The educational and intellectual status of secondary school pupils at Shafter, California

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THE EDUCATIONAL AND INTELLECTUAL STATUS OP SECONDARY SCHOOL PUPILS AT SHAFTER, CALIFORNIA

A T h e s is P r e s e n t e d to t h e F a c u l t y o f t h e D e p a rtm e n t o f E d u c a t i o n U n i v e r s i ty o f S o u th e rn C a li f o r n ia

In P a r t i a l F u lf illm e n t o f t h e R e q u ir e m e n t s f o r t h e D e g re e M aster o f S c ien c e i n E d u c a tio n

by R u th J e a n H i l b e r t Decem ber :1950

UMI Number: EP56185

All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion.

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This thesis, written under the direction of the Chairman of the candidate’s Guidance Com mitte e and a p p r o v e d by all members of the Co mm ittee, has been presented to and accepted by the Faculty of the School of Education of the University of Southern California in par tia l fulfillment of the requirements f o r the degree of M a s t e r of Science in Education.

D ean G uidance C om m ittee

C hairm an .

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1

TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I.

PAGE

THE NATURE OF THE PROBLEM

............................

1

A.

The p r o b le m

...............................................

2

B.

The i m p o r t a n c e o f t h e p r o b l e m ............................

3

Many o f t h e f u t u r e c i t i z e n s a r e in v o lv e d

...............................................................

3

F a c ts a r e needed to c o u n se l th e s t u d e n t s • • • • .................................................

5

B a t a a r e n e e d e d i n m ak in g t h e f u t u r e p l a n s ....................................... ' . C.

D.

. . .

R e v ie w o f p r e v i o u s —i m r e s t i g a f i o n s . . . .

8 9

E x te n t o f m ig r a tio n .in to .C a lif o r n ia . . .

10

C o n c lu s io n s re a c h e d i n o t h e r s t u d i e s

18

• •

P rocedure o f th e p r e s e n t in v e s tig a tio n

.....................................................

22

.........................

22

Sources o f m a te r ia ls . . . . . P r o c e d u r e o f t he r e m a i n i n g c h a p te rs II.

.......................................

• • • • .

23

SELECTION OF THE TWO GROUPS.......................................

25

A.

B a ck g ro u n d o f t h e p r o b l e m ...................................

26

E a r l y h i s t o r y o f th e r e g io n .

.......................

26

...............................

29

...............................................................

30

Community d e s c r i p t i o n B.

E d u c a tio n a l o rg a n iz a tio n of th e a r e a

iii CHAPTER

PAGE

C. D e f i n i t i o n o f t e r m s ............................ . • • • M ig ran t

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

T r a n s i e n t . ..........................................................

IV.

36 .

36

T e r m in a l a n d d r o p - o u t s t u d e n t . . . . .

37

P e rm a n e n t p u p i l • • • • • • • • • • • •

38

D. The m eth o d o f s e l e c t i n g t h e g r o u p s III.

33

THE INTELLECTUAL STATUS

• •

38

...................................

55

A.

The i n t e l l i g e n c e q u o t i e n t

B.

The a g e - g r a d e p l a c e m e n t

. . . . . .

58

. . . . . . .

62

THE EDUCATIONAL STATUS

.....................

67

A. E d u c a t i o n a l d a h a from t h e s t a n d a r d i z e d te s ts

• • • • - • • • • • • • • • •

M a th e m a tic r a t i n g s

. • • • • • • • • •

67 68

R e a d in g a b i l i t i e s

. . . . . .

....................

72

L ang uage s k i l l s

. . . . . .

....................

75

R e a d in g c o m p r e h e n s io n R a t i n g s • • • • •

78

V o c ab u la ry r a t i n g s c o r e s

81

. . . . . . .

B. D a ta fro m t h e p e r s o n a l a c h i e v e m e n t rec o rd s

• • « . . • • • • • • • •

H o n o r - r o ll a ch iev e m e n t

. . . . . . . .

L e tte r-g rq d e average r a t i n g s V.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS A* C o n c l u s i o n s

• • • • • • • • •

84 84

• • • • •

85

. . . . .

87

• • • •

87

iv CHAPTER B*

PASS R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s ................................................

BIBLIOGRAPHY

.............................................................................

91 $8

LIST OF TABLES CHAPTER I.

RAGE

E n ro llm e n t o f s tu d e n ts i n S h a f t e r and i n K e rn C o u n ty U n io n H ig h S c h o o l D i s t r i c t f o r 1 9 5 6 -1 9 4 9

II,

17

A v e ra g e d a i l y a t t e n d a n c e i n

e le m e n ta ry

s c h o o l s o f t h e com m unity III,

A v e ra g e d a i l y a t t e n d a n c e o f

f o r 1 9 4 9 -1 9 5 0

• •

34

K ern C o u n ty

U n io n H ig h S c h o o l D i s t r i c t s c h o o l s f o r 1 9 4 6 -1 9 4 9 IV.

. . ...............................................................

O r i g i n a l d a t a fro m e x p e r i m e n t a l g r o u p , t h e p e rm a n e n t g r o u p

V.

• • • • • • • • • . • • •

44

O r i g i n a l d a t a fro m e x p e r i m e n t a l g r o u p , t h e m ig r a to r y group • •

V I.

35

. , , ............................

50

I n t e l l i g e n c e q u o t i e n t o f t h e two g r o u p s com pared w i t h th e e s t a b l i s h e d norms f o r n in th grad e

V II.



........................

A g e - g r a d e p l a c e m e n t o f t h e two g r o u p s a t th e n in th grad e l e v e l

V III.

............................................

63

M a th e m a tic s c o r e s o f t h e two g ro u p s b y g rad e p lac em en t

IX.

59

• • • • • • . • • • • • •

69

R e a d in g a b i l i t y o f t h e two g r o u p s com pared w ith e s ta b lis h e d n o m s o f S ta n fo rd A c h ie v e m e n t T e s t i n L ang uage A r t s • • • •

X.

73

C o m p a riso n o f L anguage s k i l l s o f t h e two gro u p s

76

Vi

CHAPTER X I.

PAGE

R e a d in g c o m p r e h e n s io n s c o r e s o f t h e two g r o u p s com pared . . . . . . . . . . . . .

X II.

79

V o c a b u l a r y s k i l l r a t i n g s o f t h e two g r o u p s com pared w i t h e s t a b l i s h e d norm • •

82

LIST OF FIGURES CHAPTER 1.

PAGE"

p o p u la tio n g ro w th o f f o u r a r e a s i n C a l i f o r n i a f r o m 1 9 0 0 -1 9 5 0

2.

Map o f

14

S h a f t e r s h o w in g t h e l o c a t i o n

o f t h e s c h o o l s i n t h e c i t y ......................... 3.

C o m p a riso n o f a g e - g r a d e p l a c e m e n t o f t h e tw o g r o u p s .

......................................................

4.

C o m p a riso n o f i n t e l l i g e n c e q u o t i e n t s

5.

C o m p a riso n o f m a t h e m a t i c s c o r e s

60

. . .

70

.................................................

74

C o m p a riso n o f r e a d i n g a b i l i t i e s o f t h e two g r o u p s

7.

A c o m p a r is o n o f l a n g u a g e s s k i l l s o f t h e perm an en t and m ig r a to r y g ro u p s . .

8.

77

C o m p a ris o n o f t h e r e a d i n g c o m p r e h e n s io n s c o r e s o f t h e two g r o u p s ............................

9.

64

• •

o f t h e two g r o u p s ............................ 6.

21

80

C o m p a riso n o f t h e v o c a b u l a r y u s a g e s a s u s e d b y t h e tw o g r o u p s ..................................

83

CHAPTER I THE .NATURE OF THE INVESTIGATION A c o n s i d e r a b l e p r o p o r t i o n o f t h e e d u c a t i o n a l and t h e com m unity p r o b l e m s t h a t h a v e a r i s e n i n t h e c e n t r a l p a r t o f th e s t a t e o f C a l i f o r n i a d u rin g th e p a s t decade o r more h a v e b e e n o f a new and d i f f i c u l t n a t u r e .

Many

o f t h e s e p r o b le m s stemmed fro m o r w ere c a u s e d b y t h e r a p i d l y i n c r e a s i n g nu m b ers o f m i g r a t o r y w o r k e r s a n d t h e i r f a m i l i e s t h a t h a v e moved to t h e w Sunny L an d s o f C a l i f o r ­ n ia ”.

T h ese p e r s o n s , c l a s s i f i e d a s m i g r a n t s f o r t h e p r

p r e s e n t , w ere p e r s o n s who h a v e moved o r a r e m oving fro m one com m unity to a n o t h e r w i t h i n ther s t a t e ,

T h is g r e a t

i n f l u x o f m i g r a n t p o p u l a t i o n h a s p r o d u c e d many a n d v a r i e d p r o b le m s i n t h e e d u c a t i o n a l s y s te m s o f t h e c o m m u n itie s w h ere t h e y h a v e t a k e n p e r m a n e n t o r t r a n s i e n t r e s i d e n c e . The e d u c a t i o n a l p r o s p e c t s o f t h e c h i l d r e n fro m

th e

p e rm a n e n t f a m i l i e s i n t h e s e a r e a s h a v e b e e n g r e a t l y a f f e c t e d b y t h i s m i g r a t o r y m ovem ent.

The p r o b l e m i s

a n a c u t e one a t t h e p r e s e n t t i m e . The f i r s t r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f t h e e d u c a t i o n a l s y s t e m s , in th is

ty p e o f s i t u a t i o n ,

i s t o a c c e p t th e m i g r a n t o r t h e

s e m i - m i g r a n t s t u d e n t a s a l e g i t i m a t e member o f t h e s c h o o l and to p ro v id e f o r th e f u l f i l l m e n t o f h i s s c h o o l, v o c a t io n a l and e d u c a tio n a l needs as e f f e c t i v e l y and a s c o m p le te ly as

2 p o ss ib le .

I n o r d e r to a c c o m p l i s h t h i s a im , t h e s c h o o l

m u s t d i s c o v e r t h e p r e s e n t a t a t u s o f t h e s e s t u d e n t s and w h at e f f e c t t h e i r p r e s e n c e h a s on t h e o t h e r s t u d e n t s o f th e e d u c a ti o n a l sy ste m s.

When t h i s h a s b e e n d e t e r m i n e d ,

a d e c i s i o n c a n be r e a c h e d a s to t h e b e s t a v a i l a b l e m eth o d n e e d e d to m ee t t h e p r e s e n t a n d f u t u r e r e q u i r e m e n t s o f a l l p u p i l s , b o t h t h e p e rm a n e n t and t h e m i g r a t o r y .

T h ese new

p r o b le m s a r e n o t p e c u l i a r t o t h e a r e a o f S h a f t e r n o r to t h a t a r e a i n t h e s o u t h e r n San J o a q u i n V a l l e y , f o r t h e s e same p r o b le m s a r e o f c o m p e l l i n g i n t e r e s t t o m o st o f t h e e d u c a t i o n a l s y s te m s o f C a l i f o r n i a a t t h e p r e s e n t tim e# A.

THE PROBLEM

T h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n i s i n t h e n a t u r e o f a c o m p a r is o n o f t h e m i g r a n t w i t h t h e p e rm a n e n t p u p i l t o d e t e r m i n e t h e i r e x a c t p r e s e n t s t a t u s i n t h e e d u c a t i o n a l s y s te m s o f a p a r ­ t i c u l a r a re a i n th e c e n t r a l p a r t o f C a l i f o r n i a .

S p e c ia l

e m p h a s is h a s b e e n g i v e n t o t h e s t u d e n t s e n r o l l e d i n t h e S h a f t e r b r a n c h o f t h e K ern C o u n ty U n io n H ig h S c h o o l D istric t.

T h is d i s t r i c t i s l o c a t e d I n t h e s o u h t e r n p a r t

o f t h e San J o a q u i n V a l l e y a n d i t s c h o o l s a n d one c o l l e g e .

c o n s i s t s o f n in e se co n d a ry

A ll th e s e sc h o o ls a re lo c a te d i n

o r n e a r t h e c i t y o f B a k e r s f i e l d , t h e c o u n t y s e a t o f K e rn C o u n ty .

j

The c o n c l u s i o n s r e a c h e d i n t h i s s t u d y wfcll be b a se d on t h i s r e g io n b u t i t i s hoped t h a t th e v a r io u s

c o n c l u s i o n s may be o f a s s i s t a n c e

to o t h e r e d u c a t i o n a l

a r e a s w h ic h d e a l w i t h t h e same o r s i m i l a r p r o b l e m s o f th e m ig ra n t s tu d e n t and h i s f a m ily back g ro u n d , B.

