Studies on the effects of some Indian tannins on drilling muds

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STUDIES ON THE EFFECTS OF SCME INDIAN TANNINS ON DRILLING MUDS

A T h e s is P r e s e n te d to The F a c u l t y o f t h e D e p a rtm e n t o f P e tro le u m E n g in e e r in g U n i v e r s i t y o f S o u th e r n C a l i f o r n i a

I n P a r t i a l F u lfillm e n t o f th e R e q u ire m e n ts f o r th e D eg ree o f M a s te r o f S c ie n c e i n P e tro le u m E n g in e e r in g

by D* G o g ai Ju n e 1950

UMI Number: EP63275

All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion.

O issiiftation P u blishin g

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This thesis, written by ................. D..GCGAI......................................................... under the guidance of h . . t s - Faculty Com mittee, and approved by all its members, has been presented to and accepted by the Council on Graduate S tu dy and Research in partial fulfill­ ment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE

D ate

JH N E ..1 .9.5-Q.......................

Faculty Committee

Chairman

....

ACKNQ?/LBDGEMENT I am g r a t e f u l t o Mr. 15. H. L a r s e n , D i r e c t o r o f R e s e a rc h an d D e v e lo p m e n t, B a ro id S a le s D i v i s i o n a t L os A n g e le s , f o r s u g g e s tin g t h e p ro b le m a n d , a l s o , f o r a l l o w i n g me t o u se h i s l a b o r a t o r y w h en e v er n e c e s s a r y . I am g r a t e f u l t o th e F o r e s t R e s e a rc h I n s t i t u t e , D e h ra d u n , I n d i a , f o r s u p p ly i n g me w ith t h e t a n n i n m a t e r i a l s u s e d i n th e p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n .

D. G o g ai

TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I.

PAGE 1

THE PROBLEM................................................ S ta te m e n t o f th e p r o b l e m .................................

1

I m p o rta n c e o f th e p r o b l e m .............................

1

O r g a n iz a tio n i n t o c h a p t e r s .............................. .

3

II.

REVIEW OF L IT E R A T U R E .....................................................

4

III.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEUDRE.................................................

9

E x t r a c t i o n o f th e t a n n i n s

• • • • • • • •

C a l i b r a t i o n o f th e S to rm e r

. . . . . . .

P r e p a r a t i o n o f t h e mud f o r t r e a t m e n t P re p a ra tio n o f

10

th in n in g s o lu tio n s

• •

. . . .

II 12 12

T re a tm e n t o f t h e mud w ith t h i n n i n g s o lu tio n s

.....................................

P r e p a r a t i o n o f h ig h pH lim e d muds E s tim a tio n of ta n n in c o n te n t

. . . . . .

13 14 14

E s tim a tio n o f s o lu b le s o li d s

15

E s tim a tio n o f a sh c o n te n t

V.

• • • •

E s tim a tio n o f t o t a l e x tr a c ta b le s o li d s • •

E s t i m a t i o n o f m o is tu r e c o n t e n t

IV .

12

EXIERIMSNTAL RESULTS SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION Summary

• • • • • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • .

. . ., . . . . . . . .

16 .

. . .......................

17 50

• • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • •

E f f e c t o f th e t a n n i n s o n v i s c o s i t y

15

50

• •

50

E f f e c t o f th e t a n n i n s on g e l s t r e n g t h s •

57

iv CHAPTER

PAGE E ffe c t of

t a n n i n s on m t e r l o s s

C o n c lu s io n • • • • • BIBLIOGRAPHY

. • •

. • • . • 58

...................................................... 59

........................................................

61

L IS ? GF TABLES pag;

T h in n in g w ith Q u eb rach o a t room te m p e r a tu r e

17

T h in n in g w ith Q u eb rach o a f t e r r o l l i n g o v e r n i g h t a t 1 5 0 ° F .................................................. T h in n in g w ith A m a lta s a t room te m p e r a tu r e

18



19

. ......................................

81

T h in n in g w ith A m a lta s a f t e r r o l l i n g o v e r n ig h t a t 1 5 0 ° F .

T h in n in g w ith B a b u l a t room te m p e r a tu r e

* .

23

T h in n in g w ith B a b u l a f t e r r o l l i n g o v e r ­ n ig h t a t 150° F .

• • • • • • • • • • • •

85

T h in n in g w ith T am arin d t e s t a a t room te m p e r a tu r e

...............................................

♦ • •

27

T h in n in g w ith T am arin d t e s t a a f t e r r o l l i n g o v e r n ig h t a t 1 50° F .

