Early Duck Creek History [2 ed.]

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Early Duck Creek History [2 ed.]

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EARLY

DUCK CREEK HISTORY

S TO IV C

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by Jeanne & Les Rentmeester \.

Village of. Howard, Wis. SE COND

EDITION

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EARL'bucK STONE: QUA RR y

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1~rE COVER 89 ABOUT TH the 18 t aken from The map l·s LAT BOOK an"d is tiWN COUNTY p k Station. BRO "O ck Cree tled

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by Jeann1e & ,,-.C>ND SE-......

EDI T IO N

Published Bsr: E:ov1ard-S11a.rni oo Historic.al Society, In.c~

Second Printing

Dire-ct.

co::-re~pc.:-i cience

::o...· arK

ha-v e to

c::on.. t r i b u t e d

gre at -

con. t e n t s .

They

its

p r e s er-ve r:s:

an.cl

the

c::e s

of

of

History.

reflect

an.cl

the

artifacts

Cree k

li-ve:s:

p e ople

s.i..x

to

a.r e

D~ c k

de dic at e

the

fa cts Ea r l y Their

:s:a.c:: r i f i

p r i nc i p l es:

o f

a.n.. c e : s t o r s : .

ANGELA

MONETTE

MARY IRENE

ANN

DEFNET

DASHNIER

BETTY DOROTHE

RIOUX RIOUX

RO SE LLA

-

BIEMERET

HANS O N JERRY MILL ER

SCON Z ERT

l

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank all of the generous and sharing people who helped us put this story together. We couldn' t have done it without you! If we have failed to give someone credit, we offer our humble apologies . Gary Athey Florence Pelegrin Banasczak J. Francois Beaulieu, Canada Lloyd Bedore · Susan Beula, Schofield, WI Angela Monette Biemeret Barbara Pamperin Briquelet Florence Wery Brown Edwina Brunette E. Francis (Jargo) Brunette June Flint Brunette, Wisconsin Rapids, .WI. Hazel Crevecoure Burdeau Carole Cathersal, Seattle, WA Violet Fournier Colcord Cyril Z. Cornell Gladys Willems De Coster Mary Ann Defnet Edna Rentmeester Delf osse Diane Devroy George Dickenson Margaret Poel s Duchateau . Ruby Williquette Dunks Lynda Dvorachek, Brillion, WI Lulu Fournier Farrell Donald Findlay, Lindale, TX Jani ce Gerl Doris Rabida Gill is Violet Monfils Greenwood James L. Hansen, Wis. Hist . Soc., Madison, WI Irene Dashriier Hanson Mary Jane Herber, Brown Co. Library, Green Bay, W~. Marge Walker Hertel Marie Huben Betty Rioux Jerry Ka therine Reinhard Kainopp Lois Kerin, Green Bay Press Gazette Ann Kesler Del orus Kornowski Robert G. Kornowski Catherine Van Ark Krausert Robert Lambert, Herscher, IL

Josephine Brunette Lefever Colonel Norman Le Mere, U.S. Army (retired) Regina Vervaeren Le Mere Susan Le Mere Gerald Lemerond Jean Vande Hei Lepak Dr. Nancy 0. Lurie, Milwaukee Public Museum Lorraine Mommaerts Massey Evelyn Salscheider Massonet Dorothe Rioux Miller Romaine Tonnon Mornmaerts Jessie Dickenson Murdoch Bruce K. Paulson, Suring, WI Mabel Phill i ps Joyce Huben Powers Donald L. Quatsoe Aloysius L. Reinhard Sister Andrea Rentmeester, C.S.J. Rita Marto Rentmeester, Denmark, WI Ruth Rentmeester, St. John the Baptist Church Conrad Reedy, Area Research Center, Univ. of Wis/Green Bay Thomas Rei tz, Area Research CenTer, Univ. of Wis/Green Bay Ronald Rodaer Pauline Nys Roskom Joan Roskom Dr. Robert Salzer, U.W./Beloit, WI Roland St. Onge, Iron Mountain, Fern Brunette Schaaf Rosella Leiterrnann Sconzert Sister Mary Annette Schorman, C.S.J . Jeanne M. Syarto, Brookfield, WI Florence Athey Steeno Li l ian Swaerts Steeno Betty Streuck Jan Vander Linden Strei Thelma Reinhard Thornton Margaret Hussin Van Erem Joan Ruffal6 . West, Kenosha~ · WI Madeline Brunette Williquette ii