THE IMPORTANCE OF THE PROBLEM

The p r e s e n t e d u c a t i o n a l s t a t u s o f t h e m i g r a n t a n d p erm an en t s t u d e n t s a t t e n d i n g th e s e c o n d a ry s c h o o ls o f t h i s a r e a i s o f g r e a t i m p o r t a n c e to t h e e d u c a t o r s a n d t o t h e com m unity l e a ld e r s b e c a u s e : ( 1 ) a l a r g e num ber o f t h e f u t u r e ; c i t i z e n s o f t h e com m unity a r e i n v o l v e d , ( 2 ) f a c t s * a re needed by th e e d u c a to r s to c o u n s e l and g u id e th e s e p u p i l s f o r t h e b e t t e r m e n t o f t h e s c h o o l , t h e com m unity and th e s t u d e n t s , and (3 ) th e a c t u a l s t a t u s o f th e s e young p e o p l e o f t h e a r e a i s o f p e r t e n e n t v a l u e i n fo rm ­ in g th e f u t u r e p la n s f o r th e a r e a .

I t i s fo rm t h e s e

young p e o p l e t h a t t h e f u t u r e l e a d e r s a n d f o l l o w e r s w i l l be d e v e lo p e d ; t h e r e f o r e ,

t h e p r e s e n t i n t e l l e c t u a l and

p o t e n t i a l a b i l i t i e s o f t h e s e f u t u r e c i t i z e n s m u st be l known i n o r d e r t o f o r m t h e f o u n d a t i o n o f f u t u r e p l a n ­ n in g . Many o f t h e f u t u r e c i t i z e n s a r e i n v o l v e d .

At th e

b e g i n n i n g o f t h e t w e n t i e t h c e n t u r y t h e r e was a K e rn C o u n ty L and Company c a t t l e - l o a d i n g l o t a t t h e p l a c e w here t h e tow n o f S h a f t e r now s t a n d s .

In f a c t ,

t h e r e was no tow n

o f S h a f t e r , u n t i l a f t e r 1914 when t h e l a n d company s o l d

4 a s u b d i v i s i o n o f l a n d f o r a town s i t e *

T h is s u b d i v i s i o n

was c a l l e d S h a f t e r . ^ S i n c e t h a t tim e t h e tow n h a s grow n b y l e a p s a n d bounds.

By 1 9 4 0 , a c c o r d i n g to the- F e d e r a l C en sus o f t h a t

y e a r , i t h a d grow n t o ' a

com m unity o f 1 ,2 5 8 p e r s o n s .

t h e 11 i>ust Bowlfl m i g r a t i o n a n d t h e two w o r ld w a r s ,

A fte r th e

tow n was s e r v i n g a t h r i v i n g a g r i c u l t u r a l com m unity o f a b o u t 5 ,0 0 0 p e o p l e .

T h i s e s t i m a t e o f p o p u l a t i o n w ould

i n c l u d e t h e two g o v e rn m e n t l a b o r camps f o r t h e m i g r a n t w o r k e r and h i s f a m i l y a s w e l l a s t h e s u r b a n a n a r e a s b e ­ yond t h e c i t y l i m i t s . Maz L e w i s , i n h i s s t u d y o f t h e C a l i f o r n i a m i g r a n t l a b o r p ro b le m s ^ h a s s t a t e d t h a t t h e a v e r a g e m i g r a n t f a m i l y w i l l c o n t a i n fro m t h r e e t o f o u r c h i l d r e n o f s c h o o l a g e . 2 I n t h e l a s t d e c a d e , fro m 1940 t o 1 9 5 0 , t h i s m i g r a n t g r o u p h a s s u p p l i e d a p p r o x i m a t e l y o n e - h a l f o f t h e s t u d e n t s who a r e e n r o l l e d i n t h e e d u c a t i o n a l s y s te m s o f t h e a r e a u n d e r stu d y .

T h e ro n MeCuen, t h e D i s t r i c t S u p e r i n t e n d e n t , h a s

p e r d i c t e d t h a t i n t h e p e r i o d o f 1 9 5 0 -1 9 6 0 t h e r e w i l l be a n i n c r e a s e o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y 50 p e r c e n t i n t h e t o t a l

1 , W a lla c e M organ, The H i s t o r y o f K e rn C o u n ty , C a l i f o r n i a , Los A n g e l e s : H i s t o r i c R e c o rd Company, 1914. p . 185 2 . Max L e w is , C a l i f o r n i a M i g r a n t L a b o r , San F r a n c is c o : C a l i f o r n i a S t a te R e l i e f A d m ln s tr a tio n , 1936. p . 125

5 s tu d e n t e n ro llm e n t o f th e a re a . D u rin g th e s c h o o l y e a r o f 1948-1949, o n ly tw e n ty ’" n i n e p e r c e n t o f t h e s t u d e n t s e n r o l l e d i n t h e S h a f t e r H ig h S c h o o l w ere n a t i v e - b o r n C a l i f o r n i a n s .

O f t h e r e m a in i n g

s e v e n t y - o n e p e r c e n t , l e s s t h a n o n e - h a l f c o u l d be a c c u r a t e l y c l a s s i f i e s a s t h e t r u e m i g r a n t '.

M any-of t h e s t u d e n t s w ere

f o u n d - t o be s e m i- p e r m a n e n t f o r t h e y h a v e b e e n e n r o l l e d i n t h e l o c a l com m unity s c h o o l s f o r a p e r i o d o f f i v e o r m ore c o n se c u tiv e y e a rs .

T h ey w ere c l a s s i f i e d a s s e m i - m i g r a n t s

o rse m i-p e rra a n e n t p u p ils . T h is w ould i n d i c a t e t h a t a l a r g e p o r t i o n o f t h e once m i g r a n t p o p u l a t i o n h a s become a p e r m a n e n t p a r t o f th e a r e a a n d m u s t bee c o n s i d e r e d a s m a t e r i a l f ro m w h ic h t h e f u t u r e c i t i z e n s o f t h e r e g i o n w i l l be d e v e l o p e d .

I t w as, t h e r e ­

f o r e , v e r y i m p o r t a n t t h a t t h e s e c h i l d r e n be g i v e n a n a d e ­ q u a te and m e a n in g fu l e d u c a ti o n a l t r a i n i n g .

The f u t u r e o f

c e n t r a l C a l i f o r n i a w i l l be l a r g e l y i n t h e h a n d s o f t h e s e o f t e n d i s r e g a r d e d , e m b itte r e d and c a r e l e s s l y e d u c a te d p r o d u c t s o f t h e now s c o r n e d and s o c i a l l y o u t c a s t "Okie*1 fa m ilie s. The F a c t s a r e n e e d e d t o c o u n s e l t h e s t u d e n t s .

The

p erm an en t a s w e ll as th e m ig ra n t o r t r a n s i e n t s tu d e n ts a r e i n n e e d o f e x p e r t c o u n s e l i n g an d g u i d a n c e d u r i n g t h e i r e n t i r e s e c o n d a ry and e le m e n ta ry sc h o o l e x p e r ie n c e .

An

a c c u r a t e r e c o r d o f i n f o r m a t i o n c o n c e r n i n g t h e i r p a s t an d

p r e s e n t a c h i e v e m e n t 'a n d t h e i r f u t u r e p o t e n t i a l i t i e s w ould prove an in v a lu a b le a id i n c o u n se lin g th e s t u d e n ts .

The-

m ig ra n t s tu d e n t h a s b een th e s t e p - c h i I d o f th e g u id an c e d e p a r t m e n t n o t b e c a u s e t h e c o u n s e l o r s w e re d i s i n t e r e s t e d

m;

i n t h e p u p i l a n d h i s problem s:* b u t f o r o t h e r f a r - r e a c h i n g r e a s o n s . The o u t s t a n d i n g r e a s o n s w ere t h a t t h e c o u n s e l o r s w ere r e p e a t e d l y h a n d i c a p p e d b y t h e a l m o s t n o n - e x i s t e n c e o f d a ta c o n c e rn in g th e s tu d e n t. To c o l l e c t a n d a n a l y z e t h e e s s e n t i a l f a c t s r e q u i r e d f o r t h e s o l u t i o n o f o n e s t u d e n t s p ro b lem s- h a v e b e e n m ore th an an o v e rn ig n t ta s k .

U n le ss, o f c o u rs e , th e c o u n se lo r

was o f t h e r a r e t y p e t h a t c o u l d jump to a n a c c u r a t e a n d e x a c t c o n c lu sio n .

The i r o n i c a l b e a u t y o f , t h i s g u e s s

m e th o d i s

t h a t th e m is ta k e s a re n o t im m e d ia te ly a p p a r e n t

b u t,

c a n c e r , em erge when i t i s to o l a t e f o r a c u r e .

lik e

An a c c u r a t e k n o w le d g e o f t h e d a t a p e r t a i n i n g t o t h e p u p i l i n g u e s t i o n w ould be i n v a l u a b l e i n e l i m i n a t i n g t h i s n o n s c i e n t i f i c m eth o d o f s t u d e n t c o u n s e l i n g . When a p u p i l h a s a t t e n d e d s e v e r a l s c h o o l s i n t h e c o u r s e o f one y e a r , t h e t a s k o f a s s e m b l i n g b a s i c d a t a i s v i r t u a l l y i m p o s s i b l e u n d e r t h e p r e s e n t e d u c a t i o n a l a d m in stra tio n .

T h is was f o u n d t o be a l l t o o t r u e i f t h e two

s c h o o l s w e re i n s e p a r a t e d i s t r i c t s o r s t a t e s .

The o n e s

w i t h i n t h e same d i s t r i c t p r o v e d t o be m ore a c c u r a t e i n d a ta and c o m p a r a b i l it y f o r th e d a ta ite m s n e c e s s a r y f o r

stu d y .

S n i d e r , 5 i n h e r s t u d y o f m i g r a n t l a b o r , h a s made

t h e re c o m m e n d a tio n t h a t s c h o o l s a d o p t a s i m i l i a r and a s i m p l i f i e d a t t e n d a n c e c a r d ' t h a t w ou ld be g i v e n a l l t h e t r a n s f e r s tu d e n ts i n p la c e o f th e u s u a l c l a s s grade c a rd . On t h i s c a r d w ould be t h e e x a c t d a t e o f e n t r a n c e a n d o f le a v in g , th e causes o f a b sen c es, any p h y s ic a l d e fe c ts o r p e rs o n a lity t r a i t s ,

and th e s ta n d a rd iz e d t e s t s c o r e s .

In

th e o p in io n o f th e a u th o r , p a r t o f t h i s m a t e r i a l , e s p e c i a l l y t h e s t a n d a r d i z e d t e s t s c o r e s , s h o u l d n o t be p l a c e d i n t h e h a n d s o f p e r s o n s who a r e i n e x p e r i e n c e d i n t h e a c c u r a t e i n te r p r e t a t i o n o f th e se f a c t s .

I f t h i s p l a n c o u l d be p u t

on an i n t e r s t a t e a s w e ll a s an o u t - o f - s t a t e b a s i s , i t w ould p r o v e i t s e l f t o be o f tr e m e n d o u s v a l u e i n t h e h a n d s o f th e g u id an c e p e rs o n n e l. Such v i t a l f a c t s a s r e a d ih g a b i l i t y , m e n ta l m a t u r i t y , r a t i n g s on s t a n d a r d i z e d t e s t s , l e a d e r s h i p a n d p e r s o n a l i t y d a ta sh o u ld fo llo w th e s tu d e n t as a p a r t o f o r i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e p r e s e n t a c a d e m ic r e c o r d t r a n s c r i p t .

A p u p i l o f low

r e a d i n g a b i l i t y c a n be p e r m a n e n t l y i n j u r e d b y b e i n g p l a c e d i n a c l a s s w h e re he w i l l be' a f a i l i n g s t u d e n t .