• • • • • • • • » •

T h in n in g w ith T arw ar a t room te m p e r a tu r e • •

29 31

T h in n in g w ith T a rw a r a f t e r r o l l i n g o v e r ­ n i g h t a t 1 5 0 ° F ............................... ....

. . * . ♦

T h in n in g w ith Koha a t room te m p e r a tu r e

. *

33 35

T h in n in g w ith Koha a f t e r r o l l i n g o v e r n ig h t a t 150° F .

..................................................................

T h in n in g w ith S a l a t room te m p e r a tu r e

• ♦ .

37 39

T h in n in g w ith S a l a f t e r r o l l i n g o v e r n i g h t a t 150° F . H igh pH m uds:

. ..............................................................

41

A f t e r s t a n d in g tw o n i g h t s

43

vi TABLE X3TC. X V II. X V III.

PAGE T a nin in c o n t e n t i n raw m a t e r i a l s T o t a l e x t r a c t a b l e an d s o l u b l e s o l i d s

XX. XXI.

M o is tu re c o n t e n t Ash c o n t e n t

.......................................... • • • • • • • • • • • • »

T h in n in g e f f i c i e n c y o f B a b u l w ith r e s p e c t

53

T h in n in g e f f i c i e n c y o f T a rw a r w ith r e s p e c t ..................................................... 54

T h in n in g e f f i c i e n c y o f Koha w i t h r e s p e c t t o Q u e b r a c h o .......................

XXVI.

52

T h in n in g e f f i c i e n c y o f T am arin d w ith

t o Q u ebracho XXV.

48

.............................................................. 51

r e s p e c t t o Q u e b r a c h o .......................................... XXIV.

47

T h in n in g e f f i c i e n c y o f A m a lta s w i t h r e s p e c t

t o Q u e b r a c h o ............................................................. X X III.

46

• • • • • ..................................................... 4 9

t o Q u eb rach o X X II.

. . .

45

E s tim a tio n o f ta n n in c o n te n t in e x t r a c t a b le s o lid s

XIX.

.•

55

T h in n in g e f f i c i e n c y o f S a l w ith r e s p e c t t o Q u e b r a c h o ................................................................... 56

LIST OF Q m m s GRAHI 1.

PAGE T h in n in g w ith A m altu s v s . t h i n n i n g w ith Q u eb rach o a t

2.

room te m p e r a tu r e

........................... 20

T h in n in g w ith A m a ltu s v s . t h i n n i n g w ith Q u eb raeh o a f t e r r o l l i n g o v e r n ig h t a t 1 5 0 ° F ...........................................................................................22

3.

T h in n in g w ith B a b u l v s . t h i n n i n g w ith Q u ebracho a t

4.

room te m p e r a tu r e

• • • • • •

24

T h in n in g w ith B a b u l v s . t h i n n i n g w i t h Q u ebraeho a f t e r r o l l i n g o v e r n ig h t a t 150° F ...........................................................................................26

5*

T h in n in g w i t h T am arind t e s t a v s . t h i n n i n g w ith Q u eb rach o a t

6.

room te m p e r a tu r e

. • • • 28

T h in n in g w ith T am arin d t e s t a v s . t h i n n i n g w ith Q u eb raeh o a f t e r r o l l i n g o v e r n ig h t a t 1 60° F ....................................................................................30

7.

T h in n in g w ith T a rw a r v s . th i n n i n g w ith Q u eb rach o a t

8.

room te m p e r a tu r e

........................... 32

T h in n in g w ith T arw ar v s . t h i n n i n g w ith Q u eb rach o a f t e r r o l l i n g o v e r n ig h t a t 1 6 0 ° F .....................................................................................

9.

34

T h in n in g w i t h Koha v s . t h i n n i n g w ith Q ueb rach o a t

room te m p e r a tu r e

........................... 36

v iii GRAPH 10.

PAGE T h in n in g

w ith Koha v s . t h i n n i n g w ith

Q uebraeho a f t e r r o l l i n g o v e r n ig h t a t 1 5 0 ° F .................................... ........................... 11.

T h in n in g w i t h S a l v s . t h i n n i n g

w ith Q ueb rach o

a t room te m p e r a tu r e . • • • • • • • • . . 12.

T h in n in g

w ith S a l- v s . th in n in g

40

w ith Q uebraeho

a f t e r r o l l i n g o v e r n ig h t a t 150 13.

38

F ............................4 $

V i s c o s i t y o f h ig h pH muds W ith d i f f e r e n t ta n n in s

• ' . . . ....................... .....

