Notes on Indian History (664-1858)

Table of contents :
Publisher's Note
Contents
Preface to the Russian Edition
Notes on Indian History (664-1858)
Index
To the Reader
The Reading Generation [Anotein Sindhi]

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KARL

MARX NOTES ON

INDIAN HISTORY (664-1858) SECOND IMPRESSION

FOREIGN LANGUAGES PUBLISHING HOUSE Moscow

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�1 . -Dost Mohammed, a younger brother of Fateh Khan , p lanned with h im to ra i se t he Barakzais to the throne , but first they wante d to bring all Afghan istan under one man; they marched on Herat (governe d by Firuz) ; Herat was seized by t hem and . F iruz fled , wh i l e h i s nephew, Prince Kamran , swore vengeance o n t h e Ba­ rakzais, part icularl y Fateh Kha n ; he went to Kab u l , persuaded his half- imbecile father , Shah M ahmud, that Fateh Khan 's movement was insurrection, obta ined his permi ssion to seize t he l atter and bring h i m to Kabu l ; did so ; in presence of Mahmud and his son Kam­ ran , Fateh Khan was bu tchered in t he most cann i b a l i s­ t ic manner (cf . p . 230) . Then Dost Mohammed came up with large army, a l l Barakzais support ing h i m , took Kabu l, sent Mahmud a n d Kamran i nto ex ile; they fled to Firuz i n Herat . -The Barakzais seized the Kingdom of Afghanista n . Besi des Dost M ohammed, Fateh Khan had t he fol lowing brothers: M ohammed, who seized Peshawar; A zim Khan (the el dest brother) , who marched o n Kabu l, cla im ing i t as head of t he fam i l y of Dost Mohammed ; whi le Pur D i l Khan, Kohan D i l Khan, and Sher A li Khan seized on Kan­ dahar and the coun try of the Khi lj ies. Dost Mohammed surrendered Kabu l to A zim Khan and wi thdrew to Ghazni . -A zim Khan set up a puppet sovere ign , Prince A yu b , a representat ive of t he ancient Sadozai D ynasty, as nom i nal Shah at Kabul ; but Dost Mohammed set up a nother representative [of the same dynasty ] , Su ltan A li , who was k i l led b y A yub. Soon after, when Dost Mohammed and A zim Khan h a d l aunched an expedit ion aga inst the S ikhs, Az im Khan l earnt that his brother Dost was leagued aga i nst h i m with

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Ranji t S ingh , fled in terror to J a la labm:l , where he died in 1 823 ; Ranj i t S i ngh gave Dost Mohammed Pesha­ war, a nd Dost became actual head of Afghanista n ; the Kandahar Barakzais seized Kabu l in a moment of confusion , and it was not unt i l 1 826-that Dost Mohammed [ became ] master of Kabu l by driving out the ot her cla imants. He re igned wel l and with moderation , sought as m uch as possible to crush the D urani tribes. 1 834 . Shah Shuja, ra i s i ng army in Sind, made new attem p t to rega i n h i s k i ngdom , had co-operation of var ious brothers of Dost , who were j ealous of t he l atter. 1 834 . Shuja d i d not obta in from Lord Bentinck t he support he had hoped for, and Ranjit Singh o ffered h i s own a t so h igh a price t hat Shuj a refused i t ; Shuja marched into A fghan i stan , invested Kandahar, but c i ty defend­ ed i t se l f brave l y ; Dost Mohammed moved up with army from Kabul in the rear of Shuja, who , after one feeble batt le, fled back to I n d i a . Ranji t S ingh on t h i s occasion annexed Peshawar; Dost Mohammed pro­ cla imed a religious war (:lgainst the Sikhs, marched with enormous army in to the Punjab ; but his expedit ion was frustrated by Genera l Har lan , an A merican in the pay of Ranjit Singh, entering the Afghan camp as an ambassa dor and intr igu i ng there so wel l that army was d i sa ffected, half of i t bro ke up and marched off aga i n by d i fferent routes; Dost returned to Kabu l . 1 837 . 1 Ranjit Singh took Kashmir and M u ltan; Dost 's son , A kbar Khan , d i st i ngu ished h imsel f in the unsuccessful exped i t ion aga inst h i m . Persia. Agha Mohammad a n d h i s lnephew l Fateh A li ha d ra i sed Persia as successive shahs. Fateh A li had two sons: A bbas M irza t he Shah Zm:la and M ohammad. 1 834 . 2 A bbas M irza preva iled upon old Fateh A li to under­ take ex pe d i t ion to Herat , but Fateh d ied that year [ 1 834 ] ; A bbas M irza [ k i l led ] ; Mohammad acceded to t hrone and, under i nsp i rat ion of Count S imonich, the -

1 A ccord i ng to The Cambridge History of India, Vo l . 5 , Kas h mir was t a ken in 1 81 9 a n d M u l t a n , i n 1 8 1 8. 2 1 833. a ccord i ng to Sykes, A History of Persia, Vo l . 2, London, 1 92 1 .

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R ussian Ambassa dor a t Teheran, undertoo k , against wish of the English1 837 -siege of Herat. Pretext : some tribute, asked by Moham­ mad Shah and refused by Kamran, now called Shah of Herat. September 1 838. Persians withdrew, nom i na l l y at the request of the English , in fact because they coul d not do any­ t h i ng aga i nst the Afghan garrison of Hera t . One El­ dred Pottinger, then a young l ieutenant st i l l , d i st i n­ gu i shed h imsel f i n the garrison o f Herat dur i ng the siege. 1 836 . The B r i t'i sh Min i ster at the Court o f Persia warned A uckland of the Persian expedition to Herat , descr i b ­ i ng i t as R ussian manoeuvre, etc . ; therefore1 837-A uck land sent Cap tain Alexander Burnes to Kabu l t o secure commercial treaty a n d more i nt imate relat ions with Afgha n i stan : [Burnes } found on h i s arrival that the Kandahar chiefs ha d asked R ussian a i d aga i nst Ranj it S ingh and that ( ! ?) Dost Mohammed seemed i nc l ined to fol low their exam ple. During Burnes ' s residence at Kabu l, the Barakzais actually ma de a treaty with Persia under Russian dictation; and Mr. M cNei ll, t he English A mbassador at Teheran , was treated with " i n­ dign ity . " B urnes 's m ission a fa i lure , Dost Mohammed dema n d i ng that wh ichever party he treated with shoul d procure him Peshawar from Ranjit S ingh . The R ussian Ambassa dor promi sed i t ; Burnes wa s una ble to do so ; thereu pon Dost Mohammed declared for R uss i a , and Burnes left Afghanista n . June 26, 1 838 . Lahore tripartite treaty between Lord A uck­ land, Ranjit S ingh, and Shah Shuja; the latter abso­ lutely to renounce Peshawar and the state s on the I ndu s i n favour of Ranjit S ingh; between A fghans a n d S i khs, mutual sup port ; Shuja to be rep laced on throne of Afgha­ nistan, to rel inqu ish all claims on Sind for paymen t to be fixed by Governor-Genera l; to leave Herat un­ t ouched in hands of his nephew Kamran ; to preven t all o ther foreigners from invasion of Bri tish or S ikh territory. October 1 , 1 838 . S imla Proclamation by Auckland of war against Afghanistan for t he restorat ion of the Eng l i sh

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a l l y , Shuja, to throne. Fut i le opposition in British Par !lament, baf fled by Pam, 1 the real inst i gator of the whole farce, avowedly "anti-Russian . ,. (Pam had in the meant i me - " to overawe Persia, " wh i l e he was i n most int imate rel a t i on with t he R ussian, S imon ich , at Teheran Court-seized the island of Karrak, in the Persian Gu lf) . Counci l of war hel d un der A uck land ' s auspi ces: main ! Engl ish] army to j o i n Ranjit Singh ' s force at Firuzpur; the Bombay con tingent sa iled to the mou th of the I ndus; the three d i v i sions to meet at Shikarpur i n Sind and to march join t ly to Afghanistan. Co-operation of the amirs of Sind required to this end . 1 786 . These amirs-Baluch is, chieftains of the Ta lpura tribe­ had conquered Sind from the Afghans, port ioned out the country among themselves, a nd estab l i shed feudal system . 1 83 1 . (When o n way t o the Court of Ranj i t S i ngh with h i s troop o f dray horses [ i ntended a s a gift ]) Cap tain Burnes ha d treated with the amirs, and in 1 832 , Lord William Bentinck had conclu ded a forma l treaty with them , whereby the trade of the I ndus was opened for B r i t i sh merchants . 1 835. Ranjit S ingh commenced a war with the amirs, but (East India) Company made him des i st . 1 838 . The tripartite treaty ensured the amirs o f S i n d peace­ able possession [of the ir l ands l on con d i t ion of pay­ men t, to be fixed by Governor-General , to be ma d e to Shah Shuj a . Early 1 839, Pottinger was sent [to Sind ] t o demand a large paymen t of the amirs under the absurd l y shameles-­ pretex t of feuda l tribu te owed by the a m i rs to ShujQ as Shah of Afghanistan. They p lea ded : Shuj a , whi le i n exi l e , h a d granted them a re lease from that tribu te for a n immediate payment they had m a de for h i m i n 1 833 , [but ] Pottinger insisted o n the "funds, " say i ng that otherwi se they [the amirs ] woul d be d i sp laced ; they paid with j ust rage. November 1 838 . Bengal army reached the Su t lej, the force of Ranj i t S i ngh j o i ned t hem there . i

Pal merston.

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December 1 0, 1 838 . The united armies under command of S ir Wil loughby Cotton marche d from Firuzpur, en route for the rendezvous at Shikarpur ( i n S ind) , (after the Commander- i n-Chief, S ir Henry Fane, had resigned in indignation at the whole proceedings) ; they reachedJanuary 1 4 , 1 839-S ind territory, and heard t ha t S ir John Keane h a d safely arrived at Tat ta w i t h h i s troops from Born bay. J anuary 2 9 , 1 83 9 . Sir A lexander Burnes was sen t to deman d from the amirs (of Si nd) cession of the for t of Bakar, on the I n dus, as depot for the British troop s. They were com pelled to do so . A rmy pushed on a l ong the left (eastern) bank of the I ndus to Hyderabad; simul ta­ neously the Bombay contingen t marched a long t he right b a n k and halted opposite Hy deraba d , and Kara­ chi was taken by a Br i t i sh shi p with some reserve forces on board, who t urned the c i t y into an English fort. The a m i rs subm i t ted in everyth ing to the Company, and the main arm y marched to Shikarpur, where they arrivedAt rnd of February 1 839 ; wi thout awaiting the Bombay con­ tingent under Sir John Keane and Shah Shuja accom­ panying h i m , S ir Wil loughby Cot ton p ushed on to Bo lan Pass; he ha d to c ross a parched desert 1 46 mi les i n extent , suffere d , baggage-animals dy i ng by scores. March 1 0 , 1 839, the col umn reached D adar, at t he mouth of the pass; Cot ton rested a few days, found that Mehrab Khan , of Khe lat , was host i l e ; no su ppl i es to b e obta ined . March 1 839 . Bolan Pass traversed without op posi t ion i n s i x days; Cotton ha lted a t Quetta t o awa i t S i r J ohn Keane 's arriva l ; made favourable t reaty w i t h M ehrab Khan . A pril 1 839 . S ir john Keane with h is sta ff joined at Que t ta, where the whole expedit ion was now masse d , with Shah Shuja in cam p . Much privat ion and sickness on further march, the a l l ies soon reached Kandahar, whi ch surrendered without fight i ng . Earl y i n May 1 839 , Shuja was crowned Shah of Afghanistan at I(andahar.

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Late in June 1 839, arm y marched to Ghazni ; strong fort , but its ga tes were blown down by engi neers under Cap­ tain Thompson , and in one morn i ng the city was car­ ried and garrison put to fligh t . Dost Mohammed fled to Hindu Kush from Ka bul , aga i nst wh ich the Eng­ l i sh were march i ng ; they took i t wi thout figh t i ng , andAugust 7 -Shah Shuja was insta l led at Kabu l , in his fathers ' pa lace at t he i mmensely strong Ba la H issar. -Shu ja ' s son , Pri nce Timur, and a fresh Sikh con tingent came through Khyber Pass, joined soon a fter the main army at Kabu l. (June 27, Ranjit S ingh died; ha d l eft his S i k h kingdom to his el dest son , Kharak Singh, and bequeathed Koh-i-noor to the temp le of J agannath .) It was dec i ded for the pre­ sent to leave large Bri tish force and the S ikhs i n Kab u l, where they remained undisturbed from 1839 to 1841 ; t hey fel t so safe that Sir Wi lliam Macnagh ten . the po­ l i t ical agent , had h i s wi fe and daughter come to Kabu l from H i n dustan, and other ladies closel y rel ated to the officers in the army, because of the p leasan t fresh climate of A fghanistan. October 1 5, 1 839 . On its southward march back to S i n d , the Bombay force took Khe lat, killed Mehrab Khan , and ravaged his coun try. . Early 1 840, Macnaghten and Cotton were such asses that they ceded the immense stronghol d of Bala Hissar at Ka b u l to Shah Shuja for his harem ( !) removing the troops from there in to cantonmen ts. Thus t he strongest fort in the coun try was converted in to a zenana . Then began a series of revo lts against Shah Shuja in Kabul itsel f; it l asted throughout 1840 . November 1 84 0 . Dost Mohammed, with a smal l troop of horse­ men , came to Kabul to surrender . -(He had earl ier fled to Bokhara , where he was accorded a poor recept ion, ano had returned to Afganistan , was joined by a large num ber o f Uzbeks and Afghans, defeated , and put to fl i ght by Briga d i er Dennie.) During remainder of 1 840 a n d summer of 1 84 l , serious in­ surrections at Kandahar, put down severely ; peop le of Herat open ly declared against the British . The whole ·

