How to organize and manage a school store: A handbook for supervisors of school stores.

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MOW TO ORGANIZE AND MANAGE A SCHOOD STORE (A handbook f o r s u p e r v is o r s o f sc h o o l s t o r e s )

A P r o je c t P re s e n te d to th e F a c u lty o f th e S chool o f E d u c a tio n The u n i v e r s i t y o f S o u th ern C a l i f o r n i a

I n P a r t i a l F u lf illm e n t o f th e R equirem ents f o r th e D egree M a ste r o f S c ie n c e in E d u c a tio n

hy W esley N« Ketcham Ju n e 1950

UMI Number: EP46401

All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion.

Dissortaikm Publishing

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£ 1

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jp /m p r o j e c t r ep ort , w r i t t e n u n d e r the dire ct ion

of the c a nd id a te ’s a d v is e r a n d a p p r o v e d by h i m , has been p r e s e n t e d to a n d a c c e p t e d by the F a c u l t y of the S c h o o l of E d u c a t i o n in p a r t i a l f u lf i ll m e n t of the re q ui r e m en ts f o r the d e g r e e of M a s t e r of Sc ien ce in Ed u ca ti o n.

D a t e ............................. June.*..195.Q.....................

Adviser

Dean

ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER

PAGE PART I . ORGANIZATION HOW TO ELAN YOUR STORE ORGANIZATION

APPROVAL: s to re . .

low t o g a in a p p ro v a l f o r y o u r sc h o o l

2.

HOUSING:

How to h o u se y o u r s t o r e . . .* . . . . .

3.

EQUIPMENT :

How to eq u ip y o u r s t o r e . . . . . . .

14

4.

MANAGEMENT: How to o p e r a te y o u r s to r e e f f i c i e n t l y . . ....................... . . . . . . . . . . .

20

5.

EMPLOYEES :

How to s e l e c t th e s t o r e p e rs o n n e l . .

26

6•

CAPITAL:

How to f in a n c e y o u r s t o r e ...........................

32

1.

2

8

PART I I . MERCHANDISING HOW TO BUY, SELL, AND CARE FOR YOUR MERCHANDISE 7 . . CHOOSING: . sto c k •< •

How to s e l e c t th e ite m s you w i l l

37

8.

BUYING:

How to p u rc h a se y o u r m erch an d ise . . . .

41

9.

STORING:

How to o p e ra te th e s to re ro o m .................. ....

48

10.

SELLING:

How to s e l l y o u r m e r c h a n d is e .....................

56

PART I I I . ACCOUNTING HOW TO KEEP THE BOOKS 11.

LEGAL ASPECTS:

12 •

CONTROLLING THE CASH:

13.

RECORDING:

14.

REPORTS:

BIBLIOGRAPHY .

How to com ply w ith th e law . . • .

64

How to c o n tr o l th e c a s h . .

71

How to h a n d le t r a n s a c t i o n s . . . . . .

76

How to p re p a re th e s ta te m e n ts • • *' • •

86

94

iii

U S T OP EXHIBITS e x h ib it

page

A.

P u rch ase O rder

...............................................

44

B.

P e r p e tu a l In v e n to ry P e r m ................. - ........................................... 52

G.

P h y s ic a l In v e n to ry P o m ......................................................... ....

53

D.

P e d e ra l P o m f o r R e t a i l D e a le rs* E x c is e T ax es. . . .

67

E.

Cash Payments and Expense R e c o r d .............................................79

P.

S a le s and Cash R e c e ip ts R e c o r d ......................

G.

F u r n it u r e , F i x t u r e s , Equipm ent and B u ild in g s

80

Record

82

H.

D e p re c ia tio n o f B u sin e ss P ro p e rty Record . . . . . .

83

I.

Summary o f B u sin e ss and S ta te m e n t o f Incom e...................... 87

X.

Summary o f B u sin e ss and S ta te m e n t o f Incom e.......................88

PREFACE The w o rld to d a y c o n s i s t s o f an a c t i v e s o c i e t y . In t h i s - v -m odem s o c i e t y one m ust he a b le to "do” in o r d e r to "know11. T his p h ilo s o p h y i s i n a c c o rd w ith th e Dewey c o n c e p t t h a t ” , . .T h ere i s no such th in g a s g enuine know ledge and f r u i t ­ f u l u n d e rs ta n d in g e x c e p t a s th e o f f s p r in g o f d o in g . tf Edu­ c a t i o n , t h e r e f o r e , sh o u ld be more th a n a p u r s u i t o f know ledge f o r th e mere sake o f know ledge; i t sh o u ld be a p r a c t i c a l th in g t h a t h a s ev ery d ay v a lu e .

A r e a l i s t i c ap p ro ach to e d u c a tin g

modern s o c i e t y h a s been a d v o c ate d by C laude C. C raw ford^ who s a y s , ’’A c t i v i t y l i e s a t th e r o o t o f a l l e d u c a tio n . fu n d am en tal p la n k in th e f u n c tio n a l p l a t f o r m . ”^

I t i s th e

The a u th o r

h a s allo w ed t h i s m odem p h ilo s o p h y o f f u n c tio n a l e d u c a tio n to guid e him in th e w r i tin g o f t h i s handbook. The p u rp o se o f t h i s handbook i s to p r e s e n t a r e a l i s t i c method o f f u n c t i o n a l i z i n g b u s in e s s e d u c a tio n f o r .s e c o n d a r y s c h o o ls .

I t i s th e a u th o r ’ s o p in io n t h a t t h i s p u rp o se can be

a c h ie v e d th ro u g h th e e s ta b lis h m e n t o f a sc h o o l s t o r e o p e ra te d by th e s t u d e n ts .

The s t o r e would supplem ent th e b u s in e s s c u r­

ric u lu m and a llo w s tu d e n ts a r e s p i t e from d u l l d r i l l m a t e r i a l . 1 John Dewey, Democracy and E d u c a tio n . M acm illan Company, 1916, p . 321.

New York:

2 C laude C. C raw ford, F u n c tio n a l E d u c a tio n . C. C. C raw ford, 1949. 3 I b i d . , p . 37.

The

Los A n g eles:

I t i s th e w r i t e r 1s b e l i e f t h a t a sc h o o l s to r e sh o u ld o f f e r th e fo llo w in g b e n e f i t s : 1.

P ro v id e r e a l - l i f e e x p e rie n c e s .

2.

H elp f in a n c e s tu d e n t a c t i v i t i e s .

3.

S u g g est l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t i e s .

4.

O ffe r v a lu a b le s e r v ic e to p a t r o n s .

T h is handbook i s o rg a n iz e d in t h r e e p a r t s . P a r t I s u g g e s ts m ethods f o r s o lv in g th e i n i t i a l problem s th e a d m in is t r a to r w i l l e n c o u n te r in o rg a n iz in g th e sc h o o l s t o r e . P a r t I I d e a ls w ith m e rc h a n d isin g problem s and p r e s e n ts ways and means f o r s o lv in g them . a c c o u n tin g p ro c e d u re s .

P a r t I I I i s d ev o ted to law and

A f t e r g a th e r in g a l l th e d a ta f o r t h i s

p r o j e c t , th e c o n te n ts seemed to f a l l in to t h i s n a t u r a l p a t t e r n . The d a ta f o r t h i s handbook was g a th e re d th ro u g h o b se rv a ­ t i o n o f sc h o o l s t o r e s , in te rv ie w s w ith s t o r e p e r s o n n e l, and stu d y o f books and p e r i o d i c a l l i t e r a t u r e r e l a t e d to th e o p e r­ a t io n o f sc h o o l s t o r e s .

The a u th o r w ish es to e x p re s s h i s

s in c e r e a p p r e c ia t io n to Dora Woods P ra n tz f o r h e r many h e lp ­ f u l s u g g e s tio n s . W esley H. Ketcham

1

PART I . ORGANIZATION HOW TO PLAN YOUR STORE ORGANIZATION The o r g a n iz a tio n o f a sc h o o l s t o r e , l i k e any o th e r e n t e r p r i s e , r e q u ir e s c a r e f u l p la n n in g i f i t i s to f u l f i l l i t s o b j e c t i v e s .

T h is s e c tio n i s

d e sig n e d to g e t you o f f to th e r i g h t s t a r t .

The

r e a d e r sh o u ld make h im s e lf f a m i l i a r w ith th e e n t i r e p r o j e c t b e fo re i n i t i a t i n g th e a c tio n t h a t i s su g ­ g e s te d i n p a r t I .

2

CHAPTER I . APPROVAL HOW TO GAIN APPROVAL POR YOUR SCHOOL STORE A«

MOTIVATION:

A ids you can employ in g a in in g a p p ro v a l f o r

y o u r sc h o o l s t o r e . 1.

A HAH:

I t w i l l be e a s i e r f o r you to c o n v e rt o th e r s

i f you p la n y o u r ap p ro ach f i r s t . 2.

ALLIES:

E n l i s t i n g th e a i d o f o th e r s w i l l make i t

e a s i e r to g e t a p p ro v a l f o r y o u r sc h o o l s t o r e . 3.

SALESMANSHIP:

The u s e of sa le sm a n sh ip te c h n iq u e s

w i l l e n a b le you to co n v in ce o th e r s t h a t you h av e a sound p la n . B.

DIRECTIONS:

Some h i n t s t h a t w i l l h e i r you g a in a p p ro v a l t

f o r y o u r sc h o o l s t o r e . 1.

TEACHERS:

How to g a in a p p ro v a l o f te a c h e r s f o r y o u r

sc h o o l s t o r e • a.

!

Give th e te a c h e r s an e x p la n a tio n o f how a s t o r e w i l l f u n c t i o n a l i z e th e sc h o o l program by: (1) P e r m ittin g p r a c t i c a l e x p e rie n c e in th e v a r ­ io u s p h a se s o f s to r e k e e p in g . (2) S upplem enting te x tb o o k m a t e r i a l . (3) E a sin g th e te a c h e r ’ s work by p ro v id in g p ro p e r m o tiv a tio n .

b.

Show th e te a c h e r s how a s t o r e w i l l e lim in a te th e n e c e s s i t y f o r w a stin g tim e in c o n s tr u c tin g pseudo r e a lis tic a c tiv itie s .

c.

B o ll th e te a c h e r s a f t e r g iv in g a th o ro u g h e x p la n ­ a t i o n o f y o u r p la n .

d.

S ecu re p e rm is sio n from th e a d m in is t r a tio n to con­ d u c t y o u r su rv e y d u rin g sc h o o l tim e to g iv e i t s ta tu s .

e.

G u aran tee anonym ity to te a c h e r s who co m p lete th e in v e n to r y .

STUDENTS:

How to g a in a p p ro v a l o f s tu d e n ts f o r y o u r

sc h o o l s to re * a.

P ro v id e academ ic c r e d i t f o r th o s e s tu d e n ts employ­ ed in th e sc h o o l sto re *

b.

Use th e s t o r e a s a com m ercial l a b o r a to r y .

c*

Use s t o r e p r o f i t s to f in a n c e s tu d e n t a c t i v i t i e s .

d.

A rrange a s tu d e n t d e b a te on th e q u e s tio n :

HS h a ll

we hav e a sc h o o l s t o r e ? " e.

I n t e r e s t s tu d e n ts by p u b l i c i t y in th e sc h o o l p a p e r.

f.

Hake th e s t o r e p a r t o f th e sc h o o l program .

g.

Submit ev id en ce to th e s tu d e n ts vfoich w i l l show how th e y w i l l be a b le to buy s u p p lie s a t a d i s ­ co u n t .

h.

Conduct a s tu d e n t p o l l and u s e th e r e s u l t i n g e v i­ dence a s an argum ent i n f a v o r o f y o u r p r o p o s a l.

PARENTS:

How to g a in a p p ro v a l o f p a r e n ts f o r y o u r

se h o o l s t o r e . a.

Ask p e rm is s io n o f th e sc h o o l b o ard to send

q u e s tio n n a ir e s to th e p a r e n t s . b.

Send, q u e s tio n n a ir e s to th e p a r e n ts to g e t t h e i r v ie w p o in t.

(P erh ap s t h i s sh o u ld he th e f i r s t s t e p . )

c.

E n l i s t th e p o w erfu l s u p p o rt o f y o u r PTA.

d.

Send a l e t t e r to th e p a r e n ts e x p la in in g th e re a s o n s f o r o rg a n iz in g a sc h o o l s t o r e . (1) B e t t e r e d u c a tio n th ro u g h r e a l e x p e rie n c e . (2) Economy o f sc h o o l s t o r e p r i c e s . (3) P u p il need s w i l l he s a t i s f i e d a t s c h o o l, and th e r e w i l l he no need f o r them to le a v e th e grounds d u rin g th e sc h o o l d ay .

SCHOOL BOARD:

How to g a in a p p ro v a l o f th e sch o o l

h o a rd f o r y o u r sc h o o l s t o r e . a.

S e l l th e e d i t o r o f th e l o c a l p a p e r on th e need . ■ f o r y o u r sc h o o l s t o r e ,

h.

Subm it ev id en ce o f th e su c c e s s o f sc h o o l s t o r e s in o th e r com m unities.

c.

Submit evideiiGe to prove sc h o o l s to r e ex p erien ce w i l l make b e t t e r tr a in e d workers a v a ila b le fo r lo c a l m erchants.

d.

Avoid s to c k in g ite m s t h a t w i l l a ro u s e an tag o n ism in th e community.

e.

I f n e c e s s a r y buy s t o r e s u p p lie s from l o c a l b u s i­ n e s s h o u se s a t a d is c o u n t to overcome o b je c tio n s o f m e rc h an ts to th e sc h o o l s t o r e .

f. 5.

