‘unshod’, from Latin discalceatus ‘un­ shod’ , from dis- ‘n o t’ (see °dis-') + calceatus ‘with shoes o n ’, past participle o f calceare ‘ to put on shoes’ (see calzar, “calzas). descansar ‘ to rest’ (descanso ‘rest; landing (o f stairs)’): des- ‘ to do the opposite o f ’ (see des-, °dis-') + cansar ‘ to tire’ (see cansar, “gam bito). descargar ‘ to unload, discharge’ : Late Latin discarricare ‘ to unload’, from dis- ‘ to do the opposite o f ’ (from Latin dis-\ see “dis-') + carricare ‘ to load, charge’ (see cargar, carro, “correr). descaro ‘impudence’ : des- ‘n o ’ (see des-, “dis-') + cara ‘ face’ (see “cara). Compare desfachatado and English to loose face = ‘ to loose dignity’ . descartar ‘ to discard’ : des- ‘ to rem ove’ (see des-, °dis-') + -cartar, from carta

161 ‘playing card’ (see °carta). descender ‘ to descend’ (descendiente ‘ des­ cendant’): Latin descendere ‘ to des­ cend; to clim b dow n’ , from de- ‘ dow n’ (see de-, “d e 1) + -scendere, from scandere ‘ to clim b’ (see ascender, °escándalo). descifrar ‘ to decipher, decode’: des- ‘ to do the opposite o f ’ (see des-, dis-1) + cifrar ‘ to encode’, from cifra ‘cipher’ (see cifra, “cero) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). descollar ‘to stand o u t’ (underlying mean­ ing: ‘ to have on e’s neck standing o u t’), from des- ‘ apart’ (see des-, “dis-1) + coll-, base o f cuello ‘ neck’ (see cuello, °colon o), + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). descomponer ‘ to disarrange; to decom pose’ : des- ‘ to do the opposite o f ’ (see des-, °dis-') + com poner ‘ to com pose; to repair’ (see com poner, com-, °con, “poner). descomunal ‘huge; extraordinary’ : des- ‘n ot’ (see des-, °dis-') + obsolete comunal ‘ o f average size’, from común ‘com m on ’ (see común, °con, °impermeable). desconocer ‘n ot to recognize’ (desconocido ‘unknow n’): des- ‘n o t’ (see des-, “dis-1) + con ocer ‘ to know ’ (see conocer, co-, com-, °con, “noticia). describir ‘ to describe’ : Latin describere ‘ to describe, write dow n’, from de‘ dow n’ (see de-, °de2) + scribere ‘ to write’ (see “escribir). descripción ‘ description’ : Latin descriptionem, accusative o f descriptio (stem description-) ‘description’ , from descriptus ‘ described’ , past participle o f descri­ bere ‘to describe, write dow n’ (see describir, de-, “d e2, “escribir), + -io ‘ act o f; result’ (see °-ión). descubrir ‘ to discover’ (descubrimiento ‘ dis­ covery’): Late Latin discooperire ‘ to discover, uncover’, from Latin dis‘to d o the opposite o f ’ (see “dis-1) + cooperire ‘to cover’ (see cubrir, co-, com-, “con, “epi-, “abrir). descuidado ‘careless’ : descuidado, past par­ ticiple o f descuidar ‘to neglect, be care­ less’, from des- ‘ n ot’ (see des-, “dis-1) + cuidar ‘ to take care’ (see cuidar, co-, com-, “con, agitar, “agente). desde ‘ from ’: obsolete des ‘ from ’ (from Latin de ex ‘from within’, from de ‘from ’ [see “d e2] + ex ‘out o f ’ [see

desfallecer ° e x ]) + Spanish de ‘ of, from ’ (see “d e 2). Spanish desde is therefore doubly p leo­ nastic as its Latin com ponents (de ex de) can be translated as ‘ from from from ’, desdén ‘ scorn, disdain’: obsolete desdeño ‘scorn’, from desdeñar ‘ to scorn’, from Vulgar Latin *disdignare ‘ to scorn’ (variant o f Latin dedignari), from Latin dis- ‘ to d o the opposite o f ’ (see “dis-1) + dignare ‘to consider w orthy’ , from dignus ‘ worthy’ (see digno, “decorar). desear ‘ to wish, desire’ : deseo ‘a wish’ (see deseo, “sedim ento) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar‘ ). desechar ‘to reject’ : des- ‘ aside’ (see des-, “dis-1) + echar ‘ to throw’ (see “echar). desembarcar ‘ to land, disembark’ : des‘ to do the opposite o f ’ (see des-, “dis-1) + embarcar ‘ to embark’ (see embarcar, in-1, “en, “barca). desembocar ‘ to flow into, ( o f a river) empty at the m outh’ : des- ‘to d o the opposite o f ’ (see des-, “dis-1) + em bocar ‘to put into the m outh’ , from cm- ‘ to put in to’ (see em-, en -1, °en) + -bocar, from boca ‘m outh, opening’ (see “boca). Spanish desembocar is the source o f English disembogue. desempeñar ‘to take out o f pawn; to carry out, discharge, fulfill, execute’ : des‘to d o the opposite o f ’ (see des-, “dis-1) + empeñar ‘ to pawn’ (see “empeñar, em-, en -1, °en). desengaño ‘ disillusion’ : des- ‘ to remove’ (see des-, “dis-1) + engaño ‘deceipt’ (see engaño, “engañar). deseo ‘wish, desire’ : Vulgar Latin desidiu ‘ desire, lust’, from Latin desidia ‘in­ dolence’ (also applied to other faults and therefore also = ‘license, lust’), from desidere ‘to sit iddle’, from de‘thoroughly’ (see de-, “d e1) + -sidere, from sedére ‘ to sit’ (see “sedim ento). desesperar ‘ to despair’ (desesperación ‘ des­ pair’): des- ‘n o t’ (see des-, “dis-1) + esperar ‘ to h ope’ (see “esperar). desfachatado ‘imprudent’ , alteration o f Italian sfacciato ‘im pudent’, from s‘out o f, n o ’ (from Latin ex- ‘out o f ’ ; see e x -1, “e x ) + faccia ‘ face’ (compare descaro), from Vulgar Latin *facia ‘face’ (see faceta, facial, “hacer). desfallecer ‘ to grow weak; to faint’ : obsolete desfallecer ‘ to be lacking’, from des‘thoroughly’ (from Latin dis-; see “dis-1)

desfile

+ fallecer ‘to be lacking’ (see fallecer, °fallar*, °-ecer). desfile ‘parade’ : desfilar ‘to march in files’ , from French dé filer ‘ to march in files, file o f f ’, from dé- ‘ o f f ’ (from Latin de- ‘o f f ’ ; see de-, °de2) + filer ‘ to march in files’, from Old French filer ‘ to spin’ (see fila, °filo). desgarrar ‘ to tear, rend’ (underlying mean­ ing: ‘ to undo or destroy with the claws’), from des- ‘to undo’ (see des-, °dis-') + -garrar, from garra ‘claw ’ (see °garra) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). desgracia ‘misfortune’ (underlying meaning: ‘loss o f grace, the condition o f being out o f favor’), from des- ‘ n ot’ (see des-, °dis-') + gracia ‘grace’ (see gracia, °grato). desgraciado ‘unfortunate’ : desgracia ‘mis­ fortune’ (see desgracia, des-, °dis-1, gracia, °grato) + -ado ‘characterized b y ’ (see -ado2). deshacer ‘ to destroy, u ndo’: des- ‘ to do the opposite o f ’ (see des-, °dis-') + hacer ‘ to do, make’ (see °hacer). desierto ‘ desert’ : Late Latin desertum ‘ desert, wilderness’, from Latin desertum, neuter o f desertus ‘ deserted’, past par­ ticiple o f deserere ‘ to desert, abandon’ , from de- ‘reversal’ (see de-) + serere ‘ to join, link’ (see “serie). designar ‘ to name, appoint’: Latin designare ‘to designate, mark o u t’, from de- ‘ out, away’ (see de-, °de2) + signare ‘ to mark’, from signum ‘sign, mark’ (see signo, “seguir). designio ‘ design, intention’: Late Latin designium ‘ design’ , from Latin designare ‘ to designate, mark ou t’ (see designar, de-, “d e 2, signo, “seguir). desinencia ‘ ending, desinence’ : Medieval Latín desinentia ‘ ending, desinence’, from Latin desinent-, stem o f desinens, present participle o f desinere ‘ to cease, stop, end, leave o f f ’, from de- ‘ o ff, away’ (see de-, °de2) + sinere ‘ to leave’ (see “poner). desistir ‘ to desist’ : Latin desistere ‘ to desist, cease, stand o f f ’, from de- ‘from ’ (see de-, “d e2) + sistere ‘ to stand, stand firm ’ (see asistir, “estar). deslindar ‘to circumscribe’: obsolete delindar ‘ to circumscribe’, from Latin delimitare ‘ to fix the limits’ , from de- ‘com pletely’ (see de-, °de2) + limitare ‘to lim it’ (see limitar, “límite).

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deslumbrar ‘ to dazzle’ : des- ‘thoroughly’ (see des-, “dis-1) + -lumbrar ‘ to light’ , from lumbre ‘fire; light’ (see lumbre, “luz). desmayar ‘ to dismay, dishearten; to faint’ : Old French desmaiier ‘ to dishearten, frighten’ , from des- ‘ thoroughly’ (from Latin dis-; see °dis-') + esmaiier ‘ to dis­ hearten, frighten’, from Vulgar Latin *exmagare ‘to deprive o f pow er’, from Latin ex- ‘ out o f, from ’ (see e x -1, “ex ) + Germanic mag- ‘pow er’ (source, like­ wise, o f Old High German magan ‘to be able’), from Indo-European magh‘ to be able; to have pow er’ (see “mecá­ nico). “desnudo ‘ naked’ : desnudar ‘to make bare’, from Latin denudare ‘ to make bare’ (influenced by Spanish des-), from de- ‘com pletely’ (see de-, °de2) + nudare ‘ to make bare’ , from nudus ‘ bare, naked’ , from Indo-European nogw-edo-, from nogw- ‘ naked’ . Related word: gimnasio. desolar ‘ to lay waste, desolate’ : Latin desolare ‘ to abandon, desert’, from de- ‘com pletely’ (see de-, “d e2) + -solare, from solus ‘alone’ (see “solo). desollar ‘ to skin’ : obsolete desfollar ‘ to skin’ (underlying meaning: ‘to strip o f the skin’), from des- ‘ to rem ove’ (see des-, “dis-') -foliar, from Vulgar Latin follis ‘animal skin’, from Latin follis ‘leathern bag’, originally = ‘ bellows’ (see fuelle, “bala). desorden ‘ disorder’ : des- ‘n o ’ (see des-, °dis-') + orden ‘ order’ (see “orden). despacio ‘slow ly’ : obsolete despacio ‘calm ly’, from de espacio ‘ with calm, with space [‘space’ in the sense o f ‘in­ terval o f tim e’ ] ’ (see “d e2, “espacio). despachar ‘to dispatch’ (despacho ‘ dis­ patch; o ffic e ’): Provencal despachar ‘ to get rid o f ’ , from Old French despeechier ‘ to set free, unshackle’, from des- ‘ to do the opposite o f ’ (from Latin dis-; see °dis-') + -peechier, as in em peechier ‘•to hinder’, from Late Latin impedicare v ‘ to entangle, fetter’, from Latin in‘in’ (see in-1, °en) + pedica ‘fetter, shackle’, from Indo-European ped-ika ‘ fetter’, from ped- ‘ fo o t ’ (see “pie). desparramar ‘ to scatter; to squander’, from a fusion o f derramar ‘to spill; to scatter’ (see derramar, “dis-1, ramo, radicar) and esparcir ‘ to scatter’ (see

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°esparcir). despecho ‘ spite; despite’ : Latin despectus ‘contem pt’ , from despectus, past par­ ticiple o f despicere ‘ to lo o k down upon, despise’, from de- ‘ dow n’ (see de-, °de2) + spicere, specere ‘ to lo o k at’ (see °es­ p ejo). despedir ‘ to emit, fling; to dismiss; to take leave’ (despedida ‘farewell; dis­ charge’): obsolete espedirse ‘ to take leave; to request permission to leave’, from Latin expetere ‘ to long for, aspire, wish’, from ex- ‘ out o f, away from ’ (see ex-', °ex ) + petere ‘to ask, request’ (see °pedir). despegar ‘ to detach; to take o f f ’ : des‘ to d o the opposite o f ’ (see des-, °dis-') + pegar ‘ to stick, fasten’ (see pegar, °p ez2). desperdicio ‘waste’ : Late Latin disperditio ‘act o f spoiling or losing’, from Latin disperdere ‘ to destroy, spoil, ruin, lose com pletely’ , from dis- ‘com pletely’ (see °dis-') + perdere ‘ to lose’ (see perder, °per-, °dar). despertar ‘ to wake u p’: despierto ‘ awake’, from de- ‘com pletely’ (see de-, °de2) + Vulgar Latin expertus, experctus ‘awake’ , from Latin experrectus ‘awakened’, past participle o f expergisci ‘ to be awaken, awake, becom e awake’, from ex - ‘ out of, away from ’ (see e x -1, °ex ) + -pergisci, from pergere ‘ to proceed, go o n ’ , from p er ‘through’ (see °per-) + regere ‘to direct, lead straight’ (see °regir). "despojar ‘to deprive; to despoil’: Latin despoliare ‘to strip, plunder’, from de- ‘ to pieces, apart’ (see de-, °de2) + spoliare ‘ to strip, rob, plunder’, from spolium ‘ b ooty , spoil; hide stripped from an animal’ . Related w ord: despojo. despojo ‘spoil’ : despojar ‘ to despoil’ (see “despojar). despotismo ‘despotism’: French despotisme ‘ despotism’, from despote ‘ despot’ (from Greek despótes ‘master, lord, despot’, from Indo-European dems-pot- ‘ruler’, originally = ‘master o f the house or o f the household’, from dems- [from dem- ‘house; household (as a social unit)’ ; see °d om éstico] + -pot-, from poti‘powerful; master, lord’ [see “p o d er]) + -isme ‘trait’ , from Latin -ismus (see -ismo). despreciar ‘ to scorn’: des- ‘ to do the op ­

destreza

posite o f; n o t’ (see des-, °dis-') + preciar ‘to value’, from Late Latin pretiare ‘to value’ (see apreciar, precio, °per-). desprecio ‘scorn’ : despreciar ‘ to scorn’ (see despreciar, des-, “dis-1, apreciar, precio, “per-). desprender ‘to unfasten’ : des- ‘ to d o the opposite o f ’ (see des-, °dis-') + prender ‘ to secure, pin, stick’ (see “prender). después ‘ after’, probably m odification of obsolete depués ‘after’, from Vulgar Latin de p ost ‘after’, from Latin de ‘from ’ (see °d e2) + p ost ‘after’ (see “post-). destacar1 ‘to detach (troop s)’: French detacher ‘ to detach’ (influenced by Spanish atacar), from Old French destachier ‘ to detach’, ¡rom des- ‘apart’ (from Latin dis- ‘ apart’ ; see “dis-') + atachier, variant o f estachier ‘to attach, fasten with a stake’, from estache ‘stake’ , from Frankish stakka, from Germanic stak- ‘stake’ (see “estaca). destacar2 ‘ to stand out; to make some­ thing stand out or appear as in relief (in a painting)’: Italian staccare ‘ to separate; to stand ou t’ , short for distaccare ‘to separate’, from Old French destacher, destachier ‘ to detach, separate’ (see destacar', “dis-1, “estaca). destello ‘gleam, glint’: obsolete destello ‘ trickling drop’ (from the fact that drops often gleam), from destellar ‘to trickle, drip’ , from Latin destillare ‘ to distill, infuse’ (see “destilar, de-, “d e 2). "destilar ‘ to distill’ : Latin destillare ‘to distill, infuse’ , from de- ‘ dow n’ (see de-, °de2) + stillare ‘ to drip, trickle’, from stilla ‘ drop’. Related word: destello. destinar ‘ to destine’ (destino ‘ fate, destiny’): Latin destinare ‘to destine, determine, make firm, establish’, from de- ‘co m ­ pletely’ (see de-, °de2) + -stinare (compare obstinado), from Indo-European st-no‘ to make firm ’, from st-, from std- ‘ to stand’ (see “estar). destituir ‘ to deprive; to dismiss from o ffice ’ : Latin destituere ‘ to set away, set down, leave alone, desert’, from de- ‘ down, away from ’ (see de-, “d e 2) + -stituere, from statuere ‘ to set up’ (see estatua, “estar). destreza ‘skill, dexterity’ : destr-, base o f diestro ‘skillful’ (see “diestro), + -eza

destrozar

‘condition, quality’ (see -eza, -icia, °-icio). destrozar ‘ to shatter’, akin to Catalan destrossar ‘ to shatter’, perhaps from Old Catalan destrossar ‘ to rob, lo o t ’ (akin to French détrousser ‘ to rob ’ , literally = “to un-bundle, rob o f a bundle’, from trousser ‘ to pack into a bundle’, from Old French trousser, tourser, o f disputed origin) influenced in meaning by tros ‘piece’ (see trozo). destrucción ‘ destruction’ : Latin destructionem, accusative o f destructio (stem destruction-) ‘ destruction’ , from destructus, past participle o f destruere ‘ to destroy, tear dow n’ (see destruir, de-, °d e2, construir, “esternón), + -io ‘ act o f; result’ (see °-ión). destruir ‘ to destroy’: Latin destruere ‘ to destroy, tear dow n’ , from de- ‘reversal’ (see de-, °de2) + struere ‘ to pile up, build’ (see construir, “esternón). desvanecer ‘ to dissipate, vanish’ : Latin evanescere ‘to vanish, disappear’ (see 0evanescente, ex-', “ex, “vano). desvarío ‘raving’: desvariar ‘ to rave (speak incoherently)’, from obsolete desvariar ‘ to vary, deviate’ , from des- ‘ thoroughly’ (see des-, “dis-') + variar ‘ to vary’ (see variar, “vario). desvelarse ‘ to stay awake’ ; des- ‘ thoroughly’ (see des-, “dis-1) + Latin evigilare ‘to wake up; to be wakeful; to stay awake’, from e- (from ex- ‘ thoroughly’ ; see ex-', °ex) + vigilare ‘ to be awake, be alert, watch’ (see vigilar, “vegetal). desviar ‘ to deviate’ : Late Latin deviare ‘ to deviate’ (influenced by Spanish des-), from Latin de- ‘away from ’ (see de-, °de2) + Late Latin -viare ‘ to g o’, from Latin via ‘way, road’ (see “via). detalle ‘ detail’ : French detail ‘ detail’, from Old French detail ‘ small quantity; piece cut o f f ’, from detailler ‘ to cut u p’, from de- ‘com pletely’ (from Latin de‘com pletely’ ; see de-) + tattler ‘to cu t’ , from Late Latin taliare ‘ to cu t’ (see “tallar). detener ‘ to stop, detain’: Latin detinere ‘to detain, keep back’ , from de- ‘ from, away’ (see de-, °de2) + -tiñere, from tenere ‘ to hold, keep’ (see “tener). “detergente ‘ detergent’ : Latin detergentem, accusative o f detergens (stem detergent-), present participle o f detergere ‘ to cleanse,

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wipe o f f ’, from de- ‘ off, from, away’ (see de-, °de2) + tergere ‘ to wipe, wipe o ff, rub o ff, polish’ (related word: terso). determinar ‘to determine’ : Latin deter­ minare ‘ to determine, limit’, from de‘o ff, from, away’ (see de-, “d e2) + ter­ minare ‘to terminate, lim it’ (see terminar, “término). detestar ‘ to detest; to curse’: Latin detestan ‘ to detest, hate; to curse while calling a deity to witness’, from de- ‘away, from , dow n ’ (also a pejorative prefix; see de-, °de2) + testari ‘ to be a witness, call to witness, invoke’ (see testamento, “tres, “estar). detonar ‘ to detonate’ : Latin detonare ‘ to thunder dow n ’, from de- ‘ dow n’ (see de-, °de2) + tonare ‘ to thunder’ (see tronar, “estentóreo). detrás ‘ after; behind’ : de ‘ of, from ’ (see °de2) + tras ‘after’ (see tras, “trans-). detrimento ‘detriment’ : Latin detrimentum ‘ detriment, damage, loss, wearing out, rubbing away’ , from detri- (from de­ tritus ‘worn dow n’ , past participle o f deterere ‘to wear down, wear out, wear away, impair’ , from de- ‘from , away’ [see de-, °de2] + terere ‘ to rub’ [see “triturar]) + -mentum ‘ result’ (see °-m ento). deuda ‘ debt’ : obsolete debda, from Vulgar Latin debita ‘ debt’, from Latin debita ‘ debts’, plural o f debitum ‘ debt’ , from debitum, neuter o f debitus ‘ ow ed ’, past participle o f debére ‘to ow e’ (see deber, de-, “d e 2, “haber). deudo ‘relative, kin’: deuda ‘ debt’ (see deuda), through the meanings ‘ duty, obligation’, and later ‘ kinship’, devoción ‘ devotion’ : Late Latin devotionem , accusative o f devotio (stem devotion-) ‘devotion’, from Latin devotio ‘devotem ent’, from devotus ‘devoted’, past par­ ticiple o f devovére ‘to devote, vow ’, from de- ‘com pletely’ (see de-, “d e2) + vovere ‘to v o w ’ (see “voto). devolver ‘to return’ : Latin devolvere ‘to roll dow n ’, from de- ‘ dow n’ (see de-, °de2) + volvere ‘ to roll, turn round’ (see “volver). devorar ‘to devour’ : Latin devorare ‘ to devour’, from de- ‘com pletely’ (see de-, °de2) + vorare ‘to devour, swallow u p’ (see “voraz).

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di- ‘ twice; double; tw o’, as in dilema, di­ ploma, diptongo: Latin di-, from Greek di- ‘ twice, tw o ’, from Indo-European dwi-, combining form o f dwo ‘ tw o’ and o f dwis ‘ tw ice’ (see °bi-). °dia- ‘ through, across; m utually; com pletely; apart’ ; Latin dia-, from Greek dia- ‘ apart; through, across; com pletely; mutually’, from did ‘ through’. Related words: diabetes, diagnóstico, diarrea, and many others that begin with dia-\ diéresis, dieta. día ‘ day’ ; Vulgar Latin dia, from Latin dies ‘ day’, from Indo-European dyé-, variant o f deiw- ‘ to shine’ (see °dios). diabetes ‘ diabetes’ : Medieval Latin diabetes, from Greek diabetes ‘ diabetes; siphon; compass’ (second century o f the Christian era), literally = ‘a crossing over, a passing through’ (from the excessive urination symptomatic o f this condition), from diabainein ‘to walk with legs apart, cross over’, from dia- ‘across’ (see °dia-) + bainein ‘ to go, walk’, from IndoEuropean gwm -yo-, from gwm-, from gwem-, variant o f gwa- ‘ to g o ’ (see °venir). diablo ‘ devil’ : Late Latin diabolus, from Late Greek didbolos ‘ devil’, from Greek didbolos ‘slanderer’ , from diabállein ‘to slander’ , originally = ‘to throw across’, from dia- ‘ through, across’ (see °dia-) + bdllein ‘ to throw ’ (see 0m etabolism o). diadema ‘ diadem; headband’ : Latin diadema ‘crown, headband worn as a sign o f royalty’ , from Greek diddema ‘royal headband’, from diadein ‘ to bind on both sides, bind around’ , from dia‘ across, through’ (see °dia-) + dein ‘ to bind’ (see °asíndeton). diáfano ‘ diaphanous’ : Medieval Latin diaphanus ‘ diaphanous’, from Greek dia’phanes ‘ diaphanous, transparent’ , from diaphainein ‘ to show through’ , from dia- ‘ through’ (see °dia-) + phainein ‘ to show ’ (see epifanía, “banda2). diafragma ‘diaphragm’ : Late Latin diaphragma ‘ diaphragm (partition separating the abdominal and thoracic cavities)’, from Greek diaphrdgma ‘ diaphragm; partition, barrier’, from diaphrdssein ‘ to barricade’, from dia- ‘com pletely’ (see °dia-) + phrdssein ‘ to enclose, fence in, block u p’, from Indo-European bhrkw-io- ‘ to press’ (see °harto).

diario

diagnóstico ‘diagnosis’ : Greek diagnóstikós ‘serving to distinguish’, from diagnóstós ‘ to be distinguished’ , from diagignoskein ‘ to distinguish’, from dia- ‘ apart’ (see °dia-) + gignoskein ‘ to know, per­ ceive, think, judge’, from Indo-European gi-gno-sko- ‘ to know, judge’ (for Spanish descendants o f other Indo-European verbs with -sko-, see °-ecer), from gno‘ to know ’ (see °noticia). diagonal (adjective) ‘ diagonal’ : Latin diagonalis (adjective) ‘ diagonal’, from Greek diagonios ‘ diagonal, from angle to angle’, from dia- ‘ across’ (see °dia-) + -gonios, from gonia ‘angle’ (see °-gono). dialecto ‘ dialect’ : Latin dialectus ‘ dialect’, from Greek didlektos ‘dialect, language, speech’, from dialégesthai ‘ to converse’ , from dia- ‘mutually’ (see °dia-) + légesthai, middle voice o f légein ‘ to speak, talk, tell’ (see -logo, °leer). diálogo ‘ dialogue’: Latin dialogus, from Greek diálogos ‘ dialogue’, from dia­ légesthai ‘ to converse’ (see dialecto, °dia-, -logo, °leer). "diamante ‘ diamond’ : Late Latin diamantem, accusative o f diamas ‘hard metal, steel; diam ond’, from Vulgar Latin adimante ‘hard metal, steel; diamond; lodestone’, from Latin adamantem, ac­ cusative o f adamas ‘hard metal, steel; diam ond’, from Greek addmas (stem adamant-) ‘hard metal, steel; diamond’ (possible underlying meaning: ‘untam­ able, unbreakable’ , from Greek a- ‘ not’ [see a-2] + damdn ‘to tame, break dow n’, from Indo-European dm-, from dem‘to tame’ [see °dom ar]). Related word: imán. diámetro ‘ diameter’ : Latin diámetros ‘ diam­ eter’, from Greek diámetros ‘ diameter’ (underlying meaning: ‘line that mea­ sures across’), from dia- ‘across’ (see °dia-) + -metros, from métron ‘measure’ (see °-m etro). diapasón ‘interval o f an octave; tuning fo rk ’ : Latin diapason ‘the whole octave’ , from Greek did pason ‘through all’ (i.e. ‘ through all the notes’), from did ‘through’ (see °dia-) + pason, genitive plural feminine (greek khordon ‘ of the notes’, which is understood, is a genitive plural feminine) o f pas ‘ all’ (see “pantalón). diario ‘ daily; diary’ : Latin diarium ‘ daily

diarrea

allowance; daily record o f events’ , from dies ‘ day’ (see día, °dios) + -arium ‘ o f ’ (s e e -ario2, °-ariol). "diarrea ‘ diarrhea’: Late Latin diarrhoea ‘ diarrhea’, from Greek didrrhoia ‘ diarrhea; act o f flowing through’, from diarrhein ‘ to flow through’, from dia- ‘ through’ (see °dia-) + rhein ‘ to flo w ’ , from IndoEuropean sreu- ‘ to flo w ’ (related words: catarro, hemorroides, piorrea, reóstato, reumatismo, rima, ritmo). diástole ‘ diastole’ : Greek diastole ‘ dilata­ tion, separation’ , from diastéllein ‘ to expand, separate, be dilated’, from dia- ‘apart’ (see °dia-) + stéllein ‘ to send, put, make ready’ , from IndoEuropean stel-yo-, from stel- ‘ to put’ (see °instalar). diatriba ‘ diatribe’ : Latin diatriba ‘ diatribe (abusive discourse); prolonged discourse’ , from Greek diatribe ‘ discourse, learned discourse, study, pastime’, from diatribein ‘ to wear away; to spend (tim e)’, from dia- ‘com pletely’ (see °dia-) + tribein ‘ to rub, wear ou t’, from IndoEuropean trib-, from ter- ‘ to rub with a twisting m otion ’ (see °triturar). Dfaz, family name: obsolete Diaz, a patro­ nymic, literally = ‘D iego’s son; Diego’s daughter’ (around 1140), from Didaz (1011), literally = ‘o f Diego’, from Medieval Latin Didaci, genitive o f Didacus, a Latinization o f Diego, a mas­ culine given name (see San Diego, °Jaime). dibujar ‘ to draw’ (dibujo ‘ drawing’) — older meanings: ‘to depict, paint, carve’ — probably from Old French deboissier ‘to carve w o o d ’, from de- ‘ from , away’ (from Latin de-\ see de-, °de2) + bois ‘w o o d ’, from Germanic busk- ‘ bush’ (see °bosque). diccionario ‘ dictionary’ : Medieval Latin dictionarium ‘ dictionary’, from Late Latin diction-, stem o f dictio ‘w ord’ (from Latin dictio ‘ a saying, a speaking; delivery in public speaking’, from dictus ‘said’ ; see dich o1, °decir), + Latin -arium ‘o f ’ (see -ario2). diciembre ‘December’ : Latin decembrem, accusative o f decem ber ‘Decem ber’ (un­ derlying meaning: ‘tenth m onth’), from decern ‘ ten’ (see °diez): the old Roman year, until about 153 B.C., began with March, the fifth to tenth month being

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named as follows: 5 quin(c)tilis (later julius), from quin(c)tus ‘fifth ’ (see quinto, °cinco) Gsextilis (later augustus), from sextus ‘sixth’ (see sexto, °seis) 7 September, from septem ‘seven’ (see ° siete)* 8 October, from octo ‘ eight’ (see °octavo)* 9 november, from novem ‘nine’ (see °nueve)* 1 0 decem ber, from decern ‘ ten’ (see °diez)* * (kept these names even after be­ coming the ninth to twelfth month in 45 B.C.) (compare agosto, julio, noviembre, o c ­ tubre, septiem bre). For the Latin desig­ nations o f the six months not shown above (because their names were not derived from numerals), see their Spanish names: abril, enero, febrero, junio, marzo, mayo. The -b- in the names o f the old seventh to tenth Roman months is explained as follow s: the genitive forms — *septem-ri-s, *novem-ri-s, and *decem-ri-s — added it because the group -mr- in the middle o f a word regularly changed to -mbr- in Latin, *octo-b-ri-s did so by analogy with the other three. It seems that in the most primitive form o f the Roman calendar (from about the eighth century B.C. to about 680 B.C.) the year had ten months (it began with March and ended with December); from about 680 B.C., it had twelve months (it began with March and ended with February). Although already around 590 B.C. there had been a proposal to make January the first month, this only happened around 153 B.C. This practice o f starting the year with Janu­ ary was reinforced when, 107 years later, in order to correct com putation errors and make the year known in modern times as 46 B.C. correspond to the solar year (b y then January was falling in autumn), ninety intercalary days were added to that year, which caused the spring o f 45 B.C. to begin in March and the beginning o f March 45 B.C. in the so-called Roman Repub­ lican calendar (or Roman calendar, which was a lunar calendar) to fall

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on a day that from that year was called the first January o f the Julian calendar (a solar calendar introduced b y Julius Caesar in R om e in 46 B.C.). dictar ‘ to dictate’: Latin dictare ‘ to pro­ nounce, assert, dictate’ , frequentative o f d icerejto say’ (see °decir). dicha ‘happiness; good luck’ (earlier mean­ ing ‘luck, fate’): Vulgar Latin dicta ‘sayings; fate’ (underlying meaning: ‘or­ dained by the gods, said by the gods’), plural o f dictum ‘a saying’ (see dicho2, dicho', °decir). dicho 1 ‘ said’: Latin dictus ‘said’, past parti­ ciple o f dicere ‘ to say’ (see °decir). dicho 2 ‘ a saying’ : Latin dictum ‘a saying’ , from dictum, neuter o f dictus ‘said’ (see dicho', "decir). dichoso ‘ glad’ : dicha ‘happiness’ (see dicha, dicho2, dicho', °decir) + -oso ‘having, abounding in’ (see -oso). Diego, a masculine given name, see San Diego. “diente ‘ tooth ’ : Latin dentem , accusative o f dens (stem dent-) ‘tooth ’ , from IndoEuropean dent- ‘ tooth ’. Related words: dental, dentista, mastodonte, o d o n to ­ logía. diéresis ‘ diaeresis’ : Late Latin diaeresis ‘ diaeresis’ , from Greek diairesis ‘separa­ tion’ , from diairein ‘ to divide’, from dia- ‘ apart’ (see °dia-) + hairein ‘to take’ (see °hereje). “diestro ‘ skillful, dexterous’ : Latin dextrum, accusative o f d exter ‘skillful, on the right (opposite o f left) side’, from Indo-European deks(i)-tero-, from deks- ‘right’ (possibly akin to IndoEuropean dek- ‘ to take, accept’ ; see "decorar). Related words: adiestrar, des­ treza. For the Indo-European contrastive -tero-, see °vuestro. “dieta ‘ diet’ : Latin diaeta ‘ diet (prescribed dietary regimen)’, from Greek diaita ‘ diet, regimen, manner o f living’ , from diaitán ‘to lead on e’s life, arbitrate, govern’, from di- (from dia-; see °dia-) + -aitón, from Indo-European ai-ta- ‘ des­ tiny; share’ , from ai- ‘ to give, allot’ (related word: etiología). “diez ‘ ten’ : Latin decern ‘ ten’ , from IndoEuropean dekm ‘ ten’. Related words: catorce, centavo, centenar, centeno, cen ­ tesimo, centi-, centím etro, céntim o, ciem ­ piés, cien, ciento, cincuenta, cuarenta,

difundir

cuaresma, deca-, decano, decena, decenio, deci-, décimo, diciembre, diezmar, dinar, dinero, doce, hectárea, hecto-, hectolitro, novecientos, noventa, ochenta, once, porcentaje, quince, quinientos, quintal, sesenta, setenta, trece, treinta, undécimo, veinte, vigésimo. diezmar ‘ to decimate’: Old Spanish dezmar ‘ to decimate (= ‘ kill many’ and ‘ kill one in every ten’) ’, from Latin decimare ‘ to decimate (kill one in every ten )’, from decimus ‘ tenth’ (see décimo, “diez). difamar ‘ to defame, malign’: Latin diffamare ‘ to defame’, from dif- (from dis- [with assimilation] ‘ to undo, ruin’ ; see °dis-') + fama ‘ reputation, fame’ (see fama, "fábula). diferencia ‘ difference’ : Latin differentia ‘ difference’ , from different-, stem o f differens (see diferente, diferir, °dis-', -ífero, °periferia), + -ia ‘quality’ (see -ia). diferente ‘ different’ : Latin differentem , ac­ cusative o f differens (stem different-), present participle o f differre ‘ to differ’ (see diferir, °dis-', -ífero, °periferia). diferir ‘ to defer, postpone; to differ, be different’ : Latin differre ‘ to defer; to differ; to carry in different directions’ , from dis- (with assimilation) ‘apart’ (see °dis-') + ferre ‘to bear, carry’ (see -ífero, “periferia). difícil ‘ difficult’ : Latin difficilis ‘ difficult’, from dif- (from dis- [with assimilation] ‘n o t’ ; see °dis-') + -ficilis, from facilis ‘ easy’ (see fácil, "hacer). dificultad ‘ difficulty’ : Latin difficultatem, accusative o f difficultas (stem difficultat-) ‘ difficulty’, from difficul, earlier form o f difficilis ‘ difficult’ (see difícil, °dis-', fácil, "hacer), + -tas ‘ quality, condition’ (see "-tad). difteria ‘ diphtheria’ ; New Latin diphtheria, from French diphthérie ‘ diphtheria’, from Greek diphthéra ‘leather (used to write on), piece o f leather, prepared hide’ (from the roughness o f the false membrane that forms in the throat in children with this disease), from Indo-European deph-ster- ‘prepared hide’, from deph- ‘ to stamp, beat’, difundir ‘ to diffuse; to divulge’: Latin diffundere ‘to pour out, spread out, scatter’ , from dif- (from dis- [with assimilation] ‘apart’ ; see °dis-') + fundere ‘ to p ou r’ (see "fundir).

difu n to

difunto ‘ dead, defunct’: Latin defunctus ‘acquitted, discharged; dead’, past parti­ ciple o f defungi ‘ to acquit oneself, discharge; to die’, from de- ‘com pletely’ (see de-, °de2) + fungi ‘ to perform, discharge’ (see °fungir). difusión ‘ diffusion’: Late Latin diffusionem, accusative o f diffusio (stem diffusion-) ‘ diffusion, spreading’, from Latin diffusus, past participle o f diffundere ‘ to spread o u t’ (see difundir, “dis-1, °fundir) + -io ‘ act o f ’ (see °-ión). digestión ‘ digestion’ : Latin digestionem, accusative o f digestio (stem digestion-) ‘digestion’, from digestus, past parti­ ciple o f digerere ‘to digest, divide, dis­ tribute’, from di- ‘ apart’ (see °dis-') + gerere ‘ to bring, carry’ (see °gesto). digital ‘ o f the fingers, digital; digitalis’ : Latin digitalis ‘ digital, o f the fingers’, from digitus ‘ finger’ (see dedo, °decir) + -alis ‘ o f ’ (see °-al). The meaning ‘ digi­ talis’ derives from the fact that the corollas o f digitalis flowers are fingershaped. digno ‘w orthy’: Latin dignus ‘ worthy, deserving’, from Indo-European dek-no‘accepted’, from dek- ‘ to take, accept’ (see °decorar) + -no-, suffix forming verbal adjectives and nouns. For other descendants o f Indo-European -no-, see cisne, don2, esternón, horno, leña, llano2 (and llano1), pingüino, pleno (and lleno), signo and its family, vender and its family. digresión ‘ digression’ : Latin digressionem, accusative o f digressio (stem digression-) ‘ digression’, from digressus, past parti­ ciple o f digredi ‘ to deviate, diverge, digress, go apart, step aside’, from di‘apart, aside’ (see °dis-') + -gredi, from gradi ‘ to step, g o ’ (see °agredir). dilatar1 ‘ to dilate’ : Latin dilatare ‘ to enlarge, extend, spread ou t’, from di- ‘ apart’ (see °dis-1) + -latare ‘ to widen’, from latus ‘wide, broad’ (see 0latitud). dilatar2 ‘ to defer’ : Latin dilatus, suppletive past participle o f differre ‘to postpone, defer; to differ, be different’ (see diferir), from di- ‘ apart’ (see °dis-') + latus ‘ borne’, suppletive past participle o f ferre ‘to bear’ (see delator, °tolerar). dilema ‘dilemma’ : Late Latin dilemma ‘ dilemma’, from Greek dilemma ‘ am­ biguous proposition; tw o assumptions’,

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from di- ‘ double’ (see di-, °bi-) + lemma ‘proposition, assumption’ (see “lema). diligencia ‘ diligence’ : Latin diligentia ‘care, persevering application’, from diligent-, stem o f diligens ‘attentive, careful; loving’, present participle o f diligere ‘ to esteem highly, love, single out, select’, from di- ‘apart’ (see °dis-') + -ligere, from legere ‘to gather, select’ (see °leer). diluvio ‘ deluge’ : Latin diluvium ‘ flo o d ’, from diluere ‘to wash away’, from di‘apart’ (see °dis-') + -luere, from lavere ‘to wash’ (see “loción). dimensión ‘ dimension’ : Latin dimensionem, accusative o f dimensio (stem dimension-) ‘ dimension, measure, measuring’, from dimensus, past participle o f dimetiri ‘to measure carefully’, from di- ‘thor­ oughly’ (see °dis-') + metiri ‘ to mea­ sure’ (see “medir). diminuto ‘minute, small’: Latin diminutus, past participle o f diminuere, variant o f deminuere ‘to diminish’, from de‘from , away’ (see de-, °de2) + minuere ‘ to lessen, diminish, reduce’ (see minuto, “m ioceno). Dinamarca ‘Denmark (country; Danish Danmark)': Medieval Latin Danimarca (ninth century; compare Italian Dani­ marca ‘ Denmark’. In Medieval Latin, also Dania [sixth century]), literally = ‘Danes’ Land’ (the Danes settled in present Denmark around the sixth century o f the Christian era), from Old Norse Danr ‘ dane’ (see “danés) + mórk ‘boundary land’ (also = ‘forest’, as forests were often the limit between tw o peoples), from Germanic mark‘boundary, boundary land’ (-mark is the ending o f other Germanic placenames, as Ostmark: see Austria), from Indo-European merg- ‘ boundary, border’ (see “margen). dinámico ‘ dynam ic’: Greek dynamikós ‘pow erful’, from dynamis ‘pow er’, from dynasthai ‘ to be able’, from Indo-Euro­ pean du-na-, from du-, from deu- ‘ to do, perform ’ (see “bueno). dinamita ‘dynamite’ : Swedish dynamit ‘dy­ namite’, from Greek dynam-, from dynamis ‘pow er’ (see dinámico, “bueno). dínamo ‘generator, dynam o’, short for máquina dinamo eléctrica, translation o f German dynamoelektrische Maschine ‘ dynamoelectric machine’ , from Greek dy-

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ñamo-, from dynamis ‘pow er’ (see dinámico, °bueno). dinastía ‘dynasty’: Greek dynasteia ‘ dy­ nasty; domination, lordship’, from dynástes ‘ruler’, from dynasthai ‘ to be able’ (see dinámico, °bueno). dinar ‘dinar (any o f several monetary units)’ : Arabic dinar, from Late Greek denárion, ancient Roman coin, from Latin denarius (see dinero, °diez). dinero ‘m oney’ : Latin denarius (noun), a silver coin o f ancient R om e originally equivalent to ten bronze asses, from denarius (adjective) ‘containing ten’, from deni, a distributive = ‘ten by ten; ten each’ (from the base o f decern ‘ ten’ ; see °diez), + -arius ‘o f ’ (see °-ario'). “dinosaurio ‘ dinosaur’: Greek deinós ‘fear­ ful, monstruous’ (from Indo-European dw ey-eno- ‘fearful’, from dwei- ‘ to fear’) + saúros ‘lizard’ (akin to Greek saukros ‘delicate, graceful’). Related words: ictiosauro, plesiosauro, saurio. “dios ‘ god’ (diosa ‘goddess’): Latin deus ‘god’, from Indo-European deiwos, name o f the sky god, from deiw- ‘ to shine; sky; g od ’. Related words: adiós, adi­ vinar, adivino, circadiano, cotidiano, día, diario, divino, hoy, jornada, jornal, jovial, jueves, Julia, julio, Julio, Júpiter, meridiano, meridional, pordiosero, Zeus. diploma ‘ diplom a’: Latin diploma ‘ official document, document conferring an honor or privilege’, from Greek diploma ‘ docu­ ment, folded paper, something folded or doubled’, from diploún ‘ to double’ , from dipióos ‘ double, tw o fo ld ’, from di- ‘ tw o’ (see di-, °bi-) + -ploos ‘-fo ld ’, from Indo-European -plo- ‘-fo ld ’ (see °-plo). diplomático (adjective) ‘diplom atic’ (di­ plom ático [n ou n] ‘ diplomat’): French diplomatique ‘ diplomatic; o f documents that regulate international relations’, from New Latin diplomaticus ‘o f official documents’, from Latin diplomat-, stem o f diploma ‘ official docum ent’ (see diploma, di-, °bi-, °-plo), + -icus ‘o f ’ (see °-ico2). diptongo ‘ diphthong’ : Old French dip­ tongue (French diphthongue), from Late Latin diphthongus, from Greek diphthongos ‘ diphthong’, from di- ‘tw o ’ (see di-, °bi-) + phthóngos ‘voice, sound’, diputado ‘representative’ : diputado, past

disciplina

participle o f diputar ‘to appoint’, from Late Latin deputare ‘to allot, destine’, from Latin deputare ‘to esteem, consid­ er; to cut o f f ’, from de- ‘thoroughly; o f f ’ (see de-, °de2) + putare ‘to esteem, consider; to cut, prune’ (see °podar). “dique ‘ dike, levee’ : Dutch dijk ‘ dike’, from Germanic dJk-, from Indo-Euro­ pean dhlgui- ‘to fix, fasten’. Related words: afijo, ahínco, ficha, fijar, fijo, finca, hincar, hito, prefijo, su fijo; pos­ sibly: hebilla. dirección ‘ direction; address’ : Latin directionem, accusative o f directio (stem direction-) ‘a directing, an aiming, a making straight’ , from directus, past participle o f dirigere ‘to direct, guide, set straight’ (see dirigir, °dis-\ °regir), + -io ‘ act o f ’ (see °-ión). directo ‘ direct’ : Latin directus ‘straight, direct’, from directus, past participle o f dirigere ‘to direct’ (see dirigir, °dis-', °regir). Doublet: derecho. director ‘ director’ : Late Latin director ‘one who directs’, from Latin directus, past participle o f dirigere ‘to direct’ (see dirigir, °dis-', °regir), + -or ‘ acting, doer’ (see °-or'). dirigir ‘to direct; to address’: Latin dirigere ‘ to set straight, direct’, from di- ‘ apart’ (see °dis-') + -rigere, from regere ‘to guide’ (see °regir). “dis- 1 ‘ to undo, do the opposite o f; no, n ot’, as in disgustar, distraer: Latin dis- (di- before b, d, g, l, m, n, r, and v; dif- before f) ‘apart, asunder, aside, away, separately; reversal, to d o the opposite o f; n ot; to undo, ruin; co m ­ pletely, thoroughly’ (also a pejorative prefix). Related words: aderezar, de­ recha, derecho, derramar, des-; desa­ yunar and many others that begin with des-; diferencia, diferente, difamar, diferir, difícil, dificultad, digestión, diligencia, diluvio, dirección, directo, director, dirigir-, discutir and many others that begin with dis-; dividir, indiferencia, indiferente, individuo, predilecto. D ou­ blet: des-. dis-2 ‘diseased; bad’, as in disartria, discrasia, disecea, disentería, disfasia: Greek dys- ‘ diseased; bad’, from Indo-European dus- ‘bad’. disciplina ‘ discipline’ : Latin disciplina ‘ dis­ cipline; teaching, instruction, knowledge’,

d iscípu lo

from discipulina ‘teaching, instruction, knowledge’, from discipulus ‘pupil’ (see discípulo, °decorar). discípulo ‘pupil; disciple’; Latin discipulus ‘pupil’, from discere ‘ to learn’, from Indo-European di-dk-ske- ‘to learn’, from di-dk-, from dk-, from dek- ‘ to take, accept’ (see °decorar). disco ‘disk; phonograph record’: Latin discus ‘ disk; dish; qu oit’, from Greek diskos ‘q u oit’, from dikein ‘ to throw’ (underlying meaning: ‘to direct some­ thing’), from Indo-European dife-, from deik- ‘to direct; to show ’ (see “decir). discordia ‘ discord’ : Latin discordia ‘ dis­ cord, strife’, from discord-, stem o f discors ‘discordant, disagreeing’, from dis- ‘ apart’ (see “dis-1) + cord-, stem o f cor ‘heart’ (see °cordial). discreción ‘ discretion’ : Late Latin discretionem , accusative o f discretio (stem discretion-) ‘separation, capacity for distinguishing, discretion, prudence’, from Latin discretus ‘separate’ (see discreto, °dis-1, cerner, °escribir). discreto ‘discreet’ : Medieval Latin discretus ‘ discreet, prudent, displaying a capacity for distinguishing, separate’, from Latin discretus ‘separate’, past participle o f discernere ‘to separate, distinguish be­ tween, discern, separate by sifting’, from dis- ‘ apart’ (see “dis-') + cernere ‘ to sift, separate, discern’ (see cerner, °escribir). discriminación ‘ discrimination’ : Late Latin discriminationem, accusative o f discrimi­ nado (stem discrimination-) ‘separation’, from Latin discrim inate, past parti­ ciple o f discriminare ‘ to divide, dis­ tinguish’, from discrimin-, stem o f dis­ crimen ‘division, distinction’, from dis‘apart’ (see “dis-1) + Indo-European krei-men- ‘judgment’ (see crimen, °es­ cribir, “-m entó). discurso ‘lecture; discourse’ : Late Latin d iscu rse ‘conversation’, from Latin disc u r s e ‘act o f running about’, from d iscu rse, past participle o f discurrere ‘to run about, run back and forth, speak at length’, from dis- ‘apart, in different directions’ (see °dis-1) + currere ‘to run’ (see °correr). discusión ‘ discussion’: Late Latin discussionem, accusative o f d is c e s io (stem d iscesion -) ‘examination, investigation,

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discussion’, from Latin discussio ‘ act o f breaking u p’, from d i s c e s e , past participle o f discutere ‘to break u p ’ (see “discutir), + -io ‘act o f ’ (see °-ión). °discutir ‘ to discuss; to dispute’: Late Latin discutere ‘to examine, discuss’, from Latin discutere ‘to break up, scat­ ter’, from dis- ‘apart’ (see °dis-') + -cutere, from quatere ‘ to shake, strike’, from Indo-European kwat- ‘ to shake’, from kwt-, from kwet- ‘ to shake’. Related words: acudir, cáscara, casco, d isceión , p e ta , p e t e l , percutir, quejarse, reper­ cutir, sacudir-, probably: fracasar. disecar ‘ to dissect’: Latin dissecare ‘to cut apart’, from dis- ‘apart’ (see “dis-') + secare ‘to cu t’ (see “sección). disentería ‘ dysentery’ : Greek dysenteria ‘dysentery’, from dys- ‘ diseased, bad’ (see dis-2) + énteron ‘intestine’ (see enteritis, en-2, °en) + ia ‘state, con dition ’ (see -ia). diseño ‘sketch, design’: Italian disegno ‘sketch, design’, from disegnare ‘ to sketch; to mark o u t’, from Latin desig­ nare ‘to mark o u t’ (see designar, de-, “d e2, signo, “seguir). disfrazar ‘to disguise’, possibly from Catalan disfressar ‘to disguise; to conceal’, with the possible underlying meanings ‘to mislead, cause to loose track, rub o ff (the trail)’, ultimately from Latin fricare ‘ to rub’ (see “fricción). disfrutar ‘to enjoy, benefit, gain fruit, reap benefit’ : desfrutar ‘to enjoy; to take a fruit from a plant’, from Late Latin exfructare ‘to take a fruit from a plant’ (source, likewise, o f Italian sfruttare ‘ to gain fruit, reap benefit’), from ex- ‘out of, from ’ (see e x -1, “e x ) + -fructare, from Latin fructus ‘fruit, enjoym ent’ (see “fruta). disgustar ‘ to displease’: dis- ‘to d o the opposite o f ’ (see “dis-') + gustar ‘to please; to like; to taste’ (see gustar, “gusto). disgusto ‘unpleasantness’: disgustar ‘ to dis­ please’ (see disgustar, “dis-1, gustar, “gu sto). disidente ‘ dissident’ : Latin dissidentem, accusative o f dissidens (stem dissident-) ‘ dissident’, present participle o f dissidere ‘ to disagree, dissent; to sit apart’, from dis- ‘apart’ (see °dis-') + -sidére, from sedere ‘ to sit’ (see “sedimento).

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disimular ‘ to dissimulate’ : Latin dissimulare ‘to dissimulate, take on a false appear­ ance’ , from dis- ‘ to d o the opposite o f ’ (see °dis-') + simulare ‘ to take on the appearance o f, imitate’ (see simular, °simil). disipar ‘to dissipate’: Latin dissipare ‘to dissipate, disperse, scatter, squander’, from dis- ‘ apart’ (see °dis-') + -sipare, from supare ‘to throw’, from IndoEuropean sup-d-, from sup-, from swep‘to throw, shake’. disminuir ‘ to diminish’ : Latin diminuere (influenced by Spanish dis- ‘thoroughly’ ; see °dis-'), variant o f deminuere ‘to diminish’ (see diminuto, de-, °de2, minu­ to, ° m ioceno). disolver ‘ to dissolve’ : Latin dissolvere ‘to dissolve’, from dis- ‘apart’ (see °dis-') + solvere ‘to loosen, untie, release’ (see “resolver). disparar ‘to sh oot’ : Latin disparare ‘ to separate’ (underlying meaning in the Middle Ages: ‘to cause the projectile to separate from the cocked crossbow ’), from dis- ‘ apart’ (see °dis-') + parare ‘to make ready, prepare’ (see preparar, °parar). dispensar' ‘to forgive’: Medieval Latin dispensare ‘to exempt, pardon, grant dispensation t o ’, from Late Latin dis­ pensare ‘to administer’, from Latin dispensare ‘to distribute, pay ou t’ (fre­ quentative o f dispendere ‘ to weigh ou t’), from dispensus, past participle o f dispendere, from dis- ‘ away’ (see “dis-') + pendere ‘to weigh’ (see °pender). dispensar2 ‘ to dispense’: Latin dispensare ‘ to distribute’ (see dispensar', “dis-', °pender). disponer ‘to dispose’ : Latin disponere ‘ to dispose, set in order, arrange, place separately’, from dis- ‘separately’ (see °dis-') + pon ere ‘ to put, place’ (see °poner). disposición ‘ disposition’ : Latin dispositionem , accusative o f dispositio (stem disposition-) ‘disposition’, from dispositus, past participle o f disponere ‘to dispose, arrange’ (see disponer, °dis-', °poner), + -io ‘act o f, result’ (see °-ión). disputar ‘ to dispute’: Late Latin disputare ‘ to argue, quarrel’, from Latin disputare ‘ to examine, discuss’, from dis- ‘sep­ arately’ (see °dis-') + putare ‘ to prune,

diván

clean; to consider, think’ (see °podar). distancia ‘ distance’ : Latin distantia ‘ dis­ tance’ , from distant-, stem o f distans, present participle o f distare ‘ to stand apart, be distant’ (see distante, °dis-', “estar). distante ‘distant’ : Latin distantem, accusa­ tive o f distans (stem distant-), present participle o f distare ‘ to stand apart, be distant’ , from dis- ‘apart’ (see °dis-') + stare ‘ to stand’ (see °estar). distinción ‘ distinction’: Latin distinctionem, accusative o f distinctio (stem distinction-) ‘ distinction, category, section’, from distinctus, past participle o f distinguere ‘ to distinguish, separate’ (see °distinguir), + -io ‘ result’ (see °-ión). °distinguir ‘ to distinguish’ : Latin distinguere ‘to distinguish, separate’, probably from dis- ‘ apart’ (see °dis-') + -stinguere ‘ to p rod ’, from Indo-European sti-n-g- ‘ to p rod ’ (see extinguir, °estigma). Related words: distinción, distinto. distinto ‘ different, distinct’: Latin distinctus, past participle o f distinguere ‘to distin­ guish, separate’ (see °distinguir). distraer ‘to distract; to amuse’ : Latin distrahere ‘ to draw away, pull apart’, from dis- ‘apart’ (see “dis-') + trahere ‘to pull’ (see °traer). The meaning ‘ to amuse’ derives from the idea o f ‘drawing some­ on e’s thoughts away from worries or grief’. distribuir ‘ to distribute’ : Latin distribuere ‘ to distribute’ , from dis- ‘apart’ (see “dis-') + tribuere ‘ to give, allot’ (see tributo, °tribu). distrito ‘ district’: Medieval Latin districtus ‘district, area o f jurisdiction, justice’, from Latin districtus ‘ drawn apart’, past participle o f distringere ‘ to draw apart; to hinder’ , from dis- ‘ apart’ (see °dis-') + stringere ‘to hinder, draw tight, bind tight’ (see “estreñir). disuadir ‘ to deter, dissuade’: Latin dissuadére ‘ to deter’ , from dis- ‘away, aside’ (see °dis-') + suadere ‘ to advise, persuade’ (underlying meaning: ‘to point out what is good or pleassant’ ), from Indo-European swad-e- ‘ to advise, speak in favor o f ’, from swad- ‘ sweet, pleasant’ (see “suave). °diván ‘couch, divan’: Turkish divan ‘seat used by a Turkish administrator when holding audience; room for public au-

diversión

diences’, from Persian diwan ‘council o f state, office o f accounts, counting ro o m ’, from diwan ‘ account; account b o o k ’ . Related word: aduana. diversión ‘pastime; diversion’ : Late Latin diversionem, accusative o f diversio (stem diversion-) ‘diversion’, from Latin di versus, past participle o f divertere ‘ to turn aside’ (see divertir, °dis-1, °verter), + -io ‘result’ (see °-ión). diverso ‘ different, diverse’ : Latin diversus ‘contrary, diverse’ , from diversus, past participle o f divertere ‘ to differ’ (see divertir, °dis-', °verter). divertir ‘ to entertain; to divert’ (divertirse ‘ to have fun’): Latin divertere ‘ to turn aside, divert, go different ways, differ’, from di- ‘away, apart, aside’ (see °dis-') + vertere ‘ to turn’ (see °verter). The meaning ‘ to entertain’ derives from ‘to turn the mind from serious con ­ cerns to pleasure’ . dividir ‘to divide’ : Latin dividere ‘to divide’ , from di- ‘thoroughly’ (see °dis-') + -videre ‘ to separate’, from Indo-Euro­ pean widh-, from weidh- ‘ to separate, divide’ (see °viuda). divino ‘ divine’ : Latin divinus ‘ o f a god’ , from divus ‘divine; g o d ’ (from IndoEuropean deiwos, name o f the sky god; see °dios) + -inus ‘ o f ’ (see °-ino). divisar ‘to see indistinctly’ : Vulgar Latin *divisare ‘ to see indistinctly’ (under­ lying meaning: ‘to distinguish some objects’), from Latin divisus ‘ divided’ , past participle o f dividere ‘ to divide, separate’ (see dividir, °dis-', °viuda), + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). división ‘ division’ : Latin divisionem, ac­ cusative o f divisio (stem division-) ‘divi­ sion’, from divisus ‘ divided’ (see divisar, dividir, °dis-', °viuda). divorcio ‘ divorce’ (divorciar ‘to divorce’): Latin divortium ‘ divorce, separation, fork (in a road)’, from divortere, diver­ tere ‘ to turn aside, separate, go different ways’ (see divertir, °dis-', °verter). divulgar ‘ to publish, divulge’ : Latin divul­ gare ‘to divulge, make public’ , from di- ‘away’ (see °dis-') + vulgare ‘ to make known, publish, tell the com m on people’ , from vulgus ‘com m on p eople’ (see ° vulgo). Djibouti ‘Djibouti (cou n try)’: French Djibouti ‘Djibouti (cou n try)’ (1977),

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from Djibouti ‘Djibouti (capital o f D jibouti)’ (1 892), already mentioned as a port around 1888. Dniéper ‘Dnieper (river, Soviet U nion)’: Russian Dnepr (pronounced dnyepr), from Old Russian Dünéprú ‘ Dnieper’, from Indo-European danu- ‘river’ (see °Danubio). do ‘ d o (musical ton e)’: Italian do (d ocu ­ mented before 1556), variant o f du, perhaps inverted variant o f ut ‘ d o (musi­ cal ton e)’. Ut was the first (and lowest) note in each hexachord o f Guido d’A rezzo’s scale (before 1033); it was named in Medieval Latin after a syl­ lable sung to this note occurring in a stanza o f a Latin hymn to Saint John the Baptist (words written around 770); the m elody — where each line begins a note higher than the previous line — possibly com posed by G uido); the names o f the notes (in ascending order) re, mi, fa, sol, and la were derived simi­ larly (also before 1033). Si was form ed in Italian (seventeenth century) from the initials o f the words Sánete /ohannes in the same stanza. The stanza in Latin and a deliberately rather literal English translation are: Ut queant laxis That [you r] servants may with freed voices resound resonare fibris the wonders o f your mira gestorum deeds, /amuli tuorum, (translated above, in lines 1 [servants] and 3 [ o f y o u r]) solve polluti purge from [their] pol­ luted labii reatum, lip the guilt, Sánete Johannes. O Saint John. -do ‘ acted upon’ , an ending o f past parti­ ciples, as in amado, comido, pedido, see -ado', -ido', -ido2. Many adjectives and nouns are derived from these parti­ ciples and are identical in form with them. doblar ‘ to double; to fo ld ’: Late Latin duplare ‘ to double’, from Latin duplus ‘ double’ (see doble, °bi-, °-plo) + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-ar‘ ). doble ‘ double’ : Latin duplus ‘ double, tw ofold ’ , from Indo-European du-plo‘ tw o fo ld ’ , from du- ‘tw o ’ (from dwo ‘ tw o ’ ; see °bi-) + -plo- ‘multiplied b y ’

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(see °-plo). doce ‘ twelve’ (docena ‘ dozen’): obsolete doze, dodze, from Vulgar Latin dodece, from Latin duodecim ‘ twelve’ , from duo ‘ tw o’ (see dos, °bi-) + -decim ‘ten’ (see once, “diez). docente ‘teaching’ : Latin docentem , ac­ cusative o f docens (stem docent-), present participle o f docére ‘ to teach’ (see doctor, “decorar). dócil ‘ docile’ : Latin docilis ‘ docile, easily taught’, from docére ‘ to teach’ (see doctor, °decorar) + -ilis ‘ o f, capable o f ’ (see °-il). doctor ‘ d octor’ : Medieval Latin d octor ‘medical doctor; scholar’, from Latin d octor ‘ teacher’, from doctus, past participle o f docére ‘ to teach’ , a causa­ tive (underlying meaning: ‘ to cause to accept’), from Indo-European dok-eye‘ to cause to accept’, from dok-, from dek- ‘ to accept’ (see °decorar). doctrina ‘ doctrine’ : Latin doctrina ‘ d oc­ trine, teaching, learning’, from d octor ‘ teacher’ (see doctor, “decorar). documento ‘ docum ent’: Late Latin documentum ‘ official paper’ , from Latin docum entum ‘ warning, lesson, example’, from docére ‘ to teach’ (see doctor, °decorar) + -mentum ‘means’ (see “-men­ tó). dólar ‘ dollar (any o f several monetary units)’ : English dollar ‘ dollar’ , from dollar, a German coin (around 1600), from obsolete daler (1 553), from Low German daler, from German Taler, old German coin (docum ented in 1540), short for Joachimstaler (literally = ‘From Sankt Joachimstal’), a coin first made (1519) in Sankt Joachimstal (literally = ‘Saint Joachim ’s Valley’ , now Jáchymov, tow n in northwest Czechoslovakia; German Tal ‘valley’ de­ rives from Old High German tal ‘valley’, from Indo-European dhel- ‘a curving, a h ollow ’ ). "doler ‘ to hurt’: Latin dolére ‘ to suffer, feel pain’. Related words: ad olecer,. adolorido, dolor, Dolores, doloroso, duelo', indolencia. dolicocéfalo ‘ dolichocephalic’ : New Latin dolichocephalus ‘ dolichocephalic’ (first used in Sweden, 1842), from Greek dolikho- (from dolikhós ‘lon g’ ) + -kephalos, from kephale ‘head’ (see °cefá­

D om inica

lico ). "dolmen ‘ dolm en’ : French dolmen ‘ dolmen’ , from Breton tol (also tol, taol) ‘table’ (from Medieval Latin tabula ‘ table’, from Latin tabula ‘ board, plank’ ; see “tabla) + men (also mén, maen) ‘stone’ , from Celtic magino- (source, likewise, o f Cornish mén and Welsh maen, both = ‘ stone’ ). Related word: menhir. dolor ‘pain; grief’ : Latin dolor ‘pain’ , from dolére ‘ to feel pain, suffer’ (see “doler). Dolores, feminine given name, originally María de los Dolores (1 6 7 6 ; compare Carmen), literally = ‘Mary o f the Sorrows’ , from dolores, plural o f dolor ‘ sorrow, pain’ (see dolor, “doler). doloroso ‘painful’ : Late Latin dolorosus ‘painful’ , from Latin d olor ‘pain’ (see dolor, “doler) + -osus ‘having, abounding in’ (see -oso). "domar ‘ to tame’ : Latin domare ‘ to tame, conquer’, from Indo-European dom-, from dem- ‘ to tame’ . Related word: indómito-, possibly: diamante, imán. "dom éstico ‘ domestic’ : Latin domesticus ‘ domestic, o f the house’ , from domus ‘house’, from Indo-European dom-o-, from dom-, from dem- ‘house; house­ hold (as a social unit)’. Related words: adueñarse, dama, despotismo, domicilio, dominar, domingo, Dominica, Domini­ cana, dominicano, dominio, dominó, don', doncella, doña, duende, dueña, dueño, predominar, Santo Domingo. dom icilio ‘ dom icile’ : Latín domicilium ‘ domicile, habitation’, ultimately from Indo-European dom-, from dem- ‘house’ (see °d om éstico). dominar ‘ to dominate’ : Latin dominari ‘ to rule, govern, be the master’ , from dominus ‘master’ (see d on 1, “dom éstico). dom ingo ‘Sunday’: obsolete dom inigo, from Late Latin dominicus (dies) ‘Sunday’ (also dominica, the word dies being both masculine and feminine in Latin), literally = ‘ the L ord’s (d ay)’, from Latin dominicus ‘ o f a lord, o f a master’, from dominus ‘lord, master’ (see d on 1, “domástico) + -icus ‘ o f ’ (see °-ico2). For Latin dies ‘ day’, see día. Domingo, a masculine given name (cor­ responding to English Dom inic), see Santo Domingo. Dominica ‘Dominica (cou n try)’: dominica ‘ Sunday (in ecclesiastical style)’, from

D om inicana

Late Latin dominica (dies) ‘Sunday’ (see domingo, don', °dom éstico), com ­ memorating the fact that the island was discovered (b y Columbus) on a Sunday (3 November 1493). French settlers called it Dominique (stressing the second i); the change o f accent in Spanish (from Dom inica to Dominica) is due to French influence. Dominicana (in República Dominicana ‘Dominican R epublic’), from dominicana, feminine o f dominicano ‘ o f Santo Dom ingo’ (see dominicano, Santo Domingo, domingo, °dom éstico). dominicano ‘ o f or from the Dominican R epublic; o f or from Santo Dom ingo’ : New Latin dominicanus ‘ o f Santo Dom ingo’, from Medieval Latin Dominicus, a masculine given name (source, likewise, o f Spanish Dom ingo, a mas­ culine given name; see Santo Domingo, domingo, °d om éstico), + -anus ‘ o f ’ (see °-ano'). dom inio ‘ domination, dom inion’ : Latin dominium ‘dom inion, sovereignty, lordship’, from dominus ‘lord, master’ (see don', °dom éstico). dom inó ‘ dominoes (gam e)’ : French domino ‘ dom inoes’ (1771), o f much disputed origin (possibly from French domino ‘(generally black) cloak with a hood worn at a masquerade’ [1 7 3 9 ], perhaps from the resemblance o f the back o f dom ino pieces [then often made o f ebony or other black w ood, with ivory or bone faces] to this cloak. The name o f the cloak worn at a masquerade derives from domino ‘black cloak with a hood worn by clergymen’ [1 5 0 5 ], a name which in turn may com e from Latin Dom ino, dative o f Dominus ‘L ord ’, in a prayer formula such as benedicamus Dom ino ‘let us bless the L ord’). d o n 1 ‘Mr.’ : Medieval Latin domnus ‘Mr. (title o f respect for a m onk or priest)’, from Latin dominus ‘master, lord ’, from Indo-European dom -o-no- ‘master’ (underlying meaning: ‘household leader, he o f the house’), from dom -o- ‘house; household’ (see °d om éstico). D on was a courtesy title used before a masculine given name (as in don Jaime, don Andrés, don H éctor) and therefore unstressed in the phrase, which explains the dif­ ferences with its doublet dueño.

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d on 2 ‘ gift’ : Latin donum ‘gift’, from IndoEuropean do-no- ‘ gift’, from do- ‘ to give’ (see °dar) + -no-, a suffix forming derivatives from verbs (see digno). Don ‘Don (river, Soviet Union)’ : Russian Don, from Old Russian D onü ‘ D on ’ (akin to Greek Tánais ‘ D on ’), from Scythian danu ‘river; D on ’, from IndoEuropean danu- ‘river’ (see °Danubio). donaire ‘ grace, charm’ : obsolete donairo, donarlo ‘charm’, from Late Latin donarium ‘gift’ , from Latin donarium ‘o f­ fering; place in a temple where an o f­ fering is made’, from donum ‘ gift’, (see d o n 2, °dar) + -arium ‘place o f; o f ’ (see -ario2, °-ario'). doncella ‘maid, housemaid’ : Vulgar Latin *domnicilla ‘ girl’ , diminutive o f Latin domina ‘lady’ (see doña, don', °doméstico ). donde, dónde ‘ where’ : obsolete de onde ‘from where’, from de ‘ of, from ’ (see °de2) + obsolete onde ‘where, whence’ , from Latin unde ‘whence’ , from *cunde (com pare Latin ne-cunde ‘ that from no place’ ), from Indo-European kw-, from kwo-, stem o f relative pronouns (see ° cuota). doña ‘Mrs.’ : Latin domina ‘lady’, feminine o f dominus (see don', °dom éstico). Doña was a courtesy title used before a feminine given name (as in doña Urraca) and therefore unstressed in the phrase, which explains the difference with its doublet dueña. -dor ‘acting, doer’ , an ending o f nouns and adjectives, as in asador, borrador, calzador, medidor, proveedor-, some times = ‘place’, as in com edor, mirador. See -ador', -ador2, -edor', -edor2, -idor', -idor2, °-or'. dorado ‘ golden’ : dorado ‘ gilded, gilt’ , past participle o f dorar ‘ to gild’ (see dorar, de-, °de2, °oro). dorar ‘ to gild’ : Latin deaurare ‘ to gild’, from de- ‘com pletely’ (see de-, °de2) + -aurare, from aurum ‘gold ’ (see °oro). ° dormir ‘ to sleep’ : Latin dormiré ‘ to sleep’ , from Indo-European drm-yo-, from drm-, from drem- ‘ to sleep’. Related words: adormecer, dormitorio, durmiente. dorm itorio ‘ bedroom ; dorm itory’ : Latin dormitorium ‘ dorm itory’, from dormitorium, neuter o f dormitorius ‘ o f sleep’ , from dormitus, past participle o f dormiré

\

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‘ to sleep’ (see °dormir) + -orius ‘ o f ’ (see °-orio'). °dorso ‘back, dorsum’ : Latin dorsum ‘ the back’. Related words: endosar, endoso. dos ‘tw o’: Latin duos, accusative o f duo ‘ tw o’, from Indo-European duwo, from dwo ‘ tw o’ (see °bi-). dosis ‘dose’ : Late Latin dosis ‘ dose’, from Greek dosis ‘ dose; act o f giving; gift’, from didónai ‘to give’ , from Indo-Euro­ pean di-do-, from do- ‘to give’ (see °dar). dote ‘ talent; dow ry’ (dotar ‘ to endow’): Latin dotem , accusative o f dos (stem dot-) ‘dow ry; gift’, from Indo-European do-ti- ‘ gift’, from do- ‘ to give’ (see °dar). dracma ‘ drachma (coin, and unit o f weight)’: Latin drachma, from Greek drakhme ‘ drachma (coin, and unit o f weight)’, literally = ‘handful’ , ¡rom drássesthai ‘ to grasp, grab’. dragomán ‘ dragoman’, see truchimán. dragón ‘ dragon’ : Latin draconem, accu­ sative o f draco ‘ serpent; dragon’, from Greek drákon ‘serpent; dragon’ (under­ lying meaning: ‘sharp-sighted; animal with the evil eye’ ), from Indo-European derk- ‘ to see’ . Probably related words: tragar, trago. “drama ‘ drama’ : Late Latin drama ‘ drama’, from Greek dráma ‘ deed, action; action on the stage, drama’, from dran ‘to do, act’ , from Indo-European drá-, variant o f der- ‘ to w ork’. Related words: dramático, drástico. dramático ‘ dramatic’ : Late Latin dramaticus ‘ dramatic’, from Greek dramatikós ‘ dra­ matic, o f drama’, from drámat-, stem o f dráma ‘drama’ (see “drama), + -ikós ‘ o f ’ (see “-ico1). drástico ‘ drastic’ : Greek drastikós ‘ drastic, active, efficient’ , from *drastós, verbal o f dran ‘ to do, act’ (see “drama), + -ikós ‘ o f ’ (see °-ico2). droga ‘ drug’, probably from Old French drogue ‘drug; chemical material’, pos­ sibly from Middle High German droge ‘ dry’ (with a word meaning ‘ goods’ understood). dromedario ‘ dromedary’: Late Latin dromedarius ‘ dromedary’, from Greek dromád-, stem o f dromás ‘ dromedary; runner’ (from Indo-European drom-o- ‘ a run­ ning’ ; see °hipódrom o), + Latin -arius (see °-ario'). Dublin ‘ Dublin (capital o f Ireland; Irish

duende

Gaelic Baile Átha Cliath [ = ‘Tow n o f the Ford by the Hurdle’ ; baile = ‘ tow n’ , átha = ‘fo rd ’, cliath = ‘hurdle’ ] ) ’ : English Dublin, from Old Irish Dublinn (ninth century), literally = ‘Black P ool’, from dub ‘ black’ (from Indo-European dheu-bh-, from dheu- ‘ dust, sm oke’ ; see “fumar) + linn ‘p ool, p on d’, from Celtic linda ‘water’, from Indo-European pie-, pleu- ‘to flow ’ (see “Hover). Old Irish Dublinn was originally the name o f that part o f the Liffey River where the tow n was built; it had dark bog water. ducha ‘shower bath’ : French douche ‘ show­ er’ , from Italian doccia ‘ shower; co n ­ duit pipe’ , probably from doccione ‘pipe’ , from Latin ductionem , accusa­ tive o f ductio (stem duction-) ‘a co n ­ ducting’, from ductus ‘conducted, led’ (see acueducto, “conducir). duda ‘ doubt’ : obsolete dubda ‘dou bt’, from dubdar ‘ to hesitate’ (see dudar, °bi-, “futuro). dudar ‘ to hesitate; to dou bt’: obsolete dubdar ‘ to hesitate’, from Latin dubitare ‘to hesitate, doubt, waver’ (underlying meaning: ‘to waver between tw o pos­ sibilities’), akin to Latin dubius ‘ doubtful’ (from Indo-European du-bhwio- [under­ lying meaning: ‘being tw o ’ ], from du[from dwo ‘ tw o’ ; see ° 6 i-] + -bhwio[from -bhw- being’ , from bheu- ‘to be’ ; see “fu tu ro]). duela ‘ stave (fo r barrel, e tc.)’ : Old French douelle ‘ stave’ , diminutive o f douve, doue ‘stave’ , from Late Latin doga ‘ barrel’ , from Greek dokhe ‘container’, from dékhesthai ‘ to receive’, from IndoEuropean dek- ‘ to take, accept’ (see “decorar). duelo' ‘ grief’ : Late Latin dolus ‘ grief, pain’ (influenced by Latin dolus ‘ deceipt, fraud’), from Latin dolor ‘grief, pain’ (see dolor, “doler). “duelo 2 ‘ duel’ : Medieval Latin duellum ‘ duel, com bat between tw o persons’ (change in meaning through influence o f Latin duo ‘ tw o’), from Latin duellum ‘ war’ (also bellum), from Old Latin duellum ‘ war’. Related words: bélico, rebelde. For Old Latin du- (follow ed by a vowel) becoming b-, compare bueno. duende ‘household pixie’: obsolete duende

dueña

‘householder’, probably from duen de casa ‘master o f the house’, from duen, short for dueño ‘master’ (see dueño, don', °dom éstico), + de ‘ o f ’ (see °de2) + casa ‘house’ (see °casa). dueña ‘ owner (fem inine)’: Latin domina ‘lady’, feminine o f dominus ‘ owner’ (see doña, d on 1, “d om éstico). Doublet: doña. dueño ‘ owner; master’ : Medieval Latin domnus ‘Mr.’ (see d o n 1, “d om éstico). Doublet: don'. Duero (around 1140) ‘Douro^ (river, Spain and Portugal; Portuguese D o u ro )’ : Vul­ gar Latin Doriu, from Latin Durius ‘ D ou ro’ (first century o f the Christian era), probably from Celtic dubro- ‘ wa­ ter’ (source o f Breton dour and Welsh dwfr, both = ‘water’). “dulce ‘ sweet; candy’ (dulzura ‘ sweetness)’ : Latin dulcís ‘sweet’, from Indo-Euro­ pean dlkw-i-, from dlku- ‘sweet’. R e­ lated words: glicerina, glicina, glucosa, regaliz. -dumbre ‘condition, state, quality’, as in certidumbre, muchedumbre, pesa­ dumbre, servidumbre: Latín -tudinem (the -u- was stressed), accusative o f -tudo (stem -tudin-) ‘condition, state, quality’ (see °-tud), that in Spain was replaced in Vulgar Latin by -tumine (with the -u- stressed and therefore the -i- very weak), which gave Spanish -tumne (as in obsolete costum ne ‘custom ’) and later -tumbre, -dumbre (fo r -mnbecoming -mbr-, compare hombre). duplicar ‘to double, duplicate’ : Latin du­ plicare ‘ to double, make tw o fo ld ’ , from duplic-, stem o f duplex ‘ double, tw o­ fo ld ’ (from Indo-European du-plek-, from du- [from dw ó ‘tw o ’ ; see “hi-] + -plek ‘ -fold’ [also = ‘to plait’ ; see °p le­

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gar]), + -are,, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). duque ‘ duke’ : Old French due ‘ duke’, from Latin ducem, accusative o f dux ‘leader, comm ander’, from ducere ‘to lead’ (see °conducir). -dura ‘act; result, being’ , an ending o f nouns, as in cortadura, mordedura, zurcidura, see -adura, -edura, -idura, °-ura. duramadre, duramáter ‘ dura mater’: Me­ dieval Latin dura mater ‘ dura mater’, literally = ‘hard m other’ , translation o f Arabic umm as-safiqah ‘ dura mater; hard m other’ (underlying idea: ‘the dura mater is a tough membrane while the pia mater is fine’ ; compare piamadre), from umm ‘m other’ (root am) + al‘ the’ (with assimilation) + safiqah, feminine o f safiq ‘ thick, heavy, hard’. Latin dura is the feminine o f durus ‘hard’ (see °duro); for Latin mater ‘m oth­ er’, see madre, “mamá. “durar ‘ to last’ (durante ‘ during’ ): Latin durare ‘ to last, endure’, from IndoEuropean deu-ro- ‘lon g’, from deu‘long, lasting’. Related w ord: perdurar. durazno ‘peach’ : Latin duracinus (adjec­ tive) ‘hard-berried’ (applied to grapes, peaches, cherries), from durus ‘hard’ (see °duro) + acinus ‘ berry; grape; berry or grape seed’, probably o f Mediter­ ranean origin. durmiente ‘sleeping, dormant; (Americas) railroad tie’ : durm-, one o f the two unstressed stems o f dormir ‘ to sleep’ (see °dormir), + -iente ‘performing’ (see -iente). “duro ‘hard’ : Latin durus ‘hard’, from Indo-European drü-ro- ‘hard, firm ’, from dm-, variant o f deru ‘ firm, solid; w ood ; tree’. Related words: durazno, rodo­ dendro, tregua.

E °e' ‘the letter e’ : Latin e ‘ the letter e ’, from Greek e, fifth letter o f the Greek alphabet (later called e psilón, literally = ‘ simple e\ to distinguish it from graphic ai, which was then pronounced the same, i.e. like Spanish e);com p are °a\ i, o 1, u1. ° e 2 ‘and’ (now used only before a Spanish i sound: padres e hijos, pares e impares, but from the tenth to the fifteenth centuries found in all positions), from Latin et ‘and’ (underlying meaning: ‘ moreover, beyond this’), from IndoEuropean eti ‘b ey on d ’. Related words: cantimplora, capicúa, etcétera, piano, y. °-e-, vowel o f the second conjugation, from Latin -é- (long), thematic vowel o f second conjugation verbs (compare -er', °-a-, °-i-1), or from Latin -é- (short), thematic vowel o f third conjugation verbs. Related suffixes: -e1, -edor, -edura, -éis', -em os', ■enl, -en 2, -er1, -es\ -o 2. -e1, ending o f the third person singular o f the present indicative o f second conjugation verbs, as in feme: Latin -et (as in timet), third person singular ending o f the present indicative o f second conjugation verbs, from -é-, thematic vowel o f second conjugation verbs (see °-e-), + -t ‘third person singular’ (see °-a3). -e2, ending o f the third person singular o f the present indicative o f third conjugation verbs, as in parte: Latin -it (as in partit), third person singular ending o f the present indicative o f fourth conjugation verbs, from -i-, thematic vowel o f fourth conjugation verbs (see °-i-‘ ), + -t ‘third person singular’ (see °-a3). -e3, ending o f the first person singular o f the present subjunctive o f first conjugation verbs, as in ame: Latin -em (as in amem), first person singular ending o f the present subjunctive o f first conjugation verbs, from -é- (long) ‘ subjunctive’ (see -ase1) + -m ‘first person singular’ (see °-aba'). -e4, ending o f the third person singular o f the present subjunctive o f first conjugation verbs, as in ame: Latin -et (as in amet), third person singular ending o f the present subjunctive o f first conjugation verbs, from -é- ‘ subjunctive’ (see -ase1) +

-t ‘ third person singular’ (see °-a3). -e5, ending o f the usted form o f the impera­ tive o f first conjugation verbs, as in ame: -e, usted form o f the present subjunctive (also él and ella form , usted being used as if it were a third person singular pronoun because it derives from vuestra merced. Compare English “ Your Excellency is” ; see usted, -e 4 and compare -a9, -en9). -e6, an ending o f the second person singular o f the imperative o f second conjugation verbs, as in tem e: Latin -e (as in time), second person singular ending o f the present imperative o f second conjugation verbs, from the bare stem o f the verb (unm odified; compare -a9). -e1, an ending o f the second person singular o f the imperative o f third conjugation verbs, as in parte: Latin -i (as in parti), second person singular ending o f the present imperative o f fourth conjugation verbs, from the bare stem o f the verb (unm odified; compare -a9). -e8, a singular ending o f adjectives, as in fuerte, valiente: Vulgar Latin -e, an accusative singular ending o f third declension adjectives, from Latin -em, an accusative singular ending o f masculine and feminine adjectives o f the third declension, some from Indo-European -m, accusative ending added to consonant stems, others from Old Latin -im (by analogy to the others ending in -em), from -Í-, ending o f the stem o f many Indo-European words, + Indo-European -m , accusative ending (see ° -o 5). -e9, a singular ending o f nouns, as in calle, goce, leche, nombre, viaje: Vulgar Latin -e, an accusative singular ending o f third declension nouns, from Latin -em, an accusative singular ending o f most masculine and feminine third declension nouns, with the same Indo-European origin as the Latin adjectival -em (see -e®, ° -o s). °-é‘ , an ending o f the first person singular o f the preterit indicative o f first conjugation verbs, as in amé: Vulgar Latin -ai (as in amai), from Latin -avi (as in amavi), first person singular ending o f the perfect

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indicative o f first conjugation verbs, from -av- ‘ perfect o f first conjugation verbs’ (from -a-, thematic vowel o f the first conjugation, + -v- ‘grammatical perfect’, o f disputed origin, probably formed through analogy to Old Latin fuvei ‘ I was’ [later fuei, Latin fui] — from IndoEuropean bhüai, from bhü-, aorist o f bheu- ‘ to b e ’ (see ° futuro), + -ai ‘first person singular o f the perfect o f the middle voice’ (-a was the corresponding ending in the active voice) — the -v- being probably first extended to other aorists: Indo-European gno- ‘to kn ow ’ giving Old Latin gnbvi ‘ I knew’ [Latin n o v i], and then to other verbal stems. Related endings: -amos2, -ara', -ara2, -arais, -áramos, -aran, -aras, -are1, -are2, -aréis, -áremos, -aren, -ares, -aron, -ase', -ase2, -aseis, -ásemos, -asen, -ases, -aste, -asteis, -i1, -i2, -iera1,-iera1, -iera3, -iera4, -ierais', -ierais1, -iéramos1, -iéramos2, -ieran1, -ieran2, -ieras', -ieras2, -iere', -iere2, -iere3, -iere4, -iereis', -iereis2, -iérem os', -iérem os2, -ieren', -ieren2, -ieres', -ieres2, -ieron', -ieron2, -iese', -iese2, -iese3, -iese4, -ieseis', -ieseis2, -iésem os', -iésem os2, -iesen ', -iesen2, -ieses', -ieses2, -irnos2, -irnos3, -iste', -iste2, -isteis1, -isteis2, -ió', -ió2, -ó), + -i, first person singular ending o f the perfect indicative o f all four conju­ gations, from Old Latin -ei, probably from Indo-European -ai (see above; related end­ ings: -í1, - i 2). -é2, an ending o f the first person singular o f the future indicative, as in amaré, temeré, partiré: he ‘ I have’, an auxiliary (in Old Spanish constructions as amar he — that until the seventeenth century could have pronouns in the middle, as in amar la he ‘I ’ll love her’ — which became amaré), from Vulgar Latin habeo, an auxiliary, as in amare habeo ‘ I’ll love’, originally = ‘ I’ll have to love’ (i.e. indicating obliga­ tion or necessity, but already in Late Latin this construction often had the plain future significance), from Latin habeo ‘ I have’, first person singular o f the present indicative o f habere ‘ to have’ (see ° haber). -ear, an infinitive ending o f verbs, often denoting repeated action, as in bombear, cecear, chismear, gatear, menear: Vulgar Latin -idiare, from Greek -ízein ‘ to cause to be; to becom e’ (see °-izar). Compare

-ejar. ébano ‘eb on y’ : Latin ebenus ‘ ebony tree’ (compare Italian ébano), from Greek ébenos (also hébenos), from Egyptian hebni ‘ ebony tree’. "ebrio ‘ a drunk’ : Latin ebrius ‘ a drunk’, from Indo-European égw-rio- ‘ a drunk’, from égw-, from egw- ‘to drink’. Related words: embriagar, sobrio. Ebro ‘ Ebro (river, Spain)’: Greek íberos ‘ Ebro’ (Latin Ibérus, Hibérus ‘ E bro’, first century B.C.), possibly akin to Basque ibai ‘ river’. The river name probably is the source o f Latin Iberia ‘ Iberia (peninsula consisting o f Spain and Portugal)’ (first century B.C.) and o f Greek Iberia ‘ Iberia (peninsula)’ (akin to Greek Iberia ‘ Georgia (Soviet Union)’?). °-ecer, an infinitive ending o f second conjugation verbs, as in adolecer, convalecer, embellecer, florecer, guarecer; some Spanish verbs in -ecer derive from Latin third conjugation inchoative verbs in -escere ‘to begin to ...’ (as florescere-, Latin verbs in -escere are chiefly inceptives o f verbs in -ere [there were also others in -iscere]), from -ése-, element forming inchoative verbs (the first person singular ends in -sco — from IndoEuropean -sko-, a present tense ending; for Spanish descendants o f IndoEuropean verbs with -sko-, see costumbre, crecer, nacer, noticia, and their families), + -ere, an infinitive ending (see -er1, °-ar‘ ); others derive from Vulgar Latin verbs in -escere (as adpetescere, the source of Spanish apetecer, and pertinescere, source o f pertenecer)-, still others were form ed in Spanish, as ennegrecer, reblandecer. Other Spanish verbs in -ecer are: abastecer, aborrecer, acaecer, acontecer, adormecer, agradecer, amanecer, anochecer, aparecer, atardecer, carecer, com padecer, desaparecer, des­ fallecer, desvanecer, enloquecer, enrique­ cer, enternecer, entristecer, envejecer, es­ carnecer, establecer, estrem ecer, fallecer, merecer, obedecer, padecer, parecer, p e ­ recer, permanecer, pertenecer, prevale­ cer, recrudecer, rejuvenecer, resplandecer, restablecer. It will be noted that many Spanish verbs with the suffix -ecer also have a prefix. -ecico ‘ small’, a diminutive ending, as in huevecico, trotecico, see -ico 1. The -e-

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is a connective vowel, the -c- is due to analogy with the Latin -c- added to the ending -ulu- and with the Spanish offshoots o f Latin -cula, -culu- (see °-ulo). -ecilla, -ecillo ‘small’, diminutive endings, as in manecilla, navecilla, cofrecillo, panecillo, see -illa, -illo, -ela, -elo, °-ulo. For the -e-, and the -c-, see -ecico. -ecita, -ecito ‘ small’, diminutive endings, as in florecita, vocecita, cochecito, pobrecito, see -ita', -ito. For the -e- and the -C-, see -ecico. ecléctico ‘ eclectic’: Greek eklektikós ‘ eclectic, selective’, from eklektós ‘ picked out, selected’, verbal o f eklégein ‘ to pick out, select’, from ek- ‘out o f ’ (from ek ‘out of, ou t’, from ex ‘out o f ’ ; see ex -2, °ex) + légein ‘ to select, pick up, gather’ (see -logo, °leer). eclipse ‘ eclipse’ : Latin eclipsis ‘ eclipse’, from Greek ékleipsis ‘ eclipse; abandon­ ment, cessation’, from ekleipein ‘to leave out, abandon, cease’, from ek- ‘ out of, ou t’ (see ecléctico, ex -2, °ex ) + leipein ‘to leave’ (see “elipsis). eco ‘ ech o’ : Latin echo ‘ ech o’, from Greek ekho ‘sound; ech o’, from Indo-European wagh-oi- ‘ sound’, from wágh- ‘ to resound’, ecología ‘ ecology’ : German Ókologie ‘ ecology’, from ók o- ‘ environment’ (from Late Latin oeco-, oiko‘ house, habitation’, from Greek oiko-, from oikos ‘ house, habitation’, from IndoEuropean woik-o- ‘house, group o f houses’, from woik-, from weik- ‘clan’ ; see °vecino) + -logie ‘ study’, from Latin -logia ‘ study’ (see -logia, °leer). economía ‘ econ om y ’ : Latin oeconom ia ‘management o f household affairs’, from Greek oikonomia ‘management o f house­ hold affairs’, from oikonóm os ‘ manager o f a household, steward’, from oikos ‘ house’ (see ecología, °vecino) + -nomos ‘manager, managing’ (see °-nomia). económ ico ‘ econom ic, econom ical’ : Greek oikonom ikós ‘skilled in the management o f a household; frugal’ , from oikonóm os ‘manager o f a household’ (see economía, ecología, °vecino, °-nomía) + -ikós ‘o f, characteristic o f ’ (see °-ico2). ecuación ‘ equation’ : Latin aequationem, accusative o f aequatio (stem aequation-) ‘ act o f equating’, from aequatus ‘made equal’, past participle o f aequare ‘ to make equal, make level, make even’, from

echar

aequus ‘ equal, level’ (see °igual). ecuador ‘ equator’ : Medieval Latin aequator ‘ equator’, from Latin aequatus ‘made equal’ (see ecuación, °igual) + -or ‘acting, doer’ (see °-or'). Ecuador ‘ Ecuador (country)’, literally = ‘ equator’ (see ecuador, ° igual, “-or1), a name adopted for the country in 1830, when it seceded from Colom bia; the area was already so called as a department o f Colombia. Ecuador is crossed by the equator. ecuánime ‘ com posed, balanced’ : ecuanimi­ dad ‘ equanimity’, from Latin aequanimitatem, accusative o f aequanimitas (stem aequanimitat-) ‘ equanimity’ , from aequanimis ‘ even-tempered’, from aequus ‘ equal, even’ (see °igual) + animus ‘ soul, mind’ (see °ánimo). ecuatorial ‘ equatorial’ : obsolete ecuator ‘ equator’ (from Medieval Latin aequator ‘ equator’ ; see ecuador, °igual, °-or') + -ial ‘o f ’ (see -ial, °-al). ecuatoriano ‘ Ecuadorian’ : obsolete ecuator ‘ equator’ (see ecuatorial, ecuador, “igual, °-or') + -iano ‘ o f ’ (see -iano, °-ano‘ ). "ecuestre ‘ equestrian’ : Latin equestrem, accusative o f equester (stem equestr-) ‘ equestrian’, literally = ‘ o f a horseman’, from eques ‘horseman’, from equus ‘horse’, from Indo-European ekwo‘ horse’, probably from kwon- ‘ dog’ (com pare “cínico). Related words: equino, equitación, filípica, Filipinas, hípico, hipo-1, hipocampo, hipódromo, hipopótamo, yegua. "eczema ‘ eczema’: French eczema, from New Latin eczema ‘ eczema’, from Greek ékzema ‘ eczema, eruption’, from ek ‘o u t’ (see ecléctico, ex -2, “e x ) + zéma ‘ fermentation, boiling’, from zeín, zeein ‘ to boil, seethe’, from Indo-European yes- ‘ to boil, foam , bubble’ (related word: pócim a). "echar ‘ to throw, throw o u t’ : Vulgar Latin *jectare (compare French jeter, Italian gettare, both = ‘ to throw ’ ), for Latin jactare ‘ to throw’, frequentative o i jacere (from its past participle jactus) ‘to throw ’, from Indo-European yk-é-, from yk-, from ye- ‘to throw ’. Related words: abyecto, adjetivo, adyacente, catéter, desechar, enema, eyacular, interjección, inyección, jactarse, objeción, objetivo, objeto, proyección, proyectil, proyecto,

echar de m enos

subjetivo, sujetar, sujeto, trayecto, yacer-, possibly: gueto. echar de menos ‘ to miss, discover the absence o f; to feel the lack o f ’: echar menos ‘ t o miss’ (literally = ‘ to throw less’ , by folk etym ology), from Portuguese ochar menos ‘ to miss’ , literally = ‘ to find less’ , from ochar ‘to find’ (from Latin afflare; see hallar, V , °inflar) + menos ‘less’, from Latin minus ‘less’ (see menos, menor, ° mioceno). -ed, ending o f the second person plural o f the imperative o f second conjugation verbs, as in tem ed: Latin -efe (as in tímete), second person plural ending o f the present imperative o f second conjuga­ tion verbs, from -é, ending o f the stem o f second conjugation verbs, + -fe ‘ second person plural o f the imperative’ (see -ad2, -is ). °-eda ‘grove o f ’, an ending o f feminine nouns, generally added to names o f trees or plants, as in alameda, arboleda, fresneda, olmeda, pineda: Latin -eta (as in arboreta), plural o f -etum ‘grove’, a neuter-noun ending, as in arboretum ‘ place grown with trees’, pinetum ‘ pine grove’ (also -turn, as in arbustum ‘plantation o f shrubs’, filictum ‘place abounding in ferns’ ; compare arbusto, helécho). Related suffix: -edo. Compare Madrid. edad ‘age’ : Latin aetatem, accusative o f aetas ‘ age’ (stem aetat-), from Old Latin aevitas, from Indo-European aiwo-tát-, from aiwo- ‘ age’ (see °etem o). -edad ‘ quality, con dition ’, an ending o f feminine (generally abstract) nouns, as in ambigüedad, enfermedad, gravedad, novedad, sociedad: Latin -itatem, -etatem, accusatives o f -itas, -etas (stems -itat-, -etat ) ‘quality, condition’, from -i-, -e-, connective vowels (or -i-, -e-, thematic vowels), + -tas (stem -tat-) ‘quality, condition’ (see °-tad). Edad Media ‘Middle Ages’, translation o f New Latin Medium Aevum (1 6 0 4 ) or Media Aetas (1518), literally = ‘ middle age’ (compare French M oyen Age, German Mittelalter, Italian M edioevo, all three = ‘Middle Ages’ ), with the under­ lying meaning ‘ period between antiquity and modern times’ (see edad, °eterno, media, ° medio). edecán ‘aide; aide-de-camp’ : French aide de

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camp ‘ military aide’, literally = ‘ camp assistant’, from aide ‘ assistant; help’ (from aider ‘ to help’, from Latin adjutare ‘to help’ ; see °ayudar, a-1, °a2) + de ‘ o f ’ (from Latin de ‘ from ’ ; see °de2) + camp ‘ camp’ , from Latin campus ‘ field’ (see ° campo). edén ‘pleasant place’ : Edén ‘ Eden (according to the Bible, place where Adam and Eve first lived — Genesis 2 .8 )’, _from Late Latin Eden, from Greek Edén, from Hebrew ‘Edhén ‘ Eden’ , probably from ‘édhen ‘pleasure, delight’. -edera 1 ‘ o f ’ (feminine o f -ed ero'), an ending o f adjectives, as in bebedera, crecedera, moledera, perecedera, valedera: obsolete -eduera, from -e-, vowel o f the second conjugation, + -duera, as in -aduera (see -adera', -atoria, °-orio'). -edera2 ‘ o f ’ (feminine o f -edero2), an ending o f nouns, as in barredera, corredera, heredera, moledera, vertedera: obsolete -eduera, from -e-, vowel o f the second conjugation, + -duera, as in aduera (see -adera2, -atorio, °-orio'). -edero 1 ‘o f ’, an ending o f adjectives as in bebedero, crecedero, moledero, p erece­ dero, valedero: obsolete -eduero, from -e-, vowel o f the second conjugation, + -duero, as in -aduero (see -adero', -atorio, °-orio' ). -edero 2 ‘ o f ’ , an ending o f nouns, as in bebe­ dero, com edero, heredero, merendero, tendedero: obsolete -eduero, from -e-, vowel o f the second conjugation, + -due­ ro, as in -aduero (see -adero2, -adero', °-orio'). edición ‘ edition’ : Medieval Latin editionem, accusative o f editio (stem edition-) ‘ edition, action o f publishing’, from Latin editio ‘ act o f bringing forth’, from editus, past participle o f edere ‘ to bring forth, produce, proclaim, publish’, from e‘ ou t’ (see ex-1, °ex) + -dere, from dare ‘ to give’ (see °dar). edificio ‘ building, edifice’ : Latin aedificium ‘ building’ , from aedificare ‘to construct, build’ , from aedis (also aedes) ‘ house, building’ (originally = ‘ hearth’, from Indo-European aidh-i- ‘ hearth’, from aidh‘ to burn’ ; see °estio) + -ficare ‘ to make, form into’ (see -ficar, -fico, °hacer). Edimburgo ‘ Edinburgh (capital o f Scotland; Scottish Gaelic Dunedin, Dün Eideann [Dun-Eden in 1107; from Old Irish dün

)

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‘ fortress, tow n’, akin to English town — Old English fün; compare Washington— ] ) ’ , Hispanicization o f English Edinburgh, from Edin, Eideann ‘ Edinburgh’ (Eydden, Eidden, before A.D. 700), o f disputed origin, + -burgh ‘ tow n’ (see "-burgo). The name o f Edwin (Middle English Edwin, Old English Eadwine), 5857-633, king o f Northumbria, influenced some o f the old spellings (such as Middle English Edwinesburch [docum ented in 8 57], Edwinesburg), as it was popularly believed that Edwin had founded the town, around 617. The English masculine given name Edwin literally means ‘ Friend o f Possessions’ or ‘Protector o f Wealth’ (but see paragraph 24 o f the Introduc­ tion), from Old English éad ‘wealth, property’ (see °Eduardo) + wine ‘ friend, protector’, from Germanic wini- (basic idea: ‘beloved’ ), from Indo-European wen- ‘to strive for, desire’ (see °venerar). editar ‘ to publish’ ; French éditer 'to publish’, from Latin editus, past participle o f edere ‘ to bring forth’ (see edición, e x - ', "ex, °dar). -edizo ‘ o f; -like; prone to; good fo r’ , as in advenedizo, corredizo, m ovedizo, variant o f -idizo (see -idizo, -ido', -izo, "-icio). -edo ‘ grove o f ’, an ending o f masculine nouns, added to names o f trees or plants, as in olmedo, robledo, salcedo, viñedo: Latin -etum ‘ grove’ (see °-eda). -edor 1 ‘acting, doer’, an ending o f nouns derived from second conjugation verbs, as in abastecedor, comedor, entendedor, tenedor: -e-, vowel o f the second conjuga­ tion (see -e-), + -dor, by analogy with -ador (see -ador', °-a d o', °-or'). -edor2 ‘ acting, doing’, an ending o f adjectives, as in acogedor, barredor, emprendedor, fortalecedor, m erecedor: -edor ‘ acting, doer’, an ending o f nouns (see -edor'). edredón ‘ eiderdown’ : French edredón ‘ eider­ down’, probably from Icelandic aedhardünn ‘ eiderdown’, literally = ‘ eider’s dow n’ , from aedhar ‘ o f eider’, genitive o f aedhur ‘ eider (kind o f du ck)’ (from Old Norse aedhr ‘ eider’ ), + dünn ‘ down ( o f a bird)’, from Old Norse dünn ‘ down’ (underlying meaning: ‘ feathers as fine as dust’ ), from Germanic duns‘ dust’ , from Indo-European dhwens-, from dhwes-, from dheu- ‘ smoke; dust’

efe b o

(see ° fumar). -edro ‘ (number o f) surfaces or sides ( o f a geometric figure)’, as in hexaedro, icosaedro, octaedro, poliedro, tetraedro: Greek -edron ‘ (number o f) surfaces, sides’ , from hédra ‘seat, side, base’ (see cátedra, "sedim ento). °Eduardo, masculine given name (corre­ sponding to English Edward): Middle English Edward, from Old English Eadweard, literally = ‘ Wealth Guardian’ (but see paragraph 24 o f the Intro­ duction), from éad ‘ wealth, property’ (from Germanic audaz ‘ property’ ; related word: Edimburgo) + weard ‘ guardian, keeper’ (source, likewise, o f English ward), from Germanic wardaz ‘ guard’, from Indo-European wor-to- ‘ to guard’ (see °guardar). educación ‘ education’ : Latin educationem, accusative o f educatio (stem education-) ‘ education’, from educatus, past participle o f educare ‘ to rear, bring up, educate’ (see educar, e x - ', °ex, °conducir) + -io ‘ act o f; result’ (see °-ión). educar ‘ to educate’ : Latin educare ‘ to rear, bring up, educate, lead ou t’, from e- ‘ ou t’ (see ex ', °ex ) + Indo-European duk-a-, from duk-, from deuk- ‘to lead’ (see "conducir). -edura ‘ act; result; being’, an ending o f nouns derived from second conjugation verbs, as in mordedura, tejedura, torcedura: -e-, vowel o f the second conjugation (see -e-), + -dura, by analogy with -adura (see -adura, °-ura). -eduria ‘ office, duty, place o f business; act, result’, an ending o f nouns, as in correduría, meteduría, proveeduría, veeduría: -edor' (see -ed o r', -ad or', °-or') + -ía (see -ia, -a', °a2,° -o s, "cuota). efe ‘the letter /” : Latin e f ‘the letter f (a name that perhaps at first was simply f; i.e., in early Latin the names o f certain consonants were perhaps simply their respective sound, as in the case o f vowels). In general in the Latin name o f a letter an e precedes a consonant which is not a stop, follows a stop (compare pe; ele, eme, ene, ere, ese'). On the analogy o f efe, ele, etc., the names elle, eñe, erre were form ed in Spanish. efebo ‘ young man, ephebe’ : Latin ephebus ‘ young man’ , from Greek éphébos ‘ young man’ , from eph- ‘ at’ (see °epi-) + hébé

e fe cto

‘ youth (early m anhood)’ , from IndoEuropean y égwa ‘vigor’ , efecto ‘ e ffect’ ( efectivo ‘ effective, actual’, efectuar ‘to e ffect’ ): Latin effectu s ‘ effect’, from effectu s, past participle o f efficere ‘to effect, bring about’ (see eficaz, e x - ', °ex, °hacer). efervescente ‘ effervescent’ : Latin efferves; centem , accusative o f effervescens (stem effervescent-), present participle o f effervescere ‘ to boil over’, from ef- ‘ com plete­ ly ’ (see ex- ' , °ex ) + fervescere ‘ to begin to b oil’, inchoative o f fervere ‘ to boil, be h ot’ (see fervor, ° brasa). eficaz ‘ efficient, efficacious’ : Latin efficax ‘effective’, from efficere ‘ to effect, bring about, accomplish, perform, work ou t’ , from ef- ‘ o u t’ (see e x -', °ex ) + -ficere, from facere ‘ to do, make’ (see °hacer). For Latin -ax ‘ inclined t o ’, see °-az. eficiente ‘ effective, efficient’ : Latin efficientem, accusative o f efficiem (stem effi­ cient-), present participle o f efficere ‘ to effect, bring about, perform ’ (see eficaz, e x - ', °ex, °hacer). efigie ‘ effigy’ : Latin effig ies'effigy, likeness, image’, from e f fingere ‘ to shape, fashion, portray’ , from ef- ‘ out o f ’ (see e x -1, °ex ) + fingere ‘ to shape, fashion’ (see fingir, °figura). efím ero ‘ ephemeral’ : Greek ephemeros ‘ ephemeral; lasting a day’, from eph- ‘ o n ’ (see °epi-) + héméra ‘ day’ (see 0hem erote­ ca). efusión ‘ effusion’ : Latin effusionem , accusa­ tive o f effusio (stem effusion ) ‘ effusion’, from effusus, past participle o f effundere ‘ to pour out (a liquid)’ , from ef- ‘ ou t’ (see e x -', °e x ) + fundere ‘ to pour’ (see °fundir). °Egeo (Mar) ‘ Aegean Sea’ : Latin (Mare) Aegaeum, from Greek Aigaíon (pélagos) ‘ Aegean Sea’ , perhaps from aiges ‘ waves’ . Probably related w ord: archipiélago. égida ‘ aegis’ : Latin aegid-, stem o f aegis ‘ aegis (the shield o f Zeus)’ , from Greek aigis (stem aigid-) ‘aegis (the shield o f the god Zeus)’, associated b y folk etym ology with aix (stem aig-) ‘ goat’ and therefore often depicted (as early as the fifth century B.C.) as made with a goatskin, egipcio ‘ Egyptian’ : Latin Aegyptius, from 1 Greek A igyptios ‘ Egyptian’, from Aigyp\ tos ‘ Egypt’ (see °aciago). \Egipto (around 1330) ‘ Egypt’ : Latin Aegyp-

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tus ‘ Egypt’ (first century B.C.), from Greek A ig yp tos ‘ Egypt’ (see °aciago). -ego ‘ o f, from ’ , an ending o f adjectives and nouns, as in manchego, see °-iego. “egoísmo ‘selfishness’ : French égoism e ‘ selfishness’ , from égo ‘ ego’ (from Latin ego ‘I’ , from Indo-European ego, from eg ‘ I’. Related words: egoísta, y o ) + -isme ‘ trait’ , from Latin -ismus ‘ trait’ (see -ismo, °-izar). egoísta ‘selfish’ : French égoiste ‘selfish’ , from égo ‘ ego’ (see egoísm o) + -iste ‘ characterized b y ’, from Latin -ista, -istes ‘ characterized b y ’ (see -ista, °-izar). egreso ‘ expenditure’: Latin egressus ‘ a going ou t’ , from egressus, past participle o f egredi ‘ to go ou t’, from e- ‘ ou t’ (see e x - ', °ex ) + -gredi, from gradi ‘to go’ (see 0agredir). -éis1, ending o f the second person plural o f the present indicative o f second conjuga­ tion verbs, as in tem éis: Old Spanish -edes (as in tem edes), from Latin -etis (as in timetis), second person plural ending o f the present indicative o f second conjuga­ tion verbs, from -é-, thematic vowel o f the second conjugation (see °-e-), + -tis ‘ second person plural’ (see °-is). -éis2, ending o f the second person plural o f the future indicative, as in amaréis, temeréis, partiréis: Old Spanish he is ‘ you have’ , an auxiliary (see -é2), from Vulgar Latin habetis, an auxiliary, from Latin habetis ‘ you have’ , second person plural o f the present indicative o f habere ‘ to have; to have t o ’ (see °haber). For Latin -tis ‘ second person plural’, see °-is. -éis3, ending o f the second person plural o f the present subjunctive o f first conjuga­ tion verbs, as in améis: Old Spanish -edes (as in amedes), from Latin -etis (as in ametis), second person plural ending o f the present subjunctive o f first conjuga­ tion verbs, from -e - ‘subjunctive’ (see -ase') + -tis ‘ second person plural’ (see °-is). -eja ‘ (originally) little’ , as in abeja, comadre­ ja, moraleja, oreja, oveja: Latin -icula ‘ little’, feminine o f -iculus (see -ejo, -icula, °-ulo). -ejar, an infinitive ending o f verbs, often denoting repeated action, as in bosquejar, cortejar, despellejar, festejar, manejar, in some cases from -ejo ‘ little’ (see -ejo) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'),

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but often from Vulgar Latin -idiare, an infinitive ending (see -ear). eje ‘axle; axis’ : Latin axem, accusative o f axis ‘axle’ (see °axila). ejecución ‘ performance, execution’ : Latin executionem , accusative o f execu tio (also exsecutio) ‘ execution, performance’ , from executus (also exsecutus) ‘executed’, past participle o f exequi (also exsequi) ‘to execute, follow to the end’, from ex- ‘ com pletely’ (see ex -1, °ex) + sequi ‘ to fo llo w ’ (see °seguir). ejecutar ‘ to perform, execute’ : Medieval Latin executare ‘ to perform, execute’ , from Latin executus ‘ executed’ (see ejecución, e x -1, °ex, °seguir). ejecutivo ‘ executive’ : ejecutar ‘ to perform ’ (see ejecutar, ejecución, e x -1, °ex, °seguir) + -ivo ‘ tending toward’ (see °-ivo). ejemplar1 (noun) ‘ cop y , exemplar; specimen, exemplar’ : Latin exemplar ‘ c o p y ’, from exemplum ‘ example’ (see "ejem plo). ejemplar2 (adjective) ‘ exemplary’ : Latin exemplaris ‘ exemplary’ , from exemplum ‘ example’ (see °ejem plo) + -aris ‘ o f ’ (see -ar2). “ejemplo ‘example’ : Latin exemplum ‘ example; sample’ , literally = ‘ (something) taken ou t’, from exim ere ‘ to take out, remove’ , from ex- ‘ ou t’ (see e x -1, °e x ) + -imere ‘ to take’ , from emere ‘ to take, buy, obtain’ , from Indo-European em- ‘to take’ (related words: Asunción, asunto, consumir, ejemplar1, ejemplar2, exención, exento, eximio, eximir, perentorio, premio, presumir, presunción, presunto, pronto, redimir, resumen, resumir, sumir, suntuoso, vendimia, vendimiar). Latin exemplum has an epenthetic -p- (the word derived from *exem -lom ). “ejercer ‘ to exercise’ : Latin exercere ‘ to drive on, keep busy, practice’, from ex‘ out o f’ (see ex-1, °ex ) + -ercére, from arcére ‘ to enclose, restrain’, from IndoEuropean ark-, variant o f arek- ‘ to hold, lock in, protect’ . Related words: ejercicio, ejercitar, ejército. ejercicio ‘ exercise’ : Latin exercitium 1 ‘ exercise’ , from exercitus, past participle o f exercere ‘ to drive on, practice’ (see °ejercer, ex -1,° e x ). ejercitar ‘to exercise’ : Latin exercitare ‘ to exercise often ’ (frequentative o f exercere ‘ to drive on, practice’ ), from exercitus, past participle o f exercere (see °ejercer,

-ela

e x -1, °ex). ejército ‘ army’ : Latin exercitus ‘army, exercised body o f men’ , from exercitus, past participle o f exercere ‘ to drive on, practice’ (see °ejercer, ex -1, °ex). ejido ‘ com m on land, ejido’ (underlying meaning: ‘land on the outskirts o f a village’ ), from obsolete ejido, exido, past participles o f exir ‘ to go out, depart’ , from Latin exitus, past participle o f ex ire ‘ to go out’ , from ex- ‘ ou t’ (see ex -1, °ex ) + ire ‘ to g o’ (see °ir). -ejo ‘ little’ , as in cangrejo, con ejo, often used in contempt as in animalejo, cuchillejo, lugarejo, novillejo: Latin -iculus, a diminutive suffix (see -iculo, °-ulo). ejote ‘ (M exico and Central America) string bean, green bean’ : Nahuatl ex o tl ‘ green bean’ , from etl ‘ bean’ + -xotl, probably from x o c o tl ‘ a kind o f fruit’ and, in compounds, ‘ green; sour’. “el 1 ‘ the (masculine)’ : Vulgar Latin ille ‘ the’ (article) from ille ‘ that’ (demonstrative pronoun), from Latin ille ‘ that, that one, he’ (demonstrative pronoun), m odifica­ tion o f Old Latin olle, ollus ‘ that’ — influenced by is ‘ he, that’ , iste ‘ that, this’ , ipse ‘ self, himself’ — (underlying meaning: ‘ over there’ ), from IndoEuropean ol-se-, ol-so-, from ol- ‘ beyond’ , variant o f al- ‘ beyon d’. Related words: adulterio, ajeno, al, alarma, alegoría, alerta, algo, alguien, algún, alguno, alias, alícuota, alrededor, alterar, alternar, allá, allí, aquel, aquél, del, e l2, él, ella, ellas, ello, ellos, enajenado, hidalgo, la1, la2, las1, las2, le, les, lo 1, lo2, los1, los2, op orto, otro, paralaje, paralelo, penúlti­ m o, se2, subalterno, ulterior, último, ultra-, ultraje. el2 ‘ the (used before feminine nouns that begin with a stressed a sound [e.g., el acta, el agua, el hacha, el ham bre])’ : Old Spanish ela ‘ the (fem inine)’ (used before nouns and adjectives that begin with a vowel), from Vulgar Latin ilia ‘the (fem inine)’ (see la, °el'). él ‘ he’ : Vulgar Latin ille ‘ he’, from Latin ille ‘ that’ (see °el'). -el ‘ o f, connected with’ , a noun suffix, as in corcel, cuartel, laurel, pichel, timonel: -er ‘ of, connected with’ (see -er2, °-ario'), often by dissimilation when the stem o f the word contains an -r-ela ‘little on e’, a feminine diminutive

elaborar

ending, as in ciudadela, chinela, fontanela, novela, pastorela-, Latin -ella ‘ little one’ (often through French -elle or Italian -ella), diminutive suffix, feminine o f -ellus (see -elo, °-ulo). The ending -uela, as in abuela, has a different Latin origin (see -uela) but ultimately the same IndoEuropean origin (see °-ulo). elaborar ‘to manufacture, elaborate’ : Latinelaborare ‘ to elaborate, work out, labor diligently, acquire by labor’, from e- ‘ ou t’ (see e x -', °ex ) + laborare ‘ to w ork’ (see labrar, ° labor). elástico ‘ elastic’ : New Latin elasticus ‘ elastic, expansive, impulsive’, from Late Greek elastikós ‘ elastic’, from elastós ‘ ductile; beaten’, variant o f Greek elatós, verbal o f elaúnein ‘ to drive, beat ou t’ (underlying meaning: ‘to cause to go’ ), from IndoEuropean ela-un-yo- ‘ to cause to go, drive’ , from ela-, from el- ‘ to go’ (source, likewise, o f Greek elán ‘ to drive’ ). El Cairo ‘Cairo (capital o f Egypt)’, see Cairo. ele ‘ the letter V: Latin el ‘the letter V (a name that perhaps at first was simply I-, see efe). elección ‘ choice; election’ : Latin electionem , accusative o f electio (stem election-) ‘ choice, selection’ , from electus, past participle o f eligere ‘ to pick out, choose’ , from e- ‘ ou t’ (see e x -', °ex ) + -ligere, from legere ‘ to select’ (see °leer). °eléctrico ‘ electric’ (electricidad ‘ electricity’ ): New Latin electricus ‘ electric’ (underlying meaning: Tike amber’, because sparks can be produced from amber b y friction), from Medieval Latin electricus ‘ o f amber’ , from Latin electrum ‘ amber’ (from Greek élektron ‘ amber’ ) + -icus ‘ o f’ (see °-ico2). Related word: piezoelectricidad. “elefante ‘ elephant’ : Latin elephantem, accusative o f elephas ‘ elephant’, from Greek eléphas (stem elephant-) ‘elephant; ivory’, the first element o f which (el-) is akin to Hamitic elu ‘ elephant’ (which is probably the source o f Persian pil, and therefore o f Arabic fil both = ‘ elephant’ [whence Spanish alfil, marfil-, see also Costa de(l) Marfil, m arfilense]) and the second (-ephas) to Egyptian abu ‘ elephant; ivory’ (and Coptic ebu ‘ ivory’), elegante ‘ elegant’ : Latin elegantem, accusa­ tive o f elegans (stem elegant-) ‘ elegant, fine, choice (adjective)’, akin to eligere ‘to choose, pick ou t’ (see elección, e x - ',

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°ex, °leer). elegir ‘ to elect’ : Latin eligere ‘ to pick out, choose’ (see elección, e x -', °ex, °leer). elemento ‘ element’ (elemental ‘ elementary’ ): Latin elementum ‘ element, first principle, rudiment’, perhaps from Etruscan. Elena, feminine given name (corresponding to English Helen), see Santa Elena. elevar ‘ to raise, elevate’ : Latin elevare ‘to raise up, lighten’ , from e- ‘ up’ (see e x -', °ex ) + levare ‘ to raise, lift, lighten’ , from levis Tight (in weight)’ (see °leve). eliminar ‘ to eliminate’ : Latin eliminare ‘ to oust, turn ou t o f doors’ (underlying meaning: ‘to put out o f the threshold’ ), from e- ‘ ou t’ (see e x -1, °ex) + limin-, stem o f limen ‘ threshold’, akin to limes ‘ boundary, limit’ (see °limite). “elipsis ‘ ellipsis’ : Latin ellipsis ‘ ellipsis, omission’, from Greek élleipsis ‘ ellipsis, a falling short, defect’, from elleipein ‘to leave in, leave behind, leave out, fall short’, from el- ‘ in’ (see en-2, °en) + leip ein ‘ to leave’ (from Indo-European leikw‘ to leave’ ; related words: delincuente, delito, eclipse, reliquia) + -sis ‘ process, action’ (see °-sis). elisión ‘ elision’ : Latin elisionem, accusative o f elisio (stem elision-) ‘ elision’, from elisus, past participle o f elidere ‘ to elide, eliminate, strike ou t’, from e- ‘ ou t’ (see ex-', °ex ) + -lidere, from laedere ‘ to strike, hurt, damage’ (see “ lesión). elixir ‘ elixir’ : Medieval Latin elixir ‘ elixir (aromatic preparation, and substance held to be capable o f transmuting base metals into gold )’ , from Arabic al-iksir ‘ the elix­ ir’, from al- ‘ the’ + iksir ‘ elixir (substance held to be capable o f transmuting base metals into gold )’ , possibly from Greek x erion ‘ drying powder’ , from xérós ‘ dry’ (see °xeroftalmia). -elo Tittle one, small one’ , a masculine diminutive ending o f nouns, as in caramelo, cerebelo, escalpelo, gemelo, libelo: Latin -ellum, accusative o f -ellus (masculine) and o f -ellum (neuter) Tittle one, small on e’, diminutive suffixes. The ending -uelo, as in anzuelo, has a different Latin origin (see -uelo) but ultimately the same Indo-European origin (i.e., from -lo-, a diminutive ending [feminine -la]; see °-ulo). Some Spanish words in -elo (e.g. m odelo) are derived from Vulgar Latin words in -ellu, -ellus,

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from Latin -ulum, -ulus " (see °-ulo). elocuente ‘ eloquent’ : Latin eloquentem , accusative o f eloquens (stem eloquent-), present participle o f eloqui ‘ to speak out, orate’, from e- ‘ ou t’ (see e x -1, °e r ) + loq u i'to speak’ (see "locutor). elogio ‘ praise’ : Medieval Latin elogium ‘ praise’ (influenced in meaning by Medieval Latin eulogium ‘eulogy’, from Greek eulogia ‘praise’ ), from Latin elogium ‘ maxim, inscription on a tombstone’, probably from Greek elegeion ‘ elegy’, from elegeion, neuter o f elegeios ‘ o f an elegy’ , from é legos ‘ elegy, song o f lamentation, mournful poem’ (from Phrygian?; o f non-IndoEuropean origin?). elote ‘ ear o f green corn’ : Náhuatl élótl ‘ ear o f green corn’. eludir ‘ to evade, elude’ : Latin eludere ‘ to delude, trick’ (underlying meaning: ‘to take away at play’ ), from e- ‘ away’ (see ex-1, °ex) + ludere ‘ to play’ (see "aludir). Elvira, feminine given name (1048): obsolete Gelvira, from Gelovira, o f Gothic origin, probably = ‘ True Dart’ (but see paragraph 24 o f the Introduction), from Germanic gails ‘ dart’ + -o-, connecting vowel, + wéra- ‘ true’ (whence Old High German warn ‘ bond, trust, care’ ), from IndoEuropean úteros ‘ true, loyal’ (see "veras). Not related to the place name Elvira, which derives from Iliberis, from Iliberri (before A.D. 79; several towns are so called in Spain and southern France), from Basque Iriberri, literally = ‘ New T ow n’, from iri ‘ tow n ’ + berri ‘ new’ . ella ‘ she’ : Vulgar Latin ilia ‘ she’, from Latin ilia, feminine o f ille ‘ that’ (see él, " e l1). ellas ‘ they (fem inine): Vulgar Latin illas ‘ they (feminine), from Latin illas, feminine accusative plural o f ille ‘ that’ (see él, " e l1). elle, name o f a Spanish letter (written ll), formed in Spanish on the analogy o f efe, ele, etc. (see efe). ello ‘ it’ : Vulgar Latin illud ‘ it’ , from Latin illud, neuter o f ille ‘ that’ (see él, " e l1). ellos ‘ they’ : Vulgar Latin illos ‘ they’ , from Latin illos, accusative plural o f ille ‘ that’ (see él, " e l1). em- ‘ to put in, put into; to cause to b e ’ (also a prefix used in parasynthesis, i.e., when forming verbs from nouns to which an infinitive ending is added, as in

embargar

emplazar), as in embarcar, embocar, empacar, empapar, empeñar (used only before b or p\ en- is used before other letters [see en -1]) : Latin im- ‘ in, toward’ (used before b, m, or p ), from in‘ in, toward’ , with assimilation (see in-1, °en). Ema, feminine given name, see Emma. -ema, an ending o f (generally masculine) nouns, as in estratagema, fonema, poema, sistema, teorema: Latin -ema, from Greek -éma (stem -émat-), from -é-, thematic vowel, + -ma, a noun suffix (see -ma, °-m ento). em ancipar‘ to emancipate’ : Latin emancipare ‘to emancipate, release from paternal power or from slavery’ , from e- ‘ ou t o f (see ex -1, °ex ) + mancipare ‘to sell, deliver as property, place in subjection’, from mancip-, stem o f manceps ‘ purchaser’ (see mancebo, "mano, "capaz). embajador ‘ ambassador’ : embajada ‘ embassy’, from Old Provengal ambaissada ‘ charge, mission’, from *ambaissa ‘ mission, service’ , from Medieval Latin ambactia ‘ mission’, from Germanic ambakhtaz ‘ mission’, from Latin ambactus ‘ vassal, envoy’, probably from Gaulish ambactos ‘ vassal’, from Celtic amb (i)-ag-to- ‘ messenger, servant’ (under­ lying meaning: ‘ sent around’ ), from ambi ‘ around’ (from Indo-European ambhi ‘ around’ ; see "ambiente) + ag-to- ‘sent’, from Indo-European ag-to- ‘ sent’, from ag- ‘to drive’ (see "agente). embarazo ‘ pregnancy; impediment’ : embarazar ‘to hamper, impede’ , o f disputed origin, possibly from Italian imbarazzare ‘ to hamper’ , which may derive from obsolete Italian imbarrare ‘ to hamper’ (underlying meaning: ‘ to put in bars’ ), from im- ‘ to put into’ (from Latin im- ‘ to put in to’ ; see im-1, in-1, °en) + -barrare, from barra ‘ bar’, from Vulgar Latin *barra ‘ bar’ (see "barra). embarcar ‘ to embark’ ( embarcación ‘ boat’ ): Late Latin imbarcare ‘ to embark’, from im- ‘ in’ (see im-1, in-1, °en) + barca ‘ boat, barge’ (see "barca). embargar ‘ to impede; to overcom e; to embargo’ : Vulgar Latin *imbarricare ‘ to embargo; to im pede’ (underlying meaning: ‘ to place behind bars’ ), from Latin im- ‘ in’ (see im-1, in-1, °en) + Vulgar Latin *-barricare, from *barra ‘ bar’ (see

em bargo

° barra). embargo ‘ embargo’ (sin embargo ‘ however’ is based on an obsolete meaning o f embargo — ‘obstacle’ — and is analyzed under sin embargo): embargar ‘ to embargo’ (see embargar, im -', in-1, °en, ° barra). Spanish embargo is the source o f English embargo. embellecer ‘to beautify, embellish’ : em‘to cause to b e ’ (see em-, in-', °en) + bello ‘ beautiful’ (see bello, “ bueno) + -ecer, an infinitive ending (see °-ecer). emblema ‘ emblem’ : Latin emblema ‘ inlaid work, mosaic’ , from Greek émbléma ‘ inlaid w ork’, literally = ‘ insertion’, from embállein ‘to throw in, put in’ (see émbolo, en-2, °en, °metabolismo). ém bolo ‘piston; embolus’ : Latin embolus ‘ piston (o f a pum p)’, from Greek ém bolos ‘ stopper’ (underlying meaning: ‘ something inserted’ ), from embállein ‘ to throw in, put in’, from em- ‘ in’ (see era-2, °en) + bállein ‘ to throw’ (see ° metabolismo). emboscar ‘to ambush’ : Vulgar Latin *imboscare ‘ to ambush, hide in the bushes’, from Latin im- ‘ in’ (see im-1, in-1, °en) + Vulgar Latin *boscus ‘ bush’, from Germanic busk- ‘ bush’ (see °bosque) + Latin -are, an infinitive ending (see c-ar'). embrague ‘ clutch, coupling’ : embragar ‘to connect a clutch’ , from French embrayer ‘to connect a clutch; to tighten the cross­ piece o f a windmill’, from em- ‘ to put into’ (from Latin im- ‘ in’ ; see im -', in -', °en) + -brayer, from braie, braies ‘ breeches, trousers; crosspiece o f a wind­ mill’ , from Latin braca, bracae ‘ breeches, trousers’, from Gaulish bráka ‘ breeches, trousers’, o f Germanic origin (compare Old High German bruoh ‘ pair o f breeches’ ). embriagar ‘to intoxicate, inebriate’ : embriago (rare) ‘drunk’, from Late Latin ebriacus, from Latin ebrius ‘ drunk’ (see °ebrio). embrión ‘ em bryo’ : Medieval Latin em bryonem , accusative o f em bryo (stem em bryon-) ‘embryon, fetus’, from Greek ém bryon ‘ embryon, fetus’ (underlying meaning: that grows inside the b o d y ’ ), from *em bryein ‘to grow inside’ , from em- ‘ in’ (see era-2, °en) + bryein ‘ to grow, swell’ .

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embudo ‘ funnel’ : Late Latin imbutum ‘ funnel’, from Latin imbutum, neuter o f imbutus, past particle o f imbuere ‘ to wet, moisten, stain, fill’. embuste ‘ lie’, probably from embustero ‘ liar’ (see embustero). embustero ‘ liar’, probably from Old French empousteur (French imposteur) ‘ impostor* from Late Latin impostor, impositor ‘ im postor’, from Latin impostus, impositus, past participles o f imponere ‘ to impose, deceive, cheat, put o n ’ (see imponer, im -', in-', °en, “poner). eme ‘the letter m ’ : Latin em ‘ the letter m ’ (a name that perhaps at first was simply m; see efe). emergencia 1 ‘ emergence’ : emergente ‘ emergent, emerging’, from Latin emergentem, accusative o f emergens (stem emergent-), present participle o f emergere ‘ to emerge’, from e- ‘ou t o f ’ (see e x - ', °ex ) + mergere ‘ to plunge, dip’ (see “sumergir). emergencia 2 ‘ emergency’ : English emergen­ cy, from Medieval Latin emergentia ‘ emer­ gency’, from Latin emergent-, stem o f emergens, present participle o f emergere ‘ to emerge’ (see emergencia' , e x ' , “ex, “sumergir). emigrar ‘ to emigrate’ : Latin emigrare ‘ to emigrate, move away from ’, from e‘ away’ (see e x ' , °e x ) + migrare ‘ to migrate, m ove’ (see migración, °imperme­ able). eminente ‘ eminent’ : Latin eminentem, accusative o f eminens (stem eminent-) ‘ standing o u t’, present participle o f eminére ‘ to stand out, be prominent’ , from e- ‘o u t’ (see e x -', °ex ) + -minére ‘to stand, project; to threaten’ , from Indo-European men- ‘ to project’ (see “m onte). °emir ‘ emir’ : Arabic amir ‘ commander’, from amara ‘ to com m and’. The Spanish word is the source o f French emir ‘ emir’, and therefore o f English emir. Related word: almirante. emisor ‘ emitting, issuing; transmitter’ : Latin emissor ‘one who sends ou t’ , from emissus, past participle o f em itiere ‘ to send o u t’ (see emitir, ex ', “ex, “meter), + -or ‘ acting, doer’ (see °-or'). emitir ‘ to emit, issue; to broadcast’ : Latin emittere ‘ to send ou t’, from e- ‘ ou t’ (see e x -', °ex ) + mittere ‘to send’ (see “meter).

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Emma, Erna, feminine given name (corre­ sponding to English Emma): Old High German Emma, variant o f Erma, a feminine name, originally a pet form o f names beginning with Erm-, such as Ermentrud ‘ Great Strength’, Ermenhilde ‘ Great Battle’, Ermingard ‘ Large Enclosure’ (but see paragraph 24 o f the Introduction), from Ermen-, Ermin‘whole, universal’ , from Germanic ermana- ‘ large, great, w hole’. emoción ‘em otion’ : French ém otion ‘ em otion’, from obsolete esm ocion, a derivative o f Old French esmovoir ‘to excite, start out, incite, stir up’ (influenced by the relationship between French mouvoir ‘to m ove’ and motion ‘ m otion’ ), from Vulgar Latin *exm overe ‘to move out, excite’ , from Latin em ovére ‘to move out, move away, stir up, excite’, from e- ‘ ou t’ (see ex-1, °e x ) + movére ‘ to move’ (see “mover). emolumentos ‘ fee, emolument’ : Latin emolumentum ‘ profit, gain’, originally = ‘ amount received by a miller to grind grain’, from emolere ‘to grind o u t’ (from e- ‘ou t’ [see ex-1, °e x j + molere ‘ to grind’ [see “m oler]) + -mentum ‘ result’ (see °-mento). -emos1, ending o f the first person plural o f the present indicative o f second conjuga­ tion verbs, as in tem em os: Latin -emus (as in timemus), first person plural ending o f the present indicative o f second conjugation verbs, from -é-, thematic vowel o f the second conjugation (see °-e-), + -mus ‘first person plural’ (see °-mos). -emos2, ending o f the first person plural o f the future indicative, as in amaremos, temeremos, partiremos: hemos ‘ we have’, an auxiliary (see -e2), from Vulgar Latin an auxiliary, from Latin habemus, habemus ‘we have’, first person plural o f the present indicative o f habere ‘ to have; to have t o ’ (see “haber). For Latin -mus ‘first person plural’ , see °-mos. -emos3, ending o f the first person plural o f the present subjunctive o f first conjuga­ tion verbs, as in amemos: Latin -emus (as in amemus), first person plural ending o f the present subjunctive o f first conjuga­ tion verbs, from -é-, ‘subjunctive’ (see -ase1) + -mus ‘ first person plural’ (see °-mos).

empeñar

-emos4, ending o f the first person plural o f the imperative o f first conjugation verbs, as in amemos: -em os 3 (see -em os3). empacar ‘ to pack’ : em- ‘ to put in to’ (see em-, in-', °en) + -pacar, from paca ‘ bundle’, from Old French pacque, pakke ‘ bundle, pack’ (see “paquete). empachar ‘ to hinder; to cause indigestion’ : Old Provencal empachar ‘ to hinder’, from Old French em peechier ‘ to hinder’ (see despachar, in -', “en, “pie). empanada ‘ meat turnover’ : empanada, feminine o f empanado, past participle o f empanar ‘ to put a crust o f dough around’ , from em- ‘ to put in to’ (see em-, in -', °en) + -panar, from pan ‘bread’ (see pan, “pacer). empañar ‘to blur’ (underlying meaning: ‘to make something indistinct in appearance as if it had been covered with a piece o f cloth’ ), from em- ‘ to put into’ (see em-, in- ' , “en) + -pañar, from paño ‘ cloth ’ (see “paño). empapar ‘to soak’ (underlying meaning: ‘ to give something (through soaking) the softness o f pap’ ), from em- ‘to cause to be’ (see em-, in-', “en) + -papar, from papa ‘ pap, soft pulpy fo o d ’, from Latin pappa ‘ fo o d (baby talk)’, from IndoEuropean pap- ‘fo o d (baby talk)’ , from pá- ‘to feed’ (see “pacer). empatar ‘to tie (have equal score)’ , probably from Italian impattare ‘ to tie’, from im‘ to put into’ (from Latin im-, from in-; see in-', °en) + -pattare, from patta ‘ tie (equal score)’, from Latin pacta, plural o f pactum ‘ pact, agreement’ (see pacto, “paz). empecinarse ‘ to be stubborn’ (underlying meaning: ‘to stick to something the way slime sticks’ ), from em- ‘to put in’ (see em-, in -', “en ) + -pecinarse, from pecina ‘ pitch-black slime’, from Latin picina, feminine o f picinus ‘ pitch black’, from pic-, stem o f p ix ‘ pitch, tar’ (see °p ez2). empedernido ‘ unfeeling, hardhearted’ : em(see em-, in-', °en) + Late Latin petrinus ‘ o f stone’, from Latin petra ‘rock, stone’ (seepiedra, °pétreo)+ -inus ‘ o f ’ (see °-ino). “empeñar ‘ to pawn; to persist’ : em- ‘ to put in’ (see em-, in ' , °en) + obsolete peños ‘ pledge’, from Latin pignus ‘ pledge, stake’ , perhaps akin to Latin pingere ‘to paint’ (the underlying meaning would be: ‘ mark for remembering a contract’ ).

T

em peño

Related words: desempeñar, empeño, prenda. empeño ‘ pledge; determination’ : empeñar ‘ to pawn; to persist’ (see empeñar). emperador ‘ emperor’ : Latin imperator ‘ emperor; commander’, from imperatus, past participle o f imperare ‘to com m and’ (see imperar, in-', "en, °parar), + -or ‘ acting, doer’ (see °-o r‘ ). empero ‘ however’ : obsolete ende ‘ o f it, from it; o f there, from there’ (from Latin inde ‘of this, from this; from there; thereupon’ , from Old Latin *imde, from *im, locative o f is ‘this, that; he’ [see ídem, ° y a ],+ -de, from Indo-Europe­ an de-, a demonstrative stem [see °d éb il]) + p ero ‘ however’ (see pero, °per-, ahora, °acá). empezar ‘ to begin’ (underlying meanings: ‘ to start to consume something by breaking o ff a piece or by breaking it open’ ), from em- ‘ to cause to b e’ (see em-, in- ' , °en) + -pezar, from pez-, base o f pieza ‘ piece’ (see °pieza). empíreo ‘ empyreal’ : Late Latin empyreus, empyrius ‘ o f a part o f heaven believed by early Christians to be the abode o f God and the angels’, from Late Greek empyrios ‘ o f a part o f heaven believed by the ancients to be a sphere o f fire’ , from Greek ém pyros ‘ fiery’, from em- ‘ in’ (see en-2, °en) + -pyros, from p yr ‘ fire’ (see °pirita). empírico ‘ empirical’ : Latin empiricus, from Greek empeirikós ‘ empirical’, from empeirikós ‘ experienced’, from émpeiros ‘ experienced in’, from em- ‘ in’ (see en-2, °en) + -peiros, from peira ‘ experiment, attempt, trial’ (see pirata, °peligro). emplasto ‘ plaster, poultice’ : Latin emplastrum ‘ plaster, salve’, from Greek émplastron, émplaston ‘ salve’, from emplastos ‘ daubed on, plastered up’ , past participle o f emplássein ‘ to daub on, plaster up, make stick’, from em- ‘ o n ’ (see en-2, °en) + plássein ‘to form, mold, plaster’ (underlying meaning: ‘ to spread o u t’ ), from *plath-yein, from IndoEuropean pl-dh- ‘to spread’, from pi-, from pel- ‘ broad and flat; to spread’ (see °Polonia). emplazar ‘to summon’ (underlying meaning: ‘ to request to appear b y a deadline’ ), from em-, a verb-forming prefix (see em-, in-1, “en), + -plazar, from plazo ‘ deadline’

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(see plazo, °placer', "Polonia). emplear ‘ to em ploy’ (empleado ‘ em ployee’, em pleo ‘ use; em ploym ent’ ): Old French emploiier ‘ to em ploy’ , from Latin implicare ‘ to infold, involve’ (see implicar, in -', °en, "plegar). emporio ‘ emporium’ : Latin emporium ‘ market’, from Greek em pórion ‘ market’ , from ém poros ‘ trader, traveler’, from em‘ in’ (see en-2, °en) + -poros, from poros ‘path, journey, passage, pore (opening)’ (see poro, "peroné). emprender ‘ to undertake’ : Vulgar Latin *imprendere ‘to undertake’, from Latin im- ‘ in’ (see im -', in-', °en) + prehendere, prendere ‘to seize, grasp’ (see "prender). empresa ‘undertaking; enterprise’ : Italian impresa ‘ undertaking’, from impresa, feminine o f impreso, past participle o f imprendere ‘to undertake’, from Vulgar Latin * imprendere ‘to undertake’ (see emprender, im -', in-', "en, "prender). empujar ‘to push’ , probably from Late Latin impulsare ‘ to push’ (see impulsar, "impeler, ° en). emulsión ‘ emulsion’ : New Latin emulsionem, accusative o f emulsio (stem emulsion-) ‘ emulsion, milky fluid’ (first used in French, before 1590), from Latin emulsus, past participle o f emulgére ‘to milk o u t’, from e- ‘ ou t’ (see e x -', "ex) + mulgére ‘to milk’ , from Indo-European mlg-, from melg- ‘ to milk; to stroke, wipe’, “en ‘ in; at, o n ’ : Latin in ‘ in, into, on, toward’, from Indo-European en ‘ in’. Related words: adelante, adentro, añadir, delantal, delante, dentro, disentería, em-, empíreo, emplasto, en -', en-2; encéfalo and many others beginning with en-; entre, entre-, entrenar, entretener, entrevista, entrometido, entusiasmo, envidia, episodio, esotérico, henchir, ilustrar, ilustre, im-', impeler, ímpetu, impulsar, impulso, in -'; indigente and many others beginning with in-; interés and many others beginning with inter-; luego, mientras, parénquima, paréntesis, saltimbanqui, tripulación, tripulante; probably: Estambul; possibly: isla. en - 1 ‘ to put into; in; to cause to be; to becom e; com pletely, thoroughly’ (also a prefix used in parasynthesis, i.e. when forming verbs from nouns to which an infinitive ending is added, as in enfrentar),

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as in encadenar, encajar, enrocar: Latin in- ‘ in, toward’ (see in -', °en). en-2 ‘ in’ , as in encíclica, entom ología: Greek en- ‘ in; o n ’ (el- before l, em- before b, p, ph), from en ‘ in; at’, from Indo-European en ‘ in’ (see °en). -en1, ending o f the third person plural o f the present indicative o f second conjugation verbs, as in tem en: Latin -ent (as in timent), third person plural ending o f the present indicative o f second conjugation verbs, from -e-, thematic vowel o f second conjugation verbs (see °-e-), + -nt ‘third person plural’ (see °-n). -en2, ending o f the third person plural o f the present indicative o f third conjugation verbs, as in parten: -en' (second conjuga­ tion), b y analogy (see -e n ', °-e-, °-n). -en3, ending o f the third person plural o f the present subjunctive o f first conjugation verbs, as in amen: Latin -ent (as in ament), third person plural ending o f the present subjunctive o f first conjugation verbs, from -é- ‘ subjunctive’ (see -ase') + -nt ‘third person plural’ (see °-n). -en4, ending o f the ustedes form o f the imperative o f first conjugation verbs, as in amen: -en 3 (ustedes form o f the present subjunctive [also ellos and ellas form, ustedes being used as if it were a third person plural pronoun because it derives from vuestras mercedes. Compare English “ Y our Excellencies are” ; see -es , u sted ]). -ena ‘group o f (a specified number)’, a suffix that forms collective nouns, as in centena, decena, docena, quincena, veintena: Latin -ena (as in centena), neuter o f -eni, a distributive numeral ending (compare centenar, cen ten o), plural o f -enus (compare noveno). enaguas ‘ skirt’ : naguas ‘ skirt, underskirt’ , from Taino naguas ‘ short skirt’ , enajenado ‘ mentally deranged’ : enajenar ‘ to derange’ (underlying meaning: ‘ to cause to becom e strange’ ), from en- ‘to cause to be’ (see en-') + -ajenar, from ajeno ‘o f another, o f another kind, strange’ (see ajeno, ° e l'). Latin alienare (from alienus, source o f Spanish ajeno) ‘to cause to becom e different, make one person o thing another’ also meant ‘ to deprive o reason’ . enamorado ‘ in love, enamored’ : enamorar ‘to inspire with love’ (see enamorar, en-',

encéfalo

in -', °en, amor, °amar). enamorar ‘to inspire with love, w o o ’ (enamorarse ‘to fall in love’ ): en- ‘ in’ (see en-', in-', °en) + amor ‘love’ (see amor, °amar) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see "-ar1). enano ‘ dwarf’ : obsolete nano, from Latin nanus, from Greek nános, nánnos ‘ dwarf’ (underlying meaning: Tittle old man’ ), from nánnas ‘ uncle’ (also nénnos), from nánna ‘aunt; female relative’ (also nénna), from Indo-European nana, a child’s word for a female adult other than its mother, en balde ‘ to no avail’ , see balde. encabezar ‘ to put at the head; to head’ : en- ‘to cause to b e’ (see e n -', in-', °en) + cabeza ‘ head’ (see cabeza, °cabo) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). encaje ‘fitting; socket; lace’ : encajar ‘ to fit’ , literally = ‘to put in a b o x ’, from en‘to put in to’ (see e n -', °en) + caja ‘b o x ’ (see caja, °capaz) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). encaminar ‘ to put on the right road; to aim’ : en- ‘to put in to’ (see en -', in-', °en) + -caminar, from camino ‘ road, path’ (see °camino) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar‘ ). encantador ‘ charming; enchanter’ : encantar ‘ to enchant’ (see encantar, in-', °en, °cantar) + -ador ‘acting, doer’ (see -ador'). encantar ‘ to delight, enchant’ (encanto ‘ charm’ ): Latin incantare ‘ to enchant, influence by chanting a magic formula; to sing, chant’ , from in-, an intensifying prefix (see in-', °en), + cantare ‘to sing’ (see ° cantar). encaramar ‘to raise’, o f disputed origin, encargar ‘ to entrust’ (encargo ‘ charge, request’ ): Vulgar Latin *incarricare ‘to entrust, give into som eone’s charge’, from Latin in- ‘ in’ (see in-', °en) + Late Latin carricare ‘ to charge, load’ (see cargar, carro, °correr). encarnado ‘red, incarnadine (flesh-colored, and red )’ : Late Latin incarnatus, past participle o f incamare ‘ to make flesh, make fleshy’, from in- ‘ to cause to be’ (see in-', °en) + -carnare, from earn-, stem o f caro ‘ flesh’ (see °carne), + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-ar' ). encauzar ‘ to channel’ : en- ‘to put into’ (see en-', in-', °en) + -cauzar, from cauce ‘river b ed ’ (see cauce, 0cáliz). encéfalo ‘ brain, encephalon’ : New Latin

encender

encephalon, from Greek enképhalos (also enképhalon) ‘brain’, literally = ‘ in the head’ (from [ho m yelós] enképhalos ‘ (the marrow) in the head’ ), from en- ‘ in’ (see en-2, °en) + kephalé ‘ head’ (see °cefálico). encender ‘ to light’ : Latin incendere ‘ to kindle, set on fire’ (see incendio, "candente). encerrar ‘ to shut in; to contain’ : en- ‘ in’ (see en-', in-', °en) + cerrar ‘to close’ (see ° cerrar). -encia ‘ action; quality, state’, an ending o f feminine (mainly abstract) nouns, as in asistencia, cadencia, esencia, frecuencia, tendencia: Latin -entia ‘ action; quality, state’, a noun suffix, from -ent-, stem o f -ens ‘ performing, causing’ (see -ente, °-ante), + -ia ‘ quality, state’ (see -ia). Compare -anda. encía ‘gum (o f the m outh)’ : Latin gingiva ‘ gum’, possibly from Indo-European geng‘ lump’. encíclica ‘ encyclical, papal letter’ : New Latin encyclica (noun) ‘ encyclical’ (1740), from Late Latin encyclica (adjective), feminine of encyclicus ‘ encyclical, intended for wide circulation’, alteration o f Greek enkyklios ‘general, circular’ (see enciclopedia, en-2, °en, ciclo, "colono). enciclopedia ‘ encyclopedia’ : Medieval Latin encyclopaedia ‘general-education course’, from Greek enkyklios paideia ‘ general education’, from enkyklios ‘general, circular, in a circle’ (from en- ‘ in’ [see en-2, °en] + kyklos ‘circle’ [see ciclo, °co lo n oJ) + paideia ‘ education, rearing o f a child’, from paid-, stem o f pais ‘ child’ (see pedagogo, "pueril). encima ‘ above’ : en ‘ o n ’ (see °en) + cima ‘to p ’ (see cima, "cavar). encina ‘ holm oak’ : Vulgar Latin ilicina (noun) ‘ holm oak’, from Late Latin ilicina, feminine o f ilicinus (adjective) ‘ o f a holm oak’, from Latin ilic-, stem o f ilex ‘ holm oak’ (probably o f non-IndoEuropean [Mediterranean?] origin), + -inus ‘ o f ’ (see °-ino). enclítico ‘ enclitic’ : Late Latin encliticus ‘ enclitic’, from Greek enklitikós ‘ enclitic; leaning’ (underlying meaning: ‘word or particle that leans or depends on the preceding word for its accent’ ), from enklinein ‘to lean on ’, from en- ‘ in; on ’ (see en-2, °en) + klinein ‘ to lean’, from

190

Indo-European kli-n-yo-, from kli-, from kli-, from klei- ‘ to lean.’ (see "inclinar). encoger ‘to shrink’ : en- ‘ in’ (see en-', in-', "en ) + coger ‘to take’ (see coger, com-, "con, "leer). encomendar ‘to entrust’ : en- ‘ com pletely’ (see e n -', °en) + obsolete comendar ‘ to entrust’,- from i a t i n copimendare ‘ to entrust, recommend, comm it to some­ one’s charge’ , from com- ‘ thoroughly’ (see com-, "con ) + -mendare, from mandare ‘to entrust, com m it to some­ one’s charge; to give orders’ (see mandar, "mano, "dar). encom io ‘ praise, encom ium ’ : Latin encomium ‘ praise, tribute’, frpm Greek enkom ion ‘ laudatory speech’, from enkomion, neuter o f enkom ios ‘ pertaining to celebrations’ , from era- ‘ in’ (see en-2,° e n ) + -kom ios, from kom os ‘ celebration’ (see "comedia). encontrar ‘to find; to m eet’ ( encuentro ‘ encounter’ ): obsolete encontrar ‘ to meet in con flict’ , from Vulgar Latin *incontrare ‘to meet in con flict’, from Latin in- ‘ in’ (see e n -', °en) + contra ‘ opposite, against’ (see contra, "con). encuadernar ‘ to bind (b o o k s)’ : en- ‘ to cause to b e ’ (see e n -', in-', °en) + cuaderno ‘ n oteb ook ’ (see cuaderno, °cuatro) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). encuesta ‘ inquiry’ : Vulgar Latin *inquaesta ‘ inquiry’ , from *inquaesta, feminine of inquaestus, past participle o f *inquaerere ‘ to inquire’ (influenced by Latin quaerere ‘to seek’ ), from Latin inquirere ‘to inquire’ (see inquirir, in-', "en, "querer). -enda, as in enmienda, vivienda, see -ienda. endém ico ‘ endemic’ : French endémique ‘ endemic (adjective)’, from endémie ‘ endemic (n ou n)’, from Greek endemia ‘action o f dwelling or staying’, from éndémos ‘ dwelling in a place, native, indigenous’ from en- ‘ in’ (see en-2, °en) + dem os ‘ people’ (see democracia, "dem onio). enderezar ‘ to straighten’ : en- ‘ thoroughly’ (see en-', in-', °en) + obsolete derezar ‘to set straight’ (see aderezar, directo, °dis-', "regir). endosar ‘to endorse’ : Old French endosser ‘ to endorse; to put on the back o f ’ , from en- ‘ to put o n ’ (from Latin in- ‘ in; on’ ; see in-', °en) + dos ‘ the back’, from Latin dorsum ‘ the back’ (see "dorso).

191

endoso ‘ endorsement’ : endosar ‘ to endorse’ (see endosar, in -', “en, “dorso), ene ‘ the letter n’ : Latin en ‘ the letter n’ (a name that perhaps at first was simply n; see efe). eneldo ‘ dill’ : aneldo ‘ dill’, from Vulgar Latin *anethulu, diminutive o f Latin anethum ‘ dill’ , from Greek ánéthon ‘ dill’ , possibly akin to ánison ‘ anise’ (see °anis). enema ‘ enema’ : Late Latin enema, from Greek énema ‘ enema’ , from eniénai ‘to inject, send in, throw in’, from en‘ in’ (see en-2, “en) + hiénai ‘ to send; to throw’ (see catéter, °echar). enemigo ‘ enemy’ : Latin inimicus ‘ enemy’, from in- ‘ n ot’ (see in-2, °n o) + -imicus, from amicus ‘ friend’ (see amigo, °amar). energía ‘ energy’ (enérgico ‘ energetic’ ): Late Latin energía ‘ energy’ , from Greek enérgeia ‘ activity, operation’ (fourth century B.C.), from energós ‘ active, effective’ (underlying meaning: ‘at w ork’ ), from en ‘ at, in’ (see en-2, °en) + érgon (regional wérgon) ‘work (as product o f labor)’, from Indo-European werg-o ‘ work, deed’, from werg- ‘ to do, w ork’. Related words: baluarte, bulevar, cirugía, cirujano, Georgina, Jorge, liturgia, orga­ nismo, órgano, orgia, quirúrgico. enero ‘ January’ : Old Spanish yenair, from Vulgar Latin jenuarius, for Latin januarius ‘ January’ , literally = ‘ (m onth) o f Janus’ , from Janus, ancient Roman god o f doors, and therefore (later) o f beginnings, whose festival month was January (from janus ‘ arch, gate’ , perhaps akin to Latin ire ‘ to g o ’ ; see °i>), + -arius ‘ o f ’ (see °-ario'). The explanation o f how January became the first month o f the Julian calendar is given under diciembre. enfadar ‘ to anger’ : obsolete enfadar ‘to bore, tire’, from Galician enfadarse ‘ to be bored, be tired, be discouraged’ , probably from fado ‘ fate’ (probable underlying meaning: ‘ to leave everything to fate’ ), from Latin fatum ‘ fate’ (see fatal, “ fábula). énfasis, ‘ emphasis’ : Latin emphasis ‘ empha­ sis’ ,* from Greek émphasis ‘ significance, implied meaning, meaning’, from emphainein ,‘ to exhibit, display, indicate’, from em- ‘ in’ , (see en-2, °en) + phainein ‘ to show’ (see epifanía, ° banda2). enfermo ‘ ill’ (enfermar ‘to get ill’, enfermedad ‘ disease’, enferm ero ‘ nurse’ ):

enjam bre

Latin infirmus ‘ feeble, not firm’ , from in‘ n ot’ (see in-2, °no) + firmus ‘ strong, firm’ (see °firme). enfisema ‘ emphysema’ : New Latin emphysema ‘ emphysema’ (in English, 1661), from Greek emphysema ‘ swelling, inflation’, from emphysán ‘ to inflate, blow in’ , from em- ‘ in’ (see en-2, °en) + physán ‘to blow ’ , from physai ‘ bellows’ , plural o f physa ‘ bellows; bladder; bubble’ , from Indo-European phü-, variant o f pu‘ to b low ’ (see “pústula). enfocar ‘ to focu s’ : en- ‘ in’ (see e n -', in-', °en) + fo c o ‘ focu s’ (see °foco) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). enfrentar ‘ to confront; to face’ : en-, a verb­ forming prefix (see e n -', in-', °e n ),+ frente ‘ forehead; facing’ (see °frente) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). enfriar ‘to co o l’ : en- ‘ to cause to be’ (see e n -', in -', °en) + frío ‘ cold ’ (see °frio) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). "engañar ‘ to deceive’ : Vulgar Latin ingannare ‘to laugh at, m ock ’, from Latin in‘ toward’ (see in -', °en) + gannire ‘ to bark, growl’, a word formed in imitation o f the sound o f growling. Related words: desengaño, engaño. engaño ‘ deceit’ : engañar ‘ to deceive’ (see “engañar). engendrar ‘ to beget, engender’ : Latin ingenerare ‘ to engender, produce’ , from in- ‘ in’ (see in -', °en) + generare ‘ to beget’ (see generación, género). engullir ‘ to devour, gobble, swallow up’ : obsolete engollir (the -ll- is probably due to influence o f degollar ‘to behead’ ), from engolir ‘ to devour’ (also Catalan engolir and Old French engoler ‘ to swallow up’ ), from en- ‘ to put into’ (see e n -', °en) + gola ‘throat’ , from Latin gula ‘ throat’ (see °gula). enigma ‘ riddle; enigma’ : Latin aenigma ‘ enigma; riddle’, from Greek ainigma ‘ obscure riddle; obscure statement’, from ainissesthai ‘ to hint; to speak in riddles’, from ainos ‘ tale, fable, story’, from IndoEuropean ai-no‘ story’, from ai‘ utterance’. enjambre ‘ swarm ( o f bees)’ : Vulgar Latin examine, accusative o f examen (influ­ enced b y the Spanish prefix en-), from Latin examen (stem examin-, accusative exam en) ‘ swarm’ , from exigere ‘ to drive out, lead ou t’ (see exigir, “ex, “agente).

enjuagar

enjuagar ‘ to rinse’ : Old Spanish enjaguar, enxaguar ‘ to rinse’, from Vulgar Latin *exaquare ‘ to wash, rinse out (with water)’ (influenced by the Spanish prefix en-), from Latin ex- ‘ou t’ (see ex -1, °ex ) + -aquare, from aqua ‘ water’ (see °agua). enjuto ‘ dry; .thin, lean’ : Latin exsuctus ‘ dried up, sucked ou t’ (influenced by the Spanish prefix en-), past participle o f exsugere ‘ to suck ou t’ , from ex- ‘ ou t’ (see ex-1, °e x ) + sugere ‘ to suck’ (see succión, °suculento). enlace ‘ connection’ : enlazar ‘ to jo in ’ (see enlazar, en-1, °en, lazo, °delicia). enlatar ‘ to can’ : en- ‘ to put into’ (see en-1, in-1, °en) + lata ‘ tin can’ (see "lata) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). enlazar ‘ to join ; to lace’ : en- ‘ to put in to’ (see en-1, °en) + lazo ‘ tie, lo o p ’ (see lazo, °delicia). enloquecer ‘ to madden’ : en- ‘ to cause to be’ (see en-1, °en) + loco ‘ mad, insane’ (see °loco) + -ecer, an infinitive ending (see °-ecer). emmendar ‘ to amend’ (enmienda ‘ amend­ ment’ ): Latin emendar ‘ to correct, amend, free from faults’ (probably influenced by the Spanish prefix en-), from e- ‘ out o f; removal’ (see e x -1, °ex ) + -mendare, from menda, mendum ‘ physical defect; fault’ (see °mendigo). -eno ‘ o f ’, an ending o f adjectives, as in ajeno, chileno, moreno, noveno, sereno: Latin -enus, adjective suffix (as in alienus, serenus, terrenus). enojar ‘ to anger’ (enojarse ‘ to get angry’ , enojo ‘ anger’ ): Old Provencal enojar ‘ to bother, disturb, anger’ , from Late Latin inodiare ‘ to make odious or hateful’, from Latin in odio ‘ odious’, literally = ‘ in hatred’ , from in ‘ in’ (see °en) + odio, ablative o f odium ‘ hatred’ (see ” odio). enología ‘ enology’ : eno- ‘ wine’ (from Latin oeno-, from Greek oino-, from oinos ‘wine’, akin to Latin vinum ‘ wine’ ; see °vino) + -logia ‘ study’ (see -logia, °leer). enorme ‘ huge, enormous’ : Latin enormis ‘ enormous; unusual’ , from e- ‘ out o f ’ (see ex -1, °e x ) + norma ‘ norm, rule, pattern’ (see °norma). enredar ‘ to entangle; to catch in a net’ (enredadera ‘ vine’ ): en- ‘ to put in to’ (see en-1, in-1, °en) + red ‘ net’ (see red, °y ermo).

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&hi h Enrique (Anrric, around 1140), masculine given name (corresponding to English H enry): Late Latin Henricus, from Old High German Heimerich, masculine name, literally = ‘ ruler o f the house’ (but, see paragraph 24 o f the Introduction), from heim ‘ house, hom e’ (from Germanic haima ‘ hom e’ ; see bohemio, °civil) + -rich ‘ruler, powerful’ (see Rodriguez, °regir). enriquecer ‘ to enrich’ : en- ‘ to cause to b e’ (see en-1, in-1, °en) + rico ‘ rich’ (see rico, rey, °regir) + -ecer, an infinitive ending (see °-ecer). enrocar ‘ to castle (in chess)’ : en-, a verb­ forming prefix (see en-1, in-1, °en), + roque ‘rook, castle’ + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar1). R oque derives from Arabic rukhkh (from Persian rukhkh ‘ro o k ’ ). In chess, rooks represent one o f the four com ponents o f an ancient Indian army — chariots (see ajedrez). ensalada ‘ salad’ : Vulgar Latin *insalata ‘ salad’, from *insalata, feminine o f insalatus ‘salted’ , past participle o f * insalare ‘ to salt’, from in- ‘ in’ (from Latin in- ‘ in, in to’ ; see in-1, °en) + salare ‘ to salt’, from Latin sal ‘salt’ (see °sal). ensalzar ‘to praise’ : Vulgar Latin exaltiare ‘ to elevate’ (influenced by the Spanish prefix en-), from Latin exaltare ‘ to lift up’ (see exaltar, e x -1, °ex, alto, ° alimento). ensamblar ‘ to assemble, fit together’ : Old French ensembler ‘ to fit together’, from ensemble ‘ together’, from Latin insimul ‘ at the same tim e’, from in- ‘ in’ (see in-1, °en) + simul ‘ at the same time’, from Indo-European sem-el- ‘ at the same time’, from sem- ‘ one; same’ (see ° símil). ensanchar ‘ to widen’ : Vulgar Latin examplare ‘ to widen’ (influenced by the Spanish prefix en-), from Latin ex- ‘ ou t’ (see e x -1, °ex ) + ampliare ‘ to widen’ (see ampliar, °amplio). ensartar ‘ to string, thread’ : en-, a verb­ forming prefix (see en-1, in-1, °en), + sarta ‘string ( o f beads, etc.)’, from Latin serta ‘ garland’, from serta, feminine o f sertus, past participle o f serere ‘to entwine, join, link’ (see °serie). ensayo ‘essay; assay’ (ensayar ‘ to try; to rehearse’ ): Late Latin exagium ‘ act o f weighing’ (influenced by Latin exigere ‘to weigh out, test’, which ultimately has the same etym ology; see exigir), from

193

Latin ex- ‘ ou t’ (see e x -', °ex ) + -agium, from agere'to act, drive, d o ’ (see “agente). °-ense ‘ o f (a place)’, an ending o f adjectives, as in barbadense, costarricense, cretense, nicaragüense, singapurense: Latin -ensem, accusative o f -ensis ‘ o f (a place)’ , and adjec­ tive suffix (as in forensis ‘ o f the market or forum ’ ). Related suffixes: -és. -esa1, -iense. Many nouns are derived from these adjectives and are identical in form with them. ensenada ‘ inlet, bay’ , ultimately from seno - ' ‘ inlet, bay’ (see “seno): enseñar ‘to teach; to show’ (enseñanza ‘ education’ ): Medieval Latin insignare ‘ to distinguish by a mark’ (underlying idea: ‘ to mark the m ind’ ), from Latin in- ‘ in’ (see in-1, °en) + signare ‘ to mark, seal’ (see designar, signo, “seguir). ensuciar ‘to soil’ : en- ‘to cause to be’ (see en-1, in-1, °en) + sucio ‘ dirty’ (see sucio, “suculento) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see “ ar1). ensueño ‘ dream; fantasy’, modeled on Latin insomnium ‘ dream’ (translation o f Greek enypnion ‘dream’, from en- ‘ in’ + hypnos ‘sleep’ ), from in- ‘ in’ (see in-1, “en) + somnus ‘ sleep’ (see “sueño1). -enta 1 ‘ performing’, an ending o f nouns, as in asistenta, presidenta, regenta, feminine o f -ente, which see. -enta2 ‘result, means’ , an ending o f adjectives (the masculine o f which ends in -ento), as in atenta, contenta, exenta: Latin -enta ‘result’, feminine o f -entus (see -ento), from stems ending in -en + -ta ‘acted upon ’, feminine o f -tus (see -ta, -to 1, “-ado1). For words ending in -menta or -mienta, see -menta; for words ending in -olenta, -ulenta, see °-ulento. -ente ‘ performing, causing, existing’, an ending o f adjectives and nouns (as in agente, convergente, patente, presidente, torrente) often derived from second or third conjugation verbs: Latin -entem ,‘ accusative ending o f present participles in -ens (stem -ént-), from -é-, vowel o f the second conjugation, + -ns (stem -nt-), present participle suffix (see “-ante). Since in Vulgar Latin there was much shifting o f Classical Latin verbs between the second and the third conjugations, Spanish words in -ente are often derived from Latin verbs in -ere (with the first e short, instead o f -ere, with the first e

en tom ología

long) and Spanish words in -iente (compare -iente) are often derived from Latin verbs in -ere (with the first e long); compare -er1. entender ‘ to understand’ : Latin intendere ‘to stretch one’s mind toward; to stretch toward’ (see intento, in-1, “en, tender, “ tener). entereza integrity; completeness; fortitude’ : entero ‘ complete, entire’ (see entero, íntegro, “ no, “ tangible) + -eza ‘ condition, quality’ (see -eza, -ida, °-icio). enteritis ‘ enteritis’ : New Latin enteritis ‘ enteritis’ , from Greek enter- (from énteron ‘ intestine’, from Indo-European en-tero- ‘ internal’ ; see entrar, “en, “ vuestro) + -itis ‘ inflammation’ (see °-itis). enternecer ‘ to move (stir the emotions); to soften’ : en- ‘to cause to b e ’ (see en-1, in-1, °en) + tern-, base o f tierno ‘ tender, soft’ (see tierno, “ tener), + -ecer, an infinitive ending (see °-ecer). entero ‘ complete, entire’ : Latin integrum (Latin stress integrum, Vulgar Latin stress intégru), accusative o f integer ‘ entire, intact’ (see íntegro, “no, “ tangible). enterrar ‘to bury, inter’ : Vulgar Latin *interrare ‘ to bury’ , from Latin in- ‘ in’ (see in-1, °en) + terra ‘ earth, ground’ (see “ tierra) + -are, an infinitive ending (see “-ar1). entidad ‘ entity’ : Medieval Latin entitatem, accusative o f entitas (stem entitat-) ‘ entity’, from Latin ent-, stem o f ens, present participle o f esse ‘ to b e ’ (see “esencia), + -itas ‘ quality’ (see -idad, “-tad). entierro ‘burial, interment’ : enterrar ‘ to bury’ (see enterrar, in-1, “en, “ tierra). -ento ‘result, means’ , an ending o f adjectives and nouns, as in acento, atento, contento, convento, invento: Latin -entus ‘ result’ , from -entus, past participle suffix, from stems ending in -en + -tus ‘ acted upon’ , past participle suffix (see -fo 1, “-ado1). Some Spanish words in -ento are derived (as ungüento) from the Latin present (rather than past) participle ending (see -ente). For Spanish words ending in -m entó or -miento, see “-m entó or -m iento; for words ending in -olento, -ulento, see “-ulento. entomología ‘ entom ology’ : French entom ologie ‘ entom ology’ (1747), from Greek éntom on ‘ insect’ (underlying

entonar

meaning: ‘ whose b od y is cut into segments’ [compare insecto], from éntom on, neuter o f entornos ‘ cut’, from entémnein ‘ to cut in’, from en- ‘ in’ [see en-2, °en] + témnein ‘ to cut’ [see °to m o ]) + French -logie ‘ expression; study, science’, from Latin -logia, from Greek -logia (see -logia, °leer, -ia). entonar ‘to chant, intone’ : Medieval Latin intonare ‘ to intone, utter in a musical tone’, from Latin in- ‘ in’ (see in-1, °en) + tonus ‘ton e’ (see tono, °tener) + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). entonces ‘ then’ : Vulgar Latin *intunce ‘ then’ (with -s by analogy [as in antes, mientras, quizás] to such other Spanish adverbs as atrás, después, jamás, más, menos), from Latin in ‘ in’ (see °en) + tunc ‘ then’, from tum-ce, from turn ‘then’ (from Indo-European to-, demonstrative pronoun; see °tanto) + -ce, from Indo-European fee-, variant o f feo‘this’ (see °acá). entrada ‘ entrance’ : entrar ‘ to enter’ (see entrar, °en, °vuestro) + -ada ‘ character­ ized b y ’ (see -ada3). entraña ‘ entrails’ : Latin interanea ‘ intestines’, plural of interaneum ‘ intestine’, from interaneum, neuter o f interaneus ‘ internal1 from inter ‘ among’ (see entre, "en, °vuestro) + -aneus (see -áneo, °-ano' ). entrar ‘ to enter’ : Latin intrare ‘ to enter’, from intra ‘ inside, within’ , from IndoEuropean en-tro-, en-tero- ‘ internal; inward’, from en ‘ in’ (see °en) + -tero-, a contrastive suffix (see °vuestro). entre ‘ among, between’ : Latin inter ‘ between, among; each other; at intervals; in, within’, from Indo-European en-ter, from en- ‘ in’ (see °en) + -ter, a contrastive suffix (see °vuestro). entre- ‘ intermediate, among, between; some­ what’ , as in entreabrir, entrever: Latin inter- ‘between, among; mutually’, from inter ‘between’ (see entre, °en, °vuestro). entregar ‘ to deliver’ : obsolete entegrar ‘ to deliver; to restore, supply’ (by metathesis), from Latin integrare ‘ to restore, make com plete’ (see integrar, integro, °no, °tangible). entremés ‘ appetizer; side dish; short com edy’ : Catalan entremés ‘ dish served between two main courses; short play performed between tw o acts o f a play’,

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from Latin intermissus, past participle o f intermitiere ‘ to interrupt for a time or at intervals’ , from inter- ‘ at intervals, between’ (see entre-, entre, °en, °vuestro) + mittere (past participle missus) ‘ to send’ (see °meter). Compare sainete and French farce = ‘savory stuffing’ and ‘ com edy’ . entremetido ‘ meddler’, see entrometido. entrenamiento ‘training, exercise’ : French entrainement ‘ training’, from entrainer ‘ to train’ (see entrenar, in-', °en, tren, ° traer). entrenar ‘ to train, drill’ : French entrainer ‘ to train; to pull along’, from Old French entrainer ‘ to pull along’ , from en- ‘ in’ (from Latin in-; see in-', °en) + trainer ‘ to pull’ (see tren, ° traer). entretener ‘ to entertain’ : Vulgar Latin *intertenere ‘ to entertain’ , literally = ‘ to hold between’, from Latin inter‘between’ (see entre-, entre, °en, °vuestro) + tenere ‘ to hold’ (see °tener). entrevista ‘ interview’ , modeled on French entrevue ‘ interview’, from entrevue, feminine o f entrevu, past participle o f (s’ ) entrevoir ‘ to see one another, meet’ , from entre- ‘ one another, mutually’ (from Latin inter- ‘ mutually’ ; see entre-, entre, °en, °vuestro) + vu, past participle o f voir ‘ to see’ , from Latin videre ‘ to see’ (see °ver). entristecer ‘ to sadden’ : en- ‘ to cause to be’ (see e n -', in-', °en) + triste ‘ sad’ (see °triste) + -ecer, an infinitive ending (see °-ecer). entrometido, entremetido ‘ meddler, inter­ meddler’ : entrometer, entrem eter ‘ to meddle’, from Medieval Latin intromittere ‘ to meddle, concern oneself’, from Latin intromittere ‘ to send in, let in, put in, introduce’, from intro- ‘ in’ (from intro ‘ to the inside; inwardly’ , from IndoEuropean en-tro- ‘ inwardly; internal’ ; see entrar, °en, °vuestro) + mittere ‘ to send’ (see °meter). entusiasmo ‘ enthusiasm’ ( entusiasmar ‘ to enthuse’ ): Late Latin enthusiasmus ‘ enthusiasm’ , from Greek enthousiasmós ‘ inspiration, divine inspiration’, from enthousiázein ‘ to be inspired, be inspired by a god ’, from énthous ‘ possessed, inspired, inspired b y a god ’, from en‘ in’ (see en-2, °en) + -thous, from theós ‘ god ’ (see °ateo). enunciar ‘ to state, enunciate’ : Latin

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enunciare, enuntiare ‘ to report, declare, express’, from e- ‘ ou t’ (see e x -', °ex ) + nunciare, nuntiare ‘to announce, report’ (see anunciar, °nuncio). envase ‘ container’ : envasar ‘ to put in a container’ (from en- ‘ to put in to’ [see e n -', °en ] + vaso ‘ container’ [see °uaso ] + -ar, an infinitive ending [see°-a r']) + -e, a noun ending (see -es, °-o5). envejecer ‘ to age’ : en- ‘ to becom e’ (see en-1, °en) + vej-, base o f viejo ‘ o ld ’ (see viejo, °veterano), + -ecer, an infinitive ending (see °-ecer). envenenar ‘ to poison; to envenom’ : en- ‘ to put in’ (see en-', in-', °en) + veneno ‘ poison’ (see veneno, ° venerar) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar’ ). enviar ‘ to send’ : Late Latin inviare ‘ to send, put on the way’, from Latin in- ‘ in; on ’ (see in -', °eh) + Late Latin -viare ‘ to g o’ (see desviar, °via). envidia ‘ envy’ : Latin invidia ‘ envy’, from invidere ‘ to see something and want it, envy’, from in- ‘ in; o n ’ (see in-', °en) + videre ‘ to see’ (see °ver). envolver ‘ to wrap; to involve’ : Latin involvere ‘ to wrap, enwrap, envelop’ (underlying meaning: ‘to roll in’ ), from in- ‘ in’ (see in-', °en) + volvere ‘ to roll, turn’ (see °volver). "enzima ‘ enzyme’ : German Enzym ‘ enzyme’ (1878), from Medieval Greek énzym os ‘ leavened’, from Greek en- ‘ in’ (see en-2, °en) + zym é ‘ leaven’, from IndoEuropean yüs-ma ‘broth’, from yus-, variant o f yeu- ‘ to blend, mix fo o d ’ . Related word: zumo. eñe, name o f a Spanish letter (written ñ), formed in Spanish on the analogy o f efe, ene, etc. (see efe). -eño ‘ from ; inhabitant’, an ending o f adjectives and nouns, added to place names (e.g., Angola, Brasil) or to nouns that denote a place (e.g., costa, isla), as in angoleño, brasileño, caraqueño, congoleño, costeño, hondureño, isleño, limeño, madrileño, mozambiqueño, oaxaqueño, panameño, p orteñ o, puertorri­ queño, salvadoreño. -eo' (stressed suffix), an ending o f nouns derived from verbs in -ear, as in buceo, ceceo, empleo, recreo, sorteo: -ear, an infinitive ending (see -ear, °-izar, °-ar') + -o, a noun suffix (see -o 5). °-eo 2 (unstressed suffix) ‘ having the nature

epicúreo

o f, com posed o f, made o f; resembling; o f, connected w ith’, an ending o f adjectives, as in aéreo, cinéreo, etéreo, sidéreo, venéreo: Latín -eus ‘ composed o f, made o f; resembling; o f’ (as in aéneus ‘ o f bronze’ , argenteus ‘o f silver’ ), from Indo-European -e-y o-, an adjective­ forming suffix (source, likewise, o f Greek -eos, as in argyreos ‘ o f silver’ ), variant o f -yo-, a suffix forming adjectives from verbs (compare serio). Related suffixes: -áceo, -áneo. eoceno ‘ Eocene’ : eo- ‘ early’ (from Greek éó-, from éós ‘ dawn’, probably from IndoEuropean aus- ‘ to shine’ ; see °e s te ') + -ceno ‘recent geological epoch ’ (s e e -ceno, 0reciente). epazote ‘ strong-smelling plant, o f the family Chenopodiaceae’ : Nahuatl epazotl ‘ epazote’ (underlying idea: ‘smells like a skunk’s secretion’ ), from epatl ‘ skunk’ + zotl ‘ refuse, trash’. °epi- ‘ on, upon, over; around; in addition to, besides; t o ’ , as in epiceno, epidemia, epidermis, epiglotis, episodio: Latin epi-, from Greek epi- (ep- before a vowel, eph- before an aspirate [rough breathing]) ‘ at, to ; on, upon; over; in addition to ’, from Greek epi ‘ on, upon, over, at’, from Indo-European epi (also opi, and, as a prefix, op- ‘ over’ ) ‘ near, at’. Related words: ahogar, arzobispo, asedio, cubrir, descubrir, efebo, efím ero, época, ob-\ obedecer and many others that begin with 0 6 -; obispo, oportuno, and many others beginning with o-; p iezo­ electricidad, preocupar. epiceno ‘ epicene’ : Latin epicoenus ‘ epicene’ , from Greek epikoinos ‘ com m on to many’, from epi- ‘t o ’ (see °epi-) + koinós ‘ com m on, shared’ , from Indo-European kom -yo- ‘ com m on, going with’ , from kom ‘ together, with’ (see °con) + yo‘ going’, from ei- ‘ to g o’ (see °ir). épico ‘ epic (adjective): Latin epicus ‘ epic (adjective)’, from Greek epikós ‘ epic (adjective)’, from epos ‘ song, word, speech, epic poem, epic, poem ’, from Indo-European wekw-os- ‘ w ord’, from wekw- ‘ to speak’ (see °voz) + -os-, a suffix forming nouns from verbs (see °-or'). epicúreo ‘ epicurean’ : Latin epicureus ‘ epicurean; Epicurean’, from Epicurus ‘ Epicurus (Greek philosopher [3427—270 B.C.] who held peace o f mind to be the

epidem ia

highest good, but w ho was supposed to have advocated sensual pleasure)’, from Greek Epikouros ‘ Epicurus’ , literally = ‘ helper, ally’ (underlying meaning: ‘ who runs to som eone’s help, w ho hastens to aid’ ), from epi- ‘ on ; to ’ (see "epi-) + *-korsos, akin to Latin cursus, past participle o f currere ‘ to run’ (see curso, °correr). epidemia ‘ an epidemic’ (epidémico ‘ epidemic’ ): Late Latin epidemia, from Greek epidemia ‘ epidemic’ (underlying meaning: ‘ disease that is com m on ’ ), from epídém os ‘ com m on, prevalent’ , from epi- ‘ o n ’ (see °epi-) + dem os ‘ people’ (see democracia, "d em onio). epidermis ‘ epidermis’ : Late Latin epidermis, from Greek epidermis ‘epidermis’ , from epi- ‘ over’ (see °epi-) + -dermis, from derma ‘ skin’ (see °dermatosis). epifania ‘ Epiphany’ : Late Latin epiphania ‘ Epiphany’, from Late Greek epiphánia ‘Epiphany’ (a noun, plural in form ), from epiphánia, neuter plural of epiphánios, an adjective = ‘of manifestation’ , from the fact that this Christian feast commemorates the coming o f the Magi and the first manifestation o f Jesus, from Greek epiphainein ‘ to display, manifest’ , from epi- ‘on, t o ’ (see °epi-) + phainein ‘ to show’, from IndoEuropean bhan-yo- ‘ to show, place in the light’ (underlying meaning: ‘ to cause an object to be seen by presenting it in the light, where it shines’ ), from bhd- ‘ to shine’ (see "banda2). epiglotis ‘epiglottis’ : Greek epiglottis ‘ epiglottis’ , from epi- ‘ over’ (see °epi-) + glottis ‘ glottis’ (see °glotis). epígrafe ‘ chapter summary; epigraph’ : Greek epigraphé ‘ inscription, epigraph’ , from epigraphé, feminine of epigraphos ‘ inscribed, written on ’, from epigráphein ‘ to write on, inscribe’ , from epi- ‘ o n ’ (see "epi-) + gráphein ‘ to write’ (see °gráfico). epigrama ‘ epigram, short poem ; epigraph’ : Latin epigramma ‘ epigraph; epigram, short poem ’ , from Greek epigramma ‘ inscription’, from epigráphein ‘ to inscribe’ (see epígrafe, "epi-, °gráfico). epilepsia ‘ epilepsy’ : Late Latin epilepsia, from Greek epilepsia ‘ epilepsy’ , from epileptos, verbal o f epilambánein ‘to seize upon, attack’ , from epi- ‘ o n ’ (see

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"epi-) + lambánein ‘ to take, seize’ (see °lema). epílogo ‘ epilogue’ : Latin epilogus, from Greek epílogos ‘ epilogue’, from epilégein ‘ to add, say in addition’, from epi- ‘ in addition’ (see °epi-) + légein ‘ to speak, say’ (see -logo, °leer). episodio ‘episode’ : Greek epeisódion ‘ part o f the tragedy between two choric songs’ , literally = ‘ addition’ , from epeisódion, neuter o f epeisódios ‘ coming in besides’ , from epi- ‘ besides, in addition’ (see °epi-) + eisódios ‘ coming in’, from eis ‘ into’ (from *ens ‘ in to’, from IndoEuropean ens, from en ‘ in’ ; see °en) + -odios, from hodós ‘way, road’ (see ° éxod o). epístola ‘ letter, epistle’ : Latin epístola ‘ letter’, from Greek epistolé ‘written message, letter; order’ , from epistéllein ‘ to send to ; to order’, from epi- ‘ to ’ (see °epi ) + stéllein ‘ to send’ (see diástole, "instalar). epitafio ‘epitaph’ : Medieval Latin epitaphium ‘ epitaph’, from Latin epitaphium ‘funeral oration’, from Greek epitáphion, neuter o f epitáphios ‘at a tom b, over a tom b, at a funeral’ , from epi- ‘over’ (see °epi-) + -taphios, from táphos ‘ tom b; funeral, funeral rites’ (see ° cenotafio). epitelio ‘ epithelium’ : New Latin epithelium ‘ epithelium’ (before 1731), from epi(from Greek epi- ‘ o n ’ ; see "epi-) + Greek fílele ‘ nipple’ , from Indo-European dhé-lá ‘breast’, from dhé-, from dhéi- ‘to suck, suckle’ (see "fem enino). epíteto ‘epithet’ : Latin epitheton ‘epithet’ , from Greek epitheton ‘ epithet’ (under­ lying meaning: ‘ term added to the name o f a person or thing’ — as in “ wine-dark sea” and “ rosy-fingered Dawn” in Homer), from epitheton, neuter o f epithetos ‘ added’, from epitithénai ‘ to add, put o n ’ , from epi- ‘ on ; in addition’ (see °epi-) + tithénai ‘ to put’ (see tesis, "hacer). epítome ‘epitom e’ : Latin epitom e, from Greek epitom e ‘ epitom e’, from epitom e, feminine o f epitom os ‘ abridged, cut short’, from epitémnein ‘to abridge, cut short, cut upon the surface’, from epi‘ upon’ (see °epi-) + témnein ‘ to cut’ (see "tom o). epizootia ‘ epizootic (noun), disease affecting

197

many animals at the same time’, a word formed on the model o f epidemia ‘ epidemic, disease affecting many people at the same tim e’ (compare epidemia), from epi- ‘ o n ’ (see °epi-) + New Latin zoo- ‘animals’ (see zoológico, °vivo). época ‘time, period o f history; age, epoch ’ : New Latin epocha ‘ period o f history’ , from Greek epokhé ‘ period, age, position in time; stoppage, pause, a holding back’ (compare estación), from ep- ‘ on, at’ (see °epi-) + Indo-European sogh-, from segh- ‘to h old ’ (see "Héctor). epopeya ‘ an epic, epopee’ : Greek epopoiia ‘an epic’ , from epopoiós ‘ writer o f epics’ , from epos ‘epic poem ’ (see épico, °voz, °-o r‘ ) + poiein ‘to make’ (see "poema). equi- ‘ equal’, as in equidistante: Latin aequi‘ equal, even’, from aequus ‘ equal’ (see "igual). equidad ‘ equity’ : Latin aequitatem, accusative o f aequitas (stem aequitat-) ‘equity, fairness; equality’, from aequus ‘ equal’ (see "igual) + -itas ‘ quality’ (see -idad, "-tad). equilibrio ‘ balance, equilibrium’ : Italian equilibrio, from Latin aequilibrium ‘ balance, equilibrium, even balance’, from aequilibris ‘ in equilibrium’, from aequi‘ equal, even’ (see equi-, "igual) + -libris, from libra ‘ pound; balance’ (see "libra). equino ‘ o f a horse, equine’ : Latin equinus ‘ o f a horse’, from equus ‘horse’ (see "ecuestre) + -inus ‘ o f ’ (see °-ino). equinoccio ‘ equinox’ : Latin aequinoctium ‘ equinox’ , from aequi- ‘equal’ (see equi-, "igual) + -noctium, from noct-, stem o f nox ‘ night’ (see "nocturno). °equipaje ‘ luggage’ : French equipage ‘ equip­ ment’ (also = ‘ crew’ ), from équiper ‘ to equip’ , from Old French esquiper, eschiper ‘ to equip a ship; to put to sea, embark’, from Germanic skipam ‘ship’ (source, likewise, o f Gothic skip and Old High German skif, both = ‘ ship, boat’ ). Related words: equipo, esquife. equipo ‘ team; equipment’ : equipar ‘ to equip’, from French équiper ‘ to equip’ (see "equipaje). equis ‘ the letter x ’ : Latin ix ‘ the letter x ’ , inversion o f Greek xi, name o f the fourteenth letter o f the Greek alphabet (earlier names: xy, x e i [the latter probably based on pei; see p e ] ), probably due to the fact that no Latin word begins

-er

with x. equ itación ‘horseback riding, equitation’ : Latin equitationem, accusative of equitatio (stem equitation-) ‘ horseback riding’, from equitatus, past participle o f equitare ‘ to ride on horseback’, from equit-, stem o f eques ‘ horseman’ (see "ecuestre). equitativo ‘ equitable’ : Latin aequitat-, stem o f aequitas ‘ equity, fairness’ (see equidad, "igual, -idad, °-tad). equivaler ‘to equal’ : Late Latin aequivalere ‘ to have equal pow er; to be equal in value’, from Latin aequi- ‘ equal’ (see equi-, "igual) + valere ‘to be strong; to be w orth’ (see "valer). equivocarse ‘to make a mistake’ (underlying meaning: ‘to understand wrongly a word or sentence capable o f two or more inter­ pretations’ ): equ ívoco ‘ ambiguous’, from Late Latin aequivocus ‘ ambiguous, capable o f tw o or more interpretations’, from aequi- ‘ equal’ (see equi-, "igual) + -vocus, from voc-, stem o f vox ‘ voice, word, sentence’ (see °voz). -er1, ending o f the infinitive o f second conjugation verbs, as in temer, vender: Latin -ere (with the first e long; as in tirnere), infinitive ending o f second conjugation verbs, from Old Latin -ese (see °-ar'), from -é- (long), thematic vowel o f the second conjugation (see -e-), + -se (see °-ar1 ); or Latin -ere (with the first e short; as in vendére), infinitive ending o f third conjugation verbs, from Old Latin -ese (see °-ar1), from -é- (short), thematic vowel o f the third conjugation (see -e-), + -se (see "-ar1). Some verbs with the infinitive ending in -ere (second conjugation) in Classical Latin changed to the third conjugation in Vulgar Latin (-ere, with the first e open, instead o f -ere, with the first e close) and some in -ere (third conjugation) shifted to the second conjugation (-ere, with the first e close, instead o f -ere, with the first e open); many other -ere verbs remained in the same conjugation in Classical and in Vulgar Latin. Compare -ente. Some Classical Latin third conjugation verbs (e.g., ridére) passed to the Spanish third conjugation (reír; compare -ir). -er2 ‘ person connected with; connected w ith’ (also -ier), a noun suffix, as in bachiller, brigadier, canciller, mercader, ujier:

era

French -er or -ier, or Catalan -er, all three from Latin -arium, -arius ‘o f, con ­ nected with’ (see °-ario'). Doublets: -ario, -ero. Compare -el. "era ‘ era’ : Late Latin aera ‘ era’, from Latin aera ‘ period o f time’, from aera ‘ counters for calculating’, from aera, plural o f aes (stem aer-) ‘bronze, copper, brass, m oney’, from Indo-European ayos‘ bronze’ (earlier = ‘ copper’). Related words: alambre, erario, orín-, possibly: estimado, estimar. -era1 ‘ o f, connected with’ , a feminine ending o f adjectives, as in algodonera, casera, datilera, entera, faldera-, Latin -aria, feminine o f -arius (see “-a n o1), or Latin -oria, feminine o f -orius (see °-orio1). -era2 ‘o f, connected with’, a feminine ending o f nouns, as in acera, bandera, cabellera, flojera, gotera: Latin -aria, feminine o f -arius, -arium (see -ario2, °-ariol ), or Latin -oria, feminine o f -orius, -orium (see -orio2, °-o r io '). -erá, ending o f the third person singular o f the future indicative of second conjugation verbs, as in temerá: -er, infinitive ending o f second conjugation verbs (see -e r '), + -ó ‘third person singular o f the future indicative’ (see -). “grave ‘grave; weighty’ (gravedad ‘ serious­ ness; gravity’ ): Latin gravis ‘ heavy, grave’, from Indo-European gwr-u-i- ‘ heavy’, from gu>r-, from gwer- ‘ heavy’ . Related words: agravar, agravio, bario, barítono, barómetro, brío, bruto, gravamen, gravar; possibly: bergantín, brigada. graznar ‘ to caw, croak’ : Medieval Latin *gracinare ‘ to caw’ , probably from Latin graculus ‘jackdaw’ (see grajo, “geranio). °greca ‘ fret (ornament)’, literally = ‘ the Greek on e’, from Latin graeca, feminine o f graecus ‘ Greek (adjective)’, from Graecus ‘ Greek (n ou n )’ (second century B.C.), from Greek Graikós ‘ Greek’ (fourth century B.C.), a term applied originally only to a people o f ancient Epirus (in northwestern Greece), probably from Illyrian. Related words: Grecia, griego, gringo. Grecia (Gregia, around 1330) ‘ Greece (cou n ­ try; Greek Hellás): Latin Graecia ‘ Greece’ , from Graecus ‘ Greek’ (see “greca) + -ia ‘ country, area’ (see -ia). greda ‘ clay’ : Latin creta ‘ chalk, clay’ (see ° cretá ceo). °grey ‘ flock, herd’ : Latin gregem (accusative o f grex ‘ herd’ ; stem greg-), from IndoEuropean gre-g- ‘ herd’, from ger- ‘to gather’. Related words: agregar, alegoría, categoría, panegírico, segregar. griego ‘ Greek’ : Latin Graecus ‘Greek’ (see “greca).

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“grieta ‘ crack, fissure’ : obsolete crieta, from Vulgar Latin crepta ‘ crack’ , from Latin crepita, feminine o f crepitus, past participle o f crepare ‘ to crack, creak; to break’, from Indo-European krep- ‘to creak’ , from ker- ‘ noise; noisy (croaking) bird’ , a root form ed in imitation o f a cracking sound. Related words: agrietar, cormorán, corneja, corvina, cuervo, increpar, quebrada, quebrantar, quebrar, quiebra, requiebro, resquicio. grifo ‘griffin (fabulous animal); faucet’ : Latin gryphus ‘griffin’, from Greek gryps ‘griffin’, perhaps from Hebrew Kerübh (Genesis 3.24) ‘ cherub; winged angel’ (frequently represented as a being with large wings, a human head and an animal b ody). The meaning ‘faucet’ derives from the custom o f shaping some faucets as fabulous heads. grillo ‘ cricket’ : Latin grillus, gryllus ‘ cricket’, from Greek gryllos ‘ com ic figure; per­ form er o f an Egyptian dance’ . gringo ‘ foreigner’ , probably alteration o f griego ‘ Greek’ (see griego, “greca), in the sense o f ‘ stranger, foreigner’ , first used o f an unknown language (= ‘gibberish’ ), then o f a person speaking it (compare the medieval Latin saying Graecum est — non p o test legi ‘ It is Greek — it cannot be read’, equivalent to English “ It’s Greek to m e” , French “ C’est de l’hébreu” , Russian “ Dlya menya eto kitayskaya gramota” , Spanish “ Me estás hablando en chino [g rieg o]” ). gripe, gripa ‘grippe’ : French grippe ‘ grippe; seizure’, from gripper ‘ to seize, grasp’ , from Frankish *gripan, from Germanic gripan ‘ to grasp’, from Indo-European ghreib- ‘ to grasp’ . gris ‘gray’ : Frankish *gris ‘ gray’ (through Old French or Old Provencal gris ‘gray’ ), from Germanic grisjaz ‘gray’ , from IndoEuropean gher- ‘ gray ; to shine’ . “gritar ‘ to cry out, scream’ : Latin quiritare ‘ to scream, cry out for help, implore the aid o f the Quirites (= o f the Roman citizens)’ , from Quirites, plural o f Quiris (stem Quirit-) ‘Roman citizen’. Related w ord : grito. grito ‘ shout, cry’ : gritar ‘ to scream’ (see “gritar) + -o, a noun suffix (see -o4). Groenlandia ‘Greenland (Danish Grónland)’ : Old Norse Greenland, literally = ‘Green Land’ , from groenn ‘ green’ (from Ger-

251

manic gronjaz ‘green’, from Indo-Europe­ an ghro-nyo- ‘green’ , from ghro-, from ghré- ‘ to grow (especially o f plants), become green’ ) + land ‘ land’ , from Germanic landam (see -landa). So named around A.D. 985 by the Norwegian navigator Eric the Red (Norwegian: Eirik Raude) probably in part to attract settlers and in part because o f the green­ ness o f its summer vegetation. grosella ‘ currant, red currant’ : French groseille ‘ currant’ , o f Germanic origin (akin to German Krausel- in Krauselbeere ‘gooseberry’ ). “grosero ‘ coarse’ : gros-, base o f grueso ‘ thick’ (from Latin grossus ‘thick, coarse’ ), + -ero ‘ of, connected with’ (see -ero '). Related w ord: grueso. grotesco ‘ grotesque’ : Italian grottesco ‘ grotesque’ (first half o f the sixteenth century), from grottesco ‘o f a cave’ (from some ancient wall paintings found at the end o f the fifteenth century in the ruins o f Rom e during the excavation o f such ancient Roman houses as the Dom us Aurea o f Nero, whose underground remains were popularly called le grotte ‘the caves’ ), from grotta ‘ cave’ (from Vulgar Latin *grupta ‘ cave’ ; see gruta, “criptografía) + -esco ‘with the style o f ’ (see -esco, °-isco‘ ). grúa ‘ crane (m achine)’ : Catalan grua ‘ crane (m achine)’, from grua ‘ crane (bird)’, from Latin grus ‘ crane (bird )’ (see grulla, 0geranio). grueso ‘ thick’ : Latin grossus ‘ thick’ (see °grosero). grulla ‘ crane (bird)’, probably modification o f Old Spanish gruya, grúa, from Latin grus ‘ crane’ , from Indo-European gru‘ crane’ , from ger- ‘to croak; a crane’ (see °geranio). gruñir ‘ to grunt, growl’ : Latin grunnire, from Old Latin grundire ‘ to grunt’ , from Indo-European gru- ‘ to grunt’ , imitative o f the throat noise o f a hog and o f similar sounds. “grupo ‘group’ : Italian gruppo ‘ group; kn ot’, o f Germanic origin, akin to Old High German k ro p f ‘ craw’ (probably from Indo-European ger- ‘ curving, bent’ , base o f many Germanic words meaning ‘ rounded mass, assemblage, container’ [as in this case] or ‘ h o o k ’ [as in c o rch ete]). Related words: agrupar, corchete.

G uadalupe1

gruta ‘ cave’ : Vulgar Latin *grupta ‘ cave’ (also crupta), variant o f Latin crypta ‘ vault, cave’ , from Greek krypte ‘ vault, cave’, from krypte, feminine o f kryptós ‘ hidden’ (see °criptografía). guacamayo, guacamaya ‘ macaw’ : Arawak guacamayo, kind o f parrot (compare Guarani guaca ‘ parrot, macaw’ ), guacamole ‘ avocado salad’ : Nahuatl auacamolli ‘ avocado salad’ , from auacatl ‘ avocaco’ (see °aguacate) + molli ‘ sauce, stew’ (see °m ole2). guaco ‘ Indian relic’ , see huaco. Guadalajara ‘ Guadalajara (city, M exico)’, founded in 1531 and already so named in 1532 (its site was changed several times until 1541) after Guadalajara, Spain, birthplace o f conquistador Ñuño de Guzmán. The Spanish city ’s present name o f Guadalajara was given it at the begin­ ning o f the eighth century by its Arab conquerors (the Henares River — on whose banks the city is located — may have been named by them in Arabic Wadi al-Hijarah, literally = ‘ River of-the Stones’ , from wadi ‘ riverbed’ [see °Guadalupe1] + al- ‘the, o f the’ + hijarah, a plural o f hajar ‘ stone’ [root h jr ]). It is also possible that the Arabic name should be interpreted as ‘ Valley o f the Stone Forts’ . The Spanish city’s former name (in Late Latin and in Basque) was Arriaca, Arriaga ‘Place o f Stones’ , from Basque arria ‘ stone’ . Guadalquivir (around 1330) ‘ Guadalquivir (river, Spain)’ : Arabic (A /-) Wadi al-Kabir, literally = ‘ Great River’ , from wadi ‘river­ bed’ (see °Guadalupe') + al- ‘ the’ + kabir Targe, enormous, great’ . “Guadalupe 1 ‘ Guadeloupe (island, and Over­ seas Department o f France; French Guadeloupe)’, a name given the island in 1493 by Columbus after the Virgin o f Guadalupe (Spain), from Guadalupe, a town in Cáceres province, probably from the name o f a river (the river near the Spanish town o f Guadalupe is now called Guadalupejo-, there is also a Guadalope river in northeastern Spain), from Arabic, probably meaning ‘ River o f Love’, from wadi (root w dy) ‘riverbed, valley; stream’ (Guad- is a Spanish spelling o f this Arabic word and is found as first element o f many river names in Spain — as Guadalmena, Guadalquivir, Guadarrama,

G uadalupe:

Guadiana-, related words: Guadalajara, Guadalupe2) + al- ‘the; o f the’ + (proba­ bly) hub ‘ love’ (root hbb). The last (third) element o f the name has also been explained as Arabic lübat ‘ stony ground’ (from the root Iwb ‘to be thirsty’ ) and even as Latin lupus ‘w o lf’ . The Spanish Virgin o f Guadalupe is an image which is said to have been sent around A.D. 600 by pope Gregory the Great to Leander, archbishop o f Seville; to have been buried around 711 b y clerics from Seville as they were fleeing the Arabs; and to have been found by a shepherd (Gil Cordero) around the thirteenth century. Where the shepherd found the image, a chapel (m en­ tioned in 1327) was built which became a center o f pilgrimage in the fourteenth century. Guadalupe2, feminine given name, very popular in M exico, originally María de Guadalupe (documented in Madrid in 1689; compare Carmen), literally = ‘ Mary o f Guadalupe’ . The Virgin o f Guadalupe (Spain) is said to have appeared four times near M exico City in 1531. In 1754, Benedict XIV named Mary o f Guadalupe patroness o f New Spain (a territory which embraced from California to El Salvador); in 1910, she was designated b y Pius X patroness o f Latin America, and in 1945 (by Pius X II) patroness o f the Americas. A pseudoetymological tradition asserts that, when she appeared in M exico, Mary said she wanted to be venerated as Coatlaxope(uh) — in Nahuatl, = ‘ She who trampled on the Serpent’ — and that this word was phonetically Hispanicized as Guadalupe. The name Guadalupe (from the Spanish Virgin) arrived in the Western Hemisphere before the Mexican appari­ tions (see °Guadalupe'). guadaña ‘ scythe’ : Gothic *waithaneis ‘ per­ taining to pasture or fod d er’, from waitho ‘ pasture’, from Germanic waith‘a searching for fo o d ; a hunting’ (source, likewise, o f Old High German weida ‘pasture, fodder, fo o d ’ ), from IndoEuropean wei- ‘to search’ . Guadarrama ‘ Guadarrama (river, Spain)’ : Arabic Wadi ar-Raml, literally = ‘ Sandy River, River of-Sand’ , from wadi ‘ stream’ (see °Guadalupe') + al- (with assimilation) r ‘ the; o f the’ + rami ‘ sand’. \Guadiana ‘Guadiana (river, Spain and Portu­

252

gal)’ : Arabic Wádi Ánah, from wadi ‘ river­ bed; stream’ (see °Guadalupe') + Latin Anas ‘ the Guadiana River’ — first century B.C. — (akin to Basque ana ‘hill’ ?). An Arabic plural o f wadi — widyan ‘ river­ beds; streams’ — may have influenced the name o f this river (the other plural o f wadi is awdiyah). guagua1 ‘ (West Indies) bus’, probably from English wagon ‘ automotive transport’ , from wagon ‘ cart, vehicle’ (see vagón, ° veh ícu lo). guagua2 ‘ (South America) child’ : Quechua huahua ‘ child; son’ . guajolote ‘ (M exico) turkey’ : obsolete h uexolote, from Nahuatl u e ’x o lo tl ‘ turkey’ , probably from u e’-, uei Targe, valuable’ + xolotl, a kind o f monster (compare ajolote). guanábana ‘ soursop, guanabana’ : Taino wanaban ‘soursop’ . guanaco ‘ guanaco’ : Quechua wanacu ‘guanaco’ . guano ‘guano’ : Quechua wanu ‘ dung’. "guante ‘glove’ : Catalan guant ‘glove’ , from Frankish *want ‘ mitten’ . Related word: aguantar. guapo ‘brave; handsome’ : obsolete guapo ‘ procurer, pimp’ , ultimately from Latin vappa ‘ spoiled or worthless fellow ’ , from vappa ‘vapid wine, wine that has lost its spirit and flavor’. guarani ‘ guarani (monetary unit, Paraguay)’ (1 944): guarani ‘ Guarani (a people o f South America)’ (seventeenth century), o f American Indian origin. "guardar ‘to store; to guard; to keep’ : Germanic wardon ‘ to guard’ , from IndoEuropean wor-to- ‘ to guard’ , from wor-, from wer- ‘to see, watch’ . Related words: aguardar, Alvarez, avergonzar, Eduardo, guardia, guardián, panorama, piloro, resguardar, retaguardia, reverencia, vanguardia, vergüenza. guardia ‘guard’ : Gothic wardja, from Germanic wardaz ‘ guard’, from IndoEuropean wor-to‘ to guard’ (see 0guardar). guardián ‘ guardian’ : Gothic wardjan, accusa­ tive o f wardja ‘guard’ (see guardia, Aguardar). guarida ‘ den, lair’ : obsolete guarir ‘ to protect, defend’ , from Germanic war- ‘to protect’ , from Indo-European wor-, from wer- ‘ to cover’ (see °abrir).

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guarismo ‘ number’ : obsolete alguarismo ‘ number; system o f Arabic numerals, algorism; arithmetic, algorism’ , from Arabic al-khuwarizmi ‘ Arabic numerals; arithmetic’, so called after the Arab mathematician Muhammad ibn-Müsa alKhuwdrizmi (A.D. 780—850?), whose surname is due to the fact that he was born in Khuwarazm (now Khiva, in Uzbekistan). guarnición ‘ trimming, garniture; garrison’ : guarnir ‘to garnish’ , from Germanic war‘to protect, cover’ (see guarida, °abrir). IGuatemala ‘ Guatemala (country and its i capital)’ : Guatemala (attested from 15 October 1524, in Spanish), the first city o f that name (founded in 1523; moved j to other sites in 1527, 1543, and 1775), from the name o f the area, probably an American Indian word ( Cuautemallan?), possibly akin to Nahuatl cuauitl ‘ tree’ , guayaba ‘ guava (fruit)’ , probably o f Arawakan origin (akin to Tupi guaiába and to Galibi goyaba, both = ‘guava’ ). An obsolete Spanish variant — guava — is the source o f English guava. Guayana ‘ Guiana (region o f South America, bordered by the Orinoco, Negro, and Amazon rivers)’, from an American Indian word (docum ented in 1531) o f much disputed meaning, possibly = ‘water’ . Related w ord: Guyana. Guayaquil ‘ Guayaquil (city, Ecuador; full name: Santiago de Guayaquil)’, estab­ lished on the present site in 1537 (not far from previous settlements founded by the Spanish in the 1530s) by Spanish explorer Francisco de Orellana (c.1490— c.1546) w ho named it in honor o f Saint James (Spanish Santiago-, see Santiago, capital o f Chile) on whose day (25 July) it was founded, and also o f the local Indian chief Guayas (or Guaya) and his wife Quila. gubernamental ‘ governmental’ : French gouvernemental ‘ governmental’ , from gouvernem ent ‘ government’, from gouverner ‘to govern’ , from Latin gubernare ‘to govern’ (see gobernar, °cibernética). güero ‘ (M exico) blon d ’ : güero, huero (adjec­ tives) ‘ infertile, addle (o f an egg)’, from obsolete Spanish güero (noun) ‘ state o f a brooding hen’ , from a base gor- ‘ to incubate’ also found in Portuguese gorar ‘to spoil during incubation’ and in Celtic

Guinea

(compare Middle Irish guirim T warm up’ ), from Indo-European gwhor- ‘warm’, from gwher- ‘warm’ (see °termas). The meaning ‘ blond’ derives from ‘ infertile, spoiled (o f an egg)’ through ‘sickly, pale (o f a person)’ . "guerra ‘war’ (guerrero ‘warrior’ , guerrilla ‘ guerrilla band’ ): Germanic werr- (source, likewise, o f Old High German werra ‘confusion, discord, strife’ ), from IndoEuropean wers- ‘to confuse’ . Related words: barrendero, barrer, basura. gueto ‘ghetto’ : Italian ghetto or Venetian gheto ‘ghetto’ (1516), probably the name o f an islet in Venice to which Jews o f that city were forced to go in 1516 and where they were required to live. The island may have been called Gheto from a foundry (Italian getto [also, in the fourteenth century, g h eto ], from gettare ‘to cast’, from Vulgar Latin *jectare\ see °echar) located there. Two other possibilities have been suggested: from Italian borghetto ‘ little district’ , diminu­ tive o f borgo ‘ city district’ (see °-burgo), or from Hebrew ghet ‘divorce document’ . guiar ‘to guide’ (guía ‘guide’ ): Germanic untan ‘to look after, show the way, guide; to guard’ , from Indo-European weid- ‘ to see’ (see °ver). Guillermo, masculine given name (corre­ sponding to English William): Medieval Latin Guillelmus (Gilgelmus, 862), from Old High German Willahelm (source, like­ wise, o f German Wilhelm), literally = ‘ Desired Helmet’ (but see paragraph 24 o f the Introduction), from willo ‘a will’ (from Germanic wiljón-, from IndoEuropean wel- ‘ to wish’ ; see °veleidad) + helm ‘ helmet’ , from Germanic helmaz ‘ helmet’ (see yelm o, ° célula). guillotina ‘guillotine’ : French guillotine ‘guillotine’ , after Joseph Ignace Guillotin (1738—1814), French physician w ho in 1789 proposed the use o f such a machine for beheading. The French family name Guillotin derives from the masculine given name Guillotin, diminu­ tive o f Guillot, a form o f Guillaume, from Old High German Willahelm, a masculine given name (see Guillermo, ° veleidad, yelm o, °célula). "Guinea ‘Guinea (West African region, and country [French G u in ée]; also in GuineaBissau ‘ Guinea-Bissau (country; Portu-

guineo

guese Guiné-Bissau)’, in Guinea Ecuatorial ‘ Equatorial Guinea (country)’ , in Nueva Guinea ‘ New Guinea (island)’, and in Papua Nueva Guinea ‘Papua New Guinea (country)’ )’ , from one o f the fourteenth century variants o f the name o f the African region (such as Guinea, Ghinea, Ginya), first used by the Portuguese (but perhaps is it the Kanawa or Kinawa found in Arabic from the twelfth century), probably from Berber ignawan, plural o f agnaw ‘ foreigner’ , properly ‘ silent, mute’ (underlying meaning: ‘who speaks incom ­ prehensibly’ ; compare bárbaro, bobo, and Russian nemets [Czech Nem ec, Polish niemiec, and similar forms in other Slavic languages] ‘ German’ , originally = ‘ who speaks indistinctly’ , akin to Russian nem oy [Czech nerny, Polish m'emy, etc. ] ‘ silent, mute’ , the meaning having changed from ‘ unable to speak well, stammerer’ [and therefore ‘ foreigner’ ] to ‘ unable to speak, dum b’. The Slavic root nSm- probably comes from mem-, by dissimilation, and would therefore be akin to Latvian mems ‘dum b’ , probably from me-, imitative, like mu- in Latin mutus ‘ dum b’ [see °m u d o], o f inarticu­ late sounds. Compare also Nahuatl nonoalco, a people o f ancient M exico, from n o n o ’tli ‘ mute’, and Maya nutiob ‘Toltecs’ , from nun ‘who can’t speak the language; stutterer; dunce, dop e’ ). Related word: guineo. guineo ‘ Guinean; banana’ : Guinea ‘Guinea’ (see °Guinea) + -o, a masculine singular ending o f nouns and adjectives (see -o 4, ° -o 5). In the sense ‘banana’, it was origi­ nally plátano guineo, literally ‘ Guinean banana’ (although bananas are native to tropical Asia, they were imported into Spanish-speaking areas mainly from the Guinea region in West Africa). guión ‘ script (o f play, etc.); hyphen; guidon’ : guía ‘guide’ , from guiar ‘to guide’ (see guiar, °ver). guirnalda ‘wreath, garland’ , metathesis o f o b ­ solete guirlanda ‘ garland’, probably from Old French gerlande ‘ garland’ (under­ lying meaning: ‘ornament made with threads’ ), from Frankish *wiara, *weara ‘wire, thread’ , from Germanic wi-ra‘ wire, thread’ , from wi-, from IndoEuropean wei- ‘ to bend, twist’ (see °veta).

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güiro ‘ (West Indies) calabash, gourd; güiro (instrument)’, o f Arawakan origin (proba­ bly from Taino). guisa ‘way, manner’ : Germanic wisson‘ manner’ , from wissaz ‘ appearance, manner, style’ , from Indo-European weidto- ‘ appearance; seen’ , from weid- ‘ to see’ (see °ver). guisante ‘ pea’, probably from Mozarabic *bisant (influenced b y guisar ‘ to co o k ’ and guija ‘ vetch’ ), from Vulgar Latin *pisu sapidu ‘ pea’, literally = ‘ tasty pea’ , from Latin pisum ‘ pea’ (from Greek pisón ‘ pea’ ) + sapidum, neuter o f sapidus ‘ tasty’ , from sapere ‘to taste’ (see 0saber). guisar ‘ to co o k ’ (guiso ‘ cooked dish’ ): guisar ‘to prepare, arrange” from guisa ‘ manner, style’ (see guisa, °ver) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). guitarra ‘guitar’ : Arabic qitár ‘ guitar’ , from Greek kithára Tyre, cithara’ (see °cítara). Spanish guitarra is the source o f French guitare, and therefore o f English guitar. °gula ‘gluttony’ : obsolete gula ‘ throat’, from Latin gula, from Indo-European gul-a ‘ throat’ , from gul-, from gw el- ‘ to swal­ low ’. Related words: engullir, glotón, goloso. gusano ‘w orm ’, o f uncertain origin (prob­ ably not from Latin cossus ‘ a kind o f larva’ ). gustar ‘to like; to taste’ : Latin gustare ‘ to taste’, from Indo-European gus-tu- ‘ taste’ (see °gusto). “gusto ‘ taste; pleasure’ (gustoso ‘willing; tasty’ ): Latin gustus ‘taste’, from IndoEuropean gus-tu- ‘taste’, from gus- (from geus- ‘to taste’ ; related words: disgustar, disgusto, gustar, valquiria) + -tu-, a verbal-abstract suffix (see rito). Gutiérrez, family name: obsolete Gutiérrez, a patronymic ( Gutterriz, 1078), literally = ‘Walter’s son; Walter’s daughter’ , from Gutierre, a masculine given name — 1042 — (probably from Old High Ger­ man Walthari, literally = ‘Arm y Chief’ [but see paragraph 24 o f the Introduc­ tion], from ivaltan ‘ to rule, have power over’ [from Germanic walthan, waldan ‘ to rule’ , from Indo-European wold-, woldh- ‘ strong’, from wal- ‘ strong’; see °valer] + hari, heri ‘army [see “Arman­ d o ]), + -ez ‘son o f; daughter o f ’ , a patro­ nymic suffix (see -ez2). gutural ‘ guttural’ : Medieval Latin gutturalis

255

‘o f the throat’, from Latin guttur ‘ throat’ + -alis ‘ o f’ (see °-al). Guyana ‘ Guyana (cou n try)’ : English Guyana,

Guyana

official spelling since 1966, until when the territory was called in English Guiana and in Spanish Guayana (see °Guayana).

