Durability of Building Structures and Constructions from Composite Materials: Russian Translations Series 109 [First edition] 9781003077725, 9781000099751, 100009975X, 9781000121476, 100012147X, 9781000150438, 1000150437, 1003077722

Table of contents :
Cover......Page 1
Half Title......Page 2
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Preface......Page 6
Table of Contents......Page 8
Section I Improving the Reliability and Durability of Structures and Constructions by using New Composite Materials......Page 10
1.1 Interaction of Concrete with Corrosive Media......Page 12
1.2 Plastics and Elastomers......Page 14
1.3 Paints used for Protection of Internal Surfaces of Storage Tanks......Page 26
1.4 Plastics used in Fabrication of Tanks for Petroleum Products......Page 30
1.5 Polymer Concretes......Page 35
2.1 Analysis of Structures in Deformable Media with Consideration of Corner Notch......Page 47
2.2 Optimisation of Buildings and Structures......Page 59
2.3 Methods of Lining Underground Tanks......Page 64
3.1 Development of Rail Base......Page 69
3.2 Durable Structures and Constructions and their Performance in Deformable Media......Page 87
Section II Glued Joints in Building Structures......Page 110
4.1 Epoxy Adhesives......Page 112
4.2 Modified Polyester Adhesives......Page 117
4.3 Polymer Cement Adhesives......Page 120
4.4 Cement Adhesives Filled with Polymer Fibres......Page 121
4.5 Adhesives Based on Polymer Silicates......Page 128
4.6 Special Features of Design of Adhesive Compounds......Page 136
5.1 Special Features of Formation of Adhesive Layer......Page 147
5.2 Mechanics of Failure of Glued Joints......Page 149
5.3 Cohesive Properties of Adhesives......Page 156
5.4 Adhesive Properties of Glued Joints......Page 183
6.1 Resistance to Attack by Corrosive Media......Page 206
6.2 Long-term Strength and Durability......Page 223
7.1 Joining of Old and New Concretes......Page 232
7.2 Joining of Concretes of Similar Age (Old with Old)......Page 238
7.3 Deformation Properties of Adhesive Compounds......Page 248
References......Page 261

Citation preview

DURABILITY OF BUILDING

STRUCTURES AND CONSTRUCTIONS

FROM COMPOSITE MATERIALS

Durability of Building

Structures and Constructions from Composite Materials

V.Sh. Barbakadze

V.V. Kozlov V.G. Mikul'skii 1.1. Nikolov

RUSSIAN TRANSLATIONS SERIES 109

gp ~~r?Fr~~i~Z~UP 'e/

Boca Raton London New York

CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business

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Preface The durability of building structures and constructions depends on the physical and mechanical properties of materials, structural designs, technology of fabrication and construction, service conditions, acciden­ tal effects etc. Consideration of the aforementioned factors together with the rheological processes makes it possible to predict the functional ca­ pabilities of the building structures and constructions under actual and predicted service conditions.

Composite materials, mainly those on polymer base, satisfy the present-day requirements of efficiency and durability. Polymer composites such as reinforced polymer concrete and glass reinforced plastic (in the form of structural materials) and also adhesives and mastics are being used with success in Russia to improve the strength and durability of structures and constructions from conventional materials, mainly concrete and reinforced concrete. In the last decade, the developed countries have started producing composites as substitutes for steel. In many branches of engineering, the composites are expected to achieve the status of first choice materials. The book has been written by a team of Russian and Bulgarian au­ thors on the basis of the findings of research in this field. The results have been compiled within the framework of a common theme. Section 1 of the book was written by Prof. V.Sh. Barbakadze. In Sec­ tion 2, Chapters 4 to 6 were written by V.V. Kozlov and V.G. Mikul'skii; Chapter 7 was written by 1.1. Nikolov (Bulgaria). The authors are grateful to V.V. Paturoev, for reviewing the manuscript and making valuable comments on it.

Contents PREFACE

v

SECTION I

1.

Improving the Reliability and Durability of

Structures and Constructions by using

New Composite Materials

1

SOME PROBLEMS OF MATERIAL CORROSION AND

METHODS OF THEIR SOLUTION

3

1.1 Interaction of Concrete with Corrosive Media 1.2 Plastics and Elastomers 1.3 Paints used for Protection of Internal Surfaces of

Storage Tanks

17

Products

21

26

1.4 Plastics used in Fabrication of Tanks for Petroleum

1.5 Polymer Concretes

2.