Win th e a p p ro v a l of th e chamber o f commerce.

SOURCES FOR THIS CHARTER:

Where to g e t f u r t h e r

a s s is ta n c e . a.

B and, H aro ld C . , What P eo p le Think About T h e ir S c h o o ls * Hew York:

b. C.

World Book Company, 1948.

Any good t e x t r e l a t e d to sc h o o l p u b lic r e l a t i o n s .

ACTIVITY ASSIGNMENTS:

Work t h a t w i l l h e lp you g e t y o u r

s to re s ta r te d . 1.

OUTLINING:

P re p a re an o u t l i n e o f th e p ro c e d u re you

w i l l u se to g e t y o u r p la n f o r a sc h o o l s t o r e ap p ro v ed . 2*

RESEARCH:

G ath e r d a ta t h a t you w i l l subm it to o th e r s

to p ro v e t h a t y o u r sc h o o l need s a sc h o o l s t o r e . 3.

PERSUASION:

Hake d e t a i l e d p la n s to i n d i c a t e how you

w i l l go ab o u t g e t t i n g th e s u p p o rt o f th e e d i t o r o f th e l o c a l p a p e r and th e a p p ro v a l o f th e chamber o f commerce. 4.

EXECUTING:

B it y o u r p la n s in o p e r a tio n and g a in

ap p ro v a l f o r y o u r sc h o o l s t o r e . D.

EVALUATION:

Check y o u r r e a d in e s s to s t a r t cam paigning

f o r a sc h o o l s t o r e by y o u r answ ers to th e s e q u e s tio n s . 1.

TRUE-PALSE:

P la c e X in th e c o r r e c t sp ace f o r tr u e

or fa ls e . T

P

a . ( )( ) You sh o u ld g iv e te a c h e r s an e x p la n a tio n o f how a sc h o o l s to r e w i l l f u n c t i o n a l i z e th e

6

sc h o o l program b.

( ) A sc h o o l s t o r e w i l l red u ce th e n e c e s s i t y f o r c o n s tr u c tin g p s e u d o - r e a l i s t i c a c t i v i ­ tie s .

c•

) The p o l l i s a n u n s a t i s f a c t o r y method o f g e t t i n g th e o p in io n o f te a c h e r s .

d.

) You sh o u ld s e c u re p e rm is sio n o f th e admin­ i s t r a t i o n to conduct y o u r su rv e y .

e.

) Each te a c h e r sh o u ld be r e q u ir e d to s ig n h e r in v e n to ry s h e e t.

f

.

) You w i l l g a in s tu d e n t a p p ro v a l by o f f e r i n g academ ic c r d d i t f o r work in th e s t o r e .

g-

) The s t o r e sh o u ld be u se d a s a com m ercial l a b o r a to r y .

h.

) I t i s unw ise to u se s t o r e p r o f i t s to f i n ­ ance s tu d e n t a c t i v i t i e s .

i.

) You can g a in s tu d e n t i n t e r e s t by p u b l i c i t y i n th e sc h o o l p a p e r.

, J*‘

) You sh o u ld send q u e s tio n a i r e s to p a r e n ts to g e t t h e i r o p in io n s .

k.

) By s e l l i n g th e PTA y o u r p la n , you can g a in t h e i r p o w erfu l s u p p o r t.

1.

) You sh o u ld send a l e t t e r to th e p a r e n ts and e x p la in why a sc h o o l s t o r e i s n eed ed .

m.

) You w i l l g a in v a lu a b le s u p p o rt by s e l l i n g

? th e e d i t o r o f th e l o c a l p a p e r on y o u r p la n , n . ( )( ) I t i s w ise to s to c k ite m s t h a t w i l l a ro u se th e an tag o n ism o f th e l o c a l m e rc h a n ts, o . ( ) ( ) You sh o u ld buy s u p p lie s from l o c a l m erch an ts to overcome t h e i r o b je c tio n s to th e s t o r e .

8

CHAPTER 2 . HOUSINC HOW TO HOUSE YOUR STORE A,

HOTIVATIOU: B e n e f its t h a t w i l l r e s u l t by o b ta in in g th e b e s t h o u sin g p o s s ib le f o r y o u r s t o r e . 1*

SERVICE:

A dequate w orking sp a ce i s n e c e s s a r y i f you

a r e to g iv e th e s tu d e n ts good s e r v i c e . 2.

ATTRACTIVENESS:

S tu d e n ts w i l l be more in c lin e d to

spend t h e i r money among p le a s a n t s u rro u n d in g s . 3.

VOLUME: A s t o r e t h a t i s d e sig n e d f o r volume b u s in e s s i s a p o t e n t i a l money m aker.

B.

DIRECTIONS: Some p r i n c i p l e s to o b se rv e in h o u sin g y o u r sc h o o l s t o r e . 1.

LOCATION":

How to a c q u ir e a f a v o r a b le l o c a ti o n f o r

your s to r e . a.

L o c a te y o u r s t o r e where i t w i l l be c o n v e n ie n t f o r d e liv e ry s e rv ic e .

b.

L o c a te y o u r s t o r e on a ground f l o o r . ( l)

T h is w i l l make th e s t o r e more a c c e s s i b l e .

(.2) The problem o f c a r t i n g goods ab o u t w i l l be re d u c e d . c.

I f p o s s ib le p ro v id e a s e p a r a te b u ild in g f o r th e s t o r e w here s tu d e n ts can c o n g re g a te d u rin g l e i s u r e tim e .

d.

I f th e s i z e o f th e s t o r e w a rra n ts th e e f f o r t , * p ro v id e a s t o r e in th e gymnasium f o r th e s a l e o f a t h l e t i c a c c e s s o r ie s .

e.

P la c e th e s t o r e where i t may be e a s i l y s u p e rv is e d .

f.

L o c a te th e s t o r e in a c o n v e n ie n t p la c e and n e a r a c e n tra ,! l o c a t i o n .

g.

P ro v id e s e v e r a l r e t a i l s t o r e s in l a r g e sc h o o ls to a v o id c o n g e s tio n .

h.

L o ca te th e candy c o u n te r n e a r th e c a f e t e r i a to enco u rag e th e e a tin g o f candy w ith o th e r fo o d s .

i.

C e n te r s t o r e a c t i v i t i e s ab o u t th e com m ercial d ep a rtm en t •

j .

Do n o t t r y to combine y o u r s t o r e w ith th e com m ercial c u rric u lu m i f th e s t o r e i s h o u sed in s m a ll, cramped q u a r t e r s .

DLSIGrH: a.

How to p la n y o u r s t o r e .

D esign y o u r s t o r e w ith re g a rd t o : (1) I t s p a r t i c u l a r f u n c tio n . (2) The ty p e s o f m erch an d ise s o ld . (3) The amount o f b u s in e s s t r a n s a c t e d .

b.

House y o u r s t o r e u n d er one r o o f , u n le s s d is p e r s io n 'is e s s e n t i a l to y o u r p a r t i c u l a r s i t u a t i o n .

c.

I f a s p e c ia l b u ild in g f o r th e s t o r e i s to be c o n s tr u c te d , b u i l d i t w ith s id e s t h a t open o u t to a llo w g r e a t e r c o u n te r s p a c e .

(Be s u re y o u r

c lim a te i s s u i t a b l e f o r t h i s ty p e o f s t r u c t u r e . ) d.

P ro v id e s to r a g e sp ace in th e s a l e s room f o r th e goods t h a t a r e re a d y to be s o l d .

e.

P lan to u t i l i z e w a ll sp a ce f o r d is p la y s and s to r a g e .

f.

Use lo n g c o u n te rs to speed up s e r v ic e d u rin g ru sh h o u rs•

g.

P ro v id e a s t o r e o f f i c e a s n e a r th e s a le s room a s p o s s ib le .

h.

P la c e a p a r t i t i o n betw een th e s a le s room and th e s to re o f f ic e .

i.

Try to g e t a l a r g e window p la c e d in one w a ll o f th e s t o r e where d is p la y s can be seen by s tu d e n ts p a s s in g by th e s t o r e .

j.

Use a s much n a t u r a l l i g h t a s p o s s i b l e . P ro v id e a d e q u a te e l e c t r i c a l and w a te r f a c i l i t i e s . (T h is i s im p o rta n t i f you p la n to i n s t a l l a f o u n t a i n .)

ARHAUGEMEUT:

How to a rra n g e th e i n t e r i o r o f y o u r

s to re • a.

S e t a s id e c o n v e n ie n t sp ace f o r s t o r e o p e r a tio n .

b.

P ro v id e a d e q u a te sp ace f o r th e d is p la y o f g o o d s.

c.

C onserve s t o r e sp ace by l o c a t i n g d is p la y c a b in e ts in v a r io u s s e c tio n s o f th e s c h o o l.

d.

X ocate th e s e c a b in e ts in ad v an tag eo u s s p o ts where s tu d e n ts can "window sh o p ” d u rin g l e i s u r e tim e .

e.

D isp la y sm a ll ite m s and s u p p lie s on c o u n te r sp ace t h a t i s n o t n ee d ed .

11

f .

Avoid c o n g e s tio n in th e s t o r e "by: (1) G iv in g r a p id s e r v i c e . (2) R e q u irin g s tu d e n ts to e n t e r by one d o o r and le a v e by a n o th e r . (3 )

F o rb id d in g l o i t e r i n g i n th e s t o r e .

(4) A rran g in g c o u n te rs to a llo w cu sto m ers to move ab o u t f r e e l y in th e s t o r e . g.

P ro v id e ea sy a c c e s s to th e s to r a g e room from th e s a l e s room.

4.

SOURCES FOR THIS CHAPTER*

M iere to g e t f u r t h e r

a s s is ta n c e . a.

M acM illan, M a rg u e re tte V erio n , The O rg a n iz a tio n o f an E le m e n ta ry School C a f e t e r i a .

U n p u b lish ed

M a s te r1s t h e s i s , The U n iv e r s ity of S o u th ern C al­ if o r n ia * Eos A ngeles* 1944. b.

R obinson, 0 . P re s to n , and H aas, K enneth B . , How to E s t a b l i s h and O p erate a R e t a i l S t o r e . Few Y ork:

C.

P r e n ti c e - H a ll, In c • , 1946.

ACTIVITY ASSIGMEFTSs

Work t h a t w i l l h e lp you o rg a n iz e

y o u r p la n s f o r h o u s in g th e sc h o o l s t o r e . 1.

VISITIHG: V i s i t a sc h o o l s to r e , i n y o u r v i c i n i t y and draw a p la n o f th e s t o r e la y o u t.

2.

SELECTING:

P re p a re a l i s t o f th e m e rc h a n d ise and

s e r v ic e s you ex p ect to o f f e r y o u r s t u d e n ts . 3.

ESTIMATING:

E s tim a te th e number o f s tu d e n ts you w i l l

12

se rv e each d ay . 4.

LOCATING:

L o cate th e b u ild i n g and room t h a t w i l l

h o u se y o u r s to r e and p la n th e i n t e r i o r a rra n g e m e n t. 5.

COOPERATING:

I f you a r e f o r t u n a t e enough to g e t a

new b u ild i n g f o r y o u r s t o r e , c o o p e ra te w ith th e a r c h i t e c t i n p r e p a r in g th e p la n s . D.

EVALUATION:

€%ieck y o u r r e a d in e s s to p la n f o r th e h o u s in g

o f y o u r sc h o o l s t o r e by answ ers t o th e s e q u e s tio n s . I*

TRUE-FALSE;

P la c e X in th e c o r r e c t sp ace f o r tr u e

or fa ls e T P a

)(

You sh o u ld l o c a t e y o u r s t o r e inhere i t w i l l be c o n v e n ie n t f o r d e l iv e r y s e r v i c e .

b.

)(

You sh o u ld l o c a te y o u r s t o r e on an u p p er flo o r.

c.

)(

I t i s d e s i r a b l e to p ro v id e a s e p a r a te b u i l d ­ in g f o r th e sc h o o l s t o r e .

d.

)(

I n a la r g e s c h o o l, a t h l e t i c equipm ent sh o u ld be s o ld in th e g e n e ra l s t o r e .

)(

The s t o r e sh o u ld be p la c e d in a c e n t r a l lo c a tio n .

f.

)(

The candy c o u n te r sh o u ld be n e a r th e c a fe ­ te ria .

)(

S to re a c t i v i t i e s sh o u ld be c e n te r e d ab o u t th e com m ercial d e p a rtm e n t.

13

I t i s w ise to c o n s id e r th e f u n c tio n o f th e s t o r e when d e s ig n in g i t . You sh o u ld d is p e r s e s t o r e a c t i v i t i e s i n a sm a ll s c h o o l. In c o ld c lim a te s th e s t o r e sh o u ld “be con­ s t r u c t e d w ith s id e s t h a t open o u t. S to ra g e sp ace in th e s a l e s room i s unnec­ essary . The s t o r e o f f i c e sh o u ld be a s n e a r to th e s a l e s room a s p o s s i b l e . The u se o f lo n g c o u n te r s w i l l speed up s e rv ic e . A r t i f i c i a l l i g h t i s more d e s ir a b le th a n n a tu ra l lig h t. W all sp ace sh o u ld be u t i l i z e d f o r d is p la y s and s to r a g e . H eager sp ace i s a l l t h a t i s needed f o r th e d is p la y o f goods. S to re sp ace can be c o n se rv e d by l o c a t i n g d is p la y c a b in e ts in v a r io u s pacts o f th e s c h o o l. You sh o u ld ta k e ad v a n tag e o f c o u n te r space t h a t i s n o t in u se by d is p la y in g sm all ite m s and s u p p lie s on c o u n te r s .