H haba ‘broad bean, fava bean’ : Latin faba ‘ broad bean’ (see °fabada). Habana (La) ‘ Havana (capital o f Cuba)’, a town first founded (south o f the present site) around 1514 in an area the Indians apparently called Habana (d ocu ­ mented in the first half o f the sixteenth century), probably an Arawak word, o f unknown original meaning. The city’s present location is its third (1519). Until the beginning o f the eighteenth century, the name was generally spelled Havana in Spanish. “haber ‘to have (auxiliary verb)’ : Vulgar Latin habere ‘ to have’ (also = ‘ to have to, be obliged, must’ ) an auxiliary verb used to form the future (compare -é 2), the conditional (compare -ias ), and several other tenses, from Latin habere ‘ to have’ , earlier = ‘ to hold’ , from Indo-European ghabh-e- ‘to hold, have, hold on to ’ , from ghabh- ‘to give; to receive’ . Related words and suffixes: -ó, -arc1, -ás, deber, deuda, deudo, -é2, -éis2, -em os2, exhibir, hábil, habitar, hábito, hay, -i'a5, -la6, -tais3, -tamos3, -tan3, -tas3, inhibir, prohibir. habichuela ‘bean’ , ultimately from Latin faba ‘ broad bean’ (see haba, °fabada), perhaps through a Mozarabic pronuncia­ tion o f a Vulgar Latin *fabicella, diminu­ tive o f Latin faba (a Spanish diminutive o f haba with the ending o f habichuela — *habuela — would have sounded like abuela ‘grandmother’ [from the seven­ teenth century, when the h deriving from an f was no longer aspirated]). For Mozarabic ch for c, see ch e2. hábil ‘skillful’ (habilidad ‘ skill, ability’ ): Latin habilis ‘ easily managed, manage­ able, apt; skillful’ , from habere ‘ to hold, have, handle’ (see °haber) + -ilis ‘ capable o f’ (see °-il). habitar ‘ to live, inhabit’ ( habitación ‘ dwell­ ing, habitation’, habitante ‘ inhabitant’ ): Latin habitare ‘to inhabit, reside, have possession o f ’ , from habitus, past parti­ ciple o f habere ‘ to have’ (see °haber). hábito ‘ habit’ : Latin habitus ‘ habit, disposi­ tion; attire’, from habitus, past participle

o f habere ‘to have’ (see °haber). hablar ‘to speak’ : obsolete fablar, from co l­ loquial Latin fabulari ‘to talk, speak’ , from Latin fabula ‘ conversation, story, fable’ (see ° fábula). “hacer ‘ to make, d o ; ago’ : Latin facere ‘to do, make’ , from Indo-European dh-k- ‘ to do, make, place’, from dh-, from dhe- ‘ to set, place’ . Related words: acera, afección, afectar, afecto, afectuoso, afeitar, afición, anatema, anestesia, antifaz, antítesis, artefacto, artífice, artificial, artificio, audición, audiencia, auditor, averiguar, beneficio, biblioteca, bodega, botica, calefacción, calificar, chofer, chófer, d efecto, desfachatado, deshacer, difícil, dificultad, edificio, efecto, eficaz, eficiente, ep íteto, esconder, estética, estético, estupefacción, facción, faceta, facial, fácil, facineroso, facsímil, factor, facultad', facultad2, fachada, fecha, fechoría, fetiche, -ficar, -fico, frigorífico, hacia, hacienda, hechicero, hechizo, hecho, hemeroteca, hipoteca, hipótesis, -ificar, -ífico, -iguar, inaudito, infección, infectar, justificar, manufactura, metá­ tesis, modificar, obedecer, obediencia, obediente, oficial, oficina, oficio, oír, olfato, oyen te, paréntesis, perfección, p erfecto, petrificar, pinacoteca, p refecto, prótesis, provecho, putrefacto, quehacer, ratificar, recóndito, rectificar, sacerdote, sacrificar, sacrificio, satisfacción, satis­ facer, satisfecho, síntesis, suficiente, superficie, taimado, tema, tesis, torre­ facción, verificar, zaherir. Probably: fasto. hacia ‘ toward’ : obsolete faza, faz a ‘ toward, facing’, from faz ‘ face’ (see antifaz, facial, °hacer) + a ‘ to, toward’ (see °a2). hacienda ‘ landed property, farm; finance’ : obsolete hacienda ‘business, affair, matter’ , from Latin facienda ‘things to be done’ (see faena, °hacer). hacinamiento ‘ heaping’ : hacinar ‘to heap, make piles o f bundles’* from hacina ‘ pile o f bundles’, from haz ‘ bundle, sheaf’ (see haz, °faja) + -ina ‘ o f ’ (see -ina'). hacha ‘ ax’ : Old French hache ‘ battle-ax, small-ax’ , from Germanic hapjd ‘ ax; sickle’ , from Indo-European hop-, variant

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o f skep- ‘to cut’ (see °escoba). hache ‘ the letter h’ , probably from Vulgar Latin *(h)acca, *accha, *aha, from *ach, *ah (in Late Latin texts such spellings as michi and nichil, for mihi and nihil, are also found), inversion o f Latin ha ‘ the letter h’ (also called spiritus asper and aspirationis nota, because o f Greek h), perhaps from Etruscan, hada ‘ fairy, sorceress’ : Late Latin fata ‘ fairy’, from Latin fata ‘ fate; the Fates (the three goddesses o f fate or destiny)’, plural o f fatum ‘fate’ (see fatal, "fábula). hado ‘ fate’ : Latin fatum ‘ fate’ (see fatal, "fábula). °hagiógrafo ‘ hagiographer’ : Medieval Latin hagiographus, from Late Greek hagiographos ‘ hagiographer’ , from hagio‘ sacred; saints’ (from Greek hágios ‘ sacred’ ; related word: Inés) + -graphos ‘writer’ , from Greek gráphein ‘to write’ (see "gráfico). Haidarabad ‘ Hyderabad (city, India)’ , founded and named Bhagnagar around 1590; name changed around 1591 to Haidarabad, literally = ‘ Haidar’ s City’ , from Arabic Haydar, an epithet o f ‘ Ali ibn A b i Talib (around 600—661), cousin and son-in-law o f Muhammad (from Arabic haydar ‘ lion’ [root hdr ‘ to go dow n’ ]), + Persian -abad ‘ cultivated, flourishing (o f land), inhabited; city’ . Hainan ‘ Hainan (island, China)’ : Chinese Hainan (around A.D. 1300), literally = ‘ Sea South’ , i.e., ‘ that which is south o f the sea’ (in this case, = ‘ south o f the Hainan Strait’ ), from Chinese hai ‘ sea’ + nán ‘ south’ . Haiti ‘ Haiti (cou n try)’ : French Haiti (1804) ‘ Haiti (country)’ , from Spanish Haiti ‘ Hispaniola (see b elow )’ (before 1535), from the Taino name (fifteenth century) o f the island (present Hispaniola) the country shares with the Dominican Republic, = ‘ mountainous, high’ , halagar ‘to flatter’ : Arabic khalaqa ‘to treat kindly; sm ooth’ (compare obsolete English to sm ooth = ‘ to flatter’ ), halar, jalar ‘ to puli’ : Old French haler ‘ to pull’ (source, likewise, o f English haul), from Germanic halón ‘ to pull; to call; to fetch’ , from Indo-European kal-a- ‘ to pull; to call’ , from kal-, variant o f kel- ‘ to shout’ (see "clamar). halcón ‘ hawk, falcon’ : Late Latin falconem,

harapo

accusative o f falco (stem falcon-) ‘ falcon’ , probably from Indo-European pel-ko‘ falcon’ (underlying meaning: ‘ gray bird’ ), from pel- ‘ pale’ (see "paloma). hálito ‘ breath’ : Latin halitus ‘breath’ , from halare ‘to breathe’ (see "exhalar). halo ‘ halo’ : Medieval Latin halo, from Latin halos ‘ halo’ , from Greek hálos ‘threshing floor; disk o f the sun or the m oon; halo’ , hallar ‘to find’ : obsolete aflare ‘ to find’ , from Latin afflare ‘to blow on, breathe o n ’ (through the meanings: ‘to smell’ , ‘ detect by smelling’ , ‘discover’ ), from ad- (with assimilation) ‘ toward’ (see a-', V ) + flare ‘ to b low ’ (see "inflar). hamaca ‘ hammock’ : Taino hamaka ‘ ham­ m ock’ . Spanish hamaca is the source o f English hammock. hambre ‘ hunger; famine’ : Vulgar Latin famine, accusative o f famis ‘ hunger; famine’ , from Latin fames ‘ hunger’ . Hamburgo ‘ Hamburg (city, Germany; German Hamburg)’ : Medieval Latin Hamburgum, from Old High German Hammaburg (around 825), whose first element is o f disputed origin (hamma ‘w ood s’?); the second element is burg ‘ fortified place’ (see "-burgo). Hanoi ‘ Hanoi (capital o f Viet Nam)’ : Viet­ namese Ha Ndi ‘ Hanoi (city )’ (1873), from Ha Ndi ‘Hanoi (province)’ (1831), literally = ‘ Inside Rivers’ or ‘ Between Rivers’ (the semantic equivalent o f Greek M esopotamia [see M esopotamia] and o f Spanish Entre R ios [province, Argen­ tina]), from ha ‘river’ + ndi ‘ inside, be­ tween’ . The nearly triangular province was bounded by the Red River (V iet­ namese Hong Há, literally = ‘Pink River’ ; also Sóng Hóhg Há, = ‘ River Pink River’ ; song is the more usual word for ‘river’ ) in the north, the Day (Vietnamese Sóng D ay) in the west, and the Gulf o f Tonkin in the east. haplologfa ‘ haplology’ : Greek haplo- ‘ single, simple’ (from haplós ‘ single, simple’, from ha- ‘ one’ [from Indo-European sm-, from sem- ‘on e’ ; see "símil] + -píos ‘ multiplied by, -fold’ , from Indo-Europe­ an -plo- ‘ fo ld ’ [see °-p lo ]) + -logia ‘ pro­ nunciation, expression’ (see -logia, "leer). haragán ‘ lazy’ , perhaps irregularly from harón ‘ lazy’ , from Arabic harün ‘ stubborn (said o f a balky horse), jibbing’ , harapo ‘rag, tatter’ , akin to Portuguese

harén

farrapo ‘rag’ ; perhaps akin to Old French frepe (also felpe, feu p e) ‘rag; frill’ , from Medieval Latin faluppa ‘fiber, splinter’ . °harén ‘harem’ : French harem ‘ harem’ , from Arabic haram, harim ‘harem (under­ lying meaning: ‘forbidden place’ ); some­ thing forbidden’ (root hrm ‘ forbidden’ ). Probably related w ord: marrano. harina ‘flour’ : Latin farina ‘ flour’ , from far ‘ a kind o f grain, spelt’, from Indo-Europe-. an bhares- ‘barley’ (source, likewise, o f English barley). °harto ‘ complete; extreme’ (hartar ‘to gorge’ ): Latin fartus (also farctus) ‘ stuff­ ed’ , past participle o f farcire ‘ to stuff’, from Indo-European bhrkw-io- ‘ to stuff; to press; to enclose’, from bhrkw-, from bhrekw- ‘ to press, squeeze’ . Related words: diafragma, farsa, infarto; possibly: frequencia, frecuente. hasta ‘ until’ : obsolete fasta ‘ until’, from *fadta (source, likewise, o f obsolete fata ‘ until’ ), from Arabic hatta ‘ until; even’ (root hty). hastío ‘ boredom ; disgust’ : Latin fastidium ‘ aversion, loathing, disgust’ (see °fastidiar). hay ‘ there is, there are’ : ha, third person singular o f the present indicative o f haber ‘to have’ (from Vulgar Latin hat, from Latin habet, third person singular o f the present indicative o f habere ‘ to have’ ; see °haber), + obsolete Spanish i ‘ there’ , from Latin ibi ‘there’ (influenced in form by ubi ‘where’ ; see °ubicuo), from IndoEuropean idi, from i-dhe-i, from i-, a pronominal stem (see °ya), + -dhe-, adverbial suffix (see °ubicuo). haya ‘beech’ : Latin fagea, feminine o f fageus (adjective) ‘ o f beech’, from fagus ‘ beech’, from Indo-European bhdgo- ‘ beech’ (source, likewise, o f English beech and book)\ probably from such phrases as Latin materia fagea ‘beech w o o d ’ (co m ­ pare madera). Haya (La) ‘The Hague (city, Netherlands; Dutch ’s-Gravenhage, ’s Gravenhage)’ : French La Haye, literally = ‘The Hedge’ (perhaps thought by folk etym ology to be related to Spanish el haya ‘ the beech’ [which, although feminine, is used with the definite article el, rather than la, because it begins with a stressed a sound; see e l 2]), translation o f Dutch Den Haag (older name and at present informal name o f the city), literally = ‘ The Hedge’

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(the source o f English The Hague), from Middle Dutch haghe (Dutch haag) ‘ hedge’ , from Germanic hag- (stem o f words that are the sources o f English haw ‘ hawthorn’ and hedge), from Indo-European kagh‘to catch; wickerwork, fence’ (see °cayo). The city began as the site o f a hunting lodge o f the counts o f Holland, men­ tioned as a town (in Middle Dutch) in 1370, and, for the first time with the more specific name ’s Gravenhage (Middle Dutch, literally = ‘ Count’s Hedge (or hedged-in area, haw)’ , from Middle Dutch ’s [from des ‘o f the’ ] + grave ‘ count’ [Dutch graaf ‘ earl, cou nt’ ] + haghe [see above]), around 1400 (its Middle Dutch name was rendered in Medieval Latin as Haga comitis). haz ‘ sheaf, bundle, fascine; beam’ : obsolete faz, from Latin fascis ‘bundle, sheaf, from Indo-European bhasko- ‘ bundle’ (see °faja). hazaña ‘ exploit, feat’ , possibly from Arabic hasana ‘ good deed’ , from hasan‘beautiful; g o o d ’. he aquí ‘ here is; here are’ : Old Spanish he ‘ here is; here are’ (from Arabic ha ‘ here is’ ) + Spanish aquí ‘ here’ (see aquí, °acá). hebdomadario ‘weekly, hebdomadary’ : Me­ dieval Latin hebdomadarius ‘ occurring every seven days’, from Latin hebdomad-, stem o f hebdomas ‘ a period o f seven days’, (from Greek hebdomás [stem hebdomad-] ‘week, period o f seven days’ , from hébdom os ‘ seventh’ , from heptá ‘ seven’ , from Indo-European septm ‘ seven’ ; see °siete), + -arius ‘ o f ’ (see °-ario'). hebilla ‘ buckle’ : obsolete fiviella, fibiella, from Vulgar Latin *fibella, from Latin fibula ‘buckle, clasp’, possibly from the root o f figere, fivere ‘to fix, fasten’, from Indo-European dhigw- ‘to fix, fasten’ (see °dique). hebra ‘thread, fiber’ : Latin fibra ‘ fiber’ (see ° fibra). hebreo ‘ Hebrew’ : Latin hebraeus ‘ Hebrew, Hebraic’ , from Greek hebraios, from Aramaic ‘ebhray, ‘ibhray, from Hebrew ‘ibhri ‘ Hebrew’ (underlying meaning: ‘ (who came) from across (the river)’ ), from ‘ebher ‘ region across; side’ , from abhar ‘go across, pass over’ (akin to the Arabic root ‘br ‘to cross’ ). Hébridas ‘ Hebrides (islands)’, see Nuevas

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Hébridas. heces‘ dregs; feces’ (plural; also hez, singular): Latin faeces, plural o f faex (stem faec-) ‘ sediment, dregs’. hectárea ‘ hectare’ : French hectare ‘ hectare’, from hect- ‘one hundred’ (from hecto‘one hundred’ ; see hecto-, °simil, °diez) + are ‘ are (100 sq. meters)’, from Latin area ‘ open field’ . hecto- ‘hundred’, as in hectógrafo, hectogramo, hectolitro, h ectóm etro: French hecto- ‘one hundred’, from Greek hekatón ‘one hundred’, from he- ‘on e ’ (from IndoEuropean sm-, from sem- ‘ on e’ ; see °símil) + Indo-European km tom ‘ hundred’ (seé ciento, °diez). hectolitro ‘ hectoliter’ : French hectolitre ‘ hectoliter’ , from hecto- ‘ hundred’ (see hecto-, "símil, °diez) + litre ‘ liter’ (see litro, ° libra). "Héctor, a masculine given name (correspon­ ding to English H ector): Latin Hector, from Greek H éktor — eighth century B.C. — (underlying meaning: ‘ Holding Fast, Holding Back’ ), from héktor ‘ holder, stayer’ , probably from Indo-European segh-tor, from segh- ‘to hold’. Related words: caquexia, época, escolar, escuela, esquema, eunuco. hechicero ‘wizard; enchanting’ : hechizo ‘ spell, charm’ (see hechizo, fetiche, °hacer, "-icio) + -ero ‘ o f, connected w ith’ (see -ero2). hechizo (noun) ‘ spell, charm’ : hechizo (adjective) ‘artificial, false’ , from Latin facticius, factitius ‘ factitious, made by art’ (see fetiche, °hacer, °-icio). hecho ‘ fact; act’ : obsolete fech o ‘ act, deed’, from Latin factum ‘ deed, act, achieve­ ment’ , from factum, neuter o f factus ‘ done, made’ , past participle o f facere ‘ to do, make’ (see ° hacer). heder ‘to stink’ : Latin fetere ‘to stink’ (see ° fétido). hegemonía ‘ hegemony’ : Greek hegemonía ‘ dominance, leadership’ , from hegemon ‘ guide, leader’ , from hégeisthai ‘to guide, lead’ (see exégesis, °sagaz). helar ‘to freeze’ ( helado ‘ frigid; ice cream’ ): Latin gelare ‘to freeze’ (see °gelatina). helecho ‘ fern’ : Latin filictum ‘ place aboun­ ding in ferns’ , from filie-, stem o f filix ‘ fern’, + -turn ‘ grove’ (see °-eda). helenista ‘ Hellenist’ : Greek Hellenistés ‘ Hellenist’, from hellenizein ‘ to speak

h em eroteca

Greek, imitate the Greeks’, from Hélten ‘Greek’ (fifth century B.C.), a name first applied only to people from an area in southern Thessaly (underlying meaning: ‘ descendant o f Héllén’ ), possibly from Héllen ‘ Hellen (legendary king o f Phthia [now Fársala, in Thessaly, G reece], son o f Deucalion)’, o f uncertain origin. For the Greek suffix -istés, see -ista. hélice ‘ propeller; helix’ : Latin helieem, accusative o f helix (stem helic-) ‘ spiral; volute’ , from Greek hélix (stem hélik-) ‘ spiral, spiral object; twisted’ , from IndoEuropean uiel-ik- ‘spiral object, coil; twisted’ , from wel- ‘ to turn, roll’ (see "volver). helicóptero ‘ helicopter’ : French hélicoptére ‘helicopter’ (underlying idea: ‘the propel­ ler is the wing’ ), from bélico- ‘ propeller’ (from Greek heliko- ‘ spiral’, from hélix ‘ spiral’ ; see hélice, °volver) + p tére ‘wing’ , from Greek pterón ‘wing’ (see -ptero, "pedir). helminto ‘ helminth, w orm ’ : Greek helminth-, stem o f hélmins (also hélmis) ‘ parasitic worm , intestinal w orm ’ , from IndoEuropean u>el-mi-nth- ‘ w orm ’ , from wel‘to turn, roll’ (see "volver). Helsinki ‘ Helsinki (capital o f Finland)’ : Finnish Helsinki, a city founded by Swedes in 1550 and named Helsingefors (modern Swedish Helsingfors)', the area was called Helsinge, which was pro­ nounced and written Helsinki b y the Finns. Swedish fors = ‘rapids; waterfall’ (this one is on the Vanda River — from Old Norse fors ‘waterfall’ , from IndoEuropean pers- ‘ to shower, sprinkle, spray’ ); the name Helsinge is probably due to the first inhabitants o f the locality having com e from the Swedish province Halsingland, a name deriving from the Old Swedish genitive plural o f halsingar, the people o f the area (+ land ‘ land’ ), from a place name *Hals, literally = ‘ Neck’ (referring either to a neck o f land or to narrows), from Old Norse hals ‘ neck’ , from Germanic h(w ) alsaz, from Indo-European kwol-so ‘ neck’ (see cuello, "colon o). hembra ‘ female’ : Latin femina ‘woman, female’ (see "fem enino). "hemeroteca ‘ periodical library’ : modern Greek hémerológion ‘ newspaper, daily’ (from Greek hémero-, from héméra ‘ day’ ,

hem isferio

from Indo-European ámer-á, from arner‘ day’ ; related word: efím ero ) + Spanish -teca ‘ collection o f, depository fo r’ , as in biblioteca ‘ library’ (see biblioteca, °hacer). hemisferio ‘ hemisphere’ : Latin hemisphaerium, from Greek hemisphairion ‘ hemi­ sphere’, from hemi- ‘ half’ (from IndoEuropean semi- ‘ half’ ; see °semi-) + sphairion, diminutive o f sphaira ‘ball, sphere’ (see °esfera). For the Greek diminutive suffix -ion, compare -io. hemistiquio ‘ hemistich’ : Latin hemistichium, from Greek hemistikhion ‘ hemistich’, from hemi- ‘ half’ (see hemisferio, °semi-) + stikhos ‘ line o f verse, line’ (see °acróstico) + -ion, a noun suffix, “hemofilia ‘hemophilia’ : New Latin hem o­ philia ‘ hemophilia’ (first used in German, Hamophilie, 1828), from hemo- ‘b lo o d ’ (from Latin haemo-, from Greek haimo-, from haima ‘b lo o d ’ ; related words: anemia, hemorragia, hemorroide, leucemia, septicemia) + -philia ‘tendency toward’ , from Greek philia ‘ friendship’, from philos ‘ loving’ (see ° filósofo). “hemorragia ‘ hemorrhage’ : Latin haemorrhagia, from Greek haimorrhagi'a ‘ hemor­ rhage’ , from haimo- ‘b lo o d ’ (see "hemofilia) + -rrhagia ‘ excessive flo w ’, from rhegnynai ‘to burst forth, break, rend’ , from Indo-European wrég-nu-, from wrég‘ to break’ (related words: blenorragia, menorragia). hemorroide ‘ hemorrhoid’ : Latin haemorrhoidae (plural), from Greek haimorrhoides (plural) ‘ hemorrhoids’, literally = ‘ liable to discharge b lo o d ’, from haimórrhoos ‘discharging b lo o d ’ , from haimo‘b lo o d ’ (see “hemofilia) + -rrhoos ‘ dis­ charging, flowing’ , from rhein ‘ to flo w ’ (see °diarrea). henchir ‘ to fill’ : Latin implere ‘ to fill up’ (h -through the influence o f hinchar ‘ to swell’ ), from im- ‘com pletely’ (see in-', °en ) + plere ‘to fill’ , from Indo-European pie-, variant o f pel- ‘ to fill’ (see °pleno). hender ‘to crack, fissure’ : Latin findere ‘ to split’, from Indo-European bhi-n-d-, from bhid-, from bheid- ‘ to split’ (see " b o te 3). henequén ‘ henequen (plant)’ , o f American Indian (possibly Taino) origin, heno ‘ hay’ : Latin fenum, faenum ‘ hay’, from Indo-European dhe-no- ‘ produce’ (from the idea o f fertility), from dhe-, from dhei- ‘to suck’ (see "fem enino).

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hepático ‘ o f the liver, hepatic’ : Latin hepaticus ‘ o f the liver’, from Greek hépatikós ‘ o f the liver’ , from hepat-, stem o f hepar ‘liver’ (from Indo-European yekw r ‘ liver’ [source, likewise, o f Latin iecur ‘liver’ ]), + -ikós ‘o f ’ (see "rico1). heptágono ‘ heptagon’ : Greek heptágonos ‘seven-angled’ , from heptá ‘ seven’ (from Indo-European septm ‘ seven’ ; see "siete) + -gonos ‘ -cornered, -angled’ (see °-gono). heraldo ‘ herald’ : Medieval Latin heraldus, from Old French herault ‘herald’ (French héraut), from Germanic harjawaldaz, literally = ‘ army ch ief’ , from harjaz ‘ army’ (see "Armando) + waldaz ‘ruler, chief’ , from wald- ‘ power, rule’ , from IndoEuropean wal- ‘ strong’ (see "valer). herbívoro (adjective and noun) ‘ herbivorous; herbivore’ : New Latin herbivorus ‘ herbiv­ orous’ , from Latin herbi- (from herba ‘grass, herb’ [see "hierba] + -i-, connective vowel [see -i-2] ) + -vorus ‘ eating, feeding o n ’ (see carnívoro, "voraz). “heredar ‘to inherit’ : Late Latin hereditare ‘to inherit’ , from Latin hered-, stem o f heres ‘ heir’, from Indo-European ghero‘ heir’ (perhaps from the idea o f ‘ left desolate’ or ‘ left behind’ ), from ghe- ‘ to release, abandon; to go, go away’ . Related words: anacoreta, heredero. heredero ‘ heir’ : Latin hereditarius ‘ heredi­ tary’ , from hereditas ‘ inheritance’ (from hered-, stem o f heres ‘ heir’ ; see “heredar) + -arius ‘ o f, connected with’ (see °-ario'). “hereje ‘ heretic’ : Old Provengal eretge, from Late Latin haereticus, from Late Greek hairetikós ‘ factious, heretic’ , from Greek hairetikós ‘able to choose’ , from hairetós (verbal o f hairein ‘ to take, choose’ ; related words: aféresis, diéresis) + -ikós ‘o f ’ (see "-ico2). herencia ‘ inheritance’ : obsolete herencia ‘ goods, property’ (influenced in meaning b y heredar ‘to inherit’ ), from Latin haerentia ‘ property, things that remain attached’ , neuter plural o f haerens (stem haerent-), present participle o f haerere ‘to stick, remain attached’ (see "adherir). herida ‘w ound’ : herida, feminine o f herido, past participle o f herir ‘to w ound’ (see "herir). “herir ‘ to hurt, w ou n d’ ( herido ‘w ounded’ ): Latin ferire ‘ to strike, beat, cu t’, from Indo-European bher-yo- ‘ to cu t’, from bher- ‘ to cut, pierce’. Related words:

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i

herida, horadar, perforar, zaherir. hermafrodita ‘ hermaphrodite’ : Latin hermaphroditus, from Greek hermaphróditos ‘ hermaphrodite’ , from Hermaphróditos ‘ Hermaphroditus (in Greek m ythology, son o f Hermes and Aphrodite who became joined in body with the nymph Salmacis)’ , from Hermes ‘Hermes’ (see ° herméticamente) + Aphrodite ‘A phro­ dite (goddess o f love)’. hermano ‘ brother’ : Latin germanus (noun) ‘brother’ , from germanus (adjective) ‘ having the same parents’ , from germen ‘o ffsh o o t’ (see germen, 0género). hermenéutico ‘ hermeneutic’ : Greek herméneutikós ‘o f interpretation’, from hermeneutes ‘ interpreter’, from hermeneúein ‘to interpret’, from herméneús ‘ interpreter, explainer, trans­ lator’, probably o f non-Indo-European origin. "herméticamente ‘ hermetically’ : hermética, feminine o f hermético ‘hermetic, airtight’ , + -m ente, an ending o f adverbs (see -mente, °m ente). Spanish hermético derives from New Latin hermeticus ‘ hermetic’ (first documented in French, hermétique, 1620), from Latin Hermet-, stem o f Hermes ‘ Hermes’, from Greek Hermes (o f uncertain origin; related word: hermafrodita), a Greek god who, under the name o f Hermes trismégistos (literally = ‘ Hermes, the three times greatest’ ; in Latin, he was called Hermes Trismegistus), was identified with the Egyptian god Thoth, who was said to have invented a way to make vessels air­ tight. hermoso ‘ beautiful’ (hermosura ‘beauty’): Latin formosus ‘beautiful’ (underlying meaning: ‘finely form ed’ ), from forma ‘form , beauty’ (see °form a) + -osus ‘ having’ (see -oso). Hernán, masculine given name (correspon­ ding to English Ferdinand), originally the form o f the masculine given name Hernando used before a patronymic (e.g., Hernán González ‘Hernando, son o f Gonzalo’ ). Hernando is a variant o f Fernando due to a general change o f initial f- to h- (which was at first an aspirate) that spread over most o f Spain from northern Castile — largely in the fourteenth century (see Fernando, °peron é).

hiato Hernández, family name: obsolete Hernández, a patronymic, literally = ‘ Ferdinand’s son; Ferdinand’s daughter’ , from Hernando, a masculine given name (see Hernán), + -ez ‘son o f; daughter o f ’, a patronymic suffix (see -ez2). héroe ‘ hero’ : Latin heroem, accusative o f heros ‘ hero’ , from Greek herds ‘ hero, dem igod’, perhaps from Indo-European ser- ‘to protect’ (underlying meaning: ‘ protector’ ; see ° conservar). herpes ‘ herpes’ : Latin herpes ‘ herpes’ , from Greek hérpés ‘ herpes, shingles’ (under­ lying meaning: ‘ a creeping (i.e., o f the disease, on the skin)’ ), from hérpein ‘ to creep, crawl’ , from Indo-European serp‘ to creep, crawl’ (see °serpiente). herradura ‘ horseshoe’ : herrar ‘to fit with iron’, from Vulgar Latin *ferrare ‘to fit with iron’ , from Latin ferrum ‘ iron’ (see ° férreo). herramienta ‘ to o l’ : Latin ferramenta ‘ tools’, plural o f ferramentum ‘to o l’, from ferrum ‘ iron’ (see °férreo) + -amenta ‘ means’, an ending o f collective nouns (see -amienta). herrero ‘ blacksmith’ : Latin ferrarius ‘black­ smith’ (see Ferrer, °férreo). hervir ‘ to b o il’ : Latin fervere ‘to boil; to glow’ (see fervor, ° brasa). heterodoxo ‘ heterodox’ : Late Latin heterodoxus ‘ heterodox’, from Greek hetero­ d oxos ‘one whose opinion is different’ , from hetero- ‘other, different’ (from héteros ‘ other, one o f tw o’ , from IndoEuropean sm-tero-, from sm- [from sem‘on e’ ; see ° símil] + -tero-, a contrastive suffix [see ° vuestro]) + dóxa ‘opinion, notion; glory’ , from dokein ‘ to think, seem, seem g ood ’ , from Indo-European dok-eye- ‘to cause to accept’ (see doctor, °decorar). heterogéneo ‘ heterogeneous’ : Medieval Latin heterogeneus, from Greek heterogenes ‘ heterogeneous’, from hetero- ‘other, dif­ ferent’ (see heterodoxo, °simil, °vuestro) + genos ‘kind, fam ily’ , from Indo-Europe­ an gen-es- ‘kind, fam ily’ (see “género). hexágono ‘ hexagon’ : Greek hexágonos ‘ six­ angled’ , from hexa- ‘ six’ (from hex ‘ six’ , from Indo-European sweks, variant o f seks ‘six’ ; see “seis) + -gónos ‘ -cornered, -angled’ (see °-gono). hez ‘dregs’ , see heces. "hiato ‘ hiatus’ : Latin hiatus ‘ hiatus, gaping,

hibernación

gap’, from hiatus, past participle o f hiare ‘ to gape, yawn’, from Indo-European ghyá-, variant o f ghei- ‘ to yawn, gape’. Related word: dehiscente. hibernación ‘ hibernation’ : hibernar ‘to hibernate’, from Latin hibernare ‘ to hibernate’ , from hibemus ‘o f winter’ (see ° invierno). hicaco, icaco ‘ co co plum, icaco’ : Arawak icaco ‘ coco plum’ . hidalgo ‘ nobleman, hidalgo’ : obsolete hijo dalgo (also fijo d ’algo) ‘member o f the lower nobility; rich man’ , literally = ‘ son o f something, person o f riches or proper­ ty ’ , from hijo ‘ son’ (also, obsolete, = ‘ person’, in phrases beginning with hijo de) + d\ de ‘o f ’ + algo ‘something’ (also, obsolete, = ‘ riches’ ). See hijo, d e2, algo. hidra 1 ‘water serpent’ : Greek hydra ‘water serpent’, from Indo-European ud-ra‘water animal’, from ud-, from wed‘water’ (see °hidrógeno). hidra2 ‘ hydra (freshwater p oly p ); Hydra’ : Latin Hydra ‘ Hydra’, from Greek Hydra ‘ Hydra (in Greek m ythology, a many­ headed water-serpent)’, from hydra ‘water serpent’ (see hidra1, °hidrógeno). The meaning ‘ polyp’ derives from hydras being able to reproduce themselves from parts cut o f f (the mythical Hydra grew back two heads in place o f each one that was cut o ff). hidráulico ‘ hydraulic’ : Latin hydraulicus (adjective) ‘o f the water-organ; being a water-organ’ , from Greek hydraulikós ‘o f the water-organ; being a water-organ’, hydraulis ‘ musical water-organ from (invented b y Ktesibios in the second century B.C.)’, from hydr- ‘water’ (from hydor ‘water’ ; see °hidrógeno) + aulós ‘kind o f flute; tube, pipe’ , from IndoEuropean aulo- ‘ tube, long cavity’. Qhidrógeno ‘ hydrogen’ : French hydrogene, literally = ‘water-generating’ (because this gaseous element forms water when oxidized), from hydro- (from Greek hydro-, from hydor ‘water’ , from IndoEuropean ud-or, from ud-, from wed‘water; w et’ , source, likewise, o f English water, wet. Related words: abundancia, abundante, abundar, hidra1, hidra2, hidráulico, hidropesía, inundar, nutria, onda, redundancia, redundar, vaselina', possibly: ■M oscú) + French -gene ‘ pro­

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ducing, form ing’, from Greek -genes ‘ -born’, from Indo-European gen-es‘ kind, fam ily’ (see “género). hidropesía ‘ edema, dropsy’ : Latin hydropisis, from Greek hydropisis, from hydrops ‘ edema, dropsy’ , from hydor ‘water’ (see °hidrógeno). hiedra ‘ ivy’ : Latin hederá ‘ ivy’ , perhaps ultimately from Indo-European ghend‘to grasp, seize’ (see “prender). °hiel ‘gall, bile’ : Latin fel (genitive fellis, from Old Latin *felnis) ‘ bile’, from Indo-European ghel-n- ‘ bile’, from ghel‘to glow, shimmer’. Related words: arsénico, cloro, cólera, melancolía, melancólico. hielo ‘ ice’ : Latin gelu ‘ cold; frost’, from Indo-European gel-u- ‘ co ld ’, from gel‘ co ld ’ (see “gelatina). hiena ‘ hyena’ : Latin hyaena, from Greek hyaina ‘ hyena’, from hys ‘ hog, swine’ (from Indo-European su-, from su- ‘ pig’ ), probably with the ending o f léaina ‘lioness’ (masculine léon ‘lion’ ) or o f lykaina ‘ she-wolf’ (masculine lykos ‘w o lf’ ). hierático ‘ hieratic’ : Latin hieraticus ‘ hieratic, o f sacred uses, o f priests’ , from Greek hieratikós ‘ hieratic, o f priests’, from *hieratos, verbal o f hierasthai ‘ to be a priest’ , from hiereús ‘ priest’ , from hierós ‘ powerful, supernatural, sacred’ , from Indo-European is-ro- ‘ powerful; sacred’, from is-, from eis- ‘ moving rapidly’ (see “ira). “hierba ‘ grass; herb’ : Latin herba ‘ grass; herb’. Related word: herbívoro. hierro ‘ iron’ : obsolete fierro (a form still used in parts o f Spain and o f Spanish America), from Latin ferrum ‘iron’ (see “férreo). higa ‘ fist-shaped amulet; sign o f contempt (a fist with the thumb between the first and second fingers)’ : Italian fica (in far la fica ‘ make a fig (this sign o f contem pt)’ ), from fica ‘ fig; vulva’, from Vulgar Latin *fica ‘fig’, from Latin ficus ‘fig’ (see “higo). hígado ‘ liver’ : Late Latin ficatum ‘ liver’ (from Latin ficus ‘ fig’ ; see “higo), at first denoting only the liver as an article o f fo o d (underlying meaning: ‘ liver o f an animal fattened with dried figs’ ), trans­ lation o f Greek sykotón (in hépar syk otón ‘ figgy liver’ ; in Latin, also iecur

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ficatum), neuter o f sykotós, from sykon ‘fig’ (see °higo). “higiene ‘ hygiene’ : French hygiene ‘ hygiene’ , from Greek hygieine, feminine o f hygieinós ‘ healthful, relating to health’ , from hygiés ‘ healthy’ , from Indo-Europe­ an su-gwiyes-ya ‘ healthy’ , literally = ‘ living well (= healthily)’ , from su- ‘good, well’ (related w ord: Eufrates) + -gwiyes-, from gwei- ‘ to live’ (see °vivo). “higo ‘ fig’ : Latin ficus ‘fig (tree and fruit)’, o f non-Indo-European (probably Mediter­ ranean) origin (akin to Greek sykon ‘fig’ ). Related words: higa, hígado, sico­ fanta. higrómetro ‘ hygrometer’ : Greek hygro‘ moisture; moist, w et’ (from hygrós ‘ moist, w et’ , from Indo-European ugw-ro-, from ugw-, from wegw- ‘w et’ ; see °humor) + Spanish -metro ‘ measuring device’ (see °-m etro). “hijo ‘ son’ (the plural, hijos, = ‘ sons; children (offspring)’ ): obsolete fijo, from Latin filius ‘son’ (the plural, filii, = ‘ sons; children (offspring)’ ), o f disputed origin (from Indo-European dhei- ‘ to suck; to suckle’ ? [see ° fe m e n in o )). Related words: afiliar, ahijado, filial, hidalgo. hilar ‘ to spin’ : Late Latin filare ‘ to spin’ (see fila, °filo). Hilda, feminine given name: English Hilda, from Middle English Hilde, from Old English Hild, a feminine given name, literally = ‘ Battle, War’ , from Germanic held- ‘ battle’, from Indo-European keldh‘battle’, from kel- ‘ to beat, hew’ (see °golpe). hilera ‘ row, file’ : hilo ‘ thread’ (see hilo, °filo) + -era ‘o f, connected with’ (see -era2). hilo ‘ thread’ : Latin filum ‘ thread’ (see °filo). hilván ‘ basting (in sewing)’ : hilo ‘ thread’ (see hilo, °filo) + vano ‘ vain, lacking substance’ (underlying idea: ‘ loosely sewn’ ). See °vano. Himalaya ‘ Himalayas (mountain range)’ : Sanskrit Himalaya ‘ Himalayas’, literally = ‘ A bode o f Snow’ , from hima- ‘ snow, ice, winter, cold ’ (from Indo-European ghim‘winter’ ; see °invierno) + alaya ‘ house, dwelling’ , from a- ‘ near, toward’ + laya ‘ act o f sticking, o f clinging to ; rest, place o f rest, house, dwelling’ , from IndoEuropean lei- ‘ slimy’ (see °limo). himen ‘ hymen’ : Late Latin hymen ‘ hymen’ ,

hipérbaton

from Greek hymen ‘ membrane’, from Indo-European su-men ‘tie, bond’ , from su-, from sü-, variant o f syu- ‘ to attach, sew’ (see °sutura). himeneo ‘ nuptials’ : Latin hymenaeus ‘w ed­ ding; wedding song’, from Greek hyménaios ‘wedding; wedding song’ , from Hyménaios ‘ Hymen (Greek god o f marriage)’ , from Hymen-, stem o f Hymen ‘ Hymen’, probably from an ancient Greek wedding cry (akin to hymnos ‘ hymn’ ?; compare himno). “himno ‘ anthem, hymn’ : Latin hymnus ‘ hymn’ , from Greek hymnos ‘ hymn, ode o f praise’ (akin to H ym en?; see himeneo). Related word: Polimnia. hincar ‘ to drive, plant (cause to penetrate); to kneel’ : obsolete fincar, ficar ‘ to stay; to fasten’ (see finca, ficha, fijo, °dique). hinchar ‘ to swell’ : Latin inflare ‘to b lo w into’ (see “ inflar). The h- is probably due to the influence o f the -f-. hindú ‘ Hindu’ : Persian Hindu ‘ Hindu’ , from Hind ‘ India’ , from Old Persian Hindu ‘ India’ (see °Indo). hioides ‘ hyoid; hyoid b on e’ : New Latin hyoides ‘ hyoid bon e’ (first used in French, hyoide, sixteenth century), from Greek hyoeides (adjective) ‘being the hyoid b on e; shaped like the letter upsilon’, from hyo- (from hy, one o f the names o f the upsilon) + -eides ‘ having the shape o f ’ (see -oide, °ver). In man, the hyoid bone is U-shaped. “hiper- ‘over, above; excessively’, as in hiperbóreo, hipercrisis, hiperestesia, hiperm étrope: Latin hyper-, from Greek hyper- ‘over, above, beyon d’ , from hyper (adverb and preposition) ‘over, above’ , from Indo-European uper ‘ over’ . Related words: asomar; hipérbaton, and others beginning with hiper-; soberano, soberbia, soberbio, sobrar, sobre, sobre-, somero, soprano, sorprender, sorpresa, suma, sumario1, sumario2, sumo, super-; superávit, superficie, and others beginning with super-; superior, supremo, zozobra. hipérbaton ‘ hyperbaton, inversion o f normal word order’ : Latin hyperbaton, from Greek hypérbaton ‘ hyperbaton’ , from hypérbaton, neuter of hypérbatos ‘ inverted, transposed’ , from hyperbainein ‘to step over’ , from hyper- ‘ over’ (see °hiper-) + bainein ‘to step, go, walk’ (see diabetes, °venir).

hipérbola

hipérbola ‘ hyperbola’ : New Latin hyperbola ‘hyperbola’, from Greek hyperbole ‘ hyper­ bola; excess’ (underlying idea: ‘a section o f a cone, if parallel to one side o f the cone, forms a parabola; if it has a greater inclination, it forms a hyperbola’ ). See hipérbole, °hiper-, °metabolismo. hipérbole ‘hyperbole’ : Latin hyperbole ‘hyperbole’ , from Greek hyperbole ‘ hyper­ bole; excess; a throwing beyon d ’, from ‘to exceed; to throw hyperbállein beyon d ’, from hyper- ‘beyon d ’ (see °hiper-) + bállein ‘ to throw ’ (see ° metabolismo). "hipertrofia ‘hypertrophy’ : hiper- ‘over, excessive’ (see “hiper-) + -trofia ‘growth, nutrition’ , from New Latin -trophia, from Greek -trophia ‘growth, nutrition’ , from trophé ‘ nutrition, nourishment, fo o d ’, from tréphein ‘to nourish, feed’ (related word: atrofia). h ípico ‘ o f horses, hippie’ : Greek hippikós ‘o f horses’ , from hippos ‘horse’ (see hipo-', “ecuestre) + -ikós ‘ o f ’ (see “-ico2). hipnotismo ‘ hypnosis’ : English hypnotism (1843), short for neuro-hypnotism (1 8 4 2 ) , from neuro- ‘o f nerves’ (from New Latin neuro-, from Greek neuro- ‘ o f nerves’ , from neúron ‘ nerve’ ; see “neurona) + hypnotic ‘ inducing sleep’ (from Late Latin hypnoticus ‘ inducing sleep’ , from Greek hypnotikós ‘ inclined to sleep; inducing sleep’ , from *hypnotos, verbal o f hypnoún ‘to put to sleep, to sleep’ , from hypnos ‘ sleep’, from IndoEuropean sup-no- ‘ sleep’ , from sup-, from swep- ‘to sleep’ ; see “sueño1) + -ism ‘ act or theory o f ’ (from Middle English -isme, from Old French -isme, from Latin -ismus ‘ act’ ; see -ismo). hipnotizar ‘ to hypnotize’ : English hypnotize (1 8 4 3 ) , from hypnotism (see hipnotismo, “sueño, -ismo) + -ize ‘ to cause to be; to becom e’ , from Middle English -isen, from Old French -iser, from Late Latin -izare ‘to cause to be; to becom e’ (see °-izar). hipo ‘ hiccup’, a word formed (like Vulgar Latin hippitare and hippacare ‘ to hiccup’, English hiccup, French hoquet, and Russian ikota ‘ hiccup’ ) in imitation o f the sound o f a hiccup. hipo -1 ‘ horse’ , as in hipocampo, hipódromo, hipopótam o: Latin hippo-, from Greek hippo-, from hippos, from Indo-European

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ekwo- ‘ horse’ (see “ecuestre). "hipo -2 ‘ under; below normal’ : Late Latin hypo-, from Greek hypo- ‘ under, below, beneath’ , from hypo ‘ under; from under’ , from Indo-European upo ‘ under; from under’ . Related words: consumir; hipo­ condría and many others that begin with hipo--, insurgente, ópalo, presumir, presunción, presunto, presupuesto, resollar, resucitar, resuello, sacudir, socorrer, sofocar, sojuzgar, someter, sonreír, sonrojo, sonrosado, sonsacar, soplar, sostener, sota, sotana, sótano, Sotavento-, sub-, and many that begin with sub--, sumir, supino, suplantar, suponer, supuesto, surgir, suscitar, sutil, vereda, zozobra-, probably: vasallo. hipocam po ‘ sea horse’ : Greek hippókampos ‘sea horse; legendary sea-horse having the head and forelegs o f a horse and the tail o f a dolphin or fish’ , from hippo- ‘ horse’ (see hipo- ' , “ecuestre) + kámpos ‘ sea monster’ . hipocondría ‘ hypochondria’ : New Latin hypochondria ‘ hypochondria (depression with the conviction o f being ill)’, from Late Latin hypochondria (plural) ‘ abdomen (formerly supposed to be the seat o f m elancholy)’, from Greek hypokhóndria ‘ abdom en’ , from hypokhóndria, plural o f hypokhóndrion ‘ abdomen, that which is under the cartilage’ , neuter o f hypokhóndrios ‘ under the cartilage o f the breastbone’ , from hypo- ‘ under’ (see “hipo-2) + -khóndrios, from khóndros ‘ cartilage, cartilage o f the breastbone, granule, grain, groats’. h ipocoristico ‘ hypocoristic’ : Greek hypokoristikós ‘ pertaining to an endearing name, diminutive’, from *hypokoristos, verbal o f hypokorizesthai ‘ to call by endearing names’ , from hypo- ‘ below, beneath’ (see °hipo 2) + korizesthai ‘ to caress’, from kóros ‘b o y ; child; son’ (from Indo-European kor-wo- ‘b o y ’ ) and kóré ‘ girl’ (from Indo-European kor-wd ‘ girl’ ). Both Indo-European words derive from kor- (underlying meaning: ‘growing’ ), from ker- ‘to grow’ (see “cereal). hipócrita ‘ hypocrite’ : Late Latin hypocrita ‘ hypocrite’ , from Greek hypokrités ‘ hypocrite; actor (on the stage)’ , from hypokrinein ‘to play a part on the stage, answer a fellow actor, answer, separate

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gradually’, from hypo- ‘ under’ (see "hipo-2) + krinein ‘to separate, decide’ (see crisis, °escribir). "hipódromo ‘racecourse, hippodrom e’ : Latin hippodromos ‘ stadium for horse and chariot races’, from Greek hippodromos ‘ stadium for horse and chariot races’, from hippo- (from hippos ‘ horse’ ; see hipo-1, °ecu estre) + dróm os ‘ racecourse, course, race, a running’ , from IndoEuropean drom-o- ‘a running’ , from drom-, from drem-, from der- ‘running; tripping; walking, stepping’ (related words: atrapar, dromedario, palíndromo, síndrome, trampa, trampolín, trotar, velódrom o; probably: trepar). hipopótam o ‘ hippopotamus’ : Latin hippo­ potamus, from Late Greek hippopótamos, from Greek ho hippos ho potám ios ‘ hippopotamus’, literally = ‘ the horse o f the river’, from hippos ‘ horse’ (see hipo-1, "ecuestre) + potám ios ‘o f the river, o f rivers’ , from potam os ‘river’ (see M eso­ potamia, "pedir). hipoteca ‘mortgage’ : Late Latin hypo theca ‘ mortgage, pledge’ , from Greek h ypotheke ‘mortgage, pledge, deposit’ , from hypotithénai ‘ to put down as a deposit, put under’ , from hypo- ‘ under’ (see "hipo-2) + tithénai ‘ to put’ (see tesis, ° hacer). hipotenusa ‘ hypotenuse’ : Latin hypotenusa ‘ hypotenuse (in a right-angled triangle, the side opposite the right angle)’ , from Greek hypoteinousa ‘ hypotenuse’ (under­ lying meaning: ‘ line subtending the right angle’ ), from hypoteinousa, feminine o f h yp otein on ‘ subtending, stretching under’ , present participle o f hypoteinein ‘ to subtend, stretch under’ , from hypo‘ under’ (see "hipo-2) + teinein ‘to stretch’ , from Indo-European ten-yo-, from ten‘to stretch’ (see ° tener). hipótesis ‘ hypothesis’ : Late Latin hypothesis ‘ hypothesis’, from Greek hypothesis ‘ hypothesis, supposition’ , from hypotithénai ‘ to suppose, put under’ (see hipoteca, °hipo-2, tesis, °hacer). hirsuto ‘ hirsute’ : Latin hirsutus ‘ bristly, hairy’ , from Indo-European ghers- ‘ to bristle, stiffen’ (see °horchata). hispano ‘ Hispanic’ : Latin hispanus (adjec­ tive) ‘o f Spain, Hispanic’ (first century B.C.), from Hispanus ‘ Spaniard’ (first century B.C.), akin to Hispania ‘ Spain’

H okkaido

(see "España). hispanoamericano ‘ Spanish American’ : hispano-, combining form (from hispano ‘ Hispanic’ ; see hispano, "España), + americano ‘ American’ (see América, Rodríguez, Enrique, "regir). histérico ‘hysterical’ : Latin hystericus ‘hysterical; o f the w om b ’, from Greek hysterikós ‘hysterical; o f the w om b’ (underlying meaning: ‘ suffering in the w om b ’, from emotional excitability being held to be due to uterine disturbances), from hysterá ‘w om b ’, from Indo-Europe­ an udtero-, variant o f udero- ‘w om b’ (source, likewise, o f Latin uterus ‘w om b ’ ), histología ‘histology’ : French histologie ‘histology’, from histo- ‘bodily tissue’ (from Greek histós ‘ tissue, web, loom , beam o f a loom , mast’ [underlying meaning: ‘ something standing or set up’ ], from Indo-European si-st- ‘to set, place’ ; see asistir, "estar) + -logie ‘study’ , from Latin -logia ‘ study’ (see -logia, "leer). historia ‘story; history’ : Latin historia ‘ history’, from Greek historia ‘ inquiry, observation, narrative, history’, from histdr ‘learned man, judge’ (from IndoEuropean wid-tor- ‘ learned man; one who sees’, from wid-, from weid- ‘ to see’ ; see °ver) + -ia (see -ia). For the Indo-Europe­ an agent suffix -tor-, see -tor. hito ‘ landmark, guidepost’ : obsolete hito (adjective) ‘ driven, planted’, from Vulgar Latin fictus (Latin fixus), past participle o f Latin figere ‘ to fasten; to pierce’ (see fijo, "dique). h ocico ‘ snout, muzzle’ : hozar ‘to root (dig in the earth with the snout)’ , from Vulgar Latin fodiare ‘to dig’ , from Latin fodere ‘ to dig’ (see "fosa). hogaño ‘ this year; nowadays’ : Latin hoc anno ‘ in this year’ , from hoc ‘ in this’, ablative o f hie ‘ this’ (see ahora, "acá), + anno, ablative o f annus ‘ year’ (see "año). hogar ‘ hom e; hearth’ : Vulgar Latin focaris ‘ o f the hearth’ , from Latin focus ‘ hearth, fireplace’ (see "fo c o ) + -aris ‘o f ’ (see -ar2). hoguera ‘ fire’ : Medieval Latin focaría, fem i­ nine o f focarius ‘o f the fire’ , from Late Latin focus ‘ fire’ (see fuego, "fo c o ) + Latin -arius ‘ o f ’ (see "-ario1). hoja ‘ sheet; leaf; blade’ : obsolete foja ‘ sheet; leaf’ , from Latin folia ‘ leaves’, plural o f folium ‘leaf’ (see "folio). Hokkaido ‘ Hokkaido (island, Japan)’ :

¡hola!

Japanese Hokkaido, a name given the island in 1869, literally = ‘North-Sea District’, from Hokkai ‘ North Sea’ (from hok- ‘ north’ [a character read kita in isolation but hok in com pounds] + kai ‘ sea’ ) + do ‘ district, province’. ¡hola! ‘ hello’ , possibly from French hola ‘sto p !’, from ho ‘ stop !’ (from Old French ho ‘ stop !’ ) + la ‘ there’, from Latin iliac ‘ there’ (see allá, allí, ° él, °acá). Holanda ‘ Holland (area o f the Netherlands); Netherlands’ (holandés ‘Dutch’ ): Dutch Holland, area o f the Netherlands, from Middle Dutch Holland, county in the Netherlands (appears in 8 6 6 as Holtland), literally = ‘W ooded Land’ , from Germanic hulta- ‘w o o d ; w ood s’ (from Indo-Europe­ an kid- ‘ twig, w o o d ’ , from kel- ‘ to beat, hew; twig, w o o d ’ ; see °golpe) + landam ‘ land’ (see -landa). holgar ‘to rest; to idle’ : obsolete folgar ‘to rest; to idle’ (underlying idea: ‘ if some­ one is panting because o f exertion, he rests’ ), from Late Latin follicare ‘to pant’ (underlying meaning: ‘ to breathe making noise like a bellows’ ), from Latin follis ‘ bellows’ (see fuelle, °bala). holgazán ‘ idler’ : obsolete holgazar ‘ to be idle’ , from holgar ‘ to idle’ (see holgar, fuelle, °bala). holocausto ‘ holocaust’ : Late Latin holocaustum, from Greek holókauston ‘ h olo­ caust’ (underlying meaning: ‘ sacrificial offering wholly consumed b y flames’ ), neuter o f holókaustos ‘ burnt w hole’, from holo- ‘w hole’ (from hólos ‘w hole’, from Indo-European solo-, from sol‘w hole’ ; see °sólido) + kaustós ‘burnt’ (see ° cáustico). "hollar ‘ to trample’ : Vulgar Latin *fullare ‘to full (thicken w oolen fabric by beating)’ (source, likewise, o f French fouler ‘to trample’ ), from Latin fullo ‘fuller (o f clo th )’. Related word: huella. hollín ‘ so o t’ : Vulgar Latin fulligine, accusa­ tive o f fulligo, from Latin fuligo (stem fuligin-) ‘ soot’ (see fuliginoso, °fumar). hombre ‘man’ : obsolete omne, from Latin hominem, accusative o f homo ‘ man’ (stem homin-), from Indo-European ghom-on-, dhghom-on- ‘ man; human’ , literally = ‘ earthly; earthling’ (probable underlying idea: ‘ not heavenly; not a god’ ), from dhghom-, from dhghem- ‘ earth’ (see °camomila). For -mn- becoming

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-mbr-, compare -dumbre. “hom bro ‘ shoulder’ : Latin umerus ‘ upper arm; shoulder’ (in the frequent spelling humerus, the h- is unetymological, and probably due to hypercorrection), from Indo-European om eso- ‘ shoulder’ (related words: omóplato, om oplato). homenaje ‘homage’ : Old Provencal omenatge, from Medieval Latin hominaticum ‘ homage; o f a vassal’, from Latin homin-, stem o f hom o ‘ man (in Medieval Latin, also = ‘vassal’ )’ (see hombre, °camomila), + -aticum ‘o f, related t o ’ (see -ático). homeopatía ‘ hom eopathy’ : German H om óopathie ‘ hom eopathy’ (about 1796), from hornoo‘ like, similar’ (from Latin hom oeo-, from Greek hom oio-, from hóm oios ‘ similar’ , from hornos ‘ same’ ; see hom ogéneo, °simil) + -pathie ‘ system o f therapy’ , from Latin -pathia ‘ feeling, suffering’ , from Greek -pátheia ‘feeling, suffering, disease’ , from páthos ‘feeling, suffering’ (see °patético). Homeopathy was based on the idea that a disease can be cured b y giving minute amounts o f a remedy that in large doses would in healthy persons produce effects similar to those o f that disease; this idea was ex­ pressed in the Latin adage Similia similibus curantur ‘ Likes are cured by likes’ . homicida ‘ murderer, hom icide’ : Latin homicida ‘ murderer, manslayer’, from homi- ‘ man’ (from hom o ‘ man’ ; see hombre, °camomila) + -cida ‘killer’ (see -cida, °cesura). hom icidio ‘ murder, hom icide’ : Latin homicidium ‘killing o f a person by another’, from homi- ‘ man’ (see homicida, hombre, °camomila) + -cidium ‘ a killing’ (see -cidio, °cesura). hom ogéneo ‘ hom ogeneous’ : Medieval Latin homogeneus, from Greek homogenes ‘ homogeneous’ , from homo- ‘ same’ (from hornos ‘same, com m on’ , from IndoEuropean som-o-, from som-, from sem‘ one’ ; see °símil) + génos ‘kind, fam ily’ (see heterogéneo, °género). hom ónim o ‘ hom onym ous; hom onym ; name­ sake’ : Latin hom onym us ‘ homonymous, having the same name’ , from Greek hom onym os ‘ homonymous, having the same name’ , from homo- ‘same’ (see hom ogéneo, °símil) + -onym os ‘ name’ (see -ánimo, ° nombre).

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honda ‘ sling, slingshot’ : Latin funda ‘ sling’ (see ° funda). hondo ‘ deep’ : obsolete fondo (adjective) ‘ deep’, probably from obsolete (regional) perfon d o, from Latin profundus ‘ deep’ (see profundo, ° fondo). Honduras ‘ Honduras (cou n try)’ : Honduras, a Spanish province in Central America (documented from 8 March 1576), a name probably given at first to a part o f the northern coast o f present Honduras by Spanish navigators o f the beginning o f the sixteenth century w ho may have found it either too deep or deep enough to anchor their caravels. Spanish honduras literally = ‘ depths’ (plural o f hondura ‘ depth’, from hondo ‘ deep’ ; see hondo, °fon d o), but Honduras may be an American Indian name transformed by folk etym ology into a Spanish word. honesto ‘ honorable, honest’ : Latin honestus ‘ honorable, decent’ , from honos ‘ honor’ (see °honor). Hong Kong ‘ Hong Kong (island and territo­ ry )’ : English Hong K ong (1848), from hongkong, local (Cantonese) pronuncia­ tion o f Chinese Xiang-jiang (also romanized as Hsiang-chiang) ‘ Hong Kong’, literally = ‘ Fragrant Lagoon, Fragrant Harbor’, from xiang ‘ fragrant’ + jiang ‘lagoon, bay, harbor’ (for jidng, compare Macao). hongo ‘ mushroom, fungus’ : Latin fungus ‘ mushroom’ , possibly from Greek spóngos, sphóngos ‘ sponge’ (see °esponja). “honor ‘ honor’ (honorario ‘ honorary; fee, honorarium’ ): Latin honor (also honos) ‘ honor’ . Related words: honesto, honra, honrar. honra ‘ honor’ : honrar ‘to honor’ (see honrar, °honor). honrar ‘ to honor’ ( honrado ‘ upright, honest’ ): Latin honorare ‘to honor’, from honor ‘ honor’ (see °honor). Honshu ‘ Honshu (largest island o f Japan)’ : Japanese Honshu, literally = ‘Main Conti­ nent’ (underlying meaning: ‘Main Island’ ), from hon-, prefix, = ‘ main, chief’ + shü ‘ continent’ . “hora ‘ hour’ : Latin hora ‘ hour (among an­ cient Romans and Greeks, the hour was o f varying length, depending on the time o f the year, the period o f light [from sun­ rise to sunset] being divided into twelve hours); time o f day; period o f time;

h o ró s co p o

season o f the year’, from Greek hora ‘ hour; time; season’, from Indo-European yora ‘ year; season’, from yero- ‘ year; season’. Related words: ahora, horóscopo, reloj. horadar ‘ to perforate’ : horado ‘ hole’ (also forado), from Latin foratus ‘ a boring, perforation’, from foratus, past participle o f forare ‘ to bore, pierce’, from IndoEuropean bhor-d-, from bhor-, from bher‘ to cut, pierce’ (see °herir). “horca ‘gallows’ : Latin furca ‘ fork-shaped prop; two-pronged fork (for digging)’ . Related w ord: ahorcar. “horchata, kind o f beverage: Vulgar Latin hordeata, literally = ‘o f barley’ (akin to English orgeat), from Latin hordeum ‘barley’ , from Indo-European ghrzd‘ prickly plant’ , from ghers- ‘ to bristle, stiffen’. Related words: aborrecer, aburrir, capricho, caprichoso, erizar, erizo, hirsuto, horrible, horror, oruga, orzuelo, rizar, rizo. horda ‘ horde’ : French horde, from German Horde, from Polish horda ‘ horde’ , from Turkish ordu ‘ camp’ (akin to Mongolian ordu ‘ camp; horde’ ). “horizonte ‘ horizon’ (horizontal ‘ horizon­ tal’ ): Late Latin horizontem , accusative o f horizon, from Greek horizon (stem horizont-) ‘ horizon’ , from horizon, present participle o f horizein ‘ to separate, bound, define, delimit’ , from hóros ‘ boundary, limit’ + -izein ‘to cause to be’ (see °-izar). Related words: aforismo, aoristo. hormiga ‘ ant’ : Latin formica ‘ ant’ , from Indo-European morm-, variant o f morwi‘ ant’ . hormona, horm ón ‘ horm one’ : English hor­ m one (1903), from Greek hormón ‘ a vital principle’ , from hormón, present parti­ ciple o f hormón ‘ to urge on, stir up, set in m otion’ , from horme ‘ impulse, attack’. h o m o ‘oven; furnace’ : Latin furnus ‘ oven’ , from Indo-European gwhor-no- ‘ heat, burning’ , from gwhor- ‘warm’ (from gwher- ‘warm’ ; see °termas) + -no-, a suf­ fix forming verbal adjectives and nouns (see digno). h oróscop o ‘ horoscope’ : Latin horoscopus ‘ diagram o f the signs o f the zodiac based on the aspect o f the planets at the m o­ ment o f a person’s birth used by astrol­ ogers to foretell the events o f his/her life’ ,

horrible

from Greek horoskópos ‘ horoscope (dia­ gram); astrologer, observer o f the hour’ , from horo- (from hora ‘ hour’ ; see °h ora) + skopós ‘observer’ , from Indo-European spoko- ‘observer, scout, spy’ , from spek‘ to lo o k ’ (see °espejo). horrible ‘ horrible’ : Latin horribilis ‘ horrible’ , from horrere ‘ to bristle; to tremble, shudder’ (see aborrecer, °horchata) + -ibilis ‘ capable o f; causing’ (see -ible, °-ble). horror ‘ horror’ : Latin horror ‘ horror; action o f trembling’ , from horrere ‘ to tremble’ (see aborrecer, °horchata) + -or ‘ activity’ (see -or2). hortaliza ‘ vegetable’ : obsolete hortal ‘ vege­ table garden’ , from Latin hortualis ‘o f a garden’, from hortus ‘garden’ (see °huerto) + -alis ‘ o f ’ (see °-al). hortelano ‘ gardener’ : hortolano, from Latin hortulanus ‘ gardener’ , from hortulus ‘ small garden’ , diminutive o f hortus ‘ garden’ (see °huerto), + -anus ‘o f ’ (see -ano2, °-ano'). For Latin -ulus ‘ small one’, see °-ulo. hortensia ‘ hydrangea’ : New Latin hortensia ‘ hydrangea’, so named b y French botanist Philibert Commerson for H ortense, wife o f the French clockmaker Jean-Baptiste Lepaute, all three o f whom had been on Bougainville’s expedition (1766—69) during which Commerson found this plant. The French feminine given name Hortense derives from Latin Hortensia (A.D. 26), a feminine name, from Hortensius, name o f a Roman gens (third century B.C.), probably from hortensius ‘o f a garden’ , from hortus ‘ garden’ (see °huerto). hosco ‘ sullen; dark brow n’ : Latin fuscus ‘ dark, dark brown, blackish’ , from IndoEuropean dhus-ko- ‘dark’, from dhus-, from dheu- ‘ smoke; dust’ (see °fumar). hospedar ‘ to lodge’ : Latin hospitari ‘to lodge’ , from hospit-, stem o f hospes ‘ host’ (see huésped, °hostil). hospital ‘ hospital’ : Medieval Latin hospitale ‘ hospice’ , from Latin hospitale ‘ bedroom ’, from hospitale, neuter o f hospitalis (adjective) ‘o f a guest; hospitable’, from hospit-, stem o f hospes ‘ host; stranger; guest’ (see huésped, °hostil). hostia ‘ host (eucharistic bread)’ : Late Latin hostia ‘ host’ , from Latin hostia ‘victim; sacrifice’ .

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hostigar ‘to lash, whip; to harass, annoy’ : Late Latin fustigare ‘ to beat with a club’, from Latin fustis ‘ club, stick’ + -igare, from agere ‘ to d o ’ (see 0agente). "hostil ‘ hostile’ : Latin hostilis ‘ hostile’ , from hostis ‘ stranger’ (also = ‘ enemy’, from the idea o f ‘ stranger’ ) — from IndoEuropean ghos-ti- ‘ stranger’ ; related words: hospedar, hospital, hotel, huésped, huestes— + -ilis ‘ o f ’ (see °-il). hotel ‘hotel’ : French hotel ‘ hotel’ , from Old French hostel ‘ hostel’ , from Medieval Latin hospitale ‘ hospice’ (see hospital, huésped, °hostil). h oy ‘ today’ : Latin hodie ‘ today’ , from hoc die ‘ this day, on this day, in this day’ , from hoc, ablative o f hie ‘ this’ (see ahora, °acá), + die, ablative o f dies ‘day’ (see día, °dios). h oy o ‘ hole’ : hoya ‘ large hole, pit’, from Latin fovea ‘ small pit’ , possibly o f Etruscan origin. hoz ‘ sickle’ : obsolete foz, from Latin falx ‘ sickle; scythe; pruning h o o k ’, perhaps o f Ligurian origin. huaco, guaco, a pre-Columbian Peruvian Indian relic, often a clay vessel, from Quechua wako ‘ clay ob ject’ , from waka, a pre-Columbian tom b (because most huacos were discovered in tom bs); waka also = ‘god ’ and ‘ shrine inhabited by a god ’ . Huang Ho, R io Amarillo ‘ Yellow River (China)’ : Chinese Huang-he, literally = ‘ Yellow River’ (mentioned as early as the third millenium B.C.), so called from the color o f its water which is due to the great amount o f loess soil it carries in suspension, having gathered it in the middle part o f its basin, from huáng ‘ yellow ’ + h i ‘ river’ . Hudson (Bahía de) ‘ Hudson Bay (inland sea, Canada)’ , named for English explorer Henry Hudson (1550?—1611), who dis­ covered it in 1610. The English family name Hudson (Hutson, Hudsone, 1323) means ‘ Son o f Hudd’ , Hudd (Hude, 1177) being a frequent pet form o f Hugh (from Old North French Hugues, o f Germanic origin, perhaps = ‘ mind, spirit’, akin to Gothic hugjan ‘to think; to hug’ ), although it was occasionally used as a pet form o f Richard (from Old French Richard, from Old High GermanRicohard; see Ricardo). English -son, a family-name

hundir

269

ending (from the middle o f the twelfth century, i.e. beginning in Middle English), originally a patronymic ending (Old English -sunu [added to the genitive form o f the given nam e]), derives from son ‘ male offspring’ (Old English sunu, from Germanic sunuz, from Indo-European sunu- ‘son’ [hence Sanskrit sunu ‘son’ ], from seu- ‘to give birth’ ). hueco ‘h ollow ’ : hueco ‘ (o f the ground) soft, flu ffy, spongy’ , from obsolete ocar (also aocar; modern ahuecar) ‘to cause to be fluffy; to make hollow and light’, from Latin occare ‘to harrow, break up and level (the ground)’ , from occa ‘ a harrow’ , ultimately from Indo-European ok-, variant o f ak- ‘sharp’ (see °aguja). huelga ‘strike (work stoppage)’ : holgar ‘ to rest; to idle’ (see holgar, fuelle, °bala). huella ‘ track, trace’ : hollar ‘to trample’ (see ° hollar). “huérfano ‘orphan’ : Late Latin orphanus, from Greek orphanós ‘ orphan’, from Indo-European orbho- ‘orphan’ (under­ lying meaning: ‘ separated from parents’ ), from orbh- ‘to separate’. Related word: orfandad. “huerto ‘ orchard’ (huerta ‘ vegetable garden’ ): Latin hortus ‘garden’ (underlying mean­ ing: ‘enclosed place’ ), from Indo-Europe­ an ghor-to-, ghor-dho- ‘ enclosure’ , from ghor-, from gher- ‘ to gird, enclose’ . Related words: Belgrado, corte, cortejar, cortés, cortina, gardenia, -grado, hortaliza, hortelano, hortensia, jardín. Doublet: jardín. hueso ‘ bon e’ : Vulgar Latin ossu, from Latin ossum, variant o f os (stem oss-) ‘ bone’ , from Indo-European ost-, osth- ‘b on e’ (see “ostión). huésped ‘ guest; host’ : Latin hospitem, accusative o f hospes (stem hospit-) ‘ host; stranger; guest’ , from Indo-European ghos-pot- ‘ host’, literally = ‘ master o f guests, master o f strangers’ , from ghos(from ghos-ti- ‘ stranger’ ; see °hostil) + p ot- ‘master’ , from poti- ‘ master’ (see “poder). huestes ‘ host, army’ : Late Latin hostes, plural o f hostis ‘ army; enemy army’ , from Latin hostis ‘enemy; stranger’ (see “hostil). huevo ‘ egg’ : Latin ovum ‘ egg’ (see “ovario). huir ‘ to flee’ : Latin fugere ‘ to flee, run away’ , from Indo-European bhug-, from bheug-

‘ to flee’ (see “fuga). “hule ‘rubber’ : Náhuatl olli (also ollin, ulli, uli) ‘gum tree; gum, rubber’, from olini ‘ to move, agitate’ . Related word: olmeca. The h- is not etymological. humano ‘ human’ : Latin humanus ‘ human’ , from Indo-European ghom-on- ‘ human (adjective and noun)’ (see hombre, “ camomila). humedad ‘ humidity’ : Latin humiditas, umiditas ‘ humidity’ , from humidus, umidus ‘ damp, humid’ (see húmedo, “ humor) + -ifas ‘ quality’ (see-idad, °-tad). húmedo ‘ moist, damp, humid’ : Latin humidus, umidus ‘ moist, damp’, from humere, umere ‘to be moist, be w et’ , from Indo-European ugw-sm- ‘w et’ (see “ humor). humilde ‘ humble’, ultimately from Latin humilis ‘ low, lowly, humble’, from humus ‘ ground, earth, soil’ (from Indo-European dhghom-o-, from dhghom-, from dhghem‘ earth’ ; see ° camomila) + -ilis ‘ o f ’ (see °-H).

humillar ‘ to humble’ : Late Latin humiliare ‘ to humiliate’ , from Latin humilis ‘ low, humble’ (see humilde, “ camomila) + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). hum o ‘ smoke; fum e’ : Latin fumus ‘ smoke; steam’ (see “fumar). “humor ‘ humor’ : Medieval Latin humor ‘ humor, fluid from an animal or plant’ (in the Middle Ages, it was thought that each person had four b od y fluids [yellow bile or choler, black bile, blood, phlegm] that determined, by their relative propor­ tions, his or her mental disposition), from Latin humor, umor ‘ moisture, liquid, fluid’ (the h- is unetymological and probably due to hypercorrection; the word may have been erroneously asso­ ciated with humus ‘ earth’ ), from IndoEuropean ugw-sm- ‘w et’ , from ugw-, from wegw- ‘w et’ . Related words: higrómetro, humedad, húmedo. It was thought that, when present in excess, yellow bile caused bad temper (compare cólera)', black bile, gloominess (compare melanco­ lía)-, blood , passionateness; and phlegm, sluggishness (compare flema). Compare, also, gota and reumatismo. hundir ‘ to sink’ : hundir ‘ to destroy, ruin’ (influenced in meaning by hondo ‘ deep’ ), from Latin fundere ‘to pour; to melt; to scatter, spread; to overthrow, rout’ (see

húngaro

° fundir). “húngaro ‘ Hungarian’ : Medieval Latin Hungari (plural) ‘ Hungarians, Magyars’ (also Ungari, Ungri [documented from 8 6 2 ], Ugri; the h- is probably due to the influence o f Latin Hunni ‘ Huns’ , a word o f different origin [see huno ]), from Old Russian ugre (plural) ‘Hungarians, Magyars’ (whence English Ugrian), from a Turkic ethnic name akin to Late Greek Onógouroi, a people in the area o f Europe where the Magyars settled in the ninth century (probably Bulgaro-Turkic onogur, on ogur, literally = ‘ ten arrows’ and figuratively ‘ ten tribes’ [Old Turkish on oghuz, Turkish on oft]). Related word: Hungría. Hungría ‘ Hungary (country; Hungarian Magyarország): Medieval Latin Hungaria, from Hungari ‘ Hungarians’ (see °húngaro) + -ia ‘ area, country’ (see -ia). huno ‘Hun’ : Late Latin Hunni, Huni (plural) ‘ Huns’ (fourth century o f the Christian era), from Turki hun-yii ‘ Huns’ (akin to Mongol hiin ‘man, human being’?), huracán ‘ hurricane’ : Taino hurakán, probably from hura ‘wind; to b low ’ , huraño ‘ shy’ : obsolete horaño ‘ shy’ (hufrom influence o f hurón ‘ polecat’ , a shy

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animal), from foraño ‘ shy; stranger’ , from Late Latin foraneus ‘ foreign’, from foras ‘outside, out o f doors, abroad’ (see ° fuera). hurón ‘ polecat; ferret’ : Medieval Latin furonem , accusative o f furo (stem furon-) ‘ polecat’ , from Late Latin furo ‘ cat; thief’ (compare French furet ‘ polecat; ferret’ , from Vulgar Latin *furittus ‘ pole­ cat; little thief’ , diminutive o f Latin fur ‘thief’ ), from Latin fur ‘ thief’ (see 0furtivo). hurto ‘theft’ (hurtar ‘to ro b ’ ): Latin furtum ‘theft’ (see "furtivo). húsar ‘ hussar (light cavalry horseman)’ : Hungarian huszár ‘ hussar (light cavalry horseman)’ , from obsolete huszár ‘ high­ way robber’ , from Serbian húsar, gusar ‘ pirate’, from Old Italian corsaro, from Medieval Latin cursarius ‘ pirate’ , from cursus ‘ plunder’, from Latin cursus ‘ run, course’ (see curso, "correr). husmear ‘to scent’ : obsolete husmar, usmar, osmar ‘to scent’, from Greek osme ‘odor, smell’, from *odsm e, from Indo-Europe­ an od-ma- ‘ smell’, from od- ‘ to smell’ (see °oler). huso ‘ spindle’ : Latin fusus ‘ spindle’ .

i ‘the letter Latin i ‘the letter V, repre­ senting the sound o f the letter, perhaps from Etruscan or dialectal Greek in which it was so named (instead o f iota, as in Greek) on the analogy o f the early Greek designations o f graphic e, o, u (see °e'). i- ‘ not, w ithout’, as in ilegal, ileso, ilícito, ilimitado: Latin il- ‘ not, w ithout’ (see in-2, °no). °-i-', vowel o f the third conjugation: Latin -i-, thematic vowel o f fourth conjugation verbs (compare °-a-, °-e-). Related suffixes: -e2, -es2, -ibilidad, -ible, -ibundo, -id, -ido', -ido2, -ido3, -idor', -idor2, -idura, -irnos', -ir, -is, -o 3. -i-2, a connective vowel, as in herbívoro, -idad, multiple, multitud, uniforme: Latin -i-, connective vowel (as in carnivorus, latitudo, multitudo, pacificus, uniformis), from -i-, thematic vowel o f many nouns and adjectives in com bination (as in omnivorus; also found in the joining o f other elements, e.g. an adjective to an ending). The Latin connective -i- com es from the use o f certain suffixes (as -a, -anus) after stems ending in -i (e.g., Istrianus ‘from Istria’, from Istria + -anus, interpreted as if it had a suffix -ianus). Compare -o-, -ual. -{ ', an ending o f the first person singular o f the preterit indicative o f second conjuga­ tion verbs, as in tem í: - i 2, by analogy. - i 2, an ending o f the first person singular o f the preterit indicative o f third conjuga­ tion verbs, as in parti: Vulgar Latin -ii (as in partii), from Latin -ivi (as in partivi), first person singular ending o f the perfect indicative o f fourth conjugation verbs, from -iv- ‘ perfect o f fourth conjugation verbs’ (from -i-, thematic vowel o f the fourth conjugation, + -v- ‘grammatical perfect’ [see ° - é '] ) + -i ‘ first person singular’ (see °-é' ). -f 3 ‘o f (an area or cou ntry)’ , adjective and noun ending, as in iraquí, jabalí, kuwaití, marroquí, om aní: Arabic -iy or Persian -i, both gentilic suffixes, -ia, -fa, suffixes forming feminine (often abstract) nouns; nouns in -ia are generally derived from Latin (as presencia), those

in -ia from Spanish (as cortesía, sequía) or Greek (as geografía): Latin -ia (in many instances from Greek -ia [also -eia, -e ia ] ) or Greek -fa, endings o f feminine (often abstract) nouns, both from -i-, thematic or connective vowel (see ° T - ', -i-2), + -a, feminine singular suffix (see -a', -a2, °-o5, °cuota). Frequent meanings are: ‘condition, state, quality’ (conciencia, justicia), ‘ activity, practice; place o f business’ (astronomía-, lavandería, panadería [see -eria3]), ‘ area, country’ (Italia, Turquía). -fa1, ending o f the first person singular o f the imperfect indicative o f second conju­ gation verbs, as in temía: Latin -ebam (as in timebam), first person singular ending o f the imperfect indicative o f second and third conjugation verbs (the -b- was lost by analogy to the second -b- o f debebam, habebam, which had disappeared [debía, había] by dissimilation), from -e-, thematic vowel o f the imperfect indica­ tive o f second and third conjugation verbs, + -ba-, a mark o f the imperfect indicative (see -aba', ° futuro), + -m, a first person singular ending (see °-aba'). -ia2, ending o f the third person singular o f the imperfect indicative o f second conju­ gation verbs, as in tem ía: Latin -ebat (as in timebat), third person singular ending o f the imperfect indicative o f second and third conjugation verbs (for the loss o f the -b-, see -i a '), from -e-, thematic vowel (see -ia '), + -ba- ‘ imperfect indicative’ (see -aba, °futuro) + -t ‘third person singular’ (see °-a3). -ia3, ending o f the first person singular o f the imperfect indicative o f third conjuga­ tion verbs, as in partía: Vulgar Latin -iba (as in partiba [Latin -iebam, as in partiebam, fourth con ju gation ]), possibly by analogy to other Latin fourth conju­ gation forms like audivi (perfect indica­ tive) or audirem (imperfect subjunctive) or by analogy to the first conjugation amare/amabam relation and the second conjugation monere/monebam relation. For the loss o f the -b- in Spanish, see -ia'; for Latin -ba- ‘ imperfect indicative’, see

-ía4

-aba1 and °futuro, for -m ‘ first person’, see °-aba1. -ía4, ending o f the third person singular o f the imperfect indicative o f third conjuga­ tion verbs, as in partía: Vulgar Latin -ibat (as in partibat [Latin -iebat, as in partiebat, fourth conjugation]), possibly by analogy (see -ia3). For the loss o f the -b- in Spanish, see -ia' ; for Latin -ba‘ imperfect indicative’ , see -aba 1 and ° futuro, for -t ‘ third person’ , see -a3. -ia5, ending o f the first person singular o f the conditional, as in amaría, temería, partiría: Vulgar Latin habeba, an auxilia­ ry used to form the conditional, as in amare habeba ‘ I ’d love’ (on the analogy o f the Vulgar Latin future; see -e'2), from Latin habebam ‘ I had’ , first person singular o f the imperfect indicative o f habere ‘to have’ (see °haber). For Latin -eba- ‘ imperfect indicative’ , see -i a '; for -m ‘first person singular’ , see °-aba'. -ia6, ending o f the third person singular o f the conditional, as in amaría, temería, partiría: Vulgar Latin habebat, an auxilia­ ry (see -ía5, -é2), from Latin habebat ‘ he had’, third person singular o f the imper­ fect indicative o f habere ‘to have’ (see °haber). For Latin -eba-‘ imperfect indica­ tive’, see-ia1; fo r -f ‘ third person singular’ , see °-a3. -ia1, an ending o f feminine nouns, as in cortesía, geografía, lavandería, Turquía, see -ia. -íaco, -iaco ‘o f ’ , as in austríaco, demoníaco, elegiaco, hipocondriaco, maniaco, see -acó. -íais1, ending o f the second person plural o f the imperfect indicative o f second conju­ gation verbs, as in temíais: Latin -ebatis (as in timebatis), second person plural ending o f the imperfect indicative o f second and third conjugation verbs (for the loss o f the -b-, see -ia '), from -e-, thematic vowel (see -ia '), + -ba- ‘ imper­ fect indicative’ (see -aba', °futuro) + -tis ‘ second person plural’ (see °-is). -iais2, ending o f the second person plural o f the imperfect indicative o f third conju­ gation verbs, as in partíais: Vulgar Latin -ibatis (as in partibatis [Latin -iebatis, as in partiebatis, fourth conjugation]), pos­ sibly by analogy (see -ia3). For the loss o f the -b- in Spanish, see -i a '; for Latin -ba‘ imperfect indicative’ , see -aba' and

272

°futuro, for -tis ‘ second person plural’, see °-/s. -iais3, ending o f the second person plural o f the conditional, as in amaríais, temeríais, partiríais: Vulgar Latin habebatis, an auxiliary (see -ia5, -e1), from Latin habebatis ‘ you had’ , second person plural o f the imperfect indicative o f habere ‘ to have’ (see °haber). For Latin -eba- ‘ imper­ fect indicative’ , see -ia' ; for -tis ‘ second person plural’ , see °-is. -ial ‘o f ’ , an ending o f adjectives, as in adverbial, bestial, cordial, genial, racial: Latin -ialis ‘ o f ’, adjectival suffix, from -i-, stem vowel or connective vowel (see -i-2), + -alis ‘ o f ’ (see °-al). -iamos1, ending o f the first person plural o f the imperfect indicative o f second conju­ gation verbs, as in temíamos: Latin -ebamus (as in timebamus), first person plural ending o f the imperfect indicative o f second and third conjugation verbs (for the loss o f the - 6 -, see -ia1), from -é-, thematic vowel (see -i a '), + -ba- ‘ imper­ fect indicative’ (see -aba', °futuro), + -mus ‘ first person plural’ (see °-mos). -iamos2, ending o f the first person plural o f the imperfect indicative o f third conjuga­ tion verbs, as in partíamos: Vulgar Latin -ibamus (as in partibamus [Latin -iebamus, fourth con ju gation ]), possibly b y analogy (see -ia3). For the loss o f the -b- in Spanish, see -ia' ; for Latin -ba- ‘ imperfect indicative’, see -aba' and °futuro, for -mus ‘ first person plural’ , see °-mos. -iamos3, ending o f the first person plural of the conditional, as in amaríamos, temeríamos, partiríamos: Vulgar Latin habebamus, an auxiliary (see -ía5, -é2), from Latin habebamus ‘we had’ , first person plural o f the imperfect indicative o f habere ‘ to have’ (see °haber). For Latin -eba- ‘ imperfect indicative’ , see -ia '; for -mus ‘ first person plural’, see °-mos. -fan1, ending o f the third person plural o f the imperfect indicative o f second conju­ gation verbs, as in temían: Latin -ebant (as in timebant), third person plural ending o f the imperfect indicative of second and third conjugation verbs (for the loss o f the -b-, see -ia '), from -e-, thematic vowel (see -ia '), + -ba- ‘ imper­ fect indicative’ (see -aba', °futuro) + -nt ‘ third person plural’ (see °-n). -fan2, ending o f the third person plural of

273

the imperfect indicative o f third conjuga­ tion verbs, as in partían-. Vulgar Latin -ibant (as in partibant [Latin -iebant, fourth con ju gation ]), possibly by analogy (see -i'a3). For the loss o f the -b- in Spanish, see -ia' ; for Latin -ba- ‘ imper­ fect indicative’ , see -aba1 and °futuro, for -nt ‘ third person plural’, see °-n. -fan3, ending o f the third person plural o f the conditional, as in amarían, temerían, partirían-. Vulgar Latin habebant, an auxiliary (see -ía5, -é2), from Latin habebant ‘ they had’, third person plural o f the imperfect indicative o f habere ‘to have’ (see °haber). For Latin -eba- ‘ imper­ fect indicative’, see -ia1; for -nt ‘ third person plural’ , see °—n. -iano ‘ o f, from ’, an ending o f adjectives and nouns (often referring to areas), as in boliviano, italiano, laosiano, liviano, provinciano: Latin -ianus'oi, from ’ , from -i- (which may be thematic or connective; see -i-2) + -anus ‘ o f, from ’ (see °-ano1). The feminine -iana is sometimes added to proper names to form names o f territories, as in Luisiana. -iar, an infinitive ending, as in agobiar, confiar, enfriar, hastiar, rociar, vaciar: Latin -iare, an infinitive ending, from -i(which may be thematic, as in conciliare, from concilium, or connective, as in ampliare, from amplus\ see -i-2) + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-a r'). -fas1, ending o f the second person singular o f the imperfect indicative o f second conju­ gation verbs, as in temías: Latin -ebas (as in timebas), second person singular ending o f the imperfect indicative o f second and third conjugation verbs (for the loss o f the -b-, see -ia' ), from -e-, thematic vowel (see -ia' ), + -ba- ‘ imper­ fect indicative’ (see -aba', °futuro) + -s ‘ second person singular’ (see °-s2). -fas2, ending o f the second person singular o f the imperfect indicative o f third co n ­ jugation verbs, as in partías: Vulgar Latin -ibas (as in partibas [Latin -iebas, fourth conjugation]), possibly by analogy (see -ia3). For the loss o f the -b- in Spanish, see -ia' ; for Latin -ba- ‘ imperfect indica­ tive’ , see -aba' and ° futuro, for -s ‘ second person singular’ , see °-s2. -fas3, ending o f the second person singular of the conditional, as in amarías, temerías, partirías: Vulgar Latin habebas, an

-ica-

auxiliary (see -ia5, -é2), from Latin habebas ‘you had’ , second person singular o f the imperfect indicative o f habere ‘ to have’ (see °haber). For Latin -eba- ‘ imper­ fect indicative’ , see -ia' ; for -s ‘ second person singular’ , see °-s2. -iasis ‘disease’, as in elefantiasis, litiasis: New Latin -iasis ‘disease’ (as in elephantiasis), from Latin -iasis, suffix o f action, from Greek -iasis, suffix o f action, from -ia(from verbs in -ian or -iazein, which often express disease) + -sis ‘ process, action; disease’ (see °-sis). ibero ‘ Iberian’ : Latin Iberus, Hiberus ‘ Iberian’ (first century B.C.), probably from Iberus, Hiberus ‘ Ebro (river)’ (first century B.C.); see °Ebro. -ibilidad ‘ ability to fitness for’ , an ending o f feminine abstract nouns, as in compatibilidad, flexibilidad, posibilidad, sensibilidad, visibilidad Latin -ibilitatem, accusative o f -ibilitas (stem -ibilitat-), from -i-, thematic vowel (see °-i- ' ), + -bilitas ‘ability to ’ (see -bilidad, °-ble, °-tad). -ible ‘worthy o f, capable o f, fit fo r’ , an ending o f adjectives, as in apacible, comprensible, posible, tangible, temible: Latin -ibilis ‘worthy of, capable o f; causing’, from -i-, thematic vowel (see °-i- ' ), + -bilis ‘ capable o f ’ (see °-ble). -fbulo ‘ instrument; serving fo r ’, as in patíbulo, vestíbulo: Latin -ibulum ‘ instru­ ment; serving fo r’ (as in patibulum), from -i-, connective vowel (see -i-2), + -bulum ‘ instrument; serving fo r’ (see °-bulo). -ibundo, an ending denoting duration, as in furibundo, moribundo, pudibundo: Latin -ibundus, from -i-, thematic vowel (see °-i-'), + -bundus, an ending o f verbal adjectives (see °-bundo). -ica 1 (stressed suffix) Tittle’, a diminutive ending (as in imagencica, Marica, vainica), feminine o f ° -ic o ', which see. -ica 2 (unstressed suffix) ‘o f, characteristic o f’ (feminine o f -ico2), an ending o f adjec­ tives, as in acuática, cónica, escéptica, física, pública: Latin -ica, feminine o f -icus, from Greek -¿fee, feminine o f -ikós (see °-ico2). -ica 3 (unstressed suffix) ‘o f; study o f ’ , an ending o f feminine nouns, as in botánica, física, gráfica, lingüística, onomástica: -ica2 (ending o f adjectives), or Latin -ica,

icaco

noun suffix, either from Latin -ica, adjective suffix (see -ica2 ) or from Greek -ike, noun suffix, from -ike, adjective suffix (see -ica2, °-ico2). icaco ‘ coco plum’ , see hicaco. -icia ‘ condition, quality’ , an ending o f feminine (generally abstract) nouns, as in codicia, delicia, justicia, leticia, pericia: Latin -itia ‘ condition, quality’, an ending o f feminine (generally abstract) nouns (as in laetitia, pigritia, tristitia), from -itia, feminine o f -itius, an ending o f adjectives (see °-icio). °-icio ‘ act; quality, condition; of, relating to ’ , an ending o f nouns (as in beneficio, edificio, indicio, oficio, solsticio) and o f adjectives (as in alimenticio, ficticio, gentilicio, propicio, vitalicio): Latin -itius (also -idus) ‘o f; condition, quality’ , an ending o f adjectives and (rarely) o f nouns, akin to Greek -sios and Sanskrit -tya, endings o f adjectives and nouns. In Latin, -idus and -itius form adjectives from past participles and from nouns (they are usually added to the base o f past participles ending in -fus; see, for instance, hechizo, p ostizo). Related suffixes: -adizo, -edizo, -eriza, -erizo, -e z ', -eza, -ida, -idizo, -iza, -izo, -ticio. -ición ‘act o f, process, state’ , an ending o f feminine (frequently abstract) nouns, as in disposición, guarnición, imposición, nutrición, posición: Latin -itionem, accusative o f -itio (stem -ition-) ‘act, process’, from -itus, past participle ending (see -ido1, °-ado' ), + -io (stem -ion ) ‘ act o f, process, state’ (see °-ión). Compare -ación. °-ico‘ (stressed suffix) ‘little’, a diminutive ending (as in abanico, billetico, caballico, gusanico, villancico), o f uncertain origin. A general Hispanic suffix in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, it is now regional (Aragón, Murcia; Colombia, Costa Rica). Related suffixes: -ica1, -cico, -ecico. °-ico 2 (unstressed suffix) ‘ o f, characteristic o f ’ , an ending o f adjectives, as in acuático, cónico, escéptico, físico, pú blico: Latin -icus (as in hosticus ‘o f an enemy, hostile’ ) ‘ o f ’, or Greek -ikós (as in physikós ‘ o f nature’ ) ‘ o f, characteristic o f ’. Many nouns are derived from these adjectives and are identical in form with them. Related suffixes: -aico, -aje, -ático, -azgo,

274

-ica2, -ica2, -ico 2, -ótico. -ico 3 (unstressed suffix) ‘o f, characteristic o f ’, an ending o f nouns, as in botánico, escéptico, físico, gráfico, público: -ico2, or Latin -icus ‘ o f ’ (see °-ico2). “icon o ‘ icon (religious image)’ : French icone, from Russian ikona ‘ icon’ , from Greek eikon (accusative eikóna) ‘ like­ ness; image’ , from Indo-European eik-on‘ likeness’ , from eik-, variant o f weik- ‘ to be like’ . Related w ord: iconoclasta. iconoclasta ‘ iconoclastic’ : Medieval Latin iconoclastes ‘ iconoclast (one who opposes the veneration o f religious images)’ , from Middle Greek eikonoklástés ‘ icon o­ clast’, literally = ‘ image breaker’, from Greek eikono- (from eikon-, stem o f eikon ‘ image’ ; see °icon o) + Middle Greek -klástés ‘breaker’, from Greek klan ‘ to break’, from Indo-European kl-, from kel‘ to beat’ (see °golpe). icosaedro ‘ icosahedron’ : Greek eikosáedron ‘ icosahedron’, from eikosa- ‘tw enty’ (from eik osi ‘ tw enty’, from Indo-Europe­ an wikmti ‘ twenty’ ; see °veinte, °diez) + -edron ‘ (number o f) surfaces’ (see -edro, cátedra, °sedimento). “ictiófago ‘ ichthyophagous’ : Greek ikhthyophágos ‘fish-eating’ , from ikhthyo‘ fish’ (from ikhthys ‘ fish’ , from IndoEuropean gzhü- ‘ fish’ ; related word: ictiosauro) + -phágos ‘ eating’, from phagein ‘ to eat’ (see °fagocito). ictiosauro ‘ ichthyosaur’ : New Latin ichthyosaurus ‘ ichthyosaur’ (first used in English, 1832; ichthyosaur, 1830), from Latin ichthyo- ‘ fish’ (from Greek ikhthyo‘ fish’ ; see °ictiófago) + New Latin -saurus ‘ lizard’ , from saurus, from Greek saúros ‘ lizard’ (see °dinosaurio). -icula ‘ little one’ , a feminine diminutive ending, as in aurícula, clavícula: Latin -icula ‘little one’ , feminine o f -iculu- (see -ic u lo ', °-ulo). -icu lo 1 ‘ little on e’ , a diminutive ending, as in testículo, ventrículo: Latin -iculum, accu­ sative o f -iculus (masculine) and o f -iculum (neuter) ‘ little one’ , from -i- (see -i-2) + -culu- ‘little one’ (see -cu lo1, °-ulo). -icu lo 2 ‘ instrument, means’ : Latin -iculum ‘ instrument, means’ (as in perpendiculum ‘ plumb line’ ), from -i- (see -i-2) + -culum ‘ instrument, means’ (see -culo2, -culo', °-ulo). -id, ending o f the second person plural o f the

275 imperative o f third conjugation verbs, as in partid-, Latin -ite (as in partite), second person plural ending o f the present imperative o f fourth conjugation verbs, from -i-, ending o f the stem o f fourth conjugation verbs (see °-i-'), + -te ‘ second person plural o f the imperative’ (see -ad2, °-w).

ida ‘departure’ : ida, feminine o f ido, past participle o f ir ‘ to g o ’ (see °ir, -ido1). -ida, a suffix forming feminine nouns from verbs, as in bebida, caída, huida, medida, salida: -ida, feminine o f -ido1 (third con­ jugation), or -ida, feminine o f -ido2 (second conjugation). See -ido1, -ido2, “-ado1. -idad ‘ quality, condition’ , an ending o f feminine (generally abstract) nouns, as in actividad, amabilidad, entidad, prosperi­ dad, sanidad: Latin -itatem, accusative o f -itas (stem -itat-) ‘ quality, condition’ , from -i-, thematic vowel (see -i-2) — or (rarely) -i-, connective vowel (see -i-2) — + -tas (stem -tat-) ‘ quality, condi­ tion’ (see °-tad). idea ‘ idea’ (ideal ‘ ideal’ ): Latin idea ‘ idea’ , from Greek idéa ‘ idea; appearance, form, model; class’, from Indo-European wid-es-ya ‘ appearance, that which is seen’ , from wid-, from weid- ‘ to see’ (see °ver). idem ‘ idem’ : Latin idem (with long i, masculine) and idem (with short i, neuter) ‘the same’ , from id ‘ it’ , neuter o f is ‘ he’ (from Indo-European i-, a pronom ­ inal stem; see °ya), + -dem, a demonstra­ tive suffix, from Indo-European de-, a demonstrative stem (see °débil). idéntico ‘ identical’ : Medieval Latin identicus ‘ identical’, from Late Latin identitas ‘ identity’ (see identidad, idem, °y a, °débil) + Latin -icus ‘o f ’ (see °-ico2). identidad ‘ identity’ : Late Latin identitatem, accusative o f identitas (stem identitat ) ‘ identity, sameness’ (translation o f Greek tautótés ‘ identity, sameness’ , from laulo‘the same’ [see tautología] + -tés ‘ quality’ [see °-tad ]), from Latin idem ‘ the same’ (see ídem, °ya, °débil). For Latin -itas ‘quality’ , see -idad. -idera1 ‘ o f ’ (feminine o f -idem 1), an ending o f adjectives, as in crujidera, cumplidera, plañidera, venidera: obsolete -iduera, from Latin -itoria, feminine o f -itorius ‘ o f ’ (see -itorio, °-orio'). -idera2 ‘ o f ’ (feminine o f -idero2), an ending

-ido2 o f nouns, as in adormidera, escupidera, plañidera: obsolete -iduera, from Latin -itoria, a noun suffix, feminine o f -itorius ‘ o f; serving fo r’ (see -itorio, °-orio1). -idero1 ‘o f ’ , an ending o f adjectives, as in crujidero, cumplidero, plañidero, venidero: obsolete -iduero, from Latin -itorius‘ o f ’ (see -itorio, °-orio1). -idero2 ‘ o f ’ , an ending o f nouns, as in asidero, batidero, hervidero, pulidero, sumidero: obsolete -iduero, from Latin -itorius ‘o f; serving fo r ’ (see -itorio, °-orio'). idilio ‘ love affair; idyll’ : Latin idyllium ‘ idyll (p oem )’, from Greek eidyllion ‘ idyll’ , diminutive o f eidos ‘ shape, form , literary form ’ (see -oide, °ver, “-or1). °idioma ‘ language’ : Late Latin idioma ‘ peculiarity in language, idiom ’ , from Greek idioma ‘ peculiarity, peculiarity o f style, idiom ’, from idiousthai ‘ to appro­ priate, make one’s ow n ’ , from idios ‘ on e’s own, private, personal, peculiar, separate’ . Related words: idiosincrasia, idiota. idiosincrasia ‘ idiosyncrasy’ : Greek idiosynkrasia ‘ individual characteristic, tem­ peramental peculiarity’, from idio- ‘ one’s ow n ’ (from idios ‘on e’s ow n ’ ; see °idioma) + -synkrasia, from synkrasis ‘ action o f commingling; mixture; temperament’, from syn- ‘ together’ (see °sin-2) + krásis ‘ mixture; a mixing’, from Indo-European kr-ti- ‘ a mixing’ , from kr-, from ker- ‘to m ix’ (see “cráter). idiota ‘ idiot’ : French idiot ‘ idiot’ , from Latin idiota ‘ ignorant person’ (also Old Spanish idiota ‘ ignorant person’ ), from Greek idiofés ‘ ignorant person, layman, private person’ , from idios ‘ private’ (see “ idioma). -idizo ‘ o f; -like; prone to; good fo r ’, as in escurridizo, huidizo, perdidizo: -ido, past participle ending (see -ido1), + -izo ‘ o f; -like; prone to ; good fo r ’ (see -izo, °-icio). -ido1 ‘ acted upon’ , an ending o f the past participle o f third conjugation verbs, as in asido, fingido, medido, partido, reñido: Vulgar Latin -itu, from Latin -itum, accusative o f -¡fus (as in auditus), past participle ending o f verbs in -ire (fourth conjugation), from -i-, thematic vowel o f the fourth conjugation (see °-i-'), + -tus (see “ ado1). Many adjectives and nouns are derived from these participles and are identical in form with them. -ido2 ‘ acted upon’, an ending o f the past

-ido3

participle o f second conjugation v.erbs, as in comido, ejercido, leído, metido, tem ido: -ido1, by analogy. Many adjec­ tives and nouns are derived from these participles and are identical in form with them. -ido3 ‘ voice, sound’, an ending o f nouns, as in aullido, balido, chirrido, mugido, vagido (often from verbs in -ar): Latin -itus ‘voice, sound’ (as in vagitus), from -itus, past participle ending (see -ido', °-ado'). íd olo ‘ idol’ : Late Latin idolum ‘ idol’ , from Greek eidolon ‘ image, image o f a god, shape, apparition’, from eidos ‘ shape’ (see -oide, °ver, °-or1). -idor1 ‘ acting, doer; instrument’ , an ending o f nouns derived from third conjugation verbs, as in abridor, bastidor, ceñidor, descubridor, repartidor-, -i-, vowel o f the third conjugation (see °-!-1), + -dor, by analogy with -ador (see -ador1, °-or'). Many adjectives are derived from these nouns and are identical in form with them. -idor3 ‘ acting, doing’ , an ending o f adjec­ tives, as in adquisidor, bruñidor, distribuidor, fundidor, pulidor: -idor'. -idura ‘ act; result, being’ , an ending o f nouns derived from third conjugation verbs, as in añadidura, embestidura, envestidura, hendidura, zurcidura: -i-, vowel o f the third conjugation (see °-i-'), + -dura, by analogy with -adura (see -adura, °-ura). -iduria ‘o ffice, duty, place o f business’, an ending o f nouns, as in curtiduría, regiduría: -idor ‘acting, doer’ (see -idor', °-ado', -ador', ° -o r ') + -ia ‘ activity; place o f business’ (see -ia). °-iego ‘o f, from ’, an ending o f adjectives and nouns, as in andariego, labriego, muje­ riego, solariego, veraniego, o f uncertain origin (appears first in northwestern Spain). Related suffix: -ego. -iencia ‘ action, quality, state’ , an ending o f feminine (mainly abstract) nouns, as in apariencia, ciencia, conveniencia, experiencia, paciencia: Latin -ientia ‘action, quality, state’ , from -i-, stem vowel o f fourth conjugation verbs (see °-i-'), + -entia ‘action, quality, state’ (see -encia). -ienda, an ending o f feminine nouns, as in enmienda, hacienda, merienda, vivienda: Latin -enda, neuter plural o f -endus, gerundive (also called future passive

276

participle) ending o f the second, third, and fourth conjugations (as in monendus, regendus, audiendus). -iendo1, an ending o f the gerund o f second conjugation verbs, as in tem iendo: Vulgar Latin -endo (as in timendo), from Latin -endo (as in tim endo), ending o f the gerund ablative o f second conjugation verbs (see °-ando). -iendo3, an ending o f the gerund o f third conjugation verbs, as in partiendo: -iend o', by analogy (Spanish third con ­ jugation verbs usually derive from Latin fourth conjugation verbs, but the Latin fourth conjugation -iendo had becom e -endo in Vulgar Latin). -iense ‘ o f (a place)’, an ending o f adjectives, as in ateniense, canadiense, parisiense: Latin -iensem, accusative o f -iensis ‘ o f (a place)’, from -i-, connective or thematic vowel (see -i-2), + -ensis ‘o f (a place)’ (see °-ense). Many nouns are derived from these adjectives and are identical in form with them. -ienta1 ‘ performing’ , an ending o f nouns, as in parienta, sirvienta, feminine o f -iente (noun ending), which see. For nouns ending in -mienta, see -menta, °-mento. -ienta3 ‘ having’ , an ending o f adjectives, as in avarienta, grasienta, hambrienta, sangrienta, sedienta, feminine o f -iento, which see. -iente ‘ performing, causing’, an ending o f adjectives and nouns (as in ardiente, caliente, ferviente, serpiente, valiente) often derived from second or third con­ jugation verbs: Latin -entem , accusative ending o f present participles in -ens (stem -ent ), from -S- (short), vowel o f the third conjugation, + -nt, present participle suffix (see °-ante). Since in Vulgar Latin there was much shifting o f Classical Latin verbs between the second and third con­ jugations, Spanish words in -iente are often from Latin verbs in -ere (with long -e- instead o f -ere, with short -e-) and Spanish words in -ente (compare -ente) are often from Latin verbs in -ere (with short -e-). -iento ‘ having’ , an ending o f adjectives, as in avariento, grasiento, hambriento, sangriento, sediento, probably from -oliento, as in soñoliento (see -olento, °-ulento). For Spanish nouns ending in -m iento, see -miento, °-mento.

277

-ier ‘person connected with’ , as in brigadier, ujier, see -er2. -iera1, an ending o f the first person singular o f the imperfect subjunctive o f second conjugation verbs (as in temiera), by analogy to diera (from *deera, from Vulgar Latin dedera, imperfect subjunc­ tive and pluperfect indicative first person singular, from Latin dederam, first person singular o f the pluperfect indicative o f dare ‘to give’ , from ded-, stem o f the perfect o f dare [see °dar] + -eram ‘ first person singular’ [see -ara', °-aste, °-aba' ]), first person singular o f the imperfect sub­ junctive o f dar ‘to give’ (the analogical change occurred and prevailed probably because dar is one o f the ten most com ­ mon Spanish verbs). Compare -iera2, -iera2, -iera'', -ierais', -ierais2, -iéram os', -iéramos2, -ieran', -ieran2, -ieras', -ieras2. -iera2, an ending o f the third person singular o f the imperfect subjunctive o f second conjugation verbs (as in temiera), by analogy to diera (from Vulgar Latin dederat, imperfect subjunctive and pluperfect indicative third person singular, from Latin dederat, third person singular o f the pluperfect indicative o f dare ‘to give’ , from ded- [see -iera', °dar] + -erat ‘third person singular’ [see -are2, -ara', °-aste, °-a3] ) , third person singular o f the imperfect subjunctive o f dar ‘to give’ . -iera3, an ending o f the first person singular o f the imperfect subjunctive o f third co n ­ jugation verbs, as in partiera: -iera' (second conjugation), b y analogy (see -iera', -ara', °-aste, °-aba'). -iera4, an ending o f the third person singular o f the imperfect subjunctive o f third conjugation verbs, as in partiera: -iera2 (second conjugation), b y analogy (see -iera2, -iera', -ara' , °-aste, °-a3). -ierais1, an ending o f the second person plural o f the imperfect subjunctive o f second conjugation verbs (as in temierais), by analogy to dierais (from Old Spanish diérades, from Vulgar Latin dederatis, imperfect subjunctive and pluperfect indi­ cative second person plural, from Latin dederatis, second person plural o f the pluperfect indicative o f dare ‘ to give’ , from ded- [see -iera', °dar] + -eratis ‘second person plural’ [see -arais, °-aste, °-is]), second person plural o f the imper­ fect subjunctive o f dar ‘to give’ .

-leras

-ierais2, an ending o f the second person plural o f the imperfect subjunctive o f third conjugation verbs, as in partierais: -ierais' (second conjugation), by analogy (see -ierais', -iera', -ara', °-aste, °-is). -iéramos1, an ending o f the first person plural o f the imperfect subjunctive o f second conjugation verbs (as in temiéramos), by analogy to diéramos (from Vulgar Latin dederamus, imperfect subjunctive and pluperfect indicative first person plural, from Latin dederamus, first person plural o f the pluperfect indicative o f dare ‘ to give’ , from ded- [see -iera', °dar] + -eramus ‘first person plural’ [see -éramos, °-aste, °-m os]), first person plural o f the imperfect subjunctive o f dar ‘ to give’. -iéramos2, an ending o f the first person plural o f the imperfect subjunctive o f third conjugation verbs, as in partiéramos: -iéramos' (second conjugation), by analogy (see -iéramos', -iera', -ara', °-aste, °-mos). -ieran1, an ending o f the third person plural o f the imperfect subjunctive o f second conjugation verbs (as in temieran), by analogy to dieran (from Vulgar Latin dederant, imperfect subjunctive and pluperfect indicative third person plural, from Latin dederant, third person plural o f the pluperfect indicative o f dare ‘to give’ , from ded- [see -iera', °dar] + -erant ‘third person plural’ [see -aran, -ara', °-aste, °-n ]), third person plural o f the imperfect subjunctive o f dar ‘to give’ . -ieran2, an ending o f the third person plural o f the imperfect subjunctive o f third con ­ jugation verbs, as in partieran: -ieran' (second conjugation), b y analogy (see -ieran', -iera', -ara', °-aste, °-n). -ieras1, an ending o f the second person singular o f the imperfect subjunctive o f second conjugation verbs (as in temieras), b y analogy to dieras (from Vulgar Latin dederas), imperfect subjunctive and pluperfect indicative second person singular, from Latin dederas, second person singular o f the pluperfect indica­ tive o f dare ‘to give’ , from ded- [see -iera', °dar] + -eras ‘second person singular’ [see -aras, -ara', °-aste, °-s2]), second person singular o f the imperfect subjunctive o f dar ‘to give’ . -ieras2, an ending o f the second person

-iere

singular o f the imperfect subjunctive o f third conjugation verbs, as in partieras: -ieras' (second conjugation), by analogy (see -¡eras', -iera', -ara', °-aste, °-s2). -iere1, ending o f the first person singular o f the future subjunctive o f second conjuga­ tion verbs (as in tem iere), by analogy to diere (from diero — a form used until the end o f the fourteenth century and then changed by analogy to the third person diere [see -iere2] — from *deero, from Latin dedero, first person singular o f the future perfect indicative o f dare ‘to give’ ), first person singular o f the future sub­ junctive o f dar ‘to give’ (the analogical change occurred and prevailed probably because dar is one o f the ten most com ­ mon Spanish verbs). Compare -are' (and °-aste), -iere2, -iere3, -iere4, - iere is', -iereis2, -iérem os', -iéremos2, -ieren', -ieren2, -ieres', -ieres2. -iere2, ending o f the third person singular o f the future subjunctive o f second conjuga­ tion verbs (as in temiere), by analogy to diere (from Latin dederit, third person singular o f the future perfect indicative o f dare ‘to give’ ), third person singular o f the future subjunctive o f dar ‘to give’ (compare -iere1, -are1; for Latin -t ‘third person singular’ , see °*a3). -iere3, ending o f the first person singular o f the future subjunctive o f third conjuga­ tion verbs, as in partiere: -iere' (second conjugation), by analogy (see -iere', -are' ). -iere4, ending o f the third person singular o f the future subjunctive o f third conjuga­ tion verbs, as in partiere: -iere2 (second conjugation), by analogy (see -iere2, -iere', -are', -a3). -iereis1, ending o f the second person plural o f the future subjunctive o f second con ­ jugation verbs (as in temiereis), by analogy to diereis (from Old Spanish diéredes, from Latin dederitis, second person plural o f the future perfect indica­ tive o f dare ‘to give’ ), second person plural o f the future subjunctive o f dar ‘to give’ (compare -iere', -are'-, fo r -tis ‘ second person plural’ , see °-is). -iereis2, ending o f the second person plural o f the future subjunctive o f third conju­ gation verbs, as in partiereis: -iereis' (second conjugation), by analogy (see -iereis', -iere', -are', -is).

278

-iéremos1, ending o f the first person plural o f the future subjunctive o f second con­ jugation verbs (as in temiéremos), by analogy with diéremos (from Latin dederimus, first person plural o f the future perfect indicative o f dare ‘to give’ ), first person plural o f the future subjunc­ tive o f dar ‘ to give’ (com pare -iere', -a re'; for -mus ‘ first person plural’ , see °-mos). -iéremos2, ending o f the first person plural o f the future subjunctive o f third conju­ gation verbs, as in partiéremos: -iéremos' (second conjugation), by analogy (see -iérem os', -iere', -are', -mos). -ieren1, ending o f the third person plural o f the future subjunctive o f second conjuga­ tion verbs (as in temieren), by analogy with dieren (from Latin dederint, third person plural o f the future perfect indi­ cative o f dare ‘ to give’ ), third person plural o f the future subjunctive o f dar ‘ to give’ (compare -iere', -a re'; for -nt ‘ third person plural’ , see °-n). -ieren2, ending o f the third person plural o f the future subjunctive o f third conjuga­ tion verbs, as in partieren: -ieren' (second conjugation), by analogy (see -ieren', -iere', -are', -n). -ieres1, ending o f the second person singular o f the future subjunctive o f second con ­ jugation verbs (as in temieres), by analogy with dieres (from Latin dederis, second person singular o f the future perfect indicative o f dare ‘ to give’ ), second person singular o f the future subjunctive o f dar ‘to give’ (com pare -iere', -are'-, for -s ‘second person singular’ , see °-s2). -ieres2, ending o f the second person singular o f the future subjunctive (as in partieres) o f third conjugation verbs: -ieres ' (second conjugation), by analogy (see -ieres', -iere', -are', -s2). -ieron1, ending o f the third person plural o f the preterit indicative o f second conju­ gation verbs, as in tem ieron: -ieron2 (third conjugation), by analogy (see -ieron2). -ieron2, ending o f the third person plural o f the preterit indicative o f third conjuga­ tion verbs, as in partieron: Vulgar Latin -ierunt (as in partierunt), from Latin -iverunt (as in partiverunt), third person plural ending o f the perfect indicative o f fourth conjugation verbs, from -iv‘ perfect o f fourth conjugation verbs’ (see

279

- í 2, °-é')\ + -erunt ‘third person plural’ (see -aron, -é‘ , °-aste, °-n). -iese1, an ending o f the first person singular o f the imperfect subjunctive o f second conjugation verbs (as in temiese), by analogy to diese (from Latin dedissem, first person singular o f the pluperfect subjunctive o f dare ‘to give’ , from ded-, stem o f the perfect o f dare [see °dar], + -is- ‘grammatical perfect’ [see °-asfe] + -se- [see -ase1] + -m ‘ first person’ [see °-aba' ]), first person singular o f the imperfect subjunctive o f dar ‘ to give’ (the analogical change occurred and prevailed probably because dar is one o f the ten most com m on Spanish verbs). Compare -ase1, -iese2, -iese2, -iese'', -ieseis2, -iésemos2, -iesen2, -ieses2. -iese2, an ending o f the third person singular o f the imperfect subjunctive o f second conjugation verbs (as in tem iese), by analogy to diese (from Latin dedisset, third person singular o f the pluperfect subjunctive o f dare ‘to give’ [for dedisse-, see -iese1; for -t, see °-a3] ) , third person singular o f the imperfect subjunctive o f dar ‘to give’ . -iese3, an ending o f the first person singular o f the imperfect subjunctive o f third conjugation verbs, as in partiese: -iese1 (second conjugation), by analogy (see -iese'). -iese4, an ending o f the third person singular o f the imperfect subjunctive o f third conjugation verbs, as in partiese: -iese2 (second conjugation), by analogy (see -iese2, -iese', -a2). -ieseis1, an ending o f the second person plural o f the imperfect subjunctive o f second conjugation verbs (as in tern ieseis), by analogy to dieseis (from Old Spanish diéssedes, from Latin dedissetis, second person plural o f the pluperfect subjunc­ tive o f dare ‘to give’ [for dedisse-, see -iese': for -tis, see °-¡s]), second person plural o f the imperfect subjunctive o f dar ‘to give’ . -ieseis2, an ending o f the second person plural o f the imperfect subjunctive o f third conjugation verbs, as in partieseis: -ieseis' (second conjugation), b y analogy (see -ieseis', -iese', -is). -iésemos1, an ending o f the first person plural o f the imperfect subjunctive o f second conjugation verbs (as in

-ificar

tem iésemos), by analogy to diésemos (from Latin dedissemus, first person plural o f the pluperfect subjunctive o f dare ‘to give’ [for dedisse-, see -iese'; for -mus, see °-m o s]), first person plural o f the imperfect subjunctive o f dar ‘ to give’ . -iésemos2, an ending o f the first person plural o f the imperfect subjunctive o f third conjugation verbs, as in partiésemos: -iésemos' (second conjugation), by analogy (see -iésem os', -iese', -mos). -iesen1, an ending o f the third person plural o f the imperfect subjunctive o f second conjugation verbs (as in temiesen), by analogy with diesen (from Latin dedissent, third person plural o f the pluperfect subjunctive o f dare ‘to give’ [for dedisse-, see -iese': for -rtf, see °-n ]), third person plural o f the imperfect subjunctive o f dar ‘to give’. -iesen2, an ending o f the third person plural o f the imperfect subjunctive o f third conjugation verbs, as in partiesen: -iesen' (second conjugation), by analogy (see -iesen', -iese', -n). -ieses1, an ending o f the second person singular o f the imperfect subjunctive o f second conjugation verbs (as in temieses), by analogy with dieses (from Latin dedisses, second person singular o f the pluperfect subjunctive o f dare ‘to give’ [for dedisse-, see -iese', for -s, see °-s2]), second person singular o f dar ‘ to give’. -ieses2, an ending o f the second person singular o f the imperfect subjunctive o f third conjugation verbs, as in partieses: -ieses' (second conjugation), by analogy (see -ieses', -iese', -s2). -ffero ‘ that bears’, as in aurífero, conifero, fructífero, mamífero, som nífero: Latin -ifer ‘that bears’ , from -i-, connective vowel (see -i-2), + -fer ‘ that bears’ , adjec­ tive and noun combining form, from ferre ‘ to bear, carry’ , from Indo-European bher- ‘to carry’ (see °periferia). All Spanish words with the unstressed suffix fero end in -ifero (except obsolete éfero ‘wild’ , whose ending has a different origin). -ificar ‘ to make, do, form into’, as in amplificar, clasificar, edificar, modificar, unificar: Latin -ificare ‘to make, d o ’ , from -i- (see -i-2) + -ficare ‘ to make’ (see -ficar, -fico, ° hacer).

-ifico ‘ making, causing’, as in científico, magnífico, p a cífico : Latin -ificus (as in magnificus), from -i-, connective vowel (see -i-2), + -ficus ‘ making, causing’ (see -fico, ° hacer). -iforme ‘ in the form o f ’, as in cuneiforme, filiforme, multiforme, uniforme, vermi­ form e: Latin -iformis ‘ in the form o f ’ (as in multiformis), from -i-, connective vowel (see -i-2), + -formis ‘ in the form o f ’ (see -form e). iglesia ‘ church’ : Vulgar Latin eclesia, from Late Latin ecclesia ‘ church (building for worship, and assembly o f Christians)’ , from Latin ecclesia ‘assembly o f citizens (o f an ancient Greek state)’, from Greek ekklésía ‘ duly summoned assembly o f citizens’, from ekkalein ‘to call out, summon’ , from ek ‘out o f, ou t’ (from ex ‘ou t’ ; see ex -2, °e x ) + kalein ‘to call’ , from Indo-European kal-eyo-, from kal-, variant o f kel- ‘to shout’ (see “clamar). Ignacio, masculine given name (correspond­ ing to English Ignatius): Latin Ignatius, akin to Late Greek Ignátios, a masculine given name, possibly from the ancient Roman masculine name Egnatius (influ­ enced b y Latin ignis ‘fire’?; o f Osean origin?). Saint Ignatius o f Antioch (Catholic feast: 1 February) was martyred at Rom e around A.D. 110. ignominia ‘ ignominy’ : Latin ignominia ‘ ignominy, disgrace, dishonor’ (underlying meaning: ‘ deprivation o f one’s good name, o f on e’s honor as a citizen’ ), from ig- (as in ignorare; see ignorar) + nomin-, stem o f nomen ‘ name; reputation’ (see “nombre). ignorar ‘ not to know ’ (ignorancia ‘ ignorance’ , ignorante ‘ ignorant’ ): Latin ignorare ‘ not to know, to be ignorant o f ’ , from i- ‘ n ot’ (see in-2, “no) + Indo-European gno-ro‘ to kn ow ’ , from gno- ‘to kn ow ’ (see “ noticia). “igual ‘equal’ ( igualar ‘ to equal’ ): obsolete egual, from Latin aequalis ‘ equal’ , literal­ ly = ‘ o f equal (size, etc.)’ , from aequus ‘ equal, level, even’ + -alis ‘ o f ’ (see °-al). Related words: adecuado, ecuación, ecuador, Ecuador, ecuánime, ecuatorial, ecuatoriano, equi-\ equidad, and others beginning with equi- ; inicuo. iguana ‘ iguana’ : sixteenth-century Arawak (in the Greater Antilles) iwana ‘ iguana’ . -iguar ‘to make, form into; to becom e’, as in

amortiguar, apaciguar, atestiguar, averiguar, santiguar: Latin -ificare ‘ to make, form into’ (see -ificar, -i-2, -ficar, -fico, “hacer), through the following phonetic changes: -ifeare, -iwgare, -iwgar, and then a metathesis. -ija ‘little one’ , an ending o f feminine nouns, as in clavija, cobija, rendija, sortija, vasija, generally from Latin -icula (some times from Latin -ilia) ‘ little on e’ (see -icula). ijada ‘ flank, loin’, see jade. -ijo ‘little one (when deriving from nouns); result o f action (when deriving from infinitives or participles)’ , as in acertijo, amasijo, botijo, cortijo, enredijo, often from -ija (see -ija, -icula) or from Latin -iculus ‘little one’ (see -i'culo). °-il ‘o f; capable o f ’ , an ending o f adjectives, as in civil, fabril, juvenil, pueril, viril: Latin -ilis (neuter -ile\ compare atril, pretil) ‘o f; capable o f ’ , adjective suffix (usually added to nouns referring to persons, or to past participles in -Í-). Some nouns are derived from these adjec­ tives and are identical in form with them. Related suffixes: -útil, -til. ilación ‘ inference, illation; connectedness (o f sentences)’ : Late Latin illationem, accusa­ tive o f illatio (stem illation ) ‘ inference’ , from Latin illatio ‘ inference; action o f carrying in’ , from Hiatus ‘ carried in’ (suppletive past participle o f inferre ‘ to infer, carry in’ ), from il- ‘ in’ (see in-1, °en ) + latus ‘ carried’ , suppletive past participle o f ferre ‘to carry, bear’ (see delator, “ tolerar). ilegal‘ illegal’ : Medieval Latin illegalis ‘ illegal’ , from Latin il- ‘ not’ (see in-2, “n o) + leg alis ‘ legal’ (see legal, ley, “leer). ileso ‘ unhurt’ : Latin illaesus ‘ unhurt’, from il- ‘ n ot’ (see in-2, “no) + laesus, past participle o f laedere ‘ to hurt’ (see “lesión). iliaco, ilíaco ‘ iliac’ : New Latin ilium ‘ a pelvis b on e’ (from Latin ilium ‘ flank, groin’ ; see “jade) + Spanish -aco ‘ o f ’ (see -aco). ilícito ‘ illicit’ : Latin illicitus ‘ illicit, not allowed’ , from il- ‘ not’ (see in-2, “ no) + licitus ‘ licit, lawful, allowed’ (see°licito ). ilimitado ‘ unlimited’ : i- ‘ not’ (see i-, in-2, “ n o) + limitado ‘ limited’, from limitar ‘ to limit’ (see limitar, “límite). iluminar ‘ to illuminate’ : Latin illuminare ‘ to illuminate, provide with light’ , from il‘ in’ (see in-1, °en) + luminare ‘ to light up’ (see vislumbrar, lumbre, “ luz).

281

ilusión ‘illusion’ : Late Latin illusionem, accusative o f illusio (stem illusion-) ‘ illusion’, from Latin illusio ‘ action o f mocking’, from illusus, past participle o f illudere ‘ to m ock’ , from il- ‘ against’ (see in-1, °en ) + ludere ‘ to play’ (see “aludir). ilustrar ‘ to illustrate’ : Latin /Ilustrare ‘ to illustrate, clarify, enlighten’ , from il‘ in’ (see in -', °en ) + lustrare ‘ to enlighten, make bright’ (see lustre, °luz). ilustre ‘ illustrious’ : Latin illustris ‘shining, clear’, probably from illustrare ‘to illustrate’ (see ilustrar, lustre, °luz). -ilia ‘ small, little’ , a diminutive ending o f feminine nouns, as in Barranquilla, cerilla, guerrilla, rodilla, sombrilla: o b so le te -¿ella (as in fiviella ‘ buckle’ ; see hebilla), from Latin -ella, feminine o f -ellus ‘ little one, small one’ (see -elo, °-ulo). It is added to feminine nouns to form other nouns that occasionally are masculine, as cabecilla ‘rebel chief’ , from cabeza ‘ head’. The ending -ilia is also used with adjectives. Compare -illo (also for -cilia). The form -ilia (as in axilla', compare axila) is used in Latin in the same manner as -ella, i.e. as a diminutive ending; it is the feminine o f -illus (see -illo, °-ulo). Illampu ‘ Illampu (peak, Bolivia)’, o f Quechua or Aymara origin (in any case, from a language o f the Kechumaran stock), probably = ‘ Shining Height’ or ‘ Lightning Height’, from ilia ‘ shining’ (stem o f illapa ‘lightning’ ) + ampu ‘ high; uphill’ . Illimani ‘ Illimani (peak, B olovia)’, o f Quechua or Aymara origin (in any case, from a language o f the Kechumaran stock), probably = ‘ Streams’ or ‘Waterfalls’ , from illi ‘liquid, juice, stream, waterfall’ + ma, a plural affix. -illo ‘ small, little’ , a diminutive ending o f masculine nouns, as in armadillo, castillo, novillo, palillo, tornillo: obsolete -iello (as in castiello), from Latin -ellum, accusative o f -ellus (masculine) and o f -ellum (neuter) ‘ small’, diminutive suffixes (see -elo, °-ulo). Both -ilia and -illo are often preceded b y -c- or b y -ee-, as in florecida, carboncillo (compare °-ulo). The ending -illo is also used with adjectives. The forms -illus, -ilium ‘ small’ (as in bacillus, bacillum; compare bacilo) are used in Latin in the same manner as -ellu- (i.e., as diminutive endings); ulti­ mately, they derive from Indo-European

imitar

-lo- (see °-ulo). im-1 ‘ in’, as in implantar, imponer: Latin im‘ in; upon; against, toward’ , from in- ‘ in, toward; to put into; upon, on; against’ , with assimilation (see in-', °en). im-2 ‘ not, w ithout’, as in imbécil, imberbe, impávido, impecable, imperdible: Latin im- ‘ not’ , from in- ‘ not’ , with assimilation (see in-2, °no). "imagen ‘ image’ : Latin imaginem, accusative o f imago ‘ image’ (stem imagin-). Related words: imaginar, imitar, remedar, remedo. imaginar ‘ to imagine’ ( imaginación ‘ imagina­ tion’ ): Latin imaginari ‘ to imagine’ (underlying meaning: ‘ to form a mental image’ ), from imagin-, stem o f imago ‘ image’ (see “ imagen). imán ‘ magnet’ : Old French aimant ‘ magnet’ (French aimant), from Vulgar Latin adimante ‘lodestone’ because o f its hard­ ness, from Latin adamantem, accusative o f adamas ‘ hard metal, steel, diamond’ (see “diamante). im bécil‘ imbecile’ : Latin imbecillis, imbecillus ‘weak; weak-minded’ (underlying meaning: ‘without support, without a stick or cane for walking’ ), from im- ‘ not, w ithout’ (see im-2, in-2, “ no) + -becillus, from bacillus, bacillum ‘ small stick’ (see bacilo, “ bacteria). imberbe ‘beardless’ : Latin imberbis ‘ beard­ less’ , from im- ‘ not, w ithout’ (see im-2, in-2, “ no) + -berbis, from barba ‘ beard’ (see “ barba). -imenta ‘ result; means’ , an ending o f collec­ tive nouns, as in vestimenta: Latin -imenta ‘ result; means’ , from -i-, thematic vowel o f fourth conjugation verbs (see °-i-'), + -menta ‘ result; means’ (see -menta). -imento ‘result, means, action, place, state’ , an ending o f nouns as in alimento, condimento, linimento, rudimento, sedim ento: Latin -imentum ‘ product or result o f action’ , from -i-, thematic vowel (see ° i-'), or -i-, connective vowel (see -i-2), + -mentum ‘result; means’ (see °-m ento). -imiento ‘result, means, action, place, state’, an ending o f nouns, as in abastecimiento, aburrimiento, acaecimiento, aconteci­ miento, agradecimiento: -i-, vowel o f the third conjugation (see °-i- ' ), + -miento ‘ result; means’ (see -miento, “-m entó). imitar ‘ to imitate’ : Latin imitari ‘ to imitate’

- ir n o s

(underlying meaning: ‘ to cop y an image’ ), akin to imago ‘ image’ (see "imagen). -irnos1, ending o f the first person plural o f the present indicative o f third conjuga­ tion verbs, as in partimos-, Latin -imus (as in partimus), first person plural ending o f the present indicative o f fourth conjuga­ tion verbs, from -I-, thematic vowel o f the fourth conjugation (see °-í-1), + -mus, a first person plural ending (see °-mos). -irnos2, ending o f the first person plural o f the preterit indicative o f second conjuga­ tion verbs, as in tem im os: -irnos3 (third conjugation), by analogy. -imos3, ending o f the first person plural o f the preterit indicative o f third conjuga­ tion verbs, as in partimos: Vulgar Latin -imus (as in partimus), from Latin -ivimus (as in partivimus), first person plural ending o f the perfect indicative o f fourth conjugation verbs, from -iv- ‘ perfect o f fourth conjugation verbs’ (see -z'2, °-é') + -imus ‘first person plural’ (see -amos2, °-mos). impacto ‘ impact’ : Late Latin impactus ‘ impact’ , from Latin impactus, past participle o f impingere ‘ to strike against, drive against’ , from im- ‘ against’ (see im-1, in-1, °en) + -pingere, from pangere ‘ to fasten, drive in’ (see com pacto, "paz). impartir ‘to impart’ : Latin impartiré ‘to bestow; to cause to share in, share with’ , from im- ‘in’ (see im-1, in-1, °en) + partiré ‘ to share, divide’ (seepartir, parte, "parar). impasible ‘ impassible’ : Late Latin impassibilis ‘ impassive, devoid o f feeling’, from Latin im- ‘ not’ (see im-2, in-2, "n o) + Late Latin passibilis ‘ capable o f feeling’ , from Latin passus, past participle o f pati ‘ to suffer’ (see "padecer), + -ibilis ‘ capable o f ’ (see -ible, "-ble). impávido ‘fearless’ : Latin impavidus ‘ fear­ less’ , from im- ‘ not’ (see im-2, in-2, "n o) + pavidus ‘ fearful’, from pavere ‘ to fear’ (see pavor, "podar). impecable ‘ impeccable’ : Latin impeccabilis ‘ not liable to sin’ , from im- ‘ n ot’ (see im-2, in-2, "n o) + peccare ‘ to sin’ (see pecar, "pie) + -abilis ‘ capable o f ’ (see -able, "-ble). impedir ‘ to block ; to impede’ : Latin impediré ‘to fetter, entangle, b lo ck ’ (underlying meaning: ‘to put a hobble (on an animal)’ ), from im- ‘ in’ (see im-1, in-1, °en) + -pedire, from Indo-European ped-i‘ fetter’ , from ped- ‘ fo o t ’ (see "pie).

282

“impeler ‘to impel’ : Latin impeliere ‘ to push against, strike against, drive o n ’ , from im‘ against’ (see im-1, in-1, °en) + pellere ‘ to beat, strike; to hurl; to push’ , from IndoEuropean peld- ‘ to push’, from pel- ‘to hurl, strike, push’ (related words: apelar, apellido, expulsar, fieltro, filtrar, filtro1, impulsar, impulso, plesiosauro, propulsar, pulir, pulso, repeler, repulsivo, tripulación, tripulante-, probably: empujar). imperar ‘to rule’ (imperativo ‘ imperative’ ): Latin imperare ‘ to com m and’ (underlying meaning: ‘to prepare against (an occasion )’ ), from im- ‘ against’ (see im-1, in-1, °en) + -perore, from parare ‘ to prepare’ (see "parar). imperdible ‘ safety pin’ , literally = ‘that can­ not be lost’ , from im- ‘n ot’ (see im-2, in-2, "n o) + perdible ‘ capable o f being lost’, from perder ‘to loose’ (see perder, "per-, "dar) + -ible ‘ capable o f ’ (see -ible, °-ble). imperio ‘ empire’ : Latin imperium ‘ dominion, empire’ , from imperare ‘ to com m and’ (see imperar, im-1, in-1, "en, "parar). “impermeable ‘waterproof; raincoat’ : Late Latin impermeabilis ‘ not permitting passage’ , from Latin im- ‘ not’ (see im-2, in-2, "n o) + Late Latin permeabilis ‘ per­ meable, that can be penetrated’, from Latin p ern ea re ‘ to permeate, pass through’ (from p e r-‘ through’ [see "per-] + meare ‘to go, pass’ , from Indo-European mei- ‘to change, go, m ove’ [related words: común, comunicar, comunismo, des­ comunal, emigrar, inmune, migración, migratorio, mudar, municipio, mutuo, permutar, remuneración-, possibly: M insk]) + -abilis ‘ capable o f ’ (see -able, "-ble). impertérrito ‘ undaunted’ : Latin imperterritus ‘ undaunted, unterrified’, from im‘ not’ (see im-2, in-2, "n o) + perterritus ‘ terrified’, past participle o f perterrere ‘to terrify thoroughly’, from per- ‘ thorough­ ly ’ (see "per-) + terrere ‘to frighten’ (see "terror). impertinente ‘ impertinent’ : Late Latin impertinentem, accusative o f impertinens (stem impertinent-) ‘ impertinent, not pertinent, not belonging thereto’, from Latin im- ‘ n ot’ (see im-2, in-2, "n o) + pertinens, present participle o f pertinere ‘ to concern, belong’ (see p erten ecer,"per-,

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“tener). ímpetu ‘ impetus’ (im petuoso ‘ impetuous’ ): Latin impetus ‘ impetus, attack, assault’ , from impetere ‘ to attack, assail’ , from im‘ against’ (see im-1, in-1, °en ) + petere ‘to go to or toward, fly at’ (see “pedir). implicar ‘to entwine; to imply’ : Latin implicare ‘ to infold, involve’ , from im‘ in’ (see im-1, in-1, °en) + plicare ‘ to fo ld ’ (see °plegar). "implorar ‘to implore’ : Latin implorare ‘ to implore, petition weeping’, from im- ‘ in, toward’ (see im-1, in-1, °en) + plorare ‘ to weep, wail; to cry ou t’ , a word possibly formed in imitation o f the sound o f wailing (related words: cantimplora, deplorar, explorar, llorar). imponer ‘ to im pose’ (im ponente ‘ imposing’ ): Latin imponere ‘ to impose, put upon, deceive’ , from im- ‘u pon ’ (see im-1, in-1, °en) + ponere ‘to put’ (see °poner). importación ‘ importation’ : importar ‘ to im port’ (see im portar2, importar’ , im-1, in-1, °en, portarse, °peron é) + -ación ‘ act o f ’ (see -ación). importancia ‘ im portance’ (importante ‘ important’ ): Medieval Latin importantia ‘ importance’ , from importare ‘ to be sig­ nificant’ (see importar1, im-1, in-1, °en, portarse, “peroné). importar 1 ‘ to matter; to amount t o ’ : Medi­ eval Latin importare ‘ to mean, be signif­ icant’ , from Latin importare ‘to bring in, introduce; to cause’ , from im- ‘ in’ (see im-1, in-1, “en) + portare ‘ to bring, carry’ (see portarse, “peron é). importar 2 ‘ to im port’ : Latin importare ‘ to bring in’ (see i m p o r t a r im-1, in-1, “en, portarse, “peron é). importe ‘ amount’ : importar ‘ to amount to; to matter’ (see importar1, im-1, in-1, “en, portarse, “peroné). importuno ‘ annoying, importunate’ : Latin importunus ‘ rude, troublesome, unsuit­ able, difficult o f access’ (original under­ lying meaning: ‘ (sea, coast, island) with­ out a port’ ), from im- ‘ not’ (see im-2, in-2, “ no) + -portunus (as in opportunus ‘ fit, suitable’ ; compare oportuno), from portus ‘ harbor’ (see puerto, “peroné). imposible ‘ impossible’ : Latin impossibilis ‘ impossible’, from im- ‘ not’ (see im-2, in-2, “ no) + possibilis ‘ possible’ (see posible, “poder, “esencia, -ible, °-ble). impregnar ‘ to impregnate (permeate,

impulsar

im bue)’ : Late Latin impraegnare ‘ to im­ pregnate (make pregnant)’, from Latin im- ‘ in’ (see im-1, in-1, °en) + praegnas ‘ pregnant’ (see preñada, pre-, “per-, “género). imprenta ‘ printing; printing o ffice ’ : Catalan empremta ‘ impression, imprint made by pression’, from empremta, feminine o f empremt, past participle o f Old Catalan emprémer ‘to impress’, from Latin imprimere ‘ to impress, apply with pres­ sure’ (see imprimir, im-1, in-1, “ en, “presión). impresión ‘ impression’ : Latin impressionem, accusative o f impressio (stem impression-) ‘ act o f impressing’ , from impressus, past participle o f imprimere ‘ to impress’ (see imprimir, im-1, in-1, “en, “presión), + -io ‘ act o f ’ (see °-ión). imprimir ‘ to print’ : Latin imprimere ‘ to impress, apply with pressure’, from im‘ in’ (see im-1, in-1, “en) + -primere, from prem ere ‘ to press’ (see “presión). ím probo ‘dishonest; (o f w ork) excessive’ : Latin improbus ‘ dishonest, bad’, from im‘ n ot’ (see im-2, in-2, “ no) + probus ‘ good, honest’ (s e e probo, “per-, “futuro). improvisar ‘ to improvise’ : French improviser, from Italian improvvisare ‘ to improvise’, from improvviso ‘ unprovided, unforeseen, impromptu, sudden’ , from Latin improvisus ‘ unforeseen’ , from im- ‘ not’ (see im-2, in-2, “ n o) + provisus ‘ foreseen’, past participle o f providere ‘ to foresee’ (see proveer, p ro -1, “per-, “ver). (de) improviso ‘unexpectedly’ : Latin de improviso (adverbial phrase) ‘unexpected­ ly ’ , from de ‘ from ’ (see °de2) + improviso, ablative o f improvisum (noun) ‘ that which is unforeseen’ , from improvisus (adjective) ‘ unforeseen’ (see improvisar, im-2, in-2, “no, proveer, p ro-1, “per-, “ ver). impuesto ‘ tax, im post’ : Medieval Latin impositum ‘tax, tribute, duty’, from Latin impositum, neuter o f impositus ‘ imposed’, past participle o f imponere ‘ to im pose’ (see imponer, im-1, in-1, “en, “poner). impugnar ‘ to call into question, challenge, impugn; to oppose’ : Latin impugnare ‘ to fight against’ , from im- ‘ against’ (see im-1, in-1, °en) + pugnare ‘ to fight’ (see pugna, “p u ñ o ). impulsar ‘ to impel’ : Late Latin impulsare ‘to

im pulso

push’ , from Latin impulsus, past partici­ ple o f impeliere ‘ to push against’ (see ° impeler, °en), + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-ar1). impulso ‘ impulse’ : Latin impulsus ‘ impulse’ , from impulsus, past participle o f impeliere ‘to push against’ (see impulsar, ° impeler, °en). impune ‘ unpunished’ : Latin impunis ‘un­ punished’, from impune ‘without punish­ ment’, from im- ‘ not’ (see im-2, in-2, °n o) + -pune, from poena ‘ punishment’ (see °pena). imputar ‘ to impute, attribute’ : Latin imputare ‘to impute, bring into the reckoning’, from im- ‘ in, into’ (see im-1, in-1, °en) + putare ‘ to reckon, compute, consider’ (see °podar). in-1 ‘ in’, as in inaugurar, incendio, incidente: Latin in- ‘ in, into, toward; on ; against; to cause to, cause to be; completely, thoroughly’ (also an intensifying prefix), from in ‘ in, into, o n ’ (see °en). In Latin compounds, in- becom es il- before l, imbefore b, m, or p , and ir- before r (changes due to assimilation); in Spanish, it becomes i- before l, im- before b or p, ir- before r. in-2 ‘ not, w ithout’, as in inacabable, inaccesible, inacción, inadecuado, incomunicar: Latin in- ‘ n ot’ , from IndoEuropean n-, from ne- ‘ n ot’ (see °no). In Latin compounds, in- becomes ibefore g, il- before l, im- before b, m, or p, and ir- before r; in Spanish, it becomes i- before l, im- before b or p , ir- before r. -in ‘o f; small’ , an ending o f nouns, as in botiquín, cojín, delfín, paladín, patín: -ino ‘ o f; small’ , or Latin -inus ‘o f ’ (often through Italian -ino or French -in). See °-ino. -ina1 ‘ o f ’ (feminine o f -ino), an ending o f adjectives and nouns, as in alpina, argelina, argentina, campesina, genuina: Latin -ina, feminine o f -inus ‘ o f ’ (see °-ino). -ina2 ‘o f, resembling; female; chemical sub­ stance, enzyme, pharmaceutical product’ , an ending o f nouns, as in angina, gallina, Josefina, madrina, penicilina: Latin -ina, feminine noun suffix, from -ina, feminine o f -inus ‘ o f’ , adjective suffix (see °-ino). -inal ‘ o f ’ , as in cardinal, criminal, original: Latin -inalis (as in originalis), from stems ending in -in- + -alis ‘ o f ’ (see °-al). inaudito ‘ unheard-of; unusual’ : Latin

284

inauditus ‘ unheard-of, unusual’ , from in‘ not’ (see in-2, °n o) + auditus ‘ heard’ , past participle o f audire ‘to hear’ (see °audiencia, °hacer). inaugurar ‘ to inaugurate’ : Latin inaugurare ‘ to inaugurate, consecrate (the ceremonies were connected with the telling o f auguries), practice augury, take omens (from the flight o f birds)’ , from in- ‘ in’ (see in-1, °en) + augurare ‘ to prophesy, augur’ , from augur ‘augur’ (see agüero, aumento). inca ‘ Inca (member o f a group o f Quechuan peoples o f ancient Peru; ruler o f this group)’ : Quechua inka ‘king, prince’ , incendio ‘ fire (destructive burning)’ : Latin incendium ‘ fire, burning’ , from incendere ‘to kindle, set on fire’ , from in- ‘ in’ (see in-1, °en) + -cendere ‘ to burn’, from *candere (the first e is short) ‘ to kindle’ (causative o f candére [the first e is long] ‘to shine, glow ’ ), from Indo-European kand- ‘to shine’ (see 0candente). incentivo ‘ incentive’ : Late Latin incentivum ‘ incentive’ , from Latin incentivum, neuter o f incentivus ‘ inciting; that sets the tune’, from incentus, past participle o f incinere ‘ to set the tune, sing, sound’ (from in-, an intensifying prefix [see in-1, °en ], + -ciñere, from canere ‘to sing’ [see “cantar]), + -ivus ‘ performing, tending toward’ (see °-ivo). incesto ‘ incest’ : Latin incestus (noun) ‘ unchastity, incest’ , from incestus (adjec­ tive) ‘unchaste, impure’, from in- ‘ not’ (see in-2, °n o) + -cestus, from castus ‘ pure, chaste’ (see °casto). incidente ‘ incident’ : Medieval Latin incidentem, accusative o f incidens (stem incident-) ‘ incident, event’ , from Latin incidens, present participle o f incidere ‘ to fall into, fall on, happen to, happen’ , from in- ‘o n ’ (see in-1, °en) + -cidere, from cadere ‘ to fall’ (see °caer). incienso ‘ incense’ : Late Latin incensum ‘ incense’ , from Latin incensum, neuter o f incensus, past participle o f incendere ‘to kindle, set on fire’ (see incendio, °candente). incinerar ‘to incinerate’ : Medieval Latin incinerare ‘to incinerate, burn to ashes’, from Latin in- ‘ in, in to’ (see in-1, °en) + ciner-, stem o f cinis ‘ ashes’ (see “ceniza). incipiente ‘ incipient’ : Latin incipientem, accusative o f incipiens (stem incipient-)

285

‘beginning’, present participle o f incipere ‘to begin, take in hand’ , from in- ‘ in’ (see in-1, °en) + -cipere, from capere ‘to take, seize’ (see °capaz). inciso ‘ clause, subparagraph’ : Latin incisum ‘section or division o f a sentence; clause’ , from incisum, neuter o f incisus, past participle o f incidere ‘ to cut into, cut up, carve’ , from in- ‘ into, in’ (see in-1, °en) + -cidere, from caedere ‘to cut’ (see °cesura). incitar ‘ to incite’ : Latin incitare ‘ to spur on, urge on ’ , from in- ‘ thoroughly’ (see in-', °en) + citare ‘ to put in m otion ’ (see °citar). “inclinar ‘ to incline’ : Latin inclinare ‘ to bend, incline’ , from in- ‘ toward’ (see in -', °en) + -diñare ‘ to bend, lean, incline’ , from Indo-European klei-n-, from klei‘to lean’ . Related words: cliente, clima, clínica, declinación, declive, enclítico, proclítico, proclividad, triclinio. incluir ‘to include’ : Latin includere ‘to endose, shut in’ , from in- ‘ in’ (see in-', °en) + -cludere, from claudere ‘ to close, shut’ (see excluir, °clave). incoativo ‘ inchoative’ : Late Latin inchoativus, incohativus ‘ inchoative, inceptive’ , from Latin inchoatus, incohatus, past participle o f inchoare, incohare ‘ to begin; to harness, hitch up’ , from in- ‘ in’ (see in -', °en ) + cohum ‘ strap fastening the plow beam to the y ok e’, from Indo-European kogh-, variant o f kagh- ‘ to seize’ (see °cayo). incógnito ‘ unknown; incognito’ : Latin incognitus ‘ unknown’, from in- ‘ not’ (see in-2, °no) + cognitus ‘know n’, past participle o f cognoscere ‘ to know ’ (see conocer, co-, com-, °con, °noticia). incólume ‘safe, unharmed’ : Latin incolumis ‘ safe, unharmed’ , from in- ‘ not’ (see in-2, °n o) + Indo-European kl-mo- ‘beaten’ , from kl-, from kel- ‘ to beat’ (see °golpe). inconveniente ‘ inconvenient; difficulty, in­ convenience’ : Latin inconvenientem, accusative o f inconveniens (stem incon­ venient-) ‘ inconvenient, unsuitable’ , from in- ‘ n ot’ (see in-2, °n o) + conveniens ‘suitable, convenient’ (see conveniente, convenir, com-, °con, °venir). incorporar ‘ to incorporate’ : Latin incorporare ‘ to incorporate, form into a b o d y ’ , from in- ‘ thoroughly’ (see in -', °en ) + corporare ‘to form into a b o d y ’, from corpor-, stem o f corpus ‘b o d y ’ (see °cuerpo).

indeleble

incremento ‘ increment’ : Latin incrementum ‘ increment, increase’ , from increscere ‘ to increase, grow on, grow in’ (from in‘ in’ [see in-', °en ] + crescere ‘ to grow, increase’ [see crecer, acerea l]) + -mentum ‘result, means, action’ (see °-m entó). increpar ‘ to rebuke’ : Latin increpare ‘ to rebuke, upbraid, make a noise’ , from in‘ in’ (see in-', °en) + crepare ‘ to crack’ (see °grieta). incrustar ‘to inlay’ : Latin incrustare ‘to coat, cover with a crust, encrust’ , from in-, a causative prefix (see in-', °en), + crusta ‘ crust’ (see °crustáceo). incubadora‘ incubator’ : incubar ‘ to incubate, hatch’ , from Latin incubare ‘ to hatch, lie down upon’ , from in- ‘ o n ’ (see in ' , °en) + cubare ‘ to lie dow n’ (see concubina, °copa). inculcar ‘ to inculcate’ : Latin inculcare ‘ to inculcate, trample in, tread o n ’ , from in‘ in’ (see in -', °en) + -culcare, from calcare ‘to tread on, trample’ (see calcar, ° escaleno). incumbir ‘to be the business o f, concern’ : Latin incumbere ‘ to give attention to, lean upon, lie down o n ’ , from in- ‘ on ’ (see in -', °en) + -cumbere ‘ to lie down, lean, recline’ , from Indo-European ku-m-b-, from kub-, from keub- ‘to lie, recline’ , from keu- ‘ bending’ (see °copa). incunable ‘ incunabulum’ : French incunable ‘incunabulum, cradle book , book printed before 1501’, from Latin incunabula (plural) ‘ cradle, swaddling clothes, origin, infancy’ , from in- ‘ in’ (see in-', °en) + cunabula (plural) ‘ infancy, origin, cradle’ , from cunae (plural) ‘ cradle’ (see °cuna) + -bula, a noun suffix (see °-bulo). incurrir ‘ to incur’ ( incursión ‘ incursion’ ): Latin incurrere ‘ to com e upon, run into, attack’, from in- ‘ in’ (see in -', °en) + currere ‘ to run’ (see °correr). indagar ‘to investigate’ : Latin indagare ‘to investigate, search into, hunt for, track’ , from indago ‘ investigation, examination; act o f enclosing or surrounding (e.g. a hunted animal)’, from Old Latin indu (also endo) ‘ in, within’ , a variant o f in‘ in’ (see in-', °en), + agere ‘ to drive’ (see ° agente). indeleble ‘ indelible’ : Latin indelebilis ‘ that cannot be blotted out (o f writing)’ , from in- ‘ not’ (see in-2, °n o) + delebilis ‘ that can be blotted o u t’ , from delere ‘ to blot

indem ne

out (o f writing), wipe out, destroy’ + ■bilis ‘ capable o f ’ (see °-ble). indemne ‘ unharmed’ : Latin indemnis ‘ un­ harmed, uninjured’, from in- ‘ not’ (see in-2,°n o ) + -demnis, from damnum ‘ harm’ (see °daño). independencia ‘ independence’ ( independiente ‘ independent’ ): in- ‘ not’ (see in-2, “no) + dependencia ‘ dependence’ , from depender ‘ to depend’ (see depender, de-, “de2, °pender). India ‘ India (country; Hindi Bharat)’ : Latin India (first century B.C.), from Greek India ‘ India’ (second century B.C.), from Indos ‘the Indus (river)’ (see °Indo) + -ia ‘ area, country’ (see-¡a). indiano ‘ Indian’ : Medieval Latin indianus ‘ Indian (adjective)’ , from Latin India ‘ India’ (see India, °Indo) + -anus ‘o f ’ (see ano'). Indias ‘ Indies (as in West Indies)’ : India ‘ India’ (see India, “Indo) + -s, a plural ending; the plural was applied to a vague­ ly defined area in Asia including India and adjacent lands and islands (compare French les Indes ‘ India’ , as late as the twentieth century). When Columbus dis­ covered the Caribbean islands in 1492, navigators and geographers thought them a part o f the (Asian) Indies; in the fif­ teenth century, when it was found that they were not, they were called West Indies ( las Indias Occidentales) to differ­ entiate them from the Asiatic area, which from then on — and for some five centu­ ries — was called East Indies (las Indias Orientales). Las Indias o f the Western Hemisphere were later called Nuevo Mundo and then América. indicar ‘ to indicate’ : Latin indicare'to indi­ cate, show’ , from indie-, stem o f index ‘ indicator; index finger’ (see indice, in-', °en, °decir), + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). índice ‘ index; index finger’ : Latin indicem, accusative o f index (stem indie-) ‘ indi­ cator, indication, sign, mark; index finger’ , from in- ‘ toward’ (see in-1, °en ) + Indo-European -dik-, an agential suffix, from deik- ‘ to show’ (see °decir). Indico (O céano) ‘ Indian Ocean’ : Latin indicus ‘o f India’ , from Greek indikós ‘o f India’ , from Indos ‘ India; Indus’ (see India, °Indo) + -ikós ‘ o f ’ (see °-ico2). indiferencia‘ indifference’ : Latin indifferentia

286

‘ lack o f difference’, from indifferent-, stem o f indifferens ‘ neither good nor bad’ (see indiferente, in-2, °no, diferir, °dis-', -ifero, °periferia), + -ia ‘ condition’ (see -ia). indiferente ‘ indifferent’ : Latin indifferentem, accusative o f indifferens (stem indif­ ferent-) ‘ neither good nor bad; indiffer­ ent, unconcerned’ , from in- ‘ not’ (see in-2, °n o) + differens, present participle o f differre ‘ to differ’ (see diferir, “dis-, -ifero, °periferia). indígena ‘ (noun) native; (adjective) indige­ nous’ : Latin indígena (noun) ‘ native’ (underlying meaning: ‘ born in (aregion)’ ), from Old Latin indu ‘ in, within’ (see indagar, in -', °en) + -gena, from IndoEuropean gen-a- ‘born’ , from gen- ‘ to give birth’ (see °género). indigente ‘ indigent’ : Latin indigentem, accu­ sative o f indigens (stem indigent-) ‘ needy’ , from indigens, present participle o f indigere ‘ to need, lack’ , from indi-, strengthened form o f in- ‘ in’ (Old Latin indu ‘ in’ ; see indagar, in-', °en), + egere ‘ to need, lack, be in want’ , from IndoEuropean eg-é-, stative form o f eg- ‘ lack, scarcity’ . For Indo-European stative -é-, see “tumor. indigo ‘ indigo’ : obsolete indico, from Latin indicum, from Greek indikón ‘ indigo’ , literally = ‘ Indian’ (underlying meaning: ‘ Indian dye’ ), from indikón, neuter o f indikós ‘ Indian’ (see Indico, India, °Indo). indio ‘ Indian’ : India ‘India’ (see India, °Indo). individuo (noun) ‘ individual’ (individual ‘ individual’ ): individuo (adjective) ‘ indi­ vidual; indivisible’ , from Latin individuus (adjective) ‘indivisible’ , from in- ‘ not’ (see in-2, °no) + dividuus ‘ divisible; divided’ , from dividere ‘ to divide’ (see dividir, °dis-', “viuda). indo ‘ Indian’ : Latin indus ‘o f India’, from Greek indos ‘ o f India’ , from Indos ‘ India; Indus’ (see India, “Indo). °Indo ‘ Indus (river)’ : Latin Indus (first century B.C.), from Greek Indos ‘ Indus’ (sixth century B.C.), from Old Persian Hindu ‘ Indus; India’ , from Sanskrit Sindhuh ‘ the Indus River, the Indus valley’ (around 1500 B.C.), from sindhuh ‘ river’ , perhaps from the root sidh ‘to go, move’ . Related words: hindú, India, indiano, Indias, Indico (O céano), índigo,

287

indio, indo, Indonesia, sandia, tamarindo. índole ‘ disposition, nature’ : Latin indoles ‘ disposition, native quality’, from Old Latin indo- (from indu ‘ in, within’ ; see indagar, in-', °en) + -olescere ‘ to grow’ (see adolescente, °alimento). indolencia ‘ indolence’ : Latin indolentia ‘freedom from pain; insensibility or indif­ ference to pain’ , from in- ‘ n ot’ (see in-2, °no) + dolentia ‘ pain’ , from dolent-, stem o f dolens, present participle o f dolere ‘ to feel pain, suffer’ (see °doler). indómito ‘ untamed; untamable’ : Latin indomitus ‘ untamed; untamable’ , from in‘ n ot’ (see in-2, °no) + domitus, past participle o f domare ‘to tame’ (see ° domar). Indonesia ‘ Indonesia (country and island group; Indonesian Indonesia): New Latin Indonesia, literally = ‘Area o f the Indian Islands’ (1884 for the island group [English Indonesians, 1 8 8 1 ]; 1949 for the independent country, but the name o f the Netherlands Indies had been changed to Indonesia already in 1948), from Greek indo- ‘ Indian’ (from indos ‘ o f India’ [see indo, India, °Indo ] ) + New Latin -nesia ‘ area o f islands’ , as in Polynesia (see °Polinesia). inducir ‘ to induce’ : Latin inducere ‘to induce, lead in’ , from in- ‘ in’ (see in-', °en) + ducere ‘ to lead’ (see °conducir). indulgencia ‘ indulgence’ : Latin indulgentia ‘ quality o f being indulgent, kindness’ , from indulgent-, stem o f indulgens ‘ indulgent’ (se e °indulgente), +-ia ‘ quality’ (see -ia). “indulgente ‘ indulgent’ : Latin indulgentem, accusative o f indulgens (stem indulgent-) ‘ indulgent’, present participle o f indulgere ‘ to be forbearing or courteous; to grant as a favor’. Related words: indulgencia, indulto. indulto ‘ pardon’ : Late Latin indultum ‘ grant, privilege’ , from Latin indultum, neuter o f indultus, past participle o f indulgere ‘ to grant as a favor’ (se e °indulgente). indumentaria ‘ clothing’ : Latin indumentum ‘ garment’ , from induere ‘ to don, put on ’ (from ind-, from Old Latin indu ‘ in, within, o n ’ ; see indagar, in-', °en) + -mentum ‘ means’ (see °-m ento). industria ‘ industry’ (industrial ‘ industrial; industrialist’ ); Latin industria ‘ diligence, activity’ , from industrius ‘ diligent’, from

infame

Old Latin indostruus ‘ diligent’, from indu, endo ‘ in, within’ (see indagar, in-', °en) + -struus, from Indo-European stru‘ to spread’ , from streu-, from ster- ‘to spread’ (see °esternón). inefable ‘ineffable’ : Latin ineffabilis ‘ in­ capable o f being expressed in words’, from in- ‘ not’ (see in-2, °n o) + effabilis ‘ capable o f being expressed’ , from ef‘o u t’ (see e x - ', °e x ) + fari ‘ to speak’ (see °fábula) + -bilis ‘ capable o f ’ (see °-ble). -fneo ‘ characterized b y ’, as in apolíneo, fulmíneo, gramíneo, sanguíneo: Latin -ineus ‘ characterized b y ’ (as ingramineus). inepto ‘ inept’ : Latin ineptus ‘ inept’ , from in‘ n ot’ (see in-2, °no) + -eptus, from aptus ‘ apt’ (see °aptitud). inercia ‘ inertia’ : Latin inertia ‘ lack o f skill; idleness’, from inert-, stem o f iners ‘ idle’ (see inerte, in-2, °no, arte, °arma), + -ia ‘ condition, state’ (see -ia). inerme ‘ unarmed’ : Latin inermis ‘ unarmed, defenseless’ , from in- ‘ n ot’ (see in-2, °n o) + -ermis, from arma ‘ arms’ (see °arma). inerte ‘ inert’ : Latin inertem, accusative o f iners (stem inert-) ‘ idle, inactive; un­ skilled’, from in- ‘ not’ (see in-2, °n o) + -ers, from ars (stem art-) ‘ skill’ (see arte, ° arma). Inés, feminine given name (corresponding to English Agnes and In ez): Medieval Latin Agnes, Hagnes, from Greek Hagnes, literally = ‘ Chaste’ , from hagne, feminine o f hagnós ‘ chaste, sacred’, akin to hágios ‘ sacred’ (see °hagiógrafo). inexorable ‘ inexorable’ : Latin inexorabilis ‘ inexorable, not capable o f being per­ suaded b y entreaty or prayer’ , from in‘ n ot’ (see in-2, °n o) + exorabilis ‘ exorable, capable o f being persuaded by entreaty or prayer’ , from exorare ‘ to persuade’ , from ex- ‘ com pletely’ (see e x -', °ex ) + orare ‘to plead, pray’ (see °orar). For Latin -abilis ‘ capable o f ’ , see -able, °-ble. inexpugnable ‘ impregnable, inexpugnable’ : Latin inexpugnabilis ‘ incapable o f being taken by fighting’ , from in- ‘ not’ (see in-2, °n o) + expugnabais ‘ capable o f being taken by fighting’, from expugnare ‘to take b y fighting’ , from ex- ‘ away from, removal from ’ (see ex-1, ° e x ) + pugnare ‘ to fight’ (see pugna, °puño). For Latin -abilis ‘ capable o f ’ , see -able, °-ble. infame ‘ infamous; bad’ : Latin infamis

infamia

‘ infamous’ , from in- ‘ n ot’ (see in-2, °n o ) + -famis, from fama ‘ fame’ (see fama, “fábula). infamia ‘infamy’ : Latin infamia ‘ infamy’ , from infamis ‘ infamous’ (see infame, in-2, “no, fama, “fábula) + -ia ‘ condition, quality’ (see -ia). infancia ‘ infancy’ : Latin infantia ‘ infancy’ , from infant-, stem o f infans ‘ infant’ (see infante, in-2, “ no, “fábula), + -ia ‘ condi­ tion, state’ (see -ia). infante ‘ infant; infante; infantry soldier’ : Latin infantem, accusative o f infans (stem infant-) ‘ infant’ (noun), from infans (adjective) ‘young, incapable o f speech’ , from in- ‘ not’ (see in-2, “n o) + fans, present participle o f fori ‘to speak’ (see “fábula). infantería ‘ infantry’ : Italian infantería ‘ in­ fantry’, from infante ‘ fo o t soldier; youth’, from Latin infantem, accusative o f infans ‘ infant’ (see infante, in-2, “ no, “fábula). infantil ‘ childish, infantile’ : Latin infantilis ‘ childish’ , from infant-, stem o f infans ‘ infant’ (see infante, in-2, “ no, “fábula), + -ilis ‘ o f ’ (see °-il). infarto ‘ infarct’ : Latin infarctus, infartus ‘ stuffed, crammed’ , past participle o f infarcire ‘to stuff in, cram’, from in- ‘ in’ (see in-', °en) + farcire ‘to stuff’ (see “harto). infatuar ‘to make foolish, infatuate’ : Latin infatuare ‘ to make foolish’, from in- ‘ to cause to be’ (see in -', °en) + fatuus ‘ fo o l­ ish’ (see “fatuo) + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). infección ‘ infection’ : Late Latin infectionem, accusative o f infectio (stem infection ) ‘ infection’, from Latin infectus, past participle o f inficere ‘ to infect, stain, dye, work in’, from in- ‘ in’ (see in-', °en) + -ficere, from facere ‘to do, make’ (see “hacer). infectar ‘to infect’ : Late Latin infectare ‘to infect’, from Latin infectus, past participle o f inficere ‘to infect’ (see infección, in -', “en, “hacer). infeliz ‘ unhappy,,unfortunate’ : Latin infelix ‘ unhappy, unfortunate’, from in- ‘ n ot’ (see in-2, “ n o) + felix ‘ happy, favorable’ (see feliz, “ fem enino). °inferior ‘ lower, inferior’ : Latin inferior ‘lower’ , comparative o f inferus ‘ low, situated beneath’ , from Indo-European ndher- ‘ under’ . Related words: infernal,

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infierno, ínfimo, infrarrojo. The Latin comparative -ior derives from IndoEuropean -yos- (see “mejor). inferir ‘to inflict; to infer’ : Latin inferre ‘ to deduce; to cause; to carry in, introduce’ , from in- ‘ in’ (see in -', °en) + ferre ‘ to carry’ (see -ífero, “periferia). infernal ‘ infernal’ : Late Latin infernalis 'o f hell’, from infernus ‘ hell’ (see infierno, “ inferior) + -alis ‘o f ’ (see °-al). infestar ‘to infest’ : Latin infestare ‘to infest, attack, trouble’, from infestus ‘ hostile’ . The Latin ending -festus is probably the same as in manifestus ‘ manifest’ (compare manifestar). infierno ‘ hell’ : Late Latin infernus ‘ hell’, from Latin infernus ‘lower; o f the Lower Regions (the world o f the dead in classical m yth ology)’, from Indo-European ndher‘ under’ (see “ inferior). ínfim o ‘ lowest, smallest’ : Latin infimus ‘ lowest’, superlative o f inferus ‘ low ’ (see “inferior). For Latin -mus, from IndoEuropean -mo-, a superlative ending, see “ mínimo. infinidad ‘ infinity’ : Latin infinitatem, accu­ sative o f infinitas (stem infinitat-) ‘ infini­ ty ’ , from infinitus ‘ infinite’ (see infinito, in-2, “ no, definir, “fin). For Latin -tas ‘quality, condition’ , see “-tad. infinito ‘ infinite’ : Latin infinitus ‘ infinite’ , from in- ‘ not’ (see in-2, “no) + finitus ‘ limited, finite’, past participle o f finiré ‘ to limit, finish, end’ (see definir, “fin). inflación ‘ inflation’ : Latin inflationem, accu­ sative o f inflado (stem inflation-) ‘ act o f inflating; state o f being inflated’ , from inflatus, past participle o f inflare ‘to blow into’ (see “ inflar), + -io ‘ act o f, state o f ’ (see °-ión). inflamar ‘ to inflame’ : Latin inflammare ‘to inflame, set on fire, irritate’ , from in‘ thoroughly’ (see in -', °en ) + flammare ‘to set on fire’ , from flamma ‘ flame’ (see llama', “ bianco). "inflar ‘to inflate’ : Latin inflare ‘to blow in to’, from in- ‘ in’ (see in-', °en) + flare ‘to b lo w ’ , from Indo-European bhla-, bhle- ‘ to b low ’ (related words: echar de menos, fallar', hallar, hinchar, inflación, resollar, resuello, soplar-, possibly: flauta). inflexión ‘ inflection’ : Latin inflexionem, accusative o f inflexio (stem inflexion-) ‘ a bending’ , from inflexus, past participle o f inflectere ‘ to bend, change, inflect’ ,

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from in- ‘ thoroughly’ (see in-1, °en) + flectere ‘ to bend’ (see ° flexible). infligir ‘to inflict’ : French infliger ‘ to inflict, impose’ , from Latin infligere ‘to inflict, impose, strike on or against’ , from in- ‘ o n ’ (see in-1, °en) + fligere ‘ to strike’ (see ° afligir). influencia ‘ influence’ : Medieval Latin influentia ‘ fluid held to flow from the stars and affect the actions o f people’ , from Latin influent-, stem o f influens ‘ flowing in’ , present participle o f influere ‘to flow in’ (see influir, in-1, °en, ° fluido). influir ‘to influence’ : Medieval Latin influere ‘ (o f a celestial b o d y ) to influence, to send o ff a fluid that affects the actions o f people’ (compare influencia), from Latin influere ‘to flow in’, from in- ‘ in’ (see in-1, °en) + fluere ‘to flo w ’ (see °fluido). influjo ‘influence’ : Late Latin influxus ‘ influence’ (com pare influencia), from Latin influxus, past participle o f influere ‘ to flow in’ (see influir, in-1, °en, ° fluido). información ‘inform ation’ : obsolete informa­ ción ‘ education, instruction’ , from Latin informationem, accusative o f informatio (stem information-) ‘representation, sketch, outline’ (influenced in meaning by Spanish informar ‘ to inform ’), from informare ‘to represent’ (see informar, in-1 en, formar, °forma). informar ‘to inform ’ : Latin informare ‘ to give form to; to represent; to instruct’ , from in- ‘thoroughly’ (see in-1, °en) + formare ‘ to form ’ (see formar, °forma). informe ‘ report, account’ : informar ‘ to in­ form ’ (see informar, in-1, °en, formar, °form a) + -e, a noun ending (see -e9). infracción ‘ infraction’ : Latin infractionem, accusative o f infractio (stem infraction-) ‘ act o f breaking, act o f violating’, from infractus, past participle o f infringere ‘ to infringe, break, destroy’, from in‘ thoroughly’ (see in-1, °eh) + -fringeré, from frangere ‘ to break’ (see frágil, ° brecha). infrarrojo ‘ infrared’ : infra- ‘b elow ’ (from Latin infra ‘below, beneath’ , from IndoEuropean ndher- ‘ under’ ; see °inferior) + rojo ‘red’ (see °rojo), from the fact that the adjective infrarrojo is applied to rays that lie outside the visible spectrum at its red end. infundir ‘ to infuse’ : Latin infundere ‘ to pour in’, from in- ‘ in’ (see in-1, °en ) + fundere

inglés

‘ to pour’ (see °fundir). ingeniero ‘ engineer’ , probably translation o f Italian ingegnere ‘ engineer’, from ingegno ‘ skill’ , from Latin ingenium ‘ natural talent’ (see ingenio, in-1, °en, genio, °género). ingenio ‘ ingenuity’ : Latin ingenium ‘ natural talent, inborn disposition’, from in- ‘ in’ (see in-1, °en) + -genium, from IndoEuropean gen-yo- ‘ innate quality’ (see genio. °género). ingenuo ‘ ingenuous’ : Latin ingenuus ‘free­ born; worthy o f a freeborn, noble, honest, frank’ , from ingenuus ‘ native, not foreign, born in (a region)’, from in- ‘ in’ (see in-1, °en) + -genuus, from IndoEuropean gen-wo- ‘ born’ , from gen- ‘ to give birth’ (see °género). ingerir ‘ to ingest’ : Latin ingerere ‘ to carry in’, from in- ‘ in’ (see in-1, °en) + gerere ‘ to carry’ (see °gesto). Inglaterra ‘ England’, part translation o f Middle English Ingland, Engeland (both documented around 1300), region o f Great Britain, from Old English Engla land (around 890), literally = ‘ land o f the Angles’ (b y haplology), from Engla (geni­ tive o f Engle ‘ the Angles’ ; see inglés, °ancla) + land (see -landa). ingle ‘groin’ : obsolete *ingne, from Vulgar Latin inguine, accusative o f inguen, from Latin inguen (stem inguin-) ‘groin’ , from Indo-European ngw-en-, from ngw-, from engw- ‘groin’ . inglés (= ‘ English language’ , around 1330) ‘ English; Englishman’ : Middle English Inglis (around 1300), English, from Old English Englisc ‘ English’, from Engle (plural) ‘ the English ( i.e., not only the Angles but also the Saxons and the Jutes, all o f whom had arrived in Britain in the fifth century o f the Christian era)’ , from Engle ‘the Angles (a Germanic people that settled in England in the fifth century o f the Christian era)’ (literally = ‘ (the people coming) from Angul (= Old Norse Óngull)') + Old English -isc (English -ish) ‘ o f ’, from Germanic -iskaz ‘o f, typical o f ’ (see °-isco1). Angul, their original homeland — a district in Schleswig, Germany — derives its name from its shape (that o f a h ook ): Germanic ang-ul- (the source o f obsolete English angle ‘fishhook’ , and therefore o f English angle ‘to fish with a h o o k ’ ), from Indo-

g

ingrato

European ank-ulo- ‘ h ook ’, from ank-, ang‘to bend’ (see "ancla). The English pronunciation was inglish, ingland, already in the thirteenth century; the spellings Ingland, Inglis are found around 1300. Compare the English word string, written and pronounced string as early as 1300, earlier spelled and pronounced streng\ also still spelled streng until the middle o f the sixteenth century, ingrato ‘ ungrateful; ingrate’ : Latin ingratus ‘ ungrateful’ , from in- ‘ not’ (see in-2, °n o) + gratus ‘ thankful’ (see °grato). ingrediente ‘ ingredient’ : Latin ingredientem, accusative o f ingrediens (stem ingredient-), present participle o f ingredi ‘ to go into, enter’, from in- ‘ in, into’ (see in-1, °en) + -gredi, from gradi ‘to step, g o ’ (see "agredir). ingreso ‘entrance; incom e’ ( ingresar ‘ to enter’ ): Latin ingressus ‘ entrance, an entering’ , from ingressus, past participle o f ingredi ‘ to go into, enter’ (see ingre­ diente, in-', "en, "agredir). inhalar ‘ to inhale’ : Latin inhalare ‘ to breathe in, breathe at’ , from in- ‘ in’ (see i n ', °en) + halare ‘ to breathe’ (see "exhalar). inherente ‘ inherent’ : Latin inhaerentem, accusative o f inhaerens (stem inhaerent-), present participle o f inhaerere ‘to be inherent’, from in- ‘ in’ (see in ', °en) + haerere ‘ to stick, cling’ (see "adherir). inhibir‘ to inhibit’ : Latin inhibere ‘ to inhibit, restrain, hold in’ , from in- ‘ in’ (see in-', °en) + -hibere, from habere ‘to have; to hold’ (see "haber). inhumación ‘ burial, inhumation’ : inhumar ‘ to bury, inhume’ , from Latin inhumare ‘ to bury’ , from in- ‘ in’ (see in-', °en) + humus ‘ earth, ground, soil’ (see humilde, "camomila). inicial ‘ initial’ : Latin initialis ‘ initial’ , from initium ‘ beginning’ (see iniciar, in-', "en, conde, "ir)+ -alis ‘o f ’ (see °-al). iniciar ‘to begin; to initiate’ : Latin initiare ‘to initiate, admit to secret religious rites’, from initium ‘beginning’ , from in- ‘ in’ (see in -', °en) + Indo-European i-t-io- ‘ the going’ , from i-t- ‘gone’ (see conde, °ir). inicuo ‘ iniquitous’ : Latin iniquus ‘ uneven, unjust’ , from in- ‘ not’ (see in-2, "n o) + -iquus, from aequus ‘ equal, level, just’ (see "igual). injerir ‘ to insert’ ( injerirse ‘ to meddle’ ): Latin inserere ‘ to put in, set in, introduce

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into’, from in- ‘ in’ (see in -', °en) + serere ‘ to join or bind together’ (see "serie). There was some confusion between Latin inserere ‘to put in’ (past participle insertus), from serere ‘ to join or bind t o ­ gether’ (past participle sertus), and inserere ‘to sow in, plant in, graft, engraft’ (past participle insitus), from serere ‘ to sow, plant’ (past participle satus\ see sazón). injerto ‘ graft (plant)’ : Latin insertus, past participle o f inserere ‘ to put in’ (see injerir, in -', "en, "serie), confused with inserere ‘ to graft, engraft’ (compare injerir). injuria ‘ insult’ : Latin injuria ‘ insult; injustice, wrong’ , from injurus (also injurius) ‘ un­ just, wrongful, acting unlawfully’, from in- ‘ not’ (see in-2, "n o) + -jurus, from jur-, stem o f jus Taw, right’ (see "jurar). injusto ‘ unjust’ : Latin injustus ‘ unjust’, from in- ‘ not’ (see in-2, "n o) + justus ‘just’ (see justo, "jurar). inmanente ‘ immanent’ : Late Latin immanentem, accusative o f immanens (stem immanent-) ‘remaining within’, present participle o f immanere ‘ to remain in, inhabit’, from Latin im- ‘ in’ (see im -', in-', °en) + manere ‘to remain’ (see "mansión). inmediato ‘ immediate’ : Late Latin immediatus ‘ immediate’ (underlying meaning: ‘without mediation’ ), from Latin im‘n o t’ (see im-2, in-2, "no) + Late Latin mediatus ‘ mediate, occupying a middle position’ , past participle o f mediare ‘ to be in the middle’ (see mediar, "medio). inmenso ‘ immense’ : Latin immensus ‘ im­ measurable’ , literally = ‘ not measured’ , from im- ‘n ot’ (see im-2, in-2, "n o) + mensus, past participle o f metiri ‘to measure’ (see "medir). inmersión ‘ immersion’ : Late Latin immersionem, accusative o f immersio (stem immersion-) ‘ immersion’ , from Latin immersus, past participle o f immergere ‘ to plunge in, dip in’ , from im- ‘ in’ (see im -', in ' , °en ) + mergere ‘to plunge, dip’ (see "sumergir). inminente ‘ imminent’ : Latin imminentem, accusative o f imminens (stem imminent ), present participle of imminere ‘to threaten, project toward’ , from im‘toward’ (see im-', in-', °en) + -minere ‘ to stand, project; to threaten’ (see emi-

291

nente, °m onte). inmolar ‘to immolate’ : Latin immolare ‘to sacrifice’ (earlier meaning: ‘ to sprinkle (the victim) with sacrificial meal’ ), from in- ‘o n ’ (see in-1, °en) + mola ‘ coarse meal, spelt grits’ (see molino, “ moler). inmortal ‘immortal’ : Latin immortalis ‘ im­ mortal’, from im- ‘ not’ (see im-2, in-2, °n o ) + mortalis ‘mortal’ (see “ mortal). inmóvil ‘ motionless, im mobile’ : Latin immobilis ‘ motionless’ , from im- ‘ n ot’ (see im-2, in-2, °n o) + mobilis ‘ m obile’ (see mueble, mover, -ible, “-ble). inmundicia ‘ filth’ : Latin immunditia ‘ filth, uncleanness’ , from immundus ‘filthy, un­ clean’ (see inmundo, im-2, in-2, °no, mondar, “ m osto) + -itia ‘ condition, quality’ (see -icia). inmundo ‘ filthy’ : Latin immundus ‘ filthy, unclean’ , from im- ‘ n ot’ (see im-2, in-2, °no) + mundus ‘ clean’ (see mondar, ° m osto). inmune ‘ immune’ : Latin immunis ‘ exempt from public service; exem pt’, from im‘ n ot’ (see im-2, in-2, °n o) + -munis ‘ services performed for the com m unity’ , from Indo-European moi-n- ‘ exchange o f services’ (see común, ° impermeable). innato ‘ innate’ : Latin innatus ‘ innate’ , past participle o f innasci ‘ to be born in’ , from in- ‘ in’ (see in-1, °en) + nasci ‘to be born’ (see nacer, °género). innocuo, inocuo ‘ innocuous’ : Latin innocuus ‘ innocuous, harmless’ , from in- ‘ not’ (see in-2, °n o) + nocuus ‘ harmful’ , from nocere ‘ to harm’ (see nocivo, ° néctar). °-ino ‘ o f; from ’ , an ending o f adjectives and nouns, as in alpino, argelino, argentino, campesino, genuino: Latin -mus, (less frequently) T hus (with a short i ) ‘o f ’ (as in alpinus, genuinus), from Indo-Europe­ an -inos ‘ o f ’ (as in swesr-inos ‘ o f a sister’ ; see °sobrino), often through Greek -inos ‘o f ’ . The ending -ino also has, in certain cases, a diminutive sense. Related suf­ fixes: -in, -ina1, -ina2 ; probably: -uno. Many Spanish masculine given names o f Latin origin have this ending; e.g., Antonino, Celestino, Constantino, Gabino, Justino, Maximino, Rufino, Severino. inocente ‘ innocent’ ( inocencia ‘ innocence’ ): Latin innocentem, accusative o f innocens (stem innocent-) ‘ innocent’ , from in- ‘ not’ (see in-2, °n o) + nocens ‘ harming’ , present

insecto

participle o f nocere ‘to harm’ (see nocivo, ° néctar). inocular ‘ to inoculate’ : Latin inoculare ‘to engraft (a tree), insert a bud into’ , from in- ‘ in’ (see in-1, °en) + oculus ‘bud (from the fancied resemblance o f a bud to an eye); eye’ (see °ocular). inocuo ‘ innocuous’ , see innocuo. inodoro (noun) ‘toilet’ : inodoro (adjective) ‘ odorless’ , from Latin inodorus ‘odorless’ , from in- ‘ not’ (see in-2, “ no) + odorus ‘odorou s’ , from odor ‘ o d o r’ , from IndoEuropean od es- ‘o d or’ , from od- ‘to smell’ (see °oler). inopia ‘ poverty’ : Latin inopia ‘want, scarci­ ty ’, from inops ‘without resources; needy’ , from in- ‘ n ot’ (see in-2, °no) + ops ‘wealth’ (see opíparo, °ópera). inquieto ‘restless’ : Latin inquietus ‘restless, unquiet’, from in- ‘ n ot’ (see in-2, °no) + quietus ‘quiet’ (see “quieto). inquilino ‘tenant, lodger’ : inquilinus ‘ tenant, lodger’ , from in- ‘ in’ (see in-1, °en) + -quilinus, from Indo-European kwel- ‘ to turn, move around, dwell’ (see °colono). inquirir ‘to inquire’ : Latin inquirere ‘ to inquire’, from in- ‘ thoroughly’ (see in-1, °en) + -quirere, from quaerere ‘to seek’ (see °querer). inquisición ‘ inquisition’ : Latin inquisitionem, accusative o f inquisitio (stem inquisition-) ‘ inquiry, investigation’, from inquisitus, past participle o f inquirere ‘to inquire’ (see inquirir, in-1, °en, °querer), + -io ‘ act o f ’ (see °-ión). inscribir ‘ to inscribe’ : Latin inscribere ‘ to inscribe’ , from in- ‘ in’ (see in-1, °en) + scribere ‘ to write’ (see “escribir). inscripción ‘ inscription’ : Latin inscriptionem, accusative o f inscriptio (stem inscription-) ‘ act o f writing upon; inscription on a monument’ , from inscriptus, past partici­ ple o f inscribere ‘ to inscribe’ (see inscribir, in-1, °en, “escribir), + -io ‘ act o f ’ (see “-ión). insecticida ‘ insecticide’ : insecti- (from Latin insectum ‘ insect’ ; see insecto, in-1, °en, “sección ) + -cida ‘killer o f ’ (see -cida, “cesura). insecto ‘ insect’ : Latin insectum ‘ insect’ (literally = ‘ segmented’ , a translation o f Greek éntom on ‘ insect; cu t’ ; compare entom ología), from insectum, neuter o f insectus, past participle o f insecare ‘to cut into, cut up, segment’, from in- ‘ in’

insertar

(see in-1, °en) + secare ‘to cut’ (see ° sección). insertar ‘ to insert’ : Latin insertare ‘to insert, put in’ (frequentative o f inserere ‘ to put in’ ), from insertus, past participle o f inserere (see injerir, in-1, °en, °serie). insidia ‘ambush; p lot’ : Latin insidiae (plural) ‘ambush’ , from insidere ‘to sit in, sit on, lie in wait’, from in- ‘o n ’ (see in -',° e n ) + -sidere, from sedere ‘to sit’ (see “sedimento). insigne ‘famous’ : Latin insignis ‘ marked, distinguished’ , from in- ‘ in’ (see in-1, °en) + signum ‘ mark, sign’ (see signo, “seguir). insignia ‘ insignia’ : Latin insignia ‘ distinctive marks, signs, badges’ , plural o f insigne ‘ distinctive mark’, from insigne, neuter o f insignis ‘ marked, distinguished’ (see insigne, in-1, “en, signo, °seguir). insinuar ‘to insinuate’ : Latin insinuare ‘ to insinuate, bring in b y windings, wind on e’s way into’ , from in- ‘ in’ (see in-1, °en) + sinuare ‘ to bend, curve’, from sinus ‘ curve, bend’ (see °seno). insípido ‘ insipid’ : Late Latin insipidus ‘insipid, lacking flavor’ , from Latin in‘not’ (see in-2, °no) + Late Latin -sipidus, from sapidus ‘ savory’ (see sabio, “saber). insistir ‘ to insist’ : Latin insistere ‘ to dwell upon, persist, stand on ’, from in- ‘o n ’ (see in-1, °en) + sistere ‘ to stand firm, cause to stand’ (see asistir, “estar). insolente ‘ insolent’ : Latin insolentem, accusa­ tive o f insolens (stem insolent-) ‘ insolent, haughty, excessive’, probably from insolens ‘ contrary to custom, unusual’ , from in- ‘ not’ (see in-2, °n o) + solens, present participle o f solere ‘ to be accustomed, use’ (see “soler). insomnio ‘ insomnia’ : Latin insomnia ‘ insom­ nia’, from insomnis ‘sleepless’, from in‘ n ot’ (see in-2, “ no) + somnus ‘ sleep’ (see “sueño1). inspección ‘inspection’ ( inspeccionar ‘ to inspect’ ): Latin inspectionem, accusative o f inspectio (stem inspection-) ‘ inspec­ tion ’, from inspectus, past participle o f inspicere ‘to inspect, look in to’, from in‘ in’ (see in-1, °en) + spicere, specere ‘to look at’ (see “espejo). inspector ‘ inspector’ : Latin inspector ‘ inspec­ tor’, from inspectus, past participle o f inspicere ‘to inspect’ (see inspección, in-1, “en, “espejo), + -or ‘acting, doer’ (see “-or1).

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inspirar ‘ to inspire’ ( inspiración ‘ inspiration’ ): Latin inspirare ‘to inspire, breathe into’, from in- ‘ into’ (see in-1, °en ) + spirare ‘to breathe’ (see “aspirar). "instalar ‘to install’ (instalación ‘ installation’ ): Old French installer, from Medieval Latin installare, literally = ‘to put in place’ , from Latin in- ‘ in; to cause to b e ’ (see in-1, °en) + Medieval Latin stallum ‘ place, stall’ , from Old High German stal ‘ place, stall’, from Germanic stalla-, from Indo-European stol-no- ‘ place for standing’, from stol-, from stel- ‘ to put, stand’ . Related words: Amsterdam, apóstol, diástole, epístola, estela, estola, pedestal, peristáltico, sístole-, possibly: local and its family. instancia ‘ act o f urging’ : Latin instantia ‘ perseverance, earnestness in supplication’, from instant-, stem o f instans, present participle o f instare ‘to urge, persist, be present, stand upon’ (see instar, in-1, “ en, “ estar). instante ‘ instant’ ( al instante ‘ at on ce’ ): Latin instantem, accusative o f instans (stem instant-), present participle o f instare ‘ to persist, be present’ (see instar, in-1, “en, “estar). instar ‘ to urge’ : Latin instare ‘ to urge, per­ sist, be present, stand upon’, from in‘ upon’ (see in-1, °en) + stare ‘ to stand’ (see “estar). instaurar ‘to restore, renew; to institute’ : Latin instaurare ‘to restore, set upright again’, from in- ‘ in, on ’ (see in-1, °en) + -staurare ‘to fasten upright’, from IndoEuropean stau-ro- ‘ stout post’ , from stau-, variant o f stá- ‘ to stand’ (see “estar). instigar ‘ to instigate’ : Latin instigare ‘to urge on, incite, instigate’ , from in-, an intensi­ fying prefix (see in-1, °en), + -stigare ‘to urge o n ’ (underlying meaning: ‘ to prod (an animal) with a stick’ ), from IndoEuropean steig- ‘ sharp’ (see “ estigma). Compare estimular. instinto ‘ instinct’ : Latin instinctus ‘ instiga­ tion, impulse’ , from instinctus, past participle o f instinguere ‘to instigate, urge o n ’ , from in- ‘o n ’ (see in-1, “ en) + -stinguere ‘ to instigate, incite, prick’ , from Indo-European sti-n-g- ‘ to prod’ (see extinguir, “estigma). institución ‘ intitution’ : Latin institutionem, accusative o f institutio (stem institution-) ‘ arrangement, custom, instruction’ , from

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institutos, past participle o f instituere ‘to establish’ (see instituto, in-', °en, estatua, "estar), + -io ‘ act o f; result’ (see °-ión). instituto ‘ institute’ ; Latin institutum ‘ insti­ tution; instruction; design, plan, purpose’ , from institutum, neuter o f institutos, past participle o f instituere ‘ to establish’ , from in- ‘ in’ (see in-', °en) + -stituere, from statuere ‘ to set up, cause to stand’ (see estatua, °estar). instrucción ‘ instruction’ : Late Latin instructionem , accusative o f instructio (stem instruction-) ‘ instruction’ , from Latin instructio ‘ act o f constructing, act o f arranging’ , from instructos, past participle of instruere ‘ to instruct, arrange, construct’ (see instruir, in -', °en, construir, °esternón) + -io ‘ act o f ’ (see °-ión). instruir ‘to instruct’ ; Latin instruere ‘to instruct, arrange, build, construct’ , from in- ‘ in’ (see in-', °en) + struere ‘to build, arrange’ (see construir, °esternón). instrumento ‘ instrument’ : Latin instrumentum ‘ instrument, implement, tool, equip­ ment’, from instruere ‘ to equip, build, instruct’ (see instruir, in -', °en, construir, ° esternón) + -mentum ‘ means’ (see °-m ento). insula ‘ island’ : Latin insula ‘ island’ (see °isla). insular ‘ o f an island, insular’ : Late Latin insularis ‘ o f an island’ , from Latin insula ‘ island’ (see °isla) + -aris ‘ o f ’ (see -ar2, °-al). insulina ‘ insulin’ : New Latin insulina ‘ insulin’ (first used in English, insulin, before 1922), from Latin insula ‘ island’ (see °isla), from the fact that this hormone is secreted by the islands (or islets) o f Langerhans (groups o f cells in the pancreas). insultar ‘ to insult’ : Latin insultare ‘ to insult; to spring upon, leap o n ’ , from in- ‘on, upon’ (see in-', °en) + -sultare, from saltare ‘ to leap’ (see saltar, °salir). insurgente ‘ insurgent’ : Latin insurgentem, accusative o f insurgens (stem insurgent ), present participle o f insurgere ‘ to insurge, rise up’ , from in- ‘ thoroughly’ (see in-', °en) + surgere ‘to rise, surge’ (see surgir, sub-, ° hipo-2, ° regir). intacto ‘ intact’ : Latin intactos ‘ untouched’, from in- ‘ not’ (see in-2, °n o) + tactos

intenso

‘ touched’ , past participle o f tangere ‘to touch’ (see °tangible). integrar ‘ to integrate’ : Latin integrare ‘ to restore, make com plete” from integr-, stem o f integer ‘ com plete’ (see íntegro, °no, °tangible), + -are, an infinitive ending (see "-ar' ). integridad ‘ integrity’ : Latin integritatem, accusative o f integritas (stem integritat-) ‘ completeness; purity’ , from integr-, stem o f integer ‘ com plete’ (see íntegro, "no, °tangible), + -itas ‘ quality’ (see -idad, °-tad). íntegro ‘whole, integral’ : Latin integrum, accusative o f integer (stem integr-) ‘ complete, intact’ , from Indo-European n-tag-ro-, literally = ‘ not touched’ , from n- ‘ n ot’ (from ne ‘ n ot’ ; see °no) + tag- ‘to tou ch ’ (see °tangible). intelectual ‘ intellectual’ : Latin intellectoalis ‘ intellectual’ , from intellectus ‘ intellect, capacity for understanding, perception, comprehension’ , from intellectus, past participle o f intellegere, intelligere ‘ to perceive, understand’ (see inteligente, inter-, entre, °en, °vuestro, "leer). inteligencia ‘ intelligence’ : Latin intelligentia ‘ intelligence, capacity for understanding’ , from intelligent-, stem o f intelligens, present participle o f intellegere, intelligere ‘ to perceive, understand’ (see inteligente, inter-, entre, "en, °vuestro, °leer). inteligente ‘ intelligent’ : Latin intelligentem, accusative o f intelligens (stem intelligent-), present participle o f intellegere, intelligere ‘ to perceive, understand, select between’ , from inter- (with assimilation) ‘ between’ (see inter-, entre, °en, " vuestro) + -ligere, from legere ‘to gather, select’ (see °leer). intemperie ‘ rough weather; outdoors’ : Latin intemperies ‘ intemperateness, inclemen­ c y ’ , from in- ‘ n ot’ (see in-2, °n o) + temperies ‘temperateness, moderate tem­ perature, a due mingling’ , from temperare ‘ to mingle’ (see templado, "tiem po). intención ‘ intention’ : Latin intentionem, accusative o f intentio (stem intention-) ‘ intention, act o f stretching ou t’, from intentos, a past participle o f intendere ‘to intend, stretch o u t’ (see intento, in -', °en, tender, "tener). intenso ‘ intense’ : Latin intensus ‘ intense, stretched’ , from intensus, a past participle o f intendere ‘ to intend, stretch ou t’ (see intento, in-' ,°en , tender, "tener).

intentar

intentar ‘ to try’ : Latin intentare ‘ to stretch out, extend toward’, from intentus, a past participle o f intendere ‘ to stretch ou t’ (see intento, in-1, °en, tender, “ tener). intento ‘ intent’ : Late Latin intentus ‘ intent, aim, purpose’, from Latin intentus ‘ act o f stretching ou t’ , from intentus, alternate past participle o f intendere ‘ to intend, stretch out, stretch toward’ (the other past participle is intensus), from in‘ toward’ (see in -', °en) + tendere ‘ to stretch’ (see tender, “ tener). inter- ‘between, among; each other; at inter­ vals’, as in intercambio, interdependencia: Latin inter- ‘between, among; in the middle o f; each other’ , from inter ‘ between’ (see entre, “en, “vuestro). intercalar ‘ to intercalate’ : Latin intercalare ‘to intercalate, insert, insert a day (in a calendar), proclaim the insertion o f a day’, from inter- ‘between’ (see inter-, entre, “en, “ vuestro) + calare ‘ to call, summon, call ou t’ , from Indo-European kl-, from kel- ‘to shout’ (see “clamar). interés ‘ interest’ ( interesante ‘ interesting’, interesar ‘ to interest’ ): Medieval Latin interesse (noun) ‘ legal share in something; interest (on m on ey)’ , from Latin interesse (verb) ‘to be o f concern, matter, be be­ tween’ , from inter- ‘between’ (see inter-, entre, “en, “vuestro) + esse ‘to be’ (see “ esencia). interino ‘ acting, interim (adjective and n oun )’ : ínterin ‘ interim (noun and adverb)’, from Latin interim ‘meanwhile’ , from inter ‘ between’ (see entre, “en, “ vuestro), a preposition used with words in the accusative case, + im, Old Latin accusative o f is ‘he; this, that’ (see idem, “ya). In classical Latin, the accusative o f is was eum. interior ‘ interior’ : Latin interior, compara­ tive o f Old Latin *interus ‘ inward, on the inside’ (and o f Latin inter)-, akin to Latin inter ‘within’ (see entre, “en, “vuestro). For the Latin comparative -ior, see mejor. interjección ‘ interjection’ : Latin interjectionem, accusative o f interjectio (stem interjection ) ‘ interjection; act o f placing between; act o f throwing between’ , from interjectus, past participle o f interjacere, interjicere ‘to place between; to throw between’ , from inter- ‘between’ (see inter-, entre, “en, “ vuestro) + jacere ‘ to

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throw ’ (see “echar). interlocutor ‘ interlocutor’ : New Latin inter­ locutor ‘ interlocutor, one who takes part in dialogue’, from Latin interlocutus, past participle o f interloqui ‘ to speak between’, from inter- ‘ between’ (see inter-, entre, “en, “vuestro) + loqui ‘ to speak’ (see “locutor). interludio ‘ interlude’ : Medieval Latin interludium ‘ farcical entertainment performed between the acts o f a play’ , from Latin inter- ‘ between’ (see inter-, entre, “en, “vuestro) + ludus ‘ play’ , akin to ludere ‘ to play’ (see “aludir). intermedio ‘ intermediate; intermission’ : Latin intermedius ‘ intermediate’ , from inter- ‘ between’ (see inter-, entre, “en, “ vuestro) + medius ‘ middle’ (see°m ed io). internacional ‘ international’ : inter- ‘ between, among’ (see inter-, entre, “en, “vuestro) + nacional ‘ national’ , from nación ‘ nation’ (see nación, nacer, “género) + -al ‘o f ’ (see “-al). interno ‘ internal’ : Latin internus ‘ internal’, from inter ‘within’ (see entre, “en, “vuestro). interpretación ‘ interpretation’ : Latin interpretationem , accusative o f interpretatio (stem interpretation-) ‘ interpretation’, from interpretatus, past participle o f interpretan ‘ to interpret (explain, and translate)’ (see interpretar, intérprete, inter-, entre, “en, “ vuestro, “per-), + -io ‘ act o f; result’ (see “-ión). interpretar ‘ to interpret’ : Latin interpretan ‘ to interpret (explain, and translate)’, from interpret-, stem o f interpres ‘ negotiator; interpreter (explainer, and translator)’ (see intérprete, inter-, entre, “en, “vuestro, “per-). intérprete ‘ interpreter’ : Latin interpretem, accusative o f interpres (stem interpret-) ‘ negotiator, go-between; interpreter (ex­ plainer, and translator)’ , from inter‘between’ (see inter-, entre, “en, “vuestro) + -pres (stem -pret-), from Indo-European pr-et- ‘one who traffics in’ , from pr-, from per- ‘ to traffic in’ , from p er ‘ for­ ward, through’ (see “per-). interrogar ‘ to interrogate’ : Latin interrogare ‘ to question; to consult’ , from inter‘between’ (see inter-, entre, “en, “vuestro) + rogare ‘ to ask’ (see rogar, “ regir). interrumpir ‘ to interrupt’ : Latin interrumpere ‘to interrupt, break in’, from

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inter- ‘ between’ (see inter-, entre, °en, °vuestro) + rumpere ‘ to break’ (see romper, °robar). intersticio ‘ interstice’ : Late Latin interstitium ‘ interstice, space between things’, from Latin interstitus, past participle o f intersistere ‘to stand in the middle o f ’ , from inter- ‘ in the middle o f, between’ (see inter-, entre, °en, °vuestro) + sistere ‘ to stand’ (see asistir, °estar). intervalo ‘ interval’ : Latin intervallum ‘ inter­ val; space between ramparts’ , from inter‘between’ (see inter-, entre, °en, ° vuestro) + vallum ‘rampart’ (see °valla). intervenir ‘ to intervene’ ( intervención ‘inter­ vention’ ): Latin intervenire ‘ to intervene, com e between’, from inter- ‘ between’ (see inter-, entre, °en, °vuestro) + venire ‘ to com e’ (see °venir). intestino ‘ intestine’ : Latin intestinum ‘ intestine’, from intestinum, neuter o f intestinus ‘ internal’ , from intus ‘within, inside’ , from Indo-European en-tos ‘with­ in’, from en ‘ in’ (see °en). intimar ‘to intimate’ : Late Latin intimare ‘to make known, put in, bring in’ , from Latin intimus ‘ innermost’ (see íntimo, interior, °en). íntimo ‘ intimate’ : Latin intimus ‘ innermost’, superlative o f Old Latin *interus ‘ inward, on the inside’ (see interior, °en). For Latin -mus, from Indo-European -mo-, a superlative ending, see °minimo. intrépido ‘ intrepid’ : Latin in t rep idus ‘ intrep­ id, fearless’ , from in- ‘ n ot’ (see in-2, °n o) + trepidus ‘ alarmed, agitated’, from IndoEuropean trep- ‘ to tremble’ , from ter‘ to tremble’ (see ° trémulo). intriga ‘ intrigue’ : French intrigue ‘ crafty scheme; p lot’, from Italian intrigo ‘ crafty scheme’, from intrigare ‘ to p lot’, from Latin intricare ‘ to entangle’, from in- ‘ in’ (see in-1, °en) + tricae ‘ trifles, impedi­ ments, perplexities, wiles’ , intrínseco ‘ intrinsic’ : Late Latin intrinsecus (adjective) ‘ inner, inward’ , from Latin' intrinsecus (adverb) ‘ inwardly, on the inside’ , from *intrim ‘ inward’, akin to intra ‘within’ (see entrar, °en), + -secus, from secus (preposition) ‘alongside o f ’ (see extrínseco, °seguir). introducir ‘to introduce’ : Latin introducere ‘ to introduce’ , literally = ‘ to lead in’ , from intro- ‘ in’ (from intro ‘ inwardly’ ; see dentro, °en ) + ducere ‘ to lead’ (see

invernal

° conducir). intruso ‘ intruder’ : Latin intrusus, past parti­ ciple o f intrudere ‘ to intrude, thrust in, force in’ , from in- ‘ in’ (see in-1, °en) + trudere ‘ to thrust, push’, from IndoEuropean treud- ‘to squeeze’ (source, likewise, o f English threat and o f Russian trud ‘ labor’ ). "intuición ‘ intuition’ : Late Latin intuitionem, accusative o f intuitio (stem intuition-) ‘act o f looking upon, act o f examining, view, contem plation’ , from Latin intuitus, past participle o f intueri ‘ to look toward, contemplate’ , from in- ‘ toward’ (see in-1, °en) + tueri ‘ to look at, watch over, protect’, from Indo-European tu-e- ‘ to protect’, from tu-, from teu- ‘ to pay attention to ’ . Related words: tul, tutela, tutor. inundar ‘ to flood, inundate’ : Latin inundare ‘to overflow; to flo o d ’ , literally = ‘ to flow in’, from in- ‘ in’ (see in-1, °en) + undare ‘ to flow, rise in waves’ , from undo ‘wave’ (see onda, °hidrógeno). inútil ‘ useless’ : Latin inutilis ‘ useless’ from in- ‘ n ot’ (see in-2, °n o) + utilis ‘ useful’ (see útil, °uso). invadir ‘ to invade’ : Latin invadere ‘ to invade; to go in’, from in- ‘ in’ (see in-1, °en) + vadere ‘to g o’ (see °vado). inválido ‘ invalid’ : Latininvalidus ‘ notstrong’, from in- ‘ not’ (see in-2, °n o) + validus ‘ strong’ , from valere ‘ to be strong’ (see °valer). invasión ‘ invasion’ : Late Latin invasionem, accusative o f invasio (stem invasion-) ‘ invasion’ , from Latin invasus, past parti­ ciple o f invadere ‘to invade’ (see invadir, in-1, °en, °vado), + -io ‘ act o f ’ (see °-ión). invectiva ‘ invective (noun)’ : Late Latin invectiva, feminine o f invectivus ‘ invective (adjective), characterized by insult’ , from Latin invectus, past participle o f invehere ‘ to attack, carry in’ (from in- ‘ in’ [see in-1, °en ] + vehere ‘ to carry’ [see 0ue/iicuZo]),+ -ivus ‘ performing, tending toward’ (see °-ivo). inventar ‘ to invent’ : Latin inventus, past participle o f invenire ‘ to find, come upon’ , from in- ‘ on ’ (see in-1, °en) + venire ‘ to com e’ (see °venir). invernal ‘ o f winter’ : obsolete ivernal, hibernal ‘ o f winter’, from Late Latin hibernalis ‘ o f winter’, from Latin hibernus ‘ o f winter’ (see °invierno) + -alls ‘o f ’ (see

inversión

°-al). inversión ‘ inversion; investment’ : Latin inversionem, accusative o f inversio (stem inversion-) ‘ inversion’, from inversus, past participle o f invertere ‘ to invert’ (see invertir, in-1, °en, ° verter), + -io ‘ act o f ’ (see “-ión). For the meaning ‘ investment’ , see invertir. invertir ‘ to invert; to invest’ ; Latin invertere ‘ to invert, turn inside ou t’, from in- ‘ in, inward’ (see in-1, °en) + vertere ‘ to turn’ (see °verter). The meaning ‘ to invest (to place m on ey)’ is probably due to a con ­ fusion o f Spanish invertir with Italian investiré ‘ to invest, place m oney’ , from Latin investiré ‘ to clothe, cover, sur­ round’, from in- ‘ in’ (see in-1, °en) + vestire ‘ to clothe, dress’ (see °vestir). investigación ‘research; investigation’ : Latin investigationem, accusative o f investigate (stem investigation-) ‘ a searching, an inquiring into’, from investigatus, past participle o f investigare ‘ to search’ (see 0investigar, vestigio), + -io ‘ act o f ’ (see °-ión). investigar ‘ to investigate’ : Latin investigare ‘ to search into, trace o u t’, from in- ‘ in’ (see in-1, °en) + vestigare ‘ to trace, track’, from vestigium ‘ footprint, trace’ (see ° vestigio). inveterado ‘ inveterate, established b y long standing’ : Latin inveteratus, past parti­ ciple o f inveterare ‘to age, make o ld ’ from in- ‘to cause to b e ’ (see in-1, °en) + veter-, stem o f vetus ‘ o ld ’ (see ° veterano), + -are, an infinitive ending (see “ or1). invicto ‘unconquered’ : Latin invictus ‘ un­ conquered’ , from in- ‘ not’ (see in-2, °n o) + victus ‘ conquered’, past participle o f vincere ‘to conquer’ (see “veneer). “invierno ‘winter’ : obsolete ivierno, from Late Latin hibernum (noun) ‘winter’ (per­ haps vulgarly invernu — compare Italian invernó — , probably incorrectly taken to be a com pound o f Latin in ‘ in, toward’ [see “en ] and Late Latin vernum ‘ spring’ from Latin vernum, neuter o f vernus ‘ o f spring’ , from ver ‘ spring’ [see “verano], or vulgarly in verno, incorrectly taken to be Latin in + Late Latin verno ‘ in the spring’, ablative o f vernum), from Latin ( tem pus) hibernum ‘winter (tim e)’, neuter form o f hibernus (adjective) ‘ o f winter’, from Indo-European ghim-ri-no- ‘ o f winter’ , from ghim-, from ghiem- ‘winter’ (base

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ghei-). Related words: hibernación, Himalaya, invernal, quimera. invisible ‘ invisible’ : Latin invisibilis ‘ invisible’ , from in- ‘ n ot’ (see in-2, “ no) + visibilis ‘ visible’ (see visible, visera, “ver). “invitar ‘to invite’ ( invitación ‘ invitation’ , invitado ‘ guest’ ): Latin invitare ‘to invite . Related word: convidar. invocar ‘to invoke’ : Latin invocare ‘to invoke, call upon’ , from in- ‘ on, in’ (see in-1, °en) + vocare ‘to call’ (see abogado, “ voz). involucrar ‘ to involve, include’ : Latin involucrum ‘wrapper, case, envelope’ , from involvere ‘ to wrap, enwrap, envelop’ (see envolver, in-1, “en, “ volver). inyección ‘ injection’ : Latin injectionem, accusative o f injectio (stem injection-) ‘ injection, enema’ , from injectus, past participle o f injicere ‘ to put in, throw in’ , from in- ‘ in’ (see in-1, °en) + -jicere, from jacere ‘to throw ’ (see “echar). -io ‘ element; chemical group’ , as in aluminio, amonio, bario, sodio, uranio: New Latin -ium ‘ element; chemical group’ , probably from Latin -ium, noun suffix (as in magisterium), some times from Greek ion (also -ion), a diminutive suffix. Some other Spanish words with an ending that derives from Greek -ion: bronquios, calcio, geranio, hemisferio, ofidio, opio, paje, proem io, quilate, rutenio, sandalia, setenio, tapiz, torio, trapecio1, trapecio2, trapecio 3 ; see also cazuela. -ío ‘o í, related t o ’ , an ending o f adjectives (as in baldío, cabrío, ju d ío ) and o f nouns (as in bajío, gen tío, navio). This ending has different origins —ju d ío, for instance, derives from Latin judaeust while navio comes from Latin navigium. Many Spanish words in -ío (as estío, vacío) derive from Latin (or Vulgar Latin) words in -ivus ‘ or -ivum (see °-ivo). -ió1, an ending o f the third person singular o f the preterit indicative o f second con ­ jugation verbs, as in tem ió: -ió2 (third conjugation), b y analogy. -ió2, an ending o f the third person singular o f the preterit indicative o f third conju­ gation verbs, as in partió: Vulgar Latin -iut (as in partiut), from Latin -ivit (as in partivit), third person singular ending o f the perfect indicative o f fourth con­ jugation verbs, from -iv- ‘ perfect o f fourth conjugation verbs’ (see -i'2, °-e‘ ) + -it

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‘third person singular’ (see -ó). ion ‘ ion’ : English ion (1834), from Greek ión ‘that which is going’ (underlying meaning: ‘that which during electrolysis migrates toward either o f the electrodes’ ), neuter o f ion ‘ going’, present participle o f iénai ‘ to g o’ , from Indo-European ei- ‘ to go’ (see °ir). °-ión ‘ act of, process, state; result’ , an ending o f feminine (m ostly abstract) nouns, as in abducción, opinión, profesión, reunión, visión: Latin -ionem, accusative o f -io (stem -ion-) ‘ act o f, action, process; result; state o f being’ , noun suffix. Related suffixes: -ación, azón, -ción, -ición, -ización, -sión, -ución. °ir ‘to g o’ : Latin ire ‘ to go’ , from IndoEuropean ei- ‘ to g o ’. Related words: ambición, ambicioso, ambiente, anión, catión, circuito, coito, comenzar, com icios, comitiva, conde, ejido, enero, epiceno, éxito, forajido, ida, inicial, iniciar, ion, itinerario, perecer, pretérito, rédito, sedición, subir, súbito, transeúnte, tránsito. ir-1 ‘ in, on, toward’ , as in irradiar, irrigar, irrupción: Latin ir- ‘ in, toward’ (see in-1, °en). ir-2 ‘ not, w ithout’ , as in irrazonable, irregular: Latin ir- ‘ not’ (see in-1, °no). -ir, ending o f the infinitive o f third conjuga­ tion verbs, as in partir: Latin -ire (as in partiré), an infinitive ending o f fourth conjugation verbs, from Old Latin -ise (see °-ar'), from -i-, thematic vowel o f the fourth conjugation (see °-i-1), + -se (see °-ar'). Some -ir verbs in Spanish (as reír) derive from Latin verbs o f the third conjugation (see -er'). °ira ‘ anger, ire’ : Latin ira ‘ anger’ , from IndoEuropean eis-a ‘ anger’, from eis ‘ moving rapidly’. Related words: airado, estro, hierático, iracundo, jerarquía, jeroglífico. -irá, ending o f the third person singular o f the future indicative o f third conjugation verbs, as in partirá: -ir, infinitive ending o f third conjugation verbs (see -ir), + -á ‘ third person singular o f the future indi­ cative’ (see -ó). iracundo ‘ irascible’ : Latin iracundus ‘ irascible’, from ira ‘ anger’ (see °ira). For Latin -cundus, compare fecundo. Irak, Iraq ‘ Iraq (country)’ , see Iraq. Irán ‘ Iran (country)’ : Persian Irán ‘ Iran’, from Old Persian ariya ‘ noble’ (akin to

-iríais

Sanskrit árya [adjective and noun] ‘ noble, Aryan’ , the source o f Spanish ario ‘ Aryan’ ), from Indo-European áryo-, from aryo- ‘ lord, ruler’ (self-designation o f the Indo-Iranians, and perhaps o f all Indo-Europeans). -irán, ending o f the third person plural o f the future indicative o f third conjugation verbs, as in partirán: -ir, infinitive ending o f third conjugation verbs (see -ir), + -án ‘ third person plural o f the future indica­ tive’ (see -án). Iraq, Irak ‘ Iraq (country; Arabic A l-‘Iraq): Arabic ‘Iraq (beginning o f the seventh century o f the Christian era), o f disputed (probably non-Arabic) origin. -irás, ending o f the second person singular o f the future indicative o f third conju­ gation verbs, as in partirás: -ir, infinitive ending o f third conjugation verbs (see -ir), + -ás ‘second person singular o f the future indicative’ (see -ás, °-s~). -iré, ending o f the first person singular o f the future indicative o f third conjugation verbs, as in partiré: -ir, infinitive ending o f third conjugation verbs (see -ir), + -é ‘ first person singular o f the future indica­ tive’ (see -é2). -iréis, ending o f the second person plural o f the future indicative o f third conjugation verbs, as in partiréis: -ir, infinitive ending o f third conjugation verbs (see -ir), + -éis ‘ second person plural o f the future indica­ tive’ (see -éis2). -iremos, ending o f the first person plural o f the future indicative o f third conjugation verbs, as in partiremos: -ir, infinitive ending o f third conjugation verbs (see -ir), + -em os ‘ first person plural o f the future indicative’ (see -em os2). -iría1, ending o f the first person singular o f the conditional o f third conjugation verbs, as in partiría: -ir, infinitive ending o f third conjugation verbs (see -ir), + -ia ‘ first person singular o f the conditional’ (see -ias). -iría2, ending o f the third person singular o f the conditional o f third conjugation verbs, as in partiría: -ir, infinitive ending o f third conjugation verbs (see -ir), + -ia ‘ third person singular o f the conditional’ (see -ia6). -iríais, ending o f the second person plural o f the conditional o f third conjugation verbs, as in partiríais: -ir, infinitive ending

-iríam os

o f third conjugation verbs (see -ir), + -iais ‘ second person plural o f the condi­ tional’ (see -iais3). -iríamos, ending o f the first person plural o f the conditional o f third conjugation verbs, as in partiríamos: -ir, infinitive ending o f third conjugation verbs (see -ir), + -iamos ‘ first person plural o f the conditional’ (see -iamos3). -irían, ending o f the third person plural o f the conditional o f third conjugation verbs, as in partirían: -ir, infinitive ending o f third conjugation verbs (see -ir), + -ian ‘third person plural o f the conditional’ (see -ian3). -irías, ending o f the second person singular o f the conditional o f third conjugation verbs, as in partirías: -ir, infinitive ending o f third conjugation verbs (see -ir), + -ias ‘second person singular o f the condi­ tional’ (see -ias3). “iris ‘rainbow, iris; iris o f the eye’ : Latin iris ‘rainbow’, from Greek iris ‘ rainbow’ (also = ‘ iris o f the eye’ ). Related term: arco iris. Irlanda ‘ Ireland (country and island; Irish Gaelic Eire)’ ( irlandés ‘ Irish; Irishman’ ): English Ireland, from Old English Iraland, literally = ‘ Land o f the Irish’ , from Ira ‘ o f the Irish’ , genitive o f Iras ‘ the Irish, Irishmen’ (from Celtic *Iveriü ‘ Ireland’ [akin to Old Irish lar ‘west (in compound adverbs);_behind’?J, the source o f Old English Eriu ‘ Ireland’ , which in turn is the source o f Irish Gaelic Éire and o f poetic English Erin ‘ Ireland’ ), + land ‘ country’ (see -landa). ironía ‘ irony’ : Latin ironía ‘ irony’, from Greek eironeia ‘ irony, dissembling, feigned ignorance’, from eiron ‘dis­ sembler’ (underlying meaning: ‘ one who says less than he thinks’ ), from eirein ‘ to say, speak’ , from Indo-European wer-yo-, from wer- ‘to speak’ (see “verbo). irradiar ‘ to irradiate’ : Latin irradiare ‘ to shine forth’ , from ir- ‘ toward’ (see ir-1, in-1, °en ) + radiare ‘ to shine, radiate’ (see radiante, °radio'). irrigar ‘ to irrigate’ : Latin irrigare ‘to irrigate, water, lead water to ’ , from ir- ‘ in, toward’ (see ir-1, in-', °en) + rigare ‘ to water’ (see “regar). irritar ‘to irritate’ : Latin irritare ‘to irritate, provoke’ , from ir- ‘ in’ (see ir-', in-', °en) + -ritare (akin to Latin oriri ‘ to rise’?

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[see °oriente ]). irrupción ‘ irruption’ : Latin irruptionem, accusative o f irruptio (stem irruption ) ‘ irruption, a breaking in’, from irruptus, past participle o f irrumpere ‘ to irrupt, break in, burst in’, from ir- ‘ in’ (see ir-', in-', °en) + rumpere ‘ to break, burst’ (see romper, “robar). °-is, a second person plural ending, as in amáis, amarais, amareis (in all three con ­ jugations and all tenses o f the indicative and the subjunctive m oods except in the third conjugation present indicative): Old Spanish -des, a second person plural ending, as in amades, amárades, amáredes (in all three conjugations and all tenses o f the indicative and the subjunctive m oods), from Latin -tis, a second person plural ending (in all four conjugations and all tenses o f the indicative and the sub­ junctive m oods o f the active voice), from Indo-European -te, a second person plural ending (the Latin -s is probably due to analogy either to the second person singular -s [see °-s2] or to the first person plural -s in -mus [see °-m os]). Related suffixes: -abais, -ad3, -áis', -ais2, -áis3, -arais, -aréis, -aréis, -aríais, -aseis, -asteis, -ed, -éis', -éis3, -éis3, -eréis, -eríais, -tais', -tais3, -íais3, -id, -ierais', -ierais2, -iereis', -iereis2, -ieseis', -ieseis2, -is, -isteis', -isteis2. -is, ending o f the second person plural o f the present indicative o f third conjugation verbs, as in partis: Latin -itis (as in partitis), second person plural ending o f the present indicative o f fourth conjuga­ tion verbs, from -i-, thematic vowel o f the fourth conjugation (see °-i-'), + -tis ‘ second person plural’ (see °-is). -isa, an ending o f feminine nouns referring to persons, as in pitonisa, poetisa, profetisa, sacerdotisa: Late Latin -issa, an ending o f feminine nouns (see °-esa2). Isabel, feminine given name (corresponding to English Elizabeth): Isabel, Old Provencal variant o f Late Latin Elisabeth, Elizabeth, from Greek Eleisabeth, Elisabet (third century B.C.), from Hebrew Ehshebha' (probable underlying meaning: ‘ (one to w hom ) God is an oath’ ), from El ‘ G od ’ (see °Manuel) + shebha‘ ‘oath’ , related to shibhe'ah ‘ seven’ and nishba‘ ‘ he swore’ [because 7 was a sacred number upon which oaths

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were taken ]). The name is at least 29 centuries old, as it appears in Exodus 6.23. That number 7 was considered sacred or magical is illustrated by the fact that there were many groupings o f seven in ancient and medieval times (and very few groupings o f other numbers — e.g., the three theological virtues, the four cardinal virtues, the nine Muses); here are seven (!) examples: the seven chief virtues (faith, hope, charity; justice, prudence, temperance, fortitude); the seven deadly sins (pride, covetousness, lust, gluttony, anger, envy, sloth); the seven wonders o f the world (the Egyptian pyramids, the Pharos or lighthouse at Alexandria, the Hanging Gardens (and walls) o f Babylon, the statue o f Zeus at Olympia, the Colossus o f Rhodes, the temple o f Artemis at Ephesus, the tom b o f Mausolus at Halicarnassus); the seven liberal arts (grammar, rhetoric, logic; arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music); the seven colors o f the rainbow (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet, purple); the seven musical notes; the seven-league boots. °-isco' Tike, in the manner o f; with the style or quality o f’ , an ending o f adjec­ tives, as in arenisco, arisco, berberisco, levantisco, morisco: Germanic -iskaz ‘of, typical o f ’ (source, likewise, o f Old High German -isc, -isk ‘o f, typical o f; some­ what’ ), akin to Greek -iskos, diminutive noun suffix. Related suffixes: -esco, -isco2 . -isco 2 ‘ little’, an ending o f nouns, as in asterisco, basilisco, obelisco: Greek -iskos Tittle’ , a diminutive noun suffix (see °-isco' ). °-isimo ‘ very’, an ending o f adjectives, as ih altísimo, brevísimo, especialísimo, pequeñísim o, segurísimo: Latin -issimus ‘ the most; very’, a superlative ending, from Indo-European -is-samo-, a super­ lative ending, from -is-, a comparative ending (from -yes-, which can be seen in Latin majestas ‘ majesty’ ; see majestad), + -samo-, a superlative ending (related words: acérrimo, aproximar, cuaresma, -ésimo, máxima, máximo, pésim o,

Israel p ró x im o); -samo- can also be found as -tamo- (see optimismo). The -mo- o f Indo-European -samo- is probably the same as the -mo- o f Indo-European minu-mo- (see °mínimo). "isla ‘ island’ : Latin insula ‘ island’ , possibly from in ‘ in’ (see °en) + -sula, akin to salum ‘ sea’ and to sal ‘ salt’ (see °sal). Related words: aislar, Antillas, Canarias (Islas), ínsula, insular, insulina, península. Islandia ‘ Iceland (country and jsland; Ice­ landic Island)’ : Old Norse Island ‘ Ice­ land’ , a name given the island around A.D. 8 6 8 , literally = ‘ ice land’ (glaciers cover about a tenth o f the country), from Old Norse iss ‘ ice’ (from Germanic is-, from Indo-European eis- ‘ ice’ ) + land ‘ land’, from Germanic landam ‘ land, country’ (see -landa). -ismo ‘act, process, condition, trait, theory, doctrine; characteristic o f ’, an ending o f (usually abstract) nouns, as in aforis­ m o, capitalismo, egoísm o, realismo, so­ cialismo: Latin -ismus ‘act, process; trait’ , from Greek -ismós, suffix used to form nouns o f action from verbs in -izein (see °-izar\ compare -ista), from -is-, ending o f the stem o f verbs in -izein, + -mos, a noun suffix. A Greek example is baptismós ‘act of dipping’, from baptizein ‘ to dip’. isósceles ‘ isosceles’ : Late Latin isosceles ‘ isosceles’ , from Greek isoskelés ‘ isosceles, having tw o equal sides’, literally = ‘ having equal legs’ , from iso- ‘ equal’ (from isos ‘ equal’ ) + skélos ‘ leg’ (a curved part o f the b od y), from Indo-European skel-os‘ bent, curve’, from skel- ‘ curved’ (see °escaleno). "Israel (region, around 1330) ‘ Israel (country; Hebrew Yis'rá’él, Arabic Isra’ il)’ : Late Latin Israel (third century o f the Christian era), from Greek Israel (third century B.C.), from Hebrew Yisrá’él, probably = ‘ Let God Fight’ (or ‘ God Fights’ or ‘ He Fights with G o d ’ ), from sarah ‘ to fight’ + El ‘ G od ’ (see °Manuel). The name, adopted in 1948 by the country on its founding, had been that o f the Jewish people for more than three millenia; it appears in writing for the first time, outside the Bible, on the inscription o f Merne-ptah (king o f ancient Egypt who reigned around 1225—1215 B.C.).

israelí

In the Bible, it generally stands for the Jewish people, but it is also used as an­ other name for Jacob, as in Genesis 32.28 (written around 1000 B.C.) where it is interpreted as meaning ‘ He who struggles with G od ’ o r ‘ God fights’ , this etym ology being the basis for the story there (Jacob wrestles with an angel). One should also take into account the name Ish-ra-ilu found on clay tablets o f around 2500 B.C. at Ebla (Syria, near A leppo; discovered in 1975). Related words: israelí, israelita. israelí ‘ Israeli’ : New Hebrew yisre’eli ‘ Israeli’ , from Hebrew yisrij’eli ‘ Israelite’ , from Yisra’él ‘ Israel’ (see °Israel, "Manuel). israelita ‘Jewish; Israelite’ : Late Latin Israelita, Israelites ‘ Israelite’, from Greek Israelites ‘ Israelite’, from Israel ‘ Israel’ (see °Israel, °Manuel) + -ites ‘ o f; native’ (see °-ita2). -ista ‘ doer, maker; adherent o f; character­ ized b y ; specialist, one that practices’ , an ending o f nouns that refer to persons and generally correspond to abstract nouns in -ismo, as in artista, capitalista, egoísta, realista, socialista: Latin -ista, -istes ‘ doer; characterized b y ’ , from Greek -istes (as in Hellenistes\ see helenista), suffix forming agent nouns from verbs in -izein (see °-izar), from -is-, ending o f the stem o f verbs in -izein (as in -ismós; compare -ismo), + -tes, suffix forming agent nouns. Many adjectives derive from these nouns and are identical in form with them. -iste1, ending o f the second person singular o f the preterit indicative o f second con­ jugation verbs, as in tem iste: -iste2 (third conjugation), by analogy. -iste2, ending o f the second person singular o f the preterit indicative o f third conjuga­ tion verbs, as in partiste: Vulgar Latin -isti (as in partisti), from Latin -ivisti (as in partivisti), second person singular ending o f the perfect indicative o f all four conjugations, from -iv- ‘ perfect o f fourth conjugation verbs’ (see -í2, °-é‘ ) + -isti ‘ second person singular o f the perfect’ (see °-aste). -isteis1, ending o f the second person plural o f the preterit indicative o f second conju­ gation verbs, as in temisteis: -isteis2 (third conjugation), b y analogy. -isteis2, ending o f the second person plural o f the preterit indicative o f third conju­

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gation verbs, as in partisteis: Old Spanish -istes (as in partistes), with the addition o f -i- probably b y analogy to the -asteis o f the first conjugation (as in amasteis', see -asteis), from Vulgar Latin -istis (as in partistis), from Latin -ivistis (as in partivistis), second person plural ending o f the perfect indicative o f all four con ­ jugations, from -iv- ‘ perfect o f fourth con ­ jugation verbs’ (see -í 2, °-é') + -istis ‘ second person plural o f the perfect’ , from -is- ‘ grammatical perfect’ (see °-aste) + -tis ‘second person plural’ (see °-is). -istes, as in fuistes, substandard for -iste (as in fuiste): -iste (see -iste2) + -s, by analogy (see -astes, °-aste, °-s2). -istico ‘ of, relating to ’ , an ending o f adjec­ tives (often corresponding to nouns in -ismo or in -ista), as in artístico, caracte­ rístico, estadístico, lingüístico, p erio­ dístico: Latin -isticus, from Greek -istikós ‘ of, relating t o ’, from -istes, noun suffix (see -ista), + -ikós ‘ of, characteristic o f ’ (see °-ico2). istmo ‘ isthmus’ : Latin isthmus, from Greek isthmós ‘ isthmus’ . -ita1 ‘ small’ (feminine diminutive suffix), an ending o f adjectives and nouns, as in bonita, cosita, delgadita, hijita, mesita: Late Latin -ita ‘ small’ , a feminine noun suffix, o f disputed origin (akin to French -ette and Italian -etta ‘ small (fem inine)’ ; compare -ito). Colloquially, it is also employed with some adverbs (e.g., ahorita [‘ sooner than ahora’ ], cerquita [‘ nearer than cerca’ ]). Used as well to manifest affection, as in abuelita, Anita, Martita, Rosita, Teresita. °-ita 2 ‘ native; descendant; adherent; sub­ stance; mineral’, as in estalactita, israelita, jesuíta, moscovita, Saudita: Latin -ita, -ites, from Greek -ítes ‘ o f, pertaining to, native’ . Related suffix: -itis. Italia ‘ Italy (country; Italian Italia)’ ( italiano ‘ Italian’ ); Latin Italia (first century B.C.), from Greek Italia (fourth century B.C.), from Osean Víteliú ‘ southern Italy’, literally = ‘ Land o f the Italians’ , probably akin to Osean vitluf ‘ to the calves’ (accusative plural) and to Latin vitellus ‘ little calf’ (possible underlying meaning: ‘ People whose Totem is a Calf’ [the area was rich in oxen in the fifth century B .C .]), from vitulus ‘ calf, yearling’ , from Indo-European wet-olo- ‘yearling’, from

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wet- ‘ year’ (see “veterano). -itar ‘ to make, cause to be’ , an ending o f infinitives, as in capacitar, debilitar, facilitar, felicitar, habilitar: Late Latin -itare ‘ to cause to have’ (as in habilitare ‘ to fit out, equip’ ), from Latin -itas ‘quality, condition, state’ (as in habilitas ‘ ability’ ; see -idad, “-tad) + -are, an infini­ tive ending (see “-ar1). iterativo ‘repetitious, iterative’ : Late Latin iterativus ‘ frequentative’ , from Latin iteratus, past participle o f iterare ‘ to iterate, repeat, reiterate’ (from iterum ‘ again, anew, once more, another time’, from Indo-European i-tero- ‘ again; the other’ [source, likewise, o f Sanskrit itara ‘the other’ ], from i-, a pronominal stem [see °y a ], + -tero-, a contrastive suffix [see “ vuestro]), + -ivus ‘ performing’ (see °-ivo). itinerario ‘ itinerary’ : Late Latin itinerarium ‘ itinerary, route o f a journey’, from itinerarium, neuter o f itinerarius ‘ o f a journey, o f traveling’, from Latin itiner-, stem o f iter ‘journey’ (from Indo-Europe­ an i-ter ‘journey’, from i-, from ei- ‘ to g o ’ ; see °ir), + -arius ‘ o f ’ (see “-ario1). -itis ‘ inflammation o f, disease o f ’ , as in enteritis, gastritis, hepatitis, laringitis, pleuritis: New Latin -itis, from Greek -itis ‘inflammation o f, disease o f ’ , from -itis, feminine o f -lies ‘o f, pertaining t o ’ (Greek nósos ‘ disease’ being feminine); nefritis, for instance, derives from Greek (nósos) nephritis, literally = ‘ (disease) o f kidney’ . See “-ita1. -itivo ‘ performing’ , an ending o f adjectives and nouns, as in auditivo, definitivo, fugitivo, genitivo, nutritivo: Latin -itivus ‘ performing’ , from -itus, past participle ending (see -ido1), + -ivus ‘ performing’ (see “- ivo). °-ito ‘small; lesser’ (masculine diminutive suffix), an ending o f adjectives and nouns, as in arbolito, bonito, delgadito, hijito, librito: Late Latin -itus ‘ small’ , a masculine noun suffix, o f disputed origin (akin to French -et and Italian -etto ‘ small (masculine)’ ; compare -ita1). C ollo­ quially, it is also employed with some adverbs (e.g., ju n tito [‘ nearer than ju n to ’ ] , lueguito [‘ sooner than luego’ ]). Used as well to manifest affection, as in abuelito, Jorgito, Juanito, Luisito, Manuelito. Related suffixes: -cito, -ecito,

-ización

-eta, -ete, -ita1. Both -ita1 and -ito are often preceded by -c- or b y -ec-, as in nuevecita, bailecito (compare °-ulo). -itoria ‘ o f ’, an ending o f adjectives and nouns, as in inhibitoria, meritoria, prohibitoria, transitoria: Latin -itoria, feminine o f -itorius ‘ o f ’ (see -itorio). -itorio ‘ o f ’ , an ending o f adjectives and nouns, as in auditorio, dormitorio, supositorio, territorio, transitorio: Latin -itorius ‘o f; serving fo r’ (adjective ending; and -itorium, noun ending), from -itus, past participle ending o f second and fourth conjugation verbs (from -i-, vowel o f the second and the fourth conjugations [short i for the second, long i for the fourth] + -tus, past participle ending [see “-ado1]), + -orius ‘ o f; serving fo r ’ (see -orio1 and -orio2). -itud ‘state, condition, quality’ , an ending o f feminine abstract nouns, as in aptitud, esclavitud, gratitud, magnitud, multitud: Latin -itudo ‘ state, condition, quality’ , from -i-, connective vowel (see -i-2), + -tudo ‘ state,condition,quality’ (see°-tud). °-ivo ‘ performing’ , an ending o f adjectives and nouns, as in ablativo, activo, adjetivo, afirmativo, nutritivo: Latin -ivus ‘ per­ forming, tending toward’, akin to Greek *-eiwos (whence Greek -eios ‘ perfor­ ming’ ). Related suffixes: -ativo, -io, -itivo, -tivo. ixtle ‘ (M exico) istle’ : Nahuatl ichtli ‘ istle, fiber from plants o f the genus Agave’ . -iz, an ending o f feminine adjectives and nouns, as in actriz, directriz, emperatriz, generatriz, motriz: Vulgar Latin -ice, accusative o f -ix, from Latin -icem, accusative o f -ix (as in imperatrix), a feminine ending, often o f masculine agent nouns in -tor (the feminine is then preceded by -tr-\ see -triz, -tor, “-ado1, “-or1). -iza ‘ o f; -like; prone to; good for’ , an ending o f feminine adjectives (as in castiza, enfermiza, fronteriza, melliza, rojiza) and nouns (as in caballeriza, hortaliza, nodriza, ojeriza, paliza): Vulgar Latin -icia, from Latin -itia, feminine o f -ittus ‘ o f ’ (see “-icio). -ización ‘action, process, state, result’, an ending o f feminine (generally abstract) nouns, as in autorización, cristalización, indemnización, legalización, naturali­ zación: -izar ‘to cause to b e ’ (see “-izar) +

izar

-ación ‘ act o f, process, state’ (see -ación, °-a d o ', °-ión). Nouns in -ización generally correspond to verbs in -izar. izar ‘to hoist’, probably from French hisser ‘to hoist’ (probable underlying meaning: ‘ to urge sailors to hoist’ ), from Old French hicier ‘ to urge the hounds in hunting’ , a word probably formed in imitation o f the shouts o f hunters. °-izar ‘ to cause to be; to cause to becom e; to becom e’ , an ending o f infinitives, as in autorizar, cristalizar, legalizar, naturalizar, organizar: Late Latin -izare, from Greek -ízein ‘ to cause to be; to cause to becom e; to becom e’ + Latin -are, an infinitive ending (see °-arl ). Related words: aforismo, -ear, -ejar, -e o ', horizonte, -ismo, -ista. -izo ‘o f; -like; prone to; good fo r’ , an ending o f adjectives (as in castizo, enfermizo, fronterizo, mellizo, rojizo) and nouns (as in cobertizo, chorizo, granizo, mellizo, m estizo): Vulgar Latin -idus, from Latin -itius (also -idus) ‘ o f’ (see °-icio). These words are often form ed from past

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participles, which is why many o f them end in -adizo, -idizo (compare -adizo, -idizo). izquierda ‘ left (noun)’ : izquierda (adjective), feminine o f izquierdo (adjective) ‘ left (adjective)’ (see ° izquierdo). The political meaning ‘the left, the liberals’ ( la izquierda) is due to the fact that in some countries the more liberal or progressive members o f a legislative chamber occu py seats to the left o f the presiding officer (see derecha). “izquierdo ‘ left (opposite o f right)’ : obsolete exquerdo, esquerro ‘ left’, probably from Basque ezker, ezkerra ‘ left’ . Related word: izquierda. Iztaccfhuatl ‘ Iztaccihuatl (mountain, M exico)’ : Nahuatl Iztacciuatl, literally = ‘White W oman’, from iztac ‘white’ (akin to iztatl ‘salt’ , and probably from iztatl) + ciuatl ‘wom an’ ; so called because the profile o f its three main summits (per­ manently covered with snow), as seen from M exico City, has the appearance o f a side view o f a woman lying on her back.