T h is i s

a p t t o h a p p e n when t h e r e c e i v i n g s c h o o l h a s no r e c o r d s t o r e f e r to e x c e p t th e t r a d i t i o n a l c la s s grad e re c o rd . 5. L u c i l l e L. S n i d e r , A C o m p a r a tiv e S t u d y o f M i g r a t o r y C h i l d r e n w i t h P e rm a n e n t C h i l d r e n , Los A n g e l e s : U n i v e r s i t y o f S o u t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a , 1 9 4 3 . p . 107

8

I n h i s a r t i c l e i n a p e r i o d i c a l , Raymond F i s h e r m akes t h i s s t a t e m e n t a b o u t s u c c e s s h a b i t s : The c h i l d who g o e s t o s c h o o l o n l y to m eet f a i l u r e d a y a f t e r d a y w ou ld f a r b e t t e r r e m a in i l l i t e r a t e , i f b y d o i n g s o he c o u l d e s c a p e t h o s e c o n v i c t i o n s o f h i s i n f e r i o r i t y w h ic h t h e s c h o o l s know so w e l l how t o in s till. One m a r v e l s t h a t , i n a l m o s t e v e r y s c h o o l ­ room , t a s k s a r e s e t w i t h t h e f o r e k n o w le d g e t h a t many who t r y w i l l f a i l . Why s h o u l d a n y p u p i l be a s k e d to a c c o m p l i s h s o m e th i n g h e i s n o t c a p a b l e o f d o i n g an d t h a n be p e n a l i z e d f o r h i s f a i l u r e . 4 A d is c r im in a tin g i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f a c c u ra te d a ta w o u ld a s s i s t i n t h e e l i m i n a t i o n o f t h i s t y p e o f s i t u a t i o n fro m t h e e d u c a t i o n a l f i e l d s ,

A d m in s tr a to r s and f a c u l t y ,

who h a v e a p r o f e s s i o n a l u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e v a r i o u s i m p l i c a t i o n s o f t h e d a t a a n d who a r e g r a n t e d a c c e s s t o t h e s e m a t e r i a l s , w ould be i n a b e t t e r p o s i t i o n t o g u i d e a n d a s s i s t i n p r o d u c i n g b e t t e r c i t i z e n s f o r o u r c o m m u n itie s an d n a t i o n , B a t a i s n e e d e d i n m ak in g f u t u r e p l a n s . The p a s t p e r i o d o f f i f t e e n y e a r s h a s b e e n one o f r a p i d d e v e lo p m e n t i n t h e San J o a q u i n V a l l e y a s i n o t h e r p a r t s o f t h e s t a t e o f C a lifo rn ia .

The m i g r a n t p r o b l e m s w ere p r e s e n t b e f o r e

t h e y e a r o f 1 9 3 0 , b u t s i n c e t h a t tim e i t h a s a ssu m e d a n e v e r i n c r e a s i n g p o s i t i o n o f im p o rtan c e i n r e g i o n a l Id e a s and p la n n in g .

The e d u c a t i o n a l l e a d e r s h a v e t r i e d d e s p e r ­

a t e l y to k e e p a b r e a s t o f t h e e n g u l f i n g p r o b le m s c a u s e d b y

4. Raymond F i s h e r , ^ S u c c e s s H a b i t s n , S c h o o l s , V o l. 1 9 , No. 5 , May 1 9 3 7 . p . 25

N a tio n s

9 th e r a p i d e x p a n s io n i n e n ro llm e n t and i n ch an g in g s tu d e n t needs. S i n c e t h e w h o le p u r p o s e o f t h e s c h o o l i s c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e g r e a t e r d e v e lo p m e n t o f t h e s t u d e n t , i t i s e s s e s t i a l t h a t a l l p o s s i b l e i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h e s t u d e n t i s known and made a p a r t o f t h e e q u i p t m e n t w h ic h t h e e d u c a t o r s a n d com m unity p l a n n e r s h a v e t o work w ith *

I t i s e s s e n t i a l to o

t h a t t h e y h a v e d e f i n i t e s t a n d a r d s t o w a rd w h ic h t h e y c a n d i r e c t t h e i r w ork a n d p l a n s .

In o r d e r to o b t a i n an y t r u e

a n a l y s i s o f th e e x p e c te d r e s u l t s and to b e g in an y e f f e c t i v e p l a n s f o r t h e f u t u r e , i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o know a s a c c u r a t e l y a s p o s s i b l e a l l c o n d i t i o n s w h ic h s u r r o n d a n d i n f l u e n c e t h i s in c r e a s in g p o r t io n o f th e v a l l e y p o p u la tio n .

T h ese f a c t s

a r e a s e s s e n t i a l i n p la n n in g f o r th e f u t u r e h o u s in g and com m unity r e c r e a t i o n a l f a c i l i t i e s a s t h e y a r e i n t h e d e te r m ­ in in g

th e ty p e and scope o f a d d i t i o n s to th e e d u c a ti o n a l

p l a n t and th e c u rru c u lu m . C.

REVIEW OF PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS

- Many a r t i c l e s , b o o k s a n d p a m p h l e t s h a v e b e e n an d a re . b e i h g p u b l i s h e d on t h e s u b j e c t o f t h e m i g r a t o r y w o rk er and h i s f a m ily .

A l a r g e am ount o f t h i s m a t e r i a l

i s co n cern ed w ith th e s o c i a l b e h a v io r , th e h e a l t h , th e h o u s i n g an d t h e m o r a l a s p e c t s o f t h e p r o b l e m .

Some o f

th e s e w r i t e r s a r e co n cern ed p r i m a r i l y w ith th e e f f e c t s

10 o f t h e m i g r a t o r y w o r k e r a n d h i s f a m i l y on t h e com m unity w here t h e y h a v e t a k e n r e s i d e n c e .

V e ry l i t t l e m a t e r i a l h a s

been p ro d u ce d i n th e e d u c a ti o n a l p h r a s e o f th e p ro b lem , e s p e c i a l l y on t h e s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l l e v e l .

When m a t e r i a l

a b o u t t h e s e c o n d a r y s t u d e n t was a v a i l a b l e , i t was fo u n d to be o f l i t t l e

v a lu e f o r i t e i t h e r 'w a s co n cern ed w ith th e

e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l l e v e l o r w as a p p l i a b l e t o a s p e c i f i c area. The a v a i l a b l e m a t e r i a l was u s e d i n m aking co m p a ri s o n s b e tw e e n t h e s t u d e n t s o f t h e K e r n •County- U n io n H ig h S c h o o l D i s t r i c t an d t h o s e o f o t h e r r e g i o n s w h ic h h a v e a l a r g e num ber o f m i g r a n t s t u d e n t s e n r o l l e d i n t h e i r e d u ca * t i o n a l s y s t e r a s . -• The e x t e n t o f m i g r a t i o n i n t o C a l i f o r n i a . M i g r a t i o n h a s e x e r t e d a tre m e n d o u s i n f l u e n c e i n t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f th e s t a t e o f C a li f o r n ia .

S in c e th e f i r s t c o lo n ia l s e t t l e ­

m e n ts a l o n g t h e A t l a n t i c s e a c o a s t ^ . t h e m a in m ovement o f p o p u l a t i o n h a s b e e n w e s tw a r d .

P e o p l e i n s e a r c h o f new

l a n d s a n d a d v e n t u r e moved i n t o t h e M i s s i s s i p p i V a l l e y d u rin g th e e a r l y p a r t o f th e n i n e t e e n t h c e n tu r y o r even e a rlie r.

The d i s c o v e r y o f g o l d i n C a l i f o r n i a b e g a n t h e

g r e a t e s t w e s tw a r d s u r g e o f p o p u l a t i o n • i s s t i l l i n m o tio n .

T h is movement

I t g a t h e r e d v o lu m e fro m t h e g o l d

r u s h d a y s o f 1849 u n t i l t h e 1 8 8 0 * s when i t s l a c k e n e d c o n s id e r a b ly aro u n d 1900.

The p r o s p e r o u s t im e s d u r i n g

II a n d a f t e r W orld War I made i t p o s s i b l e f o r l a r g e n um bers o f p e o p le i n o t h e r s t a t e s to s e l l t h e i r h o ld in g s and r e t i r e . Many o f th em , a t t r a c t e d b y t h e f a v o r a b l e w e a t h e r , came to C a lifo rn ia #

T hey r e p o r t e d t h e i r i n p r e s a l o n s o f t h e ffLand

of S u n s h in e to

t h e i r f r i e n d s and r e l a t i v e s #

T hese, lo o k ­

i n g f o r t h e l a n d o f o p p o r t u n i t y , a l s o came’ t o C a l i f o r n i a # T h i s s t a r t e d a movement w h ic h i s s t i l l i n p r o g r e s s # D e v e re A . S t e p h e n s s t a t e s i n h i s s t u d y o f t h e m ig ­ r a t o r y f a m i l i e s t h a t m ost o f th e m i g r a n t s o f C a l i f o r n i a w e r e , u n t i l r e c e n t l y , c o n s i d e r e d t o be f o r e i g n e r s .

T hey

w ere m a i n l y o f M e x ic a n a n d O r i e n t a l n a t i o n a l i t i e s a n d t h e y fo llo w e d th e c ro p s to e a r n s u f f i c i e n t c a p i t a l to f in a n c e a b u s i n e s s o f t h e i r own.® S i n c e 1 9 3 5 , t h e i n f l u x o f p e o p l e fr o m t h e M id d le W est h a s s h i f t e d t h e b a l a n c e t o p e r s o n s o f A m ericam b i r t h , m a in ly o f T e u to n ic a n c e s t r y .

T h ese p e o p l e , who became

m i g r a n t s o u t o f n e c e s s i t y , h a d a n f i r m b a c k g r o u n d o f Amer­ i c a n c i t i z e n s h i p a n d n o t o n l y knew b u t dem anded t h e i r own rig h ts .

T hey w ere now p e o n s a n d r e s e n t e d t h e t r e a t m e n t

t h e y w ere r e c e i v i n g a s m i g r a n t l a b o r i n C a l i f o r n i a .

T h is

l e a d to a d e t e r m i n a t i o n to b e t t e r t h e i r s i t u a t i o n w h ic h

5. D e v e re A. S t e p h e n s , S c h o o l s a n d Home. P ro b le m s o f M i g r a t o r y C h i l d r e n o f t h e San J o a q u i n V a l l e y , Los A n g e l e s : U n i v e r s i t y o f C a l i f o r n i a , 1 9 4 0 . p . 10

12 t h e y a cc o m p lish e d

b y a s s e r t i n g t h e i r r i g h t s t o w ork u n d e r

im p ro v e d c o n d i t i o n s * The F e d e r a l G ov ernm ent i n v e s t i g a t e d t h e w o rk in g c o n d itio n s o f th e m ig ra n t l a b o r e r s and a s a r e s u l t o f th e Farm S e c u r i t y A d m i n i s t r a t i o n was c r e a t e d i n 1937 t o c a r r y o u t t h e p r o g ra m w h ic h h a d b e e n u n d e r t h e R e s e t t l e m e n t Ad­ m in istra tio n .

One p u r p o s e o f t h e A d m i n i s t r a t i o n w a s:

M i g r a t o r y L a b o r Camps w ere e s t a b l i s h e d i n commun­ i t i e s su rro n d ed by in d u s t r a l i z e d a g r i c u l t u r a l a r e a s . 6 U n d e r t h i s p l a n , t h e two G o v ern m en t L a b o r Camps w e re s o o n c o n s t r u c t e d n e a r S h a f t e r to p r o v id e th e n e c e s s a r y h o u s in g f o r th e m ig ra n t la b o r e r and h i s fa m ily . I n t h e 1948 C a l i f o r n i a A lm anac a r e many c o n c i s e r e c o r d i n g s c o n c e r n i n g m i g r a t o r y m ovem ents i n t o t h e s t a t e . I t was f r o m t h i s s o u r c e t h a t many o f t h e f o l l o w i n g s t a t e ­ m e n ts w ere t a k e n .

I n 1917 n e a r l y o n e - h a l f o f t h e t o t a l

p o p u l a t i o n o f t h e W est r e s i d e d i n C a l i f o r n i a a n d b y 1930 t h i s num ber h a d i n c r e a s e d b y 66 p e r c e n t.* ^

The S an J o a q u i n

V a l l e y show ed t h e g r e a t e s t i n c r e a s e d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d o f 1930 t o 1 9 4 0 .8 From 1940 t o 1 9 4 4 , i t was e s t i m a t e d t h a t

H i s t o r y o f t h e Farm S e c u r i t y A d m in is t r a t i o n , W a s h in g to n D . C . : U .S . d e p a r t m e n t o f A g r i c u l t u r e , F e d e r a 1 S e c u r i t y H o u s in g A d m i n i s t r a t i o n , O c t . l O , 1 9 4 0 . p . 6 7. M a r s h a l l B eaucham p s, C a l i f o r n i a A lm anac a n d S t a t e F a c t Book, Los A n g e l e s : C a l i f o r n i a A lm anac Company, 19487 ~ p 3 0 8.

L oc. C i t .

13 th e s t a t e o f C a l i f o r n i a had a b o u t 1 ,6 3 0 ,0 0 0 p e rs o n s r e ­ s i d e d i n t h e s t a t e who w ere n o t n a t i v e - b o r n .