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ACKNO WLEDGEMENTS Minnie Wi lliquette Bernardine Crevecoure Wirtz JoEllen Wollangk, C.A . Grignon Mansion, Kaukauna, Wi. Jessie Wood Ray Wouters Madel i ne Van Ark Wright Leone Lefevre Younk Donald Zick

Frances Wallenfang Van Hoof Barbara Wauters Joyce Vers~oppen Weyenberg Anthony Williams Bernice Lannoye Williams Dolores Pamperin Will iams Edna Williquette Florence Williquette Frances Williquette Mae Williquette

****** ******************

:B11/Lte,1·s7UTV 2..ZS

THE DUCK CREEK SEAPORT

iJ

I n its heyday, Duck Creek had three docks, each with three piers, thus enabling nine scows to b e loaded . Manu facture d products shipped from Duck Creek included quarried stone, lumber, Durham boats, bricks, shingles and charcoal.

; ~ Ch"l.Ca..tJO

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Dock #1 was built by Lucas Rioux and was used to ship quarried stone and logs. Kar 1 Van Roy ' s River's Bend Restaurant now occupies the site .

I I I

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Built Dock #2 was the olde st. Judge Arndt around 1826, at the site of the first lumbermill, it was late r used by Domini que Brunette Jr. to handle products from his lumber mil 1, shingle mill and quarry (now the site of Nero ' s Restaurant).

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'Jlost. .,. 0 f'-/U;e, !""'I

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Dock #3 hand led bricks, lumber and stone from the quarry operated by senator Emanu el F. Brunette and his brother-in- law, Harry Gillen; the quarry is now the si te of Resthaven and Tim Brunette's Watering Hole.

iii

PREFACE

Several years ago, Duck Creek;

we published a book Memories Of Old

it was our way of sharing

that -we found

in the

old house

the

letters and mementos

that had been the residence of

Francis Rioux, father of co-author Francis X. Rioux (1881-1977). Jeanne Rioux Rentmeester, and his residence were reminders of the very early days of Duck Creek, when that area was a settlement of French-Creoles (mixed-blood French-Canadians and Indians). Readers the

early

of

families

that book have suggested be

included

in

a

(1)

that more of

comparable study,

and

(2)

that the name Howard might be more appro priate than Duck Creek. This book is a result of the first suggestion. In answer to the second suggestion, the area was known as Duck Creek long before the Town of Howard came into existence. In 1842, when the town system was inaugurated in Brown County, the Town of Howard extended past the Wisconsin River (see Figure 8),

covering a huge area ,

~

!'""!

approximately one hundred times greater

than the Duck Creek settlement which is of interest to us. fore,

1

There-

this book includes on ly those families who considered them-

selves part of the Duck Creek community before 1880. We used the same methodology here that was used in our previous books, on a

i.e.,

the history of

study of the families who

lived

the area

is written based

in the area.

We respond

1

to Thomas Carlyle's dictum that "His·tory is -the essence of innumerabl e biographies ."

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PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION A number of years ago, Jeanne Rentmeester began working on this second edition of the Early Duck Creek History as a labor of love. Jeanne's and Lester's interest in history is great and they wanted to see this book rewritten with additional information and some corrections. Jeanne began the first part using a typewriter but, as time went by, she was not able to get a ribbon replacement and the refore the book came to a halt. In the spring of 2007, we were told by Lester that the book might never be completed, so we decided that we would finish it for them. We did not want to redo what Jeanne had done, so that is why two different type styles are used. The first part of the book was done on a typewriter and the second part on a computer. Jeanne had al l the information for the second part in a rough format and we had to enter it into the word processor. We also retyped the table of contents, list of figures and index pages to reflect the additional information and corrections. We are honored to be able to complete the second edition of their book and see that it is published. It is interesting to read and a valuable research tool for those interested in the history of Duck Creek. We, along with Jeanne and Lester Rentmeester, sincerely hope that you will enjoy it. Howard-Suamico Historical Society members

v

ERRATA

Page iii. Karl Van Roy no longer owns the River' s Bend Restaurant. Page iii . Nero's Restaurant is now Rite View Family Dining. Pages 1 , 75 , 82. The last quarry was closed in 2001. Page 79 . The Alexander Russin house is no longer standing .

vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page DEDICATION

i

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION

v

INTRODUCTION THE INDIAN VILLAGE AT DUCK CREEK

5

THE FRENCH-CANADIANS

20

AMERICANIZATION OF DUCK CREEK

36

THE BELGIAN INVASION

42

FROM THE CIVIL WAR PERIOD UNTIL 1880

51

GLIMPSES INTO THE DUCK CREEK PAST

67

FAMILY SKETCHES

115

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

348

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vii

LIST OF FIGURES Figure . Number 1 . Harvesting Wild Rice

Page 2

2. Duck Creek Fur-Trading Post

6

3. The Indian Village AT Duck Creek

8

4. Duck Creek Quarry Foss il

10

5 . Services provided By The Blacksmith

12

6. Account Page From Francis X. Desnoyers' Fur-Trade Ledger

14

7. The Artistic Menominee Women

16

8. Duck Creek And The Town of Howard In 1830

25

9. Francis X. Desnoyers Fur-Trade Ledger

30

10 . Early Duck Creek School Tax Receipt .

38

11 . Duck Creek Shingle Mill

41

12.First Duck Creek Saloon Signatorie s~------~ 45 13.The Steeno Saloon

46

14.Drawknife~----~~--------~--~---~ 47 15.U .S . Mail-Carrier Tax Receipt

49

16.Indian Quarry Workers

54

17 . Duck Creek Stage Coach

55

18.The Duck Creek Brickyard

57

19 .Receipt From The Justice Of The Peace

58

20.The Eagle Hotel, J . Brunette, Proprietor

59

21 . Wo r kers At The Rioux Quarry

60

22 .Quarry Workers And Blocks For A Bridge

63

23.Duck Creek Area Shown In 1889 Plat Book-

- - - - - -64

24.Duck Creek Ne ws, Circa 1880 ~-----------~ 65 See also additional figures beginning on page 67.

viii

n

I NTRO DUCTI ON

Today,

the site of the old Duck Creek settlemen t

of the Village of Howard

is part

which in turn is part of th e greater

Green Bay metropolis. In its early years, it was the site . of a Menominee Indi a n village, then it became a thri vi ng French-Creole se ttlement, gradua lly drawing immigrants from England, Ireland, Germany,

Belgium and other countries.

settlements

in Wisconsin,

al though

It

is one of the oldest

it never · had

a

charter

as a

city or a village. Because it didn't achieve rapid progress a nd large growth , it also did not suffer f rom the side-effects of pro~ress moder ni zati on and erasure of its landscape. The quarry, which provided employment for many early settl ers starting around 1835, is the oldest business still i n operation at its original ~ite ln Wisconsin. Fl

Duck Cr eek a l so had the oldest brickyard in Wi s consin ;

it

began operation in 1829 and only recen tly closed down. What must be the oldest residence in Wisconsin, built around 182 6, is still in use in Duck Creek.* A sawmill

on

the Duck Creek River ,

one of the earliest built in t he state. I ndian v illage i s today marked by the plum t rees, wild lemons and grapevines years ago. tery was

built

in

1827,

was

The site of the Menominee In d ian apple trees, wild that

were

planted

many

There is evidence th at the old Menom i n ee I ndian cemeused also

by

it is now the site of

the Menominee' s a

nice

Park.

French - Ca nadian kinfolk · ; The cross and memor:i al on

the -cover of this book are l ocated in -th e

Park,

situated at Velp

Avenue and Riverview Drive in the current Vi llage of Howard . *rt is l isted in t he National Register of Historic Places as THE ANGELINE CHAMPEAU RIOUX HOUSE. The Wisconsin Histori cal Society wrote that a Prai re DuChien residence might be older.

1

Although

it

is

difficult

to

tell

when

I ndi an

families,

mixed- blood families or Whi te fam ilies fir st settled in old Duck Creek,

history

books

flow of events.

provide us with an approximate idea of

It appears

that the locality always drew inhabi-

tants because of the ready access

from

the abundant

by

food

the

supply provided

t he Duck Creek River and

the

wild

rice,

wild game,

fi.sh and fertile ground. The Duck Creek River and the west bank of the bay (Green Bay) were covered with large fields of wild rice , which was called MAN 0 MIN

The Menominee Indi ans, who spoke an Algonquin

dialect

mainly took

on

the

their

MAN 0

and

wild

name

MIN.

subsisted rice,

from

the

The ear ly f ur-

traders called the Menominees Avoines,

Fol les

th e

French

which

name

for

is wild

rice. The Menominee women gath ered great quanti-

Figure l. the

Gath eri ng Wild Rice.

fat 'kernels were knocked

ties

of

wild

Fall

for

also

as

i tern

(see

rice

use

as

in

food and

valuable

a

the

trade-

Fi gure

l) .