J

jabalí ‘wild hog’ : Arabic jabaliy ‘wild boar, wild hog’, short for khinzir jabaliy, literally = ‘ mountain hog’ , from khinzir ‘ hog’ + jabaliy ‘ mountainy’, from jabal ‘ mountain’ (see °Biblia) + -ly ‘ o f ’ (see - i 3). jabalina ‘javelin’ : French javeline ‘javelin’, from javelot ‘javelin, throwing spear’ , o f Celtic origin, ultimately from IndoEuropean ghabholo- ‘ forked stick, tree fork, tree branch’ (source, likewise, o f Welsh gaflach ‘ spear’ and Old Irish gabul ‘ forked branch’ ). jabón ‘ soap’ : Latin saponem, accusative o f sapo (stem sapon-) ‘ soap’, from Germanic saip- ‘ resin’ (underlying meaning: ‘ some­ thing that drips’ ), from sip-, sib- ‘ to drip, pour ou t’ . jacal ‘ (M exico) hut’ : Nahuatl xacalli ‘ hut’, literally = ‘ adobe house’, from xamitl ‘adobe’ + calli ‘ house’ (see °jicara). jacinto ‘ hyacinth’ : Medieval Latin jacintus, from Latin hyacinthus, from Greek hyákinthos ‘wild hyacinth, hyacinth iris, gladiolus’ , o f Mediterranean origin. jactarse ‘ to boast’ : obsolete jactar ‘ to move, shake, toss about; to boast’ , from Latin jactare ‘ to throw, shake, discuss, boast’ (see °echar). °jade ‘jade (gemstone)’ : French jade, from obsolete ejade, from obsolete Spanish {piedra de la) ijada ‘jade’ , literally = ‘ (stone o f the) flank’ (from the belief in the sixteenth century that jade applied to the loin was a cure for renal colid), from Vulgar Latin *iliata ‘ flanks’ , from Latin ilia ‘ flanks’ , plural o f ilium, ileum ‘ flank, groin, viscera’ . Related words: iliaco, ilíaco, jadear. jadear ‘ to pant’ : ijadear ‘ to move the flanks in panting’, from ijada ‘ flank’ (see °jade) + -ear ‘repeated action’ (see -ear). jaguar ‘jaguar’ : Tupi ¡aguara ‘jaguar’ . °Jaime, a masculine given name (corre­ sponding to English James): Late Latin Jacomus (with a short o ; source, likewise, o f Italian Giacom o), m odification o f Jacobus (with a short o ), a name corre­ sponding to English Jacob, from Jacobus (with a long o), from Greek Iákobos, from Hebrew Y a’aqobh, a masculine

given name, literally = ‘ supplanter, one who takes by the heel’ , from ‘aqebh ‘ heel’ (compare Latin supplantare ‘ to overthrow by tripping up’ , from sub- (with assimila­ tion) ‘ from b elow ’ + planta ‘ sole o f the fo o t ’ ; see suplantar). The name is at least 29 centuries old, as it appears in Genesis 25.26; it is explained there as derived from the fact that in birth Jacob was grasping the heel o f his twin brother Esau. This is probably a folk etym ology o f a non-Hebrew name. The name Jacob may also be the first element o f a Palestinian toponym represented in Egyptian as Y ‘k b ’ara, i.e. Hebrew Ya‘aqob-el (= ‘Jacob is god ’ ?), which is mentioned in the lists o f Thutmose III, dating from the fifteenth century B.C. There is a Babylonian masculine given name Ya’kubilu. Jacob is probably a historical figure who lived around the eighteenth century B.C. Related words: chaqueta, Díaz, San Diego, Santiago. jalar ‘ to puli’, see halar. jalea ‘jelly’ : obsolete jelea, from French gelée ‘jelly’ , from gelée ‘ frozen’ , feminine past participle o f geler ‘ to freeze’, from Latin gelare ‘ to freeze’ (see °gelatina). jaletina ‘jelly’, metathesis o f gelatina ‘ gelatin’ (see °gelatina), with orthographic change to maintain the pronunciation o f the initial consonant, and probably influenced b y jalea ‘jelly’ . Jamaica ‘ Jamaica (country, and island)’ : sixteenth-century Arawak Xaymaca ‘Jamaica (island)’ , literally = ‘ (Water) Springs’ . jamás ‘ never’, probably from Old Provengal ja mais ‘ never’ , from Latin jam magis ‘ now m ore’ (in sentences with meanings such as ‘ he w on ’t do it now any more’ ), from jam, iam ‘ now ’ (see °ya) + magis ‘ m ore’ (see más, ° magnitud). jamón ‘ ham’ : French jam bón ‘ ham’ , from jam be ‘ leg’, from Late Latin gamba ‘ h oof; leg’ (see °gambito). Japón ‘ Japan (country; Japanese Nippon or N ihon)’ {japonés ‘Japanese’ ): Chinese Riben (seventh century) ‘Japan’, literally = ‘ Sun Origin’, i.e. ‘ (Land o f the) Origin

jaque

o f the Sun’ , ‘ (Land to the) East [o f C hina]’, from ri ‘sun’ (from Ancient Chinese *ñiet) + bSn ‘ origin; ro o t’ , from Ancient Chinese *puan. Ancient Chinese *hiet puan ‘Japan’ is the source o f Japanese Nippon and Nihon (documented in 645). The full Chinese name Ribenguo (guó = ‘ country, land’ ) is the source o f Marco P olo’s name for Japan — Zipangu, Cipango (around 1298). jaque ‘ check (in chess)’, see mate3. jaqueca ‘migraine’ : Arabic shaqlqa ‘migraine’, from shaqq ‘ to split’ (from the fact that migraines usually affect only one side o f the head). °jarabe' ‘ syrup’ : Arabic sharab ‘ beverage; syrup; wine’, from shariba ‘ to drink’. Related words: jarabe2, sorbete. jarabe 2 ‘ (M exico) kind o f dance’ : jarabe ‘ syrup’ (see °jarabe'). Jaramillo, family name, possibly from Jaramillo, name o f tw o towns in Burgos province, Spain (and therefore originally = ‘ from Jaramillo’ ), perhaps from jaramillo, regional variant o f jaramago ‘ charlock, wild mustard’ , probably from Arabic sarmaq ‘ a kind o f orach’ , from Persian sarmaq, sarmak, sarmaj ‘a kind o f orach’ , jardín ‘garden’ : Old French jardín ‘ garden’ , from Vulgar Latin *gardinus ‘garden1, literally = ‘ enclosed’ ( hortus ‘garden’ being understood), from *gardo ‘ enclo­ sure’, from Frankish *gardo, from Germanic gardaz, from Indo-European ghor-to, ghor-dho‘ enclosure’ (see °huerto). Doublet: huerto. Járkov ‘Kharkov (city, Soviet Union; Ukrain­ ian Khar’kiv, Russian Khar'kov)’ : Russian Khar’kov, a city founded around 1656, perhaps from Ukrainian Khar’k o , pet form o f Khariton (also used in Russian), a masculine given name, from Greek Khariton (third century o f the Christian era), literally = ‘ Pleasant’ , from kháris ‘ grace, beauty, favor’ (see °eucaristía). jarra ‘ pitcher, jug’ (jarro ‘ pitcher’ ): Arabic jarrah ‘ pitcher’ (root jr, jrr ‘ to carry ). Jartum ‘ Khartoum (capital o f Sudan; Arabic Al-Khartüm,documented in 1819)’ : Arabic Khartum, from khurtüm ‘ elephant’s trunk’ , probably a reference to the shape o f the tongue o f land on which the town is located, at the inner angle o f the junc­ tion o f the Blue and White Niles, jaspe ‘jasper’ : Latin jaspis, from Greek iaspis

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‘jasper’ , o f Semitic origin, akin to Hebrew yashphe ‘jasper’ . jaula ‘cage’: Old French jaiole, jaole ‘bird­ cage; jail’ (source, likewise, o f English jail), from Vulgar Latin *gaviola ‘ cage; jail’ , variant o f *caveola, literally = Tittle cage’, diminutive o f Latin canea ‘ cavity, hollow ; cage, coop ; enclosure’ , from cavus (adjective) ‘ hollow ’ (see °cavar). For Latin -ola Tittle on e’ , see -ola. "Java ‘ Java (island; Indonesian Jawa)': Arabic Jauja (A.D. 1228), from Sanskrit Yava(dvipa), documented around A.D. 150, literally = ‘ Barley (Island)’ (but what was meant was ‘Millet Island’ ), from yava‘ barley’ (in earliest times = ‘ any food grain’ ). Related word: benjuí. For Sanskrit dvipa ‘ island’, see Maldivas. jazmín ‘jasmine’ : colloquial Arabic yasmin (Arabic yasamln), from Persian yasmin ‘jasmine’ . jefe ‘ chief’ : French chef, from Vulgar Latin *capu ‘ chief’, from Latin caput ‘ head’ (see °cabo). °Jehová ‘Jehovah’ : Old Italian Jehova (1518), erroneous romanization of Hebrew Yahveh ‘ G od ’ due to the addi­ tion (to the four Hebrew consonants Yhvh, which stand for Yahveh) o f the vowel marks o f Hebrew Ádhonay ‘ my Lord’ . V owel marks are usually omitted in Hebrew (as well as in Arabic) writing but in some Hebrew manuscripts those o f Ádhonay were written adjacent to the consonants Yhvh to indicate that in Judaism these consonants should be read Ádhonay (to avoid using Yahveh, the in­ effable name o f God). Hebrew Adhonay is literally = ‘ my Lords’ , the plural o f majesty or a survival from polytheistic times (Hebrew Elohim, a frequent name for God in the Old Testament, is also plural in form ); the singular is adhon, from Phoenician adon ‘ lord’ (source, like­ wise, o f Greek Adonis ‘ Adonis (young man loved by A phrodite)’ ), and the ending -y is that o f the first person possessive adjective when the possessor is singular and what is possessed is plural. Related words: aleluya, Jesucristo, jesuíta, Jesús1, Jesús2, Johannesburgo, Juan, Juana, yanqui. jenjibre, jengibre ‘ ginger’ : Medieval Latin gingiber, from Latin zingiber, zingiberi, from Greek zingiberi, zingiberis, from

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Jiménez

(written w-sh-mm, which was probably Prakrit singabera ‘ginger’, from Sanskrit pronounced rushalimum)', at least seven srngavera ‘ginger’ (underlying meaning: o f the Tell el-Amarna cuneiform tablets ‘ plant whose roots have the b od y (i.e., (fourteenth century B.C.) give the name the shape) o f a horn or antler’ ), from as Uru-sa-lim; in Assyrian, it appears as srnga- ‘ horn, antler’ (from Indo-European Ursalimmu (seventh century B.C.). The kr-n-go-, from kr-, from ker- ‘ horn’ ; see name o f the city probably derives from a 0cuerno) + vera ‘ b od y ’ . Semitic word meaning ‘to throw, lay the jeque ‘sheikh’ : Arabic shaykh ‘ old man; foundation, found’ , represented in sheikh’ (root sh-y-kh ‘o ld ’ ). Hebrew by the verb yáráh ‘ he threw, jerarquía ‘ hierarchy’ : Medieval Latin cast’, + Shalim, a Western Semitic god hierarchia ‘ rule o f a priest’, from Late (akin to Hebrew sháldm ‘well-being, Greek hierarkhia ‘ rule o f a priest, office peace, completeness’?). o f a hierarch’, from Greek hierárkhés ‘ hierarch, high priest’ , from hier- ‘ holy, Jesucristo ‘Jesus Christ’ : obsolete Jesu ‘Jesus’ (from Late Latin Jesus', see Jesús', sacred’ (from hierós ‘sacred’ ; see hierático, °Jehová) + Cristo Christ’ (see °Cristo). °ira) + -árkhés, from arkhós ‘leader, ruler, jesuíta ‘Jesuit’ : New Latin jesuíta ‘Jesuit’ , chief’ (see °archi). from Late Latin Jesus ‘Jesus’ (see Jesus', jerga1 ‘jargon’, back-formation from Old °Jehová) + Latin -ita ‘adherent o f ’ (see Provencal gergon, from Old French jargon, °-ita'). gargon ‘ twitter o f a bird; jargon’ , a word probably form ed in imitation o f the Jesús1 (Jhesu, around 1330) ‘Jesus’ : Late Latin Jesus, from Greek Iésoús ‘ Jesus sound o f birds chirping. (a probably historical figure [about jerga2 ‘ coarse fabric’ : Vulgar Latin sérica 4 B.C.—about A.D. 2 9 ], a Palestinian Jew ‘ fabric’, from Latin sérica ‘ silk garments’ , whom Christianity considers its founder from sérica, plural o f sericum ‘silk’ (see and object o f faith)’ , from Hebrew ° sericicultura). YeshUa', a masculine given name, from jeringa ‘ syringe’ : obsolete siringa, from YehoshUa', a masculine given name, Medieval Latin siringa, syringa ‘ syringe’ , literally = ‘ God Saves, God is Salvation’ , from Greek syring-, stem o f syrinx ‘ pan­ corresponding to English Joshua; the first pipe, shepherd’s pipe, tube, fistula’ . element is akin to Hebrew Yahveh ‘ G od ’ jeroglifico ‘ hieroglyphic (noun)’ : jeroglífico (see °Jehová), the second to Hebrew ‘ hieroglyphic (adjective)’ , from Late yéshü'ah ‘ salvation’ (root y-sh-‘ ). Latin hieroglyphicus ‘ hieroglyphic (adjec­ tive)’, from Greek hieroglyphikós ‘written Jesús2, masculine given name: Jesús ‘Jesus’ (see Jesús', °Jehová). in hieroglyphics; o f (ancient Egyptian) sacred writings’ , from hiero- ‘ holy, sacred’ jíbaro ‘ (Americas) rustic; peasant’ , probably (from hierós ‘sacred’ ; see hierático, °ira) + o f American Indian origin. glyphikós ‘o f carving’, from glyphe "jicara ‘bow l, cup’ : Nahuatl xicalli ‘bowl, cup (made from the outermost part o f ‘ carving, carved work, engraving’, from the fruit o f the calabash tree)’ , literally = glyphein ‘to carve, hollow o u t’, from ‘ navel bowl, navel container, navel house’, Indo-European glubh-, from gleubh- ‘ to from xi ’tli, xictli ‘ navel’ (compare cu t’. M éxico) + calli ‘ house; (in com pounds) Jerusalén (around 1330) ‘ Jerusalem (city )’ : container’ (related words: calpulli, jacal). Late Latin Jerusalem, from Greek Ierousalem, from Hebrew Yerüshálaim, , jilguero ‘ European goldfinch ( Carduelis carduelis)’ : sirguero ‘ European goldfinch’ , Yerüshálayim (both documented around from sirgo ‘silk fabric’ (from the fancied 1000 B.C.). The cuneiform tablets from resemblance o f the bird’s colors to those Ebla (Syria, near A leppo; discovered in o f certain thirteenth-century silk fabrics), 1975) contain the name Urusalima from Greek sérikós ‘silken’ (pronounced (before 2250 B.C.) which is probably the sirikós since the Middle Ages); see °serici­ name for Jerusalem in the Western cultura. Semitic language spoken there at the time. The first certain mention o f the city is in Jiménez, family name: obsolete Ximénez, family name, from Xim énez, a patronym­ the Egyptian “ Execration Texts” o f ic (tenth century), literally = ‘Jimeno’s about the nineteenth century B.C.

jinete

son; Jimeno’s daughter’ (Xem eniz 1035, Scem enez 978), from X im en o, a mascu­ line given name (1106, source o f modern Spanish Jimeno-, Simeno 1072, Semeno 1065, Sgimeno 1063, X ym yn o 1025, Scemeno 972; [feminine] Scemena 929 [both x and sc represented the sound o f English sh]), possibly a variant o f Simeón, Simón, both from Hebrew Shime'on, a masculine given name, literally = ‘ hearing, listening, harkening’, from shama' ‘ he heard’ . It has also been sug­ gested that Old Spanish Semeno and its variants may derive from Basque seme ‘ son’. For -ez ‘ son o f; daughter o f ’, see -ez2. jinete ‘ horseman’ : colloquial Arabic zineti ‘o f the Zenetes’ (Arabic zanatiy), from Zanatah ‘the Zenetes (a Berber people renowned for its horsemanship)’. jirafa ‘ giraffe’ : Italian giraffa, from Arabic zirafah (also zarafah) ‘giraffe’ , probably o f African origin; akin to Egyptian sr ‘ giraffe’ . jitomate ‘ (M exico) tom ato’ : Nahuatl xitom atl ‘ tom ato’ , literally = ‘ navel tom ato’ , from x i ’tli ‘ navel’ (compare M éxico) + tomatl ‘ tom ato (a variety whose fruit is green when ripe)’ (see ° tomate). jo b o ‘ hog plum (Spondias m om bin)': hobo ‘ hog plum’ , from Taino hobo ‘ hog plum’ . "jocoso ‘ humorous, jo co se ’ : Latin jocosus ‘ merry’, from jocus ‘jest, jok e, game’ (underlying meaning: ‘ something spoken to amuse’ [from Indo-European yok-o‘ something spoken’ , from y ok-, from yek- ‘to speak’ ; related words: joya, juego, jugar, juglar, ju g u e te ]) + -osus ‘ having’ (see -oso). Johannesburgo ‘Johannesburg (city, South A frica)’ : English or Afrikaans Johannes­ burg, a name given the city on 20 September 1886 when it was founded, from Afrikaans or Dutch Johannes, a masculine given name corresponding to English John (from Latin Johannes’, see Juan, °Jehouá), + -burg ‘tow n’ , from Germanic burgs ‘ fortified tow n’ (see °-burgo). In a document o f 1896 it is stated that the name had been given for Johann Rissik and for Christiaan Johannes Joubert, who had been appointed in mid-1886 by the Govern­ ment o f the South African Republic in

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Pretoria to choose a site for the tow n; two other local officials at the time were named Johannes: Johannes Meyer and Johannes Lindeque. It is not certain whether the city was really named after one, several, or none, o f these four persons. Jordania ‘Jordan (country; Arabic AlUrdunn)’ , a name given the country (formerly called Transjordania in Spanish and Trans-Jordan in English and located on the east bank o f the Jordan River) in 1948, when it took over land on the west bank, from Jordán ‘ the Jordan River’, from Latin Iordanes, Iordanis (first century o f the Christian era), from Greek Iordánés (third century B.C.), from Hebrew Yardén (around 1000 B.C.) ‘ the Jordan River’ (attested in Egyptian in the thirteenth century B.C.), probably = ‘ Descender’ (compare Hebrew yarod, yarad ‘ to descend’ and the Arabic root wrd ‘ to approach; to approach the water in order to drink’ ). Jorge, masculine given name (corresponding to English G eorge): Late Latin Georgius, from Greek Georgios, literally = ‘ Farm­ er’s’ , from georgós ‘ farmer’ (underlying meaning: ‘w ho tills the earth’ ), from geb‘ earth’ (see °geografía) + -ergos, from érgon ‘w ork ’ (see °energia). jornada ‘working day’ ; Old Provencal jorna­ da ‘ a day’s travel; a day’s w ork’, from jorn ‘ day’ (see jornal, día, °dios). jornal ‘daily wage’ (jornalero ‘day laborer’ ): Old Provencal jornal ‘daily’ , from jorn ‘ day’, from Late Latin diurnum ‘day’ (source, likewise, o f Italian giorno ‘ day’ ), from Latin diurnum, neuter o f diurnus ‘ o f the day, daily’, from dies ‘ day’ (see día, °dios)\ the ending o f diurnus is due to analogy with nocturnus ‘ o f the night’ (see nocturno). jorobado ‘ humpbacked’ : joroba ‘ humpback’ (from Old Spanish hadruba, from Arabic haduba, hudüba, regional variants [found in Spain] o f Arabic hadaba ‘ humpback’ ) + -ado ‘ characterized b y ’ (see -ado2). "José, masculine given name (corresponding to English Joseph): obsolete Josef, Joseph (1709), from Late Latin Joseph, from Greek lóséf, from Hebrew Yóséph, a masculine given name, literally = ‘ he adds, increases’, from yóséph, causative form o f yásaph ‘ he added’. The earliest biblical

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Yoseph (Genesis 30.24; 37.2-33; 39.150.26) is probably historical and lived around 1700 B.C. In the Bible, the name is explained as follows: Rachel, Joseph’s mother, upon naming him says (Genesis 30.24): “ May the Lord add to me another son” . The form Yehoseph, used in Psalm 81, is probably a hypercorrection. Related words: Josefa, Josefina, San José', San José2. Josefa, feminine given name (corresponding to English Josephine, Josepha): obsolete J osef ‘Joseph’ (see “José) + -a, a feminine ending (see -a1). Josefina, feminine given name (correspon­ ding to English Josephine): obsolete J osef ‘ Joseph’ (see °José) + -ina ‘ female’ (see - ina2). jota 1 ‘ the letter j ’ : Latin iota, jota , name o f the ninth letter o f the Greek alphabet, from Greek iota, o f Semitic origin; akin to Hebrew yodh, acrophonic name o f the tenth letter o f the Hebrew alphabet, literally = ‘ hand’ , from yadh ‘ hand’ (the fact that its Semitic graphic sign was similar to a hand may have contributed to the choice o f the name; compare alfabe­ to). The difference in the ordinal numbers is due to the fact that the Greek letter vau (also called digamma) — that corre­ sponds to waw, sixth letter o f the Hebrew alphabet — early fell into disuse. For the -a in the Greek name o f the letter, see alfabeto. jota 2 ‘jota (Spanish folk dance and its music)’ , possibly from Arabic shatha ‘ dance’. °joven ‘ young; young person’ : Latin juvenis ‘ you ng;young person’, from Indo-Europe­ an yuwen- ‘ young’, from yew- ‘ young’. Related words: juvenil, juventud, reju­ venecer. jovial ‘jovial’ : French jovial, from Italian gioviale ‘jovial’ (underlying idea: ‘ people born under the influence o f the planet Jupiter have a happy disposition’ ), from Late Latin jovialis ‘ o f Jupiter’, from Latin Jov-, stem o f the oblique cases o f Juppiter ‘ Jupiter (planet, and g od )’ (see Júpiter, °dios). joya ‘jew el’ (joyería ‘jeweler’s shop’ ): Old French joie (also joi), from joiel (also joel, juel), from Vulgar Latin jocale ‘jewel’ , from Latin jocu s ‘game, jest’ (see °jocoso).

ju d ío

Juan, masculine given name (corresponding to English John): obsolete Johán (around 1330), from Medieval Latin Joannes, Jo­ hannes, from Late Latin Joannes, Johan­ nes, from Greek Ioánnés, Ioanan, from Hebrew Yohanan (for Yehohanan), a masculine given name, literally = ‘ God is Gracious’ ; the first element is akin to Hebrew Yahveh ‘ G od’ (see °Jehova), the second derives from the stem o f hanah ‘to be gracious’ (see °Ana). A Y o ­ hanan is mentioned in 1 Chronicles 12.4, and seems to be a historical figure who lived around 1010 B.C. A Yehohanan (2 Chronicles 17.15) lived around 870 B.C. Juana, feminine given name (corresponding to English Joan): Medieval Latin Joanna, Johanna, feminine o f Joannes, Johannes (see Juan, °Jehová, °Ana). jubilarse ‘ to retire on pension (intransitive)’ , from obsolete jubilar ‘ to retire on pension (intransitive)’ (modern jubilar = ‘to retire on pension (transitive), cause to retire’ ), from jubilar ‘ to rejoice’ (still used in this sense), from Latin jubilare ‘ to raise a shout o f jo y ’, from Indo-European yu‘ a cry o f jo y ’ (source, likewise, o f Middle High German jú, exclamation o f joy, and jolen ‘ to yodel’, and o f Greek iúzein ‘ to shout’). Related w ord: júbilo. júbilo ‘jo y ; jubilation’ : Latin jubilum ‘ a cry o f jo y ’, from jubilare ‘ to raise a shout o f jo y ’ (see °jubilarse). judía ‘ bean’, possibly from an expression such as haba judía, literally = ‘Jewish bean’ (judía is the feminine o f judío ‘ Jew; Jewish’, which see). The reason for the name is uncertain, but the phrase has some similarity with English lima bean (lima from Lima, Peru) and with German tiirkische Bohne ‘ scarlet runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus)’, literally = ‘ Tur­ kish bean’ . judicial ‘judicial’ : Latin judicialis ‘judicial’ , from judicium ‘judgment’ (see juicio, °jurar, °decir) + -alis ‘ o f, relating t o ’ (see °-al). ju dío ‘ Jew; Jewish’ : Latin Judaeus ‘Jew; Jewish’, from Greek Ioudaios ‘ Jew; Jew­ ish’, from Aramaic Yéhüdhay ‘Jew’ and Hebrew Yehüdhi ‘Jew’ , originally = ‘ o f Judah (ancient Jewish kingdom in south­ ern Palestine)’ (its Hebrew feminine, Yehüdith, literally = ‘ Jewess’, is the source

juego

o f the feminine given name Judith), from Hebrew Yehüdhah ‘Judah (the king­ d o m )’, after Yehüdhah ‘Judah (fourth son o f Jacob [Genesis 29.35] and ancestor o f the Judahites [Joshua 1 5 ] ) ’ , literally = ‘Praised’ (root ydy). juego ‘ game’ : Latin jocu s ‘jest, joke, game’ (see °joco so ). jueves ‘ Thursday’ : Latin Jovis {dies) ‘Thurs­ day’ , literally = ‘ Jupiter’s (d ay)’, from Jovis ‘o f Jupiter’ (see Júpiter, °dios), genitive o f Juppiter ‘ Jupiter (the planet)’ , from Juppiter, a god (see Júpiter). The Roman name o f the day is a translation o f Greek heméra Dios, literally = ‘ day ofJupiter (planet; also chief ancient Greek g od )’. For Latin dies ‘ day’, see día. Old English Tiw, god o f war and sky, which gave in English the name o f another day o f the week — Tuesday — derives from Indo-European deiwos, the sky god, which comes (like Latin Jovis) from deiw- ‘ to shine’. juey ‘ (Puerto R ico) land crab’, o f uncertain origin. juez ‘judge’ : obsolete júez, from júdez, from Latin judex ‘ a judge’, from *ious-dic-s, from Indo-European yewes-deik-, literally = ‘who shows the law, who pronounces the law’, from yewes-, yew o- ‘ law’ (see °jurar) + deik- ‘ to show, pronounce’ (see “decir). jugar ‘ to play’ : Vulgar Latin *jocare ‘ to play’ , from Latin jocari, jocare ‘ to jest, jok e’, from jocu s ‘jest, joke, game’ (see “joco so ). juglar ‘juggler; minstrel’ : obsolete joglar ‘juggler; minstrel’ , from Latin joculari ‘to test, jok e’ , from joculus ‘ little jest’, dimin­ utive o f jocu s ‘jest’ , from jocu s (see “jo c o s o ) + -ulus Tittle on e’ (see °-ulo). jugo ‘juice’ {jugoso ‘ju icy ’ ): obsolete sugo ‘juice’ , from Latin sucus ‘juice, sap’ (see °suculento). juguete ‘to y ’, perhaps from Old Provengal jo q u et ‘to y ’, from Latin jocu s ‘jest, joke, game’ (see “jo co so ). juicio ‘reason, judgment; court trial’ : Latin judicium ‘judgment’ , from judie-, stem o f judex ‘judge’ (see juez, “jurar, “decir). julepe ‘julep’ : Arabic jullab ‘julep’ , from Per­ sian gulab ‘rose water; julep’, from gul ‘rose’ (see “rosa) + ab ‘water’ , from Iran­ ian ap-, from Indo-European ap- ‘water’ (see “Penjab). Julia, feminine given name (corresponding to

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English Julia), feminine o f Julio (see Julio, Júpiter, “dios). julio ‘ July’ : Latin julius ‘July’ , literally = ‘ (m onth o f) Julius’ , a name given b y the Roman Senate in 44 B.C. (to a month previously called quin(c)tilis, literally = ‘ fifth (m onth)’ : the old Roman year, until about 143 B.C., began with March; see diciem bre) after Gaius Julius Caesar, 100—44 B.C., Roman statesman w ho was born in this month and had introduced a calendar reform in 46 B.C. (see Julio, “ dios). Julio, masculine given name (corresponding to English Julius): Latin Julius, name o f a Roman gens, probably from *Jovilios, = ‘o f Jove (i.e., ‘Descended from Jove’) ’, from Jovis ‘ (occasional nominative) Jove; (genitive) o f Jove’ (see Júpiter, “dios). jumento ‘ ass’ : Latin jumentum ‘ beast o f bur­ den, draft animal’ , from *jugimentum, *jugmentum, from jungere ‘ to join ’ (be­ cause two draft animals were often joined to work in a team), from Indo-European yu-n-g-, from yug-, from yeug- ‘ to join ’ (see “yugo). ju n co' ‘rush, reed’ : Latin juncus ‘rush, reed’, possibly akin to Latin juniperus ‘juniper’ . ju n co 2 ‘junk (ship)’ : Portuguese junco ‘junk’ , from Javanese or Malay jon g ‘ ship’. junio ‘ June’ : Latin junius, probably = ‘ (m onth) o f Juno’ , from Juno ‘Juno (an­ cient Roman goddess, patroness o f marri­ age)’. junta (noun) ‘ council; meeting; junta’ : junta (adjective), feminine o f junto ‘ together’ {see ju n to, “yugo). juntar ‘ to join; to gather’ : ju n to ‘ together’ (see ju n to, “yu go) + -ar, an infinitive ending (s e e 0-ar‘ ). junto ‘ near; together’ : Latin junctus ‘joined’, past participle o f jungere ‘to join ’ , from Indo-European yu-n-g-, from yug-, from yeug- ‘to join ’ (see “yugo). Júpiter ‘ Jupiter (god [around 1330] and planet)’ : Latin Juppiter (also Jupiter) ‘Jupiter, Jove’ (genitive Jovis\ Old Latin nominative likewise Jovis [also spelled D iovis], from Indo-European dyew-es, from dyeu- [see b e lo w ]), chief ancient Roman god (whose name was given the planet), from Indo-European dyeu-pter, literally = ‘ O-Jove father’, from dyeu‘ O Jove, Jove’ (variant o f deiw- ‘to shine [because he was a god o f the bright sky ];

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sky’ ; see °dios) + p ter ‘ father’ (see °padre). jurado ‘jury; juror’ : jurado ‘ sworn’, past par­ ticiple o f jurar ‘ to swear’ (see °jurar). juramento ‘oath’ : Late Latin juramentum ‘ oath’ , from Latin jurare ‘ to swear’ (see °jurar) + -amentum ‘ act o f ’ (see -amento, °-m ento). °jurar ‘ to swear’ : Latin jurare ‘ to swear’ (un­ derlying meaning: ‘ to pronounce a ritual (legal) formula’ ), from jur-, stem o f jus ‘ law, right’, from Old Latin jous, *jow os, from Indo-European yew o-, yewes- ‘ law’ . Related words: abjurar, adjudicar, inju­ ria, injusto, judicial, juez, juicio, jurado, juramento, jurídico, jurisdicción, jurista, justicia, justificar, justo, juzgar, perjudi­ car, perjuicio, prejuicio. jurídico ‘ legal, juridical’ : Latin juridicus ‘o f the administration o f justice’, from jur-, stem o f jus ‘ law’ (see “jurar), + -i-, a co n ­ nective vowel (see -i-2), + -dicus, from dicere ‘ to say’ (see °decir). jurisdicción ‘jurisdiction’ : Latin jurisdictionem, accusative o f jurisdictio (stem juris­ diction-) ‘jurisdiction, legal authority’ , from juris ‘ o f the law’, genitive o f jus ‘ law’ (see °jurar), + dictio ‘ act o f saying, decla­ ration’ (see diccionario, d ic h o ', °decir).

juzgar

jurista ‘jurist, legal scholar’ : Medieval Latin jurista ‘ lawyer, judge’ , from Latin jur-, stem o f jus ‘ law’ (see °jurar), + -ista ‘ one that practices’ (see -ista, °-izar). justicia ‘justice’ : Latin justitia ‘justice’ , from justus ‘just’ (see justo, “jurar) + -itia ‘ con ­ dition, quality’ (see -icia, °-icio). justificar ‘ to justify’ : Late Latin justificare ‘ to d o justice, show to be just; to forgive’ , from Latin justus ‘just’ (see justo, °jurar) + -ificare ‘ to d o ’ (see -ificar, -ficar, -fico, “ hacer). justo ‘right, correct; just, fair’ : Latin justus ‘just’, from Indo-European yewes-to‘just’, from yewes- ‘ law’ (see °jurar). juvenil ‘ youthful, juvenile’ : Latin juvenilis ‘ youthful, juvenile’ , from juvenis ‘ young person’ (from juvenis ‘ young’ ; see °joven) + -ilis ‘o f ’ (see °-il). juventud ‘ youthfulness’ : Latin juventutem , accusative o f juventus (stem juventut-) ‘ youthfulness’ , from juvenis ‘ young; young person’ (see °joven) + -tus, an abstractnoun suffix (see °-tud). juzgar ‘ to judge’ : obsolete judgar, from Latin judicare ‘ to judge’, from judie-, stem o f judex ‘ a judge’ (see ju ez, “jurar, “decir), + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-ar' ).

K ka ‘the letter ft’ : Latin ka ‘the letter ft’ , per­ haps from Etruscan or dialectal Greek (Greek káppa)\ see ce. Kampuchea, Camboya ‘ Kampuchea, Cam­ bodia (country)’ : Khmer Kámpuchéa, Kambuja (first documented A.D. 611), o f disputed origin. The Spanish form Cam­ boya derives from French Cambodge ‘ Kampuchea, Cambodia’ , from Khmer Kámpuchéa. Katmandú ‘ Kathmandu (capital o f Nepal; Nepalese Káthmarau, Kathmandu)': En­ glish Katmandu, variant o f Kathmandu, from Nepalese Kathmandu ‘ Kathmandu’ (about 1596), possibly m eaning‘w ooden tem ple’, from hath ‘ w ood, timber’ (from Sanskrit kástha- ‘stick, piece o f w ood, w o o d ’, probably from Indo-European kel‘ to strike, cut; twig’ ; see °golpe) + Nepal­ ese mandap ‘open hall, pavilion’ , from Sanskrit mandapa ‘open hall, tem ple’ probably from mand- ‘ to adorn, decorate’. "Kazajia ‘ Kazakhstan (republic o f the Soviet Union)’ : Russian kazakh ‘ Kazakh (m em­ ber o f the Turkic people w ho inhabit the area)’ , from Kazakh kazak ‘ Kazakh’ (tenth century), literally = ‘ free person, vagabond’ . Related w ord: cosaco. For Spanish -ia ‘ area, country’ , see -ia. Kenya, Kenia ‘ Kenya (country; Swahili Kenya)': English Kenya (country, 12 De­ cember 1963), from the C olony o f Kenya (23 July 1920; earlier name: East African Protectorate), from Mount Kenya (docu­ mented around 1849), highest mountain in the country and second highest in Africa, from a Kamba pronunciation — ke-enya-a— o f Kikuyu Kere-Nyaga ‘ Mount Kenya’ (Swahili Kirinyaga\ Kamba Kilinyaa, Kelenyaa, Keenyaa; Masai Oldoinyo Géri ‘The Striped Mountain’ [oldoinyo = ‘ the mountain’ ]), literally = ‘ o f Bright­ ness’ , short for Kirima Kere-Nyaga ‘Moun­ tain o f Brightness’, from kirima ‘ m oun­ tain’ + kere ‘ there is, there are; o f ’ + nyaga ‘ brightness’ (also = ‘ ostrich’ but ostriches live only in steppes and savan­ nas). Kiev ‘ Kiev (capital o f the Ukraine)’ : Russian K ie v — also romanized as K iyev— (twelfth century), from Ukrainian Kiyiv, perhaps

from a personal name Kiy (according to a twelfth century chronicle, eldest o f three brothers w ho founded the town around A.D. 860 — but it was probably founded in the sixth or seventh century). kilo ‘ kilogram’, short for kilogramo ‘kilo­ gram’ (see kilogramo, °kilo-). "kilo- ‘ thousand’, as in kilociclo, kilohercio, kilovatio: French kilo- ‘ thousand’ (1795), from Greek khilioi ‘thousand’ . Related words: kilo, kilogramo, kilóm etro. kilogramo ‘kilogram’ : French kilogramme ‘ kilogram’ (1795), from kilo- ‘ thousand’ (see °fti/o-) + gramme ‘gram’ (see gramo, gramática, "gráfico). kilómetro ‘ kilometer’ : French kilometre ‘kilometer’ (1795), from kilo- ‘ thousand’ (see °kilo ) + metre ‘ meter’ (see m etro', °-m etro). kiosco ‘kiosk’ , see quiosco. Kirguizia ‘ Kirghizia (republic o f the Soviet Union)’ : Russian kirgiz ‘Kirghiz (member o f the Turkic people who inhabit the area)’ , from Kirghiz kyrghyz ‘Kirghiz’ (attested A.D. 569), probably = ‘ stepperoamer’ , from Kirghiz feyr‘ steppe, desert, plain’ (akin to Turkish kir ‘ country (= rural area); wilderness’ ); the second ele­ ment is probably akin to Kirghiz gizmcik ‘ to roam ’ . For Spanish -ia ‘ area, country’, see -ia. Kuala Lumpur ‘ Kuala Lumpur (capital o f Malaysia)’ : Malay Kuala Lumpur (after 1857), literally = ‘Muddy Confluence’ , from kuala ‘ confluence; estuary’ + lumpur ‘ mud, mire, slime’ . The city is at the con­ fluence o f the Kelang and Gombak rivers. Kuriles ‘ Kuril Islands’ : Russian Kuril’skie ostrova‘ Kuril Islands’, possibly from Ainu kur- ‘ mist’ , thought b y folk etym ology to be related to Russian kurit’ ‘to smoke’ (com pare Russian kuril’nitsa ‘ censer’ kuril’shchik ‘ smoker’ ). Kuwait ‘ Kuwait (country, and its capital)’ : Arabic al-Kuwayt (the city, probably founded at the beginning o f the eighteenth century), literally = ‘ the Little Fort’, from regional Arabic ftüf ‘ fort’ (also found in Persian: h ot = ‘ fort’ ) with the Arabic diminutive infix -ay-.

L la1 ‘ her (accusative)’ : Vulgar Latin ilia ‘ her’ (with loss o f the first syllable, because the Spanish word was used in unstressed posi­ tion in the sentence), from Latin illam, accusative singular o f ilia, feminine o f ille ‘that; he’ (see ° e l' ). la2 ‘the (fem inine)’ : Vulgar Latin ilia ‘ the (feminine)’ (with loss o f the first syllable, because the Spanish word was used in un­ stressed position in the sentence), from ilia ‘ her’ (see la1, ° e l' ). la3 ‘ la (musical to n e )’ : Medieval Latin la ‘ la’ (see do). laberinto ‘ labyrinth’ : Latin labyrinthus, from Greek labyrinthos ‘ labyrinth’, possibly o f Carian origin. labio ‘ lip’ : Latin labium ‘ lip’ (also labrum), from Indo-European lab-yo-, from lab-, variant o f leb- ‘ lip’ (source, likewise, o f English lip and German Lippe ‘ lip’ ). “labor ‘work, labor’ ( laboratorio ‘ laborato­ ry’ ): Latin labor ‘ exertion, toil, fatigue’ (related words: colaboración, colaborar, elaborar, labrar-, possibly: Labrador), per­ haps akin to Latin labi ‘ to slip, slide, fall’ (see °lapso). Labrador ‘ Labrador (peninsula, Canada)’ , a name first given (in 1498?) to the east coast o f Greenland near Angmagssalik (documented in 1534, in Spanish), then transferred to the peninsula which is across the present Labrador Sea from Greenland, mistakenly thinking that Davis Strait and Hudson Strait were gulfs, and therefore that present Labrador, as well as Baffin Island, were parts o f Green­ land. The reason for the name is much disputed (from the nickname o f a member o f John C abot’s crew? — Spanish labrador [or Portuguese lacrador] ‘ farmer’ , from labrar ‘to till, cultivate’ [see labrar, ° labor) ). labrar ‘ to work, elaborate; to till, cultivate’ (labrador ‘ farmer’, labriego ‘ peasant’ ): Latin laborare ‘to work, labor, exert on e­ self’ , from labor ‘ exertion’ (see °labor). “laca Tac (resinous substance secreted b y the female o f an insect o f southern Asia); shellac, lacquer (a varnish that was made with lac)’, either from Arabic lakk ‘ lac’

(from Persian lak, from Sanskrit laksa ‘ lac’ ) or from Hindi lákh ‘ lac’, from Prakrit lakkha, from Sanskrit laksa. Related word: lacre. lacio ‘ faded; flaccid; (o f hair) straight’ : Latin flaccidus ‘ flabby’ , from flaccus ‘ flabby, hanging’ (see ° flaco). lacre ‘ sealing w ax’ : Old Portuguese lacre ‘ sealing w ax’, variant o f laca Tac’ (from the fact that lac was used in the making o f sealing wax), from Arabic lakk ‘ lac’ (see °laca). lácteo ‘ milky, lacteal’ : Latin lacteus ‘ milky; o f milk’ , from lact-, stem o f lac ‘ milk’ (see leche, "galaxia), + -eus ‘ o f; resembling’ (see °-eo 2). “lado ‘ side’ ( ladera ‘ slope’ ): Latin latus ‘ side’ (stem later-), possibly akin to Latin latus ‘ wide’ (s e e ° latitud). Relatedw ord: lateral. Ladoga, Ládoga ‘ Ladoga (lake, Soviet Union; Russian Ladozhskoe ozero or Ladoga)’ , from Old Russian Ladoga (eleventh cen­ tury), name o f a city near the lake and o f the lake, Slavicized form o f the Old Norse name Aldeigja, literally = ‘ Swelling, Sur­ ging’, from alda ‘wave’ (akin to Latin alfus'high; deep’? [see a lto]). “ladrar ‘to bark’ : Latin latrare ‘ to bark’, from Indo-European la-, a root imitative o f the sounds o f barking, wailing, muttering, humming, talking. Related words: cop ro­ lalia, lamentar, lamento. ladrillo ‘ brick’, diminutive o f obsolete *ladre ‘ brick’, from Latin laterem, accusative o f later ‘ brick, tile’ , possibly akin to Latin latus ‘w ide’ (see "latitud). For Spanish -illo ‘ small’ , see -illo. ladrón ‘ thief’ : Latin latronem, accusative o f latro ‘ mercenary soldier; thief, robber, brigand’ (stem latron ), probably akin to Greek látron ‘ pay, wage, hire’ . lagarto ‘ lizard’ ( lagartija ‘ lizard’ ): Vulgar Latin *lacartus ‘ lizard’ , from Latin lacertus ‘ lizard; muscles; upper arm’ (also la­ certa ‘ lizard’ ). “lago ‘ lake’ : Latin lacus Take, basin, pond’ , from Indo-European laku- Take, pool, sea’ . Related w ord: laguna. lágrima ‘tear (from the eye)’ : Latin lacrima, lacruma, from Old Latin dacruma, from

laguna Indo-European dakru-má, from dakru‘ tear’ (source, likewise, o f English tear). laguna ‘ pond; lagoon’ : Latin lacuna ‘ pool, pond, lake, pit’, from lacus ‘ pond, lake’ (see °lago). La Habana ‘ Havana’, see Habana (La). La Haya ‘The Hague’, see Haya (La). “laico ‘ lay, laic’ : Late Latin laicus (adjective and noun) ‘ lay, not o f the clergy’ , from Late Greek la'ikós ‘ lay, not o f the clergy’ , from Greek la'ikós ‘ o f the people’ , from laós ‘ people’ + -ikós ‘ o f ’ (see “-ico2). Related words: lego, liturgia. Doublet: lego. lama ‘slime’ : Latin lama ‘ b og ’ (a word that also occurs as an element in place names o f the areas o f southeastern Italy — Apu­ lia and Calabria — where in the third and second centuries B.C. Illyrian was spoken), lamentar ‘ to regret, lament’ (lamentable ‘grievous’ ): Latin lamentari‘ tow a il’ , from 1amentum ‘ lament’ (see lamento, °ladrar). lamento ‘ lament’ : Latin lamentum ‘ lament’ , from Indo-European la-, a root imitative o f the sound o f wailing (see °ladrar). lamer ‘ to lick’ : Latin lambere ‘ to lick’ , from Indo-European la-m-b-, from lab- ‘to lick’ , lámina ‘ plate, sheet’ : Latin lamina ‘ thin plate, layer’. “lámpara ‘ lamp’ : obsolete lámpada (perhaps on the analogy o f words like cámara) ‘ lamp’, from Late Latin lampada ‘ torch, lamp’ , from Latin lampada, accusative o f lampas ‘ torch, lamp’ (stem lampad-), from Greek lampás ‘ torch, lamp’ (accusa­ tive lampáda), from lámpein ‘ to give light, shine’, from Indo-European la-m-p‘ to light’, from lap-, from lap- ‘ to light, burn’ . Related words: linterna, relámpago. lana ‘w o o l’ : Latin lana ‘w o o l’, from IndoEuropean wl-na, from wl-, from wel‘w o o l’ (see °vello). lancha ‘ boat, launch’ : Portuguese lancha, from Malay lancha (also lancharan)‘ boat’, from lanchar ‘ (mainly o f ships and o f turtles) effortless speed; smooth slipping along’ . Tanda, -landia ‘ country, region’, as in Finlan­ dia, Groenlandia, Holanda, Irlanda, Islandia: Germanic landam ‘ land, country' (source, likewise, o f Danish, Dutch, G oth­ ic, Middle Dutch, Old English, Old Norse, Old Swedish, and Swedish land ‘ country’, o f German Land ‘ country’, and o f Middle High German and Old High German lant

312 ‘ country’ ), from Indo-European lendh‘ open land, prairie’ . langosta ‘ locust; lobster’ : Vulgar Latin * lo­ custa ‘ locust; lobster’ , probably from Latin locusta ‘ locust; lobster’. lánguido ‘ languid’ : Latin languid us ‘ languid’ , from languere ‘to languish, be languid, be faint, be weak’, from Indo-European la-n-g-u- ‘to be languid’ , from lag- ‘ lan­ guid’, from slag-, from sleg- ‘ loose, slack, languid’ (see °laxo). “lanza ‘ spear, lance’ : Latin lancea ‘ lance’, probably o f Celtic origin. Related word: lanzar. lanzar ‘to throw, launch’ (earlier meanings: ‘ to throw with force; to throw a lance’ ): Late Latin lanceare ‘to handle a lance, pierce with a lance’, from Latin lancea ‘ lance’ (see “ lanza). Laos ‘ Laos (former name o f the Lao People’s Democratic R epublic)’ : obsolete los laos ‘ the Lao (people)’ , from los ‘the’ (see los2) + Lao Lao ‘ the Lao kingdom (four­ teenth century); the L ao’ (com pare Thai Law ‘ Laos (the country); the Lao’, Chi­ nese lao ‘ the L ao’ ) + Spanish -s, a plural ending (see °-s'). laparotomía ‘ laparotom y’ : laparo- ‘ flank’ (from Greek lapára ‘ flank’, from laparós ‘ slack, loose, soft’, from Indo-European lap-aro- ‘ soft’ , from lap-, variant o f lep‘ to peel’ ; see “lepra) + -tom ia ‘ section, in­ cision, a cutting o f f ’ , from Greek -tomia ‘ a cutting’, from -tom os ‘ cutting’ , from témnein ‘ to cut’ (see “ tom o). The word was first used in English (laparotomy, 1878). La Paz ‘ La Paz (city, Bolivia)’ , see Paz (La). lapicero ‘ pencil holder; mechanical pencil’ : lápiz ‘ pencil’ (see “lápiz) + -ero ‘o f, con ­ nected with’ (see -ero2). lápida ‘ stone, tablet’ : Vulgar Latin lapida ‘ stone’ , from Latin lapid-, stem o f lapis ‘ stone’ (see “lápiz). lapislázuli Tapis lazuli’ : Italian lapislazzuli, from Medieval Latin lapis lazuli Tapis lazuli’, from Latin lapis ‘stone’ (see “ lápiz) + Medieval Latin lazuli ‘ o f lapis lazuli’, genitive o f lazulum Tapis lazuli’ , from Arabic lázaward Tapis lazuli’ (see “ azul). “lápiz ‘ pencil’ : obsolete lapis, from Italian lapis ‘ pencil’, from Latin lapis (stem lapid-) ‘ stone’ (from the fact that the marking substance is mineral — hematite,

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slate, graphite, chalk), probably from Old Latin *lapids, possibly akin to Greek lépas ‘ crag’, o f Mediterranean origin. Related words: lapicero, lápida, lapislá­ zuli-, probably: pizarra. "lapso ‘ interval (tim e)’ : Latin lapsus ‘ a sliding; error, fall’ , from lapsus, past participle o f labi ‘to fall, glide, slide, slip’ , from Indo-European lab-, variant o f leb‘ to hang loosely’ . Related words: lóbulo, prolapso; perhaps also labor and its fami­ ly. lar ‘ lar’ (lares [plural] ‘ hom e’ ): Latin lar ‘ lar (household god); home; hearth’. "largo ‘ long’ : largo ‘ abundant, bountiful; generous’, from Latin largus ‘ abundant, bountiful; generous’ (source, likewise, o f French large and Italian largo, both = ‘ wide, broad’ ). Related w ord: alargar. "laringe ‘ larynx’ : New Latin laryngem, accu­ sative o f larynx (stem laryng-) ‘ larynx’ (first used in French: laringue, 1532; larynx, 1538), from Greek lárynx (stem laryng-) ‘ larynx’. Related w ord: otorrino­ laringología. larva ‘ larva’ : New Latin larva ‘ larva’ (first used in Sweden, before 1762), from Latin larva ‘ specter, ghost; mask’ . las1 ‘ them (feminine, accusative)’ : Vulgar Latin illas ‘ them’ (with loss o f the first syllable, because the Spanish word was used in unstressed position in the sen­ tence), from Latin illas, accusative plural o f ilia, feminine o f ille ‘ that; he’ (see “el'). las2 ‘ the (feminine plural)’ : Vulgar Latin illas ‘ the’ (with loss o f the first syllable, be­ cause the Spanish word was used in un­ stressed position in the sentence), from illas ‘ them’ (see las', °el'). lastimar ‘ to hurt’ ( lástima ‘ pity’ ): Vulgar Latin *blastemare ‘to blame, revile’, from Late Latin blasphemare ‘ to blame, revile, blaspheme’ , from Greek blasphemein ‘ to speak ill of, speak profanely’, from blásphem os ‘ evil-speaking, impious, blasphe­ mous’, from bias (perhaps akin to Greek méteos ‘ futile, unhappy’ ) + -phemos ‘ -speaking’ (akin to phém é ‘ saying, speech’ ; see eufem ism o), from IndoEuropean bhá- ‘ to speak’ (see “fábula). lastre ‘ ballast’ : Old French last (French lest) ‘ ballast, load placed in a ship to improve stability’, from Middle Dutch last ‘ load’, from Germanic hlasta- ‘ load’ (source, likewise, o f Old High German blast ‘ load’ ),

latir

from Indo-European klat-sto- ‘a load’, from klat- ‘ to load’ , from kid- ‘ to spread out flat’ . "lata ‘ tinplate; tin can’. The earlier meaning in Spanish was ‘ stick, lath’ (then, proba­ bly, from ‘ strip o f w o o d ’ to ‘ strip o f tin’ ), from Vulgar Latin latta ‘ stick’, o f Celtic or Germanic origin, akin to Old High Ger­ man latta ‘ lath’, probably from IndoEuropean legwh- Tight (in weight)’ (com ­ pare °leve). Related words: abrelatas, en­ latar. "latente ‘ latent’ : Latin latentem, accusative o f latens (stem latent ) Tying hidden’, present participle o f latere ‘ to lie hidden, be concealed’, from Indo-European lat-é-, stative form o f lat-, ladh- ‘hidden’ (for Indo-European stative -i-, see tumor). Related word: letargo. lateral ‘o f the side, lateral’ : Latin lateralis ‘ lateral’ , from later-, stem o f latus ‘ side’ (see °lado), + -alis ‘o f ’ (see °-al). latido ‘ beat, throb’ : latido, past participle o f latir ‘ to beat, throb’ (see “latir). For -ido, past participle ending o f third conjuga­ tion verbs, see -ido'. latifundio Targe farm, great landed estate; latifundium’ : Latin latifundium ‘ great landed estate’ , from lati- ‘wide, broad’ (from latus ‘wide, broad’ ; see “latitud) + -fundium, from fundus ‘ estate, landed property; b o tto m ’ (see “fondo). latín ‘ Latin’ : Latin Latine (adverb) ‘ in Latin’ , from Latinus ‘ Latin’ (see “latino). "latino ‘ Latin’ : Latin Latinus (adjective) ‘ Latin, o f Latium’ , from Latium ‘ Latium’ — ancient country in west-central Italy [R om e being its chief city from the fifth century B.C. ] — (from latus ‘ side; coast’?; see “lado) + -inus ‘ o f’ (see °-ino). Related words: latín, latinoamericano. latinoamericano (inFrench, Amérique latine, around 1853) ‘ Latin American’: latino ‘ Latin’ (see “latino) + americano ‘o f the Americas’ (see América)-, underlying meaning: ‘ o f the countries in the Ameri­ cas whose chief language is o f Latin origin (i.e., Spanish, Portuguese, or French) [but excluding the French-speaking areas o f Canada]’ . "latir ‘to beat, throb’ : latir ‘ to yelp’, from Latin glattire ‘to yelp’ (source, likewise, o f Old French glatir [French glapir, in­ fluenced b y japper ‘to yelp’ ] and o f Itali­ an ghiattire, both = ‘ to yelp’ ), a word

latitud

formed in imitation o f the sound o f yelping. Related word: latido. "latitud ‘width; latitude’ : Latin latitudo ‘width’, from latus ‘wide, broad’ (from Indo-European stl-to- ‘wide’ , from stl-, from stel- ‘to spread, extend’ [related words: dilatar', latifundio-, possibly: lado and its family, ladrillo ] ) + -i-, connective vowel (see -i-2), + -tudo ‘ state, quality’ (see °-tud). laúd ‘ lute’ : obsolete alaúd, from Arabic al-‘üd ‘the lute’ , from al- ‘ the’ + ‘üd ‘ lute, ou d ’, literally = ‘w o o d ’ (root ‘wd). Laura, feminine given name (corresponding to English Laura)-. Medieval Latin Laura, probably feminine diminutive o f Late Latin Laurentius, a masculine given name (see San L orenzo, °laurel). “laurel ‘ laurel’ : Old Provencal laurier, from laur, from Latin laurus ‘ laurel’ , o f nonIndo-European (perhaps Mediterranean) origin and probably akin to Greek daphne ‘ laurel’ . Possibly related words: Laura, San Lorenzo. lava ‘ lava’ : Italian lava ‘ lava’, from regional Italian (Naples) lava ‘ lava; molten rock from Vesuvius; torrent o f floodw ater’ , from lavare ‘ to wash’ , from Latin lavare ‘ to wash’ (see lavar, °loción). lavabo ‘washbowl’ : Latin lavabo ‘ I shall wash’ (from the fact that in certain Christian churches a washbowl is used for a ceremo­ nial cleansing performed while reciting a passage [verses 6 to 12 ] from Psalm 25 [Douay and Vulgate versions; 26 in other versions] that in Latin begins with the word Lavabo), first person singular o f the future indicative o f lavare ‘to wash’ (see lavar, °loción). lavar ‘ to wash, launder’ ( lavandero ‘ launderer’ ): Latin lavare ‘ to wash’ , from IndoEuropean law-d-, from law-, variant o f lou- ‘ to wash’ (see °loción). laxante ‘ laxative’ : laxar ‘ to loosen’, from Latin laxare ‘ to loosen, relax’, from laxus ‘ loose’ (see °la xo) + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-ar‘ ). “laxo ‘ lax’ : Latin laxus ‘ lax, loose, spacious’, from Indo-European lag-so- ‘ loose’, from lag-, from slag-, from sleg- ‘ loose, slack’. Related words: alejar, catalejo, dejar, lán­ guido, laxante, lejos, relajar. lazareto ‘ hospital for contagious diseases, lazaretto’ : Venetian lazareto ‘ hospital for contagious diseases’ (source, likewise, o f

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Italian lazzaretto ‘ hospital for contagious diseases’ ), a merging o f lazaro (Italian lazzaro) ‘ leper, beggar’ (from Medieval Latin lazarus ‘ leper, diseased beggar’ , from Late Latin Lazarus, in Luke 16.20 name o f a diseased beggar, from Greek Lázaros, from Eleázaros [also Eleazár], from Hebrew EVázár, a masculine given name, literally = ‘ God is Help, God has Helped’ , from El ‘ G od ’ [see °Manuel] + a second element from ‘azar ‘ he helped’ ) and o f nazareto ‘ hospital for contagious diseases’ , from Santa Maria de Nazaret ‘ Holy Mary o f Nazareth’, island in Venice where an isolation hospital was established in 1423 (the first in the world?), from Santa Maria de Nazaret, a monastery on the island, from Late Latin Nazareth ‘ Naza­ reth (town in ancient Palestine)’ , from Greek Nazareth, Nazerét, Nazarét, from Hebrew NazSrath ‘ Nazareth’ (perhaps = ‘ defense post’, from nazar ‘ to watch, guard, keep’ ). lazo ‘ tie, loop ; lasso’ : Vulgar Latin *laciu ‘ noose, snare’ , from Latin laqueus ‘ noose, snare, trap’ , probably akin to lacere ‘ to allure’ (see °delicia). le ‘ him; her; to him, to her’ : Latin illi, dative singular o f ille ‘ that, that one, he, she, it’ (see ° e ll ). The first syllable o f Latin illi was lost because the Spanish word was used in unstressed position in the sen­ tence. leal ‘ loyal’ (lealtad ‘ loyalty’ ): Vulgar Latin *legale ‘ loyal; legal’ (underlying meaning: ‘ faithful to the lawful government, to legal obligations’ ), from Latin legalis ‘rela­ ting to law, legal’ (see legal, ley, °leer). lección ‘ lesson’ : Late Latin lectionem , accu­ sative o f lectio (stem lection-) ‘ lesson; reading’, from Latin lectio ‘ act o f reading’ , from lectus, past participle o f legere ‘ to read’ (see °leer), + -io ‘ act o f’ (see °-ión). lector ‘ reader’ : Latin lector ‘reader’, from lectus, past participle o f legere ‘to read’ (see °leer), + -or ‘ acting, doer’ (see “-o r 1), lectura ‘ reading’ : Medieval Latin lectura ‘ act o f reading’ , from Latin lectus, past parti­ ciple o f legere ‘ to read’ (see °leer), + -ura ‘ act o f’ (see °-ura). leche ‘ milk’ ( lechería ‘dairy’, lechero ‘ milk­ man’ ): Latin lacte, variant o f lac ‘ milk’ (stem lact-), akin to Greek gála (stem galakt-) ‘ milk’ (see °galaxia). lecho ‘bed’ : Latin lectus ‘ bed, cou ch ’ , from

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Indo-European legh-to- ‘place for lying down’ , from legh- ‘ to lie, recline . lechón ‘suckling pig’ : leche ‘milk’ (since the lechón is a young pig that has not been weaned; compare Latin lactarius ‘ milky; (o f a calf) suckling’ and the English ex­ pressions milk animal, milk lamb where milk = ‘ milk-fed’ ). See leche, °galaxia. lechosa ‘ papaya (fruit)’ : lechosa, feminine o f lechoso ‘ milky’ (from the fact that when the fruit is picked from the papaya tree, milky sap appears where the stem was broken), from leche ‘ milk’ (see leche, °galaxia) + -oso ‘ having, abounding in’ (see -oso). lechuga ‘ lettuce’ : Latin lactuca ‘ lettuce’, from lact-, stem o f lac ‘ milk’ (see leche, °galaxia), from the milky juice o f this plant. “leer ‘ to read’ : Latin legere ‘to gather, select, choose, pluck, read’, from Indo-European leg- ‘ to collect’ . Related words: acoger, analogía, análogo, antropología, arqueo­ logía, atril, cardiología, catálogo, coger, colección, colectivo, cosecha, decálogo, dialecto, diálogo, diligencia, ecléctico, ecología, elección, elegante, elegir, en co­ ger, enología, entom ología, epílogo, es­ coger, espeleología, etimología, etiología, filología, ginecología, haplología, histo­ logía, ilegal, intelectual, inteligencia, in­ teligente, lección, lector, legendario, le­ gión, legislación, legislador, legislatura, leña, L eó n \ L eó n 1, leyenda, léxico, lin­ do, logaritmo, -logia, lógica, lógico, -logo, m eteorológico, mitología, m onólogo, negligencia, neologism o, odontología, oncología, ornitología, otorrinolaringolo­ gía, paleontología, paremiología, p a tolo­ gía, predilecto, privilegio, prolegóm enos, prólogo, psicología, recoger, reloj, sacri­ legio, selección, silogismo, tautología, teología, teratología, terminología, to c o ­ logía, trilogía, zoológico-, probably: alegar, colega, colegio, delegación, delegado,' leal, legal, legar, legislador, legislatura, legítim o, ley. The earliest meaning o f Greek légein (from Indo-European leg ) and Latin legere was ‘ to collect’. These tw o words also mean ‘ to choose’ . The Greek meaning o f légein ‘to speak, say’ and the Latin meaning o f legere ‘ to read’ may derive from the idea o f ‘ choosing’ (i.e., words). The Latin meaning ‘ to read’ may also be based on the idea o f ‘ picking

lejía

up, putting together the individual writ­ ten characters’ or o f ‘ collecting knowl­ edge’ (as in the case o f English gather = ‘ to collect’ and ‘ to conclude, infer’ ), legal ‘ lawful, legal’ : Latin legalis ‘relating to law, legal’, from leg-, stem o f lex Taw’ (see ley, °leer), + -alis ‘relating t o ’ (see °-al). legar ‘ to bequeath, legate’ : Latin legare ‘ to send with a commission or charge; to bequeath’ , probably from leg-, stem o f lex ‘ law’ (see ley, °leer). legendario ‘ legendary’ : legenda, variant o f leyenda ‘ legend’ (see leyenda, °leer), + -ario ‘o f ’ (see °-ario' ). legión ‘ legion’ : Latin legionem, accusative o f legio (stem legion ) ‘ legion (b od y o f sol­ diers; unit o f an ancient Roman army)’ , from legere ‘to levy troops; to gather; to read’ (see °leer)+ -io ‘ result o f’ (see °-ión). legislación Taws; legislation’ : Latin legis lo­ tion-, stem o f legis latió ‘ draft law, act o f proposing a law’ , from legis ‘ o f a law’ , genitive o f lex Taw’ (see ley, °leer), + latió ‘ act o f proposing, act o f bringing’ , from latus ‘brought’ , suppletive past participle o f ferre ‘ to bring, bear’ (see delator, ’ tole­ rar), + -io ‘ act o f ’ (see °-ión). legislador ‘ legislator’ : Latin legis lator ‘ legis­ lator, proposer o f a law’, from legis ‘ o f a law’ (see legislación, ley, °leer) + lator ‘ proposer, bearer’, from latus ‘borne, brought’ (see legislación, delator, ° tolerar) + -or ‘ acting, doer’ (see ° -o r '). legislatura ‘ legislature session’ : obsolete legis­ lator ‘ legislator’ , from Latin legis lator ‘ legislator’ (see legislador, legislación, ley, °leer, delator, ° tolerar) + -ura ‘ act o f ’ (see °-ura). legítimo ‘ legitimate’ : Latin legitimus ‘ legiti­ mate, lawful, legal’ , from leg-, stem o f lex ‘ law’ (see ley, °leer). lego ‘ layman’ : Late Latin laicus (adjective and noun) ‘ lay, not o f the clergy’ (see ° laico). D oublet: laico. legua Teague (unit o f distance)’, metathesis o f Late Latin leuga ‘ league’, possibly o f Gaulish origin. legumbre ‘ vegetable, legume’ : Vulgar Latin legumine, accusative o f legumen, from Latin legumen (stem legumin-) ‘ legume, bean’, perhaps from legere ‘ to gather’ , lejía ‘ lye’ : Latin lixivia (noun) ‘ lye’, from lixivia (adjective), feminine o f lixivius ‘ made o f lye’ , from lixa ‘ lye’, from Indo-

lejos

European wlik-s- ‘ liquid’, from wlik-, from wleik- ‘to flow, run’ (see 0líquido). lejos ‘ far (adverb)’ ( lejano ‘ far (adjective)’ ): Latin laxius ‘ more spaciously, more loose­ ly’ , comparative o f laxe ‘widely, spacious­ ly, loosely’, adverbial form o f laxus ‘ lax, loose, spacious’ (see °laxo). °lema ‘ heading, theme; slogan; lemma’ : Latin lemma ‘ theme, subject, matter; title o f an epigram; epigram; assumption o f a syl­ logism’, from Greek lemma ‘ something received or taken; assumption, argument, p ro o f’, from the root o f lambánein (past perfect eilemmai, past participle léptós) ‘ to take, receive, grasp’ , ultimately from Indo-European lagw-, slagw- ‘to seize’ . Related words: dilema, epilepsia, m ono­ sílabo, sílaba. lempira ‘ lempira (monetary unit, Honduras)’ (1933), so named for Lempira (around 1497—1537), Indian leader o f the struggle against the Spanish conquest, a name o f American Indian (probably Lenca) origin. °lengua ‘ tongue’ ( lenguaje ‘ language, speech’): Latin lingua ‘ tongue (organ o f taste and o f speech); language’ , from Old Latin from Indo-European dnghü dingua, ‘tongue’. Related w ord: lingüística. Leningrado ‘ Leningrad (city, Soviet Union)’ : Russian Leningrad ‘ Leningrad’, a name given this city (then called Petrograd) in 1924 after Lenin’s death, from Lenin, pseudonym (adopted in 1901) o f Vladimir Il’ich Ul’yanov (1870—1924), first premier o f the Union o f Soviet Socialist Republics, + -grad ‘ tow n ’, a place-name ending, from Old Slavic gradü ‘ tow n’ (see -grado, ° huerto). °lente ‘lens’ ( lentes ‘ eyeglasses’ ): Latin lentem, accusative o f lens (stem lent-) ‘ lentil (leguminous plant and its seed)’, from the resemblance o f the shape o f an optical lens to that o f the seed o f this plant. Related word: lenteja. lenteja ‘lentil’ : Latin lenticula ‘ lentil’ , origi­ nally diminutive o f lens (stem lent-) ‘ lentil’ (see “ lente). For Latin -icula ‘ little one’ , see -icula. lento ‘ slow’ : Latin lentus ‘ slow; calm; flexi­ ble’, from Indo-European lento- ‘ flexible’ . The meaning in Latin went from ‘ flexible’ through ‘ soft’ and ‘ indolent’ to ‘ slow ’. leña ‘ firew ood’ : Latin ligna ‘ firew ood’ , plural o f lignum ‘w ood , firew ood’ (underlying

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meaning: ‘ thing that has been gathered’ ), from Indo-European leg-no- ‘ gathered’, from leg- ‘to gather, collect’ (see °leer) + -no-, a suffix forming verbal adjectives (see digno). “león ‘ lion’ : Latin leonem, accusative o f leo (stem le o n ) ‘ lion’ , from Greek léon ‘ lion’, probably o f non-Indo-European origin, possibly from Semitic, akin to Hebrew labhi ’ and layish, both = ‘ lion’ , and to Akkadian labbu ‘ lion’. Homeric Greek lis ‘ lion’ probably derives from Hebrew layish. Related words: camaleón, León*, leopardo, pantalón, Sierra Leona. "L eón 1 ‘ Leon (region and ancient kingdom, Spain)’ (around 1140): L eón , capital o f the ancient kingdom o f Leon, from Latin legionem, accusative o f legio ‘ legion’ — probably influenced b y Spanish león ‘ lion’ — (see legión, “leer), the city having developed from the camp o f a Roman legion (the Legio Séptima Gemina ‘ Seventh Double Legion’ ). Related words: de L eón, L eó n 2. León2, family name. Depending on the case, it was inherited from an ancestor called: (1 ) de L eón ‘ from León’ (see de L eón, “León')-, (2 ) L eón (as a masculine given name), from Late Latin L eonem , accusa­ tive o f L eo, a masculine given name (fourth century o f the Christian era), from leo ‘ lion’ (see “león)-, or (3) león ‘ lion’, as a nickname, connoting ‘ strong, brave, ferocious’ (see °león). Leonor, feminine given name (corresponding to English Eleanor), probably from Old French Elienor (influenced by león ‘lion ’?), variant o f Helene (French Héléne), from Latin Helena (see Santa Elena). “leopardo ‘ leopard’ : Late Latin leopardus ‘ leopard’, from Late Greek leopardos ‘ leopard’ (underlying meaning: ‘ hybrid o f lion and black leopard’ [the tawny leop­ ard was thought to be a hybrid ]), from Greek léon ‘ lion’ (see “ león) + párdos ‘ leopard (or other large cat)’, o f nonIndo-European (Oriental) origin (from Hebrew?), like Sanskrit prdaku ‘leopard’ (related w ord: pardo). lepidóptero ‘ lepidopteran’ (adapted from New Latin lepidoptera ‘ Lepidoptera’ , first used in Sweden, 1735): Greek lepido‘ scale (structure that forms the wing covering)’ (from lepid-, stem o f lepis ‘ scale’ ; see “ lepra) + -pteros ‘ -winged’ (see

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-ptero, °pedir). “lepra ‘ leprosy’ ( leproso ‘ leprous; leper’ ): Late Latin lepra ‘ leprosy’ (in Latin, only the plural, leprae, was used), from Greek lepra ‘ leprosy’, from leprós ‘ scaly, peel­ ing’ , from lepis ‘ scale (flake o f epider­ mis)’ , from Indo-European lep-i- ‘ scale, flake’, from lep- ‘ to peel’ . Related words: laparotomía, lepidóptero. lerdo ‘ dull’, o f unknown origin. les ‘ them; to them’ : Latin illis, dative plural o f ¡We‘ that, that one, he, she, it’ (see °el'). The first syllable o f Latin illis was lost be­ cause the Spanish word was used in un­ stressed position in the sentence. “lesión ‘ lesion’ : Late Latin laesionem, accu­ sative o f laesio (stem laesion ) ‘ lesion’ , from Latin laesio ‘ verbal attack’ , from laesus, past participle o f laedere ‘to hurt, damage, injure’ (related words: colisión, elisión, ileso, lisiado), + -io ‘ result’ (see °-ión). Lesotho ‘ Lesotho (country; Sotho L esotho, L eS oth o)’ : English L esotho, from Sotho L esotho ‘L esotho’, a name adopted by Basutoland on 4 October 1966 upon be­ coming independent, literally = ‘The Land o f the S otho’ , from Le- ‘ land’ + Sotho, base o f Basotho, BaSotho, the people w ho inhabit the area. The word S otho may be related to the Swazi verb uku-shunta ‘ to make a kn ot’, the refer­ ence being to the fact that members o f the Sotho people wore a loincloth fasten­ ed in a knot behind. letargo ‘ lethargy’ : Greek léthargos ‘ lethargy, drowsiness; forgetful’, from lethé ‘ forget­ fulness’ (+ argos ‘ lazy’?), from IndoEuropean ladh- ‘ hidden’ (see “ latente). Letonia ‘ Latvia (Latvian Latvija)’ : Medieval Latin Lettonia ‘ Latvia’ , from Middle High German L ette ‘ Lett’ , from Latvian Latvi ‘ Lett’ , o f disputed origin (possibly from Late, name o f a brook in southern Latvia, from Indo-European lat- ‘w et’, akin to Latin latex ‘ fluid’ and to Old High Ger­ man letto ‘ clay’ ). “letra ‘ letter (written sym bol o f a speech sound)’ ( letrero ‘ label, sign’ ): Latin littera ‘ letter’. Related words: literario, literatu­ ra. letrina ‘ latrine’ , m odification o f Latin latrina ‘ toilet, latrine’ , contraction o f lavatrina ‘bath’, ultimately from Indo-European law-, variant o f lou- ‘ to wash’ (see “lo­

ley

ción). leucemia ‘ leukemia’ (first used in German, Leukemia, before 1855): leuc- ‘ leukocyte’ (from leucocito ‘ leukocyte’ ; see leucocito, “ luz) + -emia ‘ b lo o d ’, from Greek -aimia, from haima ‘ b lo o d ’ (see °hemofilia). leucocito ‘ leukocyte’ : leuco- ‘ white’ (from Greek leuko-, from leukós ‘ white; clear’ , from Indo-European leuk- ‘ light, bright­ ness’ ; see “ luz) + -cito ‘ cell’ (see eritrocito, “cutis). levadura ‘ yeast, leaven’ : obsolete levar ‘ to raise’ (underlying meaning: ‘substance that makes dough raise’ ). See levantar, “ leve. levantar ‘ to raise, elevate’ : obsolete levar ‘ to raise’ (influenced by Latin levant-, stem o f levans, present participle o f levare ‘to raise’ ), from Latin levare ‘ to raise, lighten’ , from levis ‘ light (in weight)’ (see “leve) + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-a r'). “leve ‘light (in weight)’ : Latin levis, from Indo-European legwh-i-, from legwh‘ light (in weight)’ . Related words: alijar, aliviar, carnaval, elevar, levadura, levan­ tar, ligero, liviano, llevar, relevar, relieve, sublevar-, probably: abrelatas, lata. levita ‘ frock coat’ : French lévite ‘ frock coa t’, from its supposed resemblance to the garments worn b y Levites (assistants to the Temple priests) — as they were repre­ sented in France in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in plays such as Racine’s Athalie (1 6 9 0 ) as well as in paintings — from lévite ‘ Levite (member o f the Hebrew tribe o f Levi assigned to assist the Temple priests)’, from Late Latin levita, levites, from Greek leuites ‘ Levite’ , from Leui ‘ Levi (son o f Jacob by Leah and ancestor o f the Levites [Genesis 2 9 .3 4 ])’ (from Hebrew Lewi ‘ Levi’, literally = ‘Joining’) + -¡'fes ‘o f ’ (see°-¡fa2). levógiro ‘ levorotatory, levogyre’ : levo- ‘to the left’ (from Latin laevus ‘ left’ , from Indo-European laiwo- ‘ left’ [source, like­ wise, o f Russian levyy ‘ left’ ]) + -giro ‘ turning’, from Latin gyrus ‘ circular m o­ tion, turn, circle’ (see “giro). léxico ‘ lexicon’ : Late Greek lexikón ‘ lexicon, dictionary’ , from lexikón, neuter o f lexikós ‘ o f words’ , from Greek lexis ‘word, speech, phrase’ (from légein ‘ to speak’ ; see -logo, “ leer) + -ikós ‘ o f (see °-ico2). ley ‘ law, statute’ : Latin legem, accusative o f lex (stem leg-) ‘ law’ (probable underlying

leyenda

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+ -tas ‘ state’ (see °-tad). meaning: ‘ collection o f rules’ ; from Indolibertinaje ‘ libertinism in con duct’ : French European leg- ‘ to collect’ [see °leer]). libertinage ‘ libertinism in conduct’, from leyenda ‘ legend’ : Medieval Latin legenda libertin ‘ libertine (dissolute person)’, ‘ story o f a saint’s life’ , from Latin legenda from obsolete French libertin ‘ freethinker ‘ things for reading’, plural o f legendum, in religious matters’ , from Latin libertinus neuter o f legendus ‘to be read’ , gerundive o f legere ‘to read’ (see °leer). (noun) ‘ freed slave’ , from libertinus (ad­ liar ‘to tie, bind’, probably from French Her jective) ‘ o f a freed slave’ , from libertus ‘ to tie, bind’ (from Latin ligare ‘ to tie’ ; ‘ freed slave, set free’ (from liber ‘ free’ ; see °libre) + -inus ‘ o f ’ (see °-ino). see ° ligar). Líbano ‘ Lebanon (country; Arabic Lubnan)’ , Libia ‘ Libya (country; Arabic L ib iya )’ : Latin Libya (first century B.C.), Libua (second from Líbano ‘ Lebanon (Mountains)’ , a century B.C.), L ibye (first century o f the range that extends along most o f the Christian era), from Greek L ibye (around length o f the country, from Latin Libanus eighth century B.C.), a term o f varying (first century o f the Christian era), from Greek Líbanos, from Hebrew Levanon meaning referring to part o f North Africa. It probably derives from a local ethnic ‘ Lebanon (Mountains)’ (mentioned in name. Libyans are referred to — as LehaDeuteronomy and 1 Kings). The name al­ bim — in a part o f the Bible that was ready appears, as Labnanu, in Akkadian written around 900 B.C. (Genesis 10.13). writings o f the twenty-fourth century In Egyptian documents, the name Rbw, B.C.; it may be a Semitic transformation Lbw , probably pronounced lebu or libu, (by folk etym ology — compare Aramaic denoting peoples living west o f the Nile laban ‘white’, Hebrew lavan ‘ white’, valley, appears from the end o f the third A ra b iclaban ‘ milk’ [root Ibn], the range’s millenium B.C. highest peaks being almost always covered with snow) o f a pre-Semitic name, “libra ‘ pound (unit o f weight, and monetary unit o f several countries)’ : Latin libra “libar ‘to sip’ : Latin libare ‘ to taste, pour out ‘ pound (ancient Roman unit o f weight); (an offering)’, from Indo-European leibbalance, scale’ , probably o f Mediterranean ‘ to pour o u t’, from léi- ‘ to flow ’ . Related word: litoral, possibly: Lituania. origin. Related words: deliberar, equili­ libélula ‘dragonfly’ : New Latin libellula brio, libélula, lira1, nivel; probably: litro. ‘ dragonfly’ (first used in Sweden, 1737), librar ‘to free’ : Latin liberare ‘to free’, from from libella ‘ dragonfly’ (first used in En­ liber ‘ free’ (see °libre) + -are, an infinitive glish, 1634), from Latin libella ‘ level (de­ ending (see°-ar‘ ). vice for detecting variations from a hori­ “libre ‘ free’ : Latin liber ‘ free’, from Indozontal surface)’ (from the horizontal posi­ European leudh-ero- ‘ free’ , from leudhtion o f the dragonfly’s wings), diminutive ‘to grow’ (source, likewise, o f Gothic lin­ o f libra ‘ balance’ (see °libra). For Latin dan ‘ to grow’ , Old High German liut ‘ per­ -ella ‘ little one’, see -ela. son; people’ [German L eute ‘ people’ ], liberal ‘ liberal’ : Latin liberals ‘ generous, Russian lyudi ‘ people’ , Greek eleútheros noble, o f a freeman, o f freedom ’, from ‘ free’ ). Related words: liberal, Liberia, liber ‘ free’ (see “ libre) + -all's ‘ o f ’ (see °-al). libertad, libertinaje, librar, librea. Liberia ‘ Liberia (country)’ : English Liberia, librea ‘ livery (dress)’ : French livrée ‘ livery’ , a name given the country on its founding from Old French livree ‘dress given to in 1847, from New Latin Liberia, inten­ servants; allowance granted to servants’ , ded to mean ‘ Land o f the Free’ (from literally = ‘ something given, something Latin liber ‘ free’ [see °libre] + -ia ‘area, delivered’ , from livree, feminine o f livré, country’ [see -ia ]), a name given the area past participle o f livrer ‘to deliver’ , from around 1827, a few years after the begin­ Latin liberare ‘ to free’ (see librar, ’‘ libre). ning (around 1822) o f settlement by libro ‘b o o k ’ (libreta ‘ n oteb ook ’ ): Latin librum, accusative o f liber (stem libr-) recently freed United States slaves, ‘book ; inner bark o f a tree (used for libertad ‘ liberty’ (libertador ‘ liberator’ , liber­ writing material)’ , o f disputed origin, tar ‘to free’ ): Latin libertatem, accusative o f libertas (stem libertat-) ‘ freedom, state licencia ‘ license’ : Latin licentia ‘ permission, freedom ’ , from licent-, stem o f licens, o f being free’ , from liber ‘ free’ (see °libre)

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present participle o f licere ‘to be permit­ ted’ (see ° lícito). licenciado ‘graduate, licentiate’ : Medieval Latin licentiatus ‘ person w ho has a licence to practice a profession’, from licentiatus, past participle o f licentiare ‘to allow’ , from Latin licentia ‘ freedom, license’ (see licencia, "lícito). “lícito ‘ licit’ : Latin licitus ‘ licit, lawful, allowed’ , from licitus, past participle o f licere ‘ to be lawful, be permitted, be for sale’ . Related words: ilícito, licencia, li­ cenciado. licor ‘ liquor’ : Latin liquor ‘ a liquid, bever­ age’ , from liquere ‘ to be fluid’ (see "liquido). “lid ‘ fight’ : Latin litem, accusative o f lis (stem lit-) ‘ lawsuit’, from Old Latin stlis (stem stlit-). Related words: lidiar, litigio. lidiar ‘to fight’ : Latin litigare ‘ to quarrel, sue’ , from lit-, stem o f lis ‘ lawsuit’ (see °lid), + -igare, from agere ‘ to act, d o ’ (see ° agente). liebre ‘ hare’ : Latin leporem, accusative o f lepus (stem lepor ) ‘ hare’ . Liechtenstein ‘ Liechtenstein (country)’ , es­ tablished in 1719 when two lordships in the area were united under the house o f Liechtenstein. The house originated in the twelfth century (first mentioned in 1133) and takes its name from Liechten­ stein castle, near Modling (13 km south o f Vienna). The name o f the castle means ‘Light-Colored Stone’, from Middle High German lieht ‘ light (in color), bright’ (from Old High German lioht ‘ bright’ , also = ‘ a light’ , from Germanic liuhtam, from Indo-European leuk-to-, from leuk‘ light, brightness’ ; see °luz) + stein ‘ stone’ , from Old High German stein ‘ stone’ , from Germanic stainaz, from IndoEuropean stoi-no-, from stoi-, from stei‘ stone’ (see “ tungsteno). lienzo ‘ canvas’ : Vulgar Latin lenteu ‘ canvas’ , from Latin linteum ‘ linen cloth’ , from linteum, neuter o f linteus ‘ made o f linen’,, from linum ‘ flax, linen’ (see °lino). “ligar ‘ to tie, bind’ ( liga ‘ league; garter’ ): Latin ligare ‘ to tie’ , from Indo-European lig-d-, from lig-, from leig- ‘ to tie’ . Related words: aliar, liar, lío, obligar; possibly: religión, religioso. ligero ‘ light (in weight)’ : French léger Tight’, from Old French leger, from Vulgar Latin *leviarius, from Latin levis ‘ light’ (see

lím p id o

°leve). lila ‘ lilac (color, and flow er)’ : Arabic lilak ‘ lilac (color, and flower)’ , from Persian lilak, variant o f nilak ‘ lilac (co lo r)’ , from nil ‘ indigo’ (see °añil). lima 1 Time (citrus fruit and tree)’ : Arabic limah Time’ , from lim (a collective) Times’, from Persian limün ‘ lem on’ (see ° limón). lima 2 ‘ file (to o l)’ : Latin lima ‘ file, to o l for smoothing’, ultimately from Indo-Europe­ an lei- ‘ slimy, sm ooth’ (see °limo). Lima ‘ Lima (capital o f Peru)’ , alteration o f Quechua Rimac, name o f the river on the south bank o f which the tow n was founded (18 January 1535), from rimac ‘ speaker, talker’ (akin to Aymara limac ‘ speaker’ ), from rima ‘ speech’ (probable underlying meaning: ‘ the river that is in the territory o f those who can speak, o f those who speak Quechua’ ). lim bo ‘ lim bo; border’ : Medieval Latin limbus ‘ limbo, region on the border o f Hell for the souls kept from Heaven for lack o f baptism’ , from Latin limbus ‘border; hem, seam’ . limitar ‘ to limit’ : Latin limitare ‘to limit’ , from limit-, stem o f limes ‘ limit’ (see °lim ite), + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). “límite ‘ limit’ : Latin limitem, accusative o f limes (stem limit-) ‘ boundary, limit’. Related words: eliminar, ilimitado, limi­ tar, lindero, preliminar, sublime, umbral. “lim o ‘ slime, mud’ : Latin limus, from IndoEuropean lei-mo- ‘ slime, mud’ , from lei‘ slimy’ . Related words: Himalaya, lima2, linimento, litote-, probably: olvidar; possi­ bly: Nepal. “limón ‘ lem on’ : Arabic laymiin (a collective) ‘ lem on’ (variant limün), from Persian limün ‘ lemon’ . Related word: lima'. limosna ‘ alms’ : obsolete alimosna, from Late Latin eleem osyna ‘ alms’ , from Late Greek eleem osyne ‘ alms; pity’, from Greek eleem osyne ‘ pity’ , from eleem ón ‘ pitiful’ , from éleos ‘ pity’ (o f imitative origin?). limpiabotas ‘ bootblack’ : limpia ‘ cleans’ , third person singular o f the present indi­ cative o f limpiar ‘ to clean’ (from limpio ‘ clean’ ; see limpio, "lím pido), + botas ‘ b oots’ , plural o f bota ‘ b o o t’ (see bota2, "botar). “lím pido ‘ clear, clean, limpid’ : Latin limpidus ‘ clear’, o f disputed origin. Related

lim pio

words: limpiabotas, limpio. limpio ‘ clean’ (limpiar ‘to clean’, limpieza ‘ cleaning; cleanliness’ ): Late Latin limpidus ‘ clean’ , from Latin limpidus ‘ clear’ (see “ límpido). “lince ‘ lynx’ : Latin lyncem , accusative o f lynx (stem lync-), from Greek lynx ‘ lynx’ . Related word: onza1. lindero ‘ limit, boundary; contiguous’ : linde ‘ limit’, from obsolete limde, from Latin limitem, accusative o f limes (stem limit-) ‘boundary, limit’ (see “límite). lindo ‘ pretty, com ely’ : Undo ‘g ood ’ (compare bello), from obsolete Undo ‘ legitimate’ , from Latin legitimus (through *litmo, *lidm ó) ‘ legitimate’ (see legítimo, ley, “ leer). línea ‘ line’ : Latin linea ‘ thread; line’ , from linea, feminine o f lineus ‘made o f flax or linen’ , from linum ‘ flax, linen’ (see “ lino) + -eus ‘ made o f ’ (see °-e o 2). linfa ‘ lym ph’ : Latin lympha ‘ water (especial­ ly, clear or spring water)’ , m odification o f limpa, lumpa ‘water’ . lingüística (noun) ‘ linguistics’ : lingüista ‘ lin­ guist’ (from French linguiste ‘ linguist’ , from Latin lingu- ‘ language’ [from lingua ‘ language’ ; see ° lengua] + French -iste ‘ specialist’ [from Latin -ista ‘doer’ ; see -¡s fa ]) + -ica ‘ study’ (see -ica3). linimento ‘ liniment’ : Late Latin linimentum ‘ liniment’, from Latin linere, Uniré ‘to anoint, smear’ (from Indo-European li-n‘ to smear’, from U-, from lei- ‘ slimy’ ; see “ limo) + -mentum ‘ means o f ’ (see “-men­ tó). “lino ‘ flax’ : Latin linum ‘ flax, linen’ , from Indo-European lino- ‘ flax’. Related words: alinear, lienzo, línea, linóleo. linóleo ‘ linoleum’ : English linoleum ‘ material made with a mixture containing linseed oil’ (1863), from Latin linum ‘ flax’ (see “ lino) + oleum ‘ oil’ (see oleod u cto, “oli­ vo). linterna ‘ lantern’ : Latin lanterna ‘ lantern’ , from Greek lampter ‘ lantern, torch, stand for holding a torch’ (with an Etruscan suffix; compare cisterna), from lampéin ‘ to give light, shine’ (see “ lámpara). lío ‘ bundle; mess, jum ble’ : liar ‘ to tie’ (see liar, “ligar) + -o, a noun ending (see -o 4). liquen ‘lichen’ : Latin lichen, from Greek leikhen ‘ lichen’, literally = flicker’ (be­ cause this combination o f an alga and a fungus forms a growth on a rock or a tree

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trunk), from leikhein ‘to lick’ , from IndoEuropean leigh- ‘ to lick’ . “líquido ‘ liquid’ : Latin liquidus ‘ liquid, fluid’ , from liquere ‘ to be fluid’, from IndoEuropean wlik-w-e- ‘to be fluid’ , from wlik-, from wleik- ‘to flow , run’ . Related words: lejía, licor, prolijo. “lira1 ‘ lyre’ : Latin lyra, from Greek lyra ‘ lyre’. Related w ord: lírico. lira2 ‘ lira (monetary unit, Italy and some other countries)’ : Italian lira ‘ lira’, from Latin libra ‘ unit o f weight; balance’ (see “ libra). lírico ‘ lyric’ : Latin lyricus, from Greek lyrikós ‘lyric’ (underlying meaning: ‘ o f a category o f poetry that is appropriate for accompaniment b y a lyre’ ), from lyra ‘ lyre’ (see “ lira1) + -ikós ‘o f, characteristic o f ’ (see “-ico 1). lirio ‘ lily’ : obsolete lilio, from Latin lilium ‘ lily’, o f non-Indo-European (probably Mediterranean) origin (akin to the source o f Greek leirion ‘ lily’ ), lirón ‘ dorm ouse’, ultimately from Latin glir-, stem o f glis ‘ dorm ouse’ , possibly akin to Greek galee ‘ weasel, ferret’ . Lisboa ‘ Lisbon (capital o f Portugal)’ : Portu­ guese Lisboa (fourteenth century), from *Lisbona, from Arabic Lishbüna, Al-Lishbiina, from Vulgar Latin *Olisipona, from Latin Olisiponem, accusative o f Olisipo (second century B.C.), probably from its pre-Roman (possibly Phoenician) name, o f disputed origin. lisiado ‘ cripple’ : lisiar ‘ to cripple, hurt’ , from obsolete lisión, variant o f lesión ‘ lesion’ (see “ lesión), + -ar, an infinitive ending (see “-ar1). liso ‘ sm ooth; plain’ , o f much disputed origin, akin to French lisse and Italian liscio, both = ‘ sm ooth’ (perhaps akin to German leise flow, soft, gentle’, and probably not to Greek lissós ‘ sm ooth’ ). “lista ‘ list, roll, roster; stripe; strip’ : German­ ic listón ‘ edge, border, strip’ (source, like­ wise, o f Old High German lista ‘ edge, border’ ), from Indo-European leizd‘ border, strip’ . Related words: alistar, listón. listo ‘ready; clever’, o f much disputed origin, akin to Italian lesto ‘ quick’ , listón ‘ribbon’ : lista ‘ strip’ (see “lista). literario ‘ literary’ : Latin litterarius ‘ o f writ­ ing’ , from litterae ‘writing; letter (epistle)’, plural o f littera ‘ letter (written sym bol o f

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a speech sound)’ (see °letra). literatura ‘ literature’ : Latin litteratura ‘writ­ ing, grammar, learning’ , from litteratus ‘ literate, learned’ (underlying meaning: ‘ acquainted with writings’ ), from litterae ‘writing’ (see literario, °letra) + -atus ‘ characterized b y ’ (see -ado2). litigio ‘ lawsuit, litigation’ : Latin litigium ‘ quarrel, dispute’ , from litigare ‘ to quarrel, sue’ (see lidiar, °lid, °agente). “litografía ‘ lithography; lithograph’ (first used in German, Lithographie, around 1700): Greek lithos ‘ stone’ (related words: aero­ lito, m onolito, n eolítico, paleolítico) + -graphía ‘writing’ (see -grafía, °gráfico). litoral ‘ coast, littoral’ : Latin litoralis (adjec­ tive) ‘ o f the seashore’ , from litor-, stem o f litus ‘ seashore’ (from Indo-European led­ os ‘ area where water flows’ , from leit-, from lei- ‘ to flo w ’ ; see “libar), + -alis ‘ o f ’ (see °-al). For Indo-European -os-, see “-o r 1. litote ‘ litotes’ : Latin litotes, from Greek litótes ‘ litotes’ , from Utos ‘ simple, plain; (o f soup) thin’ , from Indo-European lei-to‘ sm ooth’ , from lei- ‘ slimy’ (see °limo). litro ‘ liter’ : French litre ‘ liter’, m odification o f obsolete litron, an old measure o f ca­ pacity, from Medieval Latin litra, measure o f capacity, from Greek litra, a unit o f weight, probably akin to Latin libra, a unit o f weight (see “ libra). Lituania ‘ Lithuania’ : Medieval Latin Lituania, Lietuvania (docum ented in 1009) ‘ Lithuania’, from Lituani, Lietuvani ‘ Li­ thuanians’, from Lithuanian Lietuva ‘ Li­ thuania’, o f disputed origin (possibly akin to Latin litus ‘ shore’ [se elitoral, “ libar], and therefore = ‘Area on the Shore’ ), liturgia ‘ liturgy’ : Late Latin liturgia ‘ liturgy, Christian rites’ , from Greek leitourgia ‘ lit­ urgy; public service, service o f a priest’ , from leitourgós ‘ public servant; priest’ , from leit-, stem o f leos ‘ people’ (variant o f laós ‘ people’ ; see ° laico), + -ourgós ‘ working’ (see cirugía, °energia). liviano ‘ light (in weight)’ : Vulgar Latin *levianus ‘ light’, from Latin levis ‘light’ (see °leve). lívido ‘ livid’ : Latin lividus ‘ livid; bluish’ , from livere ‘ to be bluish’, from IndoEuropean sli-wo- ‘ bluish’ , from sli- ‘ bluish’ (source, likewise, o f English sloe ‘ bluishblack fruit o f the blackthorn’ and o f Rus­ sian sliva ‘ plum’ ).

lo c o m o to ra

101 ‘ it (accusative); him’ : Vulgar Latin illu ‘ it; him’ (with loss o f the first syllable, be­ cause the Spanish word was used in un­ stressed position in the sentence), from Latin ilium, accusative o f ille ‘ that; he’ (see ° e l‘ ). 102 ‘ the (neuter)’ : Vulgar Latin illu ‘ the’ (with loss o f the first syllable, because the Spanish word was used in unstressed posi­ tion in the sentence), from illu demonstra­ tive pronoun, from Latin illud, neuter nominative o f the demonstrative pronoun ille ‘ that, that one, he’ (see “e /1). “loar ‘ to praise’ : obsolete laudar, from Latin laudare ‘ to praise’, from laud-, stem o f laus ‘ praise’ , + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). Related word: loor. lo b o ‘ w o lf’ : Latin lupus ‘ w olf’ (see °lúpulo). lóbrego ‘ dim’, probably from Latin lubricus ‘slippery; dangerous’, from Indo-European sleub-ro- ‘ slippery’ , from sleub-, variant o f sleubh- ‘ to slide, slip’. lóbulo ‘lobe’ : New Latin lobulus, diminutive o f Late Latin lobus ‘ lobe’, from Greek lobos ‘ pod o f a vegetable, lobe o f the ear, lobe o f the liver’ , from Indo-European lob-, from leb- ‘ to hang loosely’ (see °lapso). For Latin -ulus ‘ little one’ , see °-ulo. “local ‘ room , premises; local’ ( localización ‘ localization; location; tracking’, localizar ‘ to localize; to locate; to track’ ): Late Latin localis ‘ local, o f a place’ , from Latin locus ‘ place’ (from Old Latin stlocus, per­ haps from an Indo-European stl-o-ko‘ place’ , from stl-, from stel- ‘ to stand’ [see °instalar]; related words: colcha, colgar, colocar, locom otora, luego, lugar) + -alis ‘ o f ’ (see °-al). “loción ‘ lotion’ : Latin lotionem, accusative o f lotio (stem lotion-) ‘washing’, from lotus (also lautus), past participle o f lace­ re ‘ to wash’ , from Indo-European law-, variant o f lou- ‘ to wash’. Related words: ablución, diluvio, lava, lavabo, lavar, letrina-, possibly: loza, lozano. “lo c o ‘ mad, insane’ , o f uncertain origin. Re­ lated words: enloquecer, locura. locom otora ‘ locom otive’ (underlying mean­ ing: ‘ capable o f moving from place to place’, inspired b y English locom otive [noun, 18 2 9 ], from locom otive [adjec­ tive, 1612; locom otive steam engine, 1 8 1 5 ]), from Latin loco ‘ from place’ , ablative o f locus ‘ place’ (see °local) + a

locución substantivization o f the adjective m otor ‘ causing m otion’ (in the feminine; as in motora ‘ m otorboat’ [the usual feminine o f the adjective m otor is m otriz]), from m otor (noun) ‘a mover; m otor’ (see motor, °mover). locución ‘ locution’ : Latin locutionem, accu­ sative o f locutio (stem locution-) ‘ locu­ tion, speech, utterance’ , from locutus, past participle o f loqui ‘to speak’ (see °locutor), + -io ‘ act o f; result’ (see °-ión). locura ‘ folly ’ : loco ‘ mad’ (see °lo co ) + -ura ‘ being, state’ (see °-ura). "locutor ‘radio speaker’ : Latin locutor ‘ speak­ er’, from locutus, past participle o f loqui ‘ to speak’ (from Indo-European tlokw-, from tolkw- ‘ to speak’ ), + -or ‘ acting, doer’ (see “-o r 1). Related words: circun­ loquio, coloqu io, elocuente, interlocutor, locución, ventrílocuo. lo d o ‘ mud’ : Latin lutum ‘ mud’, from IndoEuropean lu-to- ‘ dirt, mud’ , from lu-, from leu- ‘ dirt’ . logaritmo ‘logarithm’ : New Latin logarithmus ‘ logarithm’ (1614), from log- ‘ reckoning; word; thought’ (from Greek logos ‘reck­ oning, account, ratio, reason, word, speech’ ; see -logia, °leer) + Greek arithmós ‘number’ (see aritmética, °arma). Probable underlying meaning: ‘ number that helps in reckoning’ . -logia ‘study, science; expression’ , as in biología, ecología, etimología, fisiología, geología: Greek -logia ‘study, discussion, expression’ (sometimes through Latin -logia), from logos ‘word, speech, reason’ (from Indo-European log-o‘word, speech’ , from log-, from leg- ‘ to collect; to speak’ ; see °leer) + -ia ‘ condition, activ­ ity’ (see -ia). Some Spanish words in -logia derive from words in -logo and vice versa. lógica ‘ logic’ : Late Latin lógica, from Greek logiké ‘ logic’, from logiké, feminine o f logikós ‘ logical, o f reasoning’ (see lógico, -logia, °leer). lógico ‘ logical’ : Latin logicus ‘ logical, reason­ able’, from Greek logikós ‘ logical, o f rea­ soning, o f speech’, from logos ‘ speech, reason’ (see -logia, °leer) + -ikós ‘ o f ’ (see °-ico2). -logo (unstressed suffix) ‘ specialist; dis­ course’, as in biólogo, filólogo, prólogo, psicólogo, z o ó lo g o : Latin -logus, from Greek -logos ‘ specialist; discourse’ , either from légein ‘ to speak, say; to gather, co l­

322 lect’ (from Indo-European leg- ‘to collect’ ; see °leer), or from logos ‘ word, speech, reason’ (see -logia, °leer). Some Spanish words in -logo derive from words in -logia and vice versa. lograr ‘ to get, obtain’ : Latin lucrari ‘ to profit, gain’, from lucrum ‘ gain, profit’, from Indo-European lu-tlo-, from lu-, variant o f lau- ‘ gain’ (see °galardón). loma ‘ hill’ : lom o ‘ loin’ (see °lom o). lom briz ‘ worm , earthworm’ : Vulgar Latin lumbrice, accusative o f lumbrix or o f lumbrici, from Latin lumbricus ‘ earth­ w orm ’ (accusative lumbricum). “lom o ‘ loin’ : Latin lumbus ‘ loin’ , from IndoEuropean londh-wo-, from londh-, from lendh- ‘ loin’. Related words: loma, solo­ millo. Iona ‘ canvas’ : obsolete alona, from olona ‘ canvas’ , from Olonne, French town (65 km northwest o f La Rochelle) where much canvas was woven. Londres ‘ London (city, United Kingdom )’ : French Londres, from Old English Lundres, variant o f Lundenne (A.D. 839; the source o f Middle English Lundin [1 2 0 5 ] and London [whence English L on d on ]), from Latin Londinium, Lundinium (b e­ fore A.D. 6 8 ) ‘ L ondon ’ , from Celtic londos ‘ wild (adjective)’ (either directly or through a form *Londinos, which could be the name o f a person or o f a people), akin to Old Irish lond ‘wild’ , longaniza ‘pork sausage’ : Vulgar Latin lucanicia, from Latin lucanica ‘a kind o f meat sausage’ (compare modern Venetian luganega and modern Greek loukániko, both = ‘sausage’ ), literally = ‘ from Luca­ rna’, from the fact that this kind o f sau­ sage was made in Lucania, from lucanica, feminine o f lucanicus ‘ Lucanian’, from Lucania ‘ Lucania’ (present Basilicata, a region o f southern Italy), from Lucani (first century B.C.), a people o f southern Italy. longevo ‘ long-lived, longevous’ : Latin longaevus ‘ long-lived, living to a great age’ , from longus ‘ long’ (see °longitud) + aevum ‘ age, lifetime, eternity’, from Indo-European aiwo- ‘ age, life’ (see °eterno). “longitud ‘ length; longitude’ : Latin longitudo ‘ length’, from longi- ‘ long’ (from longus ‘ long’ ; related words: longevo, lonja', lontananza (en — ), luengo, prolongar) + -tudo ‘ condition’ (see °-tud).

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lonja 1 ‘strip; slice’: Old French longe (noun) ‘ long strap used to lead a horse’, from longe (adjective), feminine o f lone, long ‘ long’, from Latin longus ‘ long’ (s e e ° longi­ tud). “lonja 2 ‘ exchange, sales room ’ : regional Cata­ lan llonja (Catalan llotja) ‘ exchange, sales room ’, from Old French loge ‘ dwelling, shelter, shed’ , from Frankish *laubja ‘ shed; cloister’, from Germanic laubja ‘ shelter’ (underlying meaning: ‘ r o o f made from barks’ ), from Indo-European leup‘ to peel, peel o ff, break o f f ’. Related word: alojar. lontananza (en — ) ‘ far (adverb)’ : Italian (in) lontananza ‘ far (adverb)’, from lontananza ‘ state o f being far o f f ’ , from lontano ‘ far (adjective and adverb)’ (from Vulgar Latin *longitanus ‘ far’ , from Latin longus ‘ long’ ; see "longitud) + -anza ‘ state’ , from Latin -antia ‘state’ (see -ancia). loor ‘ praise’ : loar ‘ to praise’ (see °loar) + -or ‘ activity’ (see -o r 2). López, family name: obsolete L ópez, a patronymic (L op ece, 1090), literally = ‘ L ope’s son; L ope’s daughter’, from Lope, a masculine given name — A.D. 975 — (originally, apocopated form o f obsolete L op o used before patronymics, from L op o, a masculine given name, from Latin Lupus, a Roman surname [first cen­ tury B.C. ], from lupus ‘w o lf’ [see "lúpu­ lo ]), + ~ez ‘ son o f; daughter o f ’, a patro­ nymic suffix (see -ez2). Lorenzo, a masculine given name, see San L orenzo. loro ‘ parrot’ , probably from Carib loro, roro ‘ parrot’. los 1 ‘ them (accusative)’ : Vulgar Latin illos ‘ them’ (with loss o f the first syllable, b e­ cause the Spanish word was used in un­ stressed position in the sentence), from Latin illos, masculine accusative plural o f ille ‘that; he’ (see °e l '). los 2 ‘ the (masculine plural)’ : Vulgar Latin illos ‘ the’ (with loss o f the first syllable, because the Spanish word was used in un­ stressed position in the sentence), from illos ‘ them’ (see lo s ', °el'). Los Angeles ‘ Los Angeles (city, United States)’. In 1769, Spanish explorers came to the present Los Angeles river. It was 2 August, the day o f a Catholic church indulgence (first granted in 1 2 2 1 ) called o f the Portiuncula (Spanish Porciúncula)

Lourdes

after an oratory (Italian Porziuncola, literally = ‘ Little Portion (o f land)’ ) in the church o f Saint Mary o f the Angels (Italian Santa Maria degli Angelí or Angioli), 5 km from Assisi, Italy (the present church building was begun in 1569 and it was therefore also its bicen­ tennial. The oratory existed at the time o f Saint Francis o f Assisi [1182?—1226], who started there his Franciscan order). The explorers called the river Porciúncula, but when the present city o f Los Angeles was founded, on 4 September 1781, it was given the more specific name o f El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Angeles de la Porciúncula, literally = ‘ The Town o f our Lady Queen o f the Angels o f the Little Portion’ . This name was later shortened to the present Los Angeles. lote Tot, share, share o f land’ : French lot Tot, share, part, allotment’, from Frank­ ish *lot Tot, share’ , from Germanic hluta‘ lot, share’ (source, likewise, o f Old High German luz ‘ share o f land’ and Gothic hlauts ‘ lo t’ ), possibly from Indo-European kléu- ‘ hook; peg’ (from the use o f pegs in determining a question b y chance?). See °clave. lotería ‘ lottery’ : French loterie ‘ lottery’, from Middle Dutch loterije ‘ lottery’ , from lot Tot, share’ , from Germanic hluta- Tot, share’ (see lote, "clave). lo to ‘ lotus’ : Latin lotus ‘ lotus’, from Greek lotos ‘ lotus; (in Greek legend) fruit eaten by the Lotophagi or lotus-eaters, that brought them dreamy content and made foreigners who ate it forget home and friends (Odyssey, 9 )’ , o f Semitic origin (akin to Hebrew lot ‘ myrrh’ ). Lourdes, feminine given name, originally María de Lourdes, literally = ‘Mary o f Lourdes’ (compare Carmen), from Lour­ des, a town in southwest France. The name refers to apparitions o f Mary, mother o f Jesus, near Lourdes. According to the Catholic church, she appeared eighteen times in 1858. A chapel was built in 1862; an 11 February feast com m em o­ rating the apparitions was instituted in 1891, by Leo XIII. The French placename Lourdes, which until 1789 had been spelled Lourde (and appears in a Provengal document o f 1216 as Lourda), derives from Lorde, a Basque place-name, from lordé, lorrde ‘ rugged slope’.

loza

loza ‘ earthenware, porcelain’ , possibly from Latin lautia ‘ entertainment for distin­ guished guests’ , from lautus ‘ rich, splen­ did, sumptuous’, from lautus ‘washed, bathed’ (see °loción). lozano ‘vigorous’, possibly from Vulgar Latin *lautianus ‘ elegant, beautiful’, from Latin lautus ‘rich, splendid’ (see loza, °loción). lucero ‘ bright star or planet; Venus (planet)’ : luz ‘ a light’ (see °luz) + -ero ‘ of, con ­ nected with’ (see -ero2). Lucía, a feminine given name, see Santa Lucia. lúcido ‘ lucid, rational, sane, clear in reason­ ing’ : Latin lucidus ‘ clear, rational; clear, bright’ , from lucere ‘ to shine’ (see lucir, °luz). lucir ‘ to shine’ : Latin lucere ‘ to shine’, from Indo-European louk-eyo- ‘ to shine’, from louk-, from leuk- ‘ to shine; the light’ (see “luz). luchar ‘ to fight’ ( lucha ‘ struggle’ ): Latin luctare, luctari ‘to wrestle, contend’ (orig­ inally a gymnastic term), from IndoEuropean lug-to- ‘ to wrestle; to bend, twist oneself’, from lug-, from leug- ‘ to bend, turn’ (see °lujo). luego ‘ at on ce’ (later meanings: ‘ later; there­ fore’ ; hasta luego ‘ so long’ ): Vulgar Latin loco ‘ at once’ (from Latin loco ‘ at the place’ ), corresponding to Latin ilico ‘ in that very place, there’ , from in loco ‘ in the place’ , from in ‘ in’ (see °en) + loco ‘ at the place’, ablative o f locus ‘ place’ (see “ local). luengo (seldom used today) ‘long’: Latin longus ‘ long’ (see “ longitud). lugar ‘ place; room , space’ : obsolete logar ‘ place’ , from locar ‘ place’ , with dissimila­ tion o f the second -I-, from Late Latin localis ‘ o f a place, local’ (see “ local). °lúgubre ‘ sad, gloom y’ : Latin lugubris ‘ mournful’, from lugere ‘ to mourn’ (underlying meaning: ‘ to break down mentally, becom e distressed’ ), from IndoEuropean leug- ‘ to break’ . Related word: luto. Luis, masculine given name (corresponding to English Louis and Lewis): Old French Louis, from Medieval Latin Ludovicus (the Germanic name has also been Latin­ ized as Clodovicus, whence the early French form Clovis), from Old High Ger­ man Hluodowig, a masculine given name

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(German Ludwig), literally = ‘ Famous Warrior’ or ‘ Famous in Battle’ (but see paragraph 24 o f the Introduction), from Germanic hluth- ‘ heard, loud, fam ed’ (from Indo-European klu-to- ‘ heard’, participial form o f klu- [for other descen­ dants o f the Indo-European participial -to-, see a lto], from kleu- ‘ to hear’ ; see “C lio) + Old High German wig ‘ war; bat­ tle’, from Indo-European weik- ‘ strength; to conquer’ (see “veneer). Luisiana ‘ Louisiana (state, United States)’ , adaptation o f French Louisiane ‘ Louisiana (former French territory in the area — named around 1682 for Louis XIV [1638—1 7 1 5 ], king o f France [1643— 1 7 1 5 ]), from Luis (see Luis; “C lio) + -iana, feminine o f -iano ‘ o f ’ (see -iano, °-ano' ). °lujo ‘ luxury’ ( lujoso ‘ luxurious’ ): Latin luxus ‘ luxury; excess’ (originally used o f plants [com pare Greek lygos ‘ withe’ ]; underlying meaning: ‘ plant that grows excessively or grows bending’ ), from Indo-European lug-so- ‘ bending’ , from lug-, from leug- ‘ to bend, turn’ . Related word: luchar. lumbre ‘ fire’ ( lumbrera ‘ luminary; skylight (opening)’ ): Vulgar Latin lumine, accusa­ tive o f lumen ‘ light; lamp, torch’ , from Latin lumen (stem lumin-) ‘ light’ , from Indo-European leuk-smen- ‘ light’, from leuk- ‘ the light; to shine’ (see °luz). luminoso ‘ luminous’ : Latin luminosus ‘ full o f light’, from lumin-, stem o f lumen ‘ light’ (see lumbre, “ luz) + -osus ‘ having, abounding in’ (see -oso). luna ‘m oon ’ : Latin luna ‘ m oon ’, from IndoEuropean leuk-sna- ‘ m oon; light’, from leuk- ‘the light; to shine’ (see °luz). luna de miel ‘ honeym oon’, probably transla­ tion o f English h oneym oon (around 1550; from honey ‘ something that is sweet’ + m oon ‘ month, lunar m onth’ ; underlying meaning: ‘ sweet m onth’, the first month o f marriage being thought o f as the sweet­ est or most harmonious [the idea that the m oon is no sooner full than it begins to wane may also have intervened ]), from luna ‘ month, lunar m onth; m oon ’ (see luna) + de ‘ o f’ (see de2) + miel ‘ honey’ (see miel). lunar ‘ lunar’ : Latin lunaris ‘ lunar’ , from luna ‘ m oon ’ (see luna, “ luz) + -aris ‘ o f ’ (see -a r2).

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lunático ‘ lunatic’ : Late Latin lunaticus ‘crazy’ (underlying meaning: ‘affected by the changes o f the m oon ’ , part o f the superstitious inheritance o f astrology; compare English moonstruck ‘ crazy’ and first century Greek seléniázomai ‘ to be epileptic’ [from selene ‘ m oon ’ ]), from Latin luna ‘ m oon ’ (see luna, °luz) + -aticus ‘ of, related t o ’ (see -ático). lunes ‘ Monday’ : Vulgar Latin lunis (dies) ‘ M onday’, from Late Latin lunae dies, on the analogy o f Jovis, Martis, Veneris (compare jueves, martes, viernes', miérco­ les), literally = ‘M oon ’s day’, from Latin lunae ‘ o f the m oon ’ , genitive o f luna ‘ m oon ’ (see luna, °luz), + dies ‘ day’ (see día). The Late Latin name o f the day is a translation o f Greek héméra Setenes, literally = ‘ day o f the M oon ’ . "lúpulo ‘ hop (plant)’ : New Latin lupulus ‘ h op’ , diminutive o f Latin lupus ‘ h op’, from lupus ‘ w o lf’ (probably from the belief that this plant destroyed the soil “ likea w o lf” ), from Indo-European lupo-, variant o f wlkwo- ‘w o lf’ . Related words: lobo, L óp ez, Raúl-, probably: robalo. For Latin -ulus Tittle one’, see °-ulo. lustre ‘ polish, luster’ ( lustrar ‘ to polish; to lústrate’ ): fcatalan Ilustre ‘ polish’ , from Italian lustro ‘ polish’, from lustrare ‘ to make bright’, from Latin lustrare ‘ to en­ lighten, make bright, purify’, from IndoEuropean leuk-stro- ‘ illumination’, from leuk- ‘ the light’ (see °luz). luto ‘ mourning’ : Latin luctus ‘ sorrow, mourning; mourning apparel’ , from luctus, past participle o f lugere ‘to mourn’ (see

Lu zon

° lúgubre). Luxemburgo ‘ Luxembourg (country and its capital; Luxembourgian L etzeburg)'. The country was named for the town, whose name derives from Middle High German Liitzelburg, Liitzelburc, from Old High German Lucilinburhuc (A.D. 963), literal­ ly = ‘ Little Castle’ , originally the name o f a castle there, from luzzil Tittle’ (Middle High German liitzel) — from Germanic lüt-, from Indo-European leud- Tittle, small’ — + burg, burc, buruc ‘ fortified town, fortress, castle’ (Middle High Ger­ man burc), from Germanic burgs ‘ fortified town, hill fort’ (see °-burgo). °luz Tight’ : Latin lucem, accusative o f lux (stem luc-) ‘ light’, from Indo-European leuk- ‘ the light; to shine’ . Related words: alumbrar, deslumbrar, iluminar, ilustrar, ilustre, leucemia, leucocito, Liechten­ stein, lucero, lúcido, lucir, lumbre, lumi­ noso, luna, lunar, lunático, lunes, lustre, Luz, reluciente, vislumbrar-, probably: Oslo, Santa Lucía', possibly: Nicosia. Luz, feminine given name, originally short for María de la Luz, a feminine given name, literally = ‘Mary o f Light’ (compare Carmen), one o f the aspects o f the mother o f Jesus in the popular cult (see °luz). Luzon ‘ Luzon (island, Philippines)’, possibly from Tagalog lusóng ‘ mortar’ (large w o o d ­ en mortars used to hull rice stand in front o f many o f the houses on the island). An­ other etym ology has been suggested — from Spanish luzón, which would mean ‘ big light’, from luz Tight’ + -ón, an aug­ mentative ending.

LL Daga ‘sore’ : Latin plaga ‘ wound’ (see °plaga). Dama1 ‘ flame’ : Latin flamma, from Old Latin *flag-ma ‘ flame’, from Indo-European bhleg-, bhelg- ‘ to shine, burn’ , variants o f bhel- ‘ to shine, burn’ (see ° bianco). Dama2 ‘ llama’ : Quechua llama ‘ llama’. Damar ‘ to call; to knock (at d o o r)’ : Latin clamare ‘ to call, cry ou t’ (see °clamar). Doublet: clamar. Dano1 ‘ a plain’ : Latin planum ‘ a plain’ , from planum, neuter o f planus ‘ level, flat’ (see llano2, °Polonia). Dano 2 ‘ level, flat’ : Latin planus ‘ level, flat’ , from Indo-European pla-no- ‘ flat’, from pla- (from pie-, variant o f pel- ‘ broad and flat; to spread’ ; see °Polonia) + -no-, a suf­ fix forming verbal adjectives (see digno). Doublet: p ia n o '. Danta ‘ tire (o f a wheel)’, probably from Old French jante ‘ rim o f a wheel’ , from Celtic cambita ‘ rim o f a wheel’, from cambos ‘ curved’ (source, likewise, o f Old Irish camm ‘ crooked’ ; see °cambiar). Danto ‘ weeping’ : Latinplanetas ‘wailing, lam­ entation, beating o f on e’s breast, beating’ , from planctus, past participle o f plangere ‘ to strike, beat, beat on e’s breast, lament’ , from Indo-European pla-n-g- ‘ to strike, beat’, from plag-, from plak- ‘ to strike’ (see °plaga). Danura ‘ plain (n ou n)’ : llanura ‘ state o f being level or flat’ , from llano ‘ level, flat’ (see llano2, °Polonia) + -ura ‘ being’ (see °-ura).

Dave ‘key’ : Latin clavem, accusative o f clavis ‘ key’ (see °clave). Degar ‘ to arrive’ ( llegada ‘ arrival’ , llegar a ser ‘ to b ecom e’ ): Late Latin plicare ‘to turn; to approach’ , from Latin plicare ‘ to fold ’ (see °plegar). Deno ‘ full’ (llenar ‘ to fill’ ): Latin plenus ‘ full’ (see °pleno). Doublet: pleno. Devar ‘ to carry; to lead; to take; to wear (clothes)’ : obsolete levar ‘ to carry’ (in­ fluenced by certain forms o f its conjuga. tion; compare, for instance, the old present indicative lievo, lievas, lieva. These forms became llevo, etc., and later levamos, levades, became llevamos, llevades, etc.), from Latin levare ‘ to raise, lift’ (see elevar, °leve). Dorar ‘ to w eep’ : Latin plorare ‘ to weep, wail’ (see ° implorar). °flover ‘ to rain’ : Vulgar Latin plovere, from Latin pluere, pluvere ‘ to rain’, from IndoEuropean pleu- ‘to flo w ’ . Related words: chubasco, Dublin, flecha, flota, flotar, lluvia, plutocracia, Plutón, pluvióm etro, pulmón. LlullaiDaco ‘ Llullaillaco (peak, Chile)’ , prob­ ably o f Quechua origin, = ‘ deceiving’ , from llullay ‘ to deceive’ (com pare Quechua Hulla ‘ a lie; liar’ ). Duvia ‘rain’ ( lluvioso ‘ rainy’ ): Latin pluvia ‘ rain’ , from pluvia, feminine o f pluvius ‘ rainy’, from pluere, pluvere ‘ to rain’ (see ° Hover).

M -ma, an ending o f (generally masculine) nouns, as in carcinoma, fonem a, prisma, sofisma, teorema: Greek -ma (stem -mat-), a suffix forming third-declension neuter nouns that generally indicate the result of verbal action, from Indo-European -men(see °-m entó). “macana ‘ cudgel’ : Taino macana ‘ cudgel’ . Related word: macanudo. macanudo ‘ (Argentina) wonderful, excel­ lent’: macana ‘lie, exaggeration’, from macana ‘ cudgel’ (see °macana), through the ideas ‘as big as a cudgel’, ‘extraordi­ nary (in size)’ , ‘ extraordinary (in quality)’ . Macao ‘Macao (island and tow n; Chinese A o-m en [= ‘ Bay Gate’ , from ao ‘ bay, bank, high shore’ + m en 'gate, entrance’ ]): Portuguese Macau, from obsolete Macoao ‘Macao’ (around 1557), from a-ma-gao, local (Cantonese) pronunciation o f Chi­ nese A-ma-jiang, literally = ‘ Bay o f A-ma’, from A-ma, name o f a local goddess, patroness o f sailors and fishermen, whose temple the Portuguese saw there in the sixteenth century (from a, a prefix used with names and designations o f people, + ma ‘ m other’ ), + jiang ‘bay, harbor, lagoon’ (for jiang, compare Hong Kong). macarrón ‘ macaroni; m acaroon’ : obsolete and regional Italian (Naples) maccarone (Italian maccherone, used mainly in the plural — maccheroni) ‘ macaroni’ (also = ‘ dumpling, small cake’ ), o f disputed ori­ gin. maceta ‘ flow erpot’, possibly from mazo ‘ bunch o f flowers; bunch; mallet’ (see °mazo). macizo ‘ massive’ , irregularly from masa ‘ mass’ (see masa, ° maquillaje). machacar ‘to crush’ : machar ‘ to pound with a m ace’ , from macho ‘mace’ (see machete, °m azo) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). machete ‘ machete, knife’ , probably from macho ‘ mace, club, ax’, Mozarabic variant (compare ch e2) o f mazo ‘ mallet’ (see °mazo). “macho ‘ male’ : Vulgar Latin masclu, masculu ‘ male’ , from Latin masculus (adjective and noun) ‘ male, manly’ , literally = ‘ little

male’ , from mas (adjective and noun) ‘ male’ + -cuius ‘ little’ (see -cu lo', °-ulo). Related word: masculino. Madagascar ‘Madagascar (island and coun­ try)’ : Portuguese Madagascar ‘Madagascar (the island)’ (documented in 1502), from Medieval Latin Madagascar (1491), name o f an imaginary island in the area, with which the present Madagascar was identi­ fied around 1500, from Madeigascar (also Madagosho, Madagascar), the name o f an African island-kingdom in The B ook o f Marco P olo (end o f the thirteenth centu­ ry). Polo had given the name on hearsay (akin to Mogadiscio [capital o f Soma­ lia ]?); it may derive from Arabic *Madaghashbar (for the second element, -bar, compare Arabic Zanjibar, under Tanza­ nia), = ‘ Coast o f the Malagasies’ (see mal­ gache ‘Malagasy’ ). madeja ‘ skein’ : Late Latin mataxa, metaxa ‘ raw silk’, from Late Greek mátaxa, métaxa ‘ raw silk’, possibly (b y metathesis) from Damaskós ‘ Damascus’ (see Damas­ co ), a city famous for its silk fabrics in ancient times. madera ‘ w o o d ’ : Latin materia ‘ tree trunk; timber, w ood , material, matter’ (underly­ ing idea: ‘ the trunk is the “ mother” o f the tree’ ), from Indo-European mater‘ m other’ (see madre, “mamá). For Latin materia = ‘ matter, material’ , hence ‘ build­ ing material, timber’ , compare the o p p o ­ site development in Greek hylé ‘ forest’, hence ‘ timber’ , hence ‘ material, matter’. madre ‘ m other’ : Latin matrem, accusative o f mater ‘ m other’, from Indo-European ma­ ter- ‘ m other’, from ma-, a child’s word for ‘ m other’ (see °mamá), + -ter-, a suffix used with terms o f relationship (compare the endings o f English brother, daughter, o f Latin frater ‘brother’ [see fraternal], pater ‘ father’ [see padre], and o f Sanskrit bhratar- ‘ brother’ , jamatar- ‘ son-in-law’ , yátar- ‘sister-in-law’, all o f which derive from Indo-European -ter-). madreselva ‘ honeysuckle’ : madre ‘ mother’ (see madre, °mamá) + selva ‘forest’ (see °selva), with the underlying idea that, in the forest, honeysuckle is like a mother

embracing her child (when this vine climbs over another plant b y twining). Madrid (1202) ‘Madrid (city, Spain; capital o f Spain since 1561)’ , probably a merging o f Old Spanish Madrit ‘Madrid’ (1176; from Vulgar Latin *Matrice [see b e lo w ]) and o f Arabic Majrit (before 1226, but referring to the ninth century. Written Magerit in the Roman alphabet [ge stands for Arabic j ]; documented at the begin­ ning o f the eleventh century, but referring to A.D. 931 or 932; and in Medieval Latin Mageritum from 1145 and Mageridum from 1143), name o f a small Moorish hill-fort (built in the second half o f the ninth century, before 8 8 8 ) around and below which there was a little pre-Moorish town ( *Matrice) which later grew to becom e the present city. Arabic Majrit was an adaptation (based on Arabic majrá ‘ river bed, (water) current’ [root: jry ‘ to run, flow ’ ] and on regional Arabic [Spain] -it ‘ many’ [from Latin -etum ‘ group o f (plants, e tc.)’ ; see -edo, °-eda], found in old Spanish in many place names that now end in -et, -efe, -id, -it, -ite, and therefore meaning ‘ many (underground) canals’ ) o f Vulgar Latin *Matrice, literally = ‘spring, source’ , from Latin matricem, accusative o f matrix ‘mother; source, ori­ gin’ (see matriz, madre, °mamá). The first tow n was probably near a water spring or a small affluent o f the Manzanares river; the hill-fort and the later town got their water (mainly groundwater) through underground canals built b y the Moors to the north and northeast (from the second half o f the ninth to the fifteenth century; also by the Spanish, from the sixteenth to the eighteenth). Madriz (town in Rioja, Spain; so written from 1137) also derives its name from M atrice(m) (A.D. 1030) but it was never spelled Madrit or Madrid. madrigal ‘ madrigal (medieval short poem, and unaccompanied part-song)’ : Italian madrigale ‘ madrigal’ , from Medieval Latin matricale ‘ madrigal’ , from *matricale, neuter o f *matricalis ‘simple’ (underlying meaning: ‘ simple as a child just sprung from the w om b’ ), from Latin matricalis ‘ o f the w om b ’, from matric-, stem o f matrix ‘w om b ’ (see matriz, madre, "ma­ má), + -alis ‘ o f ’ (see °-al). madrina ‘godm other’ : Vulgar Latin *matrina ‘ godm other’, from Latin matr-, stem o f

mater ‘mother’ (see madre, ° mamá), + -ina ‘ of, resembling’ (see -ina2, °-ino). madrugada ‘dawn’ : obsolete madurgada ‘dawn’, from madurgar ‘ to rise early’ (see madrugar, madurar, maduro, matutino, ° mañana). madrugar ‘to rise early’ : obsolete madurgar, from Vulgar Latin *maturicare ‘ to rise early’, from Latin maturare ‘to ripen, make ripe, hasten, make haste’ (see madu­ rar, maduro, matutino, °mañana). madurar ‘ to ripen, mature’ : Latin maturare ‘ to ripen’, from maturus ‘ripe’ (see madu­ ro, matutino, °mañana). maduro ‘ ripe, mature’ : Latin maturus ‘ripe, seasonable, mature’ , from Indo-European ma-tu-ro- ‘ ripe, seasonable’ , from ma-tu‘ at a good time, early’ (see matutino, ° mañana). maestro ‘ teacher, master’ (obra maestra ‘ masterpiece’ ): Latin magistrum, accusa­ tive o f magister (stem magistr-) ‘ master, teacher; high official’ (underlying mean­ ing: ‘ greater, superior’ , in contrast with minister ‘servant’ , literally = ‘ smaller’ ; compare ministro), from Indo-European mag-yos- ‘greater, larger’ (see mayor, °magnitud, °mejor). mágico ‘ magic’ : Greek magikós ‘ o f sorcery’ , from mágos ‘ sorcerer’ (see °mago) + -ikós ‘ o f ’ (see °-ico2). magisterio ‘ office or function o f a teacher’ : Latin magisterium ‘ office o f tutor or guardian; position o f a master’ , from magister ‘ master’ (see maestro, mayor, ° magnitud, °m ejor) + -ium, noun suffix (see -io). magistrado ‘ magistrate’ : Latin magistratus ‘ magistrate’, from magistratus ‘ magistracy, function o f a magistrate’, from magistr-, stem o f magister ‘master’ (see maestro, mayor, °magnitud, ° mejor), + -atus ‘o f ­ fice, function’ (see -ato2, -ado''). magnánimo ‘ magnanimous’ : Latin magnanimus ‘ magnanimous, showing a lofty spir­ it’, from magnus ‘ great’ (see "magnitud) + animus ‘ spirit, soul’ (see °ánimo). magnate ‘ magnate’ : Late Latin magnates, plural o f magnas ‘ person o f rank, great man’, from Latin magnus ‘ great’ (see "magnitud). °magnesia ‘ magnesia’ : Medieval Latin magne­ sia ‘ magnesia; manganese (ore; the element was first isolated in 1 7 74)’ , from Late Greek magnesia, any o f several ores, from

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Greek Magnesia ‘Magnesia (metalliferous region o f ancient Greece)’. Related word: magnético', probably: manganeso. magnético ‘ magnetic’ : Late Latin magneticus ‘ magnetic’ , from Latin magnet-, stem o f magnes ‘ magnet’ (from Greek mágnés ‘ magnet’, from Mágnés ‘ o f Magnesia’, from Magnesia ‘Magnesia’ ; see "magnesia), + -icus ‘ o f ’ (see °-ico2). magnífico ‘ magnificent’ : Latin magnificus ‘ magnificent, noble, splendid, great in deeds’, from magnus ‘ great’ (see °magni­ tud) + -ificus ‘ making, causing’ (see -ifico, -i-2, -fico, "hacer). “magnitud ‘ magnitude’ : Latin magnitudo ‘greatness’ , from magnus ‘ great’ (from Indo-European mag-no-, from mag-, from meg- ‘ large, great’ ; related words: además, amaestrar, demás, demasiado, jamás, maestro, magisterio, magistrado, magná­ nimo, magnate, magnifico, majestad, Mallorca, mas, más, máxima, máximo, mayo, mayor, mayúsculo, m egáfono, me­ galomanía, megaterio, mistral, tamaño', probably: matar, rematar-, possibly: Bom ­ bay) + -itudo ‘ state, condition’ (see -itud, -i-2, °-tud). magnolia ‘ magnolia’ : New Latin magnolia, so named in honor o f French botanist Pierre Magnol (1638—1715). The French family name Magnol probably derives from a place name (there are several villages o f this name in south central France). “mago ‘ magician’ : Latin magus ‘ sorcerer’ , from Greek mágos ‘ sorcerer’ , from Old Persian magush ‘ sorcerer; Zoroastrian priest (among the ancient Medes and Per­ sians)’. Related w ord: mágico. maguey ‘ maguey’ : Taino maguey ‘ maguey’. mahometano ‘Muhammadan’ : obsolete French mahométan ‘Muhammadan’ , from Mahomet ‘Muhammad (A.D. 570?—632, founder o f Islam)’, from Arabic Muham­ mad, a personal name, literally = ‘Praise­ w orthy; Praised’, from muhammad, pas­ sive participle o f hamida ‘ to praise, co m ­ mend’ (root: hmd\ the Arabic personal names Ahmad, Hamid [in ‘A bd al-Hamid, literally = ‘ Servant o f the Praiseworthy One’ ] , and Mahmud derive from the same root and have the same meanings as Mu­ hammad). maíz ‘ corn, maize’ : Taino mahiz, mahis, mays ‘maize’ . majadero ‘ obstinate fo o l’ : majadero ‘ pestle’

Malawi

(underlying idea: ‘ an obstinate fo o l an­ noys as a pestle grinds’ ), from majar ‘ to grind, mash’ (from obsolete majo ‘ ham­ mer’, from Latin malleus ‘ hammer’ ; see maleable, "m oler) + -adero ‘ serving fo r’ (see -adero2). majestad ‘ majesty’ : Late Latin majestatem, accusative o f majestas (stem majestat-) ‘ majesty, sovereign power’ , from Latin majestas ‘ sovereignpower; dignity, author­ ity, greatness’, from Indo-European magyes-, variant o f mag-yos- ‘ greater, larger’ (see mayor, "magnitud, "mejor). mal ‘badly; evil (noun); disease, malady’ : Latin male (adverb) ‘badly’, from malus (adjective) ‘ bad’ (see "malo). Malaca (Estrecho de) ‘ Malacca (Strait o f)’ : Malaca ‘Malacca, Malaka’, city in Malaysia, on the Strait o f Malacca, from Portuguese Malaca (1511), from Malay Melaka (four­ teenth century), o f disputed origin, pos­ sibly from mélaka, the tree (genus: Terminalia) that produces yellow myrobalans (from Sanskrit amalaka, this tree [d ocu ­ mented in the sixth or fifth century B .C .]), or from malakat ‘ market’, from Arabic malaka ‘ to own; to seize’ . Malay Melaka is probably not related to Melayu ‘Malay’ (see Malasia). Málaga ‘Málaga (city, Spain)’ : Latin Malaca ‘Málaga’ (around 50 B.C.), o f Phoenician origin (o f disputed meaning). malaquita ‘ malachite’ : French malachite, from Old French m elochite, from Latin m olochites, from Greek m olokhitis ‘ mala­ chite’ (underlying meaning: ‘ the mallowgreen stone’ ), from m olókhé, variant o f malákhé ‘ mallow’, o f non-Indo-European (probably Mediterranean) origin, akin to Latin malva ‘mallow’ (see °malva). Malasia‘Malaysia (country)’ : Malaya‘Malaya’ (influenced by Asia ‘ Asia (the continent)’ and b y French Malaisie [from Malais ‘Ma­ lay’ + -ie ‘ area, country’ ]), from malayo ‘ Malay’ (sixteenth century), from Malay Melayu (thirteenth century) ‘Malay’, o f disputed origin. Malay Melayu is probably not related to Melaka ‘Malacca (Malaysian city )’ (see Malaca). Malawi ‘Malawi (country)’ : Chewa Malawi ‘Malawi’ (name given on 6 July 1964 to what was then called Nyasaland), literally = ‘ Flames’ (ma- is a pluralizing prefix, but the singular in this case is also malawi, although a substandard lawi ‘ flame’ is

m alayo

occasionally heard), from the fact that the clear waters o f Lake Nyasa (which covers more than 2 0 % o f the country; also called Lake Malawi) look like flames under the Torrid Zone sun, especially at sunrise and sunset. The pronunciation maravi prevails along the shores o f the lake. Malawi’s flag has a red half sun on the top stripe. malayo ‘Malay’ , see Malasia. malcriado ‘ ill-bred’ : mal ‘ badly’ (see mal, °malo) + criado, past participle o f criar ‘ to bring up, breed’ (see criar, °cereal). maldad ‘ badness’ : Late Latin malitatem, ac­ cusative o f malitas (stem malitat-) ‘bad­ ness’ (in Latin, ‘ badness’ was malitia; see malicia), from Latin malus ‘ bad’ (see °malo) + -itas ‘ quality, condition’ (see -idad, -i-2, °-tad). maldecir ‘ to curse’ : Late Latin maledicere ‘ to curse’ , from Latin maledicere ‘ to speak evil o f ’, from male ‘ badly’ (see mal, °malo) + dicere ‘ to speak, say’ (see °decir). maldición ‘ curse, malediction’ : Late Latin maledictionem, accusative o f maledictio (stem malediction-) ‘ curse’, from maledictus ‘ accursed’ (see maldito, maldecir, mal, °malo, °decir). maldito ‘ accursed’ : Late Latin maledictus ‘ accursed’ , from maledictus, past partici­ ple o f maledicere ‘to curse’ (see maldecir, mal, °malo, °decir). Maldivas ‘Maldives (country; Divehi Divehi)’. The first element o f this name is o f dis­ puted origin, the second probably is Sin­ halese or Divehi diva ‘ island’ (like the second element o f Kardiva, Suvadiva, Laccadive, Amindivi, Serendib, islands in the area), from Sanskrit dvipa ‘ island’ , literally = ‘ two waters’ (i.e., ‘ having water on both sides’), from dvi- ‘tw o ’ (from Indo-European dwi- ‘ tw o’ ; see °bi-) + -ipa, a form o f ap ‘ water’ (from IndoEuropean ap- ‘water, river’ ; see °Penjab) used after an -i stem. maleable ‘ malleable’ : Medieval Latin malleabilis ‘ malleable, capable o f being shaped by hammering’ , from molleare ‘to ham­ mer’ (from Latin malleus ‘ hammer, mal­ let’, from Indo-European mal-ni- ‘ crusher’ , from mal-, variant o f mel- ‘ to grind, crush’ ; see °m oler) + -abilis ‘ capable o f ’ (see -able, °-ble). maleante ‘scoundrel, corrupter’ : malear ‘ to damage, corrupt’ (from malo ‘ bad’ [see

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°malo\ + -ear, an infinitive ending de­ noting repeated action [see -ear] ) + -ante ‘ performing, causing’ (see °-ante). maleta ‘ suitcase’ : Old French malete (French mallette), diminutive o f male ‘ bag, pou ch ’ (source o f English mail ‘ postal bags; postal matter’ ), from Old High German malha ‘wallet, bag’, from Germanic mal­ te -, from Indo-European molko- ‘ skin bag’. Old French -efe is a feminine dimin­ utive suffix, from Late Latin -ita ‘ small’ (see-¡fa 1). maleza ‘weeds, underbrush’ : obsolete maleza ‘badness; bad thing’ , from Latin malitia ‘badness’ (see malicia, °malo). malgache ‘Malagasy, o f Madagascar’ : French malgache, from Malagasy Malagasy (noun and adjective) ‘Malagasy (people and lan­ guage)’ (regional variant Madagasy, the source o f Madagascar. In 1613, a king­ dom is mentioned in southeastern Mada­ gascar as Mitakasi, Matakasi), o f uncertain origin, perhaps akin to Malay Melayu ‘Malay (people and language)’ (see Mala­ sia). The Malagasy people probably des­ cend from Malays (at least in part); they speak a language which, like Malay, is Austro nesian. Mali ‘Mali (country)’ : French Mali ‘Mali’ (1959), from the name o f a medieval empire that flourished in the area from the thirteenth to the sixteenth centuries (mentioned, in Arabic, as early as the eleventh); akin to Malinke Malinke ‘ Malinke’ , the people then ruling the empire, and perhaps to Malinke and Bambara mali ‘ hippopotamus’ (in which case, the underlying idea would be that the Malinke were ‘ those who came from the place o f the hippopotamuses’ ; or ‘ strong like hippopotamuses’?). malicia ‘ malice’ (malicioso ‘ malicious’ ): Latin malitia ‘ badness; malice’ , from malus ‘ bad’ (see °malo) + -itia ‘ condition’ (see -icia, °-icio). maligno ‘ malign’ : Latin malignus ‘ malign, evil in influence’ , from male ‘badly’ (see mal, °malo) + -ignus, the ending o f its antonym benignus (see benigno, °género). °malo ‘bad’ (mal before a masculine singular noun): Latin malus (adjective) ‘bad’, from Indo-European mel- ‘bad’ . Related words: mal; malcriado and many others that begin with mal; maldad, maleante, maleza, malicia, maligno, malograr.

331

malograr ‘to waste, fail’ : mal ‘ badly’ (see mal, °m alo) + lograr ‘ to take advantage o f; to obtain’ (see lograr, °galardón). “malta ‘ malt’ : English malt, from Old En­ glish mealt ‘ malt’ (underlying meaning: ‘ softened grain’ ), from Germanic malta‘ malt; soft’, from Indo-European meld‘ soft’ , from mel- ‘ soft’ . Related words: bemol, bonanza, esmalte, mojar, molusco, muelle', mullir, remojar. Malta ‘Malta (cou n try)’ : Maltese Malta (the country, and its largest island), from Arabic Malitah (name o f the island), from Latin Melita (first century B.C.), from Greek M elite ‘Malta’ , o f uncertain — pos­ sibly Phoenician — origin. maltratar ‘to abuse, maltreat’ : mal ‘ badly’ (see mal, "malo) + tratar ‘ to treat’ (see tratar, “ traer). Malucas (1609), Molucas (and obsolete islas del M oluco, 1603) ‘M olucca Islands (In­ donesian Maluku)': Portuguese Malucas, Maluco (around 1512), probably from Malay malik ‘king’, muluk ‘kings’ , title o f the islands’ sultans at the time (probably influenced b y Portuguese maluco ‘ crazy’ ), from Arabic malik ‘king’ (plural mulük; root mlk ‘to rule’ ). “malva ‘ mallow’ : Latin malva ‘ mallow’ , o f non-Indo-European (probably Mediter­ ranean) origin. Related words: malaquita, malvavisco. malvado ‘wicked’ , probably from Old Pro­ vencal malvat (feminine malvada) ‘w icked’, from Vulgar Latin malifatius ‘ unfortunate’, from Latin malus ‘bad’ (see °malo) + -i-, a connective vowel (see-i-2), + fatum ‘ fate’ (see fatal, °fábula). malvavisco ‘ marshmallow’ : Latin malva ‘ mal­ low ’ (see °malva) + hibiscum, hibiscus ‘ marshmallow’ , from Greek hibiskos ‘ marshmallow’. Malvinas (Islas) ‘ Falkland Islands’ : French (lies) Malouines (around 1764; d ocu ­ mented in Spanish around 1765). French malouines is the feminine plural o f malouin ‘o f Saint-Malo’ ; the islands were so called because the ships on which the first settlers arrived had sailed from that French tow n (Brittany). The tow n ’s name comes from that o f Saint Malo (born at the end o f the sixth century— died around 640; also called Maclou: Medieval Latin Maclovius, Machutus), born in Wales; after becoming a monk, he

mampara

went to Brittany where he established several monasteries. The saint’ s name is o f uncertain origin. Malouins fishing boats reaching the island group are mentioned in a document that may date from 1714. malla ‘ mesh; mail (armor)’ : Latin macula ‘ mesh o f a net; spot’ (see "mancha). “Mallorca ‘Majorca (island, Spain)’ : obsolete Mayorca (by hypercorrection, on the part o f people who, having been criticized for pronouncing *yen o for lleno ‘ full’ [e tc .], incorrectly pronounced *llo for y o T [e t c .]), from Late Latin Majorica ‘Major­ ca’, from Latin major ‘ larger’ (in relation to Menorca ‘ Minorca (second largest island o f this group)’ ), + -ica, a placename suffix (as in Bélgica), from -ica, feminine o f -icus ‘ o f ’ (see °-ico2). For Latin major, see mayor, °magnitud. Rela­ ted words: mayólica, Menorca. “mamá ‘ mamma, mama’ : mama ‘ mamma’, from Latin mamma ‘ mother, grandmoth­ er; nurse; breast’, with reduplication from Indo-European md-, a child’s word for ‘ mother’. Related words: amamantar, co ­ madre, comadreja, duramadre, madera, madre, madreselva, madrigal, madrina, mamar, m amífero, materia, material, ma­ ternal, matrícula, matrimonio, matriz, m etro2, m etrópoli, metropolitano, piamadre: probably: Madrid. mamar ‘ to suck’ : Late Latin mammare ‘ to nurse’, from Latin mamma ‘ breast’ (see °mamá). mameluco ‘Mamluk; (Americas) overalls’ : Arabic mamluk ‘Mamluk (member o f a form er military caste in Egypt [around 1250—1 8 1 1 ], originally made up o f slaves from Turkey and some other areas)’ , from mamluk ‘ slave’, literally = ‘ ow ned’, passive participle o f malaka ‘ to ow n’. The meaning ‘overalls’ comes from the type o f trousers worn b y Napoleon’s Mamluk Corps, which he established in 1804 within his Imperial Guard, mamey ‘ mammee, mamey’ : Taino mamey ‘ mammee’ . mamífero ‘ mammal’ : French mammifére ‘mammal’ (around 1800), from Latin mamma ‘ breast’ (see "mamá) + French -ifére ‘ that bears’, from Latin -ifer ‘that bears’ (see -ifero, °periferia). mampara ‘screen (nonbearing partition)’ : obsolete mampara ‘ protection’, from mamparar ‘ to protect’ , from Medieval

m anipostería

Latin manu parare ‘ to defend with the hand’, from Latin manu, ablative o f manus ‘ hand’ (see °m ano), + parare ‘ to pepare’ (see °parar). mampostería ‘masonry’ (underlying mean­ ing: ‘ built by putting stones by hand’ ): mampost-, base o f mampuesto ‘ stone placed by hand’ (from mano ‘ hand’ [see °mano] + pu esto, past participle o f poner ‘to put’ [see °p on er]), + -eria ‘ activity, practice’ (see -eria3). mamut ‘ mammoth’ : French mammouth, from Russian mamont ‘ mammoth’ , from Tatar mamont ‘ earth; mam moth’ (com ­ pare Yakut mamma ‘ earth’ ), probably because this extinct elephant was believed to have burrowed in the earth like a mole. maná ‘ manna’ : Late Latin manna, from Greek mánna, from Aramaic manna, from Hebrew man ‘ manna’ (Exodus 16.14-36). manada ‘ flock ’ : manada ‘ (o f grass or wheat) handful’ , from mano ‘ hand’ (see °mano). Managua ‘Managua (capital o f Nicaragua)’, o f disputed (probably American Indian) origin. manantial (noun) ‘ spring, source’ : manantial (adjective) ‘ o f a spring’ , from manantío ‘ gushing, that gushes’ , from manante ‘gushing’ , present participle o f manar ‘ to gush’ (see °manar). "manar ‘ to gush, flow ’ : Latin manare ‘ to flow ’, from Indo-European ma-no- ‘ damp’, from ma- ‘ damp’. Related word: manan­ tial. mancebo ‘b o y ’ : obsolete mancebo ‘ servant; slave’ , from Vulgar Latin mancipu ‘ slave’ , from Latin mancipium ‘ slave; property; a taking possession o f a purchase; a taking by hand’, from mancip-, stem o f manceps ‘ purchaser’ (underlying meaning: ‘ who takes b y the hand’ ), from manus ‘ hand’ (see °mano) + -ceps ‘ taker’, from IndoEuropean kap-yo- ‘ to grasp’ (see °capaz). manco ‘ armless; handless; having a crippled arm or hand’ : Latin mancus ‘ having a crippled hand’, probably from manus ‘ hand’ (see °mano). “mancha ‘ spot, stain’ : Vulgar Latin *mancla, *mancula, nasalized forms (influenced by the m-) o f Latin macula ‘ spot, stain; mesh o f a net’. Related words: malla, manchar. “Mancha (la) ‘ La Mancha (region, Spain)’ : Arabic Manjá, literally = ‘ high plateau; refuge’ (root njw ‘ to fear, avoid, escape’ ). Related w ord: manchego.

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manchar ‘to soil, stain’: Latin maculare ‘to soil’, from macula ‘ spot’ (see “mancha) + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-arl). manchego ‘ o f La Mancha (Spanish region)’: Mancha ‘ La Mancha’ (see °Mancha) + -ego ‘ o f, from ’ (see -ego, °-iego). mandar ‘ to send; to com m and’ : Latin man­ dare ‘to entrust; to com m and’ (underly­ ing meaning: ‘ to comm it to on e’s charge, give into one’s hand’ ), from manus ‘ hand’ (see °m ano) + dare ‘to give’ (see °dar). mandarin ‘ mandarin (Chinese official)’ : Portuguese mandarim ‘ mandarin, Chinese official’ , from Malay méntSri ‘ mandarin’ (influenced by Portuguese mandar ‘ to com m and’, from Latin mandare; see man­ dar), from Hindi mantri ‘ mandarin; counselor’, from Sanskrit mantrin ‘ coun­ selor’ , from mantra ‘ counsel’ (also = ‘ prayer, hymn’ ), from Indo-European men- ‘to think’ (source, likewise, o f Sanskrit manas ‘ mind’ ). See °mente. mandarina ‘ tangerine, mandarin orange’ : mandarin ‘ mandarin, Chinese official’ (see mandarín, “ m ente), from the fact that the tangerine tree originated in China (compare china' ‘ orange’ ). “mandíbula ‘jaw, mandible’ : Late Latin man­ díbula ‘jaw ’, from Latin mandere ‘ to chew’ (from Indo-European menth- ‘to chew; teeth; jaw; m outh’ . Related words: manjar, mascar, masetero, masticar, m ostacho) + -ibula, variant o f -ibulum ‘ instrument; serving fo r’ (see -ibulo, -i-2, °-bu lo). mando ‘ com m and’ : mandar ‘ to com m and’ (see mandar, °mano, °dar) + -o, a noun ending (see -o4). manejar ‘to manage, handle; (Americas) to drive (car, etc.)’ : Italian maneggiare ‘to train or handle (a horse)’, probably from Vulgar Latin *manidiare ‘ to handle’, from Latin manus ‘ hand’ (see °mano) + Vulgar Latin -idiare, an infinitive ending o f verbs, often denoting repeated action (see -ejar, -ear). manera ‘way, manner’ : Vulgar Latin *manuaria ‘ manner; way o f handling’ , from Latin manuaria, feminine o f manuarius ‘ o f the hand’, from manus ‘ hand’ (see °mano) + -arius ‘ o f ’ (see °-ario'). manga ‘sleeve’ : Latin manica ‘ sleeve’ (usually in the plural — manicae), from manus ‘ hand’ (see °m ano) + -ica, noun suffix, from -ica, adjective suffix (see -ica3).

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manganeso ‘ manganese’ : French manganese, from Italian manganese ‘ manganese’, probably from Medieval Latin magnesia ‘ manganese (ore; the element was first isolated in 1774); magnesia’ (see °magnesia). mangle ‘ mangrove’ (manglar ‘ mangrove thick­ et’ ): Taino mangle ‘ mangrove’ . mango 1 ‘ handle’ : Vulgar Latin *manicus ‘ handle’, from Late Latin manica (in Latin, manicula ‘ handle, little hand’ ) ‘ handle; sleeve’ (see manga, °m ano, -ica1). mango 2 ‘ mango’ : English mango, from Portu­ guese manga ‘ mango’, from Tamil mankay ‘ mango (the fruit)’ , from man ‘ mango tree’ + kay ‘ fruit’. mangosta ‘ m ongoose’ : French mangouste, from Portuguese mangús, from Marathi mangüs ‘ m ongoose’, o f Dravidian origin (compare Tamil münka and Telugu mangisu, both = ‘ m ongoose’ ). manguera ‘ (watering) hose’ : manga (water­ ing) hose; sleeve’ (see manga, °mano, -ica2). maní ‘ peanut’ : Taino maní ‘ peanut’. mania ‘ mania’ : Greek mania ‘ madness’, from Indo-European men- ‘to think’ (see °m en te). manicomio ‘ insane asylum’ : mani- ‘ madness’ (from Greek mania ‘ madness’ ; see mania, °m en te) + -com io ‘ hospital’, from Greek k om éó ‘ I take care’ , from Indo-European kom-, from kem- ‘ to be weary’ (see °com a2). manifestar ‘ to state; to show, manifest’ ( manifestación ‘ manifestation’): Latin manifestare ‘ to manifest’, from manifes­ t s (also manufestus) ‘ clearly apparent, palpable’ (probable underlying meaning: ‘ capable o f being grasped or gripped by the hand’ ), from mani- (from manus ‘ hand’ ; see °m ano) + -festus, which is probably the same ending as in infestus ‘ hostile’ (compare infestar). Manila ‘ Manila (capital o f the Philippines)’ : Tagalog Maynila ‘Manila’ (around 1571), from a phrase such as doon sa may nila ‘where there are nila (a shrub; genus: Ixora)’ (d oon = ‘ there’ ; sa = ‘ at’ ; may = ‘ there is, there are’ ). maniobra ‘ handiwork; maneuver’ : Medieval Latin manuopera ‘ handiwork’ , from Latin manu operari ‘ to work by band’, from manu ‘ by hand’ (see manufactura, °m ano) + operari ‘ to w ork ’ (see obrar, °ópera).

m ansión

manipular ‘ to manipulate, handle, manage’ : Latin manipulus ‘ handful’ , from mani-, from manus ‘ hand’ (see °mano). "maniquí ‘ mannequin’ : French mannequin ‘ mannequin’ , from Dutch manneken, mannekijn ‘ little man’, from Middle Dutch mannekijn ‘ little man’ , diminutive o f man ‘ man’ , from Germanic manna‘ man’ (see ° alemán). The Dutch diminu­ tive endings -ken, -kijn derive from Middle Dutch -kin, -ken, -kijn, diminutive endings (related word: berbiquí), from West Germanic -kin, a diminutive ending, source, likewise, o f German -chen, dimin­ utive ending, and o f Middle English -kins, an ending used to form surnames (as in Jenkins), where the -s is a patronymic ending (= ‘ son o f; daughter o f ’, as in Williams). manjar ‘ dish, fo o d ’ : Provencal or Old Cata­ lan manjar ‘ dish, fo o d ’, from manjar ‘ to eat’, from Latin manducare ‘ to eat, chew, devour’, from manducus, manduco ‘ glut­ ton ’ (from mandere ‘ to chew, eat’ ; see °mandibula) + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-a r'). “mano ‘hand’: Latin manus ‘hand’, from IndoEuropean man- ‘ hand’. Related words: amanuense, antemano, comandante, de­ mandar, emancipar, encomendar, mampa­ ra, mampostería, manada, mancebo, mandar, mando, manejar, manera, manga, mango', manguera, manifestar, maniobra, manipular, manojo, manso, mantener, manual', manual2, manufactura, manus­ crito, mastín, Ramón, recomendación, recomendar-, probably: manco, maña, menear. manojo ‘ bundle, bunch, handful’ : Vulgar Latin *manuculus ‘ handful’ for Latin manipulus ‘ handful’ (see manipular, °m ano). manómetro ‘ pressure gauge, manometer’ : French manométre (1 706) ‘manometer’ (underlying meaning: ‘ instrument for measuring how sparse air is’ ), from Greek mano- (from manos ‘ loose, sparse, infre­ quent’, from Indo-European men- ‘ small; isolated’ ; see °m ono-) + French -metre ‘ measuring device’ , from Greek métron ‘ measure’ (see °-metro). “mansión ‘ mansion’ : Latin mansionem, accu­ sative o f mansio (stem mansion ) ‘ dwel­ ling; act o f sojourning’, from mansus, past participle o f manere ‘ to dwell, so­

m anso

journ, remain’, from Indo-European men‘ to remain’ . Related words: inmanente, mesón, permanecer, permanente, reman­ so. manso ‘ mild, tame, meek’ : Vulgar Latin mansus ‘ tame, mild’, from Latin mansuetus ‘ tame, gentle’ (see mastín, costumbre, “ mano, °suya). manta ‘ blanket; cloak’ : Vulgar Latin manta ‘ blanket; cloak’, from Late Latin mantus ‘ cloak’ (see manto, “ mantel). "manteca ‘ fat; butter; cream’, o f uncertain origin. Related words: mantecado, man­ tequilla. mantecado ‘ ice cream’ : manteca ‘ butter; cream’ (see “manteca). “mantel ‘ tablecloth’ : Late Latin mantele ‘ tablecloth’, from Latin mantele ‘ towel; napkin’ , akin to mantellum ‘ cloak, man­ tle’ . Related words: manta, mantilla, manto. mantener ‘ to maintain’ : Medieval Latin manutenere ‘ to support; to know ’, from Latin manu tenere ‘ to support, know for certain, hold in the hand’ , from manu ‘ in hand’ (ablative o f manus ‘ hand’ ; see “ma­ no) + tenere ‘to hold’ (see “ tener). mantequilla ‘ butter’, diminutive o f manteca ‘fat’ (see “manteca). For the diminutive -ilia, see -ilia. mantilla ‘ veil, scarf, mantilla’, diminutive o f manta ‘ cloak’ (see manta, manto, “ mantel). For -illa ‘ small on e’, see -ilia. manto ‘ cloak’ : Late Latin mantus ‘ cloak’ , from Latin mantellum ‘ cloak, mantle’ (see “ mantel). manual1 (adjective) ‘ manual, o f the hands’ : Latin manualis ‘o f the hands’, from ma­ nus ‘ hand’ (see “ mano) + -alis ‘ o f ’ (see ° -

a l).

manual2 (noun) ‘ manual, handbook’ : Late Latin manuale ‘ handbook’, from Latin manuale, neuter o f manualis ‘ o f the hands, designed for the hands, convenient­ ly handled’ (see manual', “mano, °-al). “Manuel, masculine given name (correspon­ ding to English Emmanuel): Latin Emma­ nuel, from Greek Emmanouél, from Hebrew ‘Immanü’él, a masculine name mentioned in the biblical b ook o f Isaiah (7.14, 8 .8 — written around 734 B.C.), literally = ‘ God with Us’ , from ‘im ‘with’ (stem ‘mm ‘ to unite’ ) + -nü, -dnü ‘ us, w e’ + E l‘ G od ’ (related words: babel, babilo­ nio, Isabel, Israel, israelí, israelita, laza­

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reto, Miguel, Rafael, San Pedro y Mique­ lon), possibly related to él ‘strong’. manufactura ‘ manufacture’ : Late Latin manufactus ‘ handmade’, from Latin manu ‘ by hand’ , ablative o f Latin manus ‘ hand’ (see “ mano), + factus ‘ made’ , past partici­ ple o f facere ‘ to make’ (see “ hacer). For Spanish -ura ‘ process; result’, see °-ura. manuscrito ‘ manuscript (n ou n)’ : Medieval Latin manuscriptum ‘ manuscript (noun)’ , from Latin manu scriptum, neuter o f manu scriptus ‘ handwritten’ , from manu ‘ by hand’ (see manufactura, “ mano) + scriptus ‘written’ , past participle o f scribere ‘to write’ (see “ escribir). manzana ‘apple’ : obsolete manzana, magaña ‘ apple’ , from Vulgar Latin mattiana, from Latin mala matiana, a particular kind o f apple, literally = ‘Matius apples’, from mala ‘ apples’ (singular malum ‘apple’, compare avellana, m elón) + matiana, neuter plural o f matianus ‘o f Matius’ (from Matius, a gens name), probably so called for Caius Matius Calvena, first cen­ tury B.C. Roman author o f a cook book . For the fact that it derives from a plural form, compare pera. maña ‘ skill; trick’ ( mañas ‘ bad habits, vices’), probably from Vulgar Latin *mania ‘skill, manual ability’ , from Latin manus ‘ hand’ (see “mano). “ mañana ‘ morning; tom orrow ’ : Vulgar Latin *maneana ‘ morning; early’ (short for hora *maneana ‘ early hour’ ), from Latin mane ‘ in the morning’ , from Indo-European ma-ni- ‘ in the morning’ (underlying mean­ ing: ‘ at a good time, in time, early’ ), from ma- ‘g o o d ’ (related words: amanecer, ma­ drugada, madrugar, madurar, maduro, matinal, matutino, prematuro). The meaning ‘tom orrow ’ comes from Old Spanish eras mañana, literally = ‘tom or­ row early’ , from Vulgar Latin eras *maneana, from Latin eras ‘ tom orrow ’ + Vulgar Latin *maneana. mapa ‘ map’ : obsolete mapa mundi (modern mapamundi = ‘world map’ ), from Medi­ eval Latin mappa mundi, literally = ‘map o f the w orld’ , from Latin mappa ‘ napkin, cloth’ (from the fact that many medieval maps were drawn on cloth) + mundi ‘ o f the w orld’, genitive o f mundus ‘w orld’ (see mundo). “maquillaje ‘makeup, maquillage’ : French maquillage ‘ makeup, cosmetics’ , from ma-

335

quiller ‘ to make up, apply cosmetics’ , originally stage slang, from northern French slang makier ‘ to make, d o ’ , from Middle Dutch maken ‘ to make, d o ’, from Germanic makon ‘ to make, fashion’ , from Indo-European mak-, mag- ‘to knead; to press’. Related words: amasar, macizo, masa, masón. máquina ‘ machine’ : Latin machina ‘ machine, engine, contrivance’ , from Doric Greek makhaná, from mákhos ‘ means, device, expedient’, from Indo-European magh-os ‘ means, device’ (see ° m ecánico, °-o rl ). °mar ‘ sea’ : Latin mare ‘ sea’, from IndoEuropean mori- ‘ b od y o f water’ . Related words: cormorán, marea, marearse, mari­ na, marinero, marino, marisco, marítimo, rom ero1; probably: San Marino; possibly: Bahamas. maraca ‘ maraca’, o f American Indian origin; akin to Brazilian Portuguese maracá ‘ ma­ raca’ , from Tupi maraká. Maracaibo ‘Maracaibo (city and lake, Vene­ zuela)’. The name is documented around 1535 (spelled Maracaybo-, perhaps already in 1529) both for the lake (then called Laguna de Maracaybo) and for a village in the area o f the present city. It seems it was the name (probably o f Tupi origin) o f a local Indian chief. The city was founded in 1571 as Ciudad Rodrigo; its name was changed to Nueva Zamora in 1574, and already in 1577 the name is found as Nueva Zamora de Maracaybo. In 1643 the city was often called simply Maracaybo, and this is the name that has prevailed for it. The name Maracaybo may be akin to that o f another Venezuelan city, Maracay, about 500 km away. Marañón ‘Marañón (river, Peru)’ (1542), probably = ‘ Big Tangle (i.e., o f tribu­ taries)’, from maraña ‘ tangle’ (o f uncer­ tain origin) + -ón ‘ big’, unlike Portuguese Maranháo — a name first given (docu ­ mented in 1587) to the river that was also (since around 1541) called Amazon (the name Maranháo is no longer used for the river) and then to a Brazilian state (1621; the area, 1615) — , which probably means ‘ running sea’ , from Tupi (also Guarani) mbara ‘ sea; river’ , a form o f pará used with nasals (compare Paraná) + ña, na ‘ a running’ (compare Guarani aná T run’, ñaní ‘to run’ ). maravilla ‘ marvel’ (maravillar ‘ to marvel’ ,

m arfilense

maravilloso ‘wonderful’ ): Late Latin mirabilia ‘ marvels’ , from Latin mirabilia ‘wonderful things’ , neuter plural o f mirabilis ‘wonderful, marvelous’, from mirari ‘ to wonder at’ (see °mirar) + -abilis ‘worthy o f ’ (see -able, °-ble). marcar ‘ to mark’ (marca ‘ mark, sign; brand, trademark’ ): Italian marcare ‘ to mark, mark ou t’, from Old Italian marcare ‘ to mark ou t’ , from Germanic mark- ‘bound­ ary’ , from Indo-European merg- ‘bound­ ary’ (see “margen). marcial ‘ martial, o f war’ : Latin Martialis ‘o f Mars’ , from Mart-, stem o f Mars ‘Mars (ancient Roman god o f war)’ (see “Marte), + -ialis ‘o f ’ (see -ial, -i-2, °-al). marco ‘ frame’, o f Germanic origin, akin to Gothic marka ‘ boundary’, from Germanic mark- ‘ boundary’ (see marcar, “margen). marcha ‘ march’ : marchar ‘ to march’ (see marchar, “margen). marchante ‘ mercantile; merchant; customer’ : Old French marcheant (French marchand) ‘ merchant, trader’, from Vulgar Latin *mercatante, accusative o f *mercatans ‘ trader’ , from *mercatans, present partici­ ple o f *mercatare ‘ to trade’ , from Latin mercatus, past participle o f mercari ‘ to trade’ (see “ mercado). marchar ‘to march, go’ (marcharse ‘ to go away’ ): Old French marcher (also marchier) ‘ to march, walk; to tramp, trample under fo o t’, from Frankish *markón ‘to mark out (a boundary) with footprints’, from Germanic markon ‘ to mark ou t’, from Indo-European merg- ‘boundary, border’ (see ° margen). marchito ‘withered’ (marchitar ‘ to wither’ ): Latin marcere ‘ to wither’ (-ch- for -cprobably due to influence o f Mozarabic speech; compare ch e2), from Indo-Euro­ pean merk- ‘to decay’. marea ‘ tide’ : French marée ‘ tide’, from Latin mare ‘ sea’ (see “mar). marearse ‘to get seasick’ (mareo ‘ sea sickness; m otion sickness’ ): mar ‘ sea’ (see°m ar). marfil ‘ivory’: obsolete almalfil ‘ivory’ (with loss o f the first syllable and dissimilation between the remaining Vs), from Arabic ‘azm al-fil, literally = ‘ bone of-the ele­ phant’ , from ‘azm ‘bon e’ (root ‘zm ‘great, large, important’ ) + al- ‘ the, o f the’ + fil ‘ elephant’ (see alfil “elefante). marfilense ‘ o f the Ivory Coast’ , translation o f French ivoirien ‘o f the Ivory Coast’ (from

margarina

ivoire ‘ ivory’ ), from Spanish marfil ‘ ivory’ (see marfil, alfil, ° elefante) + -ense ‘o f (a place)’ (see °-ense). margarina ‘ margarine’ : French margarine ‘ margarine’, from (acide) margarique ‘margaric (acid)’ (a pearl-colored mixture o f acids, formerly mistaken for a single acid, which was used in the making o f marga­ rine), from margarique ‘ pearly, resembling pearl’ , from Greek márgaron ‘ pearl’ (see ° margarita). “margarita ‘ daisy’ : margarita ‘ pearl’ , from Latin margarita, from Greek margarites ‘ pearl’ (akin to Greek márgaron ‘ pearl’ and probably to Sanskrit mañjara ‘ blos­ som cluster; pearl’ ). Related words: margarina, Margarita. Margarita, feminine given name (correspon­ ding to English Margaret): Latin Margari­ ta, a feminine given name (third century o f the Christian era), from margarita ‘ pearl’ (see °margarita). “margen ‘ margin’ : Latin marginem, accusa­ tive o f margo ‘border, edge’ (stem mar­ gin-), from Indo-European merg- ‘ bound­ ary, border’. Related words: cambriano, comarca, Dinamarca, marcar, marco, marcha, marchar, marqués, marquesina. “Maria (around 1330), feminine given name (corresponding to English Mary): Late Latin Maria, from Greek María, Mariám, from Aramaic Maryam, from Hebrew Miryarn, a given name (in the Old Testa­ ment, sister o f Moses and Aaron, Num­ bers 26.59, Exodus 15.20, as well as an­ other person, 1 Chronicles 4.17), proba­ bly = ‘ Rebellion’ (root: mrd)\ but the name may be o f Egyptian origin (akin to Egyptian mry ‘love’?). If Miryarn, Moses’ sister, is a historical figure, she must have lived around 1200 B.C. Related words: baño Maria, mariquita-, probably: mari­ posa. Marica, a pet form o f Maria, see mariquita. marido ‘ husband’ : Latin maritus (n o u n )‘ hus­ band’ , from maritus (adjective) ‘married’ , from Indo-European mari-to- ‘ married’ (underlying meaning: ‘ supplied with a young wom an’ ), from mari- ‘ young wom an’. marimba ‘ marimba’ : Kimbundu marimba ‘ xyloph on e’, akin to Tschiluba madimba ‘ xyloph on e’. marina ‘ seagoing ships; navy’ : French marine ‘ seagoing ships; navy’, from Old French

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marine (noun) ‘seashore’, from marine, feminine o f marin (adjective) ‘ marine, o f the sea’, from Latin marinus ‘ o f the sea’ (see marino, °mar, °-ino). marinero ‘sailor, mariner’ : Medieval Latin marinarius ‘ sailor’ , from Latin marinus ‘ o f the sea’ (see marino, °mar, °-ino) + -arius ‘ o f, connected with’ (see -ario2). marino ‘ sailor, mariner; marine (adjective)’ : Latin marinus ‘ o f the sea’, from mare ‘ sea’ (see °mar) + -inus ‘ o f ’ (see °-ino). Mario, masculine given name: Latin Marius, name o f a Roman gens (second century B .C .). mariposa ‘ butterfly’ , probably from the fem ­ inine given name Maria (see °Maria) + posa, imperative singular o f posar ‘to rest, alight, perch’ (see posar, °pausa). The popular name Maria may be used in this word to connote ‘wom an’ (compare Russian babochka ‘ butterfly’, literally = ‘little wom an’ ; there are old European stories about witches in the shape o f butterflies). mariquita ‘ ladybug’ : Marica, a pet form o f Maria ‘Mary (mother o f Jesus)’ (as En­ glish ladybug, from Our Lady, French béte á bon Dieu ‘ ladybug’ , literally = ‘ good G od ’s beast’ , German Marienkafer ‘ ladybug’ , literally = ‘Mary’s chafer’ ; names o f this type date from the Middle Ages when people noticed that ladybugs are generally beneficial: they feed on plant-eating insects), + -ita, a diminutive ending (see -ita', °-ito). Marica derives from Maria (see °Maria) + -ica, a diminu­ tive ending (see -ica ', ° -ic o '). mariscal ‘marshal’ : regional Old French mariscal (Old French mareschal, French maréchal) ‘ marshal, official in charge o f cavalry’, from Old High German marahscalc ‘ marshal, keeper o f the horses’, from marah ‘ horse’ (from Germanic marhaz ‘ horse’ [whose feminine marhjon is the source o f English m are], from IndoEuropean marko- ‘ horse’ ) + scale ‘ servant’ , from Germanic skalkaz ‘ slave’ , marisco ‘ shellfish’ : obsolete marisco (adjec­ tive) ‘ o f the sea’, from mar ‘sea’ (see °mar) + -isco ‘ like, o f’ (see °-isco'). marítimo ‘ maritime, o f the sea’ : Latin maritimus ‘ o f the sea’, from mare ‘ sea’ (see °mar). mármol ‘ marble’ : obsolete mármor (by dis­ similation), from Latin marmor ‘ marble’,

Ié M B M H

337

from Greek mármaros ‘ hard stone; marble’. marmota ‘marmot’ : French marmotte, from obsolete marmottaine ‘ marmot’ (perhaps influenced by French marmotter ‘ to mumble’ ), from Medieval Latin mormotana ‘ marmot’ (underlying meaning: ‘ mountain mouse’ [in France, marmots are found mainly in the Alps ]), from Latin mur-, stem o f mus ‘ mouse’ (see ° murciélago), + montana, feminine o f montanus ‘ o f the mountains, o f a moun­ tain, mountainous’ (see montaña, ° m onte). Mar Negro ‘ Black Sea’, see Negro (Mar). maroma ‘rope; (Americas) somersault’ : Vul­ gar Arabic mabrüma ‘ twisted rope’ , from Arabic mabrüm ‘ twisted, braided’ , partici­ ple o f barama ‘ to braid, twist’ . The mean­ ing ‘ somersault’ derived from ‘ rope’ through ‘ somersault on the tight rope’ . marqués ‘marquis’ : Old Provencal marques ‘ marquis’ (underlying meaning: ‘ noble­ man whose domain is a border region’ ), from marca ‘ boundary, boundary land’, from Germanic mark- ‘boundary’ (see marcar, °margen). marquesina ‘ marquee, canopy’ : French mar­ quise ‘ canopy’ , from obsolete marquise ‘ tent; tent placed on an o ffic e r s tent to set it apart from others’, from marquise ‘ marchioness’ (used disparagingly in this case), feminine o f marquis ‘ marquis’, from Old French marquis, marchis ‘ mar­ quis’ (underlying meaning: ‘ nobleman whose domain is a border region’ ), from marche ‘ boundary, boundary land’ , from Germanic mark- ‘ boundary’ (see marcar, ° margen). marrano ‘ hog’, probably from Arabic mahram ‘something forbidden’ (root hrm ‘ forbidden’ ; see °harén), from the fact that to eat pork is forbidden b y the Mus­ lim religion. Mar R ojo ‘ Red Sea’, see R ojo (Mar). marrón ‘ brown’ : French marrón ‘ brown’ (source o f English maroon [the c o lo r ]), from marrón ‘ chestnut (the nut)’ . Marruecos (1 1 4 0 ) ‘M orocco (country; Arabic Al-Maghrib, = ‘ The West’ [in relation to other territories occupied by A ra b s]): Arabic Marrükush, Marrakush ‘Marra­ kech’, city (founded around 1062) in M orocco and its former capital, o f uncer­ tain origin.

mH

H Í

Martín Marsella ‘Marseilles (city, France)’ : French Marseille, from Medieval Latin Marsilia (around A.D. 950), from Latin Massilia (first century B.C.), from Greek Massalia (sixth century B.C.), probably from Ligu­ rian (but perhaps from Phoenician). marsupial ‘ marsupial’ : Latin marsupium ‘ purse, pouch’ (from the fact that the females o f most species o f marsupials have an external abdominal pouch, that encloses the mammary glands and shelters the young), from Greek marsypion, marsipion, diminutive o f mársypos, mársip os ‘ pouch’ , possibly from Avestan marshü ‘ belly’. marta ‘ marten’ [fo r marta cebellina or cibeli­ na ‘sable’ , see cibelina]: French marte, from Old French martre, from Germanic marthuz ‘ marten’ (source, likewise, o f Old High German mardar ‘ marten’ ). Marta (around 1330), Martha, feminine given name (corresponding to English Martha): Late Latin Martha, from Greek Mártha, from Aramaic Martha, literally = ‘ Lady’, feminine o f mare ‘ lord’ . In the New Testa­ ment, Martha is a sister o f Lazarus o f Bethany and a friend o f Jesus (Luke 10.38-42). °Marte ‘Mars (god, and planet)’ : Latin Mor­ tem, accusative o f Mars (stem Mart-), ancient Roman god o f war and agriculture (whose name was given the planet), from archaic Latin Manors (stem Mavort-), an ancient Italic god. Related words: marcial, martes, Martín, martinete, Martínez, marzo. martes ‘ Tuesday’ : Latin Martis (dies) ‘Tues­ day’ , literally = ‘Mars’ (day)’, from Martis, genitive o f Mars ‘Mars (the planet)’ (stem Mart-), from Mars, a god (see °Marte). The Roman name o f the day is a transla­ tion o f Greek heméra A reos, literally = ‘ day of-Ares (= Mars [planet, and Greek god o f w a r])’. For Latin dies ‘ day’, see día. Martha, feminine given name, see Marta. martillo ‘ hammer’ : Late Latin martellus ‘ hammer’ , from Latin martulus ‘ hammer’ , akin to malleus ‘ hammer, mallet’ (see maleable, °moler). Martin, family name: Martin (1072), a mas­ culine given name (corresponding to En­ glish Martin), originally apocopated form o f obsolete Martino used before patro­ nymics, from Martino, a masculine given

martinete

name, from Latin Martinus (A.D. 121), literally = ‘ o f Mars; Warlike’, from Mart-, stem o f Mars ‘Mars (the god )’ (see °Marte), + -inus ‘ o f ’ (see °-ino). martinete ‘ (West Indies) heron’ : martinete ‘ night heron’, probably from San Martin ‘ St. Martin (315?—399?, bishop o f Tours, France)’, around whose feast day (11 No­ vember) the night herons migrate from Spain (see Martín, °Marte). Martinez, family name: obsolete Martinez, a patronymic, literally = ‘Martin’s son; Martin’s daughter’ (Martines> 1082), from Martin, a masculine given name (see Martin, °Marte), + -ez ‘son o f; daughter o f ’, a patronymic suffix (see -ez2). Martinica ‘Martinique’ : obsolete Madinina ‘Martinique’ (1502), probably from Taino Matininó ‘Martinique’, literally = ‘father­ less (plural)’ (the island is said to have had around 1500 only wom en and young children, men being allowed only short visits), from matinin ‘fatherless (singu­ lar)’ + -no, a pluralizing suffix. Several authors state that the name means ‘Island o f Flowers’ in Arawak or in Carib, but ‘ flower’ is otók oro in Arawak and epiri in Carib. The present Spanish name may have been influenced by Spanish Martini­ ca, feminine o f Martinico, diminutive o f Martin, a given name. “mártir ‘ martyr’ : Late Latin martyr ‘Christian martyr’, from Greek martyr-, stem o f mártys ‘ Christian martyr’ (underlying meaning: ‘witness o f Christ’), from mártys ‘ witness’. Related word: martirio. martirio ‘ martyrdom’ : Late Latin martyrium ‘ martyrdom’ , from Greek martyrion ‘mar­ tyrdom ’, from martyrion ‘ testimony’, from martyr-, stem o f mártys ‘witness’ (see ° mártir). marzo ‘March’ : Latin martius ‘March’ , liter­ ally = ‘ (m onth) o f Mars’, from Mart-, stem o f Mars, ancient Roman god o f war (see °Marte). mas ‘but’ : obsolete maes ‘but; m ore’, from Vulgar Latin magis ‘ but; moreover’ , from Latin magis ‘ more’ (see más, °magnitud). más ‘ more; most; plus’ : obsolete maes ‘ more; but’ , from Latin magis ‘ more; greater’ , which is a cross between magnus ‘ great’ (see ° magnitud) and *mais, from IndoEuropean me-is- ‘ bigger’ (source, likewise, o f English more), comparative form o f me- ‘big’.

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masa ‘ dough; mass’ : Latin massa Tump, mass’ , from Greek máza Tump, mass, barley cake’ (underlying meaning: ‘kneaded lump’ ), from Indo-European mag-ya- ‘ mass’ , from mág-, from mag- ‘ to knead’ (see “maquillaje). mascar ‘ to chew, masticate’ : Late Latin masticare ‘to chew’ (see masticar, ° mandí­ bula). Doublet: masticar. máscara ‘ mask’, perhaps from Arabic maskhara ‘ mask; b u ffoon ; object o f m ockery’ (root s-kh-r ‘to m ock, ridicule’ ). Mascate ‘ Muscat (capital o f Oman)’ : Portu­ guese Mascate (1508), from Arabic Mas­ qat (tenth century), which would literally mean ‘ place o f the fall’ or ‘ birthplace’ (root sqt ‘ to fall’ ), but perhaps originally called Maskat (related to misk ‘musk ? [from Persian mushk ‘musk’ ]), mascota ‘ mascot’ : French mascotte ‘m ascot’, from Provencal mascoto ‘ sorcery; amulet’ , from masco (also masca) ‘witch, sorcerer’, from Late Latin masca ‘witch; specter’, from Langobard masca ‘w itch’ , masculino ‘ masculine’ : Latin masculinus ‘ masculine’ , from masculus ‘ male, manly’ (see °m acho) + -inus ‘ o f ’ (see °-ino). masetero ‘ masseter (muscle that assists in chewing)’ : Greek maseter ‘ chewer’ , from masasthai ‘to chew ’ , ultimately from Indo-European menth- ‘ to ch ew ’ (see “ mandíbula). masón ‘Mason’ : francmasón ‘Mason’, from French franc-magon ‘Mason’, translation o f English Freemason (member o f a se­ cret society called Free and Accepted Masons, a title inspired b y the medieval guilds o f freemasons [w ho were itinerant masons and had secret signs as means o f recognition]). French magon ‘m ason’ derives from Old French masson, from Frankish *makjo ‘ mason’ , from *makon ‘ to build, make’ , from Germanic makon ‘ to make’ (see °maquillaje). masticar ‘ to chew’ : Late Latin masticare ‘ to chew’ , from Greek mastikhán ‘ to gnash the teeth’ , akin to masasthai ‘ to chew’ (see masetero, ° mandíbula). Doublet: mascar. mástil ‘ mast (pole that supports sails)’ : obso­ lete mástel, from maste, from Old French mast (French mat) ‘ mast’, from Germanic masta (source, likewise, o f English mast), from Indo-European mazdo- ‘ pole, stick, mast’ .

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mastín ‘mastiff’ : Old French mastin ‘ mastiff’ , from Vulgar Latin *mansuetinus ‘ mastiff; tame’ , from Latin mansuetus ‘ tame, gentle’, from mansuetus, past participle o f mansuescere ‘ to tame’ (underlying meaning: ‘ to accustom to the hand o f the master’ ), from manus ‘ hand’ (see °mano) + suescere ‘ to accustom; to becom e accus­ tom ed’ (see costumbre, °suya). mastodonte ‘ m astodon’ : New Latin mastodontem , accusative o f mastodons (stem mastodont-) ‘ m astodon’ (first used in French, mastodonte, 1806; underlying meaning: ‘ animal whose molar teeth have nipple-shaped projections’ ), from Greek mast- ‘ breast, nipple’ (from mostos ‘ breast’ ) + odon (stem o d ó n t ) ‘ tooth ’ , from Indo-European odont-, from dont-, from dent- ‘ tooth ’ (see °diente). mastuerzo ‘ nasturtium’ : nastuerzo ‘ nastur­ tium’, from Latin nasturtium ‘ a kind o f cress’ , from *nasitortium ‘ cress’ (underly­ ing meaning: ‘ plant whose leaves or seeds when eaten torture the nose’ ), from nasus ‘nose’ (see °nasal) + -i-, a connective vowel (see -Í-2), + -tort-, past participle stem o f torquere ‘ to twist, torture’ (see °torcer). "mata ‘ plant, shrub’ : obsolete mata ‘ woods, forest’, from Late Latin matta ‘ mat (made by weaving rushes)’ (underlying idea: ‘ shrubs cover the w oods like mats’ ), probably o f Semitic origin (from regional Phoenician [Carthage] matta ‘ mat’ ?). Re­ lated w ord: matorral-, probably: nata. matar ‘to kill’ , probably from Latin mactare ‘to sacrifice’, from mactus ‘ sacred, blessed, worshipped’ (underlying meaning: ‘ made great’ ), from Indo-European mag-to- ‘w or­ shipped, made great’ , from mag-, from meg- ‘ great’ (see 0magnitud). mate 1 ‘ dull, mat’ : French mat ‘ dull-, from Latin mattus ‘ dull, vague’ , from mattus ‘ stupid, drunk’ , probably variant o f maditus ‘ drunk’ , from madere ‘ to be wet, be sodden, be drunk’ , from Indo-European mad- ‘ moist, wet; to drip’. mate 2 ‘gourd; maté (beverage, and tree)’ :. Quechua mate, mati ‘gourd; maté (bever­ age, and tree)’. mate 3 ‘ checkmate’ , short for jaque mate ‘ checkmate’ , from Arabic shah mat ‘ the king is perplexed; the king is dead’, ex­ pression used in chess to tell the opponent that no escape or defense is possible for his or her king, from shah ‘king’ (from

m atrim onio

Persian shah ‘king’ , shortened from Old Persian khshayathiya ‘king’, from IndoEuropean kseye-tyo- ‘ruler’, from kseye-, from ksei- ‘ to rule’ [source, likewise, o f Greek ktaesthai ‘to acquire’ ]) + mat ‘ dead; perplexed’. Compare cheque. “matemático ‘mathematical; mathematician’ (matemáticas ‘ mathematics’ ): Latin mathematicus ‘ mathematical’, from Greek mathematikós ‘ mathematical; scientific’ , from mathemat-, stem o f máthema ‘ learn­ ing, science; mathematics’ (from mathein [aorist], manthánein ‘ to learn’ , from Indo-European mendh- ‘ to learn’ ; related w ord: crestom atía) + -ikós ‘ o f ’ (see °-ico2). materia ‘ matter’ : Latin materia ‘ matter’ (see madera, madre, °mamá). material ‘material’ : Late Latin materialis ‘ material (adjective)’, from Latin materia ‘ matter’ (see madera, madre, °mamá) + -alis ‘ o f ’ (see °-al). maternal ‘ maternal’ : Medieval Latin maternalis ‘ maternal’ , from Latin maternus ‘ maternal; o f a mother’ (from mater ‘ mother’ ; see madre, °mamá) + -alis ‘ o f ’ (see °-al). matinal ‘ o f the morning, matutinal’ : French matinal ‘ o f the morning’, from matin ‘ morning’ (from Latin matutinum ‘ morn­ ing’, from matutinum, neuter o f matutinus ‘ o f the morning’ ; see matutino, °mañana, °-ino), + -al ‘ o f ’, from Latin -alis ‘o f ’ (see °-al). matorral ‘ heath, thicket’ : regional Spanish (Santander) matorro ‘ plant, shrub’, from Spanish mata ‘ plant, shrub’ (see °mata). matraca ‘ w ooden rattle’ : Vulgar Arabic matraqa ‘w ooden rattle’, from Arabic mitraqa ‘ hammer’ (root trq ‘to knock, beat’ ; see °Gibraltar). matrícula ‘ register, list’ : Medieval Latin matricula ‘ list’ , from Late Latin matric-, stem o f matrix ‘ list’ (the reason for the change o f meaning from ‘w om b ’ to ‘ list’ is unclear), from Latin matrix ‘ w om b’ (see matriz, madre, °mamá). matrimonio ‘ marriage, matrimony’ : Latin matrimonium ‘ marriage’ (underlying idea: ‘ married state, when a woman can becom e a mother’ , when her motherhood would be lawful, as opposed to concubinage), from matri- ‘ mother’ (from matr-, stem o f mater ‘m other’ ; see madre, °mamá) + -monium, an ending o f abstract nouns (compare patrimonio, testimonio). The

matriz

word was normally used in reference to wom en (e.g., in matrimonium dare [or ducere, or collocare] filiam suam ‘ to give his or her daughter in matrimony’ ); o f a man, the usual expression (for ‘ to get married, take a w ife’ ) was uxorem ducere ‘ to lead a w ife’ . matriz ‘w om b;m atrix’ : Latin matrix ‘w om b ’, from matr-, stem o f mater ‘ m other’ (see madre, ° mamá), + -ix, an ending o f femi­ nine nouns and adjectives (see -iz). matutino ‘o f the morning, matutinal’ : Latin matutinus ‘ o f the morning’ , from Matuta, goddess o f morning (from Indo-European má-tu-to- ‘ morning; early’, from ma-tu‘ at a good time, in time, early’ , from ma‘ g o o d ’ ; see °mañana), + -inus ‘ o f ’ (see °-ino). maullar ‘ to mew, m eow ’ , a word form ed in imitation o f the crying sound o f a cat. The ending was probably influenced by aullar ‘to how l’ (see aullar). Mauricio ‘Mauritius (country and its main island)’ : New Latin Mauritius, a name given the island by the Dutch in 1598 for their head o f state Maurits van Nassau (Maurice o f Nassau), 1567—1625. The Spanish masculine given name Mauricio — which is also the Spanish name o f the island — derives (like Dutch Maurits) from Late Latin Mauritius, a masculine given name, literally = ‘M oorish’, from Latin Maurus ‘M oor’ (see moro, °Mauritania) + -itius ‘ o f, relating to ’ (see °-icio). “Mauritania ‘Mauritania (country; French Mauritanie, Arabic Mawritaniyah)’ , a name given the area in 1904, from Latin Mauritania (also Mauretania), an ancient country o f northwest Africa (first century B.C.), from Greek Mauritania (third cen­ tury B.C.), from Mauros ‘M oor’ (unrelated to modern Greek maúros ‘ black’ , which derives from Late Greek maurós ‘ black’ , from Greek amaurós ‘ dim, faint, hardly seen’ ), probably o f Berber origin (or akin to Arabic maghrib ‘ west’ [root gh-r-b]?). Related words: Mauricio, m oreno, M ore­ no, moro. “maxilar ‘ maxillary’ : Latin maxillaris ‘ o f the jaw ’ , from maxilla ‘jaw, lower jaw’ (akin to Latin mala ‘ upper jaw; cheek’ ; related word: mejilla) + -aris ‘ o f ’ (see -ar2). máxima ‘ rule, maxim’ : Medieval Latin (prop ositio) maxima ‘ greatest (proposition), basic rule’, from Latin maxima, feminine

340

o f maximus ‘ greatest’ (see máximo, °mag­ nitud, °-isimo). máximo ‘ maximum’ : Latin maximus ‘ largest, greatest’ , from Indo-European mag-samo‘ greatest’ , from mag- (from meg- ‘ great’ , see °magnitud) + -samo-, a superlative ending (see°-isim o). maya ‘Maya (member o f an Indian people o f M exico and Central America)’, probably from Maya Maayaab ‘ Northern Yucatan’, possibly from maa ‘ no, n ot’ + yaab ‘ much, enough’ . mayo ‘ May’ : Latin Maius ‘M ay’, literally = ‘(m onth) o f Maia’, from Maia, ancient Roman goddess o f spring, literally = ‘ great (fem inine)’ , from Indo-European mag-ya- ‘ great (fem inine)’, from mag-, from meg- ‘ great’ (see ° magnitud). mayólica ‘ majolica’ : Italian maiolica ‘ majoli­ ca’, from obsolete Maiolica ‘Majorca (Spanish island)’ (fourteenth century; also Maiorica. Modern Italian Maiorca), from Late Latin Majorica ‘Majorca’ (see °Mallorca). The Italian word maiolica originally referred to luster painted p ot­ tery imported into Italy from Majorca; later it applied to a type o f enameled and glazed pottery made in Italy from the fourteenth to the eighteenth century. mayor ‘ larger; elder’ (estado mayor ‘ military staff’, mayoría ‘ majority’ ): Latin major ‘ larger, greater’, from Indo-European mag-yos- ‘ larger’ (also =, according to the context, ‘ rather big’ and ‘ to o big’ ), from mag- (from meg- ‘ large, great’ ; see °magnitud) + -yos-, a comparative ending (see ° mejor). mayúsculo ‘ large’ (mayúscula ‘ capital letter’ ): Latin majusculus ‘ somewhat larger’ (di­ minutive o f major ‘ larger’ ), from mcyus-, stem o f major (see mayor, ° magnitud), + -cuius ‘ little one; somewhat’ (see -culo'). mazapán ‘ marzipan’ : obsolete marzapán ‘ marzipan’ (influenced by Spanish masa ‘ dough’ and pan ‘bread’ ), from Italian marzapane ‘ marzipan; b ox for marzipan or other confections (originally a box containing a tenth o f a load)’ (influenced by Italian pane ‘ bread’ ), from Venetian matapan — Medieval Latin matapanus (Venetian pan ‘bread’ ), a Venetian coin o f the Middle Ages (first struck around 1 2 0 2 ) bearing on the reverse a seated figure o f Jesus (also = ‘ a ten per cent tax’ ), from Arabic mawthabán, name given in

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Western Asia to this and similar coins circulating there since the Crusades (eleventh—thirteenth centuries), literally = ‘ seated (person)’ , a form o f wathaba ‘ to jum p’ , in some areas = ‘ to sit’ (akin to Hebrew yeshibhah ‘ Talmudic sch ool’, from Hebrew yeshibhah ‘ a sitting’ ), mazmorra ‘ dungeon, underground prison’ : Arabic matmiira ‘ dungeon; cellar’, from matmür ‘buried’, from tamara ‘ to bury’. °mazo ‘ mallet; gavel; bunch o f flowers; bunch’ : maza ‘ mace, club’ , from Vulgar Latin *mattea, *mattia ‘ mace, club’ , akin to Latin mateóla ‘ rod, club, mallet’ , from Indo-European mat- ‘ kind o f to o l’. Related words: machacar, remachar; probably: machete-, possibly: maceta. "me ‘ m e’ : Latin me (suppletive accusative and ablative o f ego ‘ I’ ), from Indo-Euro­ pean me- ‘ me’, suppletive oblique form o f the first person singular pronoun eg (com ­ pare y o , °egoism o). Related words: con­ migo, m i1, mí, m ío, pésame. “mecánico ‘ mechanical; mechanic’ (mecánica ‘ mechanics’ ): Latin mechanicus ‘ mechani­ cal’ , from Greek mékhanikós ‘ mechani­ cal’, from mekhane ‘ machine, contriv­ ance’ (from mékhos ‘ means, device, expe­ dient’ , from Indo-European magh-os ‘ means, device’ [underlying meaning: ‘ that enables’ ], from mágh-, from magh‘ to be able; to have pow er’ [related words: desmayar, máquina]-, for IndoEuropean -os- ‘ acting, doer’ , see °-o r') + -ikós ‘ o f ’ (see °-ico2). “mecate ‘ cord, rop e’ : Náhuatl mecátl ‘ string, rope’, literally = ‘ piece o f maguey’ , as ropes were made o f maguey fibers in ancient M exico, from metí ‘ maguey’ + -catl ‘ p ie c e o f’ . Related word: chichimeca. “mecer ‘to blend, mix; to roll, rock, swing’ : Latin miscere ‘ to m ix’, from Indo-Europe­ an mik-sk-, from mik-, from meik- ‘ to m ix’. Related words: mestizo, mezclar, misceláneo, m ixto, m ostrenco. mecha ‘ lamp w ick’ : Old French meiche, from Medieval Latin myxa, from Greek myxa ‘lamp w ick’ , from myxa ‘ nasalmucus’ (from the fancied resemblance be­ tween a nozzle o f a lamp and a nostril), from Indo-European muk-so- ‘ slimy’ from muk-, from meug- ‘wet, slippery, slimy’, from meu- ‘w et’ (see °m osto). mechón ‘ lock, tuft’ : mecha ‘w ick’ , from a fancied resemblance between a tuft o f

m edida

hair and a lamp wick (see mecha, °mosto). medalla ‘ medal’ : Italian medaglia ‘ medal; kind o f coin’ , from Common Romance medallia ‘ medal; coin ’ , from Vulgar Latin *metallea ‘ medal; coin ’, from Latin metallum ‘ metal’ (see “ metal). Medellin ‘Medellin (city, Colom bia)’ , foun­ ded in 1675 and named for the count o f Medellin, who was then the President o f the Consejo de Indias. The title comes from the Spanish city o f Medellin (Medelin, around 1330), founded by the an­ cient Romans, w ho called it C. Metellina Caecilia in honor o f Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius, Roman general who died around 63 B.C. and in 75 had routed certain rebels in Spain (at Segovia). The suffixes -ina and -inus were often used by Romans in Spain for place names derived from personal names. The Latin name Metellus may be akin to Greek misthios ‘ salaried, hired (servant, laborer)’ . media ‘ stocking’ , from media calza (six­ teenth century)., literally = ‘ half trousers’ , from media, feminine o f medio ‘ half’ (see ° medio), + calza ‘ stocking (twelfth centu­ ry); trousers (sixteenth century)’ (see calzas). mediano ‘ medium, middle’ : Latin medianus ‘ being in the middle’, from medius ‘ mid­ dle’ (see °m edio) + -anus ‘ o f’ (see °-ano'). mediante ‘ through, by means o f ’ : Late Latin mediantem, accusative o f medians (stem mediant-) ‘ being in the middle’, present participle o f mediare ‘ to be in the middle’ (see mediar, °medio). mediar ‘ to mediate’ : Late Latin mediare ‘ to be in the middle’ , from Latin medius ‘ middle’ (see °m edio) + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). medicina ‘ medicine’ : Latin medicina ‘ medi­ cine (the art o f a physician)’ , from medi­ cina, feminine o f medicinus ‘ o f a physi­ cian, medical’ , from medicus ‘ physician’ (see °m édico) + -inus ‘ o f ’ (see °-ino). “m é d ic o ‘ physician; medical’ : Latin medicus ‘ physician’ , from mederi ‘to heal, look after’ (from Indo-European med- ‘to mea­ sure; to take measures’ ; related words: acomodar, cóm oda, cóm od o, medicina, meditar, moda, modales, m odelo, m ode­ rar, m oderno, modesto, m ódico, modifi­ car, modista, m odo, molde, remedio) + -icus ‘o f ’ (see °-ico2). medida ‘ measure’ : medir ‘ to measure’ (see

medieval

°medir) + -ida, a suffix forming feminine nouns from verbs (see -ida). medieval ‘ medieval’ : New Latin Medium Aevum (Middle Ages’ , literally = ‘ middle age’ (see Edad Media, edad, longevo, °eterno, media, °medio). “medio ‘ half; middle; mean; average’ : Latin medius ‘ middle; half’ , from Indo-Europe­ an medhyo- ‘ middle’ . Related words: Edad Media, inmediato, intermedio, media, mediano, mediante, mediar, m e­ dieval, mediocre, mediodía, Mediterráneo, meridiano, meridional, m esenterio, M eso­ potamia, mitad, p rom ed io; probably: Milán. mediocre ‘ m ediocre’ : Latin mediocris ‘ medi­ ocre, o f a middle quality’ (underlying meaning: ‘ halfway up a mountain’ ), from medi- ‘ middle’ (from medius ‘ middle’ ; see °m edio) + ocris ‘ stony mountain; peak’, from Indo-European ok-ri- ‘ peak’ , from ok-, variant o f ak- ‘ sharp’ (see “ aguja). mediodía ‘ noon, midday; south’ (underly­ ing meaning: ‘ the middle o f the day’ ), from medio ‘ mid, middle’ + día ‘ day’ ; see medio, día. The meaning ‘ south’ is also found in Latin (meridies ‘ south’, originally = ‘ midday, n oon ’ ; compare meridiano) and hence in French (midi) and Italian (m ezzogiorno) and derives from the fact that in Europe — no part o f which is in the Torrid Zone — the sun is seen all year to the south at midday (to the southeast in the morning and to the southwest in the evening). “ medir ‘ to measure’ : Latin metiri ‘ to mea­ sure’, from Indo-European me-ti-, from me- ‘ to measure’. Related words: dimen­ sión, inmenso, medida, menisco, m eno­ pausia, menorragia, menstruación, men­ sual, mes, semestre, trimestre', possibly: mesa. meditar ‘ to meditate’ : Latin meditari ‘ to meditate, think about’, from Indo-Euro­ pean med- ‘ to take measures’ (see “ médi­ co). Mediterráneo (Mar) ‘Mediterranean Sea’ : Late Latin Mediterraneum Mare — seventh century — (previously called Mare mag­ num, Mare internum, Mare nostrum [from the first century B .C .]), from Latin mediterraneum, neuter form o f the adjective mediterraneus ‘interior’ (un­ derlying meaning: ‘sea nearly enclosed

342

with dry land’ ; or, in the seventh century, was it ‘ sea which is in the middle o f the Earth’?), from medi- ‘ intermediate, mid­ dle’ (from medius ‘ middle’ ; see “ m edio) + -terraneus ‘ o f land’ (see subterráneo, ° tierra, -áneo). For Late Latin mare ‘ sea’ (from Latin mare), see °mar. medrar ‘ to thrive’ : *mejdrar, from mejorar ‘to improve’ (see mejorar, “ mejor). medroso ‘ cowardly, fearful’ : Vulgar Latin metorosus ‘ cowardly’ , from Latin metus ‘ fear’ (see “ m eticuloso). “medula, médula ‘ marrow, medulla; essence’ : Latin medulla ‘ marrow’ . Related word: meollo. megáfono ‘ megaphone, device to amplify the voice’ : Greek mega- Targe, great, strong’ (from migas Targe, great, strong’ ; see megalomanía, ° magnitud) + Spanish -fono ‘ voice, sound’ (see -fono, fon ético, estereofón ico, “fábula). First used in En­ glish (megaphone, 1878). megalomania ‘ megalomania, mania for great things’ : Greek megalo- Targe, great’ (from megal-, stem o f migas Targe, great, strong’, from Indo-European meg-al‘great stature’ , from meg- ‘ large’ ; see “magnitud) + Spanish mania ‘ mania’ (see manía, “ mente). megaterio ‘ megathere, large extinct ground sloth’ : French mégathérium ‘ megathere’ (before 1817), from Greek mega- ‘ large’ (see megáfono, megalomanía, “ magnitud) + French -thérium ‘ extinct mammal’ , from Greek therion ‘best, wild animal’, from thér ‘wild animal’ , from IndoEuropean ghwér-, from ghwer- ‘wild ani­ mal’ (see “fiero). Méjico ‘M exico’ (mejicano ‘Mexican’ ), see M éxico. mejilla ‘ cheek’ : Latin maxilla ‘jaw ’ (see “ maxilar). mejillón ‘ mussel’ : Portuguese mexilháo, from Vulgar Latin *muscelione, accusa­ tive o f *muscelio, from muscellus ‘ mus­ sel’ , from Latin musculus ‘ mussel; muscle; little mouse’ (see músculo, “ murciélago). “mejor ‘ best; better’ : Latin melior ‘better’ , from Indo-European mel-yos-, from mel‘ strong; great’ (related words: medrar, mejorar, mucho, múltiple, multiplicar, multitud, m uy) + -yos-, a comparative (originally an adjectival [= ‘ somewhat’, like English -ish in green ish ]) ending (related words: anterior, exterior, inferior,

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interior, maestro, magisterio, magistrado, majestad, mayor, peor, posterior, priori­ dad, señor, superior, ulterior). mejorar ‘ to improve’ : mejor ‘ better’ (see °m ejor) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar' ). melado ‘ sugarcane syrup’ : melado, past participle o f melar ‘ to boil sugarcane juice into syrup’ , from me/-, base o f miel ‘ honey; syrup’ (see °miel), + -ar, an infini­ tive ending (see °-ar'). melancolía ‘ sadness, melancholy’ : Late Latin melancholia ‘ sadness, gloominess (held to be due to the presence o f an excess o f black bile; see humor); black bile’ , from Greek melankholia ‘ gloominess; black bile’, from melon-, stem o f mélas ‘ black, dark’ (see °Melanesia), + khole ‘gall, bile’ (see cólera, °hiel). melancólico ‘ sad, melancholic’ : Latin melancholicus ‘ gloom y’ , from Greek melankholikós ‘ gloom y, having black bile’ , from melankholia ‘ gloominess; black bile’ (see melancolía, ° Melanesia, cólera, °hiel). "Melanesia ‘Melanesia (island group)’ : New Latin Melanesia, from French Mélanésie ‘Melanesia’ (around 1839), literally = ‘region o f islands o f blacks’ (the skin o f most Melanesians is darker than that o f the average Micronesian or Polynesian), from Greek mélas ‘black’ (from IndoEuropean mel- ‘ dark’ [related words: melancolía, m elancólico; possibly: M ol­ davia]) + New Latin -nesia, as in Polyne­ sia (see °Polinesia). m elocotón ‘ peach’ : Medieval Latin melum cotonium ‘quince’ (compare Italian mela cotogna ‘ quince’ ), from Latin malum cotonium ‘ quince’ , literally = ‘Cydonian apple; quince apple’, from malum ‘ apple’ (from Greek melon ‘ apple’ ; see °m elón) + cotonium , cotoneum ‘ quince’ , from cotoneum, cydoneum ‘ Cydonian’ , from Greek kydonion ‘ Cydonian’, from Kyddnia. ‘ Cydonia (modern Khaniá in northwest­ ern Crete)’. m elodía ‘ m elody’ : Late Latin melodía ‘ m elo­ d y ’ , from Greek meloidia ‘ chanting, singing, choral song’ , from mélos ‘ song, tune, musical member, limb’ (from IndoEuropean mel- ‘ limb’ ) + -oidia ‘ singing’ , from aeidein ‘ to sing’ (see comedia, °oda). "melón ‘ m elon’ : Late Latin melonem, accu­ sative o f melo, shortening o f Latin melop ep o (stem m elopepon-), from Greek

menear

m élopépón ‘ m elon’ , literally = ‘ applegourd’, from Greek (A ttic) melon ‘ apple’ (D oric Greek malón, Latin malum [com ­ pare avellana, manzana]), borrowed from a pre-Indo-European Mediterranean lan­ guage (related words: camomila, m eloco­ tón, membrillo, mermelada), + pepón ‘ gourd, m elon’ (see pepino, °cocer). Melpomene ‘Melpomene (the Muse o f trage­ d y )’ : Latin M elpomene, from Greek Mel­ pom en e, literally = ‘ the Singing One’ , from melpom éné, feminine present parti­ ciple o f mélpesthai ‘ to sing’, from mélpein ‘ to sing’. mellizo (adjective and n o u n )‘ twin’ : obsolete *em ellizo, from Vulgar Latin *gemellicius (adjective), from Latin gemellus ‘ twin’ (see °gem elo) + -idus ‘relating to ’ (see °-icio). "membrana ‘ membrane’ : Latin membrana ‘ membrane, skin, parchment’ (underlying meaning: ‘ cover o f an organ or member o f the b o d y ’ ), from membrum ‘ member, member o f the b ody, limb’ , from IndoEuropean mems-ro- ‘ fleshy’ , from mems‘ flesh’ . Related words: meninge, miem­ bro. membrillo ‘ quince’ : Vulgar Latin *memirellu, from *melimellu ‘ quince’, from Latin melimelum ‘ a kind o f sweet apple’ (see mermelada, °miel, °melón). "memoria ‘ m em ory; report’ : Latin memoria ‘ m em ory’ , from m em or ‘ mindful’, from Indo-European me-mor- ‘ mindful’, redu­ plicated form o f mer- (also smer-) ‘ to remember’. Related w ord: conmemorar. mención ‘ m ention’ ( mencionar ‘ to mention’ ): Latin mentionem, accusative o f mentio (stem mention-) ‘mention, remembrance’, from Indo-European mn-ti‘ mind, thought, m em ory’ , from mn-, from men‘ to think’ (see °mente). mendaz ‘ mendacious’ : Latin mendax ‘ lying, false; liar’, from Indo-European mend‘ physical defect; fault’ (see °mendigo). "mendigo ‘beggar, mendicant’ : Latin mendicus ‘ beggar’ (underlying meaning: ‘ defec­ tive, unsound’ ), from mendum, menda ‘ physical defect; fault’, from Indo-Euro­ pean mend- ‘ physical defect; fault’. Rela­ ted words: enmendar, mendaz, remendar. menear ‘ to shake’ : manear ‘ to handle, man­ age’ , from mano ‘ hand’ (see °mano) + -ear, an infinitive ending o f verbs, often denoting repeated action (see -ear).

menester

menester ‘need; occupation’ : Latin ministerium ‘ service, office, occupation’ , from minister ‘servant’ (see ministro, °m ioceno) + -ium, a noun suffix (see -io). menguar ‘ to reduce’ : Vulgar Latin *minuare, from Latin minuere ‘ to lessen, diminish, reduce’ (see minuto, °m ioceno). menhir ‘ menhir’ : French menhir, from Bre­ ton menhir, men hir ‘ menhir, long stone’, from men ‘ stone’ (see °dolm en) + hir ‘lon g’, from Indo-European se-ro- ‘long; late’ (source, likewise, o f Latin serus ‘ late’ [hence, French soir and Italian sera, both = ‘ evening’ ] and o f Old Irish sir ‘long (o f tim e)’ ), from se- ‘ long; late’, meninge ‘ meninx’ : Greek méning-, stem o f meninx ‘ membrane’, from Indo-Europe­ an mems-no- ‘ membrane; fleshy’, from mems- ‘ flesh’ (see °membrana). menisco ‘ meniscus, crescent-shaped cartilage’: Greek meniskos ‘ crescent, small m oon ’, diminutive o f mene ‘ m oon ’ (compare Greek mene, men ‘ m onth’ ), from IndoEuropean men- ‘ m oon; m onth’ , from me‘ to measure’ (see ° medir). The lunar month was used to measure time (com ­ pare mensual). menopausia ‘ menopause’ : French ménopause ‘ menopause’ (1823), from New Latin meno- ‘ menstruation’ (from Greek men ‘ month’ [from menstruation occurring m on th ly ]; see menisco, °medir) + Greek paúsis ‘pause, stopping’ (see °pausa). menor ‘ smaller; less; least; minor’ (p or menor ‘ retail’ ): Latin minor ‘ smaller; less; minor; inferior’ (with -or as in other Latin com ­ paratives; compare mejor), from IndoEuropean mi-nu- ‘ small’ , from mi-, from mei- ‘ small’ (see °mioceno). Menorca ‘Minorca (island, Spain)’ : Late Latin Minorica ‘Minorca’ , from Latin minor ‘ smaller’ + -ica, a place-name suf­ fix (see °Mallorca). For Latin minor, see menor, °m ioceno. menos ‘ less’ : Latin minus ‘ less’ (neuter o f minor ‘ smaller; less’ ), from minor (see menor, °m ioceno). menospreciar ‘ to underrate; to despise’ : menos ‘ less’ (see menos, menor, °miocen o ) + preciar ‘ to value’ , from Latin pretiere ‘ to value’ (see apreciar, precio, °per-). menosprecio ‘ scorn’ : menospreciar ‘ to de­ spise’ (see menospreciar, menos, menor, ° m ioceno, apreciar, precio, °per-).