\

14

CHAPTER 3 . EQUIBIENT HOW TO EQUIP YOUB STORE A.

MOTIVATION:

B e n e f its t h a t w i l l r e s u l t from o b ta in in g

th e b e s t equipment “p o s s ib le f o r y o u r s t o r e * 1.

SATISFIED CUSTOMERS:

P ro p e r equipm ent w i l l p e rm it

b e t t e r s e r v ic e and r e s u l t in s a t i s f i e d c u sto m e rs. 2.

CONTROL: S u ita b le equ ip ag e w i l l e n a b le you to e x e r c is e b e t t e r c o n tr o l o v er th e s t o r e .

3.

EFFICIENCY: S to re p e rs o n n e l w i l l p ro d u ce more i f th e y a r e p ro v id e d w ith th e p ro p e r t o o l s .

B.

DIRECTIONS:

Some h i n t s t h a t w i l l a i d you in s e l e c t i n g

th e equipm ent you w i l l need f o r y o u r s t o r e . 1.

OFFICE EQUIPMENT: -How to s e l e c t y o u r o f f i c e eq u ip ­ m en t. a.

Provide a desk MOTIVATION:

Rewards t h a t w i l l be y o u rs “by o p e r a tin g th e

sto rero o m in th e r i g h t way* 1.

PROPER CARE OP MERCHANDISE:

By m aking a d e q u a te p re p ­

a r a t i o n s f o r th e s to r a g e o f goods# you w i l l red u ce lo s s e s from s p o ile d and damaged m e rc h an d ise * . 2.

GOOD RECEIVING TECHNIQUES:

The m a in te n an ce o f good

r e c e iv in g re c o rd s w i l l e lim in a te th e p o s s i b i l i t y o f p ay in g f o r m erch an d ise t h a t you h av e n o t re c e iv e d * 3.

INVENTORY CONTROLS:

You can red u ce th e la b o r o f

f r e q u e n t p h y s ic a l in v e n to r i e s by m a in ta in in g p ro p e r in v e n to ry r e c o r d s . B*

DIRECTIONS:

Some s u g g e s tio n s to h e lp you o p e r a te y o u r

sto rero o m e f f i c i e n t l y . 1.

CARE: a.

How to ta k e p ro p e r c a re o f y o u r s u p p li e s .

I f you o rd e r in l a r g e q u a n t i t i e s , p ro v id e a s p e c ia l room f o r s t o r i n g th e s u p p l i e s .

b.

Don’ t u s e th e s a l e s room a s a s to r a g e p la c e .

c.

L o c a te th e s to r a g e room a s n e a r th e s a l e s room as p o s s ib le .

d.

C e n tr a liz e s to r a g e p la c e s to f a c i l i t a t e th e ta lcin g of in v e n to r i e s and m ain ten an ce o f a c c u r a te reco rd s.

e.

A ssu re p ro p e r s to r a g e te m p e ra tu re s f o r p e r is h a b le ite m s .

f.

U t i l i z e o ld lo c k e r s a s s to r a g e b o x e s .

g.

P la c e n o n - p e r is h a b le goods in th e s to c k room b e f o r e se n d in g them to th e s a l e s room.

h.

M a in ta in a r e c o r d o f a l l goods e n t e r in g and le a v in g th e sto re ro o m .

i.

Check packaged goods a s th e y a r e r e c e iv e d to se e t h a t th e y c o n ta in th e p ro p e r number o f ite m s .

j.

P la c e a r e s p o n s ib le p e rso n in change o f th e sto re ro o m .

k.

Mark and p r i c e a l l m erch an d ise b e f o r e p la c in g i t on th e s h e lv e s .

1.

S to re m e rc h an d ise in a s a f e , c o n v e n ie n t p la c e .

m.

R e s t r i c t a d m itta n c e o f p e rs o n s to th e stockroom .

REClIVIHGs a.

How to r e c e iv e sh ip m en ts o f g o o d s.

R e q u ire a r e s p o n s ib le p e rso n to s ig n f o r a l l goods r e c e iv e d .

b.

Check a l l goods re c e iv e d a g a in s t th e o r i g i n a l p u rc h a s e o r d e r .

c.

A f te r th e goods a r e ch eck ed , send th e in v o ic e to th e o f f i c e f o r p ro p e r f i l i n g .

d.

Record r e c e i p t o f th e goods on th e p e r p e tu a l in v e n to ry c a r d .

e.

P la c e th e goods in i t s p ro p e r p l a c e .

f.

Check th e goods f o r p o s s ib le damage.

g.

Check th e c o n te n ts o f each o r d e r a g a in s t th e s h ip p in g h i l l ,

h.

Compare th e s h ip p in g h i l l w ith th e in v o ic e f o r each o r d e r .

i.

H ark p ac k in g s l i p s " re c e iv e d " and send them to th e o f f i c e f o r com parison w ith th e in v o ic e .

j.

A rrange to r e tu r n goods to th e v en d o r when th e y a r e damaged.

k.

S p o t-c h ec k w e ig h ts o f sh ip m en ts a g a in s t t r a n s ­ p o r t a t i o n c h a rg e s to d e te rm in e t h e i r a c c u ra c y .

1.

Keep m erch an d ise c o v e re d , p r o te c te d , and c le a n .

m.

Check a l l m a te r ia l r e c e iv e d a s to q u a n tity and q u a lity .

REQUISITIONING: a.

How to r e q u i s i t i o n s u p p li e s .

A ppoint a p e rso n in each d ep a rtm en t who w i l l he r e s p o n s ib le f o r k e e p in g an a d e q u a te su p p ly o f goods re a d y f o r s a l e .

h.

R e q u ire a c le r k in th e d ep a rtm en t to s ig n a r e c e i p t f o r each d e l iv e r y o f goods to th e d e p a rtm e n t.

c.

R e q u ire s ta n d a r d r e q u i s i t i o n form s to he f i l l e d in b e f o r e m aking any d e l i v e r i e s o f goo d s. (1) One copy to rem ain in th e d e p a rtm e n t. (2) One copy to go to th e su p p ly room.

d.

I s s u e o n ly m e rc h an d ise t h a t h a s been p r o p e r ly

re q u is itio n e d . COHTROLLIHG:

How to c o n t r o l i n v e n t o r i e s .

a.

M a in ta in an in v e n to r y on each ite m .

h.

R eq u ire th e s to c k c l e r k to keep th e p e r p e tu a l in v e n to ry up to d a t e .

c.

S u p p ly s p e c ia l form s f o r ta k in g p h y s ic a l in v e n to rie s .

d.

See e x h i b it B.

See e x h i b it G.

Take p e r io d ic p h y s ic a l in v e n to r ie s ( a t l e a s t once each m o n th ).

e.

R eq u ire two p e o p le to ta k e th e in v e n to ry in o rd e r t h a t th e y may check each o th e r .

f .

S e t minimum o rd e r p o in ts f o r each ite m .

g.

A cq u ain t th e p e rso n r e s p o n s ib le f o r b u y in g w ith s e a s o n a l demand r e q u ire m e n ts .

SOURCES POR THIS CHAPTER:

Inhere to g e t f u r t h e r

a s s is ta n c e . a.

B r is c o e , H o rris A ., R e t a i l R e ce iv in g P r a c t i c e . Hew York:

b.

P r e n tic e - H a ll I n c . , 1025.

__

Hayward, V a lte r Sumner, R e ta i l Handbook. Hew York: M cGraw-Hill Book Company, 1924.

c.

n a t i o n a l R e ta i l Dry Goods A s s o c ia tio n , M erch an d ise C o n tro l M anual.

Hew Y ork:

n a t i o n a l R e t a i l Dry

Goods A s s o c ia tio n , 1931. d.

T a y lo r, R. B ., P r i n c i p l e s o f S chool S upply Manage­ ment . T each ers C o lle g e , Columbia U n iv e r s ity , 1926.

ORD. NO.

QUAN.

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DA T E

ORD. NO.

QUAN.

DA TE i O R D . N O .

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DATE

ORD. NO.

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DATE

ORD. NO.

BAL.

QUAN.

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,

"

TO RE-ORDER. SPECIFY OXFORD FORM 2 5 S 0

............. 1

STOCK RECORD AJiD LKVEHTQAV

or t\3

INVENTORY.

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DEPARTMENT.

-EXTENDED BY.

ENTERED BY-

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V

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EXTENSIONS

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:

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cn

AMOUNT FORWARD

54

C.

ACTIVITY ASSIGHECEBTS:

Work t h a t w i l l h e lp you o rg a n iz e

an e f f i c i e n t l y o p e ra te d s to re ro o m * 1.

WRITHFG:

P re p a re a w r i t t e n s e t of i n s t r u c t i o n s f o r

th e s to c k c l e r k to f o llo w .

2.

a•

C are o f s u p p l i e s •

b.

R e ce iv in g p ro c e d u re .

c.

R e q u is itio n p ro c e d u re .

d.

In v e n to ry c o n t r o l .

BUJOTG:

In c lu d e th e f o llo w in g :

P re p a re a b i n , s h e l f , e t c . , in th e s t o r e ­

room f o r each ite m t h a t you a r e g o in g to s to c k . P»

EVALUATION:

Check y o u r r e a d in e s s to s u p e rv is e th e s t o r e ­

room b y y o u r answ ers to th e s e q u e s tio n s . 1.

TRUE-FALSE:

P la c e X in th e c o r r e c t sp a c e f o r tr u e

or fa ls e . T

F

a . ( )( ) You sh o u ld p ro v id e a sto rero o m i f you o rd e r goods in l a r g e q u a n t i t i e s . b . ( )( ) I t i s b e s t n o t to u se th e s a l e s room a s a s to r a g e p la c e . c . ( )( ) You sh o u ld p la c e th e s to r a g e room n e a r th e s a le s room. d . ( ) ( ) You can f a c i l i t a t e th e ta k in g o f in v e n to r ie s b y c e n t r a l i z i n g y o u r s to r a g e . e . ( )( ) You sh o u ld a llo w th e m e rc h an d ise to d e t e r ­ m ine y o u r c o n tr o l o f sto rero o m te m p e ra tu re .

55

You may u t i l i z e o ld lo c k e r s a s s to r a g e “b in s . M erchandise sh o u ld he s e n t to th e s a l e s room b e f o r e g o in g to th e sto re ro o m . You sh o u ld k eep a re c o r d o f a l l goods t h a t e n te r s and le a v e s th e sto re ro o m . P r ic e ta g s sh o u ld be p la c e d on th e m erchan­ d is e in th e sto re ro o m . The r e c e i v e r sh o u ld check a l l goods a g a in s t th e s h ip p in g b i l l . You sh o u ld re c o rd th e r e c e i p t o f a l l goods on th e p e r p e tu a l in v e n to ry c a r d . You sh o u ld check a l l goods f o r p o s s ib le damage • You sh o u ld s p o t-c h e c k th e w e ig h ts o f s h ip ­ m ents a g a in s t t r a n s p o r t a t i o n c h a rg e s . You sh o u ld r e q u ir e a c l e r k to s ig n a r e c e i p t f o r each d e l iv e r y o f g o o d s. You sh o u ld is s u e o n ly m erch an d ise t h a t h a s b een p r o p e r ly r e q u i s i t i o n e d .

.

CHAPTER 10 • SELLING H0¥ TO SELL YOUR MERCHANDISE A.

MOTIVATION:

Rewards t h a t you w i l l a c h ie v e “by a d o p tin g

e f f i c i e n t s e l l i n g m eth o d s* 1.

A REASONABLE PROPIT:

By u s in g a re a s o n a b le m ark-up

p o lic y you w i l l in c r e a s e y o u r s a le s * 2.

SALES OP--OTI0OTAR-MERCHANDISE:

A b i l i t y to employ

m ethods f o r s e l l i n g slow -m oving m erch an d ise w i l l re d u c e lo s s e s from "dead" s to c k . 3.

BETTER TRAINED STUDENTS:

By i n s t i l l i n g in y o u r

s tu d e n ts th e n e c e s s i t y f o r e f f i c i e n t s e l l i n g m eth o d s> you w i l l be a b le to t u r n o u t acco m p lish ed s tu d e n ts o f s a le s m e n s h ip . B.

DIRECTIONS:

Some s u g g e s tio n s to h e lp you fo rm u la te y o u r

s e l l i n g m e th o d s* I.

SALESMANSHIP:

How to g e t s tu d e n t salesm en to do

good work* a*

Give p la n n ed t r a i n i n g in sa le sm a n sh ip s k i l l s .

b.

O bserve s e l l i n g te c h n iq u e s o f c l e i k s and fo llo w up w ith c o n s tr u c tiv e i n s t r u c t i o n .

c.

Supply c l e r k s w ith in fo rm a tio n ab o u t m e rc h an d ise th e y s e l l t o : (1) In crea se s a l e s . (2) Give th e c l e r k s e lf - c o n f id e n c e . (3) Make th e work more i n t e r e s t i n g .

57

(4) P ro v id e m a te r ia l f o r s a le s t a l k s . d.

Cheek w orkers c a r e f u l l y when th e y s t a r t new jo b s to a v o id f u t u r e d i f f i c u l t i e s .

e.

E x p la in to each s tu d e n t what h i s d u tie s a r e . (1) D eterm ine th e work to be d o n e. (2) A rran g e jo b s in t h e i r p ro p e r se q u en ce . (3) A ssig n a u t h o r i t y and r e s p o n s i b i l i t y . (4) P re p a re h o u sek eep in g s c h e d u le s .

f.