B ven a f t e r

t h e d e d u c t i o n o f t h e J a p a n e s e d e t e n t i o n camp r e s i d e n t s a n d t h e p e r s o n s I n d u c t e d i n t o t h e arm ed f o r c e s ,

th e t o t a l

r e m a in e d o v e r t h e 1 , 3 0 0 , 0 0 0 mark*® Prom t h i s g r o u p o f m i g r a n t s , 42 p e r c e n t w e n t t o t h e Los A n g e l e s a r e a , 21 p e r c e n t to t h e S a n F r a n c i s c o - O a k l a n d a r e a , and 2 .5 p e r c e n t s e t t l e d i n th e F re s n o -S to c k to n r e ­ g i o n . 10

The p o p u l a t i o n o f t h e San J o a q u i n V a l l e y d u r i n g

t h e p e r i o d o f 1940 t o 1944 was 7 0 0 , 0 0 0 .

Of t h i s g r o u p

71 p e r c e n t l i v e d i n u r b a n c o m m u n i ti e s , 19 p e r c e n t i n t h e r u r a l n o n - f a r m i n g a r e a s a n d o n l y 10 p e r c e n t w ere c l a s s ­ i f i e d as liv i n g i n r u r a l fa rm in f a r e a s . H T h is w ould t e n d t o show t h a t t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e m i g r a t i o n d u r i n g t h e 1940 t o 1944 p e r i o d s e t t l e d i n t h e la rg e in d u stu ra liz e d a re a s.

T h is i s c o r r e c t b u t i n t a k i n g

a a l o n g e r v ie w o f t h e m i g r a t i o n , i t was f o u n d t h a t o v e r a p e r i o d o f th e p a s t f i f t y y e a r s th e San J o a q u in V a lle y ran k e d second h ig h e s t i n r e g io n a l in c r e a s e i n p o p u la tio n . T a b l e I on p a g e 14 shows t h e s e f a c t s v e r y c l e a r l y . M iss H e f f e r m a n , i n h e r r e p o r t o f t h e c o n f e r e n c e

9.

Loc. c i t .

10.

Ib id .

p.

11.

Loc. c i t .

31

tO

Fi

jon c h i l d r e n o f t h e s e a s o n a l w o r k e r s , s t a t e s t h a t t h e R e s e t t l e m e n t A d m i n i s t r a t i o n c o u n t e d 7 1 ,0 0 0 m i g r a n t s e n t e r ­ i n g C a l i f o r n i a b e tw e e n Ju n e o f 1935 a n d Ju n e o f t h e n e x t y e a r ,.

By A p r i l o f 1938 t h e r e was a n e s t i m a t e d 2 5 0 ,0 0 0

h o m eless m ig r a n ts i n th e a g r i c u l t u r a l f i e l d s o f C a l i f o r ­ n i a a n d o f t h i s g r o u p a b o u t 3 0 ,0 0 0 w e re c h i l d r e n o f s c h o o l

Mr, H .W ,K e lly , S u p e r v i s o r o f C h i l d W e l f a r e a n d o f A t t e n d a n c e i n K ern C o u n ty i n 1 9 3 8 , r e p o r t e d a t t h e same c o n v e n tio n t h a t o v er a p e r io d o f f i v e y e a r s ,

t h e num ber

o f c h ild r e n re c e iv e d by t r a n s f e r s in to th e sc h o o ls o f \

K e rn C o u n ty w e re a s f o l l o w s :14 1 9 3 3 -3 4 1 9 3 4 -3 5 1 9 3 5 -3 6 1 9 3 6 -3 7 1 9 3 7 -3 8

9 ,2 2 2 8 ,2 3 4 9 ,5 3 8 1 4 ,9 6 5 1 7 ,7 0 8

T h is g i v e s a t o t a l o f 5 6 ,6 7 7 new s t u d e n t s r e c e i v e d by t h e s c h o o l s o f K e rn C o u n ty b y t r a n s f e r s i n a o n ly f i v e - y e a r s .

When

p e rio d of

t h i s a m o u n t was a d d e d t o t h e

n o rm a l e n r o l l m e n t o f t h e a r e a ,

th e p ro b lem s c o n f r o n tin g

t h e e d u c a t o r s o f t h e r e g i o n w ere s t a g g e r i n g .

The num ber

13, H e le n H e f f e r m a n , f,R e p o r t o f t h e C o n f e r e n c e o n t h e E d u c a t i o n o f C h i l d r e n o f S e a s o n a l W o rk e r s 1*, The C a l i f o r n i a J o u r n a l o f E le m e n ta ry E d u c a tio n , 7 :1 3 8 -4 8 , F e b , 1939 14,

L o c. c i t .

16 o f s t u d e n t s d r o p p i n g o u t o f th e " s c h o o l s o r t r a n s f e r i n g t o o t h e r c o u n t u e s w ere n o t g i v e n i n t h e r e p o r t .

The t o t a l

am ount o f s t u d e n t g a i n t h r o u g h t r a n s f e r s i s i n t e r e s t i n g b u t to o b ta in an a c c u ra te p i c t u r e o f th e m ig r a tio n p ro b ­ le m , t h i s d r o p - o u t t o t a l s h o u l d be g i v e n . The e n r o l l m e n t i n c r e a s e on t h e s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l l e v e l i s shown i n T a b l e I I on p a g e 1 7 .

The a v e r a g e d i f ­

f e r e n c e b e tw e e n t h e d a i l y e n r o l l m e n t a n d t h e .sta te * r e g i s ­ tra tio n is

shown t o be a b o u t 20 p e r c e n t f o r t h e S h a f t e r

H ig h S c h o o l w h i l e t h e d i s t r i c t p e r c e n t was l o w e r , r a n g i n g fro m 5 . 2 p e r c e n t i n 1936 t o 17 p e r c e n t i n 1 9 4 6 . ^ w o u ld

T h is

i n d ic a t e t h a t th e S h a f te r a re a had a h ig h e r e n r o l l ­

m en t o f m i g r a t o r y s t u d e n t s o r t h a t h t e a b s e n t e e r a t e was h ig h e r th a n th e d i s t r i c t t o t a l . An i n t e r e s t i n g f a c t was fo u n d i n t h e d i s t r i c t t o t a l s o f th e a tte n d a n c e re c o r d s f o r 1938-1939.

D u r in g t h i s y e a r

t h e s t a t e r e g i s t r a t i o n t o t a l was l o w e r t h a n t h e a v e r a g e d a i l y a tte n d a n c e t o t a l s .

The A .D .A . o r a v e r a g e d a i l y

a t t e n d a n c e i s o b t a i n e d , n o t fro m t h e e n r o l l m e n t t o t a l b u t f r o m th e num ber o f s t u d e n t s i n d a i l y a t t e n d a n c e p l u s th o se a b s e n t b ecau se o f l e g i t i m a t e e x c u s e s .

The s t a t e

r e g i s t r a t i o n t o t a l s a re b ased on a l l s tu d e n ts r e g l s t r a t e d

3-5• A n n u a l S t a t i s t i c a l R e p o r t o f K ern C o u n ty U n io n H ig h S c h o o l D i s t r i c t , B a k e r s f i e l d s O f f i c e o f D i s t r i c t S u p e rin te n d e n t, 1946. p . l

17

TABLE

I

ENROLLMENT OF? STUDENTS IN SHAFTER AND IN KERN COUNTY UNION HIGH SCHOOL DISTRICT 1 9 3 6 -1 9 4 9

Y ear

A v e ra g e d a i l y a tte n d a n c e K e rn U n io n

S ta te r e g i s tr a tio n ^ o f day stu d e n ts S h a fte r

K e rn U n io n

S h a fte r

1 9 3 6 -1 9 3 7

3889

211

4102

276

1 9 3 7 -1 9 3 8

4484

228

4550

318

1 9 3 8 -1 9 3 9

5077

271

4928

331

1939*1940

5620

320

5678

390

1 9 4 0 -1 9 4 1

6123

361

6523

454

1 9 4 1 -1 9 4 2

5779

347

6672

462

1 9 4 2 -1 9 4 3

4506

282

5982

369

1 9 4 3 -1 9 4 4

4506

272

5381

328

1 9 4 4 -1 9 4 5

4953

312

6109

387

1 9 4 5 -1 9 4 6

5627

337

6731

431

1 9 4 6 -1 9 4 7

7393

408

7032

539

1947*1948

8259

449

6681

506

1 9 4 8 -1 9 4 9

8723

449

7356

490

1 7 . A n n u a l S t a t i s t i c a l R e p o r t o f K e rn C o u n ty U n io n H ig h S c h o o l a b l e t r ! o " t / B a k e r s f i e l d ; O f T T c e o f YKe

M s t r i c t Super1n ten d en t, 1949. 18.

I b i d . p . 4-6

p .l

i n t t h e s c h o o l who h a v e n o t p r e v i o u s l y r e g i e t r a t e d t h a t same y e a r I n a n y o t h e r C a l i f o r n i a s c h o o l , ^

The l a r g e

g a p b e tw e e n t h e A .B .A . a n d t h e s t a t e r e g i s t r a t i o n t o t a l s c o u l d b e c a u s e d b y one o f a l l o f t h e f o l l o w i n g f b c t s : ( 1 ) (

a b sen ces o th e r th a n I l l n e s s o r le g itim a te e x c u se s, (2 ) t h e t r a n s f e r s fro m o u t - o f - s t a t e s c h o o l s , a n d ( 3 )

tra n s­

f e r s who w ere p r e v i o u s l y e n r o l l e d i n o t h e r C a l i f o r n i a s c h o o l s i n t h e s gme y e a r . A h i g h e r s t a t e r e g i s t r a t i o n t h a n A .D .A . wou^d t h a n i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e a b s e n t e e r a t e was h i g h e r t h a n u s u a l o r th e re $ad been a h ig h p e rc e n t o f d ro p -o u ts o r t r a n s f e r s to o th e r s c h o o ls . C o n c lu sio n s re a c h e d i h s t u d i e s made o f t h e m i g r a t o r y

o th e r s tu d ie s .

M ost o f t h e

s tu d e n ts a g re e t h a t th e

a v e r a g e m i g r a n t p u p i l i s r e t a r d e d i n h i s a c a d e m ic a t a g re a te r ra te

t h a n t h e p e rm a n e n t p u p i l .

Mr. R e y n o ld s h a s

s t a t e d i n h i s s tu d y o f th e p ro b lem t h a t : I t i s i n d i c a t e d , b y t e a c h e r s , t h a t a g r e a t num ber of t h e ( m i g r a n t ) c h i l d r e n w ere b e h i n d i n t h e i r work an d n o t n e c e s s a r i l y b e c a u s e o f lo w m e n t a l i t y . 20 A n o t h e r s t u d y o f a c o m p a r is o n b e tw e e n m i g r a t o r y a n d t h e p e r m a n e n t c h i l d r e n shows a s i m i l a r c o n c l u s i o n .

L u c ille

S n i d e r s t a t e d h e r f i n d i n g s i n t h e f o l l o w i n g m a n n e r:

19.

Ib id . p . 4

2 0 . E. D. R e y n o l d s , M i g r a t o r y F a c t o r s A f f e c t i n g t h e E d u c a t i o n i n N o r t h K e rn C o u n ty , Los A n g e l e s : U n i v e r ­ s i t y o f S o u th e rn C a li f o r n i a , 1 9 32. p . 166

19 The s t a n d a r d e r r o r o f d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n t h e two g r o u p s on I n t e 1 1 I g e n c e Q u o t i e n t was 2 .0 3 • M igra t o r y c h i l d r e n w ere a d v a n c e d ab o v e t h e o t h e r g r o u p a b o u t 4 m o n th s i n v i s u a l m i n d n e s s . I t can be o b se rv e d t h a t fr o m a n i n t e l l i g e n c e a s p e c t t h e two g r o u p s do n o t g re a tly d iffe r. However t h e a v e r a g e o f t h e p e r m a n e n t g ro u p i s s l i g h t l y ( 3 .4 ) above th e m ig r a to r y g ro u p . L e o n a r d A y re s s t a t e d t h e same c o n c l u s i o n s a b o u t th e sch o o l la g g a rd s o r th e re ta r d e d c h il d .

He s t a t e d t h a t

th e r e ta r d e d c h ild i s n o t n e c e s s a r il y a d e fe c tiv e c h ild , b u t t h a t he h a s f a i l e d to keep p a c e w ith h i s c l a s s . flso

He

s t a t e d t h a t t! o u t o f 100 r e t a r d e d c h i l d r e n , 43 w ere

r e t a r d e d du e t o l a t e e n t r a n c e 11. ^2 T h ese t h r e e s t u d i e s a g r e e t h a t t h e m i g r a t o r y a n d t h e p e r m a n e n t p u p i l s h a v e a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h e same l e v e l o f i n t e l l i g e n c e d u r in g th e e le m e n ta r y g ra d e s o f sc h o o l w ork. The m i g r a t o r y w ere i n many e a s e s r e t a r d e d I n a g e - g r a d e p la c e m e n t due to v a r io u s f a c t o r s i n h i s m ig r a to r y e n v ir o m e n t.