SOME PROBLEMS PERTAINING TO ANALYSIS,

DESIGN AND ERECTION OF STRUCTURES AND

BUILDINGS OF ENHANCED DURABILITY

2.1 Analysis of Structures in Deformable Media with

Consideration of Corner Notch

2.2 Optimisation of Buildings and Structures 2.3 Methods of Lining Underground Tanks 3.

3

5

DEVELOPMENT OF BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES

OF ENHANCED DURABILITY

3.1 Development of Rail Base 3.2 Durable Structures and Constructions and their

Performance in Deformable Media

38

38

50

55

60

60

78

viii SECTION II

4.

4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6

5. 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 6. 6.1 6.2 7. 7.1 7.2 7.3

Glued Joints In Building Structures

101

ADHESIVES USED IN BUILDING STRUCTURES Epoxy Adhesives Modified Polyester Adhesives Polymer Cement Adhesives Cement Adhesives Filled with Polymer Fibres Adhesives Based on Polymer Silicates Special Features of Design of Adhesive Compounds

103

103

108

111

112

119

127

STRENGTH. DEFORMABILITY AND CRACK

RESISTANCE OF ADHESIVES AND GLUED JOINTS

138

Special Features of Formation of Adhesive Layer Mechanics of Failure of Glued Joints Cohesive Properties of Adhesives Adhesive Properties of Glued Joints

138

140

147

174

DURABILITY OF GLUED JOINTS

197

Resistance to Attack by CorrOSive Media Long-term Strength and Durability

197

214

DURABILITY OF CONCRETE JOINTS MADE WITH

EPOXIDE ADHESIVES

223

Joining of Old and New Concretes Joining of Concretes of Similar Age (Old with Old) Deformation Properties of Adhesive Compounds

223

229

239

REFERENCES

252

Section I Improving the Reliability and

Durability of Structures and

Constructions by using New

Composite Materials

1

Some Problems of Material Corrosion and Methods of their Solution 1.1 Interaction of Concrete with Corrosive Media Permeability of concrete: This problem has been examined with particular reference to oil storage tanks as these are generally made of concrete. Besides the chemical interaction of concrete with individual petroleum products (corrosion of concrete), a factor of particular signifi­ cance is the absorptive capacity and permeability of concrete with respect to the given petroleum products, as these properties can be the cause of possible reduction of concrete strength independent of the chemical processes. The permeability of concrete with respect to petroleum products de­ pends to a large extent on the pore structure of concrete and viscosity of the petroleum products. As compared to other materials, concrete has the capability of capillary absorption and, as a consequence, has lower permeability . The properties of concrete are affected by the type of petroleum prod­ ucts, duration of their storage and the type and quantity of cement. Behaviour of concrete under chemical effects: The chemical ef­ fects on concrete are determined by the composition of concrete and the chemical properties of the medium. Concrete with a relatively dense struc­ ture has greater chemical resistance. The life of concrete can be improved by increasing the quantity of cement, carefully selecting the granulomet­ ric composition with minimum possible water consumption and carrying out proper consolidation, followed by proper curing. However, none of the listed measures can prevent concrete from becoming damaged and disintegrating in aggressive media. Corrosion-induced failure of concrete is invariably associated with the presence of water. Even the natural moisture of concrete is sufficient to render aggressive salts and gases chemically active. This is due to th, presence of salts or calcium hydroxide in cement. The processes behind the corrosive failure of concrete are leaching due to hydrolysis of calcium

hydroxide and formation of salts from lime, cement and acids or salts of

4 acidic solutions. The corrosive effects of salt formation depend on the

type of salt. Change In properties of concrete under the effect of extreme temperatures: The behaviour of concrete under extreme temperature conditions has been investigated by a number of researchers. Russian as well as foreign. Oil storage tanks experience temperatures of 1O(H sooC and under critical conditions even above 400°C. The following conclu­ sions can be drawn from a review of several studies devoted to the be­ haviour of concrete under various conditions: - Up to a temperature of 100°C. the strength of concrete increases and the modulus of elasticity decreases. - Concrete retains its usual strength but the modulus of elasticity de­ creases at 100°C. - The coefficient of thermal expansion increases at temperatures above 120°C. - Shrinkage of concrete increases greatly with temperature. - Creep of concrete increases with temperature (even at temperatures below 100°C): it may be three times greate'r than its magnitude under normal conditions. - Creep deformation increases under the effect of temperature varia­ tions. - Between 400 and 500°C the strength of concrete decreases sharply due to break-up of the structure while the modulus of elasticity reduces by 40 to 50%. Residual. creep and shrinkage strains increase sharply in this range of temperature. - At temperatures above 400°C. the deformation properties of concrete depend on the type of filler. duration of thermal effect and the test conditions (whether concrete is tested in hot state or after cooling). - At temperatures above 575°C. the thermal effects result in failure of concretes with quartz-retaining fillers due to the sudden change in volume of the quartz component. - At low temperatures. the behaviour of concrete depends on its mois­ ture content. - In concretes with a moisture content of less than 5%. strength im­ proves with reduction of temperature (up to minus 1S00C). depending on the nature of preliminary processing. - At low temperatures. the modulus of elasticity of concrete increases much more in the wet state than in the dry state. - At low temperatures. the coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete decreases with reduction of temperature. the magnitude depending on the moisture content.

5 -

At low temperatures, the thermal conductivity of concrete depends on the type of filler and composition of concrete; it increases with reduction of temperature.

-

At low temperatures, the shrinkage and creep of concrete are less than under normal conditions. . Several investigations have been devoted to the compressive strain of heavy concrete upon heating and have established that properties such as strength, modulus of elasticity and coefficient of thermal expansion of heavy concrete hardening under normal conditions, depend on the temperature and duration of heating.

1.2 Plastics and Elastomers General properties: From the experience gained over the years in fighting corrosion of tanks in the USSR and abroad, considerable scope has emerged for application of polymer coatings based on various types of varnishes and paints as a means of corrosion prevention. Polymer materials have acquired enhanced significance in fabrication of storage tanks primarily because they are also suitable for packing and thermal insulation. These materials are used in various forms, such as films, plasters, adhesives, coatings etc. Their properties depend to a great extent on the specific conditions of application, fabrication and processing and also the chemical composition. Among polymeric materials, the elas­ tomers deserve special mention. They are distinguished by high elasticity and can regain their original shape after relatively large deformations. The averaged data on physical properties of polymeric materials should be treated as an approximate guideline since these properties may vary significantly for different materials (Tables 1.1-1.4). The following general conclusions may be drawn from the findings of a number of authors:

-

Polymers have relatively small deflsity and low thermal conductivity; they are well suited for use as insulation materials and also have high resistance against acids, alkalis and other aggressive materials.

-

Polymers are easy to machine; they have a low modulus of elasticity and relatively low yield and melting temperatures.

-

The modulus of elasticity is not the same for different polymeriC mate­ rials; for a given type of polymer, it is influenced by additional factors such as temperature, moisture content etc.

-

The properties of polymeriC materials should be treated as approxi­ mate and their suitability for a specific application should be estab­

lished on an individual basis.

2O()-280 150-190

2.1-2.2 0.1624

50-70

3s-5O

Polylrilluorochloroethylene

10()-1 SO

6()-13O

ao-as

2.1-2.3

1.7-1.9

1.1-1.2

1.13

0.2436-{).4297

CompIeJl polyester. reinforced with glass fibre

0.2552-{).29

5S-9O

7(}-90

Up to 100

0.232

3 1) load respectively (SNIP 2.03.01-84·); Y and y represent the forces due to the action of total rated and design load respectively (SNIP 2.03.01­ 84-). The basic characteristics of polymer concrete are its target strength under compression, R and under axial tension ~. These characteristics are determined by conducting tests on standard specimens under normal environmental temperature and humidity conditions. The important mechanical properties of polymer concrete are deter­ mined in the manner described below. The rated strength of polymer concrete under compression If.(e) and Rr(e) and axial tension 1f.{I) and Rr(I) are determined with the given reliability factor (0.95) and their values should satisfy the following conditions: For short-duration strength

"-