Inform each s t o r e w orker o f th e amount o f tim e he m ust d ev o te to s t o r e d u tie s each d ay .

g.

R eq u ire c le r k s to r e q u i s i t i o n s u p p lie s in o rd e r to m a in ta in an a d e q u a te s to c k in th e s a l e s room.

h.

Make s e l l i n g m ethods a s r o u tin e a s p o s s i b l e .

i.

I n c r e a s e th e e f f i c i e n c y o f c l e r k s by l i m i t i n g th e number o f ite m s th e y m ust s e l l .

j.

I n s t r u c t c l e r k s to make change p r o p e r ly ,

k'.

Use a u d io - v is u a l m a te r ia l to a id in t r a i n i n g s t o r e p e r s o n n e l.

1.

Pirocure s a l e s m anuals from m a n u fa c tu re rs to a id c le r k s in le a r n in g to s e l l p r o d u c ts ,

m.

Get in fo rm a tio n from t r a v e l i n g salesm en and p a s s i t a lo n g to th e c l e r k s ,

n.

I n v i t e m a n u fa ctu rers* r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s to speak a t group m e e tin g s ,

o.

C o lle c t q u e s tio n s l i p s from c l e r k s and answ er them

a t p e r io d ic p e rs o n n e l m eetin g s* REMUNERATION:

How to reim b u rse s tu d e n t sa lesm en .

a.

G ran t academ ic c r e d i t f o r s t o r e s e rv ic e *

b.

Give ca sh rew ard f o r s t o r e w ork.

c.

Give s t o r e p e rs o n n e l f r e e lu n c h e s .

d.

G ran t m e r it c r e d i t s f o r s t o r e s e r v i c e .

e.

Use a co m b in atio n of th e above m eth o d s.

UNPOPULAR MERCHANDISE:

How to s e l l slow -m oving

m e rc h a n d ise . a.

S t a r t a f a d by p e rs u a d in g s tu d e n ts who a r e p o p u la r to u se th e ite m .

b.

P re p a re a t t r a c t i v e d is p l a y s .

c.

A d v e rtis e in th e sch o o l p a p e r.

d.

Conduct an a u c tio n .

e.

Reduce p r i c e s o r have a o n e -c e n t s a l e .

f.

Get c l e r k s to p r a c t i c e s u g g e s tiv e s e l l i n g .

PRICING: a.

How to p r ic e y o u r goo d s.

T ry to a v e ra g e a p r o f i t o f te n p e r c e n t o v e r th e e n tire s to re .

b.

Do n o t ch a rg e h ig h e r p r i c e s th a n th e l o c a l m e rc h a n ts .

c.

M inim ize p r o f i t on e s s e n t i a l sc h o o l s u p p li e s .

d.

M aximize p r o f i t on n o n - e s s e n tia l ite m s to m ain­ t a i n y o u r a v e ra g e te n p e r c e n t p r o f i t .

e.

Mark th e p r ic e s on y o u r goods when th e y a r e

59

r e c e iv e d . f .

Don’ t p r ic e ite m s below th e r e t a i l p r ic e s p e c if ie d by some m a n u fa c tu re rs#

g.

Don’ t p r ic e so low t h a t th e s t o r e f a i l s to be s e l f - s u p p o r tin g .

h.

Reduce u n n e c e s s a ry q u e s tio n in g b y p r o p e r ly d is p la y in g and ta g g in g goods.

5.

SOURCES FOR THIS CHAPTER:

W iere to g e t f u r t h e r

a s s is ta n c e . a.

L e ig h , R u th , T ra in in g th e R e t a i l C le rk to S e ll Your P ro d u c t.

Hew York:

M cGraw-Hill Book Com­

p an y , I n c . , 1927. b.

L e s t e r , H elen a M arsh, R e t a i l T ra in in g i n P r in ­ c i p l e and P r a c t i c e . Hew Y o rk :' H arp er B r o th e r s , 1940.

c.

C h o p lin , Ralph I . ,

"We Teach R e ta i lin g in a l a b ­

o r a t o r y , w B u sin e ss E d u c a tio n W orld, 2 2 :3 1 8 -2 0 , December, 1941 d.

D is s in g e r , K a th e rin e , "E x p erien ce in S to r e k e e p in g ," I n s t r u c t o r , 5 2 :2 2 -3 , Fovem ber, 1942#

e.

P e te r s o n , G ladys and L loyd A sh le y , " S tu d e n ts Get S e lli n g E x p e rie n c e in T e c s to r ," The R a tio n s S c h o o ls , 4 5 :4 6 -7 ,

C.

J a n u a ry , 1950V

.

ACTIVITY ASSIGMCBNTS: s e l l i n g te c h n iq u e s .

P r o je c ts to h e lp you o rg a n iz e y o u r

60

1.

TRAIKfING:

P re p a re a s e t o f p la n s showing how you

w i l l t r a i n s tu d e n ts f o r s t o r e work hy c o r r e l a t i n g s t o r e e x p e rie n c e w ith th e com m ercial c u rric u lu m . 2.

REJEOIEHATIOH:

P re p a re a p la n f o r re im b u rs in g s t o r e

w orkers and g e t i t approved hy th e a d m in is t r a tio n . 3.

UEFOPULAR MERCHANDISE:

P re p a re a p la n f o r g e t t i n g

r i d o f slow -m oving m e rc h a n d ise . 4.

PRICING:

P re p a re a form f o r th e u s e o f th e sto c k

c le r k t h a t shows th e p e r c e n t o f m ark-up on each ite m you s to c k . 5.

UTFORHING CIERKS:

P o st s c h e d u le s in each d ep artm en t

showing th e p r i c e o f ev e ry ite m in t h a t d e p a rtm e n t. P.

EVALUATION:

Check y o u r r e a d in e s s to s u p e rv is e s e l l i n g

a c t i v i t i e s by y o u r answ ers to th e s e q u e s tio n s . 1.

TRUE-FALSE:

P la c e X in th e c o r r e c t sp a ce f o r t r u e

or f a ls e . T

F

a . ( )( ) You sh o u ld g iv e p la n n ed t r a i n i n g in s a l e s ­ m anship s k i l l s . b . ( )( ) You sh o u ld fo llo w y o u r o b s e rv a tio n o f s e l l ­ in g te c h n iq u e s w ith c o n s tr u c tiv e i n s t r u c ­ tio n . c . ( )( ) You sh o u ld su p p ly c l e r k s w ith m erch an d ise in f o rm a tio n . d . ( )( ) W orkers sh o u ld be checked c a r e f u l l y when

;

61

th e y s t a r t a new jo b . The d u t i e s o f each s tu d e n t sh o u ld be made c l e a r to h im . I t i s th e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f th e c l e r k s to m a in ta in an a d e q u a te sto c k in th e s a l e s room* You sh o u ld make s e l l i n g m ethods a s r o u tin e as p o s s ib le . You sh o u ld l i m i t th e number o f ite m s each c l e r k h a n d le s . You sh o u ld p ro c u re t r a i n i n g m anuals from m a n u fa c tu r e r s . You sh o u ld g r a n t academ ic e r e d i t f o r s t o r e s e rv ic e * : You sh o u ld u se a co m b in atio n o f m ethods to re im b u rse w orkers* When an ite m does n o t s e l l w e ll, you sh o u ld send i t back to th e s u p p li e r im m ed ia tely and g e t y o u r money re tu rn e d * You sh o u ld u rg e s tu d e n ts to a v o id s u g g e s tiv e s e llin g . You sh o u ld t r y to a v e ra g e _a p r o f i t o f f o r t y p e r c e n t o v e r th e e n t i r e s t o r e . You sh o u ld ch a rg e p r i c e s t h a t a r e s l i g h t l y h ig h e r th a n th o s e o f th e l o c a l m e rc h a n ts . You sh o u ld m in im ize p r o f i t on l u x u r i e s .

62

q . ( ) ( ) The p r i c e o f each ite m in th e s a l e s room sh o u ld “be c l e a r l y m arked.

63

PART I I I . ACCOOTTIira' HOW. TO KEEP THE BOOKS

As s u p e r v is o r o f th e sc h o o l s t o r e , i t w i l l he y o u r d u ty to se e t h a t c e r t a i n l e g a l r e q u ir e ­ m ents a r e f u l f i l l e d .

I f you a r e in doubt a s to

how a law r e l a t e s to y o u r s t o r e , you sh o u ld con­ s u l t th e sc h o o l a t t o r n e y , S t a t e Board o f E q u a li­ s a t i o n , o r C o lle c to r o f I n t e r n a l Revenue.

The

bo o kkeeping system recommended h e r e i s one o f many t h a t would p ro v e a d e q u a te .

I t s u s e i s sug­

g e s te d h e r e b ec au se i t can be e a s i l y expanded to a d o u b le e n tr y system a s you e x ten d y o u r s t o r e a c tiv itie s .

CHAPTER 1 1 . LEGAL ASPECTS i HOW TO COMELY. WITH THE LAW A*

MOTIVATION;

Rewards t h a t w i l l be y o u rs b.v coraiolying v i t h

l e g a l r e q u ir e m e n ts . 1.

A SECURE PEELING:

I f you a r e com plying w ith th e la w ,

th e r e w i l l h e no n eed to f e a r p e r io d ic a u d i t s . 2.

PROTECTION: Laws a r e made to p r o t e c t c i tiz e n s # and h y o b se rv in g them you a r e p r o t e c t i n g o th e r s a s w e ll a s y o u r s e lf ...

3.

STATUS:

By d o in g th in g s th e r i $ i t way you w i l l g a in

r e c o g n itio n f o r y o u r s e lf and y o u r o r g a n iz a tio n . B.

DIRECTIONS:

Some s u g g e s tio n s to h e lp you m eet th e l e g a l

re q u ire m e n ts ♦ 1.

EDUCATION CODE:

Mow to comply w ith th e E d u ca tio n

Code. a.

P u rch ase s ta n d a r d sc h o o l s u p p lie s and equipm ent i n acco rd an c e w ith r e g u la tio n s o f th e co u n ty and d i s t r i c t h o a rd s o f e d u c a tio n .

b.

Do n o t s e l l s u p p lie s f o r u s e in a d u l t c l a s s e s a t “*

♦

l e s s th a n c o s t . c.

S e l l S ta te te x tb o o k s a t th e p r i c e p r e s c r ib e d by th e S t a t e Board o f E d u c a tio n .

d.

Do n o t a c t a s an a g e n t f o r anyone w ith th e e x p re s s p u rp o se o f in tr o d u c in g an a r t i c l e in th e s c h o o l.

e.

S e l l d i s t r i c t p r o p e r ty t h a t h a s b een f a b r i c a t e d

hy th e s tu d e n ts a t c o s t . f.

I f you a r e in an e le m e n ta ry s c h o o l, do n o t make p u rc h a s e s o f s ta n d a rd sc h o o l s u p p lie s f o r th e p u rp o se o f r e s a l e .

g.

Be p re p a re d f o r a y e a r ly a u d i t o f y o u r hooks a s r e q u ir e d hy th e S ta te Board o f E d u c a tio n .

h.

Give p r e f e r e n c e to C a lif o r n i a made m erch an d ise when p u rc h a s in g f o r y o u r s t o r e , i f th e p r i c e and q u a l i t y a r e eq u a l to s i m i l a r ite m s from o u ts id e th e S t a t e .

i.

Bo n o t ch arg e ta x on food p ro d u c ts s o ld in th e s c h o o l.

STATE LAW:

How to comply w ith th e S ta te s a le s te x

law . a.

Charge s a le s ta x on a l l ite m s ex c ep t th o s e t h a t a r e exempted hy P a r t 1 , B iv is io n 2, Revenue and T ax a tio n Code.

h.

Compute y o u r t a x on 3 p e r c e n t o f th e g ro s s r e ­ c e i p t s o f th o s e ite m s t h a t a r e n o t exem pt.

c.

C o lle c t s a l e s t a x on p u rc h a s e s t h a t a r e o v er 15 c e n t s .

d.

Make a p p l ic a tio n to th e Board o f E q u a liz a tio n f o r a s a l e s ta x p e r m it.

e.

Be p re p a re d to p la c e a d e p o s it premium w ith th e Board o f E q u a liz a tio n .

(Computed on an e s tim a te

o f y o u r g ro s s s a l e s f o r a p e r i o d .) f .

Bay a f e e o f one d o l l a r f o r y o u r s a l e s t a x p e r m it.

g.

Subm it s a l e s t a x r e p o r t s *dien r e q u ir e d b y th e Board o f E q u a liz a tio n .

h.

__

A p e n a lty o f te n to t w e n t y - f ir e p e r c e n t o f th e amount due i s ch a rg e d f o r d e lin q u e n t r e p o r t s .

FEDERAL LAW: a.

How to com ply w ith th e e x c is e t a x law .

C o lle c t e x c is e t a x on such ite m s a s J e w e lry , c o s m e tic s , l e a t h e r goo d s, e t c .

(See Bureau o f

I n t e r n a l Revenue f o r a co m p lete l i s t . ) b.

B rep are a m o n th ly e x c is e t a x r e p o r t f o r th e C o l le c to r o f I n t e r n a l Revenue.

c.

See e x h ib it D.

Send th e r e p o r t to th e n e a r e s t o f f i c e o f th e C o lle c to r o f I n t e r n a l Revenue.

d.

Charge 20 p e r c e n t e x c is e t a x on th e s e l l i n g p r ic e o f a l l ite m s l i s t e d u n d e r s e c tio n 1651 o f th e I n t e r n a l Revenue Code.

e.