The

wild

rice

were

stalks

of

pul led

over

into the bottom of

the

'

canoe

and

the canoe with

a stick. The Menominee canoe pictured in Figure 1 has the Thunderbird

totem on

two clans:

i ts

prow.

The Menominee nation

was divided

the Thunderbird a nd the Bear clan s (or moieties).

2

into

n

While wild rice was a unique food source, Creek

settlement

was al so a Even was

produced

an

crossroads for

abundant

supply

of

Green

old Bay

such as early

Indian to

the

trail

which

settlements

Suamico, Oconto,

overland

travelers

other

food

and

the early peoples who roamed the area.

though· the Indians · preferred the waterways an

the early Duck

served

travel,

over~and

an

from

Peshtigo and the Menominee River.

Other

fishing,

hunting

to

route

North,

the

the waterways

there

the

to

along

as

for

and

wild-rice

grounds along the Upper Wolf River and Upper Wisconsin River started the first

leg of their

journey from the Duck Creek River to Lake

Shawano. The ~

for i t

settlement

in the

Indian,

was

prominent

French and English

KEE, Riviere aux Canards, and Duck built

there

at about

enough

the

same

Creek~

time

to

receive

languages,

names

i.e. , PAW SIP

A fur- trading post was

as

the

ones

that were

at Kaukauna and other outposts in the fur-trading network,

built

shortly

before the Revolutionary War. In documenting the early families of Duck Creek, we start with \""'I

the

Indian

inhabitants

sparse records

allow. .

Wisconsin,

Duck

the

and

trace

them as ·adequately as

the

Soon after the French fur-traders came to

Creek

area

provided

them with rich

pelts.

This economic basis provided contacts between the Whites and Indians whi ch resulted in the formation of a new ethnic group, the Creoles. Records concerning the early Creole

families

are scarce

because Wisconsi n was (then a part of Upper Canada ) an area without official

record-keeping .

area began

in

1820 and,

The until

American 1850,

census

showed on ly

records

was

formed

in

18 18,

records

and official ac ts became available.

of

births,

the

the head -of-the-

family a nd the number of people in his/her househo l d. County

for

When Brown

marriages,

deaths

Church records under the Ameri-

cans also became available at about the same time. *Alanson Skinner in his MATERIAL CULTURE OF THE MENOMINEE, pp 385-6 says that its name was SE SI PUKETETAHE (ducks landing from flight), a place famous in Menomoni folk - lore. 3

With ·the census records of the Duck Creek families the

years

1850,

1860 and

early dwellers there . of

sources, · such as

Indian records ,

treaties,

1870,

we were ab le

to start

for

list of

a

When we correlated informat ion from a variety early voyageurs

early

oral histories,

Wisconsin

lists,

history,

fur-trading Canadi an

accounts,

genealogical

etc., we were able to determine how these

early settlers li ved and how the early Duck Creek settlement developed. Some of the

family names that wil l

be

included in this

story have disappeared from current records and lineages have become extinct,

either because the fami ly moved or as a result of natural

evolution. a

The

latter process can be explained as fol lows:

son marries and has two children,

If

there is a one -in- four chance

There is also a chance that he that he will have two daughters. will have no children. Even tually, the odds catch up and a genera tion passes without a male heir and the name disappears.