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mensaje ‘ message’ (mensajero ‘ messenger’ ): obsolete mesaje, from Provencal messatge ‘ message’ , from mes ‘ messenger’, from Latin missus ‘ messenger’ , from missus ‘ sent’, past participle o f mittere ‘ to send’ (see °meter). menstruación ‘ menstruation’ : Late Latin menstruatus, past participle o f menstruari ‘ to menstruate’, from Latin menstrua ‘ menstruation’, from menstrua, neuter plural o f menstruus ‘ o f a m onth; month­ ly; [from menstruation occurring month­ ly ] o f menstruation’, from mensis ‘ m onth’ (see mensual, menisco, °medir). mensual ‘ m onthly’ : Late Latin mensualis ‘ m onthly’ , from Latin mensis ‘ m onth’ (from Indo-European men-s- ‘ month; m oon ’ , from men- ‘ month; m oon ’ ; see menisco, °medir) + -ualis ‘ o f ’ (see -ual). menta ‘mint (aromatic plant)’ : Latin menta, mentha ‘ mint’, from Greek minthe ‘ mint’, o f non-Indo-European (Mediterra­ nean) origin. -menta, -mienta ‘ result; means’ , an ending o f feminine (often collective) nouns, as in herramienta, osamenta, pimienta, tor­ menta, vestimenta: Latin -menta, plural o f -mentum ‘ result; means’ (see °-m ento). mental ‘ mental’ : Late Latin mentalis ‘ o f the mind’, from Latin ment-, stem o f mens ‘ mind’ (see °m ente), + -alis ‘ o f ’ (see °-al). mentar ‘ to m ention’ : mente ‘ mind’ (see °m en te) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar‘ ). Compare English remind ‘to bring something into som eone’s mind (often by mentioning it)’ . °mente ‘ mind’ : Latin mentem, accusative o f mens (stem m ent-) ‘ mind’, from IndoEuropean mn-ti- ‘ mind, thought’, from mn-, from men- ‘ to think’ . Related words: amnesia, amnistía, amonestar, automáti­ co , calcomanía, cartomancia, comentar, com entario, dem ente, demostrar, manda­ rín, mandarina, manía, manicomio, me­ galomanía, mención, mental, mentar, -m ente, mentir, mentira, m entiroso, men­ tor, mnemotecnia, monstruo, monumen­ to, mostrar, muestra, nigromancia. For the Indo-European verbal abstract -ti-, see mortal. -mente ‘ in a (specified) manner’, an ending o f adverbs, as in ágilmente, buenamente, cautamente, gradualmente, seguramente (always added to the feminine form o f an adjective because both Spanish m ente and

345

Latin mens are feminines): Vulgar Latin mente ‘ in a (specified) state o f mind’, from Latin m ente, ablative o f mens (see "m ente); it was originally a part o f a phrase: for instance, Vulgar Latin sana mente ‘ healthily’ , in Latin literally = ‘with a healthy mind’, came to mean ‘ in a healthy manner’ . mentir ‘ to lie, tell a lie’ : Latin mentiri ‘ to lie’, from ment-, stem o f mens ‘ mind’ (see °m ente), possibly from the idea ‘ to say something made up by the mind, not real’. mentira ‘ lie’ , ultimately from mentir ‘ to lie’ (see mentir, "mente). mentiroso ‘ liar; mendacious’, ultimately from mentir ‘ to lie’ (see mentir, °mente). °-mento ‘result, means, action, place, state’ , an ending o f nouns, as in alimento, com ­ plem en to, docum ento, fragm ento, salva­ m ento: Latin -mentum ‘ result, product o f action; means’ (as in ornamentum), noun suffix generally added to verbs, from -men (as in carmen ‘ song’ , semen ‘ seed’ ) ‘ product or result o f action’ , an ending o f neuter nouns (from Indo-European -men‘ product or result o f action’ ; related suf­ fixes -ema, -ma, -oma), + -turn, akin to -tus, past participle ending (see °-ado'). Re­ lated suffixes: -amenta, -amento, -amienta, -amiento, -ema, -imenta, -imento, -imiento, -menta, -mienta, -miento. For some Spanish descendants o f IndoEuropean men-, see crimen, criminal, estambre, germen, gravamen, mimbre, numen and its family, recriminar, semen and its family, término and its family, mentón ‘ chin’ : French mentón, from Latin mentum ‘ chin’, ultimately from IndoEuropean men- ‘to project’ (see "m onte). mentor ‘ mentor’ : French mentor ‘ mentor’ , from Mentor, a character in Fénelon’s Télémaque (1699) modeled after M entor ‘Mentor (Telemachus’ teacher in Homer’s O dyssey)’ , from Latin M entor, from Greek M éntor ‘Mentor’, probably = ‘ Thinker, Adviser’ , from Indo-European men- ‘ to think’ ; see ° mente. menudo ‘small, minute’ (a menudo ‘ often ’ ): Latin minutus ‘small’ (see minuto, "miocen o). The underlying meaning o f a menu­ do ‘often ’ is ‘ many times, at small (brief) intervals’. Doublet: minuto. m eollo ‘ brain; marrow, medulla’ : Vulgar Latin medullu ‘ brain’ , back-formation

m ercurio

from Latin medulla ‘ marrow’ mistaken for a neuter plural (see ° medula). mercader ‘merchant’ : Catalan mercader ‘ mer­ chant’, from mercat ‘ market, com m erce’, from Latin mercatus ‘ market, com m erce’ (see ° mercado). "mercado ‘ market’ (earlier meaning: ‘ trade’ ): Latin mercatus ‘ commerce, market place’ , from mercatus, past participle o f mercari ‘ to trade’ , from mere-, stem o f merx ‘ merchandise’, from Italic mere-, a root referring to trade. Related words: com er­ cio, marchante, mercader, mercancía, merced, Mercedario, Mercedes, mercena­ rio, mercería, usted; probably: Mercurio, mercurio, miércoles. mercancía ‘ merchandise’ : Italian mercanzia ‘ merchandise’, from mercante ‘a mer­ chant’, from mercante, past participle o f mercare ‘ to trade’ , from Latin mercari ‘ to trade’ (see °mercado). merced ‘ favor, gift, mercy’ : Medieval Latin mercedem, accusative o f merces (stem merced-) ‘ mercy, compassion, kindness’ , from Latin merces ‘ price, wages, reward’ , from mere-, stem o f merx ‘ merchandise’ (see °mercado). Mercedario ‘Mercedario (mountain, Argen­ tina)’, so named for the mercedarios ‘Mercedarians’, members o f the Orden de Nuestra Señora de la Merced ‘ Order o f Our Lady o f Mercy’ (in Medieval Latin Ordo Beatae Mariae de M ercede), from merced ‘ favor, mercy’ (see merced, " mer­ cado) + -ario ‘ o f ’ (see -ario2, °-ario'). The order — founded around 1218 in Barce­ lona — arrived in Argentina with the Spanish conquest to convert local inhabi­ tants to Christianity; it preached there mainly in the eighteenth century. Mercedes, feminine given name, originally Maria de las Mercedes (1690; compare Carmen), literally = ‘Mary o f the Mercies’ , from mercedes, plural o f merced ‘ mercy, favor’ (see merced, ° mercado). mercenario ‘ mercenary’ : Latin mercenarius ‘ mercenary, hireling, one that serves merely for wages’ , from merces ‘wages, pay’ (see merced, ° mercado). mercería ‘ notions shop, mercery’ : Catalan mercería ‘ notions shop, mercer’s shop; mercer’s wares’, from Latin mere-, stem o f merx ‘ merchandise’ (see "mercado). mercurio ‘ mercury’ : Medieval Latin mercurius ‘ mercury’ , probably from a comparison

M ercurio

between the mobility o f mercury (the metallic element) and that o f Mercury (the god; see Mercurio, ° mercado), tradi­ tionally fleet-footed messenger o f the gods. Mercurio ‘Mercury (god, and planet)’ ; Latin Mercurius, ancient Roman god o f com ­ merce (whose name was given the planet), probably akin to mercari ‘ to trade’ (see “ mercado). "merecer ‘ to deserve, merit’ : Vulgar Latin merescere ‘ to deserve’, from Latin merere, mereri ‘ to earn, gain, deserve, merit, re­ ceive a share’ (from Indo-European mer-eto receive a share’, from mer- [also smer-] ‘ to receive a share’ ; related words: merien­ da, mérito) + -escere, an inchoative end­ ing (see °-ecer). meridiano ‘ meridian’ : Latin meridianus ‘ o f midday; o f the south’, from meridies ‘ midday; south’ (compare mediodía), from medidies (with dissimilation o f the first -d-), from medius ‘mid, middle’ (see 0m edio) + dies ‘ day’ (see día, “dios). meridional ‘southern’ : Late Latin meridionalis ‘southern’, from Latin meridianus ‘ meridian, o f midday, o f the south’ (see meridiano, “ medio, día, “dios). merienda ‘ snack’ : Latin merenda ‘ snack’, from merenda, feminine o f merendus ‘ to be deserved’, gerundive o f merere ‘ to earn, gain, deserve’ (see “ merecer). merino ‘ merino (sheep o f a breed developed in Spain from stock o f North African origin)’ , from Berber (B eni) Merin, a North African people from whom sheep were imported into Spain to improve the earlier local breed. mérito ‘ merit’ : Latin meritum ‘recompense’ , from meritum, neuter o f meritus ‘ deserv­ ed’, past participle o f merere ‘to gain; to deserve’ (see “merecer). mermar ‘ to shrink, lessen’ : Vulgar Latin minimare ‘ to reduce, decrease’ , from Latin minimus ‘ smallest, least’ (see ° míni­ m o ) + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). mermelada ‘jam, marmalade; quince jam ’ : Portuguese marmelada ‘ quince jam ’, from marmelo ‘ quince’ , from Latin melimelum ‘ a kind o f sweet apple’, from Greek melimélon, literally = ‘ honey apple’ , from méli (stem melit-) ‘ h oney’ (from IndoEuropean melit--, see “miel) + melon ‘ apple’ (see “melón). “mero ‘ mere’ : Latin merus ‘ pure, clear, un­

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mixed, bare’ . Related word: esmero. mes ‘ m onth’ : Latin mensis ‘ m onth’ (see mensual, “medir). mesa ‘ table’ ( meseta ‘ plateau, tableland’ ): Latin mensa ‘ table’ (also = ‘ fo o d ’, and in Old Latin ‘ flat cake offered to the gods’ ), first applied to a small individual table (like a serving tray or a piece o f board), possibly from mensa, feminine o f mensus ‘ measured’ , past participle o f metiri ‘ to measure’ (see “ medir). mesenterio ‘ mesentery’ : Greek mesentérion ‘ mesentery’, from mes- ‘ middle’ (from mésos ‘ middle’ ; see Mesopotamia, “me­ d io) + énteron ‘ intestine’ (see enteritis, en-2, °-en). mesfas ‘ messiah’ : Late Latin messias, from Greek messias ‘ messiah’, from Aramaic meshiha, from Hebrew mashiah ‘ annointed; the Messiah’, from mashah ‘ he annointed’ . mesón ‘ inn’ : Latin mansionem, accusative o f mansio (stem mansion ) ‘ dwelling’ (pos­ sibly through French maison ‘ house’ ). See “ mansión. Mesopotamia ‘Mesopotamia (ancient coun­ try, southwestern Asia)’ : Latin M esopota­ mia (first century B.C.), from Greek M esopotamia ‘Mesopotamia’ (second cen­ tury B.C.), from mesopotamia, feminine o f m esopotám ios ‘ between rivers’ (this country was between the Tigris and the Euphrates), from meso- ‘ in the middle, between’ (from mésos ‘ middle’ , from Indo-European medhyo- ‘ middle’ ; see “ m edio) + potam os ‘ river’ (underlying meaning: ‘rushing water’ ), from IndoEuropean p ot-, from pet- ‘to rush, fly’ (see “pedir). mestizo ‘half-caste, métis, mestizo’ : Vulgar Latin *misticius, *mixticius ‘ mixed, o f parents o f different nations’, from Latin mixtus ‘ mixed’ (from mixtus, past partici­ ple o f miscere ‘ to m ix’ ; see “ m ecer) + -idus ‘o f ’ (see -icio). “meta- ‘ between; follow ing; behind, back­ ward; beyond; changed, changing’, as in metabolismo, metacarpo, metáfora, metamorfis, metátesis: Greek meta- (met- be­ fore vowels and h-) ‘ between; after; be­ hind; thoroughly’ (also a prefix denoting ‘ involving change or transfer’ ), from metá ‘between; with; after’ , from Indo-Europe­ an me-ta- ‘ between’ , from me- ‘ between’. Related words: m eteoro, m eteorológico,

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m étodo, metonimia. "metabolismo ‘ metabolism’ : Greek metabolé ‘ change’ , from metabállein ‘ to change’ , from meta-, denoting change (see °meta-), + bállein ‘ to throw’ , from Indo-European gwl-no-, from gwl-, from gwel- ‘ to throw, reach’ . Related words: abulia, bailar, bayadera, catabolismo, diablo, emblema, ém bolo, hipérbola, hipérbole, palabra, parábola', parábola2, parlamento, proble­ ma, sím bolo. metafísico ‘ metaphysical’ : Medieval Latin metaphysicus ‘ metaphysical’, from metaphysica ‘ metaphysics (branch o f philoso­ phy that studied being, and the origin and structure o f the universe)’ (interpreted in the Middle Ages as meaning ‘ the study o f what is beyond the physical’ because Latin trans- ‘beyond, transcending’ often corresponded in com pounds to Greek meta- ‘ after, follow ing’ ), from Medieval Greek (fa) metaphysiká (neuter plural) ‘ (the) things [works] after the Physics’ , from Greek (Ta) meta (fa) Physiká ‘ (the) Things after (the) Physics’ (title given — probably in the first century B.C. — to Aristotle’s work on transcendental philosophy [thirteen b o o k s ], because in the by then traditional arrangement it follow ed his treatises on physics or ex­ ternal nature [the latter collection o f treatises being called Ta Physiká]), from metá ‘ after’ (see °meta-) + physiká ‘ natu­ ral things’, neuter plural o f physikós ‘ nat­ ural’ (see físico, °futuro). In summary, the term first referred to some books by Aristotle (384—322 B.C.) that happened to be placed in a certain position in a co l­ lection, and later to the branch o f study treated in these books. metáfora ‘m etaphor’ : Latin metaphora ‘meta­ phor’ , from Greek metaphorá ‘ metaphor; transference, carrying over, change’, from metaphérein ‘to transfer, carry over, change’, from meta-, a prefix denoting ‘ involving change’ (see °meta-), + phérein ‘ to carry’ (see °periferia). "metal ‘ metal’ (m etálico ‘ metallic’ ): Latin metallum ‘ metal; mine’ , from Greek métallon ‘ mine; mineral’. Related word: medalla. metátesis ‘ metathesis’ : Late Latin metathesis ‘ metathesis’, from Greek metáthesis ‘ metathesis, transposition o f letters; trans­ position’ , from metatithénai ‘ to trans­

metralla

pose’ , from meta-, a prefix denoting ‘ in­ volving change’ (see °meta-), + tithénai ‘to put, place’ (see tesis, "hacer). meteoro ‘ meteor’ (m eteorito ‘ meteorite’ ): Medieval Latin meteorum ‘ meteor’ , from Greek metédron ‘ astronomical phenome­ non, thing in the sky’ , from metédron, neuter o f m etéoros ‘ high in the air, raised o f f the ground’, from met- ‘ thoroughly’ (see °meta-) + -eoros, akin to aeirein ‘to lift’ (see °arteria). meteorológico ‘ meteorological’ : Greek meteorologikós ‘m eteorological’ , from m ete­ orología ‘meteorology, discussion o f as­ tronomical phenomena’ , from metédron ‘ astronomical phenom enon’ (see meteoro, °meta-, °arteria) + -logia ‘ discussion, study’ (see -logia, °leer). "meter ‘ to insert’ : Latin mittere ‘ to let go, send, throw’ . Related words: acometer, admisión, admitir, arremeter, cometer, comisión, com ité, com prom eter, com pro­ miso, Christmas (Isla), emisor, emitir, entremés, entremetido, entrometido, mensaje, misa, misil, misil, misión, omi­ sión, omitir, permiso, permitir, premisa, promesa, prom eter, remitir, someter, su­ misión, transmitir. "m eticuloso ‘ fearful; meticulous’ : La tin meticulosus ‘ overly concerned; fearful’ , from metus ‘ fear’ (related words: medro­ so, miedo) + -iculosus, as in periculosus ‘ dangerous’ (se epeligroso). m étodo ‘ m ethod’ : Latin methodus ‘ m ethod’ , from Greek m éthodos ‘ mode o f investiga­ tion; pursuit o f knowledge; a going after’ , from met- ‘ after’ (see °meta-) + hodós ‘journey’ (see °éxod o). metonimia ‘ m etonym y’ : Late Latin m etonymia ‘ m etonym y’ , from Greek metonym ia ‘ m etonym y, substitute naming’, from met‘ transfer’ (see °meta ) + -onymia ‘ kind o f word, kind o f name, word, name’ , from -ónym os ‘o f a name’ (see -ánimo, ° nom­ bre) + -ia (see -ia). "metralla ‘ grapeshot, small missiles’ : French mitraille ‘ grapeshot’ , from Old French mitraille ‘ old iron, pieces o f metal, small coins’, from mitaille ‘ small coins’ , from mite ‘ small copper coin; mite (insect)’, from Middle Dutch m ite ‘ small copper coin; mite (insect)’, from Germanic mitón- ‘ a small biting insect’ (underlying meaning: ‘the biter’ ), from Germanic mait-, from Indo-European mai-d- ‘to

m étrico

cut’ , from mai- ‘to cut’. Related word: ametralladora. métrico ‘metrical (o f measurement); metric’ : Latin metricus ‘ o f measurement’, from Greek metrikós ‘ o f measurement’ , from métron ‘ measurement, measure’ (see °~metro). m etro 1 ‘ meter (measured rhythm o f verse)’ : Greek métron ‘ meter (measured rhythm o f verse), measure’ (see °-mefro). In the meaning ‘unit o f length’ it derives from French métre ‘ meter (unit o f length)’ (1790 or 1791), from Greek métron. m etro 2 ‘subway train’, short for m etropoli­ tano, from (ferrocarril) m etropolitano, literally = ‘ metropolitan (railway)’ (see metropolitano, m etrópoli, madre, "ma­ má). Probably inspired by French M étro (around 1900), the Paris subway (short for [chemin de fer] métropolitain [1 8 9 8 ]), or by English M etropolitan Dis­ trict Railway (1860), one o f the under­ ground railways o f London. °-metro (unstressed suffix) ‘ measuring de­ vice’, as in barómetro, cronóm etro, fo tó ­ metro, higrómetro, term óm etro: Greek métron ‘measure, meter (measured rhythm o f verse), length, proportion’. Related words: centím etro, diámetro, geom étrico, kilómetro, manómetro, m é­ trico, m etro', milímetro, perím etro, plu­ viómetro, simétrico, trigonometría. metrópoli ‘ metropolis’ : Late Latin m etropo­ lis ‘ chief tow n; mother city (from which other cities have been colonized)’ , from Greek metrópolis ‘ mother city’, from métr-, stem o f m eter ‘ mother’ (from Indo-European mater- ‘ mother’ ; see ma­ dre, "mamá), + -o-, a connective vowel (see -o-), + polis ‘ city’ (see "politico). metropolitano ‘ metropolitan; subway train’ : Late Latin metropolitanus ‘ metropolitan, o f a chief tow n ’, from metropolis ‘ chief tow n ’ (see metrópoli, madre, "mamá, "politico). For the meaning ‘ subway train’ , see m etro2. °M éxico ‘M exico (country, and city)’ ( mexi­ cano ‘Mexican’ ). The name o f the coun­ try derives from that o f the city. In the twelfth century, the Aztecs (with other Nahuatlan groups) left Aztlan (see azteca) and after much wandering reached Lake T ezcoco (also spelled T e x co co ) in the Valley o f Mexico. Around 1325, after more wandering about, they founded a

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town on an island located near the west­ ern edge o f the lake. The tow n was called in Nahuatl M exicco or M etzico or M etzx i’co (also M exicco-Tenochtitlan), a name that may be related to Nahuatl metztli ‘ m oon ’ (according to Cristóbal del Castillo [1527—1 6 0 6 ], Lake T ezcoco was also called Metzliapan ‘M oon Lake’), and that ends in the locative -co ‘at, place o f ’ (related words: Anáhuac, Oaxaca, Te­ huantepec-, -co is also found in such other Mexican place names as Acapulco, Tasco, X ochim ilco). The Aztecs later made up a legend about a chief Mexictli (to explain the name as ‘at M exictli’s’ ) who led them to the site; still later, he became one o f their gods, and many Aztecs held this god to be the source o f the name o f their city M exico, though it was probably the other way around. The reason for the name ‘ m oon ’ is much disputed, but the m oon cult was wide­ spread in Middle America as elsewhere in the ancient world. Some o f the names for M exico City in several Mexican Indian languages (Cuicatec and M ixtee; Otom i and Pame; Tarascan) include an element that means or connotes ‘ m oon ’ . If the form M etzx i’co is the earliest, the name could be split as M etz-xi’-co and would mean ‘M oon Navel Place’ , from m etztli ‘ m oon; m onth’ + x i ’tli, xictli ‘ navel’ (compare Xitle, a volcano near M exico City; see also jitom ate, jicara) + -co ‘ at, place o f ’. The spelling M éjico, mejicano appears around 1815 (compare °x). It is customa­ ry in Spanish-speaking countries outside o f M exico; in M exico it is used very little, mezclar ‘ to mix (mezcla ‘ mixture’ ): Vulgar Latin *misculare ‘ to m ix’, from Latin miscere ‘ to m ix’ (see "m ecer). mezquino ‘ poor; stingy; small; unfortunate’ : obsolete mesquino, from Arabic miskin ‘ poor; unfortunate’ (root skn ‘ quiet’ ), mezquita ‘ mosque’, probably from Armen­ ian mzkit, from Arabic masjid ‘ mosque, temple, place o f worship’ , from sajada ‘ to prostrate oneself, worship’ . mi1 ‘ m y’ : Old Spanish mi ‘ my (masculine and fem inine)’ : the feminine derives from Old Spanish míe ‘ m y’ (from Latin mea ‘ mine (feminine)’ [see mío, "me]-, com ­ pare su, tu), which lost the second syl­ lable when unstressed in the phrase (i.e.,

349

before a noun), the masculine derives from Old Spanish mío, mio ‘ m y’ (see mío, °m e), which also lost its second syl­ lable (by analogy with the feminine míe). mi2 ‘ mi (musical ton e)’ : Medieval Latin mi ‘ m i’ (see do). mi ‘ me’ : Vulgar Latin mi, from Latin mihi, suppletive dative o f the first person singu­ lar pronoun ego ‘ I’ (from Indo-European meghei [dative], from me-, suppletive oblique form o f eg ‘ I’ ; see "me; compare y o ; compare s í 2, ti). Miami ‘Miami (city, Florida)’, first men­ tioned — in Spanish — in 1566 (then spelled Maymi\ also Mayami) as the name o f a lake in the area (present Lake Okeechobee?), o f American Indian origin. Some authors say the name means ‘very large’, others ‘ large water’, but they do not say in what language. The Indians living there were Tequesta — a people of unknown linguistic affinity. "m icrobio ‘ m icrobe’ : New Latin microbium, from French microbe (1878), from Greek mikro- ‘ small’ (from mikrós, smikrós ‘ small, short’ , from Indo-European smik‘ small’ [related words: micrófono, Micro­ nesia, microscopio, miga], possibly akin to Indo-European sme- ‘ to rub, smear, throw’ ) + bios ‘ mode o f life; life’ , from Indo-European gwiy-o- ‘ to live’, from gwiy-, variant o f gwei- ‘ to live’ (see °vivo). m icrófono ‘ m icrophone’ (underlying mean­ ing: ‘ instrument that intensifies small sounds’ ), from Greek mikro- ‘ small’ (see ° m icrobio) + Spanish -fono ‘ sound, voice’ (see -fono, fonético, estereofónico, fábu­ la). In English, microphone, 1683. Micronesia ‘Micronesia (island groups)’ : New Latin Micronesia, from French Micronésie ‘Micronesia’ (around 1839), literally = ‘ region o f small islands’ , from Greek mikro- ‘ small’ (see ° m icrobio) + New Latin -nesia, as in Polynesia (see °Polinesia). m icroscopio ‘ m icroscope’ (underlying mean­ ing: ‘ means for viewing small things’), from Greek mikro- ‘ small’ (see °microbio) + -skopion ‘ means for viewing’ (see cali­ doscopio, °espejo). Both in English and in French, microscope, 1656. Midway (Islas) ‘Midway Islands (Pacific Ocean)’ : English Midway, from the fact that this atoll is roughly halfway between America and Asia at that latitude (28°N).

m igración

miedo ‘ fear’ : Latin metus ‘ fear’ (see °meticu­ loso ). “miel ‘ honey; syrup’ : Latin mel (stem mell-) ‘ honey’ , from Indo-European mel-ni-, from mel-, from melit- ‘ honey’ . Related words: melado, membrillo, mermelada. miembro ‘ member; member o f b ody, limb’ : Latin membrum ‘ member; limb’ (see ° membrana). -mienta ‘ result; means’, as in herramienta, see -menta. -miento ‘result, means, action, place, state’, an ending o f nouns, as in ablandamiento, acaloramiento, abastecimiento, aburri­ miento, agradecimiento: Latin -mentum (see °-m entó). Note: -amiento is added to -ar verbs, -imiento to -er and to -ir verbs, mientras ‘while’, shortening o f obsolete demientras (also demientra, demientre, demientres), from domientre (with -s by analogy [as in antes, entonces, quizás] to such other Spanish adverbs as atrás, des­ pués, jamás, más, m enos), from conversa­ tional Latin dum interim, literally = ‘ while while’, from Latin dum ‘while’ (ultimately from Indo-European de-, a demonstrative stem; see °débil) + interim ‘while, meanwhile’ (see interino, entre, °en). miércoles ‘ Wednesday’ : LatinMercuris (dies), from Mercurii dies (perhaps on the analo­ gy o f Jovis, Martis, Veneris [see lunes]) ‘Wednesday’ , literally = ‘Mercury’s day’, from Mercurii, genitive o f Mercurius ‘Mer­ cury (the planet)’ , from Mercurius, ancient Roman god o f comm erce (see Mercurio, °mercado). The Roman name o f the day is a translation o f Greek héméra Hermoú, literally = ‘day of-Hermes (= Mercury [planet], and Greek god o f com m erce)’ . For Latin dies, see día. mies ‘ ripe cereal’ ( mieses ‘ grain fields’ ): Latin messis ‘ a reaping, harvest; harvested crops’ , from metere ‘ to reap’, from IndoEuropean me- ‘ to mow (cut down grain)’ , miga ‘ crumb’ (migaja, migajón ‘ bread crumb’ ): Latin mica ‘ crumb, grain, small piece’, from Indo-European smik- ‘ small’ (see ° microbio). migración ‘ migration’ : Latin migrationem, accusative o f migratio (stem migration-) ‘ migration’, from migratus, past participle o f migrare ‘to migrate, change on e’s place o f living’ (from Indo-European meigw- ‘ to change’ , from mei- ‘ to change, go, move’ ;

m igratorio

see ° impermeable), + -io ‘ act o f ’ (see °-ión). migratorio ‘ migratory’ : New Latin migratorius ‘migratory’, from Latin migratus, past participle o f migrare ‘ to migrate’ (see migración, °impermeable), + -orius ‘ o f’ (see “-orio1). Miguel, masculine given name (1055), corre­ sponding to English Michael: obsolete Migael (1047), from Late Latin Michael, from Greek Mikhael, from Hebrew Mikael, the name o f nine persons in the Bible, literally = ‘ Who is_like G o d ?’, from mi ‘w h o’ + ka ‘ like’ + El ‘ G od ’ (see “Manuel). The name is at least 29 centuries old, as the earliest biblical mention probably is the father o f Sethur the Spy, in Numbers 13.13. mijo ‘ millet’ : Latin milium ‘ millet’, from Indo-European mel-eyo- ‘millet’, from mel- ‘ to grind’ (see “moler). °mil ‘ thousand’ : Latin mille ‘ thousand; mile’ . Related words: billón, mili-, milímetro, milla, millar, millón, trillón. milagro ‘ miracle’ : obsolete miraglo (by meta­ thesis), from Latin miraculum ‘ miracle, wonderful or strange event’, from mirari ‘to wonder at’ (see “mirar). Milán ‘Milan (city, Italy)’ : Italian Milano, from Latin Mediolanum (third century B.C.), from Gaulish Mediolanum ‘Milan’, probably = ‘ in the middle o f the plain’, from medio- ‘ middle’ (from Indo-Europe­ an m e d h y o see “m edio) + -fimum ‘ a plain’, from Indo-European pla-no(source, likewise, o f Latin planus; see piano1, “Polonia). Milan is approximately in the middle o f the plain that stretches from the Po River to the Alps. mili- ‘ thousandth’ , as in miligramo, mililitro, m ilím etro: Latin milli-, mili- ‘ thousand’ , from mille ‘ thousand’ (see °mil). milímetro ‘ millimeter’ : mili- ‘ thousandth’ (see mili-, °mil) + metro ‘ meter’ (see m etro1, °-m etro). militar ‘ military’ : Latin militaris ‘o f soldiers; o f war’ , from milit-, stem o f miles ‘soldier’ (possibly akin to Greek hómilos ‘ crowd, throng, assembly’ , in which case the underlying meaning would be ‘ member o f a crowd, o f a band’ ), + -aris ‘o f ’ (see -ar2, °-al). milpa ‘ (M exico) maize field’ : Náhuatl milpa ‘ maize field’ , from milli ‘ cultivated p lot’ + pa ‘ in; on ’ .

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milla ‘ mile’ : Latin milia ‘ miles’ (from milia passuum, literally = ‘ thousands o f paces’ ), plural o f mille ‘ mile’, from mille passus, literally = ‘ thousand paces’, from mille ‘ thousand’ (see °mil) + passus, plural — a zero plural — o f passus ‘ step, pace’ (see paso, “paten te1). millar ‘thousand’ : Latin miliarius, milliarius (adjective) ‘ containing a thousand’, from mille ‘ thousand’ (see “mil) + -i-, a connec­ tive vowel (see -i-2), + -arius ‘ o f ’ (see “-ario1). millón ‘ million’ : Old Italian milione ‘ million’ (literally = Targe thousand’ ), augmenta­ tive o f mille ‘ thousand’ , from Latin mille {see “mil)', the Italian augmentative ending -one has the same origin as Spanish -ón (see -ón). mimar ‘to pet; to spoil, coddle’ : mimo ‘ caress’ (see “mimo1) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see “-ar1). mimbre ‘osier’ : vimbre ‘ osier’ , from Vulgar Latin vimine, accusative o f vimen, from Latin vimen (stem vimin-) ‘ pliant twig, withe, osier’, from Indo-European weimen ‘ pliant twig’ , from wei- ‘ to bend, twist’ (see “veta) + -men ‘ product’ (see “ m entó). “m im o 1 ‘ caress’ , a word probably form ed in imitation o f the prolonged speech sound m often used as an interjection to express pleasure. Related word: mimar. “m im o 1 ‘ mime’ : Latin mimus ‘ mimic actor’, from Greek m im os ‘ mimic actor, imita­ tor’, akin to mimeisthai ‘ to imitate, repre­ sent’. Related words: mimosa, pantom i­ ma. mimosa ‘ mimosa’ : French mimosa, from New Latin mimosa ‘ mimosa’ , from Latin mimus ‘ mimic actor’ (from the fact that this plant apparently imitates animal sensitivity when it closes its leaves if touched) + -osa, feminine o f -osus ‘similar t o ’ (see -oso). °mina ‘ mine’ : Vulgar Latin *mina ‘ mine’ , from Celtic *meini- ‘ ore’ (source, likewise, o f Welsh mwyn ‘ ore’ ). Related word: mineral. Mindanao ‘Mindanao (island, Philippines)’ : TagalogMindanáw ‘Mindanao’, probably = Take country’ , the second element o f the name being Tagalog danaw, danao Take’ (akin to Maranao ranaw ‘ lake’ ). mineral ‘ mineral; ore’ : Medieval Latin mineralis (adjective) ‘ mineral’ (the noun de-

351

rives from Medieval Latin minerale ‘ore’ , from minerale, neuter o f mineralis), from minera ‘ ore; mine’ (from Old French miniere ‘ mine’ , from mine, from Vulgar Latin *mina ‘ mine’ ; see °mina) + Latin -alis ‘o f ’ (see °-al). "miniatura ‘ miniature’ : Italian miniatura ‘ painting (especially: ‘ small picture, Medi­ eval manuscript illumination’ )’ , from miniato, past participle o f miniare ‘to illu­ minate (especially a manuscript)’ from Latin minare ‘to color with cinnabar or with minium’, from minium ‘ cinnabar; minium, red lead’, probably o f Iberian origin (akin to Basque arminea ‘ cinnabar’ ), + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-ar‘ ). Related word: carmín. "m ínimo ‘ minimum’ : Latin minimus ‘ small­ est; least’, from Indo-European minu-mo‘smallest’ , from mi-nu- ‘ small’ (see menor, ° m ioceno) + -mo-, a superlative ending, originally = ‘ the extreme one (in space)’ (related words: extrem o, ínfimo, íntimo, mermar, optim ismo, optimista, primo and its family, sumo, supremo, ubérrimo, último). This Indo-European -mo- is prob­ ably the same as the -mo- o f Indo-Europe­ an -is-sa-mo- (see °-isimo). ministerio ‘ ministry’ : Latin ministerium ‘ ser­ vice, office, occupation’, from minister ‘ servant’ (see ministro, °m ioceno). ministro ‘ minister’ : Latin ministrum, accusa­ tive o f minister (stem ministr-) ‘servant, attendant’ (underlying meaning: ‘ smaller, inferior’, in contrast with magister ‘ mas­ ter’, literally = ‘ greater’ ; compare maestro), from Indo-European mi-nu‘ small’ (see menor, °m ioceno). minoría ‘ minority’ : Latin minor ‘ smaller; less’ (see menor, °m iocen o) + Spanish -ia ‘ condition, state’ (see -ia). Minsk ‘Minsk (capital o f Byelorussia)’ : Byelorussian Minsk, from Ukrainian Minsk (sixteenth century), from Old Russian M en'sk” (1067), perhaps from the name o f the Polish tow n Minsk Mazowiecki (probably derived from Mienia, a river near it, or from Mieri, a river not far from it on which there are several towns called Minska [the names o f these rivers are akin to Old Slavic minpti ‘to go past, pass’ and to other Indo-European river names, such as German Main, from Indo-European mei- ‘ to change, go, m ove’ ; see °imperm eable], + -sk, a Slavic place-name suffix,

m iope

as in Russian Okhotsk [see O jostsk]), or from a river with the Old-Russian name M en” (o f the same origin as the river names mentioned above or even one o f those rivers itself) — although Minsk is on the Svisloch’ river. minucioso ‘ thorough, attentive to minute details’ : minucia ‘ minute detail’ (from Latin minutia ‘smallness’, from minutus ‘ small’ ; see minuto, "m ioceno) + -oso ‘ having’ (see -oso). minúsculo ‘ very small; minuscule’ : Latin minusculus ‘ less, rather small’ , from minus-, stem o f minor ‘smaller, less’ (see menor, °m ioceno), + -cuius Tittle on e’ (see -cu lo1, °-ulo). minuto ‘ minute’ : Medieval Latin minutum ‘ minute (o f tim e)’ , from Late Latin minu­ tum ‘ minute o f arc’ , neuter o f Latin minutus ‘ small’ (from minutus, past parti­ ciple o f minuere ‘to lessen, diminish, reduce’, from Indo-European mi-nu‘ small’ ; see menor, °m ioceno), from its being a small division (o f a degree — from the time o f Ptolemy, second century o f the Christian era — , or o f an hour — from the Middle Ages). Occasionally called in Spanish minuto primero, from its being the first sexagesimal division (compare segundo). Doublet: menudo. m ío ‘ mine’ : Old Spanish m ío, mio ‘ mine; m y’, from *m ieo, from Latin meum, accusative o f meus (masculine) and o f meum (neuter) ‘ mine; m y’ , from IndoEuropean me-yo- ‘ m y’ , from me- ‘ me’ (see °me). miocardio ‘ myocardium’ : Greek myo- ‘ mus­ cle’ (from mys ‘ muscle; mouse’, from Indo-European mus ‘ mouse’ ; see °murcié­ lago) + -kardion ‘ heart’ , from kardia ‘ heart’ (see cardiaco, °cordial). "m ioceno ‘M iocene’ : Greek meio- (from meion ‘ less, lesser’ , from Indo-European mei- ‘small’ ; related words: administrar, administrativo, diminuto, disminuir, echar de menos, menester, menguar, menor, Menorca, menos, menospreciar, menos­ precio, menudo, mínimo, ministerio, ministro, minoría, minúsculo, minuto, pormenor, suministrar) + Spanish -ceno ‘recent geological ep och ’ (see -ceno, °re­ cien te). miope ‘ m yop ic’ : Late Latin m yopem , accu­ sative o f my ops, from Greek mydps ‘ m yo­ pic’, from myein ‘to close [i.e., contract]

mirada

the eyes; to close the lips’ (from IndoEuropean mu-, a syllable imitative o f in­ articulate sounds; see °m udo) + ops ‘ eye’ (see piropo, °ocular). mirada ‘ look ’ : mirar ‘ to look at’ (see “mirar) + -ada ‘ product o f ’ (see -ada3). mirador ‘ lookout, observation point’ ; Catalan mirador ‘ look ou t’, from mirar ‘ to look at’ , from Latin mirari ‘ to wonder at’ (see °mirar). “mirar ‘ to look at’ ( miramiento ‘ care, consid­ eration’ ): Latin mirari ‘ to wonder at’, from mirus ‘ wonderful; wonder’ , from Indo-European smei-ro- ‘ that makes you smile’, from smei- ‘ to laugh, smile’ . Related words: admirar, maravilla, mi2, milagro, mirada, mirador. miria- ‘ ten thousand; numerous’, as in miriám etro, miriápodo: Greek m yrios ‘ countless’ and its plural myrioi ‘ ten thousand’ . °mirla ‘ blackbird’ : Latin merula ‘ blackbird’ , from *misula, from Indo-European mes­ óla, from mes-, variant o f ames- ‘ black­ bird’ (source, through ams-ol-, o f Old High German amsla ‘ blackbird’ ). Related w ord: mirlo. mirlo ‘ blackbird’ : Latin merulus, variant o f merula ‘blackbird’ (see “mirla). mirra ‘ myrrh’ : Latin myrrha, from Greek myrrha ‘ myrrh’, possibly o f Semitic origin (akin to Hebrew mor and Arabic murr, both = ‘ myrrh’ ). °mirto ‘ myrtle’ : Latin myrtus, from Greek myrtos ‘ myrtle’ . Related w ord: morta­ dela. misa ‘ mass’ : Late Latin missa ‘ mass; eucharist, com m union; dismissal at the end o f a religious service’, possibly from a sentence such as “ lie , missa est” (= ‘ Go, it is the dismissal’ ); Late Latin missa ‘ dismissal’ derives from Latin missa, feminine o f missus ‘ dismissed’ , past participle o f mittere ‘ to dismiss, send away, let g o’ (see “meter). misántropo ‘ misanthrope’ : French misan­ thrope ‘ misanthrope’ , from Greek misánthropos ‘ hating people, hating mankind’, from mis- ‘ hating; hatred’ (from misein ‘ to hate’ ) + ánthropos ‘ human being, mankind’ (see °antropología). misceláneo ‘ miscellaneous’ : Latin miscellaneus ‘ miscellaneous’, from miscellus ‘ m ixed’ (from miscere ‘ to m ix’ ; see °m ecer) + -aneus ‘ o f ’ (see -áneo).

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miserable ‘ miserable’ : Latin miserabilis ‘ wretched; pitiable’, from miserari ‘ to lament; to have pity’ (from miser ‘ miser­ able’ ; see “m ísero) + -abilis ‘ worthy o f ’ (see -able, °-ble). miseria ‘ poverty, misery’ : Latin miseria ‘ mis­ fortune’ , from miser ‘wretched’ (see ° mí­ sero ) + -ia ‘ condition, state’ (see -ia). misericordia ‘ mercy, pity’ : Latin misericor­ dia ‘ mercy’ , from misericord-, stem o f misericors ‘ merciful’, from misereri ‘ to have pity’ (from miser ‘ wretched’ ; see °m ísero) + cor ‘ heart’ (see °cordial). “mísero ‘ miserable’ : Latin miser ‘ wretched, miserable, unfortunate’ . Related words: miserable, miseria, misericordia. misil, misil ‘ forward part o f a guided missile; missile warhead’ : English missile, from Latin missile ‘ missile, javelin’ , from mis­ sile, neuter o f missilis ‘ capable o f being thrown’, from missus, past participle o f mittere ‘to throw’ (see “m eter), + -ilis ‘ capable o f ’ (see °-il). misión ‘ mission’ : Medieval Latin missionem, accusative o f missio (stem mission-) ‘ task with which one is charged’, from Latin missio ‘ act o f sending’, from missus, past participle o f mittere ‘ to send’ (see “meter), + -io ‘ act o f ’ (see °-ión). Misisipi ‘ Mississippi (river)’ , first documented in French (written Messipi, in 1666), o f Algonquian origin, akin to Ojibwa Misisipi, the name o f the river, literally = ‘ Big River’, from misi, miisi ‘ big’ (akin to F ox meSi ‘ big’ , a word found in the name o f Lake Michigan, and to Massachuset massa ‘big’, found in the name o f the tribe Massachuset) + sipi, siippii ‘ river’ , mismo ‘ same’ : obsolete meism o, from meesmo ‘ same’ , from Vulgar Latin *medipsimu, *metipsimus, *m et ipsimus ‘ the very same’ (compare Italian medesimo ‘ same’ ), superlative or emphatic form o f medipsu, metipse ‘ the same’ , from Latin -m et ‘ self’ , that was added for emphasis to personal pronouns (as in egomet, memet, mihimet, nosm et), + ipse ‘self, himself’ (see °ese). misterio ‘ mystery’ (misterioso ‘ mysterious1): Latin mysterium ‘ mystery’ , from Greek mysterion ‘ mystery, secret, secret rites’ , from mystes ‘ person initiated into secret rites’ , from myein ‘to close the lips, keep secret’ (see m iope, “mudo). m ístico ‘ mystic’ : Latin mysticus ‘ o f religious mysteries’ , from Greek mystikós ‘ of

353

religious mysteries’, from mystes ‘ person initiated into secret rites’ (see misterio, miope, °mudo). mistral ‘ mistral’ : Provencal mistral ‘ mistral, cold wind from the north in southeastern France’, from mistral ‘masterful’ (i.e., ‘prevailing wind’), from Old Provencal maystral ‘ masterful, principal, main’, from Latin magistralis ‘ masterful, princi­ pal, main, o f a master1, from magistr-, stem o f magister ‘ master' (see maestro, °magnitud), + -alis ‘ o f ’ (see °-al). Misuri, Missouri ‘Missouri River (United States)’ : Missouri, a name given the river by the French in the seventeenth century, from Missouri, the Indian people who lived upon its banks, likewise a French rendering (also written ouémissourites) o f Illinois missouri ‘ canoe’ (underlying meaning: ‘ those w ho have big canoes’ ), mitad ‘ half’ : obsolete metad, from meitad, from Late Latin medietatem, accusative o f medietas (stem m ed ieta t) ‘the middle; half’ , from medie- (from Latin medius ‘ middle’ ; see °m edio) + -tas ‘ quality’ (see °-tad). Akin to English moiety. mitigar ‘ to mitigate’ : Latin mitigare ‘ to soft­ en, mitigate’ , from mitis ‘ soft, gentle, mild’ (from Indo-European mi-ti-, from mi-, from mei- ‘ gentle’ ) + -igare, from agere ‘ to drive, act, make’ (see °agente). “mito ‘ m yth’ : Late Latin mythos ‘tale, m yth’ , from Greek mythos ‘tale, speech, m yth’, possibly akin to Russian mysl' ‘ thought, idea’ . Related word: mitología. m itología ‘ m ythology’ : Late Latin mythologia ‘ interpretation o f myths’, from Greek m ythologia ‘ storytelling; tale, m yth’ , from m ythos ‘ tale’ (see °m ito) + -logia ‘ expression’ ( s e e -logia, °leer). mitra ‘ miter (headdress); bishopric’ : Latin mitra ‘ headband; turban’, from Greek mitra ‘ headband; turban’ (akin to Old Persian Mithra- ‘ Mithras (god o f light)’ [underlying meaning: ‘ Partner to a Trea­ ty’ ] and to Avestan mithra- ‘ treaty, con ­ tract’, from the idea o f ‘ bon d’ ), from Indo-European mi-tro- ‘ that ties’, from mi-, from mei- ‘ to tie’ + -tro-, an instru­ ment suffix (see estro). m ixteco ‘Mixtee’ : Náhuatl M ixteca' ‘ the Mixtee people’ (underlying meaning: ‘ Those from Cloudy-Country’ ), from mixtli ‘ cloud, fog, mist’ + -teca ’ ‘those from ’ (see °-teca). The Mixtees have lived

m od elo

(at least since the seventh century o f the Christian era) in an area, in the west o f the present state o f Oaxaca (M exico), that is high in the mountains (Sierra Madre del Sur), and often enveloped with fog or with mist. m ixto ‘ mixed’ : Latin mixtus (also mistus) ‘ mixed’ , past participle o f miscere ‘ to m ix’ (see °mecer). mnemotecnia ‘ mnemonics’ : Greek mriemo‘ m em ory’ (from mriéme ‘ m em ory’, from Indo-European mna- ‘ to remember; to think’, from men- ‘ to think’ ; see °m ente) + Spanish -tecnia ‘ technical specialization’, from Greek tékhne ‘ art, craft, skill’ (see técnico, °tejer) + -ia ‘ activity, practice’ (see -ia). mobiliario ‘ household furniture’ : Old French mobiliaire (French mobilier) ‘ household furniture’, from mobiliaire (adjective) ‘ o f movable property’ , from mobile ‘ movable property’, from Medieval Latin mobile ‘ movable property’ , from Latin mobilia (plural) ‘ movable property’ , from mobilia, neuter plural o f mobilis ‘ mobile, movable’ (see mueble, °mover, -ible, °-ble). mocedad ‘ youth’ : m ozo ‘ b o y ’ (see m ozo, muchado, °mutilar) + -edad ‘ quality o f ’ (see -edad, °-tad). m oción ‘ motion, movement’ : Latin motionem, accusative o f m otio (stem m otion-) ‘ movement’, from motus, past participle o f movere ‘to m ove’ (see °mover), + -io ‘ action’ (see °-ión). mochila ‘ knapsack; saddlebag’, probably from mochil ‘ errand b o y ’, from Basque m otxil, diminutive o f mutil, motil ‘ ser­ vant b o y ; you th ’, from Latin mutilus ‘ maimed, mutilated’ (see °mutilar; com ­ pare muchacho). “m och o ‘ cropped, cut o f f ’, possibly from Latin mutilus ‘ maimed, mutilated’ (see °mutilar). Related word: muchacho-, probably: mocedad, m ozo. moda ‘ fashion, m ode’ : French mode ‘ fash­ ion’, from Latin modus ‘measure; manner’ (see m odo, °médico). modales ‘ manners’ : modales, plural o f modal (adjective) ‘ o f manner’ , from m odo ‘ man­ ner’ (see m odo, °m édico) + -al ‘ o f ’ (see °-al). m odelo ‘ m odel’ : Italian modello, from Vul­ gar Latin *modellus ‘m odel’ , from Latin modulus ‘ small measure’ (see molde, m o­ do, ° médico).

m oderar

moderar ‘ to moderate’ : Latin moderan, m o­ derare ‘to moderate, reduce, keep within measure’ , from Indo-European med-es‘ to measure’ (influenced b y Latin modus ‘ measure’ ), from med- ‘ to measure’ (see ° médico). moderno ‘ modern’ : Late Latin modernus ‘ modern’ , from Latin m odo (adverb)‘just now ’, from m odo ‘ to the measure, exact­ ly ’ , ablative o f modus ‘measure, manner’ (see m odo, °médico). The ending o f Late Latin modernus is form ed on the analogy o f such other Latin temporal adjectives as hesternus ‘ o f yesterday’ , hodiernus ‘ o f today’, which were in turn inspired by nocturnus ‘o f night’ . modesto ‘ modest’ : Latin modestus ‘ m oder­ ate, modest, keeping to the appropriate measure’, from Indo-European med-es‘ to measure’ (influenced by Latin modus ‘ measure’ ). See moderar, °médico. módico ‘ moderate’ : Latin modicus ‘ m oder­ ate, small’ , from modus ‘ measure, appro­ priate measure’ (see m odo, °m édico) + -icus ‘ o f ’ (see °-ico2). modificar ‘ to m od ify ’ : Latin modificare ‘ to measure, moderate, observe due measure’ , from modus ‘ measure’ (see m odo, °médi­ c o ) + -ificare ‘ to make, d o ’ (see -ificar). modista ‘ dressmaker’ : French modiste ‘ dress­ maker’ , from mode ‘ fashion’ (see moda, m odo, °m édico) + -iste ‘ maker; specialist’ , from Latin -ista (see -ista, °-izar). modo ‘way, manner, method, m ode’ : Latin modus ‘ measure; manner’ , from IndoEuropean mod-o- ‘ measure’, from mod-, from med- ‘ to measure; to take measures’ (see ° médico). m ohín ‘ face, grimace’ , possibly from Italian moine ‘ gestures o f fondness’, plural o f moina (older muina), perhaps from a Latin *movina, from movére ‘to m ove’, m ohíno ‘ sullen, sulky’, o f disputed origin (akin to German muffig ‘ sullen, sulky’?), moho ‘ mold, mustiness’, akin to Italian muffa ‘ mold, mustiness’ and to Middle High German miiffeln ‘ to smell m oldy’ , mojar ‘ to w et’ : Vulgar Latin *molliare ‘ to wet, moisten, soften b y soaking’, from Latin mollis ‘ soft’ (see muelle‘ , ° malta). Moldavia ‘ Moldavia (republic o f the Soviet Union; Russian Moldaviya)’ : Medieval Latin Moldavia, a principality form ed in the area in the first half o f the fourteenth century, from obsolete Romanian Molda­

354

va (Romanian Moldova), from the M oldo­ va (obsolete Moldava) River (in present Romania; documented around A.D. 950), o f disputed origin (from Indo-European mel- ‘ dark’?; see °Melanesia). molde ‘mold, matrix’ : Latin modulus ‘ small measure’ , diminutive o f modus ‘ measure’ (see m odo, °m édico). For Latin -ulus ‘ small’ , see °-ulo. °mole' ‘ mass, bulk’ : Latin moles ‘mass, mas­ sive structure, exertion’ , from Indo- Euro­ pean mo-l- ‘ to exert oneself’ , from m o­ flo exert oneself’ . Related words: dem o­ ler, molécula, molestar, molestia, muelle2. “mole2 ‘ mole (Mexican sauce)’ : Náhuatl molli ‘sauce, stew, broth, fluid, foam ’ . Related word: guacamole. molécula ‘ m olecule’ : New Latin molécula ‘ molecule’ (appears first in English, in the plural, moleculae, 1678), diminutive o f Latin moles ‘ mass, bulk’ (see °m ole'). For Latin -ecula, -cula ‘little one’ , see -cula. °moler ‘to grind, mill’ : Latin molere ‘ to grind, crush’, from Indo-European melflo grind’ . Related words: almidón, amo­ lar, em olum entos, inmolar, majadero, maleable, martillo, mijo, molinero, moli­ no, muela, remolino. molestar ‘ to trouble, disturb’ : Latin molesta­ re ‘ to annoy’, from molestus ‘ burden­ some, troublesom e’ (see molestia, °m ole'). molestia ‘ trouble’ : Latin molestia ‘ trouble’ , from molestus ‘ burdensome, trouble­ some’ , from moles ‘ mass; exertion; bur­ den’ (see °m o le'). molinero ‘ miller’ : molino ‘ mill’ (see molino, °m oler)* -ero ‘ connected with’ (see -ero2). molino ‘ mill’ : Late Latin molinum ‘ mill’ , from molinum, neuter o f molinus ‘ o f a mill; o f a millstone’, from Latin mola ‘ millstone; coarse meal’ (from molere ‘ to grind’ ; see °m oler) + -inus ‘ o f ’ (see °-ino). Molucas ‘Molucca Islands’ , see Malucas. molusco ‘ mollusk’ : New Latin molluscus ‘ mollusk’, from Latin molluscus ‘ soft’, from mollis ‘ soft’ (see muelle1, ° malta). momento ‘ m om ent’ : Latin momentum ‘ m o­ ment; movement, m otion’ , from *movimentum ‘ movement’, from movere ‘ to m ove’ (see °m over) + -imentum ‘ action’ (see -imento). momia ‘ mum m y’ : Arabic mümiya ‘ mummy; bitumen (used to preserve corpses)’ , from mum ‘w ax’, from Persian müm ‘w ax’ . M onaco ‘ M onaco (city and country; French

355

M onaco, Provencal M ounegue)’ (the name o f the country was derived from that o f the city), from Latin (A r x ) M onoeci (first century B.C., referring to the prom ontory and the harbor; also called portus Herculis M onoeci), literally = ‘ (Stronghold) of-M onoecus’. Latin arx (stem arc-) is derived from arcere ‘ to enclose, ward o f f ’ (see ejercer)', Latin M onoeci is the genitive o f M onoecus, here used as an epithet o f Hercules, from Greek M ónoikos (already used, for this town, in the sixth century B.C.; underly­ ing meaning: ‘ Who dwells alone’ or ‘Who has only one dwelling’, by folk etym ol­ ogy, from mon- [from mono- ‘ alone; on ly’ ; see m ono-] + óikos ‘ house, dwell­ ing’ [see econom ía, vecin o]), from a previous (possibly Ligurian) name o f the town. The Phoenicians, and later the Greeks, had a temple there dedicated to Hercules (Greek Heraklés). monaguillo ‘ acolyte (in church)’ ; obsolete monago ‘ m onk’ (from Late Latin monachus ‘ m onk’ ; see monje, °m ono-) + -illo ‘ little’ (see -illo). monarca ‘ monarch’ : Late Latin monarcha ‘ sole ruler o f a state’, from Greek mo­ narches ‘ sole ruler’ , from mon- ‘ sole, alone, single’ (from monos ‘ alone’ ; see °m on o-) + -árkhes, from arkhós ‘ leader, ruler, chief’ (see °archi-). monasterio ‘ monastery’ : Late Latin monasterium; from Late Greek monasterion ‘ monastery’, from Greek monasterion ‘ hermit’s cell’, from monázein ‘ to live alone’, from monos ‘ alone’ (see "m ono-). mondar ‘ to trim, prune, peel’ : Latin mundare ‘ to clean’ , from mundus ‘ clean’ (original underlying meaning: ‘washed’ ), ultimate­ ly from Indo-European meu- ‘w et’ (see ° m osto). moneda ‘ coin; currency’ : Latin moneta ‘ m oney, coin; mint (place where coins are m ade)’, from M oneta, epithet o f Juno, from the fact that m oney was coined in ancient Rom e in the temple o f Juno Moneta. The Romans interpreted the epithet as meaning ‘the one w ho warns or reminds’, as if derived from m onere ‘ to warn, remind’, but it is o f uncertain (Etruscan?) origin. "m ongol ‘M ongol’ : Mongolian M ongol ‘M on­ gol’ (first documented [in Chinese, tran­ scribed from Mongolian as méng-kü]

m o n ó lo g o

under the T ’áng dynasty [A.D. 618— 9 0 7 ]), o f disputed origin. Related word: Mongolia. Mongolia ‘Mongolia (country; Mongolian M ongol)’ : m on g ol’M ongol’ (see °mongol) + -ia ‘ country’ (see -ia). monje ‘ m onk’ (monja ‘ nun’): Old Provencal monge ‘m onk’, from Vulgar Latin monicus, from Late Latin monachus, from Late Greek monakhós ‘ m onk’ , from Greek monakhós (adjective) ‘single, soli­ tary’ , from monos ‘ alone’ (see "m ono-), m ono ‘monkey, ape; cute, pretty’ : mona ‘ female m onkey; m onkey’ , probably short for obsolete maimona (also maimón) ‘ m onkey’, probably from Arabic maymün ‘ m onkey’ , literally = ‘ happy, auspicious’, passive participle o f y amana ‘to be happy, be lucky’, from y aman ‘right side’ (the right side being regarded as auspicious). See Yemen-, compare benjamin. "m ono- ‘ alone, sole, single, on ly’, as in m ono­ grafía, m onolito, monosílabo: Latin mono- ‘ alone, single’ , from Greek mono‘ alone, sole, only, single’, from monos ‘ alone, single’, from Indo-European monwo- ‘ alone, single’ , from mon-, from men‘ small; isolated’ . Related words: manó­ metro, monaguillo, monarca, monasterio, m onje; monógamo, and many others beginning with m ono-; Munich. monógam o ‘ monogamist’ : Late Latin monogamus ‘ marrying on ce’, from Greek mo­ nógamos ‘ marrying on ce’, from mono‘ sole’ (see "m ono-) + gamos ‘ marriage’ (see °poligamo). monografía ‘ monograph’ : mono- ‘ sole’ (see °m ono-)*--grafía ‘ description’ (see -grafía, °gráfico, -ia). Underlying meaning: ‘writing or treatise on only one subject’ , monograma ‘ monogram’ : Late Latin monogramma ‘ monogram’ (underlying idea: ‘ only one letter (the initial) stands for each name’ ), from Greek mono- ‘ on ly’ (see "m ono-) + grámma ‘letter’ (see gra­ mática, °gráfico). m onolito ‘ m onolith’ : Latin monolithus (ad­ jective) ‘ consisting o f a single stone’, from Greek monólithos ‘ consisting o f a single stone’, from m ono- ‘ single’ (see "m ono-) + lithos ‘ stone’ (see °litografia). m on ólogo ‘ m onologue’ : Greek mono- ‘ alone’ (see " m ono-) + -logos ‘discourse’ (see -logo, °leer). Underlying meaning: ‘ talk made b y one person’ .

m o n o p o lio

m onopolio ‘ m on op oly’ : Latin monopolium ‘ m on op oly’, from Greek m onopolion ‘ m onopoly, exclusive privilege to sell something’, from mono- ‘ sole’ (see °m ono-) + -polion, from p olein ‘to sell’, from Indo-European pol-, from pol-, from pel- ‘to sell’ . m onosílabo ‘ monosyllable’ : Late Latin monosyllabon, from Greek monosyllabon ‘ monosyllable’, from m onosyllabon, neu­ ter of monosyllabos ‘monosyllabic, having one syllable’, from mono- ‘ single’ (see °m ono-) + syllabe ‘syllable’ (see síla­ ba, °sin-2, “ lerna). m on óton o ‘ m onotonous’ : Greek m onótonos ‘ m onotonous, having one ton e’, from mono- ‘single’ (see “m o n o ) + tonos ‘ton e’ (see tono, ° tener). Monrovia ‘Monrovia (capital o f Liberia)’ : English Monrovia, a city founded in 1822 by the American Colonization Society, from New Latin Monrovia, a name given it in honor o f James Monroe (1758— 1831), then president o f the United States. The Scottish Gaelic family name M onroe (also spelled Munroe, Munro, etc.) may have meant ‘ from R oe (river in Northern Ireland)’ . For Latin -ia ‘area’, see - ia. monstruo ‘ monster’ : Late Latin monstruum, from Latin monstrum ‘ monster, evil omen, portent’ (underlying idea: ‘ m on­ sters are warnings from the gods’ ), from monere ‘ to warn, remind, advise’ , from Indo-European m on-eyo- ‘ to cause to think’ , causative form o f mon- (for other descendants o f the Indo-European causa­ tive -ey o-, see demostrar, innocuo, ino­ cente, inocuo, m onum ento, mostrador, mostrar, nocivo), from men- ‘ to think’ (see ° mente). montaje ‘ assembling, mounting’ : montar ‘ to mount’ (see montar, °m on te) + -aje ‘ of, related t o ’ (see -aje). montaña ‘ mountain’ : Vulgar Latin *montanea (noun) ‘ mountain’, from montanea, feminine o f montaneus (adjective) ‘ o f a mountain’, from Latin montanus ‘o f a mountain, mountainous’ , from mont-, stem o f mons ‘ mountain’ (see ° m onte), + -anus ‘ o f ’ (see °-ano‘ ). montaña rusa ‘roller coaster’ , translation (singular instead o f plural) o f French montagnes russes, literally = ‘Russian mountains’ (compare Italian montagne

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russe, a plural). The first roller coaster was in a Paris park called Tivoli (a park which no longer exists and was the second o f this name in that city), around 1815—1830, and was descended from Russia’s public artificial slides for tobog­ gans (Russian gory, literally = ‘mountains’ , or ledyanyya gory ‘ ice mountains’ ; roller coasters are called in Russian amerikanskie gory ‘ American mountains’ ). montar (a caballo) ‘ to ride (a horse)’ : French monter ‘ to m ount; to go up’, from Vulgar Latin * montare ‘to go up, climb, climb a mountain’ , from Latin mont-, stem of mons ‘ mountain’ (see °m onte), + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). “monte ‘ forest, thicket; mountain’ (the meaning ‘ forest’ derives from that o f ‘ mountain’ [underlyingmeaning: ‘w ooded mountain’ ; compare also Bulgarian gora ‘w ood s’, Russian gora ‘ mountain’ ], al­ though both meanings are documented in Spanish in the first half o f the twelfth century): Latin m ontem , accusative o f mons ‘ mountain’ (stem mont-, from IndoEuropean mon-t- ‘mountain, mountain range’ , from mon-, from men- ‘to pro­ je ct’ ). Related words: amenaza, amenazar, amontonar, Blanco (M onte), eminente, inminente, marmota, m entón, montaje, montaña, montar, m onte de piedad, m ontepío, montera, M onterrey, M ontevi­ deo, m ontículo, m ontón, Montserrat, Piamonte, prom inente, remontar. Monte Blanco, see Blanco (M onte). m ontepío, monte de piedad ‘ public pawn­ shop’, translations o f Italian m onte di pietá ‘ public pawnshop’ , literally = ‘ bank o f mercy’ , from Old Italian m onte ‘bank, m oney due, pile o f m oney, mountain’ (from Latin montem , accusative o f mons ‘ mountain’ ; see ° monte) + di ‘ o f (from Latin de ‘ from ’ ; see °de2) + pietá ‘ mercy, pity’, from Late Latin pietatem , accusa­ tive o f pietas ‘ piety; compassion’ (see piedad, °pio). montera ‘ cap’ , originally = ‘ hunter’s cap’ , from m ontero ‘ hunter’, from monte ‘ thicket; mountain’ (see “ m on te) + -ero ‘o f ’ (see -ero2). Monterrey ‘Monterrey (city, M exico)’ , first founded in 1579 and so named in 1596 in honor o f Gaspar (Núñez) de Zúñiga y A cebedo — also found as A cebedo y Zúñiga — (15407—1606), count o f Mon-

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terrey, viceroy o f M exico (1595—1603). The title o f Viscount o f Monterrey (later: Count) was established in Spain in 1474; the Spanish town o f Monterrey (literally = ‘ King Mountain’ ; see m onte and rey) is in Orense. Montevideo ‘M ontevideo (capital o f Uru­ guay)’ , founded in 1726 and given this name at the time after M ontevideo, a 137 meter-high hill that stands there (now known as El Cerro ‘ The Hill’ ). The hill was so named around 1520, from Spanish or Portuguese M onte ‘M ount’ , and a second element o f uncertain origin (the whole name has been interpreted by folk etym ology as meaning T saw a mountain’ , from Portuguese m onte ‘ m ount’ + obso­ lete Portuguese vide T saw’ + Portuguese eu ‘ I’, and a legend started that a lookout on the Magellan expedition had shouted this upon seeing the hill). m ontículo ‘ hill’ : Late Latin monticulus ‘ lit­ tle m ount’ , diminutive o f Latin mons (stem m o n t) ‘ mountain’ (see °monte). For Latin -iculu- Tittle one’ , see -iculo1. montón ‘ heap’ : m onte ‘mountain’ (see °m onte). Montreal ‘Montreal (city, Canada)’ : French Montréal (seventeenth century; but after 1639), from M ont Real, obsolete name o f M ont Royal, literally = ‘ R oyal Mountain, King’s Mountain’ (from m ont ‘ m ount’ + réal, obsolete form o f royal ‘royal’ ), a mountain (which is now within the city), so called in 1535 by Jacques Cartier, dis­ coverer o f Canada, following instructions from Francis I, king o f France, in honor o f cardinal Ippolito de’ Medici, bishop o f Avignon and o f Monreale (town some 5 km SW o f Palermo, Sicily), w ho had o b ­ tained the Pope’s agreement for Cartier’s voyage o f discovery and colonization. Montserrat ‘Montserrat (island, West Indies)’ , a name given the island by Columbus when he discovered it (1 4 9 3 ) and con­ sidered that its profile resembled that of, Montserrat (documented in the ninth cen­ tury), a rugged mountain in Spain (about 35 km northwest o f Barcelona; there are three mountain groups on the island), from Catalan Montserrat, literally = ‘jagged mountain’ , from m ont ‘ m ount’ (from Latin m ontem , accusative o f mons ‘ mountain’ ; see °m on te) + serrat ‘ saw cut, saw-toothed’, from Latin serratus, past

m orar

participle o f serrare ‘ to saw’ , from serra ‘ a saw’ (see °sierra) + -are, an infinitive end­ ing (see °-ar‘ ). monumento ‘ monument’ : Latin monumentum ‘ memorial, commemorative m onu­ ment’ , from monere ‘to remind’ (see monstruo, °m ente) + -mentum ‘ means’ (see -m entó). m onzón ‘ m onsoon’ : Portuguese monqao ‘ m onsoon’ , m odification o f mougao ‘ m onsoon’ (earlier meaning: ‘ fairly good season for sailing’ ), from Arabic mawsim ‘ season, time’ (underlying meaning: ‘ time set (marked) to do something’ ), from wasama ‘ to mark with a brand, mark’. m oño ‘ knot, chignon, tuft’ , probably o f preRoman origin, perhaps akin to muñeca in the sense o f ‘ bulge, salient’ (see muñeca). °mora ‘ berry; mulberry; blackberry’ : Vulgar Latin *mora ‘ mulberry; blackberry; ber­ ry’, from Latin mora ‘ mulberries; black­ berries’ , plural o f morum ‘ mulberry; blackberry’, from Indo-European moro‘ blackberry; mulberry’. Related words: morado, m oral1, Morales, m oretón, zar­ zamora. For the fact that it derives from a plural form , compare pera. morada ‘ dwelling’ : morar ‘ to live, dwell’ (see °morar) + -ada ‘ characterized b y ’ (see -ada3). morado ‘ purple, violet, murrey’ : Medieval Latin moratum ‘ purple’ , from moratum, neuter o f moratus ‘ mulberry-colored’, from Latin morum ‘ mulberry’ (see °mora) + -atus ‘being’ (see -ado3). moral1 ‘ mulberry (tree)’ : mora ‘ mulberry (fruit)’ (see °mora). m oral 2 ‘ moral; morals; morale’ : Latin moralis ‘ moral (adjective)’ , from mor-, stem o f mos ‘ custom, humor, manner’ (possibly from Indo-European me- ‘ emotion, cour­ age, anger’ ; compare Bermudas), + -alis ‘ o f ’ (see °-al). Morales, family name. Probable original meaning: ‘ Dweller near the Mulberry Trees’ (or a name o f origin, = ‘ from Morales’ , name o f several towns in Spain [e.g., Morales de Rey, and Morales de Toro, both in Zamora province]), from morales ‘ mulberry trees’, plural o f moral (see moral1, °mora). "morar ‘ to live, reside’ : Latin morari ‘ to delay, remain’, from mora ‘delay’ , from Indo-European mer- ‘ to delay, remain’. Related words: demorar, morada, rem o­

m order

lón, remora. °morder ‘ to bite’ : Latin morderé ‘to bite’ . Related words: almuerzo, remordimiento. morena ‘ m oray’ : Latin murena, muraena, from Greek myraina ‘ m oray’. moreno ‘brown, swarthy, brunet’ : moro ‘M oor’ (see m oro, °Mauritania) + -eno ‘ o f’ (see -en o ). Moreno, family name: Late Latin Maurenus, a masculine name, from Maurus, likewise a masculine name, initially denoting Mauritanian origin, from Latin Maurus ‘M oor’ (see m oro, °Mauritania). But some families o f this name may have inherited it from an ancestor nicknamed moreno ‘brown, dark’ (see m oreno, m oro, “Mauritania). moretón ‘lividity o f a bruise’ : morado ‘ pur­ ple’ (see morado, °mora). morfina ‘ morphine’ (first used in German, Morphin, 1816): M orfeo ‘Morpheus (sleep; god o f sleep)’ , from this sub­ stance’s sedative effect (from Latin Mor­ pheus ‘Morpheus (god o f dreams)’ [first in Ovid’s M etam orphoses], from Greek morphe ‘ form , shape’ [see °form a], in reference to the forms seen in dreams), + -ina ‘ chemical substance’ (see -ina2). moribundo ‘ dying, moribund’ : Latin moribundus ‘ dying’ , from mori ‘ to die’ (see morir, °mortal) + -ibundus, an ending denoting duration (see -ibundo, °-bundo). morir ‘to die’ : Vulgar Latin *morire, from Latin mori ‘ to die’ , from Indo-European mr-yo-, from mr-, from mer- ‘ to die’ (see °mortal). m oro ‘M oor’ ( morisco ‘M oorish’ ): Latin Maurus ‘M oor’, from Greek Máuros ‘M oor’ (see °Mauritania). morsa ‘walrus, morse’ : Lapp morsa ‘walrus’ . mortadela ‘ mortadella (sausage)’ : Italian mortadella ‘ mortadella’, from a diminu­ tive o f Latin murtata, myrtata, murtatum ‘ sausage seasoned with myrtle berries’, from murtus, myrtus ‘ myrtle’ (see ’‘ mir­ to). mortaja ‘shroud’ : Latin mortualia ‘ graveclothes’, from mortuus ‘ dead’ (see muerto, muerte, “mortal). “mortal ‘ mortal’ : Latin mortalis ‘ mortal, sub­ ject to death’ , from mort-, stem o f mors ‘ death’ (from Indo-European mr-ti‘death’ , from mr-, from mer- ‘ to die’ ; rela­ ted words: ambrosía, amortiguar, inmor­ tal, moribundo, morir, mortaja, mortifi­

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car, muerte, muerto), + -alis ‘ o f ’ (see °-al). Indo-European -ti- is a suffix added to verbs to form abstract (generally feminine) nouns (fo r the suffix, compare arte, autopsia, axioma, estación, génesis, men­ te, necesario, necesidad, necesitar, parte and its family, partenogénesis, saciar and its family, sinopsis, solsticio, sorteo and its family; compare also rito). mortero ‘ mortar (container, and mixture made in it)’ : Latin mortarium ‘ mortar (container); something made in a mortar’ , mortificar ‘ to grieve; to m ortify’ : Late Latin mortificare ‘ to m ortify; to kill, cause to die’, from Latin morti- (from mort-, stem o f mors ‘death’ ; see °mortal) + -ficare ‘to make into’ (see -ficar, -fico, “hacer). °-mos, first person plural ending, as in ama­ mos, amáramos, amaremos (in all three conjugations and all tenses): Latin -mus, a first person plural ending (in all four conjugations and all tenses o f the active voice), from Indo-European -mos (also -mes), a first person plural ending. Related suffixes: -abamos, -amos1, -amos2, -amos3, -amos6, -amos5, -amos6, -áramos, -aremos, -áremos, -aríamos, asemos, -em os1, -em os2, -em os3, -em os“ , -eremos, -eríamos, -lam os', -tamos2, -íam os3, -iéram o s', -iéramos2, -iéremos1, -iérem os2, -iésem os', -iésemos2, -irnos1, -irnos2, -irnos3. mosaico ‘ mosaic (decoration made o f color pieces)’ : Medieval Latin mosaicus, musaicus ‘ mosaic’, from Late Greek moúseion ‘ mosaic’, from moúseios ‘ o f the Muses’ , from Moúsa ‘Muse’ (see “ musa). “mosca ‘ fly (insect)’ : Latin musca ‘ fly ’ , from Indo-European mus-ka, from mus-, from mü- ‘ fly (insect)’ , a root imitative o f the buzz o f a fly. Related words: m osquete, mosquetero, mosquito. moscatel ‘ muscatel (wine, and grape)’ : Catalan moscatell, diminutive o f moscat ‘ muscatel’ , from moscat ‘musky, resem­ bling musk (in aroma)’, from Old Provengal muscat ‘ musky’, from muse ‘ musk’ (from Late Latin muscus ‘ musk’ , from Greek móskhos ‘ musk’ , from Persian mushk ‘ castoreum; musk’ , probably from Sanskrit muska ‘scrotum (from the shape o f a musk deer musk sac)’ [also = ‘ testicle; vulva’ ], literally = ‘ small mouse’, diminu­ tive o f mus ‘ mouse’ , from Indo-European mus ‘ mouse’ ; see “ murciélago) + -at ‘ char-

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acterized b y ’ , from Latin -atus ‘ character­ ized b y ’ (see -ado2). moscovita ‘Muscovite’ : Medieval Latin Mos­ covia ‘the principality o f M oscow (12th— 16th century); the city o f M oscow ’ , from Old Russian Moskovü (see °M oscú) + Latin -ia ‘ area, country’ (see -ia). For Spanish -ita ‘ native o f ’, see °-ita2. °Moscú ‘M oscow (city, Soviet Union; Russian Moskva)': French M oscou, from Old Rus­ sian Moskovü ‘M oscow (tow n )’ (d ocu ­ mented in 1147), from M oskovü ‘M oscow River’ , the town being located on both banks o f the river, o f disputed origin (akin to Lithuanian mazgoti ‘to wash’? ; from Indo-European mezg- ‘to dip, plunge’ [see "sumergir]). The ending -vü may be akin to Church Slavonic voda ‘water’ , from Indo-European wed- ‘water’ (see "hidrógeno). Related w ord: m osco­ vita. mosquete ‘ musket’ : Italian m oschetto ‘ mus­ ket’, from m oschetto ‘ arrow for a cross­ b o w ’ , from mosca ‘ fly (insect)’ , from Latin musca ‘ fly ’ (see "mosca). mosquetero ‘ musketeer, soldier armed with a musket’ : m osquete ‘ musket’ (see mosque­ te, "mosca) + -ero ‘ connected w ith’ (see -ero2). m osquito ‘ mosquito’ ( mosquitero ‘ mosquito net’ ): mosca ‘ fly (insect)’ (see "mosca). Spanish mosquito is the source o f English mosquito. mostacho ‘ moustache’ : Italian mostaccio, from Late Latin mustaceum, from Late Greek moustákion ‘moustache’ , from Greek (D oric) mystak-, stem o f mystax ‘ upper lip; moustache’ , ultimately from Indo-European mnth-, from menth- ‘ to chew; m outh’ (see "mandíbula). mostaza ‘mustard’ : m osto ‘must (grape juice being processed for w ine)’ (see "m osto), from the fact that mustard (the condi­ ment) was at first made from powdered mustard seeds mixed with must. °m osto ‘ must (juice)’ : Latin mustum ‘ must’ (underlying meaning: ‘ new wine’ ), from mustum, neuter o f mustus ‘young, fresh, new, newborn’ (underlying meaning: ‘w et’ ), from Indo-European mus-to- ‘ w et’ , from mus-, from meu- ‘w et’. Related words: inmundicia, inmundo, mecha, mechón, mondar, mostaza, mugre, mus­ go, salmuera. mostrador ‘ counter (table)’ : mostrador ‘ one

m over

that shows’ , from Latin monstrator ‘one that shows’ , from monstrare ‘ to show’ (see mostrar, monstruo, "m ente) + -ator ‘ acting, doer’ (see -ador'). mostrar ‘ to show’ : Latin monstrare ‘ to show, point ou t’ , from monstrum ‘ monster, evil om en’ (see monstruo, "m ente) + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-ar1). mostrenco ‘ stray (animal)’ : obsolete mestengo (also m estenco) ‘ ownerless animal; o f the mesta’ (influenced by mostrar ‘to show’ ), from mesta ‘ meeting o f owners o f stray cattle’ , from Medieval Latin (animalia) mixta ‘ stray cattle’ , literally = ‘ mixed animals’, from Latin animalia ‘animals’, plural o f animal (see animal), + mixta, neuter plural o f mixtus ‘ m ixed’ (see mix­ to, "m ecer). Obsolete Spanish mestengo is the source o f English mustang. mote ‘ m otto; nickname’ : Provencal m ot or French m ot, both = ‘w ord; saying’ , and both from Vulgar Latin *m ottu ‘ word; saying’, from Latin muttum ‘ grunt, mumble’, from muttire ‘ to mumble, mut­ ter’, from Indo-European mu-, a syllable imitative o f inarticulate sounds (see "mudo). m otín ‘ riot, revolt’ : Old French mutin'rebellion’, from mutin ‘rebellious, mutinous’ , from muete ‘ rebellion; movement’ , from Vulgar Latin *movita ‘ movement’ , from movita, feminine o f movitus (Classical Latin motus), past participle o f Latin movere ‘to m ove’ (see "mover). m otivo ‘ reason, cause’ : Medieval Latin motivus (adjective) ‘ moving, causing to m ove’ , from Latin motus, past participle o f movere ‘ to m ove’ (see "m over), + -ivus ‘ performing, tending toward’ (see °-ivo). m otocicleta ‘ m otorcycle’ : m oto- ‘ m otor’ (from m otor ‘ m otor’ ; see motor, "m over) + -cicleta, as in bicicleta (see bicicleta, ciclo, "colono). m otor ‘ engine, m otor’ : Latin m otor ‘ a mover; that which keeps something in m otion ’, from motus, past participle o f movere ‘ to m ove’ (see "m over), + -or ‘ acting, doer’ (see °-o r‘ ). “mover ‘ to m ove’ ( movimiento ‘ movement’ ): Latin movere ‘ to m ove’, from IndoEuropean mew- ‘to push, push away’. Related words: amueblar, automóvil, conmover, em oción, inmóvil, moción, m om ento, m otín, m otivo, motocicleta, motor, mueble, prom otor, promover, re­

M ozam bique

m oto, remover, terrem oto. M ozam bique‘Mozambique (country)’ : Portu­ guese Mogambique, the country, from Mogambique, its former capital, on the island o f the same name (15°S latitude). On 1 March 1498, the Portuguese naviga­ tor Vasco da Gama visited the town (then an Arab settlement) and the island. The name may be derived from that o f the ruler o f the island at the time, possibly Arabic Müsá, corresponding to English Moses (from Hebrew Mosheh, possibly from Egyptian mes ‘ child’ — the explana­ tion given in Exodus 2.10 [i.e., akin to Hebrew masha ‘ to draw ou t (in this case, o f the water)’ ] being based only on the resemblance o f sounds between the two words) + Arabic malik ‘king’ . mozárabe ‘Mozarab’ : Arabic Musta'rib ‘would-be Arab’, from musta'rib, active participle o f ista'raba ‘ to becom e Arab­ ized’ ( ista'raba is the X form o f ‘aruba ‘ to speak Arabic’ , which derives from 'Arab ‘ Arab’ ; see °árabe), so called be­ cause Mozarabs were Christians who became Arabized living under the Moors in Spain (ninth to fifteenth century). m ozo ‘ young; b o y ; servant’ : Old Spanish mogo ‘ b o y ’, probably akin to Old Spanish mochacho ‘ b o y ’ (see muchacho, m ocho, "mutilar). Or from Latin musteus, from mustus ‘ new, young’? (see "m osto). muchacho ‘ b o y ’ : obsolete mochacho ‘b o y ’, from m ocho ‘ cropped, shorn’ (see "m ocho, "mutilar), from the custom o f cutting very short the hair o f young boys — at least in thirteenth-century Southern Europe — (compare Venetian [and other languages o f northern Italy] toso ‘b o y ’ , from Latin tonsus ‘ cropped, clipped, shorn, shaven’ ). mucho ‘ m uch’ (m uchos ‘ many’, muchedum­ bre ‘ multitude’ ): obsolete muito ‘ much, many’ , from Latin multus ‘ much, many’, from Indo-European ml-to- ‘ much, many’ from ml-, from mel- ‘strong; great’ (see "mejor). mudar ‘ to change; to m olt (mudarse ‘ to move (change residence)’ , mudanza ‘ change;m ove’ ): Latin mutare ‘ to change’, from Indo-European moi-t-, from moi-, from mei- ‘ to change’ (see "impermeable). mudejar ‘Mudejar’ : Arabic mudajjan ‘Mude­ jar’ , literally = ‘ allowed to remain’ (mu­ dajjan is the passive participle o f the II

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form o f dajan ‘ to remain’ [root: djn ‘ tame’ ]), because the Mudejares were Muslims living in Spain under Christian kings (chiefly from the eighth to the eleventh centuries). °mudo ‘ silent; dumb, mute’ : Latin mutus ‘ silent, dum b’, from Indo-European mu-, a syllable imitative o f inarticulate sounds (specifically, o f a sound made with closed lips). Compare Latin non facere mu ‘ say not a w ord’ (literally = ‘ not to make mu’ ) and Greek my la lein 'to mutter’ (literally = ‘ to talk m u’)\ compare, also, the Slavic root nem- (under "Guinea), and English mum ‘ not talking’ . Related words: miope, misterio, m ístico, m ote, tartamudo-, probably: mugir. mueble (noun) ‘ piece o f furniture; movable article’, from mueble (adjective) ‘ m ov­ able’ , from Latin mobilis ‘ mobile, m ov­ able’, probably from *movibilis ‘ movable’ , from movere ‘ to m ove’ (see "m over) + -ibilis ‘ capable o f ’ (see -ible, °-ble). mueca ‘ face, grimace’ , akin to French m oquer ‘ to deride, m ock ’, both from Common Romance moceare ‘ to deride’, probably from mocc- (or m ok-), a syllable imitative o f the sound o f laughter, muela ‘ millstone; molar (to o th )’ : Latin mola ‘ millstone’ (see molino, "moler). muelle 1 ‘ soft, tender; spring (elastic device)’ : Latin mollis ‘ soft’, from Indo-European mld-wi-, from mid-, from meld-, from mel- ‘ soft’ (see "malta). muelle 2 ‘ dock, pier, m ole’ : Catalan moll ‘ d o ck ’, from Medieval Greek molos ‘d o ck ’ , from Latin moles ‘ d ock ; dam; mass, massive structure’ (see "m ole'). muérdago ‘ mistletoe’ , possibly o f Basque origin (compare Basque miur ‘ mistletoe’ ), muerte ‘ death’ : Latin mortem, accusative o f mors (stem mort-) ‘death’ (see "mortal). muerto ‘ dead’ : Latin mortuus, past participle o f mori ‘ to die’, from mort-, stem o f mors ‘ death’ (see muerte, "mortal). muestra ‘sample’ : mostrar ‘ to show ’ (see mostrar, monstruo, "mente). mugir ‘to bellow, m o o ’ : Latin mugiré ‘ to bellow, m o o ’, probably imitative o f the sound o f bellowing and akin to Latin mutus ‘ silent’ (see "mudo). mugre ‘ dirt’ : mugor ‘ dirt; mold, mustiness’ , from Latin mucor ‘ dirt; mold, mustiness’ , from mucere ‘ to be musty’, from IndoEuropean meuk-, variant o f meug- ‘wet,

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slippery’ (see mecha, “mosto). mujer ‘wom an; w ife’ ; Latin mulier ‘woman; w ife’, perhaps akin to mollis ‘ soft, deli­ cate’ (see muelle'). muía ‘ female mule’ : Latin mula ‘ female mule’, feminine o f mulus ‘ mule’ (see °mulo). mulato ‘ mulatto’ : obsolete mulato ‘ young m ule’ (underlying idea: ‘ the person, like the animal, is a hybrid’ ), from mulo ‘ mule’ (see °m ulo) + -ato ‘ young o f an animal’ (see -ato3). muleta ‘ crutch’ : muleta ‘ young female mule’ (underlying idea: ‘ crutches and mules help the lame or infirm go’ ), feminine o f muleto ‘ young mule’, from mulo ‘ mule’ (see °mulo). °mulo ‘ mule’ : Latin mulus ‘ mule’ , probably o f non-Indo-European (Mediterranean?) origin. Related words: muía, mulato, mu­ leta. multa ‘ a fine (sum as penalty)’ : Latin multa (Old Latin molta), muleta ‘ a fine’ , o f Italic origin. múltiple ‘ multiple’ : Late Latin multiplus ‘ multiple, having many elements, many windings, many folds’ , from multi- ‘ many’ (from multus ‘ much, many’ [see mucho, “ m ejor] + -i-, a connective vowel [see T-2]) + -plus ‘ -fold ’ (see °-plo). multiplicar ‘to multiply’ : Latin multiplicare ‘to multiply’, from multiplic-, stem o f multiplex ‘ multiple, having many elements or many folds’ , from multi- ‘ many’ (see multiple, mucho, “ m ejor) + -plex ‘ fold; folded’ (see cóm plice, “plegar). multitud ‘ multitude’ : Latin multitudo ‘ multi­ tude, state o f being many, great number; multitude, crow d’ , from multi- ‘ many’ (see multiple, mucho, “ m ejor) + -tudo ‘ state, condition’ (see °-tud). mullir ‘to soften, m ollify’ : obsolete mollir ‘ to soften’, from Latin mollire ‘ to soften’, from mollis ‘ so ft’ (see muelle1, “ malta) + -ire, an infinitive ending (see -ir). mundo ‘w orld’ (mundial ‘worldwide’ ): Latin' mundus ‘w orld’, from mundus ‘ toilet ornaments, wom an’s dress’ (probably semantic borrowing from Greek kósmos ‘w om en’s ornaments; order; w orld’ ), pos­ sibly o f Etruscan origin, munición ‘ ammunition’ : Latin munitionem, accusative o f munitio (stem munition-) ‘ means o f defense, rampart, fortification’ , from munitus, past participle o f munire

Murcia

‘ to defend, fortify, strengthen’, from Indo-European moi-ni‘ fortification’ (source, likewise, o f Latin moenia ‘walls’ ), from moi-, from mei- ‘ fortification’ (see “muro). municipio ‘ municipality’ (municipal ‘ munici­ pal’ ): Latin municipium ‘ (Rom an) munic­ ipality, franchised city’ , from municip-, stem o f municeps ‘ citizen o f a Roman municipality’ (underlying idea: ‘ such a citizen can undertake duties or perform public offices’ ), from munus ‘ duty, work, service (performed for the community), public o ffice; gift’ (from Indo-European moi-n- ‘ exchange o f services’ ; see común, “ impermeable) + -ceps ‘ taker’ (see mance­ bo, “capaz). Munich ‘ Munich (city; German München)’ : Middle High German Munichen, literally = ‘ At the Monks” — Medieval Latin ad Monachos ‘ Munich’ — (dative plural o f munich ‘ m onk’ , from Old High German munih, from Late Latin monachus ‘ m onk’ ; see monje, “ mono-). The town was founded around 1158 near a monas­ tery which probably dated from 750. The coat o f arms o f the town bears a monk (popularly called in German das Münchner Kindi) since the thirteenth century. muñeca ‘ wrist; d oll’ (m uñeco ‘ puppet’ ): muñeca ‘ boundary marker, landmark’ (the meanings ‘ wrist’ and ‘swab, m op ’ [whence ‘ rag doll, doll’ ] derive from the idea o f ‘ bulge, projection, salient’ ), proba­ bly (like Portuguese boneca ‘ doll; swab’ ) from Gaulish *bonnicca, perhaps from *bodinicca, from *bodina ‘ limit, bounda­ ry’ (the probable source o f Medieval Latin bodina ‘ limit’ , whence Old French bodne, bonne, borne ‘ limit’ [French born e] ; compare abonarse). Possibly related word: m oño. muralla ‘wall, rampart’ , probably from Late Latin muralia ‘ wall, rampart’, from Latin muralia ‘ o f walls’, neuter plural o f muralis (adjective) ‘o f a wall’ (possibly influenced by Italian muraglia ‘ wall’, also from Late Latin muralia), from murus ‘wall’ (see “muro) + -all's ‘o f ’ (see °-al). Murcia ‘ Murcia (city, Spain)’ , first mentioned in Arabic (as Mursiyah, around A.D. 825), but probably from Latin (aqua) murcida, literally = ‘ slow (water)’ (there is also a Spanish tow n called Aiguamurcia — in Tarragona Province, near Vails), and

murciélago

referring to the slow speed o f the Segura River as it flows through the town, “murciélago ‘ bat (animal)’ : murciélago ‘ bat’ (by metathesis), from obsolete mur cieg o , literally = ‘ blind mouse’ (the face o f the bat resembles that o f the mouse and many species o f insectivorous bats have very small eyes), from Old Spanish mur ‘ mouse’ (from Latin murem, accusative o f mus [stem mur-] ‘ mouse’, from IndoEuropean mus [stem mü-] ‘ mouse; (from the fancied resemblance o f the shape o f certain muscles and o f their movements to a mouse and its movements) muscle’. Related words: marmota, mejillón, mio­ cardio, moscatel, músculo, muslo) + ciego ‘ blind’ (see °ciego). For semantic compar­ ison, consider the following words for ‘ bat’ : Portuguese m orcego ‘ blind mouse’ ; Arabic khuffásh ‘hemeralope’ ; French chauve-souris ‘bald mouse’ ; German Fledermaus and Russian letuchaya mysh ‘ flying mouse’. muriático ‘ hydrochloric, muriatic’ : Latin muriaticus ‘ pickled in brine’, from muria ‘ brine’ (see salmuera, °m osto) + -aticus ‘o f, related t o ’ (see -ático). “murmullo ‘ murmur, whisper’ : murmurio ‘ murmur’, from Latin murmur ‘ murmur, grumbling, rumble, roar’, from IndoEuropean murmur-, mormor- ‘ murmur’ , roots o f words formed in imitation o f rustling or grumbling sounds. Related word: murmurar. murmurar ‘ to murmur, whisper’ : Latin mur­ murare ‘ to murmur’, from murmur ‘ a murmur’ (see “murmullo) + -are, an infini­ tive ending (see °-ar'). “muro ‘wall, rampart’ : Latin mums ‘wall’ , from Old Latin moiros, from IndoEuropean moi-ro- ‘ fence, wall’, from moi-, from mei- ‘stake, fence, fortification’. Related words: munición, muralla. “musa ‘Muse’ : Latin Musa ‘Muse’ , from Greek Moúsa ‘Muse’. Related words: mosaico, museo, música, musical, músi­ c o ', músico'2. músculo ‘ muscle’ : Latin musculus ‘ muscle; little mouse’ (from the shape o f certain muscles), diminutive o f mus ‘ mouse; muscle’ (see “murciélago). For Latin -cuius ‘ little one’, see -culo', °-ulo. muselina ‘muslin’ : French mousseline ‘ mus­ lin’ , from Italian mussolina ‘ muslin’ (underlying meaning: ‘ (fabric) from

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Mosul’ ), from Arabic (Al-)Mawsil ‘ Mosul (city in Iraq where this cotton fabric was originally m ade)’, o f uncertain origin (documented in the seventh century o f the Christian era). museo ‘ museum’ : Latin museum ‘ library, scholar’s library, study’ , from Greek m ouseion ‘ library, seat o f the Muses’ , from mouseion, neuter o f m ouseios ‘ o f the Muses’, from Moúsa ‘Muse’ (see °musa). musgo ‘ moss’ : Latin muscus ‘ moss’, from Indo-European mus- ‘ moss’, from meu‘w et’ (see °m osto). música ‘ music’ : Latin música ‘ music; any art’ , from Greek mousike ‘ music; any art presided over by the Muses’, from mousi­ ke, feminine o f mousikós ‘o f the Muses’, from Moúsa ‘Muse’ (see °musa) + -ikós ‘ o f ’ (see °-ico2). musical ‘ musical’ : Medieval Latin musicalis ‘o f music’, from Latin música ‘ music’ (see música, °musa, °-ico2)+ -alis ‘o f ’ (see °-al). m úsico 1 (adjective) ‘ musical’ : Latin musicus ‘ o f music’ , from Greek mousikós ‘ o f music; o f the Muses’ (see música, °musa, °-ico2). m úsico 2 (noun) ‘ musician’ : Latin musicus (noun) ‘ musician’ , from musicus (adjec­ tive) ‘ o f music’ (see músico', música, °musa, °-i'co2). muslo ‘ thigh’ : Latin musculus ‘ muscle’ (see músculo, “ murciélago). musulmán ‘ Muslim’ : French musulmán ‘Mus­ lim’, from Persian musulmán, modifica­ tion o f Arabic muslim ‘Muslim’ (+ Persian -an, a plural ending o f nouns that denote animate beings), literally = ‘ who sur­ renders (i.e., to G o d )’, active participle o f aslama ‘ to surrender’, IV form (causative) o f salama ‘ to be safe’ , from the Semitic root slm ‘whole, com plete’ (see “Salo­ m ón ]). “mutilar ‘to mutilate’: Latin mutilare ‘to mutilate’ , from mutilus ‘ maimed, muti­ lated’, from Indo-European mut-il‘ maimed’, from mut- ‘ cut short’ (source, likewise, o f Old Irish mut ‘ short’ ). Proba­ bly related w ord: mochila', possibly: mocedad, m ocho, m ozo, muchacho. mutuo ‘ mutual’ : Latin mutuus ‘ lent, bor­ rowed, exchanged, reciprocal, mutual, done in exchange’ , from Indo-European moi-t- ‘ to change’ (see mudar, °impermeable).

N °-n, third person plural ending, as in aman, amaran, amaron (in all three conjugations and all tenses): Latin -nt, third person plural ending (in all four conjugations and all tenses o f the indicative and subjunc­ tive m oods in the active voice), from Indo-European -nti, a third person plural (present) ending. Related suffixes: -aban, -an', -an2, -an3, -an4, -ans, -án', -aran, -arán, -aren, -arían, -aron, -asen, -en', -en2, -en3, -en4, -erán, -erían, -ían', -ían2, -ían3, -ieran', -ieran2, -ieren', -ieren2, -ieron', -ieron2, -iesen', -iesen2. nabo ‘ turnip’ : Latin napus ‘ turnip’ (from Mediterranean?, from Egyptian?), akin to Greek nápy ‘ mustard’ (compare sinapis­ mo). nácar ‘ mother-of-pearl, nacre’ : Arabic naqqarah ‘ shell’. nacer ‘to be born’ (nacido ‘ born’, nacimiento ‘birth’ ): Latin nasci, gnasci ‘ to be born’, from Indo-European gná-sko-, from gnsko- ‘ to be born’ (for Spanish descen­ dants o f other Indo-European verbs with -sko-, see -ecer), from gn-, from gen- ‘ to give birth’ (see °género). nación ‘ nation’ (nacional ‘ national’ ): Latin nationem, accusative o f natio (stem nation-) ‘ people, race, breed; birth, a being born’, from natus, past participle o f nasci ‘to be born’ (see nacer, °género), + -io ‘act o f ’ (see °-ión). nada ‘ nothing’ : obsolete (cosa) nada, literal­ ly = ‘(thing) born’ [m odern (cosa) nacida], from Vulgar Latin (rem ) nata ‘ nothing’ (rem is the source o f French rien ‘ noth­ ing’ ), literally = ‘ (thing) born’ , in negative sentences with meanings such as ‘ No thing born was seen (or touched, or eaten, etc.)’ (compare nadie), from Latin rem natam, accusative o f res nata ‘ the question on hand’, literally = ‘ thing born’ , from res ‘ thing, question, matter’ (see °república) + nata, feminine o f natus ‘born’ (see nadie, nacer, “género). “nadar ‘to swim’ : Latin notare ‘ toswim, float’ , from Indo-European n-to-, sn-to-, from n-, sn-, from sna- ‘ to swim’ (source, likewise, o f Latin nare ‘ to swim, float’ ). Related word: natación.

nadie ‘ no one’ : Old Spanish nadi ‘ no one , from Latin (homines) nati ‘ no on e’, literally = ‘ (men) born’, in negative sen­ tences with meanings such as ‘ No men born should [or ‘ can’ ] do it’ (compare nada), from homines ‘ men’ , plural o f hom o ‘ man’ (see hom bre), + nati, plural o f natus ‘ born’, past participle o f nasci ‘ to be born’ (see nacer, “género). nadir ‘ nadir’ : Arabic nazir ‘ nadir; opposite (i.e., ‘ opposite the zenith’ )’ (also nazir as-samt ‘ nadir’ , literally = ‘opposite the zenith’ ), also = ‘equal, the same; similar’ (root nzr ‘ to see; to lo o k ’ ), naguas ‘ skirt, underskirt’ , see enaguas. nahua (in M exico, an adjective) ‘ o f Nahuatl (the language)’ : náhuatl ‘ (M exico) Nahuatl (the language)’ (see “náhuatl). “náhuatl (in M exico, a noun) ‘ Nahuatl (the language)’ : Nahuatl náuatl ‘ Nahuatl (the language); member o f the Nahuatl people’, from náuatl ‘ sonorous’. Related word: nahua. Nairobi ‘ Nairobi (capital o f Kenya)’ , a city founded in May 1899 and given the name o f one o f the rivers that cross it. The river was called in Masai Enkare Nairobi (around 1891), literally = ‘ Cold Water’, from enkare (also spelled enk-áré, ngare) ‘ water’ + erobi ‘ cold’ (changed to nairobi to avoid two vowels together according to a Masai rule o f euphony). Namibia ‘ Namibia (country)’ , a name changed from South West Africa on 12 June 1968 b y the General Assembly o f the United Nations, from Namib Desert, an area that occupies a large part o f this country’s coast, + -ia ‘area, country’ (see -ia). nana ‘ (M exico) nursemaid; wet nurse’, prob­ ably from Nahuatl nanantli ‘wet nurse’ , literally = ‘ little m other’ , reduplicated form (denoting familiarity or affection) o f nántli ‘ mother’. Nankin, Nanquín ‘ Nanking (city, China)’ : Chinese Nánjing, literally = ‘ South Capi­ tal’ , from nán ‘ south’ + jin g ‘ capital’ (compare Pekin). The city dates from the second century B.C., but the present name was given it in 1420 or 1421 when

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Peking was officiaHy made the capital o f the Ming dynasty (1368—1644) and Nan­ king became a subsidiary capital. Nápoles ‘Naples (city, Italy; Italian Napoli)’: Latin Neapolis (first century B.C.) ‘ Naples’ , from Greek Neápolis, literally = ‘ New City’, from néa, feminine o f néos ‘ new’ (from Indo-European newos ‘ new’ ; see °nuevo), + -polis, from polis ‘ city ’ (see °p olitico). The city was founded by Greek colonists around 600 B.C. and was called ‘ new’ probably in relation to Cumae (Latin; Greek: K ym e), the earliest Greek colon y in Italy, located west o f Naples; there seems to have been a Palaipolis (Greek, = ‘ Old City’ ) in this area, not necessarily older than Neápolis. “naranja ‘ orange’ : Arabic náranj, from Per­ sian nárang, from Sanskrit narahga ‘or­ ange’, probably o f Dravidian origin (akin to Tamil naru ‘ fragrant’ ). Related words: anaranjado, naranjo. naranjo ‘ orange tree’ : naranja ‘ orange’ (see °naranja) + -o, a noun suffix (see -o 4). narcótico (adjective and noun) ‘ narcotic’ : Medieval Latin narcoticus (adjective) ‘ nar­ cotic’ , from Greek narkotikós ‘ narcotic, benumbing’ , from *narkotós, verbal adjec­ tive o f narkoún ‘ to benum b’ (from narkoún, from nárke ‘ numbness, cramp’ , from Indo-European nark-, snark- ‘twist­ ing’, from sner- ‘twisting, winding’ ), + -ikós ‘o f ’ (see °-ico2). nardo ‘ nard; spikenard’ : Latin nardus, from Greek nardos ‘ spikenard’, from a Semitic word (akin to Hebrew nerd ‘ nard’ ) which probably derives from Sanskrit nalada ‘ Indian spikenard’ . nariz ‘ nose; nostril’ (the plural, narices = ‘ nose; nostrils’ ): narices ‘ nostrils’ , from Vulgar Latin naricae ‘ nostrils’ , from Latin naris ‘ nostril’ (singular o f nares ‘ nostrils; nose’ ), from Indo-European nás- ‘ nose’, from nas- ‘ nose’ (see °nasal). narrar ‘to narrate’ (narración ‘ narrative, nar­ ration’ ): Latin narrare ‘ to narrate, tell, make know n’, from gnarus ‘knowing, known’ , from Indo-European gn-ro‘ knowing, know n’, from gn-, from gno‘ to know ’ (see ° noticia). “ nasal ‘o f the nose, nasal’ : New Latin nasalis ‘ o f the nose’ , from Latin nasus ‘ nose’ (from Indo-European ndss- ‘ nose’, from nás-, from nas- ‘ nose’ ; related words: mastuerzo, nariz) + -alis ‘ o f ’ (see °-al).

navaja

nata ‘ cream’, probably from Late Latin natta ‘ mat’ (underlying idea: ‘ the cream (o f un­ homogenized milk) covers the milk sur­ face like a mat’ ), variant o f matta ‘ mat’ (s ee°m ata). natación ‘swimming, natation’ : Latin natationem, accusative o f natatio (stem nata­ tion-) ‘ action o f swimming’, from natare ‘ to swim’ (see “ nadar) + -io ‘ act o f’ (see °-ión). natal ‘ native, natal’ (natalicio ‘ birthday’ ): Latin natalis ‘ native’, from natus, past participle o f nasci ‘ to be born’ (see nacer, “género), + -alis ‘ o f ’ (see °-al). nativo ‘ native’ : Latin nativus ‘ born; native’, from natus, past participle o f nasci ‘ to be born’ (see nacer, “género), + -ivus ‘ per­ forming, tending toward’ (see °-ivo). natural ‘ natural’ (naturaleza ‘ nature’ ): Latin naturalis ‘ natural’ , from natura ‘ nature’ (underlying meaning: ‘ birth’ ; from natus, past participle o f nasci ‘ to be born’ ; see nacer, “género) + -alis ‘ o f ’ (see °-al). naufragar ‘to experience shipwreck’: Latin naufragare ‘ to experience shipwreck’ , from naufragus ‘ shipwrecked’ (see náufra­ go, nave, “ náusea, frágil, “ brecha) + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-a r'). naufragio ‘ shipwreck’ : Latin naufragium, navifragium ‘ shipwreck’, from navis ‘ ship’ (see nave, “ náusea) + -fragium, from frag-, base o f frangere ‘to break’ (see frágil, “ brecha). náufrago ‘ shipwrecked’ : Latin naufragus, navifragus ‘shipwrecked’, from navis ‘ ship’ (see nave, “ náusea) + -fragus, from frag-, base o f frangere ‘ to break’ (see frágil, “ brecha). “náusea ‘ nausea’ : Latin nausea ‘ nausea, sea­ sickness’ , from Greek nausia ‘ nausea, seasickness’, from naús ‘ ship’, from IndoEuropean náu- ‘ boat’. Related words: naufragar, naufragio, náufrago, náutico, naval, nave, navegar, navio. náutico ‘ nautical’ : Latin nauticus ‘ o f seamen; o f ships’, from Greek nautikós ‘ o f seamen; o f ships’ , from naútés ‘seaman’ (from naús ‘ship’ ; see “ náusea) + -ikós ‘o f ’ (see °-ico2). navaja ‘ razor; penknife’ : Latin novacula ‘ razor’ (with assimilation o f the -o ), from *novare ‘ to shave, whet’ (from IndoEuropean ks-n-eu- ‘ to scrape’ [source, likewise, o f Sanskrit ksnu- ‘ to whet’ ], from ks-, from kes- ‘ to scratch’ ) + -cula

naval

‘ instrument’ (see -culo2). naval ‘ naval’ : Latin navalis ‘ naval’ , from navis ‘ ship’ (see nave, °náusea) + -alis ‘ o f ’ (see navarro ‘ Navarrese’ (Old Spanish naharro [1 1 1 3 ], nafarro): Navarra ‘ Navarre (area, Spain and France)’ (around 1140), prob­ ably akin to Spanish nava and Basque naba, both = ‘ plain, tableland’ and both possibly o f Indo-European origin, nave ‘ship; nave ( o f church)’: Latin navis ‘ ship’ , from Indo-European nau- ‘ boat’ (see “ náusea). In Medieval Latin, navis was already used with the meaning ‘nave’ , navegar ‘ to sail, navigate’ ( navegante ‘ naviga­ tor’ ): Latin navigare ‘to manage a ship’, from navis ‘ship’ (see nave, °náusea) + -igare, from agere ‘to drive, lead’ (see “agente). Navidad ‘ Christmas, Nativity’ : obsolete noci­ vidad ‘Christmas’ , from natividad ‘Christ­ mas; birth’ , from Medieval Latin nativitatem, accusative o f nativitas ‘ birth; birth o f Jesus’ (stem nativitat-), from Late Latin nativitas ‘ birth’, from Latin nativus ‘ native’ (see nativo, °gén ero) + -itas ‘ quali­ ty, state’ (see -idad, °-tad). navio ‘ship’ : Latin navigium ‘ ship’, from navigare ‘ to sail’ (see navegar, nave, °náusea, °agénte). náyade ‘ naiad’ : Latin naiades, accusative o f naias (stem naiad-) ‘ naiad’ , from Greek naiás (stem naiád-) ‘ naiad (in Greek m y­ thology, nymph that lives in brooks and springs)’, probably from naein ‘ to flow ’ , neblina ‘ fo g ’ : nebí-, base o f niebla ‘ mist’ (see °niebla), + -ina ‘of, resembling’ (see -ina2, °-ino). nebuloso ‘ misty’ : Latin nebulosus ‘ misty; cloudy’ , from nebula ‘ mist; cloud’ (see ° niebla) + -osus ‘ having, abounding in’ (see -oso). necedad ‘ nonsense’ : necio ‘ fo o l’ (see necio, °no, °ciencia) + -edad ‘ quality o f ’ (see -edad, °-tad). necesario ‘ necessary’ : Latin necessarius ‘ nec­ essary’ , from necesse ‘ necessary, unavoid­ able, inevitable’ , from Indo-European neked-ti- ‘ necessary’ (underlying meaning: ‘ something from which one cannot with­ draw’ ), from ne- ‘ not’ (see °n o) + ked‘ withdraw’ (see °ceder) + -ti-, a verbalabstract suffix (see °mortal). necesidad ‘ need, necessity’ : Latin necessitatem, accusative o f necessitas (stem neces-

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sitat-) ‘ necessity’ , from necesse ‘ necessary’ (see necesario, °no, “ceder, °mortal) + -itas ‘ quality o f ’ (see -idad, °-tad). necesitar ‘to need’ : Medieval Latin necessitare ‘ to make necessary; to com pel’ , from Latin necessitas ‘ necessity’ (see necesidad, necesario, °no, “ceder, “mortal) + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). necio ‘ fo o l’ : Latin nescius ‘ ignorant, un­ aware, not knowing’, from nescire ‘ to be ignorant, not to kn ow ’, from ne- ‘ not’ (from Indo-European ne ‘ not’ ; see °n o) + scire ‘ to know ’ (see “ciencia). necrosis ‘ necrosis’ : Late Latin necrosis ‘ the killing’, from Greek nékrosis ‘killing’ , from nekroún ‘ to kill, make dead’, from nekrós ‘ dead b ody, corpse’, from IndoEuropean nek-ro- ‘ corpse’ , from nek‘ death’ (see “néctar). "néctar ‘ nectar’ : Latin nectar, from Greek néktar ‘ nectar (drink o f the gods)’ (under­ lying meaning: ‘ overcoming death’ ) from nek- (from European nek- ‘death’ ; related words: anegar, innocuo, inocente, inocuo, necrosis, nigromancia, nocivo, pernicioso) + -tar, from Indo-European tar- ‘ over­ coming’ , from ter- ‘ to cross over; to over­ com e’ (see “ trans-). negar ‘ to deny’ ( negativo ‘ negative’ ): Latin negar ‘ to deny, say n o’, from neg- ‘ no, not’ (from Italic *nek ‘ n ot’, from IndoEuropean ne ‘ not’ ; see °n o ) + -are, an in­ finitive ending (see° -ar'). negligencia ‘ neglect, negligence’ : Latin neglegentia ‘ neglect, negligence’ (also negligentia), from neglegent-, stem o f neglegens (also negligens) ‘ careless, indifferent’ , present participle o f neglegere, negligere ‘ to neglect, be careless, be indifferent, not to heed, not to select’ , from neg- ‘ n ot’ (see negar, °n o) + legere ‘ to select’ (see “leer). negocio ‘ business’ : Latin negotium ‘ business, employm ent, occupation’, literally = ‘ no leisure’ , from neg- ‘ n ot’ (see negar, “ no) + otium ‘ leisure’ (see “ocio). “negro ‘ black (adjective); Negro; darling’ : Latin nigrum, accusative o f niger (base nigr-) ‘ black’. Related words: denigrar, Negro (Mar). Negro (Mar) ‘ Black Sea (Turkish Karadeniz; Russian Chérnoye M ore; Romanian Marea Neagra; Bulgarian Cherno M ore), transla­ tion o f Turkish Karadeniz (fifteenth cen­ tury) ‘ Black Sea’ (probable underlying

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meaning: ‘ G loom y Sea’ , because o f its sudden storms), from kara ‘black; gloom y’ + deniz ‘ sea’. In English too, black may mean ‘ hostile’ or ‘ gloom y’ (e.g., “ She gave him a black lo o k ” or “ Things were looking black” ). Nélida, feminine given name, o f uncertain, possibly Greek, origin; if so, it would derive from Neleides (Iliad 23.652), the patronymic o f Nestor and the other sons and grandsons o f Neleus (Greek Neleús\ Iliad 11.683, 692, 717). Perhaps influ­ enced by English Nelly, Nellie, diminutive o f names containing el, as Eleanor, Ellen, Helen. It may be akin to the English feminine given name Nelda. nene ‘baby’ , probably akin to niño ‘ child’ (see °niño). The frequent use o f nene in M exico may be due to the influence o f Nahuatl nenetl ‘ doll, puppet’ , conetl ‘ child’ . nenúfar ‘water lily, nenuphar’ : Arabic naynüfar, naylüfar ‘water lily’ , from Persian nilüfar, from Sanskrit mlotpala ‘water lily’, from nila ‘ dark blue’ (akin to Persian nil ‘ indigo’ ; see °añil) + utpala ‘water-lily blossom ’ . neófito ‘ neophyte’ : Late Latin neophytus ‘ newly converted; newly planted’, from Greek neóphytos ‘ newly converted; new­ ly planted’, from neo- ‘ new, recent’ (from néos ‘ new’, from Indo-European newo‘ new’ ; see °nuevo) + p h ytós ‘ planted, grown’ , verbal adjective o f phyein ‘to grow, make grow, produce’ (see físico, ° futuro). n eolítico ‘ Neolithic’ (underlying meaning: ‘ o f the most recent period o f the Stone Age’ ): English Neolithic (1865), from neo- ‘ new, recent’ (from Greek neo‘ new’ ; see n eófito, °nuevo) + -lithic ‘ period when stone implements were used’ , from lithic ‘ made o f stone’ , from Greek lithikós ‘ o f stone’, from lithos ‘stone’ (see °litografía) + -ikós ‘ o f ’ (see °-ico2). neologismo ‘ neologism’ : neo- ‘ new (see neo­ lítico, n eófito, nuevo) + log- ‘word, speech’ (from Greek log-, from logos ‘word, speech’ ; see -logia, °leer) + -ismo ‘ condition’ (see -ismo, °-izar). First used in French, néologisme, 1735. neón ‘ neon’ : English neon (1898), from Greek neon ‘ the new one’ (i.e., ‘ the recently discovered gas’ ), neuter o f néos

neum ático

‘ new’ (see n eófito, °nuevo). neoplasia ‘ neoplasia’ : neo- ‘ new’ (see neolíti­ co, n eófito, °nuevo) + -plasia ‘growth, development, form ation’, from Greek plásis ‘m olding’, from plássein ‘ to m old ’ (see emplasto, °Polonia). neoyorquino ‘ New Yorker’ : neo- ‘ new’ (see neolítico, n eófito, °nuevo) + York ‘ Y ork’ (see Nueva Y ork) + -ino ‘o f ’ (see °-ino). Nepal ‘ Nepal (country)’ : Nepalese Nepal, from Sanskrit Nepala ‘the Nepal Valley’ (around 500 B.C.), probably akin to Nepalese Newar ‘ Newar, a Mongoloid Nepalese’, a word o f disputed origin (probably an East Hindi form [a language where -r- derives from -/-], from Prakrit Nevala, from Sanskrit Nepala)-, the Newars speak a Tibeto-Burman language. Nepalese Nepal and Newar might both derive from Sanskrit Nepala, which could come from nipalaya ‘ abode at the fo o t (i.e., o f the Himalayas)’ , from Sanskrit nipa ‘ low, deep; fo o t o f a mountain’ (from ni ‘ down, back, in’ [from IndoEuropean ni ‘dow n’ ; see °nido] + -ipa, a form o f ap ‘water’ [see °Penjab]) + alaya ‘ house, dwelling’ (see Himalaya, °limo). "nepotism o ‘ nepotism’ : Italian nepotismo ‘ nepotism’ (underlying meaning: ‘ the favoritism shown to nephews (by certain sixteenth-century prelates and popes)’ ), from Old Italian nepote (Italian nipote) ‘ nephew; grandson’, from Latin nepotem , accusative o f nepos (stem nepot-) ‘ neph­ ew ; grandson’, from Indo-European nepót‘nephew; grandson’, perhaps from the idea o f ‘powerless’ (from ne ‘ n ot’ [see °n o] + p oti- ‘pow erful’ [see °p od er]). Related words: nieta, tataranieto. nervio ‘ nerve’ (nervioso ‘ nervous’ ): Vulgar Latin nerviu, from Latin nervus ‘ nerve, tendon’, from Indo-European nerwo- ‘ ten­ d on ’, from neu-ro- ‘ tendon’ (see °neurona). neto ‘ net (remaining after deductions or losses); neat’ : French or Catalan net ‘ clean, pure, bright, neat, elegant’ , both from Latin nitidus ‘ bright, neat’ (see °nitido). neumático (noun) ‘ tire’ (underlying meaning: ‘ filled with compressed air’ ): neumático (adjective) ‘ pneumatic, using air, relating to air’, from Latin pneumaticus ‘ relating to air’ , from Greek pneumatikós ‘relating to air’ , from pneúmat-, stem o f pneúma ‘ air, wind, breath’ (from Indo-European

neuralgia

pneu-men- ‘ air’ , from pneu- ‘ to breathe’ ), + -ikós ‘ o f ’ (see °-ico2). neuralgia ‘ neuralgia’ : New Latin neuralgia ‘ neuralgia’ (first used in French, névralgie, 1801), from neur- ‘ nerve’ (from Greek neur-, from neuron ‘ nerve’ ; see ° neurona) + -algia ‘ pain’ (see °nostalgia). neurastenia ‘ neurasthenia’ : New Latin neuras­ thenia ‘neurasthenia’ (in English, neuras­ thenia, 1856) — once held to be due to exhaustion o f the nervous system — from neur- ‘ nerve’ (see neuralgia, ° neurona) + asthenia ‘weakness’, from Greek asthenia ‘weakness, loss o f strength’, from asthenes ‘weak’, from a- ‘w ithout’ (see a-2, an-, °no) + -sthenes, from sthénos ‘ strength’ . “neurona ‘ neuron’ : Greek neúron ‘ nerve; tendon; string’ , from Indo-European neuro- ‘tendon’ , from neu-, variant o f sneu-, sneu- ‘ tendon’. Related words: nervio, neuralgia, neurastenia, neurótico', possi­ bly: nuera. neurótico (noun) ‘neurotic, one suffering from a neurosis’ : neurótico (adjective) ‘ neurotic, o f a neurosis’, from neurosis ‘ neurosis’ , from New Latin neurosis ‘ neu­ rosis’ (first used in English, in the plural, neuroses, before 1784), from neur‘ nerve’ (see neuralgia, °neurona) + -osis ‘ disease’ (see -osis, °-sis). neutral ‘ neutral’ : Medieval Latin neutralis ‘ not taking sides’, from Latin neutralis ‘ o f neuter gender’ , from neutr-, stem o f neuter ‘ neuter’ (from ne- ‘ not’ [see°no] + uter ‘ either o f tw o ’, from Indo-Europe­ an kwo-ter, comparative o f kwo- [see °cuota\ for the Indo-European compara­ tive -ter, see °vuestro]), + -alis ‘o f ’ (see °-al). Nevada ‘ Nevada (state, United States)’ . The state (1 8 6 4 ) was named for the Nevada Territory (1861), which was so called for the Sierra Nevada, a mountain range located to the west (in eastern California), which was named b y Spanish explorers (1 5 1 8 ) for the Sierra Nevada o f southern Spain (around 1330), literally = ‘ Snowy Range’ (translation o f Arabic Jabal alThalj, literally = ‘ Mountain of-the Snow’ — several o f its summits rise above the snow line), from sierra ‘ mountain range’ (see °sierra) + nevada, feminine o f nevado ‘ snow y’, probably from Latin nivatus ‘ cooled with snow’ , from niv-, stem o f nix ‘snow’ (see °n iveo), + -atus ‘ acted upon

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b y ’ (see -ado2, °-ado'). nevar ‘to snow’ : Vulgar Latin nivare ‘ to snow ’, from Latin niv-, stem o f nix ‘ snow’ (see °n iveo), + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). nevera ‘ iceb ox ’ : nev-, base o f nieve ‘ snow’ (see nieve, °niveo), + -era ‘ connected with’ (see -era2). Snow was used for cooling when this word was first used (seventeenth century). nexo ‘ link, nexus’ : Latin nexus ‘ link’ , from nexus, past participle o f nectere ‘ to tie’ (see anexo, °nudo). °ni ‘ neither, nor’ : Latin nec ‘ nor, neither, and not’ , from ñeque ‘ nor, neither, and n ot’ , literally = ‘ and n ot’, from ne- ‘ not’ (see °n o) + -que ‘ and’, from Indo-Europe­ an -kwe ‘ and’ (related words: ningún, ningunear, ninguno, sesquipedal, ubicarse, ubicuo), source, likewise, o f Greek te and Sanskrit ca, both = ‘ and’. Nicaragua ‘ Nicaragua (country and lake)’ : Nicaragua — 6 March 1524 — (also Nicarao), name o f an Indian chief in what is now southwestern Nicaragua, and o f his people (who were o f Uto-Aztecan origin — came from M exico about the eleventh century). If the name is Nahuatl, it may mean ‘ Anahuac (i.e., M exico) reaches this far’, from nican ‘ here’ + Anauac, another name for M exico (see Anáhuac). Nicosia ‘ Nicosia (capital o f Cyprus)’ : Medi­ eval Latin Nicosia, m odification o f Greek Leukosia (another Leukosia — an island in the gulf o f Paestum, Italy — is men­ tioned in Greek in the fourth century B.C.), perhaps from the masculine name Leúkos (documented around the eighth century B.C.), from leukós ‘white, clear’ (see leucocito, °luz). nicotina ‘ nicotine’ : French nicotine ‘ nicotine (poisonous alkaloid derived from the tobacco plant)’ , from obsolete nicotine ‘to b a cco ’, from the family name o f Jean N icot (died in 1600) who, as French ambassador to Lisbon, sent some tobacco to Catherine de Médicis in 1560, thereby introducing tobacco into France. The French family name N icot was originally a pet form o f the masculine given name N icodém e, from Latin Nicodemus, from Greek Nikódem os, literally = (like Nikólaos, corresponding to English Nicholas) ‘Victorious among the People’ , from nike ‘ victory’ + demos ‘ people’ .

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nictálope ‘ hemeralopic, one who sees more clearly in dim light than in bright light’ : Latin nyctalopem , accusative o f nyctalops ‘ nyctalope, one whose vision is abnormal­ ly weak in dim light’ , from Greek nyktálops ‘ night-blind’, from nykt-, stem o f nyx ‘ night’ (from Indo-European nekwt‘ night’ ; see “nocturno), + alaos ‘ blind’ + ops ‘ eye’ (see piropo, “ocular). nicho ‘ niche’ : obsolete Italian nicchio (Ital­ ian nicchia) ‘ niche’, from nicchiare ‘ to sway, swing; to waver, hesitate’, from Vulgar Latin *nidicare, *nidiculare ‘to nest, remain in the nest, produce eggs’ , from Latin nidus ‘ nest’ (see “ nido). °nido ‘ nest’ : Latin nidus ‘ nest’, from IndoEuropean nizdo- ‘ nest’ (underlying idea: ‘ (where birds) sit dow n’ ), a com pound o f ni ‘d ow n ’ (possibly related word: Nepal) and sd-, zd-, from sed- ‘ to sit’ (see °sedi­ m en to). Related words: anidar, nicho. °niebla ‘ mist’ : Latin nebula ‘ mist; cloud’ , from Indo-European nebh-la- ‘ cloud’ ; from nebh- ‘ cloud’ . Related words: nebli­ na, nebuloso. nieta ‘granddaughter’ ( nieto ‘grandson’): Vulgar Latin nepta ‘granddaughter’, for Latin neptis ‘ granddaughter; niece’, from Indo-European nepti-, feminine o f nepot‘ grandson; nephew’ (see ° nepotism o). nieve ‘ snow ’ : Vulgar Latin *neue, from Latin nivem, accusative o f nix (stem n iv ) ‘snow ’ (see “ niveo). Nieves ‘ Nevis (island)’, see San CristóbalNieves- Anguila. “Niger ‘ Niger (country and river; French Niger)’ . The area was given this name at the end o f the nineteenth century, from the name o f the river which flows through its southwest. The river was given this name in 1526, although in 1455 the present Senegal River had been called Niger, the name Niger having been used in Latin in the fifth century o f the Christian era, applied vaguely to a large (unspecified) river in Africa (in Greek [N igeir] in the second century, and in Latin [IV¡gris] in the first century o f the Christian era). The Latin and Greek names derive in turn from the second part o f the Tamashek expression Ghir n-igheren, literally = ‘ River o f rivers’ (Latin niger ‘ black’ probably influenced its spell­ ing). Related word: Nigeria. Nigeria ‘ Nigeria (country)’ : English Nigeria,

ningún

a name first used for this area in 1897, from Niger (the river whose basin this country occupies in part; see “Niger) + -ia ‘ area, country’ (see -ia). nigromancia ‘ necromancy (predicting the future through communication with the dead; witchcraft)’: Medieval Latin nigromantia ‘ black magic, witchcraft’, from Late Latin necromantia ‘ divination through communication with the dead’ (b y folk etym ology — influence o f Latin nigr-, stem o f niger ‘black’ ; see “negro), from Late Greek nekromanteia ‘ divina­ tion by corpses’, from nekro- (from nekrós ‘ corpse’ ; see necrosis, “ néctar) + manteia ‘ divination’ , from manteuesthai ‘ to divine, prophesy’, from mántis ‘ proph­ et, seer’ (akin to Greek mania ‘ madness’ ; underlying meaning: ‘ mad’ ), from IndoEuropean men- ‘to think’ (see “ mente). nigua ‘ chigoe’ : Taino nigua ‘ chigoe’. nihilismo 1 ‘ nihilism (viewpoint that no tradi­ tional value or belief is well-founded)’ : German Nihilismus ‘ nihilism’, from Latin nihil ‘ nothing’ (see aniquilar, “ no) + Ger­ man -ismus ‘ theory, doctrine’ , from Latin -ismus ‘ theory, doctrine’ (see -ismo). nihilismo 2 ‘ nihilism (doctrine o f certain Russian parties o f the second half o f the nineteenth century that existing political and social institutions should be destroyed to insure future improvement)’ : French nihilisme ‘ nihilism’ , from German Nihilis­ mus ‘ nihilism’ (see nihilismo', aniquilar, “ no, -ismo). Nilo ‘ Nile (river)’ : Latin Nilus (first century B.C.), from Greek N eilos (eighth century B.C.), probably from Egyptian nwy ‘water’. “ninfa ‘ nymph (nature spirit, and young in­ sect)’ : Latin nympha ‘ nymph (nature spirit represented as a beautiful maiden); bride’ , from Greek nyrnphe ‘ nymph; bride’ . Related word: paraninfo. In the meaning ‘young insect’, it was first used in English, nimphes, plural, 1577. ningún (used before a masculine singular noun), ninguno ‘ none, no; n ob od y ’ : obsolete niguno ‘ none’ (influenced by nin, obsolete form o f ni ‘ nor’, which had -n by analogy to non [obsolete form o f no ‘ not’ ] and to other com m on m ono­ syllabic words in -n, like bien, con, en, sin), from Vulgar Latin nec unu ‘ none, not [even] one’ , from Latin nec unus

ningunear

‘ and not one’, from nec ‘ and n ot’ (see °ni, °n o) + unus ‘ one’ (see °uno). ningunear ‘ (M exico) to treat someone as a nobody, as a person o f no importance’ : ninguno ‘ n ob od y ’ (see ningún, °ni, °no, °uno) + -ear, an infinitive ending (see -ear). ninguno ‘ none; n ob od y ’ , see ningún. niña, niña del o jo ‘ pupil o f the eye’ , literally = ‘ girl, girl o f the eye’, translations o f Latin pupilla ‘ little girl; pupil o f the eye’ (see pupila). °niño ‘ child; b o y ’ ( niñez ‘ch ildh ood’), proba­ bly from Common Romance ninnus ‘ child; b o y ’, a nursery word, akin to other Indo-European affectionate nursery words, such as Sanskrit nana- ‘ mother’, Greek nánna ‘ aunt’, nénnos ‘uncle’ , Italian nonna ‘grandmother’. Probably related word: nene. nirvana ‘ nirvana’ : Sanskrit nirvana ‘extinc­ tion (i.e., o f passions)’ , literally = ‘ blow ­ ing ou t’ , from nirva ‘ to be blown ou t’, from nir-, nis- ‘o u t’ + va(ti) ‘ it blow s’, from Indo-European uie- ‘ to b lo w ’ (see ° viento). níspero ‘ medlar’ : obsolete niéspero, from Vulgar Latin *nespiru, *nespilus, for Latin mespilum, mespilus, from Greek méspilos, méspilon ‘ medlar’ . °nitido ‘ nitid’ : Latin nitidus ‘bright, clear, neat’ , from nitere ‘to shine’ , from IndoEuropean nei- ‘to shine’. Related word: neto. nivel ‘level’ : Catalan nivell (or Old French nivel [also livel] or Provencal nivel) ‘ level’, from Vulgar Latin *libellu, variant o f Latin libella ‘ level’ (see libélula, °libra). In this word, the initial l- became n- in several Romance languages probably by dissimilation. “niveo ‘snow y’ : Latin niveus ‘ o f snow ’ , from niv-, stem o f nix ‘ snow’ (from IndoEuropean (s)nigwh-, from sneigwh‘snow ’ ; related words: Nevada, nevar, nevera, nieve), + -eus ‘o f; resembling’ (see °-eo2). “no ‘ no; n ot’ : obsolete non ‘ no; n ot’, from Latin non ‘ n ot’, from Old Latin noenum, literally = ‘ not one’ , from ne- ‘ not’ (from Indo-European ne ‘n ot’ ; related words: a-2, abismo, abnegación, abnegar, almi­ dón, an-, anonadar, anular, ateo, chulo, enemigo, enferm o, enterar, entereza, en­ tero, fantoche, i-, im-2, in-2, integrar, in­

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tegridad, íntegro, ir-2, necedad, necesa­ rio, necesidad, necesitar, necio, negar, negligencia, negocio, neutral, ni, ningún, ningunear, ninguno, non, nulo, nunca, renegar, sin o '; probably: aniquilar, nihilis­ m o 1, nihilismo2) + oinom, neuter o f oinos ‘on e’, from Indo-European oino- ‘on e’ (see °uno). , noble 1 (adjective) ‘noble’ (nobleza ‘ nobili­ ty ’ ): Latin nobilis (adjective) ‘ noble, fa­ mous, well-known, known, knowable’ , from Old Latin gnobilis ‘known, knowable’, from Indo-European gno-dhli‘known, knowable’ , from gno- ‘to know ’ (see “ noticia) + -dhli- ‘ that can be . . . ’ (see °-ble). noble 2 (noun) ‘a noble, nobleman’ : Latin nobilis (noun) ‘ a noble’, from nobilis (adjective) ‘ noble’ (see n oble1, ° noticia, °-ble). noción ‘ notion, idea’ (nociones ‘ rudiments’ ): Latin notionem , accusative o f notio (stem notion-) ‘ notion, idea, act o f coming to know ’ , from notus, past participle o f noscere ‘ to com e to kn ow ’ (see °noticia), + -io ‘ act o f ’ (see °-ión). nocivo ‘ harmful, noxious’ : Latin nocivus ‘ harmful’ , from nocere ‘ to hurt, injure, harm’ (from Indo-European nok-eyo-, causative form o f nok- ‘ to harm; to kill’ [for other descendants o f the IndoEuropean causative -eyo-, see m onstruo], from nek- ‘death’ [see “n écta r]) + -ivus ‘ tending toward’ (see °-ivo). “ nocturno ‘ o f night, nocturnal’ : Latin nocturnus ‘ o f night, nocturnal’ , from noct-, stem o f nox ‘ night’, from Indo-European nokwt-, a form o f nekwt- ‘ night’ . Related words: anoche, anochecer, equinoccio, nictálope, noche. noche ‘ night’ : Latin noctem , accusative o f nox ‘ night’ (see “ nocturno). “nodriza ‘wet nurse’ : Late Latin nutricia ‘wet nurse’, from Latin nutricia, feminine o f nutricius (adjective), from nutric-, stem o f nutrix ‘wet nurse’, from *nutritrix, from Indo-European neu-tri- ‘ to suckle’, from neu-, variant o f sneu- ‘to suckle; to flow ’. Related words: nutrir, nutritivo. nogal ‘walnut tree’ : Late Latin nucalis ‘ like a nut’ , from Latin nuc-, stem o f nux ‘ nut’ (see °nuez), + -alis ‘ tree’ (see °-al). nómada ‘ nomad’ : Latin nomad-, stem of nomas ‘nom ad’, from Greek nomád-,

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stem o f nomás ‘ nomad, one that wanders in search o f pasture’, from Indo-European nom-, from nem- ‘to assign’ (compare Greek némein ‘ to pasture; to assign pastures; to assign’ ). See °-nomia. nombrar ‘to name’ ( nombramiento ‘ appoint­ ment, nomination’ ); Latin nominare ‘ to name’ , from nomin-, stem o f nomen ‘ name’ (see ° nom bre), + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-ar‘ ). "nombre ‘ nam e;noun’ : Vulgar Latin nomine, accusative o f nomen, from Latin nomen (stem nomin-) ‘ name; reputation’, from Indo-European nomen- ‘ name’. Related words: anónimo, antónimo, antonomasia, exónim o, hom ónim o, ignominia, m etoni­ mia, nombrar, nominativo, -ánimo, on o­ mástico, paronomasia, patroním ico, pro­ nombre, renombre, seudónimo, sinónimo, topónim o. nomeolvides ‘ forget-me-not’ , translation o f Old French ne m ’oubliez mie ‘ forget-menot’ , literally = ‘ don ’t forget m e’ (source, likewise, o f French ne-m ’oubliez-pas [also called in French m yosotis, m yosotis des marais, herbe d ’amour, oreille-de-souris], German vergiss mein nicht, Italian non-tiscordar-di-me, Russian nezabudka, all = ‘ forget-me-not’ ), from the fact that in fifteenth-century Europe some believed that persons wearing the flower would not be forgotten by their lovers. See no ‘ no, not, d on ’t’ , me ‘ me’, olvidar ‘ to fo r­ get’. “•nomia ‘ systematization o f knowledge re­ garding a (specified) field; systematization o f laws governing a (specified) field’ as in agronomía, astronomía, econom ía, gas­ tronom ía: Latin -nomia, from Greek -nomia ‘ systematization o f laws or know l­ edge’, from -nom os ‘ arranging, managing’ (some Greek words in -nomos derive from némein ‘to arrange, distribute’ [from Indo-European nem- ‘to assign’ ; related words: antinomia, astronomía, astróno­ m o, binomio, econom ía, econ óm ico, gas­ tronomía, nómada, numismático, taxo­ nomía]', others derive from nomos ‘ law, custom ; portion’ , from Indo-European nom-, from nem ) + -ia ‘ condition, activi­ ty ’ (see -ia). nominativo ‘ nominative (‘ nominal’ , and ‘ o f the nominative case’ )’ : Latin nominativus ‘ o f naming; o f the nominative case’, from nominatus ‘ named’, past participle o f

Noruega

nominare ‘ to name’ (from nomin-, stem o f nomen ‘ name’ [see ° n om bre], + -are, an infinitive ending [see °-a r ']), + -ivus ‘ performing’ (see e-ivo). non ‘ odd (number)’ : Old Spanish non par (first documented in the plural: non pares) ‘ (o f a number) not even’ , from o b ­ solete non ‘ n ot’ (see °n o) + par ‘ even’ (see °par). nopal ‘ prickly pear plant, nopal’ : Nahuatl n o ’palli ‘prickly pear plant’, akin to nochtli ‘ prickly pear fruit’ (+ -palli ‘ flat; leaf’?). nordeste ‘ northeast’ : French nord-est ‘ north­ east’ , from nord ‘ north’ (from Old French nord', see °norte) + est ‘ east’ (see °este'). nórdico ‘ Nordic’ ; French nordique ‘ Nordic’ , from nord ‘ north’ (see nordeste, °norte) + -ique ‘ o f ’, from Latin -icus ‘o f ’ (see °-ico! ). "norma ‘ norm’ : Latin norma ‘ norm, pattern, rule; carpenter’s square’ . Related words: anormal, enorme, normal. normal ‘ normal’ : Late Latin normalis ‘ according to rule, conforming to a usual pattern’, from Latin normalis ‘according to a carpenter’s square’, from norma ‘ pat­ tern; carpenter’s square’ (see °norma) + -alis ‘ o f ’ (see °-al). normando ‘ Norman’ : Old French Normant (French Normand', Medieval Latin Nortmannus, ninth century), from Old Norse Nordhmann-, stem o f Nordhmadhr ‘ Scan­ dinavian’ , literally = ‘ North Man’ , from nordhr ‘ north’ (see Noruega, °norte) + madhr, mannr (stem mann-) ‘ man’ , from Germanic manna- ‘ man’ (see “alemán). Groups o f Scandinavians settled in present French Normandy in the tenth century. noroeste ‘ northwest’ : obsolete French norouest ‘ northwest’, from nord ‘ north’ (from Old French nord\ see “ norte) + ouest ‘west’ (from Middle English west', see oeste, “víspera). "norte ‘ north’ : Old French nord ‘ north’, from Old English north, from Germanic north- ‘ north’ , from Indo-European nr-to‘ north’, from nr-, from ner- ‘ under; on the left (hence, as Indo-Europeans usually oriented themselves toward the sunrise, = ‘ north’ )’. Related words: nordeste, nórdi­ co , normando, noroeste, Noruega. Noruega ‘ Norway (country; Norwegian Norge, N oreg)’ : Medieval Latin Norvegia, Norwegia (about A.D. 900), from Old

nos

Norse Norvegr, literally = ‘ North Region’, from nordhr ‘ north’ (from Germanic north--, see °norte) + vegr ‘w ay’ (in place names, = ‘region’ ), from Germanic wegaz ‘ course o f travel, w ay’, from Indo-Europe­ an wegh- ‘ to g o ’ (see °vehículo). °nos ‘us’ : Old Spanish nos ‘we; us’ , from Latin nos ‘we; us’ (nominative and accusa­ tive), from Indo-European nos-, from nes‘ us’ (oblique cases only). Related words: nosotros, nuestro. nosocomio ‘ hospital’ : Late Latin nosocomium, from Late Greek nosokom eion ‘ hospital’ , from Greek nosokom os ‘ one that tends the sick’, from noso- ‘ disease’ (from nósos ‘ disease’ ) + -komos, from kom éo ‘ I take care’ (see manicomio, “coma2). nosotros ‘w e’ : Vulgar Latin nos alteros, ac­ cusative o f nos alteri ‘w e’ , originally an emphatic form used to stress a contrast, as in a sentence meaning ‘ They do, but we d on ’t’ (compare vosotros, Catalan nosaltres ‘w e’, Old Italian noialtri ‘w e’ [from Vulgar Latin nos alteri]), from Latin nos ‘w e’ (see °nos) + alteri ‘others’, plural o f alter ‘other’ (see otro). "nostalgia ‘ nostalgia’ : New Latin nostalgia (1 668) ‘ nostalgia’ (translation o f German Heimweh ‘ homesickness’ ), from Greek nóstos ‘ a return, a return hom e’ (from Indo-European nos-to- ‘ a return hom e’, from nos-, from nes- ‘to return safely home or to a familiar place’ ) + New Latin -algia ‘ pain’, from Greek -algia, from álgos ‘ pain’ (related w ord: neuralgia). “nota ‘ note’ : Latin nota ‘ note, mark, sign’ . Related words: anotar, notar. notar ‘to note; to notice’ ( notable ‘notable’ ): Latin notare ‘ to mark, write, note’, from nota ‘ note, mark’ (see °nota) + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). “noticia ‘ news’ : Latin notitia ‘acquaintance, knowledge’ , from notus ‘know n’, past participle o f noscere, gnoscere ‘ to becom e acquainted with; to com e to know ’ , from Indo-European gno-sko- ‘to kn ow ’ (for Spanish descendants o f other Indo-Euro­ pean verbs with -sko-, see -ecer), from gno- ‘ to know ’ . Related words: conocer, desconocer, diagnóstico, fisonom ía, igno­ rar, incógnito, narrar, noble', noble2, noción, pronosticar, reconocer. notocordio ‘ n otochord’ : Greek noto- ‘ back’ (from notos, noton ‘back’ , from Indo-

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European not- ‘ back; buttock’ ) + khordé ‘ cord, string’ (see ° cuerda). In English, notochord, 1848. “noúm eno ‘ noum enon’ : German Noum enon ‘ noumenon, object conceived by reason but not perceivable by the senses’ (a word introduced by Kant in 1770 as the o p p o­ site o f ‘ phenom enon’ ), from Greek nooúm enon ‘that which is conceived, concept, thought’, from nooúm enon, neuter o f the present passive participle o f nouein ‘ to conceive, think’, from noús ‘ mind’ (related word: paranoia). novato ‘ novice, beginner’ : Late Latin novatus ‘a renewing, a change’ , from Latin nova­ tus, past participle o f novare ‘ to make new’ , from novus ‘ new’ (see °nuevo). novecientos ‘ nine hundred’ : nove, base o f nueve ‘ nine’ (see “ nueve), + ciento ‘ hun­ dred’ (see ciento, “diez) + -s, a plural ending (see °-s' ). novedad ‘novelty’: Latin novitatem, accusa­ tive o f novitas (stem novitat-) ‘ newness, novelty’, from novus ‘ new’ (see “ nuevo) + -itas ‘quality’ (see -idad). novela ‘ a novel’ : Italian novella ‘ a novel’ (underlying meaning: ‘ a new story’ ), from novella, feminine o f novella (adjec­ tive) ‘ new’, from Latin novellus, from novus ‘ new’ (see “nuevo). noveno ‘ ninth’ : Vulgar Latin *novenu ‘ ninth’ , from Latin novenus ‘ nine each, ninefold’ , from novem ‘ nine’ (see “nueve) + -enus, an adjective suffix (see -eno). The ending -enus was applied in Latin to distributives; in Vulgar Latin (-enu, -enus), to ordinals (compare Old Spanish seteno, och en o, Provencal setens, ochens, Catalan seté, vuite)-, in Spanish, -eno, with the ordinal meaning, survives only in noveno. noventa ‘ ninety’ : obsolete novaenta, from Vulgar Latin novaginta, from Latin nonaginta (influenced by novem ‘ nine’ ), from nona-, akin to novem ‘ nine’ (see “ nueve), + -ginta ‘ ten times’ (see cuarenta, “diez). novicio ‘ novice’ : Medieval Latin novicius ‘ novice’, from Latin novicius ‘ new, inex­ perienced’, from novus ‘ new’ (see “nuevo). noviembre ‘ November’ : Latin novembrem, accusative o f novem ber and o f novembris, both = ‘ November’ , literally = ‘ ninth (m onth)’, from novem ‘ nine’ (see “nueve)-. the old Roman year, until about 153 B.C., began with March (see diciembre).

373 novillo ‘ young bull; steer’ : Latin novellus ‘ new; young’, from novus ‘ new’ (see ° nuevo). novio ‘ newlywed; bridegroom ; favorite co m ­ panion’ : Vulgar Latin novius ‘ newlywed; bridegroom’ , from Latin novus ‘ new’ (see ° nuevo). -nte, as in amante, presidente, valiente, see °-ante, -ente, -iente. nube ‘ clou d’ : Vulgar Latin *nube, from Latin nubes ‘ cloud’, from Indo-European sneudh- ‘ mist; cloud’ (source, likewise, o f Welsh nudd ‘ mist’ ). nuca ‘ nape’ : Medieval Latin nucha ‘nape’, from Arabic nukha' ‘ spinal marrow’ . núcleo ‘ nucleus’ : Latin nucleus ‘ kernel, cen­ tral part; nut’ , literally = ‘ small nut’, diminutive o f nux (stem nuc-) ‘ nut’ (see °nuez). °nudo ‘k n ot’ : Vulgar Latin *nudus ‘kn ot’ , from Latin nodus ‘knot; knob; n ode’ , from Indo-European nodo- ‘knot, knot­ ted’ , from nod-, from ned- ‘ to knot, tie, weave’ . Related words: anexo, conexión, nexo. nuera ‘daughter-in-law’ : Vulgar Latin ñora (by analogy to Latin socra ‘mother-inlaw’ ; see °suegra), from Late Latin nura, variant o f Latin nurus ‘ daughter-in-law’ , from Indo-European snuso- ‘ daughter-inlaw’ (probable original meaning: ‘bride’, possibly from sneu- ‘ to bind; tendon’ — see ° neurona). nuestro ‘ our; ours’ : Latin nostrum, accusa­ tive o f noster ‘our; ours’, from IndoEuropean nos-tro, nos-tero- ‘ our’, from nos- ‘ us’ (see °nos) + -tero-, a possessive suffix (see °vuestro). nueva ‘ piece o f news’ : Latin nova, feminine o f novus ‘ new’ (see °nuevo). Nueva Caledonia ‘ New Caledonia’, transla­ tion o f English New Caledonia, a name given the island in 1774 b y British naviga­ tor James Cook, from English new (from Middle English newe, from Old English rieowe, from Indo-European newo- ‘ new’ ; see °nuevo) + New Latin Caledonia ‘ Scot­ land’, from Latin Caledonia (first century o f the Christian era), an area in the north o f ancient Britain roughly corresponding to modern Scotland, from Caledones, its inhabitants, o f disputed origin (akin to Old Irish caill ‘ w ood s’?; from Celtic kaldi, from Indo-European keldh-, from kel- ‘ to beat; w o o d ’ ; see °golpe). Spanish nueva is

Nueva Orleans the feminine o f nuevo ‘ new’ (see °nuevo). Nueva Delhi ‘ New Delhi (capital o f India)’ : nueva, feminine o f nuevo ‘ new’ (see ° nuevo), + English Delhi (Hindi Dilli, Dihli, Dehli, etc.), New Delhi having been constructed, beginning around 1911, just south o f Delhi. The Hindi forms o f the name Delhi derive from Sanskrit dill, dilli, dilli ‘ the town Delhi’ (first century B.C.), perhaps named for a raja Dhilü or Dilu w ho reigned in that area in the first century B.C. (from Sanskrit dhü- ‘to shake, agitate’?; from Indo-European dheu-, see ° fumar). Nueva Escocia ‘ Nova Scotia (province and peninsula, Canada)’ : New Latin Nova Scotia, a name given the peninsula by Scottish settlers in 1621, literally = ‘New Scotland’, from Latin nova, feminine o f novus ‘ new’ (see °nuevo), + Late Latin Scotia ‘ Scotland’ (see °Escocia). The first part o f the Spanish name is a translation, the second a borrowing, from New Latin. Nueva Guinea ‘ New Guinea (island)’ , so named around 1545 by explorers (by Spanish navigator Iñigo Ortiz de Retes? First by Portuguese navigators [w ho called it Nova G u iñ é]?) w ho deemed its inhabitants to be similar in appearance to West Africans (see °Guinea). Nueva Orleans (before 1765) ‘ New Orleans (city, United States)’. The city was estab­ lished by the French in 1718, but had been named by them Nouvelle Orleans (the first part o f the Spanish name is a translation, the second a borrowing) before it was founded (1715?, 1717?), in honor o f Philippe (1 674—1723), regent o f France (1715—1723, during the minor­ ity o f King Louis X V ), who became Due d ’Orléans in 1701. This title is from the French city o f Orléans, a name derived from Late Latin Aurelianensis (urbs) (A.D. 273), literally = ‘Aurelian’s (city )’ ( aurelianensis is an adjective = ‘ o f Aurelianus’ ), the town having been rebuilt by Aurelian (b o m around A.D. 215—died in 275; full Latin name: Lucius Domitius Aurelianus), Roman emperor (270—275). The Latin name Aurelianus derives from Aurelius, a gens name, akin to aureolus ‘ golden, o f gold’, diminutive o f aureus ‘ golden, o f gold’, from aurum ‘gold’ (see °oro). French nouvelle is the feminine o f nouveau ‘ new’ , from Old French novel,

Nuevas Hébridas

from Latin novellus ‘ young, new’ (see novela, °nuevo). The English form New Orleans dates from 1803. Nuevas Hébridas ‘ New Hebrides (islands, Pacific Ocean, name o f Vanuatu until 30 July 1 9 80)’, translation o f English New Hebrides, a name given these islands (for the Hebrides islands in Scotland) by English mariner James Cook in 1774, when he chartered them. Hebrides (1526) — the name o f the Scottish islands — is very probably a misprint for Latin Hebudes, Ebudae, Ebudes (A.D. 77; earlier in the same century: Haemodae, Hemodae, probably also misprints), o f disputed origin (= ‘Without Grain’?, ‘Without F o o d ’?; compare Welsh heb ‘w ithout’, yd ‘ grain, cereal’ [Old Irish ith, Breton ed\ originally = ‘ fo o d ’ ], bwyd ‘ fo o d ’ [Old Irish biad ‘ fo o d ’, Breton boed ‘ fo o d ’ ; from Indo-European gwei- ‘ to live’ ; see °vivo] ). Nueva York ‘ New York (city )’. The city and the area were first named New York (the first part o f the Spanish name is a transla­ tion, the second a borrowing) in 1664 (New Orange, 1673—74) in honor o f James Stuart (1633—1701), duke o f York (1634—1685), afterward James II, king o f England, Scotland and Ireland (1685— 1688). The dukedom was created in 1385 and named for the city and county o f York, northeastern England. Middle En­ glish York (the city; thirteenth century) derives from Old Norse Yórvik, Iórvík (A.D. 962), from Eórvík (ninth century), from Old English E oforw ic (A.D. 644; thought by folk etym ology to contain Old Norse vfk ‘ inlet, small bay’ [see Reykjavik, °vice- ]), from Brythonic *E voroc (second century; changed by folk etym ology because thought to con ­ tain Old English eo fo r ‘wild boar’ [akin to Latin aper, German Eber, Russian vepr’, all three = ‘wild boar’ ] and wic ‘ vil­ lage’, from Latin vicus ‘ village’ [see 0veci­ n o ]), from Greek Eborakon (about A.D. 150), from Latin Eboracum (second century), Eburacum (first century), from Brythonic *Ebordcon (first century; akin to Gaulish eburos ‘ yew ’ . The name o f the town may have meant ‘ Yew Place’ or have com e from the masculine given name Eburos, literally = ‘ Y ew ’ ). Nueva Zelandia, Nueva Zelanda ‘ New Zea­

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land (country)’, translation o f Dutch Nieuw Zeeland (or o f New Latin Zeelandia Nova, around 1650), a name given by the Dutch to the islands that this country comprises a few years after they dis­ covered them (13 December 1642), for Zeeland (documented in Middle Dutch around 1200; Spanish Zelandia, Zelanda), an area (now province) o f southwestern Netherlands, literally = ‘ Sea Land’ , from Dutch zee ‘ sea’ (from Middle Dutch see, from Germanic saiwa- ‘ sea; lake’ , which is the source, also, o f English sea) + land ‘ land’ , from Middle Dutch lant, from Germanic landam ‘ land’ (see -landa). Dutch nieuw ‘ new’ derives from Middle Dutch nieuwe, from Germanic neuja-, from Indo-European new-yo-, from newo‘ new’ (see ° nuevo). Nueva Zembla ‘ Novaya Zemlya (island group, Soviet Union)’ : Russian Novaya Zemlya (documented in Old Russian before 1553; perhaps as early as the twelfth century. The first part o f the Spanish name is a translation, the second a borrowing with epenthetic -b- [also found in Italian Nuova Z em bla]), literally = ‘ New Land’ (compare Terranova), from Russian no­ vaya, feminine o f novyy ‘ new’ (from Old Slavic novii, from Indo-European newo‘ new’ ; see 0nuevo) + zemlya ‘ earth, ground, land’ , from Indo-European ghemya, dhghem-ya, from dhghem- ‘ earth’ (see “camomila). "nueve ‘ nine’ : Latin novem, from Old Latin * noven (with -m on the analogy o f septem [see s iete], decern [see d iez ]), from Indo-European newn ‘ nine’. Related words: novecientos, noveno, noventa, noviembre. “nuevo ‘ new, novel’ : Latin novus ‘ new’, from Indo-European newo- ‘ new’. Related words: Nápoles-, neófito and others begin­ ning with neo-; neón, novato, novedad, novela, novicio, novillo, novio, nueva-, names o f areas and countries that begin with Nueva (e.g., Nueva Caledonia) and Nuevas-, Nuevo M éxico, renovar, Terrano­ va. Nuevo M éxico ‘ New M exico’ , a name given the area in 1562 b y the Spanish, w ho felt they had discovered a new M exico (see nuevo, M éxico). The English form o f the name dates from 1848. “nuez ‘walnut; nut’, ultimately from Latin

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nux (stem nuc-) ‘ nut; nut-tree’ . Related words: nogal, núcleo. nulo ‘ null’ : Latin nullus ‘ null, o f no value’ , from nullus ‘ none, not any , from ne ‘ not’ (from Indo-European ne ‘ not’ ; see °n o) + ullus ‘ any’, from Indo-European oino-lo‘any (in negative sentences); one’ , from oino- ‘on e’ (see °uno). “numen ‘ numen’ ; Latin numen ‘ numen, spirit, local deity’, from numen ‘n od ’ (hence ‘ command; divine will’ ), from Indo-European neu-men ‘ n od ’, from neu‘ to n od ’ (related w ord: nutación) + -men ‘ product or result o f action’ (see °-mento). número ‘ number’ ( numeroso ‘ numerous’ ): Latin numerus ‘ number; army troop ’ . número arábigo ‘ arabic numeral’ , literally = ‘ Arabic numeral’ , so called from the fact that arabic numerals — although they were first used in India — were intro­ duced to the West by the Arabs (in a graphic form [Westernized Arabic numer­ als] which is different both from that o f the numerals now used with the Arabic script [numerals o f modern Arabic] and from that o f the numerals used in India with alphabets o f the Nagari family). numismático ‘ numismatic’ : Latin numismat-, stem o f numisma ‘ coin’, from Greek nómisma (stem nomismat-) ‘ coin, current coin, custom, usage’ , from nomizein ‘ to have in use’ , from nomos ‘ custom; law’ (see °-nomia) + -izein ‘ to cause to becom e’ (see °-izar). For Spanish -ico ‘o f ’, see °-ico\ First used in French, numismatique ‘ numismatist’, 1579. nunca ‘ never’ : obsolete nunqua, from Latin numquam, nunquam ‘ at no time, never’ , from ne ‘n o; not’ (from Indo-European ne; see °no) + umquam, unquam ‘ at any time, ever’ , from Indo-European kwum-, an accusative o f time, from kwo-, stem o f

Nyasa

relative pronouns (see °cuota). “nuncio ‘ messenger; nuncio’ : Latin nuntius ‘ messenger’, literally = ‘ announcing’, from Indo-European now-ent-io- ‘ shouting’ , from now-ent-, active participial form o f neu- ‘to shout’ . Related words: anunciar, denunciar, enunciar, pronunciar, renun­ ciar. nupcial ‘nuptial’: Latin nuptialis ‘ o f a wed­ ding’ , from nuptiae ‘wedding’ (see “nup­ cias) + -alis ‘o f ’ (see °-al). “nupcias ‘wedding, nuptials’ : Latin nuptias, accusative o f nuptiae (plural) ‘wedding’ , from nuptus, past participle o f nubere ‘to marry (said o f a woman), take a husband’ , from Indo-European sneubh- ‘ to marry’. Related word: nupcial. nutación ‘ nutation (m otion o f the Earth’s axis)’ : Latin nutationem, accusative o f nutatio (stem nutation-) ‘a nodding (o f the head); a swaying, shaking’, from nutatus, past participle o f nutare ‘ to nod; to sway’, frequentative o f *nuere ‘ to n od’, from Indo-European neu- ‘to n od ’ (see °numen). First used in English, nuta­ tion, in the astronomical sense, 1715; = ‘act o f nodding’ , 1612. nutria ‘ coypu, nutria; otter’, irregularly from Latin ititra ‘otter’ , from Indo-European ud-ra- ‘water animal’ (see hidra1, ° hidró­ g en o ). nutrir ‘to nourish, nurture’ : Latin nutriré ‘ to nourish, feed, suckle’, from Indo-Europe­ an neu-tri- ‘ to suckle’ (see °nodriza). nutritivo ‘ nutritive’ : Late Latin nutritivus ‘ nutritive’ , from Latin nutritus, past participle o f nutriré ‘to nourish, feed’ (see nutrir, °nodriza), + -ivus ‘ performing’ (see °-ivo). Nyasa, Ñasa ‘ Nyasa (lake)’ : English Nyasa or Portuguese Niassa ‘ Nyasa (lake)’ , both from Yao nyasa ‘ lake’.

N ñame ‘ yam’, o f West African origin, possibly akin to Fulani nyami ‘to eat’ , ñandü ‘ rhea, nandú’ : Guarani ñandú ‘rhea’ , ñapa, yapa ‘ (Americas) gift from merchant, lagniappe; good measure’ : Quechua yápa ‘ addition’ .

Ñasa, Nyasa ‘ Nyasa (lake)’, see Nyasa. ñato ‘ (Americas) pug-nosed’ , m odification o f chato ‘ pug-nosed’ (see chato, °plato, °Polonia). ñu ‘gnu’ , ultimately from Kaffir nqu ‘gnu’ .

o o ' ‘the letter o ’ : Latin o ‘ the letter o ’, from Greek o ‘the letter o, fifteenth letter o f the Greek alphabet’ (later called o mikrón, literally = ‘small o ’ , to distinguish it from the twenty-fourth letter o f the Greek alphabet, o mega, literally = ‘ large o ’ , both letters being then pronounced the same); see e1. °o! ‘o r’ : Latin aut ‘o r’, from Indo-European au- ‘other; that’, a pronominal base (source, likewise, o f German auch ‘also’ and Greek au ‘again’ ). Related w ord: u. -o-, a connective vowel, as in anglosajón, grecolatino, gastronomía, indoeuropeo, ter­ minología: New Latin -o-, or Latin -o-, connective vowel, from Greek -o-, con ­ nective vowel (as in gastronomía, m etró­ polis), from -o-, thematic vowel o f many nouns and adjectives in combination (as in mistho-phóros ‘ receiving pay, merce­ nary’ , from misthós ‘wages, pay’ ). C om ­ pare -i-2. ° - o ', ending o f the first person singular o f the present indicative o f first conjugation verbs, as in amo: Latin -o (as in amo), first person singular ending o f the present indicative o f first conjugation verbs, and o f other first person singular forms (e.g., in the first conjugation, future indicative amabo and future perfect indicative ama­ nero; in the second conjugation, present indicative m oneo, future indicative monebo, future perfect indicative m onuero: in the third conjugation, present indicative rego, future perfect rexero; in the fourth conjugation, present indicative audio, future perfect audivero), from IndoEuropean -o, an ending o f the first person singular active (thematic form o f the verb — i.e., when the stem ends in -e or -o. When the verb was athematic — i.e., its stem did not end in -e or -o — the first person singular active ended in -mi). Related suffixes: -o 2, -o 3. -o2, ending o f the first person singular o f the present indicative o f second conjugation verbs, as in tem o: Vulgar Latin -o (as in *tem o), from Latin -eo (as in tim eo), first person singular ending o f second conjugation verbs, from -e-, thematic

vowel o f second conjugation verbs (see -e-), + -o, an ending o f the first person sin­ gular (see °-o ‘ ). -o3, ending o f the first person singular o f the present indicative o f third conjugation verbs, as in parto: Vulgar Latin -o (as in parto), from Latin -io (as in partió), first person singular ending o f the present indicative o f fourth conjugation verbs, from -i-, thematic vowel o f fourth conju­ gation verbs (see -i-1), + -o, an ending o f the first person singular (see °-o‘ ). -o4, a masculine singular ending o f nouns, as in abandono, brazo, campo, ch opo, y e ­ rro: Vulgar Latin -u, an accusative singular ending o f masculine nouns (nominative -us), from Latin -um, an accusative singu­ lar ending o f masculine (nominative -us) and neuter (nominative -um) nouns o f the second declension, from Old Latin -om, from Indo-European -om, an accusative singular ending o f masculine and neuter nouns, from -om , an accusative singular ending o f masculine and neuter adjectives (see °-o5). °-o \ a masculine singular ending o f adjec­ tives, as in adecuado, bárbaro, caro, chato, obscuro: Vulgar Latin -u, an accu­ sative singular ending o f masculine adjec­ tives (nominative -us), from Latin -um, an accusative singular ending o f masculine (nominative -us) and neuter (nominative -um) adjectives o f the second declension, from Old Latin -om , from Indo-European -om, an accusative singular ending o f masculine and neuter adjectives, from -o-, ending o f the stem o f many masculine and neuter adjectives (from -o-, ending o f the stem o f many masculine and neuter pronouns [e.g., kwo-\ see °cu o ta ]), + -m, accusative ending. Related endings: -a1, -a1, -aduría, -anda, -anza, -e8, -e9, -eduria, -eria3, -ia, -ia1, -iduria, -o4. -Ó, an ending o f the third person singular o f the preterit indicative o f first conjugation verbs, as in amó: Vulgar Latin -aut (as in amaut), from Latin -avit (as in amavit), third person singular ending o f the per­ fect indicative o f first conjugation verbs, from -av- ‘perfect o f first conjugation

oasis

verbs’ (see °-é') + -it, third person singu­ lar ending o f the perfect indicative o f all four conjugations, from Old Latin -ed, from Italic -et, from Indo-European -e, third person singular ending in the perfect tense, + -f, a third person singular ending (see °-a3). oasis ‘ oasis’ : Late Latin oasis ‘ fertile area in the North African desert’ , from Greek oasis ‘ fertile area in the North African desert’ , from the Egyptian source of Coptic wahe ‘ fertile area; dwelling area’. Oaxaca ‘ Oaxaca (city, M exico; Zapotee Lolá)’ : Náhuatl Uaxyacac (1 5 2 8 ) ‘ Oaxaca’ (underlying meaning: ‘Place where gourd vines begin’ ), from uaxin ‘ gourd vine’ + yacatl ‘beginning, outermost point, nose’ + -c, contraction o f -co ‘ at, place o f ’ (see °M éxico). ob- ‘ inverse; inward; to, toward’ , as in o b e­ decer: Latin ob- ‘ to, toward; against; before; in back o f; away; upon; com ­ pletely’ (it becomes o- before m, ocbefore c, of- before f, og- before g, opbefore p ), from ob ‘ to; before; against’ , from Indo-European opi, epi ‘ near, at’ (see °epi-). obedecer ‘to o b e y ’ : Latin oboedire ‘ to listen to, hear, o b ey ’ , from ob- ‘ to, toward’ (see ob-, °epi-) + -oedire, from audire ‘to hear’ (see °audiencia, °hacer). For the ending -ecer, see °-ecer. obediencia ‘ obedience’ : Latin oboedientia ‘obedience’ , from oboedient-, stem o f oboediens ‘obedient’ (see obediente, o b e­ decer, ob-, "epi-, "audiencia, °hacer). obediente ‘obedient’ : Latin oboedientem , accusative o f oboediens (stem oboedient-) ‘obedient’, present participle o f oboedire ‘ to ob ey ’ (see obedecer, ob-, °epi-, °audiencia, °hacer). obelisco ‘obelisk’ : Latin obeliscus, from Greek obeliskos ‘obelisk’, literally = ‘small spit’ (because this pillar is pointed), diminutive o f obelos ‘spit (rod for broiling); obelisk’ . For the Greek diminu­ tive noun-suffix -iskos, see -isco2, °-isco1. obertura ‘overture (m usic)’ : French ouverture ‘overture (m usic); an opening’ , from Old French overture ‘opening’ , from Vulgar Latin *opertura, from Latin aper­ tura ‘ opening’ (see abertura, "abrir, -ura). obeso ‘obese’ : Latin obesus ‘obese’ (underly­ ing meaning: ‘ fat because he devours’ ), from obesus, past participle o f obedere

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‘ to devour, eat away’ , from ob- ‘away’ (see ob-, °epi-) + edere ‘ to eat’ (see "com er). obispo ‘bishop’ : Late Latin episcopus ‘ bish­ op ; overseer’ , from Greek episkopos ‘ bishop; guardian, overseer’ , from epi‘ over, o n ’ (see ° epi-) + skopós ‘watcher, seer’, from Indo-European spoko- ‘watch­ er’ (by metathesis), from spok-, from spek- ‘to lo o k ’ (see "espejo). objeción ‘objection ’ : Late Latin objectionem , accusative o f objectio (stem objection ) ‘act o f objecting’ , from Latin objectus, past participle o f objicere, obicere ‘ to throw before, throw against, oppose, o b ­ je c t’ , from ob- ‘ before; against’ (see ob-, °epi-) + -jicere, -icere, from jacere ‘ to throw’ (see "echar). objetivo ‘objective’ : Medieval Latin objectivus ‘o f an ob ject’, from Latin objectus ‘o b je ct’ (see ob jeto, objeción, ob-, "epi-, "echar) + -ivus ‘ tending toward’ (see °-ivo). objeto ‘ ob ject’ : Latin objectus ‘ ob ject’, from objectus ‘ thrown before’, past participle o f objicere, obicere ‘ to throw before’ (see objeción, ob-, "epi-, "echar). oblicuo ‘oblique’ : Latin obliquus ‘oblique, inclined’ . obligar ‘ to com pel, constrain, obligate’ (obli­ gación ‘ duty, obligation’ ): Latin obligare ‘ to put under an obligation; to bind to ’ , from ob- ‘to ’ (see ob-, °epi-) + ligare ‘ to bind, tie’ (see "ligar). oboe ‘ oboe, hautbois’ : French hautbois ‘ o b o e ’ (now pronounced obwa, until the eighteenth century pronounced obw ay), from haut ‘ high (in this case, ‘ o f a high pitch’ )’ (from Latin altus [the h-, by in­ fluence o f Frankish hoh ‘high’ ] ; see alto, "alimento) + bois ‘w o o d ; w ood s’ , from Germanic busk- ‘ bush’ (see "bosque). obra ‘w ork’ : Latin opera ‘w ork ’ (see "ópera). obrar ‘to take action’ : Latin operari ‘to w ork’ , from oper-, stem o f opus ‘w ork’ , from Indo-European op-es- ‘w ork’ (see "ópera). obrero ‘worker’ : Latin operarius ‘worker’ , from operari ‘ to w ork’ (see obrar, "ópera). obscuro ‘ dark, obscure’ (obscurecer ‘to grow dark’ , obscuridad ‘ darkness’ ): Latin obscurus ‘ dark, lacking light, obscure’ (under­ lying meaning: ‘ covered’ ), from ob- ‘ t o ’ (see ob-, °epi-) + -scums, from IndoEuropean skü-ro- ‘ a cover’ , from skü-, from skeu- ‘ to cover’ (see "cutis).

379

O C IO

obsequio ‘gift’ ( obsequiar ‘to present’ ): Latin take hold o f, attain’ , from ob- ‘ complete­ ly’ (see ob-, °epi-) + -tiñere, from tenere obsequium ‘respectful behavior, service, ‘to hold’ (see ° tener). compliance’, from obsequi ‘to com ply obtuso ‘obtuse’ : Latin obtusus, past partici­ with, yield’ , from ob- ‘t o ’ (see ob-, ° e p i) ple o f obtundere ‘ to blunt, dull, beat + sequi ‘to fo llo w ’ (see °seguir). against’ , from ob- ‘against’ (see ob-, °epi-) observar ‘to watch, observe’ (observación + tundere ‘to beat’ , from Indo-European ‘observation, remark’ ): Latin observare tu-n-d-, from tud-, from steu- ‘to beat, ‘to watch, pay attention to ’ , from ob- ‘to ’ strike’ (see "estudio). (see ob-, °epi-) + servare ‘ to watch, pay obvio ‘obvious’ : Latin obvius ‘ easily per­ attention’ (see °conservar). ceived’ (underlying meaning: ‘ presenting obsesión ‘ obsession’ : Latin obsessionem, itself in the w ay’ ), from obviam ‘ in the accusative o f obsessio (stem obsession ) way, towards, about to ’ , from ob ‘ against, ‘siege’ , from obsessus, past participle o f to, before’ (see ob-, °epi-) + viam, accusa­ obsidere ‘to besiege, sit down before’, tive o f via ‘w ay’ (see °via). from ob- ‘ toward, against, o n ’ (see ob-, ocasión ‘ occasion’ (ocasionar ‘to cause, occa­ ° e p i) + -sidere, from sedere ‘to sit’ (see sion’ ): Latin occasionem, accusative o f ° sedim ento). occasio (stem occasion-) ‘occasion; op p or­ obsidiana ‘ obsidian’ : Latin obsidiana (also tunity’ (underlying meaning: ‘ a happen­ obsidianus lapis), manuscript error for ing, a falling upon one’ ), from occasus, obsiana (also obsianus lapis ‘stone o f past participle o f occidere ‘ to fall’ (see Obsius’ ) ‘obsidian’ , from Obsius, men­ occidente, "caer). tioned by Pliny (the Elder, before A.D. 79) as a Roman traveler who discovered a ocaso ‘sunset; decline’ : Latin occasus ‘ a fall­ ing, going down; west (compare occiden­ stone similar to obsidian, te )’, from occasus, past participle o f obstáculo ‘obstacle’ : Latin obstaculum ‘ o b ­ occidere ‘to fall’ (see occidente, "caer). stacle’ , from obstare ‘to hinder’ (see ob ­ stante, ob-, °epi-, °estar) + -culum ‘ instru­ occidente ‘west, Occident’ ( occidental ‘west­ ern, occidental’ ): Latin occidentem, accu­ ment, means’ (see -culo2). sative o f occidens (stem Occident ) ‘west’ obstante ‘hindering’ (no obstante ‘ however’ ): (underlying meaning: ‘area lying in the Latin obstantem, accusative o f obstans direction o f the sunset’ ), from occidens, (stem obstant-) ‘ hindering’ , present parti­ present participle o f occidere ‘ to fall, go ciple o f obstare ‘ to hinder, stand before, down; (o f the sun) to set’, from oc. stand against’ , from ob- ‘before; against’ ‘ dow n’ (see ob-, “ epi-) + -cidere, from (see ob-, °epi-) + stare ‘to stand’ (see cadere ‘ to fall’ (see "caer). ° estar). obstetricia ‘ obstetrics’ : Latin obstetricia ‘ o b ­ occipucio ‘ occiput’ : Latin occipitium ‘back part o f the head, occipu t’ (influenced by stetrics, m idwifery’ , from obstetric-, stem Latin occiput ‘back part o f the head’, o f obstetrix ‘ m idwife’ (underlying idea: from occipitium), from oc- ‘ in back o f ’ ‘ midwives stand before women in child­ (see ob-, °epi-) + -cipitium, from capit-, birth to assist them’ ), from obstare ‘ to stem o f caput ‘head’ (see "cabo). stand before’ (see obstante, ob-, °epi-, °estar). For Latin -trix ‘acting, doer (femi­ Oceania ‘ Oceania (region o f the Pacific)’ : French Océanie ‘ Oceania’ (around 1812), nine)’ , see -triz. from ocean ‘ ocean’ (from Latin oceanus\ obstinado ‘stubborn, obstinate’ : Latin obstisee °o céa n o) + -ie ‘ area’ , from Latin -ia natus, past participle o f obstinare ‘ to be ‘area’ (see -ia). set upon, be obstinate, persist’ , from ob‘ upon’ (see ob-, "epi-) + -stinare (compare ' “océano ‘ocean’ : Latin oceanus, from Greek okeanós, sea or river believed by the an­ destinar), from Indo-European st-no- ‘ to cient Greeks and Romans to encircle the make firm’ (see destinar, °estar). Earth (also the god o f this sea, Greek obstruir ‘to obstruct’ : Latin obstruere ‘ to Okeanós, Latin Oceanus ‘ Oceanus’ ), o f obstruct, build against, pile up against, uncertain origin. Related word: Oceania. block up’, from ob- ‘ against’ (see ob-, ocelote ‘o ce lo t’ : Nahuatl ocelotl ‘ocelot, °epi-) + struere ‘ to pile up, build’ (see jaguar’ . construir, °esternón). “o cio ‘leisure; idleness’ (ocioso ‘ idle, otiose’ ): obtener ‘ to get, obtain’ : Latin obtinere ‘to

ocluir

Latin otium ‘ leisure; ease’ Related word: negocio. ocluir ‘ to close, occlude’ : Latin occludere ‘ to close, lock ’ , from oc- ‘ com pletely’ (see ob-, ° e p i) + -cludere, from claudere ‘to close’ (see excluir, “clave). ocote ‘ (M exico) pine, o co te ’ : Náhuatl bcotl ‘ pine; torch (made from a stick o f pine w o o d )’ . “octavo ‘ eighth’ : Latin octavus ‘ eighth’ , from o c to ‘ eight’ , from Indo-European ok to ‘ eight’ , probably a dual form (underlying meaning: ‘ twice fou r’ ) o f a word meaning ‘ a set o f four fingers’ (compare Avestan ashti ‘ four fingers’ breadth’ and ashta ‘ four’ . From Indo-European kwetwer‘ four’ ? [compare cuatro]). Related words: octubre, ochenta, ocho. For Latin -avus ‘ fraction; ordinal number’ , see -avo. octubre ‘ O ctober’ : Latin octobrem , accusa­ tive o f October ‘ October’ (Vulgar Latin octuber documented A.D. 119), literally = ‘ eighth (m onth)’ , from o c to ‘ eight’ (see “octavo): the old Roman year, until about 153 B.C., began with March (see diciem­ bre). “ocular ‘ o f the eyes, ocular’ : Late Latin ocu­ laris ‘ o f the eyes’, from Latin oculus ‘eye’ (from Indo-European okw-olo- ‘eye’ , from okw- ‘to see’ ; related words: abrojo, anteojos, anticuado, Antigua, antiguo, antojarse, atroz, autopsia, feroz, inocular, m iope, ojal, ojo, Ojos del Salado, óptico, piropo, prosopopeya, sinopsis, xeroftalmía) + -aris ‘ o f ’ (see -ar2, °-al). ocultar ‘ to conceal, occu lt’ : Latin occultare (frequentative o f occulere ‘ to conceal’ ), from occultus, past participle o f occulere (see oculto, ob-, “ epi-, “célula). oculto ‘ concealed, occu lt’ : Latin occultus, past participle o f occulere ‘ to conceal, cover up, cover over’ , from oc- ‘ over’ (see ob-, °epi-) + -culere, from Indo-European kl-, from kel- ‘ to conceal, cover’ (see “célula). ocupación ‘occupation’ : Latin occupationem, accusative o f occupatio (stem occupation-) ‘occupation’ , from occupatus ‘ occupied’ (see ocupado, ocupar, ob-, “epi-, “capaz) + -io ‘act o f ’ (see °-ión). ocupado ‘ busy; occupied’ : Latin occupatus ‘occupied, employed, busy’, past parti­ ciple o f occupare ‘ to occu p y ’ (see ocupar, ob-, “epi-, “capaz). ocupar ‘ to occu p y ’ (ocuparse ‘ to care about,

380

be engaged in’ ): Latin occupare ‘ to occu ­ py, em ploy, take possession of, seize’ , from oc- ‘ com pletely’ (see ob-, °epi-) + -cupare, from capere ‘ to take’ (see “capaz). ocurrir ‘ to happen, occur’ : Latin occurrere ‘ to occur, run up to, run to meet’ , from oc- ‘ toward’ (see ob-, “epi-) + currere ‘ to run’ (see “correr). ochenta ‘ eighty’ : obsolete ochaenta, from Vulgar Latin octaginta (Latin octoginta ‘ eighty’ , from o cto ‘ eight’ [see “octa vo] + -ginta ‘ ten times’ [see cuarenta, “d iez]). och o ‘ eight’ : Latin o c to ‘ eight’ (see “octavo). “oda ‘ od e’ : Late Latin oda, ode ‘ od e’, from Attic Greek didé (Greek aoidé) ‘ song, lay, o d e ’ , from Indo-European awoid-o‘song’ , from awe-ud- ‘ to sing’, redupli­ cated form o f wed- ‘ to speak’ . Related words: comedia, melodía, parodia, p ro­ sodia, rapsodia, tragedia. odalisca ‘ odalisque’ : French odalisque, from obsolete odalique ‘ odalisque’ , from Turk­ ish odalik ‘ chambermaid’ , from oda ‘ chamber, room ’ + -lik, a noun suffix. Odesa, Odessa ‘ Odessa (city, Soviet Union; Ukrainian Odesa): Russian Odessa, a name given the city around 1795 in memory o f an ancient Greek colon y — Greek Odessós (first century B.C.; Latin Odessos, first century o f the Christian era) — thought to have been in the vicinity, but which was probably over 400 km to the south­ west, near present Varna in Bulgaria. Greek Odessos is o f uncertain origin, probably not related to Odysseus ‘ Odys­ seus (Latin Ulixes, Ulysses)’ , hero o f the Odyssey, a name likewise o f uncertain origin (the Latin form probably from Greek through Illyrian). “odio ‘ hate, odium ’ (odiar ‘to hate’ ): Latin odium ‘ hatred’ , from Indo-European od‘ to hate’ . Related w ord: enojar. odontología ‘ dentistry, od on tolog y’ (in French, odontologie, 1771): odonto‘ tooth ’ (from Greek odonto-, from odont-, stem o f odon ‘ tooth ’ ; see mastodonte, “diente) + -logia ‘study’ (see -logia, “ leer). oeste ‘west’ : Middle English west (noun), from west (adverb), from Old English west (adverb), from Germanic west-, from Indo-European wes-to- ‘west’ , from wes-, from wespero- ‘evening, night’ (see “víspera), from the fact that the west is the general direction o f sunset.

381 ofender ‘ to offe n d ’ : Latin offendere ‘to strike against’ , from of- ‘against’ (see ob-, °epi-) + -fendere ‘ to strike’ (see "defender). ofensa ‘ offense’ : Latin offensa ‘ offense, striking’, from offensa, feminine o f offensus, past participle o f offendere ‘ to strike against’ (see ofender, ob-, °epi-, "defender). ofensivo ‘ offensive’ : Medieval Latin offensi­ v e ‘ offensive’, from Latin offensus, past participle o f offend ere ‘ to strike against’ (see ofender, ob-, "epi-, °defender), + -ivus ‘ performing, tending toward’ (see °-ivo). oferta ‘offer; supply’ : Vulgar Latin *offerita or Late Latin offerta, feminines o f *offeritus, offertus, past participles o f Latin offerre ‘to o ffe r’ (Latin past participle oblatus). See ofrecer, ob-, °epi-, -ifero, °periferia. oficial ‘ officer; official’ : Late Latin officialis ‘official’ , from Latin officialis ‘ o f an o f ­ fice, o f a duty’, from officium ‘ office, duty’ (see oficio, oficina, °ópera, °hacer) + -alis ‘o f ’ (see °-al). oficina ‘ o ffice ’ : Latin officina ‘w orkshop’, from opificina ‘workshop’ , from opific-, stem o f op ifex ‘artisan, workman’ , from opi- ‘w ork’ (from opus ‘w ork ’ [see obrar, "ópera] + -i-, a connective vowel [see -i-2] + -fie-, stem o f -fex ‘ -maker, -doer’ (see artífice, "hacer). oficio ‘o ffice ’ : Latin officium ‘service, per­ formance o f duty, activity’ , from opificium ‘a doing o f w ork’ , from opi- ‘w ork’ (see oficina, obrar, "ópera) + -ficium ‘ a doing’ (see orificio, -fico, "hacer). ofidio ‘snake, ophidian’ : Greek ophidion, diminutive o f óphis ‘ snake’ (for the Greek diminutive -ion, see -io ), from IndoEuropean ogwhi-, from angwhi- ‘snake’ (see "anguila). ofrecer ‘ t o o ffe r ’ : obsolete ofrir, from Vulgar Latin offerire, from Latin offerre ‘to offer, present, proffer’, from of- ‘ to ’ (see ob-, °epi-) + ferre ‘ to carry’ (see -ifero, °periferia). For Spanish -ecer, an infinitive ending, see -ecer. ofrenda ‘an offering’ : Latin offerenda ‘ things to be offered’, plural o f offerendum , neuter o f offerendus, gerundive o f offerre ‘ to offer’ (see ofrecer, ob-, "epi-, -ifero, °periferia). ofuscar ‘ to dazzle; to obfuscate’ : Late Latin offuscare, obfuscare ‘ to darken’ , from

Ojotsk (Mar de) Latin ob-, of- ‘ com pletely’ (see ob-, °epi-) + fuscare ‘ to darken’, from fuscus ‘ dark’ (see hosco, "fumar) + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-ar‘ ). ogro ‘ ogre’ : French ogre ‘ ogre’ , probably from Latin Orcus ‘ Orcus (god o f the underworld)’ (source o f Italian orco ‘ ogre’ ). -oide ‘ resembling, having the shape or appear­ ance o f , as in antropoide, asteroide, esferoide, rom boide, trapezoide: Latín -oides ‘ having the shape o f ’, from Greek -oeides ‘ having the shape o f ’ , from -o-, connective vowel (see -o-), + -eides ‘ having the shape o f ’, from eidos ‘ form, shape, kind’ (underlying meaning: ‘ that is seen’ ), from Indo-European weid-os‘ form, something related to seeing’ , from weid- ‘ to see’ (see "ver) + -os-, a suffix forming nouns from verbs (see °-o r‘ ). oír ‘to hear’ (o id o ‘ear, hearing’ ): Latin audire ‘ to hear’ (see "audiencia, "hacer). ojal ‘ buttonhole’ : ojo ‘ eye’ (see ojo, "ocular). ojalá ‘ I wish’ (obsolete spelling oxalá, where the x was pronounced as English sh; see x ): Arabic wa shd' Allah ‘may God want’ , from wa ‘ and’ (also a particle used in oaths) + sha’ ‘ to want, wish’ (root sh-y-’ ; see ° r ) + Allah ‘ G od ’ (root alh). o jo ‘eye; spring, source’ (ojeada ‘ lo o k ’ ): Latin oculus ‘ eye’ (see "ocular). The meaning ‘spring’ , also found in Arabic and other languages, is connected with the idea ‘where water sees the light’. Ojos del Salado ‘ Ojos del Salado (mountain, Argentina and Chile)’ , literally = ‘ Springs o f the Salty One’ , from ojos, plural o f ojo ‘ eye; spring, source’ (see o jo ), + del ‘ ofthe’ (see del) + Salado (literally = ‘salty’ ), an intermittent stream, Chile, whose source is in an area o f salt flats (see sala­ do, "sal). Ojotsk (Mar de) ‘ Sea o f Okhotsk’ , translation (partly borrowing) o f Russian O khotskoe M ore ‘ Sea o f Okhotsk’ , from Okhotsk, town on the shore o f this sea, near the mouth o f the Okhota River, from Okhota (aRussian folk etym ology [Russian okhota = ‘ the hunt, hunting’ ] o f a Tungus word = ‘ river’ ) + Russian -sk, a place-name ending, as in Novosibirsk, Sverdlovsk (re­ lated word: Minsk), from -skoy, -skiy, ad­ jective suffixes often used with nouns denoting places, as in gorodskoy ‘o f a city’ , m oskovskiy ‘ o f M oscow ’ , perhaps

-ol

akin to Old English -isc (English -ish, as in Swedish), Old High German -isk, -isc ‘ of, belonging t o ’ (see °-iscol ). -ol ‘ little one’ , an ending o f masculine nouns, as in caracol, crisol, oriol, perol, pu zol: Latin -olum ‘ little one’ (see -olo), general­ ly through Catalan, Provencal, or French. °ola ‘wave’ , o f disputed origin, possibly from Arabic hawl ‘ surge o f the sea’ (root hwl ‘ to frighten’ ). Related w ord: oleaje. -ola ‘ little on e’ , an ending o f feminine nouns, as in aureola, banderola, cabriola, escaro­ la, fumarola: Latin -ola ‘ little on e ’, a fem ­ inine diminutive suffix (feminine o f -olus; see -olo, °-ulo). oleaje ‘waves’ : olear ‘ to make waves’ (from ola ‘wave’ [see °ola] + -ear, an infinitive ending o f verbs, often denoting repeated action [see -ea r]) + -aje ‘ o f, related to ’ (see -aje). -olento, -oliento (feminine -olenta, -olienta) ‘ abounding in’ , an ending o f adjectives, as in sanguinolento, soñoliento: Latin -olentus, an adjective suffix (see °-ulento). oleoducto ‘ pipeline’ : oleo- ‘oil; petroleum’ , combining form (from Latin oleo- ‘ o il’ , combining form, from oleum ‘ olive oil; oil’ , from Greek élaion ‘ olive oil; oil’ , from élaia ‘ olive’ [see ° o liv o ]), + -ducto ‘ duct, pipe’, as in acueducto ‘aqueduct’ (see acueducto, °conducir). oleoso ‘o ily ’ : Latin oleosus ‘ oily ’ , from ole­ um ‘ oil’ (see oleducto, °olivo) + -osus ‘ having’ (see -oso). “oler ‘ to smell’ : Latin olere ‘ to smell’ , from Indo-European od-e-, from od- ‘to smell’ (often languages have l for d [compare Spanish Lola, pet form o f D olores, a fem ­ inine given name; see Dolores. See also lágrima, lengua]-, in this case, the d changed to l represents a Sabine borrow ­ ing). Related words: husmear, inodoro, olfato, olor, o zon o; possibly -ulento and its family. olfato ‘smell, olfaction ’ : Latin olfactus, past participle o f olfacere ‘ to smell’ , from olere ‘ to smell’ (see °oler) + facere ‘ to make, d o ’ (see °hacer). Olga, feminine given name (corresponding to English Olga): Russian O l’ga, from Old Norse Helga, a feminine given name, literally = ‘ H oly’ , from Germanic hailagaz ‘h oly’ , from Indo-European kailo- ‘w hole’ , -oliento (feminine -olienta) ‘ abounding in’ , an ending o f adjectives, as in soñoliento,

382

see -olento. °-ulento. “oligarca ‘ oligarch’ : Greek oligárkhes ‘ oli­ garch’ , from olig- ‘ few ’ (from oligos ‘ few; little’. Related w ord: oligoceno) + -árkhes, from arkhós ‘ leader, ruler, chief’ (see °archi-). oligoceno ‘ Oligocene’ : oligo- ‘ little, few ’ (from Greek oligo-, from oligos ‘ few; little’ ; see ° oligarca) + -ceno ‘recent geological epoch’ (see -ceno, °reciente). “olimpíada, olimpiada ‘ Olympiad’ : Latin olympiad-, stem o f olympias, from Greek olympiás (stem olympiad-) ‘ four-year interval between Olympian games’ , from Olympia ‘ Olympia (plain in Greece, about 200 km west o f Athens, where the Olympian games o f antiquity took place)’ (from Olym pos, a mountain in the area [also the name o f other mountains in G reece], o f unknown origin) + -as (stem -ad-), feminine suffix. Related w ord: olím pico. olím p ico ‘ Olympic’ : Latin olym picus, from Greek olym pikós ‘ Olym pic’ , from Olym ­ pia (see ° olimpíada) + -ikós ‘ o f ’ (see °-ico2). “olivo ‘ olive tree’ : Vulgar Latin olivus ‘ olive tree’ , from Latin oliva ‘ olive tree; olive’ , from Old Greek *elaiwa (Greek elaia) ‘ olive tree; olive’, o f Mediterranean (Cretan?) origin. Related words: gasolina, linóleo, oleod u cto, oleoso, petróleo, vase­ lina. olmeca ‘ Olmec’ : Náhuatl Olman, the area o f the Isthmus o f Tehuantepec (southern M exico) where this ancient people lived at least since 1150 B.C. (underlying meaning: ‘Place o f Gum Trees’ , from olli ‘ gum tree’ ; see °hule), + -ecatl ‘ from ’ (see °-teca). olm o ‘elm’ : Latin ulmus ‘ elm’ , from IndoEuropean elmo- ‘ elm’ , from el- ‘ red; brown (in names o f animals and trees)’ . -olo Tittle one’ , an ending o f masculine nouns, as in alveolo (also alvéolo), gladio­ lo (also gladiolo), vitriolo: Latin -olum, accusative o f -olus (masculine) and o f -olum (neuter) Tittle one, small one’ , diminutive suffixes (see °-ulo). olor ‘ smell, o d or’ : Latin olor (also odor) ‘ smell’ , from olere ‘ to smell’ (see °oler) + -or ‘ quality’ (see -o r2). olvidar ‘ to forget’ (olvido ‘ forgetfulness, oblivion’ ), metathesis o f Vulgar Latin *oblitare ‘ to forget’ (source, likewise, o f

/

383 Old French oblider [French oublier] ‘ to forget’ ), from Latin oblitus, past partici­ ple o f oblivisci ‘to forget’ , probably from ob- ‘ away’ (see ob-, °epi-) + -liv-, from Indo-European lei-w- ‘ to slip’ , from lei‘slimy’ (see °lim o), with the underlying meaning ‘ to have something slip away from the mind’ . olla ‘ p o t’ : Latin olla ‘ p o t’ (also aúlla, aula), from Indo-European aukw-sla-, from aukw- ‘ cooking p ot’ . -oma ‘ tum or’ , as in adenoma, carcinoma, fi­ broma, sarcoma, tracoma: New Latin -oma ‘ tum or’ , from Greek -oma (stem -omat-), an ending o f neuter (often ab­ stract) nouns form ed from -o-stem verbs (as in diplom a; see diploma), from -o, stem vowel o f these verbs (lengthened), + -ma, ending o f third-declension neuter nouns (see -ma, °-m ento). Omán ‘ Oman (country)’ : Arabic ‘Uman ‘ Oman’ (docum ented in the twelfth cen­ tury, in Persian in the tenth, and perhaps in Arabic around A.D. 750), o f unknown origin. om bligo ‘ navel’ : Latin umbilicus ‘ navel; mid­ dle, center’, from Indo-European ombhalo-, from ombh-, variant o f nobh- ‘navel’ . ombú ‘ om bu (South American tree)’ : Guar­ ani umbú ‘ om bu ’ . "om inoso ‘ om inous’ : Latin ominosus ‘om i­ nous’ , from omin- (stem o f omen ‘sign that announces, om en’ , from Indo-Euro­ pean d- ‘ to announce, hold as true’ ; rela­ ted words: abominable, abominar) + -osus ‘ having’ (see -oso). omisión ‘ omission’ : Late Latin omissionem, accusative o f omissio (stem omission-) ‘omission’ , from Latin omissus, past participle o f om ittere ‘ to om it’ (see omi­ tir, ob-, °epi-, ° m eter), + -io ‘act o f; result’ (see °-ión). omitir ‘ to om it’ : Latin om ittere ‘to om it’ , from o- ‘ away’ (see ob-, ° e p i ) + mittere ‘ to send’ (see ° meter). ómnibus ‘ bus, omnibus’ : French omnibus ‘bus, public vehicle for many passengers’ (1828), from Latin omnibus ‘for all’ , dative plural o f omnis ‘all’, from IndoEuropean op-ni- ‘all; m uch’ , from op- ‘to produce m uch’ (see °ópera). omnipotente ‘ all-powerful, om nipotent’ : Latin om n ipotentem , accusative o f omnip oten s (stem om nipotent-) ‘ all-powerful’ , from omni- ‘all’ (from omnis ‘ all’ ; see

ónice, ónix ómnibus, °ópera) + potens ‘ powerful’ (see p oten te, °poder). om nívoro ‘ omnivore’ : Latin omnivorus ‘om ­ nivore; omnivorous’, from omni- ‘ all, everything’ (see om nipotente, ómnibus, °ópera) + -vorus ‘eating, feeding on ’ (see carnívoro, °voraz). om óplato, om oplato ‘ shoulder blade, scapu­ la’ : Greek óm opláte ‘shoulder blade’ , from om os ‘ shoulder’ (from Indo-European omso-, om eso- ‘ shoulder’ ; see °hom bro) + plate ‘ blade o f an oar’ , from platys ‘broad, flat’ (see °plato, °Polonia). In French, om oplate, 1534. -ón, an ending o f masculine nouns, often augmentative (= -4>ig; strong’ ), as in aguijón, camarón, empujón, guitarrón, salchichón, sometimes disparaging (and many adjectives are identical in form with these), as in barrigón, cabezón, dormilón, juguetón, narigón. For the Italian equiv­ alent -one, compare balón, millón, trom­ bón. For -ión ‘act o f; result’ , see °-ión. In some cases, -ón seems to have a diminu­ tive (rather than an augmentative) mean­ ing, as in bridón ‘small bridle’ (from brida ‘ bridle’ ), escalón ‘ step o f a stairway’ (from escala ‘ ladder’ ), piñón ‘pine nut (the seed)’ (from piña ‘ pine con e’ ), plu­ món ‘ down (fine feathers)’ (from pluma ‘ feather’ ), ratón ‘ mouse’ (from rata ‘rat’ ). once ‘eleven’ : Vulgar Latin undece, from Latin undecim ‘eleven’ , from unus ‘on e’ (see °uno) + -decim , from decern ‘ ten’ (see °diez). "oncología ‘ o n colog y ’ : Greek ónkos ‘ tumor; mass, burden’ (from enenkéin ‘to carry’ , from Indo-European enfe-, variant o f nek‘ to attain, reach’ ; related w ord: brindis) + -logia ‘ study’ (see -logia, °leer). In English, on cology, 1857. onda ‘wave’ : Latin undo ‘wave’ , from IndoEuropean u-n-d-a ‘wave; water’ , from u-n-d- ‘water’ , from ud-, from wed- ‘water’ (see " hidrógeno). "oneroso ‘ onerous’ : Latin onerosus ‘ onerous, burdensome’ , from oner-, stem o f onus ‘ load, burden’ , from Indo-European enos‘ burden’ . Related w ord: exonerar. ónice, ónix ‘ o n y x ’ : Latin on yx ‘ o n y x ’ (stem onych-; the form ónice derives from the Latin accusative onychem ), from Greek on y x (stem onykh-) ‘ nail o f the finger or toe, claw; o n y x ’ (the meaning ‘ on y x ’ is due to the fancied resemblance o f this

-ón im o

chalcedony — when its alternating bands o f color are pink and white — to a finger­ nail), from Indo-European onogh-, variant o f nogh- ‘ nail’ (see °uña). -ónim o ‘ name; w ord’ , as in anónimo, epónimo, hom ónim o, seudónimo, sinónimo: Latin -onymum (noun; or -onymus [adjec­ tive]), from Greek -ónym on (noun) or -ónym on, neuter o f -ónym os ‘ o f a name’ , from ónyma, ónom a ‘ name’ , from IndoEuropean onomn-, nomn-, nomen- ‘ name’ (see °nom bre). ónix ‘ on y x ’ , see ónice. onomástico ‘ onomastic; name day’ : Greek onomastikós ‘ onom astic’ , from onomázein ‘ to name’, from ónoma ‘ name’ (see -áni­ m o, “ nombre). onza 1 ‘snow leopard’ : Old French once ‘snow leopard; lynx’ , from lonce (wrong­ ly interpreted as I’once ‘ the lynx’ ), from Vulgar Latin lyncea, luncea, from Latin lync-, stem o f lynx ‘ lynx’ (see °lince). onza 2 ‘ ounce’ : Latin uncia ‘ ounce, one twelfth o f a pound (weight); one twelfth’, from unus ‘ one; unit’ (see °uno). opaco ‘ opaque’ : Latin opacus ‘ dark; shaded’ , ópalo ‘opal’ : Latin opalus, from Greek opállios ‘ opal’, from Sanskrit úpala ‘ stone, precious stone’ , from upara ‘ lower’, comparative o f upa ‘ under’, from IndoEuropean upo ‘ under’ (see “ hipo-2). "op ción ‘ option ’ : Latin optionem , accusative o f optio (stem option-) ‘ choice, choosing’ , from *opere ‘ to choose’ , from IndoEuropean op- ‘ to ch oose’ . Related words: adopción, adoptar, optar: possibly: opi­ nar, opinión. "ópera ‘opera’ : Italian opera ‘ opera; w ork’ , from Latin opera ‘w ork’, from IndoEuropean op-es- ‘w ork’ , from op- ‘ to work; to produce m uch’ . Related words: cooperar, copia, cornucopia, inopia, ma­ niobra, obra, obrar, obrero, oficial, ofici­ na, oficio, ómnibus, om nipotente, om ní­ voro, operación, opíparo, optim ismo, optimista, opulento. operación ‘ operation’ : Latin operationem, accusative o f operado (stem operation-) ‘ operation’, from operatus, past participle o f operari ‘to w ork ’ (see obrar, “ópera), + -io ‘ act, process’ (see °-ión). "opinar ‘to be o f an op in ion ’ : Latin opinari ‘to be o f an opinion; to think’ , possibly from Indo-European op- ‘ to choose’ (see °opción). Related w ord: opinión.