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country roused to i n d ignat ion aga i nst the "British usurpers. " October 1 84 1 , most serious revo lt among the Khi lji tribes of the great Khyber Pass; cost many l ives t o the troops return i ng through that pass to H i ndustan ; sup p ressed with d i f ficulty. November 2 , 1 84 1 . After secret consp iracy organized at Ka bul , house of Burnes attacked by i nsurgents, he h i msel f with numerous other officers fou lly murdered. Several regi ments sent to q uel l the i nsurrection, but b locked by m i stake in the narrow streets of Kabu l ; for several days the frantic mob thus l eft unop pose d ; they attacked a fort used for commissariat stores and so poorl y sup port­ ed by Genera l E lphinstone (now Commander-in-Chief i n A fghanistan in p lace of Co tton) that the of ficer i n charge with h i s smal l garri son was forced t o c l ear the fort . -M acnaghten sent urgent messages to General Sale, then near the Khyber Pass, and to Genera l No tt at Kandahar to rel ieve the garrison at Ka b u l , but snow l y i ng thick on ground made any communicat ion hope­ less ; troops were in two divisions, one at the Bala H issar under a ble Brigadier She lton , the other i n cantonments under Genera l E lphinstone . Not h i ng was done because of q uarrels between the two . November 1 84 1 , Afghans commenced regular attacks, se ized some hills near; ineffectual attempts to d islodge t hem . November 23, 1 84 1 . General action , English comp lete ly beat­ en, returned to cantonments; negotiations in v a i n ; a a few days l ater, A kbar Khan, Dost 's fiery son , arr ived [in Kabul ] . December 1 1 , 1 84 1 . Provisions ran out ; with one voi ce the i nhab i tants of t he country round refused to supply them ; Macnaghten had to concl u de a treaty with the insurgents: British and Sikh troops to quit the coun try; Dost Mohammed to be re leased; Shah Shuja to resi de crown less, but unmolested , i n Afghan i stan or India ; Afghans guaran teed to assist the safe retreat of the Brit­ ish army by money, protection, and provisions. There­ upon the 15 , 000 British troops began their m iserab le re treat from Afghan istan ; the Afghans on every occasion despoi led (qu ite so ! ) the soldiers and seized their stores;

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before the troops had started from Kabul , A kbar Khan sent i n fresh treaty to Macnaghten , inv i ted h im to pri­ vate audience . December 23, 1 84 l . Macnaghten accep ted, to secure better terms for the army; Akbar put a p isto l shot through his heart. January 1 842 . M ajor Pottinger stepped in Macnaghten 's p l ace ; was unable to urge some dec i ded course on t he despa ir i ng general s ; made a final treaty for secur­ i ng a safe retreat to the army, left Kabu l , but Akbar Khan had sworn the a nni h i l at ion of the British. The troops had scarcel y left cantonments when heavy snow came; t he sol d iers ' su ffering terrible; after three days ' march , the head of the column en tered a pass in the moun­ tains; A kbar Khan a ppeared with troop of horse , deman d­ ed surrender of a ll the ladies and children ( incl u ding Lady Macnaghten and Lady Sale) wi th several of­ ficers , as hostages for the safe retreat of the force ; they were gi ven u p . J n the defile, the natives shot the "Br i t i sh dogs " dead from the heights above, hundreds fel l thus unt i l t he end of the pass was cleared, where onl y 500600 st arving and wounded men were left to continue the i r ret rea t . They , too, were slaughtered like sheep during their strugg l i ng march to the fron t i er. January 13, 1 842 . On t he wa lls of J ala labad (near Shahjahan­ p ur, N orth-Western Provinces) , t he sentries espied a man in a tat tered English uniform, on miserable pony, horse and man desperately wounde d ; it was Dr. Brydon , the sole survivor of the 15, 000 who had left Kabul three weeks before . He was dying of starvation . lord Auckland ordered the advance of a fresh brlgade, to re­ l ieve the brigade of General Sale in J alalabad, harassed by the Afghans. Auckland returned disgraced to Engla n d; he was succeeded by the big-mouthed elephant , lord E lle n borough, who was sent out p ledged to a peace po licy, but during the two years of his office, the sword was never sheathed (duce1 Pam) .

1 Led by.

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(5) LORD ELLENBOROUGH'S (ELEPHANT'S) ADMINISTRATION, 1842-1844

Early 1 842. On landing, the "E lephant " heard that the brigade under Genera l Wi ld, sen t off by A uck land to rel i eve J a la labad, had been disastrously beaten in Khyber Pass; that S ikh army refused to co-opera te any longer with E ngl ish and that the sepoys i n W i l d 's briga de were l i kewise i n a state of pan i c . O n h i s death ( June 27 , 1839 ) , Ranji t S ingh was succeed­ ed by h i s el dest son , Kharak S ingh , as ruler of the Punj a b ; the latter made one Chait S ingh h is Vizier ; he was murder�d by ex- Vizier D ian Singh , who a l so deposed Kharak and rep laced h i m b y h i s son , Nao N i­ ha l. I n 1840 , Kharak Singh d ied i n prison , and Nao N ihal was acci dental l y kil l ed ; D ian sent for Sher S ingh , Ranjit Singh ' s brave son , who seemed to declare for the Eng­ l ish .

1 842 . New brigade under General Po l lock was sent in assist­ ance of Wi ld; with the l i berated W i l d it had to pene­ trate Khyber Pass and replace Genera l Sale at J a la la­ bad. Apr i l 5, 1 842 . Pollock had two briga des sca l e the heights on both si des of (Khyber) Pass, so as to c l ear the way for advance o f the ma i n body ; i t was done ; the Khybe­ ris, defeated on their own ground , fled to the A fghan end of the de file. Army marched through pass unopposed, reached Jala labad in JO days (April 1 5?) , where they learnt that siege of the c i t y under A kbar Khan ' s person­ al command [had been ] beaten o ff in sort i e and that A kbar Khan had ret i re d . I n January 1 842, General Nott h a d concentrated h i s smal l force at Kandahar, defeated the A fghans on sever­ al occasions; a fterwards he was besieged , defended the city with great a b i l itv; but Ghazn i had surrendered to the enemy, and Genera [ Eng land, command ing a convoy from Quetta , intended to join Not t 's force , had been repulse d and forced to retreat .

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E lephan t E l lenborough -now singing smal I -ordered Pol lock to remain at J a lalabad till October and then to withdraw a l t ogether from A fgh an i stan ; Nott was a lso to destroy Kandahar and then ret i re to the Jndus. ­ Cry of rage among a l l A nglo-Indians; hence J u l y 1 842 -the E lephan t permitted the m i litary in Afghani­ stan to take Kabu l -At Kabu l, A kbar Khan had in­ st a l l ed h imse l f as Shah of Afghanistan , Shah Shuja hav­ ing been barbarously murdered a fter the retrea t of the Engl ish . Akbar sent the English ladies, o fficers, and other prisoners to a fort at Tegeen , where they were wel l t reated . There Genera l E lphinstone died. August 1 842 . The two armies of Kandahar and Jala labad marche d in d i fferent direct ions on Kabul , Pollock beat i ng t he Klzi lj ies severa l t imes . September 1 842. The two d iv i s ions joined at Tegeen (Tezin , near J a la labad) ; A kbar Khan defeated. September 1 5 , 1 842 . Kabu l in English hands again . -As Po l­ lock a d vance d , the British prisoners were sent to Bami­ an i n Hindu Kush , in charge of officer Sala Mohammed; the l atter, hearing o f defeat of Akbar, offered Pott inger to release the whol e party and to accompany them to Kabul , prov i ded he was guaranteed persona l safety and money reward; Pot t i nger granted this; hence September 20 -the prisoners were restored at Kabu l to t heir countrymen . October 1 842 . Havi ng destroyed most of the fortifications of Kabu l, the British army p roceeded unhampered through Khyber Pass into the Peshawar territories; at Firuzpur, the S i kh Comman der- i n-Chief played host to Pott i nger. Late 1 842 . Army under Sir Char les Napier advanced against amirs of Sind (the army was formed part l y of the Kan­ dahar regiments and partly of fresh troops sen t from Ben­ ga l and Bombay) . Depot , Sukkur on the lndus ( i n S i nd) . -Desperate attack by the Ba luchi cava lry on residence of Co lonel, Ou tram politica l agen t at Hyderabad; Out­ ram bare l y escaped to camp of Napier, who by then had a d va nced as far as Ha l la . February 1 7, 1 843, bat t le at M iani, near H ydera b a d . Am irs with 20,000 men , Nap ier with about 3 , 000 ; a fter about .

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t hree hours ' terrib le fight . Nap ier won , enemy fled i n d i sor der, s i x amirs surren dered a s pr i soners , Hyderabad at once occup ied and p lundrred (!), and the English garrisoned the city. March 1 843, the B r i t i sh garri son was reinforced with some "nat ive " reg i ments from Bengal , so that N a p ier had a bout 6,000 men . March 24 , 1 843 . Napier beat Sher Mohammed, A m ir of M irpur, in act ion near the cap i ta l ; then ci ty of M irpur se i ze d a n d sacked! Next t o b e ta ken was Umarko t, a strong fort in t he desert ; the (Baluch i ) garr ison surrendered the c i t y without drawing the sword . J une 1 843, Co lone l Jacob o f the S i n d Horse defea ted Sher Mohammed, and thereby subjugation of Sind was complet­ ed. S ince then Sind British province, costs the Govern­ men t annually more than it yie lds. Gwalior, December f843 . The English troops there fighting with their ancient enemies. T h i s i s how i t came a bout : 1 827, after a dvantageous treaty w i th Lor d Hast i ngs ( 1 8 1 4) , Dau lat Rao Sindhia died wi t hout i ssue . H e was succeed­ ed1 827- 1 843 ( year of h i s death) -by the only heir that coul d be foun d , M ugat Rao, under the name of A li J ah J ankoji Sindhia; left no ch i l dren , only widow 13 years o ld-Tara Bai; she a dopted as successor Bhagerat Rao, an eight-year-old ch i l d , who received the t i tle of A li Jah Jyaji Sindhia; of the two cla i mants to the regency -J ankoji Sindhia, called M ama Sahib (cf . notes on p . 245 : mama = maternal uncle, sahib = lord) , a n d the ste­ ward of the househo ld, Wala (a distant relat ion of t he deceased Maharaja) , known as D ada Khasji (dada = a paterna l grandfather , or a n e lder brother-russice1 cJ.RcJR2 = uncle-and khasji steward of the househo l d) , E llenborough ha d the Resi dent a ppoint Mama Sahib [Regent ] , wh i le Tara Bai was for D ada; hence two par­ t ies formed at court ; after m uch confusion and some b loodshed, Mama was d ismi ssed and Dada appointed by the Maharani, Tara Ba i ; but the E lephant insisted on 1 2

I n R uss i an. Written i n Russian by Marx.

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h i s Mama, ordered the Resi den t to leave Gwalior . D ada prepared troops to oppose the E lephant . E l lenborough (the El ephant) ordered S ir Hugh Gough to assume com­ mand o f the Gwa l ior expe d it ion a n d 1 843-to cross the Chamba l River into Sindhia territory; the Ran i and Dada thereu pon o ffered subm i ssion , but their army of 60 , 000 men and 200 guns marched out , and drove the English beyond the Chamba l [which they had crossed ] . December 29, 1 843, near Maharajpur (in Gwa lior) , S ir Hugh Gough was attacked by 1 4 ,000 picked (Maratha) sol ­ d i ers w i t h numerous batteries o f perfect l y served art i l ­ lery ; Marat has fought with utmost gal l antry ; the Eng­ lish won after heavy losses. December 3 1 , 1 843 The Maharani and young S indhia came i nto B r i t i sh camp and submitted humbl y ; State o f Gwa l ior was retained for Sindhia , the Rani pensioned off, the Maratha army reduced to 6, 000 men , the Brit­ ish force subsidized [ by Gwa l i or ] increased to J0, 000 men ; Sindhi a to succeed at his majori ty ; meanwhi l e council appointed t o manage the state a ffa irs. Soon after, early in 1844, the Elephant was revoked -before exp i ry of h is term-by Court of D irectors, because of his "war urge "; Sir Henry Hardinge was sent out to supersede the E lephant. (6) LORD HARDINGE'S ADMINISTRATION, 1844-1848

June 1 844 . Hardinge arrived a t Calcu tta . (He came, not as "Lord, " but as Sir Henry Hardinge .) 1 842. Sher S ingh , one o f Ranj it S ingh ' s sons , sovereign of the Punjab ; h i s Vizier, D ian Singh, i n duced one A ji t Singh to murder Sher S ingh ; but A jit a lso murdered Sher 's el dest son , Pratap Singh, d itto D ian S ingh himse lf ; t h e latter 's brother, Suchat, and [son ] Hira S ingh, surrounded Lahore with troops, se ized the rebels (hea d­ e d by Aj it Singh) , and k i l led t hem al l . Thereupon H ira S ingh, who had made h imse l f Vizier, p rocla i med [ Raja ] the only surviv ing son o f Sher Si ngh 's, viz . , Dhu leep S ingh ( 1 0 years ol d , g i ftecl , the last Maharaja .

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of Lahore) . The most d i f ficul t pro bl em for Hira S ingh was curt a i l ing the number or curbi ng the power of the Sikh, or Khalsa, 1 army, which indeed was the domi­ nan t power in the state ; Hira fel l (done in) as v i c t i m of a cons p i racy of i t s of ficers . -A favourit� of the Rani, the Brahmin Lal Singh, became V i z ier ; after various m i nor m i l i tary expedit ions, he found that the on ly way to pac i fy the Khalsa was war against England. Spring 1 84 5 . The war prepara t i ons i n Lahore so marked that S ir Henry Hardinge concentrated 50 , 000 men on eastern bank of Sutlej . first Sikh War , 1 845, 1 846 . A t end of November, 60,000 S i khs crossed the Sutlej an d encamped on Engl i sh territory near Firuzpur. Governor-Genera l Hardinge and Sir Hugh Gough, his Comman der- i n-Chief, at once marched to o ppose them . To be noted that the m ish aps of the En­ gl i sh were most l y due, besi des the S ikhs ' bravery , to the asi n i ne stu p i d i t y of Gough, who imagined he coul d do anything to the S ikhs, i n the same way a s to the easily frightened Hindus of the Sou th, by charging them with the bayonet. Decem ber 18, 1 845. Battle of M udki, v i l l age a bout 20 m i les from Firuzpur. English victory ( [though ] several of thei r "nat i ve regi ments " had a l read y given way), Lal Singh ret i red with h is army during the n igh t . December 2 1 , 1 845. Batt le of Firuzshah, where S i khs had t he i r camp . Engl i sh repulsed on a l l s i des w i t h heavy losses. December 22, 1 84 5 . Reswnp tion of bait le. English won , al­ though with heavy losses because the S ikhs ha d not expected that after their "defeat, " wh ich to most Orien­ tal nations means a panic and general fl i gh t , E ngl i sh shou l d attack agai n next morn ing. S ikhs retreated, Engl i sh too exhausted for pursu i t . For the a ttack on Lahore, the Engl i sh awai ted siege bat tery, reported to be on the route in the middle of December; to foresta l l attac k o n the convoy b y the S i khs encam ped at A liwa l, ' sma l l v i l l age near Ludh i ana 1 "Co m munit y , " the origi nal n a me of the brotherhood of S i khs, and later the Sikh St ate.as wel l as o f the sold iers ' organizat ions , wh i ch exert­ e d a democrat ic i n fl uence on the policies o f the S i k h Govern ment . H ence the Sikh feuda l lord s were i nt e nt on break i ng the power of t h e Khalsa.