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * INDIAN CANOE The Menominee Indians kept canoes on the Duck Creek River, at the foot of present-day Glendale . Avenue. They were used for transportation on the bay and also to ferry people across the river on the trail to Green Bay. curved cedar branches

~~~~'4~~~~~~~~~~~'1if;.~~~~~~~,..._.Birch-bark str ips 10'-12' wide cedar-strips

pitch from fir or spruce

An amusing story is told about the wife of Major Ephraim Shaler, Fort Howard commandant, who accidentally fell in the Duck Creek River from a canoe around 1846. The Shalers later lived in the o ld house on Glendale Avenue. In 1850, ex-soldier Alva Adams drowned in the river when his canoe sprang a leak.

4

THE

IND IA N

VILLA GE

When Father Allouez the

I ndians at Oconto,

spent

A T

DUCK

the Winter of

CREEK

16 69-1670 wi th

the Menominees had the ir main camps along

a sixty-mile stretch of land on t he West Shore of Green Bay. ually,

as

the Fox,

southwest by

Sauk and Winnebago

the French

sold j ers

a nd

Grad-

tribes were pushed to the their allies,

the

bands

of

the Menominee tribe moved in to fill the vacuum. Exactly when

the Menominee

I nd i.ans

first

Creek location would be difficult to determine. legend,

a

fur -trading

Revolutionary

War

post

period

Green Bay area around

by

1765.

was

built

Joseph

fashion

of

it

was not a

log cabin

who

with

the Duck

According to local sometime had

during

arri ved

the

in

the

by an o-ld settler,

the

log-house,

piece-sur-piece,

that were finished on the inside . that

Roy,

A.s described

fur - tradi ng post was a substantia l Canadian

there

used

bu.i l t

i n the French-

squared- l ogs

(See Figure 2.)

and walls

This indicates

hastily constructed by a

wintering

fur-tra der (hivernan-t), but was a building intended for long use, 1 and also as a residence. The Canadian records show that Pierre Allee· came to Green Bay in 1772 with Joseph Roy; he may have worked in the Duck Creek fur-trading post and may have fathered the early 2 Alli e family. Apparentl y, l9

point for

furs

the

trading post

Bay used the drouine system; who

were

used

as

from the entire area to the West,

Shawano and the Upper Wolf River. (","'9

was

authorized

to

who coll ected the furs

give from

a

collection

including Lake

The early fur -traders at

Green

they sent out trusted Indian runners credits the

to

t rappers

grounds.

5

the

Indian

right at

trappers

and

their hunting

Figure 2. DUCK CREEK FUR-TRADING POST. was built in the Menominee village peripd by Joseph Roy, the husband now the property until it was moved to

n

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_·-!::.--1.:_Q.e 'last owner of the fur-trading post, Francis --' ., , ";...:.....· X. Rioux, said that it was made of logs about thirty-five feet long, with fireplaces made from limestone rocks at both ends. The log house was about 'twenty- · feet wide and was separated into a living area and a business section, with steep stairs leading to a spaci©us sleeping loft. Augus. tin Grignon relates that Joseph Roy had a wife,. five children and an engage in 1785; the engage was probably Pierre Allee. Furs and peltries were scraped, cleaned, baled and stored at the post for delivery to Michill i mackinac in the Spring. The Indian woman and the girl (pictured above) are shaving a deer skin; shaved skins brought a better price than the gray or the red (Summer) deer skins. Some skins were shaved as thin as parchment and used for window-panes. When treated with oil, these windows allowed light to pass through. Later, the trading post became a commissary-store for the quarry-workers and finally, it was used as a saloon before its last move. After its relocation at 2183 Glendale Avenue, it served for another generation as a storehouse for the quarry. Today, only a few old cedar logs remain as a reminder of the Duck Creek fur-trading era.

6

The Bay and the Duck Creek River were fil led with wild rice which attracted clouds of ducks (canards) in t he Fall . of the ~

~

year,

giving a

thus

In Indian language, the to the area. 3 river was C9-lled PAW SA CUE (Duck River) and the Bay (Green Bay) into which i t flowed was called PAUCHEQUETTE (Salt Bay) . For over a hundred years, when the French-speaking people o pened up the name

area for trade and settlement, the name for the village was Riviere aux Canards.

In fact, ·this name appeared on letters from Canada 4 to Duck Creek as late as 20 April 1874. The

~

group of Menominee I ndi a n s who lived at Duck Creek 5 known as the Duck Creek Band. It was necessary for the early

was

Indians

to

split up

into

their main food source -

small

groups

because of

which was local game,

and the produce of their small-size gardens;

limitations

fish,

wild edi bles

any group over a cer-

tain number would over-tax the resources of an area.

Subsistence

items were available in greater quantity during the Summer Bay area, but, during the Winter,

in

in the

it was necessary for small groups

of Indians to scatter to remote areas where hunting and trapping provided ~

Indian

enough

food

for

survival.