In c lu d e th e e x c is e t a x i n d is p la y in g th e p r i c e s o f a l l ite m s s u b je c t to th e e x c is e t a x .

f .

Subm it e x c is e t a x r e p o r ts in d u p l i c a t e .

g.

I f in doubt ab o u t c h a rg in g e x c is e t a x on a p a r ­ t i c u l a r ite m , c o n s u lt th e m a n u fa c tu re r o r Bure&uu o f I n t e r n a l Revenue.

h.

I f th e t a x i s d e lin q u e n t, a 6 p e r c e n t p e n a lty i s added to th e amount d u e.

EXHIBIT D FEDERAL FORM FOR RETAIL DEALERS' EXCISE

F o r m 728A—(Revised March 1947) TREA SU R Y D E P A R T M E N T

RETAIL DEALERS’ EXCISE TAXES

I n t e r n a l R e v e n u e S e r v ic e

(See Sections 1650, 1651, 2400, 2401, and 2402, Internal Revenue Code, as amended)

CHARACTER OF TA X

AM OUNT OF TAX M o n t h o f _____________________________. 19.

(a) Luggage, etc.. (b) Jewelry, etc— (c) Furs___________ (d) Toilet preparations.

♦IMPORTANT.—Credits claimed must be fully explained in statement attached to return. (See item 6 of instructions.)

Name , No. and Street City and State

TRIPLICATE RETURN.— Do not send to the Collector of Internal Revenue. ~

■Total tax $ ____________ ♦Less credits______ ._____ Net tax due ____________ Penalty______ 7___ ____________ Interest__________ ____ _________ Total due_____ $ ____________

COPY TO BE RETAINED BY TAXPAYER

This copy should be carefully preserved by the taxpayer at his place of business as a part of his records and should at all times be available for inspection by officers of the Bureau of Internal Revenue. See paragraph "Records” under instructions. IM PO R TA N T.—R e tu rn w ith r e m itta n c e s h o u ld be s e n t to th e C ollector of In te rn a l R evenue fo r y o u r d is tric t a n d NOT to th e C o m m issio n er of I n te rn a l R evenue a t W ash­ in g to n , D . C . (S ee in s tru c tio n s , p a r. 2, o n reverse of f o r m .) If you have rio th in g to re p o rt, m a k e n o ta tio n to t h a t effect o n th i s fo rm a n d r e tu r n to th e C ollector of In te rn a l v R ev en u e. If fiiia f r e t u r n is bled, th e r e t u r n s h o u ld b e m a rk e d “ FINAL R E T U R N /’

cially.for use by th e blind, to frames or m ountings for spectacles or eyeglasses, to a fountain pen, m echanical pencil, or sm oker’s pipe if th e only p arts of th e pen, th e pencil, or th e pipe which consist of precious m etals are essential p arts not used for ornam ental pur­ poses, or to buttons, insignia, cap devices, chin straps, an d other devices prescribed for use in connection w ith th e uniforms of the arm ed forces of th e U nited States. 3. S ec. 2401: F urs.— There is hereby imposed upon th e following articles sold a t retail, a tax equivalent to 20 per centum of the price for which sold: Articles m ade of fur on th e hide or pelt, and articles of which such fur is the com ponent m aterial of chief value, b u t only if such value is more th a n three tim es th e value of th e next m ost valuable com ponent m aterial. W here a person who is engaged in th e business of dressing or dyeing fur skins or of m anufacturing, selling, or repairing fur articles, produces an article of the kind described in this section from fur on the hide or.pelt furnished, directly or indirectly, by a custom er and th e article is for the use of, and. not for resale by, such customer, th e transaction shall be deemed to be a sale a t retail and th e person producing the' article shall be deemed to be th e person selling such article a t retail for purposes of this section. T he tax on such a transaction shall be com puted and paid by such person upon the fair retail m arket value, as determ ined by the Commissioner, of th e finished article. 4. S ec. 2402: Toilet P reparations.— (a) Tax.— There is hereby imposed upon th e following articles sold a t retail a tax equivalent to 20 per centum of th e price for which sold: Perfumes, essences, extracts, toilet waters, cosmetics, petroleum jellies, hair oils, pomades, hair dressings, hair restoratives, hair dyes, arom atic cachous, toilet powders, and any similar substance, article, or preparation, by w hatever nam e known or distinguished; any of th e above which are used or applied or intended to be used'or applied for toilet purpose's. (b) B eauty Parlors, etc.— F or th e purposes of subsection (a), th e sale of any article described'in such subsection to any person operating a barber shop, beauty parlor, or sim ilar establishm ent for use in th e operation thereof and not for resale, shall be considered a sale a t retail. The use in' such operation of any article described in subsection (a) purchased by such person on or after the effective date of section 623 of th e Revenue Act of 1942 for resale, shall be considered a sale a t retail by such person a t the tim e the article is first set a p a rt for such use arid a t a price equivalent to th e am ount, paid by him for the article. NO T E : For determ ination of sale price see section 2403 (c), In tern al Revenue Code. 5. RETU RN S AND PAYMENT OF TAX.— E very person subject to Retailers’ Excise Taxes shall make m onthly returns under oath in duplicate. All taxes are due and payable w ithout assessment b y the Commissioner or notice from the col­ lector. R eturn, w ith rem ittance, covering taxes due for any calender m onth m ust be in th e hands of th e collector of internal revenue (or his authorized representative) of th e district in which th e principal place of business of the person making the return is located (or if he has no principal place of business in th e U nited States, to th e Collector a t Baltimore, M aryland) on or before th e last day of th e succeeding m onth; however, th e Commissioner has au th o rity under th e law to require the im m ediate filing of a 16— 2 3 4 1 0 -6

U . S . GOVERNMENT PR IN TIN G O FF IC E

F o r m ‘728A—(Revised March 1947) TREA SU R Y D E PA R T M E N T

RETAIL DEALERS’ EXCISE TAXES

I n t e r n a l R e v e n u e S e r v ic e

(See Sections 1650, 1651, 2400, 2401, and 2402, Internal Revenue Code, as amended)

CHARACTER O F TA X

AM OUNT OF TAX M o n t h o f ____________________ 1 ______ , 19 ___

( a) Luggage, etc.. (I ) Jewelry, etc-

D A T E P A ID (D o n o t u s e t h i s s p a c e f o r s e a l)

Total tax_ ♦Less credits___ Net tax due.

(c) Furs. (d) Toilet preparations.

♦IMPORTANT.—Credits claimed must be fully explained in statement attached to return. (See item 6 of instructions.)

Penalty_______ Interest_______ Total due__ I swear (or affirm) th a t I have examined this return, th a t it is made in good faith, and th a t to the best of my knowledge and belief all entries made herein, and contained in each schedule or statement attached and made a.p a rt hereof, are true, correct, and complete, and in accordance w ith the law and regulations applicable thereto.

(Signed)-------------------------------------- =-------------------------------------------Name

(T ide) _______________ ________ _____ ______ _________________ (Owner, president, partner, member, eto.)

No. and Street

Sworn to and subscribed before me this ______ day o f ______________

City and Slate (Signature and title of officer administering oath or signature of two witnesses)

ORIGINAL RETURN.— This form must be returned to the Collector of Internal Revenue.

19.

68

4.

SOURCES FOR THIS CHAPTER;

Where to g e t f u r t h e r

a s s is ta n c e * a.

Commerce C le a rin g Mouse, A F e a tu re o f th e Corpo­ r a t i o n T ru s t System o f C o rp o ra te P r o t e c t i o n * Mew Tories

h.

Commerce C le a r in g H ouse, I n t e r n a l Revenue C ode. Mew Yorks

c.

Commerce C le a r in g H ouse, I n c . , 1948.

Commerce C le a r in g H ouse, I n c . , 1946.

E d u c a tio n Code,

Sacram entos

S ta te o f C a lifo rn ia

1949. C.

ACTIVITY ASSIGNKENTS;

F ro .ie c ts to h e lp you comply w ith

th e la w . 1.

CHECKING;

Check w ith th e sc h o o l h o a rd and sc h o o l

a t to r n e y b e f o r e s t a r t i n g y o u r s t o r e o p e r a tio n s to he s u re t h a t you a r e n o t v i o l a t i n g th e E d u c a tio n Code. 2.

APPLYING FOR PERMITS

make a p p l ic a tio n to th e Board

o f E q u a liz a tio n f o r y o u r s a l e s ta x p e rm it and subm it r e p o r ts when th e y a r e r e q u ir e d . 3.

FEDERAL TAXs

P ro c u re th e e x c is e ta x form s from th e

Bureau o f I n t e r n a l Revenue and subm it y o u r e x c is e ta x r e p o r t each m onth. D.

EVALUATIONS

Check y o u r a b i l i t y to comply w ith th e law

hy y o u r answ ers to th e s e q u e s tio n s . 1.

TRUE-FALSEs or fa ls e .

P la c e X in th e c o r r e c t sp a ce f o r t r u e

) You sh o u ld check th e r e g u la tio n s of co u n ty and d i s t r i c t h o a r d s .o f e d u c a tio n c o n c e rn in g th e p u rc h a se o f sc h o o l s u p p li e s . ) You sh o u ld make a re a s o n a b le p r o f i t on th e s a l e o f S t a t e te x tb o o k s . ) The law p e rm its you to a c t a s an a g e n t f o r th e in tr o d u c tio n o f an a r t i c l e in th e s c h o o l. ) You a r e allo w ed to make a re a s o n a b le p r o f i t on d i s t r i c t p r o p e r ty t h a t i s s o ld to s tu d e n ts . ) E lem en tary sc h o o ls a r e n o t p e r m itte d to p u rc h a s e sc h o o l s u p p lie s f o r th e p u rp o se o f re s a le . ) You sh o u ld be p re p a re d f o r a y e a r l y a u d i t o f y o u r b o o k s. ) You sh o u ld g iv e p r e f e r e n c e to C a l i f o r n i a made p ro d u c ts •when p u rc h a s in g m e rc h a n d ise . ) You may c h a rg e s a l e s ta x on a l l o f th e m erch an d ise you s e l l . ) You may ch arg e ta x on fo o d p ro d u c ts t h a t a r e s o ld in th e s c h o o l. ) You sh o u ld compute th e S t a t e s a l e s t a x on 3 p e r c e n t o f th e g ro s s r e c e i p t s . ) You sh o u ld c o l l e c t s a l e s t a x on p u rc h a s e s o v e r 15 c e n t s .

70 1.

(

You sh o u ld a p p ly to th e Board o f E q u a liz a ­ t i o n f o r a s a l e s t a x p e r m it.

m. (

You w i l l be r e q u ir e d to p la c e a d e p o s it premium w ith th e B oard o f E q u a liz a tio n .

n. (

S chool s t o r e s a r e r e q u ir e d to pay e x c is e ta x e s .

o. (

You sh o u ld f i l e y o u r e x c is e t a x r e p o r t each m onth.

P- (

You sh o u ld in c lu d e th e e x c is e ta x tdien you d is p l a y th e p r ic e o f m e rc h a n d ise .

q* (

E x c is e t a x r e p o r ts sh o u ld be su b m itte d in d u p lic a te .

71

CHAPTER 1 2 . CONTROLLING CASH HOW TO CONTROL THE CASH A.

MOTIVATIONS

Rewards t h a t w i l l r e s u l t from h a n d lin g th e

cash p r o p e r ly . 1.

HONEST STUDENTS:

I f you p ro v id e p ro p e r s a fe g u a r d s ,

th e r e w i l l be l i t t l e o p p o rtu n ity f o r d is h o n e s ty . 2.

HO EMBARRASSMENT:

By s e t t i n g up s ta n d a rd p ro c e d u re s

f o r h a n d lin g c a s h , you w i l l be a b le to acco u n t f o r i t a t a moment’ s n o t i c e . 3.

A BOOKKEEPING AID:

A cc u ra te a c c o u n tin g o f c a sh w i l l

s im p lif y r e c o n c i l i a t i o n o f p e r io d ic bank s ta te m e n ts . B.

DIRECTIONS: 1.

Some h i n t s to h e lp you c o n tr o l th e c a s h .

SUPERVISOR’ S RESPONSIBILITY:

How to c o n tr o l th e cash

th ro u g h th e s u p e r v is o r ’ s a c t i v i t i e s . a.

Check c a sh r e c e i p t s d a i l y .

b.

D e sig n a te a s p e c i f i c tim e and p la c e f o r r e c e iv in g and d is b u r s in g fu n d s .

c.

Keep s t o r e fu n d s s e p a r a te from o th e r s tu d e n t body fu n d s .

d.

P ro v id e th e t r e a s u r e r w ith a r e c e i p t book.

e.

D e sig n a te a s p e c i f i c tim e f o r th e t r e a s u r e r to make p e r io d ic bank d e p o s its .

f .

Make p e r io d ic checks to se e t h a t to o much cash does n o t accu m u late in th e c a sh b o x .

g.

Keep th r e e k ey s a v a ila b le f o r th e c a sh b o x .

(1) One k ey f o r th e f a c u l t y s u p e rv is o r# (2) One k e y f o r th e s tu d e n t t r e a s u r e r . (3) (hie k e y in th e s a f e f o r r e s e r v e . h.

L im it th e h a n d lin g of money, i n and o u t o f th e cash b o x , t o th e t r e a s u r e r .

i.

Bond p e rs o n n e l who h a n d le money.

J.

f a c i l i t a t e th e a c c u r a te c h e c k in g o f c a sh by u s in g ca sh r e g i s t e r s i f you can a f f o r d them ,

k.

P ro v id e a change fu n d to be c a r r i e d o v er from day to d ay .