R o w e ll s t a t e d t h a t o f t h e g r o u p s c h e c k e d , s i x t y -

nim e a n d t w o - t h i r d s p e r c e n t o f t h e m i g r a n t 1 0 - y e a r o l d s w ere r e t a r d e d one o r m ore y e a r s i n a g e - g r a d e p l a c e m e n t . ^3 S p e n s e r , I n c o m p a r in g * t h e a g e a n d g f a d e g r o u p i n g s , found th e e le m e n ta ry p u p i l s d i f f e r e d i n th e f o llo w in g

2 1 . L u c i l l e L. S n i d e r , C o m p a r a tiv e S t u d y o f M ig ra ­ t o r y C h i l d r e n w i t h P e rm a n e n t C h i l d r e n , Los A n g e le w :- The U n i v e r s i t y o f S o u t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a , 1 9 4 3 . p . 70 2 2 . L e o n a rd P. A y r e s , L a g g a r d s i n O u r S c h o o l s . New Y o rk s R u s s e l l Sage F o u n d a t i o n , 190 9. p . 88 2 2 . E dw ard J . R o w e l l, ^The C h i l d i n t h e M i g r a n t Camp a n d H is E d u c a t i o n 1*, C a l i f o r n i a C h i l d r e n , V o l. I , No. 8 , 1 9 3 8 . p . 2

20 a sp e c ts: The a g e g r o u p I s m ore hom ogenous b u t a l a r g e num ber o f 1 0 - y e a r o l d s a r e r e t a r d e d a n d a s m a l l e r num ber a c c e l e r a t e d , 24 W h il e , i n h i s s t u d y o f t h e I m p e r i a l C o u n ty s c h o o l s , R o g e r W a lto n f o u n d t h a t 1 5 .5 p e r c e n t o f t h e m ig r a n ts ^ w e re a t t h e n o r m a l a g e - g r a d e p l a c e m e n t , 85 p e r c e n t w e re r e t a r d e d a t l e g i s t one y e a r a n d 18 p e r c e n t o f t h i s g r o u p w ere more t h a n t h r e e y e a r s r e t a r d e d . 25 M ost o f t h e s e s t u d i e s made- r e c o m m e n d a tio n s to a i d i n th e s o l u t io n o f m ig r a to r y p u p il p ro b lem s.

Many a n d

v a r i e d r e c o m m e n d a tio n s w ere s u g g e s t e d , some i n f a v o r o f s e p a r a t e c l a s s e s f o r t h e r e t a r d e d a n d some condemn .the p ra c tis e .

Mr. B ro a d y s t r e s s e s t h e n e e d f o r m ore v o c a ­

t i o n a l t r a i n i n g f o r t h e l a t e r p a r t o f t h e m i g r a n t an d l e s s e m p h a s is on a c a d e m ic s u b j e c t s . 26 T h i s w o u ld a p p a r ­ e n t l y be o f i n c r e a s i n g im p o rta n c e a s th e s t u d e n t advanced in to th e h ig h e r g rad es.

For i t i s In th e se g rad es th a t

a n y w e a k n e s s e s i n b a s i c f u n d a m e n t a l s became m ore o f a h a n d ic a p to a s u c c e s s f u l and s a t i s f a c t o r y p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n t h e a c a d e m ic c l a s s r o o m a c t i v i t i e s .

2 4 . R o g e r W a lto n , " E d u c a t i n g t h e A s p h a l t A ra b ,* 1 N a t i o n 1s S c h o o l s . V o l. 1 9 , N o .4 ; A p r i l 1957 25. C. E . S p e n s e r , C o m p a ra tiv e S t u d y o f A ge-G roup w i t h G ra d e -G ro u p o f P u p i l s . Los A n g e l e s : U n i v e r s i t y o f S o u th e rn C a l i f o r n i a , 1939. p . 79 2 6 . K n u te 0 . B ro a d y , "School P ro v is io n f o r I n d i v i d u a l D i f f e r e n c e s " , T e a c h e r s C o l l e g e B u l l e t i n No. 3 9 5 . New Y o rk : C olum bia U n i v e r s i t y , 1 9 3 0 . p . 107

o:, _lc L u c i l l e S n i d e r a d v a n c e d ' t h i s s o l u t i o n f o r t h e p r o b le m o f t h e r e t a r d e d c h i l d .

She s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e

c l a s s u n i t s be made s h o r t e r , n o t o v e r two w e e k s i n l e n g t h so t h a t t h e m i g r a n t w o u ld h a v e ' a c h a n c e t o c o m p l e t e a u n i t * T h i s w o u ld t e n d t o g i v e him some d e g r e e o f s u c c e s s a n d s a t i s f a c t i o n i n h i s w o rk .

27

To many o f t h e s e m i g r a n t

p u p i l s s u f f e r fro m a ^ d e f e a t i s m 11 c o m p le x .

T h e ir p a re n ts

o f t e n m e e t eco n o m ic d e f e a t a n d t o h a v e i t s u p p l e m e n te d b y s c h o o l w ork s o o n d e v e l o p e s a n a t t i d u d e o f a p a t h y t o life .

T h ey , t o o s e ld o m , e x p e r i e n c e v s u c c e s s w h ic h i s one

o f th e re q u ire m e n ts f o r th e d ev elo p m en t o f a happy, w e l l b a la n c e d and a d ju s te d l i f e .

T h is a t t i t u d e i s p r e v a l e n t

i n t h e s c h o o l s o f t h e a r e a w here i t was m a n i f e s t e d i n a n a t t i t u d e o f s k e p tic is m and n o n - p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n any and a l l a c t i v i t i e s , b o th s o c i a l l y and a c a d e m ic a lly . T h e se w ere o n l y a few o f t h e s u g g e s t i o n s a n d t h e re c o m m e n d a tio n s made f o r t h e s o l u t i o n o f t h e p r o b le m s p e r t a i n i n g to th e m ig r a to r y s t u d e n t s i n th e s c h o o ls . p ro b lem and i t s

s o l u t i o n v a r i e s w ith th e l o c a l i t y and th e

e n v ir o n m e n t s u r r o n d i n g t h e m i g r a t i o n .

The m e th o d s u s e d

t o s o l v e t h e p ro b le m s a t i s f a c t o r a l l y i n one a r e a may p r o v e t o be d e t r i m e n t a l i n a n o t h e r r e g i o n .

27.

The

S n id e r,

ojg. c i t . ,

p . 107

22 D.

PROCEDURE OF TEE PRESENT INVESTIGATION

I n o r d e r t o d e m o n s t r a t e t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n th e e d u c a ti o n a l and i n t e l l e c t u a l s t a t u s o f th e p erm an en t and m i g r a t o r y s t u d e n t s o f t h e S h a f t e r H ig h S c h o o l , t h i s

stu d y

was d i v i d e d i n t o two p a r t s ; n a m e ly , ( 1 ) t h e i n t e l l e c t u a l s t a t u s and (2 ) th e s c h o l a s t i c o r e d u c a ti o n a i s ta tu s *

The

i n t e l l e c t u a l s t a t u s i n c l u d e d t h e c o m p a r is o n o f- t h e two g ro u p s on i n t e l l i g e n c e q u o t i e n t s and t h e a g e -g ra d e p l a c e ­ m ent o f t h e s t u d e n t s .

The e d u c a t i o n a l s t a t u s i n c l u d e d t h e

c o m p a r is o n o f t h e s t u d e n t r a t i n g s on s t a n d a r d i z e d t e s t s and t h e i r p e r s o n a l ach iev e m e n t r e c o r d s . S ource o f m a t e r i a l s .

The a v a i l a b l e p u b l i s h e d

m a t e r i a l s d e a l in g w ith th e s u b j e c t o f m ig r a ti o n and th e m i g r a n t s t u d e n t w ere p r o f u s e b u t u p o n i n v e s t i g a t i o n t h e y p r o v e d to be o f a s p e c i f i c a r e a o r o f so g e n e r a l a n a t u r e t h a t t h e y w ere v e r y u n s a t i s f a c t o r y f o r t h i s

in v e s tig a tio n .

The m a t e r i a l s o f g r e a t e s t v a l u e w ere f o u n d i n u n p u b l i s h e d t h e s i s m a t e r i a l s and i n th e sc h o o l and d i s t r i c t r e c o r d s . The p u b l i s h e d m a t e r i a l a n d t h e t h e s i s d a t a w ere u s e d m o s t l y f o r b a c k g r o u n d e v i d e n c e o r f o r g e n e r a l com par­ iso n s.

The s c h o o l a n d d i s t r i c t r e c o r d s g av e a n a r r o w e r

b u t m ore a c c u r a t e c o m p a r a t i v e b a s i s f o r th e d e s i r e d i t e m s . The S h a f t e r H ig h S c h o o l r e c o r d s w ere u s e d e x t e n s i v e l y f o r t h e s e l e c t i o n o f t h e two s t u d e n t c o m p a r a t i v e g r o u p s a n d

23 i n t h e c o m p i l a t i o n o f t h e d a t a c o n c e r n i n g t h e members o f era e h g r o u p .

The m a t e r i a l was c o m p ile d f ro m t h e a t t e n d a n c e

o f f i c e r e c o r d s , th e p erm an en t r e c o r d c a r d s and t h e p e r s o n a l r e c o r d f i l e s o f th e g u id an c e and c o u n s e lin g d e p a r tm e n ts . O t h e r d a t a was g a t h e r e d fro m t h e c l a s s r o o m t e a c h e r s a n d fro m i n t e r v i e w s w i t h t h e s t u d e n t s a n d t h e i r p a r e n t s ; P e r s o n a l i n t e r v i e w s w i t h l e a d e r s and o f f i c i a l s o f t h e com­ m u n i t y a n d o f t h e c o u n t y r e s u l t e d i n a n i n c r e a s e d k n o w le d g e o f th e h i s t o r i c a l back g ro u n d o f t h e a re a and o f- th e m ig ra t o r i a l p r o b le m s f a c i n g t h e r e s i d e n t s a n d l e a d e r s o f t h e v a lle y reg io n . The p r o c e d u r e o f t h e r e m a i n i n g c h a p t e r s . The r e m a in ­ in g c h a p te r s o f t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n w i l l be c o n ce rn e d w ith t h e d a t a u s e d i n c o m p a rin g t h e two g r o u p s a s was s t a t e d i n th e b rg in n in g o f t h i s s tu d y .

The f i v e c h a p t e r s a r e s

(1)

S t a t e m e n t o f t h e P r o b le m , ( 2 ) The S e l e c t i o n o f t h e Two G ro u p s ,

(3 ) th e I n t e l l e c t u a l S t a t u s ,

(4 ) th e E d u c a tio n a l

S t a t u s , an d ( 5 ) C o n c l u s i o n s a n d H e c o m m e n d a tio n s. The m e th o d s e m p lo y ed i n d e t e r m i n i n g t h e s e l e c t i o n o f t h e two g r o u p s , one p e r m a n e n t a n d t h e e t h e r m i g r a t o r y , w i l l be d i s c u s s e d i n C h a p t e r I I .

In C h a p te r I I I th e i n t e l l ­

e c t u a l s t a t u s o f t h e two s e l e c t e d g r o u p s w i l l b e com pared and c o n t r a s t e d i n term s o f I n t e l l i g e n c e Q u o tie n t sc o re s and th e a g e -g ra d e p la c e m e n t.

The d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e p r e s e n t

e d u c a t i o n a l a c h i e v e m e n t s t a t u s o f t h e s t u d e n t s w i l l be

d i s c u s s e d and a n a l y z e d i n C h a p t e r IV*

The f i n a l c h a p t e r ,

C h a p t e r V, w i l p r e s e n t " t h e su m m a riz e d f i n d i n g s , t h e recom ­ m e n d a tio n s and th e c o n c lu s io n s re a c h e d i n t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f th e seco n d ary s tu d e n ts o f th e re g io n i n C e n tra l C a lif o r n ia V a l l e y n e a r B a k e r s f i e l d i n K e rn C o u n ty .

^

T h is s t u d y was co nee m e d p r i m a r i l y w i t h t h e many m ig r a to r y and p erm an en t s tu d e n ts o f a s p e c i f i c r e g i o n , t h a t o f a s m a l l com m unity i n t h e s o u t h e r n p a r t o f t h e San J o a q u i n V a lle y o f C a lif o r n ia .

The c o n c l u s i o n s a n d t h e re c o m m e n d a tio n s

g iv e n i n t h i s s tu d y a re p r i m a r il y a p p li a b l e to t h i s s p e c i f i c a re a b u t, because o f th e g r e a t s i m i l a r i t y in m ig ra t p u p il p r o b l e m s , t h e f i n d i n g s o f t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n may p r o v e t o be o f v a l u a b l e a s s i s t a n c e i n t h e s o l u t i o n o f r e l a t e d p ro b lem s i n o t h e r a r e a s o f th e s t a t e .