44

i

CHAPTER I I.

THE PROBLEM

S ta te m e n t o f t h e p ro b le m *

The p r e s e n t w ork c o n ­

s i s t e d i n i n v e s t i g a t i n g some o f th e t a n n i n c o n t a i n i n g m a t e r i a l s fro m I n d i a t o s e e w h e th e r t h e y c o u ld b e u se d i n t r e a t m e n t o f d r i l l i n g muds a s s u b s t i t u t e s f o r Q u eb rac h o . F o r t h i s , f i r s t th e y w ere a p p l i e d t o a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e mud o f f a i r l y h ig h v i s c o s i t y i n d i f f e r e n t p r o p o r t i o n s an d t h e e f f e c t s p ro d u c e d a s t o v i s c o s i t y , g e l s t r e n g t h and w a te r l o s s w ere s t u d i e d and com pared w i t h t h o s e p ro d u c e d b y Q u ebrach o u n d e r i d e n t i c a l c o n d i t i o n s .

H e x t, t h e y w ere

t e s t e d i n h ig h pH lim e b a s e muds and t h e r e s u l t a n t p r o p ­ e r t i e s w ere com pared w i t h t h o s e p ro d u c e d b y Q u eb rach o i n th e same mud u n d e r i d e n t i c a l c o n d i t i o n s .

L a s t ly , th e ta n n in

c o n t e n t , t o t a l e x t r a c t a b l e s o l i d s , s o l u b l e s o l i d s , m o is tu r e c o n t e n t an d a s h c o n t e n t o f t h e raw m a t e r i a l s w ere e s t i m a t e d . Im p o rta n c e o f th e p ro b le m .

The im p o rta n c e o f t h e w ork

l i e s i n t h e f a c t t h a t Q u eb rach o i s a v e r y e s s e n t i a l m a t e r i a l i n d r i l l i n g mud te c h n o lo g y , b e in g e x t e n s i v e l y u s e d f o r co n ­ t r o l l i n g mud p r o p e r t i e s .

U n f o r t u n a t e l y , h o w e v e r, m o st o f th e

Q ueb rach o com es p r a c t i c a l l y fro m one c o u n t r y , n am ely : A r g e n t i n a , S o u th A m e ric a .

T h is b e in g t h e c a s e , a l l o i l p r o ­

d u c in g c o u n t r i e s h av e t o d e p e n d , m ore o r l e s s , on one c o u n tr y f o r t h i s im p o r ta n t m a t e r i a l .

T h is i s e v i d e n t l y n o t a h ap p y

2 s i t u a t i o n , in asm u ch a s t h e m a t e r i a l may n o t b e a v a i l a b l e i n .tim e s o f em erg en cy .

H e n c e , i f some m ore s u b s t i t u t e s c a n be

f o u n d , i t w ould c o n s t i t u t e a n im p o r ta n t w o rk .

From th e v ie w ­

p o i n t o f I n d i a p a r t i c u l a r l y , i t w ould be an im p o r ta n t w ork i f some s u b s t i t u t e s f o r Q u eb rach o c o u ld be fo u n d fro m among th e r ic h ta n n in m a te ria ls th a t a re a t h e r d is p o s a l.

In su ch an

e v e n t , t h e m a t e r i a l s c a n b e p ro d u c e d i n I n d i a q u i t e c h e a p ly , s in c e th e la b o r i s v e ry cheap th e r e . The im p o rta n c e o f Q u eb rach o i n th e o i l i n d u s t r y may be ju d g e d b y t h e am ount u s e d i n t h e o i l f i e l d s .

I n t h e U n ite d

S t a t e s a l o n e , 2 5 ,0 0 0 to n s o f t h e m a t e r i a l a r e u s e d a n n u a l l y . *• T a n n in s , i n g e n e r a l , e n jo y su e h p o p u l a r i t y i n mud t r e a t m e n t b e c a u s e o f t h e i r c e r t a i n a d v a n ta g e s o v e r co m plex p h o s p h a te s w h ic h a r e a l s o w id e l y u s e d i n c o n t r o l l i n g mud p r o p e r t i e s . a d v a n ta g e s a r e :

The

(1 ) t a n n i n s i o n i z e l e s s t h a n p h o s p h a te s a n d ,

h e n c e , th e y a r e b e t t e r t h i n n e r s — i o n i z i n g a g e n t s h a v e a te n d e n c y t o f l o c c u l a t e t h e c l a y ;