1 45

LORD DALHOUSIE'S ADMINISTRATION, 1848-18:lti

January 28, 1 846- bat t le of A liwa l; after stubborn res i st­ ance , Si khs driven i nto the river . -A few days later, the convoy arrived from Del h i i n Engl i sh cam p . -Mean­ whi l e the Si khs ha d built very strong fortifications, garrisoned wi t h nearly 40, 000 men at Sobraon , etc . , for the defence o f Lahore . February 1 0 , 1 846, bat t le of Sobraon . The Sikh army comp lete­ ly shattered a ft er excel lent, most courageous resi stance, with great loss on part of English . (Much hand- to-hand figh ting, one o f t he hottest actions i n wh ich the English ever engage d . ) After the Engl i sh had crossed t he Sut­ lej unop posed, and occupied the strong fort o f Kasur (not far from Lahore) , Dhu leep S ingh ( the young Raja) arrived a t t he la tter p lace to su b m i t , with i n fluent ial chi efta i ns hea ded by Gulab S ingh ( this fe llow was a Rajput, known to t he E ngl ish to be at heart grea t ene­ my of the S i khs) . Treaty, under which coun try be tween the rivers B ias and Su t lej to be ceded to the Company; £ 1 ,500 ,000 to be p a i d as in demn ity ; Lahore for t he pres­ ent to be garri soned by the Engl i sh t roops. February 20 , 1 846. English army en tered Lahore i n triump h . As there was no money in treasury for t h e payment o f the £ 1 ,500,000, Hardinge declared Kashmir annexed to Company, but Gu lab S ingh o ffered the money , and Kashmir was therefore made over to h i m . That was how Hardinge pa i d h i s war ex penses . The troops of the Kha l­ sa army were p a i d o ff and d isbanded; Dhu leep S ingh wa s recogn ized as i n dependent . Major Henry Lawrence l eft w i th English garrison at Lahore ; the mai n army with t he ca ptured guns withdrew to Ludhiana -Hardinge and Gough received thanks of Par l i ament , and were ra i sed to peerage. -I n March 1 848, Hardinge returned to E ngland, was succeeded as Governor- Genera l by lord Dalhousie. .

(7) LORD DALHOUSIE'S ADMINISTRATION, I 848-1856

A p ri l 1 84 8 . M u lraj, who had succeeded h i s fat her (Sawan) i n 1844, was deposed as Governor of M u ltan by Dhu leep Singh, and S irdar Khan , accompan ied by Vans Agnew

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(a c i v i l ian) and l ieu tenan t A nderson , was sent to take h i s p l ace . April 20 , 1 848 . M u lraj handed over the keys of the city ; three days after , the garrison o pened t he gates , Si khs rushed in, murdered A nderson and Vans Agnew . Young l ieu­ tenant Edwards, stationed near Lahore w i t h a regimen t of S ikhs who began to desert , sent to Raja of Bhawal­ pur for a i d , and o bta ined i t . May 20, 1 848, he joined Colonel Courtlandt a t Dera Ghazi Khan on the I ndus; Court landt had 4,000 men ; t hey were joined by two bodies of Ba luchis, and hav ing a l ­ together 7.000 men , they dec i ded to t ;:i ke M u ltan ; after several fort unate engagemerit'.' , f t he Engl i sh ] rema i ned before Multan t i l l Sep tember 1 848, when they were joined by large English force under General Whish ; they summoned Mu ltan to surren der, were refuse d ; at the same t ime, Sher Singh (he had arrived from Lahore two months before, a llegedly as a l l y) deserted to enemy . Whole Punjab now in a state of revo lt . Lahore Cabine t secured a l liance qf Dost Mohammed by promising Pesha­ war. S ir George Lawrence , brother of S i r Henry, Resi­ den t at Peshawar; on October 24, J 848 , I\esi dency taken by the S i khs, Engl ish kep t close prisoners . Second S ikh War. Octobs 1 848, Da lhousie joi ned t he army assembled at Firuzpur. End of October, Gough crossed the Sutlej , j o i ned by General Wheeler at J a landhar . The S i khs massed i n the Doab, between rivers Ravi and Chenab . November 22 , 1 848, battle at Ramnagar. (Si khs under Sher S ingh .) S i khs ret i red beyond the Chenab ; Gough marched north to effect a p assage not in t he face of t he S i kh bat­ ter ies. December 2, 1 848, bat t le at v i llage of Sadu l lapur. (Si khs u nder Sher S ingh retreated towards J helum R iver , entrenched themselves t here strongl y ; for s i x weeks , t he E ngl ish army inact ive . January 1 4 , 1 1 849, battle of Chi lianwa la, v i l l age near R iver Jhelum; disastrous for Engl ish , who l ost 2 , 300 men , -

1

J anuary 1 3 , accor d i ng t o S m i t h , The Oxford History of India.

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1 47

three regiments lost their co lours; they rested at Ch i l i an­ wal a ; S i khs ret ired, took up new posit ion . January 22, 1 849, cap ture of Mu ltan by Genera l \llhish and Lieu tenan t Edwards (MulraJ al lowed to march out). E ngl ish army marched to join Gough, wh i l e L ieutenant E dwards stayed at Multan with a Brit ish garr ison . January 26 , 1 849, Gough ' s army heard o f capture of M u ltan ; a few days later, Sher Singh o ffered to subm i t , lbut E ngl i sh ] refused. February 12, 1 849, Sher S i ngh made clever flank march i n order t o rush down o n Lahore wh i l e whole B r i t i sh army i n the Nort h . Gough overtook h i m at Gujrat, v i l lage near the Chenab . February 20 , 1 849, bat t le of Gujrat (Brit ish army 24, COO strong) . Compara tive ly b loodless victory of the E ngl i sh . March 1 2, 1 849 . Sher S ingh and his generals submitted-Dalhou­ sie annexed Punjab a fter having occup ied Lahore . Dhu leep S ingh had t o p l ace h i msel f under British pro­ tect i o n ; Khalsa army to be d i sbanded ; Koh-i-noor (dia­ mond , c f . p. 256, n . I) to be del i vered to the fai r Vic­ tor i a ; the S ikh leaders ' private landed possessions con­ fisca ted; t hey had to regard t hemselves as prisoners i n ra d i us o f four m i l es from their p laces o f resi dence . M u lraj sentenced to l i fe i mp r i sonment -Settlement of the Punjab left to commi ssion hea ded by S ir Henry Lawrence, with ass istance of h i s brother Sir John Law­ rence (later Governor-Genera l) . -A sma l l Sikh army, of ficere d by E ngl ish on the sepoy princi ple, was forme d ; roads made . May 1 849, Gough repl aced by S ir Charles Napier. Q uarrels between him and Dalhousie, wh ich ended in his resigna­ t ion . 1 848 . A nnexation of Satara . The Raja from House of Sh ivaj i , placed on throne by Hastings i n 1 8 1 8 , died; he was ch i l d­ less, ha d on deathbed a do pted a son and a p p o i nted h i m his heir. Dal hous ie refused t o recognize h i m ; annexed [Satara ] . 1 849- 1 85 1 . Out breaks o f severa l h i l l tribes p ut down by S ir Co lin Campbe ll, Co lone l Campbe ll, Mr. S trange, etc . ( p . 257) . -A general war was decl ared aga i nst .

LAST PERIOD, 1823-1858 (EXTINCTION OF EAST INDIA CO.)

1 48

dacoity, thuggee, infan ticide, human sacrifices, su ttee, etc. Second Burmese War, 1 852- 1 853 (commenced A pr i l 12, 1852, ended as result of fights of March 17 and 18, 1 853, at Donabyu) . A nnexation of Pegu under Proclamation of December 20, 1 853. 1 853 . A nnexation of Berar, where Raja of Nagpur, ra i sed to throne by A uck land ( 1 840) , died without natural i ssue or adopted son . Fina l A nnexation of the Carnatic. I n 1801 , "the Compa­ ny 's N abob " ha d ret ired into pr ivate l ife . In 1819, a t h is death , h i s son was p ut o n thron e, d . 1825 ; h i s i n fant son then proc l a i med Nabob, d. 1 853, 1 and now h i s un­ cle, A zim Jah, cla i me d the t i tle, was pensi oned o fI , ha d precedence of a l l the other nobles i n Ma dras, Victoria late l y had given h i m the t i t l e of Prince of A rcot , fel l ow l i ves at ease in his p alace a t Ma dras .

1854 . 2 A nnexation of Jhansi (in Bunde lkhand) . The Raja of J hansi , origina l l y tri butary of the Peshwa , recog­ n ized in 1 832 as independent raja , died w i t hout natural i ssue, but adopted son l iving. Monsieur Da l housie aga i n refused t o recognize h i m ; hence rage of t he d ispossessed Ran i , who later the most prominent leader in the sepoy mu tiny. Dandhu Pan th , a l i a s Nana Sahib , was the adopted son of the dismis::;ed and pensioned Peshwa Baji Rao , who d . 1853; Nana Sah i b c l a i me d the annua l pension of his adop tive father-.£ 1 00,000; refuse d . Nana su bm i t t e d , later wreaked revenge o n t h e "English dogs. " 1 855- 1 856 . Outbreak of the Santa ls, a hal f-savage t r i b e , i n the Rajmahal Hills i n Bengal ; p u t down , a fter seven month s ' guerri l la warfare , i n February 1 856. Early 1 856 , Dalhousie declined the "humble " request of the deposed Raja of Mysore to restore h i m in h is former government . 1 1 855, accord i ng to B urgess. 2

1 853, according to B urgess .

I

LORD CANNING ' S ADMINISTRATION, 1856-185!

1 49

1 856 . A nnexation of Oudh because of bad government on the part of the N abob -M aharaja Dhu leep S ingh of the Punjab adop ted Christian ity . Dalhousie with drew, leavi ng a boastfu l "farewe l l minute " ; among other t h i ngs , canals, railways, e lectric te legraph bu i l t ; increase in the revenue of £4 m i l lion , exclusive o f annexat ion o f Ou dh ; tonnage of ships tra d i ng to Cal cutta, nearly doub led ; i n fact , deficiency in the pub lic accoun ts, but t h i s due to heavy ex pen d i ture for pub l i c works . -A n­ swer to this rodomon tade, t he Sepoy Revo lu tion ( 1 8571 859) . .

(8) LORD CANNING'S ADMINISTRATION, 1 856-1858

February 29, 1 856 . Canning assumed power. ( H i s Pena l Code, a l i ke app licab le to Hindus, Mohammedan s, and Europeans, not completed unt i l 1861 .) Aug ust 1 856, cholera; ravaged Centra l I n d i a ; in Agra a lone, 1 5 ,000 deaths. Persian War, 1 856- 1 857 . (Pam ! ) : in 1855, Brit ish Commiss ion­ er l eft Teheran because of "contemptuous treatment " he had met w i t h . 1 856, Persian Governmen t seized Herat from t h e A fghan Isa Kha n . November 1 , 1 856 . Canning decl ared war ; November 1 3, sev­ eral sh i ps sa i led from Bombay to attack M uscat. Early December 1 856, Bushire (A bu Shahr) i n the Persian Gu l f taken . Meanwh i le negotiations opened between S ir John Lawrence (now Chief Comm issioner of Punjab in p lace of h i s brother Sir Henry) and Dost Mohammed, Amir o f Kabu l . Early 1 857, reconci liation , a lliance, was kep t. January 1 857, Sir James Ou tram joined the army at Bushire as Commander- in-Ch ief of the exped i t io n . F ebruary 7 , 1 857, bat t le of Khushab ; about 8 ,000 Persians completely routed by col umn un der Outram.

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LAST PERIOD, 1823-1858 (EXTINCTION OF EAST INDIA CO.)

February 8, 1 857, Ou tram with h i s column returned to hea d­ quarters a t Bushire . Apri l 1 857 , cap ture of Mohammera . -Thereupon Treaty of Peace: Persians to withdraw for ever from Herat and Afghanistan, to treat t he B r i t i sh Comm i ssioner at Te­ heran "wi t h a l l dist i nction . " 1 857 . The Sepoy Revolt. For some years Sepoy A rmy very disorganize d ; 40,0tJO soldiers from Oudh i n i t , bound toget her by caste and .nat ional i ty ; one common pulse i n army, insult to a regiment on t he part of its superiors fel t as grievance by a l l the rest ; of ficers powerless ; l a x i ty of disc i p l ine; open acts of mu tiny frequen t, suppressed with more or less d i f ficul t y ; downright refusa l of the Benga l army to cross the sea for the attack of Rangoon, necessitat i ng t he substitution of Sikh regimen ts ( 1 852) . (Al l this since annexation of Punjab 1 849 b ecame worse since annexation of Oudh-1 856. ) Lord Canning began his a dm i ni strat ion with arbitrary act; u n t i l then, the sepoys of Madras and Bombay en listed by regulation for service a l l over the world, the Bengalese only for service in India; Canning made ''general service en list­ men t " t he ru le in Benga l. The "fa kirs " denounced t h is as attemp t to abolish caste, etc . Early 1 857 , (Pam 's) cartridges, late ly issued, greased with the fat of pigs and cows, ex pressly, sa i d t he fakirs, i n order t o cause every sepoy to break his caste. Hence, sepoy emeutes at Barrackpore (near Calcutta) and R.aniganj (near Bankura) . February 26 , sepoy emeute at Bcrhampore (on the Hoogh ly, south of M urshidabad) : i n March , sepoy insurrect ion a t Barrackpore; a l l t h i s i n Bengal (forcibly quelled) . March and April . Sepoys of A mbala and Mceru t set constan t l y and secretly their barracks o n fire ; i n districts of Oudh and North- West, fakirs i n flamed the peopl e aga i nst E ngland . Nana Sahib , R.aja of B i thur (on Ganges) , p lotte d with R.ussia, Persia, the princes of Delhi, and the ex-King of Oudh, took a dvantage of t he sepoy disturbances consequent upon the greased cartri dges. -

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151

Apri l 24 . 1 R ising at Luclmow o f 48th Benga lese ( Regi ment) , 3rd Na tiue Cava lry, 7 th Oudh Irregu lars, que lled by Sir Henry Lawrence bringing u p Engl i sh troops. � t M eerut (north-east of Del h i ) , l l th and 20th Native Infantry attacked the E ngl ish, shot the i r o f ficers , fired the town, slew a l l Engl i sh la dies and chil dren, wen t off to Delhi. A t De lhi, i n n ight , some of the mutineers gal loped i nto Del h i , sepoys there rose (54th, 74th , 38th Native Infan­ try) ; the English Commissioner, chap lain, officers, murdered; n ine Engl ish officers defen de d t he magaz[ ne, blew i t u p (two 2 perished) ; the other Englishmen in the city fled to j ungles, most k i l le d by nat i ves or severe weather; some arrived safely at Meerut, now deserted of troops. But De lhi in insurgen t hands. A t Firuzpur, 4 5 th and 57 th Native attemp ted to seize the fort , driven o ff by the 61 st English; but they p l un­ dere d town , set it on fire, were next day driven off by cavalry turn i ng off the fort . A t Lahore, on news of the events at Meeru t a n d Delhi , the sepoys on genera l parade, ordered b y General Cor­ bett, disarmed (surrounded by English troops with art i l ­ lery) . May 20 . 64th, 55 th , 39th Native Infantry d i sa rmed a t Pe­ shawar (as at Lahore) ; then the remainder of avai lab le English and faithfu l S ikhs cleared the beleaguere d sta­ tions of Noushera and Mardan , and at end of May, the large station of A mba la, garri soned by several Euro­ pean regimen ts assemlled from t he near- by stat ions; col lected here , nucleus of an army under General A nson . . . . The h i l l station of Sim la, crowded with E ngl ish fam­ i l ies resi dent there for the hot season , was not attacked. May 25 . A nson with h is l i ttle army marched o n Delhi; he died o n M ay 2 7 , rep l aced by Sir Henry Barnard; the lat ter on June 7 joine d by English troops un der Gen­ era l t\7i lson (coming from Meerut ; some fight ing with the sepoys ha d taken p l ace on t he route) . Rebe llion 1Ma y 3, accor d i ng to K aye a n d Mal leso n , History of the Indian M u ti­

ny, Vo l . 3 , L o n do n , I 89 - 1 892.