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opinión ‘ opinion’ : Latin opinionem, accusa­ tive o f opinio (stem opinion-) ‘ opinion’ , from opinari ‘ to think’ (see °opinar) + -io ‘ result’ (see °-ión). op io ‘ opium ’ : Latin opium ‘ opium ’ , from Greek ópion ‘ poppy juice, opium ’ , dimin­ utive o f opós (older *h opós) ‘juice, vege­ table juice, sap’ , from Indo-European sokwo-, variant o f swekwo- ‘ resin, sap, juice’ . For the Greek diminutive -ion, see -io. opíparo ‘sumptuous’ : Latin opiparus ‘ sump­ tuous’ , from ops ‘wealth’ (from IndoEuropean op- ‘ to produce m uch’ ; see “ópera) + -i-, connective vowel (see -i-2), + parare ‘ to prepare; to provide’ (see “parar). oponer ‘ to oppose’ : Latin opponere ‘ to op ­ pose, place against, place opposite’ , from op- ‘ against’ (see ob-, “epi-) + p on ere ‘ to place’ (see °poner). oporto ‘ port (w ine)’ : vino de O porto, literal­ ly = ‘ wine from O porto’ , from Oporto, Spanish name o f a Portuguese seaport city, in the area o f which (valley o f the D ouro) this wine was made, from the o b ­ solete Portuguese name o f the city — O porto, O Porto (twelfth century; now P orto), literally = ‘ The Harbor’ , from Portuguese o ‘ the (masculine singular)’ (from *lo, from Vulgar Latin illu ‘ the’ , a definite article [see to2, to1, " c i1] ) + p o rto ‘ harbor’ , from Latin portus (see puerto, “peron é). The Latin name o f the town was Portus Cale (third century), source o f the country name Portugal (com pare Portugal). oportunidad ‘ chance; opportunity’ : Latin opportunitatem , accusative o f opportunitas (stem opportunitat-) ‘ opportunity’ , from opportunus ‘ fit; tim ely’ (see oportu­ no, ob-, “epi-, pu erto, “p eron é) + -itas ‘ quality’ (see -idad). oportuno ‘opportune’ : Latin opportunus ‘ fit, suitable; tim ely’ (original underlying meaning: ‘ (wind blow ing) toward the harbor’ ), from op- ‘ to, toward’ (see ob-, °epi-) + portus ‘ harbor’ (see puerto, “p eron é). oposición ‘ opposition’ : Latin oppositionem , accusative o f opposid o (stem opposition-) ‘ opposition, act o f opposing’ , from oppositus, past participle o f opponere ‘to o p ­ pose’ (see oponer, ob-, “ epi-, “poner). opresión ‘ oppression’ : Latin oppressionem, accusative o f oppressio (stem oppression-)

385

órbita

co , ponderar, purulento, pus and its ‘ oppression’ , from oppressus, past partici­ family, rústico and its family, sideral and ple o f opprimere ‘ to oppress’ (see oprimir, its family, sopor, sudor, tolerar and its ob-, °epi-, °presión), + -io ‘ act o f ’ (see family). In Spanish, many adjectives are °-ión). derived from these nouns and are identi­ oprimir ‘ to oppress’ : Latin opprimere ‘to cal in form with them. Related suffixes: oppress, press against’ , from op- ‘ against’ -ador', -ador2, -aduria, -dor, -e d o r ', (see ob-, °epi-) + -primere, from prem ere -ed or2, -eduria, -id o r', -idor2, -iduria, ‘ to press’ (see °presión). -oide, -tor, -triz. oprobio ‘dishonor, ignominy, opprobrium ’ : -or2 ‘quality, state; activity’ , an ending o f Latin opprobrium ‘ dishonor, infamy nouns, as in amor, calor, error, favor, against’ , from op- ‘ against’ (see ob-, °epi-) vigor: Latin -or ‘quality, state; activity (as + probrum ‘ infamy, reproach’ , from Indoin horror)’ , a suffix forming abstract European pro-bhr-o- ‘reproach’ (underly­ nouns from verbs, from Indo-European ing meaning: ‘ blame or shame brought -os- ‘ quality, state’ , an abstract suffix. before som eone’ ), from pro- ‘ before’ (see oración ‘ sentence (grammar); oration; prayer, p ro - ' , °p er-) + bhr-, from bher- ‘ to bring’ orison’ : Latin orationem, accusative o f (see °periferia). oratio (stem oration-) ‘ speech; language; optar ‘ to o p t’ : Latin optare ‘to choose; to style’ , from oratus, past participle o f ora­ desire’ (frequentative o f *opere ‘ to re ‘ to speak’ (see "orar), + -io ‘act o f ’ (see ch oose’ ), from Indo-European op- ‘to °-ión). ch oose’ (see °opción). oráculo ‘ oracle’ : Latin oraculum ‘ oracle óptico ‘o p tic’ : Medieval Latin opticus, from (prophecy, and place where oracular re­ Greek optikós ‘ optic, o f vision’ , from sponses are given)’ , from orare ‘ to speak’ optós ‘visible; seen’ , from Indo-European (see "orar) + -culum ‘ place’ (see -culo2, okw -to- ‘ seen’, from okw- ‘ to see’ (see -c u lo ', °-ulo). "ocular). orador ‘speaker, orator’ : Latin orator ‘speak­ optimismo ‘ optimism’ : French optimisme er’, from oratus, past participle o f orare ‘ optim ism ’ (1710), from Latin optimus ‘to speak’ (see "orar), + -or ‘ acting, doer’ ‘ best’ (underlying meaning: ‘which pro­ (see °-or'). duces m ost’ ; from Indo-European op“oral ‘ oral’ : Latin or-, stem o f os ‘mouth; tamo-, superlative o f op- ‘ to produce face; orifice’ (from Indo-European osm uch’ [see "ó p e r a ]) + French -isme ‘ trait’ , ‘m outh’ . Related words: orificio, orilla, from Latin -ismus (see -ismo). The Indooscilación, ósculo, ujier-, probably: boste­ European superlative -tamo- has a variant zar), + Spanish -al ‘ o f ’ (see °-al). -samo- (see °-isimo). optimista ‘ optim ist’ : French oprimiste ‘op ti­ orangután ‘ orangutan’ : Malay órang hütan, literally = ‘ person from the forest’ (be­ mist’ (1752), from optimisme ‘ optimism’ cause this ape resembles man, and lives in (see optim ism o, "ópera) + -iste ‘ charac­ forests [in Borneo and Sumatra]), from terized b y ’ , from Latin -ista (see -ista). órang ‘ man, person’ + hütan ‘ forest’ . opuesto ‘opposite; opposed’ : Latin oppositus, past participle o f opponere ‘to o p ­ “orar ‘ to pray; to orate’ : Latin orare to recite a ritual, speak, plead, pray’, from pose’ (see oponer, ob- °epi-, "poner). Indo-European or- ‘to pronounce a ritual opulento ‘ rich, opulent’ : Latin opulentus formula, speak, call’ . Related words: ‘ rich; abundant’ , from Indo-European opadoración, adorar, inexorable, oración, en-ent- ‘ abundant; producing m uch’ , oráculo, orador, oratoria, perorar. from op- ‘to produce m uch’ (see "ópera). “-or 1 ‘ acting, doer’ , an ending o f nouns, as in ' oratoria ‘ oratory (art o f an orator)’ : Latin oratoria ‘ art o f an orator’ , from oratoria, defensor, impresor, pastor, relator, trai­ feminine o f oratorius ‘ oratorial, o f an d o r: Latin -or ‘ acting, doer’ , an ending o f orator’ , from orator ‘ speaker’ (see orador, nouns, from Indo-European -os- ‘ acting, "orar, "-or'). doer’ , a suffix forming (generally mascu­ “orbe ‘ orb ’ : Latin orbis ‘ circle, disk’. Related line) nouns from verbs (compare color words: exorbitante, órbita. and its family, decorar, épico, epopeya, órbita ‘ orbit’ : Latin órbita ‘ track, orbit’ , frío and its family, ídolo and its family, from orbitus ‘ circular’, from orbis ‘ circle’ litoral, mecánico and its family, Pentateu­

orea

(see °orbe). orea ‘killer whale’ : Latin orea ‘whale’, prob­ ably from Greek óryga, accusative o f oryx (stem oryg-) ‘whale; narwhal; pickax’ , from oryssein ‘ to dig’, from Indo-European rukh-yo- ‘ to dig; to scrape’ , from rukh-, variant o f ruk- ‘to scrape’ (see °rugoso). "orden ‘ order’ : Latin ordinem, accusative o f ordo (stem ordin-) ‘ order’ (originally a row o f threads in a loom ), akin to Latin ordiri ‘ to lay the warp, begin to weave, begin a w eb’ (com pare urdir) and to Latin ornare ‘ to furnish, adorn’ (compare ornar). Related words: adornar, desorden, extraordinario, ordenar, ordeñar, ordina­ rio, ornamental, ornar, ornato, primordial, sobornar, subordinar, urdimbre, urdir. ordenar ‘to order’ : Latin ordinare ‘to put in order, make orderly, arrange’ , from ordin-, stem o f ordo ‘order’ (see "orden), + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-ar‘ ). ordeñar ‘ to milk’ : Vulgar Latin *ordiniare ‘ to put in order, make orderly’ , from Latin ordinare ‘ to put in order’ (see orde­ nar, °orden, °-ar'). ordinario ‘ ordinary’ : Latin ordinarius ‘ordi­ nary, occurring in the normal order o f things’ , from ordin-, stem o f ordo ‘ order’ (see °orden), + -arius ‘ o f, connected with’ (see °-an o‘ ). orégano ‘oregano’ : Latin origanum ‘wild marjoram’ , from Greek origanon ‘wild marjoram’. oreja ‘ ear’ : Latin auricula ‘ear’ , literally = ‘ little ear’ , diminutive o f auris ‘ ear’ , from Indo-European ausi-, from aus-, ous- ‘ ear’ (see °otitis). For Latin -icula ‘ little on e’ , see -icula. orfandad ‘orphanhood’ : orfan-, base o f huér­ fano ‘ orphan’ (see °huérfano), + -dad ‘ state’ (see -dad, °-tad). orfebre ‘ goldsmith; silversmith : French orfévre ‘ goldsmith; silversmith’ , from Old French orfevre ‘ goldsmith’ , from or ‘ gold ’ (from Latin aurum ‘ gold’ ; see °o ro ) + fevre ‘smith’, from Latin faber ‘smith, artisan’ (see 0fábrica). organismo ‘ organism’ : English organism, from organ ‘ biological structure’ (from Latin organum-, see órgano, °energía) + -ism ‘ trait’ , from Latin -ismus ‘ trait’ (see -ismo). órgano ‘ organ’ (organización ‘organization’ , organizar ‘ to organize’ ): Latin organum

386

‘ tool, instrument’ , from Greek organon ‘ tool, instrument; biological structure’ , from Indo-European worg- ‘ to do, w ork’ , from werg- ‘ to do, w ork’ (see "energía). The meaning ‘ kind o f musical instrument’ derives from Late Latin organum ‘ church organ’ , from Latin organum. orgía ‘ orgy, carousal’ : French orgie orgy, carousal’ , from Latin orgia (plural) ‘ festi­ val in honor o f Bacchus’ , from Greek orgia (plural) ‘rites in honor o f Greek deities, such as Dionysus’ , from the fact that these rites often involved frenzied dancing, drinking and sexual activity (underlying meaning: ‘ done in worship’ ), from Indo-European worg- ‘ to d o ’ (see órgano, "energía). "orgullo ‘ pride’ : Catalan orgull ‘ pride’ , o f Germanic origin (akin to Old High Ger­ man urguol ‘remarkable’ ). Related word: orgulloso. orgulloso ‘ proud’ : orgullo ‘ pride’ (see "orgu­ llo) + -oso ‘ having, abounding in’ (see -o so ). oriental ‘ eastern; oriental’ : Latin orientalis ‘ o f the east’, from orient-, stem o f oriens ‘ east’ (see "oriente), + -alis ‘ o f ’ (see °-al). "oriente ‘ east; Orient’ (orientación ‘orienta­ tion’, orientar ‘to orient’ ): Latin orientem, accusative o f oriens ‘ rising sun, east’ , from oriens ‘rising’ , present participle o f oriri ‘ to rise, appear’ , from Indo-Europe­ an or-io- ‘ to rise; to set in m otion ’ , from or-, from er- ‘ to set in m otion ’ . Related words: aborto, derivar, oriental, origen, original, originar, oriundo, orquesta, ría, riachuelo, Rin, río, R ío de Janeiro, rival, Rivera. orificio ‘ hole, orifice’ : Late Latin orificium ‘ opening, mouth o f something’ , from Latin or-, stem o f os ‘mouth, opening’ (see "oral), + -ficium ‘a doing, a making’ , from -ficus ‘ making’ (see -fico, "hacer). origen ‘origin’ : Latin originem, accusative o f origo (stem origin-) ‘ origin, source, begin­ ning’ , from oriri ‘ to rise’ (see "oriente). original ‘ original’ : Latin originalis ‘ original, o f the beginning, o f a rise’, from origin-, stem o f origo ‘ origin’ (see origen, "orien­ te), + -alis ‘ o f ’ (see °-al). originar ‘ to originate’ : origen ‘ origin’ (see origen, "oriente). oriüa ‘ edge, bank (o f river)’ : Vulgar Latin *orella, diminutive o f Latin ora ‘edge, border’ , from Indo-European os- ‘m outh’

387

(see °oral). For Latin -ella ‘ little one’, see -ela. orín ‘rust’ : Vulgar Latin aurigine, accusative o f aurigo ‘rust’ , from Latin aerugo ‘rust’ (influenced by aurum ‘ gold’ ), from aer-, stem o f aes ‘bronze’ (see °era). orinar ‘ to urinate’ : Latin urinare ‘to urinate’ , from urina ‘ urine’ , from Indo-European eur-ina ‘ urine’ , from eur-, variant o f wer‘ water’ . Orinoco (1531) ‘ Orinoco (river, Venezuela and C olom bia)’ , probably a m odification o f one o f its American Indian names, per­ haps = ‘ Paddling Place’ , from Warrau giiiri- ‘to paddle, row ’ + -noko ‘ place’ . °-orioI ‘ o f, relating to ’ , an ending o f adjec­ tives, as in contradictorio, ilusorio, irri­ sorio, notorio, peren torio: Latin -orius ‘ of, relating t o ’, an adjective suffix. Related suffixes: -adera1, -adera2, -adero1, -adero2, -atoria, -atorio, -edera1, -edera2, -edero1, -edero2, -era1,-era 2, -ero1, -ero2, -idera1, -idero1, -idero1, -itoria, -itorio, -toria, -torio: compare -ario1. Most Span­ ish adjectives in -orio end in -torio. -orio 2 ‘ place o f; serving fo r’ , an ending o f nouns and adjectives, as in accesorio, ca­ sorio, em porio, repertorio, vejestorio: Latin -orium ‘ place o f; serving fo r ’ , a noun and adjective suffix (as in conditorium ‘ repository; co ffin ’ , dormitorium), from -orium, neuter o f -orius ‘o f ’, adjec­ tive suffix (see °-orio'). Most Spanish words in -orio end in -torio. oriundo ‘ native’ : Latin oriundus ‘ originating in’ , from oriri ‘ to rise, appear’ (see °orien­ te). Orleans ‘ Orleans (city, France)’, see Nueva Orleans. ornamental ‘ ornamental’ : ornamento ‘orna­ ment’ (from Latin ornamentum ‘ orna­ ment’, from ornare ‘to adorn’ [see ornar, °orden] + -mentum ‘ means’ [see -m en tó]) + -al ‘ of, relating t o ’ (see °-al). ornar ‘ to ornament, adorn’ : Latin ornare ‘ to adorn, furnish, embellish’ , akin to ordo ‘ order’ (see °orden). ornato ‘ornament’ : Latin ornatus ‘ ornament, furnishing, splendid attire’ , from ornatus, past participle o f ornare ‘ to adorn, fur­ nish, embellish’ (see ornar, °orden). "ornitología ‘ ornithology’ : Greek ornitho‘bird’ (from órnith-, stem o f órnis ‘ bird’ , from Indo-European or-n-ith-, from or-n-, from or-, from er- ‘bird’ [source, likewise,

o r to d o x o

o f Gothic ara ‘ eagle’ ] ; related word: orni­ torrinco) + -logia ‘study’ (see -logia, “ leer). ornitorrinco ‘ platypus, ornithorhyncus’ : Greek ornitho- ‘bird’ (see °ornitología) + rhynkhos ‘snout; bill, beak’ , from IndoEuropean sronk- ‘to snore’ (see °roncar). °oro ‘ gold’ : Latin aurum ‘ gold’ , from Old Latin *ausom, probably from a root ausalso seen in Lithuanian auksas (Old Lithu­ anian ausas) and in Armenian oski, both = ‘gold’ . Related words: dorado, dorar, or­ febre, oropel, oropéndola. orografía ‘ orography’ : oro- ‘ mountain’ (from Greek oros ‘ mountain’ ) + -grafía ‘descrip­ tion’ (see -grafía, °gráfico). oropel ‘tinsel’ : Old French oripel, oriepel (French oripeau) ‘ tinsel’, from Latin aurea pellis ‘golden skin’, from aurea, feminine o f aureus ‘ golden, o f gold’ (from aurum ‘ gold’ ; see °oro), + pellis (a femi­ nine noun) ‘ skin’ (see °piel). oropéndola ‘ golden oriole, loriot, oriole’ : oro ‘gold’ (see °o ro ) + péndola ‘feather’, from Latin pennula, pínnula, diminutive o f penna, pinna ‘ feather; wing’ (see peña, °pedir). Many feathers o f this bird are yel­ low, greenish yellow, or golden yellow. For Latin -ula ‘ little on e’ , see -ula. orozuz ‘ licorice’ : Arabic ‘urüq sus (also ‘uriiq as-süs) ‘roots o f licorice’ , from ‘urüq, plural o f ‘irq ‘ro o t’ , + sus ‘ licorice’ , from sus ‘w orm ’ . orquesta ‘ orchestra (group o f musicians, and area in a theater where the musicians play)’ : Latin orchestra ‘ (in an ancient Roman theater) place where persons o f distinction sit’, from Greek orkhéstra ‘ (in an ancient Greek theater) place where the chorus dances’, from orkheisthai ‘to dance’ , from Indo-European orgh-eyo- ‘to go’ , from orgh-, from ergh- ‘ to go’ , from er- ‘ to set in m otion ’ (see °oriente). Greek -tra ‘ place’ is akin to Greek -tron ‘ place’ (see teatro, °arado). orquídea ‘ orchid’ : Latin orchid-, stem o f orchis ‘ orchid’ , from Greek órkhis ‘testi­ cle; orchid (from the shape o f the roots o f this plant)’ , from Indo-European orghi‘ testicle’ . "ortod ox o ‘ orth od ox ’ : Late Latin orthodoxus ‘ orthodox, conform ing to doctrines or practices’ , from Greek orth ód oxos ‘ having the right opinion’ , from orthodoxein ‘ to have the right opinion’ , from ortho-

ortografía

‘ straight’ ; correct, true’ (from orthos ‘straight; correct, true’ ; related words: ortografía, ortopedia) + -doxein, from dóxa ‘ opinion’ (see h eterod oxo, °decorar). ortografía ‘spelling, orthography’ : Latin orthographia, from Greek orthographia ‘ orthography’ , from ortho- ‘straight; cor­ rect, true’ (see °o r to d o x o ) + -graphia ‘writing’ (see -grafía, "gráfico). ortopedia ‘ orthopedics’ : French orthopédie ‘orthopedics’ (1 741), from Greek ortho‘ straight; correct, true’ (see 0o r to d o x o ) + paid-, stem o f pais ‘ child’ (see pedagogo, "pueril), + French -ie ‘ activity’ , from Greek -ia ‘ activity’ (see -ia). Originally orthopedics was the treatment o f defor­ mities in children. oruga ‘ caterpillar’ : Vulgar Latin uruca, from Latin eruca ‘ caterpillar’ , from Indo-Euro­ pean gher-üká, ghers-üká ‘ caterpillar’ , fro m ghérs-, from ghers- to bristle, stiffen’ (see "horchata). orzuelo ‘sty (eyelid), hordeolum ’ : Late Latin hordeolus ‘sty’ , literally = ‘small barley seed’ , diminutive o f hordeum ‘barley’ (see "horchata). For Latin -olus ‘small one’ , see -olo. os ‘ to y o u ’ : Old Spanish vos ‘you; to y o u ’ , from Latin vos ‘ you; to y o u ’ (nominative and accusative). See "vos. Osaka ‘ Osaka (city, Japan)’ : Japanese Osaka (fourteenth century), literally = ‘ Large Hill’ , from o-, a prefix = ‘ large, big’, + saka ‘ slope, incline, hill’ . osar ‘to dare’ : Vulgar Latin ausare ‘ to dare’ , from Latin ausus ‘ dared, undertaken’ , past participle o f audere ‘to dare’ (see audaz, "ávido), + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-ar*). Oscar, masculine given name: English Oscar, from Old English Osgar, a given name, literally = ‘spear o f a god ’ , from os ‘god ’ (see "O slo) + gar ‘ spear’ , from Germanic gaizaz, from Indo-European ghaiso- ‘stick, spear’ . oscilación ‘ oscillation’ : Latin oscillationem, accusative o f oscillatio (stem oscillation-) ‘ oscillation, action o f swinging’, from oscillatus, past participle o f oscillare ‘to swing’ , from oscillum ‘ a swing’ , diminu­ tive o f os ‘ face; m outh’ (see "oral). Among the ancient Romans, small faces or masks o f Bacchus (used as charms) were hung from trees so as to swing in the wind (see, for instance, Vergil’s Georgies,

388

2.389: “ Ubique (B acche) Oscilla ex alta suspendunt mollia p in o” ‘ and to you [Bacchus] they hang swings [or ‘ swinging faces’ ] from tall pines’ ). ósculo ‘kiss, osculation’ : Latin osculum ‘kiss; little m outh’ , diminutive o f os ‘m outh’ (see "oral). For Latin -culum ‘ little one’ , see -cu lo1. oscuro, oscuridad, see obscuro. -osis ‘ process, condition; disease’ , an ending o f feminine nouns, as in anquilosis, apoteosis, metamorfosis, neurosis, tuber­ culosis: Latin -osis, from Greek -osis ‘pro­ cess, condition; disease’ , a suffix forming abstract nouns, from -o-, ending o f the stem o f the aorist o f certain verbs (verbs in -óein and in -oún), + -sis ‘process, action; disease’ , a feminine noun suffix (see °-sis). Many Spanish nouns in -osis have a corresponding adjective in -ótico (see -ótico). °Oslo ‘ Oslo (capital o f N orw ay)’ : Norwegian Oslo, from Old Norse A slo (around 1048), probably = ‘ plain o f the g od ’ , from áss ‘ god’ (from Germanic ansu- ‘ god ’ , from Indo-European ansu- ‘ spirit’ [related word: Oscar]-, Old Norse áss ‘g o d ’ may be the same word as Old Norse áss ‘beam, p ole’ [because o f ancient pole w orship], akin to Gothic ans ‘beam’ ) + ló ‘ a plain’ (under­ lying meaning: ‘where there is light’ ), from Germanic lauhaz ‘ a plain’, from Indo-European louk-o- ‘ a plain; a clearing; shining, bright’ (source, likewise, o f Latin lucus ‘ grove’ , originally = ‘ a clearing’ ), from louk-, from leuk- ‘ light’ (see °luz). osmosis, osmosis ‘osmosis’ : Greek ósmós ‘ action o f thrusting; action o f pushing’ , from othein ‘to push; to thrust’ , from Indo-European w odh-eyo-, from wddh-, from wedh- ‘to push; to strike’ (source, likewise, o f Sanskrit vadh- ‘to strike, smite, kill’ ). °oso ‘ bear (the animal)’ : Latin ursus ‘bear’ , from Old Latin *orcsos, from IndoEuropean rkso- ‘ bear’ . Related words: antártico, Antártida, ártico, A rtico (O céano). -oso ‘ having, abounding in’ , an ending o f ad­ jectives, as in boscoso, delicioso, fam oso, generoso, om inoso: Latin -osus ‘ having, abounding in; similar t o ’ (as in morbosus ‘ diseased’ , from morbus ‘ disease’ ), adjec­ tival suffix. ostentar ‘to boast, show o f f ’ : Latin ostentare

389

‘ to display boastfully, show o f f ’, frequen­ tative o f ostendere ‘ to show, spread be­ fore’, from os- (from ob- ‘ before’ ; see ob-, °epi-) + tendere ‘ to stretch’ (see tender, ° tener). "ostión ‘ oyster’ : ostia ‘oyster’, from ostria, from Latin ostrea, from Greek óstreon ‘ oyster’ , from Indo-European ost-r- ‘b on e’ , from ost-, osth- ‘b on e’. Related words: hueso, ostra. ostra ‘ oyster’ : Portuguese ostra, from Latin ostrea ‘oyster’ (see 0ostión). -ota 1 ‘ inhabitant o f; native o f ’ (used with both genders), as in cairota, candiota, chipriota, epirota: Latin -ota, -otes, from Greek otes ‘ inhabitant o f; native o f ’ . -ota 2 ‘ large; vile, worthless’ , an augmentative suffix, often with a connotation o f co n ­ tempt, added to nouns, as in cabezota, manota, palabrota, and to adjectives, as in bobota, frescota, grandota, feminine o f -ote (see -ote). -ote ‘ large; vile, worthless’ , an augmentative suffix, often with a connotation o f co n ­ tempt, added to nouns, as in amigóte, libróte, pajaróte, palote, and to adjec­ tives, as in b ob ote, frescote, grandote, m orenote. Note: many nouns ending in -ote are Mexicanisms deriving from Nahuatl nouns ending in -of/; e.g., ajolote, c o y o te , guajolote, p o p o te , zopilote. otero ‘ hill’ : obsolete o to ‘ high’ (from Latin altus ‘ high’ ; see alto, °alimento) + -ero ‘ of, connected with’ (see -ero2). -ótico ‘o f; having’ , as in am niótico, caótico, ex ó tico , narcótico, p a triótico: Latin -oticus ‘ o f ’ , from Greek -otikós ‘ o f ’ , suffix used to form adjectives derived from verbs with a stem ending in -o and from nouns or verbal adjectives with a stem ending in -of-, from -otos (a suffix forming verbal adjectives) or -otes (a suffix forming agent nouns) + -ikós ‘o f ’ (see “-ico1). Many Spanish adjectives in -ótico have a corresponding noun in -osis (com ­ pare -osis). “otitis ‘ otitis’ : New Latin otitis (in English, 1799), from of- (also oto-) ‘ ear’ (from Greek óf-, oto -, prefixes, from of-, stem o f oús ‘ear’ , from Indo-European ous[also aus-] ‘ ear’ ; related words: escuchar, oreja, otorrinolaringología, parótida) + -itis ‘ inflammation; disease’ , from Greek -itis ‘ inflammation; disease’ (see -itis, °-ita2).

ovillo

otom ano ‘Ottoman’ : Medieval Latin ottomanus, from Arabic uthmam, othmam ‘ Turkish’ , from Turkish Osman, Othman (1259—1326), founder o f the Ottoman empire (1299—1919). “otoñ o ‘ fall, autumn’ : Latin autumnus ‘au­ tumn’ , probably from Etruscan autu ‘ au­ tumn’ . Related w ord: retoño. otorgar ‘to grant’ : Vulgar Latin *auctoricare ‘ to grant’ , from Latin auctor ‘author; guarantor; seller; agent’ (see autor, ° au­ m en to). otorrinolaringología ‘ otolaryngology, o to ­ rhinolaryngology’ : Greek oto- ‘ ear’ (from of-, stem o f oús ‘ear’ ; see "otitis) + rhino‘nose’ (see °rinoceronte) + laryngo‘ larynx’ (from laryng-, stem o f lárynx ‘ larynx’ ; see °laringe) + -logia ‘ study’ (see -logia, °leer). otro ‘ another, other’ : Vulgar Latin *autro, from Latin alterum, accusative o f alter ‘ other (o f tw o )’ (akin to Latin alius ‘ other (o f more than tw o )’ ; compare ajeno), from Indo-European al-tero- ‘ other (o f tw o )’ , from al- ‘ beyon d’ (see “c / ‘ ) + -tero-, a contrastive suffix (see "vuestro). ovación ‘ ovation’ : Latin ovationem , accusa­ tive o f ovatio (stem ovation-) ‘ ovation (victory ceremony in ancient R om e)’ , from ovatus, past participle o f ovare ‘ to rejoice’ , akin to Greek euázein ‘ to utter cries o f jo y ; to shout eiioi in honor o f Dionysos (god o f wine)’ , ovalado ‘ oval (adjective)’ : oval ‘oval (adjec­ tive)’ , from Medieval Latin ovalis ‘oval, shaped like an egg’ , from Late Latin ovalis ‘o f an egg’ , from Latin ovum ‘egg’ (see °ovario) + -alis ‘ o f ’ (see °-al). “ovario ‘ ovary’ : New Latin ovarium ‘ovary’ (seventeenth century), from Latin ovum ‘ egg’ (from Indo-European ow yo- ‘egg’, perhaps from awi- ‘ bird’ ; related words: huevo, ovalado, ovoid e) + -arium o f; place o f’ (see -ario2). oveja ‘ sheep’ : Late Latin ovicula ‘sheep; little sheep’ , diminutive o f Latin ovis ‘ sheep’ , from Indo-European owis ‘sheep’ (source, likewise, o f English ewe, Sanskrit avi ‘sheep’ and Russian ovtsa ‘sheep’ ). For Latin -icula Tittle one’ , see -icula. ovillo ‘ clew (ball o f yarn)’ : obsolete luviello (el luviello ‘ the clew ’ being mistakenly divided as if it were el uviello), from o b ­ solete lovelo, from regional Late Latin (Spain) lobellum ‘ clew’ , from Latin glo-

ov oid e

bellum, diminutive o f globus ‘ globe, ball’ (see globo, °aglomerar), which in Vulgar Latin merged with Latin glomus ‘ball, clew’ (see °aglomerar). For Latin -ellum ‘ little on e’ , see -elo. ovoide ‘ov oid ’ : Latin ov- ‘ egg’ (from ovum ‘egg’ ; see °ovario) + Spanish -oide ‘ having the shape o f ’ (see -oide, °ver). In French, ovoid e, before 1788. óxido ‘o x id e’ : French o x y d e ‘ oxide’ , from oxygén e ‘ oxygen’ (see oxígen o, ° aguja) + -de (or -ide), as in acide ‘an acid’ , from acide ‘ acid (adjective)’, from Latin acidus ‘sour’ (see ácido). oxígeno ‘oxygen’ : French oxygén e ‘oxygen’ (1786), shortening and m odification o f principe oxygine (1 7 7 7 ) ‘ acidifying prin­ ciple, acid form er’ (oxygen was held to be the essential principle in the forming o f acids), from oxy- ‘sharp; acid’ (from Greek ox y - ‘ sharp’ , from o x y s ‘sharp; sour’ , from Indo-European ok-su-, from

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ofe-, variant o f ak- ‘ sharp’ ; see °aguja) + -gene ‘ forming’ (see hidrógeno, °género). o x íto n o ‘ oxytone, having heavy stress on the last syllable’ : Greek o x y tonos ‘ having an acute accent on the last syllable’ , from o x y - ‘ sharp’ (see oxígen o, °aguja) + tonos ‘ tone, pitch’ (see tono, ° tener). oxiuro ‘ pinworm, oxyuris’ : New Latin oxyurus, oxyuris ‘ pinworm’ (1809), from o x y - ‘ sharp’ (from Greek oxy- ‘sharp’ ; see oxígen o, °aguja) + -urus, -uris ‘ tail’ , from Greek -ouros, from ourá ‘ tail’ , from IndoEuropean ors-a- ‘ tail’, from ors- ‘buttocks’ , oyente ‘ listener’ : o ír ‘ to hear’ (see oír, °au­ diencia, °hacer) + -iente ‘ performing’ (see -iente, °-ante), with -y- for -i- as is normal between vowels. ozon o ‘o zon e’ : German Ozon ‘o z o n e’ (1840), from Greek ózon ‘smelling’ (ozon e has a pungent odor), present participle o f ózein ‘ to smell, reek’ , from Indo-European od-yo-, from od- ‘ to smell’ (see °oler).

pabellón ‘flag; pavilion’ : Old Frenchpaveillon (French pavilion) ‘ large or ornate tent’ , from Latin papilionem, accusative o f papilio (stem papilion-) ‘ butterfly’ (later also = ‘tent’ , from the resemblance o f a tent — especially in the wind — to a butterfly’s wings). Pablo, masculine given name (corresponding to English Paul): Latin Paulus, a mascu­ line name (see Sao Paulo). °pacer ‘to graze, pasture’ : Latin pascere ‘ to pasture, feed, graze’ , from Indo-European pas-k-, from pas-, from pa- ‘to feed; to protect’ . Related words: acompañar, bezoar, com pañero, compañía, empanada, empapar, forraje, pan, panadero, panal, pastar, pasteurizar, pastilla, pasto, pastor, sopapo. paciencia ‘ patience’ : Latin patientia ‘pa­ tience, capacity o f bearing adversity’ , from patient-, stem o f patiens, present participle o f pati ‘ to bear, suffer’ (see “padecer). paciente ‘ patient’ : Latin patientem , accusa­ tive o f patiens ‘ patient, capable o f bearing adversity’ , from patiens, present participle o f pati ‘ to bear, suffer’ (see °padecer). pacífico ‘peaceful, pacific’ : Latin pacificus ‘ peaceful’, from pac-, stem o f pax ‘ peace’ (see °paz), + -i-, a connective vowel (see -i-2), + -ficus ‘ making’ (see -fico, °hacer). Pacífico (O céano) ‘Pacific Ocean’ : Portu­ guese P acífico, literally = ‘pacific, peace­ ful, calm ’, a name given this ocean in 1520 or 1521 by Portuguese explorer Magellan, w ho found it relatively calm when, in the service o f the king o f Spain, he was the first European to navigate it. Portuguese pa cífico derives from Latin pacificus (see p a cífico, °paz, -i-2, -fico, °pacer). pacto ‘ com pact, pact’ : Latin pactum ‘ pact, agreement’ , from pactum, neuter o f pactus, past participle o f pacisci ‘ to agree, make a pact’ , from Indo-European pak-, variant o f pag- ‘ to fasten’ (see °paz). "padecer ‘ to suffer’ : obsolete padir ‘ to suffer’ (from Latin pati ‘to bear, suffer’ ; related words: apasionar, com padecer, com pa­ sión, impasible, paciencia, paciente, pa­

sión, pasivo) + -ecer, an infinitive ending (see °-ecer). padrastro ‘stepfather; obstacle, hindrance, nuisance; hangnail’ : Vulgar Latin patrastru, accusative o f patraster ‘stepfather’, from Latin patraster ‘ father-in-law’ , on the analogy o f Latin filiaster ‘stepson’ , from patr-, stem o f pater ‘ father’ (see °padre), + -astr- ‘ small; somewhat like’ , a mildly pejorative ending (see -astro). “padre ‘ father’ {padres ‘ parents’ ): Latin patrem, accusative o f pater (stem patr-) ‘ father’ , from Indo-European pter- ‘father’ (for -ter, a suffix used with terms o f rela­ tionship, see madre). Related words: co m ­ padre, compatriota, Júpiter, padrastro, padrino, paterno, patria, patriarca, patri­ m onio, patriota, patrocinar, patrón, pa­ troním ico, patrono, perpetrar. padrino ‘ godfather; patron, protector’ : Vul­ gar Latin *patrinus ‘ godfather’ , from Latin patr-, stem o f pater ‘ father’ (see °padre), + -inus ‘ o f ’ (see °-ino). paella ‘ a rice dish’ , from Catalan paella ‘fry­ ing pan, metal p ot’ , from Old French paelle, paele (French p o éle) ‘ frying pan’ , from Latin patella ‘ small pan’ , diminutive o f patina ‘ pan, shallow dish, plate’ , from Greek patáne ‘ dish’ , from Indo-European pet-ano- ‘ dish’ , from pet- ‘to spread’ (see °paten te'). pagano ‘ heathen, pagan’ : Late L atinpaganus ‘ heathen; civilian’ (underlying meaning: ‘ not a soldier o f Christ’ ), from Latin paganus ‘ civilian; country dweller’ (from the fact that most civilians met by an army in the field were peasants), from pa­ ganus (adjective) ‘ o f the country’ , from pagus ‘ country, village, district’ (underly­ ing meaning: ‘ district whose limits are shown with stakes fastened to the ground’ ), from Indo-European pag-, from pag- ‘ to fasten’ (see °paz). pagar ‘ to pay (obsolete ‘ to satisfy, calm’ )’ : Medieval Latin pacare ‘ to pay; to satisfy’, from Latin pacare ‘ to pacify’ , from pac-, stem o f pax ‘ peace’ (see °paz), + -are, an infinitive ending (see°-ar1). página ‘ page (leaf)’ : Latin pagina ‘ page, co l­ umn o f writing’ , from pagina ‘ (in vine­

pago

dressers’ language) rectangular trellis to which a row o f vines is fastened’ (by analogy o f form ), from Indo-European pág-, from pag- ‘to fasten’ (see °paz). pago ‘ payment’ : pagar ‘ to pay’ (see pagar, °paz) + -o, an ending o f nouns (see -o4). pais ‘ country, nation’ : French pays ‘ country’ , from Old French pais ‘ country’ , from Late Latin pagensis ‘ inhabitant o f a dis­ trict; district’ , from Latin pagus ‘district’ (see pagano, °paz) + -ensis ‘ o f (a place)’ (see °-ense). paisaje ‘ landscape’ : French pay sage ‘ land­ scape’ , from pays ‘ country’ (see país, pa­ gano, °paz) + -age ‘ o f, related to; place’ (see -aje). paisano ‘ fellow countryman’ : pais ‘ country, nation’ (see pais, pagano, "paz) + -ano ‘ from ’ (see -ano2). Países Bajos ‘ Netherlands (country; Dutch Nederland)', translation o f French PaysBas ‘ Netherlands’ (fourteenth century; literally = ‘ Low Countries’ , a plural, as seen in such expressions as les Pays-Bas)\ Middle Dutch Nederlanden ‘ Netherlands’ (fifteenth century), plural (whence Dutch Nederland, singular), is also a translation from French. A bout tw o fifths o f the country lie below sea level and would be covered b y the sea if there were no dikes. French pays ‘ country’ is the source o f Spanish pais (see pais, pagano, °paz)\ French bas ‘ low ’ derives from Late Latin bassus ‘ low ’ (see "bajo). paja ‘straw’ : Latin palea ‘ chaff, straw’ , from Indo-European pel- ‘ dust; flour’ (see °polen). pájaro ‘ bird’ : Old Spanish pássaro, from Vulgar Latin passar ‘ bird’ (perhaps on the analogy o f words like bárbaro, cántaro), from Latin passer ‘sparrow’ . paje ‘ page, attendant’ : Old French page ‘ page’ , from Italian paggio ‘ page’ , proba­ bly from Greek paidion ‘ child; b o y ’ (di­ minutive o f pais ‘ child; b o y ’ ), from paid-, stem o f pais, from Indo-European paw-id-, from pau- ‘ child; b o y ’, from pau- ‘small’ (see °pueril; compare Spanish chico [noun] ‘ b o y ’ , from chico [adjective] ‘small’ ). For the Greek diminutive -ion, see -io. Pakistán ‘ Pakistan (country)’ : English Paki­ stan, a name adopted at the time the country was formed (15 August 1947) when India was divided into India and

392

Pakistan, from Urdu Pakistan, a name coined around 1933 for the goal o f Muslim separatists in India — an autono­ mous Islamic state — (from the initials o f the names o f three areas inhabited mainly by Muslims — Punjab, Afghan [or Afghania, also called North-West Frontier Prov­ in ce], Kashmir — , + the ending o f Baluchistan [another predominantly Mus­ lim area]), later interpreted as meaning ‘ Land o f the Pure’ , from Urdu pak ‘ pure’ (from Persian pák ‘ pure’ , from Middle Persian pavág-, from Indo-European peu‘ pure, clean’ ; see °puro) + -istán, the form o f -stan used after a noun ending in a con ­ sonant (as in gul-istan ‘rose place, rose garden’ ), from -i-, a connective vowel, + -stan ‘ place, land’, from Persian -stan (see -stán, °estar). See also Penjab, Afganistán, Cachemira. pala ‘ spade, shovel’ : Latin pala ‘spade’ , probably from Indo-European pak-slo‘ stake, stick’ (see palo, "paz). palabra ‘w ord’ (earlier meanings: ‘ speech; sentence’ ): obsolete parabla ‘speech’ (by metathesis), from Late Latin parabola ‘speech’ (see parábola1, para-, °per-, °m etabolism o). “palacio ‘ palace’ : Latin palatium ‘ palace’ , from Palatium ‘Palatine Hill (in R om e)’ , on which the palaces o f the emperors were built (first century B.C. and first century o f the Christian era [Augustus, Tiberius]). O f Etruscan origin? Related w ord: paladin. paladar ‘ palate’ : Vulgar Latin *palatare, from Latin palatum ‘ palate’ , possibly o f Etruscan origin. paladin ‘ champion, paladin’ : Italian paladino ‘ paladin’ , from Medieval Latin palatinus ‘ courtier; champion o f a medieval prince; any o f the twelve peers o f Charlemagne’s court’ , from Latin palatinus (noun) ‘ pal­ ace official’ , from palatinus (adjective) ‘ o f a palace’ , from palatium ‘ palace’ (see °palacio) + -inus ‘ o f’ (see °-ino). palanca ‘ lever’ : Vulgar Latin * palanca ‘ lever’ , from Latin patanga, phalanga (usually in the plural palangae, phalangae) ‘ carrying pole, roller, log’, from Greek phálang-, stem o f phálanx ‘roller, log, beam’ (see "falange). palanquín ‘ palanquin’ : Portuguese palanquim, from Javanese pelangki ‘ palanquin’ , from Prakrit pallanka ‘bed’ , from Sanskrit

palom a

393

palyañka, paryañka ‘bed’ , from pari ‘ around; through’ (from Indo-European peri, from p er ‘ through’ ; see °per-) + añc‘ to bend, curve’ , from Indo-European ank‘ to bend’ (see °ancla). palco ‘ (theater) b o x ’ : Italian palco ‘ (theater) b o x ’ , from Langobardic palko ‘scaffold’ , from Germanic balkon- ‘beam, rafter’ (see "balcón). paleografía ‘ paleography, deciphering o f an­ cient written docum ents’ : New Latin palaeographia ‘ paleography’ (first used in France, paléographie, 1708), from Greek palaio- ‘ ancient’ (see °p a leo zo ico) + -gra­ p h ic ‘writing’ (see -grafía, "gráfico). paleolítico ‘Paleolithic, period o f the Stone Age beginning with the earliest chippedstone tools’ : English Palaeolithic ‘Paleo­ lithic’ (1865), from Greek palaio- ‘ ancient’ (see °p a leozoico ) + English -lithic ‘ period when stone implements were used’ (see n eolítico, ° litografía, °-ico2). paleontología ‘ paleontology’ (underlying meaning: ‘study o f ancient beings’ ): Greek palai- ‘ ancient’ (from palaiós ‘ancient’ ; see °p a leo zo ico ) + ónta ‘ existing things’ (from ónta, neuter plural o f on [stem o n t ] , present participle o f einai ‘to b e ’, from Indo-European es- ‘ to b e ’ ; see °esencia) + -logia ‘study’ (see -logia, "leer). First used in English (palaeontology, 1838). "paleozoico ‘Paleozoic’ (underlying meaning: ‘ (era) o f ancient animals’ ), from Greek palaio- ‘ ancient’ (from palaiós ‘ancient, o ld ’ , from pálai ‘ long ago’ , from IndoEuropean kwl-ai, from kwl-, from kwel‘ far (in time or space)’ ; related words: paleografía and others beginning with palco--, tele--, teléfon o and others begin­ ning with tele-) + z ó ik ó s ‘ o f animals’ , from zoion ‘ animal’ , from Indo-European g w yo-yo- ‘ animal, living being’ , from gw yo- ‘life’ , from gwei- ‘ to live’ (see "vivo). First used in English (Palaeozoic, 1838). Palestina ‘ Palestine’ : Latin Palaestina (first century o f the Christian era), from Greek Palaistine (fifth century B.C.) ‘ Palestine’ (earlier, only an adjective, = ‘Palestinian, Philistine’ , as in Syria he Palaistine, literally = ‘ the Philistine Syria’ ), from Hebrew Pelesheth ‘Philistia (ancient coun­ try in southwestern Palestine), land o f the Philistines’ (eleventh century B.C.), first found in the Egyptian form prst (around

1190 B.C.) — compare Akkadian Palashtu, Pilishtu ‘ Philistia’ . The Greeks, w ho at first were familiar only with the coast, gradually applied the name Palaistine to the whole country. Related w ord: filisteo. paleta ‘ palette’ : pala ‘spade, shovel’ (see pala, palo, "paz) + -eta ‘small’ (see -eta). paliar ‘to palliate’ : Late Latin palliare ‘ to cloak, cover, protect’ , from Latin pallium ‘cloak’ + -are, an infinitive ending (see ° - a r ‘ ).

pálido ‘ pale, pallid’ : Latin pallidus ‘ pale’ , from pallere ‘ to be pale’ , from IndoEuropean pal-wo- ‘ pale’ (see "paloma). palimpsesto ‘ palimpsest, parchment that has been written on more than once, after the earlier writing has been erased’ : Latin palimpsestus ‘ palimpsest’ , from Greek palim psestos ‘ palimpsest; scraped again’ , from pálin ‘again, back’ (from IndoEuropean kwl-i- ‘ a turning’ , from kwl-, from kwol-, from kwel- ‘ to bend, turn’; see "co lo n o ) + -pséstos ‘scraped’ , from psén ‘ to scrape, rub’ , from Indo-European bhs-á-, from bhs-, from bhes- ‘to rub’, palíndrom o ‘ palindrome, word or sentence that reads the same backward (like Span­ ish anilina or English refer-, Spanish Anita lava la tina or English live not on evil)’ : Greek palíndromos ‘ running back again’ , from pálin ‘ again, back’ ) see palimpsesto, "co lo n o ) + drómos ‘ a running’ (see "hipó­ drom o). paliza ‘a beating; blows with a stick’ : palo ‘stick’ (see palo, °paz) + -iza ‘o f ’ (see -iza). palma ‘ palm o f the hand; palm tree’ : Latin palma ‘ palm o f the hand’ (and, from the resemblance o f the palm-tree leaves to an outspread hand, ‘ palm tree’ ), from IndoEuropean pl-ma ‘ palm o f the hand’ , from pi-, from pel- ‘ broad and flat; to spread’ (see "Polonia). palmera ‘ palm tree’ : Catalan palmera ‘palm tree’ , from Latin palmaria, feminine o f palmarius (adjective) ‘ o f palm trees’ , from palma ‘ palm tree’ (see palma, "Polonia) + -arius ‘o f ’ (see °-ariol ). palo ‘stick, pole’ : Latin palus ‘stake, stick, pole’ , from Indo-European pak-slo- ‘ stake, stick’ , from pak-, variant o f pag- ‘ to fasten’ (see "paz). "paloma ‘ pigeon’ : Latinpalumba (also palumbes) ‘ ringdove, pigeon’ (underlying mean­ ing: ‘ gray bird’ ), from Indo-European palwo- ‘ pale’ , from pal-, from pel- ‘ pale’ .

palpar

Related words: halcón, pálido. "palpar ‘ to feel, touch; to palpate’ : Latin pal­ pare ‘ to touch gently, stroke, caress’, from Indo-European pl-p- ‘to touch; to shake’ , from pi-, from pol- ‘to touch; to shake’. Related words: palpitar, párpado. palpitar ‘ to beat, palpitate’ : Latin palpitare ‘to palpitate’ , frequentative o f palpare ‘ to touch, stroke, caress’ (see °palpar). paludismo ‘malaria, paludism’ (in French, paludisme, 1884): Latin palud-, stem o f palus ‘ marsh’ (underlying meaning: ‘ full o f water’ , from Indo-European pelu‘multitude’ ; see plural, °pleno), + -ismo ‘ trait; characteristic o f ’ (see -ismo), so called from the prevalence o f this disease in marshy areas. pampa ‘ plain, pampa’ : Quechua and Aymara pampa ‘plain’. pámpano 1 ‘ tendril, vine leaf’ : Latin pampinus ‘ vine tendril’ (akin to Latin papula ‘ pimple’?), perhaps on the analogy o f words like huérfano, orégano, plátano, tímpano. pámpano 2 ‘ pom pano’ , possibly from pámpa­ no ‘ tendril, vine leaf’ (see pámpano*). pan ‘bread’ : Latin pañis ‘ bread’ , from *pastnis (compare pastilla), from Indo-Europe­ an pas-ni- ‘bread; fo o d ’ , from pás-, from pa- ‘ to feed’ (see °pacer). pana ‘ corduroy’ : French panne ‘ corduroy’ , from Old French panne, penne ‘ fur used for lining’, from Latin pinna ‘ feather’ (see pináculo, peña, °pedir). panacea ‘ panacea’ : Latin panacea, from Greek panákeia ‘ panacea’ , from panakés ‘ all-healing’ , from pan- ‘all’ (from pan, neuter o f pas ‘ all’ ; see °pantalón) + -akés, from ákos ‘remedy, cure’ , panadero ‘ baker’ (panadería ‘bakery’ ): pan ‘bread’ (see pan, °pacer) + -adero ‘con ­ nected with’ (see -adero2). panal ‘ honeycom b’ : pan ‘shaped mass, cake, loaf’ , from pan ‘ bread’ (compare English soap cake, wax cake, veal loaf, sugar loaf). See pan, 0pacer. Panamá ‘ Panama (country, and city )’ , from the name o f an Indian fishing village in the area o f Panama City, which was applied to the town when it was founded by the Spanish (1519; it became a city in 1521) and later to the country. Many authors state that the name o f the Indian town meant ‘Many Fish’ but they d o not specify in what language (Guaym i?) nor

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do they analyze its elements; despite these statements, the name probably derives from Tupi or Guarani panamá ‘ butterfly’ (compare Guarani panambi ‘ butterfly’ [possible underlying meanings: ‘ all ear’ , from pa ‘all’ + nambí ‘ear’ ; or ‘ shines like gold’ , from paná ‘g old ’ + mbi, mimb i ‘ to shine’ ] and obsolete Guarani paná ‘ butterfly’ ), as the area was a place o f butterfly migration. páncreas ‘ pancreas’ : Greek pánkreas pancre­ as’ , literally = ‘ all-flesh’ , from pan- ‘all’ (see panacea, °pantalón) + kréas ‘ flesh, meat’ (see creosota, °crudo). pandero ‘ tambourine’ , probably from Late Latin pandorius, pandurium, pandura ‘ three-stringed lute’ , from Greek pandoúra ‘three-stringed lute’ . panegírico ‘ panegyric’ : Latin panegyricus (noun) ‘ panegyric’ , from panegyricus (ad­ jective) ‘ panegyrical, festive’, from Greek panégyrikós ‘ o f a public festival, o f a general assembly’, from pan- ‘ all’ (see panacea, °pantalón) + ágyris, agorá ‘assembly’ (see alegoría, °grey). pánico ‘ panic’ : Greek panikón ‘panic, fright’ (noun), from panikón (adjective) — origi­ nally in a phrase like panikón deima ‘ panic fright; fright caused b y Pan’ — , neuter o f panikós ‘o f Pan’ , from Pan ‘Pan (ancient Greek god o f the w oods, who was regarded as the cause o f sudden fear, especially in the w ood s)’ + -ikós o f ’ (see °-ico2). Panjab ‘Punjab’ , see Penjab. panorama ‘ panorama’ : English panorama (around 1789), originally = ‘ picture repre­ senting a continuous scene, exhibited a part at a time by being unrolled before the spectator’ (British patent, 1787), from Greek pan- ‘all’ (see panacea, °pantalón) + hórama ‘sight, view’ , from horán ‘to see’ , from Indo-European swor-, variant o f wor-, from wer- ‘ to see, watch’ (see “guardar). "pantalón ‘trousers’ : French pantalon trou­ sers’ , from Pantalon, stage character wearing tight trousers, from Venetian Pantalon, from Old Italian Pantalone, Pantaleone, in Italian com edy (from the first half o f the sixteenth century), a char­ acter representing a Venetian and wearing tight trousers, from San Pantaleone, a saint o f the fourth century o f the Chris­ tian era, formerly popular in Venice; the

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saint’s name derives from Latin Pantaleon (before A.D. 17), a Greek personal name, from Greek Pantaléón, literally = ‘ All Lion’ , from pant-, stem o f pas ‘ all’ (related words: diapasón, panacea, pán­ creas, panegírico, panorama, panteón, pantomima; probably: fonda), + león ‘ lion’ (see °león). pantalla ‘shade, screen’ , perhaps ultimately from Catalan ventall, ventalla ‘ fan;shade’ . pantano ‘ swamp’ : Italian pantano ‘swamp’ , o f disputed origin. panteón ‘ pantheon, building for the burial o f several persons (originally imitating in shape the Pantheon in R om e); (M exico) cem etery’ : Panteón ‘ the Pantheon (tem­ ple in R om e completed in 27 B.C. dedi­ cated to all gods)’ , from Latin Pantheon ‘the Pantheon’ , from Greek pántheion ‘ temple dedicated to all gods’, from pan‘ all’ (from pan, neuter o f pas ‘ all’ ; see 0pantalón) + theion, neuter o f theios ‘o f the gods’ , from theós ‘god ’ (see °ateo). pantera ‘ panther’ : Latin panthera, from Greek panther, probably o f non-IndoEuropean origin and akin to the source o f Sanskrit pundarika ‘ tiger’ , but interpreted by the Greeks as meaning ‘all beast’ (from pan ‘all’ [see panacea] + ther ‘beast’ [see megaterio ]). pantomima ‘ pantomime’ : pantomim o ‘ mime’ , from Latin pantomimus ‘ dancer acting all the characters o f a story with­ out speaking’ (underlying meaning: ‘ the complete imitator’ ), from Greek panto­ mimos ‘ actor, mim ic’ , from panto- ‘ all’ (from pant-, stem o f pas ‘all’ ; see °panta­ lón ) + mimos ‘mime, imitator’ (see “ mimo2). panza ‘ belly; paunch’ : Latin panticem, accusative o f pantex (stem pantic-) ‘ belly’ (plural pantices = ‘ entrails, bowels’ ). °paño ‘ cloth ’ (pañal ‘diaper (for infants)’ , pañuelo ‘ handkerchief’ ): Latin pannus ‘ cloth, rag’, from Indo-European panno-, from pan- ‘ cloth ’. Related w ord: empañar; possibly: penique. papa 1 ‘ p otato’ : Quechua papa p otato’ . “papa 2 ‘ pop e’ : Late Latin papa ‘ pope, bish­ o p ’ , from Late Greek páppa, literally = ‘ 0 father’ , vocative o f páppas, papás ‘ pope, bishop, priest’ , a title o f bishops, from Greek páppas, papás, a child’s word for ‘ father’ , from Indo-European papa, a child’s word for ‘ father’ . Related word:

para

papá. papá ‘ dad, papa’ : French papa ‘dad’ , from Old French papa, probably from Latin papa ‘dad’ , from Indo-European papa (see °papa2). papaya ‘ papaya’ , from a word meaning ‘ papa­ ya’ in a language o f the Cariban family; akin to Otomac papai ‘ papaya’ . papel ‘ paper; (actor’s) part, role’ : Catalan paper ‘ paper’ , from Latin papyrus ‘ paper (rare); papyrus’ (see °papiro), from the fact that the ancient Egyptians, Greeks and Romans (especially from the fourth century B.C. to the fourth century o f the Christian era) generally wrote on a mate­ rial made from the pith or the stems o f the papyrus plant. “papiro ‘ papyrus’ : Latin papyrus ‘ papyrus’, from Greek pápyros ‘ papyrus’ (o f Egypti­ an origin?). Related word: papel. Papua Nueva Guinea ‘Papua New Guinea (country)’ , from Papua‘Papua’ , southern part o f this country, + Nueva Guinea ‘ New Guinea’ (see Nueva Guinea, °Guinea), its northern part. Papua is the name originally given by Spanish and Portuguese navigators (around 1526) to the whole island o f New Guinea; the word derives from Malay pepuah ‘frizzled (o f the hair)’ (the inhabitants o f this island — and o f some adjacent islands — were called Papuans by early navigators because o f their fuzzy hair). “paquete ‘ package’ : French paquet, from Old French pacquet ‘ package’ , from pacquer ‘to pack’ (from pakke ‘a pack’ , from Middle Dutch pak ‘a pack’ ) + -et, a diminutive suffix (see -efe, -ito). Related word: empacar. “paquidermo ‘ pachyderm’ : French pachyderme (noun) ‘ thick-skinned animal’ (1797), from pachyderm e (adjective) ‘thick-skin­ ned’ (around 1600), from Greek pakhydermos ‘ thick-skinned’ , from pakhy(from pakhys ‘ thick; fat’ , from IndoEuropean bhnghu-, from bhengh- ‘ thick; fat’ ; related w ord: pingüe) + -dermos ‘ -skinned’ , from dérma ‘ skin’ (see “derma­ tosis). “par ‘even (number); pair; par’ : Latin par (adjective) ‘ equal’ ; the meaning ‘ pair’ derives from Latin par (noun) ‘ pair’ , from par (adjective). Related words: comparar, pareja, parejo. para ‘ fo r ’, probably from obsolete pora ‘ fo r ’ ,

para-

from p o r ‘by, fo r’ (seep or, “p er-) — influ­ enced by obsolete par ‘ b y ’ (as in ¡par Dios'.), from Latin p er ‘ through, by, fo r’ , from Indo-European per-, see °per- — + a ‘ t o ’ (see °a2). para- ‘ alongside, beside; beyond; wrongly; similar’ , as in parásito: Latin para- ‘beside; beyond; wrongly’, from Greek para­ l a r - before a vowel) ‘ beside; among; beyond; wrongly; thoroughly’ , from para ‘ beside; for; beyon d’ , from Indo-Europe­ an para, from p er ‘ forward, through, against’ (see °per-). parábola 1 ‘ parable’ : Late Latin parabola ‘ speech, parable, comparison’, from Greek parabole ‘juxtaposition, comparison, par­ able’ , from parabállein ‘to compare, throw alongside, set alongside’ , from para- ‘ alongside, beside’ (see para-, °per-) + bállein ‘ to throw ’ (see °metabolismo). parábola 2 ‘ parabola’ : New Latin parabola ‘ parabola’ (1544), from Greek parabole ‘juxtaposition, superposition, parallelism’ (see parábola'), referring in geometry to the parallelism o f a side o f the cone and the section o f the cone which contains the curve called parabola. parada ‘stop’ : parar ‘ to stop’ (see °parar) + -ada ‘ characterized b y ’ (see -ada3). paradigma ‘ paradigm’ : Late Latin paradigma ‘ paradigm’, from Greek parádeigma ‘pat­ tern, m odel, example’ , from paradeiknynai ‘ to compare, exhibit, show side by side’, from para- ‘ beside’ (see para-, °per-) + deiknynai ‘to show ’, from Indo-Europe­ an deik- ‘ to show’ (see °decir). paradoja ‘paradox’ : Greek parádoxa ‘ para­ doxes’ , plural o f parádoxon (noun) ‘ para­ d o x ’ , from parádoxon (adjective), neuter o f parádoxos ‘ incredible, contrary to ex­ pectation, beyond com m on opinion’ , from para- ‘ beyon d’ (see para-, °per-) + -doxos, from dóxa ‘opinion’ (see hetero­ d o x o , “decorar). parafina ‘ paraffin’ : German Paraffin ‘paraf­ fin ’ (1830), from Latin parum ‘to o little; little; rarely’ (from parvum, neuter o f par­ vus ‘small’, from Indo-European par-wo-, metathesis o f pau-ro- ‘small’ ; see Sao Paulo, °pueril) + affinis ‘ bordering on, neighboring’ (see afín, a -', “a2, °fin), from the comparative lack o f affinity o f this substance to others. paráfrasis ‘ paraphrase’ : Latin paraphrasis, from Greek paráphrasis ‘ paraphrase’ ,

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from paraphrázein ‘to paraphrase; to ex­ press or translate with latitude’ , from para- ‘ beside’ (see para-, °per-) + phrázein ‘ to say; to show’ (see ° frase). paragoge ‘ paragoge, addition o f a sound to the end o f a w ord ’ : Late Latin paragoge, from Greek paragoge ‘ paragoge’ , from paragesthai ‘to be derived, be form ed’ , passive o f parágein ‘to change, vary; to lead past’ , from par- ‘b eyon d ’ (see para-, °per-) + ágein ‘to lead’ (see agonía, “agente). paraguas ‘ umbrella’ : para ‘ it stops; it pre­ vents’ , third person singular o f the present indicative o f parar ‘ to stop; to prevent’ (see “parar), + aguas ‘waters’ , plural o f agua ‘water’ (see “agua). Paraguay ‘Paraguay (cou n try)’ : Paraguay ‘ Paraguay (river)’ , probably from Guarani, possibly = ‘Parrot River’ , from paracáu, paragoa ‘ parrot’ + i ‘water; river’ (com ­ pare Uruguay). paraíso ‘ paradise’ : Late Latin paradisus par­ adise’ , from Greek parádeisos ‘ park, garden, paradise’ , o f Iranian origin; akin to Avestan pairi-daeza- ‘ enclosure, enclosed park’ (underlying meaning: ‘walled around’ ), from pairi ‘ around’ (from IndoEuropean peri ‘ around’ , from p er ‘ for­ ward’ ; see peri-, “per-) + daeza- ‘wall’ , from Indo-European dhoigho- ‘wall’ (underlying meaning: ‘ made o f clay bricks’ ), from dheigh- ‘ to shape clay’ (see “figura). paraje ‘ place’ : obsolete pararse ‘ to place one­ self (somewhere)’ , from Latin parare ‘ to prepare’ (see “parar). paralaje ‘ parallax’ : Greek parállaxis ‘ parallax; change o f position; change’ , from parallássein ‘ to change; to differ’ , from par‘ among’ (see para-, °per-) + allássein ‘ to change; to exchange’ , from állos other, different’ (see alegoría, ajeno, “e l 1). paralelo ‘parallel’ : Latin parallelus, from Greek parállélos ‘ parallel’ , from par‘beside’ (see para-, “per-) + allelon ‘ o f one another’, from expressions containing állos ... állos ‘one ... the other’ , from állos ‘ other’ (see alegoría, ajeno, “e l'). parálisis ‘ paralysis’ (paralizar ‘ to paralyze’ ): Latin paralysis, from Greek parálysis ‘ paralysis’ , from paralyein ‘ to loosen, disable’, from para- ‘wrongly’ (see para-, “per-) + lyein ‘to release, paralyze’ (see análisis, “ resolver).

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Paraná ‘ Parana (river, South America)’ , prob­ ably from obsolete Guarani paraná ‘river; sea’ , perhaps = ‘ sealike river’ , from pará ‘ river; sea’ (compare Marañón) + Guarani aná (also na) ‘ relative, related by kinship; similar, like; linked’ . paraninfo ‘university auditorium’ : obsolete paraninfo ‘ salutatorian; announcer o f good news’ , from paraninfo ‘paranymph, best man (at a wedding)’ , from Late Latin paranymphus ‘ best man’ , from Greek paránymphos ‘ best man, person who goes with a bridegroom in a chariot to fetch home the bride’ , from para- ‘ beside’ (see para-, °per-) + nymphe ‘ bride’ (see ° ninfa). paranoia ‘ paranoia’ : G reekparánoia ‘ derange­ ment, madness’ , from paránoos, paránous ‘demented’ , from para- ‘beyon d’ (see para-, °per-) + nóos, nous ‘ mind’ (see ° noúm eno). In English, paranoea, 1857. “parar ‘ to stop’ (pararse ‘to stand’ ): Latin parare ‘to prepare, equip, procure, get, try to get’ (through the meaning in obso­ lete Spanish ‘ to place in a certain posi­ tion’ ), from *par- ‘ to get’ , from IndoEuropean pr-, from per- ‘ to grant; to get’ , akin to per- ‘ forward; through; against’ (see °per-). Related words: amparar, apa­ rador, aparato, apartar, aparte, comprar, departamento, desamparar, disparar, em ­ perador, impartir, imperar, imperio, o p í­ paro, parada, paraguas, paraje, parcela, parcial, pariente, parir, paro, parte, par­ tera, participar, participio, partícula, par­ ticular, partida, partido, partir, parto, p ob re, porción, preparar, preparativo, proporción, reparar, reparo, repartir, re­ pertorio, separación, separar, víbora. parásito ‘ parasite’ : Latin parasitus parasite; guest’ , from Greek parásitos ‘parasite; guest’ (underlying meaning: ‘ fellow guest’ ), from para- ‘beside’ (see para-, °per-) + sitos ‘ grain, bread, fo o d ’ , parcela ‘ parcel (o f land)’ : French parcelle ‘ parcel o f land; portion small portion’ , from Vulgar Latin *particella ‘small por­ tion’ , from Latin partícula ‘small part’ (see partícula, parte, °parar). parcial ‘ partial’ : Late Latin partialis ‘ incom ­ plete’ , from Latin part-, stem o f pars ‘ part’ (see parte, °parar), + -ialis ‘ o f ’ (see -ial, °-al). “parco ‘thrifty, frugal’ : Latin parcus ‘sparing, scanty’ , from parcere ‘ to spare’ . Related w ord: parsimonia.

parénquima

parche ‘ patch’ : Old French parche ‘ a kind o f leather’ , from Latin Parthica (pellis) ‘ Parthian (leather)’ (a kind o f leather dyed o f a scarlet red, prepared by the Parthians), from Parthica, feminine o f Parthicus ‘Parthian, o f Parthia’ , from Parthia ‘ Parthia (ancient country in western Asia, to the southeast o f the Caspian Sea)’ , from Greek Parthia ‘Parthia’ (around 430 B.C.), from Párthoi ‘ Parthi­ ans’ (also Parthyaioi), from Old Persian Parthava (around 520 B.C.), which may be a regional variation o f Old Persian Pársa ‘Persian; Persia’ (see °persiana). pardo ‘ brown’ : pardo in obsolete león pardo ‘ leopard’ (interpreted as ‘ spotted lion, brown lion’ ), from leopardo ‘ leopard’ (see ° leopardo, °león). “parecer ‘ to appear; to seem’ (parecerse ‘to look like’ ; parecer ‘ opinion’ ): Vulgar Latin parescere ‘ to appear’ , from Latin parere ‘ to com e forth, be visible, show’ (related words: aparecer, aparente, apari­ ción, apariencia, desaparecer, parecido, transparente) + -escere, an inchoative ending (see °-ecer). parecido ‘similar’ : parecido, past participle o f parecer ‘ to seem’ (see parecer, -ido2). pared ‘wall’ : Latin parietem (Latin stress parietem , Vulgar Latin stress parióte), accusative o f paries ‘wall’ (stem pariet-), perhaps akin to Latin sparus ‘short spear for hunting’ and Old High German sparro ‘ beam, pole’ (from Indo-European sper‘ spear, pole’ ), perhaps through the meanning ‘ supporting struts o f a wall’ . pareja ‘ pair, couple’ : Vulgar Latin *paricula ‘ pair’ , diminutive o f Latin par ‘ pair’ (see °par). For Latin -icula ‘ little on e’, see -icula. parejo ‘ even, sm ooth’ : Vulgar Latin *pariculu ‘ even’ , diminutive o f Latin par ‘pair’ (see °par). For Latin -iculu- ‘somewhat; little on e’ , see - i 'cu lo'. paremiologia ‘ study o f proverbs, paroemiolo g y ’ : paremio- ‘ proverb’ (from Late Latin paroemia ‘ proverb’ , from Greek paroimia ‘ proverb; incidental remark’ , from par‘ beside’ [see para-, °per-] + oím os ‘path; path o f song’ , from Indo-European soi‘ to sing, proclaim’ [related word: p r o e m io ]) + -logia ‘study’ (see -logia, °leer). parénquima ‘ parenchyma’ : Greek parénkhyma ‘visceral flesh’, from parenkhein ‘ to

paréntesis pour beside’ (from the belief that the tissue o f an internal organ was poured in by the blood vessels o f the organ), from par- ‘ beside’ (see para-, “per-) + en ‘ in’ (see en-2, °en ) + khei'n ‘ to pour’ (see quilo, °fundir). paréntesis ‘ parenthesis’ : Late Latin parenthe­ sis ‘ amplifying com m ent’ , from Greek parénthesis ‘ amplifying comm ent; action o f inserting’ , from parentithénai ‘ to in­ sert, put in beside’ , from par- ‘ beside' (see para-, “p er-) + en ‘ in’ (see en-2, °en) + tithénai ‘ to put’ (see tesis, '‘hacer). “pargo ‘ porgy’ : Latin pagrus (also phagrus) ‘ sea bream’ , from Greek phágros ‘sea bream; whetstone’ , from Indo-European bhag-ro- ‘whetstone’ , from bhag- ‘ pointed, sharp’ (source, likewise, o f Greek p h oxós ‘ pointed’ ). Probably related w ord: bagre. paria ‘pariah’ : Tamil paraiyan ‘ pariah’ , literal­ ly = ‘ drummer’ (from the fact that origi­ nally the pariahs o f southern India were a caste o f drummers), from parai ‘ drum’ , possibly from parai ‘to tell’ . pariente ‘relation, relative’ : Latin parentem, accusative o f parens (stem parent ) ‘par­ ent’ , from parens ‘giving birth’ , present participle o f parere ‘ to give birth’ (see parir, °parar). parir ‘to give birth’ : Latin parere ‘to give birth, beget, produce’ , from *par- ‘ to get’ (see °parar). Paris (around 1330, in Juan Ruiz, El Libro de Buen A m or, line 1243 D, Cejador’s edition) ‘Paris (capital o f France)’ (pari­ siense ‘Parisian’ ): Old French Paris, from Late Latin Parisii ‘Paris’ (fourth century o f the Christian era), from Latin Parisii (52 B.C.), a Gaulish people who inhabited the town when the Romans captured it (also in 52 B.C.). The Gallo-Roman name o f the then marshy town was Lutetia Parisiorum, literally = ‘ Swamps o f the Parisii’ (the name Lutetia derives from the same root as Latin lutus ‘ mud’ ; see lodo). The Parisii had settled in what is now the lie de la Cité, in Paris, before the middle o f the third century B.C. The probably Gaulish name o f the Parisii is o f much disputed meaning. parlamento ‘ parliament’ , probably from Old French parlement ‘ parliament’ , from parler ‘ to speak, talk’ (from Medieval Latin parabolare ‘ to speak’ , from Late Latin pa­ rabola ‘speech, discourse’ ; see parábola',

398 para-, °per-, ° m etabolism o) + -ment ‘ re­ sult; action; place’ , from Latin -mentum (see °-m ento). paro ‘workstoppage; lock ou t’ : parar ‘to stop’ (see °parar) + -o, an ending o f nouns (see - o 4).

parodia ‘ parody’ : Latin parodia ‘ parody’ , from Greek paro id ia ‘ parody, burlesque poem ’ (underlyingmeaning: ‘ mock song’ ), from par- ‘ beside’ (see para-, “p er-) + -didía, from oidé ‘ song’ (see °oda). paronomasia ‘similarity between words; pun, paronomasia’ : Latin paronomasia, from Greek paronomasia ‘ paronomasia’ , from paronomázein ‘ to call with a slight change o f name, to name beside’ , from par‘ beside’ (see para-, °per-) + onomázein ‘to call, name’, from dnoma ‘ a name’ (see -ánimo, °nombre). parótida ‘ parotid gland’ : New Latin parotid-, stem o f parotis ‘ parotid gland’ (in French, parotide, 1538), from Latin parotis ‘ tumor near the ear’, from Greek parotis (stem parotid-) ‘ tumor near the ear’ , from par- ‘ beside’ (see para-, °per-) + -otis, from -óf-, stem o f oús ‘ ear’ (see °otitis). paroxismo ‘ paroxysm’ : Greek paroxysm os ‘ paroxysm, irritation, exasperation’ , from paroxynein ‘ to urge, stimulate, irritate’ , from par- ‘ beside; thoroughly’ (see para-, °per-) + oxynein ‘ to sharpen, provoke, goad’ , from o x y s ‘sharp’ (see oxígen o, “aguja). paroxítono ‘ paroxytone, having heavy stress on the syllable before the last’ : Greek p a ro x íto n o s ‘ having an acute accent on the syllable before the last’, from par‘ beside’ (see para-, °per-) + o x y to n o s ‘ having an acute accent on the last sylla­ ble’ (see o x íto n o , oxíg en o, “aguja, tono, “ tener). párpado ‘ eyelid’ , ultimately from Latin palpebra ‘ eyelid’ (underlying idea: ‘the eye­ lid shakes [i.e., moves q u ick ly ]’ ), from Indo-European pl-p- ‘ to touch; to shake’ (see “palpar). parque ‘ park’ : French pare ‘ park’ , from Old French pare ‘park; enclosure for animals; enclosure’, from Medieval Latin parricus ‘ enclosure for animals; enclosure’ . °parra ‘vine, grapevine’, o f uncertain origin. Related w ord: parrilla. párrafo ‘ paragraph’, probably from Medieval Latin paraphus ‘ paraph, flourish in a sig­ nature; sign used in the margin to mark a

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new section o f writing; section o f writing’ , from paragraphus ‘ sign marking a new section o f writing; section o f writing’ , from Greek parágraphos ‘ line drawn in the margin to mark change o f speaker in a dialogue’ , from paragraphein ‘ to write beside’ , from para- ‘ beside’ (see para-, “per-) + gráphein ‘ to write’ (see °gráfico). parranda ‘ party, revel’ , perhaps from Basque parre (also parra, barre) ‘ laughter’ . parricida ‘ parricide, killer o f a near relative’ : Latin parricida ‘ killer o f a near relative’ , from parri- ‘relative’ + -cida ‘killer o f ’ (see -cida, °cesura). parrilla ‘ gridiron’ : parrilla, diminutive o f pa­ rra ‘ vine, grapevine’ (see °parra), from the resemblance in shape between the frame­ work o f bars used for broiling and that used to make grapevines climb. For -ilia ‘ small’ , see -ilia. parroquia ‘ parish; clientele’ : Late Latin parochia, from Late Greek paroikia ‘ par­ ish’ , from pároikos ‘ Christian’ , from Greek pároikos ‘ stranger; neighbor’ , from par- ‘ near, beside’ (see para-, °per-) + oikos ‘ house’ (see ecología, °vecino). The mean­ ing ‘ clientele’ in Spanish and the Late Latin -ch- instead o f -c- derive from a con ­ fusion o f Greek pároikos ‘ stranger’ with párokhos ‘supplier’ . parroquiano ‘ customer, client’ : parroquia ‘ clientele’ (see parroquia, para-, “per-, ecología, °vecin o) + -ano ‘o f ’ (see -ano2). parsimonia ‘ parsimony’ : Latin parsimonia ‘ parsimony, frugality’ , from parsus, past participle o f parcere ‘to spare’ (see “par­ co). Latin -monia is an ending o f abstract nouns derived from adjectives (as in acri­ monia). parte ‘ a part’ : Latin partem, accusative o f pars (stem part-) ‘ part, share’ , from IndoEuropean par-ti-, pr-ti- ‘ part’ , from pr(from per- ‘ to grant’ ; see “parar) + -ti-, a verbal-abstract suffix (see “ mortal). partenogénesis ‘ parthenogenesis’ : New Latin parthenogenesis ‘ parthenogenesis’ (in En­ glish, 1849), from partheno- ‘ virgin, with­ out fertilization’ (from Greek partheno‘ virgin’ , from parthénos ‘virgin’ ) + Latin genesis ‘ birth, origin’ (see génesis, “género, “ mortal). partera ‘ m idwife’ (partero ‘ obstetrician’ ): parto ‘act o f giving birth’ (see parto, parir, “parar) + -era ‘o f, connected w ith’ (see -era2).

pasa

participar ‘ to take part; to notify, share with others’ : Latin participare ‘ to participate, partake’ , from particip-, stem o f particeps ‘ participant, partaker’ , from parti- (from part-, stem o f pars ‘ part, share’ [see parte, “parar, “ mortal] + -i-, a connective vowel [see -i-2] ) + -ceps ‘ taker’ (see mancebo, “capaz). participio ‘ participle’ : Latin participium ‘ participle’ (translation o f Greek m etokhe ‘ participation, sharing; participle’ , from m etékhein ‘ to share in’ ), from particeps ‘ participant’ (see participar, parte, “parar, “ mortal, -i-2, mancebo, “capaz). partícula ‘ particle’ : Latin partícula ‘small part’, diminutive o f pars (stem part-) ‘part’ (see parte, “parar). For Latin -icula ‘small’ , see -icula. particular ‘ particular; private’ : Late Latin particularis ‘ o f a single person or thing’ , from Latin partícula ‘ small part’ (see par­ tícula, parte, “parar, -icula) + -aris ‘ o f ’ (see -ar2, °-al). partida ‘departure; entry (in a register or list)’ : partir ‘ to depart; to divide’ (see partir, parte, “parar) + -ida, a suffix forming feminine nouns from verbs (see -ida). partido ‘ party, follow ing; game’ : partido ‘ divided’ , past participle o f partir ‘ to divide’ (see partir, parte, “parar), from the meaning ‘ body o f persons forming one side (as in a contest)’ . partir ‘ to part, divide; to part, depart’ : Latin partiré, partiri ‘ to divide’ , from part-, stem o f pars ‘ part’ (see parte, “parar). The meaning ‘ depart, go away’ derives from the idea o f ‘ separation’ . partitura ‘ musical score’ : Italian partitura ‘ full musical score showing each part on a separate line’ , from partito ‘ divided’ , past participle o f partiré ‘to divide’ (from Latin partiré ‘to divide’ ; see partir, parte, “parar), + -ura ‘ result’ , from Latin -ura ‘ result’ (see “-ura). parto ‘ act o f giving birth, parturition’ : Latin partus ‘ act o f giving birth’ , from partus, past participle o f parere ‘to give birth’ (see parir, “parar). párvulo ‘ child’ : Latin parvulus ‘ very small’, diminutive o f parvus ‘small’ (see parafina, Sao Paulo, “pueril). pasa ‘raisin’ : Latin passa, from uva passa ‘raisin’ , literally = ‘ spread-out grape’ (underlying meaning: ‘ grapes dried by

pasado

spreading them ou t in the sun’ ), from passa, feminine o f passus ‘spread out, extended’ , past participle o f pondere ‘ to spread’ (see paso, °p a ten te'). For Latin uva ‘grape’, see uva. pasado ‘ past (adjective and noun)’ : pasado ‘ passed’, past participle o f pasar ‘to pass’ (see pasar, paso, “p a ten te'). pasaje ‘ crossing; price o f a journey; passen­ gers’ : pasar ‘to pass, proceed, cross’ (see pasar, paso, “p a ten te') + -aje ‘o f, related to ’ (see -aje). pasajero (adjective and noun) ‘ passing; trav­ eler, passenger’ : pasaje ‘ crossing’ (see pasaje, pasar, paso, “p a ten te') + -ero ‘o f, connected with’ (see -ero'). pasaporte ‘passport’ : F renchpasseport ‘pass­ port; permission to pass through a port’ , from passe, third person singular o f the present subjunctive o f passer ‘to pass’ (from Vulgar Latin *passare ‘ to pass’ ; see pasar, paso, “p a ten te'), + p ort ‘ port, harbor’ , from Latin portus ‘harbor’ (see pu erto, “peroné). pasar ‘to pass; to hand; to sojourn; to hap­ pen’ : Vulgar Latin *passare ‘to pass, proceed’ , from Latin passus ‘ step’ (see paso, “p a ten te') + -are, an infinitive end­ ing (see °-ar'). pascua ‘ Easter; Passover’ : Late Latin pascha, from Late Greek páskha ‘ Easter; Passover’ , from Greek páskha ‘Passover’ , from Hebrew pesah ‘ Passover’ , literally = ‘ a passing over’ , from pásah ‘to pass over’ , from the fact that, according to the Bible, the Israelites in Egypt were spared (passed over) when God smote the first­ born o f the Egyptians (Exodus 12.23-27). pasear ‘ to walk, stroll’ (paseo ‘walk’ ): paso ‘ step’ (see paso, “pa ten te') + -ear, an in­ finitive ending (see -ear, “-izar). pasillo ‘ aisle, passage’ , diminutive o f paso ‘ passage’ , from paso (see paso, “p a ten te') + -illo ‘small’ (see -illo). pasión ‘passion’ : Late Latin passionem, accu­ sative o f passio (stem passion-) ‘ passion; suffering’ , from Latin passus, past partici­ ple o f pati ‘ to suffer’ (see “padecer), + -io ‘act; result’ (see °-ión). pasivo ‘ passive’ : Latin passivus ‘passive; capa­ ble o f suffering’ , from passus, past partici­ ple o f pati ‘ to suffer, undergo’ (see “pade­ cer), + -ivus ‘tending toward’ (see °-ivo). pasmar ‘to w onder’ : Vulgar Latin *pasmare ‘to have a temporary paralysis’ , from

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spasmare ‘to have a cramp’ , from Latin spasmus ‘spasm, cramp’ (see “espasmo) + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). paso ‘step, pace; passage’ : Latin passus ‘step, pace’ , from passus, past participle o f pon­ dere ‘ to spread, stretch o u t’ , from IndoEuropean pa-n-d-, from pad-, variant o f pet- ‘ to spread’ (see “p a ten te'). pasta ‘ dough, paste; soft plastic mixture’ : Late Latin pasta ‘ dough, paste’, probably from Greek pasté ‘ barley porridge, barley sauce’ , from pasté, feminine o f pastos ‘ sprinkled; salted’, from pássein ‘ to sprinkle’ , from Indo-European kwat- ‘to shake’ (see “discutir). pastar ‘ to pasture, graze’ : pasto ‘ pasture’ (see pasto, “pacer) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar' ). pastel ‘ cake, pie’ : Old French pastel ‘ cake, pie’ , from paste (French p á te) ‘dough, paste’ , from Late Latin pasta ‘dough’ (see pasta, “discutir). pasteurizar, pasterizar ‘ to pasteurize’ : French pasteuriser ‘to pasteurize, subject a liquid to a sterilizing process invented by Louis Pasteur (1822—18 95)’ . The French family name Pasteur was originally a name o f occupation, from pasteur ‘shepherd’ , from Latin pastor ‘ shepherd’ (see pastor, pasto, “pacer). pastilla ‘ tablet, pastille’ : Latin pastillus ‘small loaf, roll’ , diminutive o f pañis ‘ bread’ (see pan, “pacer), which probably had an older form *pastnis, that gave *pastnilos. pasto ‘ pasture’ : Latin pastus ‘ pasture, fo d ­ der’ , from pastus, past participle o f pascere ‘to pasture, feed, graze’ (see “pacer). pastor ‘shepherd; minister, pastor’ : Latin pastor ‘ shepherd’ , from pastus ‘ pasture, fodder’ (see pasto, “pacer). The meaning ‘ minister’ derives from a Biblical meta­ phor (‘ spiritual overseer’ ; e.g., in Psalms 23.1). °pata ‘ leg, foot, h oof, paw’ (patada ‘kick’ ): Vulgar Latin *patta ‘ paw; h o o f’ , a word possibly form ed in imitation o f the sound o f hoofs on the ground. Related words: patán, patear, patillas, patín, patrulla. Patagonia ‘Patagonia (region, Argentina and Chile)’ , first used in 1520, literally = ‘ Land o f Patagonians’, from patagones (plural) ‘Patagonians’ — underlying meanning: Targe people; giants’ — (a name given by Magellan in 1520 to the local

401

Indians — w ho painted their faces and wore skins that made them look massive — [from patagón (singular), from Patagón, name o f a monster in the chivalry ro­ mance El Primaleón (first edition, 1512) which was very popular at the time. The word is not related to pata ‘ fo o t ’ except in folk etym ology. Compare obsolete English (1818) Patagonian = ‘ giant; gigan­ tic’ ] ) + -ia ‘area, country’ (see -ia). patán ‘rustic’ : pata ‘ leg (o f an animal)’ , from the idea that rustics walk like animals (see °pata), + -án ‘ o f ’ (see -án2). patata ‘ p otato’ (source o f English potato)-, batata ‘ sweet p otato’ (influenced by papa ‘ p otato’ ). See °batata, papa1. patear ‘to kick’ : pata ‘ leg, fo o t’ (see °pata) + -ear, an infinitive ending (see -ear). "patente 1 ‘ evident’ : Latin patentem , accusa­ tive o f patens ‘ open’ (stem patent-), from patens, present participle o f patere ‘ to be open, be evident’ , from Indo-European pat-e- ‘ to be spread’ , stative form o f pat-, variant o f pet- ‘ to spread, spread o u t’ (for Indo-European stative -i-, see °tumor). Related words: antepasado, compás, ex ­ pansion, paella, pasa, pasado, pasaje, pa­ sajero, pasaporte, pasar, pasear, pasillo, paso, p a ten te2, patíbulo, pátina, pétalo, repasar. patente 2 ‘ charter; patent’ : (carta) patente ‘letters patent’ (underlying meaning: ‘ open document, public docum ent’ ). See carta, pa ten te1. paterno ‘ paternal’ (paternal‘ paternal’ ): Latin paternus ‘ paternal, fatherly’ , from pater ‘ father’ (see °padre). “patético ‘ pathetic’ : Late Latin patheticus ‘ pathetic’ , from Greek pathétikós ‘ capa­ ble o f feeling, sensitive, pathetic’, from pathétós ‘ liable to suffer’ , from páthos ‘ feeling, experience, em otion, passion, suffering’ , from Indo-European kwnth-, from kwenth- ‘ to suffer’ . Related words: antipático, apatía, homeopatía, patógeno, patología, simpatía. patíbulo ‘gibbet, gallows’ : Latin patibulum ‘ fork-shaped gibbet’ , from patere ‘to be open, stretch ou t’ (see “p a ten te1) + -ibulum ‘ instrument’, from -i-, a connective vowel (see -i-2), + -bulum ‘ instrument’ (see °-bulo). patillas ‘sideburns’ : pata ‘ leg, fo o t ’ (see °pata) + -illas, plural o f -ilia ‘ small’ (see -ilia). patín ‘ skate’ (patinar ‘ to skate’ ), probably

patriota

from French patin ‘ skate’ , earlier = ‘ san­ dal, shoe’ , from patte ‘leg, h o o f’ , from Vulgar Latin *patta ‘ h o o f’ (see °pata). pátina ‘patina’ : Italian patina ‘ patina (thin layer o f corrosion on copper)’, from patina ‘ mixture for coating skins (prepared in a plate or b o w l)’, from Latin patjna ‘ plate’ (see paella, °p a ten te1). patio ‘ court, courtyard’ : Old Spanish patio ‘ courtyard; building lot; untilled land’ , perhaps from Old Provencal patu, pati ‘ building lot; rented land; rented pasture’ (from Latin pactum ‘agreement, contract, lease’ ?). pato ‘ duck’, o f imitative origin (from the calling cry?; akin to pata ‘ foot, paw’? [from the duck’s way o f w alkin g]). patógeno ‘ pathogenic’ : New Latin patho‘ disease, suffering’ (from Greek patho-, from páthos ‘ suffering’ ; see °p a tético ) + Spanish -geno ‘ causing, producing; capable o f causing’ , from Greek -genes ‘ -born’ (see hidrógeno, °género). In English, patho­ genic, 1852. patología ‘ pathology’ : French pathologie ‘ pathology, study o f diseases’ (1550), from Greek pathologia ‘study o f the passions or o f suffering’, from patho‘ passion, suffering’ ; see"p a tético) + -logia ‘ study o f ’ (see -logia, °leer). patria ‘ native country’ : Latin patria (noun) ‘ native country’ (underlying meaning: ‘ land o f on e’s father’ ), from patria (adjec­ tive), feminine o f patrius ‘o f a father, paternal’ , from patr-, stem o f pater ‘ father’ (see °padre). patriarca ‘ patriarch’ : Late Latin patriarcha ‘ patriarch, father and leader o f a clan’ , from Greek patriárkhés ‘ patriarch’, from patrió ‘ lineage, clan, fam ily’ (from patr-, stem o f pater ‘father’ ; see patriota, °pa­ dre) + -árkhés, from arkhós ‘ leader, ruler, chief’ (see °archi-). patrimonio ‘ inheritance; wealth’ : Latin patrimonium ‘inheritance’ (underlying mean­ ing: ‘ property inherited from on e’s father’ ), from patr-, stem o f pater ‘fa­ ther’ (see °padre), + -i-, a connective vowel (see -i-2), + -monium, an ending o f abstract nouns (see matrimonio). patriota ‘ patriot’ (patriótico ‘ patriotic’, pa­ triotismo ‘ patriotism’ ): French patrióte ‘ patriot’ , from Old French patrióte ‘ com ­ patriot’ , from Late Latin patriota, from Greek patriótés ‘ com patriot’ , from pátri-

patrocinar

os ‘ o f one’s father’ , from patr-, stem o f pater ‘ father’ , from Indo-European pter ‘ father’ (see °padre). patrocinar ‘to sponsor, patronize’ : Latin patrocinan ‘ to sponsor, protect’ , from patrocinium ‘ protection, defense’ , from patronus ‘ protector, defender’ (see pa­ trón, °padre). patrón ‘ model, standard; employer, patron’ (patronal ‘ patronal’ ): Medieval Latin pa­ tronus ‘ patron; pattern; patron saint’ , from Latin patronus ‘ patron, protector, defender’ , from patr-, stem o f pater ‘ fa­ ther’ (see °padre). patroním ico ‘ patronym ic’ : Late Latin patronymicus ‘ o f a patronymic’ , from Greek patrónym ikós ‘ o f a patronym ic’ (underly­ ing meaning: ‘ derived from father’s name’ ), from patronym ia ‘ patronymic (noun)’ (from patr- ‘ father’ [see patriota, °padre] + ónyma ‘ name’ [see -ánimo, ° nom bre] + -ia [see -¡a]) + -ikós ‘ o f ’ (see "-ico1). patrono ‘ patron’ : Medieval Latin patronus ‘ patron, patron saint’ (s e e patrón, "padre). patrulla ‘ patrol’ : French patrouille ‘ patrol’ , from patrouiller ‘to patrol’ , from Old French patouiller ‘ to tramp around in the mud’ , from patte ‘ h o o f’ (from Vulgar Latin *patta ‘ h o o f’ ; see °pata) + -ouiller, a verb-forming suffix. paulatino ‘ slow, gradual’ : Latin paulatim ‘ gradually, a little at a tim e’, from paulus ‘ little, small’ (see Sao Paulo, "pueril). °pausa ‘ pause, respite’ : Latin pausa ‘ pause’ , from Greek paúsis ‘ pause, stopping’ , from paúein ‘to stop’ . Related words: aposen­ to, mariposa, menopausia, posada, posar, reposar. pauta ‘standard, rule, pattern’ : Medieval Latin pacta ‘ law’, from Latin pacta, plural o f pactum ‘ pact, agreement’ (see p a cto, "paz). pavana ‘ pavane (kind o f dance)’ : Italian pa­ vana ‘ pavane’ , from Old Italian pavana, feminine o f pavono (Italian padovano) ‘ from Padua’ , from Padova ‘ Padua (city in northeastern Italy)’ , o f uncertain origin, probably not akin to Latin Patavium ‘Padua’ (first century B.C.); Italian Pado­ va may be akin to Latin Padus ‘Po (river that flows about 50 km south o f Padua)’ . pavimento ‘ pavement’ : Latin pavimentum ‘ pavement’ , from pavire ‘to beat, strike, stamp’ (from Indo-European paw-yo- ‘to

402

strike’ , from paw-, variant o f peu- ‘to cut, strike’ ; see "podar) + -i-, thematic vowel (see "-i-1), + -mentum ‘ product or result o f action’ (see "-m entó). °pavo ‘turkey’ : Old Spanish pavo ‘ peacock’ (Spanish pavo real), from Latin pavo (also pavus) ‘ peacock’ , probably akin to Greek taos ‘ peacock’ . Related expression: pavo real. pavor ‘ fear’ : Latin pavor ‘fear’, from pavere ‘ to fear, be struck with fear’ , from IndoEuropean paw-yo- ‘ to strike’ (see pavi­ m ento, "podar). pavo real ‘ peacock’ , literally = ‘real peacock’ , from Old Spanish pavo ‘ peacock’ (see "pavo) + real ‘real’ , an adjective added when the word pavo began to be used with the meaning ‘ turkey’ . payaso ‘ clow n’ : French paillasse ‘ clow n’ (also = ‘ paillasse, thin mattress made o f a canvas sack filled with straw’ , from paille ‘straw’ ), translation o f Italian pagliaccio ‘ clow n; (obsolete) paillasse’ , from paglia ‘ straw’ , from Latin palea ‘straw’ (see paja, "polen). In traditional Italian com e­ dy, the b u ffoon or pagliaccio wore a costume made o f a coarse fabric similar to the outer sack o f a paillasse, which made him look like a sack or puppet filled with straw. °paz ‘ peace’ : Latin pa cem , accusative o f pax (stem pac-) ‘ peace’ (underlying meaning: ‘ a fastening (o f people, b y agreement)’ , from Indo-European pak-, variant o f pag‘ to fasten’ . Related words: apaciguar, apagar, com pacto, im pacto, p a cífico, Pa­ cífico (O céano), pa cto, pagano, pagar, página, pago, país, paisaje, paisano, Países Bajos, pala, paleta, paliza, palo, pauta, Paz (La), pectina, propaganda, propagar, trabajar-, probably: empatar. Paz (La) ‘ La Paz (city, Bolivia)’ , from its full name, La Paz de A yacuch o, literally = ‘ The Peace o f A yacucho’ , given it in 1825 to commemorate the signing o f the peace after a decisive battle that took place at Ayacucho, Peru, in 1824, during the war o f independence against Spain. The pres­ ent designation also recalls the earlier name o f the town, Nuestra Señora de la Paz, literally = ‘ Our Lady o f the Peace’ , given it on its founding, in 1548. See la1 and paz. pe ‘ the letter p ’ : Latin p e ‘ the letter p ’ , from Greek p e í (Medieval Greek pi), sixteenth

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letter o f the Greek alphabet, o f Semitic origin, akin to Hebrew p e , acrophonic name o f the seventeenth letter o f the Hebrew alphabet, literally = ‘ m outh’ (the circumstance that its Semitic graphic sign was similar to a mouth may have con ­ tributed to the choice o f the name; com ­ pare alfabeto). The difference in the ordinal numbers is due to the fact that the Greek letter vau (also called digam­ ma) — that corresponds to waw, sixth letter o f the Hebrew alphabet — early fell into disuse. The Greek name, supported by the first vowel o f the names o f the second and fourth letters o f the Greek alphabet (beta, delta-, the first vowel o f beta slightly longer than that o f délta), in­ fluenced the choice o f the Latin names (perhaps preceded by similar names in Etruscan, or in dialectal Greek) o f b (be), c (ce), d (de), t (te), and later (around 210 B.C.; compare to ca y o ) g (ge). In general in the Latin name o f a letter an e follow s a consonant which is a stop, pre­ cedes other consonants (com pare efe). On the analogy o f be, ce, etc., the names che, ve, y e were formed in Spanish. peaje ‘toll for passage (highway, bridge)’ : Catalan peatge ‘toll’ , from Medieval Latin pedagium, pedaticum ‘toll’ , from Latin ped-, stem o f pes ‘ fo o t ’ (see °pie), + -agium (from -aticum) or -aticum ‘o f, related to ’ (see -ático). peatón ‘ pedestrian’ : French piéton ‘ pedestri­ an’ (around 1300), from pied ‘ fo o t ’ (from Latin ped em , accusative o f pes ‘ fo o t ’ ; see °pie). Many French words derived from pied change the -d to -t- (e.g., em piéter ‘ to encroach upon ’ , piétiner ‘ to trample; to stamp’ ). pecado ‘sin’ : Latin peccatum ‘sin’ , from peccatum, neuter o f peccatus, past participle o f peccare ‘ to sin’ (see pecar, °pie). pecador ‘ sinner’ : Latin p ecca tor ‘sinner’ , from peccare ‘ to sin’ (see pecar, °pie) + -ator ‘ acting, doer’ (see -ador1). pecar ‘ to sin’ : Latin peccare ‘ to sin, stumble’ , from Indo-European ped-ko- ‘stumbling’ , from ped- ‘ to stumble’ , from ped- ‘ fo o t’ (see °pie). pécari ‘ peccary’ , o f Cariban origin (akin to Apalai pakira ‘ peccary’ ). pectina ‘ pectin’ : French pectine ‘ pectin’ , from p ectiqu e ‘ pectic’ (from Greek pektikós ‘ coagulating’ , from p ek tós ‘coagu­

pedante

lated’ , from pegnynai ‘to fix, fasten, coagulate’ , from Indo-European pág-, from pag- ‘ to fasten’ ; see °paz) + -ine ‘ chemical substance’ (see -ina1,°-in o). pectoral ‘ pectoral’ : Latin pectoralis ‘o f the breast’ , from pector-, stem o f pectus ‘ breast’ (see °pech o), + -alis ‘o f ’ (see °-al). "pecuario ‘ o f cattle’ : Latin pecuarius ‘o f cattle’ , from p ecu , pecus ‘ cattle’ (under­ lying meaning: ‘wealth in the form o f cattle’ ), from Indo-European peku‘ wealth’ . Related words: F eroé, feudal, peculado, peculiar, peculio, pecuniario. peculado ‘ embezzlement, peculation’ : Latin peculatus ‘ embezzlement’, from peculatus, past participle o f peculari ‘to embezzle’ , from peculium ‘ private property’ (see peculio, °pecuario). peculiar ‘strange, peculiar’ : Latin peculiaris ‘ o f private property, individual, special’, from peculium ‘ private property’ (see pecu lio, °pecuario) + -aris ‘ o f ’ (see -ar2). peculio ‘ private property’ : Latin peculium ‘ private property; cattle’ (from the an­ cient Roman assessment o f wealth in terms o f cattle), from Indo-European peku-l- ‘wealth’, from peku- ‘ wealth’ (see °pecuario). pecuniario ‘ o f m oney, pecuniary’ : Latin pecuniarius ‘o f m oney’ , from pecunia ‘m on­ ey, property’ , from Indo-European peku-n- ‘wealth’ , from peku- ‘wealth’ (see °pecuario). "pecho ‘ chest, breast’ : Latin pectus (stem p ector-) ‘ chest, breast’ , from Indo-Euro­ pean pek-tos, from pek-, variant o f peg‘ breast’. Related words: apretar, ex p ecto ­ rar, pectoral, petirrojo, pretil, prieto. pedagogo ‘ teacher’ : Latin paedagogus ‘ teach­ er’ , from Greek paidagogós ‘ teacher’ , originally = ‘slave w ho takes young boys to school and has the charge o f them at hom e’ , from paid-, stem o f pais ‘ child, b o y ’ (from Indo-European pawid-, from pau- ‘ b o y ; child’ , variant o f pou- ‘small’ ; see °pueril), + agógós ‘ leader, escort; leading’ , from ágein ‘ to lead, drive’ (see agonía, °agente). pedal ‘ a pedal’ , originally = ‘organ pedal (lever operated by the fo o t )’ : Italian pedale ‘ organ pedal’, from Latin pedalis ‘o f the fo o t ’ , from ped-, stem o f pes ‘ fo o t ’ (see °pie), + -alis ‘ o f ’ (see °-al). pedante ‘ pedant’ : Italian pedante ‘ pedant’ , possibly from Latin paedagogantem, ac-

pedazo

cusative o f paedagogans (stem paedagogant-) ‘ instructing’ , present participle o f paedagogare''to instruct’ , from paedagogus ‘teacher’ (see p ed agogo). pedazo ‘ piece’ : Vulgar Latinpitacciu ‘ piece’ , from Latin pittacium ‘ piece o f parchment or linen or leather’ , from Greek pittákion ‘ piece o f parchment, writing tablet; plaster (for healing)’, probably akin to Indo-European pik- ‘pitch, tar, resin’ (see °pez2). pedernal ‘ flint’ : obsolete pedreñal ‘ flint’, from Late Latin petrinus ‘ o f stone’ (see empedernido, piedra, °p étreo). pedestal ‘ pedestal’ : Old French piedestal (French piédestal), from Old Italian piedestallo, from pie di stallo, literally = ‘ fo o t o f a stall’ , from pie ‘ fo o t’ (from Latin pes; see °pie) + di ‘ o f ’ (from Latin de-, see °de2) + stallo ‘stall, standing place’ , from Germanic stalla- (see °insta­ lar). "pediatría ‘ pediatrics’ : ped- ‘ child’ (from Greek paid-, a prefix, from paid-, stem o f pais ‘ child’ ; see pedagogo, °pueril) + -iatria ‘medical treatment’ , from Greek iatreia ‘ art o f healing, action o f healing’ , from iatrós ‘ physician, healer’ , from iásthai ‘ to heal, cure’ (related word: psiquiatra). In English, pediatrics, 1884. "pedir ‘to ask (favor)’ : Latin petere ‘ to ask, request, go toward, seek, fall upon, fly at’ , from Indo-European pet- ‘ to rush, fly ’ . Related words: apetito, áptero, asín­ tota, azorar, A zores, com petir, despedir, helicóptero, hipopótam o, ím petu, lepidóptero, Mesopotamia, oropéndola, pana, penacho, pendón, peña, peripecia, p erpe­ tuo, petición, petulante, pináculo, propi­ cio, -ptero, pterodáctilo, repetir, síntoma. pedrada ‘ blow from a stone’ : pedr-, base o f piedra ‘stone’ (see piedra, °pétreo). Pedro, masculine given name (corresponding to English P eter): Latin Petrus, from Greek Pétros, a masculine given name, literally = ‘ Stone, R o ck ’ , from pétros ‘stone’ and pétra ‘ rock’ (see °p étreo). The Greek name is a loan translation o f Aramaic Kephá (Greek transliteration Képhás, English Cephas), an alternate name o f Saint Peter (disciple o f Jesus, died around A.D. 67; began preaching in Jerusalem around A.D. 33; originally called Sim e‘on ‘ Simon’ , later Sime'on Kephá ‘ Simon Peter’ ). It is said that Jesus

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gave Simon the new name o f ‘ R o ck ’ ; the Gospels do not say why, and contain con ­ flicting evidence as to when: John 1.42; Mark 3.16; Luke 6.14; Matthew 16.18 “ And I tell you, you are Peter (Greek Pétros), and on this rock (Greek pétra) I will build my church” . pegar ‘to strike, hit, beat; to stick, fasten, attach’ : Latin picare ‘ to bedaub with pitch’, from pic-, stem o f p ix ‘ pitch’ (see °p ez2), + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-ar‘ ). The earlier o f the Spanish meanings was ‘ to stick’ . peinar ‘ to com b ’ : Latin pectinare ‘ to com b’ , from pectin-, stem o f p ecten ‘ a com b ’ (see °peine). "peine ‘ com b ’ : Latin pectinem , accusative o f p ecten (stem pectin-) ‘ a com b’ , from Indo-European pekt-en ‘ a com b’ , from pekt- ‘ to com b ’ , from pek- ‘to fleece, pluck (w ool, hair), com b ’ . Related w ord: peinar. Pekín, Pequín, Beijing ‘Peking (capital o f China)’ : Chinese Beijing ‘Peking’, literally = ‘North Capital’ , from béi ‘ north’ + jing ‘ capital’ (com pare Nankin). The site o f the tow n has been inhabited since about 1000 B.C., but the present name was first given the city in 1403 (although it was officially made the capital o f the Ming dynasty [1368—16 44] on ly in 1420 or 1421 when Nanking became a subsidiary capital). pelagra ‘ pellagra’ : Italian pellagra ‘ pellagra’ , from pelle ‘ skin’ (from Latin pellis ‘skin’ ; see °piel) + -agra ‘seizure o f pain’ , from Latin -agra, from Greek -agra ‘seizure’ , from ágra ‘seizure, a seizing, a hunting, catch’ . pelar ‘to peel’ : Latin pilare ‘ to remove the hair from , deprive o f hair, depilate’ , from pilus ‘ hair’ (see °pelo) + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-ar‘ ). pelear ‘to fight’ (pelea ‘a fight’ ): p elo ‘hair’ (see °pelo), from the original underlying meaning o f ‘to fight pulling hair’ , + -ear ‘ repeated action’ (see -ear, °-izar). pelícano ‘ pelican’ : Late Latin pelicanus, pelecanus, from Greek pelekán ‘ pelican’ , from pélek ys ‘ ax, battle-ax’, probably from the shape o f this bird’s large bill, most likely o f non-Indo-European origin (probably akin to Akkadianpilaqqu ‘ax’ ). película ‘ film ’ : Medieval Latin pellicula ‘ thin skin, membrane’ , fiom Latin pellicula

405

‘ small skin’ , diminutive o f pellis ‘skin’ (see °piel). For Latin -icula ‘small’ , see -icula. “peligro ‘ danger’ : obsolete periglo (by meta­ thesis), from Latin periculum, periclum ‘ danger; trial, attempt’ , from Indo-Euro­ pean peri-tlo- ‘ trial, attempt; danger’ , from peri-, from per- ‘to try; to risk’ (underlying meaning: ‘to go forward’ ), akin to p er ‘forward’ (see °per-). Related words: em pírico, experiencia, experim en­ to, exp erto, peligroso, pericia, perito, pi­ rata. peligroso ‘ dangerous’ : obsolete perigloso, from Latin periculosus ‘dangerous’, from periculum ‘danger’ (see "peligro) + -osus ‘ having’ (s e e -oso). pelirrojo ‘redhead (ed )’ : p elo ‘ hair’ + -i-, con ­ nective vowel (see -i-2), + rojo ‘ red’ . See p elo, rojo. “pelo ‘ hair’ : Latin pilus ‘ hair’ . Related words: espeluznante, pelar, pelear, pelirrojo, p elón , peludo, terciopelo-, probably: pi­ llar, pillo. pelón ‘ hairless, bald’ : p elo ‘ hair’ (see "pelo). Through ironical use o f ‘hairy’ for the o p ­ posite? (but compare rabón ‘tailless’ , from rabo ‘tail’ ). Or, since -ón may be dis­ paraging, pelón may have meant both ‘ someone with to o much hair’ and ‘some­ one with to o little hair’ . Finally, -ón occa­ sionally seems to have a diminutive mean­ ing (see -ón). “pelota ‘ ball’ : Old French p elote ‘little ball’ , from Vulgar Latin *pilota or *pilotta ‘ little ball’ , diminutive o f Latin pila ‘ball’ . Related words: p elotón , píldora. pelotón ‘ platoon’ : French p elotón ‘ platoon; group o f persons’ , from p eloton ‘ clew (ball o f yarn), little ball’, from p elo te ‘ ball’ , from Old French p elo te ‘ little ball’ (see "pelota). peluca ‘wig’ : obsolete perruca ‘wig’ (influ­ enced by pelo ‘ hair’ ), probably from French perruque ‘wig’ , from Old Italian perrucca (Italian parrucca) ‘ head o f hair; wig’ , o f disputed origin. peludo ‘ hairy’ : p elo ‘ hair’ (see "pelo) + -udo ‘ having m uch’ (see -udo). pelvis ‘ pelvis’ : New Latin pelvis ‘ pelvis’ (in English, 1615), from Latin pelvis ‘ basin’ , from Indo-European pel-owi- ‘ dish’ , from pel- ‘ dish’ (source, likewise, o f Greek pella ‘w ooden bow l’ ). pellejo ‘skin’ : pelleja ‘ hide’ , from Latin pelli­

penicilina

cula ‘small skin’ (see película, "piel, -icu­ la). “pena ‘ trouble, grief; sanction’ : Latin poena ‘ penalty, punishment; pain’, from Greek p oin e ‘ a fine; penalty; payment’ , from Indo-European kwoi-na ‘ penalty’, from kwoi-, from kwei- ‘to pay, compensate, pay compensation for an injury’ . Related words: apenas, impune, penal, penoso. penacho‘ plume, panache’ : Italianpennacchio ‘ panache’ , from Late Latin pinnaculum ‘small feather’ , diminutive o f Latin pinna ‘ feather’ (see pináculo, peña, "pedir, -ulo). For Latin -culum ‘ little on e’ , see -c u lo '. penal ‘ penal’ : Latin poenalis ‘ punitive’ , from poena ‘ penalty, punishment’ (see "pena) + -alis ‘ o f ’ (see °-al). pendencia ‘ quarrel’ : Latinpaenitentia ‘ regret’ (see "penitencia). “pender ‘ to hang’ {pendiente ‘ steep; aslope’ ): Latin pendere ‘ to hang, be suspended; to weigh; to pay’ , from Indo-European pend‘ to hang; to weigh; to stretch’ , from pen-, variant o f spen- ‘ to stretch’ . Related words: apéndice, com pendio, compensar, depender, dispensar', dispensar2, inde­ pendencia, péndulo, pensar, pensión, perpendicular, pesa, pesado, pésame, pesar, peseta, p e s o ', p e s o 2, ponderar, re­ compensar, suspender. pendón ‘ pennon, banner’ : Old French penon ‘ pennon’ , augmentative o f penne ‘ feather; wing’ (influenced by pender ‘to hang’ ), from Latin penna ‘ feather; wing’ (see peña, "pedir). péndulo ‘ pendulum’ : Italian pendolo ‘ pen­ dulum’ (1 637), from Latin pendulum, neuter o f pendulus (adjective) ‘ hanging loosely, hanging dow n’ , from pendere ‘ to hang’ (see "pender). penetrar ‘ to enter, penetrate’ : Latin penetra­ re ‘ to penetrate’ , from penitus ‘ inwardly, deeply’ , from penus ‘ innermost part o f a house’ , akin to Penates ‘ household gods’ . “penicilina ‘ penicillin’ : English penicillin (1929), from New Latin penicillium (in English, 1867) ‘ mold that produces brush­ like tufts o f fine filaments and is used to make penicillin’ (from Latin penicillus ‘ brush’ , literally = ‘small tail’ , diminutive o f penis ‘ tail; penis’ , from *pesnis, from Indo-European pes-ni- ‘ penis’ , from pes‘penis’ ; related w ord: pincel) + English -in ‘ pharmaceutical product’ , from New

peninsula

Latin -ina ‘ pharmaceutical product’ (see aspirina, °-ino). °pem'nsula ‘ peninsula’ : Latin paeninsula, p e ­ ninsula ‘ peninsula’, from paene-, pene‘almost’ (from paene, pene ‘ almost’ . Related words: penúltim o, penum bra) + insula ‘ island’ (see °isla). penique ‘ penny’ : Old English penig ‘ penny’ (the later form, in Middle English and English, being p en n y), akin to Old High German pfenning ‘ penny’ (German Pfen­ nig), perhaps ultimately from Latin pannus ‘ cloth’ (see °paño), since garments and pieces o f cloth were often used as a medium o f exchange in the Middle Ages in parts o f Europe where Germanic languages were spoken. "penitencia ‘ penance’ : Medieval Latinpoenitentia ‘ penance’ , from Latin paenitentia ‘ regret’ (influenced by Latin poena ‘ penalty; pain’ ), from paenitent-, stem o f paenitens, present participle o f paenitere ‘ to be sorry’ . Related words: arrepenti­ miento, arrepentirse, pendencia. “Penjab, Panjab ‘Punjab (region, southwest­ ern Asia)’ : Persian Panjdb — documented in 1333 — (the form Penjab through French Pendjab), from Sanskrit Pañca Ápah, literally = ‘ Five Rivers’ (referring to the area watered by five tributaries o f the Indus — the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beás and Sutlej rivers), from pañca ‘ five’ (from Indo-European penkw e ‘ five’ ; see °cinco) + apah ‘ river’ , from Indo-Europe­ an ap- ‘water, river’ (related w ord: julepe-, possibly: apio, Maldivas, Nepal). penoso ‘ painful’ : pena ‘ grief’ (see °pena) + -oso ‘ abounding in’ (see -oso). pensar ‘ t o ' think’ (pensamiento ‘ thought; pansy’ ): Latin pensare ‘ to weigh, ponder, consider’ , frequentative o f pendere ‘ to hang’ (see °pender), from pensus, past participle of pendere; pensamiento ‘ thought’ also means ‘ pansy’ because the flower o f this garden plant was con­ sidered a symbol o f thought and remem­ brance (compare French pensée ‘ thought; pansy’ , source o f English pansy). Doublet: pesar. Pensilvania ‘Pennsylvania (state, U .S.)’ : En­ glish Pennsylvania, from New Latin Penn­ sylvania, literally = ‘ Penn’s w ooded terri­ tory ’, a name given the area in 1681, from William Penn (1621—1670), English naval commander and father o f William

40 6

Penn (1644—1718, English Quaker leader, founder o f the colon y o f Pennsylvania), + New Latin -sylvania ‘w oodland’ (as in Medieval Latin Transylvania ‘Transylvania (in Romania)’ , twelfth century), from Medieval Latin silvanus, sylvanus ‘o f the w ood s’ (from Latin silva, sylva ‘w ood , forest’ [see °selva] + -anus ‘o f ’ [see "-uno1] ) + -ia ‘ area, territory’ (see -id). The English family-name Penn is probably o f geographic origin, = either ‘Headland, Prom ontory’ (from Welsh pen ‘ head’ ; see °pingiiino) or ‘ pen (enclosure for ani­ mals)’ , from Old English penn ‘pen’ (underlying meaning: ‘made with stakes’ ), from Indo-European bend- ‘ point that juts ou t’ . pensión ‘ pension; boardinghouse’ : Medieval Latin pensionem , accusative o f pensio (stem pension-) ‘ pension’ , from Latin pensio ‘ payment’ , from pensus, past participle o f pendere ‘to weigh; to pay’ (see °pender), + -io ‘ process; result’ (see °-ión). The meaning ‘boardinghouse’ de­ rives from French pension ‘boarding­ house’ , originally = ‘ payment for board’ . pentágono ‘ pentagon’ : Greek pentágonos ‘ five-angled’ , from penta- ‘ five’ (see Penta­ teuco, °cinco) + -gonos ‘ -cornered, -angled’ (see °-gono). El Pentágono ‘ the United States military establishment’ is a translation o f English the Pentagon ‘ United States Department o f Defense; United States military com m and’, from the Pentagon, a five-sided building erected in 1943 in Arlington, Virginia (near Wash­ ington, D.C.), that is the headquarters o f the United States Department o f Defense. pentagrama ‘ruled staff (m usic)’ : Greek pen­ ta- ‘ five’ (see Pentateuco, °cin co) + grámma ‘ letter, line o f writing’ (see gramática, °gráfico). Pentateuco ‘Pentateuch (the first five books o f the Bible)’ : Late Latin Pentateuchus, from Greek Pentáteukhos ‘Pentateuch’ , literally = ‘ Five Scrolls’ , from penta- ‘ five’ (from p én te ‘ five’ , from Indo-European penkw e ‘ five’ ; see °cin co) + teúkhos ‘tool, implement, case for papyrus rolls, roll o f writing material’ , from Indo-European dheugh-os‘ tool, implement’ , from dheugh- ‘ useful’ . For Indo-European -os‘ acting, doer’ , see °-or'. penúltimo ‘ penultimate, last but one’ : Latin paenultimus, penultimus ‘ penultimate’ ,

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from paene-, pene- ‘ almost’ (see °penínsu­ la) + ultimus ‘last’ (see último, ° e l¡ ). penumbra ‘shade’ : Latin paene-, pene- ‘al­ m ost’ (see °península) + umbra ‘ shade, shadow’ (see °sombra). penuria ‘ penury, want, scarcity’ : Latin penu­ ria, paenuria ‘ penury’ . peña ‘rock ’ : Latin penna ‘battlement; feath­ er; wing’, from Indo-European pet-na ‘ feather; wing’, from pet- ‘to rush, fly ’ (see °pedir). peón ‘workman; pawn (in chess)’ : Medieval Latin pedon-, stem o f p ed o ‘ fo o t soldier’ , from Late Latin p ed o ‘one with broad feet’ , from Latin ped-, stem o f p es ‘ fo o t’ (see °pie). In chess, pawns represent one o f the four com ponents o f an ancient Indian army — fo o t soldiers (see ajedrez). peor ‘worse; worst’ : Latin p eior ‘worse’ , from Indo-European ped-yos- ‘worse’ (underlying meaning: ‘stumbling, trip­ ping’ ), from ped- ‘ to stumble; to fall’ (from ped- ‘ fo o t ’ ; see °pie) + -yos-, a comparative ending (see °mejor). pepino ‘ cucumber’ : p ep ón ‘m elon; water­ m elon’ , from Latin pepon em , accusative o f p ep o (stem p ep ón -) ‘ m elon’, from Greek p ép ón ‘m elon’ (not eaten until fully ripe), from p ép on ‘ cooked by the sun, ripe’ , from Indo-European pekw - ‘ to co o k ; to ripen’ (see 0cocer). pepsina ‘ pepsin’ : German Pepsin ‘pepsin’ , from Greek pépsis ‘digestion’ (from pepfern ‘ to digest; to c o o k ’ , from Indo-Euro­ pean pekw- ‘ to c o o k ’ ; see °cocer) + -in ‘ enzym e’ , from Latin -ina, a noun suffix (see -ina'1, °-ino). pequeño ‘ small, little’ , o f uncertain origin (like Portuguese p equ eñ o, Italian p iccolo and French p etit, all = ‘ small’ , and Late Latinpisinnus ‘ child’ ). Pequin ‘ Peking’ , see Pekin. “per- ‘ through, throughout; thoroughly; de­ structively’ , as in percibir, perder, perd o­ nar, perdurar, p erecer: Latin per‘ through, to, throughout, thoroughly, com pletely; deviating from , away; destruc­ tively’ (also a prefix denoting com pletion or perfection), from p er ‘ through; by; for’ , from Indo-European per ‘forward; through; first; against’, base o f preposi­ tions, verbal prefixes and verbs. Related words: albaricoque, apreciar, aprobar, apropiado, apropiarse, aproximar, Barlo­ vento, comprobar, desperdicio, despertar,

percha

despreciar, desprecio, em pero, expropiar, fletar, flete, Flores, fornido, imperdible, impermeable, impertérrito, im pertinente, impregnar, ím probo, improvisar, (de) im­ proviso, interpretación, interpretar, intér­ p rete, palanquín, para, para-; parábola, paradigma, and many others beginning with para-; paraíso, parar and its family; paremiología, paréntesis, and others be­ ginning with par-; peligro and its family; perder, perenne, and many others begin­ ning with per-; peri-; pericardio, pericar­ p io, and many others beginning with peri-; p ero, pesebre, por, porcentaje, por­ fía, poste, pre-; precep to, precursor, and many others beginning with pre-; prima­ rio, primate, primavera, prim ero, primi­ cia, primitivo, prim o, prim ogénito, pri­ mor, primordial, prim oroso, princesa, príncipe, principio, prioridad, privado, privar, privilegio, pro, p ro-1 (and p rob o, proceder, etc.), pro-2 (and problema, p ro ­ em io, etc.); prosélito, and others that begin with pros-; prudente, prueba, recí­ p ro co , repercutir, representar, reprobar, reproche, reproducir, siempre. Probably: Tanzania. Note: Indo-European per- ‘to lead, pass over’ is a verbal root that belongs to the group o f Indo-European p er ‘ forward’ ; for derivatives o f the former, see °peroné. pera ‘ pear’ : Latin pira ‘ pears’ , plural o f pirum ‘ pear’ , o f non-Indo-European (proba­ bly Mediterranean) origin. Other Spanish names o f fruits deriving from a Latin plural form include cidra, ciruela, fresa, manzana, and mora. perca ‘ perch (fish)’ : Portuguese perca, from Latin perca, from Greek pérké ‘perch’ , from Indo-European perk- ‘speckled’ (source, likewise, o f Sanskrit prsrii ‘ speckled’ and Latin porcus ‘ a spiny fish’ ). percal ‘ percale’ : French percale, from Persian pargálah ‘ percale’. percibir ‘ to catch sight o f ’ : Latin percipere ‘ to perceive, seize w holly’, from per‘thoroughly’ (see °per-) + -cipere, from capere ‘ to seize’ (see °capaz). percutir ‘to ta p ,, percuss’ : Latin percutere ‘ to strike hard, beat’ , from per- ‘thorough­ ly’ (see °per-) + -cutere, from quatere ‘to shake, strike’ (see °discutir). percha ‘ perch, pole, peg’ : French perche or Catalan perxa, both = ‘ perch, pole, peg’ , and both from Latin pertica ‘ pole, stick,

perder

staff’ . perder ‘to lose’ (perdido ‘ lost’ ): Latin per­ deré ‘ to lose, squander, throw away, destroy’, from per- ‘destructively; away’ (see °per-) + -dere, from dare ‘to give’ (see °dar). perdiz ‘ partridge’ : Latin perdix, from Greek pérdix ‘ partridge’ . perdonar ‘ to pardon, spare’ (perdón ‘ par­ don’ ): Late Latin perdonare ‘to pardon; to give wholeheartedly’ , from Latin per‘ thoroughly’ + donare ‘to give’, from donum ‘ gift’ (see don2, °dar) + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). perdurar ‘to last’ : Latin perdurare ‘to last, endure’ , from per- ‘throughout’ (see°per-) + durare ‘to last, endure’ (see °durar). perecer ‘ to perish’ : obsolete perir ‘ to perish’ (from Latin perire ‘ to perish, disappear, pass away’ , from per- ‘away’ [see °per-] + ire ‘ to g o’ [see °ir ]) + -ecer, an infinitive ending (see °-ecer). peregrino ‘strange; pilgrim’ : Medieval Latin peregrinus ‘ pilgrim; foreign’ , from Latin peregrinus ‘ foreigner, alien, stranger’ , from peregre ‘ abroad’ (from pereger ‘ being abroad’ , from per- ‘ away’ [see °per-] + -eger, from ager ‘ land, field’ [see agrario, °a g en te]) + -inus ‘ o f, from ’ (see °-ino). perejil ‘ parsley’ : Old Provencal peressil (Old French perressil, French persil) ‘parsley’ , from Late Latin petrosilium, from Latin petroselinum ‘ parsley’ , from Greek petrosélinon ‘ parsley; stone parsley’ (underly­ ing meaning: ‘ celery that can grow among stones’ ), from pétros ‘stone, rock ’ (see °p é tr e o ) + sélinon ‘ parsley; celery’ . perenne ‘ perennial’ : Latin perennis ‘ peren­ nial’ , from per- ‘ throughout’ (see °per-) + -ennis, from annus ‘ year’ (see °año). perentorio ‘ peremptory, final’ : Late Latin peremptorius ‘ final, decisive, precluding further action’ , from Latin peremptorius ‘ destructive’ , from perem ptus, past parti­ ciple o f perimere ‘ to take away com plete­ ly, destroy, kill’ , from per- ‘ com pletely’ (see °per-) + -imere, from emere ‘to take’ (see °ejem plo). Pérez, family name: obsolete Pérez, a patro­ nymic (also Pedrez, 1114), literally = ‘ Peter’s son; Peter’s daughter’ (Hispanic Medieval Latin Petrizi, 1061), from Old Spanish Pero (around 1140), variant o f Pedro, a masculine given name (see Pedro,

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°p étreo), + -ez ‘ son o f; daughter oF , a patronymic suffix (see -ez2). pereza ‘sloth, laziness’ (perezoso ‘ lazy’ ): Latin pigritia ‘ laziness’ , from pigr-, base o f piger ‘ lazy’ , + -itia ‘ condition’ (see -icia). perfección ‘ perfection’ : Latin perfection em , accusative o f p erfectio (stem p erfection -) ‘ perfection, com pletion’ , from perfectas ‘perfect, com plete’ (see p erfecto , °per-, °hacer) + -io ‘state o f being’ (see °-ión). perfecto ‘perfect’ : Latin perfectus ‘perfect, complete, finished, excellent’ , from per­ fectus, past participle o f p erficere ‘ to per­ fect, com plete, finish’ , from per- ‘ com ­ pletely’ (see °per-) + -ficere, from facere ‘ to d o, make’ (see °hacer). pérfido ‘ treacherous’ : Latinperfidus ‘treach­ erous, faithless, dishonest’ , from per‘ deviating from ; destruction o f ’ (see °per-) + fides ‘ faith’ (see fe, °fiar). perfil ‘ profile’ : Old Provencal perfil ‘profile; hem (o f a garment)’, from perfilar ‘to hem’, probably imitation o f Italian profilo ‘ profile, outline, contour’ , from profi­ lare ‘to draw in outline’ , from pro‘ forward’ (from Latin pro- ‘ forward’ ; see p r o -', °per-) + filare ‘to spin, draw a line’ , from Late Latin filare ‘to spin’ (see fila, °filo). perforar ‘to perforate’ : Latin perforare ‘ to perforate, bore through’ , from per‘ through’ (see °per-) + forare ‘ to bore, pierce’ (see horadar, °herir). perfumar ‘ to perfume’ (perfume ‘perfum e’), probably from Old Provenga! perfumar ‘ to perfume’ , from per- ‘thoroughly’ (from Latin per--, see °per-) + fumar ‘to smoke, expose to fumes’ , from Latin fu­ mare ‘ to sm oke’ (see °fumar). pergamino ‘scroll, parchment’ : Medieval Latin pergaminum ‘ parchment’ , from Latin pergamino, pergamena, from Greek pergaméné ‘ parchment’ , from pergaméné, feminine o f pergaménós ‘ o f Pergamum’ , from Pérgamon (401 B.C.) ‘Pergamum (ancient Greek city in western Asia Minor, on the site o f the present Bergama in western T urkey)’ , where skins o f sheep and goats were first prepared for writing upon and used as substitutes for papyrus, peri- ‘ around; near’ , as in pericardio, pericar­ p io , periferia: Latin peri-, from Greek peri-, from p e r i ‘around; near’, from IndoEuropean peri ‘around; near’ , from per

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‘ around; near; forward; through’ (see °per-). pericardio ‘ pericardium’ : Greek perikárdion ‘ pericardium’ (second century o f the Christian era), from perikárdion, neuter o f perikárdios ‘ around the heart’ , from peri- ‘ around’ (see peri-, °per-) + kardia ‘ heart’ (see cardiaco, °cordial). pericarpio ‘ pericarp’ : French péricarpe ‘ peri­ carp’ (1556), from Greek perikárpion ‘ pod, husk, shell’ , from peri- ‘ around’ (see peri-, °per-) + -kárpion, from karpós ‘ fruit’ , from Indo-European karp-, variant o f kerp- ‘ to gather, pluck’ (see °carpeta). Note: Greek karpós ‘wrist’ derives from another Indo-European root (compare 0carpo). pericia ‘ skill’ : Latinperitia ‘experience, skill’ , from peritus ‘ experienced, skilled’ (see p erito, experiencia, °peligro) + -ia ‘ quali­ ty ’ (see-¿a). perico ‘ parrakeet’ , possibly from Perico, a pet form o f Pedro (from Pero, variant o f the name Pedro [see Pedro, °p é tr e o ], + -ico ‘ little’ [see ° -z c o ']) used as a proper name for a parrot, or back-formation from periquito (interpreted as a diminutive o f perico, Perico, from Old French perroquet, paroquet ‘ parrot’ , possibly a pet form o f the name Pierre, from Latin Petrus [see Pedro, “p é tr e o ]). The follow ­ ing are examples o f comparable traditional proper names for animals: English and Italian Fido, French Médor, Japanese K oro, Chibi, Taro and Shiro, Russian Bobik for dogs; English Tiger, French Minouche, Russian Murka, Spanish Micifuz for cats; English Partlet for hens and Neddy for donkeys; English Polly, French Jacquot, Russian Yasha for tame parrots. Many o f these names were at first given in reference to their use in literature; e.g., English Partlet, a hen in Chaucer’s The N u n ’s Priest’s Tale (in The Canterbury Tales, end o f the fourteenth century), and French Médor, corresponding to Italian M edoro, a young Saracen in Ludo­ vico A riosto’s Orlando Furioso (1516). Other words for animals derived from proper names are French renard ‘ fo x ’ (replacing Old French goupil), from Old High German Reginhard (literally = ‘ Strong in Council, Wily’ ), the name o f the fo x in certain medieval fables and poem s; and Greek alektryon ‘ c o c k ’ , at

p eriscopio

first ‘ fighting c o c k ’ (in Homer, A lektryon , from aléxein ‘to ward o f f ’ ). °periferia ‘ periphery’ : Late Latin peripheria ‘ outer area, boundary’, from Greek periphéreia ‘ circumference’ , literally = ‘ a moving around’ , from peripherés ‘moving around, carrying around’ (from periphérein ‘ to carry around, turn around’ , from peri- ‘ around’ [see peri-, “p er-] + phérein ‘ to carry’, from Indo-European bher-, ‘ to carry, bring’ [related words: ampolla, ánfora, breva, brindis, circunferencia, conferencia, conifera, diferencia, diferen­ te, diferir, euforia, féretro, -fero, fértil, fósforo, -ífero, indiferencia, indiferente, inferir, metáfora, oferta, ofrecer, ofrenda, oprobio, preferir, proferir, referir, San Cristóbal-Nieves-Anguila, sem áforo, su­ fr ir]) + -eia, a suffix forming feminine nouns (see -ia). perífrasis ‘ periphrasis’ : Latin periphrasis, from Greek periphrasis ‘ periphrasis’ , from periphrázein ‘ to say in a roundabout or indirect w ay’ , from peri- ‘ around’ (see peri-, “p er-) + phrázein ‘to say’ (see “frase). perigeo ‘ perigee’ : Greek perigeion ‘ perigee’, from perigeion, neuter o f perigeios ‘ near the earth’, from peri- ‘ near’ (see peri-, “per-) + -geios, from ge ‘ earth’ (see “g eo ­ grafía). perihelio ‘ perihelion’ : New Latin perihelium ‘ perihelion’ (1596), from Greek peri‘ near’ (see peri-, “p er-) + hélion ‘sun’ (see afelio, “s o l'). perímetro ‘ perimeter’ : Latin perímetros, from Greek perím etros ‘perimeter’ , from peri- ‘ around’ (see peri-, “p er-) + métron ‘ measure’ (see “-m etro). período ‘ period (o f tim e)’ (periódico ‘ news­ paper; periodical’, periodista ‘journalist’ ): Late Latin periodus ‘ period o f time’ , from Latin periodus ‘rhetorical period, sentence’ , from Greek períod os ‘ period o f time, rhetorical period, circuit, way around’ , from peri- ‘ around’ (see peri-, “p er-) + hodós ‘way, journey’ (see “é x o ­ do). peripecia ‘sudden change, peripeteia’ : Greek peripéteia ‘ peripeteia, sudden change’, from peripiptein ‘ to change suddenly, fall into, fall around’ , from peri- ‘ around’ (see peri-, “per-) + piptein ‘ to fall’ (see sínto­ ma, “pedir). periscopio ‘ periscope’ : peri- ‘ around’ (see peri-, “p er-) + -scopio ‘ means for viewing’

periselene

(see -scopio, calidoscopio, °espejo). periselene ‘ perilune, point nearest the m oon in the path o f a body orbiting it’ , from peri- ‘ near’ (see peri-, “per-) + -selene ‘ m oon ’ , from Greek selene ‘ m oon ’ (see “setenio). peristáltico ‘ peristaltic’ : Greek peristaltikós ‘ peristaltic (second century o f the Chris­ tian era); compressing around, wrapping around’ , from peristéllein ‘to wrap around’ , from peri- ‘ around’ (see peri-, °per-) + stéllein ‘ to put’ (see diástole, “ in­ stalar)i. perito ‘expert’ : Latin peritus ‘ experienced, skilled’ , from -periri, as in experiri ‘to try; to learn by trying’ (see experiencia, “peligro). peritoneo ‘ peritoneum’ : Late Latin perito­ neum, from Greek peritónaion ‘ peritone­ um’ , from peritónaion, neuter o f peritónaios ‘ stretched across’ , from p erífon os ‘stretched over, stretched around’ , from peri- ‘around’ (see peri-, °per-) + -tonos, from teinein ‘ to stretch’ (see hipotenusa, ° tener). perjudicar ‘to hurt, damage’ (perjudicial ‘ in­ jurious, damaging’ ): Latin praejudicare‘to be damaging, be detrimental, be prejudi­ cial’ (underlying meaning: ‘ to be damaging because it was judged or decided before­ hand’ ; compare perjuicio), from praejudi­ care ‘ to prejudge, decide beforehand’ , from prae- ‘ before’ (seepre-, °per-) + judicare ‘ to judge’ (see juzgar, ju ez, “jurar, “decir). perjuicio ‘ damage’ : Latinpraejudicium ‘ dam­ age, detriment’ (underlying meaning: ‘damage due to a preconceived idea’ ; compare perjudicar), from praejudicium ‘judgment formed beforehand’ (see pre­ juicio, pre-, “per-, juicio, ju ez, “jurar, “decir). perla ‘ pearl’ ; Vulgar Latin *pernula ‘ pearl; little sea-mussel’ , diminutive o f Latin perna ‘ haunch; ham; sea mussel (from the fact that this mussel has a peduncle shaped like a ham)’ (see “piem a). permanecer ‘to remain, stay’ : Latin permanere ‘ to endure, remain, remain through­ ou t’ , from per- ‘ through, throughout’ (see “p er-) + manere ‘ to remain’ (see °man­ sión). permanente ‘permanent’ : Latin permanentem, accusative o f permanens (stem p er­ manent-) ‘ permanent’ , present participle

410

o f permanere ‘ to remain’ (see permanecer, “per-, “mansión). permiso ‘ leave, permission’ : Latin permissus ‘ permitted’ , past participle o f perm itiere ‘ to permit’ (see permitir, “per-, “m eter). permitir ‘ to allow, permit’ : Latinperm ittere ‘ to allow, permit, let through’ , from per‘ through’ (see “p er-) + mittere ‘ to let go, send’ (see “m eter). permutar ‘to exchange, barter; to permute’ (permuta ‘ barter’ ): Latin permutare ‘to exchange; to change com pletely, per­ mute’ , from per- ‘ com pletely’ (see “p er-) + mutare ‘to change’ (see mudar, “imper­ meable). pernicioso ‘ harmful, pernicious’ : Latinperniciosus ‘ harmful’ , from pernicies ‘ruin, destruction’ , from per- ‘ completely, through’ (see “per-) + -nicies, from nec-, stem o f nex ‘ death, violence, violent death’ , from Indo-European nek- ‘ death’ (see “ néctar). pemil ‘ ham’ : Latin perna ‘ haunch; ham’ (see “pierna). pero ‘ but’ : obsolete pero ‘ however’ , from Late Latin p er hoc ‘ therefore; for this, on account o f this; (in negative sentences) however’ , from Latin p er ‘through, by, for, on account o f ’ (see “p er-) + h oc, accusative o f hoc, neuter o f hie ‘ this’ (see ahora, “acá). °peroné ‘ fibula’ : French peroné (1541), from New Latin perone ‘ fibula’, from Greek peroné ‘ pin o f a brooch, buckle; fibula’ (underlying meaning: ‘ which passes through’ ), from Indo-European per-ona ‘ something which passes through’, from per- ‘ to lead, pass over’ (this root belongs to the group o f Indo-European p er ‘ for­ ward, through’ ; for derivatives o f the latter, see “per-). Related words: aeropuer­ to, aportar, deportar, deporte, em porio, Eufrates, exportar, Fernández, Fernando, fiordo, Hernán, Hernández, importación, importancia, importar*, importar'1, im­ p orte, im portuno, op orto, oportunidad, oportuno, pasaporte, p o ro , portada, p or­ tador, portal, portarse, portavoz, porte, p orteñ o, p ortero, Portugal, portugués, puerta, pu erto, Puerto España, Puerto R ico, puertorriqueño, reportaje, reporte­ ro, soportar, transportar, verdolaga; pos­ sibly: gabardina. perorar ‘to make a speech; to perorate’ : Latin perorare ‘to speak at length’ , from

411

per- ‘ thoroughly’ (also a prefix showing com pletion; see °per-) + orare ‘ to speak’ (see °orar). peróxido ‘ peroxide’ : per- ‘ thoroughly’ (see °per-. Peroxides are oxides with a relative­ ly high proportion o f oxygen) + óxido ‘ oxide’ (see óxid o, oxígen o, °aguja). First used in English, peroxide, 1804. perpendicular ‘ perpendicular’ ; Latin perpen­ diculars ‘ perpendicular’ , from perpendiculum ‘ plumb line’ , from per- ‘ thorough­ ly, through’ (see °per-) + pendere ‘to hang’ (see °pender) + -iculum ‘ instrument’ (see -iculo2). perpetrar ‘to perpetrate, commit (a crime, an offense)’ : Latin perpetrare ‘ to comm it, accomplish’ , from per- ‘ com pletely’ (see °per-) + -petrare, from patrare ‘ to carry ou t’ (underlying meaning: ‘to carry out in the capacity o f a father’ ), from patr-, stem o f pater ‘ father’ (see °padre). perpetuo ‘ permanent, perpetual’ : Latin per­ petuus ‘ permanent; continuous’ , from perpet-, stem o f perpes ‘ continuous, un­ interrupted’ , from per- ‘thoroughly’ (see °per-) + petere ‘ to go toward’ (see °pedir). perplejo ‘ perplexed’ : Latin perplexus ‘ per­ plexed, involved, intricate’, from per‘ thoroughly’ (see °per-) + plexus ‘ in­ volved’ , from plexus ‘woven’, past partici­ ple of plectere ‘ to weave, interweave, plait, braid’ , from Indo-European plek-so‘ plaited’ (Latin plectere from Indo-Euro­ pean plek-t- ‘to plait’ ), from plek- ‘ to plait, braid’ (see °plegar). perro ‘ d og’ , probably from perr, prrr, brrr, sounds used by shepherds to urge on both the shepherd dogs and the sheep, persa ‘Persian’ : Medieval Latin Persa ‘ Persian’ (also Old Latin, third century B.C.; Clas­ sical Latin Perses, from Greek Pérses, singular [fifth century B.C. ]), from Persae ‘Persians (plural o f Persa and o f Perses)’ , from Greek Pérsai ‘Persians’ (fifth century B.C.), from Persis ‘Persia’ (see °persiana). persecución ‘ pursuit, persecution’ : Late Latin persecutionem , accusative o f persecutio (stem persecution-) ‘ persecution’, from Latin persecutio ‘action o f pursuing’ , from persecutus, past participle o f persequi ‘ to pursue’ (see perseguir, °per-, °seguir) + -io ‘ action o f ’ (see °-ión). perseguir ‘ to pursue, persecute’ : Latin perse­ guí ‘to pursue, continue to follow ’ , from per- ‘throughout, to the end’ (see °per-) +

perspectiva

sequi ‘ to follow ’ (see °seguir). perseverancia ‘perseverance’ : Latin perseverantia ‘ perseverance’ , from perseverant-, stem o f perseverans ‘ persevering’ (see per­ severante, °per-, °severo), + -ia ‘ quality’ (see -ia). perseverante ‘ persevering’ : Latin perseverantem, accusative o f perseverans (stem per­ severant-) ‘ persevering’ , present participle o f perseverare ‘ to persevere, persist in the serious pursuit o f an end’ , from per- ‘thor­ oughly, throughout’ (see °per-) + -severare, from severus ‘serious, severe’ (see “severo). °persiana ‘ Venetian blind’ , translation o f French persienne ‘ Venetian blind’ (1737), from persienne, feminine o f persien ‘Per­ sian (adjective)’, from Old French Persie ‘Persia’ — French Perse, former name o f Iran— (from Latin Persia [second century B.C.], from Persis ‘ Persia’ [second century B .C .] + -ia ‘ area’ [see -¿a]) + -ien ‘ of, from ’ , from Latin -ianus ‘ of, from ’ (see -iano). Greek Persis ‘Persia’ (fifth century B.C., source o f Latin Persis) derives from Old Persian Parsa- (source, likewise, o f Persian Pars, Fars ‘Persia; a region o f Persia’ ), an ancient region in southwest­ ern Iran that corresponded approximate­ ly to modern Fárs, from the name o f its Iranian inhabitants (Parsua, Parsuash, Parsumash), who settled there in the seventh century B.C. Related words: persa, prisco-, possibly: parche. persignarse ‘ to cross oneself’ : Latin persig­ nare ‘ to mark, note down, record’ , from per- ‘ thoroughly’ (see ° p e r ) + signare ‘to mark’ (see designar, signo, °seguir). persistir ‘ to persist’ : Latin persistere ‘to per­ sist’ , from per- ‘throughout’ (see °per-) + sistere ‘ to stand’ (see asistir, °estar). persona ‘ person’ (personaje ‘ personage’ , per­ sonal ‘ personal; staff’ ): Latin persona ‘ character played by an actor, character, actor, role, person’ , from persona ‘mask, mask worn by an actor’ , probably from Etruscan phersu ‘mask’ (from Greek prósópon ‘ face, mask, dramatic charac. ter’?; see prosopopeya), perspectiva ‘ perspective (technique o f repre­ senting three-dimensional objects on a two-dimensional surface); prospect, some­ thing expected’ : French perspective ‘ per­ spective; prospect’, from Italian prospettiva ‘ perspective’ (influenced b y Old French perspective ‘ optics’ , from Medieval

perspicaz Latin perspectiva ‘ optics’ ), from prospetto ‘view, prospect’, from Latin prospectus ‘ view, distant view’ , from prospectus, past participle o f prospicere ‘ to look forward, look into the distance; to foresee’ , from pro- ‘ forward’ (see p r o -', "per-) + spicere, specere ‘ to look at’ (see °espejo). perspicaz ‘ keen, perspicacious’ : Latinperspicax ‘ clear-sighted, sharp-sighted’ , from perspicere ‘ to see through’ , from per‘ through; thoroughly’ (see °per-)+ spicere, specere ‘ to look at’ (see "espejo). For Latin -ax ‘inclined to ’, see °-az. persuadir ‘ to convince, persuade’ : Latinpersuadere ‘to persuade’, from per- ‘thor­ oughly’ (see °per-) + suadere ‘to advise, urge, persuade’ (see disuadir, "suave). pertenecer ‘ to belong’ : Latin pertinere ‘ to reach to, concern, belong, pertain’ , from per- ‘ thoroughly’ (see "per-) + -tiñere, from tenere ‘ to hold, keep’ (see "tener). pertinaz ‘ obstinate, pertinacious’ : Latin pertinax ‘ persistent, thoroughly tenacious’ , from per- ‘ thoroughly’ (see "per-) + -tinax, from tenax ‘ tenacious’ (see tenaz, "tener, °-az). pertinente ‘ pertinent’ : Latin pertinentem , accusative o f pertinens (stem pertinent-), present participle o f pertinere ‘to con ­ cern, belong’ (see pertenecer, "per-, "tener). perturbar ‘ to trouble, perturb’ : Latin pertur­ bare ‘to trouble greatly’ , from per- ‘thor­ oughly’ (see "per-) + turbare ‘to trouble, disturb’ (see turbar, "turba). Perú ‘Peru (country)’ (peruano ‘Peruvian’ ), first documented in 1527 (also appears in a document which may not be authentic and is dated 1526). A local chief Bird (or de Bird ‘ from Birú’ ) is mentioned in 1522 (and perhaps in 1515). Peru, Pird, or Bird seems to have been the American Indian name o f an area in Panama, as heard by Spanish explorers at the beginning o f the sixteenth century; they later applied it to regions to the south o f Panama, perverso ‘ bad’ (perversidad ‘ evil’ ): Latinperversus ‘ bad, turned away from what is g o o d ’, from perversus, past participle o f pervertere ‘ to turn the wrong w ay’ (see pervertir, "per-, "verter). pervertir ‘ to pervert’ : Latin pervertere ‘ to turn the wrong way, corrupt, pervert’ , from per- ‘ com pletely’ (see "per-) + vertere ‘ to turn’ (see "verter).

412 pesa ‘weight’ : pesar ‘ to weigh’ (see pesar, pensar, "pender). pesado ‘ heavy’ (pesadilla ‘ nightmare’ , pesa­ dumbre ‘ grief’ ): pesar ‘ to weigh’ (see pesar, pensar, "pender). pésame ‘ condolence’ : pésame (= me pesa) ‘ it weighs on m e’ (= ‘ I regret it’ ), from pesa, third person singular o f the present indi­ cative o f pesar ‘to weigh; to regret’ (see pesar, pensar, "pender) + me ‘ me’ (see "me). pesar ‘ to weigh; to regret; grief’ (a pesar de ‘ in spite o f ’ ): Latin pensare ‘to weigh (something)’ , frequentative o f pendere ‘to weigh’ (see pensar, "pender). Doublet: pensar. pescar ‘to fish’ (pesca ‘ fishing’ , pescado ‘ fish’ , pescador ‘ fisherman’ ): Latin piscan ‘ to fish’ , from piscis ‘ fish’ (see "piscina). pescuezo ‘ neck’ : *pescozo (compare Portu­ guese p escogo ‘ neck’ ), *p oscozo, from pos- ‘ behind’ (see pos-, "post-) + obsolete co zo , cu ezo ‘ neck’ , probably from C om ­ mon Romance cocceu ‘ cover, head; hod, trough’ . pesebre ‘ manger’ : Latin praesepe, praesaepe (by metathesis) ‘manger; stable; enclo­ sure’ , from praesaepire ‘ to fence in front, enclose’, from prae- ‘ in front’ (see pre-, "per-) + saepire ‘to surround with a hedge, fence in’ , from saepes ‘ hedge, fence’ , peseta ‘ peseta (monetary unit, Spain)’ , originally a diminutive o f p eso ‘peso (old Spanish co in )’ (in the eighteenth century, the peseta was worth one fourth o f a peso), from peso (see p e s o 2, p e s o 1, "pen­ der) + -eta ‘ small; lesser’ (see -eta). pésimo ‘ very bad’ (pesimista ‘ pessimist’ ): Latin pessimus ‘worst’ , from Indo-Euro­ pean ped-samo- ‘ worst’, from ped- ‘to stumble’ (see p eor, "pie), + -samo-, a superlative ending (see °-isim o). peso1 ‘weight’ : Latin pensum ‘weight’ , from pensum, neuter o f pensus, past participle o f pendere ‘ to weigh’ , from pendere ‘to hang’ (see "pender). peso2 ‘ peso (monetary unit o f several Span­ ish-speaking countries)’ : peso ‘peso (old Spanish co in )’ (documented before 1555), from peso ‘weight’ (see p e s o 1, "pender). pesquisa ‘ investigation’ : obsolete pesquisa feminine o f pesquiso, past participle o f pesquerir (also pesquirir) ‘to investigate’ , from perquirir ‘ to investigate’ (by dissimi­ lation), from Latin perquirere ‘to investí-

413

gate, search for, search diligently fo r ’, from per- ‘ thoroughly’ (see “per-) + -quirere, from quaerere ‘ to seek, ask’ (see ° querer). peste ‘ plague, pestilence’ : Latin pestis ‘ plague’ . pesuña ‘ h oofed fo o t ’, see pezuña. petaca ‘ (Americas) trunk, suitcase’ : Nahuatl petlacalli ‘ palm-mat b o x ’ (literally = ‘ mat house’ ), from petlatl ‘ mat’ (see °peta te) + calli ‘house’ (in compounds, also = ‘ box, container’ ). pétalo ‘ petal’ : New Latin petalum ‘ petal’ (1649), from Greek pétalon ‘ leaf’ , from Indo-European pet-alo- ‘ leaf; something spread ou t’, from pet- ‘to spread’ (see °p a ten te'). "petate ‘woven mat’ : Nahuatl petlatl ‘ mat (often made by weaving dried palm leaves or reeds)’ . Related w ord: petaca. petición ‘ request, petition, plea’ : Latin petitionem , accusative o f petitio (stem peti­ tion-) ‘ petition, earnest request’ , from petitus, past participle o f petere ‘to seek’ (see “pedir), + -io ‘ act o f; result’ (see °-ión). petirrojo ‘robin’ , adapted from Catalan pitroig or from Italian pettirosso, both = ‘robin’ (compare also French rouge-gorge ‘ robin’ , literally = ‘red throat’ and English redbreast ‘robin’ ). Catalan p it and Italian p e tto , both = ‘ breast’ , derive from Latin pectu s ‘ breast’ (see “p ech o ); Catalan roig ‘ red’ derives from Latin rubeus ‘red’ (see rubio), Italian rosso ‘red’ derives from Latin russus ‘red’ (see rojo). “pétreo ‘ stony’ : Latin petraeus ‘ o f rock ’ , from Greek petraios ‘ o f rock ’ , from pétros ‘ stone, rock ’ (and from pétra ‘ rock’ , akin to pétros). Related words: empedernido, pedernal, pedrada, Pedro, perejil, Pérez, perico, petrificar, p etróleo, piedra, San Pedro y Miquelón. petrificar ‘to petrify’ (in French, pétrifier, sixteenth century): petr- ‘stone’ (from Latin petr- ‘stone, rock ’ ; see petróleo, °p étreo ) + -ificar ‘to form in to’ (see -ificar, -i-2, -ficar, -fico, °hacer). petróleo ‘ petroleum’ : Medieval Latin p etro­ leum ‘ petroleum’ , literally = ‘rock oil’ (it was thought that this liquid seeped out o f rocks), from Latin petr- ‘stone, rock’ (from Greek petr-, from pétros ‘stone, rock ’ and from pétra ‘ rock’ ; see “p étreo ) + oleum ‘ oil’ (see oleod u cto, “olivo).

piano

petulante ‘ insolent’ : Latin petulantem, accu­ sative o f petulans (stem petulant-) ‘ inso­ lent’ , from petulans, present participle o f *petulare ‘to jab at’ , frequentative o f petere ‘to fly at’ (see “pedir). pez 1 ‘ fish’ : Latin piscis ‘ fish’ (see “piscina). “pez 2 ‘ pitch, glue’ : Latin picem , accusative o f p ix ‘ pitch, tar’ (stem pic-), from IndoEuropean pik- ‘ pitch’ . Related words: apegarse, despegar, empecinarse, pegar-, probably: pedazo. pezuña, pesuña ‘ hoofed fo o t ’ : Latin pedis ungula ‘ fo o t nail’ , from pedis ‘o f the fo o t’ , genitive o f pes ‘ fo o t’ (see “pie), + ungula ‘ nail’ (see “uña). Phnom Penh, Pnom Penh ‘Phnom Penh (capi­ tal o f Kampuchea)’ : Khmer Phnum Pénh (around 1434), the city, from Phnum Pénh ‘Mount Penh, Penh Hill’ , the hill at whose foot was built the northern part o f the city, probably = ‘ Full Mountain’ , from phnum ‘mountain, hill’ and a second element o f disputed origin, proba­ bly pénh ‘ full’ (although a legend men­ tions a Lady Pénh who discovered a bronze Buddha on the hill), piadoso ‘ pious’ : obsolete piadad ‘mercy; pity; piety’ , variant o f piedad ‘ mercy; pity’ (see piedad, “p ío). piamadre, piamáter ‘ pia mater’ : Medieval Latin pia mater ‘ pia mater’, literally = ‘ tender mother’ , translation o f Arabic umm al-raqiqah ‘ pia mater; tender m oth­ er’ (underlying idea: ‘ the pia mater is a fine membrane while the dura mater is tough’ ; compare duramadre), from umm ‘ mother’ (root am) + al- ‘ the’ + raqiqah, ' feminine o f raqiq ‘tender’. Latin pia is the feminine o f pius ‘tender, kind’ (see “p ío ); for Latin mater ‘mother’ , see madre, “ mamá. Piamonte ‘ Piedmont (region, Italy)’ : Italian Piem onte (underlying meaning: ‘ (Area at the) F oot o f the Mountain’ ), from pie, variant o f piede ‘ fo o t’ (from Latin ped‘ fo o t’ ; see “pie), + m onte ‘mountain’ , from Latin mont- ‘mountain’ (see “mon­ te). Piedmont lies at the base o f the Alps, piano ‘ piano’ : Italian piano ‘piano’ , short for pianoforte ‘piano’ , from piano e forte ‘ softly and loud’ , from piano ‘softly’ (ad­ verb, from piano ‘soft’ , adjective, from Late Latin planus ‘smooth, graceful’ , from Latin planus ‘even, level’ ; see piano', °Polonia) + e ‘and’ (from Latin e t ‘and’ ;

piar

see “e 2) + forte ‘ loud; strong’ , from Latin fortis ‘ strong’ (see °fortaleza). This musi­ cal instrument was so called (at the begin­ ning o f the eighteenth century) because on it tones could be made softer or louder, which was not the case with the earlier (from the fifteenth century) spinet, piar ‘ to peep, cheep’ , a word form ed in imita­ tion o f the sounds o f baby birds, proba­ bly akin to Latin pipare ‘to chirp’ (see °pipa). picaflor ‘hummingbird’ (underlying meaning ‘ flower-pecker’ ), from pica ‘ it pecks’ , third person singular o f the present indica­ tive o f picar ‘ to peck, prick, sting’ (see °picar) + flor ‘ flow er’ (see flor, °folio). “picar ‘to prick, sting; to ch op’ : Vulgar Latin *piccare ‘ to prick, pierce’, from *piccus ‘w oodpecker’ , from Latin picus ‘w o o d ­ pecker’ , from Indo-European peik-o-, from peik-, speik- ‘w oodpecker; magpie’ . Related words: picaflor, picaro, p ic o ', repicar. picaro ‘ knave, rogue’ : picar ‘ to sting, prick, wound lightly’ (see °picar). p ico 1 ‘ point, peak, summit’ : picar ‘to sting’ (see °picar). pico2 ‘ beak’ : Latin beccus ‘ beak’ (influenced by picar ‘ to sting’ ), o f Gaulish origin, “pícrico (ácido) ‘ picric acid’ (in English, picric acid, 1852): Greek pikrós ‘ sharp, bitter, pointed’ , from Indo-European pikro- ‘ carved, m ulticolored’ , from pik-, from peik-, variant o f peig- ‘ to cut; to carve (figures, outlines, shapes)’ . Related words: pictórico, pigm ento, pimienta, pintar, pintor, pintoresco, pintura. pictórico ‘ pictorial’ : Latin p ictor ‘ painter’ (see p in tor, pintar, °picrico) + Spanish -ico ‘ o f ’ (see °-i'co2). pichón ‘ squab’ : Italian piccione ‘ pigeon; squab; young bird’ , from Latinpipionem , accusative o f pipió (stem pipion-) ‘ young bird, young chirping bird, squab’ , from pipire ‘ to chirp’ , from Indo-European pipp- ‘ to chirp’ (see °pipa). “pie ‘ fo o t’ : Latin ped em , accusative o f pes (stem p ed -) ‘ fo o t’ , from Indo-European ped- ‘ fo o t’ . Related words: antípoda, apearse, apoyar, babucha, ciempiés, caudrúpedo, despachar, empachar, expedi­ ción, expediente, fútbol, impecable, im­ pedir, peaje, peatón, pecado, pecador, pecar, pedal, pedestal, p eón , p eor, pési­ mo, pezuña, Piamonte, pijama, piloto,

414

piyama, pólipo, pulpo, sesquipedal, tra­ p e c io ', trapecio2, trapecio3, trípode, tro­ pezar, tropiezo, velocípedo-, probably: calibre. piedad ‘ mercy; pity’ : Late Latin pietatem , accusative o f pietas (stem pietat-) ‘ piety; compassion’, from Latin pietas ‘ com ­ passion’ , from pius ‘kindly; pious’ (see ■ °p io ) + -etas (stem -etat-) ‘quality’ (see -edad, °-tad). piedra ‘ stone’ : Latin petra ‘rock, stone’ , from Greek pétra ‘rock ’ (see °pétreo). “piel ‘ skin; fur’ : obsolete pielle, from Latin pellem , accusative o f pellis ‘skin’, from Indo-European pel-ni-, from pel- ‘skin, hide’ . Related words: erisipela, oropel, pelagra, película, pellejo. “pierna ‘ leg’ : Latin perna ‘haunch; ham; leg’ , from Indo-European persna ‘heel’ . Rela­ ted words: perla, pem il. “pieza ‘ piece’ : Medieval Latin p ed a , petia, from Gaulish *pettia ‘ piece’ , akin to Breton p ez ‘ piece’ . Related w ord: em pe­ zar. piezoelectricidad ‘ piezoelectricity’ (in En­ glish, p iezo-electricity, 1895; piezom eter, 1820): p iezo- ‘ pressure’ (from Greek piézein ‘to squeeze, press tight, press’ , from Indo-European pi-sed- ‘ to sit on’ , from pi- ‘ o n ’ [from epi ‘ o n ’ ; see °epi-] + sed- ‘ to sit’ [see “sed im en to]) + electrici­ dad ‘ electricity’ (see °eléctrico). pigmento ‘ pigment’ : Latinpigmentum ‘ color, paint, drug’ , from pingere ‘ to paint, em­ broider, tattoo’ (from Indo-European pi-n-g- ‘ to carve; to paint’, from pig-, from peig- ‘ to cut; to carve (figures, outlines, shapes)’ ; see °p icrico) + -menturn ‘means’ (see °-m ento). pigmeo ‘ pygm y’ : Latin pygmaeus ‘ o f a pyg­ m y; dwarfish’ , from Greek pygm aios ‘o f a pygmy; (m ythology) one o f a race o f dwarfs’ , literally = ‘ one-“ fist” tali’ , from pygrne ‘ fist; measure o f length (distance from the elbow to the knuck­ les)’ , from Indo-European pug- ‘ to prick’ , from peuk- ‘ to prick’ (see °puño). The modern meaning ‘ member o f a people o f equatorial Africa with a hereditary stature o f about 120 to 150 cm ’ was inspired by Greek m ythology, pijama, piyama ‘pajamas’ : English pyjamas, pajama, variants o f pajamas ‘ sleeping garment’ , all three from Hindi pdejdma ‘ trousers worn in some Asian countries’ ,

415 literally = ‘ leg garment’ , from Persian pde, pai ‘leg; fo o t’ (from Middle Persian pai ‘ leg; fo o t ’, from Indo-European ped-o-, from ped- ‘ fo o t ’ ; see °pie) + jama, jamah ‘ garment’ , o f unknown origin. °pila‘ ‘ pile, heap’ : Latin pila ‘pillar, mole o f stone, heap o f stone’ . Related words; pilar, Pilar, pilote, recopilar. pila2 ‘trough, basin’ , probably from Latin pila ‘ mortar (vessel in which substances are pounded)’ . pilar ‘pillar’ : Vulgar Latin pilare, from Latin pila ‘ pillar’ (see °pila' ). Pilar, feminine given name, originally Maria del Pilar (1677; compare Carmen), literally = ‘Mary o f the Pillar’ , from pilar ‘ pillar’ (see pilar, °pila'). The name refers to a Spanish tradition according to which Mary, mother o f Jesus, appeared (A.D. 40) on a marble pillar to the apostle Saint James, son o f Zebedee, on the bank o f the Ebro River near Zaragoza, píldora ‘ pill’, m odification o f Latin pillula, variant o f pilula ‘ little ball’ , diminutive o f pila ‘ ball’ (see °pelota). pfloro ‘ pylorus’ : Late Latin pylorus ‘ p y lo­ rus’ , from Greek pylórós ‘ pylorus; gate­ keeper’ , from pyle ‘gate’ + -oros, from oúros ‘watcher, guard’, from Indo-Euro­ pean wor-wo- ‘watchful’, from wor-, from wer- ‘ to see, watch’ (see °guardar). pilote ‘ pile (colum n driven into the ground)’ : French p ilot ‘ pile’ , from pile ‘pile’ , from Latin pila ‘ pillar’ (see °pilaI). piloto ‘ pilot’ , probably from Italian pilota, p iloto ‘ pilot, helmsman’, from obsolete pedota, from Medieval Greek *pedotes ‘ pilot, helmsman’ , from Greek peda ‘rudders, steering oars’ , plural o f pedón ‘ oar, rudder, steering oar, blade o f the oar’, from Indo-European pedo- ‘ oar’ (underlying meaning: ‘ flat surface’ ), from ped-o- ‘ ground’ , from ped- ‘fo o t ’ (see

°pie). pillar ‘ to plunder, pillage’ : French piller ‘ to plunder’ , from Old French piller ‘ to plunder; to tear up’ , from peille ‘rag, cloth’ , probably from Latin pilleum, pilleus, pileus ‘ felt cap’ , akin to Latin pilus ‘ hair’ (see °pelo). pimienta ‘ (black) pepper; allspice’ (pimiento ‘ (hot or sweet) pepper’ ): Late Latin pigmenta, plural o f pigmentum ‘ plant juice, food seasoning’ , from Latin pigmentum ‘ color, paint, drug’ (see pigm ento, °picri-

pino co). pim pollo ‘young pine, young tree; (colloqui­ al) child- handsome young man or w om ­ an’ : pino ‘pine tree’ (see °pino) + polio ‘ young plant, young o f an animal’ (see pollo, °pueril). pinacoteca ‘ picture gallery, pinacotheca’ ; Latin pinacotheca (first century B.C.), from Greek pinakotheke ‘ picture gallery’ (first century B.C.), from pinako- (from pinak-, stem o f pinax ‘ board, tablet, painted picture’ , from Indo-European pin- ‘ piece o f w o o d ’ ) + theke ‘ case, chest’ (see biblioteca, °hacer). pináculo ‘ pinnacle’ : Late Latin pinnaculum ‘ pointed formation, mountain peak; small wing; small feather’, diminutive o f Latin pinna ‘battlement; feather; wing’, from penna ‘ battlement; feather; wing’ (see peña, °pedir). For Latin -aculum ‘ little on e’ , see -áculo. pinar ‘ pine grove’ : pino ‘ pine’ (see °pino) + -ar ‘ place o f ’ (see -ar3). pincel ‘brush’ : Catalan pinzell, from Latin penicillus ‘ brush’ (see °penicilina). pinchar ‘ to prick’ (pinchazo ‘ a pricking’ ), akin to French pincer ‘to pinch’ (see °pinzas). pineal (glándula) ‘ pineal b o d y ’ (in French, 1503): Latin pinea ‘ pinecone’ (see pina, °pino), from the conical shape (in man and most existing vertebrates) o f this glandular body. pingüe ‘ fat, greasy; plentiful’ : Latin pinguis ‘ fat’ , akin to Greek pakhys ‘ thick; fat’ (see °paquidermo). “pingüino ‘ penguin’ , first documented in Spanish as pingüino (1619), probably from French pingouin (1600), from En­ glish penguin in the archaic sense ‘ great auk’ (1578), perhaps from the name o f a place in Newfoundland where great auks abounded in the sixteenth century ( = ‘white cliff, white head’ , from Welsh pen ‘ head’ [akin to Old Irish cenn ‘ head, end’ ; probably related word: Pensilvania] + gwyn ‘white’ , akin to Old Irish find ‘white’ [underlying meaning: ‘ (clearly) visible’ ], from Indo-European wi-n-d-no‘white; visible’ , from wid- [nasalized], from weid- ‘ to see’ [see °v er]). For Indoeuropean -no-, a suffix forming verbal ad­ jectives, see digno. “pino ‘ pine tree’ : Latin pinus ‘pine’ . Related words: pim pollo, pinar, pineal, piña, pi-

pinole

ñata, piñón. pinole ‘ pinole (flour made b y grinding corn)’ : Náhuatl pinolli ‘pinole’. pintar ‘ to paint’ : Vulgar Latin *pinctare ‘to paint’ , from *pinctus ‘painted’ , from Latin pictus ‘ painted’ , past participle o f pingere ‘to paint, embroider, ta ttoo’ (see pigm ento, “picrico). pintor ‘ painter’ : Vulgar Latin pinctor, from Latin pictor ‘ painter’ , from pictus ‘ painted’ (see pintar, pigm ento, °pícrico) + -or ‘acting, doer’ (see “-o r 1). pintoresco ‘ picturesque; strange’ , adaptation o f Italian pittoresco ‘ picturesque’ , from pittore ‘ painter’ (from Latin pictorem , accusative o f p ictor ‘ painter’ ; see pintor, pintar, pigm ento, “p icrico ) + -esco ‘ like, in the manner o f; with the style or quali­ ty o f ’ (see -esco, °-isco'). pintura ‘ painting, paint’ : Vulgar Latin *pinctura ‘ painting’ , from Latin pictura ‘ paint­ ing’ , from pictus, past participle o f pinge­ re ‘ to paint’ (see pigm ento, °picrico), + -ura ‘act; result’ (see °-ura). "pinzas ‘ pincers’ : French pinces ‘ pincers’ , from pincer ‘to pinch’, from Old French pincier ‘ to pinch’ . Related words: pinchar, pizca. pifia ‘ pinecone;pineapple’ : Latinpinea ‘ pinecone’ , from pinea, feminine o f pineus ‘o f the pine’, from pinus ‘ pine’ (see °pino) + -eus ‘ o f ’ (see °-eo2). piñata ‘ decorated pot, piñata; p o t’ : Italian pignatta ‘ p ot’ , from pigna ‘ pinecone’, from Latin pinea ‘ pinecone’ (see piña, °pino, -e o 2). piñón ‘pine nut’ : piña ‘pinecone’ (see piña, °pino). "p ío ‘ pious’ : Latinpius ‘ tender, kind; pious’ . Related words: expiar, m onte de piedad, m on tepío, piadoso, piamadre, piedad. piojo ‘ louse’ : Late Latin peduculus (source, likewise, o f Italian pidocchio ‘ louse’ ), from Latin pediculus ‘ louse’ , diminutive o f pedis ‘ louse’ . For Latin -iculus ‘ little one’ , see -iculo1. piorrea ‘ pyorrhea’ : New Latin pyorrhea ‘ pyorrhea; discharge o f pus’, from p y o ‘pus’ (from Greek p yon ‘pus’ , from IndoEuropean puw-os- ‘ pus’ ; see pus, “putre­ fa cto) + -rrhea ‘ discharge, flow ’ , from Late Latin -rrhoea, from Greek -rrhoia, from rhoia ‘ discharge, flow ’ , from rhein ‘to flow ’ (see °diarrea). “pipa ‘ pipe’ : pipa ‘flute’ , from Vulgar Latin

416

*pipa ‘ flute’ , from Latin pipare ‘to chirp’ , from Indo-European pipp- ‘ to peep, chirp’ . The meaning ‘ instrument for smoking’ appears first in English (1594), then in French (1626). Related word: pichón-, probably: piar. pirámide ‘ pyramid’ : Latin pyramidem, accu­ sative o f pyramis (stem pyramid-), from Greek pyramis (stem pyram id-) ‘ pyramid’, probably o f Egyptian origin (from Egyptian pi-mar ‘pyramid’?). pirata ‘pirate’ : Latin pirata, from Greek peirates ‘pirate’ (underlying meaning ‘ at­ tacker’ ), from peirán ‘ to attack; to at­ tempt, make a try at’, from peira ‘ at­ tempt, trial’ , from Indo-European per-ya ‘ attempt, trial’ , from per- ‘to try’ (see °peligro). Pirineos (Montes) ‘ the Pyrenees (mountain range, France and Spain)’ , adaptation o f Latin Pyrenai montes ‘ the Pyrenees’ (first century B.C.), from Pyrene ‘ the Pyrenees’ (first century B.C.), probably from Pyrene, a city at the fo o t o f the Pyrenees, apparently from Greek Pyrene, a young woman o f Greek m ythology (who was the daughter o f Bebryx, was beloved b y Herakles and was buried upon the Pyrenees), but probably a pre-Roman name o f disputed origin. "pirita ‘ pyrite’ : Latin pyrites ‘ flint, pyrite’ (underlying meaning: ‘ stone for striking fire’ ), from Greek p yrites ‘ flint’ , from p yrites ‘ o f fire’ , from p y r ‘ fire’ , from Indo-European pur- ‘ fire’. Related words: antipirético, em píreo, piropo-, probably: borracho. For Greek -ites ‘o f ’ , see °-ita2. piropo ‘ compliment’ : pirop o ‘ a kind o f gem­ stone’ (from the use o f the word piropo ‘ gem, garnet, ruby’ in literature [in meta­ phors and similes, with the meaning ‘shining’ or ‘valuable’ ]), from Latin pyropus ‘red bronze; fiery garnet’ , from Greek pyropos ‘ fiery garnet’ , literally = ‘ fiery-eyed’ , from p y r ‘ fire’ (see "pirita) + ops ‘ eye’ (stem op-), from Indo-European okw-g ‘e y e ’, from okw- ‘ to see’ (see “ocu­ lar). pisar ‘ to step o n ’ : Vulgar Latin pinsare ‘ to step o n ’ , from Latin pinsere ‘ to pound, crush’, from Indo-European pi-n-s-, from pis-, from peis- ‘ to pound’ (see “pistilo). "piscina ‘ swimming p ool’ : Latin piscina ‘fish­ pond; swimming p o o l’ , from piscis ‘ fish’ (from Indo-European piski-, from pisk-,

417

peisk- ‘ fish’ ; related words: pescar, p e z 1) + -ina ‘ o f ’ (see -ina2). piso ‘floor; apartment’ : pisar ‘to step on ’ (see pisar, “pistilo) + -o, a noun suffix (see -o 4). pisotear ‘to trample’ : pisar ‘ to step o n ’ (see pisar, °pistilo). pista ‘ trail, track’ : Italian pista ‘trail, track’ , from Old Italian pistare ‘ to trample dow n’ (see pistón, pisar, “pistilo). "pistilo ‘ pistil’ : French pistil ‘ pistil’ (1694), from Latin pistillum, pistillus ‘pestle’ (from the similarity in shape o f a pistil to a pestle), from Indo-European pis-to‘ pestle’ , from pis-, from peis- ‘ to pound, crush’ . Related words: alpiste, pisar, piso, pisotear, pista, pistón, repisa. pistola ‘ pistol’ : German Pis tole ‘ pistol’ , from Czech pistal ‘ pistol; pipe’ , pistón ‘ piston’ : French piston ‘ piston’ , from Old French piston ‘large pestle’ , from Old Italian pistone, p eston e ‘large pestle’ , from pistare, pestare ‘ to pound; to trample dow n’ , from Medieval Latin pistare ‘to pound’ , from Latin pistus, past participle o f pinsere ‘ to pound’ (see pisar, “pistilo). pito ‘whistle’ , a word probably formed in imitation o f the sound o f whistling, piyama ‘ pajamas’, see pijama. pizarra ‘ blackboard, slate’ , o f Basque origin. Probably m odification o f Basque lapitzarri, literally = ‘slate stone’ (resulting from la- being interpreted as the Spanish feminine article), from lapitz ‘slate’ (probably from Latin lapid-, stem o f lapis ‘ stone’ ; see “ lápiz) + arri ‘ stone’ , pizca ‘ bit, little, pinch’ : pizcar ‘to pinch’ , akin to Italian pizzicare and French pincer, both = ‘ to pinch’ (see “pinzas). placa ‘ badge, plaque’ : French plaque ‘ badge, plaque’ , from Old French plaque ‘metal sheet’ , from Middle Dutch placke ‘ metal sheet’ , from placken ‘ to piece, spot, patch, paste’. placebo ‘ placebo (inert m edication)’ : En­ glish placebo ‘inert medication’ (1811), from Latin placebo ‘ I shall please’ (under­ lying idea: ‘the placebo is a substance given to the patient merely to please him’ ), first person singular o f the future indicative o f placere ‘ to please’ (see “pla­ c e r 1). placenta ‘ placenta’ : English placenta ‘ a cer­ tain organ o f female mammals’ (1691),

planeta

from placenta ‘ part o f the ovary in a plant’ (1677), from Latin placenta ‘ flat cake’ , from Greek plakóenta, accusative o f plakóeis, plakoús ‘ flat cake; flat’ , from plak-, stem o f plax ‘flat surface’ , from Indo-European plak-, variant o f plák‘ flat’ (see °p la cer1, “Polonia). "placer 1 ‘to please’ (placentero ‘joy fu l’ , pla­ cer ‘ pleasure’ ): Latin placere ‘ to please, be agreeable; to resolve, decree’ (possible underlying meaning: ‘ to be calm (as o f a flat sea)’ ), probably from Indo-European plak- ‘ flat’ (related words: apacible, apla­ car, aplazar, archipiélago, complacer, em ­ plazar, placebo, placenta, plácido, plan­ cha, playa, plazo, p le ito ; possibly: fla­ m enco, Flandes), from pel- ‘flat’ (see “Polonia). placer 2 ‘ placer, gold deposit’ (older meaning: ‘ submarine plain’ ): Catalan placer ‘sub­ marine plain’ , from plaza ‘ place’, from Vulgar Latin *plattea ‘ broad street’ (see plaza, “plato, “Polonia). plácido ‘quiet, placid’ : Latin placidus ‘ placid, pleasing, gentle’ , from placere ‘ to please’ (see “placer'). "plaga ‘calamity, pest’ : Latin plaga ‘wound, blow ; misfortune’ , from Indo-European plág-, variant o f plak- ‘ to strike’ . Related words: apoplejía, llaga, llanto. plagio ‘ plagiarism’ : Latin plagium ‘kidnap­ ping; hunting net’ , from plaga ‘ net, cover­ ing, region’ . plan ‘ plan’ : French plan ‘ plan, ground plan, map’ , from obsolete plant ‘ ground plan, map’ , from planter ‘to plant, fix in place’ , from Latin plantare ‘to plant’ (see plantar, planta',° plato, “Polonia). plancha ‘ flatiron; plank, slab’ (planchar ‘to iron’ ): French planche ‘ plank, board, slab’, from Latin planea ‘ plank, board’ , from plancus ‘ flat’ , from Indo-European pla-n-k-, from plak-, plak- ‘ flat’ (see “pla­ ce r 1, “Polonia). planeta ‘ planet’ : Late Latin planeta ‘ planet’ , from Greek planet-, stem o f plánés ‘ plan­ et; wanderer’ (seven celestial bodies visible to the naked eye were called ‘plan­ ets’ or ‘wanderers’ [the M oon, the Sun, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn ] because they were held to wander in the sky among fixed stars — and about a fixed Earth), from planásthai ‘to wan­ der’ (underlying meaning: ‘to spread ou t’ ), from Indo-European pl-n-, from pi-,

p la n o1

from pel- ‘ to spread o u t’ (see “Polonia). piano1 ‘ flat’ : Latin planus ‘eren, level, flat’ (see llano'1, °Polonia). Doublet: llano2. piano 2 ‘ map’ : French plan ‘plan, ground plan, map’ (see plan, plantar, planta1, “plato, °Polonia). planta1 ‘ sole o f the fo o t’ : Latin planta ‘sole o f the fo o t’ , from Indo-European pla-n-t‘sole’ , from plat- ‘to spread’ (see °plato, °Polonia). planta2 ‘ plant’ : Latin planta ‘sprout, shoot’ , from plantare ‘to plant’ (see plantar, “plato, °Polonia). plantación ‘plantation’ : Latin plantationem, accusative o f plantatio (stem plantation-) ‘act o f planting’, from plantatus, past participle o f plantare ‘ to plant’ (see plan­ tar, planta1, °plato, °Polonia), + -io ‘act o f ’ (see “-ión). plantar ‘ to plant’ : Latin plantare ‘to plant’ (underlying meaning: ‘to drive into the ground with the sole o f the fo o t’ ), from planta ‘ sole o f the fo o t’ (see planta1, °plato, “Polonia). plantear ‘ to state; to trace a ground plan; to plan’ : planta ‘plan, blueprint’ (from plan­ ta ‘ area o f land occupied by a building’ , from planta ‘sole o f the fo o t ’ ; see planta1, °plato, °Polonia) + -ear, an infinitive ending (see -ear). plantel ‘ educational institution’ : Catalan planter ‘educational institution’ (underly­ ing meaning: ‘ place where people develop, as trees develop in a nursery’ ), from plan­ ter ‘ tree nursery’ , from planta ‘plant’, from Latin planta ‘ sprout, shoot’ (see planta2, plantar, °plato, “Polonia). plantfgrado ‘ plantigrade’ : French plantigrade ‘ plantigrade’ (1795), from Latin planta ‘ sole o f the fo o t’ (see planta', “plato, °P o­ lonia) + French -grade ‘ going, walking, stepping’ , from Latin gradi ‘to step, g o’ (see “agredir). plasma ‘ plasma (o f blood or lym ph)’ : Ger­ man Plasma ‘ plasma (o f blood or lym ph)’ (1836), from Late Latin plasma ‘form, m old’ , from Greek plásma ‘ form, m old’ , from plássein ‘to form, m old ’ (see emplas­ to, “Polonia). plástico ‘ plastic’ : Latin plasticus ‘ plastic, capable o f being shaped’ , from Greek plastikós ‘ capable o f being shaped, fit for molding’ , from plastós ‘ formed, m olded’ , verbal o f plássein ‘ to form , m old’ (see emplasto, “Polonia).

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plata ‘silver; m oney’ : Vulgar Latin *platta (also *plattus) ‘ plate, dish, metal plate’ , from *platta, feminine o f *plattus ‘ broad, flat’ (see “plato, “Polonia). plataforma ‘platform’ : French plate-forme ‘ platform ’, from Old French plate-forme ‘ platform; platform or base for the mounting o f guns; flat form ’ , from plate, feminine o f plat ‘ flat’ (from Vulgar Latin *plattus ‘ broad, flat’ ; see “plato, “P olo­ nia), + form e ‘ form ’ , from Latin forma ‘ form ’ (see “forma). plátano ‘ banana, banana plant; plane tree’ : Latin platanus ‘plane tree’, from Greek plátanos ‘ plane tree’, from platys ‘broad’ (from the broad leaves o f the plane, which also provoked Spaniards to give the banana plant in Africa and the Americas the name o f the plane); see “plato, “P olo­ nia. plática ‘ talk’ (platicar ‘ to talk’ ): obsolete plática ‘ practice; talk’ (through the idea o f ‘ habitual dealings with people’ ), from práctica ‘ practice; talk’ , from Late Latin practice ‘ practice’ (see práctica, “prácti­ co). platino ‘ platinum’ : French platine, from Spanish platina ‘ platinum’ , diminutive o f plata ‘ silver’ (see plata, “plato, “Polonia), from platinum being silver-white. °plato ‘ plate, dish’ (platillo ‘saucer’ ): Vulgar Latin *plattus ‘broad, flat; plate, dish’ , probably from Greek platys ‘ flat, broad” from Indo-European plat-u- ‘ broad’, from plat- ‘ to spread’ (related words: clan, chato, flan, ñato, om óplato, om oplato, placer2, plan, plano2, planta', planta2, plantación, plantar, plantear, plantel, plantfgrado, plata, plataforma, plátano, platino, plaza, reemplazar, suplantar), from pel- ‘ flat; to spread’ (see “Polonia). playa ‘ beach, shore’ : Medieval Latin plagia ‘ beach, shore, shoreline; hillside’, from Greek plágia ‘ sides, flanks’ , from plágia, neuter plural o f plágios ‘ oblique, placed sideways’ , from plágos ‘side’ , from IndoEuropean plag-, variant o f plak-, plák‘ flat’ (see “p lacer'). plaza ‘square (open area at street intersec­ tion’ ): Vulgar Latin *plattea, variant o f Latin platea ‘broad street, broad road, courtyard’ , from Greek plateia (hodós), literally = ‘ broad (w ay)’ , from plateia, feminine o f platys ‘ broad, flat’ (see “pla­ to, “Polonia). For Greek hodós ‘w ay’, see

419

éxod o. plazo ‘ term; deadline’ : obsolete plazdo ‘ term’ , from Medieval Latin placitum ‘ court day, legal opinion, decision’ (underlying meaning: ‘ day or period o f time decided upon according to the court’s pleasure’ ), from Latin placitum, neuter o f placitus ‘ pleasing’ , past partici­ ple o f placere ‘ to please; to resolve, decree’ (see °placer1, "Polonia). -pie ‘ -fold, times, multiplied b y (a specified number), having (so many) elements’ , an ending o f adjectives, as in cuádruple, múltiple, óctuple, simple, triple (the latter is also used as a noun): Latin -plus ‘ -fold’ (see °-plo). plebe ‘ populace’ : Latin plebem , accusative o f plebs ‘ com m on people; populace’ , probably akin to plenus ‘full’ (see "pleno). plebiscito ‘ plebiscite, consultation o f the people’ : French plébiscite ‘ plebiscite, consultation’ , from Latin plebiscitum ‘decree binding only on the com m on people, people’s decree’, from plebi ‘o f the people’ , genitive o f plebs ‘ com m on people’ (see plebe, "pleno), + scitum ‘decree’ , from scitum, neuter o f scitus, past participle o f sciscere ‘ to decree, approve, try to find ou t’ , inchoative o f scire ‘ to know ’ (see "ciencia). "plegar ‘ to fo ld ’ (plegadizo ‘ folding’ ): Latin plicare ‘to fold, fold together, twist to ­ gether’ , from Indo-European plek- ‘to plait, braid’ , which in turn may be an extension o f pel- ‘to fo ld ’ (see °-plo). Related words: aplicación, aplicar, com ­ p lejo, complicar, cóm plice, duplicar, emplear, explicar, exp lotar2, implicar, llegar, multiplicar, perplejo, pliego, plie­ gue, p lex o , replicar, suplicar, suplicio. plegaria ‘ prayer’ : obsolete pregaría, pregarías ‘ prayer, prayers’ , from Medieval Latin precaria ‘supplication, entreaty, prayer’, from Latin precaria, feminine o f precarius ‘ obtained by entreaty or prayer’ (see "pre­ cario). pleistoceno ‘Pleistocene’ (English Pleisto­ cene and French pléistocéne, 1839): pleisto- (from Greek pleistos ‘ m ost’ , superlative o f pleion ‘ m ore’ ; see pleonas­ m o, "pleno) + -ceno ‘recent geological epoch’ (see -ceno, "reciente). Greek pleistos derives from Indo-European p le­ isto-, superlative (compare ajustar) form o f pie-, variant o f pel- ‘ full’ (see "pleno).

pliego

pleito ‘ suit (court proceeding)’ : Medieval Latin placitum ‘ legal decision’ (see plazo, "placer' , "Polonia). "pleno ‘full’ : Latin plenus ‘ full’ , from *pleno(influenced by plere ‘to fill’ , from IndoEuropean pie-, variant o f pel- ‘ full; to fill’ ), from *plano-, from Indo-European pl-no- ‘ full’ , from pi- (from pel- ‘ full; to fill’ . Related words: com plem ento, com ­ p leto, cumpleaños, cumplir, expletivo, henchir, lleno, paludismo, pleistoceno, pleonasm o, plétora, pliocen o, p oli-’, poli­ andria, and many others beginning with poli-\pulpo, relleno, repleto, suplemento, suplente, suplir, probably: plebe, plebisci­ to) + -no-, a suffix forming verbal adjec­ tives (compare digno). Doublet: lleno. pleonasmo ‘ pleonasm’ : Late Latin pleonasmus ‘ pleonasm’ , from Greek pleonasmos ‘pleonasm; superabundance’ , from pleonázein ‘ to be in excess, be more than enough’ , from pléon, neuter o f pleion, pléon ‘ more’ , from Indo-European píeion-, from píe-, variant o f pel- ‘ full’ (see "pleno). plesiosauro ‘ plesiosaur’ : New Latin plesio­ saurus ‘ plesiosaur’ (1821; underlying meaning: ‘approximate to the Saurians’ ), from plesio- ‘ close, near’ (from Greek plésio-, from píésíos ‘ close, near’ , from Indo-European pl-tio- ‘ near’ [underlying meaning: ‘ pushed toward’ ], from pi-, from pel- ‘to push’ ; see ° impeler) + -saurus ‘ lizard’ , from Greek saúros ‘ lizard’ (see "dinosaurio). plétora ‘ plethora’ : Medieval Latin plethora ‘ plethora, excess; excess o f blood in an area o f the b od y’ , from Greek plethora, plethoré ‘ fullness’ , from pléthein ‘ to be full’ , from Indo-European ple-dhwo‘ great number’ , from pié-, variant o f pel‘ fulF (see "pleno). pleura ‘ pleura’ : Medieval Latin pleura ‘ pleu­ ra’ , from Greek pleurá ‘ side, rib’ (akin to Greek platys ‘ flat, broad’?; see "plato). plexo ‘ plexus’ : New Latin plexus ‘plexus, network o f blood vessels or nerves’ (first used in French, plexus, sixteenth centu­ ry), from Latin plexus ‘ network, twining, braid’ , from plexus, past participle o f plectere ‘ to braid, plait’ (see perplejo, "plegar). pliego ‘sheet’ (originally ‘a sheet folded to make several leaves’ ): plegar ‘ to fo ld ’ (see "plegar) + -o, a noun suffix (see -o4).

pliegue

pliegue ‘ fo ld ’: plegar ‘ to fo ld ’ (see °plegar). plioceno ‘Pliocene’ , literally = ‘ more recent’ (the Pliocene is the most recent o f the five epochs o f the Tertiary geological period), from plio- ‘ more’ (from Greek pleion ‘ more’ ; see pleonasmo, °pleno) + -ceno ‘ recent geological epoch’ (see -ceno, “reciente). First used in English, P liocene, 1833). °-plo ‘ -fold, times, multiplied by (a specified number), having (so many) elements’, an ending o f words used both as adjectives and as nouns, as in cuadruplo, décuplo, múltiplo, quíntuplo, triplo: Latin -plus ‘-fold, multiplied by, having (so many) elements or windings or folds’ , from Indo-European -plo ‘ -fold’ , from pel- ‘to fold ’ . Related words: diploma, diplomáti­ co , doblar, doble, falda, haplología, múl­ tiple, -pie, redoblar, simple, triple-, pos­ sibly: plegar and its family. °plom o ‘ lead (metallic element)’ (plom ero ‘ plumber’ ): Latin plumbum ‘lead’ , proba­ bly o f non-Indo-European origin. Related word: aplomo. pluma ‘writing pen; feather’ : Latin pluma ‘ feather’ , from Indo-European plus-má, from plus-, from pleus- ‘ feather’ , plural ‘ plural’ : Latin pluralis ‘ plural’ (under­ lying meaning: ‘ made up o f more than one’ ), from plur-, stem o f plus ‘ m ore’ , from Old Latin pious, from Indo-Europe­ an plew-os- ‘ more; multitude’ , from plew-, variant o f pelu- ‘ multitude’ , from pel‘ full’ (see °pleno). For Latin -alis ‘of, relating to ’ , see “ al. plutocracia ‘ plutocracy’ : Greek ploutokratia ‘ plutocracy, government by the wealthy’ , from ptoiifos'w ealth’ (see Plutón, °llover) + -kratia ‘government, rule’ (see democra­ cia, “cáncer). Plutón ‘Pluto (planet)’ : Plutón ‘Pluto (g od )’ , from Latin Plutón-, stem o f Pluto (also Pluton), Roman god o f the nether world o f the dead, identified with Hades, Greek god o f the subterranean world (abode o f the dead) and giver o f earthly riches, from Greek Ploútón, literally = ‘ The Rich One’ , from ploútos ‘wealth’ (underlying meaning: ‘ overflowing riches’ ), from Indo-European plou-to- ‘flowing’ , from pleu- ‘ to flow ’ (see “Hover). The planet was first named in English (Pluto, 1930). pluviómetro ‘rain gauge, pluviometer’ : French pluviométre ‘ pluviometer’ (1788),

42 0

from pluvio- ‘rain’ (from Latin pluvia ‘rain’ , see lluvia, “ llover) + -métre ‘ mea­ suring device’ , from Greek métron ‘ mea­ sure’ (see “-m etro). Pnom Penh, see Phnom Penh. población ‘ population; tow n’ : Late Latin populationem , accusative o f populado (stem population-) ‘ population, people’ , from Latin populus ‘ people’ (see “p opu ­ lar) + -ado ‘ condition’ (see -ación). poblar ‘ to people’ (poblado ‘ village’ ): Medi­ eval Latin populare ‘ to people’ , from Latin populus ‘people’ (see °popular) + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). pobre ‘ p oor’ (pobreza ‘ poverty’ ): Vulgar Latin pop ere ‘ poor’ , from Latin pauperem, accusative o f pauper ‘ p oor’, from Indo-European pau-paros ‘p oor’ , literally = ‘producing little, bearing little (o f animals and land)’ , from pau-, pou- ‘ few, little; small’ (see “pueril) + par-os ‘produ­ cing’ , from par-, from pr- ‘ to grant’ (see “parar). pocilga ‘ pigpen’ : obsolete porcilga ‘ pigpen’ , ultimately from Latin porcus ‘ pig’ (see “pu erco). pocilio ‘vessel, cup’ : Latin pocillum ‘ little cup’ , diminutive o f poculum ‘drinking vessel, cup, goblet’ , from Indo-European po-tlo-m ‘ drinking vessel’ , from pó-, from pói- ‘ to drink’ (see “p oción ). For Latin -ilium ‘ small’ , see -illo. pócima ‘ potion; decoction ’ : apócima, apóce­ ma (the a- was lost probably through a confusion with the preceding article, la apócima being interpreted as la pócim a), from Latin apozema, from Greek apózema ‘ potion; decoction ’ , from apozein ‘to boil until the scum is thrown o f f ’ , from apo- ‘ o ff, away’ (see apócope, °ab-) + zein ‘ to b oil’ (see “eczema). °poción ‘ potion’ : Latin p od on em , accusative o f p o d o ‘ act o f drinking; drink, potion ’ (stem potion -), from potus ‘drunk’ (alter­ nate past participle o f potare ‘ to drink’ ), from Indo-European pd-to- ‘drunk’ , from p ó-, from pói-, pi - ‘ to drink’ (related words: abrevar, beber, biberón, pocilio, potable, propina): for Latin -io ‘act o f’ , see °-ión. For other descendants o f the Indo-European participial -to-, see alto. p o co ‘ little’ (p ocos ‘ few ’ ): Latin paucus ‘ little, few ’ , from Indo-European pau-ko‘ little, few ’ , from pau-, pou- ‘ few; small’ (see “pueril).

421

°podar ‘ to prune’ : Latin putare ‘ to cut, prune, clean, settle an account, compute, consider, think, esteem’ , from Indo-Euro­ pean pu-to- ‘ cut (participle)’ (for other descendants o f the Indo-European parti­ cipial -to-, see alto), from pu-, from peu‘ to cut’ . Related words: amputar, apodo, contar, cuenta, cu en to, diputado, dispu­ tar, espantar, impávido, imputar, pavi­ m ento, pavor, putativo, reputación, retar, reto-, perhaps: p o z o . “poder ‘to be able, may’ (pod er ‘ power’ , p od eroso ‘ pow erful’ ): Vulgar Latin potere ‘ to be able’ , from Old Latin *potere (Latin p osse) ‘to be able; to be powerful’ , from Indo-European poti- ‘ powerful; master, lord’ . Related words: apoderarse, despotism o, hospital, hotel, huésped, im­ posible, om nipotente, poseer, posesión, posibilidad, posible, potencia, p oten te, potestad. podrir ‘to rot’, see pudrir. “poema ‘poem ’ : Latin poem a ‘ poem ’ , from Greek poíém a, poem a ‘poem , w ork’ (un­ derlying meaning: ‘ something created’ ), from poiein ‘ to make, d o, create, com ­ pose’, from Indo-European kw oi-eyo- ‘to make’ , from kwoi-, from kwei- ‘to pile up, build, make’ . Related words: epopeya, poesía, poeta , p o ético , prosopopeya. poesía ‘ poetry’ : Com m on Romance poesía, from Latin poesis ‘ poetry’ , from Greek poíésis, poesis ‘poem , creation, making’, from p oiein ‘ to make, create’ (see “p o e ­ ma) + -sis ‘ process, action’ (see °-sis). poeta ‘ poet’ : Latin p oeta ‘ p oet’ , from Greek p otetes, p oetes ‘ poet, maker’ , from poiein ‘ to make, create’ (see °poem a). poético ‘ poetic’ : Latin poeticus ‘ poetic’ , from Greek poíetikós ‘ poetic, creative, capable o f making’ , from poíétés ‘ poet, maker’ (see p oeta , °poem a) + -ikós ‘ of, characteristic o f ’ (see °-ico2). polaco ‘Polish’ : Polish Polak ‘Pole’ , from pol‘ field’ (see °Polonia). polar ‘ polar’ : p o lo ‘ pole (extremity o f the. axis o f a sphere)’ (see p o l o ', °co lo n o ) + -ar ‘ o f ’ (see -ar2). polea ‘ pulley’ : Vulgar Latin *polidia ‘pul­ leys’ , plural o f *polidiu ‘ pulley’, probably from Late Greek *polidion ‘ pulley’ , diminutive o f Greek p olos ‘pivot, axis’ (see p o l o ', °colon o). polém ico ‘ polem ical’ : Greek polem ikós ‘ o f war, relating to war, hostile, opposed’ ,

p o líg lo t o , p olig lo to

from pólem os ‘war’ + -ikós ‘ o f ’ (see °-ico2). “polen ‘ pollen’ : Latin pollen ‘ fine flour, fine dust’, from Indo-European pel- ‘dust; flour’ . Related words: paja, payaso, p o l­ vo, pólvora. poli- ‘ many, much; more than one; excessive’ , as in policlínica, p olifon ía : Latin poly‘many, m uch’ , from Greek poly-, from polys ‘many, m uch’ , from Indo-European polu-, from pelu- ‘ multitude’ , from pel‘ to fill’ (see °pleno). poliandria ‘ polyandry’ : Greek polyandria ‘ condition o f having many men’, from polyandros ‘ having many men, having many husbands’, from poly- ‘ many’ (see poli-, °p len o) + andr-, stem o f o n e r‘man’ (see “Andrés). policía ‘ police; policeman’ (policíaco ‘o f the police’ ), originally = ‘ policy, government administration’ , from Late Latin politia ‘ government administration’, from Latin politia ‘ government, state’ , from Greek politeia ‘government, state, citizenship’ , from p olites ‘ citizen’ (see °p o litic o ) + -eia ‘ condition, quality’ (see -ia). polichinela ‘ punchinello’ : Polichinela, char­ acter in Italian puppet shows (also a hu­ man character in the commedia dell’arte), from Neapolitan Polecenella (Italian Pulcinella), puppet with a beaklike nose, possibly diminutive o f polecena ‘ young male turkey’ (from the shape o f the pup­ pet’s nose), from pollecino (Italian pulcin o) ‘ young chicken’ , from Late Latin pullicenus, diminutive o f Latin pullus ‘ young o f an animal; (in particular) young chicken’ (see pollo, °pueril). poliedro ‘ polyhedron’ : Greek polyedron ‘ polyhedron’, from polyedron, neuter o f polyed ros ‘ having many sides’ , from poly‘ many’ (see poli-, °plen o) + -edros, from hédra ‘ seat, side, base’ (see cátedra, “sedi­ m ento). “polígam o ‘ polygamous; polygamist’ : Greek polygam os ‘ polygamous’ (underlying meaning: ‘many marriages’ ), from poly‘ many’ (see poli-, “plen o) + gámos ‘ mar­ riage’ , from Indo-European gm-o- ‘mar­ riage’ , from gm-, from gem- ‘to marry’ . Related words: bigamo, fanerógamo, monógamo-, probably: yern o. polígloto, poligloto ‘ polyglot’ : Greek polyglottos ‘speaking many languages’ , from p oly- ‘ many’ (see poli-, “plen o) + -glottos,

p o líg o n o

from glótta ‘tongue; language’ (see 0glo­ tis). polígono ‘ polygon’ : Late Latin polygonum , from Greek polygonon ‘polygon ’, from polygon on , neuter o f polygón os ‘ poly­ gonal, having many angles’ , from poly‘ many’ (see poli-, °plen o) + -gonos ‘ having angles’ (see °-gono). Polimnia ‘Polyhymnia (Greek Muse o f singing)’ : Greek Polymnia, literally = ‘ She o f Many Songs’ , from polym nos ‘ aboun­ ding in songs’ , from poly- ‘many’ (see poli-, °pleno) + hymnos ‘ hymn’ (see "himno). “Polinesia ‘ Polynesia (group o f islands)’ , adaptation o f French Polynésie ‘Polynesia’ (1756), literally = ‘region o f many islands’ , from Greek poly- ‘ many’ (see poli-, "pleno) + French -nésie ‘ area o f islands’ , from Greek nesos ‘ island’ — o f uncertain origin; probably not related to Greek nekhein ‘to swim’ , Latin nare, natare ‘ to swim’ — (related words: Indonesia, Melanesia, Mi­ cronesia) + -ie ‘area, territory’ , from Latin -ia or Greek -ia ‘ area’ (see -ia). pólipo ‘ p olyp ’ : Latin polypus ‘polyp; o c to ­ pus’ , from Greek polypous ‘ octopus’ , literally = ‘m any-footed’ , from poly‘ many’ (see poli-, °pleno) + poús ‘ fo o t’ (see apoyar, °pie). polisíndeton ‘ polysyndeton’ : Late Greek polysyndeton ‘ polysyndeton’ , from p o ly ­ syndeton, neuter o f polysyn d etos ‘using many connectives or conjunctions’ , from Greek poly- ‘many’ (see poli-, °pleno) + syndetos ‘ bound together’ (see "asindeton). politécnico ‘ polytechnic’ : French p o ly tech ­ nique ‘ polytechnic’ (1795), from Greek p olytekh n os ‘skilled in many arts’ , from poly- ‘ many’ (see poli-, °plen o) + tékhné ‘ art, skill’ (see técnico, ° tejer). politeísmo ‘ polytheism’ : F renchpolythéism e ‘ polytheism’ (sixteenth century), from Late Greek p olyth eos ‘ believing in many gods’ , from Greek polyth eos ‘ o f many gods’ , from poly- ‘ many’ (see poli-, "pleno) + theós ‘ god’ (see "ateo). politico ‘political; politician’ (política ‘poli­ cy; politics’ ): Latin politicus ‘ o f civic policy, o f the state’ , from Greek politikós ‘ o f a citizen’ , from polites ‘ citizen’ (from polis ‘ city’ , from Indo-European pel‘ citadel’ ; related words: acrópolis, m etró­ poli, m etropolitano, Ñapóles, policía,

422

Singapur, Trípoli', probably: Estambul) + -ikós ‘ o f’ (see °-ico2). póliza ‘ policy’ : Italian polizza ‘ policy, certificate, document, receipt’, from Medieval Latin apodixa ‘receipt’ , from Latin apodixis, from Medieval Greek apódeixis ‘receipt’ , from Greek apódeixis ‘ proof, showing, making know n’ , from apodeiknynai ‘ to point out, demonstrate, make known, show o f f ’ , from apo- ‘o f f ’ (see apócope, °ab-) + deiknynai ‘to show, point out, demonstrate’ (see paradigma, ° decir). polo1 ‘ pole (extremity o f the axis o f a sphere)’ : Latin polus ‘ pole’ , from Greek p olos ‘ pole, pivot, axis’, from IndoEuropean kwol-o- ‘turn; wheel’, from kwol-, from kwel- ‘to turn, move around’ (see °colon o). polo2 ‘ p o lo ’ : English p o lo (1872), from Balti p o lo ‘ ball’, akin to Tibetan bo-lo ‘ball’ . “Polonia ‘Poland (country; Polish Polska)’ -. Medieval Latin Polonia ‘Poland’ (eleventh century), from Polish Polanie ‘Poles’ , literally = ‘field-dwellers’ , from Polish pol- ‘ broad flat land, field (i.e., Poland)’ (from Indo-European pel- ‘broad and flat; to spread’ , base o f various other IndoEuropean roots, as plak- [see "placer1], and plat- [see "p la to ]; related words: aeroplano, allanar, aplanar, cataplasma, emplasto, llano1, llano2, llanura, neopla­ sia, palma, palmera, piano, plan, planeta, plano1, plasma, plástico, polaco, propa­ lar, rinoplastia. Probably: Milán) + -anie ‘ inhabitants’ . The Polanie were a Slavic people w ho in the ninth century became preponderant over other groups in what is now west central Poland. polvo ‘dust; powder’ : Vulgar Latin *pulvus, from Latin pulvis (stem pulver ) ‘ dust; powder’ , from Indo-European pel- ‘ dust’ (see "polen). pólvora ‘ powder’ : Catalan polvora ‘dusts’ , from Latin pulvera ‘ dusts’, plural o f pulvis ‘ dust’ (see polvo, "polen). pollera ‘ (South America) skirt’ : obsolete pollera ‘ bell-shaped skirt’ , from pollera ‘ bell-shaped baby-walker made o f osier’ , from pollera ‘ chicken coop made o f osier’ , from polio ‘chicken’ (see pollo, "pueril) + -era ‘o f, connected with’ (see -era2). pollino ‘ ass; young ass’ , from Latin pullinus ‘o f young animals’ , from pullus ‘ young of an animal’ (see pollo, "pueril) + -inus ‘o f ’

423

(see °-ino). pollo ‘ chicken’ : Latin pullus ‘ young o f an animal; (in particular) young chicken’ , from Indo-European pu-lo- ‘ young o f an animal’ (-lo is a diminutive suffix; com ­ pare bello, Sao Paulo, °-ulo), from pu-, variant o f pou- ‘small’ (see °pueril). pomada ‘ ointment; pom ade’ : French pommade ‘ointment; pomade’ , from Italian pomata ‘ hair ointment’ (influenced by French pom m e ‘apple’ ), from Italian p om o ‘apple’ (because apples were origi­ nally used in the ointment to perfume the grease that was its main ingredient), from Late Latin pomum ‘apple’, from Latin pom um ‘ fruit’. pómez (piedra) ‘ pumice’ : Latin pum ex ‘ pumice’ , from Indo-European poim-ik‘ pumice’ , from poim-, from spoimo‘ foam ’ (see °espuma), from its appearance (because this rock is porous). pom pa 1 ‘ pom p’ : Latin pom pa ‘ pom p, pro­ cession’ , from Greek p om pe ‘ pomp, solemn procession, escorting, sending, sending o f f ’ , from pém pein ‘to escort, send, send o f f ’ . “pom pa 2 ‘bubble’ , perhaps from pom pa ‘ pom p’ (see pom pa1). Probably related word: bomba3. ponche ‘ punch (beverage)’ (ponchera ‘punch bow l’ ): English punch (1632), possibly from Hindi panch ‘five’ (the beverage may have been com posed originally o f five ingredients), from Sanskrit pañca ‘ five’ (see Penjab, °cinco). Or is English punch a shortening o f English puncheon ‘a cask’? ponderar ‘ to consider, ponder’ : Latin p on ­ derare ‘ to weigh, ponder’ , from ponder-, stem o f pondus ‘weight’ , from IndoEuropean pond-os- ‘weight’ , from pond-, from pon-, from pen-, variant o f spen- ‘to stretch’ (see °pender). For Indo-European -os-, noun-forming suffix, see “-o r 1. “poner ‘ to place, put; to lay’ (ponerse ‘ (o f the sun) to set’ , poniente ‘setting; west’ ): Latin ponere ‘ to put, place’, probably from Old Latin *posinere, from po- ‘ on, away’ (possibly from Indo-European apo‘ o ff, away’ — compare post- and its family) + sinere ‘ to leave, let, lay, put’ (underlying meaning: ‘ to allow to stay somewhere’ ). Related words: anteponer, apostar, apuesta, apuesto, com poner, com posición, deponer, depositar, depósi­

p orción

to, descom poner, desinencia, disponer, disposición, exponer, exposición, expues­ to, imponer, impuesto, mampostería, oponer, oposición, posición, positivo, postal, p ostizo, preposición, presupuesto, proponer, proposición, propósito, p ro­ puesta, puesta (de sol), puesto, reponer, repostero, sitio, situar, suponer, suposi­ ción, supuesto, yuxtaponer-, probably: em buste, embustero. “pontón ‘ pon toon ’ : L atinpon ton em , accusa­ tive o f p o n to ‘ floating bridge; punt (boat)’ (underlying meaning: ‘ bridge made o f boats’ ), from pont-, stem o f pons ‘ bridge’ , from Indo-European pent- ‘ to go, step’ . Related words: A lfon so, puente. popa ‘ stern’ : Latin puppis ‘stern’ . Popocatepetl ‘ Popocatepetl (volcano, Mexi­ c o )’ : Nahuatl Popocatepetl, literally = ‘ Smoking Mountain’ , from p opoca ‘to smoke frequently’ (with reduplication to indicate repetition, from poca ‘ to smoke’ , from poctli ‘ sm oke’ ) + tepétl ‘mountain’ (see °Citlaltepetl). “popular ‘ popular’ : Latin popularis ‘o f the people’, from populus ‘people’ (o f Etrus­ can origin) + -aris ‘o f ’ (see -ar2, °-al). Related words: población, poblar, publi­ car, público, Puebla, pueblo, república. por ‘by (agent); for (in behalf o f; in favor o f); through (m otion, and agent); about to (happen, etc.)’ : Vulgar Latin p or ‘by, for’ , from Latin pro ‘ for, before, in behalf o f’ , from Indo-European pro ‘ forward, be­ fore’ , from per ‘ forward, through’ (see °p er). porcelana ‘ china, porcelain’ : Italian porcellana ‘ china’ , from porcellana ‘ cowrie shell’, from the resemblance o f this ceramic’s finish to the surface o f the shell, from porcellana ‘ o f a little pig; o f a vulva’ , from the fancied resemblance o f this shell to a vulva, or (with a pun) to the vulva o f a sow, from porcello ‘little pig; vulva’ , from Latin porcellus, diminu­ tive o f porcus ‘domestic pig; vulva’ (see “pu erco). For Latin -ellus ‘ little one’ , see -elo. porcentaje ‘ percentage’ , adaptation o f En­ glish percentage (por- as in Spanish p or ‘ b y ’ ), from percent, p er cent., short for Latin p er centum ‘by the hundred, o f each hundred’ , from per ‘ b y ’ (see °per-) + centum ‘ hundred’ (see ciento, °diez). porción ‘ share’ : Latin portionem , accusative

p ordiosero

o f portio (stem portion ) ‘ portion’ , akin to part-, stem o f pars ‘ part’ (see parte, °parar). pordiosero ‘ beggar’ : por Dios ‘for G od ’ (be­ cause beggars often use sentences like “ Déme algo por Dios” or “ por amor de Dios” [‘ Give me something for G od’ or ‘ for the love o f G od ’ ]) + -ero ‘ connected with’ (see por, Dios, -ero2). porfía ‘obstinacy’ (porfiar ‘to persist’ ): o b ­ solete porfidia ‘ obstinacy’ , from Latin perfidia ‘ treachery’ , from perfidus ‘ treacherous’ (see pérfido, °per-, fe, °fiar) + -ia ‘ condition, state, quality’ (see -ia). pormenor ‘ particular, detail’ (underlying meaning: ‘ by minor items’ ), from por ‘ b y ’ (see por, “p e r ) + menor ‘minor, smaller’ (see menor, ° mioceno). poro ‘ pore (opening, interstice)’ : Latin porus ‘ pore’ , from Greek poros ‘ pore; passage; journey’, from Indo-European por-o- ‘ passage; journey’ , from por-, from per- ‘to lead, pass over’ (see 0pero­ né). poroto ‘ bean’ : Quechua purutu ‘bean’ , porque ‘ because’ : por que, literally = ‘ through that, b y which’ , from p or ‘ by, for, through’ (see por, °per-) + que ‘that’ (see qu e1, °cuota). ¿por qué? ‘w h y ?’ : por qué, literally = ‘ for what?’, from por ‘by, for, through’ (see por, °per-) + qué ‘what’ (see qué, ° cuota). porqué ‘reason, m otive’ (underlying meaning: ‘ the w hy’ ), from ¿por qué? ‘w h y?’ (see ¿por qué?, por, °per-, qué, °cuota). porquería ‘ filth’ (underlying meaning: ‘ foul matter, as one finds near pigs’ ), ultimate­ ly from pore-, base o f puerco ‘ pig’ (see °puerco). porrazo ‘blow ’ , originally = ‘blow with a club’ , from porra ‘ club, bludgeon’ (o f disputed origin; from Latin porrum ‘ leek’ ? [from the similarity in shape]) + -azo ‘ blow ’ (see °-azo). portada ‘title page’ : port-, base o f puerta ‘ door, doorway, means o f access’ (see puerta, °peroné), + -ada ‘ being’ (see -ada3). >ortador ‘bearer’ : obsolete portar ‘ to bear, carry’ (see portarse, °p eron é) + -ador ‘ acting, doer’ (see -ador1). lortal ‘ entrance, porch’ : Medieval Latin pórtale ‘ city gate, porch’, from pórtale, neuter o f portalis ‘o f a gate’, from Latin

424

porta ‘ gate’ (see puerta, °peron é) + -alis ‘o f ’ (see °-al). portarse ‘to behave’ : obsolete portar 'to carry’ , from Latin portare ‘ to carry’ , from Indo-European pr-to-, from pr-, from per‘ to lead’ (see °peroné). portavoz ‘ spokesman’ : obsolete porta, third person singular o f the present indicative o f portar ‘ to carry’ (see portarse, “peroné), + voz ‘voice’ (see °voz). porte ‘ carriage’ : obsolete portar ‘ to carry’ (see portarse, °peroné) + -e, a noun ending (see -e9). portento ‘wonder, marvel’ (portentoso ‘w on ­ derful’ ): Latin portentum ‘ sign, token, om en; monster, monstrosity’ , from por­ tentum, neuter o f portentus, past parti­ ciple o f portendere ‘ to presage, predict, serve as an om en’ , from por-, variant o f pro- ‘before’ (see pro-1, “per-), + tendere ‘ to stretch, stretch ou t’ (see tender, “ tener). porteño ‘ o f Buenos Aires’ : p o r t-, base o f puerto ‘ harbor, port’ (see puerto, “p ero­ né), from Puerto de Santa María de los Buenos Aires, sixteenth-century name o f the Buenos Aires harbor (compare Buenos Aires). portero ‘doorm an’ : Late Latin portarius ‘ doorm an’, from Latin porta ‘gate’ (see puerta, °p eron é) + -arius ‘ of, connected with’ (see -ario2). Portugal ‘Portugal (country)’ : Portuguese Portugal (around 1139, when the country became independent), from obsolete Portuguese Portugale, Portucale, Portucal (all three, around 1096), a county — north o f the Douro — o f the kingdom o f León (the area occupied by the county was already so called around 925), from Portucale, a town (now Porto; compare op o rto ), from Late Latin Portuscale, Portus Cale (on fifth century coins: Porto Cale), a town — on the north bank o f the Douro, across the river from Cale; now Porto — (fourth century), literally = ‘ the port o f Cale’, from Latin portus ‘ harbor’ (see puerto, °p eron é) + Cale, a probably pre-Roman settlement on the south bank o f the Douro (second century o f the Christian era; now Vila Nova de Gaia), o f disputed origin. portugués ‘Portuguese’ : Portuguese portuguéz ‘ Portuguese’ , from Portugal ‘Portu­ gal’ (see Portugal, puerto, °p eron é) + -éz

425

‘ o f (a place)’ , from Vulgar Latin -ese ‘o f (a place)’ (see -és). porvenir ‘ future’ , translation o f French ave­ nir ‘ future’ (from ...a venir *... to com e’ ) by means o f a formula that had been used in Spanish in phrases like las cosas por venir ‘ things to com e’ , from por ‘ to, about to ’ (see por, °per-) + venir ‘to com e’ (see °venir). pos- ‘ behind; after’, as in posdata, posguerra, used only before consonants (en pos ‘ after, behind’ ): post- ‘ behind; after’ (see “post-). posada ‘ inn’ : posada, feminine o f posado, past participle o f posar ‘to rest’ (see posar, “ pausa). posar ‘ to lodge, rest’ (posarse ‘ to settle, alight, perch’ ): Late Latin pausare ‘to stop, rest’ , from Latin pausa ‘ pause’ (see °pausa) + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). posdata ‘ postscript’ : postdata ‘ postscript’ , from Medieval Latin post data ‘after the date’ , from Latin post ‘ after’ (see °post-) + Medieval Latin data ‘date; given, issued’ (in formulas like data Romae ‘ given at R om e’ that preceded the mention o f the day and month in a document or letter), from Latin data, feminine o f datus ‘ given’ (see dato, °dar). poseer ‘to own, possess’ : Latin possidere ‘ to ow n ’ (underlying meaning: ‘ to sit as master’ , a legal term in Latin first used in connection with real estate), from potis ‘ able, having power, powerful; possible’ (from Indo-European poti- ‘ powerful; master’ ; see °poder) + -sidere, from sedere ‘ to sit’, from Indo-European sed-e‘ to be sitting’ (see °sedim ento). posesión ‘ possession’ : Latin possessionem, accusative o f possessio (stem possession-) ‘ possession’ , from possessus, past parti­ ciple o f possidere ‘ to own, possess’ (see poseer, °poder, °sedim ento). posibilidad ‘ possibility’ : Latin possibilitatem, accusative o f possibilitas (stem possibilitat-) ‘ possibility’ , fro m possibilis ‘ possible’ (see posible, "poder, ■“esencia, -ible, °-ble) + -itas ‘ condition’ (see -idad, °-tad). posible ‘ possible’ : Latin possibilis ‘ possible, that may or may not occu r’ , from posse ‘ to be able, may’ (from potis ‘able’ [from Indo-European poti‘ powerful’ ; see °p od er] + esse ‘ to b e’ [see “esen cia ]) + -ibilis ‘ capable o f ’ (see -ible, °-ble).

postrarse

posición ‘ place, position’ : Latin positionem, accusative o f positio (stem position-) ‘ position’ , from positus, past participle o f ponere ‘ to put, place’ (see “poner), + -io ‘ result’ (see °-ión). positivo ‘ positive’ : Latin positivus ‘ pre­ scribed, imposed, arbitrarily laid dow n’ , from positus, past participle o f ponere ‘to put, place, lay dow n’ (see “poner), + -ivus ‘ tending toward’ (see °-ivo). °post- ‘behind; after’, as in postmeridiano, postverbal: Latin post-, from post (adverb and preposition) ‘ behind, back, after’ , possibly from Indo-European apo- ‘ off, away’ (compare poner and its family). Related words: pescuezo, pos-, posdata, postergar, posterior, postre, postrero, postum o, pues-, probably: después. postal ‘ postal’ : Italian póstale ‘ postal’ , from posta ‘ post office; system for transporting the mail’ , from posta ‘relay station furnishing fresh horses for transporting mail’ , from Old Italian posta ‘ place as­ signed to a horse in a stable’ , from Vulgar Latin *posta, from Latin posita, feminine o f positus ‘ put’ , past participle o f ponere ‘ to put, place’ (see “poner). poste ‘ post, pillar’ : Latin postis ‘ post, pillar, prop’ , from Indo-European por-st-i- ‘ post, prop’ (underlying meaning: ‘ that stands before’ ), from por- ‘ before’ (variant o f pro- ‘ before’ ; see p ro -', “per-) + st-, from sta- ‘ to stand’ (see “estar). “postergar ‘ to delay, detain’ : Medieval Latin postergare ‘ to leave behind, neglect’, from Latin post tergum ‘behind one’s back’ , from post ‘ behind’ (see “post ) + tergum ‘ the back’ (related word: tergiversar). posterior ‘ back, located behind; subsequent’ : Latin posterior ‘ back; subsequent’, com ­ parative o f posterus ‘ coming after’ (see postrero, “post-). For the Latin compara­ tive -ior, see “ mejor. postizo ‘ artificial, false, added’ : obsolete apostizo ‘ artificial, false, added’, from Late Latin *appositicius ‘added’ , from Latin appositus, past participle o f apponere ‘ to add, place near’ (from ad- [with assimilation] ‘ near’ [see a-', °a2} + pone­ re ‘to place’ [see “p o n e r ]), + -idus, an ending forming adjectives from past parti­ ciples (see “-icio). postrarse ‘ to prostrate’ : obsolete prostrarse ‘ to prostrate’ , from prostrar ‘ to prostrate, kneel dow n; to throw dow n’ , from Late

postre (a la)

Latin prostrare ‘to throw down flat, pros­ trate’, from Latin prostratus, past partici­ ple o f prosternere ‘to prostrate, throw dow n’ , from pro- ‘down before’ (see pro-1, °per-) + sternere ‘to stretch out, throw dow n’, from Indo-European ster-n‘ to spread’ , from ster- ‘to spread’ (see °esternón). postre, (a la ) ‘ (at) last’ (postre [noun] ‘des­ sert’ ): postrero ‘ last’ (seep ostrero, °post-). postrero ‘ last’ (postrer before masculine sin­ gular nouns), irregularly (perhaps through a Vulgar Latin form *postrariu ‘ last’ , by analogy to primariu ‘ first’ ; see primero), from Latin postremus ‘ last’ , superlative o f posterus ‘ coming after, next’ , from post ‘ after’ (see °post-). postum o ‘ posthumous’ : Latin postumus ‘ late born; the last’ (said often o f the youngest child, or o f a child born after the father’s death or after he had made his will), a superlative o f posterus ‘ coming after’ (see postrero, °post-). potable ‘ potable’ : Late Latin potabilis ‘pota­ ble, fit to drink’ , from Latin potare ‘to drink’ (from potus ‘ drunk’ ; see °p oción ) + -abilis ‘ fit for’ (see -able, °-ble). potaje ‘ pottage, potage’ : Old French potage ‘thick soup; stew’ , from p o t ‘jar’ , from Vulgar Latin pottus ‘jar’ (see °pote). °pote ‘jug, pot, jar’ : Catalan p o t ‘jar’ , from Vulgar Latin pottus ‘jar; potter (pot maker)’ , o f Celtic origin. Related words: b o te 2, potaje. potencia ‘pow er’ : Latin potentia ‘ power’ , from potent-, stem o f potens ‘ powerful’ (see p oten te, °poder), + -ia ‘ condition’ (see -ia). potente ‘strong, powerful’ : Latin potentem , accusative o f potens (stem poten t-) ‘ powerful’ , present participle o f Old Latin *potere ‘to be pow erful’ (see °poder). potestad ‘ power’ : Latin potestatem , accusa­ tive o f potestas (stem potestat ) ‘ power’ , irregularly from potis ‘able, capable, powerful’ (from Indo-European poti‘ powerful’ ; see °poder) + -tas ‘quality’ (see °-tad). potosí ‘great wealth’ , from P otosí, mineralrich mountain in Bolivia (see San Luis Potosí). potro ‘ colt’ (potrero ‘ pasture land’ ): Vulgar Latin *pullitrus ‘ colt’ , from Latin pullus ‘ young o f an animal’ (see polio, °pueril). p ozo ‘well (deep hole)’ : Latin puteus ‘well’ ,

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perhaps from Indo-European pu-to- ‘dug, cut (participle)’ (see °podar). pozole ‘ (M exico) pork and corn soup’ : Nahuatl pozolli ‘ pork and corn soup’ , literally = ‘ foam y’ , from p ozol ‘ foam ’ (akin to Nahuatl pozoni ‘ to b oil’ ), práctica ‘ practice’ : Late Latin practice, from Greek praktike ‘ practice’ , from praktike, feminine o f praktikós ‘ practical’ (see . °práctico). practicar ‘ to practice’ : Medieval Latin prac­ ticare ‘ to practice’ , from Late Latin practicus ‘ practical’ (see °práctico) + Latin -are, an infinitive ending (see °-ar‘ ). "práctico ‘ practical’ : Late Latin practicus, from Greek praktikós ‘ practical’, from praktós ‘to be practiced, be done’, verbal o f prássein (Attic práttein) ‘ to practice, effect, do, make’ . Related words: plática, práctica, practicar. prado ‘ m eadow’ (pradera ‘meadow, prairie’ ): Latin pratum ‘m eadow’ , o f uncertain origin. Praga ‘Prague (capital o f Czechoslovakia)’ : Medieval Latin Praga (1493), from Czech Praha ‘Prague’ , a town first mentioned around A.D. 928, o f disputed origin (akin to Czech prazit ‘ to roast, burn’?), pre- ‘ earlier than; preliminary; beforehand; in front o f’ , as in precep to, precursor, predecir, predestinado, prehistórico: Latin prae- ‘ before, in front; very, extremely’ , from prae ‘before; in front; beyon d’ , from Indo-European prai- ‘before, in front’, from per ‘ forward, first’ (see °per-). preámbulo ‘ introduction’ : Medieval Latin praeambulum ‘ introduction’, from Late Latin praeambulum, neuter o f praeambulus ‘walking in front’ , from Latin prae- ‘in front’ (see pre-, °per-) + -ambulus, from ambulare ‘to walk’ (see °ambulancia, °am­ biente). precario ‘ precarious’ : Latin precarius ‘o b ­ tained by entreaty or prayer’ , from precari ‘to entreat, pray’, from prec-, stem o f prex ‘request, entreaty, prayer’ , from Indo-European prek-, variant o f perk- ‘to ask, entreat’ . Related w ord: plegaria. precaución ‘precaution’ : Late Latin praecautionem, accusative o f praecautio (stem praecaution-) ‘ precaution’ , from Latin praecautus, past participle o f praecavere ‘to guard against before’, from prae‘before’ (see pre-, °per-) + cavere ‘to guard against, be on one’s guard’ (see cauto,

427

° acústico). preceder ‘ to precede’ : Latin praecedere ‘to precede, go before’ , from prae- ‘before’ (see pre-, °per-) + cedere ‘ to g o’ (see “ce­ der). precepto ‘ precept’ : Latin praeceptum ‘pre­ cept’ , from praeceptum , neuter o f praeceptus, past participle o f praecipere ‘to give rules or precepts, instruct, warn, take beforehand’ , from prae- ‘before’ (see pre-, °per-) + -cipere, from capere ‘to take’ (see “ capaz). precio ‘ price’ : Latin pretium ‘ price; value, w orth’ (underlying meaning: ‘that which is against, opposite’ , i.e. ‘ equivalent’ ), from Indo-European preti-o- ‘opposite; equivalent’, from preti- ‘opposite, against’ , from p er ‘ forward; against’ (see °per-). precioso ‘ lovely, precious’ : Latin pretiosus ‘ o f great value, o f high price’ , from preti­ um ‘ price; value’ (see precio, °per-) + -osus ‘ having, abounding in’ (see -oso). precipicio ‘ precipice’ : Latin praecipitium ‘ precipice, steep place; a falling headlong’ , from praecipitare ‘ to precipitate; to throw headlong’ (see precipitar, pre-, "per-, °cabo). precipitar ‘ to precipitate, hasten’ : Latin praecipitare ‘ to precipitate, hasten; to throw headlong’, from praecipit-, stem o f praeceps ‘ headlong’ , from prae- ‘ in front’ (see pre-, °per-) + -ceps (stem -cipit-), from caput ‘ head’ (see °cabo). preciso ‘ necessary; precise’ : Latin praecisus ‘ cut o ff, shortened’ , past participle o f praecidere ‘to cut o ff in front, shorten’ , from prae- ‘ in front’ (see pre-, °per-) + -cidere, from caedere ‘to cu t’ (see °cesura). preclaro ‘ illustrious’ : Latin praeclarus ‘very clear, very bright; very celebrated, fa­ mous’ , from prae- ‘ very, extremely’ (see pre-, °per-) + clarus ‘ clear, bright, loud’ (see claro, °clamar). precoz ‘ precocious’ : Latin praecox ‘preco­ cious, premature, ripening before its time’ , from praecoquere ‘ to cook before; to ripen before, ripen early’, from prae‘before’ (see pre-, “per-) + coquere ‘ to cook , ripen’ (see °cocer). precursor ‘ precursor’ : Latin praecursor ‘ pre­ cursor, forerunner’ , from praecursus, past participle o f praecurrere ‘ to run before, precede’ (from prae- ‘ before’ [see pre-, "per-] + currere ‘ to run’ [see “co rrer)), + -or ‘acting, doer’ (see °-or').

preferir

predecesor ‘ predecessor’ : Late Latin praedecessor ‘ predecessor; ancestor’ (underlying meaning: ‘ one who left or died before’ ), from Latinprae- ‘ before’ (see pre-, °per-) + decessor ‘one who leaves; retiring gover­ nor’ , from decessus, past participle o f decedere ‘ to depart, go away; to retire from o ffice; to die’ , from de ‘away’ (see de-, °de2) + cedere ‘ to g o’ (see ° ceder). predicar ‘ to preach’ : Late Latin praedicare ‘ to preach, predicate, proclaim’ , from Latin praedicare ‘ to assert, proclaim pub­ licly’ , from prae- ‘in front o f, in public’ (see pre-, " p e r ) + dicare ‘to proclaim, say’ (see abdicar, 0decir). predicción ‘ prediction’ : Latinpraedictionem , accusative o f praedictio (stem praediction ) ‘ prediction’ , from praedictus, past participle o f praedicere ‘to predict, tell before’ , from prae- ‘before’ (see pre-, " p e r ) + dicere ‘ to tell, say’ (see °decir). predilecto ‘ favorite’ : Medieval Latin praedilectus ‘ favorite, preferred, loved better’ , past participle o f praediligere ‘to prefer, love m ore’ , from Latin prae- ‘ before’ (see pre-, °per-) + diligere ‘ to love; to select’ (see diligencia, °dis-i , °leer). predio ‘real property, estate’ : Latin praedium ‘ estate’ , from praed-, stem o f praes ‘surety, pledge’ , for *praevides (underly­ ing meaning: ‘security given before’ ), from prae- ‘ before’ (see pre-, °per-) + -vides, from vad-, stem o f uas ‘ bail, securi­ ty’ , from Indo-European wadh- ‘pledge’ (see “gajes). predominar ‘to predominate’ : Medieval Latin praedominari ‘to predominate, subdue beforehand’ , from Latin prae- ‘ before’ (see pre-, °per-) + dominari ‘to dominate, rule’ (see dominar, d o n ', °d om éstico). prefacio ‘ preface’ : Latin praefatio ‘ prelimi­ nary remarks’ , literally = ‘a saying before­ hand’ , from praefatus, past participle o f praefari ‘ to say beforehand’, from prae‘ before’ (see pre-, °per-) + fari ‘to speak, say’ (see "fábula). prefecto ‘ prefect’ : Latin praefectus ‘prefect, high official, chief’ , from praefectus, past participle o f praeficere ‘ to place at the head o f ’ , from prae- ‘before’ (see pre-, °per-) + -ficere, from facere ‘to place’ (see "hacer). preferir ‘to prefer’ (preferencia ‘ preference’ , preferible ‘ preferable’ ): Latin praeferre ‘ to prefer, bear before, place before’,

p refijo

from prae- ‘ before’ (see pre-, °per-) + ferre ‘ to bear, carry’ (see -ífero, °p erife­ ria). prefijo ‘ prefix’ : New Latin praefixum ‘ pre­ fix’ (first used in English, 1614), from Latin praefixum, neuter o f praefixus ‘ fastened before’ , past participle o f praefigere ‘ to fasten before’ , from prae- ‘be­ fore’ (see pre-, “per-) + figere ‘ to fasten’ (see fijo, "clique). pregonar ‘to proclaim’ : Late Latinpraeconari ‘to proclaim, herald’ , from praecon-, stem o f praeco ‘ crier, herald’ , probably from praedicare ‘to proclaim publicly’ (see predicar, abdicar, "decir). preguntar ‘ to ask, inquire’ (pregunta ‘ques­ tion’, preguntarse ‘ to wonder’ ): Vulgar Latin *praecunctare ‘ to ask, inquire’ (influenced by Latin prae- ‘ before’ and cunctari ‘ to doubt, hesitate’ ), from Latin percontari ‘ to inquire’ , literally = ‘ to sound (the depth) with a punting pole’ , from p e r ‘ through, by means o f ’ (see "per-) + contus ‘ pole, pike, punting pole’, from Greek kontós ‘ pole, pike’ , from IndoEuropean kent- ‘to prick, goad’ (see "cen­ tro). prejuicio ‘ prejudice’ : Latin praejudicium ‘ prejudice, judgment formed beforehand’ , from prae- ‘ beforehand’ (see pre-, "per-) + judicium ‘judgment’ (see juicio, ju ez, "jurar, "decir). preliminar ‘ preliminary’ : Medieval Latinpraeliminaris ‘ preliminary, before the begin­ ning’ , from Latin prae- ‘ before’ (see pre-, "per-) + liminaris ‘o f a threshold’ , from limin-, stem o f limen ‘ threshold’ (akin to limes ‘ boundary’ ; see "lím ite), + -aris ‘ o f’ (see -ar2). preludio ‘ prelude’ : Medieval Latin praeludium ‘ introductory performance’ , from Latin praeludere ‘ to play beforehand’ , from prae- ‘before’ (see pre-, "per-) + ludere ‘to play’ (see "aludir). prematuro ‘ premature’ : Latin praematurus ‘ premature, very early, too early, ripe before the proper time’ , from prae- ‘ be­ fore’ (see pre-, "per-) + maturus ‘ripe’ (see maduro, "mañana). premio ‘ prize, reward’ : Latin praemium ‘ reward, b ooty, profit derived from b o o ty ’ (underlying meaning: ‘ taken before others’ ), from prae- ‘before’ (see pre-, "per-) + -emium, from emere ‘ to take’ (see "ejem plo).