(2 ) t a n n i n s a c t b o th a s

t h i n n e r s an d p r o t e c t i v e c o l l o i d s w h e re a s t h e p h o s p h a te s a c t o n ly a s t h i n n e r s ;

(3 ) co m p lex p h o s p h a te s a r e g o o d o n ly f o r

sodium m ud--w ork o n ly a t lo w c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f c a lc iu m i o n s — w h ile t a n n i n s a r e g o o d e v e n f o r h ig h c a lc iu m c o n c e n t r a t i o n , p r o v id e d a h ig h pH i s m a in ta in e d ; a n d , (4 ) com plex p h o s p h a te s

1 C om m ittee o n Q u eb rach o R e q u ire m e n ts o f th e P e tro le u m I n d u s t r y ( U .S .A .) , R e p o r t o f C om m ittee o n ,Q u e b ra c h o R e q u ire m e n ts o f t h e P e tro le u m I n d u s t r y ( U .S .A .) , A p r i l 1 2 , 1 9 4 9 .

3 h av e a te n d e n c y to r e v e r t t o o r th o p h o s p h a t e s , e s p e c i a l l y a t h ig h t e m p e r a t u r e s , w h ich c o a g u l a t e t h e mud.

On t h e o t h e r h a n d ,

th e d e c o m p o s itio n p r o d u c ts o f t a n n i n s o f t e n a r e e v e n m ore e f f e c t i v e t h i n n i n g a g e n ts t h a n th e o r i g i n a l t a n n i n . II.

ORGANIZATION INTO CHAPTERS

The w ork h a s b e e n d i v i d e d among th e d i f f e r e n t c h a p t e r s a s f o llo w s *

C h a p te r I I c o v e r s a r e v ie w o f t h e p r e v io u s r e ­

la te d s tu d ie s i n th e s u b je c t.

C h a p te r I I I c o n t a i n s t h e e x ­

p e r i m e n t a l p r o c e d u r e o f th e w o rk .

C h a p te r IV c o n t a i n s a l l

th e e x p e r i m e n ta l d a t a , a n d C h a p te r V g i v e s t h e summary o f t h e f i n d i n g s an d t h e c o n c lu s io n s d ed u ced th e r e f r o m .

CHAPTER IX REVIEW OF LITERATURE H ot much w ork h a s p r e v i o u s l y b e e n done on I n d i a n t a n n i n s s o f a r a s t h e i r r e l a t i o n t o d r i l l i n g muds i s c o n ­ c e rn e d .

M ehta a n d J a t k a r 1 t r i e d m y ro b a la n pow der on d r i l l ­

in g m uds.

They o b s e rv e d t h a t t h e ch an g e i n pH o f t h e mud

was a n a lo g o u s t o i t s e f f e c t on v i s c o s i t y and a l s o t h a t t h e i n i t i a l e f f e c t o f a d d in g s m a ll q u a n t i t i e s o f m y ro b a la n w as e q u i v a l e n t to th e t a n n i c an d e l l a g i t a n n i e c o n t e n t o f th e m y ro b a la n .

N a ra y a n a 2 show ed t h a t m y ro b a la n pow der b r o u g h t

a d r o p o f v i s c o s i t y w i t h a b o u t 1% o f t h e r e a g e n t a n d t h i s was fo u n d t o be more m ark ed w i t h t h e h e a v i e r m uds.

I n th e

c a s e o f t h e mud o f d e n s i t y 1 .4 3 , th e minimum v i s c o s i t y w as o n ly 4% o f th e i n i t i a l .

The a d d i t i o n o f l a r g e r q u a n t i t i e s

o f m y ro b a la n pow d er r a i s e d v i s c o s i t y v e r y s l i g h t l y , a s i s seen in a l l ca ses of th in n e rs . I n r e c e n t t i m e s , h ig h p i lim e b a s e muds h av e b e e n u s e d t o g r e a t a d v a n ta g e i n s e v e r a l p a r t s o f t h e U n ite d S ta te s .

T hese muds u s u a l l y c o n t a i n lim e , c a u s t i c s o d a ,

1 D. N. M ehta an d S . K. J a t k a r , wpH C o n t r o l o f R o ta r y D r i l l i n g F lu id s ” , J o u r n a l o f th e I n d ia n I n s t i t u t e o f S c ie n c e . IS A :1 0 1 -1 0 7 , 1 9 3 5 . 2 P . Y. H a ra y a n a , **R o ta r y D r i l l i n g Mud. P a r t I . The E f f e c t s o f T a n n in s on th e V i s c o s i t y ” , J o u r n a l o f th e I n d i a n I n s t i t u t e o f S c i e n c e , 2 1 A ;1 6 9 -1 7 8 , 1 9 3 8 .