2Five, accord i ng t o K a ye and M a l leso n , Vo l .

2.

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spread throughout Hindustan ; in 20 different p laces si­ mu ltaneously, sepoy risings and murder of the English; chief scenes: Agra, Bareili, M oradabad. S indhia l oyal to the " Engl ish dogs, " not so his " troopers "; Raja of Patia la -for shame! -sent l arge body of sol d iers i n a i d o f the Engl ish ! A t Mainpuri (North-Western Prov­ i nces), a young brute of a l ieutenant, one De Kantzow, saved treasury and fort . A t Cawnpore, June 6, 1857, Nana Sahib (ha d t a ken command of three sepoy regimen ts and three regimen ts of native cavalry, who had risen i n Cawnpore, wh i le Sir Hugh Whee ler, comman der of Cawnpore troops, had on ly one batta lion of European infan try, and ha d ob­ ta i ne d a slight reinforcemen t from wi thou t ; he hel d the fort and the barracks, whi ther a l l E ngl i sh peop le, wom­ en, ch i l dren, had fled) beleaguered S ir Hugh Whee ler. June 26, 1 857. Nana Sahib o ffered safe retreat for all E urope­ ans if Cawnpore del i vered up ; June 27 (Wheeler hav i ng accepted) , 400 of the surv ivors a l lowe d to embark in boats and proceed down the Ganges; Nana opened fire on them from both si des; one boat escaped, a ttacke d lower down , scuttled, onl y four men of t h e whole garri ­ son escaped . A boat, wh ich ha d stuck fast o n a san d­ ban k , filled with women and chi ldren, seize d , marched to Cawnpore , there shut up closel y as prisoners ; 1 4 days later (in J u ly) , more Engl i sh prisoners dragged there by the in"-urgent sepoys from Fatehgarh (mi lita­ ry stat ion three m i les from Farrukhaba d) . Upon orders from Canning, troops moved from Madras, Bom­ bay, Cey lon . On May 23, Madras reinforcement under Nei l l landed, a n d Bombay cont i ngent up the Indus, proceeded to L ahore. June 1 7 , Sir Patrick Grant (succee d i ng A nson as Commander­ in-Chief in Bengal) and Genera l Havelock, the A dju­ tant Genera l , arrived at Ca lcu t ta , started a t once thence . June 6, a_t A llahabad, sepoys mutinied, b utchered the (Engl i sh) officers wi th the ir wives and ch i l dren , a t tempted to seize the fort, defen ded by Co lone l S impson , who on June 1 1 received a i d from Co lone l Nei l l coming up with the Madras fusiliers from Ca lcutta; the l atter

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turned out a ll Sikhs, occupied the fort, garrisoned the p lace on ly with Britislzers. (On t he way he had occupied Benares and defeated 37th Nat ive Infa ntry in first stage of mut iny; sepoys fled) ; ( Engl i sh) troops flowed from a l l si des into Al l ahaba d . June 3 0 , General Have lock, arriv i ng a t A l l ahaba d , took com­ m an d , marched wi t h some J , 000 Br i t i shers on Cawn­ pore ; J u ly 1 2 , at Fatehpur, repulsed t he sepoys, eic . , some more actions. July 1 6, Have lock ' s army on the outskirts of Cawnpore; de­ feated t he I n d i ans, but was too late to enter the citade l; in the night, Nana bu tchered a ll English prisoners-offi­ cers, ladies, chi ldren ; then b lew up the magazine and abandoned the town . -J u ly 17, Engl i sh troops entered the p l ace . -Have lock marched i nto Nana 's nest , Bithur, took it unresi sted, destroyed the pa lace, b lew up the fort, then marched back to Cawnpore ; t here he left Nei l l to garrison and ho ld the station, wh ile Havelock o ff t o re lieve Lucknow; there , despite t he e fforts of Sir Henry Lawrence, the whole city, save the Residency, fell i nto insurgen t hands. June 30, whole garrison marched out aga i nst body of rebels in vici n i t y ; rep ulsed; she ltered again in Residency ; this p lace besieged. July 4 , Sir Henry Lawrence d ied (consequent to exp losion of shell wounding h im on J u ly 2) ; Co lonel Inglis took com­ mand; they held out, with occasional sorties aga inst the besiegers , for three nwn ths. -OpPrations by Have lock ( p . 27 1 ) . After the latter back to Cawnpore, Sir James Ou tram joined him with large bod ies of troops, and he d i tto moved up re i n fo1 cements of many detached regi­ men ts from various m u i mous d i stricts. September 1 9 , the whole force crossed the Ganges un der Havelock, Outram, and Neill . On 23d , they stormed t he A lambagh, the summer pa lace of the Kings of Oudh, e ight m i les from Luc know. September 25, fina l rush made on Lucknow, reached the Resi­ dency, where the united force had to stay , closely b lock­ aded, for two mon ths more. ( Genera l Neill fel l during t he figh t i ng i n town ; Ou tram received severe wound i n a rm . )

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LAST PERIOD, 1 823-1858 (EXTINCTION O F EAST INDIA CO.)

September 20 . De lhi captured, a fter s i x days of actual fi ght ing, under Genera l Wi lson. (Cf. pp. 272 , 273 for deta i l s. ) Hodson at the hea d of h i s body of horse broke into pal­ ace, seized o ld King and Queen (Zeenat Mahal) ; t hey were thrown i n prison, wh i l e Hodson with his own hand killed (by shoot i ng) the princes. Delhi garrisoned and quiet­ ed. I mmed iately after, Co lone l Grea thed went from Delhi to Agra, near wh ich he defeated a strong body of muti­ neers from Hol kar 's capi tal , !ndore ; October 1 0 , he took Agra, t hen proceeded to Cawnpore , where he arrived on October 26; meanwhi le muti neers defeated at A zamgarh, Chat tna (near Hazaribagh) , Khajwah, a n d i n country round D el h i , un der Captain Boileau , Major English , Pee l (the l atter with nava l brigade ; a lso , a bout to enter t he scene of act ion, Probyn ' s and Pane ' s Horse, reinforcements from home; also, regiments of vo lun­ teers raise d) , and Showers. S ir Co lin Campbe l l in A u­ gust took com mand of Calcutta , prepared to carry war on larger scale. November 1 9, 1 857, S ir Co lin Camp be ll del ivered the bes ieged garri son in the Residency at Lucknow . (Sir Henry Have lock died on November 24) ; from Lucknow­ November 25, 1857-Co lin Campbe ll proceeded to Cawnpore, which town had fal len i nto insurgent hands aga i n . December 6 , 1 857 . Victorious batt le by Co lin Campbe l l at Cawnpore ; the rebels fled, l eav i ng the town deserted , were pursued and severely cut u p by S ir Hope Grant . I n Patia la, Mainpuri, rebels defeated b y Co lone l Sea­ ton , Major Hodson, respectivel y ; and i n many other places . J anuary 27, 1 858, King of De lh i [ brought ] to court -mart i a l under Dawes, etc . ; sentenced to death as "felon " (representat ive of the .Mogul dynast y , dat i ng from 1 526!) sentence commuted to transportation for life to Rangoon . Conveyed at end of the year. S ir Co lin Campbe l l ' s Campaign of 1858. On January 2, he took Farrukhabad and Fatehgarh , establ ished h i msel f a t Cawnpore, whi t her he ordered a l l ava i l a b l e troops, stores, and guns from every q uarter . Rebe ls were massed about Lucknow, where S ir James Ou tram hel d t hem at bay . -After many other inci dents (cf . p p . 276, 277) , -

LORD CANNING' S ADMINISTRATION, 1856-1858

1 55

Lucknow recap tured on March 15 1 (under Col i n Campbel l , Sir J ames Ou tram, etc . ) ; loo ting o f the town , where treasures of Orien ta l art stored up; fight ing over on March 21 ; last gun fired on the 23d . -F ligh t of the insurgen ts to Bareili , headed by Prince Firuz, [son of l Shah of De lhi, Nana Sahib of Bithur, the Mau lavi of Fyzabad, a n d Hazrat Maha l, the Begum of Oudh . Apri l 25,2 1 858 . Campbe ll took Shahjahanpur; Mogs beat back a ttack by rebel s near Bareili ; on M ay 6, siege guns opened on Bareili, wh i le Genera l Jones came u p by a p po i ntment after having seized Moradabad; Nana and h i s fol lowers fled, Bareili taken withou t resistance. Shahjahanpur, meanwh i le closely i nvested by the rebel s, rel i eved b y General Jones; Lugard ' s division , march i ng from Luc know, attacked, suffered severely at the hands of m u t ineers under Kunar S ingh ; the Mau lavi of Fyza­ bad k i l led soon afterwards , a fter Sir Hope Gran t defeat­ ed the Begum , who fle d to the Gogra R iver to ra l l y new forces. By rnld-June 1 858 , mutineers defeated on a l l points; i nca p ab l e o f joint act ion ; broken up into bands of marauders p ress­ i ng hard the d i v i de d forces of the E ng l i sh . Centres of action : the standards of the Begum , the Pri nce of Del­ h i , and Nana Sah i b . Finishing stroke dea lt to insurrection by Sir Hugh Rose ' s two months ' (M ay and June) campaign in Cen­ tral India. J anuary 1 858, R ose took Rathgarh , i n February, Sangur and Garrakota, marched on Jhansi, where the Ran i ha d taken her sta n d . April I , 1 8fi8 , severe act ion aga i nst Tan tia Top i, cousin o f Nana Sahib, who a dvance d from Kalpi t o p rotect Jhansi; Tant ia defeate d . Apri l 4 , 3 Jhansi taken; the Rani and Tan t i a Topi escaped, awa i te d the E ng l i sh at Ka lp i ; whi l e march ing thither-

1

2 a

March 1 4, accord i ng to Kaye and Mal leso n , Vo l . 4 . A p r i l 3 0, accord i ng tc Kaye and Mal leson , Vol. 4. April 5, accord i ng to Kaye and Mal leson , Vo l . 4 .

1 56

LAST PERIOD, 1 823-1 858 (EXTINCTION OF EAST I NDIA CO.)

May 7, 1 858-Rose attacked by strong body of the enemy at t he town of Kanya; he s igna l l y defeated them. May 16, 1 858, Rose within a few m i les of Kalpi, closel y in­ vested the mutineers . May 22, 1 858, desperate sortie b y the mut i neers from Kal p i � they were worsted, fled; May 23, 1858, Rose occupied Ka lp i . Remai ned there few days for rest of his sol diers , who worn out [ b y campa ign ] a n d hot summer. J une 2, young S indhia ( Engl i sh dog-man) driven out of Gwci­ lior by his troops a fter hard fighting , fled for h i s l i fe to Agra . Rose marched on Gwa lior; the Rant of Jhansi1 and Tantia Topi at hea d of the rebel s gave h i m June 1 9 -bat t le a 't the Loshkar Hi l l (before Gwa lior) ; Rani killed, her army d ispersed a fter m uch slaughter . Gwa­ lior in English hands. During July, August, and September , 1 858, S ir Colin Camp­ be ll, S ir Hope Grant , and Genera l Wa lpo le engaged to hunt down the more p rom inent rebels an d take a ll forts whose possessi on d i sputed; the Begum made some fina l stands, t hen fled with Nana Sahib across the Rapti River to t he terri tories of the Engl ish dog-man , Jang Bahadur of Nepa l; he a l l owed the Engl i sh to pursue the rebels into his country , t hus the " last bands of despera­ does d i spersed " ; Nana and the Begum f led in to the h i l ls, wh i l e t heir fol lowers l a i d down their arms . Early 1 859, Tan tia Top i 's h i d i ng-p l ace detected , he tried and e x ecuted Nana Sahib i s "sup pose d " to have d ied in Nepa l . Khan of Barei li was se ized and shot ; M ammu Khan of Lucknow sentence d to l i fe imprison­ men t ; others transported or imprisoned for various term s ; bu lk of the rebe ls-thei r reg i ments d is banded­ laid down t he sword . became ryots. The Begum of Oudh l ived at Khatmandu i n Nepa l . Confiscation of the soi l of Oudh, which Cann ing declared to be the property of the Anglo- Indian Government ! Sir Robert Mon tgomery made Chief Commissioner of Oudh i n p lace of Sir J ames Outram. . -

i

Her name was La ksh mi B a i .

LORD CANNING'S ADMINISTRATION, 1856-1858

1 57

A bo lition of the East India Company. I t was broken even be� fore the war [was ] at an en d . December 1 857 . Palmerston 's India B i ll; first reading passed desp ite solemn protest by the Board of Directors in February 1 858 , but L i beral Min istry replace d by Tory . February 1 9 , 1 858, D israeli 's India Bill (cf. p . 28 1 ) fell t hrough . A ugust 2 , 1 858, Lord S tan ley ' s India B i l l passed, and t hereby finis of the East India Co. I n d i a a province of the empire of the "great " Victoria!