X.

Check to se e t h a t b i l l s a r e p a id a t th e p ro p e r tim e

m.

Mdke a c a r e f u l i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f any r e p o r te d l o s s e s to d is c o u ra g e d is h o n e s ty ,

m.

C o u n te rsig n a l l check s f o r c a sh d is b u rs e m e n ts ,

o.

P ay no b i l l s w ith c a s h ,

p.

A u d it th e books each m onth.

THEASUKER’ S RESPONSIBILITY:

How to c o n t r o l th e ca sh

th ro u g h th e t r e a s u r e r ’ s a c t i v i t i e s . a.

P re p a re a r e c e i p t in d u p lic a t e f o r a l l fu n d s t h a t a r e re c e iv e d and g iv e th e o r i g i n a l to th e d e p o s ito r

b.

Check a l l in v o ic e s f o r a c c u ra c y o f a r i t h m e t i c .

c.

Be p re p a re d f o r p e r io d ic a u d i t s .

d.

P re p a re bank d e p o s it s l i p s in d u p lic a t e and k eep one on f i l e .

e.

P re p a re ch eck s f o r th e s ig n a tu r e o f th e f a c u l t y

73

s u p e rv is o r* f .

Keep th e ca sh box lo o k e d .

g.

P la c e a l l fu n d s f o r d e p o s it in th e c a sh b o x .

h.

Keep th e ca sh box i n th e s a f e a t a l l tim e s i f p ra c tic a b le .

i*

R eq u ire a d a i l y r e p o r t o f ca sh r e c e iv e d and goods s o ld from each c l e r k .

j •

R eq u ire c l e r k s to a c c o u n t f o r e v e ry c e n t th e y r e c e iv e .

3.

SOURCES FOR THIS CHARTER:

Where to g e t f u r t h e r

a s s is ta n c e . a.

Begg, W illiam R ., “A cco u n tin g f o r C la s s F u n d s," S chool E x e c u tiv e . 62 :2 8 - 9 , F e b ru a ry , 1943.

b.

Cox, A. J . f "How We H andle School F u n d s ,” B u sin e ss E d u c a tio n W orld, 2 2 :7 8 1 -3 , K ay, 1942.

c.

C r a t ty , M. L . , “System f o r H an d lin g Funds o f P u p il A c t i v i t i e s , " B u sin e ss E d u c a tio n W orld, 2 8 :5 8 7 -9 , J u n e , 1948.

d.

S to u t, M. W., " B e tte r A d m in is tra tio n o f P u p il A c t i v i t y F in a n c e s ," E d u c a tio n D ig e s t, 1 3 :2 6 -8 A p r i l, 1948.

C.

ACTIVITY ASSIGNMENTS:

Work to h e lp you o rg a n iz e sound

c a sh c o n t r o l p r o c e d u r e s . 1.

CASH CONTROL:

P re p a re a s e t o f ca sh c o n t r o l p ro c e ­

d u re s to be u se d in y o u r s t o r e .

74

D.

EVALUATION:

Check y o u r r e a d in e s s to g e t to cash c o n t r o l

•procedures "by y o u r answ ers to th e s e q u e s tio n s . X.

TRUE-FALSE:

P la c e X in th e c o r r e c t sp ace f o r tr u e

or fa ls e . T

F

a.

Cash r e c e i p t s sh o u ld be checked d a i l y .

b.

You sh o u ld combine s t o r e fu n d s w ith o th e r s tu d e n t body f u n d s .

G•

Ponds sh o u ld be d is b u r s e d a t a s p e c i f i c tim e and p la c e .

d.

The t r e a s u r e r sh o u ld make p e r io d ic bank d e p o s its . T here sh o u ld be o n ly one k ey f o r th e cash box.

f

.

The h a n d lin g o f ca sh box money sh o u ld be lim ite d to th e t r e a s u r e r .

g.

P e rso n n e l v/ho h a n d le money sh o u ld be bonded

h.

You sh o u ld u se cash r e g i s t e r s i f you can a f f o r d them* You sh o u ld check to se e t h a t b i l l s a r e p a id a t th e p ro p e r tim e .

J.

Checks sh o u ld be c o u n te rs ig n e d by th e f a c u l t y s u p e r v is o r .

k.

L o sse s o f cash sh o u ld be in v e s t i g a t e d by th e f a c u l t y s u p e r v is o r .

75

1 . ( )( ) You sh o u ld pay b i l l s by cash vihen i t i s c o n v e n ie n t,

^

m. ( )( ) You sh o u ld a u d it th e books each m onth, n . ( )( ) R e c e ip ts sh o u ld be p re p a re d f o r a l l fu n d s r e c e iv e d . o . ( )( ) The t r e a s u r e r sh o u ld check a l l in v o ic e s f o r a c c u ra c y o f a r i t h m e t i c , p . ( )( ) Bank d e p o s it s l i p s sh o u ld be p re p a re d in d u p lic a te . q . ( )( ) A ll fu n d s f o r d e p o s it sh o u ld be p la c e d in th e c a sh b o x . r . ( )( ) C le rk s sh o u ld be made to ac co u n t f o r e v e ry c e n t th e y r e c e iv e .

76

CHAPTER 1 5 . RECORDING' HOW TO HANDLE TRANSACTIONS A.

MOTIVATION:

B e n e f its t h a t w i l l be d e riv e d from an e f f e c ­

t i v e a c c o u n tin g -procedure. 1.

BITTER MANAGEMENT:

A w e ll p la n n ed B ookkeeping system

w i l l f u r n i s h in fo rm a tio n e s s e n t i a l to good management. 2.

EDUCATIONAL VALUES:

S tu d e n t B ookkeepers w i l l g a in

v a lu a b le e x p e rie n c e By h a n d lin g Books in a r e a l B u si­ ness s itu a tio n . 3.

CONFIDENCE OF THE SCHOOL AUTHORITIES:' Your com petent a c c o u n tin g m ethods w i l l in c r e a s e th e f a i t h of th e ad­ m i n i s t r a t i o n in y o u r a b i l i t y to s u p e rv is e th e s t o r e .

B.

DIRECTIONS:

Some s u g g e s tio n s f o r u s in g th e s im p lif ie d

B ookkeeping sy stem recommended in t h i s p r o j e c t . 1.

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS:

How to p la n y o u r B ookkeeping

sy stem . a.

Allow s tu d e n ts to k eep th e Books u n d e r th e d i r e c t i o n o f th e f a c u l t y s u p e r v is o r .

B.

Use one a c c o u n tin g system f o r th e e n t i r e s t o r e .

c ..

C e n tr a li z e y o u r a c c o u n tin g m ethods to m a in ta in good f i n a n c i a l c o n t r o l .

d.

Conduct th e B u sin e ss on a c a sh B a s is .

e.

Use lo o s e l e a f ty p e o f ac co u n t Books so t h a t new s h e e ts may Be added a s th e y a r e n e e d e d .

f.

Don1t make y o u r a c c o u n tin g re c o r d s more co m p li-

c a te d th a n i s n e c e s s a r y .

(The I d e a l System i s

u se d a s an example in t h i s p r o j e c t . ) g.

I f you e n c o u n te r d i f f i c u l t i e s in o rg a n iz in g y o u r a c c o u n tin g p ro c e d u re , e n l i s t th e a i d o f an , a c c o u n ta n t.

h.

I f s t o r e em ployees r e c e iv e w ages, add a p a y r o ll s h e e t to y o u r “bookkeeping s e t .

(These form s may

be p ro c u re d a t m ost s t a t i o n e r y s t o r e s . ) CHECKBOOKS a.

How to k eep th e checkbook.

Show th e d a t e , f ir m , am ount, and p u rp o se f o r is s u in g on each s tu b .

b.

Show th e b a la n c e o f th e a c c o u n t in th e sp ace p ro v id e d on each s tu b .

c.

Show d e p o s its in th e sp a ce p ro v id e d on th e s tu b .

d.

R e c o n c ile y o u r b a la n c e w ith th e bank s ta te m e n t when i t i s r e c e iv e d .

e.

Humber each ch eck .

f.

Use

g.

I f a check you have w r i t t e n i s u n u s a b le , mark i t

o n ly

y o u r own c h e c k s.

’’v o id ” on th e s tu b . h.

F e v e r w r ite a p o s td a te d ch e ck .

i.

F e v e r w r ite a check i f y o u r b a la n c e can n o t c o v e r it.

j .

P ro c u re a checkbook from y o u r bank w ith y o u r name p r i n t e d on each ch eck .

78

3.

PAYMENT AND EXPENSES:

How to r e c o rd paym ents and

E x p en ses. a.

Use I d e a l System F o m 23.

See e x h i b it E.

b.

Charge th e expense to th e p ro p e r column a t th e tim e i t i s in c u r r e d .

c.

P la c e th e d a t e , check num ber, and to whom th e amount was p a id in th e colum ns p ro v id e d and on th e same l i n e inhere you re c o rd e d th e ex p e n se.

d.

G ross o u t any column h e a d in g s you don’ t n eed and i n s e r t th e t i t l e s you n e e d .

e.

T i t l e column 6 C o n t r i b u t i o n s . ”

f.

E n te r ca sh d is c o u n ts in column 3 .

g.

Don’ t f o r g e t to r e c o r d f r e i g h t

expense in eolumn

5 when i t i s c h a rg e d . h.

T o ta l th e columns a t th e end o f each m onth. (T h is i s n e c e s s a r y to p re p a re th e s ta te m e n ts .)

4.

SALES AND CASH RECEIPTS:

How to r e c o rd s a l e s and c a sh

re c e ip ts . a.

Use I d e a l System Form 21.

See

e x h i b it F .

b.

S e l l a l l m e rc h an d ise f o r c a s h .

c.

Use column 8 f o r e x c is e ta x and column 9 f o r s a le s ta x .

d.

At th e end o f each b u s in e s s d ay , r e q u i r e 't h e h ea d o f each d ep a rtm en t to g iv e th e t r e a s u r e r h i s c a sh re c e iv e d and a re c o r d o f t o t a l s a l e s , s a l e s ta x ,

P A Y M E N T S —A L L C A S H A N D C H E C K S P A ID O U T T H E ID E A L S Y S T E M , C O P Y R IG H T U .S . P A T . O F F IC E

DATE

19

CHECK NUMBER

TO W H OM

PAID

ID E A L S Y S T E M -F O R M

MEMORANDA

PAID OUT BY C A S H

PAID OUT BY C H E C K

DEDUCTIONS F R OM EM P L O Y E E 'S E A R N IN G S

CASH DISCOUNT TAKEN

MERCHANDISE

FREIGHT DRAY EXPRESS

23

LINE NO.

9

10 JL 1

12 13 14

15 16 17 18 19

I

20

r -

21 22_

I-

23 _24 25 26

27 28

L

29 t

I

-+

30 -

31 32

TOTALS

EXHIBIT E CASH PAYMENTS ABB EXEEETSE RECOEB

33

S A L E S A N D C A S H R E C E IP T S

DISTRIBUTION O F S A L E S ID E A L 3 Y S T E M -F U K M

TH E IDEAL. S Y S T E M , C O P Y R IG H T U . 8 . P A T . O F T IC g

DATE

19

MEMORANDA

CASH

CREDIT

SALES

SALES

Merchandise R eturned to us A ll ow an c es , Etc .

TOTA L S A L E S Less M dse. R et'd A llo w a n c e s , E tc .

(1+2-3)

C a s h Received

O TH E R CASH

o n a c c o u n t of

RE CE IVE D

Credit Sales

- ++-

-4 - + -

-

“T +

jt it tr

TOTALS

EXHIBIT F BALES AHD CASH RECEIPTS RECORD

+ -

T O TA L

CASH

RE C E IV E D

( 1+ 5 + 6 )

iil

e x c is e t a x , and s a l e s r e t u r n s . e.

Record s e p a r a t e l y f o r each d ep a rtm en t th e c a sh r e c e iv e d , t o t a l s a l e s , s a l e s r e t u r n s , e x c is e t a x , and s a l e s t a x .

f.

T o ta l th e columns a t th e end o f each m onth.

EQUIB0SNT:

Mow to k eep th e equipm ent r e c o r d .

a.

Use I d e a l System F o ra 9 .

b.

Record th e d a t e ,

See e x h i b it Gr.

d e s c r i p t i o n , and from whom th e

equipm ent was p u rc h a se d i n th e p ro p e r colum ns. c.

Record th e o r i g i n a l c o s t in th e p ro p e r colum n.

d.

Record p e r io d ic paym ents when th e y a r e made.

e.

T o ta l th e paym ents column and s u b t r a c t from th e o r i g i n a l c o s t to d e te rm in e th e amount p a y a b le f o r th e p u rp o se o f m aking th e s ta te m e n ts .

f.

Record i n t e r e s t c h a rg e s on th e equipm ent in th e column p ro v id e d on th e expense r e c o r d .

DEPRECIATIONS

Mow to r e c o r d d e p r e c ia t io n .

a.

Use I d e a l System Form 5 .

See e x h i b it K.

b.

Record th e ty p e o f eq u ip m en t, d a te a c q u ir e d , and o r i g i n a l c o s t in th e p ro p e r colum ns.

c.

Record th e e s tim a te d l i f e o f th e equipm ent ( in y e a rs ) in column 7 .

d.

Compute a n n u a l d e p r e c ia tio n by d iv id in g th e o r i g i n a l c o s t by th e e s tim a te d l i f e .

e.