Q u ebrach o a n d s t a r c h .

From 1947 o n w ard , t h e s e muds h a v e

g a in e d w id e s p re a d u s e and im p o r ta n c e .

C a n n o n , 3 M cC ray,4

W e i c h e r t ,5 G o in s6 and B a t t l e an d Cheney"7 h av e d i s c u s s e d t h e u s e f u l n e s s a n d b e h a v io r o f t h e s e muds i n a num ber o f a r t i c l e s i n jo u r n a ls in r e c e n t tim e s . C a lc iu m s a l t s a r e n o r m a lly f l o c c u l a n t s a n d , h e n c e , r a i s e v i s c o s i t y a n d w a t e r l o s s o f t h e m uds.

When ad d e d t o a

mud c o n t a i n i n g l a r g e am o u n ts o f c a u s t i c s o d a an d Q u e b ra c h o , h o w e v e r, t h e v i s c o s i t y an d w a t e r l o s s o f th e muds a r e r e ­ duced.

T h is i s b e c a u se u n d e r th o s e c o n d i t i o n s so d iu m b a s e

c l a y i s c o n v e r t e d i n t o a c a lc iu m b a s e c l a y and c a lc iu m b a s e c l a y i s m ore c o l l o i d a l a n d , h e n c e , h a s l e s s v i s c o s i t y th a n so d iu m b a s e c l a y .

The lo w e r v i s c o s i t y o f t h e c a lc iu m c l a y

w as f i r s t su p p o se d t o b e due to t h e l e s s h y d r a t i n g p r o p e r t i e s

3 G eorge S . C annon, "D ev e lo p m e n ts i n D r i l l i n g Mud C o n t r o l " , O i l an d Gas J o u r n a l . 1 0 1 -1 0 3 , May 3 , 1 9 4 7 . 4 A r th u r W. M cCray, " C h e m is try a n d C o n t r o l o f Lime B ase p r i l l i n g M uds", The P e tro le u m E n g i n e e r . B -5 4 -5 8 , N ovem ber, 1949• 5 J . P . W e ic h e r t, "New D ev e lo p m en ts i n D r i l l i n g F l u i d s " , O i l an d Gas J o u r n a l . 1 0 1 , A u g u st 2 6 , 1 9 4 8 . 6 W illia m C. G o in s , J r . , "A S tu d y o f Lim ed Mud S y ste m s " ,' O i l an d Gas J o u r n a l . 5 2 -5 4 , J a n u a r y 1 9 , 1 9 5 0 . 7 J a c k L . B a t t l e a n d P r e s to n ^ E . C h en ey , "Lime B ase Muds" . O i l an d Gas J o u r n a l . 8 1 - 8 3 , M arch 1 6 , 1 950.

o f c a lc iu m c l a y s .

B u t r e c e n t w ork o f S e i f e r t an d H enryk an(j

o t h e r s h a s p ro v e d t h a t , i n f a c t , c a lc iu m b a s e c l a y h y d r a t e s more t h a n sodium b a s e c l a y ,

T h is a p p a r e n t l y an o m alo u s f a c t

t h a t c a lc iu m b a s e c l a y h y d r a t e s more t h a n so d iu m b a s e c l a y and y e t p o s s e s s e s lo w e r v i s c o s i t y th a n t h e so d iu m b a s e c l a y c a n b e e x p l a in e d w i t h th e G rim ’ s 9 c o n c e p ts o f c l a y m a t e r i a l s , G rim s u g g e s t s t h a t c a lc iu m b a s e c l a y h y d r a t e s m ore b u t th e e x t e n t o f s w e l l i n g i n so d iu m b e n t o n i t e i s m ore t h a n t h a t i n th e c a lc iu m c l a y s .

T h is i s b e c a u s e t h e g r e a t s w e l l i n g o f

t h e so d iu m c l a y i s d u e , n o t to th e h y d r a t i o n o f t h e sodium i o n s e r v i n g a s a wedge t o f o r c e t h e l a y e r s a p a r t , b u t t o th e ab sen ce o f th e s tro n g b r d ig e s b ecau se o f th e u n iv a le n t c h a r a c t e r o f t h e so d iu m i o n , and p e rh a p s a l s o b e c a u s e o f i t s s m a lle r s i z e .