CHAPTER I I THE SELEETIGH OF THE TWO GROUPS The s t u d e n t g r o u p s f o r t h i s c o m p a r a t i v e s t u d y w ere s e l e c t e d from th e s tu d e n t body o f one s e c o n d a ry s c h o o l, t h a t o f t h e S h a f t e r H ig h S c h o o l i n S h a f t e r , C a l i f o r n i a . The two g r o u p s , one com posed o f p e r m a n e n t s t u d e n t s an d t h e o t h e r g r o u p o f m i g r a t o r y s t u d e n t s , w ere s e l e c t e d b y t h e f o l l o w i n g m e th o d . A l l s t u d e n t s , whose r e c o r d s p r o v e d : a s r e c o r d o f e n r o l l m e n t i n t h e com m unity s c h o o l s ' o f a p e r i o d o f f i v e o r more c o n s e c t i v e y e a r s , w e re p l a c e d i n t h e g r o u p o f p e rm a n e n t!! s t u d e n t s .

The s t u d e n t s who w ere e n r o l l e d i n

one o r m ore s c h o o l s o u t s i d e t h e com m unity d u r i n g t h e y e a r s o f 1 9 4 7 , 1948 a n d 1949 w ere p l a c e d i n t h e m i g r a t o r y g r o u p . T h i s l e f t a l a r g e g r o u p who w ere n e i t h e r p e r m a n e n t n o r t h e m i g r a n t . T h is l a t e r g r o u p w e re c l a s s i f i e d a s s e m i- p e r m a n e n t a n d , f o r t h e p u r p o s e o f t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n , w ere n o t c o n ­ sid e re d . The s e l e c t i o n o f t h e s e g r o u p s r e q u i r e d a m e t h o d i c a l c r i t i c i s m o f th e r e c o r d s , in te rv ie w s w ith c e r t a i n p e rs o n s , a n d t h e g a t h e r i n g o f i n f o r m a t i o n fro m o t h e r s o u r c e s .

The

r e c o r d s w ere c h e c k e d a n d r e c h e c k e d f o r t h e d e s i r e d f a c t s on sc h o o l e n r o llm e n t, t e s t s c o r e s and f o r th e p e r s o n a l and s o c i a l f a c t s n e c e s s a ry f o r t h i s stu d y .

26 I,

BACKGROUND OF THE PROBLEM

S h a f t e r i s l o c a t e d i n t h e s o u t h e r n p a r t o f t h e San Jo a q u in V a lle y a b o u t tw e n ty m ile s n o rth w e s t o f B a k e r s f i e l d , t h e c o u n t y - s e a t o f K e rn County*

The s u r r o n d i n g t e r r a i n

h a s a t a b l e - t o p f l a t n e s s w h ic h g r a d u a l l y s l o p e s up w ard to m o u n ta i n s o n t h r e e s i d e s *

The v a l l e y e x t e n d s n o r t h ­

w a rd t o become p a r t o f t h e C e n t r a l V a l l e y o f C a l i f o r n i a . The San J o a q u i n V a l l e y e n j o y s a m i l d M e d i t e r r a n e a n t y p e o f c l i m a t e a n d a g r o w in g s e a s o n o f 300 t o 360 d a y s . The a r e a i s one o f t h e g r e a t i n d u s t r a l i z e d a g r i c u l t u r a l r e g i o n s o f t h e n a t i o n and h a s b e e n a v e r y p r o d u c t i v e a r e a w hen t h e a n n u a l r a i n f a l l o f 6 t o 15 i n c h e s i s s u p p l e m e n te d by e x t e n s i l e i r r i g a t i o n sy ste m s.

The h u m i d i t y i s low a n d

t h e a n n u a l t e m p e r a t u r e i s a b o u t 60 d e g r e e s .

The summer

m id - d a y t e m p e r a t u r e i s e x t r e m e n i y h i g h o c c a s i o n a l l y c l i m b ­ i n g t o 110 d e g r e e s o r h i g h e r w h i l e t h e w i n t e r t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e s downward t o b e lo w t h e f r e e z i n g p o i n t s e v e r a l t i m e s d u rin g th e w in te r season.

The s n o w f a l l i n t h e v a l l e y i s

v ery r a re . E a r l y h i s t o r y o f th e r e g i o n . L u rin g th e d ay s of t h e S p a n i s h Lons i n C a l i f o r n i a , t h e v a l l e y was a n u n i n h a b ­ i t e d , i s o l a t e d r e g io n o f sage co v ered d is ta n c e s and o f m a l a r i a r ^ n f e s t e d swamps o r t u l e s .

I t was c r o s s e d o n r a r e

o c a s s i o n s By f o o d - h u n t i n g I n d i a n s , t h e p a d r e s , a n d t h e /

/

27 iso la te d tra v e le rs.

H e r b e r t C o m f o r t, i n h i s book o f t h e

h i s t o r y o f K e rn C o u n ty , d e s c r i b e s t h e r e g i o n i n t h e f o l l o w ­ i n g m a n n e r: The o c c u p a n t s o f K ern C o u n ty c o n s i s t e d o f I n d i a n s , a fe w M e x ic a n v a q u e r o s w i t h t h e i r h e r d s , a n o c c a s i o n a l i n t e r p i d A m e ric a n e x p l o r e r o r s e t t l e r d o t t e d t h e l a n d ­ s c a p e , b u t so f a r t h e r e was l i t t l e v i s i b l e t h a t w ou ld a t t r a c t p o p u l a t i o n . 28 C u r i n g th e - n e x t few y e a r s , t h e r u s h f o r g o l d b e g a n i n t h e m o u n ta i n r e g i o n s s u r r o n d i n g t h e v a l l e y . H i v e r a r e a came i n f o r i t s

The K e rn

sh a re o f g o ld e x c ite m e n t b u t

t h e hu b o f a c t i v i t i e s w ere f u r t h e r n o r t h . A l l t h r o u g h t h e 5 0 f s a n d 60 ! s t h e m in i n g d i s t r i c t s c o n t i n u e d to be m a g n e ts t o a t t r a c t new a r r i v a l s b u t t h e r e w ere a few who w ere a g r i c u l t u r a l l y m in d e d a n d s e t t l e r s o n t h e s o i l commenced to come i n s m a l l num­ b e r s a t somewhat w id e I n t e r v a l s . 29 An A p r i l 1 4 ,1 8 5 5 C o l o n e l B a k e r , who owned t h e t h r e e b u i l d i n g s a t t h e p r e s e n t s i t e o f t h e town o f B a k e r s f i e l d , e n t e r e d a b i l l a t t h e S t a t e L e g i s l a t u r e to named t h e new c o u n t y Buena V i s t a .

E le v e n y e a rs l a t e r ,

o f f i c i a l l y e n te re d u n d er th e t i t l e

t h e c o u n t y was

o f Kenn C o u n ty . &0

U n til th e l a s t decade o f th e 1 9 th c e n tu ry , th e f l a t p a r t o f th e v a l l e y c o n tin u e d u n d e r th e o w n ersh ip o f s e v e r a l

28. H e r b e r t C o m fo rt, Where R o l l s t h e K e r n , Moor­ p a r k , C a l i f o r n i a : E n t e r p r i s e P r e s s , 1934. p . 15 29.

Ib id .

p . 59

30.

Ib id .

p . 17

/

28

l a r g e l a n d c o m p a n ie s arid l a n d g r a n t s *

New c r o p s o f f r u i t ,

c o t t o n , a n d a l f a l f a w ere i n t r o d u c e d a t t h i s tim e and i n 1887 o i l was d i s c o v e r e d n e a r B a k e r s f i e l d ,

T h is c a u s e d

a n i h c r e a s e i n l a n d p r i c e s and l a r g e s u b d i v i o n s w e re p u t on t h e m a r k e t . The f i r s t m e n t i o n o f th e tow n o f S h a f t e r was fo u n d i n M o rg a n 1s b ook o f K e rn C o u n ty w h ic h was w r i t t e n i n 1 9 14. O th e r c e n t e r s o f farm in g d ev elo p m e n t i n th e v a l l e y h a r d l y r a n k i n g a s to w n s a r e R io B ra v o , w h ic h i s o n l y a n e ig h b o r h o o d o f p i o n e e r pump i r r i g a t o r s a b o u t 15 m ile s w est o f B a k e rs fie ld : B u t t o n W illo w , w h ic h i s a s h ip p in g p o i n t and h e a d q u a r te r s f o r th e M i l l e r and Lux r a n c h e s : S h a f t e r , w h e re t h e K e rn C o u n ty L and Company i s j u s t o p e n in g a tow n s i t e i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h a s u b d i v i s i o n o f 7 ,0 0 0 a c r e s b e i n g p l a c e d o n t h e m a rk e t. T h i s was t h e b e g i n n i n g o f S h a f t e r a n d i t was b a r e l y o v e r t h e e x c i t e m e n t o f i t s - b i r t h when a g r e a t e r boom o f la n d b u y in g a r r i v e d .

The r a p i d l y s o a r i n g p r i c e s c a u s e d

b y W orld War I s e n t p e o p l e r u s h i n g to p u t a l l a v a i l a b l e lan d under c u l t i v a t i o n as r a p i d l y as p o s s ib le . e x p a n d e d t o accom m odate t h e new d e m a n d s.

The tow n

In 1940, o n ly

25 y e a r s a f t e r i t s b i r t h , S h a f t e r h a d a p o p u l a t i o n o f 1 ,2 5 8 a n d was t h e t r a d i n g c e n t e r a s w e l l a s a s h i p p i n g p o i n t f o r a n e v e r e x p a n d in g r u r a l a r e a . The p o p u l a t i o n i n c r e a s e s f o r K ern C o u n ty were

31. W a l la c e M organ, A H i s t o r y o f K e rn C o u n ty . C a l i f o r n i a , Los A n g e l e s : H i s t o r i c Redo rot Company, 1 9 1 4 . 185

29 sh o w in g t h e same r a p i d s t r i d e s .

By*1945 t h e p o p u l a t i o n

o f K e rh c C o u n ty h a d r e a c h e d t h e 1 3 5 ,1 2 5 m ark w h ic h was a n in c r e a s e o f 3 6 .2 p e r c e n t i n a p e rio d o f f iv e y e a r s .

The

r u r a l a r e a s r e c e i v e d 94 p e r c e n t o f t h i s i n c r e a s e w h i l e t h e u r b a n c o m m u n itie s r e c e i v e d 15 p e r c e n t .

32

The s e c o n d w o r l d w a r b r o u g h t a n o t h e r i n f l u x o f m i g r a t i o n to t h e v a l l e y .

The s c a r c i t y o f l a b o r d u r i n g

t h i s p e r i o d f o r c e d w ages upw ard and" t h e s e a s o n a l c r o p s o f f e r e d work t o t h e s e u n s k i l l e d l a b o r e r s a t wages to com­ p e te w ith th e i n d u s t r i a l r e g io n s .

The w ork was s e a s o n a l

b u t a s new c r o p s w ere b e i n g i n t r o d u c e d , t h e j o b o p p o r t u ­ n i t y becam e g r e a t e r .

E s p e c i a l l y i f th e m ig ra n t w o rk er

was w i l l i n g to f o l l o w t h e c r o p s e a s o n s fro m th e " I m p e r i a l V a l l e y n o r t h w a r d i n t o t h e S a c ra m e n to V a l l e y a n d s o u t h a g a i n . The com m unity d e s c r i p t i o n .

S h a f t e r became one o f

t h e a r e a s f o r s e a s o n a l w ork when t h e p o t a t o h a r v e s t o p e n e d i n May a n d Ju n e a n d a g a i n i n t h e f a l l when t h e c o t t o n c r o p w ere r e a d y f o r p i c k i n g .

T h o u sa n d s o f w o r k e r s w ere n e e d e d

i n t h e f i e l d s , t h e s h e d s a n d o n t h e l o a d i n g ra m p s . tow ns m ushroom ed o v e r n i g h t ,

Tent

camps w ere e s t a b l i s h e d b y

th e r o a d s id e , un d er b r id g e s , by i r r i g a t i o n d itc h e s o r a t a n y s u i t a b l e p l a c e w h ere t h e m i g r a n t a n d h i s f a m i l y h a p ­ p e n e d t o be when n i g h t f e l l .

32.

The h o u s i n g c o n d i t i o n s w e re

C a l i f o r n i a A lm a n a c ,

op. c i t . .

p . 490

30 v e r y p o o r d u r i n g t h e w ar b u t b y 1950 t h e t e n t camps h a d l a r g e l y d i s a p p e a r e d fro m t h e com m unity.