428

premisa ‘ premise (proposition)’ : Medieval Latin praemissa ‘ premise’ , from Latin praemissa, feminine o f praemissus ‘ placed before, sent ahead’ , past participle o f praemittere ‘ to place before, send ahead’ , from prae- ‘before’ (see pre-, "per ) + mittere ‘ to send’ (see "m eter). premura ‘ urgency’ : Italian premura ‘urgency’, from prem ere ‘to press, exert pressure’ , from Latin prem ere ‘to press’ (see "pre­ sión). prenda ‘ pledge; garment; talent’ : obsolete pendra, from pendra, from péñora, from Latin pignora ‘ pledges’ , plural o f pignus (stem pignor ) ‘ pledge, stake’ (see "em pe­ ñar). "prender ‘ to seize, apprehend; to secure, pin, stick’ : Vulgar Latin prendere, from Latin prehendere ‘ to seize, grasp’ , from pre‘ before’ (from prae- ‘before’ ; see pre-, "per-) + -hendere, from Indo-European ghend- ‘ to grasp, seize, take’ . Related words: aprender, comprender, despren­ der, emprender, empresa, presa1, presa2, preso, prisión, reprender, sorprender, sorpresa. prensa ‘ press (machine that applies pressure, or prints by applying pressure)’ : Catalan premsa ‘ machine that applies pressure’, from premsa, feminine o f prems ‘ pressed, tight’ , past participle o f prém er ‘ to press’ , from Latin prem ere ‘to press’ (see °pre­ sión). preñada ‘ pregnant, gravid’ : Vulgar Latin praegnata, from Latin praegnat-, stem o f praegnas ‘ pregnant’ , from prae- ‘ before’ (see pre-, "per-) + gnat-, gnas ‘ birth’ , from Indo-European gna- ‘ birth’ , from gen- ‘to give birth’ (see "género). preocupar ‘ to worry, preoccupy’ (preocupa­ ción ‘w orry’ ): Latin preoccupare ‘ to occu py or seize before’ , from prae- ‘be­ fore’ (see pre-, "per-) + occupare ‘ to occu ­ py, seize’ (see ocupar, ob-, "epi-, "capaz). preparar ‘ to prepare’ (preparación ‘ prepara­ tion’ ): Latin praeparare ‘to prepare’ , from prae- ‘ before, in advance’ (see pre-, "per ) + parare ‘ to make ready, prepare, procure’ (see "parar). preparativo ‘ preparation’ : Latin praeparatus ‘ prepared’ , past participle o f praeparare ‘ to prepare’ (see preparar, pre-, "per-, "parar), + Spanish -ivo ‘ tending toward’ (see "-ivo). preposición ‘ preposition’ : Latin praepositio-

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nem, accusative o f praepositio (stem praeposition-) ‘ preposition’ (translation o f Greek próthesis ‘ preposition; a placing in front’ ), from praepositus, past participle o f praeponere ‘ to place in front’, from prae- ‘ in front’ (see pre-, °per-) + ponere ‘ to place’ (see °poner). prerrogativa ‘ prerogative’ : L atinpraerogativa ‘ preference, privilege; electoral division chosen by lot to vote first’ , from praero­ gativa, feminine o f praerogativus ‘ asked to vote first’ , from praerogatus, past participle o f praerogare ‘ to ask before others’ , from prae- ‘before’ (see pre-, “per-) + rogare ‘to ask’ (see rogar, “regir). presa1 ‘ prey’ : Catalan presa ‘ prey; plunder, b o o ty ’ , imitation o f Latin praeda ‘plun­ der, b o o ty ; prey’ , from praehenda ‘things that will be seized’ , plural o f praehendum, neuter o f praehendus ‘to be seized’ , gerundive o f praehendere, prehendere ‘to seize’ (see “prender). presa 2 ‘ dam’ : obsolete presa, feminine o f preso, a past participle o f prender ‘to seize’ (see preso, “prender). Underlying idea: ‘ a dam confines the water by “ seizing” it’ . presagio ‘ presage’ : Latinpraesagium ‘ presage, presentiment; prediction’ , from praesagire ‘ to have a presentiment o f, perceive be­ forehand’ , from prae- ‘ before’ (see pre-, “p er ) + sagire ‘ to perceive keenly’ (under­ lying meaning: ‘ to seek to kn ow ’ ), from Indo-European sag-yo- ‘ to seek ou t’ , from sag- ‘ to seek ou t’ (see “sagaz). présbita, présbite ‘ farsighted, presbyopic’ : French presbyte ‘ farsighted’ , from Greek présbys (stem presbyt-) ‘old man, elder’ (from the fact that presbyopia appears with advancing age), from Indo-European pres-gw- ‘old man, leader’, literally = ‘ going before’ (i.e., ‘ he that came first’ ), from pres- ‘ before, first’ (from per ‘before, ahead, forward, first’ ; see “per-) + gw- ‘to g o’ , from gwa- ‘ to com e; to g o’ (see “ve­ nir). prescindir ‘to do w ithout’ : Latinpraescindere ‘to sever, cut o f f in front’ , from prae‘ in fron t’ (see pre-, “per-) + scindere ‘ to cut o ff, split’ , from Indo-European ski-n-d-, from skid-, from skeid-, from skei- ‘to cut, split’ (see “ciencia). prescribir ‘to prescribe’ : Latin praescribere ‘ to order, direct, prescribe, write at the beginning or in front’ , from prae- ‘ in

presión

front’ (see pre-, “p er-) + scribere ‘ to write’ (see “escribir). presencia ‘ presence’ (presenciar ‘ to be pres­ ent’ ): Latin praesentia ‘presence’ , from praesent-, stem o f praesens ‘ present’ (see presente, pre-, “per-, “esencia), + -ia ‘ con­ dition, state, quality’ (see -ia). presentar ‘to present; to introduce’ (presen­ tación ‘ presentation’ ): Latin praesentare ‘ to present’ , from praesent-, stem o f prae­ sens ‘ present’ (see presente, pre-, “per-, “esencia). Several Vulgar Latin verbs were formed on the model o f Latin praesentare (compare ahuyentar, asentar, calentar, espantar, quebrantar, sentar). presente ‘ present’ : Latinpraesentem , accusa­ tive o f praesens (stem praesent-) ‘ present’ , present participle o f praeesse ‘ to be pres­ ent, be before one, be at hand’ , from prae- ‘before, in front o f ’ (see pre-, “per-) + esse ‘to be’ (see “esencia). presentir ‘ to have a presentiment’ : Latin praesentire ‘ to perceive beforehand’ , from prae- ‘ before’ (see pre-, “p er-) + sentire ‘to perceive, feel’ (see “ sentir). preservar ‘to preserve’ : Medieval Latin praeservare ‘to preserve, keep safe, protect, guard beforehand’ (Latin praeservare = ‘ to observe’ ), from Latin prae- ‘ before’ (see pre-, “per-) + servare ‘ to keep; to guard, preserve’ (see “conservar). presidencia ‘ presidency, chairmanship’ : Me­ dieval Latin praesidentia ‘office o f presi­ dent’ , from Latin praesident-, stem o f praesidens ‘ president’ (see presidente, presidir, pre-, “per-, “sedim ento), + -ia ‘ condition, state, quality’ (see -ia). presidente ‘ president, chairman’ : Latin prae­ sident em, accusative o f praesidens (stem praesident-) ‘ president, ruler’ , from prae­ sidens, present participle o f praesidere ‘to guard, preside over, sit in front o f ’ (see presidir, pre-, “per-, “sedimento). presidio ‘garrison; prison’ : Latin praesidium ‘ garrison, fortification’ , from praesidere ‘ to guard, sit in front o f ’ (see presidir, pre-, “per-, “sedim ento). presidir ‘ to preside’ : Latin praesidere ‘to guard, preside over, sit in front o f’ , from prae- ‘ before, in front’ (see pre-, “per-) + -sidere, from sedere ‘to sit’ (see °sedimen­ to). "presión ‘ pressure’ : Latin pressionem, accu­ sative o f pressio (stem pression-) ‘ pres­ sure’ , from pressus (past participle o f

preso

prem ere ‘ to press’, which derives from Indo-Europeanprem- [durative] ‘ topress’, from per- ‘ to strike’ ), from Indo-Europe­ an pres- ‘to press’ , from per- ‘ to strike’. Related words: apresurar, aprisa, compri­ mir, deprimir, expresar, expresión, ex ­ preso, exprimir, imprenta, impresión, im­ primir, opresión, oprimir, premura, pren­ sa, presuroso, represa, reprimir, suprimir. preso ‘ prisoner’ : preso ‘seized’ , a past parti­ ciple o f prender ‘to seize’ (see °prender), from Latin prehensus, past participle o f prehendere. prestar ‘ to lend’ (préstamo ‘loan’ ): Latin praestare ‘ to be responsible for, per­ form, pay, give’ , from praesto ‘ at hand’ (see °presteza) + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). "presteza ‘ promptness’ : presto ‘ prompt’ , from Latin praestus ‘ready’ , from praesto ‘ at hand, on the spot’ (related word: prestar), probably from prae- ‘ before’ (see pre-, °per-) + -sto, o f uncertain origin. For Spanish -eza ‘ condition, quality’, see -eza. prestigio ‘ prestige, influential status’ : presti­ gio ‘ illusion brought on by a conjurer’s tricks’, from Latin praestigiae (plural) ‘ conjurer’s tricks’ , from *praestrigiae ‘ tricks’ (underlying meaning: ‘ a blindfold’ , i.e., the eyes o f the spectators are “ cov­ ered” by tricks as by a bandage), from praestringere ‘ to bind; to blind’, from prae- ‘ before’ (see pre-, °per-) + stringere ‘ to tighten, bind tight’ (see °estreñir). The change in meaning from ‘illusion, trick, magic’ to ‘glamour, influential sta­ tus’ appears first in French (eighteenth century). presumir ‘ to assume, presume; to boast’ : Latin praesumere ‘ to assume, take for granted, presuppose, take in advance’ , from prae- ‘ before’ (see pre-, °per ) + -sumere ‘to take’ (see sumir, sub-, °hipo-2, °ejem plo). The meaning ‘ to boast’ derives from Late Latin praesumere ‘to dare, be audacious’ , from Latin praesumere ‘to take for granted’ . presunción ‘ assumption, presumption’ : Latin praesumptionem, accusative o f praesumptio (stem praesumption-) ‘ assumption’ , from praesumptus ‘ assumed’ (see presun­ to, presumir, pre-, °per-, sumir, sub-, °hipo-2, °ejem plo) + -io ‘ act o f ’ (see °-ión). presunto ‘ assumed, presumed’ : Latin prae­ sumptus ‘ assumed’ , past participle o f

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praesumere ‘ to assume, take for granted’ (see presumir, pre-, °per-, sumir, sub-, °hipo-2, °ejem plo). presupuesto ‘budget’ (underlying meaning: ‘sum o f m oney that it is supposed in ad­ vance will be needed for a given period’ ), from presupuesto, past participle o f pre­ suponer ‘to presuppose’ , from Medieval Latin praesupponere ‘ to presuppose, sup­ pose in advance’, from Latin prae- ‘before’ (see pre-, °per-) + Medieval Latin supponere ‘ to suppose, assume’ (see suponer, sub-, °hipo-2, °poner). presuroso ‘ quick’ : presura ‘ hurry, press’ , from Latin pressura ‘ action o f pressing, pressure’ , from pressus, past participle o f premere ‘ to press’ (see °presión), + -ura ‘ act; result’ (see °-ura). For Spanish -oso ‘ having’ , see -oso. pretender ‘ to put forward a claim’ : Latin praetendere ‘ to allege, assert, stretch forth, spread before’ , from prae- ‘ before’ (see pre-, °per-) + tendere ‘ to stretch, ex­ tend’ (see tender, ° tener). pretérito ‘ past’ : Latin praeteritus ‘ gone by, past’ , past participle o f praeterire ‘to go by, pass’ , from praeter ‘ past, by, beyon d’ , comparative o f prae ‘ before’ (see pre-, °per-), + ire ‘ to go’ (see °ir). pretexto ‘ pretext’ : Latinpraetextus ‘ pretext, outward show, pretense’ , from praetex­ tus, past participle o f praetexere ‘to dis­ guise, pretend, weave in front’ , from prae- ‘ in front’ (see pre-, °per-) + texere ‘ to weave’ (see ° tejer). pretil ‘ parapet, barrier’ (underlying meaning: ‘ chest-high wall’ ), metathesis o f obsolete *petril ‘ parapet’ , from Vulgar Latin *pectorile ‘ parapet’ , from *pectorile, neuter o f *pectorilis ‘ o f the breast’ , from Latin p ector-, stem o f pectus ‘ chest, breast’ (see °p ech o), + -ile, neuter o f -ilis ‘o f ’ (see -il). prevalecer ‘ to prevail’ : Latin praevalescere ‘ to becom e very strong’ , inchoative o f praevalere ‘ to be stronger, be more able’ , from prae- ‘ before; beyon d’ (see pre-, °per-) + valere ‘ to be strong’ (see °valer). For Latin -escere, inchoative ending, see °-ecer. prevenir ‘ to prepare, prevent, warn’ (preven­ ción ‘ prevention’ ): Latin praevenire ‘to anticipate, precede, com e before’ , from prae- ‘ before’ (see pre-, °per-) + venire ‘ to com e’ (see °venir). prever ‘ to foresee’ , translation o f Latin prae-

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videre ‘ to foresee’, from prae- ‘ before’ (see jore-, °per-) + videre ‘to see’ (see °ver). previo ‘ previous’ : Latin praevius ‘ previous, going before, leading the way’ , from prae- ‘ before’ (see pre-, °per-) + -vius, from via ‘w ay’ (see °via). previsión ‘ foresight; forecast’ : Late Latin praevisionem, accusative o f praevisio (stem praevision) ‘ foresight’ , from Latin praevisus, past participle o f praevidere ‘ to foresee’ (see prever, pre-, °per-, °ver), + -io ‘act o f ’ (see °-ión). prieto ‘ dark’ : prieto ‘ tight, dangerous’, from apretar ‘ to tighten, press’ (see apretar, a-1, °a2, °pech o). primario ‘ primary’ : Latin primarius ‘o f the first rank, principal’ , literally = ‘ o f first’ , from primus ‘ first’ (see prim o, pre-, °per-, ° m ínim o) + -arius ‘o f ’ (see °-ario1). primate ‘ primate’ : primates (plural) ‘Pri­ mates’, from New Latin primates ‘Pri­ mates’ (1735), from Latin primates, plural o f primas (stem primat-) ‘ one o f the first rank’ , from primus ‘ first’ (see primo, pre-, °per-, °mínimo). primavera ‘spring’ (until the sixteenth centu­ ry, = ‘ early spring’ ; see verano): Late Latin prima vera ‘early spring’ , feminine form o f Latin primo vere ‘ in early spring’ , ablative (expressing time) o f primum ver ‘ early spring’ , from primum, neuter o f primus ‘ first, first part, beginning’ (see primo, pre-, °per-, ° mínimo), + ver ‘spring’ (see °verano). primero ‘ first’ (primer before a masculine singular noun): Vulgar Latin primariu ‘first’ , from Latin primarius ‘ o f the first rank, principal’ (see primario, prim o, pre-, °per-, ° mínimo). primicia ‘ first fruit’ : Latin primitiae (plural) ‘first fruits’ , from primus ‘first’ (see prim o, pre-, °per-, °m ínim o) + -itiae, feminine plural o f -itius ‘ o f ’ (see °-icio). primitivo ‘primitive’ : Latin primitivus ‘ primi­ tive, original, first o f its kind’, from primitus ‘ firstly, originally, in the first place’ (from primus ‘first’ [see primo, pre-, °per-, ° m ínim o] + -itus, an adverb suffix) + -ivus ‘ performing; tending toward’ (see °-ivo). primo ‘ cousin’ : Latin primus ‘ cousin’, literal­ ly = ‘ first’ (from consobrinus primus ‘ first cousin’ ), from Old Latin *prismus, from Indo-European preis-mo- ‘ first’, superla­ tive o f preis- ‘situated before’ (for -mo-, a

prioridad

superlative ending, see °m inim o), from prei-, prai- ‘before, in front’ (see pre-, °per-). Latin consobrinus (the source o f French and English cousin), which had meant ‘ first cousin’, was later applied to any cousin, and primus added to avoid confusion; it originally meant ‘ maternal cousin’ , from con- ‘ together’ (see com-, °con ) + sobrinus ‘maternal cousin’ , literal­ ly = ‘o f sister’ (see °sobrino). primogénito ‘ firstborn’ : Latin primogenitus ‘ firstborn’ , from primus ‘first’ (see primo, pre-, °per-, °m ínim o) + genitus ‘born’ , past participle o f gignere ‘to give birth’ (see genital, °género). primor ‘beauty; excellence’ : Latin primores (adjective, plural) ‘ the first’ (whence pri­ mores [noun] ‘ people o f the first rank, chiefs, nobles’ ), from primus ‘ first’ (see prim o, pre-, °per-, °mínimo). primordial ‘ primordial’ : Late Latinprimordialis ‘ primordial, original’ , from Latin primordium ‘ beginning, origin’ , from primordium, neuter o f primordius ‘original’ , from primus ‘ first’ (see prim o, pre-, °per-, °m ínim o) + ordiri ‘ to begin to weave, begin a w eb ’ (see urdir, ° orden). primoroso ‘ excellent, exquisite’ : primor ‘ ex­ cellence’ (see primor, prim o, pre-, °per-, °m ínim o) + -oso ‘having, abounding in’ (see -oso). princesa ‘ princess’ : French princesse ‘ prin­ cess’ , from prince ‘ prince’ (from Latin princeps ‘ first person (in rank), prince’ ; see príncipe, primo, pre-, “per-, °mínimo, mancebo, °capaz) + -esse ‘ female’, from Late Latin -issa ‘ female’ (see °-esa2). príncipe ‘ prince’ (principal ‘ chief, principal’ ): Latin principem, accusative o f princeps (stem princip-) ‘ first person (in rank), prince, chief, ruler’, literally = ‘ one who takes first place’ , from prin- (from IndoEuropean preis-mo- ‘ first’ ; see primo, pre-, °per-, ° m ínim o) + -ceps ‘taker’ (see mancebo, °capaz). principio ‘ beginning; principle’ (principiar ‘ to begin’ ): Latin principium ‘beginning, origin, basis’ (in the plural, principia, also = ‘ first principles, fundamentals’ ), from princip-, stem o f princeps ‘first, original’ (literally = ‘taken as first’ ), a word that has the same origin as princeps ‘ prince’ (see príncipe, primo, pre-, “per-, °m ínim o, m ancebo, °capaz). prioridad ‘ priority’ : Medieval Latin priorita-

prisa

tern, accusative o f prioritas (stem prioritat-) ‘ priority’ , from Latin prior ‘ former, prior, higher’, from Indo-European preiyos-, comparative o f prei- ‘before’ (see primo, pre-, °per-). For other descendants o f the Indo-European comparative -yos-, see mejor. prisa ‘ haste’ : priesa ‘ haste; group o f people hastening, squeezing’ , from Latin pressa, feminine past participle o f pressare ‘to press’ (frequentative o f prem ere ‘to press’ ), from pressa, feminine o f pressus, past participle o f premere ‘to press’ (see “presión). prisco ‘peach’: obsolete priesco, from Latin persicum ‘ peach’, literally = ‘ the Persian (fruit, or apple)’, from persicum, neuter o f persicus (adjective) ‘Persian’, from Persia ‘Persia’ (see °persiana) + -icus ‘ o f ’ (see “-ico1). prisión ‘ prison’ (prisionero ‘ prisoner’ ): Latin prensionem, prehensionem , accusative o f prensio, prehensio ‘ a seizing’ , from prehensus, past participle o f prehendere ‘to seize’ (see “prender). The change o f meaning from ‘ act o f seizing’ to ‘ prison’ appears first in French (around 1100). prisma ‘ prism’ : Late Latin prisma ‘prism’, from Greek prisma ‘ (w ooden) prism; something sawn’ , from priein ‘to saw’ , privado ‘private’ : Latin privatus ‘ private, not belonging to the State, deprived o f o ffic e ’ , from privatus, past participle o f privare ‘to deprive’ (see privar, “per-). privar ‘ to deprive’ : Latin privare ‘to deprive, release’ , from privus ‘single, alone, indi­ vidual, deprived o f, set apart’ , from IndoEuropean prei-wo- ‘ alone’ (underlying meaning: ‘standing in front, isolated from others’ ), from prei- ‘before, in front’, from per ‘ forward, first’ (see °per-). privilegio ‘ privilege’ : L atinprivilegium ‘privi­ lege, law affecting an individual’ , from privus ‘ individual’ (see privar, °per-) + -i-, a connective vowel (see -¡-2), + -legium, from leg-, stem o f lex ‘ law’ (see ley, °leer). pro ‘ advantage, benefit’ (en pro ‘ fo r ’ ): Vul­ gar Latin prode ‘ advantage’ , from Latin prodesse ‘to be useful, be beneficial’ (wrongly interpreted as a com pound o f *prode and esse), from prod-, variant o f pro- ‘ for, before, forward’ (see p ro -', “per-), + esse ‘to be’ (see “esencia). pro-1 ‘ substituting for; advocating, support­ ing’ , as in p robo, proceder, protuberancia:

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Latin pro- ‘before, forward, forth, for, in behalf o f, according to, in place of, in public, down before, away’ , from pro ‘ be­ fore, in behalf of, according to, instead o f, in place o f ’, from Indo-European pro ‘ forward, forth; before’, from p er ‘ for­ ward’ (see “per-). pro-2 ‘ before (in time or position)’ , as in problema, proem io, prognato: Greek pro‘ before (in time or position), forward, in front of, fo r ’, from pro ‘ before, ahead, forward, in fron t’ , from Indo-European pro ‘ forward’ (see pro-1, “per-). proa ‘ b o w ’ : Vulgar Latin proda, from Latin prora, from Greek proira ‘ prow ’ (underly­ ing meaning: ‘ forward part (o f a ship)’ ), from Indo-European pro-wo-iro- ‘ forward part’, from pro ‘forward’ (see p ro-1, “per-). probable ‘ probable’ : Latin probabilis ‘proba­ ble, provable, worthy o f approval’ , from probare ‘to try; to approve’ (see probar, p rob o, “per-, “futuro) + -abilis ‘worthy of, capable o f ’ (see -able, °-ble). probar ‘ to try; to prove’ : Latin probare ‘ to try, test, approve, prove, demonstrate as g ood ’ , from probus ‘ good, virtuous’ (see p rob o, “per-, “futuro) + -are, an infinitive ending (see “-ar1). problema ‘ problem’ : Latin problema ‘ prob­ lem’ , from Greek problema ‘ problem, projection, something thrown forward’ , from probállein ‘to throw forward, put forward’ , from pro- ‘ forward’ (see pro-1, p ro-1, “per-) + bállein ‘to throw’ (see ° m etabolism o). For Greek -ema, see -ema, -ma, “-m entó. probo ‘ honest’ : Latin probus ‘good, honest, virtuous’ , from Indo-European pro-bhwo‘growing straight forward, growing proper­ ly’ , from pro ‘ forward’ (from per- ‘ for­ ward’ ; see “per-) + bhw-o- ‘ to grow’ , from bhw-, from bheu- ‘ to b e ’ (see “futuro). probóscide ‘ proboscis (o f an insect)’ : Latin proboscidem , accusative o f proboscis (stem proboscid-) ‘ trunk, snout, trunk o f an elephant’ , from Greek proboskis (stem p roboskid-) ‘trunk, snout, trunk o f an elephant’ (underlying idea: ‘ the trunk, which is in front, conveys food into the m outh’ ), from pro- ‘ in front’ (see pro-1, p ro-1, “per-) + bóskein ‘ to feed’, proceder ‘ to proceed; behavior’ (procedente ‘ coming from ; according to the rules’, procedim iento ‘ process; procedure’ ): Latin procederé ‘ to proceed, go forward’ ,

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from pro- ‘ forward’ (see p ro-1, “p er-) + cedere ‘to go’ (see °ceder). procer ‘ eminent person’ : Latin procer ‘ emi­ nent person, chief, noble’ , akin to p ro ce­ rus ‘ high, tali’ , from pro- ‘ forward’ (see pro-1, “per-) + -cer, -cerus, from IndoEuropean ker- ‘to grow’ (see °cereal). procesión ‘ procession’ : Latin processionem , accusative o f processio (stem procession ) ‘act o f going forward’ , from processus, past participle o f procederé ‘to proceed, go forward’ (see proceder, p ro-1, °per-, “ ceder), + -io ‘act o f ’ (see °-ión). proceso ‘ process; trial’ : Latin processus ‘a moving forward; a series o f actions’ , from processus, past participle o f p roce­ deré ‘to go forward’ (see proceder, pro-1, “per-, “ ceder). proclamar ‘ to proclaim’ : Latin proclamare ‘ to proclaim’ , from pro- ‘ forward, forth’ (see pro-1, °per-) + clamare ‘to cry o u t’ (see °clamar). proclitico ‘ proclitic’ : New Latin procliticus ‘ proclitic’ (formed in 1801 on the analo­ gy o f Late Latin encliticus), from Greek pro- ‘ forward’ (see pro-2, pro-1, °per-) + -klitikós ‘ leaning’ (see en clítico ,0inclinar). proclividad ‘proclivity’ : Latin proclivitatem, accusative o f proclivitas (stem proclivitat) ‘proclivity, inclination’ , from proclivis (also proclivus) ‘sloping forward’ , from pro- ‘ forward’ (see pro-1, °per-) + -clivis, from clivus ‘ slope, hill’ (see declive, '‘ in­ clinar). procurar ‘to try; to try to obtain’ (procura­ dor ‘attorney’ ): Late Latin procurare ‘to obtain’ , from Latin procurare ‘to take care o f, manage for someone else’ , from pro- ‘ for, on behalf o f ’ (see pro-1, °per-) + curare ‘to take care o f ’ (see curar, °cura). prodigar ‘ to lavish, squander’ : pródigo ‘ prod­ igal, lavish’ (see pródigo, p ro-1, “per-, °agente) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see “ ar1). prodigio ‘ prodigy’ : Latin prodigium ‘marvel, monster, omen, portent, prophetic sign’ (underlying meaning: ‘a foretelling, a speaking before’ ), from prod-, variant o f pro- ‘ before’ (see p ro-1, “p e r ) , + -igium ‘something spoken’ , from Indo-European g-io- ‘ something spoken’, from g-, from eg- ‘ to speak’ (see “adagio). pródigo ‘ prodigal, lavish’ : Latin prodigus ‘ prodigal, lavish’ , from prodigere ‘to squander; to drive away’, from prod-,

profesar

variant o f pro- ‘ forward, forth, away’ (see p ro-1, “per-), + -igere, from agere ‘to drive’ (see “agente). producción ‘ production’ : Medieval Latin productionem , accusative o f productio (stem production-) ‘ production’ , from productus ‘produced’ , past participle o f producere ‘ to produce’ (see producir, p ro-1, °per-, “conducir), + -io ‘action; result’ (see “ ion). producir ‘ to produce’ : Latin producere ‘to produce, bring forth, lead forth’ , from pro- ‘forth’ (see pro-1, “per ) + .ducere ‘to lead’ (see “conducir). producto ‘product’ : Latin productum ‘ prod­ uct, something produced’ , from produc­ tum, neuter o f productus ‘ produced’ (see producción, producir, p ro -1, “per-, “con­ ducir). proemio ‘ preface, proem’ : Latin prooem ium , from Greek prooim ion ‘ preface’ , from pro- ‘ before’ (see pro-2, p ro-1, “per-) + oim e (also oím os) ‘song, lay, strain o f a song’ (from Indo-European soi-mo- ‘song, m elody’ [from soi-, from soi- ‘to sing, proclaim’ ], source, likewise, o f Greek oím os ‘way, path’ ) + -ion, a diminutive suffix (see -io). proeza ‘ feat, brave action; bravery, prowess’ : Old French proesse (French prouesse) ‘ bravery’, from prou (also prod, prud) ‘ good, capable; brave’ , from Late Latin prode ‘ advantageous; advantage’ , from Latin prodesse ‘to be beneficial, be use­ fu l’ (see pro, pro-1, “per-, “esencia). profanar ‘ to desecrate, profane’ : Latin pro­ fanare ‘to profane’ , from profanus ‘pro­ fane’ (see profano, pro-, “per-, fanático, “fiesta) + -are, an infinitive ending (see “-ar1). profano ‘ profane’ : Latin profanus ‘profane, impious, secular, not sacred’ , literally = ‘ before (i.e., ‘outside’ ) the temple’ , from pro- ‘before’ (see pro-1, “per-) + fanum ‘ temple’ (see fanático, “fiesta). profecía ‘ prophecy’ : Latin prophetia, from Greek propheteia ‘ prophecy’ , from prophetes ‘prophet’ (see profeta, pro-2, pro-1, “per-, “ fábula). proferir ‘ to utter’ : Latin proferre ‘to utter, bring forth, produce’ , from pro- ‘ forth’ (see p ro-1, “per ) + ferre ‘to bring, bear, carry’ (see -ífero, “periferia). profesar ‘to practice (a profession); to pro­ fess’ : Latin professus, past participle o f

profesión

profiteri ‘ to declare publicly’ , from pro‘ forth, in public’ (see p r o -', ° p e r ) + -fiteri, from fateri ‘to acknowledge, confess’ (see confesar, °fábula). profesión ‘profession’ (profesional ‘ profes­ sional’ ): Latin professionem , accusative o f professio (stem profession-) ‘ profession, business; public declaration o f a person’s name or business; public declaration’, from professus, past participle o f profiteri ‘to declare publicly’ (see profesar, p ro-1, °per-, confesar, °fábula). profesor ‘teacher; professor’ : Latin professor ‘ teacher; public teacher’ , from professus, past participle o f profiteri ‘to declare publicly; to be a teacher’ (see profesar, pro-1, °per-, confesar, ° fábula), + -or ‘acting, doer’ (see “ o r 1), profeta ‘ prophet’ : Latin propheta, from Greek prophetes ‘ prophet, proclaimer, spokesman for the gods’ (underlying meaning: ‘who speaks beforehand’ ), from pro- ‘ before’ (see pro-1, p ro-1, °per ) + -phetes ‘ speaker’ , from phánai ‘ to speak, say’ , from Indo-European bhá- ‘ to speak’ (see ° fábula). profiláctico ‘ prophylactic’ : Greekprophylaktikós ‘ prophylactic’ , from *prophylaktos, verbal o f prophylássein ‘to keep guard before (aplace), take precautions against’ , from pro- ‘before’ (see pro-1, p ro -1, °per-) + phylássein ‘ to guard’ , from phylax ‘a guard’ . prófugo ‘ fugitive’ : Latin profugus ‘ fugitive’ , from profugere ‘to flee, flee before’ , from pro- ‘before’ (see pro-1, °per-) + fugere ‘ to flee’ (see huir, °fuga). profundo ‘ deep’ : Latin profundus ‘deep’ , from pro- ‘before’ (see p ro -1, °per ) + fundus ‘ bottom ’ (see °fondo). profuso ‘ profuse’ : Latin profusus ‘profuse, overflowing’ , from profusus, past partici­ ple o f profundere ‘to pour forth, pour ou t’ , from pro- ‘ forth’ (see pro-1, °per-) + fundere ‘to pour’ (see °fundir). progenitor ‘ ancestor, progenitor’ : Latin progenitor ‘ancestor’ , from progenitus, past participle o f progignere ‘to give birth’ , from pro- ‘ before; forth’ (see pro-1, °per-) + gignere ‘to give birth’ (see genital, °género). “prognato ‘ prognathous’ : New Latin prognathus ‘ having a protruding jaw ’ (first used in English, Prognathous, 1836), from Greek pro- ‘ located in front, projecting’

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(see pro-1) + gnáthos ‘jaw’ , from IndoEuropean gn-dho- ‘jaw, jawbone, chin’ , from gn-, variant o f genu- ‘jawbone, chin, m outh’ (possibly related words: Génova, Ginebra), possibly akin to Indo-European genu- ‘knee; angle’ (see °genuino) through some com m on notion like ‘ angle’ . programa ‘ program’ : Late Latin programma ‘ public notice’ , from Greek programma ‘ public notice, agenda’ , from prográphein ‘ to set forth as a public notice, write before’ , from pro- ‘before’ (see pro-1, p ro -1, °per-) + gráphein ‘to write’ (see °gráfico). progreso ‘ progress’ (progresar ‘to progress’ ): Latin progressus ‘progress’ , from progressus, past participle o f progredi ‘ to go for­ ward’ , from pro- ‘ forward’ (see p ro-1, °per-) + -gredi, from gradi ‘ to step, go’ (see °agredir). prohibir ‘ to forbid, prohibit’ : Latinprohibere ‘ to forbid, hinder, hold in fron t’, from pro- ‘ in fron t’ (see p ro-1, °per-) + -hibere, from habere ‘to hold’ (see °haber). prójim o ‘fellow human being’ : Latin proximus ‘ fellow human being’ , from proximus ‘ nearest, next’ (see p róxim o, °per-, °-ísim o). prolapso ‘ prolapse’ : New Latin prolapsus ‘prolapse’ (1684), from Late Latin p ro­ lapsus ‘ a fall, a falling’ , from Latin pro­ lapsus, past participle o f prolabi ‘to fall down, slip down, slide forward’ , from pro- ‘ forward, dow n’ (see pro-1, °per-) + labi ‘to fall, slip, slide’ (see °lapso). prole ‘ children, offspring, progeny’ : Latin proles ‘ offspring’ , from Indo-European pro-al- ‘offspring’ , from pro- ‘ forth’ (see pro-1, °per-) + al- ‘to grow, nourish’ (see ° alimento). prolegómenos ‘ prolegomena, prefatory re­ marks’ : Greek prolegomena ‘ prolegome­ na’ , from prolegomena ‘things said before­ hand’ , plural o f prolegom enon, neuter present passive participle o f prolégein ‘ to say beforehand’ , from pro- ‘ before’ (see pro-1, pro-1, °per-) + légein ‘to say’ (see -logo, °leer). proletario ‘ proletarian’ : Latinproletarius ‘ cit­ izen o f the lowest social and econom ic class’ (underlying meaning: ‘ citizen whose only use to the State is to produce o f f ­ spring’ ), from proles ‘offspring’ (see prole, p ro-1,°per-, °alimento). prolijo ‘prolix; overcareful’ : Latin prolixus

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‘ extended, copious, poured forth, stretched out in fron t’, from pro- ‘ forth, in front’ (see p ro-1, “per-) + -lixus ‘ poured’ , from Indo-European wlik-s‘ poured’ , from wlik-, from wleik- ‘ to flow, run’ (see "líquido). prólogo ‘ introduction, preface, prologue’ : Latin prologus ‘ introduction to a play; speaker o f the introduction to a play’, from Greek prólogos ‘ introduction to a play; speaker o f the introduction to a play’ , from pro- ‘before’ (see pro-2, p r o -', °per-) + -logos, from légein ‘ to speak’ (see -logo, °leer). prolongar ‘ to prolong’ : Late Latin prolonga­ re ‘ to prolong’ , from Latin pro- ‘ forward, out, extending’ (see pro-1, °per-) + longus ‘ long’ (see ° longitud) + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-a r'). promedio ‘ average’ : Latin pro medio ‘on the average, at the middle’ , from pro ‘ at, be­ fore’ , a preposition used with words in the ablative case (see p ro-1, "per ), + medio, ablative o f medium (noun) ‘the middle’ , from medius (adjective) ‘middle’ (see “ medio). promesa ‘ promise’ : Late Latin promissa ‘ promise’ , from Latin promissa ‘things promised’ , plural o f promissum ‘ thing promised’ , from promissum, neuter o f promissus, past participle o f prom ittere ‘ to promise’ (see prom eter, p ro-1, “per-, “meter). prometer ‘to promise’ (prom etido ‘ fiancé’ ): Latin prom ittere ‘ to promise, send forth’ , from pro- ‘ forth’ (see p ro-1, “per-) + mittere ‘ to send’ (see “meter). prom inente‘ prominent’ : Latinprominentem , accusative o f prominens (stem prominent-) ‘ prominent’ , from prominens, present participle o f prominere ‘ to jut out, pro­ ject’ , from pro- ‘ out, forward’ (see pro-, “per-) + -minere ‘ to project’ (see eminen­ te, “m onte). prom otor ‘ prom oter’ : Medieval Latin p rom o­ tor ‘ one that advances or forwards’ , from Latin prom otus, past participle o f prom o­ veré ‘ to prom ote, advance, move forward’ (see prom over, p ro -1, “per-, “ mover), + -or ‘acting, doer’ (see “-o r 1). promover ‘ to prom ote’ : Latin prom overé ‘ to prom ote, advance, move forward’ , from pro- ‘forward’ (see pro-1, “per-) + movere ‘to m ove’ (see “mover). pronombre ‘ pronoun’ : Latin pro no men ‘pro­

p rop icio

noun’ , from pro- ‘ in place o f ’ (see pro-1, “per-) + nomen ‘ name, noun’ (see ° nomhre). pronosticar ‘ to forecast’ : Medieval Latin prognosticare ‘to predict’ , from prognos­ t i c s (adjective) ‘o f predictions, predic­ tive’, from Greek prognostikós ‘ predic­ tive’ , from *prognóstós, verbal o f progignoskein ‘ to predict, know beforehand’ , from pro- ‘ before’ (see pro-2, p ro -1, “per-) + gignoskein ‘ to know, perceive’ (see diagnóstico, “ noticia). pronto (adverb) ‘ soon; quickly’ : p ron to (ad­ jective) ‘ quick, prom pt’ , from Latin promptus ‘ prompt, ready, visible, brought to light’, from promptus, past participle o f prom ere ‘to bring forth, make visible, make manifest’ , from pro- ‘ forth’ (see p ro-1, “per-) + emere ‘ to take’ (see “ejem­ plo). pronunciar ‘to pronounce’ : L atinpronuntiare ‘ to articulate, speak in public, declare’ , from pro- ‘ forth, in public’ (see pro-1, “per-) + nuntiare ‘to report, declare, an­ nounce’ (see anunciar, “ nuncio). propaganda ‘ propaganda’, short for New Latin Sacra Congregatio de Propaganda Fide ‘ Sacred Congregation for Propa­ gating the Faith’, an organization estab­ lished in 1622 (by Pope Gregory X V ). Latin propaganda is the ablative singular feminine o f propagandus, gerundive o f propagare ‘to propagate’ (see propagar, p ro-1, “per-, °paz). propagar ‘to propagate’ : Latin propagare ‘to propagate, extend’ , originally = ‘ to propa­ gate plants by means o f layers (or slips)’ , from propages ‘ layer (o f a plant), slip, shoot’ (underlying meaning: ‘fastened in front’ ), from pro- ‘before, in front’ (see p ro-1, “per-) + -pages ‘ fastened’, from Indo-European pdg-, from pag- ‘ to fasten’ (see “paz). propalar ‘to divulge’ : Late Latin propalare ‘ to divulge, make public’ , from Latin propalam (adverb) ‘ publicly, openly’, from pro- ‘ before’ (see pro-1, “per-) + palam ‘ openly’ , ultimately from Indo-European pel- ‘ broad and flat; openness’ (see “P olo­ nia). propicio ‘ propitious’ : Latin propitius ‘ propi­ tious, favorable, kind’ (underlying mean­ ings: ‘ eager to assist, rushing forward’ ), from pro- ‘ forward’ (see pro-1, “per-) + -pitius, from Indo-European p et-yo- ‘rush-

propiedad

ing’ , from pet- ‘ to rush’ (see °pedir). propiedad ‘ property’ : Latin proprietatem , accusative o f proprietas (stem proprietat-) ‘ property, ownership; property, peculiari­ ty ’ , from proprie- (from proprius ‘ ow n ’ ; see propio, p ro-1, °per-, privar) + -tas ‘quality’ (see °-tad). propietario ‘owner’ : Late Latin proprietarius (noun) ‘ owner’ , from proprietarius (adjec­ tive) ‘o f property’, from Latin proprietas ‘ property’ (see propiedad, propio, p ro -1, °per-, privar) + -arius ‘o f, connected with’ (see "a r io 1). propina ‘tip, gratuity’ : Medieval Latin p ro­ pina ‘ tip’ , from Latin propinare ‘to give to drink; to drink to som eone’s health’ , from Greek propinein ‘to drink to some­ on e’s health; to drink first’, from pro- ‘ be­ fore (in time or position)’ (see p ro-2, p ro-1, °per-) + pinein ‘ to drink’, from Indo-European pi-, variant o f poi- ‘to drink’ (see "poción). Compare French pourboire, literally = ‘ in order to drink’ and German Trinkgeld, literally = ‘ drink m oney’ , both = ‘ tip, gratuity’ . propio ‘ow n; same; proper’ : Latin proprius ‘ own, on e’s own, personal, particular’ , from pro privo ‘ in particular’ , from pro ‘ in; before’ , a preposition used with words in the ablative case (see p ro-1, "per-) + privo, ablative o f privus ‘ single, alone’ (see privar, °per-). proponer ‘to propose’ : Latin proponere ‘ to propose, offer for consideration, put forth’ , from pro- ‘ forth’ (see p ro-1,°p e r ) + ponere ‘to put’ (see "poner). proporción ‘ proportion’ (proporcionar ‘to provide’ ): Latin proportionem , accusative o f proportio (stem proportion ) ‘ propor­ tion, ratio, relative size’ (translation o f Greek analogía ‘ according to proportion, for a share’ ; see analogía, análogo), from pro p ortione ‘ for a portion or share’ , from pro ‘ fo r ’ , a preposition used with words in the ablative case (see p ro-1, "per-), + portione, ablative o f portio ‘share, portion’ (see porción, parte, "pa­ rar). proposición ‘ proposition’ : Latin propositionem, accusative o f propositio (stem pro­ position-) ‘act o f proposing; (syllogism) major premise’, from propositus, past participle o f proponere ‘to propose’ (see proponer, p ro -1, "per-, "poner), + -io ‘ act o f ’ (see "-ión).

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propósito ‘ intention; purpose’ : Latin propositum ‘intention; purpose’, from propositum, neuter o f propositus, past participle o f proponere ‘ to propose’ (see proponer, p ro-1, "per-, "poner). propuesta ‘ proposal’ : Latin proposita, femi­ nine o f propositus, past participle o f p ro­ p on ere ‘ to propose’ (see proponer, p ro-1, "per-, "poner). propulsar ‘ to propel’ : Latin propulsare ‘ to drive back, repel’ (frequentative o f propellere ‘ to drive away; to drive forward’ ), from propulsus, past participle o f propellere, from pro- ‘ forward’ (see pro-1, "per-) + pellere ‘ to drive, push’ (see "im pe­ ler). prorrata ‘quota, prorate, proportional amount’ : Latin pro rata ‘proportionate­ ly’ , from pro rata parte ‘ according to the calculated share, according to a fixed proportion’ , from pro ‘ according to ’ , a preposition used with words in the abla­ tive case (see pro-1, "per ), + rata, ablative o f rata, feminine o f ratus ‘ calculated’ , past participle o f reri ‘ to calculate’ (see razón, "arma). For Latin parte, ablative o f pars ‘ share, part’ , see parte. prorrogar ‘ to prolong; to defer, prorogue’ : Latin prorogare ‘ to prolong; to defer; to ask publicly for an extension (o f some­ one’s term o f o ffic e )’ , from pro- ‘ in public’ (see p ro-1, "per-) + rogare ‘to ask’ (see rogar, "regir). prorrumpir ‘to burst forth’ : Latin prorumpere ‘ to burst forth’ , from pro- ‘ forth’ (see p ro-1, "per-) + rumpere ‘ to break, burst’ (see romper, "robar). prosa ‘ prose’ : Latin prosa ‘ prose’ , from p ro­ sa, feminine o f prosus ‘being in prose; straightforward, direct’ , from prorsus ‘ straightforward, direct’, from proversus, past participle o f provertere ‘ to turn for­ ward’ , from pro- ‘ forward’ (see pro-1, "per-) + vertere ‘ to turn’ (see "verter). proscenio ‘ proscenium’ : Latin proscenium ‘ stage’ , from Greek proskenion ‘stage’ (the stage was between the skene or back­ ground and the orchestra), from pro‘ before’ (see pro-2, pro-1, "per-) + skene ‘ background, scene; tent’ (see "escena). proscribir ‘ to proscribe’ : Latin proscribere ‘ to proscribe; to publish the name o f a condemned person’ , from pro- ‘ in public’ (see pro-1, "per-) + scribere ‘ to write’ (see "escribir).

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proseguir ‘ to continue, proceed’ : Latin p ro­ sequi ‘ to follow , follow up, follow after’ , from pro- ‘ forward’ (see p r o -', °per-) + sequi ‘ to follow ’ (see °seguir). prosélito ‘ proselyte’ : Late Latin proselytus ‘ proselyte; alien w ho resides in a country’ , from Greek prosélytos ‘ religious convert; alien’ (underlying meaning: ‘ person who comes to a place’ ), from pros- ‘to ’ (from pros ‘ near, toward, to, at, against’ , from Indo-European proti- ‘against’ , from preti‘ against’ ; see precio, °per-) + -elytos, from Indo-European elu-to- ‘one w ho com es or goes’ , from elu-, from eludh-, from ludh-, from leudh- ‘ to g o’ . prosodia ‘ phonetics’ : Latin prosodia ‘accent o f a syllable; tone o f a syllable’ , from Greek prosoidia ‘pronunciation, accent; diacritical mark, accent; modulation o f the voice; song sung to instrumental music’ , from pros- ‘ to, in addition t o ’ (see p rop ósito, precio, °per-) + oide ‘ song’ (see °oda). prosopopeya ‘ prosopopoeia; pompousness’ : Latin prosopopoeia ‘ prosopopoeia; per­ sonification; dramatization’ , from Greek prosbpopoiia ‘ prosopopoeia; dramatiza­ tion’, from prósbpon ‘ person, face, mask, dramatic character’ (from pros- ‘toward’ [see prosélito, precio, "per-] + bp- ‘to see’ , from dp-, stem o f ops ‘ face, eye’ [see piropo, °ocular] ) + -poiia, from poiein ‘ to make’ (see "poem a). prospecto ‘ advertisement, prospectus’ : Latin prospectus ‘view, distant view’ (see per­ spectiva, p r o -', °per-, "espejo). prosperar ‘ to prosper’ : Latin prosperare ‘to cause to succeed, make fortunate’ , from prosperus ‘ favorable, fortunate’ (see próspero, "esperar) + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). prosperidad ‘ prosperity’ : Latin prosperitatem , accusative o f prosperitas (stem p rosp erita t) ‘ prosperity’ , from prosperus ‘ favorable’ (see prósp ero, "esperar) + -itas ‘ quality, condition’ (see -idad, °-tad). próspero ‘ prosperous’ : Latin prosperus ‘ fa­ vorable, fortunate’ , ultimately from IndoEuropean sp-ro- ‘ prospering’ , from spfrom spé- ‘ to prosper’ (see 0esperar). protagonista ‘ hero, protagonist’ : Greek protagbnistes ‘ protagonist, leading character in a drama’ , from prot- ‘ first (in time, or status)’ (see "p roto-) + agbnistes ‘actor, debater, com petitor at games’ , from ago-

protestar

nizesthai ‘ to compete for a prize, co n ­ tend, struggle’, from agon ‘ contest’ or from agonía ‘ contest’ (see agonía, "agen­ te). protección ‘ protection’ (p rotector ‘ protec­ tor’ ): Late Latin protectionem , accusative o f p rotectio (stem p rotection -) ‘ protec­ tion’, from Latin protectus, past partici­ ple o f protegeré ‘ to protect’ (see p rote­ ger, p r o -', "per-, techo, "teja), + -io ‘ action’ (see °-ión). proteger ‘to protect’ : Latin protegeré ‘to protect, defend, cover in front’, from pro‘ in front’ (see p r o -', "per-) + tegere ‘to cover’ (see techo, "teja). proteína ‘ protein’ : Frenchprotéine ‘ protein’ , from obsolete protéine ‘ a metaprotein’ (1838; underlying meaning: ‘ primary or essential constituent o f all living cells’ ), from Late Greek p ro teio s ‘ primary’ (from Greek p rotos ‘ first’ ; see "proto ) + -ine ‘organic com pound, chemical substance’, from Latin -ina, noun suffix (see -ina2, °-ino). prótesis ‘ prosthesis, artificial replacement o f a part o f the b od y ; prothesis, addition o f a sound at the beginning o f a w ord’ (in Spanish, in the second meaning shown [‘ prothesis’ ], the form próstesis is also used [from Greek pros- ‘ in addition’ rather than p r o -]): Late Latin prothesis ‘ prothesis’ , from Greek próthesis ‘ prothe­ sis, prefixation, act o f placing before’ , from protithénai ‘ to put before’, from pro- ‘ before’ (see pro-2, p r o -', "per-) + tithénai ‘ to put’ (see tesis, "hacer). protestar ‘ to protest’ (protesta ‘ protest’ , protestante ‘Protestant’ ): Latin protestan ‘ to declare in public, bear witness, pro­ test’ , from pro- ‘ forth, in public’ (see p r o -', "per ) + testari ‘ to be a witness; to make a will’, from testis ‘witness; a will’ , from Indo-European tri-st-i- ‘witness’ (underlying idea: ‘ a witness stands by as a third party in a litigation’ ), from tri‘ three’ (see tri-', "tres) + sta- ‘ to stand’ (see "estar). Note: the first protestantes, literally = ‘ the protesting’ , were German princes who protested, at the second Diet o f Spires (19 April 1529), against the an­ nulment o f a decree from the first Diet o f Spires (1526), that allowed each Christian prince to manage the religious affairs o f his territory instead o f submitting to the authority o f the Pope (first used in

p roto-

French,protestants [plural], 1529). “proto- ‘ first (in time, or status)’ , as in p rotohistoria, prototipo-. Greek p roto- (protbefore a vowel) ‘ first (in time, or status)’ , from p rotos ‘ first’ . Related words: p ro­ tagonista, proteína, p ro to co lo , proton, p rotozoa rio. p rotocolo ‘ protocol’ : Medieval Latin protocollum ‘original record or first cop y o f a docum ent’ , from Late Greek prótókollon ‘ first sheet o f a papyrus roll’ , from Greek p roto- ‘ first’ (see °proto-) + Late Greek -kollon, from Greek kólléma ‘ papyrusroll; sheets o f papyrus glued together’ , from kólléma ‘ that which is glued together’, from kollán ‘to glue together’ , from kólla ‘ glue’ (see °cola2). protón ‘ proton’ : English p roton (1920), from Greek proton, neuter o f p rotos ‘first’ (see °proto-). protozoario ‘ protozoan’ : p roto- ‘ first’ (see ° p r o to ) + Greek zbiarion ‘ little animal’ , diminutive o f zbion ‘ animal’ (see zoológi­ co, °vivo). protuberancia ‘bulge, protuberance’ : Late Latin protuberare ‘to bulge out, swell ou t’ , from Latin pro- ‘ forth, outward’ (see p ro-1, °per-) + tuber ‘swelling, tum or’ (see tubérculo, °tum or) + -are, an infini­ tive ending (see °-ar'). provecho ‘profit, benefit’ : Latin pro fee tus ‘ profit; progress’ , from profectus, past participle o f proficere ‘to go forward, make progress, be advantageous’ , from pro- ‘ forward, fo r’ (see pro-1, °per ) + -ficere, from facere ‘ to make’ (see °hacer). proveer ‘to provide’ : Latin providere ‘to fore­ see, provide, provide for, provide with’, from pro- ‘ before’ (see pro-1, °per-) + videre ‘to see’ (see °ver). provenir ‘to originate’ : Latin provenire ‘to originate, com e forth’ , from pro- ‘ forth’ (see pro-1, °per-) + venire ‘ to com e’ (see ° venir). provenzal ‘Provengal’ : Old French provenqal ‘ o f Provence’ , from Provence ‘Provence (region o f France)’ (from Latin Provincia [around 122 B.C. ], literally = ‘ province’ ; see 0provincia) + -al ‘ o f ’, from Latin -alis ‘ o f ’ (see °-al). proverbio ‘ proverb’ : L atinproverbium ‘ prov­ erb’ (underlying meaning: ‘words put forth’ ), from pro- ‘ forth’ (see p ro-1, °per-) + verbum ‘w ord’ (see °verbo). providencia ‘providence’ : Latin providentia

438

‘ foresight; precaution’ , from provident-, stem o f providens ‘ foreseeing’ , present participle o f providere ‘to foresee’ (see proveer, p ro-1, °per-, °ver), + -ia ‘quality’ (see -ia). “provincia ‘ province’ : Latin provincia ‘prov­ ince’ , possibly akin to Gothic frauja ‘lord, master’, and therefore to German Frau ‘woman, wife, Mrs.’ Related word: p ro­ venzal. provisión ‘ provision’ (provisional ‘ provision­ al’ ): Late Latin provisionem, accusative o f provisio (stem provision-) ‘action o f providing; provisions’ , from Latin provisio ‘ foresight’ , from provisus, past participle o f providere ‘ to foresee, provide’ (see proveer, p ro-1, °per-, °ver), + -io ‘action’ (see °-ión). provocar ‘ to provoke’ : Latin provocare ‘to provoke, challenge, call forth’ , from pro‘forth’ (see p ro-1, °per ) + vocare ‘to call’ (see abogado, °voz). proxeneta ‘ pim p’ : Latin proxeneta ‘broker, agent’, from Greek proxenetas broker, agent’, from proxen ein ‘to do something for someone else’ , from próxen os ‘ citizen o f a city state appointed by another state to have charge o f its interests’, from pro‘ fo r ’ (see pro-2, p ro-1, ° p e r ) + xénos ‘ stranger; guest’ (see °xenofobia). próxim o ‘ near, next’ : Latin proxim us ‘near­ est, next’ , from Indo-European pro-kwsamo- ‘nearest’ , from pro-kw- ‘going for­ ward, getting near’ , variant o f pro-ko‘ going forward, being forward’ (from pro ‘ forward’ ; see p ro-1, °per-), + -samo-, a superlative ending (see °-isimo). proyección ‘projection’ : Latin proiectionem , accusative o f proiectio (stem proiection-) ‘ projection’ , from proiectus ‘ thrown forth’ (see p ro y ecto , pro-1, °per-, “ echar) + -io ‘act o f, state, result’ (see °-ión). proyectil ‘ missile, projectile’ : New Latin proiectilis ‘ missile’ (1 665), from Latin proiectus ‘thrown forth’ (see p royecto, p ro-1, °per-, °echar) + -ilis ‘o f, capable o f ’ (see °-il). proyecto ‘project’ : Latin proiectus ‘ projec­ tion, a projecting, a jutting ou t’ , from proiectus ‘thrown forth’ , past participle o f proicere, projicere ‘to throw forth; to jut ou t’, from pro- ‘ forth’ (see pro-1, °per-) + -icere, -jicere, from jacere ‘to throw’ (see °echar). prudente ‘ prudent’ : Latinprudentem , accusa-

439

tive o f prudens (stem prudent-) ‘prudent, careful, foreseeing’ , contraction o f providens (stem provident-) ‘ foreseeing’ (see providencia, proveer, pro-1, °per-, “ver). prueba ‘ proof; test’ : Late Latin proba ‘ p roof’ , from Latin probare ‘to prove’ (see probar, p rob o, °per-, °futuro). prurito ‘ itching, pruritus’ : Latin pruritus ‘ itching’ , from prurire ‘ to itch’ , ultimately from Indo-European preus-i- ‘ act o f burning’ , from preus- ‘to burn; to freeze’ (source, likewise, o f Latin pruna ‘glowing coal’ ). pseudo- ‘ false; fictitious; resembling’ , see seudo-. "psicología, sicología ‘ psychology’ : New Latin psychologia ‘ psychology’ (first used in Germany, around 1560), from psycho‘ mind; mental processes and activities’ (from Greek psykho- ‘soul’ , from psykhe ‘soul, self, life, breath’ , from psykhein ‘to breathe; to b low ’ , from Indo-European bhs-u-kh- ‘to breathe’ , from bhs-, from bhes- ‘to breathe’ ; related word: psiquia­ tra) + Latin -logia ‘ study’ (see -logia, °leer). psiquiatra, siquiatra ‘ psychiatrist’ : French psychiatre ‘ psychiatrist’ (1802), from psych- ‘ mind’ (from Greek psykh- ‘soul’ , from psykho- ‘soul’ ; see °psicología) + -iatre ‘ physician’ , from Greek iatrós ‘ physician, healer’ (see °pediatría). -ptero (unstressed suffix) ‘ having (a specified number or kind o f) wings’ , as in coleóp te­ ro, d íptero, helicóptero, lepidóptero, ortóp tero: Greek -pteros ‘ -winged’ , from pterón ‘ wing; feather’ , from Indo-Europe­ an pt-ero- ‘wing’, from pt-, from pet- ‘ to fly ’ (see °pedir). "pterodáctilo ‘ pterodactyl’ : New Latin pterodactylus ‘ pterodactyl’ (first documented in French, ptérodactyle, 1821), literally = ‘wing-finger’ (the wing membrane o f pterodactyls was supported on each side by the greatly enlarged fourth digit), from ptero- ‘wing’ (from Greek pterón ‘wing’ ; see -ptero, °pedir) + dactylus ‘ finger’ , from Greek dáktylos ‘ finger’ (related word: dátil). púa ‘ prick, sharp point’ : Vulgar Latin puga ‘ prick’ , possibly from Latin pungere ‘to prick, pierce’ (see punto, °puño). publicar ‘to publish’ : Latin publicare ‘ to publish, make public’ , from publicus ‘ public’ (see público, °popular, °-ico2) +

p u eblo

-are, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). público ‘public’ : Latin publicus ‘public’ , from poplicus ‘ o f the people’ , from populus ‘ people’ (see °popular) + -icus ‘o f’ (see °-ico2). puchero ‘ pot; stew’ : Latin pultarius ‘ pot; pot for porridge’ , from pult-, stem o f puls ‘ porridge’, + -arius ‘ connected with’ (see -ario2). "pudor ‘ modesty, propriety’ : Latin pudor ‘ m odesty’ , from pudere ‘to be ashamed, feel shame’ (from Indo-European peud-, speud- ‘ to push, repulse’ ; related word: repudiar) + -or ‘ quality’ (see -or2). pudrir, podrir ‘to rot’ : Latin putrere ‘to be rotten’ (see °putrefacto). Puebla ‘Puebla (city, M exico; in full: Puebla de Zaragoza), founded by Spaniards around 1532 (September 1531?) as Puebla, or Puebla de los Ángeles (Spanish de los ángeles = ‘ o f the angels’ , from the legend that, before the Spanish conquest, groups o f angels were seen in the sky above its site; other legends have also been cited to explain this part o f the name). Named Puebla de Zaragoza after General Ignacio Zaragoza (1829- 1862) defeated the French there on 5 May 1862. Puebla is the name o f at least 6 6 towns in Spain (not counting variants o f the name, such as Pobla and Póvoa), most o f them founded from the eleventh to the thir­ teenth centuries on lands reconquered from the Moors (42 o f these towns [63% ] are in the north, 24 [36% ] in the south o f Spain). The name Puebla derives from that o f the documents in which the sovereign stated the rights given these settlements: they were called cartas pue­ blas, literally = ‘ town letters’ , from Spanish cartas ‘ letters’ (see °carta) + the obsolete adjective puebla (plural: pueblas) ‘o f a tow n ’ , from the obsolete noun puebla ‘town, village, settlement’ , from Medieval Latin popula ‘settlement’ , from Latinpopuius ‘ people’ (see °popular). The Mexican Puebla was also established through a Cédula de población or carta puebla (made at Ocaña in 1531 by Queen Joan [Juana], w ho was joint ruler o f Castile with her son Charles I [Holy Roman Emperor as Charles V ] ). pueblo ‘ people; tow n’ : Latin populus ‘ people’ (see °popular).

puente

puente ‘ bridge’ : Latin p o n tem , accusative o f pons (stem p on t-) ‘bridge’ (see °pontón). °puerco ‘pig’ : Latin porous ‘domestic pig’, from Indo-European porko- ‘ young pig’ . Related words: pocilga, porcelana, p or­ quería, puerco espín: possibly: verdolaga. puerco espín ‘ porcupine’ : Vulgar Latin *porcospinus ‘ porcupine’ , literally = ‘ spiny pig’ (source, likewise, o f Italian porcospino and Old French pore espin [French p o rc-ép ic], both = ‘ porcupine’ ), from Latin porcus ‘pig’ (see °p u erco) + spina ‘thorn, prickle, spine’ (see °espina). "pueril ‘ childish’ : Latin puerilis ‘ childish’ , from puer ‘ child, b o y ’ (from Indo-Euro­ pean pu-ero- ‘ child’ , from pu-, variant o f pou-, pau- ‘ few, little; small’ . Related words: Brahmaputra, enciclopedia, orto­ pedia, parafina, párvulo, paulatino, peda­ gogo, pim pollo, p obre, p o c o , polichinela, pollera, pollino, pollo, p otro, pulular, pusilánime, puta, repollo, Sao Paulo, ta m p o co; probably: paje) + -ilis ‘o f ’ (see °-il). puerta ‘door, gate’ : Latin porta ‘ passage, gate, d o o r’, from Indo-European pr-ta ‘gates’ , from pr-, from per- ‘to lead, pass over’ (see °peroné). puerto ‘ harbor, port’ : Latin portus ‘ harbor entrance, harbor, passage, house d oor’ , from Indo-European pr-tu- ‘passage’, from pr-, from per- ‘to lead, pass over’ (see °peroné). Puerto España ‘Port o f Spain (capital o f Trinidad and T ob a go)’ : Puerto de España, a name given the town by the Spanish in 1595, literally = ‘Port o f Spain’ (see puerto, de, and España). Puerto R ico ‘Puerto R ico (territory and is­ land)’ (puertorriqueño ‘Puerto Rican’ ): Puerto Rico (before 1521; perhaps as early as 1508), a harbor and settlement near present San Juan, literally = ‘ Rich Harbor’ (see puerto, rico), a name that came to denote the whole island (which was originally called San Juan, there being a reversal in the use o f the two names, perhaps due to a cartographer’s mistake; compare San Juan). pues ‘because’ : Medieval Latin post ‘after that; because’, from Latin post ‘after, behind’ (see °post-). puesta de sol ‘sunset’ : puesta, feminine o f puesto, past participle o f poner ‘ (o f the sun) to set’ (see puesto, °poner), + de ‘ o f ’

440

(see de) + sol ‘sun’ (see sol). puesto ‘ place, position, post’ : Vulgar Latin *postu ‘ place’, from Latin positum, neuter o f positus, past participle o f ponere ‘to place’ (see °p on er) and source o f Spanish puesto, past participle o f poner ‘ to place, put’. púgil ‘boxer, pugilist’ : Latin púgil ‘pugilist, boxer, fighter’ , from pugnus ‘fist’ (see °puño). pugna ‘ con flict’ : Latin pugna ‘a fight; fight with fists’ , from pugnare ‘to fight’ , origi­ nally = ‘to fight with the fist’ , from pugnus ‘ fist’ (see “pu ño) + -are, an infini­ tive ending (see "-ar1). pulga ‘ flea’ : Vulgar Latin *pulica, from Latin pulic-, stem o f pulex ‘ flea’ , from Old Latin *puslex, from Indo-European pusl-, from plus-, from plou- ‘ flea’ . pulgar ‘thumb’ : Latin pollicaris ‘ o f a thumb; o f the thickness o f a thumb’ , from pollic-, stem o f pollex ‘ thumb’ , from IndoEuropean pol- ‘ finger’ (source, likewise, o f Old Slavic pallet ‘thumb’ , whence Polish palee and Russian palets, both = ‘ finger’ ), probably formed in Latin on the analogy o f index ‘ index finger’ . For Latin -aris ‘o f ’ , see -ar2. pulir ‘ to polish’ : obsolete polir, from Latin polire ‘ to polish, make sm ooth’ (underly­ ing meaning: ‘to full (shrink and thicken) cloth by applying friction and pressure’ ), from Indo-European pol-o- ‘ fuller o f cloth’ , from pol-, from pel- ‘to strike, push’ (see ° impeler). pulmón ‘ lung’ : Latin pulm onem , accusative o f pulmo (stem pulmón-) ‘ lung’ , backformation from the plural pulmones ‘ lungs’, from *plumones, from IndoEuropean plu-mon-, pleu-mon- ‘lung, lungs’ (underlying meaning: ‘ floater’, from the fact that the pleural cavity — which is between the tw o layers o f con ­ nective tissue that cover the lungs — con ­ tains fluid), from pleu- ‘ to flow ’ (see °llover). pulpería ‘ (South America) rural grocery store’ : pulpa ‘pulp, meat, fruit’, from the fact that in the sixteenth and seven­ teenth centuries one o f the main prod­ ucts sold by pulperías was pulp o f tropi­ cal fruits (from Latin pulpa ‘solid meat, solid flesh, pulp’ ), + -eria ‘ place o f busi­ ness’ (see -eria*). pulpo ‘ octopu s’ : Latin polypus ‘ octopus’

441

(see p ólipo, poli-, °pleno, °pie). pulque ‘ pulque (Mexican fermented drink)’ , probably from Náhuatl poliuhqui (octli) ‘ decom posed (beverage)’, from poliuhqui ‘ decom posed, fermented, spoiled’ + octli ‘drink, beverage, plant wine’ , pulso ‘ pulse; part o f the wrist where a pulse is felt’ (pulsera ‘bracelet’ ): Latin pulsus ‘ pulse; beating, striking’, from pulsus, past participle o f pellere ‘ to strike, push’ (see “impeler). pulupar ‘ to teem, pullutate; to sprout, pul­ lulate’ : Latin pullulare ‘to grow, sprout, bud’ , from pullulus ‘sprout; chick; young o f an animal’ , diminutive o f pullus ‘young o f an animal’ (see pollo, “pueril), + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). puma ‘ puma, cougar’ : Quechua puma ‘puma’ , punta ‘ point, tip ’ : Medieval Latin puncta ‘ point, sharp end’ , from Late Latin punc­ ta ‘ pricking, puncture’, from Latin punc­ ta, feminine o f punctus ‘ pricked’ (see pu nto, “puño). punto ‘ point, d o t’ (puntual ‘ punctual’ ): Latin punctum ‘ point, point in time or space, small hole, pricked mark’, from punctum , neuter o f punctus ‘ pricked’ , past participle o f pungere ‘to prick, pierce, sting’ , from Indo-European pu-n-g-, from pug- ‘ to prick’ (see “puño). puñado ‘ handful, fistful’ : puño ‘ fist’ (see “puño) + -ado ‘ characterized b y ’ (see -ado3). puñal (noun) ‘ dagger’ : obsolete puñal (adjec­ tive) ‘ that can be held in the fist’, from puño ‘ fist’ (see “puño-, underlying mean­ ing: ‘dagger that can be held in the fist’ ) + -al ‘ of, relating to ’ (see °-al). °puño ‘ handle; fist; cu ff’ : Latin pugnus ‘ fist’ , from Indo-European pug-no- ‘ fist’ , from pug-, from peug-, variant o f peuk- ‘to prick, sting’ . Related words: acupuntura, apuntar, impugnar, inexpugnable, pig­ m eo, púgil, pugna, punta, punto, puñado, puñal, repugnar-, possibly: púa. pupila ‘ pupil o f the eye’ : Latinpupilla ‘ pupil o f the eye’ , from pupilla ‘ little girl; little d oll’ (translation o f Greek kóré ‘ little girl; doll; pupil o f the eye’ , the third meaning being a reference to the tiny reflection o f oneself that one can see when looking closely at another’s eye), diminutive o f pupa ‘girl; d o ll’, feminine o f pupus ‘ b o y ’ (see “pupilo). For Latin -ilia ‘small’, see -ilia.

p u ro

“pupilo ‘ orphan, ward’ : Latin pupillus ‘or­ phan, ward’ , from pupillus ‘ little b o y ’ , diminutive o f pupus ‘ b o y ’ . Related word: pupila. For Latin -illus ‘small’ , see -illo. pupitre ‘desk’ : French pupitre ‘table-top desk; lectern’ , from Late Latin pulpitum ‘ high reading desk used in preaching’ , from Latin pulpitum ‘ platform, stage, scaffold’ . puré ‘strained food , puree’ : French purée ‘ strained fo o d ’ , from Old French puree, past participle o f purer ‘ to cleanse, puri­ fy ; to strain vegetables’ , from Latin purare ‘ to cleanse’ , from purus ‘ clean’ (see “puro) + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). pureza ‘ purity’ : puro ‘ pure’ (see “puro) + -eza ‘ condition, quality’ (see -eza). purgante ‘ purgative’ : Latin purgantem, accu­ sative o f purgans (stem purgant-), present participle o f purgare ‘ to purge; to cleanse, purify’ , from Old Latin *purigare ‘to cleanse’ , from purus ‘ clean’ (see “puro) + -igare, from agere ‘to lead, drive, d o ’ (see “agente). purgatorio ‘ purgatory’ : Medieval Latin purgatorium ‘ purgatory’ , from Late Latin purgatorium, neuter o f purgatorius ‘ cleansing, purging’ , from Latin purgatus, past participle o f purgare ‘to purge’ (see purgante, “puro, “agente), + -orius ‘o f ’ (see °-orio'). purificar ‘to purify’ : Latin purificare ‘to make pure’ , from purus ‘ pure’ (see “puro) + -ificare ‘ to make’ (see -ificar, -i-2, -ficar, -fico, “hacer). puritano ‘puritan’ : English puritan ‘strict, morally rigorous’ , from Puritan ‘member o f a group o f English Protestants who, in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, advocated simplification o f the ceremo­ nies o f the Church o f England and a moral code purer than that which then prevailed’ (underlying meaning: ‘ believing in purity’ ), from Late Latinpuritas ‘puri­ ty’ (from Latin purus ‘pure’ ; see “puro) + English -an ‘believing in’, from Latin -anus ‘o f ’ (see “-ano1). “puro ‘ pure; cigar’ : Latin purus ‘pure, clean’ , from Indo-European puro-, from pú-, from peu- ‘ pure, clean’ . Related words: apurar, apuro, puré, pureza, purgante, purgatorio, purificar, puritano. The meaning ‘ cigar’ derives from the phrase cigarro puro, literally = ‘ pure cigar’ .

p ú rp u ra

púrpura ‘deep crimson; purple’ : Latin pur­ pura ‘ purple color; purple fish (a shellfish that yields a purple d y e)’ , from Greek porphyra ‘ purple fish’, o f Semitic origin, purulento ‘ purulent’ : Latin purulentus ‘pu­ rulent’, from pur-, stem o f pus ‘ pus’ (see pus, °p u trefa cto), + -ulentus ‘abounding in’ (see °-ulento). pus ‘pus’ : Latin pus (stem pur-) ‘pus’ , from Indo-European puw-os- ‘ pus’, from pu‘ to rot’ (see °putrefacto) + -os-, a suffix forming nouns from verbs (see °-o r l ). pusilánime ‘ pusillanimous, lacking courage’ : Late Latin pusillanimis ‘pusillanimous’ , from Latin pusillus ‘very small; weak’ , diminutive o f pusus ‘small boy, small child’ (from Indo-European pü-so-s ‘small boy, small child’ , from pü-, from pou‘ small’ ; see °pueril), + animus ‘soul, mind’ (see °ánimo). For Latin -Ulus ‘ small’ , see -illo. "pústula ‘ pustule’ : Latin pustula ‘blister’, from Indo-European pus-, from pu- ‘ to blow ; to swell’. Related word: enfisema.

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puta ‘ harlot’ (puto ‘ male homosexual’ ), probably from Vulgar Latin *putta ‘girl’ , feminine o f puttus ‘b o y ’ (source, like­ wise, o f obsolete Italian p u tto ‘b o y ’ [Italian p u tto = ‘sculptured or painted young b o y ’ ]), from Latin putus, variant o f pusus ‘ b o y ’ (see pusilánime, °pueril). In many languages, the word for ‘ girl’ has been used disparagingly to mean ‘ harlot’ (e.g., French filie ‘ girl; harlot’ and German Dim e ‘girl; harlot’ ), putativo ‘ reputed, putative’ : Late Latin putativus ‘ reputed’ , from Latin putatus, past participle o f putare ‘to consider, think, com pute’ (see °podar), + -ivus ‘ tending toward’ (see °-ivo). “putrefacto ‘rotten, putrid’ : Latin putrefactus ‘ putrefied’ , past participle o f putrefacere ‘to putrefy’ , from putrere ‘ to be rot­ ten’ (from putri-, stem o f puter ‘rotten’, from Indo-European pu-tri- ‘rotten’ , from pu- ‘to rot’ ; related words: piorrea, pudrir, purulento, pus, supurar) + facere ‘to make’ (see °hacer).

Q Qatar ‘ Qatar (country)’ : Arabic Qatar ‘ Qatar’ (documented around A.D. 859; there is a seventh-century poet and orator named Qatari [i.e., ‘ from Qatar’ ] Bin al-Fuja’a), o f uncertain origin. que 1 ‘ that (conjunction)’ , partly from Latin quern ‘w hom ’ , accusative o f qui ‘w h o’ , relative pronoun, from Indo-European kwi-, stem o f relative and interrogative pronouns (see °cuota), and partly from Latin quid ‘what?’ (see qué, “cuota). que 2 ‘ than’ : que ‘ that (conjunction)’ (see q u e' , “cuota). qué ‘what, which’ : Vulgar Latin *qued (neuter), from Latin quid ‘what?’, neuter interrogative pronoun (masculine quis ‘w h o ?’ ), from Indo-European kwi-, stem o f relative and interrogative pronouns (see “cuota). quebrada ‘gully, ravine’ : quebrada, feminine o f quebrado ‘broken’ , past participle o f quebrar ‘ to break’ (see quebrar, “grieta). quebrantar ‘ to break’ (quebranto ‘ a break­ ing’ ), ultimately from Latin crepare ‘to break’ (see quebrar, “grieta). This Spanish verb follow s the model o f Vulgar Latin verbs in -entare, which in turn follow that o f Latin praesentare (see presentar). quebrar ‘ to break’ : obsolete crebar (by meta­ thesis), from Latin crepare ‘to crack; to break’ (see “grieta). quechua ‘ Quechua’ : Quechua kkechuwa ‘ plunderer, despoiler’ . quedar ‘ to stay, remain’ : Lates Latin quieta­ re ‘ to calm’ , from Latin quietus ‘quiet’ (see °q u ieto ) + -are, an infinitive ending (see “-ar1). quedo ‘softly, in a low voice’ : Latin quietus ‘ quiet, calm’ (see “quieto). quehacer ‘ occupation, w ork’ : que ‘that, t o ’ (see qu e', qué, “cuota) + hacer ‘to d o ’ (see “hacer), from sentences such as tiene mucho que hacer ‘ he has much to d o ’ , quejarse ‘to complain’ (queja ‘ complaint’ ): quejar ‘ to trouble, afflict’ , from Vulgar Latin *quassiare, from Latin quassare ‘to shake, break’ (see cáscara, “discutir). quemar ‘ to burn’ : Vulgar Latin *caimare ‘to burn’ , modification (possibly influenced by Greek kaiein ‘to burn’ ; see “ cáustico)

o f Latin cremare ‘to burn up, consume by fire’ , from Indo-European krem- ‘to burn’ , from kr- ‘ fire’ (see “carbón). “querella ‘ complaint;lawsuit’ : Latin querella, variant o f querela ‘ complaint’ , from queri ‘ to complain, lament’, from Indo-Europe­ an kwes- ‘to pant, wheeze’ . Related word: quiste. “querer ‘to want; to love’ (querido ‘ dear; darling’ ): Latin quaerere ‘to seek; to ask’ . Related words: adquirir, adquisición, conquista, cualquiera, cuestión, encuesta, exquisito, inquirir, inquisición, pesquisa, requerir, requisito, siquiera. quermes ‘ kermes’ : Arabic qirmiz ‘kermes (in­ sect that yields a red d ye)’ , from Sanskrit krmija- ‘ red dye produced by worms’ , from krmija- ‘ produced by a w orm ’ , from krmi‘w orm ’ (from Indo-European kwrmi- ‘mite, w orm ’ , source, likewise, o f Lithuanian kirmis ‘w orm ’ ; compare ber­ m ejo) + ja- ‘ born, produced’ , from IndoEuropean gn-, from gen- ‘to give birth, create’ (see “género). Related words: carmesí, carmín. queso ‘ cheese’ : Latin caseus ‘ cheese’ (see “caseína). quetzal ‘ quetzal (monetary unit, Guatemala)’ (1927; 1924?): quetzal ‘quetzal (bird)’ (queqal, around 1530), a bird depicted on Guatemala’s national emblem and on its currency, from Nahuatl quetzalli ‘ (green) feather’ . quiebra ‘ crack, breaking; bankruptcy’ : que­ brar ‘ to break’ (see quebrar, “grieta). The meaning ‘bankruptcy’ derives from the medieval custom o f breaking the in­ solvent moneychanger’s table. quien, quién ‘w h o’ : Latin quern ‘w hom ’ (see q u e ', “cuota). “quieto ‘ motionless, calm’ : Latin quietus ‘ quiet, calm’ , from quietus, past participle o f quiescere ‘ to be quiet, be at rest’ , from quies ‘rest, quiet’ (stem quiet-), from Indo-European kwye-t- ‘rest, quiet’ , from kw yé-, from kwey- ‘quiet, calm, placid’ . Related words: inquieto, quedar, quedo, quitar. quijada ‘jaw’ : obsolete quexada ‘jaw’ (under­ lying meaning: ‘b ox for the teeth’ ), ulti­

quilate

mately from Latin capsa ‘b o x ’ (compare Portuguese queixo, formerly ‘jaw’, now ‘chin’ and Provengal cais ‘jaw; cheek’ ). See caja, °capaz. quilate ‘ carat’ : Arabic qirat ‘a unit o f weight; bean pod, pea p o d ’, from Greek kerdtion ‘ carob bean; a unit o f weight’ , literally = ‘ small horn’ , diminutive o f kéras ‘ horn’ (stem kerat-), from Indo-European kers-, from ker- ‘ horn’ (see "cuerno). For the Greek diminutive -ion, see -io. quilo ‘ chyle’ : Latin chylus ‘juice; chyle’ , from Greek khylós ‘juice; chyle’, from khein ‘to pour’, from Indo-European gheu- ‘to pour’ (see "fundir). quim bom bó (also quingom bó) ‘okra, gum bo’ , o f Bantu origin, akin to Tshiluba chinggom bo and Umbundu ochinggom bo, both = ‘ okra’ . quimera ‘ illusion, impossible fancy; chimera’ : Latin chimaera ‘ chimera’ , from Greek khi'maira ‘ chimera, she-monster often rep­ resented as having a lion’s head, a goat’s body and a serpent’s tail’ , from khi'maira ‘ she-goat’ , from Indo-European ghim-ar-ya ‘she-goat’ , originally = ‘ yearling; female animal one winter (= year) old ’ , from ghim- ‘winter’ (source, likewise, o f the second element in Latin bimus [from *bi-himos] ‘tw o winters (i.e., tw o years) o ld ’ ), fr o m ghiem- ‘winter’ (se e ° invierno). química ‘ chemistry’ : New Latin chimica ‘ chemistry’ (sixteenth century), from chi­ mica, feminine o f chimicus ‘o f chemistry’ (see "quím ico). quím ico ‘ chemical; chemist’ : New Latin chimicus ‘o f chemistry’ (sixteenth centu­ ry), from Medieval Latin alchimicus ‘o f alchemy’ , from alchimia ‘ alchemy’ , from Arabic al-k imiya ’ ‘ the philosopher’s stone; the alchemy’ , from al- ‘the’ + kim iya ’ ‘philosopher’s stone (imaginary stone or substance held to have the power o f transmuting base metals into gold); alchemy, art o f transmutation (o f base metals into gold )’, from Late Greek khem eia, khemia ‘ alchemy, art o f trans­ mutation practiced by the Egyptians’ , from Khemia ‘ Egypt’ (underlying mean­ ing: ‘Black Land’ ), from Egyptian K h ’mi ‘ Egypt’ , from khem ‘black’ . Related word: química. quimo ‘ chym e’ : New Latin chymus ‘ chym e’ , from Late Latin chymus ‘ chyle’ (the dif­ ferentiation in meaning between chylus

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and chymus seems to date from the second century o f the Christian era), from Greek khym ós ‘juice’ , from khein ‘ to pour’ (see quilo, "fundir). quim ono ‘ kim ono’ : Japanese kimono ‘ clothes, robe’, literally = ‘thing for wearing’ , from ki ‘to wear’ + m ono ‘thing; person’ . quince ‘ fifteen’ : Latin quindecim ‘ fifteen’ , from quinqué- ‘five’ (s e e quinientos,"cin­ co ) + -decim ‘ten’ (see on ce, "diez). quinientos ‘ five hundred’ : Vulgar Latin quinentos, quingentos, from Latin quingentos, accusative o f quingenti, alteration o f quincenti ‘ five hundred’ , from quinque‘ five’ (from quinqué ‘ five’ ; see "cin co) + centum ‘ hundred’ (see cien to, "diez). quinqué ‘kind o f petroleum lamp’ : French quinquet ‘kind o f petroleum lamp’ , from the family name o f Antoine Quinquet (1745—1803), first manufacturer o f such lamps. quinquenio ‘ quinquennium’ : Latin quinquen­ nium ‘ quinquennium, period o f five years’ , from quinqué- ‘five’ (see quinien­ tos, "cinco) + -ennium, from annus ‘ year’ (see "año). quinta ‘ country house’ : obsolete quinta ‘ farm rented at one fifth o f its incom e’ , from quinta, feminine o f quinto ‘ fifth’ (see quinto, "cinco, -to 2, °-ado'). quintal ‘ quintal’ : Arabic qintar, a unit o f weight, from Aramaic qintara, from qintindra, from Late Greek kentenarion ‘ a unit o f weight ( = 1 0 0 pounds)’ , from Late Latin centenarium ‘a unit o f weight’ , from centenarium, neuter o f centenarius ‘o f a hundred’ , from centeni ‘one hun­ dred each’ (see centeno, ciento, "diez) + -ariu- ‘ o f (see °-ario'). quinteto ‘quintet’ : Italian q u in tetto, diminu­ tive o f quinto (noun) ‘ fifth’ , from quinto (adjective) ‘fifth ’ , from Latin quintus ‘ fifth ’ (see quinto, "cinco, -to 2, °-ado'). quinto ‘ fifth ’ : Latin quintus ‘ fifth ’ , from Old Latin quinctus, *quinc-tos, from IndoEuropean penkw-tos ‘ fifth’ , from penkw e ‘five’ (see "cin co) + -tos, -to- ‘ordinal ‘ number’ (se e -to 2, "-ado1). quiosco, kiosco ‘kiosk’ : French kiosque ‘ kiosk’ , from Turkish ko$k ‘open pavilion’, from Persian küshk ‘portico; palace’, quirúrgico ‘surgical’ : Latin chirurgicus ‘surgi­ cal’ , from chirurgia ‘ surgery’ (see "cirugía, "energía) + -icus ‘o f ’ (see °-ico2).

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quisqueyano ‘ o f the Dominican Republic’ : Quisqueya ‘ (in poetic usage) Dominican Republic’ , from Kiskeya (fifteenth centu­ ry), Taino name o f the island o f Hispaniola (two thirds o f which are now occupied by the Dominican Republic), quiste ‘ cyst’ : Greek kystis ‘ bladder, pouch, bag’ (underlying meaning: ‘ bellows’ ), from Indo-European kus-ti- ‘panting, wheezing’ , from kus-, from kwes- ‘to pant, wheeze’ (see °querella). quitar ‘ to remove; to free from an obliga­ tion’ : Medieval Latin quietare ‘to set free, release, calm’ , from Latin quietus ‘ freed, quiet’ (see °qu ieto) + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-ar').

quizá, quizás

Quito ‘ Quito (capital o f Ecuador)’ (14 March 1541; Q u yto, 28 August 1534): Quechua Quito, name o f the tow n already in preColumbian times, o f disputed origin, quizá, quizás ‘ perhaps’ : obsolete quigab, quigabe ‘perhaps’ (the form with -s by analogy [as in antes, entonces, mientras] to such other adverbs as atrás, después, menos), from obsolete qui sabe ‘who knows’, from Latin qui sapit, quis sapit ‘who knows?’, from qui, quis ‘w h o ?’, interrogatives (from Indo-European kwi-, stem o f relative and interrogative pro­ nouns; see °cuota), + sapit, third person singular o f the present indicative o f sapere ‘to kn ow ’ (see °saber).

R -r, an ending o f the infinitive, as in amar, te­ mer, partir, see °-a r ', -e r 1, -ir. rábano ‘radish’ : Latin raphanus, from Greek ráphanos ‘radish’ , from Indo-European rap- ‘tuber’ (see °rabo). “Rabat ‘ Rabat (capital o f M o ro cco )’ : collo­ quial Arabic Rbat, from Arabic Ribat (around 1195), from a ribat (beginning o f the tenth century; = ‘ fortified monastery, military post’ ) in the area, originally = ‘ relay o f horses, inn for caravans’ , literally = ‘ tie, link, bon d’ (root rbt ‘to bind, attach’ ). Related words: arrebatar, arre­ bato. “rabí ‘rabbi’ : Late Latin rabbi, from Greek rhabbi ‘rabbi’ , from Mishnaic Hebrew (around A.D. 200) rabbi ‘ my master’ (used as a term o f address and a title o f respect), from rabh ‘ master’ (from Hebrew rabh ‘great’ [root rbh ]; related word: rabino)* -i ‘ m y’, first person singu­ lar pronominal suffix. rabia ‘ fury, rage’ : Vulgar Latin rabia ‘ rage’ , from Latin rabies ‘ rage, madness’ , from rabere ‘ to rave’ , from Indo-European rabh-yo- ‘to be violent’ , from rabh‘violent, impetuous’ (source, likewise, o f Sanskrit rabhas ‘ violence’ ). rabino ‘rabbi’ : Medieval Latin rabbinus ‘rabbi’ , possibly from Aramaic rabbin, plural o f rab ‘master, teacher’ , akin to Hebrew rabh ‘master’ (see "rabí). “rabo ‘tail’ : Latin rapum (also rapa) ‘turnip; knob formed by a tree ro o t’ , from IndoEuropean rap- ‘tuber’ (source, likewise, o f Old norse rofa ‘ hard part o f a tail’ ). Related words: rábano, raposa, raposo; probably: rebanada. racial ‘racial’ : English racial (1862), from race ‘ class o f persons’ (around 1505; from French race ‘generation, family, race’ [around 1 5 0 0 ], from Italian razza ‘ gener­ ation, family, race’ ; see °raza) + -ial ‘ o f ’ , from Old French -ial, from Latin -ialis ‘o f ’ (see -ial, -i-2, °-al). racimo ‘ bunch’ : Vulgar Latin racimus, from Latin racemus ‘cluster o f grapes; bunch o f berries’ . raciocinio ‘reasoning, ratiocination’ : Latin ratiocinium ‘reckoning, calculation’, from

ratiocinari ‘ to reckon, deliberate, con ­ sider’ , from ratio ‘reason, calculation, reasoning’ (see razón, °arma). ración ‘ration’ : Latin rationem, accusative o f ratio (stem ration-) ‘reckoning, ac­ count, calculation’ (see razón, °arma). racional ‘rational’ : Latin rationalis ‘rational’, from ration-, stem o f ratio ‘reason, reason­ ing’ (see razón, °arma), + -alis ‘o f ’ (see °-al). radiador ‘radiator’ : radiar ‘to radiate’ (from Latin radiare ‘to radiate’ ; see radiante, °radio*) + -ador ‘ acting, doer’ (see -ador1). radiante ‘ radiant’ : Latin radiantem, accusa­ tive o f radians (stem radiant-), present participle o f radiare ‘to shine, emit rays, radiate’, from radius ‘ray’ (see °radio1) + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-ar‘ ). radical ‘radical (‘ o f the r o o t’ , and ‘ proceed­ ing from the ro o t’ )’ : Late Latin radicalis ‘ having roots; o f the r o o t’ , from Latin radie-, stem o f radix ‘r o o t’ (see "radicar), + -alis ‘ o f ’ (see °-al). “radicar ‘to be (in a place), take ro o t’ : Latin radicare, radicari ‘to take ro o t’ , from radie-, stem o f radix ‘ ro o t’ (from Indoeuropean wrd-, from weradroot; branch’ . Related words: arraigar, derra­ mar, desparramar, erradicar, radical, raíz, rama, ramo; possibly: regaliz, rizoma), + -are, an infinitive ending (see "-ar1). “radio 1 ‘radius’ : Latin radius ‘spoke o f a wheel; ray, beam; staff, rod; radius’. Related words: irradiar, radiador, radian­ te, radio2, rayo. radio 2 ‘radio’ , short for such words as radio­ rreceptor ‘radio receiver’ , radiotelefonía, ‘radiotelephony’, or radiotelegrafía ‘radiotelegraphy’, from radio- ‘emission o f radiation’ , from French radio- ‘radial; radiant energy, radiation’ , from Latin radius ‘ray, beam’ (see "radio1). Rafael, masculine given name (correspon­ ding to English Rafael, Raphael): Late Latin Raphael, from Greek Raphael, from Hebrew Rephd ’el, literally = ‘ God has healed’ , from ráphá ‘ he healed’ + El ‘ G od ’ (see "Manuel). ráfaga ‘gust o f wind, blast’ , probably akin to French rafale ‘gust o f wind’ (possibly

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from Old French rafle ‘act o f snatching’ ; see rifa, “raspar). raíz ‘r o o t’ : Latin radicem, accusative o f radix (stem radie-) ‘r o o t’ (see “radicar). raja ‘ sliver; crack’ and rajar ‘to split’ , o f the same (m uch disputed) origin. ralo ‘ sparse’ : Latin rarus ‘ thin, sparse, scarce’ (see raro, “yerm o). rallar ‘to grate, shred’ : rallo ‘grater, shred­ der’ , from Latin rallum ‘grater, scraper’ , from radere ‘ to scrape’ (see “raso). rama ‘branch’ : ramo ‘branch’ (see ramo, “radicar). ramadán ‘ Ramadan’ : Arabic ramaddn ‘ Rama­ dan (ninth month o f the Muhammadan year)’ (underlying meaning: ‘the dry month, the hot m onth’ ), from ramad ‘dryness’ . Ramirez, family name: obsolete Ramirez, a patronymic (1065), literally = ‘ Ramiro’s son; Ram iro’s daughter’ , from Ramiro, a masculine given name — 1059 — from *Ranmiro, from Medieval Latin Ranimirus [1039; Ranemiro, 9 3 8 ], o f Gothic origin; the first element is probably akin to Gothic rana ‘wedge’ [figuratively = ‘warrior w ho is like a wedge in splitting enemy ranks’ ] and the second, to Gothic merjan ‘to praise, celebrate’ [compare Old High German mari ‘ fam ous’ ], from Ger­ manic merjan ‘to praise’ [underlying meaning: ‘ to describe as large’ ], from Indo-European me- ‘ large’ ; the name might be interpreted as ‘ Famous Wedge; Famous Warrior’ , but see paragraph 24 o f the Introduction), + -ez ‘son o f; daughter o f ’ , a patronymic ending (see -ez1). ramo ‘ bunch (o f flowers); branch (o f a tree)’ : Latin ramus ‘branch’ , from Indo-Europe­ an wrd-mo-, from wrd-, from werad‘branch’ (see “radicar). Ramón (1056), masculine given name (corre­ sponding to English R aym ond): Raimon (1040), from Medieval Latin Raimundus (1059), from Old French Raimund, from Frankish Raginmund, literally = ‘Wise Protection’ (but see paragraph 24 o f the Introduction), from Germanic ragin- ‘ad­ vice; wise’ (from Indo-European rk-, from rek- ‘order, advice; wise’ ) + mund- ‘ pro­ tection’ (underlying meaning: ‘ hand that protects’ ), from Indo-European mn-to‘ hand’ , from mn-, from man- ‘ hand’ (see “mano). rampa ‘ ramp (slope)’ : French rampe ‘ramp’ ,

rápido

from Old French ramper ‘ to slope, climb, creep, crawl’ (French ramper ‘to creep, crawl’ ), from Frankish rampon ‘to climb, clamber’ , from Indo-European kre-m-b-, skre-m-b- ‘to wrinkle, bend’ , from skerb‘ to bend’ . °rana ‘frog’ : Latin rana ‘ frog’ , probably formed in imitation o f a frog croak. Related w ord: renacuajo. “rancio ‘ stale, rancid, o ld ’ : Latin rancidus ‘stale’ , from rancere ‘to be stale, stink’ . Related word: rencor. rancho ‘ mess (fo o d ); hut; camp; (Americas) farm, small ranch’ : ranchear, ranchearse ‘ to take up quarters, be billeted’ , from Old French se ranger ‘ to take up a posi­ tion, be quartered’ , from ranger ‘to place, station, set in a row ’ , from rene, reng (French rang) ‘ line, row ’ (see rango,“ c o ­ rona'). rango ‘ rank’ : French rang ‘rank, line, row ’ , from Old French rene, reng ‘line, row ’ , from Frankish bring ‘ circle, ring’ , from Germanic hringaz ‘ circle, something curved’ , from Indo-European skre-n-gh-, from skre-gh- ‘ circle, something curved’ , from skre-, from sker- ‘ bending, turning’ (see “corona'). Rangoon, Rangún ‘ Rangoon (capital o f Bur­ m a)’ : English Rangoon, from Burmese Yan-gón (around 1755), literally = ‘the End o f Strife’ , from yan- ‘strife’ + -gdn ‘ end’ . The name was given the city around 1755 by Alaungpaya, founder o f the last dynasty o f Burmese kings, upon conquering southern Burma. ranura ‘groove’ : French rainure, from Old French roisneilre ‘ groove’ , from roisne ‘ carpenter’s plane; drill, drill bit’ (whence French rouanne ‘drill’ ), from Vulgar Latin rucina ‘ carpenter’s plane’ , from Latin runcina, from Greek rykáné ‘ car­ penter’s plane’ . rapar ‘ to shave’ : Germanic rapon ‘ to pull the hair; to snatch’ , from Indo-European rep‘to seize’ (see “rápido). rapaz ‘rapacious’ : Latin rapax ‘rapacious’ , from rapere ‘to seize, snatch’ (see “rápi­ d o ) + -ax ‘ inclined t o ’ (see °-az). “rápido ‘swift, rapid’ : Latin rapidus ‘ rapid, hurrying, snatching’ , from rapere ‘to snatch; to ravish’ , from Indo-European rep- ‘ to seize, grasp’ . Related words: rapar, rapaz, rapiña, rapto-, probably: rato.

ra p iñ a

rapiña ‘ plunder, rapine’ : obsolete rapiña, from Latin rapiña ‘ plunder’ , from rapere ‘to snatch’ (see “rápido). raposa, raposo ‘ fo x ’ : obsolete rabosa, raboso ‘fo x ’, from rabo ‘tail’ (see “rabo) + -oso ‘ having, abounding in’ (see -oso), because o f this animal’s long, bushy tail, rapsodia ‘rhapsody’ : Latin rhapsodia, from ' Greek rhapsoidia ‘rhapsody, epic poem ’ , from rhapsóidós ‘rhapsodist, one who recites or sings epic poem s’ , literally = ‘ one who stitches songs together’ , from rháptein ‘to sew, stitch together’ (under­ lying meaning: ‘to wind around’ , from Indo-European wrp-, from werp- ‘to wind, turn’ [probably related words: re­ pente, reventar], from wer- ‘to turn’ ; see ° verter) + oide ‘song, o d e ’ (see °oda). rapto ‘kidnapping’ : Latin raptus ‘act o f snatching’, from raptus ‘seized’ , past participle o f rapere ‘ to seize, rob, kidnap’ (see “rápido). raqueta ‘racket (for ball games)’ : French raquette ‘racket’ , from Old French raquette, rachette ‘palm o f the hand’ , from dia­ lectical Arabic ráhet (Arabic ráhah) ‘ palm o f the hand’ . raro ‘strange; rare’ : Latin rarus ‘thin, sparse; uncom mon, scarce; uncom mon, remark­ able’ , from Indo-European ra-ro- ‘sparse’ , from rá-, variant o f re-, er- ‘loose, sepa­ rated’ (see “yerm o). ras ‘ level, flush’ : raso ‘plain; scraped’ (see “raso). rascacielos ‘ skyscraper’ , inspired by English skyscraper ‘ high building’ (1891), from rasca ‘ (it) scrapes’ , third person singular o f the present indicative o f rascar (see rascar, “raso), + cielos ‘skies’ , plural o f cielo (see “cielo). rascar ‘to scratch’ : Vulgar Latin *rasicare ‘to scrape’ , from Latin rasus, past participle o f radere ‘to scrape; to shave’ (see “raso). rasgar ‘to tear, rip’ : obsolete resgar ‘ to tear’ (influenced by rascar ‘to scratch’ ; see ras­ car), from Latin resecare ‘to cut loose, cut o f f ’, from re- ‘ back; o f f ’ (see “re-) + secare ‘to cut’ (see “sección). rasgo ‘stroke (o f a pen); feature (appearance o f the face); characteristic’ , back-forma­ tion, from rasgar ‘to tear, rip’ (see rasgar, “re-, “sección). °raso ‘ plain’ : Latin rasus ‘scraped, shaven’ , past participle o f radere ‘to scrape; to shave’ (possibly related to rodere ‘to

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gnaw’ ; see roer). Related words: arrasar, arrastrar, rallar, ras, rascacielos, rascar, rastrillo, rastro, rasurar. “raspar ‘to scrape’ : Old High German raspón ‘to scrape, scrape together, collect’ , from Germanic hrap- ‘to snatch’ . Probably related word: rifa; possibly: ráfaga, rifle. rastrillo ‘ rake’ : rastillo ‘ rake’, from Latin rastellus ‘ small rake’ , diminutive o f rostrum ‘rake’ (see rastro, “raso, “arado). For Latin -ellus ‘small one’ , see -elo. rastro ‘rake, harrow; track, trail; slaughter­ house’ : Latin rostrum ‘rake; m attock’ , from radere ‘to scrape’ (see “raso). For Latin -trum, from Indo-European -trom ‘ instrument’, see “arado. rasurar ‘to shave’ : rasura ‘act o f shaving’ , from Latin rasura ‘act o f scraping’ , from rasus ‘scraped’ (see “raso) + -ura ‘act’ (see °-ura). “rata ‘ rat’ , o f uncertain origin; akin to Old High German ratta ‘rat’ , and possibly to Latin rodere ‘ to gnaw’ (see roer) and ra­ dere ‘to scrape’ (see raso). Related word: ratón. ratificar ‘to ratify’ : Medieval Latin ratificare ‘to ratify, confirm ’, from Latin ratus ‘determined, fixed, calculated’ (from ratus, past participle o f reri ‘ to fix ’ ; see razón, “arma) + -ificare ‘ to make’ (see -ificar, -i-2, -ficar, -fico, “hacer). rato ‘ short time, while’ , probably from Latin raptus ‘ seized, ravished’, from rapere ‘to seize, ravish’ (see “rápido). ratón ‘ mouse’ : rata ‘ rat’ (see “rata) + -ón (see -ón). Raúl, masculine given name (corresponding to English Ralph): French Raoul (twelfth century), from Germanic Radolf, literally = ‘W olf in Counsel’ (but see paragraph 24 o f the Introduction), from redaz ‘advice, counsel’ (from Indo-European re-dh‘ advice’ , from re- ‘ to think, reason’, variant o f ar- ‘to join, fit’ ; see “arma) + wulfaz ‘w o lf’ , from Indo-European wlpo-, variant o f wlkwo- ‘w o lf’ (see “lúpulo). raya ‘ line, dash’ , probably from French raie ‘ line, stripe’, from Old French raie ‘stripe; furrow’ , o f Celtic origin (akin to Gaulish rica and to Welsh rhych, both = ‘ furrow’ ), rayo ‘ray, beam; thunderbolt’ : Latin radius ‘ray, beam; spoke o f a wheel; radius’ (see “radio'). rayos X ‘ X rays’ , see x. “raza ‘ race’ : Italian razza ‘generation, family,

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race’ , probably from Old Italian Varazz (masculine) ‘the race’ (later thought to be la razz, and therefore a feminine, and the feminine ending -a was added to it); arazz was probably derived from Old French haraz, haras, harace ‘ group o f stallions and mares kept for breeding’ . However, Italian razza might also have been derived from Latin *ratia, from ratio ‘a reckoning, account’ (see razón). Related w ord: racial. razón ‘reason’ : Vulgar Latin ratione ‘reason’, from Latin rationem, accusative o f ratio (stem ration-) ‘reckoning, account, calcu­ lation, reasoning’ , from ratus, past parti­ ciple o f reri ‘to calculate, think, reason’ , from Indo-European re- ‘to think, reason’ (see Raid, °arma). razzia ‘ raid, razzia’ : French razzia ‘ raid’ , from colloquial Arabic ghazyah ‘raid’ (Arabic ghazwah ‘raid; march’ ; root: gh-z-w). re ‘ re (musical ton e)’ : Medieval Latin re ‘ re’ (see do). °re- ‘ again; thoroughly, very’ (also a prefix used in parasynthesis, i.e. when forming verbs from nouns or adjectives to which an infinitive ending is added, as in recos­ tar, and when forming adjectives or nouns from nouns to which -ado [or some other ending] is added, as in rego­ cijo, repisa): Latin re- (before a vowel, red-) ‘again; back, backward; contrary to; behind; against; o ff; thoroughly’ . Related words: arrendar, alrededor, arremeter, derredor, derretir-, reciente, recíproco, and many others that begin with re-, rienda. reacción ‘reaction’ : New Latin reactionem, accusative o f reactio (stem reaction-) ‘reaction’ , from reactus, past participle o f reagere ‘ to react’ , from Latin re- ‘back’ (see °re-) + agere ‘to act’ (see 0agente). reacio ‘ reluctant’ : obsolete rehazio ‘ reluc­ tant; angry’ , from refazio ‘reluctant; angry’ , o f uncertain origin. real1 ‘ real’ : Late Latin realis ‘ real, relating to things’, from Latin res ‘thing, fact’ (see °república) + -alis ‘o f, relating to ’ (see °-al). real2 ‘royal’ : Latin regalis ‘royal, regal, o f a king’ , from reg-, stem o f rex ‘king’ (from Indo-European reg- ‘ king’ , from reg- ‘to direct’ ; see °regir), + -alis ‘o f ’ (see °-al). realidad ‘ reality’ : Medieval Latin realitatem,

recalcitrante

accusative o f realitas (stem realiiat-) ‘ reality’ , from Late Latin realis ‘real’ (see rea l', °república, °-al) + -itas ‘quality, condition’ (see-idad). realizar ‘to realize, make real’ : French réaliser ‘to realize’ , from Old French realiser ‘to realize’ , from real (French réel) ‘real’ (from Late Latin realis ‘real’ ; see real, 0república, °-al) + -iser ‘ to cause to be’ , from Late Latin -izare ‘ to cause to be’ (see °-izar). reata ‘rope’, originally = ‘rope used for tying mules to keep them in single file’, from reatar ‘to tie in single file; to tie again’ , from re- ‘again’ (see °re-) + atar ‘to tie’ (see atar, °aptitud). rebajar ‘ to lessen, lower’ (rebaja ‘discount’ ): re- ‘again; thoroughly’ (see °re-) + bajar ‘ to go down; to lower’ (see bajar, °bajo). rebanada ‘ slice’ : rebanada, feminine o f reba­ nado, past participle o f rebanar ‘to slice’ , probably from obsolete rabanar ‘ to slice’ , originally = ‘ to slice as radishes are sliced’ , from rábano ‘radish’ (see rábano, °rabo) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-a r'). rebaño ‘flock (group o f animals)’ : obsolete rabaño ‘flo ck ’ , possibly from rama ‘ branch’ . rebelde ‘ rebel’ : obsolete rebele ‘rebel’ , from Latin rebellis ‘ rebel, that makes war again’ , from re- ‘ again’ (see°re-) + bellum (also duellum) ‘ war’ (see °duelo2). rebuznar ‘to bray’, probably a derivative o f Latin bucinare ‘ to play the trumpet’ , from bucina ‘trumpet’ (see bocina, buey, °bustrófedon, °cantar) + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). recabar ‘to obtain’ , originally = ‘ to obtain completely, obtain to the end’ , from re‘ thoroughly’ , a verb-forming prefix (see °re-), + cabo ‘end’ (see °cabo) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). recado ‘ message’ : obsolete recadar ‘togather, collect’ , from recabdar ‘ to collect’ (see recaudar, receptor, °re-, °capaz). recalcar ‘to cram; to emphasize’ : Latin recal­ care ‘ to tread again, retrace’ , from re‘ again’ (see °re-) + calcare ‘to trample, stamp’ (see calcar, °escaleno). recalcitrante ‘recalcitrant’ : Late Latin recalcitrantem , accusative o f recalcitrans (stem recalcitrant-) ‘ obstinately disobedient’, from recalcitrans, present participle o f recalcitrare ‘to be obstinately disobedi­ ent’ , from Latin recalcitrare ‘ (o f a horse)

r e c á m a ra

to kick back’ , from re- ‘back, again’ (see °re-) + calcitrare ‘to kick’ , from calc-, stem o f calx ‘heel’ (see calcar, “escaleno). recámara ‘dressing room ; (M exico) bedroom ’ , originally = ‘ room in back o f the cham­ ber’ , from re- ‘back’ (see °re-) + cámara ‘ chamber’ (see “cámara). recapacitar ‘to reflect, consider’ : obsolete recapacitar ‘to remember’ (probably in­ fluenced by capaz), probably from Vulgar Latin *recapitare ‘to remember’ , a deriva­ tive o f Latin capere ‘to hold, take’ (see “capaz). recatada ‘ modest, decent’ , feminine o f reca­ tado ‘ modest; cautious’ , from recatarse ‘ to be cautious’ , a derivative o f obsolete catar ‘ to look at’ (see catar, “capaz). recaudar ‘ to collect (‘ obtain payment’, and ‘ gather’ )’ : obsolete recab dar, from Vulgar Latin *recapitare ‘to collect’ , from recaptare ‘ to receive, recover’ , from Latin receptare ‘to take again’ , iterative o f recipere ‘ to take back, regain, receive’ (see receptor, “re-, “capaz). recelo ‘misgiving, suspicion’ : recelar ‘ to sus­ pect’ , from obsolete recelarse de ‘ to sus­ pect; to hide from ’, from re- ‘thoroughly’ (see “re-) + celar ‘to hide, conceal’ , from Latin celare, from Indo-European kél-á-, from fee/-, from fee/- ‘ to hide, conceal’ (see “ célula). receptor ‘receiver’ : Latin receptor ‘ one that receives’, from receptus ‘received, taken’ , past participle o f recipere ‘ to receive, regain, take back, take, accept’, from re‘ back, again’ (see °re-) + -cipere, from ca­ pere ‘ to take, seize’ (see “capaz). receso ‘recess, act o f receding’ : Latin recessus ‘act o f receding’ , from recessus, past participle o f recedere ‘to recede, with­ draw, go back’ , from re- ‘back’ (see “re-) + cedere ‘to go’ (see “ceder). receta ‘ prescription; recipe’ : Latin recepta ‘things taken (to prepare a prescription)’, neuter plural o f receptus ‘received, taken’ (see receptor, “re-, “capaz). recibir ‘ to receive’ (recibo ‘receipt’ ): Latin recipere ‘ to receive’ (see receptor, “re-, “capaz). recién ‘ recently’ (used before past partici­ ples), apocope o f reciente ‘recent’ (see “reciente). “reciente ‘recent’ : Latin recentem , accusative o f recens (stem recen t-) ‘ new, fresh’ , from re- ‘ again, backward’ (see °re-) + Indo-

450

European ken-t- ‘ new’ , from ken- ‘fresh, new, young’ . Related words: -ceno, e o c e ­ no, m ioceno, oligoceno, p leistocen o, pliocen o, recién. recinto ‘ bounded area’ , probably from Italian recinto ‘ bounded area’ , from Late Latin recinctus ‘ girded again’ , past participle o f recingere ‘ to gird again’ (Latin recingere = ■ ‘ to ungird’ ), from Latin re- ‘again’ (see °re-) + cingere ‘ to gird’ (see “ ceñir). recio ‘ strong, robust’ , perhaps ultimately from Latin rigidus ‘stiff, hard’ (see “rígi­ do). recipiente ‘receptacle’ : Latin recipientem , accusative o f recipiens (stem recipient-) ‘ one that receives or contains’, present participle o f recipere ‘ to receive’ (see receptor, “re-, “capaz). Compare excipien­ te. recíproco ‘ mutual, reciprocal’ : Latin reciprocus ‘ returning; alternating, backward and forward’ , from *recus ‘backward’ (from re- ‘ back’ ; see “re-) + *procus ‘ forward’ , from Indo-European p ro-ko-, from profo rw a rd ’ (se ep ro -1, “per-). recitar ‘ to recite’ : Latin recitare ‘to read aloud, repeat from m em ory’ , literally = ‘ to cite again’ , from re- ‘ again, back’ (see °re-) + citare ‘ to cite, call’ (see “citar). D o u b le t: rezar. reclamar ‘ to claim’ : Latin reclamare ‘to call for; to call out against’ , from re- ‘against’ (see “re-) + clamare ‘ to call, cry ou t’ (see “clamar). recluir ‘ to seclude’ : Late Latin recludere ‘to seclude, close o f f ’ , from Latin re- ‘thor oughly’ (see °re-) + -cludere, from claudere ‘to close’ (see excluir, “clave). reclutar ‘ to recruit’ : French recruter ‘to recruit’ , from recrue ‘recruit; act o f re­ cruiting’ , from recrue ‘ new growth, re­ growth’ (underlying idea: ‘recruits make the army grow again’ ), from recrue, feminine o f recru, past participle o f recroitre ‘to grow again’ , from Latin recrescere ‘to grow again’ , from re- ‘again’ (see °re-) + crescere ‘ to grow ’ (see crecer, “cereal). recobrar ‘to recover’ : Latin recuperare ‘to recover’ (see recuperar, “re-, “capaz). recoger ‘ to gather, pick up’ : Latin recolligere ‘to gather again’ , from re- ‘ again’ (see “re-) + colligere ‘to gather’ (see coger, com-, “con , “leer). recomendación ‘recom m endation’ : Medieval

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Latin recom m endationem , accusative o f recom m endatio (stem recomm endation-) ‘recom m endation’ , from recom m endatus, past participle o f recommendare ‘to rec­ om m end’ (see recomendar, “re-, encom en­ dar, com-, “con , mandar, °mano, °dar), + -io ‘ act; result’ (see °-ión). recomendar ‘to recom m end’ : Medieval Latin recommendare ‘to recom m end’ , from Latin re- ‘ again’ (see °re-) + commendare ‘ to com m end, recomm end, entrust’ (see encomendar, co rn -,0con , mandar, “mano, °dar). recompensar ‘to reward’ (recompensa ‘re­ ward’ ): Late Latin recompensare ‘to re­ ward, compensate’ , from Latin re- ‘ back’ (see °re-) + compensare ‘to compensate’ (see compensar, com-, °con, pensar, Spen­ der). recóndito ‘ hidden, concealed’: Latin reconditus ‘ hidden’ , from reconditus, past participle o f recondere ‘to hide, conceal, put up again, lay up’ , from re- ‘ again’ (see °re-) + condere ‘ to hide, store up, bring together’ (see esconder, “con , “hacer). reconocer ‘ to recognize’ (reconocim iento ‘ recognition; gratitude’ ): Latin recognoscere ‘ to recognize, investigate, know again’ , from re- ‘again’ (see °re-) + cog­ n o s c e s ‘to kn ow ’ (see con ocer, “noticia). recopilar ‘ to com pile’ : re- ‘again; thorough­ ly’ (see °re-) + copilar, variant o f com pi­ lar ‘to com pile’ , from Late Latin com pi­ lare ‘ to collect writings’ (originally used disparagingly, i.e. = ‘ to plagiarize’ ), from Latin compilare ‘to plunder’ (underlying meaning: ‘ to pile up (b o o ty ) together’ ), from com - ‘together’ (see com -, “con ) + pilare ‘ to plunder, pile up’ , from pila ‘ pile, heap o f stone’ (see “pila1) + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). recordar ‘ to remember, recall; to remind’ : Latin recordari ‘ to recall’ (underlying meaning: ‘to call to mind again’ ), from re‘again’ (see °re-) + cord-, stem o f cor ‘ heart; m ind’ (see “cordial). recorrer ‘to go over, travel’ : Latin recu rres ‘to return, run back’ , from re- ‘back’ (see °re-) + c u r r e s ‘ to run’ (see “correr). recortar ‘to cut o ff, trim, clip’ : re- ‘thor­ oughly’ (see °re-) + cortar ‘ to cu t’ (see cortar, co rto , “carne). recostar ‘to lean, recline’ (underlying mean­ ing: ‘to lean on on e’s ribs’ ): re-, a verb­ forming prefix (see °re-), + obsolete costa

recurso

‘rib’ (see acostar, “costa) + -ar, an infini­ tive ending (see “-ar1). recoveco ‘sinuous course’ , ultimately from cov-, base o f cueva ‘ cave’ (see cueva, “ca­ var). recrear ‘ to re-create; to recreate, amuse’ (recreo ‘recreation’ ): Latin recreare ‘ to create anew; to restore, refresh’ , from re‘again’ (see “re-) + creare ‘ to create’ (see crear, “cereal). recriminar ‘ to recriminate’: Medieval Latin recriminare ‘to make counter accusa­ tions’ , from Latin re- ‘ again, back’ (see °re-) + criminare, criminan ‘to accuse’ , from crimin-, stem o f crimen ‘ accusation’ (see crimen, “escribir, “-m entó). recrudecer ‘ to break out again, recrudesce’: Latin recrudescere ‘ (o f a wound or a struggle) to becom e raw again’ , from re‘ again’ (see “re-) + crudescere ‘to becom e hard, becom e raw, get worse’ , from crudus ‘raw, b lood y , harsh’ (see “crudo) + -escere, an inceptive ending (see °-ecer). rectángulo ‘rectangle’ : Medieval Latin rectangulum ‘rectangle’ , from rectangulum, neuter o f rectangulus ‘ having right angles; having a right angle’ , from Latin rectus ‘ right’ (see recto, “regir) + angulus ‘ angle’ (see ángulo, “ancla). rectificar ‘to rectify’ : Medieval Latin rectifi­ care ‘to rectify, make straight, set right’ , from Latin rectus ‘straight, right’ (see recto, “regir) + -ificare ‘to make’ (see -ificar, -i'-2 ,-ficar, -fico, “hacer). recto ‘straight, right’ : Latin rectus ‘straight, right’ , from rectus, past participle o f regere ‘ to direct, lead straight’ (see “regir). rector ‘rector’ : Latin rector ‘governor, ruler’ , from rectus, past participle o f r e g e s ‘ to rule, direct’ (see “regir), + -or ‘acting, doer’ (see “-o r 1). recuerdo ‘ recollection, m em ory’ : recordar ‘ to remember’ (see recordar, “re-, °cordial) + -o, a noun ending (see -o 4). recuperar ‘to recover’ : Latin recuperare ‘to recover’ (underlying meaning: ‘to grasp again’ ), from re- ‘back, again’ (see °re-) + Indo-European kap-ero- ‘to grasp’ , from kap- ‘ to grasp’ (see “capaz). recurrir ‘ to resort, have recourse’ : Latin recu rres ‘to run back’ (see recorrer, “re-, “correr). recurso ‘resource; recourse’ : Late Latin re­ cursos ‘recourse’ , from Latin recursus ‘act o f running back’ , from recursus, past

recusar

participle o f recurrere ‘ to run back’ (see recorrer, "re-, °correr). recusar ‘to decline, refuse; to recuse’ : Latin recusare ‘to refuse, object t o ’, from re‘ contrary to ; back’ (see "re-) + -cusare, from causari ‘ to plead, give a reason’ , from causa ‘ cause, reason’ (see °causa). rechazar ‘to repel, reject’ : Old French rechacier ‘ to repel, chase again’ , from re‘again’ (from Latin re- ‘again’ ; see °re-) + chacier (also chasser, as in French) ‘ to chase’, from Vulgar Latin *captiare ‘ to chase’ (see cazar, captar, "capaz). rechinar ‘ to squeak, grate’ , a word probably formed in imitation o f the sound o f squeaking. red ‘ net, network’ : Latin rete (neuter) ‘ a net’ (or from its variant retís, feminine), from Indo-European re-ti- ‘ a net; loose, sepa­ rated’ , from re- ‘ loose, separated’ (see °yerm o). redacción ‘ drafting; editorial room s’ : Late Latin redactionem, accusative o f redactio (stem redaction-) ‘ act o f gathering written material; act o f gathering together’ , from Latin redactus, past participle o f redigere ‘to collect, get together’ (see redactar, °re-, °agente). redactar ‘to write, draft’ (redactor ‘editor’): Latin redactus, past participle o f redigere ‘ to collect, get together, drive back, bring back’ , from red- ‘ back’ (see °re-) + -igere, from agere ‘ to drive; to act’ (see °agente). redil ‘pen, shelter’ : red ‘ net’, from the fact that many pens for animals were made o f netting (see red, °yerm o). redimir ‘ to redeem’ : Latin redimere ‘to re­ deem, buy back’ , from red- ‘ back, again’ (see "re-) + -imere, from emere ‘to b u y’ (see °ejem plo). rédito ‘ revenue’ : Latin reditus ‘revenue, in­ com e; a returning, return’ , from reditus, past participle o f redire ‘ to com e in (o f revenue); to com e back, go back, return’ , from red- ‘back’ (see "re-) + ire ‘to g o ’ (see °ir). redoblar ‘to double’ : re- ‘thoroughly’ (see "re-) + doblar ‘to double’ (see doblar, doble, °bi-, °-plo). redondo ‘round’ : Vulgar Latin retundu, from Latin rotundus (with dissimilation o f the -o- to -e-) ‘ round’ (see "rotundo). Doublet: rotundo. reducir ‘to reduce’ (reducción ‘reduction’ , reducido ‘small’ ): Latin reducere ‘to bring

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back, lead back, draw together’, from re‘back’ (see °re-) + ducere ‘to lead’ (see "conducir). redundancia ‘redundancy’ : Latin redundantia ‘redundancy’ , from redundant-, stem o f redundans, present participle o f redunda­ re ‘ to be in excess’ (see redundar, "re-, onda, "hidrógeno), + -ia ‘ condition, quali­ ty ’ (see -ia). redundar ‘ to result, lead t o ’ : Latin redundare ‘ to run back, overflow, be in excess’, from red- ‘ back; thoroughly’ (see °re-) + undare ‘to billow , surge, overflow ’, from undo ‘wave’ (see onda, "hidrógeno) + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-arl ). reemplazar, remplazar ‘to replace’ : French remplacer ‘to replace’, from re- ‘again’ (from Latin re- ‘again’ ; see °re-) + obsolete French emplacer ‘to place’ , from em- ‘to put in’ (from Latin im-; see em-, in -', °en ) + placer ‘ to place’ , from place ‘ a place’ , from Old French place ‘square (open area at street intersection)’, from Vulgar Latin plattea ‘square’ (see plaza, "plato, "Polonia). referir ‘to relate, tell; to refer’ (referenda ‘reference’ ): Latin referre ‘to relate, tell, refer to, carry back’ , from re- ‘ back’ (see °re-) + ferre ‘to carry’ (see -ifero, "perife­ ria ). refinar ‘to refine’ : re-, a verb-forming prefix (see °re-), + fino ‘ fine, refined’ (see fino, "fin) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). reflejo ‘reflection; reflex’ (reflejar ‘to re­ flect’ ): Latin reflexus ‘reflection, a bending back’ , from reflexus, past partici­ ple o f reflectere ‘ to reflect, bend back’ , from re- ‘back’ (see "re-) + flectere ‘ to bend’ (see "flexible). reflexión ‘reflection’ (reflexionar ‘to reflect, consider’ ): Late Latin reflexionem , accu­ sative o f reflexio (stem reflexion-) ‘reflec­ tion, act o f bending back’ , from Latin reflexus, past participle o f reflectere ‘to reflect, bend back’ (see reflejo, "re-, "flexible), + -io ‘act o f ’ (see °-ión). reforma ‘reform ’ : reformar ‘to reform ’ , from Latin reformare ‘to reform, form again’ , from re- ‘ again’ (see °re-) + formare ‘to form ’ (see formar, "form a). reforzar ‘to strengthen, reinforce’ : re-, a verb-forming prefix (see °re-), + forz-, base o f fuerza ‘strength’ (see fuerza, "fortaleza), + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar').

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refractario ‘refractory (unmanageable, and resistant to heat)’ : Latin réfractarius ‘ un­ manageable, stubborn, obstinate’ , from refractus, past participle o f refringere to break o f f ’ , from re- ‘away’ (see °re-) + frangere ‘to break’ (see frágil, °brecha). refrán ‘ proverb’: obsolete refrán ‘refrain (o f a song)’, from Old Provenga! refranh ‘refrain’ , from re franker ‘to echo; to break o f f ’ , from Vulgar Latin *refrangere ‘to break o f f ’ , from Latin refringere ‘to break o f f ’ (see refractario, °re-, frágil, ° brecha). refrescar ‘to refresh’ : re-, a verb-forming pre­ fix (see °re-), + fresco ‘ fresh’ (see 0fresco) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar‘ ). refresco ‘refreshment’ : refrescar ‘to refresh’ (see refrescar, °re-, °fresco, °-ar*) + -o, a noun ending (see -o 4). refriega ‘ fray, fight’ : refregar ‘to rub’ , from Latin refricare ‘ to rub again’ , from re‘again’ (see °re-) + fricare ‘to rub’ (see "fricción). refrigeración ‘refrigeration’ (refrigerador ‘re­ frigerator’ ): Latin refrigerationem, accu­ sative o f refrigeratio (stem refrigeration-) ‘ cooling’ , from refrigeratus, past partici­ ple o f refrigerare ‘ to c o o l’ , from re- ‘again’ (see "re-) + frigerare ‘to coo l, make c o o l’ , from frigor-, stem o f frigus ‘ cool, co ld ’ (see °fri'o), + -are, an infinitive ending (see "-ar1). refugio ‘refuge’ (refugiarse ‘to take refuge’ ): Latin refugium ‘refuge’ , from refugere ‘to escape, avoid, run away, flee back’ , from re- ‘back, away’ (see °re-) + fugere ‘to flee’ (see huir, "fuga). refutar ‘to refute’ : Latin refutare ‘ to refute, rebut, check, drive back’ , from re- ‘ back’ (see "re-) + -futare ‘ to strike, beat’ , from Indo-European bhüt-, variant o f bhau- ‘ to strike’ (see "botar). regadera ‘watering pot; (M exico) shower’ : regar ‘to water’ (see "regar) + -adera ‘serving for’ (see -adera2). regalar ‘to make a present’ : French régaler ‘ to regale, entertain’ (underlying meaning: ‘to entertain royally’ ), from Old French regaler ‘to regale’ , from regal ‘regal, royal’ , from Latin regalis ‘royal’ (see real2, "regir, °-al). regaliz ‘ licorice’ : regaliza ‘ licorice’, from Late Latin liquiritia (through a metathetic form *riquilitia), from Latin glycyrrhiza (through the influence o f Latin liquor

re g ir

‘ a liquid’ ), from Greek glykyrrhiza ‘ lico­ rice’ , literally = ‘sweet r o o t’ , from glykys ‘ sweet’ (from Indo-European dlku‘ sweet’ ; see °d u lce)* rhiza ‘ ro o t’ , possibly from Indo-European werád- ‘ro o t’ (see "radicar). regalo ‘ present’ : regalar ‘to make a present’ (see regalar, real2, "regir, °-al) + -o, a noun suffix (see -o 4). regañar ‘to snarl; to scold’ , possibly akin to Latin gannire ‘to yelp, bark; to growl, snarl’ . °regar ‘to water, irrigate’ : Latin rigare ‘to water, w et’ . Related words: irrigar, rega­ dera, riego. regente ‘regent’ : Medieval Latin regentem , accusative o f regens (stem regent-) ‘ regent, ruler’ , from Latin regens ‘ruling’ , present participle o f regere ‘to rule’ (see "regir). régimen ‘regime, regimen’ : Latin regimen ‘ rule, government’ , from regere ‘to rule’ (see "regir) + -i-, a connective vowel (see -i'-2), + -men ‘ product or result o f action’ (see °-m entó). regimiento ‘regiment (military unit)’ : Ger­ man Regim ent ‘regiment; government’ or French regiment ‘regiment’ , from Late Latin regimentum ‘rule, government, management’ , from Latin regere ‘to rule’ (see "regir) + -i-, a connective vowel (see -i-2), + -mentum ‘ product or result o f action’ (see "-m entó). regio ‘ regal’ : Latin regius ‘o f a king, royal’, from reg-, stem o f rex ‘king’ (see rey, "regir). región ‘region’ : Latin regionem, accusative o f regio (stem region-) ‘region, territory, boundary, direction’ , from regere ‘to direct, guide, rule’ (see "regir). “regir ‘ to rule’ : Latin regere ‘ to rule, direct, lead straight, guide’ , from Indo-European reg- ‘straight; to direct’ . Related words: abrogar, aderezar, alerta, América, arreglar, arrogancia, arrogante, Austria, austríaco, correcto, corregir, derecha, d e­ recho, derogar, despertar, dirección, di­ recto , director, dirigir, enderezar, En­ rique, enriquecer, erecto, erguir, erigir, erogación, escolta, insurgente, interrogar, prerrogativa, prorrogar, Puerto R ico, real2, rectángulo, rectificar, recto, rector, regalar, regalo, regente, régimen, regi­ m iento, regio, región, regla, regular, reina, reinar, reino, rey, Ricardo, rico, riqueza, R odríguez, rogar, ruego, surgir, Villa-

registro rreal, virrey, y erto ; possibly: retahila. registro ‘register’ (registrar ‘to inspect; to register’ ): Medieval Latin registrum (also regestrum, regestum), from Late Latin regesta (plural) ‘ list, register’ , from Latin regesta ‘things transcribed’ , neuter plural o f regestus, past participle o f regerere ‘to transcribe, bring back’ , from re- ‘back’ (see °re-) + gerere ‘to bring, carry’ (see °g e s to ). regla ‘straightedge, ruler; rule’ (reglamento ‘regulations’ ): Latin regula ‘straightedge, straight piece o f w ood , rod ’ , from IndoEuropean regola ‘rod’ , from rég-, from reg- ‘straight; to direct’ (see °regir). regocijo ‘j o y ’ (regocijar ‘to rejoice’ ): re-, a noun-forming prefix (see °re-), + gozo ‘j o y ’ (see °g ozo) + -ijo ‘result o f action’ (see -ijo). regreso ‘a return, a going back’ (regresar ‘to return’ ): Latin regressus ‘a going back’ , from regressus, past participle o f regredi ‘to go back’ , from re- ‘ back’ (see °re-) + -gredi, from gradi ‘to step, g o ’ (see 0agre­ dir). regular ‘regular’ : Late Latin regularis ‘ con ­ taining a set o f rules’ , from Latin regularis ‘o f a bar, o f a ruler, o f a rule’, from regula ‘ruler, straightedge’ (see regla, °regir) + -aris ‘o f ’ (see -ar2). rehén ‘hostage’ : Vulgar Arabic rehen ‘hos­ tage, guarantee, deposit’ , from Arabic rahn ‘ hostage, guarantee, deposit’ , rehusar ‘to refuse, reject’ : Vulgar Latin *refusare ‘to refuse’ , from Latin refusus, past participle o f refundere ‘to give back, put back, pour back’ , from re- ‘ back’ (see °re-) + fundere ‘to pour’ (see °fundir). reina ‘queen’ : obsolete reina, from Latin regina ‘queen’ , feminine o f rex (stem reg-) ‘king’ (see rey, “regir). Latin -ina is a feminine ending also found in Agrippina, gallina (compare gallina), libertina. reinar ‘to reign’ : obsolete regnar, from Latin regnare ‘to reign’ , from regnum ‘ reign’ (see reino, rey, “regir) + -are, an infinitive ending (see “-ar1). reino ‘kingdom ’ : Latin regnum ‘reign’ , from reg-, stem o f rex ‘king’ (see rey, “regir). °refr ‘to laugh’ : Latin ridere ‘ to laugh’ . Rela­ ted words: ridículo, risa, risueño, sonreír, sonrisa. reiterar ‘to reiterate’ : Latin reiterare ‘to re­ iterate, repeat’ , from re- ‘ again’ (see °re-) + iterare ‘to repeat’ (see iterativo, “ya,

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“vuestro). reivindicar ‘ to request the return o f proper­ ty ’ : reivindicación ‘request for the return o f property’ , from Latin rei vindicatio, literally = ‘of-thing claiming’ , from rei ‘o f thing’ , genitive o f res ‘thing’ (see “repúbli­ ca), + vindicatio ‘a claiming’, from vindi1 catus, past participle o f vindicare ‘to lay claim t o ’ (see “vengar, “decir), + -io ‘ act o f ’ (see °-ión). reja ‘grate, grille’ , o f disputed origin. rejuvenecer ‘to rejuvenate’ : re- ‘ thoroughly’ (see “re-) + Latin juvenescere ‘ to grow young again’ , from juvenis ‘ young’ (see “jo v en ) + -escere ‘ to becom e, begin to .. . ’ (see °-ecer). relación ‘ relation, relationship; report, ac­ count’ (relacionar ‘ to relate’ ): Latin relationem , accusative o f relatio (stem rela­ tion-) ‘ narration; relationship; a carrying back’ , from relatus, suppletive past parti­ ciple o f r e f erre ‘to relate, tell’ (see relato, “re-, delator, “ tolerar), + -io ‘result’ (see °-ión). relajar ‘to relax, slacken’ : Latin relaxare ‘to loosen, slacken’, from re- ‘ back’ (see °re-) + laxare ‘ to loosen, slacken’, from laxus ‘ lax, loose’ (see “laxo) + -are, an infinitive ending (see “-ar1). relámpago ‘lightning’ , ultimately from Late Latin lampare ‘ to shine’ , from Latin lam­ pas ‘ torch, lamp’ (see “lámpara) + -are, an infinitive ending (see “-ar1). relatar ‘ to relate’ : Latin relatus ‘official report’ (see relato, “re-, delator, “tolerar) + Spanish -ar, an infinitive ending (see “-ar1). relativo ‘relative’ : Late Latin relativus ‘rela­ tive, referring’ , from Latin relatus, supple­ tive past participle o f referre (see relato, “re-, delator, “tolerar), + -ivus ‘ performing, tending toward’ (see °-ivo). relato ‘story, account, narration’ : Latin rela­ tus ‘official report’ , from relatus, supple­ tive past participle o f referre ‘to relate, tell; to refer to ; to carry back’ , from re‘back’ (see °re-) + latus ‘ carried’ , supple­ tive past participle o f ferre ‘ to carry, bear’ (see delator, “ tolerar). relevar ‘to bring into relief; to relieve’ : Latin relevare ‘to raise up, lift up, raise again’ , from re- ‘again’ (see °re-) + levare ‘to raise’ (see levantar, “leve). relieve ‘relief (m ode o f sculpture)’ : Italian rilievo ‘relief (m ode o f sculpture)’ , from

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h h ü h h i

455 rilevare ‘to raise; to emphasize’ , from Latin relevare ‘to raise up’ (see relevar, °re-, levantar, °leve). religión ‘religion’ : Latin religionem, accusa­ tive o f religio (stem religion-) ‘religion, piety, reverence, bond between humans and gods’ , possibly from religare ‘to bind back’ , from re- ‘back’ (see °re-) + ligare ‘to bind, tie’ (see °ligar). religioso ‘religious’ : Latin religiosus ‘reli­ gious’ , from religio ‘religion’ (see religión, °re-, °ligar) + -osus ‘ having’ (see -oso). reliquia ‘relic’ : Medieval Latin reliquia ‘relic’ , from Late Latin reliquiae (plural) ‘ remains (especially o f a martyr)’ , from Latin reli­ quiae ‘remains, leavings, remains o f a de­ ceased person’ , from relinquere ‘to leave behind’ , from re- ‘behind’ (see °re-) + linquere ‘to leave’ (see delincuente, °elipsis). reloj ‘ clock ; w atch’ : Old Catalan relotge ‘ clock ’ (Catalan rellotge), from orollotge ‘ clock ’ , from Latin horologium ‘ sundial, water clock ’ , from Greek horológion ‘sun­ dial, water clo ck ’ , literally = ‘ hour teller’ , from horo- (from hora ‘hour’ ; see °hora) + -logion, from légein ‘ to collect, speak, tell’ , from Indo-European leg- ‘to collect’ (see °leer). reluciente ‘shining’ : Latin relucentem , accu­ sative o f relucens (stem relucent-), pres­ ent participle o f relucere ‘ to shine back’, from re- ‘back’ (see °re-)+ lucere ‘to shine’ (see lucir, °luz). relleno ‘ filling (fo o d mixture), stuffing’ : re-, a noun-forming prefix (see °re-), + lleno ‘ full’ (see lleno, °plen o). remachar ‘ to rivet’ (remache ‘rivet’): obsolete remazar, remaqar ‘to rivet’ , from re-, a verb-forming prefix (see °re-), + mazo ‘ mallet’ (see °m azo) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). remanso ‘backwater’ : obsolete remanso, past participle o f remaner ‘ to remain’, from Latin remanere ‘to remain, stay behind’ , from re- ‘ back in place’ (see °re-) + manere ‘to stay, remain’ (see ° mansión). remar ‘to row ’ : Vulgar Latin remare ‘to row ’ (source, likewise, o f French ramer and o f Italian remare, both = ‘to row ’ ), from Latin remus ‘oar’ (see rem o, °ruso) + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). rematar ‘to com plete, finish o ff; to auction’ {remate ‘end; auction’): re- ‘thoroughly’ (see °re-) + matar ‘to kill’ (see matar,

L=¿

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remordimiento ° magnitud). remedar ‘ to imitate’ : Vulgar Latin reimitari ‘to imitate’ , from Latin re- ‘ thoroughly’ (see °re-) + imitari ‘to imitate’ (see imitar, ° imagen). remedio ‘remedy’ {remediar ‘to remedy’ ): Latin remedium ‘remedy, medicine’ , from remederi ‘ to heal again, cure’ , from re‘again’ (see °re-) + mederi ‘to heal, look after, cure’ (see ° médico). remedo ‘ imitation’ : remedar ‘ to imitate’ (see remedar, °re-, imitar, °imagen) + -o, a noun suffix (see -o 4). remendar ‘ to mend’ : re- ‘ thoroughly’ (see °re-) + Latin emendare ‘to correct’ (see enmendar, e x - ' ,° e x , °mendigo). remitir ‘to send; to remit’ : Latin remittere ‘ to send back; to release, give u p’ , from re- ‘ back’ (see °re-) + mittere ‘to let go, send’ (see °m eter). remo ‘oar’: Latin remus ‘oar’ , from IndoEuropean re-smo- ‘oar’ , from re-, from er‘to row ’ (see °ruso). remojar ‘to soak’ : re- ‘ thoroughly’ (see °re-) + mojar ‘to w et’ (see mojar, muelle1, ° malta). remolacha ‘ beet’ , probably from Italian ramolaccio ‘ horseradish’ , m odification o f Latin armoracium (also armoracea, armoracia) ‘ horseradish’ , o f Italic origin. remolcar ‘ to to w ’ : Late Latin remulcare ‘to to w ’ , from remulcum ‘tow rope’ (also rymulcum), from Greek rhymoulkós ‘tow rope’ , from rhyma ‘tow rope’ + hólkos ‘ that which pulls; a pulling’ , from hélkein ‘ to puli’ , from Indo-European selk- ‘to pull’ (see °surco). remolino ‘whirl, eddy’ : re- ‘very’ (see°re-) + molino ‘ mill’ (see molino, °moler, °-ino), from the whirls formed at mills whose machinery is moved by water. remolón ‘ lazy’ , probably from *rem orón, from obsolete remorar ‘to delay’ , from Latin remorari ‘to delay’ , from re- ‘ back’ (see °re-) + morari ‘to delay’ (see °morar). remontar ‘to elevate; to soar; to remount’ : re- ‘ again’ (see °re-) + montar ‘to m ount’ (see montar, °m onte). rémora ‘remora (fish)’ : Latin remora ‘rem o­ ra’ , from remora ‘delay’ (from the fact that remoras were held to be able to delay ships if they stuck to them), from remorari ‘ to delay’ (see rem olón, °re-, °morar). remordimiento ‘remorse’ : remorder ‘to feel

. rem oto remorse’ , from Latin remorderé ‘to vex; to bite again’ , from re- ‘again’ (see °re-) + mordere ‘to bite’ (see “morder). remoto ‘remote, distant’ : Latin remotus ‘rem ote’ , from rem otus, past participle o f removere ‘to move back, move away’ (see remover, “re-, °m over). remover ‘to move, rem ove’ : Latin removere ‘to move back, move away’ , from re‘back, away’ (see °re-) + movere ‘to m ove’ (see °mover). remplazar ‘to replace’ , see reemplazar. remuneración ‘ remuneration’ : Latin remunerationem, accusative o f remuneratio (stem remuneration-) ‘ pay, compensation’ , from remuneratus, past participle o f remunera­ re ‘to pay, compensate, reward’ , from re‘ thoroughly’ (see °re-) + munerare ‘ to give, present’ , from muner-, stem o f munus ‘ gift’ (see municipio, “impermea­ ble), + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). renacuajo ‘tadpole’ : ranacuajo ‘tadpole’ , from *ranuecajo, from obsolete ranueco — compare Old Catalan ranoc ‘tadpole’ — (from rana ‘ frog’ ; see °rana) + -ajo ‘ little’ (see -ajo, -aculo, °-ulo). “renal ‘o f the kidneys, renal’ : Late Latin renalis ‘o f the kidneys’ , from Latin renes ‘kidneys’ + -alis ‘o f ’ (see °-al). Related words: adrenalina, riñón. rencilla ‘quarrel’ : obsolete *rencir ‘to quar­ rel’ , variant o f reñir (see “reñir). rencor ‘ rancor’ : Late Latin rancor ‘staleness; grudge’, from Latin rancere ‘to stink’ (see “rancio) + -or ‘quality’ (see -or2). rendija ‘ crack’ : rehendija ‘ crack’ , from re‘ very’ + hendija ‘small crack’ , from Vulgar Latin *findicula ‘small crack’ , from Latin findere ‘ to split’ (see hender, “ b o te2) + -icula ‘little on e’ (see -icula). rendir ‘to subdue; to surrender; to yield’ : obsolete render ‘to yield’, from Vulgar Latin *rendere ‘to give back; to yield’ , from Latin reddere ‘to give back; to yield’ (influenced by its antonym prendere ‘ to take’ ), from red- ‘ back’ (see “re-) + -dere, from dare ‘to give’ (see °dar). renegar ‘to deny, renege’ : Medieval Latin re­ negare ‘to deny’ , from Latin re- ‘thor­ oughly’ (see °re-) + negare ‘to deny’ (see negar, “no). renglón ‘line (row o f w ords)’ : obsolete re­ glón ‘line’, augmentative o f regia ‘line; ruler, straightedge’ (see regla, “regir, -ón). reno ‘ reindeer’ : French renne, from Old

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Norse hreinn, from Germanic hraina‘reindeer’ , from Indo-European kr-ei‘ horned; horned animal (reindeer, ox , ram )’, from kr-, from ker- ‘ horn’ (see “cuerno). renombre ‘renown’ : re- ‘ very’ (see °re-) + nombre ‘ name, fame’ (see “nom bre). renovar ‘to renovate’ : Latin renovare ‘to renovate’ , from re- ‘again’ (see °re-) + novare ‘to make new’ , from novus ‘new’ (see “nuevo) + -are, an infinitive ending (see “-arl ). renta ‘ income; rental’ (rentar ‘ to bring, yield’ ): Old French rente ‘ income from property’ , from Vulgar Latin *rendita ‘ in­ com e’ , from *rendita, feminine o f *renditus, past participle o f *rendere ‘ to yield’ (see rendir, “re-, “dar). renunciar ‘to give up, renounce’ : Latin renuntiare ‘to renounce, retract, report back’ , from re- ‘back’ (see °re-) + nuntiare ‘ to report’ (see anunciar, “ nuncio). “reñir ‘to quarrel; to scold’ : Vulgar Latin *ringere, from Latin ringi ‘to gape, show the teeth, snarl, be angry’ . Related words: rencilla, riña. reo ‘ culprit; defendant’ : Latin reus ‘the party accused, defendant’ , from reus ‘ a party to an action’ , possibly from res ‘ lawsuit’ (from res ‘affair, matter, event, thing’ ; see “república). reóstato ‘rheostat’ : English rheostat (1843), from rheo- ‘flow , current’ (from Greek rhéos ‘ current, stream’ , from rhei'n ‘to flo w ’ ; see “diarrea) + sta t ‘stationary; making stationary’ , from New Latin -stata ‘ making stationary’ , from Greek -states ‘one that causes to stand’ , from IndoEuropean st-ta- ‘standing’ , from st-, from std- ‘ to stand’ (see “estar). reparar ‘ to repair; to notice; to stop ’: Latin reparare ‘to repair, fix, restore, put back in order’ , from re- ‘back’ (see °re-) + parare ‘ to put in order, prepare’ (see “parar). reparo ‘ difficulty, ob jection ’ : reparar ‘to stop, stop to notice, n otice’ (see reparar, “re-, “parar). repartir ‘to distribute’ : re- ‘again’ (see °re-) + partir ‘to divide’ (see partir, parte, “parar). repasar ‘to check; to review’ (repaso ‘review’ ): re- ‘again’ (see °re-) + pasar ‘to pass’ (see pasar, paso, “p a ten te1), with the underly­ ing meaning ‘to pass again, pass b y again’ , repeler ‘to repel’ : Latin repeliere ‘ to repel, drive back’ , from re- ‘back’ (see °re-) +

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pellere ‘to drive, push’ (see °impeler). (de) repente ‘suddenly’ : Latin derepente ‘ suddenly’ , from de- ‘ com pletely’ (see de-, °de2) + repente ‘suddenly’, from repen te, ablative o f repens (stem repent-) ‘sudden, hasty, unexpected’ , probably from IndoEuropean werp- ‘to turn’ (see °rapsodia). repercutir ‘ to reverberate’ : Latin repercutere ‘to beat back, strike back, cause to re­ b ou n d ’, from re- ‘back’ (see °re-) + percutere ‘ to beat, strike’ (see percutir, °per-, °discutir). repertorio ‘repertoire; list, index, catalog’ : Late Latin repertorium ‘ list, index, cata­ log’ , from Latin repertus, past participle o f reperire ‘to find, find out, find again’ (from re- ‘ again’ [see°re-j + -perire, from pariré, parere ‘to produce’ [see parir, “parar]), + -orium ‘serving fo r ’ (see-orio2). repetir ‘to repeat’ : Latin repetere ‘to repeat, go back to, seek again’ , from re- ‘again’ (see °re-) + petere ‘to go to, go toward, seek’ (see °pedir). repicar ‘ to sound (a bell)’ , literally = ‘to prick again’ , from re- ‘again’ (see °re-) + picar ‘ to prick’ (see °picar). repisa ‘ console, shelf’ : re-, a noun-forming prefix (see °re-), + piso ‘floor, story, level’ (see piso, pisar, °pistilo) + -a, a noun suf­ fix (see -a '). repleto ‘replete’ : Latin repletus, past partici­ ple o f replere ‘to fill up; to refill’ , from re- ‘ again; thoroughly’ (see °re-) + plere ‘to fill’ (see com pleto, °pleno). replicar ‘ to argue, reply’ : Late Latin replicare ‘to reply; to repeat’ , from Latin replicare ‘ to fold back’ , from re- ‘ back’ (see °re-) + plicare ‘to fo ld ’ (see °plegar). repollo ‘ cabbage’ : obsolete repollo ‘ young cabbage’ , from repollo ‘ young plant’, from re- ‘ very’ (see °re-) + p olio ‘young plant, young o f an animal’ (see polio, °pueril). reponer ‘to restore; to replace’ : Latin reponere ‘to put back’ , from re- ‘again, back’ (see °re-) + ponere ‘ to put’ (see “poner). reportaje ‘ news story’ : French reportage ‘ news story’ , from reporter (noun) ‘ news reporter’ (see reportero, °re-, portarse, °peron é) + -age ‘ o f, related t o ’ (see -aje). reportero ‘reporter’ : French reporter (noun) ‘ news reporter’ , from English reporter, from Middle English reportour ‘one that reports’ , from Old French reporteur ‘one that reports’ , from reporter ‘ to report; to

reptil

carry back’ , from Latin reportare ‘to re­ port; to carry back’ , from re- ‘back’ (see °re-) + portare ‘to carry’ (see portarse, “peron é). reposar ‘to rest, repose’ (reposo ‘rest’): Late Latin repausare ‘to rest’ , from re- ‘ thor­ oughly’ (see °re-) + pausare ‘to rest, stop’ (see p osa r, “pausa). repostero ‘pastry c o o k ’ : repostero ‘one who keeps fo o d safe; one who keeps objects safe’ , from Vulgar Latin *repositarius ‘one who keeps objects safe’, from Latin repositus, past participle o f reponere ‘to put back’ (see reponer, “re-, “p on er), + -arius ‘ person connected with’ (see -ario2). reprender ‘to reprehend, rebuke’ : Latin re­ prendere, reprehenderé ‘ to reprehend, seize, hold back’ , from re- ‘back’ (see °re-) + prehendere ‘ to seize, grasp’ (see °pren­ d e r ). represa ‘ dam’ (underlying idea: ‘a dam re­ strains the water’ ), from Latin repressa, feminine o f repressus, past participle o f reprimere ‘to restrain’ (see reprimir, “re-, “presión). representar ‘to represent, perform’ (represen­ tación ‘ performance’ , representante ‘ rep­ resentative’ ): Latin repraesentare ‘to rep­ resent, show, bring back’ , from re- ‘ back’ (see °re-) + praesentare ‘ to present’ (see presentar, presente, pre-, “per-, “esencia). reprimir ‘ to repress’ : Latin reprimere ‘to restrain, check; to repress, reprimand’ , from re- ‘ back’ (see °re-) + -primere, from prem ere ‘ to press’ (see “presión). reprobar ‘to disapprove; to fail (in exam )’ : Late Latin reprobare ‘to disapprove, con ­ demn’ , from Latin re- ‘back, against’ (see °re-) + probare ‘to test, prove’ (seeprobar, p rob o, “per-, “futuro). reproche ‘reproach’ : Old French reproche ‘ reproach’ , from reprochier ‘to reproach’ (French reprocher), from Vulgar Latin *repropiare ‘ to reproach’ (underlying meaning: ‘to bring back near’ ), from Latin re- ‘back’ (see °re-) + prop e ‘ near’, from Indo-European pro-kw- ‘going for­ ward, getting near’ , variant o f pro-ko‘ forward’ (see recíp roco, “per-). reproducir ‘to reproduce’ : re- ‘again’ (see °re-) + producir ‘to produce’ (see produ­ cir, p ro -1, “per-, “conducir). "reptil ‘reptile’ : Late Latin reptile (noun) ‘reptile’ , from reptile, neuter o f reptilis (adjective) ‘ creeping, reptant’ , from Latin

república reptus, past participle o f repere ‘to creep’ , from Indo-European rep- ‘ to creep’ (source, likewise, o f Old High German reba ‘ tendril’ ). Related w ord: subrepción. “república ‘republic’ : Latin respublica, res publica ‘ comm onweal; comm onwealth, state, republic’ , literally = ‘ public thing’ , from res (genitive rei) ‘thing’ (from IndoEuropean rei- ‘ property, thing’ ; related words: real1, reivindicar; possibly: reo, res) + publica, feminine o f publicus ‘o f the people, public’ (see público, °popu­ lar). repudiar ‘to repudiate’ : Latin repudiare ‘to reject, cast o f f ’ , from repudium ‘ a casting o f f ’ , from re- ‘o f f ’ (see °re-) + -pudium, from Indo-European peud-, speud- ‘to push, repulse’ (see °pudor). repugnar ‘to oppose, repugn; to disgust’ (re­ pugnancia ‘repugnance’, repugnante ‘re­ pugnant’ ): Latin repugnare ‘to resist, fight against’ , from re- ‘against’ (see °re-) + pugnare ‘to fight’ (see pugna, “puño). repulsivo ‘repulsive’ : obsolete repulso, past participle o f repeler ‘to repel’ , from Latin repulsus, past participle o f repeliere ‘to repel’ (see repeler, °re-, “impeler). reputación ‘ reputation’ : Latin reputationem, accusative o f reputatio (stem reputation-) ‘ consideration, reckoning’ , from reputatus, past participle o f reputare ‘to co m ­ pute, think over, consider, count over’ , from re- ‘over, again’ (see °re-) + putare ‘to com pute, consider, think’ (see “podar). requerir ‘ to summon; to require; to cou rt’ : Latin requirere ‘to inquire, search for, seek again, require’ , from re- ‘again’ (see °re-) + -quirere, from quaerere ‘to seek; to ask’ (see “querer). requiebro ‘ compliment; act o f w ooin g’ , from requebrar ‘ to w o o , court’ , from obsolete requebrado ‘lover’ (underlying meaning: ‘ someone who broke down, fell apart, or went to pieces because o f love’ ), from *requebrar ‘to break into pieces’ , from re- ‘ thoroughly’ (see °re-) + quebrar ‘to break’ (see quebrar, “grieta). requisito ‘requirement’ : Latin requisitus ‘ re­ quired, needed’ , past participle o f require­ re ‘to require’ (see requerir, “re-, “querer). res ‘beast, head o f cattle’ , o f disputed origin, possibly from Latin res ‘thing’ (see “repú­ blica). res- ‘somewhat less; somewhat more; thor­ oughly’ , as in rescontrar, resguardar, res­

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quebrajar, resquebrar, resquemar: Late Latin reex- (as in reexinanire ‘ to empty again’ ), from Latin re- ‘again’ (see °re-) + ex- ‘out o f ’ (see e x -1, °ex ). Spanish words beginning with res- are often the product o f re- + a word that begins with es-, in turn derived from a Latin word beginning with ex- (see, for instance, resfriado). resabio ‘ unpleasant aftertaste’ (underlying meaning: ‘ taste one perceives again’ ), from re- ‘ again’ (see °re-) + saber ‘ to have a taste’ (see “saber). resaca ‘ undertow’ : resacar ‘t.o draw back, take out again’ , from re- ‘ again, back’ (see °re-) + sacar ‘ to draw, take o u t’ (see sacar, “sagaz). resarcir ‘to compensate’ : Latin resarciré ‘to repair, patch again’ , from re- ‘again’ (see °re-) + sarcire ‘to patch’ (see “sastre). resaltar ‘ to stand o u t’ : re- ‘ again, back’ (see °re-) + saltar ‘to spring’ (see saltar, “salir). resbalar ‘to slip’ : obsolete resvarar, variant o f desvarar ‘to slip’ , possibly from Latin varus ‘knock-kneed’ (see “vara). rescatar ‘ to ransom; to recover; to rescue’ , probably from Vulgar Latin *reexcaptare ‘to bring back from captivity’, from Latin re- ‘back’ (see “re-) + ex- ‘ out o f ’ (see ex-1, “e x ) + captare ‘ to seize’ (see captar, “ca­ paz). rescate ‘rescue; ransom’ : rescatar ‘to rescue’ (see rescatar, “re-, e x -1, “ex , captar, “ca­ p a z) + -e, a noun suffix (see -e9). rescindir ‘to rescind’ : Latin rescindere ‘to rescind, annul, abolish, cut loose, cut o f f ’, from re- ‘thoroughly’ (see °re-) + scindere ‘to cut o ff, split’ (see prescindir, “ciencia). resección ‘resection’ : Latin resectionem , ac­ cusative o f resectio ‘a cutting o f f ’ , from resectus, past participle o f resecare ‘to cut o f f ’ , from re- ‘back; against; o f f ’ (see °re-) + secare ‘to cu t’ (see “sección ). resentirse ‘to be weakened; to resent, be hurt’ : re- ‘thoroughly’ (see “re-) + sentir ‘ to feel’ (see “sentir) + -se ‘oneself’ (see s e 1, “suya). reservar ‘to reserve’ (reserva ‘reserve’ ): Latin reservare ‘to save up, keep back’, from re‘ back’ (see “re-) + servare ‘to keep’ (see “conservar). resfriado ‘ cold (viral infection)’ : resfriarse ‘to catch a co ld ’ , from obsolete resfriar ‘ to co o l, chill’ , from re- ‘ thoroughly’ (see °re-) + esfriar ‘ to cool, chill’, from Latin ex- ‘out o f ’ (see e x -1, “e x ) + Spanish -friar,

459

from frío ‘ co ld ’ (see °frío). resguardar ‘to guard against, preserve, pro­ tect’ : res- ‘thoroughly’ (see res-, °re-, e x -1, ° e x ) + guardar ‘ to guard’ (see °guardar). residir ‘to reside’ (residencia ‘residence’ , resi­ dente ‘resident’ ): Latin residere ‘ to reside, remain, remain sitting, sit back’, from re‘back, back in place’ (see °re-) + -sidere, from sedere ‘to sit’ (see °sed im en to). residuo ‘remainder; residue’ : Latin residuum ‘residue, remnant’ , from residuum, neuter o f residuus ‘left over, remaining’ , from residere ‘to remain’ (see residir, °re-, °sedim ento). resignación ‘ passive submission, resignation’ : Medieval Latin resignationem, accusative o f resignatio (stem resignation-) ‘ resigna­ tion, surrender’ , from Latin resignatus, past participle o f resignare ‘to resign, can­ cel, unseal’ , from re- ‘back’ (see °re-) + signare ‘to mark, sign, seal’ (see designar, signo, °seguir). resina ‘resin’ : Latin resina ‘resin’ , from Greek rhétíné ‘resin o f the pine’ . resistir ‘ to resist’ (resistencia ‘ resistance’ ): Latin resistere ‘to resist, stand back’ , from re- ‘back, against’ (see °re-) + sistere ‘to take a stand; to cause to stand’ (see asis­ tir, °estar). resolución ‘resolution, firmness o f resolve’ : Latin resolutionem , accusative o f resolutio (stem resolution-) ‘a slackening, a re­ laxing’ , from resolutus, past participle o f resolvere ‘ to resolve, unbind’ (see "resolver, °re-, "suya), + -io ‘ act, result, state’ (see °-ión). "resolver ‘to solve, resolve’ : Latin resolvere ‘to release, unbind, resolve’ , from re‘thoroughly’ (see "re-) + solvere, soluere ‘loosen, untie, release’ , from sed-, se‘apart’ (from sed, se ‘w ithout’ [underly­ ing meaning: ‘on on e’s ow n ’ , akin to sed, se ‘oneself’ ; see s e ], from Indo-European sed ‘oneself’ , from seu-, se- ‘oneself’ [see °suya ] ) + luere ‘ to release’ , from IndoEuropean lu-, from leu- ‘to loosen, divide, cut apart’ . Related words: absoluto, a b ­ solver, análisis, catálisis, disolver, paráli­ sis, resolución, resuelto, soltar, soltero, solución, su elto . resollar ‘to breathe noisily’ : re- ‘thoroughly’ (see °re-) + obsolete soltar ‘to b low ’ , from Latin sufflare ‘to blow , blow upon, in­ flate’ , from suf- ‘ up, from under’ (see sub-, "hipo-2) + flare ‘to b lo w ’ (see °in-

responsable

flar). resonar ‘to resound’ : Latin resonare ‘to re­ sound, sound again, ech o’ , from re‘ again’ (see °re-) + sonare ‘to sound’ (see °sonar). resorte ‘spring (elastic device)’ : French ressort ‘ spring’ , from ressortir ‘to com e out again’ , from Old French resortir ‘to re­ bound, recoil, come out again’ , from re‘ again’ (from Latin re- ‘again’ ; see °re-) + sortir ‘ to com e out, go o u t’ (see "surtir). respaldar ‘to back, endorse’ : re-, a verb­ forming prefix (see °re-), + espalda ‘back’ (see espalda, espátula, espada, "esfenoides) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). respaldo ‘ back o f a seat; support’ : respaldar ‘to back’ (see respaldar, "re-, espalda, es­ pátula, espada, °esfenoides) + -o, a noun suffix (see -o4). respectivo ‘ respective’ : Medieval Latin respec­ t i v e ‘ having respect to, relating t o ’ , from Latin respectus, past participle o f respicere ‘to relate t o ’ (see respecto, °re-, "espejo ) , + -ivus ‘ tending tow ard’ (see °-ivo). respecto ‘relation, proportion’ : Latin respec­ tus ‘ consideration, regard, act o f looking back’ , from respectus, past participle o f respicere ‘to regard, relate to, have re­ spect for, look back’ , from re- ‘ back’ (see °re-) + spicere, specere ‘to look at’ (see °espejo). Doublet: respeto. respeto ‘respect’ (respetar ‘ to respect’ ): Latin respectus ‘ consideration, regard’ (see respecto, °re-, "espejo). Doublet: respecto. respirar ‘to breathe’ : Latin respirare ‘to breathe, blow back, recover breath, breathe again’ , from re- ‘again’ (see °re-) + spirare ‘to breathe’ (see "aspirar). resplandecer ‘to glitter’ (resplandeciente ‘ re­ splendent’ ): Latin resplendere ‘ to shine brightly’ , from re- ‘thoroughly’ (see "re-) + splendere ‘to shine’ (see "esplendor). resplandor ‘radiance’ : obsolete resplendor, from Latin resplendere ‘to shine brightly’ (see resplandecer, "re-, "esplendor) + -or ‘quality, state’ (see -or2). responder ‘to respond’ : Latin responderé ‘to answer, respond, promise in return’ , from re- ‘ in return, back’ (see °re-) + spondere ‘to promise’ (see "esposo). responsable ‘responsible’ (responsabilidad ‘responsibility’ ): Latin responsus, past participle o f responderé ‘to answer’ (see responder, "re-, "esposo), + Spanish -able

respuesta

‘ capable o f ’ (see -able, “-ble). respuesta ‘answer’ : respuesta, feminine o f respuesto, past participle o f responder ‘to respond’ (see responder, °re-, “esposo). resquemor ‘sorrow’ : resquemar ‘to cause a sharp pain (physical or mental), sting (as mustard)’ , from res- ‘thoroughly’ (see res-, “re-, ex -1, °ex ) + quemar ‘to burn’ (see quemar, “carbón). For Spanish -or ‘state, quality’ , see -o r2. resquicio ‘ chink, crack, fissure’ : obsolete resquiezo, resquiego ‘ chink’ , from Vulgar Latin *reexcrepitiare ‘to crack’ , from Late Latin reex- ‘ thoroughly’ (see res-) + Latin crepitare ‘to crackle, rattle’ (fre­ quentative o f crepare ‘to crack, creak’ ), from crepitus, past participle o f crepare (see “grieta). resta ‘subtraction’ : restar ‘ to subtract; to remain’ (see restar, “re-, “estar). restablecer ‘ to restore, reestablish’ : re- ‘again, anew’ (see °re-) + establecer ‘to establish’ (see establecer, “estar, “-ble, °-ecer). restar ‘ to subtract; to remain’ : Latin restare ‘to stand back, stop behind; to be left over’ , from re- ‘ back’ (see °re-) + stare ‘to stand’ (see “estar). restaurante ‘restaurant’ : French restaurant ‘restaurant’ (around 1765), inspired both by restaurant ‘ food that restores, that brings one back to a normal condition’ (sixteenth century) and by a Latin word (restaurabo ‘I shall restore’ ) on the sign­ board o f the first Paris restaurant (B ou­ langer’s, at Rue des Poulies, 17 65). The sign, written in Latin and in imitation o f certain passages o f the Gospels, read: “ Venite ad me, omnes qui stom acho laboratis, et ego vos restaurabo” (= ‘Come to me all who suffer because o f the stom ­ ach and I shall restore you ’ ). French restaurant ‘fo o d that restores’ derives from restaurant, present participle o f restaurer ‘ to restore’ , from Latin restaurare (see restaurar, “re-, instaurar, “estar). restaurar ‘ to restore’ : Latin restaurare ‘to restore, renew, put back into an original state’ , from re- ‘ back’ (see °re-) + -staurare, from instaurare ‘to restore, renew’ (see instaurar, in-1, “en, “estar). restituir ‘to restore’ : Latin restituere ‘to restore, set up again’, from re- ‘again’ (see “re-) + -stituere, from statuere ‘to set up, cause to stand’ (see estatua, “estar).

460

resto ‘remainder, rest’ : restar ‘to remain’ (see restar, “re-, “estar) + -o, a noun suffix (see -o4). restricción ‘restriction’ : Late Latin restrictionem , accusative o f restrictio (stem restriction-) ‘restriction, limitation’, from Latin restrictus, past participle o f restringere ‘to restrict’ (see restringir, “re-, “estreñir), + -io ‘act, result’ (see “ -ión). restringir ‘to restrict’ : Latin restringere ‘to restrict, restrain, bind back tight’ , from re- ‘back’ (see “re-) + stringere ‘to bind, draw tight’ (see “estreñir). resucitar ‘to resuscitate’ : Latin resuscitare ‘to revive, stir up again’ , from re- ‘again’ (see °re-) + suscitare ‘to rouse, raise, stir up’ (see suscitar, sub-, “hipo-2 , “citar). resuelto ‘resolute’ : Latin resolutus, past participle o f resolvere ‘to resolve’ (see “resolver, “re-). resuello ‘noisy breathing’ : resollar ‘ to breathe noisily’ (see resollar, “re-, sub-, °hipo 2 , “inflar) + -o, a noun suffix (see -o4). resultar ‘to result’ (resultado ‘ result’ ): Medi­ eval Latin resultare ‘to result’ , from Latin resultare ‘ to rebound, leap back, spring back’ , from re- ‘back’ (see °re~) + -sultare, from saltare ‘ to leap’ (see saltar, “salir). resumen ‘summary, résumé’: resumir ‘to summarize’ (see resumir, “re-, sumir, sub-, “hipo-2 , “ejem plo), influenced in form by words ending in -umen such as cacumen, cerumen, volumen. resumir ‘to abridge, summarize; to sum up, recapitulate’ : Latin resumere ‘to take up again’ , from re- ‘ again’ (see °re-) + sumere ‘to take up, take’ (see sumir, sub-, “hipo-2, “ejem plo). retablo ‘ painting or sculpture representing an event; retable (painted panels placed in the back o f an altar)’ : Medieval Latin *retabulum ‘retable’ , shortening o f retrotabulum ‘retable’ , literally = ‘panels or boards in the back’ , from Latin retro‘back’ (see retroceder) + Medieval Latin tabulum ‘ panel, table, board’ , from Latin tabula ‘board, tablet’ (see “ tabla). retaguardia ‘rear guard’ , ultimately from Latin retro- ‘back, rear’ (see retroceder) + Spanish guardia ‘guard’ (see guardia, “guardar). retahila ‘sequence, series’ , perhaps from Medieval Latin recta fila ‘straight lines’, plural o f rectum filum ‘straight line’ , from Latin rectum , neuter o f rectus

461

R eu n ión

‘straight’ (see recto, “regir), + filum retornar ‘to return’ : Vulgar Latin *retornare ‘to return, turn back’ , from Latin re‘ thread’ (see °filo). ‘ back’ (see “re-) + tornare ‘to turn (in a retar ‘to challenge’ : obsolete reptar ‘to lathe)’ (see tornar, torno, “triturar). accuse, call to account’ , from Late Latin reputare ‘to impute, ascribe’ , from Latin retorta ‘retort (laboratory vessel)’ : Medieval Latin retorta ‘retort’ , from Latin retorta, reputare ‘to consider’ (see reputación, feminine o f retortus ‘bent back’ (from °re-, °podar). the bent shape o f retorts), past participle retardar ‘ to delay, retard’ : Latin retardare o f retorquere ‘to bend back’ (see retorcer, ‘ to delay’ , from re- ‘ back, back in place’ “re-, “torcer). (see °re-) + tardare ‘to delay’ (see “tardar). retazar ‘to separate into parts, break u p’ : o b ­ retrasar ‘ to delay’ : re-, a verb-forming prefix (see “re-), + tras ‘after’ (see tras, “ trans-) + solete *retrazar ‘to break up’ , from re-ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). ‘thoroughly’ (see °re-) + Vulgar Latin *tractiare ‘to break up; to drag’ (see tra­ retrato ‘portrait’ : Italian ritratto ‘ portrait’, zar, “ traer). from ritratto ‘ brought back, drawn back’ , retener ‘ to retain, detain’ : Latin retiñere ‘ to past participle o f ritrarre ‘to bring back, hold back, restrain’ , from re- ‘ back’ (see draw back’ , from Latin retrahere ‘to draw °re-) + -tiñere, from tenere ‘to hold’ (see back’ , from re- ‘back’ (see °re-) + trahere “tener). ‘to draw, pull, drag’ (see “traer). reticente ‘reticent’ : Latin reticentem , accusa­ retribuir ‘ to recompense’ : Latin retribuere tive o f reticens (stem reticent-) ‘keeping ‘ to pay back’ , from re- ‘ back’ (see °re-) + silent’ , present participle o f reticere ‘to tribuere ‘to give, pay’ (see tributo, “tribu). keep silent’ , from re- ‘ thoroughly’ (see retroceder ‘to go back, recede’ : Latin retro­ cederé ‘ to go back’ , from retro- ‘ back­ °re-) + -ticere, from tacere ‘to be silent’ ward; back, rear’ , from retro (adverb) (see “tácito). ‘backward, behind, back’ (from re- ‘ back­ retina ‘retina’ : Medieval Latin retina ‘retina’ , ward’ [see °re-] + -tro, as in intro ‘ inward­ perhaps from Latin rete ‘a net’ (see red, ly ’ [see introducir, dentro ]) + cedere ‘to “yerm o), because this membrane may g o’ (see “ceder). have been compared to a net. retirar ‘to withdraw, retire’ (retiro ‘ retreat, retrógrado ‘ conservative; retrograde’: Latin retrogradus ‘ retrograde, moving back­ retirement’ ), literally = ‘to draw back’, ward’ , from retro- ‘ backward’ (see retro­ from re- ‘ back’ (see “re-) + tirar ‘to draw, ceder, “re-, introducir, dentro) + gradus pull’ (see “tirar). ‘step’ (see grado, “agredir). reto ‘ challenge’ : retar ‘to challenge’ (see retar, reputación, “re-, “podar) + -o, a retumbar ‘ to resound’ : re- ‘thoroughly; again’ (see °re-) + tumbar ‘to fall, fall with a noun suffix (see -o 4). thump’ (see “tumbar). retoño ‘shoot, sprout’ : retoñar ‘to sprout, reumatismo ‘ rheumatism’ : Latin rheumatissprout again’ (underlying meaning: ‘to mus ‘rheum, catarrh, mucous discharge sprout again in the autumn’ ), from refrom the nose’ , from Greek rheumatismós ‘again’ (see °re-) + (o)toñ ar ‘to grow (o f ‘ rheum’ , from rheumatizesthai ‘to suffer grass) in autumn’ , from otoñ o ‘autumn’ from a flux’ , from rheúmat-, stem o f (see “o to ñ o ). rheúma ‘ flux, rheum, humor o f the b ody, retorcer ‘to twist, turn back, bend back’ : stream’ (source, likewise, [through Latin] Vulgar Latin *retorcere, from Latin retoro f French rhume ‘a co ld ’ ), from Indoquere ‘to turn back, bend back’ , from reEuropean sreu-mn ‘stream’ , from sreu- ‘to ‘back’ (see °re-) + torquere ‘to bend, flo w ’ (see “diarrea). Rheumatism — like twist’ (see “torcer). gout (compare gota) — was held to be retórica ‘rhetoric’ : Latin rhetorica, from , Greek rhétorike ‘rhetoric’ , from rhétoriké, caused b y morbid humors. Compare, also, feminine o f rhetorikós ‘rhetorical, orator­ humor. ical’ , from rhetor ‘orator’ (from Indo- reunión ‘meeting, gathering, union’: re‘back’ (see °re-) + unión ‘ union’ (see European wre-tor- ‘speaker’ , from wre-, variant o f wer- ‘ to speak’ ; see “verbo) + unión, “ uno). -ikós ‘o f ’ (see °-ico2). For the Indo- Reunión ‘ Réunion (island, Indian Ocean)’, translation o f French Reunion, literally = European agent suffix -tor-, see -tor.

re u n ir

‘a joining, a uniting’ , from ré-, a prefix denoting reciprocity (from Latin re‘back’ ; see °re-), + union ‘ union*, from Late Latin unionem, accusative o f unio ‘unity’ (see unión, "uno). The name was first given the island in 1793 (decree: 13 March) in memory o f the fact that on 10 August 1792 the National Guard, in charge o f the defense o f the royal residence o f the Tuileries, in Paris, had joined its revolutionary attackers from Marseilles, reunir ‘to unite, gather’ : Medieval Latin re­ uniré ‘to reunite’, from re-‘again’ (from Latin re- ‘ again’ ; see °re-) + uniré ‘to unite’ , from Late Latin uniré ‘to unite’ (see unir, °uno). revancha (gallicism) ‘ return (answering or re­ taliatory play or match); revenge, retalia­ tion ’ : French revanche ‘return match; revenge’ , from Old French revanche, revenche, revenge ‘revenge’, from revenchier, revengier ‘to revenge’ , from Late Latin revindicare ‘to avenge’ , from Latin re- ‘thoroughly’ (see °re-) + vindicare ‘to aveng^ (see °vengar, °decir). revelar ‘ to reveal’ : Latin revelare ‘to reveal; to unveil’ , from re- ‘ back, back to a prior condition’ (see °re~) + velare ‘to veil’ , from velum ‘a veil’ (see "velo) + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). reventar ‘to burst’ : obsolete rebentar ‘to appear suddenly’ , from Vulgar Latin *repentare ‘to appear suddenly’ , from Latin repente ‘suddenly’ (see repente, °rapso­ dia) + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). reverberar ‘to reflect, reverberate’ : Latin reverberare ‘to strike back, cause to re­ bound’ , from re- ‘ back’ (see °re-) + verbe­ rare ‘to whip, lash, beat’ , from verber ‘whip’ (usually in the plural: verbera ‘whips, rods’ ), from Indo-European werb‘to turn, bend’ (see °verbena). reverencia ‘reverence’ : Latin reverentia ‘rever­ ence’ , from reverent-, stem o f reverens, present participle o f revereri ‘to revere’ , from re- ‘thoroughly’ (see °re-) + vereri ‘ to revere’ (see vergüenza, "guardar). revés ‘ reverse’ : Latin reversus ‘turned back’ , past participle o f revertere ‘to turn back’ , from re- ‘back’ (see °re-) + vertere ‘to turn’ (see "verter). revestir ‘to cover, face (furnish with a sur­ face); to clothe’ : Late Latin revestiré ‘ to clothe again’ , from Latin re- ‘again’ (see "re-) + vestire ‘to dress, clothe’ (see "ves­

462

tir). revisar ‘to check; to revise’ : Latin revisus ‘seen again’ , past participle o f revidere ‘ to look again; to see again’ , from re‘ again’ (see "re-) + videre ‘to see; to lo o k ’ (see °ver). revisión ‘revision’ : Late Latin revisionem, ac­ cusative o f revisio (stem revision-) ‘ fact o f ' seeing again’, from revisus ‘seen again’ (see revisar, "re-, "ver). revista ‘review’ : re- ‘ again, anew’ (see "re-) + vista ‘seen (feminine); sight’ (see vista, vi­ sera, "ver, "alto). revocar ‘to revoke’ : Latin revocare ‘ to re­ voke, call back’ , from re- ‘ back’ (see °re-) + vocare ‘to call’ (see abogado, "voz). revolcar ‘to knock down and trample upon’ : Vulgar Latin *revolvicare ‘ to knock down and trample upon’ , from Latin revolvere ‘ to roll back’ , from re- ‘back’ (see °re-) + volvere ‘to roll’ (see "volver). revolución ‘revolution’ : Late Latin revolutionem, accusative o f revolutio (stem revolu­ tion-) ‘ revolution, turning’ , from Latin revolutus, past participle o f revolvere ‘to roll back’ (see revolcar, "re-, "volver), + -io ‘action’ (see °-ión). revolver ‘ to stir’ : Latin revolvere ‘to roll back’ (see revolcar, "re-, "volver). revólver ‘revolver’ : English revolver, from revolve (from Latin revolvere ‘to roll back’ ; see revolcar, "re-, "volver) + -er ‘ doer, performing’ (see carter, -ario2, "-ario'), from the fact that the cartridge chambers o f this handgun are in a revolv­ ing cylinder. revuelta ‘ revolt’ : revuelta, feminine o f revuel­ to ‘stirred’ (past participle o f revolver), from Latin revolutus, past participle o f revolvere ‘to roll back’ (see revolcar, "re-, "volver). rey ‘king’: Latin regem, accusative o f rex ‘king’ (stem reg-), from Indo-European reg- ‘chief, king’, from reg- ‘to direct’ (see "regir). Reykjavik ‘Reykjavik (capital o f Iceland)’: Icelandic R eykja vik, a city founded and named around 8 7 4 , literally = ‘Bay o f Sm okes’, from Old Norse Reykjarvik, literally = Smoke Bay’, from reykjar ‘o f smoke, o f hot springs’, genitive singular o f reykr ‘smoke, steam’ — genitive plural: reykja ‘ o f smokes’ — (from Indo-Europe­ an reug- ‘sm oke’; see "eructar), + vik ‘in­ let, small bay’ (underlying meaning:

463

‘ bend, recess’ ), from vikja (older vikva) ‘to move, turn, bend’ , from Germanic wik-, from Indo-European weig-, variant o f weik- ‘to bend, w in d ’ (see °vice-). The steam rising from hot springs can still be seen around the city. rezago ‘remnant’: rezagar ‘to leave behind’, from rezaga ‘rear guard’ , from re- ‘thor­ oughly’ (see °re-) + zaga ‘rear, back’ (see °zaga). rezar ‘to pray’ : obsolete rezar ‘to recite, say aloud’ , from Latin recitare ‘to read aloud, recite’ (see recitar, °re-, °citar). Doublet: recitar. Rhodesia (also Rodesia) ‘ Rhodesia’, as in Rhodesia del Sur ‘Southern Rhodesia (former name o f Zim babw e)’ , Rhodesia del N orte ‘ Northern Rhodesia (former name o f Zambia)’ : English Rhodesia, a name given the area around 1890, for Cecil Rhodes (1853—1902), British finan­ cier and statesman in southern Africa, who obtained the territory for the British, and developed the region. The family name Rhodes (thirteenth-century spelling R odes) is probably o f geographic origin, literally = ‘Clearings’ , from Old English rod ‘ clearing’, akin to Middle English ruden ‘ to rid’ (English rid) and to Old High German ñutan ‘to clear land’ (Ger­ man reuten). ría ‘ estuary’ : río ‘river’ (see río, Rin, °orien­ te). riachuelo ‘rivulet’ : riacho ‘rivulet’ (from río ‘river’ ; see río, Rin, °oriente) + -uelo ‘ little one’ (see -uelo, °-ulo). ribera ‘shore, bank’ : Vulgar Latin *riparia ‘riverbank’ , from Latin riparia, feminine o f riparius ‘ o f a bank, on a bank’ , from ripa ‘ bank’ (see °arriba) + -arius ‘o f ’ (see °-ario'). Ricardo, masculine given name (correspon­ ding to English Richard): Medieval Latin Ricardus (twelfth century), from Old High German Ricohard, Richhart, literal­ ly = ‘ Strong in Rule’ (but see paragraph 24 o f the Introduction), from rihhi ‘ruler; realm’ (from Germanic rikja-, see R odri­ guez, rey, °regir) + -hard, -hart ‘bold, strong’ , from Germanic harduz, from Indo-European kor-tu- ‘ hard; strong’ , from kor-, from ker-, variant o f kar- ‘ hard’ (see “cáncer). rico ‘ rich’ : Gothic reiks (adjective) ‘ mighty’ (reiks [noun] = ‘ruler’ ), from Germanic

rima

rikja ‘ruler’ (see Rodríguez, rey, “regir). ridículo ‘ridiculous’ : Latin ridiculus ‘ridicu­ lous, laughable’ , from ridere ‘to laugh’ (see “reír). riego ‘ irrigation’ : regar ‘to water, irrigate’ (see “regar). rienda ‘rein’ : Vulgar Latin *retina ‘rein’ , from Latin retiñere ‘ to hold back, retain’ (see retener, “re-, “tener). riesgo ‘risk’ : Vulgar Latin *resecu ‘risk at sea; danger; rock, cliff’ (see risco, resec­ ción, “re-, “sección). rifa ‘ raffle’ (rifar ‘ to raffle’ ): obsolete rifa ‘a kind o f gambling game’ , akin to French rafle ‘act o f snatching’ , probably from Germanic hrap- ‘to snatch’ (see “raspar). rifle ‘rifle’ : English rifle ‘ firearm having a rifled bore’ (around 1775), from obsolete rifle ‘spiral groove in the bore o f a fire­ arm’ (around 1751), from rifle ‘to cut spiral grooves into the bore o f (a firearm)’ (1635), from French rifler ‘to scratch, file’ , from Old French rifler ‘to scratch, file, plunder’ , probably o f Germanic ori­ gin (from hrap- ‘to snatch’?; see “raspar). Riga ‘ Riga (city, USSR)’ : Latvian Riga, town founded in 1 2 0 1 on the site o f a village mentioned around 1158, which was on a brook called Riga (Latvian Ridzenes upe [ upe = ‘river’ , from Indo-European ap‘water, river’ ; compare “Penjab ], probably from ringé ‘bend, curve’ , from IndoEuropean wergh- ‘to turn’ , from uier- ‘ to turn, bend’ [see “verter]', compare Latvian ridzinieks = ‘ inhabitant o f Riga’ ). "rígido ‘rigid’ (rigidez ‘rigidity’ ): Latin rigidus ‘stiff, hard, severe’ , from rigere ‘to be stiff’ (underlying meaning: ‘stretched ou t’ ), from Indo-European rig-e-, stative form o f rig-, reig- ‘ to stretch out, reach’ (for Indo-European stative -e-, see “tu­ mor). Related word: rigor-, possibly: red o. rigor ‘ rigor’ : Latin rigor ‘stiffness, hardness, severity’ , from rigere ‘ to be stiff’ (see “rígido) + -or ‘ quality, state’ (see -o r 2). rima ‘rhyme; verse’ : Old Provencal rima, from rim ‘ rhyme; verse’ , from Medieval Latin rithmus ‘ verse’ , from Latin rhythmus ‘ rhythm’ (see ritmo, “diarrea). In late Medieval Latin, metrus meant Latintype verse (meter based on syllable dura­ tion), while rithmus meant romance-type verse (meter based on the number o f syl­ lables in each line and on stress, and usual­ ly rhymed).

Rin Rin ‘ Rhine (river, Europe)’ : French Rhin ‘ Rhine’ , from Latin Rhenus (before 44 B.C.), from Gaulish Renos, literally = ‘ River’ , from Indo-European rei-no- ‘river’ , from rei- ‘to flow, run’ , from er- ‘to set in m otion’ (see "oriente). “rincón ‘ corner’ : obsolete rencón, from recón, from regional Arabic (Spain) rukun, from Arabic rukn ‘ corner’. Related word: arrinconar. “rinoceronte ‘rhinoceros’ : Latin rhinocerotem, accusative o f rhinoceros (stem rhinoc e r o t ) ‘rhinoceros’ , from Greek rhinokeros (stem rhinokerot-) ‘rhinoceros’ , literally = ‘ nose-horned’ , from rhino‘ nose’ (from rhin-, stem o f rhis ‘ nose’ ; related words: otorrinolaringología, rinoplastia) + -keros, from kéras ‘horn’ (see quilate, "cuerno). rinoplastia ‘rhinoplasty’ : rino- ‘ nose’ (from New Latin rhino-, from Greek rhino‘ nose’ ; see °rinoceronte) + -plastia ‘plastic surgery’, from French -plastie ‘ plastic surgery’ , from Greek -plastia ‘ form, m old’ , from -plastos, from plastós ‘ formed, m olded’ , from plássein ‘to form, m old’ (see emplasto, "Polonia). Obsolete English rhinoplastic (noun), = ‘rhino­ plasty’ , 1832. riña ‘ quarrel’ : riñ-, base o f reñir ‘to quarrel’ (see "reñir), + -a, a noun suffix (see -a1). riñón ‘kidney’ : Vulgar Latin renione, accusa­ tive o f renio ‘kidney’ , from Latin renes ‘kidneys’ (see "renal). río ‘river’ : Latin rivus ‘ brook, stream’ , from Indo-European rei-wo- ‘ a flo w ’, from rei‘ to flow, run’ (see Rin, "oriente). R ío Amarillo ‘ Yellow River (China)’ , see Huang-Ho. R ío de Janeiro ‘ Rio de Janeiro (city, Brazil)’ : Portuguese Rio de Janeiro, literally = ‘ River o f January’ , from rio ‘river’ (from Latin rivus ‘b rook ’ ; see río, Rin, "orien­ te) + de ‘o f ’ (from Latin de ‘ from ’ ; see "de2) + janeiro ‘January’ , from Latin januarius ‘January’ (see enero). The name was given first to Guanabara Bay — on whose southwestern shore the city is situated — ( on 1 January 1502), by Portuguese navigators who, discovering the Bay, believed it to be the estuary o f a river. The town, on its founding (March 1565), was named for the bay. R io de la Plata ‘ River Plate’ , see Argentina. riqueza ‘ riches’ : rico ‘rich’ (see rico, R odrí­

464 guez, rey, "regir) + -eza ‘condition, quali­ ty ’ (see -eza, -ida, °-icio). risa ‘laugh; laughter’ : obsolete riso, from Latin risus ‘ laugh; laughter’, from risus, past participle o f ridere ‘to laugh’ (see "reír). risco ‘ cliff’ : obsolete riesco ‘ cliff’ , from Vulgar Latin *resecu ‘rock, cliff’ (under­ lying meaning: ‘which cuts’ ), from Latin resecare ‘to cut o f f ’ (see resección, "re-, "sección). risueño ‘smiling’ : risa ‘laughter’ (see risa, "reír). ritmo ‘rhythm’ : Latin rhythmus ‘rhythm’, from Greek rhythmós ‘rhythm, measure, measured m otion, recurring m otion ’ , from Indo-European sru-dhmo- ‘a flow ’ , from sru-, from sreu- ‘to flo w ’ (see “dia­ rrea). rito ‘rite’ : Latin ritus ‘rite, custom, usage’, from Indo-European ri-tu- ‘rite, custom ’ , from n -, variant o f ar- ‘to join, fit’ (see "arma), + -tu-, a suffix added to verbs to form abstract (generally masculine) nouns (for the suffix, compare estado, futuro, gustar, gusto; compare also mortal). rival ‘rival’ : Latin rivalis (noun) ‘rival’ (underlying idea: ‘who disputes about water rights; who uses the same stream as another’ ), from rivalis (adjective) ‘o f a stream’ , from rivus ‘stream, b rook ’ (see río, Rin, "oriente) + -alis ‘o f ’ (see °-al). Rivera, family name: rivera ‘brook, creek, rivulet’ (original underlying meaning: ‘ Dweller near the B rook’ ), from Latin rivus ‘ b rook ’ (see río, Rin, "oriente). Riyadh ‘ Riyadh (capital o f Saudi Arabia)’ : Arabic Ar-Riyad, literally = ‘The Gardens, The Meadows’ (from the impression this spot made on travellers in comparison with the arid area around it), from al‘the’ (with assimilation) + riyad, plural o f rawdah ‘ garden, m eadow’ (root rwd ‘to stroil’ ). rizar ‘ to curl’ : erizar ‘ to bristle’ (see erizar, erizo, "horchata). rizo ‘ curl (coil or ringlet o f hair)’ : rizar ‘to curl’ (see rizar, erizar, erizo, "horchata) + -o, a noun suffix (see -o4). rizoma ‘rhizome’ : New Latin rhizoma ‘rhizome, rootlike stem o f a plant’ (first used in French, rhizome, 1827), from Greek rhizoma ‘mass o f roots (o f a tree); stem’ , from rhizousthai ‘to take root’ , from rhiza ‘ro o t’ (see regaliz, "radicar).

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robalo, róbalo ‘snook, robalo’ , probably metathesis o f *lobarro (compare Catalan llobarro) ‘sn ook ’ (underlying meaning: ‘wolflike fish’ ), from lob o ‘w o lf’ (see lo b o , °lúpulo). The robalo is also called lobina in Spanish; lobo is also the name o f a fish. “robar ‘ to rob ’ : Germanic raubón ‘to ro b ’ , from Indo-European roup- ‘to rob, snatch’ , from reup-, reub- ‘to snatch, break, tear’ . Related words: abrupto, arro­ par, derrota, derrotar, erupción, inte­ rrumpir, irrupción, prorrumpir, robo, roce, romper, ropa, rota, ro to , rozar, ru­ pestre, ruta, rutina, usurpar. R oberto, masculine given name (correspon­ ding to English R o b ert): Old French R obert, from Old High German Hrodebert, Hródperht (source, likewise, o f the German masculine given name Ruprecht), literally = ‘ Bright in Fame’ (but see para­ graph 24 o f the Introduction), from Hród‘ fame’ (see °R odriguez) + beraht ‘bright’ (see “A lberto). roble ‘ oak’ : robre ‘oak’ (by dissimilation), from Vulgar Latin robore, accusative o f robur, from Latin robur (stem robor-) ‘oak’ , from robus ‘ oak; hardness, strength’ , from Indo-European roudh‘ red, ruddy’ (see rubio, °rojo). robo ‘robbery’ : robar ‘to ro b ’ (see °robar) + -o, a noun suffix (see -o 4). robusto ‘robust’ : Latin robustus ‘ oaken, hard, strong’ , from robus ‘oak; hardness’ (see roble, "rojo). “roca ‘rock ’ : Vulgar Latin *rocca ‘rock ’, o f unknown (probably non-Indo-European) origin. Related words: derrocar, R ocallo­ sas, roco có . Rocallosas (Montañas) ‘ R ocky Mountains (United States and Canada)’ , translation o f French Montagues Rocheuses (1718?), wich is also the source o f English R ocky Mountains. The French name may be a reference to Assiniboin Indians, who lived in the area to the east o f these mountains, approximately between 48“ and 53°N latitude, and whose name con ­ notes, in western Ojibwa, ‘ people who use stones for cooking’ , from assim ‘stone’ . In the eighteenth century, the Assiniboin were also called Rockies and R ocks in English. Spanish rocallosas is the feminine plural o f rocalloso ‘rock y ’ , from rocalla ‘ rockw ork’ (from French rocaille ‘rock-

R od ríg u ez

w ork’ ; see r o co có , °roca) + -oso ‘ aboun­ ding in’ (see -oso). roce ‘ friction’ : rozar ‘ to graze (touch lightly)’ (see rozar, roto, romper, °robar). “rociar ‘ to fall (dew ); to sprinkle’ : Vulgar Latin *roscidare ‘ to fall (dew )’ , from Latin roscidus ‘dew y’ , from ros ‘ dew’ , from Indo-European ros-, variant o f ers‘w et’ . Related words: ro cío , rom ero1', possibly: ruibarbo. rocín ‘jade, hack’ , perhaps o f Germanic origin (akin to Old High German hros, ros ‘horse’? or to Old High German rozzen ‘ to rot’?). r o cío ‘ dew’ : rociar ‘ to fall (dew )’ (see °rociar) + -o, a noun suffix (see -o 4). ro co có ‘ r o c o c o ’ : French rococo ‘r o c o c o ’, from rocaille ‘rockw ork’ (from the wide use o f artificial rockwork in decora­ tion in eighteenth-century France), from roc ‘rock ’ , from Old French roc, from roche, from Vulgar Latin *rocca ‘rock ’ (see "roca). rodar ‘to roll’ : Latin rotare ‘to rotate, re­ volve’ (see rotación, "rotundo). rodear ‘ to surround’ : rod-, base o f rueda ‘wheel’ (see rueda, rotación, “rotundo), + -ear, an infinitive ending (see -ear). rodeo ‘ detour; rod eo’ : rodear ‘to surround’ (see rodear, rueda, rotación, "rotundo) + -o, a noun suffix (see -o4). Rodesia ‘ Rhodesia’ , see Rhodesia. rodilla ‘ knee’ : obsolete rodilla ‘ patella, knee­ cap’ , from Late Latin rotella ‘little wheel’ , diminutive o f Latin rota ‘wheel’ (see rota­ ción, "rotundo). For Latin -ella ‘little on e’ , see -ela. rododendro ‘rhododendron’ : Latin rhodo­ dendron, from Greek rhododendron, literally = ‘rose tree’ , from rhódon ‘rose’ (akin to Latin rosa; see "rosa) + déndron ‘ tree’ , from Indo-European den-drew-on ‘tree’ , from den-drew-, dissimilated from der-drew- ‘ tree’ , reduplicated from deru ‘ firm, solid; w ood ; tree’ (see "duro). “Rodríguez, family name: obsolete R odri­ guez, a patronymic (Rodriquiz, eleventh century), literally = ‘ Roderick’s son; R oderick’s daughter’ , from Rodrigo (1050), a given name corresponding to English Roderick (from Roderigo [1011 ], from Medieval Latin Roderigus [1 0 3 8 ], from Rodericus [8 4 2 ], from Old High German Hroderich, literally = ‘ Famous Ruler’ [but see paragraph 24 o f the Intro-

ro e r

d u ction ]), + -ez ‘son o f; daughter o f ’ , a patronymic ending (see -ez2). Old High German Hroderich derives from Hrod‘ fame’ (related word: R o b erto ) + -rich ‘ruler, powerful’ , from Germanic nkja ‘ruler; kingdom’ , from Celtic rig-yo‘ mighty, kingly’ , from Indo-European reg‘ ehief, king’ (see r e y , °regir). “roer ‘ to gnaw’ : Latin rodere ‘ to gnaw’ , from Indo-European rod-, from red- ‘ to scrape, gnaw’ (possibly related to Latin radere ‘to scrape’ ; see raso). Related words: arrostrar, erosión, rostro. rogar ‘to request’ : Latin rogare ‘to ask, beg, supplicate’ (underlying meaning: ‘to stretch out a hand’ ), from Indo-European rog-a- ‘to ask’ , from rog-, from reg‘ straight; to direct’ (see °regir). Rojas, family name, at first probably a name o f origin, = ‘ from Rojas’ (a Sancho de Rojas is mentioned in the thirteenth century), from Rojas, a town in Burgos province (1087), Spain. “rojo ‘red’ (rojizo ‘reddish’ ): Latin russeus ‘reddish’ , from russus ‘red’ , from IndoEuropean rudh-to-, from rudh-, from reudh- ‘red, ruddy’ . Related words: c o ­ rroborar, erisipela, eritreo, eritrocito, infrarrojo, petirrojo, roble, robusto, R ojo (Mar), rorcual, rubéola, rubí, rubio, ru­ bor, rúbrica, rutilante, sonrojo. R ojo (Mar) ‘ Red Sea’, translation o f Latin Rubrum Mare, in turn a translation o f Greek Erythrá thálassa, literally = ‘ Red sea’ , a term that in ancient geography comprised the present Arabian and Red seas and Persian Gulf. Greek erythrá is the feminine o f erythrós ‘red’ (see eritreo, °rojo). The reason for the name ‘red’ is disputed, but probably is that this normal­ ly blue green sea occasionally turns red­ dish brown (when the alga Trichodesmium erythraeum that is blue green [from phycocyanin] but has a red pigment occurs abundantly in it), rollo ‘roll’ : Latin rotulus ‘little wheel’ (see rótulo, rotación, °rotundo, °-ulo). “Roma (around 1140) ‘ Rome (capital o f Italy)’ : Italian Roma, from Latin Roma ‘ R om e’ (source, likewise, o f the name Romulus, despite ancient Roman myths that state that Romulus founded Rom e in 753 B.C. and gave it his name), perhaps from the Etruscan clan name Ruma (around the eighth century B.C.), which

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may be akin to the old name o f the Tiber (Etruscan Rüm ón) — the river that flows through Rom e (akin to Greek rheúma ‘ flux, stream’?). Related words: romance, romano, romántico, rom ero2, Rumania. romance ‘romance (medieval tale); Romance (language developed from Vulgar Latin)’ : Old Spanish romance ‘ Spanish; any lan­ guage developed from Vulgar Latin (underlying meaning: ‘the Roman tongue’ ); work written in Spanish; work written in any language developed from Vulgar Latin; tale’, from Vulgar Latin romanice (adverb) ‘ in the Roman manner’ , from Latin romanicus (adjective) ‘ Roman (colonial)’ , from romanus (adjective and noun) ‘ Roman (native)’ (see romano, °Rom a) + -icus ‘ o f ’ (see °-ico2). romano ‘ Rom an’ : Latin Romanus ‘ Rom an’ , from Roma ‘ R om e’ (see °R om a) + -anus ‘ o f, from ’ (see -ano2, °-ano‘ ). romántico ‘romantic (o f romanticism in the arts)’ : French romantique ‘romantic’, from German romantisch ‘romantic (o f romanticism in the arts)’ , from English romantic ‘similar in form or content to a romance (tale, narrative, novel)’ , from French romantique ‘similar to a romance’ , from obsolete romant ‘rom ance’, from Old French romans, romanz ‘romance, tale in verse; something com posed in French; French’ , from Vulgar Latin roma­ nice (adverb) ‘ in the Roman manner’ (see romance, romano, °Roma, °-ico2). The meaning ‘sentimental’ , also from French romantique, derives from the idea Tike a hero in romantic literature or drama’, rom bo ‘ diamond (figure), rhombus’ : Latin rhombus ‘rhombus’ , from Greek rhómbos ‘rhombus, spinning top, magic wheel’ , from Indo-European wrembh- ‘wheel; to turn’ , from wrebh- from werbh-, werb‘ to turn, bend’ (see “verbena). rom ero 1 ‘rosemary’ , ultimately from Latin ros maris, literally = ‘ dew of-the-sea’ , from ros ‘ dew’ (see °rociar) + maris ‘o f the sea’ , genitive o f mare ‘sea’ (see °mar). It was called ‘o f the sea’ to distinguish it from another shrub, sumac, called in Latin rhus and also ros. rom ero2 ‘ pilgrim’ : rom eo ‘ pilgrim; Byzantine Greek’ , from Medieval Latin romaeus ‘ Byzantine Greek; pilgrim headed for R om e’ , from Medieval Greek rhomaios ‘ Byzantine Greek; pilgrim headed for

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R om e’ , from Greek rhómaíos ‘ Rom an’, from R hom e ‘ R om e’ , from Latin Roma ‘ R om e’ (see °Roma). romper ‘ to break’ : Latin rumpere ‘to break, burst’ , from Indo-European ru-m-p- ‘to break; to snatch’ , from rup-, from reup‘to snatch; to break’ (see °robar). ron ‘rum’ : English rum, possibly from ob so­ lete rumbullion ‘rum’. °roncar ‘to snore’ : Late Latin rhoncare ‘ to snore’, from rhonchus ‘act o f snoring’ , from Greek rhónkhos, rhónkos ‘a snoring’ , from Indo-European sronk- ‘ to snore’ , from srenk- ‘ to snore’ . Related word: ornitorrinco. ronco ‘hoarse, raucous’ : Latin raucus ‘hoarse, harsh’ (influenced by Spanish roncar ‘ to snore’ ), from Indo-European rau-ko‘ hoarse’ , from rau-, variant o f reu- ‘to bellow ’ (see °rugir). rondó ‘ ron do’ : French rondeau ‘ rondo (musical com position having a theme that occurs several times); rondeau (short poem having the opening phrase repeated as a refrain)’ , from Old French rondeau, rondel ‘rondeau; small circle’ , from ronde ‘a round’ (from ronde, roonde, feminine o f roon t ‘ round (adjective)’ , from Latin rotundus', see “rotundo) + -eau, -el, dimi­ nutive endings, from Latin -ellum (see -elo). ropa ‘ clothes’ (ropero ‘closet’ ): Germanic *raupa, *raubo ‘ b o o ty ’ (underlying mean­ ing: ‘clothes taken away as b o o ty ’ ), from Indo-European reub-, reup- ‘to snatch’ (see °robar). Compare Old English reaf = ‘ b o o ty ’ and ‘ clothing’. roque ‘rook, castle’ , see enrocar. rorcual ‘ rorqual’ : French rorqual, from Nor­ wegian rórhval, from Old Norse reytharhvalr ‘rorqual’ , from reythr ‘rorqual’ (underlying meaning: ‘red whale’ [from the red streaks o f this whale], from rauthr ‘red’ [from Germanic raudaz ‘red’ , frorh Indo-European roudh-, from reudh- ‘red, ruddy’ ; see ° r o ;o ]) + hvalr ‘whale’ , from Germanic hwaliz ‘whale’ (source, like­ wise, o f English whale), from IndoEuropean kwal-, variant o f skwal- ‘ large aquatic animal; big fish’. "rosa ‘rose’ : Latin rosa ‘rose’ , akin to Greek rhódon ‘rose’ and to Persian gul ‘rose’ (the latter, from Iranian *wrd-). Related words: julepe, rododendro, Rosa, rosado, rosal, rosario, Rosario1, Rosario2, Rosita,

rotación

sonrosado. Rosa, feminine given name (corresponding to English R ose): rosa ‘rose’ (see °rosa). Rosa, Monte ‘Monte Rosa (mountain, Italy and Switzerland)’ : Italian M onte Rosa (changed by folk etym ology so as to mean ‘Pink Mountain’ ; Italian m onte = ‘mountain’ , rosa = ‘ pink’ ), from M onte della Roisa (fifteenth century), from a local (Valle d ’Aosta) word meaning ‘glacier’ — roiza, roise, akin to Old High German hrosa, rosa ‘ ice’ (this mountain mass is glacier-clad). rosado ‘ rose-colored’ : rosa ‘rose’ (see °rosa). Late Latin rosatus meant ‘ made from roses’ . rosal ‘rose plant’ : rosa ‘rose’ (see °rosa) + -al ‘ shrub’ (see °-al). rosario ‘ rosary (string o f beads used in counting certain sets o f prayers; these sets o f prayers)’ : Medieval Latin (thirteenth century) rosarium ‘the rosary beads (which represented a crown o f roses o f Mary, mother o f Jesus)’ , from Latin rosa­ rium ‘rose garden’, from rosarium, neuter o f rosarius ‘ o f roses’ , from rosa ‘rose’ (see °rosa) + -arius ‘ o f ’ (see °-ario*). Rosario1, feminine given name. In Spanish­ speaking countries many girls are still named Maria del Rosario (the original form, = ‘Mary o f the Rosary’ ; compare Carmen) but a larger number are simply called Rosario (since the eighteenth century. See rosario, °rosa). Rosario 1 ‘ Rosario (city, Argentina)’ , founded in 1725; it grew around a small chapel (first mentioned in 1726) dedicated to Nuestra Señora del Rosario (= ‘ Our Lady o f the Rosary’ ; see rosario, °rosa). rosea ‘screw thread, spiral; ring-shaped bread’ , perhaps ultimately from IndoEuropean ret- ‘ to roll’ (see °rotundo). Rosita, feminine given name, originally a diminutive o f Rosa, from Rosa (see Rosa, °rosa) + -ita ‘small’ (see -ita1). rostro ‘ beak; face’ : Latin rostrum ‘muzzle; beak’ , from Indo-European rod-trom, instrumental o f rod- (for -trom, see “ara­ d o), from red- ‘to scrape, gnaw’ (see °roer). rota ‘rout, defeat’ : Vulgar Latin *rupta ‘ defeat; dispersed group’ , from Latin rupta, feminine o f ruptus ‘broken’ (see roto, romper, “robar). rotación ‘rotation’ : Latin rotationem, accusa-

ro to

tive o f rotatio (stem rotation-) ‘ rotation’ , from rotatus, past participle o f rotare ‘ to revolve’ , from rota ‘wheel’ , from IndoEuropean rot a- ‘wheel’ , from rot-, from ret- ‘to roll’ (see °rotundo). roto ‘ broken’ : Latin ruptus ‘broken’ , past participle o f rumpere ‘to break’ (see rom­ per, °robar). rótulo ‘sign’ : Medieval Latin rotulus ‘roll, sign, scroll’ (underlying meaning: ‘ un­ wound roll o f paper’ ), from Latin rotulus ‘ little wheel’ (also rotula), diminutive o f rota ‘wheel’ (see rotación, °rotundo). For Latin -ulus ‘little one’ , see °-ulo. °rotundo ‘rotund’ : Latin rotundus ‘round’ (influenced by rota ‘wheel’ ; compare rotación), from Indo-European ret- ‘ to roll’ . Doublet: redondo. Related words: arrodillarse, arrojar, arrollar, control, d e­ sarrollar, desarrollo, redondo, rodar, ro­ dear, rodeo, rodilla, rollo, rondó, rota­ ción, rótulo, rueda, ruleta, possibly: esdrújulo, rosca. rozar ‘ to grub; to graze (feed, and touch lightly)’ : Vulgar Latin ruptiare ‘ to grub’ , from Latin ruptus, past participle o f rum­ pere ‘to break’ (see roto, romper, °robar). rubeola ‘ measles’ : New Latin rubeola ‘ mea­ sles’ (first documented in English, 1676, and, as rubeols ‘the red spots o f measles’ , 1661), from rubeola, neuter plural o f *rubeolus ‘reddish’ , diminutive o f Latin rubeus ‘ reddish; red’ (see rubio, °rojo). For the Latin diminutive -olus, see -olo. rubí ‘ruby’ , ultimately from Latin rubeus ‘red’ (underlying meaning: ‘red stone’ ). See rubio, °rojo. rubio ‘ blond’ : Latin rubeus ‘reddish; red’ (also robeus), from Indo-European roudh‘ red, ruddy’ , from reudh- ‘ red, ruddy’ (see °rojo). rubor ‘ blush’ : Latin rubor ‘ redness’, ultimate­ ly from Indo-European reudh- ‘ red, ruddy’ (see °rojo). For Latin -or ‘ quality, state’ , see -o r 2. rúbrica ‘ flourish added to signature; rubric (heading)’ : Latin rubrica ‘heading in red letters’ , from rubrica (also rubrica terra) ‘ red earth (used as a pigment)’ , from rubr-, stem o f ruber ‘red’ , from IndoEuropean rudh-ro-, from rudh- ‘ red’ (see °rojo). rudimentario ‘rudimentary’ (first used in French, rudimentaire, 1812): rudimento ‘ rudiment’ (from Latin rudimentum ‘ first

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attempt, beginning’ , from rudis ‘rough, raw’ ; see °rudo) + -ario ‘ o f ’ (see °-arioI). °rudo ‘rude’ : Latin rudis ‘rough, raw’ , akin to rudus ‘ rubble, broken stone’ . Related words: erudito, rudimentario. rueca ‘ distaff’ , probably from Vulgar Latin rocca ‘distaff’ , o f Germanic origin, akin to Old High German rocko and to Old Norse rokkr, both = ‘ distaff’ , rueda ‘wheel’ : Latin rota ‘wheel’ (see rota­ ción, °rotundo). ruego ‘ entreaty’ : rogar ‘ to request’ (see rogar, °regir) + -o, a noun suffix (see -o4). rufián ‘ procurer, pim p’ , probably from Italian ruffiano ‘ procurer’ (underlying meaning: ‘ filthy man, scabby man’ ), from ruffia, roffia ‘ filth; scab’ , from Germanic hrub-, from Indo-European kreup- ‘scab’ . “rugir ‘ to roar’ : Latin rugiré ‘to roar’ , from Indo-European reug- ‘ to bellow ’, from reu- ‘ to bellow ’ . Related words: ronco, ruido, rumor. “rugoso ‘wrinkled, rugose’ : Latin rugosus ‘wrinkled’ , from ruga ‘ fold, wrinkle’ (from Indo-European rüg-, variant o f ruk‘rough; to scrape, tear’ ; related words: acurrucarse, arruga, arrugar', probably: orea) + -osus ‘ having’ (see -oso). ruibarbo ‘rhubarb’ , probably from Medieval Latin reubarbum, from reubarbarum ‘rhubarb’ , probably from rha barbarum, literally = ‘ barbarian rhubarb’ , from Late Latin rha (also rha ponticum ) ‘rhubarb’ (from Greek rha ‘rhubarb’ , possibly from Rha, former name o f the Volga River [rhubarb was grown on its banks], from Avestan Raha [also Rahhd], name o f a mythical river, from Indo-European ros a ‘ moisture, wetness’ , from ros-, variant of ers- ‘w et’ [see “rociar]) + Latin barbarum, neuter o f barbarus ‘ foreign, barbarian’ (see bárbaro, °b ob o). ruido ‘ noise’ : Latin rugitus ‘a roaring’ , from rugiré ‘to roar’ (see °rugir). ruin ‘ mean, miserly, low, cruel’ : ruina ‘ruin’ (see “ruina). “ruina ‘ruin’ : Latin ruina ‘ ruin; a fall, a falling dow n’ , from ruere ‘to fall, crumble, rush, rake up, dig up’ + ina, a noun suffix (see -ina2). Related words: arruinar, ruin. ruiseñor ‘ nightingale’, by folk etym ology (as if it meant ‘Mr. Roderick’ or ‘ Roderick lord’ from Ruy [from obsolete R oy (around 1140), a form o f Rodrigo used before patronymics, from Rodrigo, a given

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name; see R odríguez] + señor ‘ Mr.’ [see señ o r]) from Old Provencal rossinhol ‘ nightingale’ , from Vulgar Latin *lusciniolus (source, likewise, o f obsolete Italian lusignolo, Italian usignolo), diminutive o f Latin luscinius (also luscinia) ‘ nightingale’ (from clus-cinius ‘glorious singer’? from cluere ‘ to be famous, be named, be called’ [from Indo-European klu-\ see Luis, °C lio] + -cinius, akin to canere ‘ to sing’ [see °cantar]). For Latin -olus ‘little one’ , see -olo. ruleta ‘roulette (gambling game)’ : French roulette ‘roulette (gambling game)’, from roulette ‘little wheel’ , from Old French roelete ‘ little wheel’ , diminutive o f róele ‘ small wheel’ , from Late Latin rotella ‘ small wheel’ , diminutive o f Latin rota ‘wheel’ , (see rotación, “rotundo). For Old French -efe ‘small’ , see -eta; for Latin -ella ‘small’ , see -ela. Rumania, Rumania ‘ Romania (country)’ : French Roumanie, from Romanian Rom a­ nia ‘ Romania’ (around 1859), partly from Román ‘ Romanian; Rom an’ (around 1324; the variant Ruman is the source o f French Roumain ‘ Romanian’ ) and partly from Late Latin Romania ‘Territories subjected to the Romans’ (fifth century), from Latin Romanus ‘ Rom an’ (see roma­ no, °Rom a) +-ia ‘territory’ (see -ia). Latin Romanus first meant ‘ native o f R om e’ and then ‘ inhabitant o f the Roman empire’ ; in Medieval Latin, the word meant ‘eastern Roman, Romanian’ . Many modern Romanians are probably descen­ ded from ancient Roman settlers o f the area. rumba ‘rumba (Cuban dance)’ : regional Spanish (Cuba) rumbo ‘ carousal, spree’ , from Spanish rumbo ‘ pom p, ostentation, looseness’ , possibly from rumbo ‘ bearing, direction, course, rhumb line’ (see rumbo, ° rústico). rumbo ‘ bearing, direction’ : Old Spanish rum­ bo ‘ each o f the 32 points o f a mariner’s compass card’ , from Middle Dutch rume ‘ rhumb line, space, room , hold o f a ship’ (influenced by rom bo ‘diamond, rhombus’ [see ro m b o ] because rhombuses or lozenges [often 8 , 24, or 32 o f them] were used on compass cards to show cer­ tain points o f the compass), from Ger­ manic rümaz ‘room , space’ (source, likewise, o f Old High German rüm ‘room ,

rutenio

space’ ), from Indo-European rU-mo‘ space, room ’ , from rü-, variant o f rew‘ space, room ’ (see 0rústico). rumiar ‘ to ruminate’ : Latin rumigare ‘ to chew over again’ , from ruma, variant o f rumen ‘ gullet, throat’ , + -igare, from agere ‘ to drive’ (see °agente). rumor ‘rumor’ : Latin rumor ‘rumor, the talk o f the many’ , from Indo-European reumos- ‘ noise’ , from reu- ‘ to bellow ’ (see °rugir). rupestre ‘ o f rock, rupestrian’ : Latin rupes ‘ rock ’ , from Indo-European rup- ‘ to break’ (see romper, °robar). rupia ‘ rupee (monetary unit o f several coun­ tries)’ : Hindi rupaiya, rupiya ‘ rupee’, from Sanskrit rüpya ‘ coined silver, wrought silver’ , from rüpa ‘ form, shape’ , rural ‘rural’ : Latin ruralis ‘o f the country’ , from rur-, stem o f rus ‘ country, open land’ (see °rústico), + -alis ‘ o f ’ (see °-al). Rusia ‘ Russia’ : Medieval Latin Russia ‘ the first Russian state, in the area o f Kiev’ (around 900), from Russi ‘ Russians’ (see °ruso). “ruso ‘ Russian’ : Medieval Latin Russus, sin­ gular o f Russi ‘ Russians’ , from Old Rus­ sian R u s’ ‘ Russia; Russian people; Norse­ men’ , first applied (documented from 911) to the ninth century Scandinavian founders o f the Russian principalities, from Old Norse Rothsmenn (akin to Middle Greek rhosisti ‘ Scandinavian’ , Medieval Latin Rusios ‘ Norsemen’ , Fin­ nish Ruotsi ‘ Sweden’ ), literally = ‘rowers’, i.e. ‘sea-farers’ , from rothr ‘act o f rowing; to row ’ , from Indo-European ret- ‘ to row ’ , from re-, from er- ‘ to row ’ . Related words: Bielorrusia, remar, rem o, Rusia, rutenio. “rústico ‘ rural; rustic’ : Latin rusticus ‘o f the country’ , from rus (stem rur-) ‘ country, open land’ , from Indo-European rew-os‘open land’ , from rew- ‘space, room ; to open’ . Related words: rumbo, rural', pos­ sibly: arrimar, rumba. For Indo-European -os-, a noun suffix, see “-o r 1, ruta ‘ route’ . French route ‘ route, road’ , from Vulgar Latin rupta (also rupta via) ‘road, beaten way’ (literally = ‘ broken (w ay)’ ), from Latin rupta, feminine o f ruptus ‘broken’ (see roto, romper, °robar). rutenio ‘ruthenium’ : New Latin ruthenium ‘ruthenium’ (1828), from Medieval Latin Ruthenia ‘ Russia’ , from the fact that this

rutilante

metallic element was first found in Russia (in the Ural Mountains), + New Latin -ium ‘ chemical element’ (see -io ). Medieval Latin Ruthenia derives from Rutheni, Ruteni ‘ Russians’ (influenced by Latin Rutheni, Ruteni, a people o f Aquitanian Gaul), from Russian rusin ‘ Russians’ , from Old Russian R u s’ (‘ Russia’ (see °ruso). rutilante ‘shining’ : Latin rutilantem, accusa­ tive o f rutilans (stem rutilant-) ‘shining, having a reddish glow’ , present participle o f rutilare ‘ to make reddish’ , from rutilus

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‘ reddish’ , from Indo-European rudh-ro‘ red’ (see rúbrica, °rojo). rutina ‘ routine’ : French routine ‘routine, standard practice’ , from Old French rou­ tine ‘ travel along a beaten path’, from route ‘ traveled way, beaten path’ , from Vulgar Latin rupta ‘ beaten path’ (see ruta, roto, romper, °robar). Rwanda ‘ Rwanda (cou n try)’ : French Rwan­ da ‘ Rwanda (country)’ , from Rwanda, name o f a fifteenth-century kingdom in the area.

s -sl , a plural ending o f nouns and adjectives, as in años, hombres, n ovecien tos; grandes, todas, todos: Latin -s, accusative plural ending o f masculine and feminine nouns and adjectives (as in annos, homines', bonos, bonos), from Indo-European -ns, accusative plural ending (in Indo-Europe­ an, the accusative plural ending -as o f -a nouns derives from -a-ns; in -o nouns, it was -o-ns, in -i nouns -i-ns). Related ending: -es4. -s2, a second person singular ending, as in amas, amaras, ames (in all three conjuga­ tions and all tenses o f the indicative and the subjunctive m oods except the preterit indicative): Latin -s, a second person singular ending (in all four conjugations and all tenses o f the indicative and the subjunctive m oods except the perfect indicative), from Indo-European -s, a second person singular ending. Related suffixes: -abas, -as1, -as2, -as3, -ás, -aras, -aras, -ares, -arias, -ases, -astes, -es1, -es2, -es3, -ías', -tas2, -tas3, -ieras', -ieras2, -ieres', -ieres2, -irás, -irías, -istes. iábado ‘ Saturday’ : Latin sabbatum ‘Satur­ day’ , from Greek sábbaton, from Hebrew shabbath ‘ Saturday’ , from shdbath ‘to rest’ , Saturday being the weekly day o f rest among the ancient Jews. ¡abana ‘savanna’ : Taino zabana ‘savanna’ , sábana ‘bed sheet’ : Latin sabana, plural o f sabanum ‘ cloth, towel, napkin’ , from Greek sábanon ‘tow el’ , probably o f Semitic origin. ’saber ‘to know; to have a taste’ (sabiduría ‘w isdom ’ ): Vulgar Latin *sapere ‘to know; to have a taste’ , from Latin sapere ‘ to taste, have taste, have sense, be wise’ , from Indo-European sap- ‘to taste’. Related words: guisante, insípido, quizá, quizás, resabio, sabio, sabor, sabroso. sabio ‘ wise’ : Vulgar Latin *sapius ‘wise’, from Late Latin sapidus ‘wise; tasty, savory’ , from sapere ‘ to taste’ (see °saber). sable ‘ saber’ : Middle High German sabel ‘saber’ (German Sabel), possibly from Hungarian szablya ‘saber’ (1393), o f un­ known origin and probably not akin to Hungarian szab ‘ to cu t’ (likewise o f un­

known origin). sabor ‘taste, flavor, savor’ : Latin sapor ‘taste, savor’ , from sapere ‘to taste’ (see °saber) + -or ‘ quality’ (see -o r 2). sabotear ‘to sabotage’ : French saboter ‘ to work in a slipshod way; to hamper pro­ duction’ , from sabot ‘ one-piece wooden shoe’ , probably from Old French savate ‘ old shoe’ (perhaps from Spanish zapato ‘ shoe’ ; see zapato), probably influenced by Old French bot, bote ‘b o o t’ (French botte\ see bota2). sabroso ‘savory’ : obsolete saboroso, from Late Latin saporosus ‘savory’ , from Latin sapor ‘savor, taste’ (see sabor, °saber) + -osus ‘ having’ (see -oso). sabueso ‘ bloodhound’ : Medieval Latin segusius ‘ bloodhound’ , probably akin to Latin Segusiavi, a people in Gallia Lugdunensis, among whom this hound may have origi­ nated. sacar ‘to pull, take ou t’ , akin to Old French saquer, sachier ‘ to puli’ , and probably to Gothic sakan ‘ to quarrel (underlying meaning: ‘to seek justice’ )’ and sokjan ‘to seek’ (both from Indo-European sag- ‘to seek ou t’ ; see °sagaz). Or from Latin saccus ‘ a sack, bag’? sacerdote ‘ priest’ : Latin sacerdotem, accusa­ tive o f sacerdos (stem sacerdot-) ‘priest’ , from Indo-European sak-ro-dhot- ‘ priest’ (underlying meaning: ‘ doer o f what is sacred’ ), from sak-ro- ‘sacred’ (see ’‘sagra­ d o) + -dhot- ‘ doer’ , from dhó-, from dhe‘ to set, place’ (see °hacer). “saciar ‘ to satiate’ : Latin satiare ‘ to satiate’ , from satis ‘ sufficient, enough’, from IndoEuropean s-ti-, from s- (from sá- ‘ to satis­ fy ’ ) + -ti-, a verbal-abstract suffix (see “mortal). Related words: sátira, satis­ facción, satisfacer, satisfecho, saturar. “saco ‘sack, bag; jacket’ : Latin saccus ‘sack; coarse cloth; garment made o f coarse cloth’ , from Greek sákkos ‘sack; coarse cloth ’ , o f Semitic (Phoenician?) origin, akin to Hebrew saq ‘sack; coarse cloth’ . Related word: saquear. Sacramento ‘ Sacramento (city, United States)’ , city founded on the Sacramento River in 1848 and named for the river,

sacrificar

which was given the name o f one o f its affluents (now called Feather River), that had been named Sacramento by the Spanish in 1808, literally = ‘ Sacrament, Eucharist’ , from Late Latin sacramentum ‘ Sacrament’ , from Latin sacramentum ‘ oath, obligation’, from sacrare ‘to con ­ secrate’ (see °sagrado) + -mentum ‘result’ (see °-m ento). The present Sacramento River was called Sacramento before 1817 south o f the 39th parallel, and in 1841 south o f the 41st. sacrificar ‘to sacrifice’ : Latin sacrificare ‘to sacrifice’ , from sacri- ‘sacred’ (from sacr-, stem o f sacer ‘sacred’ ; see “sagrado) + -ficare ‘ to make’ (see -ficar, -fico, °hacer). sacrificio ‘ sacrifice’ : Latin sacrificium ‘sacri­ fice’ , from sacri- ‘sacred’ (see sacrificar, °sagrado) + -ficium ‘ a making’ , from facere ‘ to make’ (see “hacer). sacrilegio ‘sacrilege’ : Latin sacrilegium ‘sacri­ lege’, from sacrilegus ‘ one who steals sacred objects’ , from sacri- ‘ sacred’ (see sacrificar, °sagrado) + -legus, from legere ‘ to gather, pluck, steal’ (see °leer). sacristán ‘ sacristan’ : Medieval Latin sacristanus, from sacrista ‘sacristan’ (underlying meaning: ‘ person in charge o f sacred utensils’ ), from Latin sacr-, stem o f sacer ‘ sacred’ (see “sagrado), + -ista ‘ doer; char­ acterized b y ’ (see -ista). sacudir ‘ to shake’ : Latin succutere ‘to fling, shake, shake from below ’, from suc‘ from under’ (see sub-, “hipo-'2) + -cutere, from quatere ‘to shake’ (see “discutir). saeta ‘arrow’ : Latin sagitta ‘arrow’, probably o f non-Indo-European (Etruscan?) origin, safena, vena ‘ saphenous (vein)’ : Arabic safin ‘saphenous vein’ . "sagaz ‘sagacious, o f keen intellectual percep­ tions’ : Latin sagax ‘o f keen sense percep­ tions’ , from Indo-European sg- ‘to seek ou t’ (from sag- ‘to seek o u t’ ; related words: exégesis, hegemonía, presagio-, probably: resaca, sacar, sonsacar) + Latin -ax ‘ inclined t o ’ (see °-az). "sagrado ‘sacred’ : Latin sacratus ‘sacred, con ­ secrated’ , from sacratus, past participle o f sacrare ‘ to consecrate, make sacred, be sacred’ , from sacr-, stem o f sacer ‘ dedi­ cated, sacred, holy, cursed’ , from IndoEuropean sak-ro- ‘sacred’ , from sak- ‘to make sacred’. Related words: consagrar, execrar, sacerdote, Sacramento, sacrificar, sacrificio, sacrilegio, sacristán, san (and

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place names beginning with San), sanción, Sánchez, Santiago, santo (and place names beginning with Santa or Santo). Sáhara, Sahara ‘ Sahara (desert)’ : Arabic sahrá ’ ‘ desert’ (documented, as a name for this desert, in the ninth century o f the Christian era), from sahrá ’, feminine o f ashar, an adjective = ‘ brownish, reddish brow n’ (root: shr), because o f the color o f its sand. sainete ‘short com ed y’ : sainete ‘ tidbit, relish’, from sainete ‘ small piece o f fat (given to falcons in hawking)’ , diminutive o f sain ‘ fat, grease’ , from Vulgar Latin *saginu ‘ fo o d , fatness, action o f stuffing or fat­ tening’ , from Latin sagina ‘ fo o d , fatness’ . Compare entremés. Sajama ‘ Sajama (mountain, Bolivia)’ , per­ haps from Aymara sarxam ‘ go away!’ (the x is pronounced as Spanish j) , from sar-, sara- ‘to g o’ . An Aymara legend states that near the Illimani there was an even taller mountain; this was so proud that God — saying: “ Sarxam!” — hit its top which flew west to the top o f another mountain, that became the Sajama. Sajón ‘ Saxon’ : Late Latin Saxones (plural) ‘ the Saxons’ (around A.D. 400), o f Ger­ manic origin (probably not akin — despite much speculation about it — to Germanic sahsam ‘ knife, short thrusting sword’ , from Indo-European s^k- ‘ to cut’ [see "sección ]). See °sa xofón . "sal ‘ salt’ : Vulgar Latin sale, from Latin sale (neuter), variant o f sal (masculine) ‘salt’ , from Indo-European sal- ‘salt’ . Related words: ensalada, Ojos del Salado, salado, salario, salchicha, salino, salitre, salmuera, v salsa, soso-, possibly: isla. "sala ‘ living room ; hall’ : Germanic sal- ‘room , hall, house’ , from Indo-European sol‘human settlement’ , from sel- ‘ human settlement’ . Related words: agasajar, agasajo, Bruselas, salón, solar2, suela, suelo. salado ‘salty’ : salado, past participle o í salar ‘ to salt’ , from sal ‘salt’ (see “sal). salamandra ‘salamander’ : Latin salamandra, from Greek salamándra ‘salamander’ , salario ‘ wage’ : Latin solarium ‘wage’ , from solarium ‘ m oney given to (ancient Roman) soldiers to buy salt’ , from solarium, neuter o f salarius ‘ o f salt’ , from sal ‘salt’ (see “sal) + -arius ‘o f, connected with’ (see “-ario1). Salazar, family name, probably from Basque,

473

saludar

brought gold to Jerusalem (the Spanish = ‘ Old Estate’ (originally a place name), had heard false tales o f river beds o f gold from sala, solo ‘ estate, domain’ + zar there), from Salomón ‘ Solom on (king o f ‘ old ’ . Israel who died around 933 B.C.)’ , from salchicha ‘sausage’ : Italian salciccia, from salLate Latin Salomon (fourth century), siccia ‘sausage’ (influenced by Italian from Greek Salomon, Salomon, from baby talk ciccia ‘ meat’ ), from Late Latin Hebrew Shelómóh ‘ Solom on’ (underlying salsicia ‘ sausage’ , from salsicia, feminine meaning: ‘Peaceable’ ), from shalom o f salsicius ‘prepared by salting’ , from ‘ peace, completeness’, from the Semitic Latin salsus ‘salted’ (see salsa, °sal). root slm ‘whole, com plete’ . Related saldar ‘ to settle (an account)’ : Italian saldare words: musulmán, zalamero. ‘ to settle (an account); to join together, salón ‘ hall; salon’ : sala ‘ hall’ (see °sala) + -ón, solder, make solid’ , from saldo ‘entire, an augmentative ending (see -ón). intact, firm, strong’ , probably from Latin salpicar ‘to splash’ , o f disputed origin, solidus ‘solid’ (influenced by validus salsa ‘sauce’ : Latin salsa, feminine o f salsus ‘strong’?). See °sólido. ‘salted’ , from salsus, past participle o f sal­ salino ‘saline’ : Latin salinus ‘ saline’ , from sal iere ‘to salt’ , from sal ‘salt’ (see °sal). ‘ salt’ (see °sal) + -inus ‘o f ’ (see °-ino). salsifí ‘salsify’ : French salsifis, from obsolete “salir ‘to go out( com e ou t’ (salida ‘ departure; Italian salsefica, salsifica ‘salsify’ , exit’ , salida del sol ‘sunrise’ ): obsolete salir ‘to jump ou t’ , earlier = ‘ to jum p’ , saltar ‘to spring, leap’ : Latin saltare ‘to dance; to leap’ (frequentative o f salire ‘to from Latin salire ‘ to jum p’ , from Indoleap, jum p’ ), from saltus, past participle European sal-yo-, from sal-, from sel- ‘ to o f salire (see °salir), + -are, an infinitive jum p’ . Related words: asaltar, asalto, ending (see °-ar‘ ). exultar, insultar, resaltar, resultar, saltar, salterio ‘Psalter’ : Late Latin psalterium saltimbanqui, salto, sobresalir. ‘Psalter’ , from Late Greek psalterion salitre ‘saltpeter’ : Catalan salnitre ‘saltpeter’ , ‘Psalter; psalm, song’ , from Greek psalte­ from sal ‘ salt’ (from Latin sal; see °sal) + rion ‘ psaltery, stringed instrument’ , from nitre ‘ saltpeter, potassium nitrate’ , from psállein ‘ to play upon a stringed instru­ Latin nitrum ‘ natron, niter’ , from Greek ment’ (see °salmo). nitron ‘ natron, sodium carbonate’ , proba­ saltimbanqui ‘ mountebank’ : Italian saltimbly from Egyptian ntry ‘ natron’ , banchi, plural o f saltimbanco ‘ mounte­ saliva ‘saliva’ : Latin saliva ‘saliva’ . bank’ , literally = ‘jumps on a bench’ (be­ “salmo ‘ psalm’ : Late Latin psalmus ‘ psalm’ , cause hawkers o f quack medicines stood from Greek psalmós ‘ psalm; song sung to on a bench when speaking to a crowd), the harp’ (translation o f Hebrew mizmor from salta, third person singular o f the ' ‘psalm; song’ ), from psállein ‘to pull, present indicative o f saltare ‘ to jum p’ twitch, pluck, play the harp, play upon a (from Latin saltare ‘to jump, dance’ ; see stringed instrument’ . Related w ord: salte­ saltar, °salir), + in ‘ in; o n ’ (from Latin in rio. 1 ‘ in; o n ’ ; see °en) + banco ‘ bench’ , from salmón ‘salmon’ : Latin salmonem, accusative Old High German banc ‘ bench’ (see ° ban­ o f salmo (stem salmon-) ‘salmon’ (ulti­ c o '). mately from Indo-European sel- ‘ to salto ‘jum p’ (saltear ‘to assault’ ): Latin saltus jum p’?; see 0salir). ‘jum p’ , from saltus, past participle o f salmuera ‘ brine’ : Vulgar Latin sal muria salire ‘to jum p’ (see “salir). ‘ brine, water with salt’ , from sal ‘salt’ (see salud ‘ health’ (saludable ‘salutary’ ): Latin °sal) + muria ‘ brine’ , ultimately from salutem, accusative o f salus (stem salut-) Indo-European meu- ‘w et’ (see “m osto). ‘ health, safety, a whole condition; greet­ “Salomón (Islas) ‘ Solom on Islands (country ing’, from Indo-European sal-u- ‘w hole’, and island group)’ : Islas de Salomón from sal-, variant o f sol- ‘whole’ (see (documented on 20 March 1569), literally ° sólido). - ‘ S olom on ’s Islands’ , a name given the saludar ‘ to greet; to salute’ (saludo ‘ greet­ island group by the Spanish around 1568 ing’ ): Latin salutare ‘to wish health t o ’, shortly after they discovered them, as if from salut-, stem o f salus ‘ health; greeting’ they were the biblical Land o f Ophir (see salud, 0sólido), + -are, an infinitive (1 Kings 10.11) from which king Solom on

salva ending (see °-ar'). salva ‘ salvo, salute by a simultaneous dis­ charge o f firearms’ : obsolete salvar ‘to greet, wish good health’ , from Latin salvus ‘ healthy’ (see salvar, °sólido). Salvador (El) ‘ El Salvador (cou n try)’ , literal­ ly = ‘The Savior’ , from the name o f its capital (San Salvador, which see; see also el, salvar, °sólido). Before being a coun­ try (1821), El Salvador was a province o f the Captaincy General o f Guatemala (from around 1524). salvaje ‘wild; savage’ : Vulgar Latin *salvaticus, from Latin silvaticus (through assimi­ lation o f the first [unstressed] -i- to the stressed -a-) ‘ o f the forest, wild’ , from silva ‘ forest’ (see °selva) + -aticus ‘o f, related t o ’ (see -ático). salvar ‘ to save; to overcom e’ : Late Latin sal­ vare ‘ to save (deliver from danger; deliver from sin)’ , from Latin salvus ‘safe, whole, healthy, uninjured’ , from Indo-European sal-wo- ‘w hole’ , from sal-, variant o f sol‘w hole’ (see °sólido). salvia ‘ sage (plant)’ : Latin salvia ‘ sage’ (under­ lying meaning: ‘ plant that heals’, from the use o f sage as a medicinal herb), from salvus ‘ healthy’ (see salvar, °sólido). Samoa ‘ Samoa (country, and island group)’ : Samoan Samoa ‘ Samoa’ , o f disputed ori­ gin. samovar ‘ samovar’ : Russian samovar ‘samo­ var’ (underlying meaning: ‘self-boiler’ ), from samo- ‘self’ (from Indo-European som-o- ‘ self, same, on e’ , from sóm-, from som-, from sem- ‘on e’ ; see °simil) + varit’ ‘ to boil, c o o k ’ , akin to Polish warzyc ‘ to boil, c o o k ’ . san ‘ saint’ , a form o f santo ‘saint’ used be­ fore a masculine name (unless the name begins with Do- or T o-: Santo Dom ingo, Santo Tomás, Santo Tom é, Santo Toribio): santo (see santo, °sagrado). San A ntonio ‘ San A ntonio (city, United States)’ , so called in 1731 when it was founded, near San A ntonio, a mission established in 1718 at the headwaters o f the San A n ton io River, literally = ‘ Saint A nthony’, so named by Spanish explorers in 1691, for San A n ton io de Padua ‘ Saint Anthony o f Padua’ (1195—1231), a Portuguese monk (Portuguese A ntonio and Italian A n ton io derive, like Spanish A ntonio, from Latin Antonius; see ’’A n to ­ nio). See also san.