Record th e d e p r e c ia tio n f o r each p e r io d in

FURNITURE, FIXTURES, EQUIPMENT A N D BUILD IN GS ID E A L S Y S T E M -F O R M

T H E ID E A L S Y S T E M , C O P Y R IG H T U .S . P A T . O F F IC E DATE FROM WHOM B OUGHT

N O.

DESCRIPTION

19

COST O F 11 F U R N I T U R E ft ) FIXTURES „

P A Y M E N T S ON FURNITURE & FIXTURES

I I

-H-

V EXHIBIT G F0OTITUKE, FIXTURES, EQUIBMTT AHD BUILDIUGS RECORD

[ _ J _ _ _ _ _ .1 1 _ J .

COST OF

PA Y M E N T S Of*

EQU IPM EN T

E Q U IP M E N T .

COST OF B U I L D I N G S ft IMPROVEMENTS

9

P A Y M E N T S ON B U I L D I N G S ft IMPROVEMENTS

DEPRECIATION ( w e a r AND TEA R ) OF BUSINESS PROPERTY THE ID E A L S Y S T E M , C O P Y R IG H T U .S . P A T . O F F IC E DAT E

19

1. K I N D O F P R O P E R T Y

2.

DATE

ACQUIRED

4.

ASSETS FU L L Y

D EPREC IA TED

EXHIBIT H DEPEECIATI Oil OP BUSINESS PROPERTY RECORD

5.

D E PREC IA T ION

CHARGED ALL

OFF

PR IO R

FOR

YEARS

6.

REM AINING

COST

TO

BE

RECOVERED

7.

ESTIMATED TOTAL

LIFE

8.

ESTIMATED

REM AINING

LIFE

9.

DEPREC IATION ALLOWABLE TH IS

YEAR

84

column 9 . 7.

(T h is i s an e x p e n s e .)

SOURCES FOR THIS CHAPTER:

Where to g e t f u r t h e r

a s s is ta n c e . a.

The I d e a l System Company o f f e r s f r e e a d v is o ry s e r v ic e to u s e r s o f i t s sy stem .

C.

ACTIVITY ASSIGNMENTS: - ’ A... c ....... t i v i t i e s you sh o u ld p e rfo rm in

, ' 7 ‘"

o rd e r to m a in ta in a c c u r a te b o o kkeeping r e c o r d s . 1.

SETTING UP THE BOOKS:

D ecide w hat form s you w i l l

u se and p la c e them in th e lo o s e l e a f h in d e r . 2.

ORIENTING:

I n s t r u c t th e b o o k k eep er on th e u se o f

th e s e t , show him how to r e c o rd t r a n s a c t i o n s , and s u p e rv is e h i s a c t i v i t i e s . P.

EVALUATION:

D eterm ine y o u r r e a d in e s s to s u p e rv is e th e

m a in te n an ce o f a c c u r a te bookkeeping re c o r d s by y o u r answ ers to th e s e q u e s tio n s . 1.

TRUE-FALSE:

P la c e X in th e c o r r e c t sp ace f o r t r u e

or fa ls e . T

F

&.

( )( ) You sh o u ld a llo w s tu d e n ts to keep th e b o o k s.

b.

( )( ) You sh o u ld u se one a c c o u n tin g system f o r th e e n t i r e s t o r e .

c . ( )( ) You sh o u ld co n d u ct th e b u s in e s s on a cash b a s is . d.

( )( ) Your a c c o u n tin g re c o r d s sh o u ld be sim p le .

e.

( )( ) You sh o u ld show th e b a la n c e o f y o u r ac co u n t

85

on each s tu b o f th e checkbook. You sh o u ld u se o n ly y o u r own c h e c k s . You sh o u ld n e v e r w r ite ’’v o id ” on a s tu b . You sh o u ld i n s e r t any t i t l e s you n eed on th e expense s h e e t. F r e ig h t expense sh o u ld be re c o rd e d in th e m erch an d ise colum n.

r,

You sh o u ld t o t a l th e colum ns a t th e end o f each m onth.

-

The ca sh re c e iv e d from each d ep artm en t sh o u ld be re c o rd e d s e p a r a t e l y . Payments on equipm ent sh o u ld be re c o rd e d in th e equipm ent r e c o r d . I n t e r e s t c h a rg e s on equipm ent sh o u ld be re c o rd e d on th e paym ents and expense form . Annual d e p r e c ia tio n i s o b ta in e d by d iv id in g th e o r i g i n a l c o s t by th e e s tim a te d l i f e . You sh o u ld c o n s id e r d e p r e c ia tio n an ex p en se.

86

CHAPTER 1 4 . REPORTS ' HOW TO PREPARE THE STATEMENTS A.

KOTIYATION:

B e n e f its you may e x p e c t by is s u i n g p e r io d ic

f i n a n c i a l s ta te m e n ts . 1.

A BALANCE SHEET:

T h is s ta te m e n t w i l l p r e s e n t a t r u e

p i c t u r e o f y o u r f i n a n c i a l c o n d itio n . 2.

A PROFIT AND LOSS STATEMENT:

T h is s ta te m e n t w i l l

i n d ic a t e f i n a n c i a l changes in y o u r s t o r e d u rin g a p a r t i c u l a r p e r io d . 3.

A SATISFIED STUDENT BODY:

P u b lic a tio n o f th e s t a t e ­

m ents w i l l t e l l th e s tu d e n ts how t h e i r s t o r e i s p r o g r e s s in g . B.

DIRECTIONS:

Some h e l p f u l h i n t s to a i d you in th e p re p -

a r a t i o n o f y o u r s ta te m e n ts . 1.

COST OF GOODS SOLD:

How to compute th e n e t c o s t o f

goods s o ld . a.

Use I d e a l System Forms 24-A and 24-B .

See

e x h i b its I and J . b.

T ra n s f e r th e t o t a l s a l e s from Form 21, column 4 to l i n e X.

c.

T r a n s f e r th e t o t a l p u rc h a s e s from Form 23, column 4 t o l i n e 2 .

d.

T ra n s f e r t o t a l ca sh d is c o u n ts tsdcen from

Form 23,

column 3 t o l i n e 3 . e.

E n te r th e n e t amount o f p u rc h a s e s (p u rc h a se s l e s s

SUMMARY O F B U S I N E S S A N D STATEMENT O F INCOME T H E ID E A L S Y S T E M . C O P Y R IG H T U .S . P A T . O F F IC E

M O N T H L Y S U M M A R Y - Y E A R 19-

ID E A L S Y S T E M -F O R M 2 4 -A

JANUARY

FEBRUARY

LINE NO.

SALES: Total Sales (From Sales Section Colum n 4) PURCHASES: Total Amount of P u rc h a ses (From Purchase Section Column 1) Cash Discounts Taken (From Paym ent Section Column 3) N E T AMOUNT OF PU RCHASE S (Line 2 Minus L ine 3) Fre ight, Dray, Express (From Paym ent Section Column 6) (From Paym ent Section Column 6) INVENTORY a t Beginning of Period (From Inventory Section) Total (Total of Lines 4 to 7 inclusive) INVEN TORY at End of Period (From Inventory Section)

Ii-

NE T COST OF MERCHANDISE SOLD: (Line 8 Minus Line 9)

10

EXPENSES: Payroll. Employees Total E arn ings (From Expense Section Column 7)

11

Interest (From Expense Section Column 8)

12

T axe s and License (From Expense Section Column 9)

18

Rent (From Expense Section Column 10)

14

Repairs to Equipment, Etc. (From Expense Section Column 11)

15

Light, Power, 'Heat, W a t e r (From Expense Section Column 12)

16

Telephone and Telegraph (From Expense Section Column 13)

17_

Operating Supplies (From Expense Section Column 14)

18

Advertlsing (From Expense Section Column 15)

19

Insurance (From Expense Section Column 16)

20

O ther Expenses (From Expense Section Column 17)

21

(From Expense Section Column 18)

22

TOTAL E X P E N S E S (Total of Lines 11 to 22 inclusive) DEDUCTIONS: Bad Debts (From D eductions Section)

28 24

Depreciation (From Deductions Section)

25

Contributions and Other Deductions (From Deductions. Section)

26

TOTAL E X P E N S E S AND DEDUCTIONS (Total of Lines 23 to 26 inclusive)

27

M O N TH LY S T A T E M E N T O F INCO M E TOTAL SALES (From Line 1, above)

28

N ET COST OF MERCHANDISE SOLD (From Line 10, above)

29

GROSS PRO FIT FROM BUSINESS (Line 28 Minus Line 29) T OTAL E X P E N S E S AND DEDUCTIONS (From L ine 27, above) NET PRO FIT FROM BUSINESS (Line 30 Minus Line 31)

EXHIBIT I SUMMARY OF BUSINESS AND STATEMENT OF IHCOME

SUMMARY O F B U S I N E S S A N D STATEM ENT O F INCOME ID E A L S Y S T E M - F O R M

LINE NO.

JULY

AUGUST

OCTOBER

SEPTEMBER

DECEMBER

NOVEMBER

S T A T E M E N T O F IN C O M E

TC1TAL

1

1

=

1

o

SALES: Total S a le s ............................................................... COST OF MERCHANDISE SOLD

3

PU RCHASES: N et Amt. of Purchases--------------------

1

4

Freight, Dray, E xp ress........................ ............................

i 5

" T

6

INVENTORY at Beginning of Year

i

INVENTORY, End of Year (Subtract).

Total

!i

7 .

!

----;

i

8

Total

i i i\ i i — I

10 i

11 12

GROSS PRO FIT FROM BUSINESS.

----

!

----

14 15

Repairs to Equip., etc........................... Light, Power, W ater and H e a t .............

-

17

1 1

18 19

----

21

—

A dvertising

I ’"H — 1

f ■ i

1

—

“1

1

—

25

1

I 1 I i i 1 1 • 1“ — ----

(

29 30

31 82

I 1

. _

—

TOTAL E X P E N S E DEDUCTIONS:

-

j

27

I1 I1 ! i t — ! i i

........... ..................

Bad D e b ts ...................

i i i —r —

28

- ---1

26

1

■

ii

1 1

i

Insurance

Other E xpenses . . .

22

1 24

I

Telegraph ..........

Operating Supplies.

I ..

20

| 23

Telephone and

,

1

!

Taxes and License.

-

R e n t ...........................

16

|

EXPENSES: Payroll. Em ployees Total Earnings . .

\ -

Interest ....................

13

1

...........................................................

Net Cost of Merchandise Sold (Subtract) from S a le s)...........................................................

1

9

............. . ........................................

----

Depredation

......... ..

Contributions .............

i i

- -----

-

—

----

Other D e d u c tio n s.... -

TOTAL DEDU CTIO NS. TOTAL E X P E N S E S AND DEDUCTIONS (Subtract

i i r■ i I

from Gross Profit from B u sin e ss)............................

-----

-

NET PRO FIT FROM B U S IN E S S ..................................... Plus All Other Income N ot Included Above......... Total ................................... '."TV!...................................

-

,

J

EXHIBIT J SUMMARY OF BUSINESS AND STATEMENT OF INCOME

-

Less All Other Deductions Not Included A b o v e .. TOTAL NET INCOME FOR Y E A R .................................

24-B

ca sh d is c o u n t) on l i n e 4 . f .

T ra n s f e r t o t a l f r e i g h t expense from Form 23, column 5 to l i n e 5 .

g.

S ecu re th e b e g in n in g in v e n to ry from th e sto c k c l e r k and e n t e r i t on l i n e 7 .

h.

T o ta l l i n e s 4 to 7 in c l u s i v e to o b ta in th e c o s t o f good a v a ila b le f o r s a l e d u rin g th e p e r io d and e n t e r t h i s f i g u r e on l i n e 8 .

i.

S ecu re th e en d in g in v e n to r y f o r th e p e r io d from th e s to c k c l e r k and e n t e r i t on l i n e 9 .

3#

O b tain th e n e t c o s t o f m e rc h an d ise s o ld by

sub­

t r a c t i n g th e en d in g in v e n to ry from th e c o s t o f goods a v a i l a b l e f o r s a le ( l i n e 8) and e n t e r th e f i g u r e on l i n e 10* EXPENSES AND DEDUCTIONS:

How to compute th e t o t a l

ex p en ses and d e d u c tio n s . a.

Use I d e a l System Forms 24-A and 24-B.

See

e x h i b i t s I and U. b.

T ra n s f e r th e t o t a l s o f each ty p e o f eixpense from Form 23 t o l i n e s 11 to 22 i n c l u s i v e .

c.

E n te r th e t o t a l ex p en ses ( l i n e s 11 to 22 in c lu ­ s iv e ) on l i n e 23.

d.

Ig n o re l i n e 24 b e c a u se you w i l l o p e ra te on a c a sh b a s is •

e.

E n te r 1 /1 2 th e a n n u a l d e p r e c ia tio n from Form 5 ,

column 9 on l i n e 25. f .

T r a n s f e r th e t o t a l c o n t r ib u tio n s from Form 23, c o lu m n 6 to l i n e 26.

g.

£

E n te r th e t o t a l expenses a n d ,d e d u c tio n s ( l i n e s 23 to 26 in c lu s iv e ) on l i n e 27.

ERGFIT AHD XGSS:

Sow to compute th e p r o f i t o r lo s s

f o r th e p e r io d . a*

Use I d e a l System Forms 24-A and 24-B .

See

e x h i b i t s 1 and J • b.

T ra n s f e r th e t o t a l s a le s from l i n e 1 to l i n e 28.

c.

T r a n s f e r th e n e t c o s t o f m e rc h an d ise s o ld from l i n e 10 to l i n e 29.

d.