Wages w ere so

te m p tin g t h a t t h e s c h o o ls o f th e a re a b e g an i n A ugust a n d e n d e d i n May a s a n e f f o r t to d e c r e a s e t h e H ig h r a t e o f a b s e n t e e i s m i n t h e s c h o o l s d u r i n g t h e cro p , s e a s o n s . The map o f t h e c i t y o f S h a f t e r i s sh o w n -o n t h e f o l l o w i n g p a g e a n d t h e r e s i d e n t a l , b u s i n e s s and com m unity owned a r e a s a r e i n d i c a t e d i n d i f f e r e n t c o l o r s ,

f h e map

on i>age 32 shows t h e p a r t o f K e rn C o u n ty w h ic h c o n t a i n s th e c i t y o f S h a f te r and th e su rro n d in g r u r a l an d u rb an areas. T h is i s

t h e to w n , t h e com m unity a n d t h e p e o p l e t h a t

w as t h e b a s i s f o r t h i s s t u d y .

The ,fSpud C a p i t a l o f th e

W e st” , a~ m o d ern boom tow ny a Mecca f o r t h e j o b l e s s m i g r a n t , a tow n o f s h a r p c o n t r a s t s a r e b u t a fe w o f t h e t i t l e s a r e u s e d t o d e s c r i b e t h e tow n.

th a t

To t h e v a l l e y r e s i d e n t s i t

h a s b e e n b e t t e r known a s "O k ie " to w n , t h e f i n a l d e s t i n a t i o n o f S t e i n b e c k * s " G ra p e s o f W ra th 11 p e o p l e . B.

EDUCATIONAL ORGANIZATION OP THE AREA

The s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l o f S h a f t e r i s a member s c h o o l o f t h e K e rn C o u n ty U n io n H ig h S c h o o l D i s t r i c t w h ic h h a s i t s m a in o f f i c i e s i n B a k e r s f i e l d .

The d i s t r i c t i s com posed

o f n i n e s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l s a n d one c o l l e g e .

B a ch s c h o o l

i s u n d e r th e s u p e r v is io n o f a p r i n c i p a l w h ile th e d i s t r i c t

FIGURE

2

A MAP OF SHAFTER CITY SHOWING THE CITY AND THE SCHOOLS. IN BLACK.

THE SCHOOLS ARE OUTLINED

SECTION 10 T 2 8 S..R.25 E. /VOQ.44

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33 i s a d m in is tr a te d by th e D i s t r i c t S u p e r in te n d e n t, h is a s s i s t a n t s a n d t h e B o ard o f T r u s t e e s # The S h a f t e r s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l c a n b e s t be d e s c r i b e d b y a p a r a g r a p h fro m t h e s c h o o l c a t a l o g . The S h a f t e r H ig h S c h o o l i s l o c a t e d i n t h e n o r t h ­ w e s t e r n p a r t o f t h e K e rn C o u n ty U n io n H ig h S c h o o l D i s t r i c t a n d s e r v e s a t h r i v i n g ' a g r i c u l t u r a l com m unity. The s c h o o l h a s a n e n r o l l m e n t o f f o u r h u n d r e d a n d f i f t y stu d e n ts . The p e o p l e o f t h e c om m unity , t h e f a c u l t y , a n d th e s t u d e n t s a r e e x t r e m e l y p r o u d o f t h e b e a u t i f u l l a n d s c a p e d g r o u n d s , the* w e l l c o n s t r u c t e d b u i l d i n g s , th e w e ll l i g h t e d a t h l e t i c f i e l d , an d th e m odem s c h o o l fa rm w h ere t h e p r a c t i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n o f a g r i ­ c u l t u r e i s t a u g h t . 33 The e d u c a t i o n a l f a c i l i t i e s i f t h e com m unity a r e good.

T here a r e e i g h t e d u c a ti o n a l p l a n t s i n th e a r e a

w h ic h c o n s i s t e d , i n 1 9 5 0 , o f t h r e e c i t y e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l s , t h r e e r u r a l s c h o o l s , one p a r o c h i a l s c h o o l a n d one s e c o n d a r y sc h o o l.

The B a k e r s f i e l d C o l l e g e i s c o n s i d e r e d a p a r t o f

th e d i s t r i c t and d a i l y bus s e r v i c e i s a v a i l a b l e t o th e S h a fte r a re a .

The a v e r a g e d a i l y a t t e n d a n c e f o r th e v a r i o u s

e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l s a r e shown i n T a b le I I on p a g e 34 a n d th e e n ro llm e n t o f th e se c o n d a ry sc h o o ls o f th e d i s t r i c t i s shown on p a g e 35 i n T a b l e I I I . C.

DEFINITION OF TERMS.

B efo re p ro c e e d in g f a r t h e r w ith t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n

33. nCommunity D e s c r i p t i o n 1*, S h a f t e r H igh S c h o o l C a t a l o g o f 1 9 4 9 , S h a f t e r H ig h S c h o o l O f f i c e , 1 9 4 9 . p . 4

34

TABLE I I AVERAGE DAILY ATTENDANCE ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS OR THE COMMUNITY TOR THE YEARS 1 9 4 9 -1 9 5 0

Grade s

A .D .A . 3 4

P rim ary sc h o o l

K-2

506

S a n t e Fe s c h o o l

2 -3

297

I n t e m e d i a t e s eho o l

4-6

487

R ich lan d sch o o l

7-8

484

L erd o s c h o o l

K-8

316

Maple s c h o o l

K-8

156

R io B ra v o s c h o o l

K-8

143

Name o f t h e s c h o o l Sha f t e r E le m e n ts r y

R u r a l E le m e n ta ry

K e rn Academy ( p a r o c h i a l ) K-10

87

34. The d a t a c o m p ile d fro m t h e a n n u a l r e p o r t s o f t h e p r i n c i p a l s o f t h e s c h o o l s l i s t e d , 1950

35

TABES

III

AVERAGE DAIEX" ATTENDANCE OF KERN COUNTY UNION HIGH SCHOOL DISTRICT FDR 1 9 4 6 -1 9 4 9

Name o f t h e s c h o o l

1 9 4 6 -4 7

1 9 4 7 -4 8

1 9 4 8 -4 9

B a k e r s f i e l d H igh S c h o o l

4072

4559

4831

B a k e r s f i e l d C o lle g e

1223

1326

1211

B o r r o u g h s H igh S c h o o l

264

347

437

B a s t B a k e r s f i e l d H ig h

1173

1255

1424

M c F a rla n d H ig h S c h o o l

185

227

224

S h a f t e r ' H ig h S c h o o l

411

454

469

K e r n v i l l e H ig h S c h o o l

22

33 ,

62

8

14

13

45

44

52

Keene Camp owens

T o ta ls

7393

8259

3‘

8723

35. A n n u a l S t a t i s t i c a l R e p o r t £ f t h e K e rn C ou n ty H ig h Sch o o l P i s t r l c t , B a k e r s f i e I d : SisfrrTcTt S u p e r l n t e n d S n t *s O ffic e , 1949^ p . 1

a s p e c i f i c and d e f i n i t e c l a r i d i c a t i o n o f te rm in o lo g y b e­ comes n e c e s s a r y .

S u c h te r m s a s m i g r a n t , t r a n s i e n t ,

te r m ­

i n a l , d r o p - o u t , t r a n s f e r a n d p e rm a n e n t p u p i l s a r e v e r y f r e q u e n t l y c o n fu sed by th e n o n - p r o f e s s io n a l p u b l i c a t i o n s . T h e s e t e r m s demand a p r o f e s s i o n a l i n t e r p r e t a t i o n a s w e l l a s an e x p la n a tio n o f lo c a l usag e. .M i g r a n t .

The te r m m i g r a n t a s d e s c r i b e d i n W e b s t e r 1s

D ic tio n a ry i s : A m i g r a n t i s one who c h a n g e s h i s h a b i t a t o r who p a s s e s p e r i o d i c a l l y fro m one r e g i o n o r c l i m a t e to a n o t h e r f o r v a r i o u s r e a s o n s . 36 I n t h e v i c i n i t y o f S h a f t e r , t h e te r m h a s t a k e n on a n o t h e r m ean ing.tra m p a n d

H ere i t h a s become m ix e d w i t h t h e t e r m s !,f r u i t wc r o p tr a m p 11.

A c c o r d i n g l y ; t h e te r m m i g r a n t

h a s a l o c a l m e a n in g o f o n e who f o l l o w s t h e c r o p s i n h i s s e a r c h f o r em ploym ent an d who t a k e s r e s i d e n c e a t a n y p l a c e w h e re t h e r e i s a s h e l t e r . T r a n s i e n t . A t r a n s i e n t d i f f e r s fro m t h e m i g r a n t i n t h a t h i s r e s id e n c e i s v e ry b r i e f r a r e l y e x te n d in g o v e r a p e r i o d o f a few d a y s o r a w eek.

The w ork d e s i g n a t e s one

who s t a y s f o r a s h o r t t i m e , who i s s h o r t - l i v e d , n o t s e t t l e d e s t a b l i s h e d n o r p e r m a n e n t . 37

The d e f i n i t i o n g i v e n b y t h e

3 6 . W e b s t e r , U n a b r ld g e d D i e t ! o n a r y , 3 7 . Y /e b s te r, W e b s t e r 1s S t u d e n t m D i c t i o n a r y , New Y ork A m e ric a n Book Company, 1 9 3 8 . p . 872

37 C a lifo rn ia S ta te R e lie f A d m in stra tio n i s : A l l p e r s o n s a n d t h e i r d e p e n d e n t s who h a v e b e e n p r e s e n t i n t h e s t a t e f o r a p e r i o d o f l e s s t h a n one y e a r a r e , f o r th e purpose o f r e l i e f , c o n sid e re d as t r a n s i e n t . 38 I n t h e e d u c a t i o n a l r e c o r d s , t h e t e r m t r a n s i e n t wags u s e d to t h e e x c l u s i o n o f t h e te r m m i g r a n t a n d i t u s u a l l y was a p p l i e d t o s t u d e n t s who h a d b e e n e n r o l l e d f o r a s h o r t p p e rio d o n ly .

Many o f t h e s e s t u d e n t s , b e f o r e t h e p r o p e r

c r e d e n t i a l s c o u l d be s e c u r e d fro m t h e p r e v i o u s

p lac e o f

e n r o l l m e n t , h a d moved on w i t h o u t h o t i f i n g t h e s c h o o l o f ­ f ic ia ls of th e ir in te n t.

The a v e r a g e l e n g t h o f e n r o l l ­

m en t f o r t h e s e s t u d e n t s a t t h e S h a f t e r s c h o o l was a p e r i o d o f two w eek s o r l e s s . T e r m in a l a n d d r o p - o u t s t u d e n t s . T h e s e two t e r m s a re u se d a lm o s t e x c l u s i v e l y by th e p r o f e s s i o n a l p e rs o n f o r t h e p u b l i c h a s shown l i t t l e c k n o w l e d g e o f t h e s e t e r m s . The two t e r m s a r e v a s t l y d i f f e r e n t i n m e a n in g i n d e f i n i t i o n a n d s i m i l a r i n a n o t h e r m e a n in g . T e r m i n a l s t u d e n t s a r e t h o s e w h ic h t h e d i c t i o n a r y d e s i f e d a s a n o b j e c t nO f o r r e l a t i n g t o a t e r m , o r f i x e d p e r i o d o f t i m e 11. 39

t e r m d r o p - o u t s i m p l y m eans to

f a l l f r o m , to end o r to c e a s e p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n a n a c t .

S 8 * S o c i a l S e r v i c e M a n u a l, San F r a h c i s c o : C a l i f ­ o r n i a S t a t e R e l i e f A d m i n s t r a t i o n , 1 938 . C h a p te r I , S e c t i o n D. 39.