When

tribes under the Green Bay Agency

Tribe consisted of eleven bands in all,

a

census was

in 1842,

taken of

the Menominee

which were scattered over

Northern Wisconsin; see Figure 3 for a look at the Menominee village at Duck Creek. The

early

Jesuit

missionaries

activities in yearly reports,

of

Canada

recorded

called The Jesuit Relations.

their These

reports included descriptions of the natural resources of the areas. For instance, Father Claude Allouez, · to

i n an April 18, 1670 r eference

the

Indian village at the Kaukauna Rapids, found "apple-trees and vine stocks in great numbers. " 7 The Indian apple trees are

still

growing at

the site of the

Indian v i llage in Duck Creek,

along with the wild plums, wild lemons and wild grapes - characteristics of other sites of Indian villages in Wisconsin.

As apple

trees were not rtati ve to North America and were widely spread by

7

6

Figure 3. THE I NDIAN VILLAGE AT DUCK CREEK. The Menominee l ndians built t h e i r dwel 1 ings on the top of the hill just to t he West of the quarr ies where t h e y were high and dry. Every Spr i ng, the Duck Creek Ri. v e r and its tributary , Beaver Dam Creek, overflowed their banks because of the numerous beaver-dams and the ice that clogged these waterways.

°';:;:7 -

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The Menomi ~- Indians f avored dome-shaped struc tures call ed WIGWAMS!" a n Algonquin word. WIGWAMS were made by bend ing long, thin s apl i ngs into semi-circles and se.t ting them into the ground. This framew ork was the n covered with large s t r ips of bark or with mats (PUCK - A- WAY) woven from grasses by the women. The ground floor was raised to prevent water from e nteri.ng the structure a nd gen erally had a mat covering, except for the s pace used by the lodge-fire in the center. The entrance was normall y about three- feet high a nd had a n animal hide for a doo r . Someti mes, grape-vine ropes or sap lings were used to k eep t he roo f from blowi ng a way.

Ear ly sketches of the Green Bay area show t hat TEEPEES were also used by the Menominees. particularly when they were t ravel i ng. After. Europea n tools, such as saws and axes, became available, many I nd ian f amili es buil t log-houses for themselves a nd , in exchange for goods, t hey helped build the m for newcomers to the area. Some of Poygan after the at Keshe n a after were a few Indian

the Me nominee a nd Creole fa milies moved to Lake Treaty of 1848 and some mo ved to the Reservation the 1854 Treaty. Old-timers reported that there WIGWAMS along the Duck Creek River as late as 1900 .

*Wigwam was an ABNAKI-ALGONQUI N name; the MENOMINEE prounollll9ed it wakee um .

l

the time of the Jesuit missionaries' appearance in 1670, their presence is a reflection of the bartering that took place between the tribes and the European visitors_ In the same way, copper from Wisconsin found its way across the continent; the earliest European visitors

reported

finding

the

presence

of

wrought-copper plates

in the villages bordering the Atlantic Ocean and archeologists 8 still find copper artifacts in the ancient Indian burial grounds_ Another reason why the, Indians were attracted to the Duck Creek area was because of their religious beliefs_ To them, every object, whether animate or inaminate, possessed a spirit with habits and opinions of its own. Thus, when they found a large mirror-like surface on the rock at Duck Creek, see their reflection,

they paid homage to it and offered it gifts

of tobacco and other items. ~

in which they could

With natural simplicity,

the Indians

delighted in seeing their reflections in still water or on polished surfaces .. and the small traveling-mirror offered by the fur-traders was always a very popular item. The polished rock,

which covered almost five acres,

was

the result of the back-and-forth movement of the glacier over the deposit of lime-stone,

which later became the Duck Creek quarry.

Early settlers conunented on the rock's mirror surface and believed that it might lead to the discovery of rich minerals in the area_9 When Lucas Rioux and his son, Louis Rioux, operated the Duck Creek Stone Quarry, they discovered a bed of fossils about a dozen feet below the surface (see Figure 4). The workers chiseled out the rock sections so that a fossil would be prominently displayed; these were given to customers who ordered large quantities of rock. The Duck Creek Quarry hired three sculptors from Italy who would carve these display-items as well as lions, bath tubs, etc. Apparently, there were never more than a few dozen Menominee Indian families living in Duck Creek, along with a few Chippewa Indians

who dwelt peacefully with the Menominees

9

there and also

Figure 4. DUCK CREEK QUARRY FOSSIL

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Proprietor of DUOK OREEK

STONE Q.UARRY, m:ALl:H lll-

•:Rottgh, Ont,

.J>l111m1slo11 ' " " ' TJ1•Ldflr. fo'ou11duflv11

STOl';f"E, · Stone for Engine Beds, Flagging and Cellar Floors. Tho Stout> frum tblo

(~""l'l'Y

h not .Equo.led ht ti.., Stnt•,

..All Sluno J)cllvcrrtl 1111 JJuctrtl C..'ar• ur JJma at J>ttcl: C.'n :d.: