The Press and Poetry of Modern Persia [First ed.]

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THE PRESS AND POETRY OF MODERN PERSIA

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS C. F. CLAY, MANAGER lLonbon: FETTER LANE, E.C. Ebinfmrgb: 100 PRINCES STREET

13nlin: A. ASHER AND CO. 1Leip)ig: F. A. BROCKHAUS

i\ltm

~ork:

G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS

)Somba» anb t '~t.·"

First page of No. 833 of the old lithographed dated Tuesday, ~afar 5, A.H. 131'2 (Aug. 8, 1894)

lrall,

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF NEWSPAPERS

49

1316 (=ApriI18, 1908). I possess Nos. 1-.f' Each comprises ... pp. of Il~" x 6f'. Yearly subscription, 8 qrdm in Tihran; 10 qrdlls in the provinces; 30 piastres in Turkey; '2 roubles in Russia and the Caucasus; 5 francs in other foreign countries.

(75)

Urdu-yi-Humaylin (The Ro)'al Camp). u-,~loA lS-,.))-,t A paper published during the march to Khurasan at the time of Na~iru'd-D{n Shah's second journey to Mashhad in A.H. 1300 (= A.D. 1882-3), written in the course of the journey at the different halting places on the road, and circulated amongst the members of the Royal Suite, commonly called "the Royal Camp." The first number was printed at Damawand on Sha'ban II (A.H. 1300=]une 17,1883), and the last at Tihr ~'-~~..:.-~

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Last page, with column in French, of No. 89 of the newspaper Tabrfz, dated August 2, 1911

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ALPHABETICAL LIST OF NEWSPAPERS ALPHABETICAL LIST OF NEWSPAPERS

61 61 editor was arrested. The politics of the paper were Conservative editor was arrested. The politics of the paper were Conservative and Moderate Constitutionalist. and Moderate Constitutionalist.

See Rabino, No. 58. I possess Nos. 7'1. and 89, the fonner dated the '1.3rd of See Rabino, No. (=June 58. I possess Nos.and 7'1. the andlatter 89, the fonner dated the '1.3rd of) of ii, A.H. 1329 Jumada '1.1,1911), the 7th ofSha'han (August Jumada ii, A.H. 9 (=June '1.1,1911), andof pp. the of latter 7th ofSha'han (August 4) of the same year.13 2Each number comprises Yearly subscription, lsi"thex 91". of same number comprises 4 pp. of 15~" x.p91". qrans, Each qralts.Yearly subscription, Tabrfz '1.1 year. elsewhere in Persia 30 qralls, abroad in the in Tabrfz '1. 1 qralls, elsewhere in Persia 30 qralls, abroad .p qralts.

(101) (101) Tadayyun (Religiousness). Tadayyun (Religiousness). A weekly religious paper printed in Tihran in A.H. 13 2 5 A weekly religious paper printed in Tihran in A.H. 13 2 5 (= A.D. 19(7) under the editorship of Mulla $adiq, entitled (= A.D. 19(7) under the editorship of Mulla $adiq, .entitled Fakhru'I-Isldm (" the Pride of Islam "), originally a Chaldaean Fakhru'I-Isldm (" the Pride of Islam "), originally a Chaldaean or Syrian Christian of U rmiya, who was converted to Islam or Syrian Christian of U rmiya, who was converted to Islam (Jad/du' I-Isltim). (Jad/du' I-Islam). See Rabino, No. 59.

I possess No.

of the first year, dated the 1st of Sha 'ban, dated the ofof Sha 'ban, dated the 1st 16th Rajab, dated 16th Rajab, pp. of the 61".of Yearly 12" x A.H. 13'1.7 (=August number comprises pp. of4- 12" x 61".'in Yearly 1'1. qralls3,in1909)' Tihran,Each 15 qralls elsewhere in 4-Persia, roubles Russia subscription, 1'1. qralls Tihran, qralls elsewhere in Persia, -f. roubles 'in Russia subscription, and in 7 rupees in 15 India. and the Caucasus, and the Caucasus, and 7 rupees in India. II

Rabino, No. 9,59.1907), I possess No.'1. 11ofofthe thethird first year, A.H.See 13'1.5 (= Sept. and No. year, A.H. 13'1.5 Sept. 9, 3,1907), No. number '1. of thecomprises third year, 13'1.7 (= (=August 1909)'andEach of A.H.

(102) (102) Tarbiyat (Educatiolz). ~,;; Tarbiyat (Educatiolz). ~.;; A weekly paper lithographed in very fine lzasta'liq in Tihran A weekly paper lithographed in very fine lzasta'liq in Tihran in A.H. 1314 (= A.D. 1896-7). Its owner, editor and chief writer in A.H. 1314 (= A.D. 1896-7). Its owner, editor and chief writer was M{rza MuJ:1ammad J:lusayn of I!?fahan, entitled Zakd'u'l-Mulk was M{rza MuJ:1ammad J:lusayn of I!?fahan, entitled Zakd'u'l-Mulk and poetjcally surnamed Furttghf, author of numerous works on and poetjcally surnamed Furttghf, author of numerous works on history and literature, father of the present MIrza MuJ:1ammad history and literature, father of the present Mlrza MuJ:1ammad 'Ali Khan Zakd'u'l-Mulk, who was a member of the Second 'All Khan Zakd'u'l-Mulk, who was a member of the Second National Assembly. This paper had a special literary importance National Assembly. This paper had a special literary importance in regard to its style, composition, and quality of eloquence, for in regard to its style, composition, and quality of eloquence, for the late Zakti'u'l-Mulk, who was in his time one of the first men of the late Zaka'u'l-Mulk, who was in his time one of the first men of letters and poets of Persia, used frequently to publish his poems in letters and poets of Persia, used frequently to publish his poems in it, for which reason amongst others it held a high and distinguished it, for which reason amongst others it held a high and distinguished place amongst the papers of the period of Autocracy, and place amongst the papers of the period of Autocracy, and enjoyed a considerable influence, though its practice of flattering enjoyed a considerable influence, though its practice of flattering and praising contemporary notables detracted from its literary and praising contemporary notables detracted from its literary value. Its celebrity was chiefly due to its controversy with the value. Its celebrity was chiefly due to its controversy with the paper Thurayyd (" Pleiades," q.v.) about the Persian Calendar of paper Thurayyd (" Pleiades," q.v.) about the Persian Calendar of I:Iajji Najmu'd-Dawla. In consequence of the well-founded l:1ajji Najmu'd-Dawla. In consequence of the well-founded criticisms levelled by Mirza 'All MuJ:1arnmad Khan of Kashan criticisms levelled by M£rza 'All MuJ:1arnmad Khan of Kashan

62

HISTORY OF THE PERSIAN PRESS

the editor of the Thurayyd, against the absurdities of the Persian Calendar, the TarbiJlat TarbiJ1at devoted two of its issues from beginning to end to a defence of I:Iajji N ajmu'd-Dawla and an attack on the Thurayyd. This attack gave occasion to the admirers of the Thurayyd to express their feelings and to pour forth their objections, and many articles in refutation of the Tarbiyat from all parts of Persia and from abroad appeared in the Thurtl)'Ya Thura)'Yd and other papers. Translations of useful treatises [composed in other languages] often appeared as jeuilletolls (pd waraqf) at the Tarbi),at. foot of the pages of the Ta rbi)'at. Amongst these were "fa "la Chaumiere indiemze" (Kufba-i-Hindf) (Kulba-i-Hindf) of Bernardin de SaintPierre, "Love and Virtue" ('Ishq u 'Iffat), a translation of Chateaubriand's Aventures du denzier des Abencerages, etc. The Tarbiyat continued pUblication publication until the end of the period of Autocracy and almost until the Constitutional Period. See R~bino, No. 16, according to whom this paper began on the 11th of Rajah, 1314 (=Dec. 16, 1896). It was still going on (No. 4'24) on the 4th of Dhu'l-Qa'da, A.H. 13'24 (=Dec. '20, 1906). I possess a good many numbers, of which the first is No. 58 (second year), dated the '26th of Sha'ban, A.H. 1315 (=]an. '20, 1898), and the last No. 433, dated the '2'2nd of Mui:tarmm, A.H. 13'25 (=March 7, 1907). Each number comprises 8 pp. of 1'2" x 61", the pages being numbered continuously with a view to binding. Yearly subscription, '20 qrd1tS in Tihnin, '25 qrdltS qram elsewhere in Persia, 5 roubles in Russia, 10 rupees in India, and 1'2 1'2 fmncs in Europe, Turkey and Egypt. A.H.

(103)

Taraqqi (Progress). ~;J (=A.D. 1907) A fortnightly paper printed in Tihran in AH. 1325 1325(=A.D.1907) under the editorship of Mirza MuJ:1ammad 'Alf 'AH Khan of Tihran, known as " IslambuH" (" the Constantinopolitan "), who was one of those imprisoned in the Bagh-i-Shah after the Reactionary Coup d'Etat of the 23rd of Jumada i, A.H. 1326 (= June 23,19°8). See Rabino, No. 61, according to whom the publication of the paper began on the '21 and '2'2. Each 17th of $afar, A.H. 13'25 (=April I, 1907). I possess Nos. 16, '2I number comprises 4 pp. of 1 '2" X 6il". The yearly subscription was I'2 qrd1tS qra1tS for Tihnin, 15 for other parts of Persia, 5 roubles for Russia and the Caucasus, 3 mejidiyyes for Turkey, and 10 rupees for India.

(104) Tashwiq (Encouragement). ~~~ A weekly paper printed in Tihran in A.H. 1325 (= A.D. 1907) under the editorship of MIrza Mfrza Sayyid 'All 'AH Tabataba'l. This

ALPHABETICAL LIST LIST OF OF NEWSPAPERS NEWSPAP ERS ALPHABETICAL

paper, like like many many others, others, used used to to attempt attempt aa feeble feeb le imitation imitation of of paper, the Charivari ") of the and Charand-Parand (" Sltr-i-l srdfil, the Charand-Parand (" Charivari") of the Sltr-i-Isrdfil, and published aa comic comic or or satiric satiric section section under und er the the title t itle of of Shirr- Wirr. published See Rabino, Rabino, No. No. 62, 62, according according to to whom whom only only 88 issues issues of of the the paper paper were were published, published, See the first first on on the the 19th 19th of A . H. H . 1325 of Sha Sha 'ban, 'ban, A. 1325 ((= Sept. 227, 1907), and and the the last last on on the the 26th 26th = Sept. i, 19°7), the -8. Each of Shaww:H Shawwal (= Dec. 2) 2) of of the the same same year. year. II possess possess Nos. Nos. 22 -8. Each number number comcom(= Dec. of IS qrdm qrdm in qrdm in of 121" 12f' xx 61". 6f ". Yearly Yearly subscription, subscription, 15 in Tihnin, T ihran, 20 20 qrdm in prises 88 pp. pp. of prises other parts parts of of Persia, Persia, and and 25 25 qrdns qrdm abroad. abroad. other

(105) (105)

(Thought). Tafakkur (Thought). A.H . 1325 (= (= A.D. A.D. 1907) A weekly paper printed in in Tihran in in A.H. Nd/fi11lu'z-Zdkirin. under the editorship of Nd?i11tu'z-Zdkirin. See Rabino, Rabino, No. No. 63, 63, according according to to whom whom only only one one number number was was issued issued on on the the See A.H. 1325 of Rabi' Rabi' i, i, A.H. 1325 (= (=April 16, 1907). 1907). II possess possess this this number, numher, which which comprises comprises 3rd of April 16, 3rd 4 pp. x 61". qrdm in qrdm elsewhere Ii" x pp. of of 1I Ii" 6f'. Yearly Yearly subscription, subscription, 30 30 qrdm in Tihnin, Tihran, 35 35 qrdllS elsewhere in in 425 francs francs in in Europe. Europe. Persia, and and 25 Persia,

(106) (106)

(Civilization). u.:4J Tamaddun (Civilization). Tamaddun u';'" A.H. 1324 (= (= A.D. A.D. 1906-7). A weekly weekly paper paper printed printed in Tihran in in A.H. A in Tihran The proprietor and principal writer was the Mudabbint'lM amdlik The proprietor and principal writer was the Mudabbint'l-Mamdlik of Hirand, who originally belonged to the class of doctors of of Hirand, who originally belonged to the class of doctors of I~fahan, theology and divinity students in and afterwards applied theology and divinity students in I~fahan, and afterwards applied himself to journalism in Tihran. This was one of the best newspapers of the Constitutional Period, and was conspicuous alike for its literary style and for its boldness and steadfastness the Constitution. Constitution. After After the the Reactionary Reactionary Coup and COllP d'Etat d'Etat and for the for bombardment of the MajIis (June the Mudabbiru'l23, 1908) bombardment of the Majlis (June the Mudabbirtt'lMamdlik was was able able to to save save his his life life from from the the revengeful revengeful claws claws of of Mamdlik the partisans of Autocracy, and fled by way of Bushire to India, where he again began to publish the Tamaddun in Bombay. He also spent some time at Calcutta, where he published several Ifablu'l-Matill. He subsequently went to Conarticles in in the Jfablu'I-Mati1t. stantinople, but returned to to Persia Persia during during the the Revolution Revolution (of (of stantinople, but returned and agaiI} agaiq. started started his his paper paper at at Rasht. Rasht. After After the the conquest conquest 1909), and of Tihran Tihran [by [by the the Nationalists] Nationalists] in in A.H. (July, 1909) he A.H . 1327 1327 (July, 1909) he of returned thither and again started his paper, which continued returned thither and again started his paper, which continued publication until until A.H. A.H. 1330 (=A.D. 1330 (= 19 12). During During its its final final A.D. 1912). publication

HISTORY OF THE PERSIAN PRESS

appearance in Tihran the Tamaddttll stood aside from the strife of the other conflicting parties, and described itself as the partisan of the policy of fundamental reforms (Radical). During its first publication the Tamaddztll published eighty numbers a year, but afterwards appeared once a week. During the latter part of A.H. 1329 (= A.D. 19II) it became a daily, and was published in small quarto form under the title of I!!ild'dt-irl1zdlla-i-Tamaddztll (" Daily information of the Tamaddzt1l "). This paper epitomized in a very pleasing form the weekly happenings and news of Persia and foreign countries, and in this respect it occupied a unique position amongst Persian newspapers. See Rabino, No. 64, I possess a good many numbers of the First and Second Years. Years. of publication, of which the first is No. II 'of the First Year, dated the 17th of Dhu'l-J:lijja, A.H. 1324 (=Feb. I, 19(7), and the last No. 14 of the Second Year, dated the 11th II, 1908). Each number comprises lIth of Jumada i, A.H. 1326 (=June 11, 4 pp. of II~" x 61". Yearly subscription, 24 qrans in Tihnln, 30 qrans elsewhere in Persia, 7 roubles in Russia and the Caucasus, and 14 rupees in India. A supplementary number dated the 1st of Rama~an, A.H. 1326 (= Sept. 27, 1908), J908), bears over Ncila-i-JlIillat" (" the Nation's Lament "), and above this the the title the words" Ncila-i-.1Iillat" verse from the Qur'an: "Deem not them who were slain in ill the Way of God as dead, but rather as living, cared for by their Lord." Instead of the usual price !;tand the words: "a grain of activity," and readers in Persia are requested to pass the paper on to others. It contains a proclamation from the Mujtahids of Karbala against Mul,lammad 'All Shah and in favour of the Constitution, and was printed at the ijablu'l-lJlat!n Press at Calcutta.

(107)

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Tamaddun ( Civilizatioll).

A paper published in Bombay in A.H. 1327 (= A.D. 1909) by the above-mentioned MlIdabbiru'I-lJ;Iamdlik MlIdabbiru'I-.lVlamdlik during his stay in India. Only one number appeared. Not in Rabino, and not seen.

(108)

Tamaddun (Civilizatioll).

u~

A paper published in Rasht in A.H. 1327 (= A.D. 1909), edited and written by the above-mentioned Mlldabbirll'l-Mamdlik, MlIdabbirll'I-Mamdlik, during his return from India to Tihran. Only one number appeared, dated 29 Rabi' ii, A.H. 1327 (May 19, 1909). See Rabino, No. 64. according to whom the single Rasht issue was No. 15 of the Second Year. We have seen above that No. 14 of the Second Year was published

ALPHABETICAL ALPHABETICAL LIST LIST OF NEWSPAPERS OF NEWSPAPERS on on June June 11, 1908, I2 12 days days before before the the Coup d' Etat, while the the next next (Rasht) (Rasht) issue, issue, Coup d' Btat, while I I, 1908, been published later, in No. in July, July, 1909, 1909, just just before before No. 15, 15, must must have have been published about about (3 (3 months months later, the the capture capture of of Tihrin Tihran by by the the Nationalists. Nationalists.

(109) (109)

Tanbih (Admonition). Tanbih (Admonition).

A A comic comic paper, paper, partly partly lithographed lithographed and and partly partly printed, printed, published in Tihran, and illustrated with coloured caricatures, in in A.H. under the the editorship editorship of of MU'ta§idu'lA.H. 1325 1325 (= A.D. 1907), 1907), under MU'ta§idu'l(= A.D. A/ibbd. After the restoration of the Constitution (in July, 19(9) 1909) this paper was again published, and continued until these this paper was again published, and continued until these last last times 191 I). In times (end (end of of 191 In politics politics it it belonged belonged to to the the Moderate Moderate Party. See H, See Rabino, Rabino, No. No. 65, 65, according according to to whom whom No. NO.77 was was dated dated the the 14th 14th of of Jumada Jumada ii, 1325 25, 1907). is 1325 (=July (=July 25, 1907). II possess possess No. No. II of of the the Third Third Year, Year, which, which, however, however, is It comprises undated. undated. It I2-~" x comprises 44- pp. pp. of of 121" x 6i". 6i". Pp. Pp. II and and 44 each each contain contain aa caricature caricature (~ot coloured) and and are are lithographed: lithographed: pp. pp. 22 and and 33 are are printed. printed. (~ot coloured) A.H. A.H.

(110) (110)

Tahdhfb Tahdhfb (Purificatioll). (Purification). A weekly A weekly newspaper newspaper printed printed 1910). 1910).

'"':"":!~ ,",:",,:!J.~ In In

Tihran Tihran in in A.H. 1328 (= (= A.D. A.H. 1328 A.D.

Not Not in in Rabino, Rabino, and and not not seen. seen.

(111) (111) at-Tawaddud (Affection). at-Tawaddud (Affection). A A paper paper published published in in Paris Paris in in A.D. under (= A.H. A.D. 1891 1891 (= A.H. 1308--9) 1308-9) under the editorship of Shaykh Abu Na~~ara (-Nadhdhdra). the editorship of Shaykh Abu Na~~ara (-Nadhdhdra). This This paper paper was was published published in in four four languages, languages, Arabic, Arabic, Persian, Persian, Turkish Turkish and and French, French, and and was was illustrated.. illustrated .. As As it it contained contained aa Persian Persian it has been recorded amongst the section section it has been recorded amongst the Persian Persian newspapers. newspapers. Some of its Persian articles were written by Shaykh MuI:tammad Mul).ammad !:lasan of Sfrjan Sirjan (near (near Kirman), Kirman), entitled entitled Sluzyklm'I-Mulk. Slzaykltu'I-Mulk. !:lasan of Not Not in in Rabino, Rabino, and and not not seen. seen. Shaykh Shaykh AM AbU Na~l~

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Superscription and cover of the Jl£ajlllzt'a-i-Bal;.r-i-.1(hazar, or "Revue Transcaspienne" NO.3 of the Third Year, Feb. '28, 1908

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF NEWSPAPERS

135

(307) Mu~akamat

..:A~~

(Judgements).

A paper printed in Tihran in A.H. 1325 (= A.D. 1907-8), at first twice and afterwards thrice a week, under the editorship of l\iajdu'l-Islam of Kirman, to give publicity to the proceedings of the Law Courts. See Rabino, No. 185, who describes it as the organ of the Ministry of Justice, and gives the 17th (sic, hut see below) of Jumada i, A.H. 1325(=June28, 1907), as the date of its first appearance. I possess Nos. 2, 3, 22, 25, 26, 28, 29, 4-3, 48, and 49, the first dated the 13th of Jumada i, A.H. 1325 (=June 24,19°7), and the last the 14th of Rabi' i,A.H. 1326 (=April 16,1908). Each number contains 4 pp. of 1I:J:" X6£". Yearly subscription, IS qrdns in Tihnin, 18 qrdlls elsewhere in Persia, 2 mejidiyyes in Turkey and Egypt, 4- roubles in Russia and the Caucasus, and 18 francs in Europe.

(308) M~akamat

..:,,~=l.:.-,

(Judgements).

A paper published in Tabdz in A.H. 1326 (= A.D. 1908) under the editorship of MIrza Mal).mud GhanI-zada of Salmas, editor of the Farydd and Bit Qalamltn (q.v.). Not in Rabino, and not seen.

M~akamat-i- Yazd

(309) (Judgements of Yazd).

,)~ ..:,,~6....0

A weekly paper lithographed in Yazd in A.H. 1327 (=A.D. 1909) under the editorship of Mul).ammad $adiq. See Rabino, No. 186, who states that after the arrival at Yazd of the Bakhtiyari Sardar-i-Jang, the newspaper Ala'n:fat (see below, No. 328) was published under the title of Alu~dkamdt, but not more than two or three numbers were printed and circulated. I possess a copy of NO.2 of the First Year, which is dated the 17th of Dhu'l-Qa'da, A.H. 1327 (=Nov. 30, 1909)' It comprises 4- pp. lithographed in large, clear ta'ltq, of I I " x 61". Yearly subscription, 16 qrdlls in Yazd, 20 qrdns elsewhere in Persia, 23 qrdns abroad.

(310)

M:udarris-i-Farsi (The Persian Teacher). U""')l,; V"')Jwo A monthly magazine published in Bombay, partly lithographed and partly printed in small (book) form, in A.D. 1883 (= A.H. 1300-1). Its contents were partly Persian and partly English, and, as its name implies, were chiefly educational and connected with the study of the Persian language. It treated of Persian grammar and literature, and contained Persian stories,

HISTORY OF THE PERSIAN PRESS

anecdotes, proverbs, specimens of calligraphy, biographies, and notices of old poets and Kings of Persia, accompanied in most cases by English translations. Its first number was dated Thursday, January I, 1883, and the following verse of poetry was printed on the top of each copy: 0~ ":-"l' .!Jlo...J-! ~, ,

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u-o

u'-,'

~

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A complete collection of three years (3 6 numbers) of this periodical is preserved in the Library of the British Museum under the class-mark 757. cc. 20. The last (36th) number is dated December, 1885. This periodical was edited by Khan Bahadur G. M. Munshf and his sons. Each number comprised 16 pp., and the yearly subscription was 4 rupees, if paid in advance, and 5 rupees if paid at the end of the year. At the beginning of each number is written in English: "to save much time, trouble and money." In the number for August, 1885, appears an advertisement of the Far/lang, published at I~fahan, and an encomium on it, and in subsequent numbers news is occasionally quoted from that paper. In the later numbers of the Mudarrz"s-z"-Fdrsi Mudarrz."s-z."-Fdrsi there appear advertisements of a paper entitled Mufarr£lfZt'I-Qulub, Mufarr£lfZil-Qulub, which is highly praised, and of which it writes as follows: "This is a weekly Persian newspaper published at Karachi Karachf in Sind, and is the best Persian newspaper in India. It has appeared regularly for thirty years, and it is now the thirtieth year of its publication. I ts Persian style is very good, and entirely accords with the spoken and written idiom of Persia. It contains the latest news from every country, and is in every respect a first-class newspaper. It is chiefly maintained and published by subventions from the rulers, princes, nobility and gentry of Persia, Turkey, Afghanistan, India, Europe, etc. Its proprietors and publishers possess testimonials, guarantees and letters from most of the above-mentioned rulers, nobles and gentry which afford ample evidence as to the excellence of its style and taste. It is especially suitable for the use of students of Persian in India. It is edited and published by two learned, accomplished and well-known persons,

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF NEWSPAPERS

137

Mfrza Mu~ammad Mfrza Mu~ammad Ja'far' (the editor) and Mirza $adiq of Mashhad, Persian Consul at Karachi. KarachI. Yearly subscription for Indian nobles, 12 rupees, if paid- in advance, and 24 rupees if post-paid: for people of the middle class, 10 and 20 rupees, respectively: and for students, 5 and 10 rupees respectively." Not in Rabino, and not seen.

(311)

- ------

;~ (Ci1.'z,/izatioll). \" : ;.M Madaniyyat (Ci'l'z'lizati(J1l). ." A fortnightly newspaper lithographed in Tabrfz in A.H. 1301 (= A.D. 1883-4) under the editorship of the Secretary to the NO.22 was dated WednesArmenian Agency, known as $adra. No. (=ApriI9, day the 12th of Jumada ii, A.H. 1301 (= April 9, 1884). Not in in Rabino, Rahino, and and not not seen. seen. Not

(312) Mad! (? Media). Tihran in A.H. 1325 (= A.D. 1907-8), A weekly paper printed in Tihnin (::::OA.D. edited and written by Shaykh 'Abdu'l-'AH, known as Mztbad, on account of his sentiments with regard to Ancient Persia and the pure Persian language. After the Coup d'Etat of June 23, 1908, and the bombardment of the Majlis, he became acquainted with the celebrated M. Panoff, the correspondent of certain Liberal Russian papers in Persia, who also took part in the Gflan 1909)~ at the time when A.H. 1327 (= A.D. A.D. 1909)~ Gllan Rebellion in A.H. the Russian Legation had expelled him from Tihran. He " Mfrza accompanied him to St Petersburg under the name of "Mfrza 'Ali the Mujtahid," and endeavoured to influence public Shaykh 'Alf opinion in Russia in a manner favourable to Persia by means of public speeches. Not in in Rabino, Rabino, and and not not seen. seen. Not

(313) Mirat-i-Janlib (The Mirror of the South). -:-'~ ":::!J..o ~!ro "'="'~ A weekly newspaper lithographed at Kirman in A.H. 1329 J aIalu'd-Dfn I:Iusayni I:Iusaynf (= A.D. 191 I) under the editorship of Sayyid Jalalu'd-Dfn (=A.D. Mu'ayyidu'l-Ashrdf. Mu' ayyidu'l-Ashrd/.

HISTORY OF THE PERSIAN PRESS See Rabino, No. 187. I possess a copy of No. I, which is dated the 3rd of MuJ:tarram, A.H. 1329 (= Jan. 4, 1911). It is lithographed in a large, clear naskh, and comprises 4 pp. of I I~" X 6~". Yearly subscription, 20 qrdllS in Kinnan. This number contains, on p. I, a portrait of MIrza I:Iusayn Khan Sarddr-i-Nu~rat.

(314)

~, o~ -,~, i!,ro Miratu's-Safar wa Mishkatu'l-~a~ar (Tlze Mirror of Travel a1ld Lamp of .sojourn). A newspaper published in RabI' i, A.H. 1288 (= May-June, 1871) on the march and at the halting-places during Na~iru'd­ Din Shah's summer journey to Mazandaran. It gave an account of the events of the journey from start to finish, and was printed and edited by Mul).ammad l:Iasan Khan l'timddu's-Sal!ana. In all thirteen numbers were published. This information is supplied in a letter from H.E. the Ptimddu's-Saltal1a. paper is not mentioned by Rabino, and is not otherwise knm\\n.

(315)

Mirrfkh (Mars).

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A newspaper lithographed in Tihran inA.H. 1296 (=A.D. 1879) under the editorship of MIrza J:Iasan Khan $anf'tt'd-Dawla. The first number was dated l\Iul).arram 5 of that year (= Dec. 30, 1878) and the last number the 16th of Jumada ii, A.H. 1297 (= May 26, 188o). In all eighteen numbers were published. This paper took the place of the RltZ1tdma-£-Nt~dmf (" Military Journal") which preceded it, and would seem to have been founded by MIrza J:Iusayn Khan Sipahsdldyl. See No. 191 sltpra. Most of the above particulars are derived from information supplied by Zakd'II'IlIIlIlk. The paper is not mentioned by Rabino, nor have I seen it.

(316) ~'-,\-o Musawat (Equality). A weekly paper printed in Tihran in A.H. 1325 (= A.D. 1907-8) under the editorship of Sayyid Mul).ammad Ri~a of Shiraz, and 1 The P-timddu's.Saltalla in one of his letters attributes the foundation and circulation of this newspaper to Prince Kamran MIrza. entitled Nd't'bu's-Saltana, the son of N~iru'd-Din Shah, who published it with the assistance of the present Sarddr-t'-Kiell. It came to an end, however, after only twelve or thirteen numbers had appeared. It is, however, highly probable, nay, almost certain, that the details mentioned in the text are more correct and accurate, and that the other particulars refer to some other paper of which we have no further information.

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF NEWSPAPERS

139

Sayyid 'Abdu'r-Ral).fm of Khalkhal. This paper, by reason of its extreme boldness and steadfastness in Constitutional Principles, was one of the foremost champions in the P~ess of the First Constitution. It achieved great notoriety in consequence of its criticism of the Press Law, on the promulgation of which it published a number full of idle stories, fables and phantasies, saying that henceforth, in consequence of the abovementioned Law, everything except such matters would be prohibited; and also in consequence of a celebrated article entitled H How is the Shah?" directed against Mul).ammad 'All Shah. These actions led to the suppression of the paper and legal proceedings against the editor. The editor of this paper, Sayyid Mul).ammad Ri~a, was one of the eight persons whose surrender Mul).ammad 'All Shah demanded of the First National Assembly, but after the bombardment of the Majlis (June 23, 1908) he escaped and could not he captured. Finally he succeeded in reaching the Caucasus, whence he made his way to Tabdz, where, during the Revolution and siege of that city, he again published the Musawdt. Finally he was elected by Tabdz as one of the Members of the Second National Assembly. In politics the paper was thorough-going Constitutionalist and Liberal. See Rabino, No. 188, who says that in all 25 numbers of the Tihnin edition appeared, the first on the 5th of Rama=?an, A.H. 1325 (=Oct. 12, 1907), and the last at the end of Rab{' i, A.H. 1326 (=May 2,19°8). I possess a fairly complete collection.

(317)

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FROM THE SHUl"fAYSA·I-LANDANIYYA

MODERN PERSIAN POEMS ~IODERN PERSIAN POEMS

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Hark! the blare of Russian trumpets on the Northern Hark! the blare of Russian trumpets on the Northern breezes comes! Heedbreezes ye! forcomes! the ears are deafened with the roar of HeedRussian ye! fordrums! the ears are deafened with the roar of

Russian drums!

No.

I.

FROM THE SHU.JfA YSA·I-LANDANIYYA

(122) \Veep and louder Shake thy surely

171

wail! the s01Jnds of turmoil loud and ever rise: chains and burst thy fetter~, for the Lion dies!

(123) 'Neath the hosts of savage Cossacks all the boundless Qi pchaq Plain Seems a sea of iron billows, seems a roaring, surging main! (124) Back to back and breast to breast throughout that spacious Plain they stand, While an evil seed of severed heads and limbs fulfils the land.

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(126) Boundless, countless is their army, so that if the stars should see, They would ask, " Of these two armies which may claim infinity? "

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(128) Even from the Bridge of Kabul to the regions of the Pole, Clubs and maces, chests and shoulders, in one seething eddy roll. ((129) 129) Frowning brows and knotted muscles doth each warrior display; Little do they care for China, little reck they of Cathay! (130) Think ye, Lion-Ass, or Ass with Lion's head, that yonder Bear Doth not know the Ass will better yield to him the Lion's share? ((131) 131) Quit the grounds wherein you hunted; turn your steps to house and town, For the Tiger, Wolf and Leopard forces join to hunt you down!

17 22 17

MODERN PERSIAN POEMS MODERN PERSIAN POEMS

(132) Call Stone whereon (132) Call the the Stone whereon you you stumble stumble empty name! empty name! And thy thy Beauty Bright is is surely surely And Beauty Bright claws of shame 1 ! claws of shamel!

"glad": 'tis but but an an "glad": 'tis caught within within the the caught

(138) Hail, thou Caucasian Monarch! Monarch! Full Full success thou great great Caucasian success (138) Hail, attends thy plan! attends thy plan! Such success success is is thine by virtue virtue of strength which which Such thine by of the the strength makes a man! makes a man! (140) Welladay! Welladay! Each Each lying seemed, would would (140) lying promi'se, promi'se, which, which, it it seemed, serve so well, serve so well, hath brought brought us to the the Now hath hath caught caught us, us, and and hath us even even to Now gates of Hell ! gates of Hell ! (141) Welladay! Welladay! The The (141) molars lies, molars lies, While the sounds sounds While the grave arise. grave arise.

toothsome morsel still still within within thy toothsome morsel thy of dig the the morsel-eater's morsel-eater's of spades spades which which dig

(152) Graceless one! one! II gave gave (152) Graceless prayer laud, prayer and and laud, But for praying praying heard heard But for naught but bawd! naught but bawd!

thee India, India, seeking from thee thee seeking from thee but and for laud got got but braying, braying, and for laud

(153) Did not command thee, saying, saying, "Mate "Mate not not with with the the (153) Did II not command thee, Russian Bear, Russian Bear, For Russian parent's the Russian parent's For the the Russian parent's offspring offspring is is the Russian parent's heir" ?? heir" (154) Mine Mine it to speak, thine to an (154) it was was to speak, and and thine to lend lend an ear: ear: Mine to warn warn thee, thee, thine thine to to scorn me: mine mine Mine to scorn me: jeer! thi ne to thi ne to jeer!

inattentive inattentive to counsel, counsel, to

1 Gladstone and Bright, the prototypes of our modern Russophil Ministers, were, I Gladstone and Bright, the prototypes of our modern Russophil Ministers, were, however, at onc~ more magnanimous and more moderate than these, and'Gladstone onc~ more magnanimous and more moderate than these, and -Gladstone however, at Edward Grey. Grey. on occasion occasion showed showed aa firmness firmness for for which which we we look look in in vain vain in in Sir Sir Edward on

No. No.

I. I.

FROM THE SHUlIfAYSA-I-LANDANIYYA FROM THE SHUlIfAYSA-I-LANDANIYYA

(155) the East (155) II bestowed bestowed the East my Light: my Light: Thou didst see Thou didst see the the mirk of mirk of night. night.

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173 173

upon upon thee thee that that thou thou might'st might'st behold behold Light, and turning didst prefer the Light, and turning didst prefer the

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(167) from aa mountain mountain fastness grizzly Bear (167) Sudden Sudden from fastness doth doth the the grizzly Bear appear, appear, And my it, swoons swoons away And my Darling Darling sees sees it, it, loves loves it, away with with passion sheer. passion sheer. (168) soul fulfilled fulfilled with longing, to the Bear (168) Heart Heart and and soul with longing, to the Bear she she draweth nigh, draweth nigh, Saying, my beloved, this the Apple of mine Saying, "This "This IS IS my beloved, this the Apple of mine Eye!" Eye!" form so so sleek comely! See the beauty (169) (169) See See her her form sleek and and comely! See the beauty of her gait! of her gait! Worthy dainty Plorsel Plorsel for jaws which which it Worthy such such aa dainty for the the jaws it await! await! said she, she, "am "am India's the milk (170) (170) "I," "I," said India's sugar, sugar, he he the milk of of SamarSamarqand: qand: "We mix like "We shall shall mix like milk milk and and sugar, sugar, we we shall shall travel travel hand in hand ! hand in hand !

(17 I) "I the Lion South, and he the the valiant (171) "I the Lion of of the the South, and he valiant Northern Northern Bear: Bear: "Who to oppose oppose us us when when together "Who shall shall venture venture to together forth forth we fare?" we fare?" (172) the former's are the (172) Subject Subject to to the former's sceptre sceptre are the realms realms of of West West and East: and East: East the pouch East and and West West lie lie in in the pouch and and pocket pocket of of the the second Beast. second Beast. the Bear (173) is terror, terror, Where the Bear is, is, there there is (173) Where and fear: and fear: the powers of Lion IS Where IS the powers of Where the the Lion disappear. disappear.

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MODERN PERSIAN POEMS POEMS MODERN PERSIAN

(175) From From the the face face of of earth earth all (175) all human human kindliness kindliness hath hath passed passed away: away: Brutish cruelty becomes once the order order of of the Brutish cruelty becomes once more more the the day. day.

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India's that India's Where is (186) Where is Cyrus, Cyrus, now now that (186) Russia's sake? Russia's sake? each other, them kkiss other, Let them iss and and hug hug each Let l l stolen stolen cake cake !!

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Come, 0 Bear, and take this Lion: lead her to thy dismal lair, There to teach her all the arts which make the cunning of the Bear.

(210) (210)

Till at length there cometh one to take them both unto a place \\There \\T here like conies they shall shiver, threatened by a stronger race.

(211) (211)

There shall they be held in bondage in a prison and a cage, Till unto a milk-like mildness turns their roughness and their rage!

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(2)

The second specimen, published in No. 4 of the $ltr.;.£-Isrdffl $ltr.;.z"-Isrdffl NO.4 20, 1907, 1907, refers to an event (" Trumpet-call of IsrafH") of June 20, which happened at Qllchtm in Khurasan on the Russo-Persian frontier a year or two previously2, when a number of the inhabitants, including several young girls, were carried off by Turkmans subject to Russia, with the connivance, it was asserted, of A~aflt'd-Da'Wla A~aflt'd-Da'Wla and the governor of Burujird, who was subsequently tried for this offence. 1 1 22

"Cyms" typifies Persia, Persia, which, which, II take take it, it, is is also also intended intended by by "the stolen cake." "Cyms" typifies "the stolen cake." II think 1905. See See my my Persian Persian Revolution, Revolution, p. p. Ill. III. think in in November, November, 1905.

NO.2. No. 2.

BALLAD THE GIRLS QUCHAN BALLAD OF OF THE GIRLS OF OF QUCHAN

175 175

This bears the the following following superscription: superscription: This ballad ballad bears Persiall COllcert, wlzich the girls of Quchdll, Quchdll, at at the the request request of of Persiall COllcert, wltich the girls of tlte Russians alld Turkmdns, give ill a at Tijlfs. Cafe chantant tlte Russians alld Turkmdns, give ill a Cafe chantant at Tijlfs.

Girls, ill ill c!wrus, c!wrus, to tUlle of of the Girls, to tlte tlte tUlle the ta~n{f ta~n{f (ballad) (ballad) " Ay -Khuda, Layla yar-i-ma "Ay Khuda, Layla yar-i-ma n{st!" n{st!" (" God, Layld is not not our (".. .. 00 God, Layld is our friend! friend! "-) "-)

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