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sanar ‘ to cure; to recover (health)’ : Latin sanare ‘ to cure, heal’, from sanus ‘ healthy’ (see °sano) + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-ar1). sanatorio ‘sanatorium’ : New Latin sanatori­ um ‘sanatorium’ (in English, 1840), from Late Latin sanatorium, neuter o f sanato­ r i a ‘ curative, sanatory’ , from Latin sanatus, past participle o f sanare ‘ to cure’ (see sanar, °sano), + -orius ‘ o f ’ (see °-orio‘ ). sanción ‘sanction’ : Latin sanctionem, accusa­ tive o f sanctio (stem sanction-) ‘an or­ daining, a decreeing, a making sacred’ , from sanctus ‘sacred’ (see santo, ’’sagra­ do). San Cristóbal-Nieves-Anguila ‘ St. Kitts-NevisAnguilla (island group)’ , from the name o f each o f the three main islands that the group comprises. San Cristóbal ‘ St. Kitts, St. Christopher’ was so named by Colum­ bus when he discovered it in 1493, for San Cristóbal ‘ Saint Christopher’ , thirdcentury legendary Christian martyr, and namesake o f Columbus (see san)\ Cristó­ bal ‘ Christopher’ derives from *Cristóbalo (for *Cristóboro, which would have been the normal derivation o f the Late Latin form, influenced by the ending o f words like anómalo, crótalo, ópalo, óvalo, zóca­ lo), from Late Latin Christophorus (Latin intervocalic -f- and -ph- give Spanish -b- or -V-, as in acebo, p rovech o, rábano, trébol, Treviño), from Late Greek Khristophóros, literally = ‘Christbearer’ , from the legend that Saint Christopher carried Jesus across a river, from Greek Khristós ‘ Christ’ (see °Cristo) + -phóros ‘ carrier, bearer’ , from phérein ‘ to carry’ (see °periferia). Nieves ‘ Nevis’, literally = ‘ Snows’ , was so named by the Spanish after Columbus discovered the island in 1493 because o f the similarity o f cloudy Nevis Peak (985 m ) to a snow-covered summit (see nieve, ’’ niveo). Anguila ‘ Anguilla’ , literal­ ly = ‘ Eel’ , also discovered by Columbus in 1493, was so called from its shape (it is 26 km long and nowhere wider than 6 km). Sánchez, family name: obsolete Sánchez, a patronymic (1025), literally = ‘ Sancho’s son; Sancho’s daughter’ , from Sancho, a masculine given name — 1059; Sancio, 1011 — (from Medieval Latin Sanctius, a given name [ninth cen tu ry], literally = ‘ o f Sanctus’ , from Sanctus, a masculine

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475 given name, from Late Latin sane tus ‘ saint’ ; saintly’ ; see santo, °sagrado), + -ez ‘son o f; daughter o f ’ , a patronymic suffix (see -ez2). sandalia ‘sandal’ : Latin sandalia ‘sandals’, plural o f sandalium ‘sandal’ , from Greek sandálion ‘ little sandal’ , diminutive o f sándalon ‘sandal’ . For the Greek diminu­ tive -ion, see -io. sándalo ‘ sandalwood’ : Medieval Latin sandalum, santalum, from Late Greek sántalon, sándanon ‘sandalwood’ , from Sanskrit candana ‘sandalwood’ (or at least akin to this Sanskrit w ord), from Indo-European kand-ono- (this w ood was burned as in­ cense to repel insects), from kand- ‘ to shine’ (see °candente). sandía ‘watermelon’ : Arabic (battiha) sindrya ‘ (m elon) o f Sind’ ( battiha = ‘ m elon’ ; sindiya ‘ o f Sind’ , from Sind ‘ Sind’ , from Urdu Sind ‘ Sind (region o f Pakistan)’ , akin to Sanskrit Sindhuh ‘ the Indus River’ [see °I n d o ]). San Diego ‘ San Diego (city, United States)’ , a town that arose around a mission called San Diego de Alcalá established in 1769 near San Diego Bay, which had been so called by Spanish navigators, who reached it on 10 November 1602 and remained in it a few days including 12 November — the day o f San Diego de Alcalá ‘Saint Didacus o f Alcalá’ (died 1463). They named it both for the saint and for their flagship (the San D iego). The name Diego (1140), from Diago (1088; Latinized in the Middle Ages as Didacus [Didac, Diac, both 1100; Didaz 1 0 1 1 ], probably under the influence o f Greek didaktós ‘ taught, instructed’ ), is due to an erroneous divi­ sion o f Old Spanish Sant lago ‘ Saint James’ (see Santiago, °Jaime), interpreted as San Tiago, the name Tiago being changed to Diego (compare the Portu­ guese names Tiago, Dio g o, and Portuguese Sao Tiago ‘ Saint James’ ). San Francisco ‘ San Francisco (city, United States)’ , so named in 1847, from a Span­ ish military post and Catholic mission, San Francisco de Asís ‘Saint Francis o f Assisi’, built in the area in 1776, from the nearby bay named San Francisco by the Spanish in 1769 when it was mistaken for another bay (present Drakes Bay, to the northwest), that had been given the name San Francisco by the Spanish in

•tóffVr,

San Juan 1595 for San Francisco de Asís ‘Saint Francis o f Assisi’ (11827—1226), an Italian m onk (Italian Francesco and Span­ ish Francisco derive from Medieval Latin Franciscus', see Francisco). "sangre ‘ b lo o d ’ : obsolete sangne, from Latin sanguinem, accusative o f sanguis (stem sanguin-) ‘ b lo o d ’ . Related words: exangüe, sangriento, sanguijuela, sanguíneo. sangriento ‘ b lo o d y ’ : Vulgar Latin sanguinentus, from Latin sanguilentus, sanguino­ lentas ‘ b lo o d y ’ , from sanguin-, stem o f sanguis ‘ b lo o d ’ (see °sangre), + -entus ‘ result’ (see -ento). sanguijuela ‘ leech (w orm )’ : Vulgar Latin sanguisugiola ‘ little leech’ , diminutive o f sanguisugia ‘leech’ , from Latin sanguisuga ‘ leech’ , literally = ‘ b lood sucker’ , from sanguis ‘ b lo o d ’ (see °sangre) + -suga, from sugere ‘to suck’ (see succión, °sucu­ lento). For Latin -ola ‘little’ , see -ola. sanguíneo ‘ o f blood, sanguineous’ : Latin sanguineus ‘ o f b lo o d ’ , from sanguin-, stem o f sanguis ‘ b lo o d ’ (see °sangre), + -eus ‘o f ’ (see °-eo2). sanidad ‘ health’ : Latin sanitatem, accusative o f sanitas (stem sanitat-) ‘health’ (see sanitario, °sano, -idad, °-tad). sanitario ‘sanitary’ : Latin sanitas ‘health’, from sanus ‘ healthy’ (see °sano) + -itas ‘ quality, condition’ (see -idad, °-tad). For Spanish -ario ‘ o f, connected with’ , see °-ario'). San José 1 ‘ San José (capital o f Costa R ica)’. In 1751, there was in that area a group o f 20-odd houses, called La Villita, located around a church (built around 1736) devoted to San José ‘Saint Joseph’ (the husband o f Mary in the New Testament). On 13 October 1813, the city was official­ ly named San José de Costa Rica. See san, José. San José 2 ‘ San Jose (city, United States)’ , so named by the Spanish when they founded it in 1777, for San José ‘ Saint Joseph’ (the husband o f Mary in the New Testa­ ment). See san, José. San Juan ‘ San Juan (capital o f Puerto R ic o )’ , a name given the island o f Puerto R ico in 1493 by Columbus (when he discovered it; in full: San Juan Bautista ‘Saint John the Baptist’ ; see san, Juan) in honor o f Juan, 1478—1497, prince o f Asturias, son o f Fernando II (o f Aragon, and V o f Castile) and o f Isabel II o f Castile. Juan

San L oren zo ( R í o )

was then the heir to the throne. The name o f the island came to be applied to its main city (which was originally called Puerto R ico. See Puerto R ico). San Lorenzo (R io ) ‘ St. Lawrence River (Can­ ada and United States)’ , translation o f French Saint-Laurent ‘St. Lawrence River’ . The French explorer Cartier called Baye Sainct Laurens (obsolete spelling o f French Baie Saint-Laurent) an inlet on the north shore o f the present Gulf o f St. Lawrence where he anchored his ship in 1535. He named the inlet ‘ Saint Lawrence’ because it was 10 August, the festival o f Saint Lawrence (Late Latin Laurentius), a third-century Christian martyr; the name was later applied to the gulf (docum ented in Spanish — G olfo de San Lorenzo — in 1587) and then to the river. The Late Latin masculine given name Laurentius derives from the Latin adjective laurentius ‘ o f Laurentum’ (first century B.C.); the name o f Laurentum, an ancient maritime town about 25 km south o f Rom e (present Tor Paterno), may com e from Latin laurus ‘ laurel’ (see ° laurel). San Luis (1 7 7 0 ) ‘ St. Louis (city, United States)’ , translation o f French SaintLouis, a name given this city by the French when they founded it in 1764, for Louis IX (1214—1270), king o f France, 1226—1270, declared a saint in 1297, and probably also for Louis X V (1710—1774), then king o f France. French saint ‘saint’ derives from Old French saint, from Late Latin sanctus ‘ saint’ (see santo)', French Louis derives from Old French Louis (source, likewise, o f Spanish Luis', see Luis, “ Clio). San Luis Potosí ‘ San Luis Potosí (city, M ex­ ic o )’ , founded as a Franciscan mission in 1583; called San Luis for Louis IX (see San Luis) and P otosí for P otosí, the mineral-rich Bolivian mountain discovered by the Spanish in 1545 (the Mexican town is in an area noted for its mineral wealth), probably o f Quechua origin, pos­ sibly from p otocsi, p otojch i ‘rumble, noise; to spring forth, burst ou t’ . San Marino ‘San Marino (country and its capital)’ : Italian San Marino ‘ San Marino (country and its capital)’ , from San Marino ‘ Saint Marinus’ , the traditional founder o f the town in the fourth centu­

476

ry (first mentioned in the eighth century). The Medieval Latin masculine name Mari­ nus probably derives from Latin marinus ‘ o f the sea’ (see marino, °mar). “sano ‘ healthy; sound’ : Latin sanus ‘healthy’ , from Indo-European sanos ‘ healthy’. Related words: sanar, sanatorio, sanidad, sanitario. San Pedro y Miquelón ‘ St. Pierre and Mique­ lon (island group)’ , partly translation (San Pedro y ) and partly adaptation (M iquelón) o f French Saint-Pierre-etM iquelon, from the name o f the two main islands that this group comprises. French Saint-Pierre (ysles Sainct Pierre, 1536), from Saint Pierre ‘Saint Peter’, from saint ‘ saint’ (from Late Latin sanc­ tus ‘saint’ ; see santo, °sagrado) + Pierre, masculine given name corresponding to English Peter, from Latin Petrus (see Pedro, “p étr e o ); French Miquelon (1763), from regional French (Norm andy) Mique­ lon, pet form o f Miquel, regional form o f French Michel, a masculine given name that corresponds to English Michael, from Late Latin Michael (see Miguel, “Manuel). San Salvador ‘ San Salvador (capital o f El Salvador)’ , founded and so named by the Spanish in 1525; moved 30 km to the southwest — to its present site - in 1528. Literally = ‘ Holy Savior’ , a name given it in honor o f the Christians’ ‘Savior’ — Jesus. For Spanish son ‘saint; h oly ’ , see san, “sagrado. Spanish salvador derives from Late Latin salvator ‘savior’ , from salvatus, past participle o f salvare ‘ to save’ (see salvar, “sólido), + Latin -or ‘ doer’ (see “-o r 1). “sánscrito ‘ Sanskrit’ : Sanskrit samskrta ‘Sanskrit; cultivated, refined, prepared, put together, well-form ed’ , from sam ‘ to ­ gether’ (from Indo-European som-, from sem- ‘ on e’ ; see “símil) + kr ‘to make, d o ’, from Indo-European kwer- ‘ to make’ (compare Sanskrit karoti, krnoti, both = ‘ he makes’ ; related w ord: teratología). Santa Elena ‘ St. Helena (island)’ : Portuguese Santa Helena, a name given the island by the Portuguese when they discovered it in 1502 (probably on Saint Helena’s day), probably for Saint Helena (Portuguese Santa Helena, Spanish Santa Elena), 255— 330, mother o f the Roman emperor Con­ stantine I. The Spanish feminine given name Elena (as well as Portuguese Helena)

MB M—

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477

derives from Latin Helena, from Greek H eléne, a feminine given name (eighth century B.C.), from heléne ‘torch ’ , literal­ ly = ‘ the shining on e’ , possibly from an Indo-European swel-ena ‘the shining on e’ , from swel- ‘ to shine, burn’ (see 0Svalbard). Santa Lucia ‘ Saint Lucia (country and is­ land)’ , a name given the island by the Spanish when they discovered it, around 1500, probably for Santa Lucia ‘ Saint L ucy’ , a third-century Sicilian saint. The Saint’s name, Latin Lucia (first century B.C.; the source o f Spanish Lucia), is the feminine o f Lucius (first century B.C.), probably derived from luc-, stem o f lux ‘light, daylight’ (see °luz). Santiago ‘ Santiago (capital o f Chile)’ , so named by the Spanish (when they founded it, in February 1541) in honor o f Santiago ‘ Saint James’ (now also = ‘James’ ), patron o f Spain. The name Santiago (around 1330) derives from Old Spanish Sant lago (santi-Yaguo, around 1140. Compare San D iego), from Late Latin Sanctus Iacobus ‘ Saint James’ , from sanctus ‘saint’ (see santo, °sagrado) + Iacobus ‘ James’ (see ° Jaime). santo ‘ holy; saint’ (santuario ‘sanctuary’ ): Late Latin sanctus ‘saint’ , from Latin sanctus ‘ sacred, h oly’ , from sanctus, past participle o f sancire ‘ to consecrate, make sacred’ , from Indo-European sa-n-k-, from sak- ‘ to make sacred’ (see °sagrado). Santo Domingo ‘ Santo Domingo (capital o f the Dominican R epublic)’ , literally = ‘ Saint Dom inic’ , a city founded and so named in 1496 by Bartholomew Colum­ bus (Christopher’s brother) probably in honor both o f the Spanish-born saint (D om ingo de Guzmán, 1170—1221) and o f their father (Italian D om enico, Spanish Dom ingo). The masculine given name (Spanish Dom ingo, Italian D om enico, En­ glish D om inic) derives from Medieval Latin Dom inicus, literally = ‘o f the L ord’ (also = ‘ Sunday’ ; many boys called Dominicus were probably given that name for being born on a Sunday), from Latin dominicus ‘ o f a lord’ (see domingo, °dom éstico). For Spanish Santo, see santo, °sagrado. Santo Tom é y Príncipe ‘ Sao Tome and Prin­ cipe (cou n try)’ : Portuguese Sao Tom é e Príncipe, from the names o f the tw o is­ lands the country comprises. Sáo Tom é,

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Sao Paulo literally = ‘ Saint Thomas’ , was so called by Portuguese navigators when they dis­ covered the island, probably on 21 De­ cember (1470 or 1471), feast o f Saint Thomas apostle. Principe, literally = ‘Prince’, was so called at about the same time by order o f A fonso V , 1432—1481, king o f Portugal, 1438—1481, in honor o f his son, prince John, later John II, 1455— 1495, king o f Portugal, 1481—1495. The Portuguese words sao ‘saint’, e ‘and’ , and príncipe ‘ prince’ are the equivalents o f Spanish san, y , and príncipe and have the same origin (see san, y , and príncipe). The Portuguese masculine given name Tom é, corresponding to English Thomas, derives (like Spanish Tom é and Tomás) from Late Latin Thomas, from Greek Thómás, from Aramaic Teoma, a mascu­ line name, literally = ‘ Twin’ (akin to He­ brew tebm and Arabic taw'am, both = ‘ a twin’ ). San Vicente y las Granadinas ‘ Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (cou n try)’ : San Vi­ cen te ‘Saint Vincent’ (its main island) + y ‘ and’ (see y ) + las ‘ the (fem inine)’ (see las) + Granadinas ‘ Grenadines’ (island group to the south o f the main island). San Vicente, literally = ‘ Saint Vincent’ , is a name given the island by the Spanish when they discovered it, around 1500, probably for one o f the tw o Spanish saints called Vicente (one died around 304, the other in 1419); see Vicente, °veneer. The name Granadinas was given the island group because it is located near Granada ‘ Grenada’ (see Granada). Sao Paulo ‘ Sao Paulo (city, Brazil)’ : Portu­ guese Sáo Paulo (1 562), literally = ‘Saint Paul’ , a town that grew around a school called Sao Paulo (fo r Saint Paul, A.D. 5?—?67) founded by Portuguese Jesuits on 25 January (the Catholic church’s feast o f Paul’s conversion) 1554. Portu­ guese sáo ‘saint’ is an apocope o f santo ‘saint’ , which derives from Late Latin sanctus (see santo, "sagrado). Portuguese Paulo, corresponding to English Paul, derives from Latin Paulus, one o f the saint’s names (he was a Jewish-born Roman citizen o f Tarsus in Cilicia, origi­ nally called Saul; from about A.D. 50 he used only the name Paulus), from Paulus, ancient Roman surname - not a praenomen — (first century B.C.), from paulus

saquear

‘ little, small’ (also paullus), from IndoEuropean pau-ro-lo-, diminutive o f pau-ro‘small’ (for the diminutive -lo-, see polio, °-ulo), from pau- ‘ few ; small’ , variant o f pbu- ‘ few; small’ (see °pueril). saquear ‘ to sack, plunder’ : Italian saccheggiare ‘ to sack, plunder’ , from sacco ‘ plunder­ ing, looting’ (underlying meaning: ‘ the placing (o f lo o t) in a sack’ ), from sacco ‘sack, bag’ , from Latin saccus ‘ sack’ (see °saco). Sara, feminine given name (corresponding to English Sarah, Sara): Hebrew Sarah, literally = ‘Princess’ (feminine o f sar ‘ prince’ , from s'arar ‘ to rule’ ). The name is at least twenty-nine centuries old, as it appears in Genesis 7.15. sarcasmo ‘sarcasm’ : Greek sarkasmós ‘sar­ casm, bitter taunt, cutting gibe’ , from sarkázein ‘ to tear flesh like dogs, bite the lips in rage, speak bitterly, sneer’ , from sark-, stem o f sarx ‘ flesh’ (see °sarcófago). "sarcófago ‘ sarcophagus (stone co ffin )’ : Latin sarcophagus ‘stone coffin ; a kind o f lime­ stone used for coffin s’ , from Greek ( lithos) sarkophágos ‘a kind o f limestone used for coffins (held to disintegrate the flesh o f bodies deposited in it)’ , literally = ‘ flesh-eating (stone)’ , from sarko- ‘ flesh’ (from sark-, stem o f sarx ‘ flesh’ [underly­ ing meaning: ‘ cut meat, piece o f meat’ ], from Indo-European twrk-, from twerk‘ to cut’ [source, likewise, o f Avestan thwars- ‘ to cut’ ] ; related word: sarcasmo) + -phagos ‘ -eating’ , from phagein ‘to eat’ (see °fagocito). sardina ‘ sardine’ : Latin sardina, from Greek sardinos ‘sardine’ (from Sardo ‘Sardinia’?; see °sardo). "sardo ‘ Sardinian’ : Latin Sardus ‘ Sardinian’ (first century B.C.), probably not akin to English Shardana — the eastern Mediter­ ranean (probably Lydian) mercenary war­ riors first mentioned in Egyptian d ocu ­ ments o f the fourteenth century B.C. — nor to Sardis (Greek Sárdeis) — capital o f the ancient kingdom o f Lydia in western Asia Minor (about 80 km east o f present Izmir, Turkey), first mentioned by the Doric poet Aleman (seventh century B.C.). Related w ord: Cerdeña. Sargazo (Mar de), Mar de los Sargazos ‘Sar­ gasso Sea’ : sargazo ‘ sargasso’ , from Portu­ guese sargado ‘sargasso’ , probably from sargago ‘rockrose’ (from the fancied re­

478

semblance o f the seaweed to the plant), perhaps from Latin salicastrum, a wild vine found in willow thickets (from the fancied resemblance o f the shrub [rockrose] to the vine), from salic-, stem o f salix ‘w illow ’ , from Indo-European salik‘w illow ’ (see °sauce). sargento ‘sergeant’ : obsolete sargente, from Old French sergent (French sergeant) ‘sergeant’ , literally = ‘servant’ , from Latin serviens (stem servient-) ‘servant’ (see sirviente, °servir). sarmiento ‘ runner, sarment’ : Latin sarmentum ‘twigs’ , from sarpere ‘ to prune, cut o f f ’ , from Indo-European serp- ‘sickle’ (source, likewise, o f Sanskrit sm i ‘sickle’ ). sartén ‘ frying pan’ : Latin sartaginem, accusa­ tive o f sartago (stem sartagin-) ‘frying pan’ , possibly akin to sarcire ‘to patch, mend’ (see °sastre) and therefore to Greek hérkos ‘ fence, enclosure’ (this pan being at first a covered pan). "sastre ‘ tailor’ : Latin sartor ‘tailor’ (probably through Catalan sastre, from obsolete Catalan sartre ‘ tailor’ ), from Latin sartus, past participle o f sarcire ‘ to patch, mend, repair’ (from Indo-European serk- ‘to patch, mend’ [related words: resarcir, zurcir; possibly: sartén]), + -or ‘ doer’ (see °-or'). Satanás ‘ Satan’ : Late Latin Sotanas, from Greek Sótanos ‘ Satan’ , from Hebrew safan ‘devil; adversary’ , from satan ‘to show enmity; to accuse’. satélite ‘satellite’ : Latin satellitem, accusative o f satelles (stem satellit-) ‘attendant, bodyguard, escort’ , almost certainly from Etruscan satnal (the institution o f the bodyguard was introduced into Rom e by Etruscan nobles [sixth century B .C .]). The Roman name Satellius has the same origin as Latin satelles. sátira ‘satire’ : Latin satira, variant o f satura ‘satire, satirical poetry, poetic m edley’, from satura ‘ medley, mixture, mixed fruits’ , from lanx satura ‘ full plate; plate filled with various fruits’ , from lanx ‘ plate’ (see ° balanza) + satura, feminine o f satur ‘ full o f fo o d , sated’ (see saturar, °saciar). sátiro ‘satyr’ : Latin satyrus, from Greek sátyros ‘satyr’ . satisfacción ‘ satisfaction’ : Latin satisfactionem, accusative o f satisfactio (stem satis­ faction-) ‘satisfaction’ , from satisfactus,

479

past participle o f satisfacere ‘to satisfy’ (see satisfacer, °saciar, °hacer), + -io ‘ state o f being; result’ (see °-ión). satisfacer ‘ to satisfy’ : Latin satisfacere ‘to satisfy’ , from satis ‘enough (adverb); enough, sufficient’ (from Indo-European s-ti- ‘satisfied’ , from s-, from sa- ‘ to satis­ fy ’ ; see °saciar) + facere ‘to do, make’ (see °hacer). satisfecho ‘satisfied’ : Latin satisfactus, past participle o f satisfacere ‘to satisfy’ (see satisfacer, °saciar, °hacer). saturar ‘ to saturate’ : Latin saturare ‘ to fill, saturate, satiate’ , from satur ‘ full o f food , sated’ , from Indo-European s-tu-ro- ‘satis­ fied’ , from s-, from sa- ‘ to satisfy’ (see °saciar). Saturno ‘ Saturn’ : Latin Saturnus ‘Saturn (planet)’ , from Saturnus ‘Saturn (god o f sow ing)’ , probably from Etruscan. °sauce ‘w illow ’ : salce ‘ w illow ’ , from Latin salicem, accusative o f salix (stem salic-) ‘w illow ’ , from Indo-European salik- ‘wil­ low ’ . Possibly related word: Sargazo (Mar de). saudita ‘ Saudi’, see Arabia Saudita. saurio ‘saurian’ : New Latin saurus ‘ lizard’ (first used in France, 1799), from Greek saúros ‘lizard’ (see °dinosaurio). savia ‘sap’ , ultimately from Latin sapa ‘new wine boiled thick’ (source, likewise, o f French séve ‘sap’ ), akin either to Latin sapere ‘ to taste’ (see °saber) or to Late Latin sabaia ‘ drink made from grain’, from Indo-European sab- ‘juice, fluid’ (source o f English sap). saxífraga ‘ saxifrage’ : Late Latin saxífraga ‘saxifrage’ , from Latin saxífraga, feminine o f saxifragus ‘rock-breaking’ (because this plant grows in crevices o f rocks), from saxi- ‘rock ’ (from saxum ‘ro ck ’ [underlying meaning: ‘ broken-off piece’ ], from IndoEuropean sak-so- ‘rock; broken’ , from sak-, variant o f sek- ‘ to cut’ ; see 0sección) + -fragus, from frag-, stem o f frangere ‘ to break’ (see frágil, °brecha). “saxofón ‘ saxophone’ : French saxophone (1844) or English saxophone (1851), from the family name o f A. Sax (1814— 1894), Belgian maker o f musical instru­ ments who invented this wind instrument in 1840, + -phone, from Greek -phonos ‘sounding’ (see -fono, estereo fón ico, °fábula). The family name Sax originally meant ‘ from Saxony’ , from Latin Saxo-

secante1

nes (singular S axo) ‘the Saxons’, from Germanic Saxon-, name o f a West Ger­ manic people. Related word: sajón. saya ‘ skirt’ : saya ‘ man’s cloak, sagum’ , from Vulgar Latin *sagia ‘ cloak’ , from Latin sa­ gum ‘ cloak, sagum’ (second century B.C.), from Gaulish sagum ‘ cloak’ , akin to Sanskrit sajati ‘ to fasten, adhere’ , from Indo-European seg- ‘to touch, stick’ . The sagum was fastened at the shoulder (usual­ ly the right one). sazón ‘season, favorable time; flavor’ (sazo­ nar ‘ to season’ ): Vulgar Latin satione ‘ favorable time for sowing’ , from Latin sationem, accusative o f safio (stem sation-) ‘ act o f sowing’ , from satus, past participle o f serere ‘ to sow ’ , from Indo-European si-so-, from si-, from se- ‘to sow ’ (see °semen). The meaning ‘ flavor, seasoning’ derives from ‘ right tim e’ through ‘right taste’ . -scopio ‘ means for viewing’ , as in calidosco­ pio, estetoscopio, m icroscopio, perisco­ p io , telescop io: Greek -skopion ‘means for viewing’ (see calidoscopio, °espejo). se1, -se ‘each other; oneself; himself, herself, themselves’ : Latin se, sed ‘self, oneself, each other, one another’ (accusative o f sui ‘o f himself, o f herself, o f itself, o f themselves’ , third person reflexive pronoun, genitive), from Indo-European sed ‘ oneself’ , from seu-, se- ‘oneself’ (see °suya). se 2 ‘ him, her, them (dative)’ (used only be­ fore a third person pronoun in the accusa­ tive: se lo, se la, se los, se las): Old Span­ ish (until the fourteenth century) gelo (and gela, gelos, gelas), from gello, from Vulgar Latin illi illu (dative + accusative), literally = ‘ to him it’, from illi ‘to him’ (from Latin illi ‘to him’ ; see l e ,° e l') + illu ‘ it (accusative); him’ (see l o ' , °eV ). T h e g changed to s by analogy to se ‘oneself’ (see se1) in expressions that were other­ wise identical (e.g., Old Spanish peinógelo ‘ he/she com bed it [som eone else’s hair]’ , peinóselo ‘ he/she com bed it [his/her own h air]’ ). The Vulgar Latin plural (o f the dative) was illis illu, which also became se lo by analogy to the singular. sebo ‘ tallow’ : Latin sebum ‘ tallow, grease’ , possibly akin to sapo ‘soap’ (see jabón). secante 1 ‘ secant’ : French secante (noun) ‘secant’ (underlying meaning: ‘ line that cuts a curve’ ), from secante, feminine o f

secante^

sécant ‘ cutting’ , from Latin secant-, stem o f secans ‘ cutting’ , present participle o f secare ‘ to cut’ (see °sección). secante2 ‘ blotter, blotting paper’ : secante, present participle o f secar ‘ to dry’ (see secar, “seco). secar ‘ to dry’ : Latin siccare ‘ to dry’ , from siccus ‘ dry’ (see °seco). “sección ‘section’ : Latin sectionem , accusa­ tive o f sectio (stem section-) ‘ a cutting’ , from sectus (past participle o f secare ‘to cut’ , from Indo-European sek- ‘ to cu t’ [see also °ciencia, °escribir, °carne]) + -10 ‘result’ (see °-ión). Related words: arriesgar, disecar, insecticida, insecto, rasgar, rasgo, resección, riesgo, risco, saxífraga, secante*, sector, segar, segmen­ to, segur. secesión ‘secession’ : Latin secessionem , accu­ sative o f secessio (stem secession-) ‘seces­ sion, withdrawal’ , from secessus, past participle o f secedere ‘to secede, with­ draw, go away’ , from se- ‘ apart’ (from se ‘ apart, w ithout’ ; see seguro, °suya) + cedere ‘ to g o’ (see °ceder). °seco ‘ dry’ : Latin siccus ‘ dry’ (possible under­ lying meaning: ‘ flowed o u t’ ), from IndoEuropean sikko- ‘ flow ed ’, from seikw- ‘to flo w ’ . Related words: secante2, secar, se­ quedad, sequía-, probably: cecina. secreción ‘secretion’ : Latin secretionem , ac­ cusative o f secretio ‘separation’ (underly­ ing idea: ‘secretion is the process o f sep­ arating a substance from cells or bodily fluids, and the substance so separated’ ), from secretus ‘ separated’ (see secreto 1, secesión, seguro, “suya, cerner, °escribir) + -io ‘ process; result’ (see °-ión). secreto* (adjective) ‘secret’ : Latin secretus ‘secret, out o f the way, separate’ , from secretus ‘separated’ , past participle o f secernere ‘ to separate, distinguish, put apart’ , from se- ‘ apart’ (see secesión, segu­ ro, °suya) + cernere ‘ to separate, sift’ (see cerner, “escribir). secreto2 (noun) ‘a secret’ (secretario ‘ secre­ tary’ ): Latin secretum ‘a secret’, from secretum , neuter o f secretus (adjective) ‘secret’ (see secreto ', secesión, seguro, °suya, cerner, “escribir). secta ‘ sect’ : Latin secta ‘sect, class o f persons; school o f thought; way o f life’ (underly­ ing idea: ‘a sect is the act o f following a certain doctrine (and the group that fol­ lows it)’ ), from secta, feminine o f sectus,

480 archaic past participle o f sequi ‘ to fo llow ’ (see “seguir). sector ‘sector’ : Late Latin sector ‘sector (in geom etry)’ (translation o f Greek tomeiis ‘sector; cutter’ ), from Latin sector ‘ cut­ ter’ , from sectus, past participle o f secare ‘ to cut’ (see “sección), + -or ‘acting, doer’ (see °-o r‘ ). secuaz ‘ follower, adherent’ : Latin sequax ‘ in■ dined to follow ’ , from sequi ‘to fo llow ’ (see “seguir) + -ax ‘ inclined t o ’ (see °-az). secuela ‘ sequel’ : Latin sequela ‘sequel, som e­ thing that follow s’ , from sequi ‘to fo llow ’ (see “seguir). secuencia ‘sequence’ : Late Latin sequentia ‘ continuous series’ , from Latin sequent-, stem o f sequens, present participle o f se­ qui ‘to fo llo w ’ (see “seguir). secuestro ‘ abduction, hijacking, sequestra­ tion ’ : Late Latin sequestrum ‘act o f sepa­ rating or removing (for safekeeping or other purposes)’ , from sequester ‘ deposi­ tary, trustee, mediator’ (underlying mean­ ing: ‘ follow er’ ), from Indo-European sekw- ‘ to fo llo w ’ (see “seguir). °secular ‘secular, agelong’ : Latin saecularis ‘ observed once in an age, coming once in a generation’, from saeculum ‘age; genera­ tion’ . Related words: seglar, siglo. For Latin -aris ‘o f, relating t o ’ , see -ar2. secundario ‘secondary’ : Latin secundarius ‘ o f second rank or im portance’ , from secundus ‘second’ (see segundo, “seguir) + -arius ‘o f ’ (see °-ario'). °sed ‘ thirst’ : Latin sitis ‘thirst’ , probably akin to Greek phthisis ‘wasting away, decay’ (see tísico) and to Sanskrit ksiti‘ destruction’ . Related word: sediento. °seda ‘silk’ : Late Latin seta ‘silk’ , from Latin saeta, seta ‘ bristle’ . Related w ord: cedazo. sede ‘ headquarters; see (territory o f a bish­ o p )’ : Latin sedes ‘residence, seat’ , from Indo-European sed- ‘seat’ , from sed- ‘to sit’ (see “sedim ento). sedentario ‘sedentary’ : Latin sedentarius ‘sedentary, characterized by much sitting, o f one that sits’ , from sedent-, stem o f sedens ‘ sitting’ , present participle o f sedere ‘to sit’ (see “sedim ento), + -arius ‘ of, characterized b y ’ (see “-ario'). sedición ‘ sedition’ : Latin seditionem , accusa­ tive o f seditio (stem sedition-) ‘ civil dis­ cord, separation, a going apart’, from sed‘apart’ (from sed ‘apart, w ithout’; see seguro, “suya) + itio ‘ act o f going’ , from

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¿fus, past participle o f ire ‘to g o ’ (s e e “ ir), + -io ‘act o f ’ (see °-ión). sediento ‘ thirsty’ : sed ‘ thirst’ (see °sed) + -iento ‘having’ (see -iento). “sedimento ‘sediment’ : French sedim ent, from Old French sediment ‘sediment’ , from Latin sedimentum ‘a settling’ , from sedére ‘ to sit, be sitting; to settle, sink dow n’ (from Indo-European sed-e- ‘to be sitting’ , from sed- ‘ to sit’ ; related words: anidar, asear, asedio, asentar, aseo, asesor, asiduo, asiento, cadera, cátedra, desear, deseo, disidente, -edro, insidia, nicho, nido, obsesión, piezoelectricidad, polied ro, poseer, posesión, presidencia, presidente, presidio, presidir, residir, resi­ duo, sede, sedentario, sentar, ser, sesión, silla, sillón, sosegar, subsidio) + -imentum ‘ result, action’ (see -imento, “-m entó). seducir ‘to seduce’ : Late Latin seducere ‘ to seduce’ , from Latin seducere ‘to lead aside, lead away’ , from se- ‘ apart’ (see secesión, seguro, °suya) + ducere ‘ to lead’ (see °conducir). seductor ‘ attractive; seducer’ : Late Latin seductor ‘seducer’ , from seductus, past participle o f seducere ‘to seduce’ (see seducir, secesión, seguro, °suya, “conducir), + -or ‘acting, doer’ (see “-o r 1), sefardita ‘ Sephardic’ : late Hebrew sepharadhi (adjective and noun) ‘ Sephardic; Sephardi; Spaniard’ , from Sepháradh ‘Spain’, from Hebrew Sepháradh, region mentioned in Obadiah 20 as a place where Jews were held in captivity (proba­ bly an area o f northern Asia Minor, but identified with Spain by the Targum Jonathan [a Targum so called since the fourteenth century due to a scribal mis­ take (for Targum Jerusalem); at present, it is sometimes called pseudo-Jonathan]). segar ‘ to m ow, cut o f f ’ : Latin secare ‘to cut’ (see “sección). seglar ‘ secular, w orldly’ : Late Latin saecularis ‘secular, w orldly’ (underlying idea: ‘ the temporal lasts one generation, while the spiritual lasts forever’ ), from Latin saecu­ laris ‘ coming once in a generation’ (see' °secular). segmento ‘segment’ : Latin segmentum ‘seg­ ment’ , from secare ‘to cut’ (see “sección) + -mentum ‘ product or result o f action’ (see “-m entó). segregar ‘ to segregate’ : Latin segregare ‘to segregate, set apart’ (underlying meaning:

seis

‘ to set apart from the flo ck ’ ), from se‘ apart’ (see secesión, seguro, “suya) + greg-, stem o f grex ‘ flock, herd’ (see “grey), + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). “seguir ‘ to fo llo w ’ (en seguida ‘ at on ce’ ): Latin sequi ‘ to fo llo w ’ , from Indo-Euro­ pean sekw- ‘to fo llo w ’ . Related words: acechar, asignar, asociación, asociar, con ­ secuencia, conseguir, consiguiente, desig­ nar, designio, diseño, ejecución, ejecutar, ejecutivo, enseñar, escarlata, exequias, extrínseco, insigne, insignia, intrínseco, obsequio, persecución, perseguir, persig­ narse, proseguir, resignación, secta, se­ cuaz, secuela, secuencia, secuestro, secun­ dario, según, segundo', segundo2, sellar, sello, seña, señal, séquito, sigilo, signifi­ cación, significar, signo, siguiente, sino2, social, sociedad, socio. según ‘ according to ’ : Latin secundum ‘ accor­ ding t o ’ , from secundum ‘ after’, from secundus ‘ follow ing; second’ (see segun­ d o' , “seguir). segundo1 ‘ second (next to the first)’ : Latin secundus ‘second’ (underlying meaning: ‘ following the first’ ), from Indo-European sekw-ondo- ‘ follow ing’ , present participle (active) o f sekw- ‘to fo llo w ’ (see “seguir). segundo2 ‘second (one sixtieth o f a minute)’ : Medieval Latin secundum ‘second (o f a minute)’ , from Latin secundum, neuter o f secundus ‘ second (next to the first)’ (see seg u n d o', “seguir), from its being the second sexagesimal division (o f a degree, or o f an hour), the minute being the first (compare m inuto). Occasionally called in Spanish minuto segundo (compare Italian minuto secondo ‘second’, and the French series une minute, une seconde, une tierce [feminine because they are based on Medieval Latin pars minuta prima ‘ first small part [o f an h o u r]’ , pars minuta se­ cunda ‘second small part’ ] ). segur ‘ axe; sickle’ : Latin securis ‘ axe, hatch­ et’ , from secare ‘ to cut’ (see “sección). seguro ‘sure; secure; insurance’ (seguridad ‘safety, assurance’ ): Latin securus ‘safe, secure’ , literally = ‘without care’ , from se, sed ‘without, apart’ (underlying meaning: ‘ by oneself’ ; from Indo-European sed ‘ oneself’ [see s e ' , “su y a ]) + cura ‘ care’ (see “cura). “seis ‘six’ : Latin sex ‘six’ , from Indo-Europe­ an seks (also sweks) ‘six’ . Related words:

selección

bisiesto, hexágono, semestre, sesenta, sex to , siesta. selección ‘ choice, selection’ : Latin selectionem , accusative o f selectio (stem selec­ tion-) ‘selection, act o f selecting’, from selectus, past participle o f seligere ‘ to select, choose out, separate by picking ou t’ , from se- ‘ apart’ (see secesión, seguro, °suya) + -ligere, from legere ‘to gather, select, choose’ (see "leer). °selenio ‘ selenium’ : New Latin selenium ‘ selenium’ (1818), from Greek setené ‘ m oon ’ (akin to sélas ‘ light, brightness’ ) + New Latin -ium ‘ chemical element’ (see -io ). This nonmetallic element was so called from the fact that it is related to tellurium, a metallic element, whose name derives from the Latin word for ‘ Earth’ ( tellus-, stem tellur-). Related word: periselene. “selva ‘ forest; jungle’ : Latin silva ‘w ood, forest’ . Related words: madreselva, Pensilvania, salvaje, Silva, silvestre. sellar ‘ to seal’ : Latin sigillare ‘ to seal’ , from sigillum ‘seal’ (see sigilo, signo, °seguir) + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-arl ). sello ‘stamp, seal’ : Latin sigillum ‘seal’ (see sigilo, signo, "seguir). “semáforo ‘ traffic light; semaphore’ (under­ lying idea: ‘a semaphore carries a sign or a signal’ ), from Greek sema ‘sign’ (underlying meaning: ‘something seen’ , from Indo-European dhya-mn- ‘ seen’, from dhya-, from dhey- ‘to see; to look ’ ; related w ord: semántica) + -phoros, from phérein ‘ to carry’ (see °periferia). semana ‘w eek’ : obsolete setmana, from Late Latin septimana ‘week’ , from Latin septimana (adjective), feminine o f septimanus ‘o f seven’ , from septem ‘ seven’ (see "siete). The seven-day week was officially intro­ duced in the fourth century o f the Chris­ tian era, by Roman emperor Constantine I, although it had existed already among ancient Jews and among Babylonians, semántica ‘semantics’ : French sémantique ‘semantics, study o f meanings’ (15 June 1897), from Greek sémantikós ‘signifi­ cant’ , from sémaínein ‘ to mean, signify, show by a sign’ , from sema ‘sign’ (see "sem áforo). semblante ‘ mien; face’ : Catalan semblant ‘aspect, face’ , from semblant ‘similar’, from semblant ‘seeming’ , present partici­ ple o f semblar ‘ to be like, seem’ , from

482

Latin similare, simulare ‘to imitate’ (see simular, "símil). sembrar ‘to sow ’ : Latin seminare ‘to sow; to plant’ , from semin-, stem o f semen ‘seed’ (see "sem en), + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). semejante ‘ similar’ : semejante ‘being like’ , present participle o f semejar ‘to be like’ , from Vulgar Latin *similiare, variant o f Latin similare, simulare ‘ to imitate’ (see simular, "símil). “semen ‘semen’ : Latin semen ‘semen; seed’ , from Indo-European sé-men- ‘seed’ , from sé- ‘ to sow, drop, scatter’ (related words: sazón, sembrar, semental, semilla, semi­ nario, siembra, sim iente) + -men- ‘ prod­ uct or result o f action’ (see "-m entó). semental (noun) ‘breeder (animal kept to produce offspring)’ : semental (adjective) ‘ seminal, o f semen, o f seed’ , from Latin sementis ‘seed; act o f sowing’ , from semen ‘seed’ (see "semen). For Spanish -al ‘ o f, relating to ’ , see °-al. semestre (noun) ‘semester’ : semestre (adjec­ tive) ‘o f a six-month period’ , from Latin semestris ‘ o f six months’ , from sex ‘six’ (see "seis) + mensis ‘ m onth’ (see mensual, "medir). “semi- ‘ half’ , as in semibreve, semicírculo, sem iconsonante, semidiós, semifinal: Latin semi- ‘half’ , from Indo-European sémi- ‘ half’ . Related words: hemisferio, hemistiquio, sesquipedal. semilla ‘seed’ , irregularly from Latin semen ‘seed’ (see "semen). seminario ‘seminar’ (underlying idea: ‘ in a seminar, ideas grow like seeds in a seed p lot’ ), from Latin seminarium ‘seed p lot’ , from seminarium, neuter o f seminarius ‘ o f seeds’ , from semin-, stem o f semen ‘seed’ (see "sem en), + -arius ‘ o f ’ (see °-ario'). semita ‘ Semite’ : New Latin Semita ‘ Semite’ (1 7 8 1 ), from Late Latin Sem ‘ Shem (one o f Noah’s sons [Genesis 1 0 .2 2 -3 1], tradi­ tional ancestor o f the Semites)’ (from Greek Sém, from Hebrew Shem ‘ Shem’ ) + -ita ‘ descendant o f ’ (see °-ita2). sémola ‘ semolina’ : Italian sémola ‘ bran’ , from Latin simila ‘ fine wheat-flour’ , probably o f Semitic origin, sempiterno ‘ eternal’ : Latinsempiternus ‘ eter­ nal’ , from sem per ‘ always’ (see siempre, "símil) + aeternus ‘ eternal’ (see "eterno). senado ‘senate’ : Latin senatus ‘senate’ (un-

483

derlying meaning: ‘ council o f elders’ ), from sen-, stem o f senex ‘old, old man, elder’ (see °senil), + -atus ‘ group o f per­ sons’ (see -ado4, °-ado' ). senador ‘ senator’ : Latin senator ‘senator’ , from senatus ‘senate’ (see senado, °senil, -ado4, °-ado') + -or ‘acting, doer’ (see

V ). sencillo ‘simple’ : Vulgar Latin *singellus, diminutive o f Latin singulus ‘single, one on ly ’ (see singular, °símil). °senda ‘ path’ : obsolete semda, from Latin semita ‘ path’ , o f uncertain origin. Related words: acimut, cénit, sendero. sendero ‘ path’ : obsolete sem dero, sem itero, from Latin semitarius ‘ o f a path’ , from semita ‘ path’ (see “senda) + -arius ‘ o f ’ (see °-ario'). sendos ‘ one each’ : Latin singulos, accusative o f singuli ‘one to each’ , plural o f singulus ‘ one on ly’ (see singular, “símil). Senegal ‘ Senegal (country; French Sénégal)’ .' It is not clear whether the name was first that o f the river that flows through the country or that o f the area. It appears in Arabic, as Sanghana or Sanaghana, as early as 1068 and is o f disputed origin; probably not related to Zenaga (Arabic Sanhaja), a Berber people who dominated western Africa in the eleventh century. “senil ‘senile’ : Latin senilis ‘senile’ , from sen-, stem o f senex ‘o ld ’ (from IndoEuropean sen- ‘o ld ’ ; related words: sena­ do, senador, señor), + -ilis ‘ o f, relating to ’ (see °-il). “seno ‘ breast; recess; inlet, bay; sinus’ : Latin sinus ‘ curve, bend, fold; hollow ; inlet, bay’ . Related words: ensenada, insinuar, sinuoso, sinusitis. sensación ‘ feeling, sensation’ : Medieval Latin sensationem, accusative o f sensatio (stem sensation-) ‘ feeling, sensation’ , from Late Latin sensatus ‘ endowed with sense’ (see sensato, “sentir). sensato ‘sensible’ : Late Latin sensatus ‘ en­ dowed with sense’ , from Latin sensus ‘ sense, understanding; sensation, feeling; meaning’ , from sensus ‘ felt, perceived’ , past participle o f sentire ‘ to feel, per­ ceive’ (see “sentir). sensible ‘sensitive’ : Late Latin sensibilis ‘ capable o f perceiving; capable o f being perceived’ , from Latin sensibilis ‘capable o f being perceived’ , from sensus ‘ felt, per­ ceived’ (see sensato, “sentir) + -ibilis

sepelio

‘ capable o f ’ (see -ible, “-ble). sensual ‘ sensual’ : Late Latin sensualis ‘ sensu­ al, o f the senses’ , from sensus ‘sense’ (see sensato, “sentir) + -alis ‘ o f ’ (see °-al). sentar ‘to seat, sit’ : Vulgar latin *sedentare ‘to sit’ , from Latin sedent-, stem o f sedens, present participle o f sedere ‘ to sit’ (see “sedim ento). Vulgar Latin sedentare follows the model o f Latin praesentare (see presentar). sentencia ‘ sentence (judicial decision)’ : Latin sententia ‘judgment, expression o f opin­ ion, opinion, way o f thinking or feeling’ , from sentent-, stem o f sentens, irregular present participle (regular: sentiens) o f sentire ‘ to feel’ (see “sentir). sentido ‘sense’ : sentido ‘ felt’ , past participle o f sentir ‘ to feel’ (see “sentir). “sentir ‘to feel; to be sorry’ (sentimental ‘sentimental’ , sentim iento ‘ feeling’ ): Latin , sentire ‘ to feel, perceive’ . Related words: consentir, presentir, resentirse, sensación, sensible, sensual, sentencia, sentido, seso; possibly: centinela. seña ‘sign’ : Latin signa, plural o f signum ‘sign, signal, mark’ (see signo, “seguir). señal ‘sign, signal’ (señalar ‘to mark; to point ou t’ ): Medieval Latin sígnale ‘a signal’ , from Late Latin sígnale, neuter o f signalis ‘o f a sign’, from Latin signum ‘sign’ (see signo, “seguir) + -alis ‘ o f ’ (see °-al). señor ‘ sir, Mr.’ (señora ‘ lady, Mrs., Ms.’ , señorita ‘Miss’ ): Medieval Latin senior ‘ lord, superior’ , from Latin senior (noun) ‘ elder’ , from senior (adjective) ‘ elder, older’ , comparative o f senex (stem sen-) ‘o ld ’ (see “senil). The Latin comparative -ior derives from Indo-European -yos(see “mejor). sépalo ‘sepal’ : New Latin sepalum ‘sepal’ (1 790), from sepa ‘sepal’ (from Greek skepas, skepe ‘ covering’ ) + -lum, as in petalum ‘petal’ (see pétalo). separación ‘separation’ : Latin separationem, accusative o f separatio (stem separation-) ‘separation’ , from separatus, past partici­ ple o f separare ‘ to separate’ (see separar, secesión, seguro, “suya, “preparar), + -io ‘ act o f ’ (see °-ión). separar ‘to separate’ : Latin separare ‘to sepa­ rate’ , from se- ‘ apart’ (see secesión, segu­ ro, “suya) + parare ‘ to prepare’ (see “p re­ parar). sepelio ‘burial, sepulture’ : Latin sepelire ‘to bury’ (see “sepultar).

sepia

sepia ‘ cuttlefish; sepia (pigm ent)’ : Latin sepia ‘ cuttlefish’ (the meaning ‘sepia’ comes from Italian seppia ‘sepia; cuttle­ fish’, from Latin sepia ‘cuttlefish; pig­ ment prepared from the secretion o f the cuttlefish’ ), from Greek sepia ‘ cuttlefish’ , akin to Greek sepein ‘to make rotten’ (see “séptico). septentrional ‘ northern’ : Latin septentrionalis ‘northern’ , from septentriones ‘ the northern regions’ + -alis ‘o f ’ (see °-al). Latin septentriones ‘the northern regions’ , derives from septentriones ‘the seven stars near the north pole’ , a northern asterism (the Big Dipper in Ursa Major), literally = ‘seven plow -oxen’ , from septem ‘seven’ (see “siete) + Triones ‘ Ursa Major and Ursa Minor’ , from triones ‘ plow ox en ’ , plural o f trio ‘ plow o x ’ , akin to terere ‘to rub, grind, thresh’ , from Indo-European ter- ‘ to rub’ (see “triturar). septicemia ‘septicemia’ : New Latin septice­ mia ‘ septicemia’ (apparently first used in French and spelled septicoem i, 1837), from Latin septicus ‘septic, putrefying’ (see °sép tico) + New Latin -emia ‘b lo o d ’ , from Greek -aimia, from haima ‘ b lo o d ’ (see “hemofilia). “séptico ‘ septic’ : Latin septicus ‘ putrefying’ , from Greek séptikós ‘ putrefying’, from septos ‘ putrefied, rotten’ (from sepein ‘ to make rotten’ ) + -ikós ‘ o f ’ (see °-ico2). Related words: antiséptico, aséptico, sepia, septicemia. septiembre, setiembre ‘ September’ : Latin septembrem, accusative o f September ‘ September’ , literally = ‘seventh (m onth)’ , from septem ‘seven’ (see “siete): the old Roman year, until about 153 B.C., began with March (see diciembre). séptimo ‘ seventh’ : Latin Septimus ‘seventh’ , from septem ‘ seven’ (see “siete). sepulcro ‘tom b, grave, sepulcher’ : Latin sepulcrum ‘ tom b, grave’ , from sepultus ‘ buried’ (see “sepultar). “sepultar ‘ to bury’ : Late Latin sepultare ‘ to bury’ , from Latin sepultus ‘buried’ , past participle o f sepelire ‘ to bury’ , from IndoEuropean sep-el-yo- ‘to honor, respect, revere’, from sep- ‘ to honor the dead’ Related words: sepelio, sepulcro, sepultu­ ra. sepultura ‘ burial; tom b ’ : Latin sepultura ‘ burial; tom b ’, from sepultus ‘ buried’ (see “sepultar) + -ura ‘act, result’ (see °-ura).

484

sequedad ‘ dryness’ : seco ‘ dry’ (see “seco ) + -edad ‘ quality’ (see -edad, °-tad). sequía ‘ drought’ : seco ‘ dry’ (see “seco ) + -la ‘ condition’ (see -ia). séquito ‘ retinue, suite’ : Italian seguito (stressed on the -e-) ‘retinue’ , from seguitare ‘ to fo llo w ’ , from seguito (stressed on the -/-) ‘ follow ed ’ , past participle o f se­ guiré ‘ to fo llo w ’ , from Latin sequi ‘ to fo llo w ’ (see “seguir). ser ‘ to be’ (ser ‘a being’ ): obsolete seer ‘ to be’ (tenth to thirteenth centuries), from Vul­ gar Latin (Spain) sedere ‘to be’ (second half o f the tenth century), from Latin sedere ‘to sit, be sitting’ (see “sedim ento). serenata ‘evening serenade’ : Italian serenata ‘evening serenade’ (influenced in meaning by Italian sera ‘evening’ , from Latin sera ‘ evening’ , from sera, feminine o f serus ‘ late’ ; see menhir), from sereno ‘ un­ clouded’ (the music is performed in the open air), from Latin serenus ‘ unclouded’ (see sereno, °xeroftalm ia). sereno ‘serene’ (serenidad ‘serenity’ ): Latin serenus ‘ serene, peaceful, cheerful; (o f weather) clear, unclouded, fair, calm’ , possibly akin to Greek xérós ‘ dry’ (see “xeroftalm ia). sericicultura ‘ sericulture’ (in French, sériciculture, 1846): Latin sericum ‘silk; silk garment’ + -i-, a connective vowel (see -i-2), + cultura ‘ cultivation, care, breeding’ (see cultura, “co lo n o ). Latin sericum ‘ silk’ , derives from sericum, neuter o f sericus ‘ o f the Seres; silken’ , from Greek sérikós ‘ o f the Seres; silken’, from Seres ‘ Seres (a people o f¡ eastern Asia men­ tioned by Greeks and Romans as making silk fabrics; probably = ‘ the Chinese’ , and probably originally meaning ‘ the Silk People’ )’ , akin to Korean s ir ‘silk’ , and to Mongolian sirkek ‘silk’ , both from Chinese si ‘silk’ . Related words: jerga, jilguero. “serie ‘ series’ : Latin series ‘series’, from serere ‘ to join together, link; to join in speech, discuss’ , from Indo-European ser‘ to line up’ . Related words: consorcio, desierto, ensartar, injerir, injerto, insertar, sermón, sorteo, sortija, suerte. serio ‘serious’ : Latin serius ‘serious, grave’ , from Indo-European swer-yo- ‘ heavy’ , from swér- (from swer-, wer- ‘to bind; to hang (on the scale); heavy’ ) + -yo-, a suf­ fix forming adjectives from verbs (see

485

°-eo2). sermón ‘ sermon’ : Medieval Latin sermonem, accusative o f sermo (stem sermon-) ‘religious discourse, speech, conversation’ , from Latin sermo (stem serm on-) ‘speech, conversation’ , from Indo-European ser­ mon- ‘ speech’ , from ser- ‘to line up’ (see °serie). °seroso ‘ serous’ : New Latin serosus ‘serous, resembling serum’ (French séreux, 1538), from Latin serum ‘serum; whey; watery fluid’ , from Indo-European ser-o- ‘ whey’ , from ser- ‘to flo w ’ . Related w ord: suero. For Latin -osus ‘similar t o ’ , see -oso. °serpiente ‘ serpent’ : Latin serpentem , accusa­ tive o f serpens (stem serpent-) ‘serpent’ , from serpens ‘ creeping, crawling’ , present participle o f serpere ‘ to creep, crawl’ , from Indo-European serp- ‘ to creep, crawl’ . Related words: herpes, sierpe. serrallo ‘harem, seraglio’ : Italian serraglio ‘sultan’s palace; harem’, from Turkish saray ‘ palace’ , from Persian sarai ‘ palace’ , serrano ‘ mountainy’ : serr-, base o f sierra ‘ mountain range’ (see °sierra), + -ano ‘ o f ’ (see °-ano'). serrucho ‘saw’ : serr-, base o f sierra ‘saw’ (see °sierra), + -ucho, a diminutive ending (see -ucho). servicio ‘service’ : Latin servitium ‘slavery, servitude’, from servus ‘slave’ (see °servir) + -itium ‘ condition, quality’ (see °-icio). servidor ‘ servant’ : Late Latin servitor ‘ser­ vant’ , from Latin servitus, past participle o f servire ‘ to serve’ (see °servir), + -or ‘ acting, doer’ (see °-o r ‘ ). servilleta ‘ napkin’ : French serviette ‘ napkin; tow el’ , from servir ‘ to serve’ , from Latin servire ‘to serve’ (see °servir). "servir ‘ to serve’ : Latin servire ‘ to serve; to be a slave; to be o f use’ , from servus ‘slave; servant’ ( o f Etruscan origin? [co m ­ pare the Etruscan names Serui, S eru e]). Related words: conserje, sargento, ser­ vicio, servidor, servilleta, siervo, sirviente. sesear ‘ to pronounce z, and c before e and i, like s’ , a word formed on the m odel o f cecear (see cecear, °ce). sesenta ‘sixty’ : obsolete sesaenta, sessaenta (with -s- on the analogy o f seis ‘six’ , instead o f the normal evolution o f a Latin x that is not at the end o f a syllable to Old Spanish x [pronounced as English sh ] and to Spanish j, as in dijiste, ejem plo, mejilla), from Latin sexaginta ‘sixty’ ,

Sevilla

irregularly (influenced by quadraginta ‘ fo rty ’ ; see cuarenta) from sex ‘ six’ (see °seis) + -ginta ‘ten times’ (see cuarenta, °diez). sesión ‘meeting, session’ : Latin sessionem, accusative o f sessio (stem session-) ‘ session; act o f sitting’ , from sessus, past participle o f sedere ‘ to sit’ (see °sedim en to) + -io ‘ act o f ’ (see °-ión). seso ‘ brain; sense, understanding’ : Latin sensus ‘sensation, feeling, understanding’ (see sensato, °sentir). sesquipedal ‘a fo o t and a half long’ (akin to English sesquipedalian): Latin sesquipedalis ‘a fo o t and a half long’ , from sesqui‘ one and a half’ (from *semisque ‘half again, and a half’ , from semis ‘half’ [from Indo-European semi- ‘half’ ; see °semi-] + -que ‘ and’ [see ° m ]) + ped-, stem o f pes ‘ fo o t ’ (see °pie), + -alis ‘ o f ’ (see °-al). setenta ‘seventy’ : obsolete setaenta, from Vulgar Latin septaginta, from Latin septuaginta ‘seventy’ , irregularly from septem ‘seven’ (see °siete) + -ginta ‘ten times’ (see cuarenta, °diez). setiembre ‘ September’ , see septiem bre. seto ‘ fence’ : Latin septum, saeptum ‘ enclo­ sure, fence, partition’ , from sepire, saepire ‘ to hedge in, enclose’ , from sepes, saepes ‘ hedge, fence’ + -ire, an infinitive ending (see -ir). °seudo- ‘ false; fictitious; resembling’ : Late Latin pseudo- ‘ false’ , from Greek pseudo-, from pseudes ‘ false’, from pseúdein ‘to lie; to cheat; to falsify’. Related word: seudónimo. seudónimo ‘ pseudonym ’ : Greek pseudónym on, neuter o f pseudonym os ‘ falsely named’ , from pseud-, pseudo- ‘ false’ (see °seudo-) + -ónym on ‘ name’ (see -ánimo, °nom bre). Seúl ‘Seoul (city, Korea)’ : Korean Soul ‘Seoul’, literally = ‘ Capital (= chief city)’ , from Korean soul ‘capital’ . This city was made capital o f Korea in 1394 and had been unofficially known in Korean as Soul since then until 1945, when it was officially so called (official names: Hansong, 1394—1910; Kyóngsóng, 1 9 1 0 1945). "severo ‘severe’ : Latinseuerus ‘serious, severe, grave, earnest’ . Related words: aseverar, perseverancia, perseverante. Sevilla (around 1140) ‘Seville (city, Spain)’ : Arabic Ishbiliyah (eighth century; also

sexo

A shbihyah ), from Latin Hispalis (first century B.C.), o f uncertain (Phoenician?) origin; the site was already populated in the Paleolithic Age. Latin Hispalis is probably not related to Latin Hispania ‘ Spain’ (see España). sexo ‘ sex’ : Latin sexus ‘sex’ , perhaps akin to Latin secare ‘ to cut, divide’ , male and female being two divisions into which organisms can be classified. sexto ‘sixth’ : Latin sextus ‘sixth’ , from IndoEuropean seks-to- ‘sixth’ , from seks ‘six’ (see °seis) + -to- ‘ ordinal number’ (see -to 2, °-ado'). Seychelles ‘ Seychelles (country and island group)’ : English Seychelles, modification o f French Séchelles, a name given the island group by the French in 1756, for Moreau de Séchelles, Secretary o f the Navy under Louis XV. Séchelles is a place in France (Aisne), about 140 km north­ east o f Paris. Shanghai ‘ Shanghai (city, China)’ : Chinese Shanghai (eleventh century), literally = ‘ Up Sea (i.e., ‘ At the sea’ )’ , from sháng ‘ up, above’ + hái ‘sea’ ; this city is a sea­ port located on the Yangtze estuary. “si1 ‘ if, whether’ : Latin si ‘ if’ , from Old Latin sei (underlying meaning: ‘ thus’ ; compare Old Latin suad = ‘ thus’ ), from Indo-European swai ‘ thus’ , adverbial form o f swo- ‘s o ’ . Related words: casi, sino' , siquiera. si2 ‘ si, ti (musical ton e)’ : Italian si ‘ si’ (see do). “sí 1 ‘ yes’ : obsolete s í ‘ thus’ , from Latin sic ‘ in this (that) manner’ , from IndoEuropean sei-ke, from sei-, variant o f so‘ this, that’ — the nominative singular neuter and the oblique cases derive from fo-; see ° tanto — (related word: así), + ke- ‘that’ , variant o f ko- (see °acá). In Latin, sic also meant ‘ yes’ (in answers) — though rarely; in Spanish, the transition from ‘ thus’ to ‘yes’ took from the twelfth to the fourteenth century. s i 2 ‘ himself, herself, themselves’ : Vulgar Latin si (influenced by Vulgar Latin mi ‘ (for, o f) m e’ ; see m i), from Latin sibi, dative o f sui ‘ o f himself, o f herself, o f itself, o f themselves’ (third person reflex­ ive pronoun, genitive), from Indo-Europe­ an SUWO- ‘o f oneself’ (see °suya). Siberia ‘ Siberia (region, Soviet Union)’ : New Latin Siberia, from Russian Sibir’ ‘ Siberia’

486

(from Sibir’, name o f a Tatar fort [near T o b o l’sk, in present western Siberia] which Cossacks conquered in 1581, thus beginning the Russian occupation o f the region; Sibir’ is probably akin to Tatar sébér, the name o f a people inhabiting the area [docum ented in the thirteenth cen­ tu ry ], and possibly to Mongol shibar, sibar ‘ mud’ ) + New Latin -ia ‘region’ (see -ia). "sibilante ‘ sibilant’ : Latin sibilantem, accusa­ tive o f sibilans (stem sibilant-), present participle o f sibilare ‘to hiss, whistle’ , from Indo-European swei- ‘ to hiss, whistle’ . Related words: chiflar, silbar. sicigia ‘syzygy’ : Late Latin syzygia ‘syzygy’ , from Greek syzygia ‘syzygy; union, coupling; state o f being yoked together’ , from syzygos ‘ yoked together; paired’ , from sy- ‘ together’ (see °sin-2) + zygón ‘ y o k e ’ (see cigom ático, °yugo). "Sicilia ‘ Sicily (island; Italian Sicilia): Latin Sicilia (second century B.C.), from Greek Sikelia ‘ Sicily’ (fifth century B.C.), from Sikelós ‘ Sicel, one o f the Siculi (an ancient people who spoke an IndoEuropean language and had com e to Sicily from Italy in the second millenium B.C.)’ (eighth century B.C.), o f disputed origin (akin to Latin sécula ‘sickle’? In this case, the underlying meaning o f Sicel would be ‘ Reaper’ ). Possibly related word: acelga. sicofanta ‘ im postor; slanderer’ (akin to En­ glish sycophant): Latin sycophanta ‘ in­ former; slanderer’ , from Greek sykophántes ‘ informer, accuser’ , literally = ‘ fig shower’ (from the use o f the gesture of the fig [com pare higa] in denouncing a culprit), from sykon ‘ fig’ (see °higo) + -phantes ‘shower, one who shows’ , from phainein ‘ to show ’ (see epifanía, ° banda2). sicología ‘ psychology’ , see psicología. "sideral ‘ sidereal’ : Latin sideralis ‘sidereal, o f stars, o f constellations’, from sider-, stem o f sidus ‘star, constellation’ , from IndoEuropean suieid-os ‘star’ , from sweid- ‘ to shine’ (related word: considerar) + -os, a suffix forming nouns from verbs (see °-o r'). sidra ‘ cider’ : obsolete *sizdra, from sizra, from Late Latin sicera ‘strong drink’ , from Greek sikera ‘ strong drink’ (third century B.C.), from Hebrew shekhar ‘strong drink’ (akin to Arabic sakar

487

‘ strong drink’ ). siembra ‘ sowing’ : sembrar ‘ to sow ’ (see sem­ brar, °sem en). siempre ‘always’ : Latin semper ‘always, ever’ , from Indo-European sem-par- ‘always’ (underlying meaning: ‘ one that lasts, once for all’ ), from sem- ‘on e’ (see °simil) + par- ‘ during, fo r’ , from per ‘ forward, through’ (see °per-). sierpe ‘serpent’ : Late Latin serpem, accusa­ tive o f serps, from Latin serpens ‘serpent’ (see °serpien te). “sierra ‘saw; mountain range’ : Latin serra ‘ a saw’ . The meaning ‘range’ derives from mountain ridges often having a saw-like (compare English serrate) profile. Related words: aserrín, Montserrat, Nevada, serrano, serrucho, Sierra Leona, Sierra Madre. Sierra Leona ‘ Sierra Leone (country)’ , trans­ lation o f Old Portuguese Serra Lyoa (Portuguese Serra L eoa), literally = ‘ Lion­ ess-like Mountain-Range’ , a name first given to the hills that surround the Free­ town harbor. So named by Portuguese explorer Pedro de Sintra (or de Cintra) when he arrived in the area (around 1460), “ p o r ser terra táo áspera e brava” (= ‘ because it is a land so rugged and w ild’ ). Portuguese serra ‘ mountain range’ derives from Latin serra ‘saw’ (see sierra); Portuguese leoa ‘ lioness’ is the feminine o f leáo ‘ lion’ , from Latin león-, stem o f leo ‘lion’ (see °león). Sierra Madre ‘ Sierra Madre (mountain sys­ tem, M exico)’ , literally = ‘Mother Range’ (see sierra, madre); it is the major m oun­ tain system in M exico and comprises three ranges — the Sierra Madre Oriental ‘ Eastern Mother-Range’ , the Sierra Madre Occidental ‘Western Mother-Range’ , and the Sierra Madre del Sur ‘Mother Range o f the South’ . Sierra Nevada ‘ Sierra Nevada (mountain range, Spain)’ , see Nevada. siervo ‘ serf’ : Latin servus ‘slave; servant’ (see °servir). siesta ‘ nap’ : obsolete siesta ‘sixth (feminine, hora being understood)’ , from Latin sexta {hora) ‘ sixth (hour)’ , from sexta, feminine o f sextus ‘sixth’ (see sex to , °seis). The ancient Romans counted the hours from sunrise (approximately — in the present system — 6 a.m., the sixth hour being therefore about midday) and

sílaba

the nap was taken after the midday meal. For Latin hora, see hora. “siete ‘ seven’ : Latin septem , from IndoEuropean septm ‘seven’ . Related words: hebdomadario, heptágono, semana, sep­ tentrional, septiem bre, séptim o, setenta. sífilis ‘syphilis’ : New Latin syphilis ‘syphilis’ , from the first word o f the title o f Syphilis sive Morbus Gallicus ‘ Syphilis or Gallic Disease’ , Latin poem (1 530) by Girolamo Fracastoro (died 1553), Veronese physi­ cian and poet, from Syphilus, hero o f the poem and supposed first sufferer o f the disease. sigilo ‘seal; secret’ : Latin sigillum ‘seal, small mark’ , diminutive o f signum ‘sign, signal, mark’ (see signo, °seguir). For Latin -ilium ‘ small’ , see -illo. siglo ‘ century’ : obsolete sieglo ‘ century’, from Latin saeculum ‘ century¡generation; age’ (see °secular). sigma ‘sigma’ : Greek sigma ‘sigma (eighteenth letter o f the Greek alphabet)’ , o f Semitic origin, akin to Hebrew samekh ‘samekh (fifteenth letter o f the Hebrew alphabet)’ , literally = ‘ fish’ (compare Arabic samakah ‘ fish’ ). The Greek sign for sigma was bor­ rowed from the Semitic sign for sh, but the Greek name o f the letter was borrowed from that o f the Semitic letter s (which gave the Greek written letter xi). significación ‘ significance’ : Latin significationem , accusative o f significatio (stem signification-) ‘significance’ , from significatus, past participle o f significare ‘ to mean’ (see significar, signo, °seguir, -ificar, -ficar, -fico, °hacer). significar ‘ to mean’ {significado ‘ meaning’ ): Latin significare ‘ to mean, serve as a sign o f ’ , from signum ‘ sign’ (see signo, °seguir) + -ificare ‘ to make’ (see -ificar, -ficar, -fico, °hacer). signo ‘sign, mark’ : Latin signum ‘sign, signal, mark’ , from Indo-European sekw-no‘ mark one must fo llo w ’ , from sekw- ‘to fo llo w ’ (see °seguir) + -no-, a suffix forming verbal nouns (see digno). siguiente ‘ next’ : siguiente ‘ follow ing’ , present participle o f seguir ‘to fo llo w ’ (see “seguir). sílaba ‘syllable’ : Latin syllaba, from Greek syllabé ‘ syllable’ (underlying meaning: ‘ a combination or gathering (o f speech sounds)’ ), from syllambánein ‘to gather together, com bine in pronunciation’ ,

silbar

from syl- ‘together’ (see “sin-2) + lambánein ‘ to take, grasp’ (see “lema). silbar ‘to whistle, hiss’ : Latin sibilare ‘ to whistle, hiss’ (see °sibilante). silencio ‘silence’ (silencioso ‘silent’ ): Latin silentium ‘silence’ , from silent-, stem o f silens ‘silent’ , from silens, present partici­ ple o f silere ‘ to be silent’ , from IndoEuropean sil-é-, stative form o f sil-, silo‘ silent’ . For Indo-European stative -é-, see ° tumor. sílice ‘ silica’ : Latin silicem, accusative o f silex (stem silic-) ‘ flint, hard stone, pebble, quarz, silex’ . silo ‘ silo’ , alteration o f Latin sirus ‘ under­ ground granary, pit for keeping grain in’ , from Greek sirós (also seirós) ‘ under­ ground granary’ . Spanish silo is the source o f English silo, and o f French and Italian silo ‘silo’ . silogismo ‘ syllogism’ : Latin syllogismus ‘syl­ logism’ , from Greek syllogismós ‘syllo­ gism, a reasoning, a reckoning together’ , from syllogizesthai ‘ to syllogize, infer, reckon together’ , from syl- ‘together’ (see °sin-2) + logizesthai ‘ to reckon, calculate, reason’ , from logos ‘w ord; com putation’ (see -logia, °leer). silueta ‘silhouette; outline’ : French silhouette ‘ silhouette’ , from portrait á la silhouette ‘ outline portrait’ , from silhouette ‘ some­ thing done quickly’, after Etienne de Silhouette (1709—1767), with reference to his brief (eight months) career as French controller-general. Silva, family name, at first a name o f origin (= ‘ from Silva’ ), from Silva, name o f several towns in Galicia (Spain) just north o f Portugal, from Latin silva ‘w ood , forest’ (see “selva). silvestre ‘w ild’ : Latin silvestris ‘ o f the w ood, o f the forest’ , from silva ‘w ood , forest’ (see “selva). silla ‘ chair; saddle’ : Latin sella ‘seat, chair; saddle’ , from Indo-European sed-la ‘seat’ (with assimilation o f the -d-), from sed‘ to sit’ (see “sedim ento). sillón ‘ armchair’ , literally = ‘ big chair’ , from silla ‘ chair’ (see silla, “sedim ento) + -ón, an augmentative ending (see -ón). sím bolo ‘sym bol’ : Latin symbolum ‘ token, sign’ , from Greek sym bolon ‘ token, sign; token for identification’ (the identity being verified by comparing such a token with its counterpart), from symbállein ‘ to

488

throw together, compare, contribute’ , from sym- ‘ together’ (see “sin-2) + bállein ‘ to throw’ (see “ metabolismo). simétrico ‘symmetrical’ : simetría ‘ symm etry’ , from Greek symmetria ‘symmetry, pro­ portion, commensurability’ , from symmetros ‘symmetrical, commensurate, o f like measure’ , from sym- ‘like, same’ (see ?sin-2) + métron ‘ measure’ (see “-metro). simiente ‘ seed’ : Latin sementem (also sementim), accusative o f sementis ‘sowing, culti­ vation’ , from semen ‘seed’ (see “sem en). “símil ‘simile’ : Latin similis ‘ simile, a com ­ parison’ , from similis ‘ like, similar’ , from Old Latin *semelis, from Indo-European sm-alo- ‘ o f the same kind’ , from sm-, from sem- ‘ one; same’ . Related words: anómalo, asamblea, asimilar, Atlántico, atlas, disimular, ensamblar, facsímil, Filadelfia, haplología, hectárea, hecto-, hectolitro, h eterod oxo, h eterogén eo, ho­ meopatía, hom ogéneo, hom ónim o, samo­ var, sánscrito, semblante, semejante, sem piterno, sencillo, sendos, siempre, simple, simular, simultáneo, sincero, sin­ gular, soviet. simio ‘ m onkey; ape; simian’ : Latin simius (the feminine form , simia, was much more frequent) ‘ape’ , possibly from simus ‘snub-nosed’ , from Greek simós ‘snub­ nosed; bent upward’ . simonía ‘sim ony’ : Late Latin simonía ‘ simony (buying or selling church offices or pardons)’ , from Simon Magus, first century sorcerer from Samaria, who offered m oney to the apostles Peter and John for the power o f giving the Holy Ghost (Acts 8.9-24), + Latin -ia ‘ condi­ tion, quality; activity’ (see -ia). The masculine given name Simon (another Late Latin form is Sim eon) derives, through Greek Simon (also Sym eon), from Hebrew Shimé'on (probably influ­ enced in form by the Greek name Simón, literally = ‘Snub-Nosed’ ), literally = ‘ Hear­ ing’ , from sháma‘ ‘ to hear’ . The name is at least 29 centuries old, as it is men­ tioned in Genesis 29.33 (as the name o f the second son o f Jacob and Leah). simpatía ‘sympathy, liking’ (simpático ‘sym­ pathetic, pleasant’ ): Greek sympátheia ‘ state o f having similar feelings’ , from sympathés ‘sympathetic, having similar feelings’ , from sym- ‘ like’ (see “sin-) + páthos ‘ feelings, em otion’ (see “patético).

489

simple ‘simple’ : Latin simplus ‘simple, plain, uncom plicated’ , from Indo-European smplo- ‘simple’ (underlying meaning: ‘ one­ fo ld ’ ), from sm- (from sem- ‘ on e’ ; see “símil) + -plo- ‘multiplied b y ’ (see °-plo). simular ‘ to simulate’ : Latin simulare ‘to imitate, feign’ , from similis ‘ similar’ (see °simil). simultáneo ‘simultaneous’ : Latin simul ‘at the same tim e’ (see ensamblar, °símil) + the ending o f Medieval Latin words o f related meanings like instantaneus, momentaneus. °sin ‘w ithout’ : Latin sine ‘w ithout’ (underly­ ingmeaning: ‘ out of, outside’ ), from IndoEuropean snni-, from sen-, seni- ‘aside from , apart, separated’ . Related words: sin-1, sin embargo. sin-1 ‘w ithout’ , as in sinnúmero, sinvergüen­ za: sin ‘w ithout’ (see °sin). °sin -2 ‘ together, with’ , as in sinalefa, sin­ fonía, síntom a: Greek syn- ‘with, togeth­ er, like, same; thoroughly’ (sym- before b, f [_ph], m, p ; syl- before /; sy- before s follow ed by a consonant, and before z; sys- before s follow ed by a vowel), from syn ‘with, together with’ , alteration o f xyn ‘with, together with’, from IndoEuropean ksun ‘ with’ . Related words: asíndeton, asíntota, idiosincrasia, m on o­ sílabo, sicigia, sílaba, silogismo, sím bolo, simétrico and others that begin with sim-\ sinagoga, sinalefa and others that begin with sin-\ sistema, sístole. sinagoga ‘ synagogue’ : Latin synagoga ‘syna­ gogue’ , from Greek synagbge ‘synagogue, place o f assembly, assembly’ (translation o f Hebrew béth k enéseth ‘synagogue; house o f assembly’ [kenéseth = ‘ assem­ bly’ ] ) , from synágein ‘ to bring together, draw together’ , from syn- ‘together’ (see “sin-2) + ágein ‘ to lead, drive’ (see agonía, ° agente). sinalefa ‘ synaloepha’ : Greek synaloiphé ‘ synaloepha; fusion, union’ , from synaleiphein ‘ to smear together, coalesce, unite two syllables’ , from syn- ‘together’ (see “sin-2) + aleiphein ‘to anoint, besmear’ , from Indo-European leiph-, leip- ‘ to smear with fat; to adhere; fat’ , sinapismo ‘ mustard plaster, sinapism’ : Late Latin sinapismus ‘ mustard plaster’ , from Greek sinapismos ‘ act o f applying a mustard plaster’ , from sinapizein ‘to apply a mustard plaster’ , from sinapi

sinécdoqu e

(also sinapis) ‘ mustard’ , akin to Greek nápy ‘ mustard’, probably o f Egyptian origin (akin to Latin napus ‘turnip’ ; compare nabo). sincero ‘sincere’ : Latin sincerus ‘ genuine, real, true, honest; clean, pure’ (underlying meaning: ‘o f one growth’ ), from IndoEuropean sm-kéro-, from sm- (from sem‘same; one’ ; see “símil) + kero-, from ker‘ to grow’ (see “cereal). síncopa ‘syncope (loss o f sounds in a w ord)’ : Late Latin syncopa, syn cope, from Greek synkopé ‘syncope’ , from synkóptein ‘ to cut o f f ’ , from syn- ‘ together; thoroughly’ (see “sin-2) + kóptein ‘ to cut, cut o f f ’ (see com a1, “escoba). síncope ‘syncope (loss o f sounds in a w ord); a sw oon, a faint’ : Late Latin syncopa, syn cop e ‘ syncope (loss o f sounds, and sw oon)’ (see síncopa, “sin-2, com a1, “escoba). sincrónico ‘synchronous’ : Late Latin synchronos, from Greek synkhronos ‘syn­ chronous’ , from syn- ‘same’ (see “sin-2) + khrónos ‘ time’ (see “crónico). sindicato ‘ trade union’ : French syndicat ‘ trade union; b od y o f syndics, office o f a syndic’ , from syndic ‘ government official, agent o f a corporation, m ayor’ , from Late Latin syndicus ‘representative o f a corporation’ , from Greek syndikos ‘ assis­ tant in a court o f justice, public advocate’ , from syn- ‘with’ (see “sin-2) + dike ‘right, judgment’ , from Indo-European dika ‘right, judgment, direction’, from deik‘ to pronounce solemnly, show’ (see “decir). síndrome ‘syndrome’ : New Latin syn­ drome ‘ syndrome’ (in English, syndrome, 1541), from Greek syndrome ‘syndrome, combination (o f symptoms), act o f run­ ning together’ , from syn- ‘ together’ (see “sin-2) + -drome, from drómos ‘a running, race; racecourse’ (see “hipódromo). sinécdoque ‘ synecdoche’ : Latin synecdoche, from Greek synekdókhé ‘ synecdoche’ , from synekdékhesthai ‘to understand with another, to take up with another’ , from syn- ‘with’ (see “sin-2) + ekdékhesthai ‘ to receive from another, take from, understand in a certain way, take’ , from ek (from ex ‘ out o f, from ’ ; see e x -2,° e x ) + dékhesthai ‘to take, accept, receive’ , from Indo-European dek- ‘to take, accept’ (see “decorar).

sin em bargo

sin embargo ‘ however’, literally = ‘without obstacle’ , from sin ‘w ithout’ (see °sin) + obsolete embargo ‘ obstacle’ (see embargo, embargar, in-2, °no, °barra). sinfonía ‘ sym phony’ : Greek symphónia ‘sym phony’ , from sym phonos ‘ con cor­ dant, harmonious, agreeing in sound’ , from sym- ‘ together’ (see “sin-2) + phone ‘sound, voice’ (see estereofón ico, “fábula). Singapur ‘ Singapore (country and its capi­ tal)’ : Malay Singapura (the city — a name given it around the thirteenth century o f the Christian era; also written Singapora), from Sanskrit Sifnhapura (before A.D. 2 0 0 ), name o f a town (perhaps the same tow n), literally = ‘ Lion City’ , from simha‘ lion’ (the source o f Hindi sihgh ‘ lion’ . The Sanskrit word may be o f African origin; akin to Swahili simba ‘lion’ ) + pura, pür ‘ city’ (also found in such Indian place-names as Jaipur, Kanpur, Nagpur), from Indo-European pel- ‘ cita­ del’ (see “p o litico ). The reason for the name ‘ L ion’ is uncertain, but it may be an honorific (= ‘brave, strong’ ) as in the names o f certain Malay and Indonesian towns (e.g., Singaraja, on Java; also used in men’s titles in the area); on the other hand, a local legend states that the Prince o f Palembang (city in Sumatra) visited the island o f Singapore near the end o f the thirteenth century, saw a strange animal (a tiger?) and thought it was a lion (there have never been lions there). singular ‘ singular’ : Latin singularis ‘single, solitary’ , from singulus ‘single, one only, alone’ (from Indo-European sem-golo-, from sem- ‘ one’ ; see “símil) + -aris ‘ o f ’ (see -ar2). siniestro ‘ sinister’ : siniestro ‘left, on the left side’ (the form is analogical to diestro ‘ right, on the right side; skillful’ ), from Latin sinistrum, accusative o f sinister ‘ left; unlucky, inauspicious (in augury, an omen observed on one’s left was con ­ sidered unlucky)’ . Sinkiang ‘Sinkiang (region, China)’ : Chinese Xinjiang (also romanized as Hsinchiang), literally = ‘ New Boundary’ (underlying meaning: ‘ New Territory’ ), so named around 206 B.C. when the area came under Chinese rule, from xin ‘new’ + jiang ‘ boundary, frontier’ . sino 1 ‘ but’ : sino ‘except’ , from expressions beginning with si no es ‘except’, literally

490

= ‘ if it isn’t’ , from si ‘ if’ (see °si') + no ‘ n ot’ (see “no). sino 2 ‘fate’ : obsolete sino ‘ constellation; constellation that determines som eone’s fate’ , from Latin signum ‘sign’ (see signo, “seguir). sinónimo ‘ synonym ’ : Latin synonym um , from Greek synónym on ‘synonym ’, from synonym on, neuter o f syndnym os ‘synon­ ymous, having the same name as’ , from syn- ‘ same’ (see “sin-2) + ónyma, ónoma ‘ name’ (see -ánimo, “ nombre). sinopsis ‘synopsis’ : Late Latin synopsis ‘synopsis’ , from Greek synopsis ‘synopsis, general view, a viewing all together’ , from syn- ‘ together’ (see “sin-2) + ópsis ‘ view’ (see autopsia, “ocular, “mortal). sinsonte, cenzontle ‘ mockingbird’ : Náhuatl centzontli, literally = ‘ four hundred’ (with a word for ‘songs’ or ‘ voices’ understood — from the fact that the mockingbird mimics many other birds), from ce, cen‘ one; a whole, all’ + tzontli ‘ hair; four hundred’ (underlying meanings: ‘ all the hair; many’ ). The Aztecs used a numera­ tion system based on 20; the Nahuatl word for ‘ twenty’ — cempoualli — means ‘ one count’ and 400 is 20 times 20. sintaxis ‘ syntax’ : Late Latin syntaxis ‘ syn­ tax’ , from Greek syntaxis ‘syntax, act o f putting in order’ , from syntássein ‘ to put in order, arrange together’, from syn‘ together’ (see “sin-2) + tássein ‘ to put in order, arrange’ (see “ táctica). síntesis ‘ synthesis’ (sintético ‘synthetic’ ): Latin synthesis ‘synthesis’ , from Greek synthesis ‘synthesis; act o f putting to ­ gether’, from syntithénai ‘to put together’ , from syn- ‘together’ (see “sin-2) + tithénai ‘ to put’ (see tesis, “hacer). síntoma ‘sym ptom ’ : Late Latin sym ptom a ‘ sym ptom ’ , from Greek sym ptom a ‘symp­ tom , chance occurrence, phenom enon’ , from sym piptein ‘ to meet, occur by chance, fall together’ , from sym- ‘ togeth­ er’ (see “sin-2) + piptein ‘ to fall’ , from Indo-European pi-pt- ‘ to fall; to fly ’ , from p t-, from pet- ‘ to rush, fly ’ (see “pedir). sinuoso ‘winding, sinuous’ : Latin sinuosus ‘ winding’ , from sinus ‘ curve, bend’ (see “sen o) + -osus ‘ having, abounding in’ (see -oso). sinusitis ‘sinusitis’ : New Latin sinusitis ‘ sinusitis, inflammation o f a sinus mem-

491

brane’ (in English, 1901), from sinus ‘ sinus, h ollow ’ (see °seno) + -itis ‘inflam­ mation o f ’ (see -itis, °-ita2). -sión ‘ act o f, process, state; result’ , an ending o f nouns, as in alusión, comisión, diversión, emisión, infusión: Latin -sionem, accusative o f -sio (stem -sion-) ‘act o f, process, state; result’, a noun suffix, from -sus (see -so, °-ado') + -io ‘ act o f, process; result’ (see °-ión). siquiatra ‘ psychiatrist’ , see psiquiatra. siquiera ‘ at least’ (ni siquiera ‘ not even’ ): siquier ‘ at least’ (influenced by pairs like cualquier/cualquiera, and by words like dondequiera, quienquiera), from obsolete si quier, literally = ‘ if one wants’ , from si ‘ if’ (see °si*) + quier, from quiere ‘he/she/ one wants’ , third person singular o f the present indicative o f querer ‘to want’ (see ° querer). sirena ‘ siren (sound signal); mermaid; Siren’ : Late Latin Sirena ‘ Siren’ , from Latin Siren, from Greek Seiren ‘ Siren’ , in Greek m ythology one o f a group o f creatures with the heads o f wom en and the bodies o f birds who lived on the southern coast o f Italy; they lured b y their sweet singing mariners who were sailing by to destruc­ tion against the rocks. In the Romance languages this creature was confused with another fabled creature, part woman and part fish — the mermaid. Greek Seiren (underlying meaning: ‘she who grasps or lures’ ) derives from Indo-European twery-en- ‘ grasper’ , from twer- ‘to grasp’ (see °cuarzo). Siria ‘ Syria (country; Arabic Suriyah)’ : Latin Syria (first century B.C.), from Greek Syria ‘ Syria’ , from syrioi (fifth century B.C.) ‘ Syrians, Assyrians’ , pos­ sibly from assyrioi ‘ Assyrians’ , plural o f assyrios (see °asirio). Sirio ‘ Sirius (brightest star in the sky)’ : Latin Sirius, from Greek Seirios ‘ Sirius’ , from seirios ‘ glowing, scorching’ , sirviente ‘servant’ : Latin servientem, accusa­ tive o f serviens (stem servient-) ‘serving’ ,, present participle o f servire ‘to serve’ (see °servir). °-sis ‘ process, action; quality, state; disease’ , as in análisis, elefantiasis, peristalsis, sín­ tesis, tuberculosis: Latin -sis ‘ process, action; quality, state’ , from Greek -sis ‘ process action; quality, state’ , a suffix forming feminine abstract nouns. Related

sob erb io

suffixes: -esis, -iasis, -osis. sísmico ‘seismic’ : Greek seísmos ‘ earthquake; shock’ , from seiein ‘to quake; to shake’ , from Indo-European tweis- ‘ to shake’ (source, likewise, o f Sanskrit tvis- ‘ to be aroused, be violently m oved’ and tvesa‘ violent’ ), from twei- ‘ to agitate, shake’ , sistema ‘system’ : Late Latin systerna ‘sys­ tem’ , from Greek systema ‘ system, a com ­ posite w hole’ , from synistánai ‘ to com ­ bine, bring together’ , from syn- ‘ together’ (see °sin-2) + histánai ‘ to place, cause to stand’ (see éxtasis, °estar). sístole ‘ systole’ : Greek systole ‘ contraction’, from systéllein ‘to contract, draw togeth­ er’ , from syn- ‘ together’ (see °sin-2) + stéllein ‘ to send, put’ (see diastole, ° in­ stalar). sitio ‘ place, site’ , probably from Latin situs ‘ place, position, site’, from situs, past participle o f sinere ‘ to place, put’ (see °poner). situar ‘ to place, locate, situate’ (situación ‘ state, position, situation’ ): Medieval Latin situare ‘ to put, place’, from Latin situs ‘ place’ (see sitio, °pon er). -so ‘acted upon’ , an ending o f adjectives, as in confuso, disperso, exten so, inmenso, sumiso: Latin -sus, an ending o f adjectives (as in immensus ‘ immense, unmeasur­ able’ ), from -sus, an ending o f past parti­ ciples (as in mensus ‘ measured’ , past participle o f metiri ‘ to measure’ ), by analogy with some past participles in -sus (as clausus ‘ closed’ ) from Indo-European -to-, a suffix forming verbal adjectives (see ado1), which became -sus in Latin (rather than -tus, as in altus: compare -to ', alto) when the preceding IndoEuropean stem ended in -t or -d (e.g., Indo-European klaud- gave Latin claudere ‘ to close’ , but klaud-tos gave Latin claussus and then clausus ‘ closed’ ), soberano ‘sovereign’ (soberanía ‘sovereign­ ty ’ ): Vulgar Latin *superanus ‘ ruler’ (underlying meaning: ‘ person who is above the others’ ), from Latin super ‘ above’ (see super-, °hiper-) + -anus, a noun suffix (see -ano2). soberbia ‘ pride’ : Latin superbia ‘ pride, haughtiness’ , from superbus ‘proud’ (see soberbio, super-, °hiper-, °futuro) + -ia ‘ condition, state’ (see -ia). soberbio ‘haughty’ : Latin superbus (-io by influence from soberbia) ‘ proud, haughty,

sobornar

superior’ , from Indo-European superbhw-o- ‘superior; being above’ , from super-, variant o f uper ‘ above’ (see super-, °hiper-), + -bhw-o- ‘ being’ , from -bhw-, a suffixal form o f bheu- ‘to b e’ (see °futu­ ro). sobornar ‘ to bribe’ (soborno ‘ bribe’ ): Latin subornare ‘ to furnish secretly, provide secretly’ , from sub- ‘ secretly, under’ (see sub-, °hipo-2) + omare ‘ to furnish’ (see ornar, °orden). sobrar ‘ to have in excess; to be left over’ (sobra ‘excess; leftover’ ): Latin superare ‘ to go over, rise above; to remain, be left over’ (see superar, super-, °hiper-). sobre (preposition) ‘on, above’ (sobre [noun] ‘envelope’ ): Latin super ‘ over, above’ (see super-, °hiper-). sobre- ‘ over, above, in addition’ , as in sobre­ cargo, sobrehumano, sobremesa, sobre­ natural, sobresalir: Latin super- ‘over’ (see super-, °hiper-). sobresalir ‘ to excel, stand ou t’ : sobre- ‘above’ (see sobre-, super-, °hiper-) + salir ‘ to go ou t’ (see °salir). “sobrino ‘ nephew’ : Latin sobrinus ‘ maternal cousin’ (later = ‘cousin; nephew’ ), literally = ‘o f sister’ , from Indo-European swesr-inos ‘ o f sister’ , from swesr- (from swesor ‘ sister’ ; source, likewise, o f Latin soror ‘sister’ and o f English sister. Related word: sor) + -inos ‘ o f ’ (see °-ino). sobrio ‘sober’ : Latin sobrius ‘sober, not drunk’ , from se- ‘ without’ (from se, sed ‘ self, oneself’ ; see s e ' , °suya) + ebrius ‘ drunk’ (see °ebrio). social ‘social’ : Latin socialis ‘ o f com panion­ ship’ , fro m socius ‘ com panion’ (see °socio) + -alis ‘ o f ’ (see °-al). sociedad ‘ society; com pany’ : Latin societatem, accusative o f societas (stem societat-) ‘ society, fellowship’ , from socie- (from socius ‘ com panion’ ; see °socio) + -tas ‘ quality, condition’ (see °-tad). socio ‘ partner’ : Latin socius ‘ companion, ally, associate’ , from Indo-European sokw -yo- ‘ follow er’, from sokw-, from sekw- ‘ to fo llo w ’ (see °seguir). socorrer ‘ to help, succor’ (socorro ‘ help’ ): Latin succurrere ‘ to help, run to help, run under’ , from sue- ‘ under’ (see sub-, °hipo-2) + currere ‘ to run’ (see °correr). sodio ‘ sodium’ : New Latin sodium ‘sodium ’ (first used in England, 1807), from En glish soda ‘sodium carbonate’ (from Medi­

492

eval Latin soda ‘ barilla’ [a plant which is burned to obtain so d a ])+ New Latin -ium ‘ element’ (see -io). sofá ‘ sofa’ : French sofa ‘ sofa’ , from Arabic suffah ‘ long bench’ . S ofia ‘ Sofia (capital o f Bulgaria; Bulgarian S ofiya )’ : Medieval Latin Sofia, Sophia (1 376), a name that came into use for the ' city in the fourteenth century (d ocu ­ mented in Bulgarian in 1329), when its Church o f Saint Sophia (Bulgarian Sveta Sofiya) was remodeled (it had been built around A.D. 565 and reconstructed from 1018 to 1186, and again restored several times after the fourteenth century). In the sixth century, the church’s name was [in Greek] Hágia Sophia, literally = ‘ Sacred Wisdom’ — like that o f a church in Constantinople (built from 532 to 537) which was dedicated to Divine Wis­ dom from which derive the three theolog­ ical virtues o f Christian ethics (faith, hope, and charity). Later (in the case o f both churches) the name was interpreted as ‘ Saint Sophia’ (Greek hágia = ‘sacred, saint’ ; sophia = ‘wisdom ’ but was also used as a girl’s name already around 556), and a legend originated about a Sophia who was the mother o f three girls called, respectively (in Greek), Pistis (= ‘ Faith’ ), Elpis (= ‘ H ope’ ) and Agápé (= ‘ Charity, L ove’ ), and was martyred with her three daughters around A.D. 150. For Greek sophia, see °filósofo. sofocar ‘ to suffocate’ : Latin suffocare ‘to choke, stifle’ , from suf- ‘ under, dow n’ (see sub-, °hipo-2) + faces, fauces ‘throat’ (see °fauces) + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). soga ‘rope’ : Late Latin soca ‘rop e’ . soja ‘soya, soybean’ , see soya. sojuzgar ‘ to subjugate’ : Latin subjugare ‘to subjugate’ (see subyugar, sub-, °hipo-2, °yugo). The -z- is due to influence o f juzgar. "sol 1 ‘sun’ : Latin sol ‘sun’ , from IndoEuropean sáwel- ‘ the sun’ . Related words: afelio, girasol, perihelio, s o l2, solanáceas, sola r', solsticio, sud-, Sudáfrica, sur: pos­ sibly: Suárez. sol 2 ‘sol (monetary unit, Peru)’ (1 874): sol ‘ sun’ (see °so l'). The sun is depicted in Peru’s coat o f arms (and on its currency) to recall the sun god o f the Incas. sol3 ‘ sol (musical ton e)’ : Medieval Latin sol

493

‘sol’ (see do). solanáceas ‘ Solanaeeae’ (solanácea ‘ plant o f the family Solanaeeae’ ): New Latin Solanaceae ‘ Solanaeeae’ , from Solatium, type genus o f Solanaeeae (from Latin solanum ‘ nightshade’ , from sol ‘sun’ [see “s o /1] + -anum, neuter o f -anus, a noun suffix [see -ano2]), + -aceae ‘ plants belonging to a (specified) taxonom ic group’ , from Latin -aceae, feminine plural o f -aceus ‘o f, con ­ nected with’ (see -áceo, °-eo 2). solar 1 ‘ solar’ : Latin solans ‘solar, o f the sun’ , from sol ‘ sun’ (see “s o l1) + -aris ‘ o f ’ (see -ar2). solar 2 ‘ lot, p lo t’ : sol-, base o í suelo ‘ground; soil’ (see suelo, °sala), + -ar ‘o f ’ (see -ar2). °solaz ‘solace’ : Old Provencal solatz, from Latin solacium, solatium ‘solace’ , from solari ‘ to console’ , from Indo-European sol-d- ‘ to cheer, com fort’ , from sol-, from sel- ‘ cheerful’ . Related words: consolar, consuelo. soldado ‘soldier’ : Old Spanish soldado ‘ mer­ cenary’ , from soldado ‘ paid’ (or transla­ tion o f Old Italian soldato ‘ mercenary’ , from soldato ‘ paid’ , past participle o f soldare ‘ to pay’ , from soldo, thirteenthcentury Italian coin, from Late Latin soldus [see below in this en try ]), past participle o f soldar ‘ to pay’ , from sold-, base o f sueldo ‘ pay’ , from sueldo, a Castilian coin o f the Middle Ages, from Late Latin soldus, solidus, an ancient Roman gold coin (fourth century o f the Christian era; used until the fifteenth century), from Latin solidus ‘solid’ (see ° sólido). soldar ‘ to solder’ : Latin solidare ‘to make solid, join together’ , from solidus ‘solid’ (see °sólido) + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-ar! ). soledad ‘ solitude’ : Latin solitatem, accusative o f sólitas (stem solitat-) ‘solitude, aloneness’ , from solus ‘ alone’ (see °soZo) + -itas ‘ quality, condition, state’ (see ridad, °-tad). solemne ‘solem n’ : Latin solemnis (also sollemnis, sollennis, solennis) ‘ regularly established, appointed, stated, festive, solemn, religious, (o f religious rites) cele­ brated at fixed dates’ , from Indo-Europe­ an sollo- ‘w hole’ (from sol- ‘ w hole’ ; see °sólido) + a second element which may be akin to Latin annus ‘ year’ (see “año; co m ­ pare perenne).

solsticio

“soler ‘ to be in the habit, be accustomed; to be frequent’ : Latin solere ‘ to be accus­ tom ed, use’ . Probably related word: inso­ lente. solfeo ‘solmization’ : solfear ‘to solmizate’ (influenced by Italian solfeggio ‘ solmiza­ tion’ , from solfa ‘solmization’ [see below in this en try ]), from solfa ‘solmization’ , from sol ‘ sol (musical ton e)’ (see s o l3, d o) + fa ‘ fa (musical ton e)’ (see fa, do). solferino ‘ magenta, solferino’ , from Solferino ‘ Solferino (village, northern Italy)’ , from the dye having been discovered in the year o f the Battle o f Solferino (1859). solicitar ‘ to request’ : Latin sollicitare ‘to urge, invite, entreat; to disturb, agitate’ , from sollicitus ‘ anxious, troubled, thor­ oughly moved, agitated’, from sollus ‘whole, entire’ (from Indo-European sollo-, from sol- ‘w hole’ ; see °sólido) + citus, past participle o f cire, ciere ‘ to set in m otion, m ove’ (see °citar). solicitud ‘ diligence, attentive care; applica­ tion (for employment or admission)’ : Latin sollicitudo ‘ attentive care’, from sollicitus ‘anxious’ (see solicitar, °sólido, °citar) + -tudo ‘state, condition, quality’ (see °-tud). The meaning ‘ application’ comes from Spanish solicitar ‘ to request’ , “sólido ‘solid’ : Latin solidus ‘solid, whole’ , from Indo-European sol-ido-, from sol‘ w hole’ . Related words: católico, holo­ causto, salud, saludar, salva, Salvador (El), salvar, salvia, San Salvador, soldado, soldar, solem ne, solicitar, solicitud, suel­ d o: probably: saldar. solitario ‘ lonely, solitary’ : Latin solitarius ‘solitary’ , from sólitas ‘ aloneness’ (see soledad, °solo) + -arius ‘ of, connected with’ (see °-ario*). “solo ‘alone’ (sólo ‘ on ly’ ): Latin solus ‘ alone, by oneself’ , perhaps ultimately from Indo-European seu- ‘ oneself’ (see “suya). Related words: desolar, soledad, solitario. solom illo ‘sirloin; short loin’ : solom o ‘sir­ loin’ , from so ‘ under’ (from Latin sub ‘ under’ ; see sub-, °hipo-2) + lom o ‘ loin’ (see °lom o). solsticio ‘ solstice’ : Latin solstitium ‘solstice’, literally = ‘a standing o f the sun’ (because at the solstice the sun seems to be standing still in its apparent northward [or south­ ward] m otion), from sol ‘sun’ (s e e "s o l1) + -stitium ‘ a stoppage, a standing’, from Indo-European st-ti- ‘a standing still’ (see

soltar

estación, establecer, °estar). soltar ‘ to loosen, let g o’ : Vulgar Latin *soltare ‘ to loosen’ , from soltus ‘loose’ (see suelto, "resolver) + Latin -are, an infinitive ending (see °-ar‘ ). soltero ‘ unmarried’ : soltero ‘loose, free’, from solt-, base o f suelto ‘ loose’ (see suelto, "resolver). solución ‘solution’ : Latinsolutionem , accusa­ tive o f solutio (stem solution-) ‘ solution, a loosening, a solving’, from solutus ‘ loosened, solved, dissolved’ (from soluere ‘ to loosen’ ; see suelto, °resolver) + -io ‘ act o f ’ (see °-ión). “sollozar ‘ to sob ’ : Vulgar Latin suggluttiare, from Late Latin singultiare ‘ to sob ’ (in­ fluenced by Latin gluttire ‘ to swallow’ ), from Latin singultus ‘ a sob’ , perhaps from singuli ‘single, separate’ (underlying mean­ ing: ‘weeping with separate sounds’ ). Related w ord: sollozo. sollozo ‘ sob ’ : Vulgar Latin sugglutium ‘sob ’ , from suggluttiare ‘to sob ’ (see "sollozar). Somalia ‘ Somalia (country; Somali Sdmaliya)’ : Italian Somalia ‘ Somalia’ , from Somalo ‘ Somali’ (from Somali Somali [noun, singular], Som ali [plural] ‘ Somali (a people who speak an East Cushitic language, who occupied the northern part o f present Somalia between the eleventh and the fifteenth centuries, and who in the fourteenth century began to expand southward)’ , o f disputed origin) + -ia ‘ area’ , from Latin -ia ‘ area’ (see -ia). somático ‘somatic’ : Greek sdmatikós ‘ o f the b o d y ’ from somat-, stem o f soma ‘ b o d y ’ (from Indo-European two-mn ‘ thick shape, swollen shape’ , from two-, variant o f feu- ‘ to swell’ ; see "tum or), + -ikós ‘ o f ’ (see "-ico1). “sombra ‘shade, shadow’ , probably from sombrar ‘ to shade’ , from Vulgar Latin *subumbrare ‘to shade’ (source, likewise, o f Old French som bre ‘shade’, which in turn is the source o f French som bre [ad­ jective] ‘ dark’ ), from Latin sub- ‘ under’ (see sub-, "hipo-1) + umbrare ‘ to shade’, from umbra ‘shade, shadow’ , from IndoEuropean ondh-ro- ‘shade, shadow’, from ondh-, variant o f andho- ‘blind; dark’ . Related words: asombrar, penumbra, som brero, sombrilla, som brío, umbela. Spanish sombra may have derived from Latin umbra tw o other ways: either through *ombra, the plural las ombras

49 4

having been interpreted as las sombras and then the s- communicated to the singular by analogy, or the s- may be due to the influence o f sol ‘sun’ in frequent phrases with both words, as sol y sombra. sombrero ‘ hat’ : sombra ‘shade’ (see "sombra) + -ero ‘serving fo r’ (see -ero1). sombrilla ‘ parasol, umbrella’ : French ombrelle ‘ parasol, umbrella’ (influenced by Spanish sombra ‘shade’ ), from Italian ombrella (also om brello) ‘ parasol, umbrel­ la’ , from ombrella, diminutive o f ombra ‘shade’ , from Latin umbra ‘shade’ (see "sombra). som brío ‘ somber; dark’ : sombra ‘shade’ (see "sombra) + -io ‘ o f, related t o ’ (see -io). somero ‘superficial’ : obsolete som o ‘ to p ’ (underlying meaning: ‘o f the top, at the to p ’ ), from Latin summus ‘highest, top ­ m ost’ (see sumo, "hiper-). For Spanish -ero ‘ o f, connected with’, see -ero1. someter ‘ to subject; to submit’ : Latin summ ittere, submittere ‘ to place under’ , from sum-, sub- ‘ under’ (see sub-, "hipo-1) + mittere ‘ to send, throw ’ (see "meter). son ‘ pleasant sound’, probably from Old Pro­ venga! son ‘song’ (see son eto, "sonar). sonámbulo ‘ sleepwalker, somnambulist’ : New Latin somnambulus ‘sleepwalker’ (in French, somnambule, 1690), from Latin somnus ‘ sleep’ (see "sueño1) + -ambulus ‘ -walker’ (see funámbulo, "ambulancia, "ambiente). “sonar ‘ to sound; to blow on e’s nose’ : Latin sonare ‘ to sound’ , from Indo-European swen-á-, from swen- ‘to sound’ . Related words: consonante, resonar, son, sonata, son eto, sonido, sonoro. sonata ‘sonata’ : Italian sonata ‘sonata’ , from sonata, feminine o f sonato ‘sounded’ , past participle o f sonare ‘ to sound’, from Latin sonare ‘ to sound’ (see "sonar). sondear ‘ to sound, fathom ’ : French sonder ‘ to sound, fathom ’ , from sonde ‘ sounding line; act o f sounding’ , probably from Old English sund- (as in sundgyrd ‘sounding rod ’ , sundrap ‘ sounding lead’ ), from sund ‘sea; swimming’ , o f Germanic origin. For Spanish -ear, see -ear. soneto ‘ sonnet’ : Italian son etto ‘sonnet’, from Old Provenga! son et ‘ sonnet’ , literal­ ly = ‘ little song’ , diminutive o f son ‘song; sound’ , from Latin sonus ‘sound’ , from Indo-European swon-o- ‘sound’ , from swon-, from swen- ‘ to sound’ (see "sonar).

495 sonido ‘ sound’ : Latin sonitus ‘ noise, sound’ , from Old Latin sonitus, past participle o f sonere ‘ to sound’ , from Indo-European swen- ‘ to sound’ (see “sonar). sonoro ‘sonorous’ : Latinsonorus ‘sonorous’ , from sonor ‘ sound’ , from sonare ‘to sound’ (see “sonar). sonreír ‘ to smile’ : Latin surridere, subridere ‘ to smile’ , from sur-, sub- ‘a little’ (see sub-, “hipo-2) + ridere ‘ to laugh’ (see “reír). sonrisa ‘smile’ : sonreír ‘ to smile’ (see sonreír, sub-, “hipo-2, “reír), influenced b y the correspondence o f reír ‘ to laugh’ and risa ‘ laughter’ . sonrojo ‘ blush’ : sonrojar ‘to blush’ (underly­ ing meaning: ‘ to becom e a little red (in the face)’ ), from obsolete son- ‘ under; a little’ (from Latin sub- ‘under; a little’ ; see sub-, “hipo-2) + rojo ‘red’ (see “rojo) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). sonrosado ‘ pink’ : sonrosar ‘ to give or have a pink color’ , from obsolete son- ‘ under; a little’ (see sonrojo, sub-, “hipo-2) + rosa ‘pink’ (from rosa ‘rose’ ; see “rosa) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). sonsacar ‘ to draw o ff; to entice away’ : obso­ lete sosacar (underlying meaning: ‘ to take from under or underhandedly’ ), from so‘ under’ (from Latin sub- ‘ under’ ; see sub-, “hipo-2) + sacar ‘ to take o u t’ (see sacar, “sagaz). soñar ‘ to dream’ : Latin somniare ‘to dream’ , from somnium ‘ a dream’ (see sueño2, “su eñ o1) + -are, an infinitive ending (see “-ar1). sopa ‘ soup’ , ultimately from Germanic siip‘ to drink, sip’ (source, likewise, o f Old High German süfan ‘ to drink, sip’ ), from Indo-European süb-, from seu- ‘ to suck, sip’ (see “suculento). sopapo ‘ blow under the chin; slap (in the face)’ : so ‘under; from under’ (from Latin sub ‘ under; from under’ ; see sub-, “hipo-2) + papo ‘ double chin; gizzard’, from papa ‘ fo o d ’ , from Latin pappa ‘ fo o d (baby talk)’ (see empapar, “pacer). soplar ‘ to b low ’ (soplo ‘a blowing’ ): Vulgar Latin supplare, from Latin sufflare ‘ to b low ’ (see resollar, sub-, “hipo-2, “inflar). sopor ‘sopor’ : Latin sopor ‘ deep sleep’ , from Indo-European swep-os- ‘sleep’ , from swep- ‘ to sleep’ (see “sueño1) + -os-, a suf­ fix forming nouns from verbs (see “-o r 1). soportar ‘ to bear, endure; to bear, support’ :

sorprender

Late Latin supportare ‘ to bear, endure’ , from Latin supportare ‘ to bear, carry, convey’ , from sup- ‘ up; toward’ (see sub-, “hipo-2) + portare ‘ to carry’ (see portarse, “p eron é). soprano ‘soprano’ : Italian soprano (noun) ‘soprano (highest natural human voice, and singer having such a voice)’ , from obsolete soprano (adjective) ‘ high’ , from sopra ‘ above’ (from Latin supra ‘ above; beyon d’ , from Indo-European supra, variant o f upra ‘ above’ , from uper ‘ over’ ; see “hiper-) + -ano ‘o f ’ , from Latin -anu‘ o f ’ (see “-ano1). sor ‘sister (preceding a feminine given name)’ : Catalan sor ‘sister (preceding a feminine given name)’ , from Latin soror ‘sister’ , from Indo-European suiesor- ‘sister’ (see “sobrino). sorbete ‘sherbet’ : Italian sorbetto ‘sherbet’ (probably influenced by Italian sorbire ‘ to sip’ ), from Turkish serbet ‘ sherbet’ , from Persian sharbat ‘sherbet’ , from Arabic sharbah ‘ drink’ , from shariba ‘ to drink’ (see “jarabe1). “sorbo ‘ sip’ : sorber ‘ to suck’ , from Latin sorbere ‘ to suck up’ , from Indo-European srbh-, from srebh- ‘to suck, absorb’ . Related words: absorber, absorto. sórdido ‘ sordid’ : Latin sordidus ‘sordid, filthy’ , from sordere ‘to be filthy’ , from Indo-European sword- ‘ black; filthy’ (source, likewise, o f Old High German swarz ‘ black’ , whence German schwarz). sordo ‘ deaf’ : Latin surdus ‘ deaf, dullsounding, silent, mute’ , possibly from Indo-European sur- ‘ dull-sounding’ , from swer- ‘ to whisper’ (see “susurrar). sorgo ‘ sorghum’ : Italian sorgo ‘sorghum’ , from Vulgar Latin *suricu (granu) ‘ sorghum, Syrian (grain)’ , from Latin syricum, neuter o f syricus ‘ Syrian’ , from Syria ‘ Syria’ (see Siria, “asirio) + -icus ‘ o f ’ (see °-ico2). soroche ‘ (South America) mountain sickness, soroche’ : Quechua surúchi ‘ mountain sick­ ness’ , from surúchi ‘ antim ony’ , from the fact that the sickness was held to be due to the presence o f antimony in the Andes. sorprender ‘ to surprise’ : French surprendre ‘ to surprise’ , from Old French surprendre ‘ to surprise; to overtake’ , from sur- ‘over’ (from Latin super- ‘ over’ ; see super-, “hiper-) + prendre ‘ to take’ , from Latin prendere ‘ to seize’ (see “prender).

sorpresa

sorpresa ‘surprise’ : French surprise ‘surprise’ , from surprise, feminine o f surpris, past participle o f surprendre ‘ to surprise’ (see sorprender, super-, °hiper-, °prender). sorteo ‘ a drawing (lots)’ : Latin sort-, stem o f sors ‘ lot, decision by lot; chance, fortune’ , from Indo-European sr-ti- ‘a lining up’ , from sr- (from ser- to lin eu p ’ ; se e ° serie) + -ti-, a verbal-abstract suffix (see °mortal). sortija ‘ring’ : Vulgar Latin sorticula ‘ring used for casting lots; magic ring’, from Latin sorticula ‘ a little lo t’ (diminutive o f sors ‘ lo t’ ), from sort-, stem o f sors (see sorteo, °serie), + -icula ‘ little on e’ (see -icula). sosegar ‘ to calm’ (sosegado ‘ quiet’ , sosiego ‘ calm’ ): obsolete sesegar, sessegar ‘ to calm’ , from Vulgar Latin *sessicare ‘ to cause to sit, cause to be at rest’ , from Latin sessus, past participle o f sedere ‘ to sit’ (see °sedim ento). soso ‘ insipid’ : obsolete *ensoso (compare Portuguese ensdsso ‘ insipid’ ), from Latin insulsus ‘ insipid’ , literally = ‘ not salted’, from in- ‘ not’ (see in-2, °n o) + -sulsus, from salsus ‘ salted’ , past participle o f salere ‘to salt’ , from sal ‘salt’ (see °sal). sospecha ‘suspicion’ , back-formation from sospechar (see sospechar, °espejo). sospechar ‘ to suspect’ : Latin suspectare (in­ tensive o f suspicere), from suspectus, past participle o f suspicere ‘to look up at, regard with awe, watch, suspect’ , from su‘ from under, up’ (see sub-, °hipo-2) + spicere, specere ‘ to look at’ (see °espejo). sostener ‘ to support; to sustain’ : Latin sus ti­ ñere ‘ to sustain, hold up’ , from sus- ‘ up from under’ (see sub-, °hipo-2) + -tiñere, from tenere ‘to hold’ (see °tener). sota (feminine) ‘jack (playing card)’ : sota (masculine) ‘subordinate’ , from obsolete sota- ‘ under-, assistant’ (as in obsolete sotaalcaide, sotacochero, sotam ontero), from Catalan sota- ‘ under-’ (as in sota­ barba ‘ double chin’ , sotascriure ‘to sub­ scribe’ , sotasignat ‘ undersigned’ ; see Sota­ vento, °hipo-2). The jack o f cards was called ‘subordinate’ in relation to the knight and the king (in Spanish cards, in ascending order: sota, caballo y rey, co m ­ pare, in Neapolitan cards, fante, cavallo e re). sotana ‘ cassock’ : Italian sottana (noun) ‘ cassock’ (also = ‘skirt’ ), originally = ‘garment worn beneath’ , from obsolete

496

Italian sottana, feminine o f sottano (ad­ jective) ‘ placed beneath’ , from Medieval Latin subtanus Tower, under’ , from Latin subtus ‘ below, under, beneath’ (see sóta­ no, sub-, °hipo-2) + -anus ‘o f ’ (see °-ono‘ ). sótano ‘ cellar, basement’ : obsolete sótalo ‘ basement’ , from Vulgar Latin *subtulu •or *subtulus, from Latin subtus ‘ below, under’ , from sub ‘ under’ (see sub-, °hipo-2). Sotavento (Islas de) ‘ the Leeward Islands (in the Spanish meaning o f the term, i.e. com ­ prising Aruba, Curasao, Bonaire, and several Venezuelan islands)’, so named because these islands were supposed to be less exposed to the prevailing winds (the northeast trade winds) than the adjacent Islas de Barlovento ‘Windward Islands (in the Spanish meaning o f the term )’ (co m ­ pare Barlovento). The word sotavento ‘ leeward (n ou n )’ derives from Catalan sotavent ‘ leeward’, from sota- ‘ under’ (from sota ‘ under’ [preposition], from Vulgar Latin subta ‘ under’ for Classical Latin subter ‘ under; below ; secretly’ [ad­ verb and preposition ], from Indo-Europe­ an sup-ter, from (s)u p -, variant o f upo ‘ under’ [see °hipo-2] ) + vent ‘wind’ , from Latin ventus (see °viento). soviet ‘ soviet’ (soviético ‘ Soviet’ ): Russian sovet (pronounced sovyét) ‘ council; legis­ lative assembly’ , from Old Russian süvetii ‘ advice; council, assembly’ , translation o f Greek symboúlion ‘ council, assembly’ (from sym- ‘ together, with’ + boule ‘ coun­ cil’ ), from sil- ‘ together, with’ (from IndoEuropean sm-, fr o m sem- ‘ on e’ ; see°sim il) + vetu. ‘ council’, from Indo-European woito- ‘ a speaking’ , from weit- ‘ to speak’ (compare Russian otv et ‘answer’ , privet ‘ greeting’ , zavet ‘ precept’ ). soya, soja ‘soya, soybean’ : Dutch soja (for both Spanish form s) ‘soy sauce; soybean’ (or, for the form soya, English soya ‘soy­ bean’ , from Dutch soja), from Japanese shdyu ‘soy sauce’ , from regional Chinese (Cantonese) shi-yaü (Northern Chinese jiang-you, literally = ‘ sauce o il’ , from jiang ‘sauce; soybean sauce’ + you ‘ oil, fat’ ). spaghetti ‘spaghetti’ , see espagueti. Sri Lanka ‘ Sri Lanka (country; Sinhalese Shri Lanka, Tamil Ilahkai)’ : Sinhalese Shri Lanka, from Shri, an honorific used with names o f places and persons (from

497

Sanskrit sri ‘ majesty, beauty, power’ [from Indo-European krei-, perhaps = ‘to shine, excel’ ], akin to ¿rila ‘ beautiful’ , to its superlative srestha ‘ best, most beauti­ fu l’ , and to Greek kreion ‘ noble, master’ ), + Lanka ‘ Sri Lanka’ , from Sanskrit Lanka (300 B.C.) ‘ Sri Lanka (the island); chief town on Sri Lanka’ (although the Sanskrit Lanka may stand for another island). -stán ‘ place, land’ , as in Afganistán, Indostán, Kazajstán, Pakistán, Turkestán: Persian -stán ‘ place, land’ , from Old Persian stána ‘ place’ , from Indo-European stá- ‘to stand’ (see °estar). su ‘ her, his, its, their’ (used with feminine or masculine gender possessions): Old Span­ ish su ‘ his, her 'generally used with feminine gender possessions)’ , from sue ‘ his, her’ (possessive adjective, used with feminine gender possessions), which lost the second syllable when unstressed in the phrase (i.e., before a noun), from sua (possessive pronoun), from Latin suam, accusative o f sua, feminine o f suus ‘ his, hers’ (see °suya); Spanish su, when used with masculine gender possessions (Old Spanish so), is form ed on the analogy o f the feminine (compare mi ’ , tu). Suarez, family name: obsolete Suarez, a patronymic, literally = ‘Suero’s son; Suero’s daughter’ , from Suero, masculine given name — 1409 — (from Medieval Latin Suerius [also Suarius], masculine given name, probably from Late Latin suerius [also su eor] ‘shoemaker, cobbler’ , from Latin sutor ‘ shoemaker, cobbler’ , from sutus, past participle o f suere ‘ to sew’ [see °sutura], or possibly from a Germanic name meaning ‘ Southern A rm y’ , with a first element akin to Old High German sund- ‘ south’ [from Ger­ manic sunthaz ‘south’ ; see sud-, °soi] and a second element akin to Gothic harjis ‘ host’ and to Old High German heri ‘ army’ , both from Germanic harjaz ‘ army’ [see °A rm a n d o]), + -ez ‘son o f; daughter o f ’ , a patronymic suffix (see -ez2). “suave ‘ soft’ : Latin suavis ‘ pleasant, sweet’ , from Indo-European swád-wi-, from swád‘ sweet, pleasant’ . Related words: disuadir, persuadir. sub- ‘ under; from under’ , as in subcomisión, submarino, subrayar, subsecretario: Latin sub- ‘ under, below ; from under; near; down; after; a little; secretly; up; toward;

subjuntivo

in addition’ (sue- or sus- before c, sufbefore f , sug- before g , sum- before m, sup- or sus- before p , sur- before r, subefore sp, sus- or sub- before t), from sub ‘ under; from under’ , from Indo-European (s)u p -, variant o f upo ‘ under’ (see °hipo-2). subalterno (noun and adjective) ‘subordinate, subaltern’ : Late Latin subalternus (adjec­ tive) ‘ subordinate, lower in position or status’ , from Latin sub- ‘b elow ’ (see sub-, °hipo-2) + alternus ‘alternate’ (see alternar, otro, ° e l ' , °vuestro). subasta ‘ auction’ : Latin sub hasta (vendere) ‘ (to sell) under the spear’ (first century B.C.), from the custom o f sticking a spear in the ground to mark the place o f a public auction (the spear was originally sym bolic o f the fact that what was sold there was b o o ty gained in battle), from sub ‘ under’ (see sub-, °hipo-2) + hasta ‘ spear’ (see °asta). Latin sub hasta vendere is also the source o f Italian vendere all ’asta ‘ to auction’ . súbdito (noun and adjective) ‘subject’ : Late Latin subditus (adjective) ‘subject’ , from Latin subditus, past participle o f subdere ‘ to subject, subdue, place under’, from sub- ‘ under’ (see sub-, °hipo-2) + -dere, from dare ‘ to place, put’ (see °dar). subir ‘ to go up’ : Latin subiré ‘to com e or go up to, com e from under’, from sub‘ from under’ (see sub-, °hipo-2) + ire ‘ to g o’ (see °ir). súbito ‘sudden’ : Latin subitus ‘sudden, unex­ pected’, from subitus, past participle o f subiré ‘ to com e up, occur unexpectedly, approach secretly, com e from under’ (see subir, sub-, °hipo-2,°ir). subjetivo ‘subjective, personal’ : Late Latin subjectivus ‘o f a grammatical subject’, from Latin subjectum ‘ grammatical sub­ ject; foundation’ (translation o f Greek h ypokeim enon ‘ grammatical subject; foundation; that which lies underneath’ ), from subjectum , neuter o f subjectus ‘ brought under, lying under’ , past partici­ ple o f subjicere, subicere ‘ to bring under, throw under’ (from sub- ‘ under’ [see sub-, °hipo-2] + -jicere, -icere, from j ace re ‘to throw’ [see °echar\). For Latin -ivus ‘ per­ forming, tending toward’ , see °-ivo. subjuntivo ‘ subjunctive’ : Late Latin subjunctivus ‘subjunctive, o f subordination, o f subordinate clauses’ (translation o f Greek hypotaktikós ‘subjunctive; subordinate,

sublevar

o f subordination’ ), from Latin subjunctus, past participle o f subjungere ‘to add at the end’ (from sub- ‘in addition’ [see sub-, °hipo-2] + jungere ‘ to bring together, join ’ [see ju n to, °y u g o ]), + -ivus ‘per­ forming’ (see °-ivo). sublevar ‘to revolt, rebel, rise against’ : Latin sublevare ‘ to raise up, hold up, lift up from beneath’ , from sub- ‘ from under’ (see sub-, °hipo-2) + levare ‘to raise’ (see levantar, °leve). sublime ‘ sublime’ : Latin sublimis ‘sublime, uplifted, high’ , from sub- ‘ up’ (see sub-, °hipo-2) + -limis, from limen (stem limin-) ‘threshold’ (see eliminar, °lim ite). subordinar ‘ to subordinate’ : Medieval Latin subordinare ‘ to subordinate, place in a lower order’ , from Latin sub- ‘ below ’ (see sub-, °hipo-2) + ordinare ‘ to put in order’ (see ordenar, °orden, °-ar'). subrepción ‘stealthy act; subreption’ : Late Latin subreptionem, accusative o f subreptio (stem subreption-) ‘stealthy act; subreption’ , from Latin subreptio ‘ act o f stealing’ , from subreptus, past participle o f subrepere ‘to creep under’ , from sub‘ under’ (see sub-, °hipo-2) + repere ‘ to creep’ (see °reptil). subscribir, suscribir ‘to subscribe’ : Latin sub­ s c r ib e r ‘to subscribe, write (on e’s name) underneath’ , from sub- ‘ under’ (see sub-, °hipo-2) + scribere ‘ to write’ (see °escribir). subsidio ‘subsidy’ : Latin subsidium ‘support, help’, from subsidium ‘reserve troops’, from subsidere ‘to sit down, remain, be placed in reserve’, from sub- ‘down; under’ (see sub-, °hipo-2) + -sidere, from sedere ‘to sit’ (see °sedim ento). subsistir ‘ to subsist’ : Late Latin subsistere ‘ to stay alive, exist, be’ , from Latin sub­ sistere ‘ to remain standing, stand up, stand still’, from sub- ‘ up, from b elow ’ (see sub-, °hipo-2) + sistere ‘ to stand, cause to stand’ (see asistir, °estar). substancia, sustancia ‘substance’ : Latin sub­ stantia (translation o f Greek hypostasis ‘substance; a standing under’ ), from substant-, stem o f substans, present participle o f substare ‘ to be present, stand up, stand under’ , from sub- ‘ from below, up; under’ (see sub-, °hipo-2) + stare ‘ to stand’ (see °estar). substantivo, sustantivo ‘ noun, substantive’ : Medieval Latin substantivum ‘ noun’ , from Late Latin substantivum, neuter o f sub-

498

stantivus (adjective) ‘substantive, selfexistent’ , from Latin substantia ‘sub­ stance, thing that exists’ (see substancia, sub-, °hipo-2, °estar) + -ivus ‘tending to ­ ward’ (see °-ivo). substituir, sustituir ‘to substitute’ : Latin substituere ‘ to substitute, put in the place o f, put under’ , from sub- ‘in place of, under’ (see sub-, °hipo-2) + -stituere, from statuere ‘ to set up’ (see estatua, °estar). Note: sentences with substituir are con ­ structed differently from English: Substi­ tuir A p o r B should be translated ‘To substitute B for A ’ . subterfugio ‘subterfuge’ : Late Latin subterfugium ‘ subterfuge’ , from Latin subterfugere ‘ to flee secretly’ , from subter‘ secretly’ (from subter [adverb and pre­ position] ‘ under; secretly’, from IndoEuropean sup-ter-, from (s)up-, variant o f upo ‘ under’ ; see °hipo-2) + fugere ‘ to flee’ (see huir, °fuga). subterráneo ‘subterranean’ : Latin subterraneus ‘ underground, subterranean’ , from sub- ‘ under’ (see sub-, °hipo-2) + -terraneus, from terra ‘ ground, earth, land’ (see °tierra) + -aneus ‘ o f ’ (see -áneo). subyugar ‘ to subjugate’ : Latin subjugare ‘to subjugate, place under a y o k e ’ , from sub‘ under’ (see sub-, °hipo-2) + jugare ‘to y o k e ’, from jugum ‘ y o k e ’ (see °yu go) + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-arI). succión ‘suction’ : Late Latin suctionem, accusative o f suctio (stem suction-) ‘ suction, act o f sucking’ , from suctus, past participle o f sugere ‘to suck’ , from Indo-European süg-, from seu- ‘to suck’ (see °suculento). sucedáneo (noun and adjective) ‘substitute, succedaneum’ : Latin succedaneus (adjec­ tive) ‘substituted’ (underlying meaning: ‘ follow ing’ ), from succedere ‘ to succeed, fo llo w ’ (see suceder, sub-, °hipo-2, °ceder) + -aneus ‘ o f ’ (see -áneo). suceder ‘ to happen; to succeed, follow ’ : Latin succedere ‘ to go or com e after, fo l­ low closely, fo llo w ’ , from sue- ‘ after, next to, toward’ (see sub-, °hipo-2) + cedere ‘ to go’ (see °ceder). sucesivo ‘successive’ : Medieval Latin successivus ‘successive’ , from Latin successus, past participle o f succedere ‘ to fo llo w ’ (see suceder, sub-, °hipo-2, °ceder), + -ivus ‘ tending toward’ (see °-ivo). suceso ‘ event’ : Latin successus ‘something

499

that ensues, ou tcom e’ , from successus, past participle o f succedere ‘to follow , ensue’ (see suceder, sub-, "hipo-2, °ceder). sucinto ‘succinct’ : Latin succinctus ‘ concise; girded’ , from succinctus, past participle o f succingere ‘ to gird below, gird about’ , from sue- ‘ below ’ (see sub-, "hipo-2) + cingere ‘ to gird’ (see °ceñir). sucio ‘ dirty’ : Latin sucidus ‘wet (applied to w o o l); ju icy ’ , from sucus ‘juice’ (see °suculento). °Sucre ‘ Sucre (city, Bolivia)’ , a name given it (in 1839 or 1840) in honor o f A ntonio José de Sucre (1795—1830), Bolivia’s first president (1826—1828). His family name is o f uncertain origin (perhaps from Catalan sucre ‘sugar’ ). Related word: sucre. sucre ‘sucre (monetary unit, Ecuador)’ (1881), so called for A ntonio José de Sucre, a leader in South America’s struggle for independence from Spain (see "Sucre). “suculento ‘ succulent’ : Latin suculentus, succulentus ‘ju icy’ , from sucus, succus ‘juice, sap’ , from Indo-European sük- ‘ to suck’ , variant o f süg-, from seu- ‘ to suck, sip’ . Related words: enjuto, ensuciar, jugo, sanguijuela, sopa, succión, sucio. For Latin -ulentus ‘abounding in’ , see °-ulento. sucumbir ‘ to succum b’ : French succom ber ‘ to succum b’ , from Latin succumbere ‘to fall down, yield, lie down under’ , from sue- ‘ under’ (see sub-, "hipo-2) + -cumbere ‘ to lie dow n’ (see incumbir, °copa). sucursal ‘ branch (o f organization)’ : French succursale (noun) ‘ branch (o f organiza­ tion )’ , from Old French succursale, fem i­ nine o f succursal (adjective) ‘subsidiary, auxiliary’ , from Medieval Latin succursus ‘ help, assistance’ , from Latin succursus, past participle o f succurrere ‘ to help’ (see socorrer, sub-, 0hipo-2, ° correr). sud- ‘ south’ , as in Sudáfrica, sudamericano, sudeste, sudsudoeste: French sud ‘south’ , from Old English süth ‘south’ , from Germanic sunthaz ‘south’ (underlying meaning: ‘toward the sun, sun-side, the sunny region’ ), from Indo-European sun-, swen-, variants o f sdwel- ‘ the sun’ (see "s o l1). Sudáfrica ‘ South Africa (country; Afrikaans Suid-Afrika)’ : sud- ‘south’ (see sud-, "so l1) + Africa ‘ Africa’ (see "Africa).

sueno

Sudán ‘ Sudan (country; Arabic As-SHdan)’, shortening o f Arabic Bildd as-Südán (docum ented from the eighth century o f the Christian era), literally = ‘ Country ofthe Blacks’, from bildd (also balad) ‘coun­ try’ + al- (with assimilation) ‘the, o f the’ + siidan ‘ Blacks’ , from süd-, plural o f aswad ‘ black’ (root swd). “sudar ‘to sweat’ : Latin sudare ‘to sweat; to o o z e ’ , from Indo-European swoid-a- ‘ to sweat’ , from swoid-, from sweid- ‘sweat; to sweat’ . Related words: exudar, sudor. sudor ‘ sweat’ : Latin sudor ‘sweat’, from Indo-European swoid-os- ‘sweat’ , from swoid-, from sweid- ‘ sweat; to sweat’ (see "sudar). For the Indo-European noun suffix -os-, see "-o r1. Suecia ‘Sweden (country; Swedish Sverige [from Old Swedish Sverike, from Svea rike, literally = ‘ Swede realm’ ; rike ‘realm, kingdom ’ derives from Indo-European reg- ‘ king’ — see rey, "reg ir])’ : Medieval Latin Suecia (compare Italian Svezia ‘ Sweden’ ), from suecus ‘ Swede’ (see "su eco) + Latin -ia ‘ area’ (see -ia). sueco ‘ Swedish; Swede’ : Medieval Latin sue­ cus ‘Swedish; Swede’ , probably akin to Latin Suiones ‘ Swedes’ (around A.D. 100) and to Old Swedish Svea ‘ Swede’ — plural Sviar, Svear — (compare, under Suecia, the etym ology o f Swedish Sverige). “suegra ‘ mother-in-law’ : Latin socra, socera, variants o f socrus ‘ mother-in-law; (rare) father-in-law’ , from Indo-European swekrd- ‘ mother-in-law’ (swekuro- ‘ fatherin-law’ ). Related w ord: suegro. suegro ‘ father-in-law’ : Latin socrus ‘motherin-law; (rare) father-in-law’ (see "suegra). suela ‘ sole (o f shoe)’ : Vulgar Latin *sola ‘ sole’ , from Latin solea ‘sandal’ (consisting o f a sole fastened to the fo o t by a strap), from solum ‘ bottom , ground’ (see suelo, "sala). sueldo ‘ salary’ : Old Spanish sueldo, a coin (see soldado, "sólido). suelo ‘ ground; soil’ : Latin solum ‘ bottom , ground, foundation, base, soil’ , from IndoEuropean sel-o- ‘ bottom , foundation’ , from sel- ‘human settlement’ (see "sala). suelto ‘ loose’ : Vulgar Latin soltus, from Latin solutus ‘ loosened’ , past participle o f soluere ‘ to loosen’ (see "resolver). “sueño 1 ‘ sleep’ : Latin somnus ‘sleep’ , from Indo-European swep-no- ‘sleep’ (with assimilation o f the -p-), from swep- ‘ to

sueno

sleep’ . Related words: ensueño, hipnotis­ m o, hipnotizar, insomnio, sonámbulo, soñar, sopor, sueño2. sueño 2 ‘ dream’ : Latin sorhnium ‘ dream’ , ultimately from Indo-European swep- ‘ to sleep’ (see °sueño1). suero ‘serum’ , akin to Latin serum ‘serum’ (see "seroso). suerte ‘ chance; luck; fate’ : Latin sortem , accusative o f sors (stem sort-) ‘ lot;ch an ce’ (see sorteo, "serie). suficiente ‘sufficient’ : Latin sufficientem , accusative o f sufficiens (stem sufficient-) ‘sufficient’ , from sufficiens, present parti­ ciple o f sufficere ‘to suffice, put under, put in place o f ’, from suf- ‘ under; in place o f ’ (see sub-, "hipo-2) + -ficere, from facere ‘to do, make’ (see "hacer). sufijo ‘suffix’ : New Latin suffixum ‘suffix’ (perhaps first used in English, suffix, 1778), from Latin suffixum , neuter o f suffixus, past participle o f suffigere ‘ to affix, fasten to, fasten underneath’ , from suf- ‘ underneath’ (see sub-, "hipo-2) + figere ‘ to fasten’ (see fijo, "dique). sufragio ‘ suffrage’ : Latin suffragium ‘ vote, voting tablet, ballot, the right to vote’ (akin to suffragari ‘ to vote for, favor, support’ ), probably from suf- (see sub-) + -frag-, stem o f frangere ‘to break’ (see frágil, "brecha). Note: potsherds (i.e., pieces o f broken pots) were used as voting tablets. sufrir ‘ to suffer (to feel pain, and to experi­ ence)’ (sufrimiento ‘suffering’ ): Vulgar Latin *sufferire ‘ to suffer (feel pain, and experience)’ , from Latin sufferre ‘to ex­ perience, endure, bear up’ , from suf- ‘ up from under’ (see sub-, "hipo-2) + ferre ‘ to bear’ (see -ifero, "periferia). sugerir ‘ to suggest’ : Latin suggerere ‘ to sug­ gest, advise; to furnish, supply; to heap up, erect, build; to put underneath, carry underneath’ , from sug- ‘ underneath’ (see sub-, "hipo-2) + gerere ‘ to bring, carry’ (see "gesto). sugestión ‘ suggestion’ : Latin suggestionem, accusative o f suggestio (stem suggestion-) ‘suggestion’ , from suggestus, past partici­ ple o f suggerere ‘to suggest’ (see sugerir, sub-, "hipo-2, ° gesto). suicidio ‘suicide’ : English suicide (1651), from New Latin suicidium ‘suicide’ , from Latin sui ‘o f oneself’ (from Indo-Europe­ an suwo-, from seu-, se-, swe- ‘ oneself’ ;

500

see "suya) + -cidium ‘ killing’ (see -cidio, "cesura). “Suiza ‘ Switzerland (country; French Suisse, German Schweiz, Italian Svizzera, Romansh Suizzra)’ : Middle High German Swiz ‘ Switzerland (the Confederation)’ (1 352), ‘ union o f three cantons, which led to the Confederation’ (1 320), from Swiz, one o f these cantons and its capital ,— both now Schwyz — (the valley o f Schwyz was mentioned as Suittes in 972). In 1291, Schwyz joined two other districts to form the “ Everlasting League” , which became the nucleus o f the Swiss C on­ federation. Related word: suizo. suizo ‘ Swiss’ : Suiza ‘Switzerland’ (see "Suiza). sujetar ‘ to grasp; to subject’ : Latin subjectare ‘ to subject, put under’ , frequentative o f subjicere ‘ to bring under’ (see subjetivo, sub-, "hipo-2, ° echar). sujeto ‘ fellow ; subject’ : Latin subjectus ‘ brought under’ , past participle o f subji­ cere ‘ to bring under’ (see subjetivo, sub-, "hipo-2, "echar). The Latin (and Spanish) meaning ‘ grammatical subject’ is a transla­ tion o f Greek hypokei'm enon (see subjeti­ vo). “sulfato ‘sulfate’ : French sulfate ‘ sulfate’ (1787), from Latin sulfur ‘sulfur’ , proba­ bly o f Osean origin. Related words: azufre, -uro2. sultán ‘sultan’ : Arabic sultan ‘sultan, ruler; dom inion’ , from Aramaic shultáná ‘ power; (rare) ruler’ (root sh-l-t ‘ pow er’ ). suma ‘ amount; sum; addition’ (sumar ‘to add; to amount t o ’ ): Latin summa ‘sum, total, the highest thing’ (from the fact that the ancient Romans counted upward and wrote the total at the top ), from summa, feminine o f summus ‘highest, topm ost’ (see sumo, "hiper-). sumario 1 (noun) ‘ a summary’ : Latin summarium (noun) ‘ a summary’ (underlying meaning: ‘restatement o f the main points (the highest things) o f the w hole’ ), from summa ‘sum, whole, the highest thing’ (see suma, sumo, "hiper-) + -arium ‘of, connected with’ , an ending o f nouns (see -ario2). sumario 2 (adjective) ‘ concise, summary’ : Medieval Latin summarius (adjective) ‘ concise, containing the main points or a summing up o f points’ , from Latin sum­ ma ‘sum, whole, the highest thing’ (see suma, sumo, "hiper-) + -arius ‘ o f, con-

501

nected with’ , an ending o f adjectives (see " a r io 1). Sumatra ‘ Sumatra (island, Indonesia)’ : Italian Sumatra (1505), from Indonesian Sumatera (docum ented around 1298), o f dis­ puted origin (from Sanskrit samudra ‘sea, ocean’?; it would then be a shortening o f Samudra Dvipa ‘ Sea Island’. Sanskrit samudra derives from sam ‘ together’ [from Indo-European som-, from sem‘on e’ ; see 9símil] + a form o f udan ‘water’ , from Indo-European ud-, from wed‘ water; w et’ [see 9hidrógeno ]). "sumergir ‘to submerge’ : Latin submergere ‘ to submerge’ , from sub- ‘ under’ (see sub-, "hipo-2) + mergere ‘ to plunge, dip’ , from Indo-European mezg- ‘to plunge, immerse’ (related words: em ergencia', emergencia2, inmersión; possibly: Moscú). suministrar ‘ to supply’ : Latin sumministrare, subministrare ‘to supply’ , from sum-, sub- ‘ up’ (see sub-, °hipo-2) + ministrare ‘ to serve’ (see administrar, ministro, °m ioceno). sumir ‘ to sink’ , from Latin sumere ‘ to take; to use, consum e’ or from its derivative absumere ‘ to take away, consume’ : Latin sumere derives from Old Latin *susmere, *susemere, from sus-, variant o f sub‘ under, from under’ (see sub-, 9hipo-2), + em ere ‘ to take’ (see "ejem plo). sumisión ‘submission, act o f submitting, act o f yielding to som eone’s authority’ : Latin summissionem, accusative o f summissio (stem summission-) ‘act o f letting down, lowering, placing under’ , from summissus, past participle o f summittere (also subm ittere) ‘ to let down, place under’ (see som eter, sub-, 9hipo-2, °m eter). sumo ‘supreme’ : Latin summus ‘highest, topm ost’ , from Indo-European sup-mo‘ highest’ (with assimilation o f the -p-), from superi, uperi (from uper ‘over’ ; see °hiper-) + -mo-, a superlative ending (see ° mínimo). suntuoso ‘ sumptuous’ : Latin sumptuosus ‘ sumptuous’ , from sumptus ‘expense, cost’, from sumptus, past participle o f sumere ‘ to take; to spend’ (see sumir, sub-, °hipo-2, "ejem plo). Latin sumptus has an epenthetic -p-. super- ‘ over, above, higher, superior’ , as in superabundar, superciliar, superestructu­ ra, superintendente, supermercado: Latin

superlativo

super- ‘ over, above, in addition’, from super (adverb and preposition) ‘ above, over’ , from Indo-European superi, variant o f uperi, from uper ‘ over’ (see "hiper-). superar ‘ to overcom e; to surpass’ : Latin superare ‘ to go over, rise above, sur­ m ount’, from super ‘over’ (see super-, °hiper-) + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-ar‘ ). superávit ‘ surplus’ : Latin superávit ‘was left over, was in excess’, third person singular o f the perfect indicative o f superare ‘ to exceed, be in excess, be left over, go over’ (see superar, super-, "hiper-). superchería ‘ deceit, fraud’ : French supercherie ‘ deceit, fraud’ , from Italian soperchieria ‘ abuse o f strength, imposition o f on e’s will’ (variant o f soverchieria), from soperchio, variant o f soverchio ‘excessive’ , from Vulgar Latin *superculus, from Latin super ‘above, over’ (see super-, "hiper-). superficie ‘surface’ : Latin superficies ‘sur­ face, to p ’ , from super- ‘ over, above’ (see super-, "hiper-) + -ficies, from facies ‘ face’ (see facial, "hacer). superfluo ‘superfluous’ : Latin superfluus ‘superfluous, running over, overflowing’ , from superfluere ‘ to be in excess, over­ flow ’ , from super- ‘ over’ (see super-, "hiper-) + fluere ‘to flow ’ (see "fluido). superior ‘ upper; superior’ : Latin superior ‘higher, upper’ , comparative o f superus ‘situated above, upper’ , from super ‘ over, above’ , from Indo-European superi ‘ over’ (see super-, "hiper-). The Latin compara­ tive -ior derives from Indo-European -yos(see "m ejor). Superior (Lago) ‘ Lake Superior (United States and Canada)’ , translation o f French Lac Supérieur (around 1680), literally = ‘ Upper Lake’ (i.e., upstream from the other Great Lakes and northernmost o f these five freshwater lakes; at the time, probably compared mainly to Lake Huron. French supérieur ‘ upper, higher’ was later misinterpreted in English as ‘ superior’ ). French supérieur derives from Latin superior (see superior). superlativo ‘superlative’ : Late Latin superlativus ‘superlative’ , from Latin superlatus (suppletive past participle o f superferre ‘ to carry over, raise high’ ), from super‘ over’ (see super-, "hiper-) + latus ‘ carried, borne’ (see delator, "tolerar).

superstición

superstición ‘superstition’ (supersticioso ‘ superstitious’ ): Latin superstitionem , ac­ cusative o f superstitio (stem superstition-) ‘superstition, excessive fear o f the gods’ (probable underlying meaning: ‘a standing over something in religious awe’ ), from superstit-, stem o f superstes ‘a standing over (as witness, survivor, etc.)’ , from super- ‘over’ (see super-, °hiper-) + -stit-, ultimately from Indo-European sta- ‘ to stand’ (see °estar). supino ‘ supine, lying on the back’ : Latin supinus ‘ supine, lying on the back’, from Indo-European sup- ‘ under’ (see sub-, °hipo-2), through the ideas o f ‘ thrown backward; thrown under’, suplantar ‘to supplant’ : Latin supplantare ‘ to overthrow by tripping up’ (compare Jaime), from sup- ‘ from below ’ (see sub-, °h ipo-1) + planta ‘sole o f the fo o t ’ (see planta' , °plato, °Polonia) + -are, an infini­ tive ending (see °-ar1). suplemento ‘supplement’ : Latin supplementum ‘supplement’ , from supplere ‘ to com ­ plete’ (see suplir, sub-, °hipo-2, °p len o) + -mentum ‘ means’ (see °-m entó). suplente ‘ substitute’ : suplente, present parti­ ciple o f suplir ‘ to substitute’ (see suplir, sub-, °hipo-2,°p len o). suplicar ‘ to request; to supplicate’ (súplica ‘entreaty’ ); Latin supplicare ‘to request humbly; to kneel down, bend under’, from sup- ‘ down, under’ (see sub-, °hipo-2) + plicare ‘ to fo ld ’ (see °plegar). suplicio ‘ torture’ : Latin supplicium ‘torture, punishment’ , literally = ‘a kneeling dow n’ (to receive punishment), from supplicare ‘ to kneel dow n’ (see suplicar, sub-, °hipo-2, °plegar). suplir ‘ to supply; to substitute’ : Latin sup­ plere ‘ to supply, supplement, complete, fill up’ , from sup- ‘ up’ (see sub-, °hipo-2) + plere ‘ to fill’ (see °pleno). suponer ‘ to suppose’ : Medieval Latin supponere ‘ to suppose, assume’ , from Latin supponere ‘ to put under, substitute’ , from sup- ‘ under’ (see sub-, °hipo-2) + ponere ‘ to put’ (see °poner). supositorio ‘suppository’ : Medieval Latin suppositorium ‘suppository’ , from Late Latin suppositorium ‘something placed underneath’ , neuter o f suppositorius ‘ placed under’ , from Latin suppositus, past participle o f supponere ‘ to place under’ (see suponer, sub-, °hipo-2, °poner)

502 + -orius ‘ o f ’ (see °-orio'). supremo ‘supreme’ : Latin supremus, super­ lative o f superus ‘situated above’ (see superior). For Latin -mus, from IndoEuropean -mo-, a superlative ending, see 0mínimo. suprimir ‘ to abolish; to exclude, om it’ : Latin supprimere ‘ to check, put a stop to, press dow n ’, from sup- ‘ dow n’ (see sub-, °hipo-2) + -primere, from prem ere ‘ to press’ (see °presión). supuesto ‘ alleged’ (por supuesto ‘o f course’ ): Medieval Latin suppositus ‘supposed, assumed’ , from Latin suppositus ‘ placed under’ , past participle o f supponere ‘ to put under’ (see suponer, sub- ,°h ip o -2, °poner). supurar ‘ to suppurate’ : Latin suppurare ‘ to suppurate, form pus’ , from sup- ‘ under’ (see sub-, °hipo-2) + pur-, stem o f pus ‘ pus’ (see pus, °p u trefa cto, 0-o r ‘ ), + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-ar‘ ). sur ‘south’ , ultimately from Old English süth ‘south’ (see sud-, °so l'). °surco ‘ furrow’ : obsolete sulco ‘ furrow’, from Latin sulcus ‘ furrow’ , from IndoEuropean solko- ‘ a pulling’ (underlying meaning: ‘result o f pulling the p low ’ ), from selk- ‘to puli’ . Related word: remol­ car. surgir ‘ to spurt; to appear’ : Latin surgere ‘ to rise, lead straight up’ , from sub- ‘ up from under’ (see sub-, °hipo-2) + regere ‘ to lead straight, rule’ (see °regir). Suriname ‘ Suriname (cou n try)’ : Dutch Suri­ name ‘Suriname’ , o f American Indian origin. “surtir ‘ to supply’ : surtir ‘ to flow forth, emanate’ , probably from French sortir ‘ to go ou t’ , o f disputed origin. Related w ord: resorte. sus- ‘ under; from under; up’ , a form o f sub­ used before c, p , t, as in susceptible, sus­ pender, sustentar: Latin sus-, variant o f sub- used before c , p , t (see sub-). susceptible ‘ susceptible; tou ch y’ : Late Latin susceptibilis ‘ capable o f admitting or re­ ceiving’ , from Latin susceptus, past parti­ ciple o f suscipere ‘ to admit, receive, take up’ , from sus- ‘ up’ (see sub-, °hipo-2) + -cipere, from capere ‘ to take’ (see °capaz). For Latin -ibilis ‘ capable o f ’ , see -ible. suscitar ‘ to raise’ : Latin suscitare ‘ to rouse, raise, stir up’, from sus- ‘ up’ (see sub-, °hipo-2) + citare ‘ to put in m otion, stir’

503 (see "citar). suscribir ‘ to subscribe’ , see subscribir. susodicho ‘ above (adjective), aforesaid’ : suso ‘ above’ (from Latin susum, variant o f sursum ‘ above, upward, from b elow ’ , con ­ traction o f sub vorsum ‘ upward’ , from sub ‘ from below ’ [see sub-, “hipo-2] + vorsum ‘ toward, turned in the direction o f ’ , from vorsum, neuter o f vorsus ‘ turned’ , past participle o f vortere, variant o f vertere ‘ to turn’ [see "v erter]) + dicho ‘ said’ (see d ic h o ', °decir). suspender ‘ to suspend’ : Latin suspendere ‘ to suspend, interrupt, hang up’ , from sus‘ up’ (see sub-, "hipo-2) + pendere ‘ to hang, be suspended’ (see "pender). suspicaz ‘ distrustful, suspicious, suspecting’ : Latin suspicax ‘distrustful, suspicious, apt to suspect’ , from suspicere ‘to suspect’ (see sospechar, sub-, "hipo-2, °esp ejo) + -ax ‘ inclined t o ’ (see °-az). suspirar ‘to sigh’ (suspiro ‘sigh’ ): Latin suspirare ‘to sigh, draw a deep breath’ , from su- ‘ up from below ’ (see sub-, "hipo-2) + spirare ‘to breathe’ (see "aspi­ rar). sustancia ‘ substance’ , see substancia. sustantivo ‘noun’ , see substantivo. sustentar ‘ to sustain’ (sustento ‘sustenance’ ): Latin sustentare, frequentative o f sustinere ‘ to hold up’ (see sostener, sub-, "hipo-2, "tener). sustituir ‘ to substitute’ , see substituir. “susto ‘scare’ , o f disputed origin. Related w ord: asustar. “susurrar ‘ to whisper’ : Latin susurrare ‘ to whisper, murmur, hum’ , from susurrus ‘a whisper, murmur, hum’ , from IndoEuropean su-surr- ‘ a whisper; to whisper’ , from sur-, from swer- ‘to whisper’ . Pos­ sibly related words: absurdo, sordo. sutil ‘subtle’ : Latinsubiih's‘subtle,fine, thin’ (underlying meaning: ‘ o f the finest thread (that which passes under the warp)’ ), from sub- ‘ under’ (see sub-, "hipo-2) + -tilis, from tela ‘web; warp o f a fabric’ (see tela, "tejer). “sutura ‘ suture’ : Latin sutura ‘a sewing to ­ gether; seam’ , from sutus, past participle o f suere ‘ to sew’ (from Indo-European sü-, variant o f syu- ‘to attach, sew’ ; related words: coser, costura, himen\ probably: Suarez), + -ura ‘ act; result’ (see °-ura). “suya ‘ his; hers; theirs’ : Old Spanish sua ‘ his; hers; theirs (used o f feminine gender

Swazilandia

possessions)’ (the -y- on the analogy o f cuya, feminine o f cu yo ‘w hose’ [see c u y o ]; compare tuya), from Latin suam, accusative o f sua, feminine o f suus ‘ o f oneself; his, hers, theirs; his, her, their’, from Indo-European suwo- ‘o f oneself’ , from seu-, se-, swe- ‘oneself, himself, herself, themselves’ . Related words: acostumbrar, asegurar, asueto, atreverse, consigo, costum bre, ético, étnico, manso, mastín, resentirse, resolver, se', secesión, secreción, secreto', secreto2, sedición, seducir, seductor, segregar, seguro, selección, separación, separar, s í2, sobrio, su, suicidio, suyo. suyo ‘ his; hers; theirs (used o f masculine gender possessions)’ (Old Spanish so ‘ his, hers, theirs; his, her, their’ ), form ed on the analogy o f the feminine (see "suya). “Svalbard ‘ Svalbard (territory)’ : Norwegian Svalbard, from Old Norse Svalbardh (docum ented in 1194), literally = ‘ Cold Shores’ , from svalr ‘ cold, c o o l’ — source, likewise, o f Norwegian sval ‘ c o o l’ — (from Germanic swal- ‘co o l; burning’ , from Indo-European swol- ‘to shine, burn’ , from swel- ‘ to shine, burn’ [the meaning having shifted from ‘ h ot’ to lukewarm’ to ‘ c o o l’ ] ; possibly related word: Santa Elena) + bardh ‘shore’ (source, likewise, o f Norwegian bard ‘ edge’ ), from IndoEuropean bherdh- ‘ to cut’ (see "borde). T o understand the change in meaning o f Indo-European swel- from ‘ h ot’ to ‘ co ld ’ , one might consider that extremes o f heat and o f cold produce a similar sensation (e.g., when touching hot metal, or ice). There are many other pairs o f words with contrasting meanings that are derived from the same root; another example would be dialectal Russian kon ‘a begin­ ning’ and Russian konets ‘end’ , both from Slavic kon- ‘ a beginning’ (the begin­ ning o f a year, or o f a month, for instance, is also the end o f another; compare also Serbo-Croatian od kona do kona ‘ from beginning to end’ ), from Indo-European ken- ‘ fresh, new’ (see "reciente). Swazilandia ‘ Swaziland (country)’ : English Swaziland, from Swazi, a Bantu people who have lived there since early in the nineteenth century (probably from Mswazi, Mswati [around 1320—1868], a chief in the area in 1843, possibly from Swazi m- ‘ person’ , a singular prefix, +

Swazilandia

swazi, swati ‘spear, javelin’ ), + -land ‘land’, from land ‘ country, region’ (see -landa).

504

T -ta ‘ acted upon’ (as in abierta), feminine o f -to : Latin -ta, feminine o f -tus (see -to 1, °-ado1). tabaco ‘ tob a cco’ , probably from Arabic tabaq (ninth century), name o f several medici­ nal herbs, some o f which caused euphoria, others dizziness (the word was used from about 1410 in Spanish and in Italian). The tobacco plant (Taino cohíba), native to tropical America, and the custom o f Indians o f the Antilles o f smoking rolls o f its leaves, were observed by Columbus in 1492; a Spaniard probably gave the American plant the name o f European herbs whose use had similar effects. Span­ ish tabaco is the source o f English tobacco and o f French tabac ‘ to b a cco ’, taberna ‘ tavern’ : Latin taberna ‘tavern, inn, shop, hut’ , probably o f Etruscan origin, tabique ‘ interior wall’ : obsolete taxbique ‘ interior wall’ (the x was pronounced as English sh; see * ), from Arabic tashbik ‘ brick wall; entwined or braided w ork’ , from shabaka, shabbaka ‘ to tangle, en­ twine, blend, m ix’ . “tabla ‘board, plank’ : Latin tabula ‘board, tablet’ . Related words: dolmen, retablo. “taburete ‘ stool’ : French tabouret ‘stool’ , from Old French tabouret ‘small drum’ (from the resemblance in shape), diminu­ tive o f tabour ‘ drum’ (French tambour), possibly from Persian tabir ‘ drum’ . Pos­ sibly related w ord: tambor. tacaño ‘stingy’ (source o f Italian taccagno ‘stingy’ ): obsolete tacaño ‘ knave, rogue’ , possibly from Hebrew taqanah ‘rule; agreement’, a word used by Jewish com ­ munities in medieval Spain in the sense o f ‘ financial arrangements’ . “tácito ‘ tacit’ : Latin tacitus ‘ silent’ , from tacitus, past participle o f tacere ‘ to be silent, pass over in silence’ , from IndoEuropean tak e-, stative form o f tak- ‘ to be silent’ (for Indo-European stative -é-, see “ tumor). Related words: reticente, taciturno. taciturno ‘ taciturn’ : Latin taciturnus ‘ habit­ ually silent’ , from tacitus ‘silent’ (see “ tácito). “taco ‘ (M exico) taco (tortilla rolled up with

a filling)’ : taco ‘ plug, roll, (o f a cask) bung; snack’ , possibly o f Germanic origin and akin to Middle Low German tacke ‘ sharp point’ (source o f Middle High German zacke ‘ nail’ ). Related word: tacón-, possibly: tachuela. tacón ‘ heel’ : taco ‘ plug, bung’ (see °taco). “táctica ‘ tactics’ ( táctico ‘ tactical’ ): New Latin tactica ‘tactics’ (before 1626), from Greek taktiká ‘ tactics, matters o f arrangement’ , from taktiká, neuter plural o f taktikós ‘ o f tactics, o f arrangement, o f order’ , from taktós ‘ arranged, in order’ , verbal o f tássein, táttein ‘ to arrange, put in order, place in battle form ation’ , from Indo-European tag-yo-, from tag- ‘ to arrange, set in order’ . Related words: sintaxis, taxidermia, taxonomía. tacto ‘sense o f touch; tact’ : Latin tactus ‘sense o f touch’ , from tactus, past partici­ ple o f tangere ‘ to tou ch ’ (see “ tangible). tacha ‘ flaw’ (tachar ‘ to cross out; to blame’ ): French tache ‘ flaw; stain, spot’ , o f Ger­ manic origin, ultimately from IndoEuropean deik- ‘ to show, point ou t’ (see “decir). tachuela ‘ tack’ : tacha ‘small nail’ , from Old Provencal tacha ‘small nail; fastening’ , o f Germanic origin, probably akin to the source o f Spanish taco ‘ plug’ (see “ taco). “-tad ‘ quality, condition’ , an ending o f ab­ stract nouns, as in amistad, dificultad, libertad, mitad, voluntad: Latin -tatem, accusative o f -tas (stem -tat-) ‘ quality* condition’ (as in dignitas, novitas), from Indo-European -tat- (often prolonged as -tat-i-), a suffix forming feminine abstract nouns (source, likewise, o f Greek -tes ‘ quality, condition’ and o f Sanskrit -tat, -tati ‘ quality, condition’ ). Related suf• fixes: -abilidad, -ad1, -bilidad, -dad, -edad, -ibilidad, -idad. Tadyikia ‘ Tadzhik Republic’ : tadyik ‘ Tadzhik’ + -ia ‘ area, country’ (see -ia). Spanish tadyik derives from Russian tadzhik ‘ Tadzhik (member o f an Iranian people)’ , from Middle Persian tachik ‘ Arab; (later) Muslim Persian’ , from Arabic Taiy (beginning o f the third centu­ ry o f the Christian era), an Arab people

ta f e tá n

(that which lived nearest the Iranians — by synecdoche). The etym ology “ from Persian taj ‘ crown, tall cap’ ” (Persian taj derives from Indo-European teg-, variant o f steg- ‘to cover’ ; see °teja) is probably erroneous. tafetán ‘ taffeta’ : Persian taftah ‘taffeta’ , from taftah ‘woven, spun’ , from táftan ‘ to spin, weave’ . tahona ‘ bakery’ : tahona ‘ mill (for grinding grain)’ , from Arabic tahüna ‘ mill; mill­ stone’ (root thn ‘ to grind’ ). Tailandia ‘Thailand (cou n try)’ : English Thai­ land (1940; from the seventeenth century until then called Siam), from Thai (1808), the inhabitants o f the country (from Thai Thai ‘Thai; Thailand [around 1257], literally = ‘ Free’ ), + -land ‘land’ , from land ‘ country, region’ (see -landa). taimado ‘ sly, crafty’ : Portuguese taimado ‘sly, crafty’ , variant o f teimado ‘ insistent, obstinate’ , past participle o f teimar ‘ to insist, be obstinate’ , from teima ‘ obstina­ cy, stubbornness’ , from Latin thema ‘sub­ ject or topic treated o f ’ (through thé ideas o f ‘ topic o f conversation’ and ‘ con ­ centration on one top ic’ ). See tema, “ hacer. Taiwán ‘ Taiwan (island [also called Formosa, which see], China)’ : Chinese T ’ai-wan, literally = ‘ Terrace(d) Bay’ , from t'ái ‘ ter­ race’ + wan ‘ bay; shore’ . The relief on the west side o f the island is gradual and its many plateaus look like terraces. tajada ‘ slice’ : tajada, feminine o f tajado, past participle o f tajar ‘ to cut’ , from Late Latin taliare ‘ to cut’ (see “ tallar). tajo ‘ cut’ : tajar ‘to cut’ (see tajado, “ tallar) + -o, a noun suffix (see -o4). Tajo ‘ Tagus (river, Spain and Portugal; Portu­ guese T ejo)’ (around 1140): Latin Tagus ‘Tagus River’ — first century B.C. (through an Arabic pronunciation taju, and perhaps influenced by Spanish tajo ‘ cut; cliff’ ), o f disputed origin. tal ‘such’ ( tal vez ‘ perhaps’ ): Latin talis ‘ such’ , from Indo-European t-dli- ‘ such; so’ , from Í-, from to-, demonstrative pro­ noun (see “ tanto). taladro ‘ drill’ : Latinized Gaulish taratrum ‘ drill, auger’ , ultimately from IndoEuropean ter- ‘ to pierce’ (see “ triturar). Latin -trum ‘ instrument’ derives from Indo-European -trom ‘ instrument, means’ (see “arado).

506

talante ‘ humor, disposition’ : Greek tálanton ‘ balance, pair o f scales, unit o f weight, the sum o f m oney represented by such a weight’ (the meaning o f Spanish talante is probably due to the parable o f the talents in Matthew 25.14-30; see talento), from Indo-European tala-nt- ‘ pair o f scales; the weighing ones’ , from tala-, from tel- ‘ to lift, support, bear, weigh’ (see “ tolerar). talar 1 ‘ankle-long’ (talares ‘talaría’ ): Latin talaris ‘ o f the ankles’ , from talus ‘ ankle’ (see “ talón) + -aris ‘ o f ’ (see -ar2, °-al). talar2 ‘ to fell (trees); to raze, ruin, destroy’ : Germanic talon ‘ to snatch, steal’ (source, likewise, o f Old High German zdlon ‘ to snatch, steal’ ), probably from Indo-Euro­ pean del- ‘ to count; to narrate’ and akin to Latin dolus ‘ guile, deceipt’ . talco ‘ talc’ : Arabic talq ‘ talc; mica; amian­ thus; chalk’ , from Persian talk ‘ chalk, mica, talc’ . talega, talego ‘ bag, sack’ : Arabic ta'liqa ‘ bag, sack’ , from ‘aliqa ‘ to hang, be suspended’ , talento ‘ talent’ : Medieval Latin talentum ‘ inclination, desire, disposition, mental aptitude’ (from the parable o f the talents in Matthew 25.14-30, in which a master gives each o f three slaves a certain num­ ber o f talents ‘ unit o f m oney’ according to his ability; compare talante), from Latin talentum ‘ unit o f weight, the sum o f m oney represented by such a weight, unit o f m oney’ , from Greek tálanton ‘ balance’ (see talante, “ tolerar). "Taifa ‘Thalia’ : Latin Thalia ‘ Thalia (ancient Greek muse o f com ed y)’ , from Greek Tháleia ‘ Thalia’ , literally = ‘ the Blooming O ne’, from thallein ‘ to sprout; to bloom , flourish; to thrive’ , from Indo-European dhal-yo- ‘ to b lo o m ’ , from dhal- ‘ to blos­ som, b lo o m ’ . Related word: tallo. talión ‘legal retaliation, talion (punishment based on the Biblical “ eye for eye, tooth for tooth ” [Exodus 2 1 .2 3 -2 5 ])’ : Latin talionem, accusative o f talio (stem talion-) ‘ legal retaliation, punishment in kind and equivalent to the offense’ (underlying meaning: ‘ equivalent payment for the crime’ ), from Indo-European tal-, variant o f tel- ‘ to weigh’ (see “ tolerar). talismán ‘talisman’ : Vulgar Arabic tilsamán ‘ talismans’ , plural o f tilsarn ‘ talisman’ , from Arabic tilasm ‘ talisman’ (plural talasim), from Late Greek télesma ‘ talis­ man, consecrated object, com pletion’ ,

507

from Greek télesma ‘ consecration; pay­ ment’ , from telein ‘ to fulfill, complete, consecrate, initiate into the mysteries’ , from télos ‘ fulfillment, end, result, con ­ summation’ (underlying meaning: ‘end o f a cycle’ ), from Indo-European kwelos‘ one turn’ , from kwel- ‘ to turn’ (see “colono). "talón ‘heel’ : Vulgar Latin *talone, accusa­ tive o f talo (stem talon-) ‘ heel’ , from Latin talus ‘ ankle; heel’ , probably o f Celtic origin. Related w ord: talar1. talla ‘stature’ : French taille ‘stature, size, build, figure’ , from tailler ‘ to cut, shape, carve’ , from Late Latin taliare ‘ to cut’ (see ° tallar). "tallar ‘ to carve’ : Late Latin taliare ‘to cut’ , from Latin talea ‘ twig, rod, stick, cutting’ . Related words: atajar, detalle, tajada, ta­ jo , talla, talle. talle ‘ figure, waist’ : French taille ‘ figure, size, build’ (see talla, °tallar). taller ‘ w orkshop’ : French atelier, from Old French astelier ‘w orkshop’ (see astillero, °astilla). Tallin ‘ Tallin (city, Soviet Union)’ : Russian Tallin, from Estonian Tallinn (around 1220), a town founded by the Danes near the site o f a previous Danish settlement, literally = ‘ Danish T ow n ’ , from Estonian taani ‘ Danish’ (from Old Norse Danr ‘ Dane’ ; see ° danés) + linn ‘ tow n’ (akin to Finnish linna ‘ castle, fortress’ , also found in place names, as in Hameenlinna or Savonlinna). tallo ‘stem’ : Latin thallus ‘young shoot, green stalk’ , from Greek thallós ‘young sh oot’ , from thallein ‘ to sprout’ (see °Talia). tamal ‘ tamale (Mexican dish)’ : Nahuatl tamalli ‘ tamale’ . tamanduá ‘ tamandúa, anteater’ : Tupi taman­ duá ‘ anteater’ , literally = ‘ ant catcher’ , from fa- ‘ ant’ + mond- ‘ to catch’ . tamaño (noun) ‘size’ : tamaño (adjective) ‘ very big; so big, as big’ , from Latin tarn magnus ‘ so big, as big’ , from tarn ‘ so, so much, as’ (see ° tanto) + magnus ‘ big’ (see °magnitud). tamarindo ‘ tamarind’ : Arabic tamr hindiy ‘ tamarind (the fruit)’ , literally = ‘ Indian date’ , from tamr ‘ dried date’ (because the tw o fruits are similar) + hindiy ‘ Indian’ , from Hind ‘ India’ (from Persian Hind, from Old Persian Hindu ‘ India’ ; see °Indo)

tantalio

+ -ty ‘ o f’ (see -i'3). también ‘ also’ : tan ‘ as’ (see tan, °tanto) + bien ‘ well’ (see bien, “ bueno). Compare English as well = ‘ also’ . tambor ‘ drum’ : Arabic tanbur ‘ drum’ , proba­ bly m odification o f Persian tabir ‘ drum’ (see “ taburete), influenced by Arabic tanbur, tunbür 'lute’ . tamiz ‘strainer, sieve’ : French tamis ‘ strainer’ , probably o f Celtic origin (akin to Breton tamonez ‘strainer’ ). Tampa ‘ Tampa (city, United States)’ , a name that first appears in Spanish (1565) and probably refers to an Indian village dis­ covered by the Spanish in the area in the sixteenth century, o f American Indian origin, o f disputed meaning (= ‘ near it’?, or ‘split w o o d ’?). tam poco ‘neither’ : tan ‘ as, so’ (see tan, “tan­ to ) + p o c o ‘little’ (see p o c o , “pueril). Compare its antonym también. tan ‘so, as’ , probably from Latin tantum ‘so much, so great’ (see “ tanto); possibly from Latin tarn ‘so, so much, as’ (see “ tanto). tangente ‘tangent, touching’ : Latin tangentem , accusative o f tangens ‘ touching’ , present participle o f tangere ‘ to touch’ (see “ tangible). ■ "tangible ‘ tangible’ : Late Latin tangibilem, accusative o f tangibilis, from Latin tange­ re ‘ to touch’ (from Indo-European ta-n-g-, from tag- ‘ to touch, handle’ ; related words: acontecer, contacto, conta­ gio, contaminar, contiguo, entereza, en­ tero, entregar, intacto, integrar, integri­ dad, íntegro, tacto, tangente, tañer, tasa, taxi) + -ibilis ‘ capable o f ’ (see -ible, “-ble). tanino ‘ tannin’ : French tanin, tannin ‘ tan­ nin, substance used in tanning’ , from tanner ‘ to tan hides’ (see “ tenería). tanque ‘ (Americas) storage tank’ : Spanish tanque ‘ compartment in a ship for holding liquids’ , from Portuguese tanque ‘ large container for water’ , possibly from Gujarati tánkh ‘ pond; cistern’ (possibly also source o f English tank ‘container for fluids’, whence English tank ‘ combat vehicle’ [originally a code name during its secret manufacture in Britain in 1916, from the resemblance o f the hull to a benzene tank], whence Spanish tanque ‘ com bat vehicle’ ). tantalio ‘ tantalum’ : New Latin tantalum

tanto

‘ tantalum’ (1802, first used in Sweden), from Latin Tantalus ‘Tantalus’ , a king o f Greek m ythology condemned to stand up to his chin in water that receded when­ ever he tried to drink (from this metallic element’s incapacity to absorb acid), from Greek Tántalos ‘ Tantalus’ , literally = ‘ Bearer, Sufferer’ , from Indo-European tantal-, dissimilation o f taltal- ‘ bearer’ , reduplicated form o f tal-, variant o f tel‘ to bear’ (see ° tolerar). “tanto ‘so m uch’ (por lo tanto ‘ therefore, in­ asmuch as’ , mientras tanto ‘ meanwhile’ ): Latin tantum, accusative o f tantus (mascu­ line) and o f tantum (neuter) ‘so much, so great’ , from tarn ‘so, so much, as’ , from Indo-European tam ‘ so’ (adverbial form o f to-), from tam ‘ to this, to that’ , accusa­ tive o f to- ‘ this one, that on e’ , demonstra­ tive pronoun (root o f the nominative singular, neuter, and o f the oblique cases; the nominative singular, masculine, derives from so-; see “si'1). Related words: en ton ­ ces, este2, tal, tamaño, también, tampo­ co, tan, tautología-, probably: Estambul. Tanzania (República Unida de) ‘ (United R e­ public o f) Tanzania’ (1 November 1964): English Tanzania, from the first syllable o f Tanganyika (in Spanish, also Tangañica) + the first syllable o f Zanzibar + New Latin -ia ‘ country’ (see -ia); former name: United Republic o f Tanganyika and Zanzibar, Tanganyika having united with Zanzibar in 1964 (26 April). The name o f the former nation Tanganyika (1920) derives from that o f Lake Tanganyika (docum ented around 1858), perhaps from Swahili changanyika ‘ to be mixed together, be confused’ , from changanya ‘ to m ix’ (in the north o f the Swahili­ speaking area o f Africa — Mombasa, for instance — t is often heard for ch), in which case the underlying meaning would be ‘ (place where river waters) mix togeth­ er’ . The name Zanzibar, from Arabic Zanjibar, Zanjabdr (documented from the seventh century; in Persian from the tenth), first the name o f the East African coast near the island o f Zanzibar, then name o f the island and o f a city on the island, probably derives from Arabic zinj (a collective noun; plural zunüj) ‘ Black’ + Persian -bar ‘ coast’ (akin to Avestan pára‘ shore’ and to Greek péra ‘ beyon d’ , both from Indo-European per- ‘ forward; in

508

front o f ’ ; see °per-). tañer ‘ to play (a musical instrument), ring (bells)’ : obsolete tañer ‘ to tou ch ’ , from Latin tangere ‘ to tou ch ’ (see °tangible). Compare Spanish tocar = ‘ to touch’ and ‘ to play (a musical instrument)’ . tapa ‘ cover, lid’ : Germanic tap- ‘ plug, wad’ (see ° tapia). tapar ‘ to cover, stop up’ : tapa ‘ a cover’ (see tapa, ° tapia) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). “tapete ‘ carpet’ : Latin tapete ‘ carpet; tapes­ try’ , from Greek tapét-, stem o f tápés ‘ carpet, rug’ , probably o f Iranian origin. Related words: tapicero, tapiz. “tapia ‘wall, fence’ : tapia ‘ material for building walls or fences, made chiefly o f a wet mixture o f clay or earth compacted by hand’ , probably akin to French taper ‘ to strike with the flat o f the hand, strike lightly’ , from Germanic tap- ‘small com ­ pact object, plug, wad’ . Related words: tapa, tapar, tapón, top e2. tapicero ‘ upholsterer’ : tapiz ‘ tapestry’ (see tapiz, °tapete) + -ero ‘ o f, connected with’ (see -ero2). Underlying meaning: ‘who covers with carpets’. tapioca ‘ tapioca’ : Tupi typyoca ‘tapioca’ , from typyoca ‘residue’ . tapir ‘ tapir’ : Guarani or Tupi tapiira ‘ tapir’ . tapiz ‘ tapestry’ : Old French tapiz, tapis ‘ carpet’ (French tapis), from Medieval Greek tapition ‘ carpet’ , variant o f Greek tapétion, diminutive o f tápés ‘ carpet’ (see °tapete). For the Greek diminutive -ion, see -io. tapón ‘stopper, plug’ : French tapón ‘ plug’ , from Frankish *tappo ‘ plug’ , from Ger­ manic tap- ‘ plug, wad’ (see ° tapia). taquicardia ‘ tachycardia’ : New Latin tachy­ cardia ‘ tachycardia’ (in English, 1889), from Greek takhy- ‘ rapid’ (see ° taquigra­ fía) + New Latin -cardia ‘heart action’ , from Greek kardia ‘heart’ (see cardiaco, ° cordial). “taquigrafía ‘ shorthand’ (taquígrafo ‘stenog­ rapher’ ): English tachygraphy ‘shorthand’ (1 641), from Greek takhygraphein ‘ to write shorthand’ , from takhygráphos ‘ stenographer’ , from takhy- ‘swift, rapid’ (from takhys ‘ swift, rapid’ ; related word: taquicardia) + -graphos ‘writer’ (see -grafo1, °gráfico). taquilla ‘ ticket o ffice ’ : taquilla ‘ o ffice cabi­ net, closet’ , diminutive o f taca ‘small

509

cabinet’ , probably from Arabic taqa ‘win­ d ow ’ . For Spanish -ilia ‘small’ , see -ilia. tarahumara ‘ Tarahumara (member o f a people o f northwest M exico; its lan­ guage)’ : Tarahumara ralámari, rarámuri ‘ Tarahumara’ , from ralámari, rarámuri ‘ fo o t runners’ . "tarántula ‘ tarantula’ : Medieval Latin taran­ tula, from Italian tarantola ‘ tarantula’ , from Taranto, city o f southern Italy where this spider is com m on (founded, probably around the middle o f the eighth century B.C., by settlers from Sparta), from Latin Tarentum (first century B.C.), from Greek Táras (stem Tárant-), o f disputed origin. Related word: atarantar. "tardar ‘ to delay’ : Latin tardare ‘ to delay, make slow’ , from tardus ‘slow ’ (related words: atardecer, retardar, tarde) + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-arl ). tarde ‘ late’ ( tarde ‘ afternoon’ ): Latin tarde ‘ slowly, tardily; late’ , from tardus ‘slow ’ (see ° tardar). tarea ‘ task’ : Arabic tanha ‘ piecework, jo b ’ , from taraha ‘ to throw, hurl, toss’ , tarifa ‘ tariff, list o f rates’ : Catalan tarifa, from Arabic ta'rifa, ta'rif ‘ list o f rates, inform ation’ , from ‘arafa ‘ to inform, n otify ’ . tarjeta ‘ card’ : tarjeta ‘ (in architecture) tablet bearing a coat o f arms or an in­ scription’ , from Old French targette ‘ small shield’ , diminutive o f targe Tight shield’ , from Frankish *targa ‘ shield’ , from Germanic targ- ‘ shield’ (source, like­ wise, o f Old Norse targa ‘shield’ ), tarro ‘jar’ , probably back-formation from obsolete tarrazo (also tarraza) ‘ earthen­ ware jar’ (taken as an augmentative in -azo), from terrazo ‘ earthenware jar’ , from Vulgar Latin *terraceus ‘ made o f earth’ , from Latin terra ‘ earth’ (see ° tierra) + -aceus ‘o f ’ (see -áceo). tarso ‘ tarsus’ : New Latin tarsus ‘tarsus’ (in French, tarse, before 1590), from Greek tarsos ‘ frame o f wickerwork’ , hence ‘ flat surface, flat basket, flat o f the fo o t ’ (the wickerwork frame was originally used to dry cheese), from Indo-European ters-o‘ dry; a drier’ , from ters- ‘to dry’ (see ° tierra). tarta ‘ pie, tart’ : Old French tarte ‘ pie’ , probably variant o f torte, tourte ‘ pie; round loaf o f bread’ , from Late Latin torta ‘ round loaf o f bread’ (see °torta).

taxiderm ia

tartamudo ‘ stutterer’ : tarta- ‘stuttering’ (as in tartajear, tartalear, both = ‘to stutter’ ), a base form ed in imitation o f stuttering speech, + mudo ‘ dumb, mute’ (see °m udo). tasa ‘rate’ : tasar ‘ to set a price, assess’ , from Medieval Latin taxare ‘to assess’ (see taxi, ° tangible). Tasmania ‘ Tasmania (island, Australia)’ : New Latin Tasmania, literally = ‘Tasman’s Land’ , so named around 1856 for Abel Janszoon Tasman (1603—1659), Dutch navigator who had discovered it in 1642. For Latin -ia ‘ land’ , see -ia. tataranieto ‘ great-great-grandson’ , m odifica­ tion o f obsolete tratranieto, for trastrasnieto ‘great-great-grandson’, from trasnieto ‘ great-grandson’ , literally = ‘ beyond the grandson’ , from tras- ‘ beyon d’ (see tras-, °trans-) + nieto ‘ grandson’ (see nieta, ° n epotism o). tauromaquia ‘ art o f bullfighting, tauro­ m achy’ : Greek tauromakhia ‘ bullfighting’ , from tauro- (from taúros ‘ bull’, from Indo-European tauro- ‘ bull’ ; see °to ro ) + -makhia, from mákhe ‘ battle, fight’, from mákhesthai ‘ to battle, fight’ , from IndoEuropean magh- ‘ to fight’ . tautología ‘ tautology’ : Greek tautología ‘ tautology, needless repetition’, from tautológos ‘ stating the same ideas’ , from tauto- ‘ the same’ (from tautós ‘ the same’ , from to auto (neuter) ‘ the same’ , from to ‘ the (neuter singular)’ [from Indo-Euro­ pean tod, from to- ‘ this one, that one’ , demonstrative pronoun; see ° tanto] + auto, neuter o f autos ‘ same’ [see "a u fo -j) + logos ‘word, speech, saying’ (see -logia, °leer). taxi ‘ taxicab’ : French taxi ‘ taxicab’ , from English taxi (1907), short for taxicab (1907), short for taximeter cab, from taxim eter ‘ instrument that shows the fare due’, from French taximétre, from taxamétre (1904), from German Taxameter (1890), from Medieval Latin taxa ‘charge’ (from taxare ‘ to set a price, assess’ , from Latin taxare ‘ to touch, feel, rate, com ­ pute’ , frequentative o f tangere ‘ to touch’ ; see ° tangible) + German -meter ‘ measuring device’ , from Greek métron ‘ measure’ (see °-m etro). taxidermia ‘ taxidermy’ : French taxidermie ‘taxidermy’ (1806), from Greek taxi‘ arrangement, order’ (from táxis ‘arrange-

ta x on om ía

ment, order’ , from Indo-European tag-ti‘ arrangement’, from tag-, from tag- ‘ to arrange, order’ ; see °táctica) + derm-, from dérma ‘ skin’ (see °dermatosis). taxonom ía ‘ taxonom y’ : French taxonom ie ‘ taxonom y’ (1813), from taxo- ‘arrange­ ment, order’ (from Greek táxis ‘arrange­ ment, order’ ; see taxidermia, °táctica) + -nomie ‘ systematization o f knowledge’ , from Latin -nomia ‘systematization o f knowledge’ (see °-nomia). taza ‘ drinking cup’ : Arabic tasht, tisht ‘ bowl, basin’ , from Persian tasht ‘ basin’ . Tbilisi ‘ Tbilisi (capital o f Georgia, Soviet Union)’ : Georgian Tbilisi (around A.D. 458), from tbili ‘ warm’ , referring to the warm sulfur springs in its vicinity. te 1 ‘ the letter f ’ : Latin te ‘the letter t ’ (see p e). te 2 ‘to y o u ’ : Latin te (accusative and ablative o f tu ‘ y o u ’ ), from Indo-European te, ac­ cusative o f tu- ‘y o u ’ (see °tú). té ‘tea’ : regional Chinese (A m oy ) t ’e, from Ancient Chinese d ‘a ‘ tea’ (source, likewise, o f Chinese chá ‘tea’ ). teatro ‘ theater’ : Latin theatrum, from Greek théatron ‘theater’ , from theásthai ‘to watch, view; to see’ (see ° teoría) + -tron ‘ means, instrument; place’ , from IndoEuropean -trom ‘ means, instrument; place’ (see °arado). °-teca ‘ (M exico and Guatemala) from ’ , a noun and adjective ending denoting origin, as in azteca, mixteca, tlaxcalteca, tolteca, zapoteca: Náhuatl -teca’ ‘ those from ’ , plural o f -técatl ‘that from , inhabitant o f, person’ , a suffix denoting origin (a variant o f tlacatl ‘man, person’?). Related suffix: -teco. Náhuatl -técatl is also found as -écatl (Spanish -eca, as in chiapaneca, olmeca, tepaneca, tlapaneca, zapotlaneca). For the glottal stop (’ ) as a plural ending, see azteca. técnico ‘ technical’ : Latin technicus ‘techni­ cal’ , from Greek tekhnikós ‘o f art, o f skill, practical’ , from tékhné ‘ art, skill, craft’ , from Indo-European teks-na ‘ craft (o f weaving or constructing)’ , from teks- ‘ to weave, construct’ (see ° tejer). For Greek -ikós ‘ o f ’ , see "-ico1. -teco ‘ (M exico and Guatemala) from ’ , a noun and adjective ending denoting origin, as in cholulteco (= ‘ from Cholula’ ), guate­ m alteco, m ixteco, tep ozteco (= ‘ from Tepoztlán’ ), yu cateco ( = ‘from Yucatán’ ):

510

-teca (see °-teca) + -o, a noun ending (see -o4) and adjective ending (see °-o 5). techo ‘r o o f; ceiling’ : Latin tectum ‘roof; building’ , from tectum , neuter o f tectus ‘ covered’ , past participle o f tegere ‘ to cover’ , from Indo-European teg-, variant o í steg- ‘ to cover’ (see "teja). tedio ‘ boredom , tedium’ : Latin taedium ‘ boredom , irksomeness, disgust’ , from taedere ‘ to bore, disgust, weary’ . Tegucigalpa ‘ Tegucigalpa (capital o f Hondu­ ras)’ , from the name o f an Indian village — around 1578 (from Náhuatl?, = ‘ A t the L ord’s House’? Nahuatl teuctli ‘ lord’ , calli ‘ house’ , pa ‘ at’ ). Many authors state that it means ‘silver hill’ , but they do not specify in what language nor do they analyze its elements. tegumento ‘ integument’ : Latin tegumentum, tegmentum ‘ integument, outer covering’ , from tegere ‘to cover’ (see techo, °teja) + -mentum ‘means’ (see "-m entó). Teherán (1 404) ‘ Teheran (capital o f Iran)’ : Persian Tehran (form erly written Tehran: documented around A.D. 1200), o f dis­ puted origin. Tehuantepec ‘ Tehuantepec (gulf, isthmus, and town, M exico)’ . The gulf and the isthmus derive their name from the town. The tow n’s name comes from Nahuatl Tecuantepec (1528), literally = ‘ At WildAnimal Hill’ , from tecuani ‘wild animal, jaguar’ (probable underlying meaning: ‘ people eater’ , from te, a particle that shows that the action o f the verb is directed toward a person, + cua ‘he eats’ + -ni ‘ agent, doer’ , a suffix denoting one that performs the action o f the verb) + tepétl ‘ hill, mountain’ (see ° Citlaltépetl) + -c, contraction o f -co ‘ at, place o f ’ (see "M éxico). teísm o ‘ theism’ : Greek the- ‘ god (from theós ‘ god ’ ; see °ateo) + -ismos theory, doctrine, belief’ (see -ismo, °-izar). °teja ‘ r o o f tile’ ( tejado ‘r o o f’ ): Latin tegula ‘ tile’ , from Indo-European teg-, variant o f steg- ‘ to cover’ . Related words: p ro­ tección, proteger, techo, tegum ento, toga; possibly: tugurio. Tejas ‘Texas (state, United States)’ : Tejas (obsolete Spanish spelling Texas, but both forms pronounced like modern Spanish tejas), an area o f New Spain — = M exico — (around 1689), from a name the Spanish gave (also around 1689) to a

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confederation o f Indians (probably the Hasinai) w ho were allied against the Apache, from Caddo techas ‘allies’ (co m ­ pare Apalaches). For Spanish x/j, see jc. “tejer ‘ to weave, knit’ ( tejedor ‘weaver’ , teji­ do ‘ cloth ’ ): Latin texere ‘ to weave, con ­ struct’ , from Indo-European teks- ‘to weave, construct’ . Related words: arqui­ tecto, arquitectura, mnemotecnia, p oli­ técnico, p rete x to , sutil, técnico, tela, telar, telón, textil, tex to , zootecnia', possibly: tejón. tejón ‘ badger’ : Late Latin taxonem , accusa­ tive o f taxo (stem taxon-) ‘badger’ , o f Germanic origin (akin to Old High Ger­ man dahs ‘ badger’ , from Germanic thahsu‘ badger’ , possibly from Indo-European teks- ‘ to weave, construct’ [see “ tejer], with reference to the burrowing o f the badger). tela ‘ cloth ’ ( telar ‘ loom (for making cloth )’ ): Latin tela ‘ web; net’ , from Indo-European teks-la ‘w eb’, from teks- ‘to weave’ (see ° tejer). Tel Aviv-Yafo (city, Israel). Tel Aviv is the name o f a town founded as a suburb o f Y afo in 1909; in 1950, Y afo was incorpo­ rated with Tel Aviv. Tel Aviv (literally = ‘ Hill o f Spring’ , from Hebrew tel ‘ hill’ + aviv ‘ spring (the season)’ ) was named after the title o f the Hebrew translation o f Theodor Herzl’s 1902 novel Altneuland (German, = ‘old new land’ ). The Austrian (Hungarian-born) writer (1860— 1904), and founder o f Zionism, expresses in that novel his ideas for setting up a Jewish state in Palestine. The name (in a slightly different form ) is mentioned in the Bible (Ezekiel 3.15) as a settlement o f exiled Jews in Babylonia — some Jews exiled in 597 B.C. had established them­ selves here (about 880 km east o f the present Tel Aviv), the town taking its name from Akkadian Til-abubi, literally = ‘ Hill o f the Deluge, Mound o f the F lo o d ’ (Akkadian til ‘ hill’ is akin to Hebrew tel and to Arabic tall ‘hill’ ; Hebrew habe ‘ flo o d ’ ), the name o f the mound on which it was built, which contained a buried city believed to have existed before the Deluge that, according to the Bible (Genesis 7-10), occurred in the time o f Noah. Yafo (Hebrew Yafo; Arabic Yáfá, Yafa; traditional English Jaffa; Latin Joppe, Jope [first century o f the

tem blar

Christian e r a ]; Greek Iópé [fourth centu­ ry B.C. ] ) is first mentioned, as Iapu, in an Egyptian inscription o f around 1480 B.C.; in the Bible it appears in 2 Chronicles 2.16 and 1 Kings 9.26 (akin to Hebrew yaphe ‘ beautiful’?). tele- ‘ distance, distant, over a distance, at a distance’ , as in telecomunicación, teleféri­ co , telefotografía, teleobjetivo, teleobser­ vación: Greek tele-, from tele ‘ far, distant, far o ff, at a distance’ , from Indo-European kwél-, from kwel- ‘ far’ (see °p a leozoico). teléfono ‘ telephone’ : English telephone (May 1876, but applied earlier to different instruments for transmitting sounds at a distance; first in French, téléphone, a sys­ tem o f signalling by musical notes, 1828), from Greek tele- ‘ at a distance’ (see tele-, °p a leo zo ico ) + -phonos ‘sounding’ (see -fon o, fon ético, estereofó n ic o , °fábula). telégrafo ‘ telegraph’ : French télégraphe ‘ tele­ graph, semaphore’ (1792), from télé- ‘at a distance’ (from Greek tele- ‘at a distance’ ; see tele-, °paleozoico) + -graphe ‘ instru­ ment that writes or otherwise comm uni­ cates’ , from Greek -graphon ‘writing; something written’ (see -grafo2, -grafo1, ° gráfico). telegrama ‘ telegram (in English, telegram, 1852): tele- ‘ at a distance’ (see tele-, °p a leo zo ico ) + -grama ‘ message, piece o f writing’ , from Greek grámma ‘ piece o f writing’ (see gramática, "gráfico). telescopio ‘ telescope’ : Italian telescopio ‘tele­ scope’ (1 611), from tele- ‘at a distance’ (from Greek tele- ‘ at a distance’ ; see tele-, °p a leo zo ico ) + Greek -skopion ‘ means for viewing’ (see calidoscopio, "espejo). televisión ‘ television’ (in English, September 1909): tele- ‘ at a distance’ (see tele-, 0p a leo zo ico) + visión ‘ vision, sight’ (see visión, visera, "ver). telón ‘ curtain (theater)’ : tela ‘ cloth’ (see tela, "tejer) + -ón, an augmentative ending (see -ón). tema ‘ theme’ : Latin thema ‘subject or topic treated o f ’ , from Greek théma ‘subject, topic, proposition, something laid down, something placed’ , from Indo-European dhe-mn ‘ thing placed’ , from dhé- ‘ to place, set, lay dow n’ (see "hacer). temblar ‘ to tremble’ : Vulgar Latin *tremulare ‘ to tremble’ , from Latin tremulus ‘ shaking, tremulous’ (see "trém ulo) + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-ar').

temer

°temer ‘ to fear’ : Latin timere ‘ to fear, be afraid’ . Related words: atemorizar, temor, tímido. “temerario ‘ temerarious’ : Latin temerarias ‘ rash, temerarious’ , from temere ‘rashly; by chance; blindly’ (underlying meaning: ‘ in the dark’ ), from Indo-European tems‘ in darkness’ , from tern- ‘ dark’ . Related words: tenebroso, tinieblas. For Latin -arius ‘ connected with’ , see °-a rio'. temor ‘ fear’ : Latin timor ‘ fear’ , from timere ‘ to fear’ (see ° tem er) + -or ‘ quality, state’ (see -o r 2). temperatura ‘ temperature’ : Latin temperatu­ ra ‘ temperature; proportion, com position (o f the weather)’, from temperatus ‘tem ­ pered’ , past participle o f temperare ‘ to blend’ (see templado, °tiem po), + -ura ‘result’ (see °-ura). tempestad ‘ storm, tempest’ : Latin tempestatem, accusative o f tempestas (stem tempestat-) ‘storm, bad weather; weather; season, period o f time’ , from tempus ‘ time; season’ (see ° tiem po). templado ‘ tempered’ : templado, past partici­ ple o f templar ‘to temper’ , from obsolete temprar, from Latin temperare ‘to mingle, blend; to restrain oneself’ , probably from tem por-, stem o f tempus ‘time’ (see ° tiem po). tem plo ‘ temple (building dedicated to the worship o f a deity)’ : Latin templum ‘ temple, sanctuary, shrine, open space for observation marked out (underlying mean­ ing: ‘ cut ou t’ ) by augurs’ , from IndoEuropean tem-lo- ‘ cut ou t’ , from tern- ‘to cut’ (see °tom o). temporada ‘season’ : Latin tem por-, stem o f tempus ‘ season; time’ (see 0tiem po) + -ada ‘ being’ (see -ada3). temporal (adjective) ‘ temporal, temporary’ ; (noun) ‘storm, tempest, bad weather’ : Latin temporalis ‘ temporary, temporal’ , from tempor-, stem o f tempus ‘time; season’ (see ° tiem po), + -alis ‘o f ’ (see °-al). The meaning ‘ bad weather’ derives from the idea o f ‘season, time o f the year’ . temprano ‘ early’ : Vulgar Latin temporanus ‘ timely’ (compare archaic English timely = ‘ early’ ), from Latin temporaneus ‘ time­ ly’ , from tempor-, stem o f tempus ‘time’ (see °tiem po), + -aneus ‘ o f ’ (see -dneo). tenaz ‘ tenacious’ : Latin tenax ‘tenacious, holding firmly, tending to hold firm ly’ , from tenere ‘ to hold, keep’ (see ° tener) +

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-ax ‘inclined t o ’ (see °-az). tenazas ‘ tongs, pincers’ , probably from Latin tenada ‘ those that are tenacious, that hold firm ly’ , neuter plural o f tenax (stem tenac-) ‘ tenacious, holding firmly’ (see tenaz, 0tener). tender ‘ to stretch’ ( tendencia ‘ tendency’ ): Latin tendere ‘ to stretch, extend’ , from Indo-European ten-do-, from ten- ‘ to stretch’ (see 0tener). tenebroso ‘ dark, tenebrous’ : Latin tenebrosus ‘ dark’ , from tenebrae (plural) ‘ dark­ ness’ (from Indo-European tems-ra- ‘ dark­ ness’ , from terns-, from tern- ‘ dark’ ; see 0temerario) + -osus ‘ having, abounding in’ (see -oso). tenedor ‘one who holds or possesses; holder (o f a check or bill); fork ’ : tener ‘ to hold’ (see °tener) + -edor ‘ acting, doer’ (see -ed or'). tener ‘ to have; to hold’ : Latin tenere ‘ to hold, keep’ (underlying meanings: ‘ to cause to continue; to hold on t o ’ ), from Indo-European ten- ‘ to stretch’ . Related words: abstenerse, atención, atender, atenerse, atento, barítono, contener, con ­ tienda, continente, continuar, continuo, detener, entender, entonar, entretener, extender, exten so, extenuar, hipotenusa, im pertinente, intención, intenso, intentar, intento, mantener, m on óton o, obtener, ostentar, o x íto n o , pa roxíton o, p eritoneo, p erten ecer, pertinaz, pertinente, porten ­ to, pretender, retener, rienda, sostener, sustentar, tenaz, tenazas, tender, tenedor, tenia, teniente, tenis, ten or1, ten or2, ten­ sión, tenue, ternera, ternero, ternura, te­ són, tétanos, tienda, tierno, tieso, tona­ da, tono. In other Romance languages, this verb has kept its Latin meaning ‘ to h old ’ (French teñir, Italian tenere, Romanian tine-, in the same languages, ‘ to have’ is a derivative o f Latin habere ‘ to have’ : French avoir, Italian avere, Romanian avea). “tenería ‘tannery’ : obsolete tañaría, from French tannerie ‘ tannery’ , from tanner ‘ to tan hides’, from Medieval Latin tannare ‘ to tan hides’ , from tannum ‘oak bark’ (cut into small pieces used in tan­ ning), probably from Gaulish tanno- ‘oak’ , from Celtic tann- ‘oak’ . Related word: tanino. tenia ‘ tapeworm, taenia’ : Latin taenia ‘ tape­ worm ; band, ribbon’ , from Greek tainia

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‘band, ribbon’ , from Indo-European tn-ya‘string, something stretched’ , from tn-, from ten- ‘ to stretch’ (see ° tener). teniente ‘ lieutenant’ , short for lugarteniente ‘lieutenant, substitute’ , from Medieval Latin locum tenentem , accusative o f locum tenens ‘substitute, one who holds the place o f another’ , from Latin locum, accusative o f locus ‘ place’ (see “local) + tenens ‘ holding’ , present participle o f tenere ‘to hold’ (see °tener). tenis ‘ tennis’ : English tennis, from Middle English tennys, tenys, teneys, tenetz, probably from Old French tenez ‘ take!, receive!’ , second person (formal singular) imperative o f teñir ‘to h old ’ (also ‘ to take, receive’ , as in tiensl = prends! ‘ take!’ ), probably from a customary (cerem onial) call during the game. ten or 1 ‘ tenor (course o f thought, intent, general sense)’ : Latin tenor ‘uninterrupted course, a holding o n ’ , from tenere ‘to h old ’ (see “ tener) + -or ‘ quality, state’ (see -o r2). tenor 2 ‘tenor |(highest natural adult male voice, and singer having such a v oice)’ : Italian tenore ‘ tenor (highest male voice, and singer having such a voice)’ , from obsolete tenore ‘ voice that holds the main m elody (in medieval polyp h on y)’ , from tenere ‘to hold’ , from Latin tenere ‘ to h old ’ (see “ tener). tensión ‘tension’ : Latin tensionem, accusa­ tive o f tensio (stem tension-) ‘tension’, from tensus ‘stretched’ , past participle o f tendere ‘to stretch’ (see ten d er,0tener), + -io ‘act; result’ (see “ -ión). tentáculo ‘ tentacle’ : New Latin tentaculum ‘ tentacle’ (first used in English, tentáculo, plural, 1752), from Latin tentare ‘ to touch, feel’ (see “ tentar) + -culum ‘ instru­ ment, means’ (see -culo2, -culo1, °-ulo). “tentar ‘ to feel; to try; to tem pt’ ( tentación ‘tem ptation’ ): Latin tentare, temptare ‘ to touch, feel; to tempt, excite; to test; to attempt; to attack’ . Related words: atentado, tentáculo. tenue ‘ tenuous’ : Latin tenuis ‘ thin; small’ , from Indo-European ten-u- ‘thin’ (under­ lying meaning: ‘stretched’ ), from ten- ‘ to stretch’ (see “ tener). “teñir ‘ to dye; to tinge’ : Latin tingere ‘ to dye; to moisten; to dip’ , from IndoEuropean teng- ‘ to dip, soak’ . Related w ord: tinta.

terciop elo

teología ‘ theology’ : Late Latin theologia ‘ theology’ , from Latin theologia ‘study o f the gods’ , from Greek theologia ‘study o f the gods’ , from theo- ‘god, gods’ (from theós ‘ god ’ ; see “a teo) + -logia ‘study’ (see -logia, “ leer). “teoría ‘ theory’ : Late Latin theoria ‘theory’ , from Greek theoria ‘ theory; considera­ tion, contemplation, act o f viewing’ , from thebrós ‘ spectator’ , from theásthai ‘ to watch, view; to see’ , from théa ‘a viewing; action o f seeing’ (related words: anfiteatro, teatro). tequila (1 656) ‘tequila (Mexican liquor)’ : Tequila, a town about 50 km northwest o f Guadalajara, M exico, where this liquor was originally made (from a century plant that grows in the area), from Nahuatl Tequillan, literally = ‘Tax place’ or ‘ Work Place’ , from tequitl ‘tax, tribute; w ork’ (from tequi ‘ to cut, hunt, w ork’ [tributes were often paid in services in fifteenthcentury M exico] or from tequiotl ‘w ork ’ , from tequitl) + -lán, -lian, variants o f -tlan ‘ place o f ’ (see “azteca). terapéutica ‘ therapeutics’ : Late Latin therapeutica (a plural) ‘therapeutics, medical treatises’ , from Greek therapeutiká ‘ thera­ peutics, medical treatises’ , from therapeu­ tiká, neuter plural o f therapeutikós ‘ thera­ peutic, curative, medicinal’ , from therapeiiein ‘ to attend, treat medically, be an attendant’ , from théraps ‘ attendant’ , o f Anatolian origin. teratología ‘ teratology’ : French tératologie ‘ teratology, study o f malformations’ (1752), from Greek teratología ‘ narrative concerning monsters’ , from terato‘ monster, marvel’ (from térat-, stem o f téras ‘ monster, marvel’ , from IndoEuropean kwer-s- ‘ bewitching; something that makes or charms’ , from kwer- ‘to make’ ; see “sánscrito) + -logia ‘ narrative, expression, study’ (see -logia, “leer). tercero ‘ third (adjective)’ ( tercer before a masculine singular noun): Vulgar Latin tertiariu ‘ third’ , from Latin tertiarius ‘ o f a third’ , from tertius ‘third’ (see tercio, “ tres) + -arius ‘o f ’ (see °-ario‘ ). tercio ‘ third (n ou n)’ : Latin tertius ‘a third’ , from Indo-European tri-tyo- ‘ a third’, from tri-, from trei- ‘ three’ (see “tres). terciopelo ‘ velvet’ , literally = ‘third hair, third filament’ (because velvet was origi­ nally made by weaving into a cloth an

extra warp [ ‘third’ if you count the other warp and the w o o f as t w o ]), from ob so­ lete tercio (adjective) ‘ third’ (from Latin tertius ‘ third’ ; see tercio; °tres) + pelo ‘ hair, filament’ (see °pelo). Teresa (around 1330), feminine given name (corresponding to English Theresa, Tere­ sa); Late Latin Therasia (fourth century), from Greek Therasia, a feminine name, perhaps originally = ‘ from Therasia (m od ­ ern Greek Thirasia, a Greek island west o f Thíra, 36°N 25“E )’ , terco ‘ stubborn’ : obsolete terco ‘ hard, strong’ , akin to Italian tirchio ‘stingy’ and probably to Latin tesca (plural) ‘rough regions, wastes’ . tergiversar ‘ to jumble, misrepresent (in order to excuse oneself or to avoid doing som e­ thing)’ : Latin tergiversari ‘ to evade, turn the back’ , from tergum ‘ the back’ (see °postergar) + versare ‘ to turn’ (frequenta­ tive o f vertere ‘ to turn’ ), fyom versus, past participle o f vertere (see °verter). “termas ‘ hot mineral baths; thermae’ : Latin thermae ‘ hot springs, public baths’ , from Greek thérmai ‘ hot springs, public baths’ , from thérmai, plural o f thérmé ‘ heat’ , from thermos ‘h ot; warm’ , from IndoEuropean gwher-mo- ‘warm’ , from gwher‘warm’ . Related words: fórceps, güero, horno, term óm etro. termes ‘termite’ : Latin termes (also tarmes) ‘worm that eats w o o d ’ . terminar ‘to finish, terminate’ : Latin termi­ nare ‘ to terminate, limit, set bounds’ , from terminus ‘ boundary, limit, end’ (see ° térm ino) + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). “término ‘ end, termination; term, w ord’ : Latin terminus ‘ boundary, limit, end’ , from Indo-European ter-men- ‘ boundary marker’ (underlying meaning: ‘where you are crossing over’ ), from ter- ‘ to cross over; to break through’ + -men- ‘ product or result o f action’ (see °-m ento). Related words: determinar, exterminar, terminar, term inología; probably: trámite. terminología ‘ term inology’ : German Terminologie ‘ term inology’ (1786), from Medi­ eval Latin terminus ‘ term, word, expres­ sion’ (from Latin terminus ‘boundary, limit, end’ ; see “ término) + -o-, connective vowel (from Latin -o-; see -o-), + -logie ‘study’ , from Greek -logia ‘study; expres­ sion’ (see -logia, °leer).

termómetro ‘ thermometer’ : French thermo­ metre ‘ thermometer’ (1624), from Greek thermo- (from thérmé ‘heat’ ; see “ ter­ mas) + French -metre ‘ measuring device’ , from Greek métron ‘ measure’ (see °-m etro). terna ‘ list o f three nominees for a position’ : Latin terna, neuter plural o f terni ‘three each’ , from ter ‘ three times’ , from IndoEuropean tris- ‘ three times’ , from trei‘ three’ (see °tres). ternera ‘ veal’ : ternera ‘ female calf’ , feminine o f ternero ‘ calf’ (see ternero, tierno, ° tener). ternero ‘ calf’ : tern-, base o f tierno ‘ tender’ (see tierno, ° tener). ternura ‘ tenderness’ : tern-, base o f tierno ‘ tender’ (see tierno, ° tener), + -ura ‘ result; being’ (see °-ura). Terpsicore ‘ Terpsichore (Muse o f the dance and o f choral singing)’ : Latin Terpsichore, from Greek Terpsikhóré, literally = ‘ De­ lighting in the Dance’ , from térpsis ‘ en­ joym ent, delight’ (from térpein ‘ to please, delight’ ; see °Euterpe) + khorós ‘ dance’ (see °coro). Terranova ‘ Newfoundland (island, Canada)’ : New Latin Terra Nova ‘ Newfoundland’ (around 1498; the island was discovered in 1497), literally = ‘ New Land’ (com ­ pare Nueva Zembla), from Latin terra ‘ land’ (see °tierra) + nova, feminine o f novus ‘ new’ (see °nuevo). terraza ‘ terrace’ : Old Provencal terrassa ‘ terrace, platform, pile o f earth’ , from terra ‘ earth’ , from Latin terra ‘ earth’ (see “ tierra). terrem oto ‘ earthquake’ : Italian terrem oto ‘ earthquake’ , from Latin terrae motus ‘ earthquake, movement o f the earth’ , from terrae ‘ o f the earth’ , genitive o f terra ‘ earth’ (see °tierra), + motus ‘ m ove­ ment, m otion, a moving’ , from motus, past participle o f movere ‘ to m ove’ (see ° mover). terreno ‘ plot, lo t’ : Latin terrenum (noun) ‘ land, ground’ , from terrenum (adjective), neuter o f terrenus ‘ o f earth’ , from terra ‘ earth, land’ (see ’‘ tierra) + -enus ‘ o f ’ (see -eno). terrible ‘ terrible’ : Latin terribilis ‘ terrible’ , from terrere ‘to frighten’ (see “ terror) + -ibilis ‘ capable o f ’ (see -ible, °-ble). territorio ‘ territory’ : Latin territorium ‘ terri­ tory, district, land around a tow n’ , from

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terra ‘ land’ (see ° tierra) + -itorium ‘ o f ’ (see -itorio). terrón ‘ clod ; lum p’ : terr-, base o f tierra ‘ earth’ (see ° tierra). “terror ‘ fear, terror’ : Latin terror ‘ terror’ , from terrere ‘ to frighten’ , from IndoEuropean ters-, metathesis o f tres- ‘ to tremble’ , from ter- ‘ to tremble’ (see ° tré­ m ulo). Related words: im pertérrito, terri­ ble. For Latin -or ‘ state’ , see -o r2. terso ‘ terse, polished; sm ooth’ : Latin tersus ‘ clean, neat’ , from tersus ‘ polished’ , past participle o f tergere ‘ to polish’ (see °detergente). tesis ‘thesis’ : Latin thesis ‘ thesis’, from Greek thesis ‘thesis, act o f placing, act o f laying down, position’ , from tithénai ‘ to put, place, set’ , from Indo-European dhi-dhé-, reduplicated form o f dhé- ‘ to place, set’ (see °hacer). tesón ‘ perseverance, firmness’ : Latin tensionem, accusative o f tensio (stem tension-) ‘ tension’ (see tensión, tender, °tener). tesorero ‘treasurer’ : tesoro ‘ treasure’ (see “ tesoro) + -ero ‘ connected with’ (see -ero2). “tesoro ‘ treasure’ : Latin thesaurus ‘ hoard, treasure’ , from Greek thésaurós ‘ hoard, treasure’ . Related w ord: tesorero. testamento ‘last will, testament’ : Late Latin testamentum ‘ covenant; Scripture (trans­ lation o f Greek diathéké ‘ covenant; Scripture; last will’ ); last will’ , from Latin testamentum ‘ last will’ , from testari ‘to be a witness; to make a will’ (from testis ‘witness’ ) + -mentum ‘result’ (see ’‘ -men­ tó). Latin testis ‘witness’ derives from *terstis, from Indo-European tri-st-i- ‘w it­ ness’ (underlying meaning: ‘third party who is standing b y ’ ), from tri- (from trei‘ three’ ; see °tres) + st-, from sta- ‘ to stand’ (see °estar). “testarudo ‘ stubborn’ , irregularly from testa ‘ head’ (compare English hardheaded, pig­ headed = ‘stubborn’ ), from Italian testa ‘ head’ , from Late Latin testa ‘skull; head’ , from Latin testa ‘ shell, piece o f burned clay, earthen pot, brick, tile’ . Related w ord: tostón. testículo ‘ testicle’ : Latin testiculus ‘ testicle’, diminutive o f testis ‘testicle (underlying idea: ‘evidence o f maleness’ ); evidence, witness’ (see testam ento, °tres, °estar). For Latin -iculus ‘ little on e’ , see -icu lo1. testigo ‘witness’ : obsolete testiguar ‘to testi­

T ib et

fy ’, from latin testificari ‘ to testify’ , from testis ‘witness’ (see testamento, °tres, “estar) + -ficare ‘ make’ (see -ficar, -fico, °hacer). testimonio ‘ evidence, testimony’ : Latin testi­ monium ‘ testimony, evidence, witness’ , from testis ‘witness’ (see testamento, °tres, °estar) + -monium, an ending o f abstract nouns (see matrimonio). teta ‘ udder, breast; nipple, teat’ : Old French tete, tette (French tette) ‘ nipple, teat’, from West Germanic *titta ‘ nipple, teat’ , tétanos ‘ tetanus’ : Greek tétanos (n o u n )‘ tet­ anus, disease characterized by rigidity o f the voluntary muscles’ , from tétanos (ad­ jective) ‘rigid, stretched’ , from teinein ‘ to stretch’ (see hipotenusa, °tener). tetrágono ‘ quadrangle’ : Latin tetragonum ‘square, quadrangle’ , from Greek tetrágónon ‘square, quadrangle’ , from tetrágónon, neuter o f tetrágonos ‘ tetragonal’ , from tetra- ‘ four, having fou r’ (from Indo-European kwetr-, variant o f kwetru-, combining form o f kwetwer- ‘ fou r’ ; see “cuatro) + -gonos ‘ -cornered’ (see °-gono). tétrico ‘ gloom y’ : Latin taetricus ‘ gloom y, harsh, forbidding’ , from taetr-, stem o f taeter ‘shocking, hideous, repulsive’ , teutón ‘ Teuton’ : Latin Teutoni, Teutones (both plural) ‘ the Teutons’ (first century B.C.), from Germanic theudanóz, an an­ cient European people that lived in Jut­ land until around 100 B.C., from IndoEuropean teut-onos (underlying meaning: ‘ those o f our people’ ), from teutá(source, likewise, o f German Deutsch ‘German’) ‘a p eople’ (see °tod o). textil ‘ textile’ : Latin textilis ‘w oven’ , from textus ‘woven’ (past participle o f texere ‘ to weave’ ; see “ tejer) + -ilis ‘ o f ’ (see °-i7). texto ‘ text’ : Latin textus ‘text, literary com ­ position; structure; texture, tissue’ , from textus ‘woven, constructed’ , past partici­ ple o f texere ‘ to weave, construct’ (see 0tejer). ti ‘ (for, o f) y o u ’ : Vulgar Latin ti (influenced by Vulgar Latin mi ‘ (for, o f) m e’ ; see mi), from Latin tibi, dative o f tu ‘ y o u ’ , from Indo-European tebhei (dative), from te, accusative o f tu- ‘y o u ’ (see °fú). Tibet ‘ Tibet (region, China; Tibetan Bod, Bod-yul [yul = ‘ country’ ], Chinese Xizang [‘ concealed in the west’, from xi ‘west’ + záng ‘ to hide’ ]): sixth-century Chinese Tu-bat (‘ earth aborigines’ , mod-

tibia

ern Chinese tu-bo, from tu ‘ earth’ + bo ‘ aborigines’ ), or Mongolian Tiivd, Tbvd, or Thai Thibet (Arabic Tubbat [around 1 1 5 4 ]); the first element is o f disputed origin, the second, probably from Tibetan Bod ‘ Tibet’ , is also o f disputed origin — compare Bhutan — (akin to Tibetan m t’on-po, m t’o-ba ‘high’?). tibia ‘ tibia’ : Latin tibia ‘shinbone; pipe, flute’ . tibio ‘ lukewarm, tepid’ ; Latin tepidus ‘luke­ warm’ , from tepere ‘ to be lukewarm’ , from Indo-European tep-e-, stative form o f tep- ‘warm’ (for Indo-European stative -5-, see ° tumor). tiburón ‘ shark’ : Portuguese tubardo ‘shark’ , probably from Tupi tubarám ‘shark’ . -ticio ‘ act; quality; o f ’ , an ending o f adjec­ tives, as in alimenticio, crediticio, ficticio: Latin -ticius (also -titius) — as in dediticius ‘ o f a surrender’ , empticius ‘ purchased’ — from -tus, a past participle ending (see °-ado'), + -idus ‘act; quality; o f ’ (see °-icio). "tiempo ‘ time; weather’ : Latin tempus ‘ time; season’ (accusative and nominative; stem tem por-). Related words: extem poráneo, tempestad, temporada, temporal, tempra­ no-, probably: intemperie, temperatura, templado. tienda ‘shop, store’ : tienda ‘ tent’ (the first shops being under tents), from Medieval Latin tenda ‘ tent’ (-d- instead o f -t- by influence o f Latin tendere ‘ to stretch’ ), from tenta ‘tent’ , from Vulgar Latin *tenta ‘ tent’ , from Latin tenta, feminine o f tentus ‘ stretched’ , past participle o f tendere ‘to stretch’ (see tender, °tener). Tientsin ‘Tientsin (city, China)’ : Chinese Tianjing, name o f this riverine town (documented around A.D. 1300), literal­ ly = ‘ Heavenly F ord’ , from tian ‘sky’ + jing ‘ fo rd ’ . tierno ‘tender’ : Latin tenerum, accusative o f tener ‘ tender, delicate, young’ , from Indo-European ten-ero- ‘stretched, thin’ , from ten- ‘to stretch’ (see ° tener). "tierra ‘ earth, ground, land’ : Latin terra ‘earth, ground, land, country’ , from IndoEuropean ters-a- ‘ dry land’ , from ters- ‘ to dry’ . Related words: aterrizar, enterrar, entierro, Mediterráneo, subterráneo, tar­ so, Terranova, terraza, terrem oto, terre­ no, territorio, terrón, Tierra del Fuego, torrefacción, torrente, tórrido, tostar-,

516

probably: tarro, turrón. Tierra del Fuego ‘Tierra del Fuego (archipel­ ago and its main island, Chile and Argenti­ na)’ , literally = ‘ Land of-the Fire’ (see tierra, del, and fu ego), discovered by Magellan in November 1520 and so named (also Tierra de los Humos ‘smoke land’ , Tierra de los Fuegos ‘ Land o f the •Fires’ ) at that time because o f the many fires seen along the coast at night (they could still be seen in the nineteenth cen­ tury from the Strait o f Magellan). The local Indians lighted these fires probably because o f the cold — the average daily minimum temperature there for Novem­ ber is 4°C (40°F), the absolute minimum for November, -5 °C (23°F). tieso ‘ stiff’ : teso ‘stiff’ (influenced by such forms o f tender ‘ to stretch’ as tiendo, tiendes, tiende), from Vulgar Latin tesus, from Latin tensus ‘ stretched’ (see tensión, tender, ° tener). tifo, tifus ‘ typhus’ : Greek typhos ‘ fever, de­ lusion, fever causing delusion; smoke, steam’ , from typhein ‘ to smoke (make sm oke)’ , from Indo-European dhu-bh- ‘ to fill with smoke, cloud, darken’ , from dhu-, from dheu- ‘ smoke, steam’ (see ° fumar). tifoidea ‘ typhoid’ : fiebre tifoidea ‘ typhoid fever’ , from fiebre ‘ fever’ (see fiebre) + tifoidea, feminine o f tifoideo (adjective) ‘ o f typhus; similar to typhus’ , from tifo ‘ typhus’ (see tifo, °fumar) + -oideo ‘ re­ sembling’ , from -oide ‘ resembling’ (see -oide, °ver). tifón ‘ typ h oon ’ : Cantonese taai fung ‘ ty­ phoon ’ (influenced by Spanish Tifón ‘ Typhon (monster o f Greek m yth ology)’ ), literally = ‘ great wind’ , from taai ‘ great’ (Chinese dá) + fung ‘wind’ (Chinese feng). tifus ‘ typhus’ , see tifo. tigre ‘ tiger’ : Latin tigris, from Greek tigris ‘ tiger’ , o f Iranian origin (akin to Avestan tighri- ‘ arrow’ , tighra- ‘sharp, pointed’ , from Indo-European tig-ro- ‘sharp’ ; see carcaj, °estigma). Tigris ‘ Tigris (river, Turkey and Iraq; Turkish Dicle, Arabic Dijlah)’ : Latin Tigris, from Greek Tigris ‘Tigris’ , probably o f Iranian origin (akin to Avestan tighri- ‘ arrow’ , tighra- ‘ sharp’ , and Old Persian tigra‘sharp’ [see tigre, carcaj, °estigma ], so called because this river is very swift). tijeras ‘scissors’ : obsolete tiseras ‘scissors’,

517

from Latin tonsorias, feminine accusative plural o f tonsorius ‘ relating to shearing or shaving’ , from tonsus, past participle o f tondere ‘ to shear, clip; to shave’ (see tonsura, °tom o), + -orius ‘relating to ’ (see °-orio'). -til ‘o f ’ , an ending o f adjectives, as in reptil, tex til: Latin -filis ‘ o f ’ (as in fictilis ‘ made o f clay’ , textilis), from -tus, a past partici­ ple ending (see °-ado'), + -ilis ‘o f ’ (see °H ). tildar ‘to put a tilde over; to stigmatize’ : tilde ‘tilde’ (see tilde, ° titu lo) + -ar, an infini­ tive ending (see °-ar'). tilde ‘ tilde’ : Latin titulus ‘ superscription, in­ scription, title’ (see ° titulo), through *tildo, *tidlo, *tidulo. tilo ‘ linden’ , ultimately from Latin tilia ‘ linden’ . timbre ‘stamp; bell; timbre’ : French timbre ‘ stamp; timbre’ , from Old French timbre ‘ bell struck with a hammer; small hand drum; heraldic device representing a drum’ , from *timbne, from Vulgar Latin *timbano ‘ drum’ , from Greek tympanon (medieval pronunciation tim bano) ‘ drum’ (see tim pano*, °estudio). The meaning ‘ stamp’ derives from that o f ‘heraldic device’ . tím ido ‘ shy; tim id’ : Latin timidus ‘shy; afraid’ , from tem ere ‘ to be afraid’ (see ° tem er). "timón ‘rudder’ : Vulgar Latin *tim one, accu­ sative o f *timonis ‘rudder; helm’ , from Latin tem onem , accusative o f tem o ‘shaft o f a wagon, beam o f a plow, beam, pole’ , from Indo-European tenksmo ‘ beam, pole’ , from tengh- ‘ to pull, stretch’ . Related word: tungsteno. Timor ‘ Timor (island)’ : Portuguese Timor (around 1520), from Malay timur, timor ‘ east’ (Indonesian timur)-, Timor is one o f the most easterly islands o f the Malay Archipelago. tim pano 1 ‘ drum’ : Latin tympanum, from Greek tympanon ‘ drum’ , from IndoEuropean tump-, from tup- ‘drum; a blow ; to strike’ (see tipo, °estudio). tím pano 2 ‘ eardrum, tympanum’ : Medieval Latin tympanum ‘ eardrum’ , from Latin tympanum ‘ drum’ (see tím p a n o', °estu­ d io). "tina ‘ vat, tub, jar’ : Latin tina ‘wine jar’ . Related w ord: tinaja. tinaja ‘jar’ : tina ‘jar’ (see °tina).

tiroides

tinieblas ‘ darkness’ : Latin tenebras, accusa­ tive (plural) o f tenebrae (plural) — Latin stress ténebrae, Vulgar Latin stress tenébrae — ‘ darkness’ (see tenebroso, °temera­ rio). tinta ‘ ink’ : Late Latin tincta ‘ink’ , from Latin tincta, feminine o f tinctus ‘ dyed, moistened’ , past participle o f tingere ‘ to dye; to moisten; to dip’ (see 0 teñir). tiña ‘ scalp infection’ : Medieval Latin tinea ‘ any o f several fungous diseases o f the skin’ , from Latin tinea ‘ worm, m oth’ , from the fact that these diseases were thought to be due to gnawing worms, tío ‘ uncle’ : Late Latin thius, from Greek theios ‘ uncle’ (source, likewise, o f Italian zio ‘ uncle’ ), originally a little child’s word, akin to Sanskrit tata- ‘ father, old man’ (in the Rig-Veda, around 1300 B.C.) and to Russian dyadya ‘ uncle’ , típ ico ‘ typical’ : Late Latin typicus ‘ typical’ , from Greek typikós ‘ typical, conforming to type; impressionable’ , from typos ‘ type, impression’ (see tipo, °estudio) + -ikós ‘o f ’ (see °-ico2). tipo ‘ type’ : Late Latin typus ‘ form, type’ , from Latin typus ‘ image, figure’ , from Greek typos ‘ type, impression, blow ; image, m odel, mold, die’ , from IndoEuropean tup-o- ‘ a blow ’ , from tup- ‘a blow ; to strike’ , ultimately from steu- ‘ to strike’ (see 0estudio). tira ‘strip’ , probably from Catalan tira ‘ strip’ , from Old French tire ‘sequence, row, order’ , from tirer ‘ to puli’ , from Vulgar Latin tirare ‘ to pull’ (see ° tirar). Tirana ‘ Tirana (capital o f Albania; Albanian Tirané)’ : Italian Tirana (1 5 7 2 ), o f dis­ puted origin. "tirano ‘ tyrant’ : Latin tyrannus ‘ tyrant’ , from Greek tyrannos ‘ tyrant, ruler, lord, sovereign’ . Probably related word: anfi­ trión. tirante (adjective) ‘ tense’ : tirante, present participle o f tirar ‘ to pull’ (see " tirar). tirantez ‘ tension’ : tirante ‘ tense’ (see tirante, °tirar) + -ez ‘ condition, quality’ (see -ez'). "tirar ‘ to throw; to shoot; to pull, draw’ (tiro ‘ throw; shot’ ): Vulgar Latin *tirare ‘ to pull; to shoot’ . Related words: estirar, retirar, tirante, tirantez-, probably: tira. tiroides ‘ thyroid, thyroid gland’ : New Latin thyroides (noun) ‘thyroid gland’, from thyroides (adjective) ‘ o f the thyroid gland; shield-shaped’ (in French, thyroide, be-

Tirreno (Mar)

fore 1590), from Greek thyreoeidés ‘ shaped like a shield; shaped like a d oor’ (second century o f the Christian era: khóndros thyreoeidés ‘ thyroid cartilage’ ), from thyreós ‘ oblong shield, shield shaped like a door; door-shaped’ (from thyra ‘ d oor’ , from Indo-European dhur-, from dhwer- ‘ d oor’ ; see °fuera) + -oeidés ‘ having the shape o f ’ (see -oide, °ver). Tirreno (Mar) ‘ Tyrrhenian Sea (part o f the Mediterranean Sea; Italian Mare Tirreno)’ : Latin Tyrrhenum (mare) ‘Tyrrhenian (Sea)’ (first century B.C.), literally = ‘ Etruscan Sea’ , from tyrrhenum, neuter o f tyrrhenus ‘ Etruscan (adjective)’ , from Greek tyrrhénós, tyrsénós ‘ Etruscan’ (eighth century B.C.) (akin to Greek tyrrhis, tyrsis ‘ tower; walled city’?; Greek Tyrrhenoi ‘ Etruscans’ would there­ fore mean ‘ Dwellers in Walled Cities’ [see ° torre]). tísico ‘ tubercular person, phthisic’ : Latin phthisicus ‘ tuberculous’ , from Greek phthisikós ‘ tuberculous’ , from phthisis ‘ consum ption’ , from phthinein, phthiein ‘ to wane, die away, waste away, decay’ , from Indo-European gzwhi-, from gzwhei‘ to die, waste away’ (compare sed). titán ‘ titan (person o f great size or pow er)’ , from Titán ‘Titan (one o f a group o f giants or primordial gods o f ancient Greek m yth ology)’ , from Latin Titan, from Greek Titán ‘ Titan’ (underlying meaning: ‘god o f the sun’ ), from tito ‘ day; sun’ , a loan from Asia Minor. títere ‘ puppet’ , o f uncertain origin. As puppetteers often make their small-scale figures speak with a high voice, the word (which has cognates in Catalan and Pro­ vencal) may have been form ed in imita­ tion o f such way o f speaking. Also, in some European puppet theaters around 1600, the manipulator did not speak the dialogue, but used a whistle (which to some sounded ti ti), making believe that that was the puppet’s voice, and outside the puppet theater an interpreter ex­ plained or recited the story (one reason may have been that frequently the puppetteers were foreigners — often Italian outside Italy — who did not speak the language o f the audience). Compare Cer­ vantes’ Don Q uixote de la Mancha (2.2526) and Ben Jonson’s Bartholomew Fair (A ct V).