I N D E X1 A

A achen, 62 Abbas, uncle of Mohammed , 1 3 Abbas I , Shah o f Persia, 4 0 Abbas Mirza Kaj ar, 1 3 3 Abbasi d : - Harun-al - I< ash i d , 1 3 - Mamun, 1 3 Ab d-al-Ma l i k , see Samanid Abdul lah Khan, Governor o f Malwa , 34 Abdullah Khan of Golcon d a , 4 1 Abdullah S ayy i d , see Sayyi d , Ab dul l ah Abdurrahman, 1 2 Abercromb y , R ober t , 1 03 Abu B akr Tugh l a k , see T ugh l a k Abu Bekr, 1 2 Abu! Fateh Lodi , see Lodi , Abu! Fa teh Abul Faz! , 35 Abu! Hasan o f Ghazni , see Ghaznev i d Abu ! Rashid of Ghazn i , see Ghaznev i d Adam, 1 2 5 A d i l Shah , 2 8 - Muhammad , 4 0 - Yusu f , 28 Adil Sur , see Sur , Muha m ma d Shah A fghanistan , 1 2 , 32, 56, 70, 1 06 , 1 30 , 1 35 , 1 37, 1 38 , 1 4 1 , 1 50 A fzul Khan, 43 Agha Mohammad Kaj ar , 1 33 1

Agnew, Vans, 1 46 Agra, 26, 30, 33, 34, 35, 38, 39, 4 1 , 42 , 50, 85, 95 , 1 09 , 1 1 0, 1 30, 1 49 , 1 52 , 1 54 , 1 56 Ahmad Shah of Del h i , 53, 54, 60, 65 Ahmad Shah ( Khan) D urani (Ab dali) , 53, 54 , 70 , 7 1 , 75, 1 06 , 1 30 A hmadabad, 4 2 , 85, 1 1 8 A h rnadn agar, 2 8 , 37, 38 , 39, 40, 46, 1 07 , l 08 , 1 09 , 1 1 0 Ahmed of Ghazn i , see Ghaznevid Aj i t Singh , 1 4 3 A jmer, 1 6 , 1 9 , 3 0 , 34, 5 7 Akbar, 2 9 , 32 , 3 3 , 37, 38, 50 Akbar, Kha n of Afghanistan, 1 33 , 138, 1 39 , 140, 1 4 1 Akbar , son of Aurangzeb , 4 4 A lambagh, 1 53 . A lamgir I , see Aurangzeb Alamgir I I , 5 4 , 69, 70, 7 1 , 95 Ala-uddin Ghuri d , see Ghur i d Ala-u d d i n Kh i lj i , see Kh ilji Ala-uddin Lod i , see Lodi, A l la-uddin Ala-u ddin Mas ' u d , see Mame­ l u k es of Delhi Ala-uddin Say y i d , see Sayyi d Alexan der Magnus (of Macedon) , 56 , 57 Aligarh , 1 08 , 1 09 A l i Gohar, see Shah Alam A l i Ibn I< a b i a , 1 7 Ali J a h Ja n koj i Sindhia, see Sindhia

Gecgraphical names are italicized-Ed .

IND E X

A l i J ah J yaj i Si ndhia , see Sindhia Ali Mar dan Kha n, 40 A l i ver d i Kh a n , 6 1 , 67, 68 A liwal, 145 A l lahabad, 53, 73 , 75 , 8 1 , 1 03 , 1 05 , 129, 1 52 , 1 53 A lmora, 1 2 0 A l ompr a , 125 A lptegin , 1 3 A l tu n i a , 20 Amar Singh , 1 1 9 Ambaj i I ngl i a , 1 1 0 A mbala, 1 50 , 1 5 1 A mboina, 1 1 5 A merica, 1 2 3 Amhers t , 1 25 , 1 2 6 , 1 2 7 , 1 29 Amir Khan the Roh i l l a , 1 07, 1 1 0 , 1 1 3 , 1 1 6 , 1 1 8 , 1 20, 1 23 Amr , 1 2 A mr i t Rao, 1 0 7 , 1 08 Anand P a l , 1 4 , 1 5 A nderson , 1 4 6 Andhr a , 57 A ndlzra (sta te) , 58 A nhalwar, 1 6 A njangaon , 1 09 , 1 1 2 A nson , 1 5 1 , 1 52 Anwaruddin, 6 1 , 62 Appa Sah ib , see Bhonslay of B erar A rakan, 42, 1 25, 1 26 Ara m , see Mamelukes of Delhi A rbe la , 56 A rcot, 58, 63 , 64, 67, 79 , 87, 92 , 1 1 3 , 148 A rgaon , 1 09 A rras, 84 Arslan of Ghazni , see Ghazne­ vid Asa f Jah (N izam-u l -Mu l k) , 5 1 , 52 , 53, 62 , 63 Asa f Kh a n , 3 9 Asaf-ud-daula, 8 1 , 90, 94 , 1 03 A sia, 26, 1 23 A sirgarh , 1 09, 1 23 A ssam , 4 2 , 1 25, 1 26 A ssaye, 1 09 A strakhan , 2 7 A ttack, 3 7 Auch muty, Samuel , 1 1 5

1 59

Auckland, 1 30 , 1 3 4 , 1 35, 1 3 9 , 140, 148 A urangabad, 3 8 , 4 4 , 65 Aurangzeb (Alamgir I), 40, 4 1 , 42, 43, 44 , 45, 46, 48, 4 9 , 5 1 , 54 A va , 1 25, 1 26 , 1 27 Ayub Sa doza i , 1 32 A zamgarh , 1 05 , 1 54 Azi m , son of Aura ngzeb , 49 Azim J ah I , N abob o f Carnatic ( 1 8 1 9- 1 825) , 1 48 Azim J ah I I , Pr i nce of Arcot , 1 48 Azi m Khan Barakza i , 1 32 Azim-ul-Umar a , N a bob of Carna­ t ic, 1 05 , 1 48 B

Baber , 26-32 Badakhshan , 33 Baghdad, 1 3 Baha dur Shah I I (Great Mogu l ) , 1 53 , 1 54 Bahadur Shah (Muazza m) , 44 , 45, 4 9 , 50 Bahadur Shah of Guj arat, 2 9 , 31 Bahlol Khan Lo d i , see Lod i , Bahlol Bahmani d , 28 -Gangu Bahman i , 28 B ahra m Kh an, 33 , 34 Bahram of Ghazni, see Ghaznevi d B a i l l ie,· 86, 87 Baj i Rao, 5 1 , 52 , 53 , 67 B aj i Rao I I , 1 02 , 1 06 , 1 07, 1 08 , 1 1 6 , 1 1 8, 1 2 1 , 1 2 3 , 1 4 8 Bakar, 1 36 Ba karra Khan, see Mamelu kes of Delhi B a la Hissar, 137, 1 38 B a l a Sah ib Bhonslay, see Bhons­ lay of Berar Balaj i Rao, 53 , 55 , 65, 66, 68 , 70 , 78, 82 B alaj i V iswana th, 5 1 , 1 23 B a lapur, 5 1 B a l deo S i ngh, 1 27 Balkh, 1 6 , 40

1 60

IN D E X

Baluchistan , 1 2 Bamian , 1 4 1 Banda Neira, 1 1 5 Bangalore, 57, 79 Banki Zahar, 60 Bankura, 1 29, 1 50 B aramaha l , 95 Baran , 1 1 6 Barasat, 1 2 9 Bareili, 120, 1 52, 1 55, 1 56 B arlow, George, 1 1 1 , 1 1 2 , 1 1 3 , 1 14, 1 18 B arnar d , Henry, 1 5 1 Baroda, 84 Barrackpore , 1 27, 1 50 B arwel l , R i char d , 80, 82 B asal at J ang, 66, 79, 86, 94 Basra, 1 2 Bassein , 83 , 1 07 Batavia, 70, 1 1 5 B ay of Benga l , 1 09 Bednore, 77, 88 Begum of Oudh , see Hazrat Mahal Bel al a D ynasty , 58 Bel lary, 86 Benares, 1 9 , 26, 8 1 , 90, 1 27, 1 53 B en fiel d , Paul , 89, 93 Bengal (Presi dency) , 1 9 , 2 1 , 23, 24 , 3 1 , 32, 33, 35, 37, 42, 47, 50, 55, 56, 60, 6 1 , 67, 68, 69 7 1 , 73-75 , 80, 83, 97, 99, 1 00, 1 08 , 1 1 5 , 1 28, 1 4 1 , 1 4 2 , 1 48 , 1 50 , 1 52 Bent i nck, W i l l i a m , 1 2 7 , 128, 1 29 , 1 33 , 1 35 Berar, 29, 37, 44, 78 , 86, 1 02 , 1 09, 1 1 0 , 1 1 3, 1 20 , 1 48 , Berhampore, 1 50 Berna dotte , 88 Bhagerat Roa Sindhia, see Sind­ h i a , A l i Jah J yaj i B hao, Sa dasheo, see Sadasheo , B hao B haratpur, 1 09 , 1 1 0 , 1 2 7 Bharoch, 4 5 , 84 , 1 08 , 1 09 B haskar , 68 Bhatia, 1 5 Bhatinda, 1 4 , 20 Bhawalpur, 1 46 B honslay:

- Maloj i , 42 - Shahj i , 42, 43, 62 Bhonslay o f B erar : - Appa Sahi b , 1 2 0 , 1 2 1 , 1 22 - B a l a Sahib , 1 20 - Madhoj i , 86 - Raghoj i I , 55, 67, 68 , 78 - R aghoj i I I , 1 03 , 1 04 , 1 07, 1 08 , 1 09 , 1 1 3 , 1 20 Bhopal, 52, 1 1 6 , 1 28 B iana, 30 B ias, 1 45 B idar, 29, 58 Bihar, 1 9 , 20, 26, 3 1 , 32 , 35, 37, 4 1 , 49, 55, 60, 6 1 , 67, 69 , 7 1 , 74 , 1 00 B ijapur, 28, 40, 43-45 Bikaner, 29 Bir B a l , 37 B ir d , R obert, 1 29 B ithur, 1 50 , 1 5 3 , 1 55 B oigne, De, 1 02, 1 03 B oi leau, 1 54 Bokhara, 1 3 - 1 5 , 26, 27, 1 37 Bo lan Pass, 1 36 Bombay (presi de ncy) , 4 7 , 48, 76, 77, 79 , 83, 84 , 86, 87, 95, 1 1 4 , 1 2 1 , 1 36 , 1 4 1 , 1 49 , 1 5 1 , 1 52 B oscawen, 62 Bourbon , 6 1 , 1 1 5 Brathwa i te, 95 Bristow , 8 1 B rown , 1 22 Bry don , 1 39 B ucki nghamshire, Earl of, 1 1 7 Budaun , 26 B una B a i , see Hol kar B undelkhand, 26, 39, 40, 52, 68, 1 2 1 , 1 23 , 1 48 B undi, 1 1 2 , 1 20 B urdwan , 7 1 B urhanpur, 39, 45, 5 1 , 83 , 1 09 B urke , E d mund , 9 1 B urma, 1 25 , 1 26, 1 27 B urnes, Alexander , 3 1 , 1 34 , 1 35 , 1 36 , 1 38 B ushire (A b u Shahr ) , 1 49 B ussy , 64, 65, 66 , 67, 88 B utwa l , 1 1 9 B uxar, 73 B uya i d (the Deilemites) , 1 3 , 1 6

IND E X

c

Cachar, see Kachar Caillau d , 70 , 77. Calcutta (Fort William) , 47, 48, 60 , 68, 69, 7 1 , 72 , 73, 74, 75 , 76 , 80 , 8 1 , 85 , 86, 87, 9 1 , 94 , 99, 1 00 , 1 02 , 1 03 , 1 06 , 1 1 1 , 1 1 2, 1 1 3 , 1 1 4 , 1 1 7, 1 1 8 , 123, 1 25 , 1 26 , 1 27, 1 29 , 1 30 , 1 43 , 1 49 , 1 50 , 1 52, 1 54 Calicut , 47, 57, 58, 78 Campbel l , Arch ib a l d , 1 26 Campbell , Col i n, 147, 1 54 , 1 55 Campbel l , Col o nel , 1 47 Canning, 1 4 9 , 1 50 , 1 52, 1 56 Cape of Good Hope, 46, 76, 88 Carnac, 73 , 85 , 86 Carnata, 22, 24, 58 Carnatic, 28, 55, 58, 6 1 , 62, 63, 64, 65, 67, 77, 79, 86, 87, 89, 92 , 93, 94 , 95 , 1 05 , 1 48 Caspian Sea, 26, 2 7 Castl ereagh , 1 1 7 Cawnpore, 1 03 , 1 52- 1 54 Ceylon , 4 7 , 58, 87, 1 52 Cha i t S i ngh of Benares, 90 Chai t Singh , Vizi er of Kharak S i ngh , 1 40 Chalukyas of Cal i nga , 58 Chaluky as of Carnata, 58 Chambal, 39 , 52, 1 1 0 , 1 1 2, 1 43 Champanir, 3 1 Cha n d , Sultana, 37 Chan dara Sahib , 62-64 Cha nder L a l , 1 24 Chanderi ( Chendari , S indhia) , 30 Cha ndernagor, 60, 6 1 , 69 Chandor, 1 07, 1 08 Chandragupta (San dracott us) , 57 Chanpur, see Jaunpur Charles I I , K i ng of E ngland, 47, 48 Charmal, 66 Charnock, 48 Chattna, 1 54 Chenab , 1 46 Chengama, 79, 86 Ghera, 58 Chhota Nagpur, 1 29 Chilianwala, 1 46 , 1 47 -

161

Ch imnaj i , 1 02 China, 23, 27, 1 1 5 , 1 1 7, 1 29 Ch in Kilich Khan, see Asaf J ah Chinsurah, 60 Chitor, 22, 29, 33, 34 Chi ttagong, 71 , 1 25 Chitu, 1 1 6 , 1 1 8 , 1 22, 1 23 Cho/a, 58 Chutternutty, 48 Claver i ng, 80, 82 Clive, R ob er t , 63, 64 , 69, 70 , 7 1 , 73, 74, 76 , 77, 80, 1 03 Close, 1 07 Cochin , 95 Coimbatore, 57, 58, 87, 88 Colebrooke, 1 1 1 Co leroon, 63 Col l i ns , 1 08 Combermere, 1 27 Comorin , Cape, 22, 24 Conflans, 69 Conjeeveram, 28, 58 Coote, E yre, 55, 67, 87, 88 Corb ett , 1 5 1 Cornelis, 1 1 5 Cornwall is , 94 , 95 , 97- 1 0 1 , I l l , 1 1 2, 1 1 6 Coromandel Coast, 24 Cossij urah , 90 Cotton, W i l l ough b y , 1 36- 1 37 Courtlandt, 1 46 Cuddalore, 87, 88 Cuddapah, 45 Cutch , 42 Cuttack , 58, 1 08, 1 1 0 D Dacca, 42 Dada Khasj i , see Sindhia Dadar, 1 36 D al housie, 146, 1 47, 1 48 , 1 4 9 D amaj i Gaekwar , see Gaekwars of Guij arat Danaj i , 46 Daniya l , 37 D ara Shikoh , 40, 4 1 , 42 D arius Codomanus, 56 D ataj i Sindhia, see Sindhia Daud, Governor of D eccan, 50 Daud, ruler of Bengal, 35