Compute g ro s s p r o f i t on s a l e s by s u b t r a c t i n g n e t c o s t o f m erch an d ise s o ld from t o t a l s a le s and e n t e r th e f i g u r e on l i n e 30.

e.

T ra n s f e r t o t a l ex penses and d e d u c tio n s from l i n e 27 t o l i n e 31.

f.

O b tain th e n e t p r o f i t by s u b t r a c t i n g t o t a l ex p en ses and d e d u c tio n s from th e g ro s s p r o f i t on s a l e s and e n t e r th e f i g u r e on l i n e 32.

BAIAHCE SHEET5 How to p re p a re th e b a la n c e s h e e t. a.

Use I d e a l System F o ra 24-C.

See back o f e x h ib it

J. b.

T o ta l y o u r c u r r e n t a s s e t s . ( l ) O b tain th e c a sh on hand f i g u r e from t r e a s u r e r .

(2) See th e checkbook ‘f o r y o u r hank b a la n c e . (3) Omit n o te s and a c c o u n ts r e c e iv a b le s in c e you w i l l o p e ra te cm a c a sh b a s i s . (4 ) Get th e v a lu e o f th e in v e n to ry from th e sto c k c le rk . c.

T o ta l th e f ix e d a s s e t s from Form 9 .

d.

O b tain th e t o t a l a s s e t s by ad d in g th e t o t a l c u r­ r e n t a s s e t s , f ix e d a s s e t s , and o th e r a s s e t s .

e.

T o ta l y o u r c u r r e n t l i a b i l i t i e s by exam ining Form 23 f o r any u n p aid a c c o u n ts .

(T h is t o t a l w i l l

r e p r e s e n t y o u r t o t a l l i a b i l i t i e s b ec au se you w i l l have no f ix e d l i a b i l i t i e s . ) f.

Compute th e n e t w orth by d e d u c tin g th e t o t a l l i a b i l i t i e s from th e t o t a l a s s e t s .

g.

Add th e t o t a l l i a b i l i t i e s to th e n e t w o rth . (T h is t o t a l sh o u ld e q u a l y o u r t o t a l a s s e t s . )

h.

Chedk th e a c c u ra c y o f y o u r s ta te m e n ts by sub­ t r a c t i n g y o u r n e t w o rth a t th e b e g in n in g o f th e p e r io d from y o u r n e t w o rth a t th e end o f th e p e r io d .

(T h is d if f e r e n c e sh o u ld e q u a l y o u r n e t

p r o f i t f o r th e p e r io d .) C.

ACTIVITY ASSIGMENTSs

¥ o rk you m ust p erfo rm to s a t i s f y

th e a d m in is tr a tio n and s tu d e n t b o d y . 1.

PROFIT AHD LOSS:

P re p a re th e p r o f i t and lo s s s t a t e ­

ment f o r th e p e r io d .

92

2.

BALANCE SHEET:

P re p a re th e "balance s h e e t f o r th e

p erio d * 3.

PUBLISHING:

A rrange to have th e s ta te m e n ts p u b lis h e d

in th e sc h o o l p a p e r a t th e end o f each p e r io d . D.

EVALUATION:

Check y o u r r e a d in e s s to p re p a re th e s t a t e ­

m ents by y o u r answ ers to th e s e q u e s tio n s * 1.

TRUE-FALSE:

HLace X in th e c o r r e c t sp a ce f o r t r u e

or fa ls e . T

F

a . ( ) ( ) You sh o u ld p re p a re a p r o f i t and l o s s s t a t e ­ m ent t o d e te rm in e f i n a n c i a l changes in y o u r s t o r e d u rin g a p e r io d . b . ( ) ( ) You sh o u ld in c lu d e th e a c c o u n ts p a y a b le in th e p r o f i t and l o s s s ta te m e n t. c . ( )( ) The v a lu e o f th e o ld in v e n to ry i s e s s e n t i a l f o r th e p r e p a r a t io n o f th e b a la n c e s h e e t. d . ( ) ( ) You n eed to know th e v a lu e o f th e en d in g in v e n to r y to p r e p a r e th e p r o f i t and lo s s s ta te m e n t• e* ( )( ) O p e ra tin g s u p p lie s a r e i d e n t i c a l w ith m e rc h a n d is e • f . ( )( ) You can d e te rm in e th e g ro s s p r o f i t by sub­ t r a c t i n g th e n e t c o s t o f m e rc h an d ise s o ld from th e t o t a l s a l e s . g . ( )( ) The n e t p r o f i t i s d eterm in ed by s u b tr a c tin g

93

th e t o t a l exp en ses and d e d u c tio n s from th e g ro s s p r o f i t * h*

( )( ) The c o s t o f goods s o ld i s i d e n t i c a l w ith th e c o s t o f goods a v a i l a b l e f o r s a le *

i*

( ) ( ) You can d e te rm in e th e d e p r e c ia tio n f o r one month by ta k in g 1 /1 2 o f th e a n n u a l d e p re ­ c ia tio n .

J . ( )( ) By p r e p a r in g a b a la n c e s h e e t , you g e t a p i c t u r e o f y o u r f i n a n c i a l c o n d itio n , k.

( )( ) The t r e a s u r e r sh o u ld b e a b le to t e l l you how much c a sh th e r e i s on h a n d .

1.

( )( ) The checkbook sh o u ld g iv e you y o u r bank b a la n c e •

m. ( )( ) You can compute th e n e t w orth by d e d u c tin g th e t o t a l l i a b i l i t i e s from th e t o t a l a s s e t s , n . ( ) ( ) You sh o u ld check th e a c c u ra c y o f y o u r s t a t e ­ m ents by com paring th e d i f f e r e n c e in n e t w o rth a t th e b e g in n in g and end o f th e p e r io d w ith th e p r o f i t a id l o s s f o r th e p e r io d .

94

BiH LioG Bm nr

95

A.

BOCKS

B r is c o , F o r r i s A ., and John W. W ingate, Buying f o r R e t a i l S t o r e s * Hew York: P r e n tic e - H a ll, I n c . , 1947. 685 p p . B r is c o , F o r r i s A ., R e t a i l Rec e iv in g P r a c t i c e . P r e n tic e - H a ll, I n c . , 1925. 354 p p .

Hew Yorks

Bryan* M ary, The S c h o d l~ C a fe te ria . - & C o ., 15TO. ppT ;

P . S . C r o f ts

Few York?

Commerce C le a r in g H ouse, A F e a tu re o f th e C o rp o ra tio n T ru s t System o f C o rp o ra te P r o t e c t i o n . Few Yorks Commerce C le a r in g H ouse, I n c . , 1948. Commerce .C learin g H ouse, I n t e r n a l Revenue Code.. Commerce C le a r in g H ouse, I n c . , 1946. C raw fo rd , C laude E . , F u n c tio n a l E d u c a tio n . C . C. C raw ford, 1949. 237 p p .

Few Yorks

Bos A n g eles:

R a v id , D onald K Ir k , R e t a i l S to r e Management P ro b lem s. Few Yorks A. W. Shaw C o ., 1922. 1050 p p . Dewey, Jo h n , Democracy and E d u c a tio n . m illa n Company, 1916. 418 p p . E d u c a tio n C ode. 915 p p .

S acram ento:

Few Y ork:

The Mac­

S ta te o f C a l i f o r n i a , 1949.

F i e l d , C l if t o n C ., R e ta i l B u y in g . “S c ra n to n : Textbook Company, 1924V 219 p p .

In te rn a tio n a l

F o rd , W illa rd S ta n le y , Some A d m in is tra tiv e Problem s o f th e H igh S chool C a f e t e r i a . Few Yorks T each ers C o lle g e , Colum bia U n i v e r s i t y 1926. 126 p p . Hand, H aro ld C ., What P eo p le Think About T h e ir S c h o o ls . Few York: W orld Book Company, 1948. 219 p p . Hayward, W a lte r Sumner, R e t a i l Handbook. Few Yorks M cG raw -H ill Book Company, 1924. 617 p p . L e ig h , R uth, T ra in in g th e R e ta i l C le rk to S e l l Your P r o d u c t. Few Yorks M cGraw-Hill Book Company, I n c . , 1927. 239 p p .

t e s t e r , H elen a H a rs h , R e t a i l T ra in in g in P r i n c i p l e '^and P ra c ­ t i c e . Hew Yorks H arp er & B r o th e r s , 1940 174 PP* R a tio n a l R e t a i l Dry Goods A s s o c ia tio n ; The B n y e r s ^ a n u a l. Hew Yorks R a tio n a l R e t a i l Dry Goods A s s o c ia tio n , 1931. 310 p p . R a tio n a l R e t a i l Dry Goods A s s o c ia tio n , m e rc h an d ise C o n tro l M anual. Hew Yorks R a tio n a l R e t a i l Dry Goods A sso c ia ­ t i o n . 1931. 321 p p . P e te r s e n , E lm ore, and E . G rasv en o r mowman. B u s in e s s O rg an i­ z a tio n and M anagement. C hicago: R ic h a rd D. I r w in , I n c . , 1948. 512 p p . R obinson, 0 . P r e s to n , and K enneth B. H aas, How to E s t a b l i s h and O p erate a R e ta i l S t o r e . Few Yorks P r e n t i c e - H a l l , I n c . , 1946. 367 p p . T a y lo r, R. B ., P r i n c i p l e s o f S chool S upply M anagement. Few Yorks T each ers C o lle g e , Columbia U n iv e r s ity , 1926* 145 p p . B.

PERIODICAL ARTICLES

Begg, W illiam R .y "A ccounting f o r C la s s P o n d s ,'1 S chool E x e c u tiv e . 6 2 s2 8 -9 , F e b ru a ry , 1943. C h a p lin , R alph I . f "We Teach R e ta i lin g in a L a b o r a to r y ;" B u s in e ss E d u c a tio n W orld, 22 s3 1 8 -2 0 , December, 1941 Cox, A. J . , "How We H andle S chool Funds*" B u sin e ss E d u c a tio n W orld, 2 2 :7 8 1 -8 3 , H ay, 1942. C r a t t y , M. L . , "System f o r H an d lin g Funds o f P u p il A c t i v i t i e s , . B u sin e ss E d u c a tio n W orld, 2 8 :5 8 7 -8 9 , J u n e , 1948. D is s in g e r , K a th e r in e , "E x p erien ce in S to re k e e p in g * " I n s t r u c t o r 5 2 :2 2 -3 , Fovem ber, 1942. F lo o d , E liz a b e t h , and H. R. L a s l e t t , "A S tudy o f High S chool S to r e s in “ a C ity School S y stem ," The S chool Review , 57: 4 9 0 -9 6 , Fovem ber, 1949. H arvey, C. C ., "How S tu d e n t A c t i v i t i e s a r e F in a n c e d ," School A c t i v i t i e s , 1 3 :3 5 1 , May, 1942.

97

P e te r s o n , G lad y s, and L loyd A sh le y , "S tu d e n ts Get S e l l i n g E x p e rie n c e in Tecs t o r , The H at io n s S c h o o ls » 45 s 46- 7 , J a n u a ry , 1950. P o t t s , John P . , " S u c c e ss fu l S tu d e n t C o o p e r a tiv e ," School E x e c u tiv e , 6 1 :1 7 , 71, F e b ru a ry , 1942. S m ith, E . C ., ^ F in a n c in g E x tr a - C u r r ic u la r A c t i v i t i e s , " S ch o ol A c t i v i t i e s , 1 4 :1 5 -1 6 , S ep tem b er, 1942. S to u t, M. " B e tte r A d m in is tra tio n o f P u p il A c t i v i t y F in a n c e s ,” E d u c a tio n D ig e s t, 1 3 :2 6 -8 , A p r i l , 1948. S to u t, H . ¥ , , "Managing th e A c t i v i t y P ro g ram ," R a tio n a l A s s o c ia tio n o f S econdary S chool P r i n c i p a l s f e u 'lle tin , 3 2 :4 -1 2 , M arch, 1948. C.

UKHJBLISHED MATERIALS

B u t t e r f i e l d , C la re n c e t J ., o f S tu d e n t S to re s in n ia ! ^ p u b l i s h e d l i s S o u th ern C a l i f o r n i a ,

The Admin1 s t r a t i o n and S u p e rv is io n th e S e n io r High S ch o o ls o f C a l i f o r ­ t e r 1s t h e s i s , The U n iv e r s ity o f Los A n g ele s, 1929. 88 p p .

Dumke, H e rb e rt W illiam , A S tu d y o f th e O rg a n is a tio n and F u n c tio n s o f th e Los A ngeles C ity S ch o o l C a f e t e r i a s * U n p u b lish ed M a s te r1s t h e s i s , The U n iv e r s ity o f S o u th ern C a l i f o r n i a , Los A n g ele s, 1934. 201 p p . M acm illan , M a rg u e re tte T e rio n , The O rgani z a t 1on o f an E lem en tary S chool C a f e t e r i a . U n p u b lish ed M a s te r1s t h e s i s , The U n iv e r s ity o f S o u th ern C a l i f o r n i a , Los A n g ele s, 1944, 130 p p . W a tte le t , B oss, The A d m in is tra tio n and S u p e rv is io n o f S tu d e n t Body S tores~ T n C a l i f o r n i a M g h 'S ch o o ls o v er 100 0 . U n p u b lish ed M a s te r1s t h e s i s , The U n iv e r s ity o f S o u th ern C a l i f o r n i a , Los A n g ele s, 1944. 78 pp* D. SPECIAL KEPEREUCE ■ The I d e a l System (S in g le e n t r y , lo o s e l e a f bookkeeping sy ste m .) Los A n g eles: The I d e a l System Company.

Urnhmnity of S o u th e rn C alifornia Library