The c a lc iu m c l a y d o e s n o t ex p a n d g r e a t l y b e ­

c a u s e t h e d i v a l e n t i o n h o ld s th e l a y e r s t o g e t h e r so t h a t a th ic k - s e r i e s o f w a t e r s h e e t s c a n n o t fo rm b e tw e e n th em . The p r e s e n c e o f c a u s t i c s o d a a p p e a r s t o b e n e c e s s a r y f o r tw o r e a s o n s :

f i r s t , t o c o n t r o l th e r e a c t i o n b e tw e e n

c l a y a n d t h e lim e ; s e c o n d , t o i n c r e a s e t h e h y d r a t i o n , a n d , t h e r e f o r e , t h e s u s p e n d a b i l i t y o f th e s h a l e s g ro u n d up b y

8 A . C. S e i f e r t and B . C. H en ry , ‘’E f f e c t s o f E x ch an g e­ a b l e C a tio n s o f H y d r o p h ilic N a tu re o f K a o lin and B e n to n it e ” , J o u r n a l o f A m erican C e ra m ic s S o c i e t y . V o l. 3 0 , No. 2 :3 7 - 4 8 , 1947. 9 R a lp h E . G rim , ^M odern C o n c e p ts o f C la y M ate r i a l s ” , J o u r n a l o f G e o lo g y . V o l. 5 0 , No. 3 :2 7 2 , A p ril-M a y , 1 9 4 2 .

th e d r i l l *

G o in s o b s e r v e s t h a t a l l th e lim e a d d e d i s h o t

u s e d u p i n c o n v e r t i n g so d iu m c l a y i n t o c a lc iu m c l a y :

some

i s a d s o r b e d , t h e am ount o f a d s o rb e d c a lc iu m b e in g d e p e n d e n t u p o n t h e am ount o f d i s s o l v e d c a lc iu m *

The f u n c t i o n o f th e

c a u s t i c i s t o c o n t r o l t h e am ount o f a d s o r p t i o n b y r e s t r i c t ­ in g th e s o l u b i l i t y o f th e lim e .

The p r e s e n c e o f Q u ebracho

i s , o f c o u r s e , t o k e e p t h e v i s c o s i t y and g e l s t r e n g t h lo w e r an d th e u s e o f s t a r c h i n su c h muds i s t o re d u c e t h e w a t e r lo s s * C a lciu m b a s e d r i l l i n g muds e x h i b i t c e r t a i n s p e c i a l f e a t u r e s f o r w h ich t h e y a r e b e in g u se d m ore and m ore i n v a rio u s a r e a s .

Some o f th e o u t s t a n d i n g f e a t u r e s 10a r e :

(1 ) C o m p a r a tiv e ly lo w e r v i s c o s i t i e s w ith h ig h mud w e ig h t s . (2 ) Low i n i t i a l and f i n a l g e l s t r e n g t h s .

(3 ) N ot a d v e r s e ­

l y a f f e c t e d b y s a l t o r s a l t w a te r c o n ta m in a tio n up t o a c o n ­ c e n t r a t i o n o f 5 0 ,0 0 0 p a r t s p e r m i l l i o n .

(4 ) N ot a d v e r s e l y

a f f e c t e d b y c e m e n t, a n h y d r i t e , gypsum and l i m e . s u b s t a n c e s may e v e n b e b e n e f i c i a l a t t i m e s . f iltr a tio n ra te s .

(5 ) Low

(6 ) T h in , to u g h f i l t e r c a k e s .

p e r tie s a re re a d ily c o n tro lle d .

T h ese

(7 ) P ro ­

(8 ) H ig h pH a c t s a s a

b a c t e r i c i d e a n d , h e n c e , p r o t e c t s s t a r c h w i t h o u t th e u s e o f p re s e rv a tiv e s .

(9 ) H ig h mud w e ig h t n e c e s s i t a t e s l e s s , i f

10 A m erican A s s o c i a t i o n o f O il W e ll D r i l l i n g C o n t r a c t o r s , P r i n c i p l e s o f D r i l l i n g Mud C o n t r o l ( U n i v e r s i t y o f T ex as, 1 9 4 8 ), p . 109.

8 a n y , w e ig h tin g m a t e r i a l .

(1 ) F i l t e r c a k e s a r e more s o l u b l e

in a c id s .

(1 1 ) Do n o t seem t o be a f f e c t e d b y h ig h tem ­

p e ra tu re s .

(1 2 ) Make l e s s n a t i v e mud fro m f o r m a t i o n s .