I N D EX

1 62

Daulat R ao S i n dhia, see S indhia D au latabab (Deogiri), 2 1 , 22, 66 D awes, 1 54 Deccan, 2 1 , 23, 24, 28, 37-40, 43, 44, 45, 50 , 5 1 , 52 , 55, 57' 58, 6 1 , 62, 63, 65, 66 , 7 1 , 75, 77, 80, 1 07 Dei lemi tes, see B uya i d D e Kantzow, 1 52 Delhi, 1 4 , 1 7, 1 9 -23 , 24 , 25, 26, 28-36, 38-42, 44, 47, 49, 50-55, 56, 70 , 7 1 , 75, 77, 95 , 96, 1 03 , 1 06 , 1 07, 1 09 , 1 10, 1 20, 1 30, 1 45, 1 50 , 1 5 1 , 1 54 , 1 55 Dennie, 1 37 Deogaon , 1 09 Deogiri, see D au latabad Dera Ghazi Khan, 1 46 Devikota, 63 Dharvas, 86 Dhuleep S i ngh, 1 43, 1 45, 1 47, 1 49 Dhundia Wagh, 104 D ian S i ngh, 140, 1 43 D ig, 1 1 0 D indigu l , 78, 95 D i srael i , 1 57 D oab , 75, 1 05 , 1 46 Donabyu, 1 26, 1 48 Donkin , 1 22 D ost Al i , Nabob of Carnatic, 62 D ost Moh a m med, 1 32- 1 34 , 1 37, 1 38, 1 46, 1 49 Drake, 68 Dravira, 57 Dulub R a m , 69 D undas, Henry, E ar l of Melville, 9 1 , 92, 93 Duplei x , 6 1 -65, 67 Durga Das, 44 Durjan Sal , 127 E

E dwar ds, 146, 1 4 7 Egerton , 85 Egyp t, 12 E l i zab eth j Queen o f E ngl and, 4 7 E l l enb orough, the "Elephant", 1 39 , 1 40 , 1 4 1 , 1 42, 1 43 E llichpur, 2 1 , 1 09

E l l i s , 72 E l p h i nstone, Moun tstuart, 12, 24, 1 09, 1 1 4 , 1 1 8, 1 2 1 , 1 38, 1 4 1 England, 48, 60, 62 , 74, 75, 76 , 82, 86, 88, 90, 9 1 , 92, 9 3 , 94, 95, I 0 0 , 1 03 , 1 09 , 1 1 1 , 1 1 2, 1 1 4 , 1 1 5 , 1 1 7, 1 20, 1 2 3 , 1 24 , 1 26 , 1 29, 1 30 , 1 39, 1 40 1 4 4 , 1 4 5 , 1 54 E ngl ish, 1 54 Erskine, 28 Europe, 6 1 , 64, 70 Eyre, Charles, 48 F

Faizi , 35 Faizu l lah Khan the R oh il l a , 90 , 9 1 Fane, Henry, 1 36 , 1 54 Farrukhabad, 1 52, 1 54 Farrukhsher, 49, 50, 5 1 , 7 1 Farrukhzad o f Ghazn i , see Ghaznev i d Fateh A l i Kaj ar , 1 33 Fatehgarh, 1 52, 1 54 Fateh Khan ( i n A h m a d nagar) , 40 Fateh Khan B ar akzai , 1 3 1 , 1 32 Fateh Mohammed, 77 Fa teh S ingh Gaekwar , see Gaek­ wars of Guj arat Fateh S ingh Gaekwar, R egent , see Gaekwars o f Guj arat Fatehpur, 1 53 Fati m a , sister of Moh a m med , 1 3 Ferghana, 28 Ferishtah, 22 Fir dausi, 1 6 Firuz, b rother o f Zaman Shah , 1 3 1 , 1 32 Firuz, son of B ah a dur Shah I I , 1 55 Firuz Tughlak, see T ughlak Firuzpur, 1 35 , 1 36 , 1 4 1 , 1 4 4 , 1 46 , 1 5 1 Firuzshah , 1 44 F letcher , Rober t , 74 Forde, 69, 75 Fort S t . D avid, 62, 66 Fort S t. George, see M adras

INDEX

Fort St. Wil liam, see Calcutta Fox , Charles Ja mes , 9 1 , 92 France, 6 1 , 65, 67, 86, 88, 1 06 , 1 14 Francis, P h i l i p , 80, 8 1 , 82, 84 Ful l arton , 88 G

Gaekwars of Guj ara t , D a maj i , 55 , 66, 83 - Fateh S i ngh, 83, 84 , 85 - Fa teh S i ngh, R egent , 1 07 , 1 18 - Govi n d Rao, 83, 1 02 , 1 08 - P i l aj i , 83 - Sayaj i , 83 Gafur Kha n , 1 1 8 , 1 22 , 1 23 Ga lle, Cey l o n , 47, 87 Ganapa ti , An dhra D ynasty, 58 Ganga Vansa , Orissa D ynasty, 59 Ganga dhar, Shastr i , see Shastr i , Ganga dhar Ganges, 1 7 , 32, 53, 70, 7 1 , 73, 1 50 , 1 52 , 153 Gangu B a h m a n i , see B ah ma n i d Ganj a m , 28 Garrakota , 1 55 Gawi lgarh , 1 09 Gengh i s Khan, 20, 2 5 , 27 George I , K i ng of E ngl a n d , 60, 90, 1 03 George I I , K i ng of E ngl and , 64 George I I I , K i ng of E ngland , 80, 90, 92, 99, 1 03 , 1 1 1 Gha t ke, Sarj i Rao, 1 02 , 1 07 Gha ts, 45, 57, 80 Ghazi-u d d i n , fat her of Asaf J a h , 65 Ghaz i - u d d i n , gra n dson o f Asaf J a h , 53 , 70, 7 1 Ghaz i - u d d i n , son o f Asaf J a h , 65 Ghazn i , 1 3- 1 9 , 1 32 , 1 36 , 1 40 Chaznev i d , 1 3 - 1 8 -Ab u! Hasan, 1 7 -Ab u t Rash i d , 1 6 , 1 7 -Ah med , 1 6 -Arslan, 1 7, 1 8 1 1*

163

- Bahra m , 1 8 - Farrukhza d , 1 7 - I brah i m ("the P i ous") , 1 7 - Khusrau I I , 1 9 - Ma hmud , 1 4 , 1 5 , 1 6 , 1 8 , 57 - Mas ' u d I , 1 6 , 1 8 - Mas ' u d I I , 1 7 - Maudu d , 1 6 , 1 7 - Muhammad, 1 6 Gheria, 72 Gh i yasu d d i n B alkan, see Mame­ l u kes of Delhi Gh i yasu d d i n Ghur i d , see Ghur i d Gh i yasu d d i n Tughl a k I , see Tughlak Gh i yasu d d i n Tughlak I I , see Tughlak Ghulam Ka dir, 96 Ghulam Muhammad, Nabob of Carnatic ("the Comp any's Na­ bob") ( 1 825- 1 855) , 1 48 Ghur, 1 5 , 1 7 , 1 8 Ghur i d , 1 8, 1 9, 29, 3 1 , 56, 57· - Ala-udd i n , 1 8 - Ghiyasu d d i n , 1 8 , 57 - Ma h mu d , 1 9 - Saifuddi n , brother o f Alauddin, 18 Sai fuddin, son o f Ala-ud­ d i n , 18 - Shehab u d d i n , 1 8, 19, 57 G i l l espie, 1 1 3 , 1 1 5 , 1 1 9 Goa, 35, 47 Godavari , 37, 59, 84 Goddar d , 85 Godeheu , 65 Gogra, 3 1 , 53, 1 55 Gohad, 1 1 0 1 1 2 Go lconda, 29, 4 1 , 42, 4& Gorakhpur, 1 05 Gough, Hugh , 1 43- 1 4T Gov i n d Chandra o f Kachar , 1 28l Gov i n d , Guru, 50 Govindpur, 48 Gov i n d Rao Gaekwar, see Gaekwars of Guj ara t Gra d y , 64 Grant, Hope, 1 54 , 1 55, 1 56 Gra n t , Patrick, 1 52 Greathed, 154 Grenvi l le, 1 1 7

INDEX

1 64

Gri ffi n , 62 Gujarat, 1 6, 1 9 , 2 1 , 24, 25, 29, 3 1 , 35, 3 8 , 4 1 , 5 1 , 55, 56, 83, 84, 85, 1 1 4 , 1 1 8 Gujrat , 1 4 7 Gu i ab Singh , 1 45 Gulbarga, 28 Guntur Circars ( Guntur) , 79 , 86, 94, 1 2 0 Gwalior, 1 9 , 2 5 , 3 4 , 4 1 , 85-86 , 95, 1 07 , 1 08 - 1 1 2 , 1 42 , 1 43 , 1 56 H

H a fi z Rahmat, 75, 8 1 , 90 Hai dar A l i , 55, 77, 78 , 79, 80 , 86-88, 9 l , 94 Hailebury, 1 1 2 Haj aj , 1 2 Hakim, 34, 35 Hal la, Sind, 1 4 1 Hamida, 32 H a m i l ton, 5 1 Harcour t , 1 09 Harda, 1 02 Hardinge , Henry , 1 43 - 1 45 Harlan, 1 33 Harris, 1 04 Hartley , 85 Harun-al - R a sh i d, see Abbasid H astinap uram , 59 Hastings, 30 Hastings, E arl of Moira, 1 1 7 , 1 23 - 1 25 , 1 18, 1 19, 1 20 , 1 42 , 1 47 Hasti ngs, Warren, 74 , 76, 80 , 8 1 , 82, 83, 84, 85, 89-9 1 , 93, 94, 97 Bathras, 1 20 Hazaribagh, 1 54 Hazrat Mah a l , Begum of Oudh , 1 55., 1 56 .Havelock , 1 53 , 1 54 Hay, 72 J·Iemu, 34 Hera n , 1 1 6 Herat , 32, 1 3 1 1 34 , 1 3 7 , 1 49 Heytesb ury, 1 30 Bimalayas, 23, 26 , 27, 53, J l8

Hima layas, Rohilla (north-west H imal ayas) , 53 H i ndal , 3 1 , 32 Hindu. Kush, 1 37, 1 4 1 Hindustan, l 9 , 20, 22 , 38, 54 , 56 , 59, 73 , 96, 1 3 1 , 1 37, 1 38 , 1 52 H ira Singh , 1 43 , 1 44 H islop , Thomas , 1 4 5 Hobhouse, John , 1 54 Ho dso n , 1 54 Holkar , 1 1 6 , 1 22 - B u na B a i , 1 22 J aswan t R a o , 1 0 7- 1 1 0 , 1 1 2 , 1 1 3, 1 1 8 , 1 22 - Malhar , 52, 53, 55, 67 - Malhar R a o , 7 1 , 1 22 - Tukaj i , 83, 84, 85, 96, 1 02 - Tukaj i I I , 1 54 - Tulsi B a i , 1 1 8 , 1 22 Holwell , 68 Hoogh ly, 60, 6 1 , 68, 69, 70, 1 50 Hughes, 87, 88 Humayun, 30-33 , 37 Humayun Tugh l a k , see Tughlak Husa i n Sayyi d , see Sayyi d , Husain Hy:laspes, see J he lum Hyderabad, 28, 4 1 , 45, 5 1 , 62 , 64 , 66, 77, 79, 1 02- 1 04 , 1 08 , 1 24 Hyderabad, (on the I n dus) , 1 3 6 , 1 42

I brahi m Lod i , see Lodi , Ibrah i m I b rah i m o f Ghazn i , see Ghaznevi d I brah i m Sur , see Sur I conium , 27 ! le de France (M auritius) , 6 1 , 67, 1 03 , 1 1 5 I lek Kha n , 1 4 , 1 5 I mpey , E l i j ah , 90 Indian Ocean, 27 Indore , 1 07 , 1 1 3, 1 1 8 , 1 2 1 , 1 22, 1 54 Indus, 20, 56 , 1 29 , 1 34 , 1 35, 1 36 , 1 4 1 , 1 46 , 1 52

IN DEX

I ngl i a , A mb aj i , see A mb aj i , l nglia I nglis, 1 53 Iran , 27 Iraq, 1 6 I sa Khan o f Afghanistan, 1 49 I sma i l , son of Sabu ktegi n , 1 4 Isma i l Beg , 96 I t i m a d Khan, 35 J

J acob , 1 4 2 J a du R ao , 4 2 Jagatai , 27 J ah a ngir , 38, 39, 47 J a i pal , 1 3, 1 4 Jaip ur , 29, 30, 34, 50, 57, 1 1 0 , 1 1 3 , 1 20 , 1 28 Jaisa lmer, 29, 32, 57 J a l a l Kh a n , see Sur, Sel i m Shah J al a l of Khwarezm , 20 Jala labad, 1 33 , 1 39 , 1 4 0, 1 4 1 J a l a l u d d i n , see Kh i lj i J alandhar, 1 4 6 J a mes I , K i ng of E ngland , 38, 47 J ang Bahadur of Nepal , 1 56 J ankoj i S i n d h i a , see Si ndhia J aswant Rao Hol kar , see Hol kar J aswant S i ngh , 42, 44 Jaunpur, 26, 3 1 Java, 1 1 5 J ehandar Shah , 50 Jenkins, 1 2 1 Jessore, 1 23 Jhansi, 1 48, 1 55, 1 56 J ha nsi , Rani of, 1 48 , 1 55, 1 56 Jhelum , 09, 56, 1 46 J inji, 45, 46, 63 Jodhpur (Rajpur state) , see M arwar J odhpur (town) , 57 Johore, 1 23 J ones , Genera l , 1 55 J ones , Harford, 1 1 4 Jumna, 1 5, 26, 52, 54, 1 1 0, 1 12 Jun, 42 J u na Khan, see Tugh l a k , Mu­ hammad