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Titicaca ‘ Titicaca (lake, Bolivia and Peru)’ : Titicaca ‘ Titicaca (island in this lake, Bolivia)’ , probably o f Quechua origin, = ‘rock o f lead’ , from fifí ‘ lead (the metallic element)’ + ccacca ‘rock ’ . Some authors state that the original name may have been Inticaca; it would then mean ‘rock o f the sun’ , from inti ‘sun’ , titubear ‘ to waver (stagger, and show irresolu­ tion )’ : Latin titubare ‘ to reel, stagger’ , titular ‘ to title’ : titulo ‘ title’ (see °titu lo) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see “-ar1). “título ‘ title’ : Latin titulus ‘superscription, inscription, sign, label, title’ . Related words: tildar, tilde, titular. -tivo ‘ performing; tending t o ’ , as in afirmati­ vo, cautivo, fugitivo: Latin -tivus ‘ per­ forming, tending t o ’ (as in captivus), from -tus, past participle ending (see “-ado') , + -ivus ‘ performing; tending to ­ ward’ (see °-ivo). tiza ‘ chalk’ : Náhuatl fizafCchalk, limestone’ , tizne ‘ grime, so o t’ : tiznar ‘ to smut, blacken’ , from *tizonar, from tizón ‘ firebrand’ (see “ fizón) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see “-ar1). “tizón ‘ firebrand (w o o d )’ : Latin titionem, accusative o f tifio ‘ firebrand’ (stem tition-). Related w ord: tizne. tlaxcalteca, tlascalteca ‘ o f Tlaxcala (city, M exico)’ : Nahuatl tlaxcalteca’ ‘ those from Tlaxcala’ , from Tlaxcallan, Tlaxcalla ‘ Tlaxcala’ (literally = ‘Tortilla Place’ , from tlaxcalli ‘ tortilla, thin cornmeal-cake’ [from tla- ‘something, thing’ + xcalli, short for ixcalli ‘c o o k e d ’ , from ixca ‘ to cook , bake’ , from iz- ‘ to bake (on an earthenware griddle)’ ] + -Ian, -la, variants o f -tlan, -tla ‘ place o f ’ [see °a zteca ]) + -teca ’ ‘those from ’ (see °-teca). -to 1 ‘ acted upon’ , an ending o f irregular (‘strong’ ) past participles, as in abierto, cubierto, escrito, pu esto, ro to: Latin -tus, past participle suffix (see °-ado1). Many adjectives and nouns are derived from these participles and are identical in form with them. Compare -so. -to2 ‘ ordinal number’ , an ending o f ordinal numbers, as in cuarto, quinto, sexto: Latin -tus, adjective suffix used especially to form ordinal numbers and past partici­ ples, from Indo-European -tos, -to‘ ordinal number’ (see “-ado1), toalla ‘ tow el’ : Old French toaille ‘ tow el’, from Frankish thwahlid, from Germanic

519

thwahan ‘ to bathe’ (source, likewise, o f Old High German dwahila ‘tow el’ and dwahan ‘ to wash’ and o f Gothic thwahan ‘ to wash’ ). tobillo ‘ ankle; ankle join t’ : Vulgar Latin *tubellu ‘ ankle; ankle join t’ , diminutive o f Latin tuber ‘hump, bum p’ (see tubércu­ lo , ° tumor). tocador ‘ dressing table, dressing ro o m ’ : tocar ‘ to put a toque on; to com b ’ , from toca ‘ hat, headdress, toqu e’ (source o f French and English toqu e), o f uncertain origin. °tocar ‘ to touch; to play; to ring’ : Vulgar Latin *toccare ‘ to strike (a bell), knock, touch’ , a word probably form ed in imita­ tion o f the sound o f knocking or striking. Related w ord: toque. tocayo ‘ namesake’, probably from Latin tu ‘ y o u ’ (see °tú) + Caius (a name used in Roman law to designate a fictitious or un­ named person), from a ritual sentence o f Roman law such as: “ Ubi tu Caius, ibi ego Caia” (= ‘Where you [will be called] Caius, there I [will be called] Caia’ ), ad­ dressed, at marriage festivals, by the bride to the bridegroom. Other names used in early Roman law for fictitious or unidenti­ fied parties to legal proceedings include Titius and Sempronius, which, with Caius, are the source o f the Italian phrase Tizio, Caio e Sem pronio. This phrase has its equivalent in Spanish Fulano, Menga­ no y Zutano (compare fulano), and in such English expressions as John Doe', John Q. Public; Tom, Dick and Harry (or, as they say in jest at the United Nations, Tom, Muhammad & Ivan [or Tom, Ricar­ do & Henry ]). The Latin masculine name Caius, Gaius (both, often simply written C .) probably meant ‘joyfu l, happy’ , from *Gauius, from gaudere ‘ to rejoice’ (see °gozo). The sounds k and g were both represented by C in Latin until around 210 B.C. when a slight graphic alteration was made in the C, which introduced G in the Roman orthography. The Nahuatl etym ology that has been proposed (from tocditl ‘ name; fame’ ) is improbable. tocino ‘ bacon’, probably from the (Celtic?) source o f Latin tuccetum , tucetum ‘a kind o f sausage’ . tocología ‘ obstetrics, to co lo g y ’ : Greek tókos ‘ childbirth’ (from Indo-European tok-o-

Tolim a

‘ birth’ , from tok-, from tek- ‘ to bear, beget’ ) + -logia ‘ study’ (see -logia, °leer). todavía ‘ still; yet’ (underlying meaning: ‘ be­ fore, and now t o o ’ ), from Old Spanish todavía ‘always, at all times’ (underlying meaning: ‘ (along) all the w ay’ ; compare English always, and French toujours ‘ always’ and ‘still’ in sentences like “ II est toujours president de la Commission” ‘ He is still Chairman o f the Com m ittee’ ), from toda, feminine o f todo ‘ all’ (see °to d o ) + via ‘w ay’ (see °via). °tod o ‘ all’ (todos ‘ everybody’ ): Latin totus ‘ all, whole, entire’ (possible underlying meaning: ‘o f the whole people’ ), from Indo-European teutd- ‘ a people’ . Related words: teutón, todavía, total, tute. toga ‘ toga, gown’ : Latin toga ‘ toga, outer garment’ , from tegere ‘to cover’ (see techo, °teja). T ogo ‘T ogo (country; French T o g o )’ . The area was given this name in 1884 by German explorers, from Togo, a coastal village, or T ogo, a lake (= ‘ Lagoon Coast’?), both near present Porto Seguro. T ok yo, T okio, (less correctly) T o k io ‘ T okyo (capital o f Japan)’ : Japanese T okyo, literally = ‘ Eastern Capital’ , from to ‘ east’ (from Ancient Chinese tung [Chinese d o n g ]) + k yó ‘ capital (city )’ , from A n­ cient Chinese kiang (Chinese jing). When Edo became Japan’s capital in 1868, its name was changed to T ok yo (‘eastern’ be­ cause the previous capital, K y o to , is to the west o f it). told o ‘ awning’ , probably from Germanic teldam ‘ tent, canopy’ (the source o f English tilt ‘ canopy’ . Underlying mean­ ing: ‘ something spread ou t’ ), from IndoEuropean del-to- ‘spread out, split’ , from del- ‘ to hew, split’ . "tolerar ‘ to tolerate’ : Latin tolerare ‘ to bear, endure’ , from Indo-European tel-os‘ charge, weight’ , from tel- ‘to lift, sup­ port, bear, weigh’ (related words: abla­ ción, ablativo, A tlántico, atlas, Atlas, carnestolendas, delator, dilatar2, filatelia, ilación, legislación, legislador, legislatura, relación, relatar, relativo, relato, super­ lativo, talante, talento, talión, tantalio, trasladar, tullido) + -os-, a suffix forming nouns from verbs (see °-o r l ). Tolima ‘ Tolima (mountain, Colom bia)’ (also Nevado del Tolima), probably o f Pijao (a Bariban language) origin, = ‘ big cloud’ ,

tolteca

from toli ‘ clou d’ + -ima, an augmentative suffix. tolteca ‘ T oltec’ : Nahuatl tolteca ’, literally = ‘ Those from Tolla’, from Tolla, Tollan (present Tula in M exico), capital o f the Toltecs from about A.D. 900 to 1200 (literally = ‘ Bulrush Place’ , from tollin ‘ bulrush’ [Mexican Spanish tule] + -la, -lan ‘ place’ , variants o f -tlan [see°azfeea] ), + -teca ’ ‘ those from ’ (see °-teca). tolvanera ‘ dust whirl’ , ultimately from Latin turbo (stem turbin-) ‘whirlwind’ (see turbina, ° turba). tomar ‘ to take’ , o f disputed origin. Tomás, masculine given name, corresponding to English Thomas, see Santo Tom é y Principe. "tomate ‘ tom ato; (M exico) a variety o f tom ato whose fruit is green when ripe’ : Nahuatl tomatl ‘tom ato (a variety whose fruit is green when ripe)’ . Related w ord: jitom ate. Spanish tomate is the source o f English tom ato and o f French tomate ‘tom ato’ . tom illo ‘ thym e’ : obsolete tom o ‘thym e’ (from Vulgar Latin tumu, from Latin thy mum, from Greek thymon ‘thym e’ [underlying meaning: ‘ plant with a strong smell’ ], from Indo-European dhu-mo‘ smoke, steam, smell’ ; see °fumar) + -illo, a diminutive ending (see -illo, -elo, °-ulo). "torno ‘ volume, tom e’ : Latin tomus ‘ tom e’ , from Greek tom os ‘tom e, slice, roll o f papyrus, section’ , literally = ‘ cut piece’ , from témnein ‘ to cut, slice’ , from IndoEuropean tem-no-, from tern- ‘to cut’ . Related words: anatomía, á tom o, con ­ templar, entom ología, ep ítom e, laparo­ tomía, tem plo, tijeras, tonsura. tonada ‘ tune’ : ton o ‘ tone’ (see ton o, °tener) + -ada ‘ characterized b y ’ (see -ada3). "tonel ‘barrel, tun’ : Old French tonel, tonnel ‘ cask, tun’ (French tonneau), from tonne ‘ tun’ , from Medieval Latin tunna, tonna ‘ barrel, tun’ , o f Celtic origin. Related words: tonelada, túnel. tonelada ‘ton ’ : tonel ‘barrel’ (see °tonel), originally a unit o f ship capacity (under­ lying meaning: ‘room for tw o tuns’ ). Tonga ‘ Tonga (island group)’ : English Tonga, from Tongan Tonga, literally = ‘ garden’ , tónico ‘ton ic’ : Greek tonikós ‘o f tension; o f tone’ , from tonos ‘ tension, ton e’ (see tono, ° tener) + -ikós ‘o f ’ (see °-ico1). tonina ‘ dolphin; tuna (fish)’ : Latin thunnus

52 0

‘ tuna’ (see °atún). ton o ‘ tone’ : Latin tonus ‘tension, a stretch­ ing, pitch, tone, sound’ , from Greek tonos ‘ tension, a stretching, pitch, tone, string, cord ’ , from Indo-European ton-o‘string; tension, a stretching’ , from ton-, from ten- ‘to stretch’ (see ° tener). tonsura ‘shearing; tonsure’ : Latin tonsura ‘ act o f shearing’ , from tonsus, past parti­ ciple o f tondere ‘to shear, clip; to shave’ , from Indo-European tem-do- ‘ to cut’ , from tern- ‘ to cut’ (see °tom o). For Latin -ura ‘ act o f ’ , see °-ura. ton to (noun) ‘ fo o l’ ( tontería ‘ foolishness’ ): tonto (adjective) ‘ foolish ’ , a Common Romance nursery word. "topar ‘ to collide; to run across’ , a word form ed in imitation o f the sound o f o b ­ jects striking together. Related word: to p e 1. top e 1 ‘ buffer, cushion; bump, jo lt’ : topar ‘ to collide’ (see °topar). top e 2 ‘ masthead, mast to p ’ : Old French top ‘top, summit’ , from Frankish topp- ‘ tip, to p ’ , from Germanic tap- ‘ plug, wad’ (see ° tapia). tóp ico ‘ topical, local’ : Greek topikós ‘ o f a place’ , from topos ‘ place’ (see °u topia) + -ikós ‘ o f ’ (see °-ico2). to p o ‘ mole (mammal)’ : Vulgar Latin talpus (compare Italian top o ‘ m ouse’ ), from Latin talpa ‘ m ole’ . topografía ‘ topography’ : Late Latin topographia ‘ topography’ , from Greek topographia ‘ topography, description o f a place’ , from topográphein ‘to describe a place’ , from topos ‘ place’ (see °u topia) + gráphein ‘ to write’ (see °gráfico). topónim o ‘ place-name, top on ym ’ : Greek top‘ place’ (from topos ‘ place’ ; see °utopia) + -onym os ‘name’ (see -ánimo, °nom bre). toque ‘ tou ch ’ : tocar ‘ to tou ch ’ (see °tocar). -tor ‘ acting, doer’ , an ending o f nouns, as in autor, d octor, escritor, m otor, sector: Latin -tor ‘acting, doer’ , an ending o f nouns (as in vinitor ‘ vine-dresser’ and victor), partly from -tus, past participle ending (see °-adoi ), + -or ‘ acting, doer’ (see "-o r 1) and partly from Indo-Europe­ an -tor-, an agent suffix, as in wid-tor‘ learned man’ (see historia) and wre-tor‘ speaker’ (see retórica). In Spanish, many adjectives are derived from these nouns and are identical in form with them. The feminine o f Spanish -tor is -friz (see -triz).

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torbellino ‘whirlwind’ , ultimately from Latin turbin-, stem o f turbo ‘whirlwind’ (see turbina, ° turba). torcaz (paloma) ‘w ood pigeon, ringdove’ : Vulgar Latin torquaceus, from Latin torquatus ‘collared’ (this dove has markings on the neck), from torques, torquis ‘ necklace made o f a strip o f twisted metal’ , from torquere ‘ to twist’ (see ° torcer). “torcer ‘ to twist’ : Vulgar Latin torcere, from Latin torquere (past participle stem tort-) ‘to twist, wind; to torture’, from IndoEuropean trkw-, from terkw- ‘to turn’ (related words: antorcha, mastuerzo, re­ torcer, retorta, torcaz, tormenta, tor­ m ento, torsión, tortícolis, tortuoso, tortura, tuerto), ultimately from ter- ‘to rub with a twisting m otion ’ (see 0 triturar). tordillo ‘ dapple-gray’ : tordo ‘ dapple-gray’ , from tordo ‘ thrush’ (see “ tordo), from the resemblance between the coloration o f dapple-gray horses and that o f the bird’s spotted breast. “tordo ‘ thrush (bird)’ : Latin turdus ‘thrush’, from Indo-European trsdo-, from trosdos-, trozdos- ‘thrush’ (source, likewise, o f En­ glish thrush and o f Russian drozd ‘ thrush’ ). Related words: aturdir, tordillo', possibly: avestruz. torero ‘ bullfigher’ : Late Latin taurarius ‘ bull­ fighter, gladiator who fights a bull’ , from Latin taurus ‘ bull’ (see °to ro ) + -arius ‘ person connected with’ (see -ario1). -toria ‘ o f ’ , an ending o f adjectives and nouns, as in contradictoria, perentoria-, obligato­ ria, dedicatoria-, requisitoria, transitoria: Latin -toria, feminine o f -torius ‘ o f; serv­ ing fo r’ (see -torio, -atoria, -itoria ,°-a d o', -orio1). torio ‘ thorium’ : New Latin thorium ‘ thori­ um ’ (first used in Sweden, 1828 or 1829), from Thor, god o f thunder in Norse m ythology (from Old Norse Thorr, god o f thunder, from thorr ‘thunder’ , from thunarr, from Germanic thunaraz ‘ thun­ der’ , from Indo-European stn-, from sten‘ to thunder’ ; see 0esten tóreo), + New Latin -ium ‘ element’ (see -io). -torio ‘ o f ’ , an ending o f adjectives and nouns, as in contradictorio, p eren to rio; expiatorio, citatorio; transitorio, escrito­ rio: Latin -torius ‘ o f; serving fo r ’ , from -tus, a past participle ending (see -atorio, -itorio, °-ado>i), + -orius ‘ o f; serving fo r ’

torrefa cción

(see “-orio1). tormenta ‘ storm’ : Latin tormenta ‘tortures’ , plural o f tormentum ‘ torture’ (see tor­ m ento, °torcer). torm ento ‘torm ent’ : Latin tormentum, *torqumentum, *torquementum ‘torture, instrument o f torture, twisted rope’ , from torquere ‘to twist’ (see °torcer) + -mentum ‘result; means’ (see °-m entó). tornar ‘to return; to turn’ : Latin tornare ‘ to turn in a lathe’, from tornus ‘ lathe’ (see torno, “ triturar) + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-ar‘ ). torneo ‘ tournament’ : tornear ‘to engage in a tournament, engage in mounted com bat’ , from Old French torneier ‘ to engage in mounted com bat’ , from torneier ‘to turn around’ (from the fact that in the middle ages the combatants in a tournament would turn around for each attack), from Vulgar Latin *tornidiare ‘ to turn’ , from Latin tornus ‘lathe’ (see tom o, °triturar). tornillo ‘ bolt, screw’ , literally = ‘small lathe, small vise’ , diminutive o f torno ‘ lathe, vise’ (see torno, °triturar). For -illo ‘ small’ , see -illo. torno ‘lathe’ : Latin tornus ‘ lathe’ , from Greek tornos ‘ dividers; lathe’ , from IndoEuropean tor-no- ‘ twisting’, from tor-, from ter- ‘to rub with a twisting m otion ’ (see “ triturar). “toro ‘ bull (animal)’ : Latin taurus ‘ bull’ , from Indo-European tauro- ‘ bull’ . Related words: tauromaquia, torero. toronja ‘ (Americas) grapefruit’ : toronja ‘ citron’ , from Arabic turunja ‘ citron’ . torpe ‘sluggish’ : Latin turpis ‘ ugly, vile, foul, base’ . torpedo ‘ torpedo (underwater projectile)’ : torpedo ‘ torpedo (fish that gives electric shocks), from Latin torpedo ‘ torpedo (fish)’ , from torpedo ‘stiffness, numbness’ , from torpere ‘ to be stiff, be numb’ , from Indo-European trp-e- ‘to be stiff’ , from trp- (+ stative -e-; see ° tum or), from terp-, sterp-, from ster- ‘stiff’ (see “estereofónico ). “torre ‘ tower; rook, castle (in chess)’ : Latin turris, from Greek tyrsis, tyrris ‘tow er’ , probably o f Mediterranean origin. Related w ord: Torres; possibly: etrusco, Tirreno. In chess, rooks represent one o f the four components o f an ancient Indian army — chariots (see ajedrez). torrefacción ‘roasting, torrefaction’ : Latin

torrente

torrefactus, past participle o f torrefacere ‘ to roast’ , from torrere ‘ to dry, parch, burn’ (see tórrido, “ tierra) + facere ‘ to do, make’ (see °hacer). torrente ‘ torrent’ : Latin torrentem , accusa­ tive o f torrens (stem torrent-) ‘ a torrent; a burning, a seething, a rushing’ , from torrens, present participle o f torrere ‘ to dry, parch, burn’ (see tórrido, °tierra). Torres, family name. Probable original mean­ ing: ‘ Dweller near the Towers’ (or a name o f origin = ‘ from Torres’ ; Torres is the name o f several towns in Spain [e.g., Torres de la Alameda, some 30 km east o f M adrid]), from torres, plural o f torre ‘tow er’ (see ° torre). tórrido ‘ torrid’ : Latin torridus ‘torrid’ , from torrere ‘ to dry, parch, burn’ , from IndoEuropean tors-eyo- (with assimilation o f the -s-), from tors-, from ters- ‘ to dry’ (see ° tierra). torsión ‘ twisting, torsion’ : Late Latin torsionem, accusative o f torsio (stem torsion-) ‘ a twisting’ , from torsus ‘twisted’ , variant o f Latin tortus, past participle o f torquere ‘to twist’ (see ° torcer). torso ‘ torso’ : Italian torso ‘torso’, from obsolete Italian torso ‘ stalk, stem’ , from Latin thyrsus, from Greek thyrsos ‘stalk, stem’ . “torta ‘ cake, loaf; (M exico) sandwich’ : Late Latin torta ‘round loaf o f bread’ . Related w ord: tortilla; probably: tarta. torticolis ‘ torticollis’ : New Latin torticollis ‘ abnormal twisting o f the neck’ (in ob so­ lete French, tortycolly, first half o f the sixteenth century), from Latin tortus ‘ twisted’ , past participle o f torquere ‘ to twist’ (see “torcer), + -i-, a connecting vowel (see -/-*), + collum ‘ neck’ (see cuello, “colon o). tortilla ‘ omelet; (M exico) griddle cake’ : tortilla Tittle cake, little loaf’ , diminutive o f torta ‘ cake, loaf’ (see “ torta). For -ilia Tittle’ , see -ilia. tórtola ‘ turtledove’ : obsolete tortora, from Latin turtur ‘ turtledove’ , a word probably formed in imitation o f the bird’s cooing. tortuga ‘turtle’ : Medieval Latin tortuca ‘ turtle’ , possibly from Vulgar Latin *tartaruca ‘ turtle’ (compare Italian tartaruga ‘ turtle’ ), from Late Latin tartarucha, feminine o f tartaruchus ‘ o f Tartarus; a certain dem on’ , from Greek tartaroúkhos ‘ o f Tartarus; a certain dem on’ , from Tár­

522

taros ‘Tartarus (the infernal regions o f Greek m yth ology)’ , from the turtle having been looked upon in ancient times (b y peoples o f the eastern Mediterranean and by the first Christians) as an infernal being. tortuoso ‘ tortuous’ : Latin tortuosus ‘wind­ ing, twisting’ , from tortus ‘ twist’ (from tortus ‘twisted’ , past participle o f torque­ re ‘ to twist’ ; see “ torcer) + -osus ‘having’ (see -oso). tortura ‘torture’ : Late Latin tortura ‘ torture; act o f twisting’ , from Latin tortus ‘ twist’ (see tortuoso, “ torcer) + -ura ‘ act, result’ (see °-ura). tos ‘ cough’ : Latin tussis ‘ cough’ , from IndoEuropean tud-ti- ‘ a knocking’ , from tud-, ultimately from steu- ‘ to knock, push’ (see “estudio). tosco ‘ coarse’ , probably from Vulgar Latin tuscus ‘ uncouth, rude’ , from the fact that the inhabitants o f Vicus Tuscus (literally = ‘ Tuscan Street, Street o f the Etruscans’ ) in first century B.C. Rome had the repu­ tation o f not being o f respectable char­ acter, from Latin tuscus (adjective) ‘ Tuscan, Etruscan’ , from Tuscus (noun) ‘ Tuscan, Etruscan’ , probably o f Etruscan origin. Possibly from *Truscus, from Etruscus (compare etrusco). toser ‘ to cough’ : Latin tussire ‘ to cough’ , from tussis ‘ cough’ (see tos, “estudio) + -ire, an infinitive ending (see -ir). tostar ‘to toast’ : Vulgar Latin *tostare ‘ to toast’ , from Latin tostus, past participle o f torrere ‘ to dry, parch’ (see tórrido, “ tierra), + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). tostón ‘ a kind o f coin ’ : testón ‘ a kind o f coin ’ , from testón, augmentative o f testa ‘ head’ (see “ testarudo), from the fact that one side o f this coin had the image o f a head. Compare Portuguese tostáo, Italian testone, kinds o f coins. For -ón ‘ big’ , see -ón. total ‘ total’ : Medieval Latin totalis ‘ o f the w hole’ , from Latin totus ‘ w hole’ (see “ tod o) + -alis ‘o f ’ (see °-al). tóx ico ‘ to x ic’ : Late Latin toxicus ‘ poison­ ous, tox ic’ , from Latin toxicum ‘ poison for arrows; poison’ , from Greek toxikón ‘ (poison) for arrows’ , from toxikón, neuter o f toxikós ‘ o f bow , for bow ; o f arrow, for arrow’ , from tóxon ‘ b o w ’ (in the plural, = ‘ bow and arrow’ ; underlying

523

meaning: ‘ arrow, thing that flies’ [from Indo-European tokw-so- ‘ thing that flies’ , from tokw-, from tekw- ‘ to run, flee’ ]) + -ikós ‘o f ’ (see °-ico2). “traba ‘ tie, bond; obstacle’ : Latin trabem (probably through obsolete *trabe\ com ­ pare Italian, Old French, and Portuguese trave ‘ beam’ ), accusative o f trabs (stem trab-) ‘beam, timber, r o o f’ (from the fact that animals were hobbled with logs), from Indo-European treb- ‘ dwelling, building’ . Related words: artesiano, tra­ bar. trabajar ‘ to w ork’ ( trabajador ‘worker; in­ dustrious’ , trabajo ‘ w ork’ ), originally = ‘ to labor, toil, work hard’ , from Vulgar Latin *tripaliare ‘ to torture’ , from *tripalium ‘ instrument o f torture’ (made o f three stakes), from Latin tripalis ‘having three stakes’ , from tri- ‘ three’ (see tri-1, °tres) + palus ‘ stake’ (see palo, °paz). trabar ‘to fasten; to shackle’ : traba ‘ tie, bon d ’ (see °traba) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar1). tracoma ‘ trachoma’ : New Latin trachoma ‘ trachoma’ (first used in English, 1693), from Greek trikhom a ‘roughness’ , from trakhys ‘rough, harsh’ (see °tráquea) + -oma, a noun suffix (see -oma, -ma, °-m entó). tractor ‘ tractor’ : New Latin tractor ‘ device or vehicle for dragging’ (for a vehicle, first used in English, August 1901), from Latin tractus ‘ action o f pulling’ , from tractus, past participle o f trahere ‘ to pull’ (see ° traer). tradición ‘ tradition’ : Latin traditionem, accu­ sative o f traditio (stem tradition-) ‘tradi­ tion, teaching, a handing over’ , from traditus, past participle o f tradere ‘ to hand over; to betray’ , from tra- ‘ over’ (see °trans-) + -dere, from dare ‘ to give’ (see °dar). traducir ‘ to translate’ : Latin traducere ‘ to translate, transfer, lead across’ , from tra‘ across’ (see °trans-) + ducere ‘ to lead’ (see “conducir). “traer ‘ to bring; to wear’ : Latin trahere ‘to pull, drag’ , from Indo-European tragh- ‘ to pull, drag’ . Related words: abstracción, abstracto, atracción, atractivo, atraer, contraer, contrato, distraer, entrenamien­ to, entrenar, extraer, maltratar, retazar, retrato, tractor, traje, trajinar, tratar, trazar, trecho, tren, treta, trineo-, possi­

trampa

bly: trama, tramar, tramo. “tragar ‘ to swallow’ , probably from Latin draco ‘ dragon’ (see dragón), through the idea o f ‘ monster that devours, that swal­ lows’ . Related word: trago. “tragedia ‘ tragedy’ : Latin tragoedia ‘tragedy’ , from Greek tragoidia ‘tragedy’ , literally = ‘ goat song’ (probably from the fact that early Greek tragedy usually included goatlike satyrs), from trigos ‘ he-goat’ (related word: trágico) + óidía, from óidé ‘song’ (see °oda). trágico ‘ tragic’ : Latin tragicus ‘tragic (‘ disas­ trous’ , and ‘ o f tragedy’ )’ , from Greek tragikós ‘o f tragedy; o f a he-goat’ , from trigos ‘ he-goat’ (see “ tragedia) + -ikós ‘ o f ’ (see °-ico2). trago ‘ draft (o f liquid)’ : tragar ‘ to swallow’ (see “ tragar) + -o, a noun ending (see -o 4). traición ‘ treason’ : Medieval Latin traditio­ nem, accusative o f traditio (stem tradi­ tion-) ‘ treason’ , from Latin traditio ‘ action o f handing over’ (see tradición, “ trans-, “dar). traidor ‘ traitor’ : Latin traditor ‘traitor’ , from traditus, past participle o f tradere ‘ to betray’ (see tradición, ° trans-, °dar), + -or ‘ acting, doer’ (see “-o r 1). traje ‘ costume; suit’ (earlier meaning: ‘ garb, attire’ ): Portuguese traje ‘ clothing, attire’ , from trajar ‘ to wear’ (also trazer ‘ to wear; to bring’ ), from Vulgar Latin tragere ‘ to bring; to wear’ , from Latin trahere ‘ to pull’ (see “traer). trajinar ‘ to carry, take; to move about’ : Catalan traginar ‘ to carry’ , from Vulgar Latin *traginare ‘ to drag’ , from *tragere, variant o f Latin trahere ‘ to pull, drag’ (see “ traer). trama ‘w oof, weft; plot, main story’ : Latin trama ‘w o o f, w eft’ , possibly from trahere ‘ to pull, drag’ (see “ traer). tramar ‘ to plot, conspire’ : trama ‘ p lot’ (see trama, “ traer) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see “-ar1). trámite ‘ bureaucratic procedure’ : Latin tramitem, accusative o f trames (stem tramit-) ‘way, m ethod; way, path, by-path’ , probably related to Latin terminus ‘ boundary, limit’ (see “ término). tramo ‘ portion o f road’ : trama ‘w oof, w eft’ (see trama, “traer). trampa ‘trap; cheat’ , possibly from Germanic; akin to Medieval Latin trappa ‘trap’ and to Germanic tramp- ‘to trample, tread’

tram polín

(see trampolín, °hipódrom o). trampolín ‘springboard’ : Italian trampolino ‘ springboard, trampoline’ (underlying meaning: ‘ an act on stilts’ ), from trampoli ‘ stilts’ , from Germanic tramp- ‘ to trample; to tread’ (compare German trampeln and Middle Low German trompen, both = ‘ to trample, stamp, tread’ ), from IndoEuropean der- ‘running; tripping; walking, stepping’ (see °hipódrom o). tranca ‘stick, bar’ , probably akin to Latin truncus ‘ trunk o f a tree’ (see tronco, tru­ culento, °trans-). trancar ‘ to bar a d o o r’ : tranca ‘bar, stick’ (see tranca, tronco, truculento, °trans-) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). trance ‘ critical m om ent’ , probably akin to trinchar ‘ to cut’ (see trinchar, °trans-). tranquilo ‘calm, tranquil’ ( tranquilidad ‘ calm’ ): Latin tranquillus ‘ calm’ . °trans- ‘ across, beyond, over’ , as in trans­ acción, transcripción, transferir, transmi­ gración, transpiración: Latin trans- (also tra- [often used before i, j, d, l, m, n ] ) ‘ across, over, beyond, through, from one place to another; completeness o f change’ , from trans ‘ across, beyond, through’ (this word may have meant ‘ crossing over’ and been a present participle o f *trare ‘ to cross over’ ), from Indo-European tra‘to cross over’ , from ter- ‘ to cross over; to pass through; to overcom e’ . Related words: atrás, atrasado, atravesar, detrás, néctar, retrasar, tataranieto; tradición and many others that begin with tra-; tránsito and many others that begin with trans-; tras, tras-, trasero, través, travesa­ no, travesía, travesura, travieso, trayecto, tronco, truculento, truncar; probably: tranca, trancar, trance, trinchar, trinchera. transcurrir ‘ (o f time) to pass, elapse’ : Latin transcurrere ‘to pass (o f time); to run across’ , from trans- ‘ across’ (see ° trans-) + currere ‘ to run’ (see °correr). transeúnte ‘ passerby’ : Latin transeuntem, accusative o f transiens (stem o f the oblique cases transeunt-) ‘passing’ , pres­ ent participle o f transire ‘ to pass, go across, go beyon d’ , from trans- ‘across’ (see °trans-) + ire ‘ to g o’ (see °ir). transformar ‘ to transform’ : Latin transfor­ mare ‘to transform’ , from trans- ‘ co m ­ pleteness o f change’ (see ° trans-) + forma­ re ‘ to form ’ (see formar, °forma). transigir ‘ to com prom ise’ : Latin transigere

524

‘to compromise; to transact; to complete, carry through, drive through’ , from trans‘ through’ (see ° trans-) + -igere, from agere ‘ to drive, act’ (see °agente). tránsito ‘transit’ : Latin transitus ‘ transit’ , from transitus ‘ passed, gone across’ , past participle o f transire ‘ to pass, go across’ (see transeúnte, °trans-, °ir). transmitir, trasmitir ‘to transmit’ : Latin transmittere ‘to transmit, send, send across’ , from trans- ‘across’ (see trans-) + mittere ‘ to send’ (see °m eter). transparente ‘ transparent’ : Medieval Latin transparentem, accusative o f transparens (stem transparent-) ‘ showing through’ , present participle o f transparere ‘ to show through’ , from Latin trans- ‘through’ (see °trans-) + parere ‘to be visible, show ’ (see °parecer). transportar ‘ to transport’ : Latin transportare ‘ to transport’ , from trans- ‘ from one place to another’ (see °trans-) + portare ‘to carry’ (see portarse, °peroné). transverso ‘ transverse’ : Latin transversus ‘ transverse, lying across’ (see través, °trans-, °verter). tranvía ‘ streetcar’ : French tramway ‘street­ car’ , from English tramway ‘streetcar line’ , from tram ‘ streetcar’ (originally ‘ vehicle shaft, vehicle frame’ ) + way, from Old English weg ‘w ay’ , from Germanic wegaz ‘w ay’ , from Indo-European wegh‘ to go, transport’ (see ° vehículo). The ending -via is a loan translation o f English way. trapecio’ ‘ trapezium’ : Late Latin trapezium ‘ trapezium, quadrilateral having no paral­ lel sides’ , from Greek trapézion trapezi­ um, irregular four-sided figure; small table’ , diminutive o f trápeza ‘ table’ (underlying meaning: ‘ fou r-footed’ ), from tra- ‘ fou r’ (from Indo-European kwtr-, from kwetr-, variant o f kwetru-, com bin­ ing form o f kwetwer- ‘ fou r’ ; see °cuatro) + péza ‘ fo o t ’ , from Indo-European ped-ya, fr o m ped- ‘ fo o t ’ (see °pie). For Greek -ion ‘ small’ , see -io. trapecio 2 ‘trapezius’ : New Latin trapezius ‘ trapezius’ (seventeenth century), from Late Latin trapezium ‘trapezium’ (see trapecio1, °cuatro, °pie), from the fact that the two trapeziuses form together the figure o f a trapezium. trapecio 3 ‘ trapeze’ : Late Latin trapezium ‘ trapezium’ (see trapecio1, °cuatro, °pie),

52 5 from the fancied resemblance between the gymnastic apparatus and the geomet­ ric figure. trapo ‘ rag’ : Late Latin drappus ‘ cloth ’ , o f Celtic origin. "tráquea ‘ trachea, windpipe’ : Medieval Latin trachea, from Late Latin trachia ‘ trachea’ , from Greek (artería) trakheia ‘ rough (artery)’ , from trakheia, feminine o f trakhys ‘rough, harsh’ , from Indo-Europe­ an dhr-gh- ‘rough; m uddy’, from dhr-, from dher- ‘ m uddy; dark’ . Related word: tracoma. tras ‘ after’ : Latin trans ‘across, beyon d ’ (see °trans-). tras- ‘ across, beyond, over, from one place to another’ , as in trashumar, traspié: trans‘ across, beyon d ’ (see 0 trans-). trascendencia ‘ serious consequence; trans­ cendence’ : Late Latin transe endentia ‘ transcendence’ , from Latin transcendent-, stem o f transcendens ‘transcendent, ex­ ceeding usual limits, surpassing’ , present participle o f transcenderé ‘ to transcend, surpass, surmount, climb over’ , from trans- ‘ over’ (see °trans-) + -scendere, from scandere ‘ to clim b’ (see ascender, ° escándalo). trasero (adjective) ‘ hind, rear’ ( trasero [noun] ‘ buttocks’ ): tras ‘after’ (see tras, °trans-) + -ero ‘ of, connected with’ (see -ero1). trashumar ‘ to practice transhumance, (o f livestock and herders) go to different grazing grounds (with the changing o f the seasons)’ : tras- ‘ from one place to another’ (see tras-, “ trans ) + -humar, from Latin humus ‘ earth, ground’ (see humilde, “ca­ momila). trasladar ‘ to transport, transfer’ : traslado ‘ act o f transporting’ , from Latin translatus ‘ a transporting, a carrying along’ , from translatus, suppletive past participle o f transferre ‘ to transport, transfer’ , from trans- ‘across’ (see “ trans-) + latus ‘ carried’ (see delator, “ tolerar). trasmitir ‘ to transmit’ , see transmitir. trastes, trastos ‘ furniture; utensils’ : Latin transtrum ‘rower’s twart; crossbeam’ , from trans ‘ across’ (see “ trans-) + -trum ‘ instrument’ (see taladro, “arado). trastornar ‘to upset, perturb’ : tras- ‘ over, up­ side dow n’ (see tras-, “ trans-) + tornar ‘ to turn’ (see tomar, torno, “ triturar). trastorno ‘ disorder’ : trastornar ‘to upset, perturb’ (see trastornar, tras-, “ trans-, tor­

trece

nar, torno, “ triturar) + -o, a noun ending (see -o 4). tratar ‘ to treat; to try’ ( tratado ‘treaty; treatise’ , tratamiento ‘treatment’ , trato ‘ deal’ ): Latin tractare ‘to handle, manage, pull violently, drag, treat’ (frequentative o f trahere), from tractus ‘ pulled, dragged’ , past participle o f trahere ‘ to pull, drag’ (see “ traer), + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). traumático ‘ traumatic’ : Late Latin traumaticus, from Greek traumatikós ‘ traumatic’ , from traumat-, stem o f trauma ‘wound, hurt’ (from Indo-European trau- ‘ to hurt, pierce’ , from ter- ‘ to pierce’ ; see “triturar), + -ikós ‘o f ’ (see °-ico2). través ‘ deviation; a traverse’ (a través de ‘ through’ ): Latin transverse ‘ across’ , from transversum ‘way across, passage’ , from transversum, neuter o f transversus ‘ lying across, transverse’ , past participle o f transvertere ‘ to turn across’ , from trans‘across’ (see “ trans-) + vertere ‘to turn’ (see “verter). travesaño ‘ crosspiece’ : travesar ‘to cross’ , from Late Latin transversare ‘to cross’ (see atravesar, través, “ trans-, “verter). travesía ‘ sea crossing’ : través ‘a traverse’ (see través, “ trans-, “ verter). travesura ‘ frolic’ : través-, base o f travieso ‘ playful’ (see travieso, través, “trans-, “verter), + -ura ‘ result’ (see °-ura). travieso ‘ playful’ : Latin transversus ‘lying across, transverse’ (see través, “ trans-, “verter). trayecto ‘ distance, course; act o f crossing’ : Latin trajectus ‘act o f crossing’ , from trajectus, past participle o f trajicere, traicere ‘ to cross over, cause to cross over, throw across’ , from tra- ‘ across’ (see “ trans-) + -jicere, -icere, from j acere ‘to throw ’ (see “echar). trazar ‘ to trace’ : Vulgar Latin *tractiare ‘ to trace; to sketch or draw a line, make a line on; to drag; to break up’ , from Latin tractus ‘ a dragging’ , from tractus ‘ dragged’ (see tratar, “ traer). trébol ‘ clover, trefoil’ : Catalan trévol, proba­ bly from Latin trifolium ‘ clover’ (under­ lying meaning: ‘ three-leaved’ ), from tri‘ three’ (see tri-', “ tres) + folium ‘ leaf’ (see “folio). trece ‘thirteen’ : obsolete treze, tredze, from Latin tredecim ‘thirteen’ , from tres ‘ three’ (see “ tres) + -decim ‘ ten’ (see on ce, “diez).

tr e c h o

trecho ‘distance, stretch’ : Latin tractus ‘ac­ tion o f pulling; course, track; tract o f land, region’ , from tractus ‘ pulled’ (see tratar, ° traer). tregua ‘truce’ : Gothic triggwa ‘ alliance, pact’ , from Germanic triuwaz ‘ firm’ , from IndoEuropean dreu-, variant o f deru ‘ firm, solid’ (see °duro). treinta ‘ thirty’ : Latin triginta ‘thirty’ , from tri- ‘ three’ (from Indo-European tri-, from trei- ‘ three’ ; see °tres) + -ginta ‘ten times’ (see cuarenta, °diez). tremendo ‘ terrible, tremendous’ : Latin tremendus ‘ terrible’ , from tremendus ‘ capa­ ble o f making one tremble’ , gerundive o f tremere ‘to tremble’ (see 0trémulo). trementina ‘turpentine’ : Vulgar Latin *terebentina, from Latin terebinthina ‘turpen­ tine’ , from terebinthina, feminine o f terebinthinus ‘ o f terebinth’, from terebinthus ‘ terebinth’ , from Greek terébinthos (also terminthos) ‘ terebinth’ , from Aegean. "trémulo ‘shaking, tremulous’ : Latin tremulus ‘shaking, tremulous’ , from tremere ‘to shake, tremble’ , from Indo-European trem- ‘ to shake, tremble’ (related words: estrem ecer, temblar, trem endo), from ter‘ to tremble’ , a root which also gave trep­ anó tres-, both = ‘to tremble’ (compare intrépido and terror). tren ‘train (railroad cars)’ : French train ‘ train (railroad cars, and long line o f moving animals)’ , from Old French train ‘train (long line o f moving animals)’ , from trainer ‘ to drag, puli’ , from Vulgar Latin *traginare ‘to drag, puli’ , from *tragere, variant o f Latin trahere ‘ to pull, drag’ (see ° traer). trenza ‘braid, plait’ , akin to French tresse and Italian treccia, both = ‘braid’ , o f disputed origin, perhaps akin to Latin tres ‘three’ (from the fact that braids are usually made by interweaving three strands). trépano ‘trephine, trepan’ (trepanar ‘to trepan’ ): Medieval Latin trepanum ‘ trephine’ , from Greek trypanon ‘ trephine, auger, borer’ , from trypan ‘to bore, pierce’ , from trype ‘ hole’ , from IndoEuropean trup- ‘h ole’ , from ter- ‘ to pierce’ ( s e e 0triturar). repar ‘ to clim b’ , probably akin to trampa ‘trap’ (see trampa, trampolín, °hipódromo). treponema ‘treponema’ : New Latin trepo­

526

nema ‘treponema’ (underlying meaning: ‘twisted thread’ , from the shape o f this spirochete; in English, 1908; in French, tréponém e, end o f the nineteenth centu­ ry), from Greek trépein ‘to turn’ (from Indo-European trep- ‘to turn’ ; related words: trofeo, trópico, tropo, trovador) + -o-, a connective vowel (see -o-), + nema ‘thread’, from Indo-European sné-mn, from sné- ‘to spin; to sew’ (source, like­ wise, o f Greek nén and o f Latin nere, both = ‘ to spin’ ). “tres ‘ three’ : Latin tres ‘three’ , from IndoEuropean treyes, nominative plural form o f trei- ‘ three’ (source, likewise, o f Greek treis and Sanskrit trayas, both = ‘three’ ). Related words: contestar, detestar, p ro­ testar, tercero, tercio, terciopelo, terna, testam ento, testículo, testigo, trabajo, trébol, trece, treinta, Treviño, tri-1, tri-2-, triángulo and many others beginning with tri-; triásico, Trinidad y Tabago, trio, triple, Tripoli, triunviro. treta ‘wile’ : obsolete French traite ‘stroke, impact (in fencing)’ , from traite, feminine o f trait, past participle o f traire ‘to draw’ (modern French traire = ‘to draw milk, to milk’ ), also = ‘ to sh oot’ (from ‘to launch an arrow by drawing the bow string’ ) and ‘ to attack (in fencing)’ (from ‘to draw the sword’ ), from Latin trahere ‘ to draw, pull, drag’ (see ° traer). Treviño, family name, originally a place name (underlying meaning: ‘ Those from Treviño’), from Treviño, a town in the province o f Burgos, Spain (some 100 km NE o f the city o f Burgos), from Latin Trifinium, from trifinium ‘where three boundaries (o f areas or peoples) meet, limit o f three areas’ , from tri- ‘three’ (see tri-1, °tres) + finis ‘boundary, limit, end’ (see °fin). For -v- from -f-, see San Cristóbal-Nieves-A nguila. tri-1 ‘ three’ , as in tricolor, trimestre: Latin tri- ‘three; three times; every three’ , from Indo-European tri- ‘ three’ , from trei‘ three’ (see °tres). tri-2 ‘three’ , as in triclinio, Trípoli: Greek tri‘ three’ , from Indo-European tri-, from trei- ‘ three’ (see °tres). triángulo ‘ triangle’ : Latin triangulum ‘trian­ gle’ , from triangulum, neuter o f triangulus ‘ triangular, having three angles’ , from tri‘ three’ (see tri-1, °tres) + angulus ‘angle’ (see ángulo, °ancla).

527

triásico ‘ Triassic’ (first used in English, Triassic, 1841): Late Latin Mas ‘ triad’ (from the fact that the European Triassic geolog­ ic period has three subdivisions), from Greek Más ‘triad, group o f three, the number 3 ’ , from Indo-European M ‘ three’ , from trei- ‘ three’ (see °tres). tribu ‘ tribe’ : Latin M bus ‘ tribe, political division o f ancient R om e, any o f the three traditional divisions o f ancient R om e [Latin, Sabine, and Etruscan]’ , o f Etruscan origin. Related words: atreverse, aMbuir, contribuir, disMbuir, reMbuir, Mbuna, tribunal, tributo. tribuna ‘ tribune, dais, raised platform ’ : Medieval Latin Mbuna ‘ dais, raised plat­ form ’ , from Latin tribunal ‘ platform o c ­ cupied by a tribune (Roman official)’ (see Mbunal, °tribu). tribunal ‘ tribunal, court’ : Latin Mbunal ‘ court o f the tribunes (judges); platform occupied by a tribune’ , from Mbunus ‘ tribune (Rom an official), judge’, from Mbunus ‘ chieftain, head o f the tribe’ , from M bus ‘tribe’ (see °M b u ). tributo ‘ tax; tribute’ : Latin tributum ‘ tax, tribute’ , from M butum , neuter o f Mbutus ‘ allotted’ , past participle o f fribuere ‘ to give, pay, allot’ (underlying meaning: tax allotted among the three tribes o f an­ cient R om e), from tribus ‘tribe’ (see °M bu). triceps ‘triceps’ : French M ceps ‘triceps, a muscle having three heads or points o f origin’ (sixteenth century, before 1590), from Latin M ceps ‘ three-headed’ , from M- ‘three’ (see in -1, °tres) + -ceps, from caput ‘head’ (see °cabo). triclinio ‘triclinium’ : Latin Mclinium ‘ couch used for reclining at meals, extending round three sides o f a table’ , from Greek triklinion, diminutive o f triklinos ‘room with three couches’ , from M- ‘three’ (see tri-2, °tres) + -klinos, from kline ‘couch, bed ’ (see clínica, °inclinar). trigo ‘wheat’ : obsolete tridigo, from Latin Mticum ‘wheat’ (underlying meaning: ‘grain for threshing’ ), akin to Latin terere ‘ to thresh’ (see ° triturar). trigonometría ‘trigonom etry’ : New Latin M gonometria ‘ trigonom etry’ (1595), from M gono- ‘triangle’ (from Greek tri­ go non ‘ triangle’ , from trigonon, neuter o f trígonos ‘triangular, three-cornered’ , from M- ‘three’ (see tri-2, °tres) + -g on os'-cor­

Trinidad y Tabago

nered’ [see °-g o n o ]) + -m etria ‘science o f measuring’ , from Greek -meM'a ‘process o f measuring’ , from métron ‘ measure’ (see ° -m etro). trigueño ‘ brunet’ (older meaning: ‘ between blond and brunet, wheat-colored’ ): M go ‘wheat’ (see M go, °M turar). trilogía ‘ trilogy’ : Greek Mlogia ‘ trilogy, group o f three literary works’ , from M‘ three’ (see tri-2, °tres) + -logia ‘oral or written expression’ (see -logia, °leer). trillar ‘to thrash, thresh’ : Latin tributare ‘to press’ , from tribulum ‘ threshing board’ , from Indo-European tn-dhlo- ‘threshing board’ , from tri- (from ter- ‘to rub with a twisting m otion ’ ; see °M turar) + -dhlo‘serving fo r ’ (see °-bulo). trillón ‘ (United Kingdom ) trillion, (United States) quintillion, 1018’ (first used in France, trillion, around 1484): M- ‘ three’ (see tri-1, °tres) + -ilion, as in millón ‘m illion’ (see millón, °mil). trimestre ‘ quarter, trimester’ : Latin MmesM s ‘o f three months’ , from M- ‘three’ (see tri-1, °tres) + mensis ‘ m onth’ (see mensual, °medir). trinchar ‘ to cut up (fo o d )’ : Old French trenchier ‘ to cut; to dig’ (also, as in modern French, trancher), probably from Vulgar Latin *trincare, from Latin trun­ care ‘ to cut o f f ’ (see truncar, tronco, tru­ culento, °trans-). trinchera ‘ trench’ : obsolete Mnchea ‘trench’ , from Old French trenche ‘ narrow ditch; path cut through a w o o d ; cut; act o f cut­ ting’ , from trenchier ‘to cut’ (see trinchar, °trans-). trineo ‘sled, sledge’ : French traineau ‘sledge’ (originally drawn by a horse), from Old French trainel ‘sledge’, from trainer ‘ to draw, drag’ (see tren, °traer). Trinidad y Tabago ‘ Trinidad and Tobago (cou n try)’ , from the Spanish name o f the tw o main islands that this country co m ­ prises — Trinidad and Tabago ‘T obago’ — (+ Spanish y ‘and’ ). Trinidad, literally = ‘ Trinity’, was so named by Columbus when he discovered it (Tuesday, 31 July 1498); he was probably inspired by three peaks (now called Trinity Hills), visible from the sea in the southeastern part o f the island; Spanish trinidad derives from Latin trinitatem, accusative o f trinitas (stem trinitat-) ‘triad’, from trinus ‘triple’ (from trini ‘ three each’ , from Indo-

trío European tris-no-, a distributive numeral adjective, from tris- ‘ three times’ , a multi­ plicative numeral adjective, from trei‘ three’ [see °tres] ; -no- is an Indo-Europe­ an distributive-numeral suffix, also found in dwis-no- ‘ two by tw o ’ [compare bina­ r io ]) + -itas ‘ quality’ (see -idad, °-tad). Some authors maintain that the reason for the name Trinidad is that Columbus discovered the island on Trinity Sunday, but that Sunday can only fall between 17 May and 30 June. The name Tabago (be­ fore 1577) may be akin to Spanish tabaco ‘ tob a cco’ (see tabaco). trío ‘trio’ : Italian trio ‘trio’ , from Latin tria ‘three’ (influenced by Italian duo ‘duo, duet’ , from Latin duo ‘tw o ’ ), neuter o f tres ‘three’ (see °tres). tripa ‘ entrails, intestine’ , akin to French tripe ‘ entrails’ , o f disputed origin, triple ‘ triple’ : Latin triplus ‘triple, threefold’ , from tri- ‘ three’ (see tri-1, °tres) + -plus ‘ multiplied by, -fold’ (see -pie, °-plo). trípode ‘tripod’ : Latin tripodem, accusative o f tripus (stem tripod-) ‘ tripod, threelegged seat’ , from Greek tripous (stem trip o d ) ‘ tripod’ , from tripous three­ fo o te d ’ , from tri- ‘three’ (see tri-2, °tres) + poús (stem p o d -) ‘ fo o t ’ (see apoyar, °pie). Tripoli ‘Tripoli (city, Libya; Arabic Tarabulus)’ : Latin Tripolis (third century o f the Christian era) ‘the area o f Tripoli’, from Greek Tripolis (first century B.C.), literally = ‘ Three City’ , from Greek tri‘ three’ (see tri-2, °tres) + polis ‘ city (sin­ gular)’ (see °p o litico ). The area — a Phoenician colon y from the seventh cen­ tury B.C. — was called Tripolis by the Greeks because it had three chief cities — Latin names: Oea (now Tripoli), Sabrata (also Sabratha) and Leptis Magna, tríptico ‘ triptych’ : Greek triptykhos ‘triple, threefold’ , from tri- ‘three’ (see tri-2, °tres) + -ptykhos, from p tyk h e ‘ fold, layer’ , from ptyssein ‘to fo ld ’ , tripulación ‘ crew’ : tripular ‘ to man (ship, etc.), furnish with a crew’ (see tripulante, entre-, entre, °en, pulir, °impeler). tripulante ‘ crew member’ : tripular ‘to man (ship, etc.), furnish with a crew’ , original­ ly = ‘ to add crew members, introduce new crew members’ , ultimately from Latin interpolare ‘to make additions, introduce among, give a new appearance to ’ , from inter- ‘ among, between’ (see

528 entre-, entre, °en) + -polare, from polire ‘ to polish, furnish, adorn’ (see pulir, °impeler). triquina ‘ trichina’ : New Latin trichina ‘ trichina’ (in English, 1835), from Greek trikhine, feminine o f trikhinós ‘hairlike, hairy, o f hair’ (from the fact that this worm is slender), from trikh-, stem o f trix ,‘hair’ , + -inos ‘o f ’ (see °-ino). “triste ‘sad’ : Latin tristis ‘ sad, gloom y’ . Related words: entristecer, tristeza. tristeza ‘ sadness’ : Latin tristitia ‘sadness’ , from tristis ‘sad’ (see °triste) + -itia ‘ con ­ dition’ (see -icia). “triturar ‘to crush, triturate’ : Late Latin triturare ‘ to thresh’ , from Latin tritura ‘ a rubbing, threshing’ , from tritus, past participle o f terere ‘ to rub, grind; to thresh’ (from Indo-European ter- ‘to rub with a twisting m otion; to pierce’ . Related words: crema2, derretir, detri­ m ento, diatriba, retornar, septentrional, taladro-, torcer and its family; tornar, tor­ neo, tornillo, torno, trastornar, trastorno, traumático, trépano, trigo, trigueño, trillar, turista, turno), + -ura ‘act; result’ (see °-ura). triunfar ‘to triumph’ : Latin triumphare ‘to triumph’ , from triumphus ‘triumph’ (see ° triunfo) + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). “triunfo ‘ triumph’ : Latin triumphus, from Old Latin triumpus ‘ triumph’ , from triumpel, exclamation used in certain processions, akin to the (Aegean) source o f Greek thn'ambos, a hymn to Dionysus. Related w ord: triunfar. triunviro ‘ triumvir’ : Latin triumvir (singular) ‘one o f a ruling b od y o f three men’ , backform ation from triumviri (plural), from trium virorum ‘ (on e) o f three men’ (geni­ tive o f tres viri ‘ three men’ ), from trium ‘ o f three’ , genitive o f tres ‘three’ (see °tres), + virorum, genitive o f viri ‘ men’ , plural o f vir ‘ man’ (see °virtud). trivial ‘ trivial’ : Latin trivialis ‘trivial, com ­ m on ’ (underlying meaning: ‘ that may be found everywhere, even at crossroads’ ), from trivium ‘ crossroads, place where three roads m eet’ (from tri- ‘ three’ [see tri-1, “ fres] + via ‘way, road’ [see °uia]) + -alis ‘ o f ’ (see °-al). -triz, an ending o f feminine adjectives and nouns, as in actriz, directriz, emperatriz, generatriz, m otriz: Vulgar Latin -trice,

529

accusative o f -trix, from Latin -tricem , accusative o f -trix (as in imperatrix), feminine ending o f masculine agent nouns in -tor ‘ acting, doer’ , from -t (o )r (see -tor, “-ado1, “-o r 1) + -ix, probably from IndoEuropean -i- + a perhaps diminutive -ks. "trocar ‘ to exchange, swap; to change’ , o f disputed origin, akin to French troquer ‘ to exchange’ . Related w ord; trueque. trofeo ‘ trophy’ : Latin trophaeum, tropaeum ‘ trophy, memorial o f a victory’, from Greek trópaion ‘trophy, memorial o f the enem y’s defeat’ , from trópaion, neuter o f trópaios ‘ o f turning, o f defeat’ , from trope ‘enem y’s retreat, action o f turning, a turn’ , from Indo-European trop-a- ‘a turning, a turn’ , from trop-, from trep- ‘ to turn’ (see 0 treponem a). troglodita ‘troglodyte’ ; Latin Troglodyte, singular o f Troglodytas, an Ethiopian people, from Greek Troglodytai, variant o f Trógodytai, an Ethiopian people (in­ fluenced by Greek trdglos ‘cave’ and -dytai ‘ those who enter’ [from dyein ‘ to enter’ ], as if it meant ‘those who enter caves, cave-dwellers’ ). trom bón ‘trom bone’ : Italian trom bone (mas­ culine) ‘ trom bone’ , augmentative o f trom­ ba (feminine) ‘trumpet’ , from Old High German trumba, trumpa ‘trumpet’ (see °trom pa). For the Italian augmentative -one, see -on. "trompa ‘ trumpet; proboscis o f invertebrate’ : Old High German trumpa, trumba ‘trum­ pet’ . Related words: trom bón, trompeta, trom po. trompeta ‘trumpet’ : French trom pette ‘ trum­ pet’ , from Old French trom pette, diminu­ tive o f trom pe ‘trumpet’ , from Old High German trumpa ‘trumpet’ (see ° trompa). trompo ‘ top (t o y )’ : trompa ‘top (t o y )’ , prob­ ably from trompa ‘trumpet’ (see ° trom­ pa), probably from the noise made by spinning tops. tronar ‘to thunder’ : Latin tonare ‘ to thun­ der’ (influenced by tronido ‘ thunder’ , from obsolete tonidro, from Latin tonitrus ‘ thunder’ , from tonare), from IndoEuropean ton-, from sten- ‘ to thunder’ (see °esten tóreo). tronco ‘ trunk (tree or human)’ : Latin truncus ‘trunk o f a tree; torso’ , literally = ‘ truncated, mutilated’ (i.e., ‘without branches, without limbs’ ), from IndoEuropean tru-n-k-o- ‘overcom e’ , from

trozo

tru-k- ‘ to overcom e’ (see truculento, °trans-). trono ‘ throne’ : Latin thronus ‘throne’ , from Greek thrónos ‘ throne; high ornate chair; chair, seat’ , from Indo-European dhr-ono‘seat; support’ , from dhr-, from dher- ‘ to support’ (see “firme). "tropa ‘tro o p ’ : French troupe ‘ troop ’ , from troupeau ‘ herd; crow d’ , from Old French troupeau, tropel ‘herd; crow d’ , from Medieval Latin troppus ‘ herd’ . Related words: atropellar, tropel. tropel ‘ throng, crow d’ : Old French tropel ‘ herd; crow d’ (see “tropa). tropezar ‘ to stumble’ : obsolete entropezar (also entrepezar) ‘ to stumble; to interfere, get in the w ay’ , from Vulgar Latin *interpediare ‘to interfere’ , from Late Latin interpedire ‘to interfere, hinder, impede, fetter’ , from inter- ‘between’ (see inter-, entre, “en, ° vuestro) + -pedire, as in impe­ diré ‘ to fetter, entangle’ (see impedir, “p ie). trópico ‘ tropic’ ( tropical ‘ tropical’ ): Latin tropicus (adjective) ‘o f a turning; o f a turning o f the sun (i.e., o f the area o f the celestial sphere where the sun turns back in its apparent annual movement north­ ward and southward)’ , from Greek tropikós ‘ o f turning; o f the turning o f the sun’, from trope ‘action o f turning, a turn’ (see trofeo, ° treponem a) + -ikós ‘ o f ’ (see “-ico2). tropiezo ‘stumble, tumble; difficulty, obsta­ cle’ : tropezar ‘to stumble’ (see tropezar, inter-, entre, “en, “vuestro, impedir, “pie). tropo ‘ trope’ : Latin tropus ‘ trope’, from Greek tropos ‘trope, style, manner, turn’, from Indo-European trop-o- ‘a turn’ , from trop-, from trep- ‘to turn’ (see “ trepone­ ma). trotar ‘ to trot’ (trote ‘ trot’ ): Vulgar Latin *trottare ‘ to trot’ , from Frankish trottón ‘ to trot, tread’ , from Germanic trott-, from tred- ‘ to tread’, from Indo-European dr-, from der- ‘running; walking’ (see • “ hipódrom o). trovador ‘ troubadour; poet’ : Old Provencal trabador ‘ p oet’ , from trobar ‘to compose poetry, invent, find’ , from Vulgar Latin *tropare ‘to com pose poetry, use tropes’ , from Latin tropus ‘trope’ (see tropo, “ tre­ ponem a) + -are, an infinitive ending (see “ -ar1). trozo ‘ piece’ , probably from Catalan or Pro-

tr u c o

venial tros ‘ piece’, o f uncertain origin, truco ‘trick, ruse; skill, knack’ , akin to Italian truccare ‘ to disguise’ , and probably to French tricher ‘ to deceive, trick’ , truculento ‘ cruel, truculent’ : Latin truculentus ‘ cruel, fierce’ , from truc-, stem o f trux ‘wild, fierce’ (underlying meaning: ‘overcom ing’ ), from Indo-European tru-k‘overcoming; to overcom e’ , from tru-, from ter- ‘ to overcom e’ (see °trans-). For Latin -ulentus ‘ abounding in’ , see °-ulento. trucha ‘ trout’ : Late Latin tructa ‘ trout’ , o f disputed origin. truchimán, dragomán ‘ dragoman’ : French trucheman ‘ dragoman’ , from Arabic tarju ­ man ‘ interpreter’ , from Aramaic türgémáná ‘ oral translator, interpreter’ , from Akkadian targumanu ‘ interpreter’ , from ragamu ‘ to call’ (the form dragomán derives, through Medieval Latin dragumannus, from Middle Greek dragoúmanos, from Arabic tarjuman). trueno ‘ thunder’ : tronar ‘ to thunder’ (see tronar, °esten tóreo). trueque ‘ exchange’ : trocar ‘ to exchange’ (see ° trocar). trufa ‘ truffle’ : Old Provencal trufa, from Vulgar Latin *tufera (also *tufer) ‘truffle’ , from Latin tuber ‘ lump; truffle’ (see tubérculo, °tum or). truhán ‘ rascal; dishonest’ : French truand ‘ va­ grant’ , from Old French truant ‘ vagrant, beggar’ (source, likewise, o f English truant), from Gaulish *trugant- ‘wretched’ (akin to Welsh truan, Old Irish trog, S cot­ tish Gaelic truagh, all three = ‘wretched’ ). Truk ‘ Truk (island group, Pacific Ocean)’ : Trukese Cuuk ‘Truk (island group)’ , from cuuk ‘ mountains, heights’ , truncar ‘to cut o ff, truncate’ : Latin truncare ‘ to cut o ff, mutilate’ , from truncus ‘ trunk, torso’ (see tronco, truculento, °trans-) + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). tu ‘you r’ : Old Spanish tu ‘your (masculine and fem inine)’ ; the feminine derives from Old Spanish tue ‘you r’ (possessive adjec­ tive), which lost the second syllable when unstressed in the phrase (i.e., before a noun), from Old Spanish tua (possessive pronoun), from Latin tuam, accusative o f tua ‘ your (fem inine)’ (see tuya, °tú ); the masculine (Old Spanish to ‘you r; yours’ ) was form ed on the analogy o f the fem i­ nine (compare mi, su). °tú ‘you (singular)’ : Latin tu, from Indo-

530

European tü, from tu- ‘you , th ou ’ . Related words: brindis, contigo, te2, ti, tu, tutear, tuya, tuyo. tubérculo ‘tuber;tubercle’ : Latin tuberculum ‘small lum p’ , diminutive o f tuber ‘ lump, hump, swelling, tumor; truffle’ , from Indo-European tiibh- ‘ a swelling’ , from teu- ‘ to swell’ (see °tum or). For Latin -culum ‘little on e’ , see -culo1. tuberculosis ‘ tuberculosis’ : New Latin tuber­ culosis ‘tuberculosis’ (first used in English, 1860), from Latin tuberculum ‘ tubercle, small swelling’ (see tubérculo, °tum or) + -osis ‘ disease’ (see -osis, °-sis). tuberculoso ‘ tuberculous’ : New Latin tuberculosus ‘ tuberculous’ (first used in En­ glish, tuberculous ‘ characterized by tu­ bercles’ , 1747), from Latin tuberculum ‘ tubercle, small swelling’ (see tubérculo, °tum or) + -osus ‘having’ (see -oso). tubo ‘ pipe, tube’ : Latin tubus ‘ tube’ , tucán ‘ toucan’ : Tupi tukana ‘toucan’ . °-tud ‘state, condition, quality’ , an ending o f feminine abstract nouns, as in gratitud, mansuetud, quietud, rectitud, virtud: Latin -tudo (stem -tudin-) ‘state, condi­ tion, quality’ (as in latitudo, magnitudo), an abstract-noun suffix, or Latin -tut-, stem o f -tus (as in juventus, servitus, virtus), an abstract-noun suffix, from IndoEuropean -tüt- (also -tuti-), a suffix forming feminine abstract nouns. Related suffixes: -dumbre, -itud, -umbre. tuerto ‘ blind in one eye’ : obsolete tuerto ‘ cross-eyed’ (underlying meaning: ‘ twisted eye’ ), from tuerto ‘ twisted’ , from Latin tortus ‘ twisted, distorted’ , from tortus, past participle o f torquere ‘to twist’ (see 0torcer). tugurio ‘ hut’ : Latin tugurium ‘ hut, peasant cottage’ (also tegurium), possibly from tegere ‘to cover’ (see techo, °teja). tul ‘tulle’ : French tulle ‘ tulle’ , from Tulle ‘Tulle (French city )’ , where tulle was originally made, from Medieval Latin Tutelae (930) ‘ Tulle (the city )’ , from Tutelae ‘ o f the goddess Tutela’ , genitive o f Tutela, a goddess, from Latin tutela ‘ protection’ (see tutela, ° intuición). tulipán ‘ tulip’ : Turkish tülbend ‘ turban’ , from the flow er’s shape (see ° turbante). tullido ‘ cripple’ : obsolete tollido ‘ cripple’ , from tollido, past participle o f tollir ‘to cripple’ , from toller ‘ to take away, remove; to take away som eone’s strength’,

531

from Latin tollere ‘to take away, remove; to lift, raise’ , from Indo-European tl-n-, from tl-, from tel- ‘to lift’ (see ° tolerar). tumba ‘ tom b’ : Late Latin tumba ‘sepulchral m ound’ , from Greek tym bos ‘sepulchral m ound’ , ultimately from Indo-European teu- ‘ to swell’ (see °tum or). "tumbar ‘ to fell’ : tumbar ‘to fall, fall with a thump’ , from Vulgar Latin *tumbare ‘ to fall with a thump’ (source, likewise, o f French tom ber ‘ to fall’ ), a word form ed in imitation o f muffled sounds or thumps. Related w ord: retumbar. "tumor ‘ tum or’ : Latin tumor ‘tumor, swelling’ , from tumere ‘to swell; to be swollen; to be proud’ , from Indo-Europe­ an tum-é-, stative form o f turn- ‘to swell’ (for Indo-European stative -é-, compare acético [and á cid o ], árido [and arder, ardiente, ardor], -aron, candente [and candela, candelabro, candelero, candelilla, candidato, cándido, candil, candor], carecer, d ecen te, estudio [and estudiar], estupendo [and estupefacción, estúpido, estu p or], indigente, latente, patente, rí­ gido [and rigor], silencio, tácito [and reticente, taciturno], tibio, torpedo, valer [and convalecer, equivaler, evaluar, inválido, prevalecer, Valencia, valenciano, valiente, valioso, valor], vegetal [and vegetación, vigente, vigor], vergüenza [and reverencia]), from tu-, from teu- ‘ to swell’ . Related words: creosota, protu ­ berancia, som ático, tobillo, trufa, tubér­ culo, tuberculosis, tuberculoso, tumba, tumulto. tumulto ‘tumult’ : Latin tumultus ‘tumult’ , from Indo-European turn- ‘to swell’ (see ° tumor). tuna ‘ prickly pear (fruit)’ : Taino tuna ‘ prick­ ly pear’ . túnel ‘ tunnel’ : English tunnel ‘covered pas­ sage’ , from Middle English tonel ‘tunnel net, net for catching game’ , from Old French tonel, tonnel ‘cask, tun’ (see ° tonel). Túnez ‘ Tunis; Tunisia’ : Arabic Tunis (also Tünus) ‘Tunis’ (Latin Tunes, d ocu ­ mented before A.D. 17; Greek Tynés, second century B.C.), o f uncertain origin (akin to regional [Ahaggar mountains] Tamashek teñese ‘ a lying down, a spending the night’ [plural tines]?; it would then mean ‘encampments’ [root ens ‘to be lying down, spend the night’ ]).

T u rc a s y C a ic o s (Isla s)

"tungsteno ‘ tungsten’ : Swedish tungsten ‘tungsten; heavy stone’ , from tung ‘ heavy’ (from Old Norse thungr ‘heavy’ , ultimate­ ly from Indo-European tengh- ‘to puli’ ; see ° timón) + sten ‘stone’ , from Old Norse steinn ‘stone’ , from Germanic stainaz ‘stone’ (related word: L iechten­ steinj). túnica ‘ tunic’ : Latin tunica ‘tunic; sheath, membrane’ , ultimately from Aramaic kittüná ‘tunic, coat’ . Tupungato ‘ Tupungato (mountain, Argentina and Chile)’ , possibly o f Quechua origin, from tupu ‘ measure, measurement’ (i.e., ‘ large, high’ ). -tura ‘ act; result, being’ , as in escritura: Latin -tura ‘ act; result, being’ , from -tus, past participle ending (see "-ado1), + -ura ‘ act; result, being’ (see °-ura). "turba ‘ m ob ’ : Latin turba ‘ crowd, confusion, tumult, uproar’ , possibly from Greek tyrbé ‘ disorder, confusion’ , from IndoEuropean tur-ba ‘ confusion’ , from tur-, twer- ‘ to whirl’ . Related words: estorbar, perturbar, tolvanera, torbellino, turba­ ción, turbar, turbina, turbio, turbulento. turbación ‘ confusion’ : Latin turbationem, accusative o f turbatio (stem turbation-) ‘confusion’ , from turbatus, past participle o f turbare ‘to disturb’ (see turbar, "turba), + -io ‘result; state’ (see °-ión). "turbante ‘ turban’ : Old Italian turbante, from Turkish tülbend, from Persian dulband ‘ turban’ . Related w ord: tulipán. turbar ‘ to disturb’ : Latin turbare ‘ to throw into disorder; to disturb, make turbid’ , from turba ‘ confusion, disorder’ (see "turba) + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-ar‘ ). turbina ‘turbine’ : French turbine ‘ turbine’ , from Latin turbin-, stem o f turbo ‘top, spinning object, whirlwind’ , akin to Latin turba ‘ confusion’ (see "turba). turbio ‘turbid’ : Latin turbidus ‘confused, disordered, m uddy’ , from turba ‘con fu ­ sion’ (see "turba). turbulento ‘ turbulent’ : Latin turbulentus ‘turbulent, tumultuous’ , from turba ‘ con ­ fusion, tumult’ (see "turba) + -ulentus ‘ abounding in’ (see "-ulento). Turcas y Caicos (Islas) ‘ Turks and Caicos Is­ lands’, named in the sixteenth century. The name Turcas, feminine plural o f turco ‘Turk, Turkish’ (see "turco), was probably given because o f the Turk’s

Turcm enia

head or Turk’s cap — a cactus found there ( Cactus intortus); the cactus has a cap o f whitish hairs resembling a sixteenthcentury Turkish turban. The name Caicos derives from the plural o f caico ‘ key (low islet, reef)’ (see “c a y o ). Turcmenia ‘ Turkmenistan (republic o f the Soviet Union)’ : Persian turkmen ‘ Turko­ man’ (plural turkmdnan, eleventh centu­ ry), from turkman, turkmen ‘ like a Turk’ , from turk ‘ Turk’ (from Turkish Turk ‘ Turk’ ; see ° turco) + -man ‘ like’ . °turco ‘ Turkish’ : Medieval Latin Turcus ‘ Turk’ , from Late Greek Toúrkos (sixth century o f the Christian era; plural Tourkoi), from Turkish Tiirk ‘ Turk’ , name o f some Asiatic peoples speaking Turkic languages; in the ninth century o f the Christian era, Persians, Arabs and Eastern Europeans extended the use o f the name to other Turkish-speaking peoples. R e­ lated words: Turcas y Caicos, Turcmenia, turquesa, Turquía. Turin ‘Turin (city, Italy; Italian Torino)’ : Latin Taurini ‘ Turin’ (usually called in Latin Augusta Taurinorum, documented before A.D. 14), from Taurini, a people who lived in the area (218 B.C.), proba­ bly from a pre-Roman root = ‘mountain’ (from Indo-European feu- ‘ to swell’?), turista ‘ tourist’ : English tourist (around 1800), from tour, from Old French tour ‘ turn, circuit; lathe’ , from Latin tornus ‘ lathe’ (see torno, °triturar). turmalina ‘tourmaline’ : French tourmaline, from German Turmalin ‘ tourmaline’ (1707), from Sinhalese toramalli ‘ carnelian’ . turno ‘turn, shift’ : turnar ‘to take turns’ , from Old French tourner ‘ to take turns; to turn’ , from Latin tornare ‘to turn in a lathe’ (see tornar, torno, ° triturar). turquesa ‘ turquoise’ , translation o f Old French turqueise (French turquoise) ‘tur­ quoise’, properly feminine o f turqueis ‘ Turkish’ , from Ture ‘Turk’, from Medi­ eval Latin Turcus ‘ Turk’ (see 0turco).

532

Obsolete Spanish turquesa, feminine o f turqués ‘Turkish; Turk’ derives from Old French turqueis (see above). The mineral was first found in Turkestan. Turquía ‘ Turkey (country; Turkish Tiirk iy e)’ : Medieval Latin Turchia ‘Turkey’, from Turcus ‘ Turk’ (see °tu rco) + Latin -jo ‘area’ (see -ia). turrón ‘ nougat’ , probably from turrar ‘to roast, toast’ , from Latin torrere ‘to dry, parch, burn’ (see tórrido, “ tierra). Spanish turrón is the source o f Italian torrone ‘ nougat’. tute ‘a kind o f card game’ : Italian tutti ‘all’ (because this game is won by the player who has all four kings or all four knights [caballos]), plural o f tutto ‘all, every­ thing’ , ultimately from Latin totus ‘ all’ (see “ todo). tutear ‘ to thou, address with the pronoun tú (i.e., address familiarly)’ : tú ‘ you, thou’ (see °tú ) + te ‘ to y o u ’ (see te2, °tú) + -ar, an infinitive ending (loan translation o f French tu toyer ‘ to th ou ’, from tu ‘you, thou’ [from Latin fu; see °fú ] + toi ‘ to you, thee’ [form used in a stressed posi­ tion in the phrase, from Old French tei, from Latin fe; see fe ] + -er, an infinitive ending). tutela ‘ guardianship, tutelage’ : Latin tutela ‘ protection, guardianship’ , from tutus ‘ protected, guarded’ , past participle o f tueri ‘ to protect, guard’ (see ° intuición). tutor ‘ guardian, tutor’ : Latin tutor ‘ guardian, tutor’ , from tutus ‘ protected, guarded’ (see tutela, ° intuición) + -or ‘acting, doer’ (see “-o r 1). tuya ‘ yours (fem inine)’ : Old Spanish tua (the -y- on the analogy o f cuya ‘whose’ , fem i­ nine o f cu y o [see c u y o ]; compare suya), from Latin tua, feminine o f tuus ‘yours’ , from Old Latin *tovos, from Indo-Euro­ pean tewo-s, two-s ‘your; yours’ , from tu‘ y o u ’ (see °tú). tu yo ‘ yours (masculine)’ (Old Spanish to ‘ yours; you r’ ), form ed on the analogy o f the feminine (see tuya, °tú).

u u 1 ‘ the letter u’ : Latin u ‘the letter u’ , from Greek y , twentieth letter o f the Greek alphabet (later called y psilón, literally = ‘ simple u’ , to distinguish it from graphic oi, which was then pronounced the same, i.e. like Spanish i); see e ' . u 2 (only used before the sound o-) ‘o r’ : o ‘o r’ (see °o). -ual ‘ o f ’ , an ending o f adjectives, as in actual, casual, dual, gradual, igual: Latin -ualis ‘ o f ’ , from -U-, stem vowel (some times, as in mensualis, connective vowel; compare -i-2, -o-), + -alis ‘o f ’ (see °-al). -uar, an ending o f the infinitive o f verbs, as in acentuar, continuar, efectuar, insinuar, perpetuar: Latin -uare, as in accentuare (from accentus), continuare (from continuus), from -u-, stem vowel (as in continuus, perpetuus), + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-ar‘ ). ubérrimo ‘ very fruitful’ : Latin uberrimus ‘ most abundant’ , superlative o f uber (ad­ jective) ‘abundant, fruitful, fertile’ , from uber (noun) ‘udder’ (see °ubre). For Latin -mus, from the Indo-European superlative ending -mo-, see ° mínimo. ubicarse ‘to be located’ (ubicar ‘ (Americas) to locate’ ): ubicación ‘location’ , from Medieval Latin ubicationem, accusative o f ubicatio (stem ubication-) ‘ location’ , from Latin ubi ‘where’ (see "ubicuo, °cuota, °ni). “ubicuo ‘ ubiquitous’ : Latin ubique ‘ every­ where’ , from ubi ‘ in which place, where’ (from *cubi [as seen in ali-cubi ‘some­ where’ ], from Indo-European kwo-dhei, locative o f kwo-dhe [Indo-European -dhbecomes -b- in Latin after u -], from kwo-, stem o f relative and interrogative pro­ nouns [see °cu o ta ], + -dhe, adverbial suf­ fix [related words: ahí, h a y ]) + -que, generalizing suffix (also = ‘and’ ; see °ni). Related w ord: ubicarse. “ubre ‘ udder’ : Vulgar Latin *ubere, accusa­ tive o f uber, from Latin uber ‘ udder’ (ac­ cusative uber), from Indo-European oudh-r, from oudh-, from eudh- ‘ udder’ . Related words: exuberante, ubérrimo. ucase ‘ ukase’ : French ukase ‘ ukase’ , from Russian ukaz ‘ decree’ , from ukazat’ ‘to

order, direct; to show ’ , from u- ‘thorough­ ly; away’ (see °Ucrania) + -kazat’ ‘to show’ (as in vykazat’ ‘ to show, display’ , dokazat’ ‘ to demonstrate, prove’ , p ok a za t’ ‘to show’ ), from Slavic kaz-, from IndoEuropean kweg-, variant o f kwek- ‘to appear; to show ’ (source, likewise, o f Sanskrit kas- ‘to appear, shine’ ). -ución ‘ act o f, process, state’ , an ending o f nouns as in atribución, constitución, ev o­ lución, locución, solución: Latin -utionem, accusative o f -utio (stem -ution-) ‘ act, process’ , from -utus, past participle ending o f some third conjugation verbs (as in secutus ‘ follow ed ’ , from sequi ‘to fo llo w ’ ; compare "-ado1, -ido1), + -io (stem -ion-) ‘ act, process, state’ (see °-ión). Compare -ación. “Ucrania ‘Ukraine (republic o f the Soviet Union; Russian Ukraina, Ukrainian Ukraine)' (ucranio ‘ Ukrainian’ ): Russian Ukraina, from Old Russian Ukraina ‘ cer­ tain Russian provinces; Ukraine’ (twelfth century), literally = ‘A t the Edge’ (i.e., ‘ frontier area’ , referring to the border o f Poland), from u- ‘at; away’ (from IndoEuropean au- ‘ away’ [source, likewise, o f Latin au-, as in auferre ‘to carry away’ ; related word: ucase]) + kray ‘ edge, brim’ , from Indo-European krei-, variant o f skeri‘ to cut, separate’ (see "escribir). -ucho, a diminutive (generally despective) ending o f nouns and adjectives, as in aguilucho, calducho, flacucho, papelucho, serrucho, akin to Italian -occio (as in cartoccio ‘ paper cornet’ , from carta ‘ paper’ ) and -uccio (as in cappuccio ‘ h o o d ’ , from cappa ‘ cloak’ ), diminutive endings. -ud ‘state, condition’ , an ending o f feminine abstract nouns, as in aptitud, gratitud, quietud, virtud, see °-tud. -udo ‘having much; having big’ , as in dentu­ do, pacienzudo, sañudo, velludo, zancu­ d o: Latin -utus (as in cornutus ‘ horned’ ), from -u-, stem vowel, + -tus, an adjective suffix (see "-ado1). -uela ‘ little on e’ , a feminine diminutive ending, as in abuela, castañuela, cazuela, ciruela, lentejuela: Latin -óla, diminutive

-uelo

suffix, feminine o f olus (see -uelo, °-ulo). -uelo ‘little one’ , a masculine diminutive ending, as in anzuelo, espejuelo, orzuelo, pañuelo, señuelo: Latin -olum, accusative o f -olus (masculine) and o f -olum (neuter), diminutive suffixes used after a vowel (after a consonant, -ulus, -ulum; see °-ulo), from Indo-European -olo-, a diminutive ending (see °-ulo). This ending is often used in contem pt, as in barquichuelo, borrachuelo, escritorzuelo, lacayuelo, reyezuelo. ufano ‘proud’ : obsolete ufana ‘pride, con ­ ceit’, from Provengal ufana ‘pride, co n ­ ceit; pom p, ostentation’, probably o f Ger­ manic origin (akin to Old High German ü f ‘u p ’? or to Gothic ufar [preposition] ‘over’? ). Uganda ‘Uganda (cou n try)’ : Swahili Uganda (around 1862), adaptation o f Ganda Buganda, a former kingdom in the region (sixteenth century?), literally = ‘The Land o f the Ganda’, from Bu- ‘land’ (Swahili U-) + ganda, base o f Baganda ‘ the Ganda (a Bantu-speaking people who inhabit the area)’ (Ganda Ba- = ‘p eople’), ujier ‘usher’: Old French ussier (French huissier) ‘usher’, from Medieval Latin ustiarius ‘ doorkeeper’, from Latin ostiarius ‘ door­ keeper’, from ustium ‘ door, entrance, mouth o f a river’ (from os ‘m outh; ori­ fice ’ ; see °oral) + -arius ‘o f, connected with’ (see -ario2). -ula (unstressed suffix) ‘little one, small on e’, an ending o f feminine nouns, as in auricu­ la, célula, matricula, partícula, película: Latin -ula (feminine o f -ulus, -ulum ‘little one, small on e’ ; see °-ulo), diminutive ending generally added to first declen­ sion nouns (-icula to feminine nouns o f the third and fifth). Ulan Bator, Ulaanbaatar ‘ Ulan Bator, Ulaanbaatar (capital o f M ongolia)’ : Mongolian Ulaanbaatar, literally = ‘ Red Hero’ (a name given it in 1924 in honor o f Damdiny Suhbaatar [1893—1 9 2 3 ], co n ­ sidered the founder o f modern Mongolia), from ulaan ‘red (also in the sense of ‘revolutionary’) ’ + baatar ‘hero’, úlcera ‘ulcer’ : Latin ulcera ‘sores’, plural o f ulcus (stem ulcer ) ‘ sore, ulcer’, from Indo-European elkos- ‘wound, injury’. °-ulento, -olento (feminine -ulenta, -olenta) ‘abounding in’, an ending o f adjectives, as in corpulento, purulento, sanguinolento,

534

suculento, turbulento: Latin -ulentus, -olentus ‘abounding in’ ( -ulentus was generally used after consonants, -olentus after vowels; compare °-ulo), an adjective suffix, possibly from Latin olent-, stem o f olens ‘smelling, abounding in smell’, present participle o f olere ‘to smell’ (see °oler). Related suffixes: -iento, -olento, -oliento. °-ulo (unstressed suffix) ‘little on e’, an ending o f masculine nouns, as in artículo, capítulo, glóbulo, musculo, tabernáculo (also o f some adjectives, like minúsculo, from Latin minusculus): Latin -ulum, ac­ cusative o f -ulus (masculine) and o f -ulum (neuter) ‘little one, small on e ’, diminutive suffixes, from Indo-European -olo- (also -elo-), from -o-, -e-, stem vowels, + -lo-, a diminutive suffix (related words: bello, m odelo, p ollo, Sao Paulo). In Latin these suffixes were generally added to second declension nouns (the feminine, -ula, to first declension nouns) and a -c- was intro­ duced before these endings in the case o f nouns o f the third, fourth or fifth declen­ sions (many Spanish offshoots o f these words also have the -c-); -ulu- was used after consonants, -olu- (see -olo) after vowels. Latin -culu- (as in homunculus) derives from a com bination o f tw o IndoEuropean diminutive suffixes — -ko- and -lo- [feminine -/a] ; the -c- is found in Spanish suffixes shown below that begin with -C-, and also in -cico, -cita, -c ito 1, -ecico. Related suffixes: -áculo, -acho, -ajo, -cilla, -cilio, -cula, -culo', -culo2, -ecilla, -ecillo, -eja, -ejo, -ela, -elo, -ícula, -ícu lo ', -ículo2, -illa, -illo, -ol, -ola, -olo, -uela, -uelo, -ula. ulterior ‘ future; farther’ : Latin ulterior ‘ far­ ther’, comparative o f ulter ‘situated be­ yon d; on the other side’ (see último, ° e l '). For Latin -ior, a comparative ending (from Indo-European -yos-), see °mejor. último ‘last; latter’ : Latin ultimus ‘last, far­ thest’, superlative o f ulter ‘situated be­ yond; on the other side’, from uls- ‘ be­ y o n d ’, from Indo-European ol-s, from ol‘ beyon d ’ (see °e l'). Indo-European -mo-, source o f Latin -mus, is a superlative ending (see °mínimo). ultra- ‘ beyon d ’, as in ultramarino, ultraviole­ ta: Latin ultra-, from ultra ‘ beyon d ’, from Indo-European ol-tero-, from o l - ‘ beyon d ’ (see ° e l') + -tero-, a contrastive suffix (see

&35

° vuestro). ultraje ‘ insult, outrage’ : Catalan ultratge ‘ excess, outrage’ (underlying meaning: ‘ act o f excessive violence’ ), from Latin ultra ‘ beyon d ’ (see ultra-, ° e l1, °vuestro). umbela ‘umbel (flower cluster)’ : New Latin umbella ‘ umbel’ (in French, om belle, six­ teenth century), from Latin umbella ‘ parasol; umbrella’ , diminutive o f umbra ‘shade, shadow’ (see °sombra). For Latin -ella ‘little on e’ , see -ela. umbral ‘ threshold’ : lumbral ‘threshold’ (the l- was lost probably through a confusion with the preceding article, el lumbral being interpreted as el umbral), from obsolete limbrar (also limnar) ‘threshold’ , from Latin liminaris ‘o f a threshold’ (see preliminar, ° lím ite, -ar2). -umbre ‘ condition, state, quality’, usually preceded by -t- or -d-, as in costum bre, or muchedum bre, pesadumbre, see -dumbre, °-tud. In some words, such as cumbre or legumbre, this ending does not have the meaning ‘condition’ , nor the origin shown under -dumbre. un ‘a (indefinite article); one (before a mas­ culine n ou n )’ : Vulgar Latin unu ‘a; on e’ , from Latin unum, accusative o f units ‘on e’ (see °uno). unánime ‘ unanimous’ : Late Latin unanimis ‘ unanimous’ , from Latin unanimus ‘ unan­ imous, o f one m ind’, from unus ‘ on e’ (see °uno) + animus ‘soul, m ind’ (see °ánimo). undécimo ‘ eleventh’ : Latin undecimus ‘ eleventh’ : from undecim ‘eleven’ (see on ce, °uno, °diez). °ungir ‘to anoint’ : Latin unguere ‘to smear, anoint’ , from Indo-European ongw- ‘ to anoint, salve’. Related words: chuleta, ungüento, untar. ungüento ‘ unguent’ : Latin unguentum ‘oint­ ment’ , from unguent-, stem o f unguens, present participle o f unguere ‘to smear, anoint’ (see °ungir). uni- ‘one, only one, single’ , as in unicelular, unilateral, unipersonal, unison o: Latin uni- ‘one, only one, single’, from unus ‘on e’ (see °uno) + -i-, thematic vowel o f many nouns and adjectives in com bina­ tion (see -i-2). único ‘ only, sole; unique’ : Latin unicus ‘only, sole, single, unique’, from Indo-European oino-ko- ‘unique, on e’, from oino- ‘on e’ (see °uno). unicornio ‘ unicorn’ : Late Latin unicornis

u n iv e rs o

(noun) ‘ unicorn’ (translation o f Greek m onókeros ‘ one-horned’ , from mono‘one, single’ + -keros, from kéras ‘horn’ ) from Latin unicornis (adjective) ‘having one horn’ , from uni- ‘ on e’ (see uni-, °uno) + cornu ‘ horn’ (see 0cuerno). unidad ‘unity, unit’ : Latin unitatem, accusa­ tive o f unitas (stem unitat-) ‘unity, one­ ness’, from unus ‘on e’ (see °uno) + -itas ‘ quality, condition, state’ (see -idad, -i-2, °-tad). unificación ‘ unification’ : unificar ‘to unify’ , from Late Latin unificare ‘to unify, make into a unit, make on e’ , from Latin uni‘ on e’ (see uni-, °uno) + -ficare ‘to make, form into’ (see -ficar, -fico, °hacer). For Spanish -ación ‘ act o f ’, see -ación. uniforme (noun) ‘ uniform ’ : uniforme (adjec­ tive) ‘uniform ’ , from Latin uniformis ‘ uniform, o f one form ’ , from uni- ‘on e’ (see uni-, °uno, -i-2) + -formis ‘ form ’ (see -form e, 0forma). unión ‘ union’ : Late Latin unionem, accusa­ tive o f unio (stem union-) ‘ unity’, from Latin unus ‘on e’ (see °uno) + -io ‘state o f being’ (see °-ión). unir ‘ to unite’ : Late Latin uniré ‘to unite’, from Latin unus ‘ on e’ (see °uno) + -ire, an infinitive ending (see -ir). universal ‘ universal’ : Latin universalis ‘uni­ versal, o f the whole, covering all’ , from universus ‘ entire, w hole’ (see universo, uni-, °uno, -i-2, 0verter) + -alis ‘ o f ’ (see °-al). universidad ‘university’ (universitario ‘o f a university’ ): Medieval Latin universitatem, accusative o f universitas (stem universitat-) ‘ university, institution o f higher learning’ (underlying meaning: ‘corpora­ tion o f teachers and students’ ), from Late Latin universitas ‘ corporation, guild’, from Latin universitas ‘the whole, totali­ ty, universe’ , from universus (adjective) ‘ entire, w hole’ (see universo, uni-, °uno, -i-2, °verter) + -itas ‘ quality, condition’ (see -idad). universo ‘universe’ : Latin universum (noun) ‘ universe, the whole w orld’ (translation o f Greek to hólon ‘universe, world; the w hole’ ), from universum, neuter o f uni­ versus (adjective) ‘ entire, w hole’ (underly­ ing meaning: ‘ turned into one, combined into one w hole’ ), from uni- ‘on e’ (see uni-, °u n o, -i-2) + versus, past participle o f vertere ‘to turn’ (see "verter).

uno

“uno ‘ on e’ (un before a masculine noun): Latin unum, accusative o f unus ‘on e’, from Old Latin oin os, from Indo-Europe­ an oino- ‘on e’. Related words: algún, al­ guno, ningún, ningunear, ninguno, no, nulo, on ce, onza1, reunión, Reunión, reunir, un, unánime, undécimo, uni-, único, unicornio, unidad, unificación, uniforme, unión, unir, universal, univer­ sidad, universo. -uno ‘ o f, pertaining to (an animal); resem­ bling (an animal)’ , as in gatuno, ovejuno, perruno, porcu no, vacuno, probably akin to Latin -inus, as in Late Latin bovinus ‘o f an o x ’ , equinus ‘o f a horse’ (see °-ino). untar ‘ to spread, smear’ : Vulgar Latin unctare ‘to smear’ , from Latin unctum ‘oin t­ ment’ , from unctum, neuter o f unctus, past participle o f unguere ‘to smear, anoint’ (see °ungir). °uña ‘ nail o f the finger or to e ’ : Vulgar Latin ungía, from Latin ungula ‘ nail’ (from Indo-European ongh-ela-), diminutive o f unguis ‘ nail’, from Indo-European ongh-, variant o f nogh- ‘ nail o f the finger or toe, claw’ . Related words: ónice, ónix, pesu­ ña, pezuña. °-ura ‘act, process; result, being; function, office, b o d y ’, an ending o f feminine nouns, as in abertura, altura, blandura, cordura, escritura: Latin -ura ‘act; result, being’ , from Indo-European -ura (as in dhighürá; see figura) ‘result o f ’ . Related suffixes: -adura, -dura, -edura, -idura, -tura. Ural ‘ Ural (river, Soviet Union)’ : Russian Ural, a name given the river in 1775, from Ural ‘Ural Mountains’ (also called Ural ’s kie g o r y ), where the river rises, possibly from Vogul urala ‘ mountain to p ’ , from ur ‘mountain’ + ala ‘roof, to p ’ . "Urania ‘ Urania’ : Latin Urania ‘Urania (muse o f astronomy in Greek m yth ology)’ , from Greek Ouram'a ‘ Urania’ , literally = ‘ the Heavenly One’, from ouram'a, feminine o f ouránios ‘ heavenly’, from ouranós ‘ heaven, sky’. Related word: uranio. uranio ‘ uranium’ : New Latin uranium ‘ urani­ um ’ (first used in German, 1789), from Uranus ‘ Uranus (planet discovered [1781 ] in the same decade as this metallic ele­ ment [1 7 8 9 ])’ (from Latin Uranus ‘Uranus (ancient Greek god, a personifica­ tion o f the sky)’, from Greek Ouranós ‘ Uranus (the g od )’ , from ouranós ‘sky’ ;

536

see ° Urania) + -ium ‘chemical element’ (see -io). urbano ‘urban; urbane’ : Latin urbanus ‘o f a city ’, from urb-, stem o f urbs ‘city ’ (see °urbe), + -anus ‘o f ’ (see °-ano'). "urbe ‘ city’ : Latin urbem, accusative o f urbs ‘ city’. Related w ord: urbano. urdimbre ‘warp (yarns in a lo o m )’ : urdir ‘ to warp’ (see urdir, 0orden). urdir ‘to warp (arrange yarns); to plot, con ­ spire’ : Latin ordiri ‘to begin to weave, begin a w eb ’, akin to Latin ordin-, stem o f ordo ‘ order; row o f threads in a loom ’ (see °orden). urgente ‘ urgent’ : Latin urgentem, accusative o f urgens (stem urgent-), present partici­ ple o f urgere ‘to urge’ (see °urgir). "urgir ‘ to be urgent; to urge’ : Latin urgere ‘ to urge, drive, push, press’ , from IndoEuropean wrg-é-, from wrg-, from wreg‘to push, drive’ (source, likewise, o f Gothic wrikan ‘to persecute’ ). Related w ord: urgente. -uria ‘ o ffice, duty, place o f business; act, result’ , as in pagaduría, sabiduría, see -aduria, -eduria, -iduria, -ia. -uro1, an ending o f adjectives, as in futuro, maduro, obscuro, prem aturo, seguro, some from Latin -urus (as in maturus), from -urus, a future participle ending (as in amaturus ‘ about to love’ , futurus ‘ about to be’ , moniturus ‘about to ad­ vise’ ), others from Latin -us added to a stem in -ur- (as in securus). -uro 2 ‘ -ide, binary chemical com pou n d’, as in bromuro, cianuro, cloruro, sulfuro, y o ­ duro: French -ure ‘ -ide’ , as in bromure, cyanure, form ed on the m odel o f sulfure ‘ sulfide’, which derives from Latin sulfur ‘ sulfur’ ; see °sulfato. urraca ‘ magpie; (Americas) m ockingbird’, probably from Old Spanish Urraca, a feminine given name (around 1140), possibly o f Iberian origin. The bird has a wom an’s name in several languages (com ­ pare Late Latin gaia [also gaius] ‘jay’ , probably from Gaia, Gaius [see tocayo, and compare ga ceta ]; English Mag [pet form o f Margaret] in magpie; Spanish marica ‘ magpie’ [from Marica, pet form o f Maria; see mariquita]) because it has a loud, harsh call and wom en were reputed to be more noisy or talkative than men. urticaria ‘rash, eruption; urticaria’ : New Latin urticaria ‘skin eruption’ (first used

5 37

in English, 1771), from Latin urtica ‘ nettle’, from the fact that in this rash the itching welts are similar to those caused to the skin by contact with nettles, + -aria, feminine o f -arius ‘ o f, connected w ith’ (see “-ario1). Uruguay ‘ Uruguay (cou n try)’ : Uruguay ‘ Uruguay (river)’ (1618; Uray, 1526), probably from Guarani, possibly = ‘WaterSnail River’ , from obsolete Guarani uruguá, uruá ‘water snail’ + i ‘water; river’ (compare Paraguay); or possibly = ‘ River from the Land o f the Wild F ow l’ , from uni, a kind o f wild fowl (genus: Odontophorus), + -gua, a suffix = ‘origin; from ’ , + i ‘water; river’, In the seven­ teenth century, the area was called Banda Oriental del Uruguay ‘ Eastern Bank o f the Uruguay River’ (1618; from 1829— 30, República Oriental del Uruguay ‘ Eastern Republic o f Uruguay’ ) to distin­ guish it from the Banda Occidental ‘West­ ern Bank’, which corresponded to an area o f present Argentina. usar ‘ to use’ : Vulgar Latin *usare ‘ to use’, frequentative o f Latin uti ‘ to use’ (from usus, its past participle; see °uso). °uso ‘ use’ : Latin usus ‘ use; custom ’ , from usus, past participle o f uti ‘ to use’ . Related words: abuso, inútil, usar, usura, usurpar, utensilio, útil. usted ‘ you (singular)’ : obsolete vusted ‘ you (honorific singular)’ (also vuasted), from vuestra merced, an honorific form o f address, literally = ‘ your m ercy’ (compare English Your E xcellency, Your Grace), from vuestra, feminine o f vuestro ‘ your’ (see vuestro, °vos), + merced ‘m ercy’ (see m erced, “mercado). Vuestra merced had replaced vos ‘you (honorific singular)’ during the fifteenth and sixteenth centu­ ries because the latter had com e to be used to address social inferiors (compare, for instance, Cervantes, Quijote, 1.51: “ Finalmente con una no vista arrogancia llamava de vos a sus y guales y a los mis­ mos que le con ocía n ” [= ‘ Lastly, with un­ precedented impudence he would thou his equals and even those who knew what he was’ ]). usura ‘ usury’ : Latin usura ‘ interest paid on borrowed m oney; use or enjoyment o f m oney lent; use, enjoym ent’, from usus ‘ use’ (see °u so) + -ura ‘ result’ (see °-ura).

Uzbekia

usurpar ‘ to usurp’ : Latin usurpare ‘to usurp, take possession o f by use, take into use’ , from *usurupare, from usu ‘by use’ , abla­ tive o f usus ‘ use’ (see °uso), + -rup- ‘to seize, snatch’ (from Indo-European rup-, from reup- ‘to snatch’ ; see °robar) + -are, an infinitive ending (see “-ar1). utensilio ‘ utensil’ : Latin utensilio (plural) ‘ utensils, things for use’ , from utensilio, neuter plural o f utensilis ‘ fit for use, use­ ful’ , from uti ‘ to use’ (see °uso). útil ‘ useful’ ( utilidad ‘ usefulness; profit’, utilizar ‘to use; to utilize’ ): Latin utilis ‘ useful’ , from uti ‘ to use’ (see °uso) + -ilis ‘o f; capable o f ’ (see °-il). "utopia, utopia ‘ utopia (imaginary place or situation)’ : New Latin Utopia, imaginary country with ideal social conditions, de­ scribed in the b ook Utopia (1516) by the English author Thomas M oore (1478— 1535), literally = ‘ Non-Place’ , from Greek ou ‘ not; n o ’ + topos ‘ place’ (related words: tópico, topografía, topónim o). °uva ‘ grape’ : Latin uva ‘grape’ , ultimately from Indo-European og- ‘ fruit, berry’ (probable source o f Lithuanian úoga, Lettish uóga, and the Russian suffixed yagoda, all three = ‘ berry’ ). Related word: úvula. úvula ‘ uvula’ : Late Latin uvula ‘ uvula; small grape’ (from the shape o f the uvula), diminutive o f Latin uva ‘grape; uvula’ (see “uva). For Latin -ula ‘small on e’ , see -ula. uxoricida ‘wife murderer, uxoricide’ : Latin u xor ‘w ife’ (from Indo-European uk-sor‘accustomed (fem inine)’ [underlying idea: ‘the new wife, who goes to live in the ter­ ritory o f the husband’s family or tribe, becomes accustomed to it’ ], from uk-, from euk- ‘ to becom e accustomed’ ; -sorprobably as in swesor ‘ sister’ [see sobri­ n o ] ) + Spanish -i-, a connective vowel (see -i-2), + -cida ‘ killer o f ’ (see -cida, “cesura). Uzbekia ‘ Uzbekistan (republic, Soviet U nion)’ : Uzbek ‘ Uzbek (member o f a Turkic people who inhabit Uzbekistan)’ , from Russian Uzbek (fifteenth century), from Middle Greek Ouzpék (around 1469), from Uzbek ozbak ‘ Uzbek’ , probably from Ózbak Khan (died in 1340; Uzbek khan = ‘ prince, ruler’ ), a chief o f the Uzbek, possibly = ‘ His own Master’, from oz ‘ow n ’ + bdk ‘ master’ .

V °vaca ‘ co w ’ : Latin uacca, from Indo-Europe­ an wakkd, from wak- ‘ co w ’ . Related words: vacuna, vacuno, vaquero. vacaciones ‘ vacation’ (generally used in the plural, like English holidays): vacación ‘ vacation’ (from Latin vacationem, accusa­ tive o f vacatio (stem vacation-) ‘ freedom, release from obligation’ , from vacatus, past participle o f vacare [see vacante, °van o], + -io ‘ state’ [see “ i o n] ) + -es, a plural ending (see -es4). Among the an­ cient Romans, dies vacantes were the opposite o f the modern ‘ days o f rest from w ork’ ; they were days with no religious obligation, no sacred festival, and there­ fore days o f work. vacante ‘ vacant; vacancy’ : Latin vacantem, accusative o f vacans (stem vacant-), present participle o f vacare ‘to be empty, be free’ , from Indo-European wak-, from wd- ‘ em pty’ (see "vano). vaciar ‘ to em pty’ : vacío ‘ em pty’ (see vacío, °vano) + -ar, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). vacilar ‘ to vacillate’ : Latin vacillare ‘to sway, waver’. vacío ‘ em pty’ : Vulgar Latin vacivus, from Latin vacuus ‘ em pty’ (from vacare ‘to be em pty’ ; see vacante, °vano) + -ivus ‘ tending toward’ (see °-ivo). vacuna (noun) ‘cow p ox ; vaccine’ (vacunar ‘ to vaccinate’ ): vacuna (adjective), fem i­ nine o f vacuno ‘o f cow s’ (see vacuno, "va­ ca). The meaning ‘ vaccine’ derives from the fact that the first vaccine in the west­ ern world (1 7 9 6 ) was prepared from the cow p ox virus. vacuno ‘o f cows, bovine’ : vaca ‘ co w ’ (see "vaca) + -uno ‘ o f (an animal)’ (see -uno). °vado ‘ ford’ (vadear ‘ to ford ’ ): Latin vadum ‘ ford ’ , akin to vadere ‘ to g o’ (the source o f many suppletive forms o f Spanish ir [e.g., vam os]), from Indo-European wadh‘ t o g o ’ . Related words: evadir, evasión, in­ vadir, invasión. vagabundo ‘ vagabond’ : Latin vagabundus ‘vagabond, wandering’, from vagari ‘ to wander, move about’ (see vagar, °vago) + -abundus (see -abundo, °-bundo). vagar ‘ to wander’ : Latin vagari ‘to wander,

move about’, akin to vagus ‘wandering; vague’ (see "vago). “vagina ‘ vagina’ : Latin vagina ‘ sheath; vagina’ , from Indo-European wag-ma, from wag-, from wag- ‘sheath, cover’. Related words: vaina, vainilla. “vago ‘vague’ : Latin vagus ‘wandering, un­ settled, undecided, vague’ . Related words: extravagante, vagabundo, vagar. vagón ‘ railway car’ : French wagon ‘railway car’ , from English wagon ‘ cart, vehicle’ , from Dutch wagen ‘wagon, cart’ , from Germanic wagnaz ‘vehicle’, from IndoEuropean wegh-no- ‘vehicle’ , from wegh‘to go, transport in a vehicle’ (see "vehícu­ lo). vaina ‘sheath; p o d ’ : Old Spanish vaina, from Latin vagina ‘sheath’ (also = ‘ vagina’ ; see "vagina). vainilla ‘ vanilla’, literally = ‘small pod, small sheath’ (from this orchid’s elongated fruit), diminutive o f vaina ‘sheath, p o d ’, from vaina (see vaina, "vagina) + -ilia ‘ small’ (see -ilia, °-elo). Spanish vainilla is the source o f English vanilla. vajilla ‘tableware’ : Catalan vaixella ‘ tableware’, from Vulgar Latin vascella ‘tableware, domestic receptacles’, from Late Latin vascella ‘ small containers’ , plural o f vascellum ‘small container’ , diminutive o f Latin uas ‘ vessel, vase’ (see "vaso). For Latin -cellum ‘small on e’ , see -elo, "-u lo. Valdés, family name. A t first, it was proba­ bly a name o f origin, = ‘ from Valdés’, from Valdés, former name o f Luarca, in northwest Spain (Oviedo province). Valencia (Valencia, around 1140) ‘ Valencia (city, Spain)’ : Latin Valentía (second century B.C.), literally = ‘ Strength’ , from valentía ‘strength, vigor’, from valent‘ being strong’ (see valiente, "valer) + -ia ‘condition, state’ (see -ia). valenciano ‘o f Valencia’ : Valencia (see Va­ lencia, valiente, "valer) + -ano ‘o f ’ (see °-ano'). “valer ‘ to be w orth’ : Latin valere ‘to be strong, be worth, be well’, from IndoEuropean wal-é-, stative form o f wal‘ strong’ (for Indo-European stative -e-, see "tum or). Related words: convalecer, equi-

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valer, evaluar, Gutiérrez, heraldo, inváli­ do, prevalecer, Valencia, valenciano, va­ leriana, valiente, valioso, valor. valeriana ‘ valerian (plant)’ : Medieval Latin valeriana ‘ valerian’ , from Latin Valeriana, feminine o f Valerianus ‘o f Valeria’ , from Valeria ‘ Valeria (Rom an province occu p y ­ ing parts o f modern Hungary and Y ugo­ slavia, where the plant originated)’ , from Valerius, name o f a Roman gens, original­ ly a personal name meaning ‘ Strong’ , from valere ‘to be strong’ (see °valer). valiente ‘ valiant’ : Latin valentem, accusative o f valens — literally = ‘ being strong’ — (stem valent-), present participle o f valere ‘ to be strong’ (see ° valer). valioso ‘valuable’ : valía ‘w orth’ (from valer ‘ to be w orth’ ; see °valer) + -oso ‘ abounding in’ (see -oso). valor ‘value; courage, valor’ : Late Latin valor ‘ value; valor’ , from Latin valere ‘to be strong; to be w orth’ (see °valer) + -or ‘ quality’ (see -o r 2). valquiria ‘ Valkyrie’ : French valkyrie, from Germanic Walkiire ‘ Valkyrie’ , from Old Norse valkyria ‘ Valkyrie; chooser o f the slain’ (in Norse m ythology, the Valkyries hover over the field o f battle choosing warriors to be slain), from Old Norse valr ‘ the slain’ (from Germanic wal-, from Indo-European wel- ‘to w ound’ ; see °convulsión) + -feyria ‘ chooser’ , from Ger­ manic kur-, variant o f kuz- ‘to ch oose’ (source, likewise, o f Old Norse kjosa ‘to ch oose’ ), from Indo-European geus- ‘to taste; to ch oose’ (see °gusto). vals ‘waltz’ : French valse, from German Walzer ‘waltz’, from walzen ‘to dance, revolve, roll’ , from Old High German walzan ‘ to turn, roll’ , from Germanic wait-, from Indo-European wel- ‘to turn, roll’ (see °volver). válvula ‘ valve’ : New Latin valvula ‘valve’ (first used in French, valvule, sixteenth century [before 1 5 9 0 ]), diminutive o f Latin valva ‘leaf o f a double d o o r’ (under­ lying meaning: ‘that which turns’ ), from Indo-European wlw-d- ‘turning’ , from wlw-, from welw-, from wel- ‘to turn’ (see °volver). For Latin -ula ‘small on e’ , see -ula. °valla ‘ fence’ : Latin valla, plural o f vallum ‘ rampart, rampart set with palisades, palisade, wall’ (source, likewise, o f English wall), from vallus ‘ post, stake,

Vargas

palisade’ , from Indo-European walso‘ post’ . Related w ord: intervalo. valle ‘ valley’ : Latin valles, vallis ‘valley’, possibly akin to volvere ‘to turn, roll’ (from a valley’s curved, hollow shape?). See volver. vanadio ‘ vanadium’ : New Latin vanadium ‘ vanadium’ (first used in Swedish, 1830), from Old Norse Vanadis, goddess o f love and beauty, from vana- (akin to Vanr, god o f fertility, possibly from IndoEuropean wen-es- ‘ desire’ ; see 0venerar) + dis ‘woman; goddess’ . "vándalo ‘ Vandal; vandal’ : Latin Vandalus ‘ Vandal’ (fifth century o f the Christian era), singular o f Vandali(i), first century o f the Christian era, a Germanic people that sacked R om e A.D. 455, probably from Germanic wandliaz, literally = ‘wan­ derer’ , from wand- ‘to turn’ , from IndoEuropean wendh- ‘to turn’ . Related words: Andalucía, andaluz-, possibly: Flandes. vanguardia ‘ vanguard’ : obsolete avanguardia, from Catalan avantguarda ‘vanguard’, from avant- ‘ fore-’ (from avant ‘before, forward’ , from Latin abante ‘before, from before’ [see avanzar, °a b -,°a n te]) + guar­ da ‘ guard’, from Germanic wardaz ‘ guard’ (see guardia, °guardar). vanidad ‘vanity’ : Latin vanitatem, accusative o f vanitas (stem vanitat-) ‘ quality o f being vain; quality o f being em pty’ , from vanus ‘ empty, vain’ (see °vano) + -itas ‘quality’ (see -idad, °-tad). "vano ‘vain’ : Latin vanus ‘ empty, vain’, from Indo-European wá-no-, from wa-, from eu‘ empty, lacking’. Related words: desvane­ cer, evacuar, evanescente, gastar, gasto, hilván, vacaciones, vacante, vaciar, vacío, vanidad, vasto. Vanuatu ‘Vanuatu (cou n try)’ , literally = ‘ Our Land’ , from vanua ‘ land’ + -tu ‘our’ in the Banks Islands speech. "vapor ‘ steam, vapor’: Latin vapor ‘steam, vapor’ . Related w ord: evaporar. vaquero ‘ co w b o y ’ : vaca ‘ co w ’ (see °vaca). Spanish vaquero is the source o f English buckaroo. °vara ‘ twig, stick’ : Latin vara (noun) ‘ forked pole’ , from vara (adjective), feminine o f varus ‘ bent; knocked-kneed’ . Related w ord: barandilla-, possibly: resbalar, va­ riar, varice, várice, vario, viruela. Vargas, family name. At first, it was probably

variar

a name o f origin, = ‘ from Bargas’ , from Bargas (which has also been spelled Var­ gas), town some 6 km north o f Toledo, Spain, possibly = ‘The Slopes’, from varga ‘ slope’ (akin to Old High German berg ‘ mountain’ , from Germanic bergaz ‘ hill, mountain’, from Indo-European bhergh‘ high; hill’ ; see °-burgo). The terrain to the southwest o f the town is very hilly, variar ‘ to vary’ ; Latin variare ‘to vary’ , from varius ‘varied’ (see °vario, °vara) + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-ar1). varice, várice ‘ varicose vein, varix’ : Latin varicem, accusative o f varix (stem varic-) ‘ varix, dilated vein’, possibly akin to varus ‘bent’ (see °vara). °vario ‘ various’ (variedad ‘variety’ ): Latin varius ‘varied, various, diverse, speckled, variegated, changeable’, possibly akin to varus ‘ bent’ (see °vara). Related words; desvarío, variar, viruela. varón ‘ male’ (from the thirteenth to the six­ teenth century, also written baron): Medieval Latin baronem, accusative o f baro (stem baron-) ‘man; warrior’ , with the spelling probably influenced by Latin vir ‘ man, adult male’ (see virtud). Varsovia ‘Warsaw (capital o f Poland; Polish Warszawa)’ : Medieval Latin Varsovia, from obsolete Polish Warszowa ‘Warsaw’ (around 1252), o f disputed origin (from a personal name Warsz [akin to Polish warch o t ‘ quarrelsome’? ]? ), vasallo ‘vassal’ : Medieval Latin vassallus ‘ vas­ sal’, from vassus ‘ vassal, servant, valet’, from Celtic wasso- ‘ servant, squire; young man’ , probably from Indo-European uposto- ‘one who stands under’ , from upo ‘ under’ (see °hipo-2) + stb- ‘standing’, variant o f std- ‘ to stand’ (see °esfar). vasco ‘Basque’ : Latin Vasco ‘ Basque’ , proba­ bly akin to the stem o f Basque euskara ‘the Basque language’ (see °éuscaro). vascular ‘ vascular’ : New Latin vascularis ‘vascular’ (in French, vasculaire, 1686), from Latin vasculum ‘ small vessel’ , diminutive o f vas ‘vessel’ (see °vaso), + -aris ‘ o f ’ (see -ar2, °-al). For Latin -culum ‘small on e’ , see -culo1. vaselina ‘ petrolatum, vaseline’: English vaseline ‘ petrolatum’, from Vaseline, a trademark (United States, 1872), arbitrar­ ily formed from German Wasser ‘water’ (from Old High German wazzar, from Germanic watar-, from Indo-European

540

wod-br, from wod-, from wed- ‘water’ ; see °hidrógeno) + Greek élaion ‘ oil’ (see oleod u cto, °olivo). vasija ‘ vessel, container’ : obsolete vasija ‘ vessels’ , from Medieval Latin vasilia ‘ vessels’ , from Latin vas ‘ vessel’ (see °vaso). “vaso ‘glass (drinking vessel), container; (b lo o d ) vessel’ : Vulgar Latin vasu ‘vessel’ , from Latin vasum, variant o f vas ‘ vessel, vase’ . Related words: envase, vajilla, vas­ cular, vasija. vasto ‘ vast’ : Latin vastus ‘ empty; immense, vast’ , from Indo-European was-to- ‘ deso­ late, waste, em pty’ , from was- ‘ em pty’, from wd-, from eu- ‘ em pty’ (see °vano). “vate ‘ poet; seer’ : Latin vates ‘seer, prophet; p o e t’ (singular, but interpreted in Spanish as a plural), from Indo-European wdt- ‘ to inspire’ (underlying idea: ‘poets are in­ spired by gods’ ). Related w ord: vaticinar. Vaticano ‘ Vatican’ : Medieval Latin Vaticanus ‘ the Vatican, official residence o f the Pope (located on Vatican Hill)’ , from Latin Vaticanus (m ons) ‘ the Vatican (Hill) (in R om e)’ , o f Etruscan origin, vaticinar ‘ to predict, vaticinate’ : Latin vatici­ nan ‘ to prophesy’ , from vates ‘ prophet’ (see °vate) + -i-, connective vowel (see -l-2), + -cinari, akin to Latin canere ‘to sing, prophesy’ (see °cantar). ve ‘the letter v’ , formed in Spanish on the analogy o f be, p e , etc. (see p e). vecindad ‘ neighborhood’ : Latin vicinitatem, accusative o f vicinitas (stem vicinitat-) ‘ neighborhood; nearness, proxim ity’, from vicinus ‘ neighboring’ (see°uecino) + -itas ‘ quality, condition’ (see -idad). “vecino ‘ neighbor; neighboring’ : Latin vici­ nus ‘ neighbor’ (with dissimilation o f the first -»-), from vicinus ‘ neighboring’ , from vicus ‘ neighborhood; village’ (from IndoEuropean woik-no- ‘ neighborhood, settle­ ment’ , from woik-, from weik- ‘ clan’ ) + -inus ‘o f ’ (see °-ino). Related words: buganvilla, ecología, econom ía, econ óm i­ co , parroquia, parroquiano, vecindad, villa, villano, Villarreal. vector ‘ vector’ : New Latin vector ‘vector’, from Latin vector ‘ carrier’ , from vectus, past participle o f vehere ‘to carry’ (see ° vehículo), + -or ‘acting, doer’ (see °-or1). vedar ‘to forbid’ : Latin vetare ‘to forbid’ (see °veto). vega ‘ plain (nou n)’ , probably — like Portu-

guese veiga ‘ plain’ — from the source o f Basque ibaiko ‘o f the river’ (which is form ed o f ibai ‘river’ + -ko ‘ o f, pertaining to ’ ). vegetación ‘vegetation’ : Medieval Latin vegetationem , accusative o f vegetatio (stem vegetation-) ‘act o f growing (as a plant); plants’, from vegetatus, past participle o f vegetare ‘ to grow’ (see “vegetal), + -io ‘act o f; result’ (see °-ión). "vegetal ‘ vegetable’ : Medieval Latin vegetare ‘to grow, flourish’ , from Latin vegetare ‘ to enliven, animate’ , from vegetus ‘ live­ ly, animated’ , from vegere ‘to be active, be lively’ , from Indo-European weg-e- ‘ to be lively’, stative form o f weg- ‘lively, strong’ (for Indo-European stative -é-, see ° tumor). Related words: desvelarse, vege­ tación, vela2, velar, velocidad, velocípe­ do, velódrom o, velorio, veloz, vigente, vigilar, vigilia, vigor. vehemente ‘vehement’ : Latin vehementem, accusative o f vehemens (stem vehement-) ‘vehement’ (akin to Latin vehere ‘to car­ ry ’?; see vehículo). "vehículo ‘ vehicle’ : Latin vehiculum ‘ car­ riage, conveyance’ , from vehere ‘to carry’, from Indo-European wegh- ‘to go, trans­ port in a vehicle’ . Related words: invecti­ va, Noruega, vagón, vector, vejar, wagneriano; probably: guagua'; via and its family. "veinte ‘tw enty’ : Latin viginti, from IndoEuropean wikmti ‘tw enty’ , literally = ‘tw o tens’ , from wi-, ‘ in half’ , hence ‘tw o’ , + -kmt-, from (d e)km ‘ten’ (see “diez). The Indo-European ending in -i is that o f the dual, other tens end in -a (see cuaren­ ta). Related words: icosaedro, vigésimo. vejar ‘ to vex, harass’ : Latin vexare ‘to vex, injure, annoy, shake, agitate’ , from IndoEuropean wegh-s- ‘to shake, set in m o­ tion’ , from wegh- ‘ to go, transport’ (see 0vehículo). vejez ‘ old age’ : vej-, base o f viejo ‘o ld ’ (see viejo, ° veterano), + -ez ‘ condition’ (see ez-1). "vejiga ‘ bladder; blister’ : obsolete vexiga, from Vulgar Latin vessica, from Latin vesica (also vensica) ‘ bladder; blister’. Related w ord: vesícula-, probably: ventrí­ culo, ventrílocuo, vientre. vela 1 ‘sail’ : Latin vela ‘ sails’ , plural o f velum ‘ sail; veil’ (see °velo). vela2 ‘wake; candle’ : velar ‘to be awake’ (see

velar, vigilar, °vegetal). velar ‘ to be awake; to keep watch’ (velada ‘ soiree’ ): Latin vigilare ‘to be awake, be alert, watch’ (see vigilar, “vegetal). D ou­ blet: vigilar. "veleidad ‘whim; inconstancy’ : Medieval Latin velleitatem, accusative o f velleitas ‘ faint desire’ , from Latin velle ‘ to wish’ (from Indo-European wel- ‘to wish’ ; related words: benévolo, gala, galán, galope, Guillermo, guillotina, volición, voluntad, voluntario, voluptuoso) + -itas ‘ quality’ (see -idad, °-tad). velero ‘ sailboat’ : vela ‘sail’ (see vela1, “velo) + -ero ‘ o f, connected with’ (see -ero2). veleta ‘weathervane’ , possibly from vela ‘sail’ (see vela1, “velo), or possibly from region­ al Arabic beleta, batata ‘moveable, lively’ , from Arabic ballot ‘to move, stir’ (root: bit ‘to pave with stone’ ). "velo ‘veil’ : Latin velum ‘veil, sail, curtain’ , from Indo-European weg-slo- ‘ something w oven’ , from weg- ‘to weave’ . Related words: revelar, vela1, velero; possibly: veleta. velocidad ‘ speed, velocity’ : Latin velocitatem, accusative o f velocitas (stem velocitat-) ‘ speed’ , from veloc-, stem o f velox ‘ quick’ (see veloz, “vegetal), + -itas ‘ quali­ ty ’ (see -idad, °-tad). velocípedo ‘bicycle’ : obsolete French vélocipéd e ‘bicycle; velocipede’ (around 1810), from véloci-, as in vélocité ‘ speed’ (from Latin velocitas; see velocidad, veloz, “ vegetal, -idad, °-tad), + -pede ‘ -footed, fo o t, feet’ , from Latin ped-, stem o f pes ‘ fo o t ’ (see “pie). velódromo ‘ place for cycling; velodrom e’ : French vélodrome ‘ place for cycling’, from vélo ‘ bicycle’ (short for obsolete vélocipéde ‘ bicycle’ ; see velocípedo, velo­ cidad, veloz, “ vegetal, -idad, °-tad) + -drome ‘racecourse’ , from Latin -dromos, from Greek drómos ‘racecourse’ (see “ hipódrom o). velorio ‘wake’ : velar ‘ to be awake; to keep watch’ (see velar, vigilar, “vegetal) + -orio ‘ serving fo r ’ (see -orio2). veloz ‘rapid’ : Latin velox (stem veloc-) ‘ quick, fast’ , from Indo-European weg-slo‘ quick; lively’ , from weg- ‘lively’ (see “vegetal). "vello ‘ body hair’ (velludo ‘hairy’ ): Latin villus ‘shaggy hair, tuft o f hair, w o o l’, from Indo-European wel-nes- ‘w o o l’,

vena

542

“ venerar). from wel- ‘w o o l’. Related words: franela, venera ‘badge, emblem’ (originally a badge in lana. the shape o f a shell): venera ‘scallop shell; vena ‘vein’ : Latin vena ‘vein; b lood vessel’ . Venus’s-shell’ , from Latin venerea, vene­ venado ‘ deer’ : obsolete venado ‘game ani­ na ‘ Venus’s-shell (a kind o f mollusk, and mal’ , from Latin venatus ‘ game; hunting, its shell)’ , from Vener-, stem o f Venus the chase’ , from venatus, past participle ‘ Venus’ (see Venus, “venerar), from the o f venari ‘to hunt, pursue’, from Indofact that Venus (the goddess) was some­ European wen-a- ‘to strive fo r ’ , from wen-, times represented as coming out o f a seafrom wen- ‘ to strive fo r ’ (see “venerar). shell (and often said to have been born venal ‘venal’ : Latin venalis ‘ for sale, salable’ , from the sea). from venum ‘ sale’ (se e bvender) + -alis ‘o f ’ "venerar ‘to venerate’ : Latin venerari ‘to (see °-al). venerate’ , from vener-, stem o f venus "vencer ‘to overcom e’ (vencedor ‘victor’): ‘love, sexual desire’ , from Indo-European Latin vincere ‘ to conquer, overcom e’, wen-es- ‘ desire’ , from wen- ‘to strive for, from Indo-European wi-n-k- ‘to conquer’ , desire’ . Related words: envenenar, vena­ from wik-, from weik- ‘strength; to co n ­ do, veneno, venera, venéreo, venia, quer’. Related words: convencer, invicto, venial, Venus, viernes; possibly: vanadio, Luis, Luisiana, San Luis, San V icente, Venezuela. Compare Edimburgo. Vicente, V íctor, victoria. venda ‘bandage’ (vendar ‘ to bandage’ ), o f venéreo ‘venereal’ : Latin venereus ‘venereal, Germanic origin; ultimately from Indoo f sexual intercourse, o f love, o f Venus’, European bhendh- ‘to bind’ (see°ban da'). from vener-, stem o f venus ‘love’ (see “venerar), + -eus ‘ o f ’ (see a-e o 2). vendaval ‘ strong wind’, originally = ‘south­ west wind’, from French vent d ’aval ‘west Venezuela ‘ Venezuela (cou n try)’ (venezolano ‘ Venezuelan’ ), literally = ‘ Little V enice’, wind’ , literally = ‘ downstream wind’ ; from Spanish Venecia ‘Venice’ (the -cFrench vent ‘wind’ derives from Latin changed to -z- to maintain its sound ventus ‘wind’ (see “viento), d ’ , de ‘ from, before u) + -uela ‘little’ (see -uela). The o f ’ , from Latin de ‘ from ’ (see d e2), aval name Venecia (later Venezuela [d ocu ­ ‘ downstream’ , literally = ‘ toward valley’ , mented from 1 5 5 8 ]) was given at first to from á ‘ t o ’ (from Latin ad ‘t o ’ ; see a2) + the area o f present Lake Maracaibo by val ‘valley’ (from Latin valles ‘valley’ ; see Spanish explorers w ho, under A lonso de valle). Ojeda, entered the lake in 1499 after see­ "vender ‘ to sell’ (vendedor ‘seller’ ): Latin ing near it an island with Indian dwellings vendere ‘ to sell’, from venum ‘sale’ (from built on piles in shallow water, which Indo-European wes-no- ‘ bought; pur­ reminded them o f Venice, Italy. Spanish chasing price’ , from wes- ‘ to b u y’ [related Venecia derives from Italian Venezia, words: venal, venta] + -no-, a suffix from Medieval Latin Venetia (seventh forming verbal adjectives and nouns [see century) ‘ Venice (city )’ , from Latin d ig n o]) + -dere, from dare ‘to give’ (see Venetia, territory o f the Veneti (first cen­ °dar). tury B.C.), from Veneti ‘ Venetians’ (first vendimia ‘grape harvest’ : Latin vindemia century B.C.), a people in northeastern ‘grape harvest’ , from vinum ‘wine; grapes’ Italy (it is also the name o f other ancient (see “vino) + demere ‘to take o f f ’, from peoples in Europe, including one in Gaul de- ‘ o f f ’ (see de-, °de2) + emere ‘to take’ conquered by Caesar in 56 B.C.), possibly (see “ejem plo). = ‘ beloved’ , from Indo-European wen-etovendimiar ‘to harvest grapes’ : Latin vinde‘ beloved’ , from wen- ‘to strive for, desire’ miare ‘to harvest grapes’, from vindemia (see “venerar). ‘ grape harvest’ (see vendimia, “vino, de-, “d e2, “ejem plo) + -are, an infinitive ending "vengar ‘to avenge’ (venganza ‘ vengeance’ ): Latin vindicare ‘to lay claim to, defend, (see °-ar‘ ). avenge’ , from vindic-, stem o f vindex Venecia ‘ Venice (city, Italy)’, see Venezuela. ‘ claimant, protector, avenger’ , whose first veneno ‘ poison’ : Latin venenum ‘ poison, element (vin-) is o f unknown origin drug; magic potion, love potion, charm’, (related words: reivindicar, revancha) and from Indo-European wen-es-no- ‘ magic whose second element derives from Indop otion ’, from wen-es- ‘ to desire’ (see

543

European -dik- ‘ doer’ , from deik- ‘to show ’ (see °decir). venia ‘ pardon; permission’ : Latin venia ‘ per­ mission, forgiveness, indulgence, grace, privilege, favor’, from Indo-European wen-yd ‘ indulgence’, from wen- ‘to strive fo r ’ (see °venerar). venial ‘ forgivable, venial’ : Late Latin venialis ‘excusable, pardonable’ , from Latin venia ‘ pardon’ (see venia, °venerar) + -alis ‘o f ’ (see °-al). "venir ‘ to com e ’ : Latin venire ‘to co m e ’, from Indo-European gwem -yo- ‘ to come; to g o ’ , from gwem-, variant o f gwa- ‘to com e; to g o ’ . Related words: acróbata, avenida, aventura, base, béisbol, bienve­ nido, conveniente, convenir, convento, diabetes, evento, Ganges, hipérbaton, in­ conveniente, intervenir, inventar, p o rv e­ nir, présbita, prevenir, provenir, ventura. venta ‘sale’ : Vulgar Latin *vendita ‘ sale’ , from Latin vendita, feminine o f venditus, past participle o f vendere ‘ to sell’ (see °vender, °dar). ventaja ‘ advantage’ : obsolete avantaja, from Old French avantage ‘advantage’ (under­ lying meaning: ‘state o f being ahead’), from avant ‘ before’, from Latin abante ‘ before; from b efore’ (see avanzar, °ab-, °ante). ventana ‘w indow ’, originally ‘opening for ventilating (in a boat, a tent, an armor)’ , from vent-, base o f viento ‘wind’ (see "viento; similarly, English window derives from Old Norse vindauga, literally = ‘wind eye’ ), + -ana, feminine o f -ano ‘ o f ’ (see -ano2). ventilar ‘ to ventilate’ : Late Latin ventilare ‘to ventilate’, from Latin ventilare ‘to fan’, from ventulus ‘ slight wind’ , from ventus ‘w ind’ (see °viento) + -ulus, a diminutive ending (see °-ulo). ventosa ‘ cupping glass; sucker (animal organ)’ : French ventouse (1 256), from Late Latin ventosa ‘ cupping glass’ , from Latin ventosa cucúrbita ‘cupping glass’ (around A.D. 100), literally = ‘wind [-filled] gourd’ , called gourd from its shape, from Latin ventosa, feminine o f ventosas ‘ full o f air, full o f w ind’ (even if a cupping glass forms a partial vacuum), from ventus ‘wind’ (see °viento) + -osus ‘ having, abounding in’ (see -oso). ventrículo ‘ventricle’ : Latin ventriculus ‘stomach; ventricle o f the heart’ , diminu­

Veracruz

tive o f venter (stem ventr-) ‘belly, abdo­ men’ (see vientre, °vejiga). For Latin -iculus ‘little on e’, see -ic u lo '. ventrílocuo ‘ ventriloquist’ : Late Latin ventriloquus ‘ventriloquist’ (underlying mean­ ing: ‘one w ho speaks from the belly’, from the fact that it was held that the voice originates in the ventriloquist’s stomach), from Latin ventri-, as in ventris, genitive o f venter (stem ventr-) ‘ belly’ (see vientre, °vejiga), + loqui ‘ to speak’ (see "locutor). ventura ‘happiness; fortune (good or bad lu ck )’ : Latin ventura ‘things that are about to com e’, neuter plural o f venturus ‘ to be about to com e’ (future participle o f venire ‘to com e’ ), from ventus, past participle o f venire (see °venir). Venus ‘ Venus (goddess [around 1 3 3 0 ], and planet)’ : Latin Venus (stem Vener-), an­ cient Roman goddess o f love (whose name was given the planet), from venus ‘love’ (see "venerar). °ver ‘to see’ : obsolete veer (still seen in p roveer), from Latin videre ‘to see; to look ; to perceive, understand’, from IndoEuropean wid-é-, from wid-, from weid‘ to see’ . Related words: aracnoides, avisar, aviso, calidoscopio, cricoides, entrevista, envidia, esfenoides, evidente, guiar, guión, guisa, guisar, hioides, historia, idea, idilio, íd olo, improvisar, (de) im­ proviso, invisible, -oide, prever, previ­ sión, proveer, providencia, provisión, prudente, revisar, revisión, revista, tele­ visión, tifoidea, visera, visible, visillo, visión, visitar, vista, visual, xifoides, yodo-, possibly: pingüino. veracidad ‘veracity’ : Medieval Latin veracitatem, accusative o f veracitas (stem veracitat-) ‘veracity’ , from Latin verac-, stem o f verax ‘true, truthful’ (see veraz, "veras), + -itas ‘ quality, condition’ (see -idad, "-tad). Veracruz ‘ Veracruz (city, M exico)’ , founded by the Spanish on 22 April 1519, and named then La Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz, literally = ‘The Rich Tow n o f the True Cross’ , in reference both to the riches they expected to find in the country and to the fact that according to the Catholic Church it was the anniversary o f the Crucifixion. Veracruz, now written as one word, literally means ‘ True Cross’, from vera (obsolete), feminine o f obsolete vero

verano

‘ true’ (which survives in the feminine plural; see “veras) + cruz ‘ cross’ (see “cruz). "verano ‘summer’ : Vulgar Latin veranum ( tem pus) ‘spring (tim e)’, from Latin ver ‘ spring’ (because there was no precise separation o f spring and summer: in Spanish, until the sixteenth century, primavera denoted early spring; verano, the end o f spring and early summer; and estío, the end o f summer), from IndoEuropean wesr ‘ spring’ . Related word: primavera. "veras ‘reality’ (de veras ‘really’ ), originally feminine plural o f obsolete vero ‘ true’ , from Latin verus ‘true’, from IndoEuropean weros ‘true; careful; loyal’ . Related words: averiguar, veracidad, Vera­ cruz, veraz, verdad, verdadero, veredicto, verídico, verificar-, probably: Elvira. veraz ‘truthful, veracious’ : Latin verax ‘true, truthful’ , from verus ‘true’ (see “veras) + -ax ‘ inclined to ’ (see °-az). verbal ‘ verbal’ : Late Latin verbalis ‘ verbal (‘o f verbs’ and ‘ o f words’ )’ , from Latin verbum ‘word; verb’ (see “verbo) + -alis ‘o f ’ (see °-al). "verbena ‘vervain’ : Latin verbena ‘sacred bough’ (usually in the plural: verbenae ‘ sacred boughs o f laurel, olive, or myrtle; a class o f medicinal plants’ ), from IndoEuropean werbes-na ‘ bough, rod ’, from werbes-, from werb- ‘ to turn, bend’ (related words: reverberar, rom bo), from wer- ‘to turn, bend’ (see “verter). verbigracia ‘ for example’ : Latin verbi gratia ‘for example, thanks to a w ord’ , from verbi, genitive o f verbum ‘w ord ’ (see “verbo), + gratia ‘thanks to; favor’ (see gracia, “grato). "verbo ‘verb’ : Latin verbum ‘word; verb’ (the meaning ‘verb’ in Latin is a translation o f Greek rhema ‘word; verb’ , which derives from Indo-European wre-mn ‘w ord’ , from mre-, variant o f wer- ‘to speak’ ; see below ), from Indo-European wer-dho‘w ord’ , from wer- ‘to speak’ . Related words: adverbio, ironía, p roverb io, retó­ rica, verbal, verbigracia. verdad ‘truth’ : Latin veritatem, accusative o f veritas (stem veritat-) ‘truth’, from verus ‘ true’ (see “veras) + -itas ‘quality, condi­ tion’ (see -idad, “-tad). verdadero ‘ true’ : verdad ‘truth’ (see verdad, “veras, -idad, “-tad) + -ero ‘o f ’ (see -ero1).

544

"verde ‘ green’ : Latin viridis ‘ green’ , from virere ‘to be green’ , o f unknown origin. Related words: Cabo Verde, verdugo, ver­ dura, vergel. verdolaga ‘purslane’ : Arabic bardilaqa (p rob­ ably influenced by Spanish verde ‘green’ ), from Latin portulaca ‘purslane’ (possible underlying meaning: ‘ herb for the w om b’ , from porcus ‘ pig; vulva’ [see “puerco-, compare porcelana], though some authors believe that the Latin word derives from portula ‘little gate’, diminutive o f porta ‘ gate’ , from the fact that the covering o f this herb’s capsule opens like a gate [see p u erta ]). verdugo ‘ shoot o f a tree; rod, stick; hang­ man, executioner’ : verde ‘ green’ (see “verde). The meaning ‘hangman’ derives from that o f ‘rod, lash, scourge’ (verdugos were charged with administering corporal punishment). verdura ‘verdure; vegetable’ : verde ‘green’ (see “verde) + -ura ‘being’ (see °-ura). vereda ‘ path’ : Late Latin vereda ‘ path’ , from Latin veredus ‘ post horse’ , from Celtic vo-red- ‘ horse’ (compare Welsh gorwydd ‘ horse’ ), from vo- ‘ under’ (from IndoEuropean upo ‘under’ ; see “hipo-2) + red(compare Old Irish riadaim T ride’ ), from Indo-European reidh- ‘to ride’ (source, likewise, o f English ride). veredicto ‘ verdict’ : Medieval Latin veredictum ‘ verdict’ , from Latin vere dictum ‘truly said’ , from vere ‘ truly’ (from verus ‘ true’ ; see “veras) + dictum ‘something said’, neuter o f dictus ‘said’ (see dicho1, “decir). vergel ‘orchard’ : Old Provencal vergier ‘or­ chard’, from Vulgar Latin virdiariu, from viridiariu, from Latin viridiarium ‘planta­ tion o f trees, pleasure garden’, from viridis ‘ green’ (see “verde) + -arium ‘ place o f ’ (see -ario2). vergüenza ‘shame’ : Latin verecundia ‘shame; coyness; awe’ , from verecundus ‘c o y ’, from vereri ‘to feel awe o f, revere, respect, fear’, from Indo-European wer-e-, stative form o f wer- ‘to see; to watch’ (see “guar­ dar). For Indo-European stative -i-, see “ tumor. For Latin -cundus, compare fecundo. verídico ‘veridical’ : Latin veridicus ‘ veridical, veracious, truthful’, from veri-, as in veri, genitive o f verus ‘true’ (see “veras), + -dicus, from dicere ‘to say’ (see “decir).

545 verificar ‘to verify’ : Medieval Latin verificare ‘ to prove the truth’ , from Latin veri-, as in veri, genitive o f verus ‘ true’ (see °veras), + -ficare ‘ to make’ (see -ficar, -fico, °hacer). verja ‘grate; railing’ : obsolete verja ‘post or stake for a railing’ , probably from French verge ‘rod, twig’, from Latin virga ‘rod, twig’ . "vermicular ‘vermicular’ : Medieval Latin vermicularis, literally = ‘o f little w orm ’ , from Latin vermiculus ‘little w orm ’ (diminutive o f vermis ‘w orm ’ , from Indo-European wermi- ‘w orm ’, from wer- ‘to turn, bend’ [com pare°verter]; related word: berm ejo) + -aris ‘o f ’ (see -ar2, -al). For Latin -iculus ‘little on e’ , see -icu lo 1. vernáculo ‘ vernacular’ : Latin vernaculus ‘ native, homeborn, dom estic’ , from verna ‘ hom eborn slave; native’ , probably o f Etruscan origin. Verona ‘ Verona (city, Italy)’ , see Bema. verruga ‘wart, verruca’ : Latin verruca ‘wart’, from Indo-European wrsu-ko- ‘wart’ , from wrsu- ‘high, raised’ , from wer‘raised spot (on the skin, or on the ground)’ (source, likewise, o f English wart). versión ‘version’ : Medieval Latin versionem, accusative o f versio (stem version-) ‘trans­ lation; action o f turning’ , from Latin ver­ sus, past participle o f vertere ‘to turn; to change’ (see °verter), + -io ‘ action, process, result’ (see °-ión). verso ‘ verse’ : Latin versus ‘verse (a line o f writing); furrow, row, line’ (underlying meaning: ‘ a turning (o f the p low )’ ), from versus, past participle o f vertere ‘to turn’ (see °verter). vértebra ‘vertebra’ : Latin vertebra ‘vertebra; joint, articulation’ (underlying idea: ‘ a joint is the point where a bone can turn’ ), from vertere ‘to turn’ (see ° verter). "verter ‘ to pour; to spill’ : Latin vertere ‘to turn’, from Indo-European wert- ‘to turn’ , from wer- ‘to turn, bend’, base o f various other Indo-European roots (e.g., werb[see 0verbena], werp- [see “rapsodia], wermi- [see “verm icular]). Related words: adversario, adversidad, adverso, advertir, aniversario, atravesar, conversación, con ­ versar, convertir, diversión, diverso, di­ vertir, divorcio, inversión, invertir, p er­ verso, pervertir, prosa, revés, susodicho, tergiversar, transverso, través, travesano,

veterinario

travesía, travesura, travieso, universal, universidad, universo, versión, verso, vér­ tebra, vertical, vertiente, vértigo, vice­ versa, vórtice-, probably: (de) repente, Riga. vertical ‘vertical’ : Late Latin verticalis ‘ verti­ cal’ (underlying meaning: ‘that goes to the summit’ ), from Latin vertic-, stem o f vertex ‘summit, peak’ (from vertere ‘to turn’ ; see “verter), + -alis ‘o f ’ (see °-al). vertiente ‘slope, watershed’ : vertiente, pres­ ent participle o f verter ‘to pour; to spill’ (see “verter), from the idea o f water streaming down a slope. vértigo ‘ dizziness, vertigo’ : Latin vertigo ‘vertigo; action o f whirling’, from vertere ‘ to turn’ (see “verter). vesícula ‘vesicle’ (vesícula biliar ‘gall blad­ der’ ): Latin vesícula ‘ small bladder’, diminutive o f vesica ‘ bladder’ (see “vejiga). For Latin -ula ‘ small on e’ , see -ula. vespertino ‘o f the evening, vespertine’ : Latin vespertinus ‘ o f the evening’ , from vesper ‘ evening’ , from Indo-European wespero‘ evening; night’ (see “ víspera). vestido ‘ dress, clothes’ : Latin vestitus ‘dress, clothes’ , from vestitus, past participle o f vestire ‘ to dress’ (see “vestir). "vestigio ‘ vestige’ : Latin vestigium ‘ fo o t­ print, trace’ . Related words: investigación, investigar. "vestir ‘to dress, clothe, put on ’ : Latin vestire ‘ to dress’, from vestís ‘garment, attire’ , from Indo-European wes-ti- ‘garment’, from wes- ‘to clothe’ . Related words: revestir, vestido. Compare inversión, in­ vertir. "veta ‘ stripe, vitta; mineral deposit’ : Latin vitta ‘ fillet, headband’ , from *vita, from Indo-European wei-ta ‘band; bent, twisted (fem inine)’, from wei- ‘ to bend, twist, turn’. Related words: guirnalda, mimbre, vid. "veterano ‘veteran’ : Latin veteranus (noun) ‘ veteran’ , from veteranus (adjective) ‘old, veteran’ , from veter-, stem o f vetus ‘o ld ’ (underlying meaning: ‘having many years’ , from Indo-European wet-es- ‘year’ , from wet- ‘ year’ [related words: envejecer, in­ veterado, vejez, veterinario, vetusto, viejo-, probably: /fo lia ]), + -anus ‘o f ’ (see “-ano1). veterinario ‘veterinarian’ : Latin veterinarius (noun) ‘ veterinarian’ , from veterinarius (adjective) ‘ veterinary, o f beasts o f bur­

veto

den, o f domestic animals’ , from veterina, neuter plural o f veterinus ‘suitable for a beast o f burden, o f a beast o f burden, o f cattle’ , from Indo-European wet-es- ‘year’ (see "veterano). Latin veterinus seems to have been applied mainly to old animals (who were used as beasts o f burden rather than for racing or war). For Latin -arius ‘ o f ’, see "-ario1. °veto ‘veto’ : Latin veto ‘I forbid’, first per­ son singular o f the present indicative o f vetare ‘ to forbid’ , perhaps ultimately from Indo-European gwet- ‘to say, speak’ (underlying meaning: ‘ to say: “ d on ’t do it” ’ ). Related w ord: vedar. vetusto ‘ancient’ : Latin vetustus ‘old, an­ cient’ , from vetus ‘o ld ’ (see bveterano). vez ‘time, occasion’ : Latin vicis ‘time, turn’, from vicis ‘alternation, change’ (see "vice-). In the expression en vez de ‘in­ stead o f ’ , vez means ‘stead’, one o f the meanings o f Latin vicis. “via ‘w ay’ : Latin via ‘way, road’ , o f IndoEuropean origin, probably from wegh‘to g o ’ (see "vehículo). Related words: con voy, desviar, enviar, extraviar, obvio, previo, todavía, trivial, viaje, viático. viaje ‘voyage’ (viajar ‘to travel’, viajero ‘trav­ eler’ ): Catalan viatge, from Late Latin via­ ticum ‘voyage’ , from Latin viaticum ‘ pro­ visions for a journey’ , from viaticum, neuter o f viaticus ‘o f a journey’, from viatus, past participle o f viare ‘to travel’ (from via ‘w ay’ ; see "via), + -icus ‘o f ’ (see "-ico1). vianda ‘ fo o d , viand’ : Old French viande ‘ fo o d ’ (whence French viande ‘meat’ ), from Vulgar Latin *vianda, *vivanda ‘ fo o d ’, from Latin vivenda ‘means o f life, sustenance’ , neuter plural o f vivendus, gerundive o f vivere ‘to live’ (see vivir, "vivo, -ienda). viático ‘travel allowance, viaticum’ : Latin viaticum ‘traveling m oney, provisions for a journey’ (see viaje, "via). víbora ‘viper’ : Latin vípera ‘snake, adder’, from vivípara ‘viviparous’ (from an an­ cient belief that this snake produced living young instead o f eggs), from vivi(from vivus ‘alive’ ; see "vivo) + parere ‘to produce, give birth t o ’ (see parir, "parar). vibrar ‘ to vibrate’ ( vibración ‘vibration’ ): Latin vibrare ‘to shake, vibrate’ , from Indo-European wib-ro-, from wib-, from weip- ‘ to vibrate, tremble, turn’.

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vicario ‘vicar’ : Late Latin vicarius ‘vicar’ (underlying meaning: ‘representative o f God on earth’ ), from Latin vicarius (noun) ‘representative, deputy, substitute’ , from vicarius (adjective) ‘substituting, dele­ gated’ , from vicis ‘ change, alternation, turn, stead’ (see "vice-) + -arius ‘o f, con ­ nected with’ (see "-ario1). °vi.ce- ‘vice-, deputy, substitute’, as in vice­ cónsul, vicegobernador, vicepresidente, vicetesorero: Late Latin vice- ‘substitute’, from Latin vice ‘ in place o f, instead o f ’, ablative o f vicis ‘ change, stead, alterna­ tion, turn, o ffic e ’ , from Indo-European wik- ‘to bend’ , from weik- ‘ to bend, wind’ . Related words: Reykjavik, vez, vicario, viceversa, vicisitud, virrey. Vicente, masculine given name (correspon­ ding to English V incent): Late Latin Vincentem , accusative o f the masculine name Vincens, literally = ‘Conquering’ , from Latin vincens, present participle o f vincere ‘to conquer’ (see "veneer). viceversa ‘vice versa’ : Latin vice versa ‘ con ­ versely; with the alternation or the posi­ tion changed’ , from vice, ablative o f vicis ‘ alternation, position’ (see "vice-), + versa, ablative feminine o f versus, past participle o f vertere ‘ to turn, change’ (see "verter). vicio ‘vice’ : Latin vitium ‘ fault, blemish, crime, vice’, from Indo-European wi-tio-, from wi-, from wei- ‘fault, vice’, vicisitud ‘vicissitude’ : Latin vicissitudo ‘ change; shift o f luck’, from vicissim ‘ in turn’ (from vicis ‘ change, stead, alterna­ tion ’ ; see "vice-) + -tudo ‘ state, condition, quality’ (see °-tud). víctima ‘victim’ : Latin victima ‘living creature sacrificed to a deity’ , from Indo-European wik-tima ‘consecrated, singled ou t’ , from wik-, from weik- ‘ to set apart, single ou t’ . Victor, masculine given name (corresponding to English V ictor): Late Latin Victor, a masculine name, from Latin victor ‘ con ­ queror’ , from victus, past participle o f vincere ‘to conquer’ (see "veneer), + -or ‘acting, doer’ (see "-o r1). victoria ‘victory’ : Latin victoria ‘ victory’ , from *victoria, feminine o f *victorius ‘ victorious’, from victus, past participle o f vincere ‘ to conquer’ (see "veneer), + -orius ‘ o f ’ (see °-orio‘ ). vicuña ‘vicuña’: Quechua wikúña, huikúña ‘vicuña’. vid ‘vine, grape plant’ : Latin vitis ‘ vine’,

t

547

from Indo-European wei-ti- ‘twisted’ , from wei- ‘ to bend, twist’ (see °veta). vida ‘life’ : Latin vita ‘life’ , from Indo-Euro­ pean gwi-wo-ta ‘life’ , from gwi-wo- ‘ living’ (see °vivo). Vidal, family name: Vidal, a masculine given name, from the Late Latin name Vitalis, from Latin vitalis ‘o f life, vital’ (see vital, vida, °vivo, °-al). vidalita ‘ (Argentina) a type o f folk song (with the words in six-syllable lines)’ , diminutive o f vidala ‘ (Argentina) a type o f folk song (with the words in eightsyllable lines)’ . The vidalita and the vidala — usually sad love songs — often contain the word vidalita or vidala, = ‘love, dear, sweet one (used as a term o f endear­ m ent)’, literally = ‘littlelife’ ; vidala derives from Spanish vida ‘life’ (see vida, °vivo) + Quechua -la, a suffix o f endearment. The words viday, viditay, vidalitay, also found in such songs, end in the Quechua possessive suffix -y = ‘ m y’. An example o f vidalita: “ En mi pobre rancho, vidalitá, no existe la calma, desde que está ausente, vidalitá, la dueña de mi alma” (vidalita is often sung as vidalitá for stress). vidrio ‘ glass’ : Latin vitreum (noun) ‘ object made o f glass’ , from vitreum (adjective), neuter o f vitreus ‘ o f glass’ , from vitrum ‘ glass’ , possibly the same word as vitrum ‘woad (plant whose leaves yield a blue coloring matter)’ , from the blue-green color o f glass in ancient Rome. viejo ‘ old; old man’ : Vulgar Latin veclu ‘o ld ’ , from Latin vetulus ‘ a little old, somewhat o ld ’, diminutive o f vetus ‘o ld ’ (see °veterano). For Latin -ulus ‘ little’, see °-ulo. Viena ‘Vienna (capital o f Austria; German Wien)’ : Medieval Latin Viena (around 1030), from Old High German Wénia ‘ Vienna’ (A.D. 881), probably from Celtic *Vedunia ‘the Wien (a river that flows into the Danube at Vienna)’ , proba­ bly = ‘ (swift-flowing) stream’ . Not akin to Gaulish Vindo-bona (A.D . 530), another Celtic name for the same city (from vindo ‘white’ ). Vientian, Vientiane ‘ Vientiane (capital o f the Lao People’s Democratic R epublic)’ : Lao Viangchan ‘Vientiane’ , literally =

vigilar

‘M oon City’ , from viang ‘ city’ + chan ‘ m o o n ’. The reason for the name is not known, but it was likewise called ‘M oon City’ ( Chandapuri) in Pali in the fou r­ teenth century (from Sanskrit chandra ‘ m o o n ’ + pura ‘ tow n ’ ). °viento ‘wind’ : Latin ventus ‘wind’ , from Indo-European we-nt-o- ‘blowing’ , parti­ cipial form o f wé- ‘to b low ’ . Related words: abanico, atmósfera, aventar, nir­ vana, Sotavento, vendaval, ventana, ven­ tilar, ventosa-, possibly: Bakú. vientre ‘belly, abdom en’ : Latin ventrem, accusative o f venter (stem ventr-) ‘belly, abdomen, w om b ’ , probably akin to Latin vesica ‘ bladder’ (see °tlejiga). viernes ‘ Friday’ : obsolete vienres, from Latin veneris (dies) ‘Friday’, literally = ‘ Venus’ (d a y )’ , from Veneris, genitive o f Venus ‘ Venus (the planet)’ , from Venus ‘Venus (a goddess)’ (see Venus, °venerar). The Roman name o f the day is a translation o f Greek héméra A phrodites, literally = ‘ day of-Aphrodite (= Venus [planet, and Greek goddess o f lo v e ])’. For Latin dies ‘day’ , see día. Viet Nam ‘ Viet Nam (cou n try)’ : Vietnamese V iet Nam (1 804), from Chinese Yuenan (yu é + nán), from Ancient Chinese Ywet Nam (around 207 B.C.), literally = ‘ (Area) South o f Y iieh’, from Y w et ‘Y üeh’, area in southern China that extended about 500 km on either side o f Guangzhou ( = Canton) along the coast, + nam ‘south’, viga ‘beam’ , possibly from Latin biga ‘twohorse chariot’ (perhaps through the mean­ ings ‘shaft o f a chariot’, ‘timber for making shafts’ ), from bi- ‘ tw o’ (see °bi-) + -ga, from juga, plural o f jugum ‘ yok e’ (see °yugo). vigente ‘ in force (law)’ : Latin vigentem, ac­ cusative o f vigens (stem vigent-) ‘valid’ , present participle o f vigere ‘to be vigor­ ous’ (see vigor, °vegetal). vigésimo ‘twentieth’ : Latin vigesimus, vicesimus ‘twentieth’ , from Indo-European wi-km t-tm o ‘twentieth’, from wikmti ‘tw enty’ (see °veinte, °diez) + -tm o, an ordinal-number suffix (see -ésimo, °-isimo). vigilar ‘to watch’ : Latin vigilare ‘ to be awake; to be alert, watch’ , from vigil ‘awake; alert’ , from Indo-European weg-eli- ‘alert, lively’ , from weg- ‘lively’ (see °vegetal). Doublet: velar.

• V J'

vigilia

vigilia ‘ vigil’ : Latin vigilia ‘wakefulness; watch’ , from vigil ‘awake; alert’ (see vigi­ lar, °vegetal) + -ia ‘condition, state’ (see -ia). vigor ‘ vigor’ (vigoroso ‘vigorous’ ): Latin vigor ‘vigor’, from vigere ‘to be vigorous, be lively’ (from Indo-European weg-e- ‘to be lively’ ; see °vegetal) + -or ‘quality, state’ (see -o r2). vil ‘ vile’ : Latin vilis ‘vile, base; cheap’ . villa ‘town; villa’ : Latin villa ‘ country house, country estate’ , from Indo-European weik-sla ‘dwelling, settlement’ , from weik- ‘ clan’ (see °vecino). villano ‘village peasant; rustic; villain’ : Medi­ eval Latin villanus ‘ feudal serf, village peasant’ , from Latin villa ‘country house, country estate’ (see villa, “vecino) + -anus ‘ o f ’ (see -ano2). Villarreal, family name, at first a name o f origin, = ‘ from Villarreal’ , from Villarreal (in full: Villarreal de los Infantes), some 300 km east o f Madrid, literally = ‘ Royal T ow n ’, from villa ‘ tow n’ (see villa, “veci­ n o ) + real ‘royal’ (see real, °regir). Villa Real de los Infantes, literally = ‘ Royal Town o f the Princes’, was founded around 1274 by king James I o f Aragon, and was so called from the fact that a palace was built there for that king’s children. vinagre ‘vinegar’ : Catalan vinagre ‘ vinegar’ , literally = ‘sour wine’ , from Latin vinum ‘wine’ (see °vino) + acre, neuter o f acer ‘ sharp, sour’ (see acebo, °aguja). °vinculo ‘ bond, tie, vinculum’ : Latin vincu­ lum ‘ tie, band, cord ’ , from vincire ‘ to bind, tie’ . Related word: brincar. °vino ‘wine’ : Latin vinum ‘wine’ , o f nonIndo-European (probably Mediterranean ) origin; akin to Greek oinos ‘wine’ . Related words: enología, vendimia, vendimiar, vinagre, viña. viña ‘vineyard’ : Latin vinea ‘ vine; vineyard’, from vinea, feminine o f vineus ‘ o f wine’ , from vinum ‘wine’ (see °vino) + -eus ‘ o f ’ (see °-eo2). “violar ‘to violate’ : Latin violare ‘to violate, treat with violence, treat with force’ , ultimately from vis ‘ force’ , from IndoEuropean wi-, from wei- ‘vital force’ (pos­ sibly related to Indo-European wiros ‘ man’ ; see °virtud). Related words: violen­ cia, violento. violencia ‘violence’ : Latin violentia ‘violence’,

548

from violentus ‘ violent’ (see violento, °violar) + -ia ‘ condition, state, quality’ (see -ia). violento ‘violent’ : Latin violentus ‘violent, vehement’ (akin to violare ‘to violate’ ), ultimately from vis ‘ force’ (see °violar). For Latin -olentus ‘abounding in’ , see °-ulento. violéta ‘violet (flower, and co lo r)’ : Old French viólete (French violette), diminu­ tive o f viole, from Latin viola ‘violet (flower, and co lo r)’, from the source o f Greek ion ‘ violet’ (see “y od o). For Old French -efe ‘ small’ , see -eta. violin ‘ violin’ : Italian violino ‘ violin’ , diminu­ tive o f viola ‘viol, viola’ , from Old Provengal viola, viula ‘ viol’, a word perhaps formed in imitation o f the sound o f this musical instrument. “virgen ‘virgin’ : Latin virginem, accusative o f virgo (stem virgin-) ‘virgin, young wom an’ (from virga ‘young shoot, green branch’?). Related word: Vírgenes (Islas). Vírgenes (Islas) ‘ Virgin Islands’ , literally = ‘ Virgins’ (see °virgen)\ discovered by Columbus in 1493 (between 4 October and 14 November), and named by him then in honor o f St. Ursula’s Virgins, often referred to as the Eleven Thousand Virgins (las Once Mil Vírgenes). Ursula may have been a fourth century martyr (Catholic feast, 21 October) put to death at Cologne; a legend started in the ninth century says there were eleven virgins martyred at the same time as Ursula, later stories say there were eleven thou­ sand virgins. The latter figure may derive from the Roman numeral XI, read as ‘ eleven thousand’ according to medieval custom, or from a version that stated that Ursula was the eleventh daughter in her family, whence the name Ursula Undecimilla (compare Medieval Latin names like Quintilla, Octavilla, literally = ‘the Fifth Girl’ , ‘the Eighth Girl’ ) misinterpreted as ‘ Ursula and Eleven Thousand’ . viril ‘ virile’ : Latin virilis ‘ virile’, from vir ‘ man, adult male’ (see °virtud) + -ilis ‘o f ’ (see °-il). virrey ‘viceroy’ : vi-, contraction o f vice‘ vice-, substitute’ (see °vice-), + rey ‘king’ (see rey, ° regir). “virtud ‘virtue’ : Latin virtutem, accusative o f virtus (stem virtut-) ‘virtue, capacity, strength, manliness’ , from vir ‘man, adult

549

male’ , from Indo-European wiros ‘ man’ (possibly related to Indo-European wei‘ vital force’ ; compare violar). Related words: triunviro, viril. viruela ‘ smallpox; p o ck ’ : obsolete veruela ‘ smallpox’ , from Medieval Latin variola ‘ smallpox; pustule’ , from Late Latin variola ‘ pustule’, from Latin varius ‘ speckled’ (see °vario). virulento ‘ virulent’ : Latin virulentus ‘viru­ lent, poisonous, full o f poison’, from virus ‘ poison’ (see °virus) + -ulentus ‘ abounding in’ (see°-u len to). "virus ‘virus’ : New Latin virus ‘virus’, from Latin virus ‘ poison, slimy liquid, stench’ , from Indo-European wis-o- ‘poison’, from wis-, from weis- ‘to flo w ’. Related word: virulento. Compare viscoso; visón. viscoso ‘viscous’ : Late Latin viscosus ‘viscous, sticky, full o f birdlime’ , from Latin viscus, viscum ‘mistletoe; birdlime made from berries o f mistletoe’ (perhaps akin to Latin virus ‘slimy liquid’ ; compare virus) + -osus ‘ having; similar t o ’ (see -oso). visera ‘ visor (cap, helmet)’ : obsolete viso ‘sight, vision’ , from Latin visus ‘ sight, vision’ , from visus ‘seen’ (past participle o f videre ‘to see’ ), from *vissos, from *vid-tos, from Indo-European weid-to‘ seen’, from weid- ‘to see’ (see °ver) + -to-, a participial ending (see °alto, °-ado1). For Spanish -era ‘ connected w ith’, see -era1. visible ‘visible’ : Latin visibilis ‘visible’ , from visus ‘ sight, vision’ (see visera, ° v e r ,°a lto , °-ado‘ ) + -ibilis ‘ capable o f ’ (see -ible, °-ble). visillo ‘small window-curtain’ : obsolete viso ‘ sight, vision’ (see visera, °ver, °alto, °-ado'). visión ‘ sight, vision’ : Latin visionem, accusa­ tive o f visio (stem vision-) ‘vision’ , from visus ‘ sight, vision’ (see visera, °v er,°a lto, °-ado'). "visir ‘ vizier’ : Turkish vezir ‘vizier, minister’ , from Arabic wazir ‘ minister, governor’ , from wazara ‘ to bear a burden, carry’ . Related w ord: alguacil. visitar ‘to visit’ (visita ‘ visit’ , visitante ‘ visi­ tor’ ): Latin visitare ‘to go to see, visit’ , frequentative o f visare ‘to look at, view, go to see’ , from visus ‘sight, vision’ (see visera, “ver, °alto, °-ado1) + -are, an in­ finitive ending (see °-ar'). vislumbrar ‘to see faintly; to know imper­

vivaracho

fectly, surmise’ : Latin vix ‘with difficulty, hardly, barely’ + luminare ‘to light, illu­ minate’ , from lumin-, stem o f lumen ‘ light’ (see lumbre, °luz), + -are, an infini­ tive ending (see °-ar*). visón ‘ mink’ : French vison ‘mink’, from Old French vison ‘ marten’ , perhaps o f Ger­ manic origin (com pare German Wiesel ‘weasel’ [both weasels and minks are o f the genus M ustela], from Old High Ger­ man wisula ‘weasel’, possibly akin to Latin virus ‘ stench’ , as weasels, like minks, secrete a strong-smelling musk; see virus). "víspera ‘ eve’ : obsolete viéspera ‘ eve’, from Latin vespera ‘ evening; the evening star (V enus)’ (compare English eve = ‘ evening or day before an important day’ and ‘ evening’ ), from Indo-European wespero‘ evening, night’ . Related words: noroeste, oeste, vespertino. vista ‘ sight’ : vista, feminine o f visto ‘seen’ (past participle o f ver ‘to see’ ), from Latin visus, past participle o f videre ‘ to see’ (see visera, °ver, °alto, °-ado'), + Spanish -to ‘ acted upon’ , a past participle ending (see -to 1 , °-adol). visual ‘visual’ : Late Latin visualis ‘visual, o f vision’ , from Latin visus ‘vision, sight’ (see visera, °ver, °alto, °-adol ) + -alis ‘ o f ’ (see °-al). vital ‘vital’ : Latin vitalis ‘vital, o f life’ , from vita ‘life’ (see vida, °vivo) + -alis ‘ o f ’ (see °-al). vitamina ‘vitamin’ : German Vitamin ‘vita­ min’ , from Latin vita ‘life’ (see vida, °vivo) + German Amin ‘ amine’ (from the fact that a vitamin was held to be an amine), from New Latin ammonium ‘ ammonium’ (from New Latin ammonia ‘ammonia’ [from Latin (sal) ammoniacus ‘amm o­ nium chloride’ ; see °am oníaco] + -ium ‘ chemical group’ [see -io ]) + German -in ‘ chemical substance’ , from New Latin -ina ‘ chemical substance’ , from Latin -ina, feminine o f -inus ‘o f ’ (see -ina1, °-ino). "viuda ‘w idow ’ (viudo ‘widow er’ ): Latin vidua ‘w id ow ’ (by metathesis), from Indo-European weidh- ‘to separate, di­ vide’ . Related words: dividir, divisar, divi­ sión, individuo. viva ‘long live; cheer’ : viva ‘may he/she live’ , third person singular o f the present sub­ junctive o f vivir ‘to live’ (see vivir, °vivo). vivaracho ‘ lively’ : vivar ‘ place o f rabbits; fish

vivaz

p on d’, from Latin vivarium ‘ place for keeping living animals for fo o d ’ (see vivero, °vivo, -ario2). vivaz ‘vivacious’ : Latin vivax ‘vivacious, live­ ly ’ , from vivere ‘to live’ (see vivir, °vivo) + -ax ‘ inclined t o ’ (see °-az). víveres ‘fo o d ’ : French vivres ‘ fo o d ’, plural o f Old French vivre ‘ fo o d ’, from vivre ‘to live’ , from Latin vivere ‘to live’ (see vivir, °vivo). vivero ‘ tree nursery; fish pond’ : Latin viva­ rium ‘ place for keeping living animals for fo o d ’ , from vivus ‘alive’ (see °vivo) + -arium ‘place o f ’ (see -ario2). viveza ‘quickness’ : vivo ‘quick’ (see °vivo) + -eza ‘condition, quality’ (see -eza). vivienda ‘ dwelling’ : Latin vivenda ‘ means o f life’ (see vianda, vivir, °vivo). vivir ‘ to live’ ( viviente ‘living’ ): Latin vivere ‘ to live’ , from Indo-European gwi-wo‘ living’ (see “vivo). °vivo ‘ alive; lively; quick’ : Latin vivus ‘ alive, living’ , from Indo-European gwi-wo‘ living’ , from gun-, from gwei- ‘to live’ . Related words: anfibio, biografía, bio­ logía, epizootia, higiene, m icrobio, paleo­ zo ico , protozoario, vianda, víbora, vida, Vidal, vidalita, vital, vitamina, viva, viva­ racho, víveres, vivero, viveza, vivienda, vivir, Zodiaco, zoológico, zootecnia. vizcaíno ‘Biscayan’ : Vizcaya ‘Biscay (prov­ ince, northern Spain)’, from Basque Biskaia ‘ Biscay’, literally = ‘ Harbor Hill’, from biskar ‘ hill’ (from biskar ‘back (d or­ sal region)’ ) + kai ‘port, harbor’ . For Spanish -ino ‘ o f; from ’, see °-ino. vocablo ‘word, vocable’ : Latin vocabulum ‘ name, designation, appellation’, from vocare ‘ to call’ (see abogado, °voz). vocabulario ‘vocabulary’ : Medieval Latin vocabularium ‘ vocabulary, list o f words’ , from vocabularium, neuter o f vocabularius ‘ o f words’, from Latin vocabulum ‘ name’ (see vocablo, abogado, “voz) + -arius ‘of, connected with’ (see -ario2). vocación ‘vocation, strong inclination’ : Latin vocationem , accusative o f vocatio (stem vocation-) ‘summons, bidding, invitation, calling’ , from vocatus, past participle o f vocare ‘to call’ (see abogado, °voz) + -io ‘ act o f ’ (see °-ión). vocal ‘vowel’ : Latin vocalis (noun) ‘vowel’ , from vocalis (adjective) ‘ sounding, sono­ rous’ , from voc-, stem o f vox ‘voice’ (see °voz), + -alis ‘o f ’ (see °-al).

550

vocativo ‘vocative’ : Latin vocativus ‘voca­ tive, o f calling’ , from vocatus, past parti­ ciple o f vocare ‘ to call’ (see abogado, °voz), + -ivus ‘ performing’ (see °-ivo). ° volar ‘to fly ’ : Latin volare, from IndoEuropean gwel- ‘to fly ’ (source, likewise, o f Sanskrit garut ‘wing (o f a bird)’ . Related word: vuelo. volcán ‘volcano’ : Portuguese volcao ‘ volca­ n o’ , from Latin Volcanus, Vulcanus ‘V ul­ can’ , Roman god o f fire and metal­ working, identified with the Greek god Hephaestus (Greek Hephaistos)', Vulcan was represented as the blacksmith o f the gods forging thunderbolts on Mount Etna (in Sicily) and other volcanoes. In the Middle Ages, Latin Volcanus was used as an epithet applied to several Italian volcanoes (Etna, Vesuvius, Stromboli). volcar ‘to overturn’, probably a back-forma­ tion from revolcar ‘ to knock down and trample upon’ (see revolcar, °re-, °volver). Volga ‘Volga (river, Soviet Union)’ : Russian Volga ‘ Volga’ , probably akin to Old Slavic vlaga ‘moisture’ (Russian volglyy ‘ damp’ ) and to Old High German wolkan ‘ clou d’ (German Wolke), both from IndoEuropean welk- ‘w et’. volición ‘ volition’ : Medieval Latin volitionem, accusative o f volitio (stem volition-) ‘act o f willing’ , from Latin vol-, present stem o f velle ‘ to wish’ (see °veleidad), + -itio ‘act, process’ (see -ición). Volta ‘ Volta (river, western A frica)’ , see A lto Volta. voltear ‘to turn’ : volt-, base o f vuelta ‘ turn’ (see vuelta, “volver), + -ear, an infinitive ending (see -ear, °-izar). voltio ‘volt’ : Alessandro Volta, Italian physi­ cist, 1745—1827. If the family name o f the physicist from Com o is o f geographic origin, it would mean ‘ turn, twist’ (as o f a river), from Italian volta ‘turn, twist’ , from Vulgar Latin *volvita ‘a turn’ (see vuelta, “volver). voluble ‘ fickle; rotating, voluble’ : Latin volubilis ‘that turns itself round, turning, rotating’ , from volvere ‘to turn, roll, revolve’ (see °volver) + -bilis ‘ capable o f being acted upon’ (see “-ble). volumen ‘ volume’ : Latin volumen ‘roll o f writing, roll o f parchment, book , volume’ , from volvere ‘to roll, turn’ (see °volver) + -men ‘ product or result o f action’ (see °-m ento).

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voluntad ‘will’ : Latin voluntatem , accusative o f voluntas (stem voluntat-) ‘will, free will,( ch oice’ , from vol-, present stem o f velle ‘ to wish’ (see °veleidad). voluntario ‘ voluntary’ : Latin voluntarius ‘voluntary’ , from voluntas ‘will, free will’ (see voluntad, °veleidad) + -arius ‘o f ’ (see °-ario1). voluptuoso ‘voluptuous’ : Latin voluptuosus ‘ voluptuous, o f pleasure’ , from voluptas ‘ pleasure, delight’ , from Indo-European wel-up- ‘ pleasure’ , from wel- ‘to wish’ (see °veleidad). voluta ‘volute’ : Latin voluta ‘volute, spiral, scroll’ , from voluta, feminine o f volutus ‘ rolled, turned’ , past participle o f volvere ‘to roll, turn’ (see °volver). “volver ‘ to turn; to go back, com e back’ (volver a ‘again’ ): Latin volvere ‘to roll, turn, turn round, unroll’ , from IndoEuropean welw-, from wel- ‘to turn, roll’. Related words: bóveda, devolver, envol­ ver, evolución, hélice, helicóptero, hel­ m into, involucrar, revolcar, revolución, revolver, revólver, revuelta, vals, válvula, volcar, voltear, voltio, voluble, volumen, voluta, vuelta-, possibly: alborotar, gabar­ dina, valle. vomitar ‘ to vom it’ : Latin vomitare ‘to vom it’, from vomitus, past participle o f vomere ‘to vom it’, from Indo-European wem- ‘to vom it’ (source, likewise, o f Sanskrit vam‘to vom it’ ). vorágine ‘vortex, whirlpool’ : Latin voraginem, accusative o f vorago (stem voragin-) ‘ abyss, gulf, chasm, whirlpool’ , from vorare ‘to devour’ (see °voraz). “voraz ‘voracious’ : Latin vorax ‘voracious’, from vorare ‘to devour, swallow up’ , from Indo-European gwor-d-, from gwor-, from gwer- ‘to swallow’ . Related words: abru­ mar, broma, bronquios, carnívoro, devo­ rar, gorjeo, herbívoro, om nívoro, vorá­ gine; probably: garganta. For Latin -ax ‘ inclined to ’ , see °-az. vórtice ‘ vortex, whirlpool; whirlwind’ : Latin vorticem, accusative o f vortex (also ver­ tex) ‘whirl, whirlpool’ , from vertere ‘to turn’ (see “verter). “vos ‘ (Americas) you (familiar singular)’ : Old Spanish vos ‘ you (plural and honorific singular, though around 1600 vos had com e to be used as a singular when ad­ dressing a social inferior; compare usted)’ , from Latin vos ‘you (plural)’ , although it

voz

was also used for the singular as early as the first century B.C. when addressing either a person thought o f as representing more than one, or a group designated by a collective noun (e.g., ‘‘ Vos, romanus exercitus, ...” = ‘ O y o u , Roman army, ...’ ). A theory on how the plural came to be used as a singular in Latin is that Roman emperors would say nos ‘w e’ speaking o f themselves, to show that the functions o f several people were united in one person (but nos ‘w e’ was often used by Roman writers instead o f ego ‘ I’ already in the first century B.C., probably to avoid sounding egotistical); around the third century o f the Christian era, since the emperor said nos, those addressing him began saying vos. Another theory states that after the Roman Empire became divided (A.D . 395), when there was an emperor in R om e and another in Con­ stantinople those who addressed one o f them would say vos to show that they were addressing the totality o f the imperial authority; later, after the last emperor o f the Western Roman Empire was deposed (A.D . 476), many chieftains demanded imperial honors, among which they included what had by then becom e the plural o f majesty. Latin vos ‘ y o u ’ derives from Indo-European wds ‘you (plural)’ (source, likewise, o f Sanskrit vas ‘ y o u ’ and Old Slavic vy [whence Russian uy] ‘ y o u ’ ); related words: os, usted, vosotros, vuestro. vosotros ‘ you (plural)’ : Vulgar Latin vos alteros, accusative o f vos alteri ‘you (plural)’, originally an emphatic form used to stress a contrast, as in a sentence meaning ‘ They do, but you d on ’t’ (com ­ pare nosotros, Catalan vosaltres ‘y o u ’ and Old Italian voialtri ‘ y o u ’ [from vos alteri]), from Latin vos ‘ you (plural)’ (see °vos) + alteri ‘ others’ , plural o f alter ‘ other’ (see otro). “voto ‘vote; vow ’ (votar ‘ to vote’ ): Latin votum ‘wish, vow, promise’, from votum, neuter o f votus, past participle o f vovere ‘ to vow, promise’ , from Indo-European wogwh-eyo- ‘to speak solem nly’ , from wogwh-, from w egw h-‘ to speak solem nly’ . Related words: boda, devoción, exvoto. “voz ‘ voice’ : Latin vocem , accusative o f vox (stem voc-) ‘ voice’ , from Indo-European wokw- ‘w ord ’, from wekw- ‘to speak’.

vuelo

Related words: abogacía, abogado, Caliope, convocar, épico, epopeya, equi­ vocarse, evocar, invocar, portavoz, p ro v o ­ car, revocar, vocablo, vocabulario, voca­ ción, vocal, vocativo. vuelo ‘flight’ : volar ‘ to fly ’ (see °volar). vuelta ‘turn; return’ : Vulgar Latin *volvita ‘ turn; vault’ (Latin voluta), feminine past participle o f Latin volvere ‘to roll, turn’ (see °volver). "vuestro ‘your; yours’ : Vulgar Latin vostru, accusative o f voster ‘ your’, either (by analogy to noster ‘our’ ) from Latin vester ‘ your’ , from Old Latin voster, or directly from Old Latin voster, from vos ‘y o u ’ (see °vos) + the Indo-European con ­ trastive (and comparative, and possessive) suffix -ter-, -tero- (related words: alterar, alternar, contra, contra-, diestro, entrar and its family, entre and its family, e tc é ­ tera, extra- and its family, galardón, h eterod oxo, heterogéneo, iterativo, neu­ tral, neutro, otro, reiterar, subalterno, ultra). vulgar ‘vulgar’ : Latin vulgaris ‘vulgar, co m ­ mon, o f the com m on people’, from vulgus

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‘ com m on people’ (see °vulgo) + -aris ‘o f ’ (see -ar2, °-al). vulgata ‘ Vulgate’ : Medieval Latin Vulgata ‘ Vulgate (fourth century translation o f the Bible into Latin)’ , from Late Latin Vulgata ‘ Greek translation o f the Old Testament; Latin translation o f the Greek translation o f the Old Testament’ (under­ lying meaning: ‘ the popular edition’ ), from Latin vulgata, feminine o f vulgatus ‘ ordinary, popular, general’ , from vulga­ tus, past participle o f vulgare ‘to publish, make com m only know n’ , from vulgus ‘ com m on people’ (see °vulgo) + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-ar'). "vulgo ‘ com m on people’ : Latin vulgus ‘ com ­ mon people’ , probably akin to Sanskrit varga ‘group o f people’ . Related words: divulgar, vulgar, vulgata. vulnerar ‘ to break (the law); to do harm’ : Latin vulnerare ‘ to wound, injure’, from vulner-, stem o f vulnus ‘w ound’ (from Indo-European wel-nes- ‘w ound’ , from wel- ‘ to w ound’ ; see °convulsión), + -are, an infinitive ending (see °-ar*).

w wagneriano ‘Wagnerian: Richard Wagner, 1813—1883, German com poser and writer on music (the German family name Wagner was originally a nickname o f o c ­ cupation, = ‘wheelwright, Cartwright, wagon maker’ , from German Wagen ‘wagon, carriage, cart’ , from Old High German wagan ‘wagon’ , from Germanic wagnaz ‘ vehicle’ , from Indo-European wegh-no- ‘ vehicle’ ; see vagón, ° vehículo), + -iano ‘o f ’ (see -iano). Washington ‘Washington (capital o f the United States)’ : English Washington, a city established as capital o f the United States in 1800, but so named in 1791,

while it was still in the planning stage, in honor o f George Washington (1732— 1799), first president o f the United States (1789—1797). The English family-name Washington (second half o f the twelfth century) is probably o f geographic origin (there are several towns o f this name in England; earliest mentions: Wessingatun 946, Wassingatun 947, literally = ‘Wassa’s tow n’ . Old English tun originally meant ‘ enclosure’ , later ‘ estate o f a feudal lord’, and then ‘ village’ — the word is a loan from Celtic dün-o- ‘ fortified place’ ; com ­ pare Old Irish dün ‘ fortress’ under Edim­ burgo).

X °x ‘ x (sym bol for an unknown number); something, som eone’ , originally an abbre­ viation o f x ei, old Spanish spelling o f Arabic shay ’ ‘thing; something; unknown number’ (root: sh-y-’ ‘ to want’ ; related word: ojalá). In Spain, until the six­ teenth century, the letter written x (in words like dexar, d ixo) was pronounced as English sh \the transition to the present pronunciation (Spanish j) took all o f that century (somewhat later, the spelling changed too — to j: dejar, dijo \j, as well as g, had been used in Spanish before the sixteenth century for another sound that has disappeared from standard Spanish — that o f s in the English word measure, as in the old pronunciation o f hijo and coger). Note: rayos X ‘ X rays’ is a transla­ tion o f German X Strahlen, a name given these radiations in 1896 by Roentgen (German physicist, 1845—1923), their discoverer, to suggest that their exact nature was unknown. °xenofobia ‘ xenophobia’ : New Latin x en o ­ phobia ‘ xenophobia, fear or hatred o f foreigners’ (in French, xén ophobie, end o f the nineteenth century), from Late Latin xen o- ‘foreigner’ (from Greek xen o-, from xén os ‘ foreigner, stranger, guest’ ; related words: proxeneta, x e n ó fo b o ) + -phobia ‘fear o f ’ , from Greek -phobia ‘ fear o f ’, from p h óbos ‘ fear; flight’ , from phébesthai ‘ to be frightened; to flee in terror’, from Indo-European bhegw- ‘to run away’ (related w ord: x en ó fo b o ). x en ófob o ‘xenophobe, fearful o f foreigners’ : Late Latin xeno- ‘ foreigner’ (see °x en o ­

fobia ) + Greek -phobos ‘ fearing’ , from p h ób os ‘ fear; flight’ (see °xenofobia). °xeroftalmfa ‘ xerophthalmia’ : Late Latin xerophthalmia ‘ xerophthalmia’ , from Greek xerophthalmia ‘ xerophthalmia’ (underlying meaning: ‘ dryness o f the eye’ ), from xer-, xero- ‘ dry’ (from xerós ‘ dry’ , from Indo-European ksero-, from ksero- ‘ dry’ [related words: elixir, x ero ­ grafía', possibly: serenata, seren o ]) + ophthalmia ‘ ophthalmia’ , from ophthalmós ‘ e y e ’ , ultimately from Indo-European okw- ‘ to see’ (see “ocular). xerografía ‘ xerography’ : xero- ‘ dry’ (from Greek xero- ‘ dry’ ; see “xeroftalm ia) + -grafía ‘ graphic representation’ (see -grafía, “gráfico, -ia). xifoides (adjective and noun) ‘ xiphisternum, xiphoid’ : New Latin xiphoides ‘ xiphister­ num’ (first used in French, xiphoide, adjective, sixteenth century [before 1 5 9 0 ]), from Greek xiphoeides ‘ sword­ shaped’, from xiph- ‘ sword’ (from xiph os ‘ sword’ ) + -oeides ‘ having the shape o f ’ (see -oide, “ ver, °-or'). "x iló fo n o ‘xyloph on e’ (first used in English, 1866): xilo- ‘w o o d ’ (from Greek xylo-, from xylon ‘w o o d ’ ; related w ord: xilo­ grafía) + -fono ‘ sound’ (see -fono, fon éti­ co , estereofón ico, “ fábula). xilografía ‘ xylography (‘w ood engraving’ , and ‘w o o d cu t’ )’ : French xylographie ‘ xylography’ (1771), from x y lo- ‘w o o d ’ (from Greek xylo-, from xylon ‘w o o d ’ ; see “x iló fo n o ) + -graphie ‘ graphic repre­ sentation, writing’ , from Greek -graphia ‘writing’ (see -grafía, “gráfico, -ia).

Y y ‘ and’ : Old Spanish y ‘and’ (also y e , i), which was only used in certain positions, from é ‘and’ (see ° e2). °ya ‘ already’ (ya no ‘ no longer’ ): Latin iam ‘ now; already’ , from Indo-European iam ‘ to it, to her’ , accusative singular, femi­ nine, o f i-, a pronominal stem. Related words: ahí, brindis, em pero, ese2, este2, éste, etcétera, hay, ídem, idéntico, iden­ tidad, interino, iterativo, jamás, reiterar, probably: acá, aquel, aquél, aquí. yacer ‘to lie’ (yacim iento ‘ mineral deposit’ ): Latin jacére ‘ to lie dow n ’ (underlying meaning: ‘to be throw n’), intransitive o f jacére ‘ to throw ’ , and derived from it (see °echar). Yangtze, Yangtzé ‘ Yangtze (river, China; Chinese Changjiang [cháng ‘long’, jiáng ‘river’ ] ) ’ : Chinese Yangzi jiang, name o f the lower portion o f this river, from Yangzhou ‘ Yangchou’ , city about 100 km west o f its mouth — documented around A.D. 590 — (from Yangzhou, this area o f eastern China [sixth century o f the Christian era], literally = ‘ Extended R egion’ , from yáng ‘spread, extend’ + zhou ‘region’ ), + -zi, a suffix attached to a combining form to signal a noun, + jiáng ‘ river’. yanqui ‘ United States citizen’ : English Yan­ kee ‘ native o f New England’ (1765), ‘ native o f the United States’ (1784), o f uncertain origin, possibly from Dutch Janke ‘ little John’, a diminutive, from Jan ‘John’ (see Juan, °Jehová), from the prevalence, noted by the Dutch colonists o f New Amsterdam (now Manhattan, in New York City) in the middle o f the seventeenth century, o f the name John among the English w ho settled to the north o f them in the six New England states. Many other etymologies (e.g., from Nahuatl yancuic ‘ new’ , or a word akin to this in another American Indian language [through the meaning ‘ new­ com er’ ] ) have been suggested. yapa ‘ gift from merchant’ , see ñapa. yate ‘ yacht’ : English yacht, from obsolete yaught, from obsolete Dutch jaghte, short for jaghtschip ‘ light sailing vessel, fast

pirate ship’, literally = ‘ hunting ship, chasing ship’ , from jagen ‘to hunt, chase’ (from Germanic jagojan ‘to hunt’ ; source, likewise, o f Old High German jagon ‘to hunt’ ) + schip ‘ship’ , from Germanic skipam ‘ ship’ (see °equipaje). ye, the Spanish A cadem y’s name for the letter y between 1931 and 1973 (the other name is i griega, literally = ‘ Greek ¿’ ), formed in Spanish on the analogy o f be, p e , etc. (see p e). yegua ‘ mare’ : Latin equa ‘mare’, feminine o f equus ‘horse’ (see 0ecu estre). yelm o ‘ helmet’ : Frankish *helm ‘ helmet’ , from Germanic helmaz ‘ helmet’ (under­ lying meaning: ‘a covering that protects’ ), from Indo-European kel- ‘to cover, pro­ tect’ (see “célula). yema ‘bud; y o lk ’ : Latin gemma ‘bud; gem (precious stone)’ . Yemen ‘ Yemen (name o f each o f tw o coun­ tries; Arabic Al-Yam an)’ : Arabic Yaman ‘ Yem en’ , possibly from yaman ‘right side’ (i.e., the area to the right if one is at Mecca and faces east — the orientation point; compare Arabic shimdl, which means both ‘ north’ and ‘ left side’ ). Arabic yaman is akin to Hebrew yamm ‘right hand’ (com pare benjamín-, m ono). yerba ‘ grass; herb’ , see hierba. Yereván, Ereván ‘ Yerevan (city, Soviet Union; Russian and Armenian Yerevan)’ -. Armenian Yerevan, first mentioned in Armenian historical literature in the sixth century o f the Christian era, interpreted as meaning ‘the visible on e’ , which was explained by a legend stating that it was the first land discovered by Noah after the deluge stopped (akin to Armenian yerevan ‘ in the open, in the limelight’ and yereveli ‘ visible; fam ous’). Yet, there have been settlements on the site since the sixth millenium B.C., and in a cunei­ form inscription o f 783 or 782 B.C., dis­ covered in 1950, a mention is made o f a fortress at Yerebuni (also read as Yerbuni, Erebuni) on the site o f the present city, hence its name; archaeological evidence indicates that this fortress stood on Yere­ van’s site in the eighth century B.C. The

yermo spelling Ereván is closer to the Russian orthography o f the name but farther from its Russian pronunciation than Yereván. “yermo ‘desert; waste’ : Late Latin eremus ‘ deserted’, from Greek éremos ‘deserted, solitary; em pty’, from Indo-European re-mo- ‘ em pty’, from re- ‘loose, separated’, from re-, er- ‘loose, separated’. Related words: enredar, ermitaño, ralo, raro, red\ possibly: retina. yerno ‘ son-in-law’ : Vulgar Latin *generu, from Latin gener ‘son-in-law’ (probably for gemer [with -n- for -m- under the in­ fluence o f works like genitor ‘ parent, father’ ], and therefore akin to Greek gámos ‘ marriage’ ; see “polígam o). yerro ‘ error’ : errar ‘to err’ (see 0errar) + -o, a noun suffix (see -o 4); with diphthongization o f the stressed vowel to ie-, ye-, as happened in Spanish in most words whose Latin source has a stressed short e. yerto ‘stiff’ : obsolete yerto ‘straight’ (past participle o f erguir ‘ to straighten’ ), from Vulgar Latin *erctus (Latin erectus), past participle o f Latin erigere ‘to erect’ (see erigir, ex -1, °ex, °regir). yesca ‘tinder’ : Vulgar Latin esca ‘tinder’ (underlying meaning: ‘ food for the fire’ ), from Latin esca ‘ fo o d ’, from *edsca, from Indo-European ed-s-ka ‘ fo o d ’ , from éd-, from ed- ‘to eat’ (see °com er). yeso ‘plaster, gypsum’ : Latin gypsum ‘ gypsum’, from Greek gypsos ‘ chalk, gypsum, cement’ , o f Semitic origin (akin to Arabic jibs ‘ plaster; mortar’, and to Hebrew gephes ‘ plaster’ ), yo T : Vulgar Latin eo (which was used both with the stress on the first or on the second vowel; the form eó gave Spanish y o , the form éo gave Italian io ‘I’ ), from Latin ego ‘ I’ (see °egoísmo', for the sup­ pletive oblique forms o f Latin ego and o f Spanish y o , see conm igo, ° me, mi). “yodo ‘ iodine’ : French iode ‘iodine’, from Greek iodes ioeides ‘violet-colored’, from ion ‘ violet’ (o f non-Indo-European [Medi­ terranean] origin; related word: violeta) + -oeides ‘o f the shape o f, o f the nature o f ’ (see -oide, aver, °-o r1). yuca1 ‘cassava, yuca’ (genus Manihot, family Euphorbiaceae): Taino yuca ‘ cassava’ . yuca2 ‘yucca’ (genus Yucca, family Liliaceae), probably o f American Indian origin (different from that o f yuca1). “yugo ‘ yok e’ : Latin jugum, from Indo-

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European yug-o- ‘ yok e’ , from yug-, from yeug- ‘to join ’ . Related words: ajustar, ayuntamiento, cigomático, conjugar, con ­ ju n to, cónyuge, ju m en to, junta, juntar, ju n to, sicigia, sojuzgar, subjuntivo, sub­ yugar, yugular, yunta, yuxtaponer, zeug­ ma', possibly: viga. Yugoslavia ‘ Yugoslavia (country; Serbian, Croatian, Slovene, and Macedonian Jugo­ slavia): French Yougoslavie ‘ Yugoslavia’ , from Yougoslave ‘Yugoslav’ (from Ger­ man Jugoslawe ‘ Yugoslav’ , from Serbian jugo-, a combining form [from jug ‘south’ , from Old Slavic jugü, possibly from IndoEuropean aug-d- ‘brightness’, from aug‘ brightness’ , the source o f Greek auge ‘ brightness, light, ray’ ], + German Slawe ‘ Slav’, from Medieval Latin Slavus, Sclavus ‘ Slav’ [see esclavo, ° Chechoslovaquia] ) + -ie ‘country, area’ , from Latin -ia (see -ia). The Yugoslavs, literally = ‘ Southern Slavs’ , were so called in distinc­ tion from the Slavs o f the north (as the Czechs, Poles, and Russians). The name Yugoslavia was adopted around 1930 for the country which was previously called Kingdom o f Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, but the gentilic had been in use for several years (a “ Yugoslav Committee” — Jugoslavenski Odbor — was organized in London in 1915, and the word ju go­ slavenski is documented on 21 November 1914). yugular (vena) ‘jugular vein’ : Late Latin iugularis ‘ o f the throat, o f the neck’, from Latin iugulum ‘ collarbone; neck; throat’, diminutive o f iugum ‘y o k e ’ (see °yugo). For Latin -ulum ‘small on e’ , see °-ulo. “yunque ‘ anvil’ , through a form *iunque, metathesis o f obsolete incue, probably from Vulgar Latin *incude (stressed on the i) for Latin incudem (stressed on the u), accusative o f incus (stem incud-) ‘ anvil’ , from incudere ‘to impress, stamp’, from in- ‘ in’ (see in-1, °en) + cudere ‘to beat, strike’, from *caudere, from IndoEuropean kau-do-, from kau- ‘ to hew, strike’ . Possibly related w ord: Bakú. yunta ‘pair o f oxen or mules’ : Vulgar Latin *juncta ‘pair o f oxen or mules; joined’, from Latin juncta, feminine o f junctus ‘joined’ (see ju n to , °yugo). yuxtaponer ‘ to juxtapose’ : Latin iuxta (ad­ verb and preposition) ‘near, nearby, close together’ (see ajustar, °yu go) + Spanish pon er ‘ to place, put’ (see “poner).

z "zacate ‘grass (Central America, M exico, Philippines)’ : Nahuatl zacatl ‘ grass’ . Related w ord: Zacatecas. Zacatecas ‘ Zacatecas (state and city, M exi­ c o ) ’. The name o f the state derives from that o f the city, which in turn comes from that o f an ancient people in M exico (Nahuatl zacateca’ ‘the Zacateco people’ [underlying meaning: ‘Those from Grass Place’ ], from zacatl ‘grass’ [see °zacate] + -teca ’ ‘those from ’ [see °-teca ]). "zafar ‘to get out o f; to clear’, probably from Arabic zah ‘to disappear, go away’ (root zyh ). Related w ord: zafarrancho. zafarrancho ‘row, brawl; clearing the decks (ship)’ , originally zafar rancho ‘to leave the decks (o f a ship, in preparation for com bat)’ (hence ‘brawl’ ), from zafar ‘ to clear’ (see °zafar) + rancho ‘ a part o f the deck ’ , from rancho ‘hut’ (see rancho, rango, “corona1). "zaga ‘rear, back’ : Arabic saqa ‘rear guard’ (root swq ‘to drive (a herd)’ ). Related w ord: rezago, z o c o . zagal ‘ young man; young shepherd’, o f Arabic origin, probably akin to Arabic zaghlül ‘ child’. zaguán ‘ entrance, porch’ : Arabic ustuwan ‘ porch’ , probably from Greek stoá ‘porti­ c o ’ (see estoico, “estar). zaherir ‘ to upbraid’, metathesis o f obsolete hacerir ‘to upbraid’ (older faqerir, fazfirir), literally = ‘to wound in the face’ (com pare Spanish echar en cara, likewise = ‘to upbraid’ , literally = ‘to fling in the face’ ), from haz, faz ‘face’ (from Latin facies ‘shape; face’ [underlying meaning: ‘ shaped, made’ ], from facere ‘to make’ [see “h a cer]), + herir ‘to w ou n d’ (see “herir). zahori ‘foresighted person; diviner; rhabdomancer’ : Arabic zuhan ‘ diviner’ , literal­ ly = ‘o f Venus, Venusian’ , from al-zuhara ‘ Venus (planet)’ , from zahara ‘to shine’ . Zaire ‘ Zaire (country; French Z aire)', name given in 1971 to the form er Democratic Republic o f the Congo (which in turn was the former Belgian Congo), from Zaire, a name used since about 1484 in Portu­ guese for the Congo River (likewise

called Zaire in Zaire since 1971), whose basin lies almost entirely within this country, from nzari (also nzadi) ‘river’ in several local Bantu languages (Kikongo nzadi). The name Zaire (for the river) is also used by the Portuguese poet Camóes (about 1524—1580), in Os Lusiadas (once). Compare Congo. zalamero (adjective and noun) ‘flattering; flatterer’ : zalama ‘ flattery; salaam, b o w ’ (from Arabic saldm ‘peace’, a word used in salutation; ro o t: slm ‘whole, complete; safe’ [see “S alom ón ]) + -ero ‘o f, c o n ­ nected with’ (see -ero1, -ero2). zamarra, chamarra ‘sheepskin jacket; outer jacket’ , probably o f Iberian origin; akin to Basque zamarra ‘ the sheepskin’, from zamar ‘sheepskin’ + -a ‘the’ (with gemina­ tion o f the -r; compare chaparro). Zambia ‘Zambia (country)’ : English Zambia (the country, 24 October 1964; but the word Zambia was used in the name o f a party founded in 1958), from Zambezi, a river that rises in northwest Zambia (Zambia lies mainly to the east and north o f the river), + -ia ‘ country, area’, from Latin -ia ‘ area’ (see -ia). zambo ‘knock-kneed’, probably from Late Latin strambus ‘twisted, distorted, squinteyed’ (underlying figure o f speech: ‘with squint-eyed knees or legs’ ), from Latin strabus ‘squint-eyed’, from Greek strabós ‘ squint-eyed’, from Indo-European strb-, from strebh- ‘to twist, turn’ (see “estrep­ to co co ). zanahoria ‘ carrot’ , metathesis o f obsolete and dialectal zahanoria, safanoria, from Vulgar Arabic safunariya ‘carrot’, zancada ‘ stride, long step’ : zanca ‘ stilt’ (see “zan co) + -ada ‘ characterized b y ’ (see -ada3). zancadilla ‘stumbling, tripping’ : zancada ‘ long step’ (see zancada, “zanco, -ada3) + -illa ‘small’ (see -ilia). "zanco ‘ stilt (one o f two poles for walking)’ : zanca ‘ stilt (one o f tw o poles for walking; long thin leg)’ , from Late Latin zanca (also zoncha, zanga) ‘ a kind o f shoe, high b o o t’, probably from Avestan zanga‘ ankle’ , from Indo-European ghengh- ‘ to

zancud o

walk, g o’ (source, likewise, o f Sanskrit jatigha ‘shank’ ). Related words: zancada, zancadilla, zancudo; probably: chancla, chancleta. zancudo ‘ long-shanked; wading bird; (Ameri­ cas) m osquito’ : zanca ‘long thin leg’ (see zanca, °zanco) + -udo ‘having much; having big . . . ’ (see -udo). zángano ‘drone; idler’, probably from zang, a syllable that imitates the drone’s buzzing. Zanzibar ‘ Zanzibar’ , see Tanzania. zapallo ‘ squash, gourd’ : Quechua sapallu ‘squash’ . zapatilla ‘ slipper’ : zapato ‘shoe’ (see °zapato) + -ilia ‘small’ (see -ilia). "zapato ‘ shoe’ (zapatería ‘shoe shop’ : zapa­ tero ‘ cobbler’ ), o f uncertain origin. The Spanish word may be the source o f French savate ‘old shoe, old slipper’, and o f Italian ciabatta ‘ slipper; old shoe’ (in any case, these three words are related). Related word: zapatilla', possibly: sabo­ tear. "zapote ‘ sapodilla, sapota’ : Nahuatl tzapotl ‘ sapodilla, sapota’ . Related w ord: zapoteca. zapoteca ‘ Zapotee’ : Nahuatl T zapoteca’ ‘Zapotee’ , literally = ‘Those from Sapo­ dilla Place’ , from tzapotlan ‘ sapodilla place’ (from tzapotl ‘ sapodilla’ [see "za­ p o te ] + -tlan ‘ place’ [see “a zteca )) + -teca ’ ‘those from ’ (see °-teca). The Zapotees have lived (at least since A.D. 200) in an area o f the present state o f Oaxaca (M exi­ co ) where sapodillas abound. zar ‘czar’ : Russian tsar’ ‘ czar, emperor’ , from Old Russian tsisari, tsésari ‘ emperor’, from Gothic kaisar, from Latin Caesar ‘ emperor (from A.D. 1 4 )’ , from Caesar, one o f the names o f Augustus (as the adopted son o f Julius Caesar), first Roman emperor (see agosto), from Julius Caesar (100—44 B.C.), Roman statesman, Caesar being a cognomen used by the Julian gens (see “César). Zaragoza (Saragoqa, around 1140) ‘Saragossa (city, Spain)’ : Vulgar Latin Caesaragusta (Latin -st- becomes -z- through a Mozarabic pronunciation), from Latin Caesaraugusta (before A.D. 45), so called for Augustus (63 B.C.—A.D. 14), first Roman emperor (see agosto), during whose reign the town was taken by the Romans, to ­ ward the end o f the first century B.C., from Caesar, one o f the names o f this

558

emperor (see zar, agosto, “César) + augusta, feminine o f augustus, a title o f this emperor (see agosto, augusto, “aumento). zarcillo ‘earring’: obsolete cercillo ‘ earring’ , from Latin circellus ‘small ring’ , diminu­ tive o f circus ‘ring’ (see “circo). For Latin -ellus ‘ small’ , see -elo. zarco Tight blue (eyes)’ : Arabic zarqa’, feminine o f ’azraq ‘blue’ , zarigüeya ‘ opossum ’ : Guarani sarigweya ‘ opossum ’. "zarza ‘ bramble’ , probably from Arabic sharas ‘thorny plant’ . Related word: zarzamora; possibly: zarzuela. zarzamora ‘ blackberry’ : zarza ‘bramble’ (see “zarza) + mora ‘ berry’ (see “mora). zarzuela ‘ Spanish opera’, probably from zarzuela, name o f a dance (beginning o f the seventeenth century), probably from La Zarzuela (literally = ‘The Little Bramble’, diminutive o f zarza ‘bramble’), royal residence near Madrid (also called Real Sitio de la Zarzuela ‘Royal Place o f the Little Bramble’ ), where the dance may have been first performed. For Span­ ish -uela Tittle on e’, see -uela. zeda ‘the letter z ’ , see zefa. zedilla ‘cedilla’ , see cedilla. "zeta, zeda ‘ the letter z ’ : Late Latin zeta ‘ the Greek letter zeta’, from Greek zeta, sixth letter o f the Greek alphabet, probably o f Semitic origin. The form zeda, probably influenced by Old French zede ‘the letter z ’ , from Late Latin zeta. Related word: cedilla. zeugma ‘ zeugma’ : Latin zeugma ‘ zeugma’, from Greek zeugma ‘ zeugma; juncture, joining, yoking’, from Indo-European yeug-mn- ‘ a joining’ , from yeug- ‘ to jo in ’ (see “yugo). Zeus ‘ Zeus (Greek g od )’ : Greek Zeds (geni­ tive Dios, from *Diwós) ‘ Zeus’, from Indo-European dyeu-, name o f the sky god, and variant o f deiw- ‘to shine’ (see “ dios). Zimbabwe ‘ Zimbabwe (country)’ : English Zimbabwe, the country, from the Zim­ babwe Ruins (some 250 km south o f the capital), a place name o f unknown origin (although some authors state that it means ‘ houses o f stone’ ), zinc ‘ zinc’, see cinc. "zócalo ‘ socle’ : Italian z o cco lo ‘socle; sock; w ooden shoe’, from Latin socculus.

559

diminutive o f soccus ‘ a kind o f shoe; slipper; sock ’ , probably from Greek sykkhos ‘a kind o f shoe; sock ’. Related words: ch oclo *, zu eco. For Latin -ulus ‘ small’ , see °-ulo. zoco ‘ marketplace in M o ro cco ’ : Arabic süq ‘market’ (root: swq ‘ to drive, urge on (a herd)’ ; see °zaga). Zodiaco, Zodíaco ‘ zodiac’ : Latin zodiacus ‘ zodiac’ , from Greek zbidiakós ‘zodiac’ , from zbidiakós (adjective) ‘o f carved figures; o f animal images’ , from zoidion ‘ carved figure; animal image; sign o f the zodiac’ , diminutive o f zoion ‘ animal, living being, image’ (the Greeks repre­ sented the twelve constellations o f the zodiac by figures, many o f them o f animals), from Indo-European gw yo-yo‘ animal, living being’, from gw yo- ‘ to live’, from gwei- ‘ to live’ (see °vivo). -zón ‘ act, process, state’, as in armazón, cavazón, granazón, ligazón, trabazón, see -azón. zona ‘ zon e’ : Latin zona ‘zone; girdle, belt’ , from Greek zon e ‘ zone; girdle, belt’, from Indo-European yos-na ‘ girdle’ , from yos‘to gird, encircle’ . zoológico ‘ zoological; z o o ’ : zoología ‘z o o l­ o g y ’, from New Latin zoología ‘science o f animals’, from zoo- ‘ animals’ (from Greek zbio-, from zoion ‘animal, living being’ ; see zodiaco, °vivo) + Latin -logia ‘study, science’ (see ° logia, “ leer). zootecnia ‘ zootech n y’ : z o o - ‘ animals’ (from New Latin z o o - ‘ animals’ ; see zoológ ico, zodiaco, “ vivo) + -tecnia ‘ technical specialization’ (see mnemotecnia, técnico, “ tejer, -ia). zopilote ‘ (M exico and Central America)

Zurich

vulture’ : Nahuatl tzopilotl ‘vulture’ , prob­ ably from tzop- ‘ to prick, pierce; to peck’. zorra, zorro ‘ fo x ’ : zorro ‘lazy’ , from obsolete zorrar ‘to drag’ . zozobra ‘ overturning; anguish, upset’ : Catalan sotsobre ‘overturning’ (underlying idea: ‘ the bottom was brought to the to p ’ ), from sots ‘ under’ (from Latin subtus [ad­ verb] ‘ under’ , from sub [preposition] ‘ under’ ; see sub-, “hipo-2) + sobre ‘above’ , from Latin super ‘over, above’ (see super-, 0hiper-). zueco ‘one-piece w ooden shoe’ : Latin soccus ‘ a kind o f shoe; slipper; sock ’ (see “zóca­ lo). zumbar ‘to buzz’, a word formed in imita­ tion o f the sound o f buzzing (akin to Arabic zunbür ‘wasp’ , Persian zanbür ‘hornet’?). zumo ‘ju ice’ : Greek zbm ós ‘juice, sauce’, probably from Indo-European yos-m os, yüs-mos ‘juice, sauce’ , from yus-, variant o f yeu- ‘ to blend, mix fo o d ’ (see “enzima). zurcir ‘to darn’ : obsolete surzir, from Latin sarcire ‘to patch’ (see “sastre). zurdo ‘left-handed’ , probably o f pre-Roman origin (probable underlying meaning: ‘ clumsy; rude’ ; compare French gaucher ‘left-handed’ , from gauche ‘clumsy’ ) and akin to Basque zur ‘miser’ (originally zurr ‘rude’ ) and its derivative zurrun ‘stiff, slow ’ . Zurich ‘Zurich (city, Switzerland)’ : German Zürich, from Old High German Zurih (A.D . 810), from Latin Turicum (around 58 B.C.), possibly from Celtic dubro-, dur- ‘water’ (compare Welsh dwfr ‘water’ , Breton dour ‘water’ ). The city is at the northwestern end o f the Lake o f Zurich.