W eb sters S tu d e n t D i c t i o n a r y , op. e i t . ,

p . 847

38

I n o t h e r w o r d s , t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e two te rm s- i s t h a t a t e r m i n a l s t u d e n t i s o n e who l e f t s c h o o l h a v i n g f i n i s h e d a r e q u i r e d u n i t o r am ount o f work a n d t h e d r o p - o u t s t u d e n t h a s l e f t s c h o o l i n f l u e n c e b e f o r e t h e r e q u i r e d am ount o f w ork h a s b e e n c o m p le te d *

B o th t e r m s i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e

s t u d e n t h a s l e f t t h e s c h o o l e n v ir o m e n t a n d a l l f o r m a l e d u c a tio n * The s t a t e la w o f C a l i f o r n i a r e q u i r e s - a l l p e r s o n s b e tw e e n t h e a g e s o f 6 to 16 y e a r s t o a t t e n d s c h o o l* Any p e r s o n b e tw e e n t h e a g e o f 16 a n d 18 y e a r s may be g r a n t e d w ork p e r m i t s , p r o v i d e d t h e y a t t e n d s c h o o l p a r t tim e*

The

o n l y r e a s o n s f o r a p e r s o n to be e x c u s e d fro m s c h o o l a t t e n ­ d a n c e a r e p h y s i c a l a n d m e n t a l r e a s o n s , a w ork p e r m i t , b e co m in g 18 y e a r s o f a g e , g r a d u a t i o n f ro m a h i g h s c h o o l and m i l i t a r y se rv ice * P e rm a n e n t p u p i l s . T h is te r m d e s i g n a t e s s t u d e m t s who a r e fro m f r a m i l i e s w i t h p e rm a n e n t r e s i d e n c e and t h o s e who a r e n a t i v e - b o r n i n t h e a r e a o r com m unity.

In t h i s

s tu d y , th e term p erm an en t s t u d e n ts w i l l be u se d to d e s i g i n a t e , i n a d d i t i o n to th e d e f i n i t i o n g iv e n above, th e s t u d e n t s who h a v e b e e n e n r o l l e d i n a com m unity s c h o o l o r s c h o o l s f o r a p e r i o d o f fiv e* o r m ore c o n s e c t i v e y e a r s * D.

THE METHOD OP SELECTING THE GROUPS

The s e l e c t i o n o f th e s t u d e n t s u s e d a s a c o m p a r a t i v e

$9 \

b a s i s f o r t h h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n was o f c r i t i c a l i m p o r t a n c e f o r an in a c c u r a te p la c e m e n t o f s tu d e n ts i n th e b a s i c g ro u p s c o u ld c r e a t e s e r io u s e r r o r s i n th e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s and th e c o n c lu s io n s .

T h i s was g u a r d e d a g a i n s t b y a m e t i c ­

u lo u s e x a m in a tio n o f th e d a ta u se d and in e s t a b l i s h i n g th e c r i t e r i a f o r th e g ro u p ih g ;o f th e s tu d e n ts n e c e ssa ry f o r t h i s w ork. The f i r s t t a s k was t o c o m p ile a c a r d i n d e x o f a l l s t u d e n t s a t t e n d i n g t h e S h a f t e r H ig h S c h o o l d u r i n g t h e th re e y e a rs chosen f o r t h i s stu d y .

The s c h o o l y e a r s o f

1 9 4 7 - 4 8 , 1 9 4 8 -4 9 a n d 1 9 4 9 -5 0 w ere f i n a l l y s e l e c t e d a s t h e p e r i o d o f tim e m o s t s u i t a b l e f o r t h i s

i n v e s t i g a t i o n be­

c a u s e t h e t e s t i n g p ro g r a m f o r t h e s e y e a r s was m ore e x t e n ­ s i v e i n t h e d i s t r i c t and c o u n t y d u r i n g t h e s e y e a r s a n d a l s o b e c a u s e t h e a u t h o r h a d more p e r s o n a l k n o w le d g e o f t h e m em bers o f t h e s t u d e n t b o d y f o r t h i s p e r i o d o f t i m e . T h i s f i l e was t h e n c h e c k e d a g a i n s t t h e a t t e n d a n c e r e c o r d , t h e p e rm a n e n t r e c o r d f i l e a n d t h e t r a n s c r i p t f i l e to d e te rm in e th e e x a c t e n ro llm e n t p e r i o d o f e a c h s t u d e n t . T h is n e c e s s i t a t e d , i n many c a s e s , a n e x a m i n a t i o n o f t h e e le m e n ta r y sc h o o l r e c o r d s and in te r v ie w s w ith c e r t a i n s tu d e n ts and p a r e n ts . The s e c o n d s t e p c o n s i s t e d o f t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f t h e s tu d e n t body i n t o

t h e two g r o u p s , t h e p e rm a n e n t

a n d t h e m i g r a t o r y on t h e b a s i s o f s c h o o l e n r o l l m e n t .

The p e rm a n e n t g r o u p i n c l u d e d a l l s t u d e n t s b o r n i n t h e com m unity a n d t h o s e e n r o l l e d i n o n e o r m ore com m unity sc h o o ls f o r a

p e r i o d o f f i v e o r m ore c o n s e c u t i v e y e a r s *

The s t u d e n t s e n r o l l e d i n two o r m ore s c h o o l s , one o u t ­ s i d e o f t h e co m m u n ity , d u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d o f tim e w ere p la c e d in th e m ig ra to ry f i l e . T h is l e f t a l a r g e g r o u p w h ic h c o u l d be c l a s s i f i e d a s n e i t h e r p erm an en t n o r m ig r a to r y .

T h e s e s e m i- p e r m a n e n t

p u p i l s w e re p l a c e d i n a s e p a r t e f i l e f o r t h e y w ere n o t o f I n t e r e s t to t h i s i n v e s tig a tio n . The c a r d s w ere r e c h e c k e d a n d a n y d o u b t f u l o n e s w e re e l i m i n a t e d ; -

T h i s l e f t a r e m a i n d e r of- a p p r o x i m a t e l y

100 c a r d s i n e a c h g r o u p .

T h e s e 200 c a r d s o r s t u d e n t

d a t a s h e e t s w ere u s e d i n t h e c o m p a r a t i v e p h a s e s o f t h i s in v e s tig a tio n . The f i n a l a n d m o s t i m p o r t a n t t a s k was t h e n u n d e r ­ t a k e n , t h a t o f c o m p ilin g th e d a ta c o n c e rn in g e ach o f th e 200 s t u d e n t s a n d e n t e r i n g i t on h i s r e c o r d s h e e t *

The

c l a s s r o o m a n d a d m i n s t r a t i v e r e c o r d s w ere a g a i n u t i l i z e d a s w e l l a s t h e p e r s o n a l , s o c i a l a n d a c a d e m ic f a c t o r s n e e d ­ ed.

S p e c i a l a t t e n t i o n was g i v e n t o t h e a g e - g r a d e p l a c e m e n t ,

l e t t e r - g r a d e a v e r a g e s , p e r s o n a l a ch iev em en t r e c o r d s and th e d a t a fro m t h e s t a n d a r d i z e d t e s t s c h o s e n f o r t h i s s t u d y . The m i g r a t o r y g r o u p p r e s e n t e d t h e g r e a t e s t d i f f i c u l t y i n t h a t th e n e c e s s a ry d a t a , e s p e c i a l l y t h a t o f th e t e s t i n g

41 s c o r e s was e i t h e r l a c k i n g e n t i r e l y o r o f a n a t u r e w h ic h was n o t c o m p a r a b le w i t h t h e d a t a n e c e s s i t a t e d m ore r e s e a r c h .

on t h e o t h e r c a r d s * T h is

Some m a t e r i a l c o u l d b e g a t h e r e d

b y ph o n e b u t i n m o s t c a s e s t h e p r e v i o u s p l a c e s o f e n r o l l ­ m en t was c o n t a c t e d b y m a i l .

I f t h i s m eth o d p r o v e d to be

none e n l i g h t e n i n g , t h e d e s i r e d t e s t s w ere g i v e n t o t h e stu d e n t.

The g u i d a n c e d e p a r t m e n t p r o v e d to be v e r y c o o p e r ­

a tiv e in o b ta in in g th is d a ta . The c o m p i l i n g o f d a t a was c a r r i e d o n o v e r a p e r i o d o f s e v e r a l y e a r s i n o r d e r - t o c o m p le te t h e r e c o r d s o f t h e m i g r a t o r y g r o u p and to c o m p le te t h e c y c l e o f t e s t s u s e d i n th e d i s t r i c t . The r e s u l t s o f t h e c o m p a r is o n o f t h i s m a t e r i a l w i l l be d i s c u s s e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g c h a p t e r s .

C h a p te r I I I w i l l

c o n t a i n t h e i n f o r m a t i o n shown b y t h e c o m p a r is o n of t h e i n t e l l i g e n c e s t a t u s o r l e v e l o f th e

two g ro u p s w i t h t h e

e m p h a s is on t h e i n t e l l i g e n c e q u o t i e n t a n d t h e a g e - g r a d e p l a c e m e n t o f t h e p e rm a n e n t a n d t h e m i g r a t o r y g r o u p s . The c o m p a r is o n o f t h e tw o g r o u p s on e d u c a t i o n a l l e v e l and g e n e r a l a c h i e v e m e n t i n s u b j e c t k n o w le d g e a n d f u n d a m e n t a l s w i l l be d i s c u s s e d i n C h a p t e r IV. C h a p t e r V,

The f i n a l c h a p t e r ,

w il p r e s e n t th e c o n c lu sio n s reached in t h i s

s t u d y a b o u t t h e c o m p a r is o n o f t h e two g r o u p s and t h e r e c o m m e n d a tio n s , w h ic h i n t h e o p i n i o n o f t h e a u t h o r , a s to p o s s i b l e re m e d ie s o r a id s i n e l i m i n a t i n g t h i s

sit-

42 u a t i o n fo rm t h e e d u c a t i o n s i t u a t i o n s o f C a l i f o r n i a a s w e l l a s fo rm t h e s c h o o l s o f t h e r e g i o n w h e re t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n was mad©'# The r e m a i n d e r o f t h e p a p e r w i l l be c o n c e r n e d '.,w ith t h e b i b l i o g r a p h y and t h e n e c e s s a r y t a b l e s o f d a t a a n d sta tistic s .

TABIM IV ORIGINAL LATA FROM EXPERIMENTAL GROUP PERMANENT GROUP

44 TAB® iv : ORIGINAL DATA FROM THE EXPERIMENTAL GROUP OF PERMANENT STUDENTS

C ase Number

Sex

Age

G rade

I .Q . S c o re

M ath. R e a d in g L ang. S q o re S c o r e S core

1

F

15

9

118

7 .9

8 .9

1 0 .2

2

F

15

9

86

7 .4

7 .7

8 .1

3

F

15

9

78

7 .2

9 .6

7 .7

4

F

14

9

95

5 .6

8 .5

9 .0

5

F

15

9

126

1 1 .0

9 .9

1 0 .6

6

F

14

9

127

1 0 .6

1 0 .1

1 1 .3

7

F

15

9

108

9 .8

6 .0

4 .1

8

F

15

9

99

9 .5

8 .8

1 0 .1

9

F

18

9

80

3 .0

6 .1

5 .0

10

F

15

9

110

9 .4

9 .1

9 .4

11

F

14

9

130

1 1 .0

9 .7

1 0 .3

12

F

14

9

102

8 .9

8 .1

9 .7

13

F

15

9

97

8 .7

7 .5

5 .1

14

F

17

9

84

7 .4

7 .9

4 .7

15

F

15

9

97

9 .1

8 .3

8 .7

16

F

15

9

102

7 .7

8 .2

8 .5

17

14

14

9

104

1 0 .2

7 .7

8 .7

18

F

16

9

104

8 .2

6 .4

6 .2

45

Case Number

Sex

Age

G rad e

I.Q . S c o re

M ath. R e a d . S co re Score

L ang . S core

19

F

14

9

111

8 .3

8 .8

8 .4

20

F

14

9

125

9 .6

1 0 .5

1 0 .1

21

p

16

9

121

1 2 .0

123

1 1 .8

22

F

14

9

109

1 0 .0

7 .9

8 .4

23

F

14

9

92

8 .7

7 .8

■9i 6

24

F

14

9

111

5 .8

9 .3

9 .7

25

F

15

9

122

1 3 .8

1 2 .7

1 2 .9

26

F

15

9

103

1 0 .1

9 .0

7 .9

27

F

15

9

83

6.2*

5 .7

4 .8

28

F

15

9

103

8 .8

8 .8

7 .9

29

F

15

9

96

9 .4

7 .2

7 .2

30

F

16

9

93

6 .1

5 .9

4 .6

31

F

15

9

89

8 .7

7 .8

8 .0

32

F

14

9

119

1 0 .1

1 0 .3

9 .8

33

F

15

9

96

8 .7

8 .9

9 .1

34

F

15

9

105

1 0 .1

1 1 .2

1 0 .9

35

' F

15

9

106

1 0 .4

8 .4

9 .6

36

F

15

9

108

9 .2

8 .1

1 0 .2

37

F

14

9

116

1 1 .0

9 .7

1 1 .1

38

F

15

9

92

6 .5

7 .2

8 .6

39

p

15

9

109

1 0 .6

8 .1

8 .7

40

F

15

9

87

6 .5

6 .7

6 .2

46

Case Number

Sex

Age

G rade

41

P

15

42

F

43

I.Q . Score

M ath. S c o re

H ead. S c o re

Lang 5cor