1 65 I(

J(abul, 1 2 , 25, 3 1 , 32-37, 39, 40, 52, 53, 1 06 , 1 1 4 , 1 301 34 , 1 37 - 1 4 1 , 1 49 Kachar, 1 26 , 1 27, 1 28 Kai khusrau, see J'v\a mel ukes of Del h i Ka i kob a d , see Mamelukes of Del h i Kai sar , b rother of Zaman Shah , 131 Kalanga, 1 1 9 Kalinjar, 1 4 , 24 Kalpi, 1 55 Kalyan, 42, 58 Kambakhsh , 46, 50 Ka mran , son of B aber , 3 1 , 32 Kamra n, son of Mahmu d , Shah of Afghanistan, 1 3 1 - 1 34 l\anara, 57, 58, 77 Kanauj, 14, 1 5 , 1 9 , 32, 56 Kandahar, 32, 37, 38-42, 52 , 1 30- 1 33 , 1 36 1 37, 1 38 , 1 40 , 141 Kanya, 1 56 Karachi, 1 35 Karikal, 66 Kar i m Kh an, 1 22 , 1 23 Kama l , 52 Karrack , 1 35 Kashmir, 1 5, 36, 4 1 , 57, 1 3 1 , 1 32 , 1 33 , 1 4 5 Kasur, 1 4 5 Katwa, 68 Kazan, 27 Keane, J oh n, 1 36 Kea t i ng, 84 , 1 1 5 Kemmendine, 1 26 Kera /a, 58 Kesari , Orissa D ynasty, 59 Kes h , 27 Khajwah , 42, 1 54 Kan de Rao, 78 Khandesh, 24 , 29, 37, 44 , 1 07 Kharak Si ngh , 1 37, 1 40 Khatmandu, 1 1 9 , 1 56 J\he lat, 1 36 , 1 37 Kh i lj i , 2 1 -23 A l a - u d d i n , 2 1 , 22, 25, 26, 56 , 58

IN D E X

166

- J al a l u d d i n , 2 1 , 22 - Mub arak, 22, 23 Sulei m a n , 22 Kh i zr Khan Sayyi d , see Sayyid Khorassan , 13, 14, 1 5, 18, 27 Khurra m , see Shah J ah a n Khushab , 1 49 Kh usrau, 38 Khusrau Kh an, 23 Khusrau I I of Ghazni , see Ghaznev i d Khwarezm, 1 9 , 2 0 Khyber Pass, 1 37 , 1 38, 1 40 , 1 4 1 Kipchak , 27 Kistawar, 1 32 Kistna, '.24 , 78, 86 Knox , 70 Kohan D i l Khan, 1 32 Kokand, 28 Ko lar, 79 Kolhap ur, 4 5 Konkan, ( the Konkans) , 42 , 43, 44 Kara, 73, 75, 81 Kotah, 120 Kr i sh n a , 56 Kumaon , 1 20 Kunar S i ngh , 1 55 Kurdistan , M ountains of, 56 Kurg, 86, 1 28 J(urnul, 45 Kurpa, 1 02 Kutb u d d i n , see Mamel ukes o f Del h i L

Lab ourdonnais, 6 1 , 64, 67 Laghman, 1 6 Lahore , 1 3 - 1 8 , 3 1 , 32, 33, 38, 39, 4 1 , 52, 54 , 7 1 , 1 1 3 , 1 29 , 151, 1 43 - 1 47, 1 59 , 1 32 , 1 52 Lake , 1 08- 1 1 3 L a l Singh , 1 44 L a l l y , 66 , 67 Laswari, 1 09 Lawrence, George, 1 46 L awrence, Henr y , 1 45 , 1 46 , 1 4 7 , 1 4 9 , 1 5 1 , 1 53 L awrence, J oh n , 1 4 7 , 1 49

L awrence Stringer , 63, 64, 67 Ley den, 28 L i ndsay, J o h n , 80 L o d i , Ab u l Fateh , 1 5 Lodi , 26 , 3 1 -Ala-ud d i n , 26 -Bahlol , 25, 26 -Ibrah i m , 26, 30 -Khan Jah a n , 39 -Mahmud , 3 1 , 32 -S ikandar, 26 London, 73, 8 1 , 82, 1 1 4 , 1 30 Loshkar, 1 56 Louis X I , 78 Loui s XV, 66 Lucknow, 34 , 1 5 1 , 1 53 , 1 55, 1 56 , L udhiana, 1 32 , 1 44 L ugar d, 1 55 M

M acao, 1 1 4 Macar t ney, 87, 88, 89 , 94 Macbean , 1 26 Macdowa l l , 1 1 4 Macnagh ten , L a dy , 1 39 Macnagh ten, W i ll ia m , 1 37, 1 38, 1 39 McN ei l l , 1 3 4 Macpherson, J o h n , 9 4 Maddock, 1 28 Madhoj i B h o ns l a y , see B h o ns l ay of B erar Madhu R ao I , 74, 78, 80, 84 Madhu Rao I I , 84, 85, 1 02 M adras (Fort S t . George, Madras Presi dency) , 43, 45, 47, 4 8 , 5 5 , 62-69 , 7 1 , 74 , 7 6 , 7 7 , 83 , 86, 87, 88 , 1 1 1 , 1 1 3 , 1 1 4 , 1 1 6 , 1 48, 1 52 M adura, 58, 79 M agadha, 57 Maha B a ndul a , 1 25 Mahab b a t Khan, 39, 40, 4 4 M aharajpur, 1 4 3 M ahawan, 1 5 Mah daj i Sindh i a , see S i n d h i a M ahC, 86 M ahidp ur, 1 22 Mah m u d , Shah of Afghanistan, 1 1 4 ' 1 3 1 ' 1 32

INDEX

Mah mu d Ghur i d , see Ghuri d Mahmud Lod i , see Lod i , Mah mud Mahmu d of Ghazni , see Ghazne· vid Mahmud Tughlak, see Tughlak M ainpuri, 1 52 , 1 54 M akwanpur , 1 20 M a labar (M a labar coast) , 23 , 58, 78, 87, 88, 1 28 M a lave l l i , 1 0 4 Malco l m , J o h n , 1 06, 1 1 4 , 1 22 , 1 23 Malhar Hol kar, see Hol kar Malhar R ao Holkar, see Hol kar M a ligaon , 1 23 Mal i k Amber , 38, 39, 42 Ma l i k Kafur , 22 M a llia, 1 1 4 Maloj i B honsl a y , see B honslay M a lan, 1 1 9 M a lwa, 20, 2 1 , 24 , 25, 29-34, 40, 5 1 , 52, 53, 56, 57, 1 07 , 1 16, 122 Mama Sah ib , see S i ndhi a , J anko· ji Mamel ukes o f Del h i : - Ala-u d d i n Mas ' u d , 2 0 - Aram , 1 9 - Ba karra Khan, 2 1 - Gh i yasu d d i n B a l b a n , 20, 2 1 , 23 - Kaikh usra u , 2 1 - Ka i kob a d , 2 1 Kutb u d d i n , 1 9 - Muh a m ma d B al b a n , 2 1 - Muizzu d d i n B ahra m , 20 - Nazir u d d i n Mah m u d , 20, 23 R azi a , 20 - R uknedd i n , 20 - Shamsu d d i n A l t a msh , 20 , 56 Mammu Kh a n of Lucknow, 1 56 Mamun Abbasi d , see Abbasid M anchuria, 2 7 M angalore, 7 9 , 88, 8 9 M an ip ur, 1 26 Man S ingh o f Marwar ( J odhp ur) , 127 Mansur S a ma ni d , see Sama n i d M ardan , 1 5 1

1 67

Marl ey , 1 1 9 Marob a Phar nav is, see Pharnavis Mart i ndale, 1 1 9 M arwar (Jodhpur) , 1 9 , 29, 30, 32-34 , 38, 42, 44 , 50, 57, 1 09 , 1 20 , 1 22 , 1 27 Mas ' u d I of Gha zni , see Ghazne­ vid Mas ' ud I I of Ghazn i , see Ghazne­ vid M asu lipatam , 2 8 , 63, 66 , ' 69 Mau dud of Ghazni , see Ghazne· vid Maulavi o f Fyzab a d , 1 55 M auritius, see / le de France M eerut , 25, 1 50 , 1 5 1 Mehrab Khan o f Khel a t , 1 36 M erv, 1 6 Metcalfe, 1 1 3 , 1 24 , 1 30 M ewar, 22, 30, 4 4 , 57 M ewat, 3 1 M hye, 84 M iani , 1 4 1 M idnapore, 69 , 7 1 Mil l , J ames , 47 Minto , l l 3 - l l 7, 1 1 8 Mir J afar ( 1 702 - 1 725) , see Mur­ shid Kul i Kha n Mir J afar ( 1 757- 1 760 , 1 7631 765) ' 69-73 Mir J u m l a , 4 1 , 4 2 M i r Kasi m , 7 1 , 72 M irpur , 1 4 2 Mirza Askari , 3 1 , 32 Mirza Khan, 3 7 Mirza Sulei man, 33 M ogs, 1 55 M ogu l Empire, 30, 49, 52 , 55 , 70 , 96, 97, 1 2 7 Mohammad Kaj ar, 1 33 Mohammed, 1 2 , 1 3 , 25 Mohammed A l i , ca lled "the Com pany ' s Nabob , " 63, 64, 65, 7 7 , 89, 92, 93, 1 05 Moh a m med B arakzai , 1 32 Mohammed B eg, 96 Moh a mmed Sha h , 5 1 , 52 , 53 , 60, 62 M ohammera, 1 50 M olucca isles, 1 1 5 M onghyr , 72

168

IN D E X

M ongolia, 27 Monso n , Colonel , 1 1 0 Monso n , member of the Calcutta Counci l , 80, 82 Montgomery , Rob er t , 1 56 M oradabad, 1 52 , 1 55 Morari Rao, 64 , 65, 86 Muazzam 1 see Bahadur Shah Mub arak Khi lj i , see Kh i l j i Mub arak Sayyi d , see Sayy i d Mubariz, 5 1 M udki, 1 44 Mugat R ao , see S i ndhia Muhal lab , 1 2 Muhamma d A d i l Shah , see A d i l Shah Muhammad A m i n , 42 Muhamma d B a l b a n , see Mame­ lukes of Delhi Muhammad Kas i m , 1 2 Muh a mmad o f Ghazni , see Ghaz­ nev i d Muhammad Sayy i d , see Sayyid Muh a mmad Shah Sur, see Sur Muhammad Sultan, 42 Muhammad Tughlak, see Tughlak Muizzu d d i n B ahram, see Mame­ lukes of Del h i M u llan , 1 2, 1 5 , 1 6 , 1 9 , 2 1 , 2 5 , 1 33, 1 4 5 , 1 4 7 Mulraj , 1 45, 1 4 7 M unj, 1 5 Munro , Hector , 72 , 86 Munro , John, 1 1 4 Munro , Thomas, 1 1 6 Mura d , son of A kb a r , 37 Mura d , son o f Shah J ahan, 4 0 , 4 1 , 42 Murshidabad, 6 1 , 68 , 70 , 80, 1 50 Mursh i d Kul i Khan (Mi r J a far) , 49, 50, 60 M uscat, 1 1 4 , 1 49 M u t tra, 1 5 , 59, 1 1 0 Muzaffar J ang , 63 Muza ffar Shah of Guj ar a t , 29 M ysore, 45, 55, 57 , 64, 65, 78 , 79, 86 , 88, 1 03 , 1 04 , 1 28

N

Nadir Shah , 53 Nagar, 34 Nagarkot, 1 5 , 1 7 Najib-ud-daula the R oh i l l a , 7 1 , 75 Naj m-ud-daula , 73 Nagp ur, 55 , 86 , 87, 1 04 , 107, 1 08 , 109, 1 1 4 , 1 20 , 1 22 , 148 Nanak, 50 Nana Pharnavis see Pharnavis Nana Sahi b (Dandhu Panth ) , 1 23 , 1 48 , 1 50 , 1 52 , 1 53 , 1 55 , 1 56 Nanj araj , 78 Nao N i ha l , 1 40 Napier, Charles , 1 4 1 , 1 4 7 Napoleo n I , 1 06 , 1 1 4 Narayan Rao, 82, 86 Narbada, 37, 52, 54 , 84, 85 Nazir J a ng, 63, 65 Nazirud d i n Mah m u d , see Mame­ l u kes of Delhi Nazi r u d d i n of M u l t a n , 1 9 Naziru d d i n Tugh l a k , see Tugh lak Nearchus , 56 Negapatam, 87 Nei l l , 1 52 , 1 53 Nepal, 1 1 8 , 1 20 , 1 56 Nizam A li , 55, 6 6 , 76, 78, 79, 1 0 1 - 1 04 , 109 N i zamu d d i n , 2 1 N i zam-ul-Mu l k , see Asaf J ah Norri s , W i l l i a m , 48 North , 92 Northern Circars, 28, 65, 66, 7 7 , 79 , 1 24 North- Western Provinces, 1 29 , 1 39 , 1 50 , 1 52 No t t , 1 38, 1 40, 1 4 1 Noushera , 1 5 1 Nuh, 1 4 Nunkomar (Nanda- Kumar) , 82 Nur J ahan, 38, 39 0

Och terlony , D av i d , 1 1 9 Omar Shei k Mirza , 28 Omercote (Umarkot) , 32,

1 42

I N DEX

Onore, 79 Orissa, 35 , 4 9 , 55, 57- 6 1 , 67, 69 , 73, 87, 1 00 Oudh, 1 9 , 24, 30, 37, 53, 55, 58, 69 , 73 , 75, 80, 8 1 , 90, 9 1 , 94, 1 03 , 1 05 , 1 06 , 1 1 9 , 1 28 , 1 49 , 1 50 , 1 56 Ouseley, Gore, 1 1 4 Outram , J a mes , 1 4 1 , 1 49 , 1 53 1 56 Oxus (A mu D arya) , 1 2 , 1 3 , 1 4 , 15, 16 p

Palamau, 1 29 Palghat, 87 P a l mer , 1 24 P a l merston ("Pam") , 1 30, 1 35, 139, 1 49, 150, 1 57 Panchala, 59 Pandharpur, 1 1 8 Pandya, 58 Panipat , 26, 34 , 49 , 54 , 70, 74, 1 06 , 1 1 6 , 1 30 Paris, 67, 77 Parviz, 38 Patiala, 1 1 3 , 1 52 , 1 54 Patna, 69-72 Payandah Kh an, 1 3 1 P earse, 87 Peel , 1 54 Pegu , 1 25 , 1 4 8 Peking, 27 Perron, 1 08 Persia, 1 2 , 1 6 , 23, 25, 27, 32 , 38, 1 06 , 1 1 4 , 1 33 , 1 34 , 1 3 5 , 1 4 9 , 1 50 Persian Gulf, 1 2 , 56, 1 1 4 , 1 35, 149 Peshawar, 14, 15, 37, 1 3 1 - 1 34 , 1 4 1 , 1 46 ' 1 5 1 Peyto n , 62 P h arnavis, Marob a , 55 - Nana, 83 -86, 94 , 95 , 96, 1 0 1 , 1 02 , 1 07 Phrygia, 27 P igat , 89 P i l aj i , Gaekwar , see Geakwars of Guj arat