(1 3 ) L e s s te n d e n c y t o h y d r a t e s h a l e s . Q u a n t i t i e s o f c h e m ic a ls r e q u i r e d i n h ig h pH lim e d muds may v a r y c o n s i d e r a b l y d e p e n d in g u p o n t h e ty p e an d q u a n t i t y o f mud, s o l i d s a n d p r e v io u s t r e a t m e n t .

The p r o ­

p o r t i o n s o f a t y p i c a l r e d lim e mud a r e a ro u n d :

lim e 1 ^ -2

p o u n d s p e r b a r r e l , c l a y ( p r e f e r a b l y P -9 5 ) a b o u t 35%, c a u s t i c 3 p o u n d s p e r b a r r e l , Q u eb rach o 3 po u n d s p e r b a r r e l , im perm ex 10 pounds p e r b a r r e l . i s a b o u t 12 to 1 3 .

The pH ra n g e i n s u c h a mud

CHAPTER I I I EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE L egend o f t a n n i n m a t e r i a l s u sed* Sam ple 1*

Q u eb raeh o A* R. Maas C h e m ic a l Co* 45 7 0 A r d r in e S t r e e t S o u th G a te , C a l i f o r n i a

Sam ple 2 .

I n d i a n Name:

A m a lta s , b a r k

B o t a n i c a l Name:

C a s s ia F i s t u l a

P la c e o f C o l l e c t i o n :

A m ro ti F o r e s t D iv is io n C. P . & B e r a r I n d ia

Sam ple 3*

I n d i a n Name:

B a b u l, p o d s

B o t a n i c a l Name:

A c a c ia A r a b ic a

P la c e o f C o l l e c t i o n :

W est B e r a r A k o la D iv is io n C* P* & B e r a r In d ia

Sam ple 4 .

I n d i a n Name:

T a m a rin d , s e e d - t e s t a

B o t a n i c a l Name:

T a m a rin d ic a L in n

P la c e o f C o l l e c t i o n :

- - In d ia

Sam ple 5 .

I n d i a n Names

T a rw a r, "bark

B o t a n i c a l Names

C a s s ia A u r i c u l a t a

P la c e o f C o l l e c t i o n s

A m ra o ti F o r e s t D iv is io n C. P . & B e r a r In d ia

Sam ple 6 .

I n d i a n Names

K oha, b a r k

B o t a n i c a l Names

T e r m in a lia A rju n a

P la c e o f C o l l e c t i o n s

M andla F o r e s t D i v i s i o n C. P . & B e r a r In d ia

Sam ple 7 .

I n d i a n Names

S a l, b ark

B o t a n i c a l Names

S h o re a R o b u s ta

P la c e o f C o l l e c t i o n :

M andla F o r e s t D i v i s i o n C. P . & B e r a r In d ia

E x t r a c t i o n o f th e t a n n i n s *

The raw m a t e r i a l s w e re

pow dered t o 2 0 0 mesh i n a p u l v e r i s e r .

I n c a s e o f ta m a r in d ,

t h e ^ e e d s w ere f i r s t h e a te d i n a n e l e c t r i c o v en a t 1 0 0 -1 1 0 ° C. f o r about an h o u r.

T hey w ere th e n c a r e f u l l y pou n d ed i n a

m o r t a r , w h ereu p o n t h e t e s t a s e p a r a t e d .

The t e s t a was th e n

p u l v e r i s e d l i k e th e r e s t . To o b t a i n t h e t a n n i n s f o r e x p e r i m e n ta l p u r p o s e s , a b o u t 50 g ram s o f e a c h w e re s e p a r a t e l y h e a te d w ith a b o u t

11 200 c . c . o f w a te r t o b o i l i n g f o r a b o u t one h o u r*

The m ix tu r e

was t h e n a llo w e d t o s e t t l e , th e c l e a r s o l u t i o n fro m th e t o p was d e c a n te d an d th e r e s i d u e e x t r a c t e d w ith a n o t h e r 200 c .c * o f w a te r f o r a se c o n d t i m e .

The e x t r a c t was t h e n e v a p o r a te d

i n a p o r c e l a i n b a s i n on a w a te r b a t h an d th e n h e a te d a t 1 0 5 ° C* i n a n a i r ov en f o r a b o u t h a l f ' a n hour*

The d r y

t a n n i n was t h e n u se d i n m ak in g s o l u t i o n s f o r t e s t i n g mud* F o r q u a n t i t a t i v e e s t i m a t i o n o f th e t a n n i n s a s t o t h e t a n n i n c o n t e n t , t o t a l e x t r a c t a b l e s o l i d s and s o l u b l e s o l i d s , a b o u t 10 g ram s o f e a c h raw m a t e r i a l was h e a te d w ith a b o u t 200 c . c . o f w a t e r on a w a te r b a t h f o r a b o u t a n h o u r . c l e a r s o l u t i o n fro m th e to p w as d e c a n te d .

The

The r e s i d u e was

e x t r a c t e d t h i s way a t l e a s t f o u r tim e s o v e r a p e r io d o f a b o u t f o u r h o u r s , t o e n s u r e a s c o m p le te a n e x t r a c t i o n a s p o s s i b l e . The e x t r a c t w as d i l u t e d t o one l i t e r i n a v o lu m e tr ic f l a s k . C a l i b r a t i o n o f t h e S to r m e r .

For g re a te r r e lia b ility ,

th e S to rm e r was r e c a l i b r a t e d w ith s u c r o s e s o l u t i o n s o f known s tre n g th s .

F iv e s o l u t i o n s o f s t r e n g t h s r a n g in g fro m 40% by

w e ig h t t o 65% b y w e ig h t o f s u g a r w ere u s e d .

The s t a n d a r d

s o l u t i o n s w ere ta k e n i n t h e S to rm e r cu p and t h e w e ig h ts i n g ram s r e q u i r e d t o r o t a t e t h e s p i n d l e 600 r . p . m . w ere d e t e r ­ m ined i n e a c h c a s e , n o t i n g t h e te m p e r a tu r e o f t h e s u g a r s o lu tio n s in th e cu p , a f t e r a g i t a t i o n , in each c a s e , w ith an a c c u r a t e th e rm o m e te r.

From a c h a r t , t h e v i s c o s i t i e s i n c e n t i -

12 p o is e o f t h e s o l u t i o n s o f known s t r e n g t h s a t t h e o b s e rv e d te m p e r a tu r e s w e re ta k e n *

P o i n t s w ere th e n p l o t t e d on a

s p e c i a l g ra p h p a p e r a v a ila b le f o r t h a t p u rp o se , by u s in g t h e o r d i n a t e f o r th e v i s c o s i t y i n c e n t i p o i s e and th e a b s c i s s a f o r th e c o r r e s p o n d in g w e ig h t i n gram s*

From t h e s e ,

a sm ooth c u rv e was d raw n w h ic h was u s e d i n c o n v e r t i n g gram s in to c e n tip o is e * P r e p a r a t i o n o f t h e mud f o r t r e a t m e n t .

One p a r t by

w e ig h t o f A q u a g e l, t h r e e p a r t s b y w e ig h t o f W ilm in g to n S lo u g h mud, f o u r p a r t s b y w e ig h t o f P -9 5 c l a y w ere m ix ed w ith f o r t y p a r t s b y w e ig h t o f w a te r*

The m ix tu r e w as

h e a t e d a t a b o u t 1 5 0 ° F . w ith c o n s t a n t s t i r r i n g f o r a b o u t tw o h o u r s a n d made i n t o a mud o f v i s c o s i t y a ro u n d 4 5 c e n t i p o is e s .

The mud was t h e n s t o r e d i n a c a p p e d g l a s s j a r * P re p a ra tio n of th in n in g s o lu t io n s *

The d r y t a n n i n s

o b ta in e d a f t e r e v a p o r a t i o n o f th e e x t r a c t s w ere pow dered i n a m o r t a r , t r e a t e d w i t h c a u s t i c so d a s o l u t i o n s u c h t h a t 25 p o u n d s o f t a n n i n a n d f i v e p o u n d s o f c a u s t i c s o d a w ere i n one b a r r e l o f s o l u t i o n * T re a tm e n t o f t h e mud w i t h t h i n n i n g s o l u t i o n s *

The

s t o c k mud was th o r o u g h ly a g i t a t e d f o r a b o u t 10 m in u te s * From t h i s , 250 c . c . sa m p le s w e re ta k e n i n a num ber o f 10 o z . b o ttle s .

The t h i n n i n g s o l u t i o n s w ere th e n ad d ed t o th o s e i n

13 p r o p o r t i o n o f 1 :5 0 0 , 1 :3 5 0 , 1 :1 0 0 and 1 :5 0 b y volum e* B ach o f t h e mud sa m p le s w as m ixed w i t h a H a m ilto n B each M ix e r #30 f o r 10 m i n u t e s , an d th e n th e v i s c o s i t y , g e l s t r e n g t h , pH and f i l t r a t i o n b e h a v i o r w ere s t u d i e d .

Vis