1 69

P i r Muhammad, 25, 27 P i t t , W i l l i am (the Younger ) . 9 1 -94 , 9 7 , 99 P lassey, 69 P lithana, 59 Po llilore, 87 Pol lock, 1 40 , 1 4 1 Pondic/1erry, 55 , 6 1 - 63 , 66 , 67, 86, 87, 95 Poona, 43, 44 , 66, 7 1 , 75, 78 , 83 , 84, 85, 86, 96, 1 02 , 1 06 , 1 07, 1 08 , 1 1 8 , 1 2 1 , 1 23 Poph a m , 85 , 86 Porto Novo, 87 Porus, 56 Pott i nger , E l dred, 1 34 , 135, 1 39 , 141 Pratap Si ngh of Tanjore, 63 Pratap Si ngh , son of Sher Si ngh , 1 43 Prithwi , 1 9 Prome ( Pri) , 1 26 P u ar , U d aj i , 52 , 67 Pu licat , 28, 87 Pun jab , 1 4 , 15, 20, 23, 24 , 25, 26, 33, 34, 35, 39, 50, 53, 54 . 70, 77, 1 33 , 1 4 0 , 1 43, 1 50 Purandhar, 84 , 86 Pur Di! Kh an, 132 Purnaiya , 88 , 1 04 , 1 28 Purnea, 69, 70 Puru , see Porus Q

Quetta, 136, 1 40 R

R a ffles , Stamford , 1 1 6 , 1 23 R aghob a ( R aghunath R ao) , 54. 66 , 68, 70 , 78, 82-86 , 1 02 R aghoj i Bhonsl ay I , see B hons­ lay of B erar R aghoj i B honslay I I , see B honsl ay of B erar R aghunath Rao, see Raghoba. R aguj i Khan, 53 Raisin, 33 Rajahmundry, 28 R aj ah R a m (the E l der) , 46, 53,

INDEX

1 70

Rajah Ram ( the Younger), 53, 66 Rajmahal Hills, 1 48 Rajputana, 29, 34 , 75, 1 1 8 Ramghur, 1 29 Ramnagar, 46 Ram Narayan, 69, 70, 7 1 , 72 Rampra, l 1 2 Rana j i Sind h i a , see Sindhia Rangoon , 1 26, 1 27, 1 50, 1 54 Rangpur, 1 26 Raniganj, 1 50 Ranjit, S ingh, 1 1 2, 1 1 3, 1 1 8, 1 33- 1 37, 1 40, 1 43 Rantambhor, 3 1 , 34 Rapti, 156 Rathgarh, 1 55 Ravi, 1 46 Raymond, 1 02, 1 03 Razi a , see M amel ukes of Delhi Red Sea, 1 29 Richards, 1 2 6 Rodrigues, 1 1 5 Roe, Thomas, 38, 47 Rohilkhand, 25, 53, 75, 8 1 , 9 1 R ose, Hugh , 1 55, 1 56 R.uknedd in, see Mamelukes of Delhi Rumbold , T homas, 87, 89 Russia, 26, 1 34- 1 35 , 1 50 s

Saad at A l i , Na bob of Oud h, 1 03, 1 05 Sabuktegin , 1 4, 1 7, 1 8, Sadasheo (Sadashi v) Bhao, 54, 70 , 7 1 Sadullapur, 1 46 Safavid Dynasty, 32 Safdar Jang, 53 S affarid , 1 3 - Yakub, 1 3 Sagar , 1 07, 1 2 1 Saho, see Sa hu Sahu, 45 , 5 1 , 53 , 66, 1 23 Sahuj i of Tanjore, 62 , 63 Saifud d i n , see Ghurid Sai fuddin Ghur i d , see Ghurid Saifuddin of Kesh , 27 St. Denis, I l 5 ·

S t . Paul , 1 1 5 Sakkaram Bapu, 83, 84 Sal a ba t Jang, 64, 65, 66, 77 Sala Mohammed , 1 4 1 Salbai, 86 , 95 Sal e , 1 38, 1 39, 1 40 Sa le, Lady, 1 39 Salimgarh, 4 1 Salsette, 8 4 Samanid, 1 3 , 1 6 -abd-al-M a l i k, 1 3 - Mansur, 1 4, 1 6 Samarkand, 1 3, 1 5, 2 7, Sambhaj i , 4 5 Sambhal, 3 1 , 3 5 Sumner , 7 3 Samagarh, 41 Sanders , 65 Sangram, 30, 3 1 Sangur, 1 55 Sanjar, 1 8 Santaj i , 46 Satara, 46, 5 1 , 53, 1 23 , 1 47 Satpura Hills, 57, 1 09 , 1 1 31 14 Savanur, 86 Sawan, 1 45 Sayaji Gaekwa r , see Gaekwars of Gujarat Sayy i d , Abdullah, 50, 5 1 Sayyid , Husai n , 50, 5 1 Sayyid 25 - Ala-uddin, 25 - Kh i zr Khan, 25 - M u barak, 25 - Muhammad , 25 Scot land, 79 Scra fton , 75 Seaton, 1 54 Selim, see Jahangir Sel i m Shah Sur, see Sur Sena , 6th d ynast y of Bengal , 56 Se ringapatam , 80, 88, 95, 1 04 Setts , Hindu bankers of Calcutt a , 72 Sewel l , Robert , 26 Shah Alam (Ali Gohar) , 55 , 69-72 , 75, 95, 1 09 Shah Jahan (Khurram) , 38-34, 47 Shahjahanpur, 1 39, 1 55

I N D E X

Shahj i Bhons l a y , father o f Shivaj i , see Bhonslay Shahpuri, 1 2 5 Shaista Khan, 43 Shamsher B ah adur, 68 Shamsu d d i n A l t a msh, see /\fa mel ukes of D el h i Shastr i , Gangadhar, 1 1 8 Shatt al A rab , 1 2 Shebab u d d i n Ghur i d , see Ghurid Shel bourne, 75, 92 Shel ton, 1 38 Sher a l i Kh an, 1 32 Sher Khan (Shah) Sur , see Sur Sher Moh a m med, 1 42 Sher S i ngh , Sikh ch ieft a i n , 146 Sher Si ngh , son o f R. anj i t , Si ngh, 1 4 0 , 1 43 Shikarpur, 1 35 , 1 36 Shiraz, 1 1 4 S h i t ab R. o y , 70 Sh ivaj i , 43, 4 4 , 52 , 63, 1 05 , 1 2 1 , 147 S h i vaj o f Kanauj , 57 Shore , J o h n , Lord Teignmouth, 98 , 1 0 1 , 1 03 Showers, 1 54 Shuj a , son of Shah J ah a n , 4 1 Shuj a- u d d i n , Subah dar of Bengal , 60, 6 1 , 67 Shuja-ucl - d a u l a , N abob of Oudh, 73, 75, 80, 8 1 , Shuj a-ul-Mu l k , Shah of Afghanistan, 1 1 4 , 1 3 1 - 1 38 , 141 S iam, 1 25 S iberia, 25, 2 6 Sikandar, B egum of Bhopa l , 128 Sikandar J a h ( N iza m) , 1 09, 1 1 0 , 1 20 , 1 24 Sikand ar Lod i , see Lo d i , S i ka ndar Sikri , 30 S im la, 1 1 9, 1 34 , 1 5 1 S i monich , Count , 1 33 , 1 35 S i mpson , 1 52 S ind, 1 2 , 1 6 , 1 9 , 24 , 32, 3 7 , 42 , 57, 129, 1 33, 1 34 - 1 37 , 1 4 1 S i n dh i a , 1 1 6 - A l i J ah J ankoj i (Mugat R ao) , 1 27, 1 42

171

- A l i J ah J yaji (Bhagerat R ao) , 142, 1 4 3 , 1 52 , 1 56 - Dada Khasj i , 1 42 - Dataj i , 7 1 - Daulat R a o , 9 6 , 1 02 - 1 03 , 1 06- 1 1 2 , 1 1 6 , 1 1 8 , 1 2 1 , 1 23 , 1 27, 142 - J ankoj i (Ma m a Sahib) , 1 42 - Mahdaj i , 55, 83, 85, 86 , 95 , 96 - R anaj i , 52, 53, 67 - Tara B a i (Maharani) , 1 42 , 1 43 Singapore, 1 23 Singar, 1 07 Sipra, 1 22 Sirdar Kha n , 1 4 5 Sirhind, 1 1 3 Sitaba ldi Hills, 1 22 S m i t h , Josep h , 79 S m i t h , Li onel , 1 23 Sobraon, 1 45 Solingar, 87 Somnath, 1 6 Spencer , 73 Srinagar, 4 1 Stanley, 1 57 Staunton, 1 23 Stephenson , 1 09 Strange, 1 4 7 Stuart , 88 Sucha t S i ngh , 1 4 3 Suffrei n , 88 Sukkur, 1 4 1 Su laiman, M ts. , 1 4 Sulei man , grandson of Shah J ahan, 4 1 Suleiman Kh ilj i , see Kh i l j i Sul l i van, L awrence, 75 Sultan A l i Sadoz a i , 1 32 Suraj -ud-daula, 6 8 , 69 Sur , 3 1 , 33 - I brah i m , 33 -Muhammad Sh ah, 33 -Sel i m Sh a h , 33, 59 -Sher Shah , 3 2 , 33, 35 Surat, 4 1 , 44 , 4 7 , 83-85 Su t lej, 1 4 , I 7, 25 , 1 1 2 , 1 1 3 , 1 1 9 , 129, 1 3 5 , 1 44 , 145, 1 46 Sweden , 88 Sykes , 73 Sylhet, 1 26 Syria, 1 2 , 27

! N D E X

1 72 T

Tagara, 59 Tah ir, 1 3 Tahiri d , 1 3 Tah masp , Shah of Persi a ( 1 5241 576) , 32 Tah masp, Shah of Persia ( 1 7301 732) , 52 Talneir, 1 23 Tamerlane (Ti mur) , 25, 27, 28 , 35 Tanjore, 4 5 , 58, 62 , 64 , 66, 77 89, 1 05 Ta ntia Top i , 1 55 , 1 56 Tara B a i , See Sindhia Tara B a i , w i fe of R.am R. aj a , 53 Tartary, 25 Ta tta, 24 , 1 36 Taxila, 56 Tegeen (Tezin) , 1 4 1 Teheran ( Tehran , ) 1 06 , 1 1 4 , 134 , 135, 1 49, 1 50 Te linga ( Telingana) , 23, 24 , 28, 58 Tellichery, 87 Tenasserim, 1 25 , 1 26 Thanesar, 1 5 , 1 7 Thompson, 1 36 Tibet, 2 7 T i mur , see Ta merlane T i mur , Sha h of Afghanistan, 70, 1 06, 1 30 T i mur , son of Shuj a-ul-Mul k , 137 Tinneve l ly, 5 8 , 79, 8 0 , 86, 87, 88 Tipu Sah i b , S u l t a n , 94, 95, 1 0 1 , 1 03 , 1 04 , 1 06 , 1 1 3 , T i t u Mir, 1 29 Todar Mal l , 36 Toghru l , Governor of Del h i , 2 1 Toghrul , reb el lea der a t Ghazni , 17 Toghrul Beg, Sel j u k l eader, 1 7 Tokarrab Khan, 45 Tank , 1 1 2 Transoxiana (M awarannahr) , 1 3 1 4 , 1 5 , 25, 27 Travancore, 58, 95 Trichinopo ly, 62 , 63 , 64, 79 Trimbakj i D a ngl i a , 1 1 8 , 1 2 1 , 1 23

Trinkomali, 87 Trivadi, 63 Tughl a k , 23-24 - Abu B akr , 24 - Firuz, 24 , 29 - Gh iyasu d d i n I , 26 - Gh iyas u d d i n I I , 24 Humayun, 23 - Mahmud, 24 - Muhammad , 23 , 28, 59 - Naziru d d i n , 24 T ugh l a k T i mur of J aga t a i , 2 7 Tukaj i Holkar, see Holkar Tu kaj i I I Holkar, see Hol kar Tulsi Bai Holkar, see Hol kar Turan, 20 u

Udaipur, 34 , 38 , 50, 1 20 Udaji Puar , see Puar Udwanu l lah, 72 Ujj a i n , 1 07 Umarkot , see Omercote Umdat-ul- U mara , 1 05 U p ton, 84 v

Va ns i t tart, 7 1 -73 , 75 Vargaon, 85 Vasco da Gama , 46 Ve/ lore , 4 5 , 1 1 3 Venkoj i , 58, 1 05 Verels t , 73 , 74 Victor i a , Queen of Engl a n d , 1 47, 1 48 , 1 57 Vijayanagar , 58 Vi kra m a d i t ya , 57 Vindhya Hi l ls, 1 1 6 Vira R. aj a , 1 28 Visa! , 57 Vit t aj i , 1 07 Vizagapatam , 69 w

Wal a , see Sindh ia , Dada Khasj i Wal i d , 1 2 Walpole, 1 56 W'andiwash, 67

I N D EX

\Varanga l, 22, 28, 58 Wardha, 57 \Vasil Muh a m m a d , 1 22 Watso n , 69 W azir A l i , 1 03 Wellesley, Arthur, D u ke of Wel ­ l i ngton , 1 0 3 , 1 08- 1 1 1 Wel l esley , Henry, Lord Cowley , 1 06 Wel l esl ey , R i chard Col l ey , Lord Mor n i ngto n , 92, 96, 1 03 - 1 06 , 1 08 , 1 1 0 , 1 1 , 1 28 Wheel er , Hugh , 1 46 , 1 52 Whish , 1 4 6 W i l d , 140 W i l l i a m and Mary, of E ngland , 48 W i l l ough b y , 1 1 5 W i lson , 1 5 1 , 1 54 Woo d , 1 1 9

1 73

\Vood i ngton, 1 08 Wynch , 89 y

Yakub Sa iTar i d , see Saffar i d Yandabo , 1 26 Yeh , 1 26 Y i l di z , 1 9 Y usuf A di l , see A d i l Sha h z

Zab i ta Kha n , 75, 96 , Za i n Kha n , 37 Za ma n , Shah of Afghanista n , 1 06 . 1 1 3 ' 1 1 4 ' 1 3 1 Zeena t Maha l , 1 54 Zendegan, (Dandankan) , 1 6 Zul fi kar Kha n , 46, 50

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