Essentials of Chinese Materia Medica and Medical Formulas: New Century Traditional Chinese Medicine 9780128127223, 4224224224, 4664664664, 5445445445, 0128127228

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Essentials of Chinese Materia Medica and Medical Formulas

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Essentials of Chinese Materia Medica and Medical Formulas New Century Traditional Chinese Medicine

Shengyan Xi Yuewen Gong

Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 125 London Wall, London EC2Y 5AS, United Kingdom 525 B Street, Suite 1800, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, United States 50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-0-12-812722-3 For information on all Academic Press publications visit our website at https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals

Publisher: Mica Haley Acquisition Editor: Kristine Jones Editorial Project Manager: Joslyn Chaiprasert-Paguio Production Project Manager: Lucía Pérez Designer: Christian Bilbow Typeset by Thomson Digital

Contents Contributors xi Introduction to Compiler-in-Chief xiii Foreword xvii Preface xix Acknowledgments xxi Compendium xxiii

 3. Herbs That Drain Downward

Part I Chinese Materia Medica Introduction to Chinese Materia Medica Habitat and Collection of Chinese Medicinals Chinese Medicinal Processing Properties and Actions of Chinese Medicinals Efficacy and Indications of Chinese Medicinals Application of Chinese Medicinals

Section 4  Herbs That Clear Heat and Cool the Blood 80 Outline 80 Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 80 Section 5  Herbs That Clear Heat From Deficiency 85 Outline 85 Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 85

1 1 2 4 8 8

  1. Herbs That Release the Exterior Section 1  Herbs That Dispel Wind-Cold 14 Outline 14 Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 14 Section 2  Herbs That Dispel Wind-Heat 24 Outline 24 Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 25

 2. Herbs That Clear Heat Section 1  Herbs That Clear Heat and Drain Fire 36 Outline 36 Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 36 Section 2  Herbs That Clear Heat and Dry Dampness 45 Outline 45 Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 45 Section 3  Herbs That Clear Heat and Resolve Toxins 52 Outline 52 Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 52

Section 1  Herbs That Promote Defecation by Purgation 90 Outline 90 Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 90 Section 2  Herbs That Promote Defecation by Moistening Purgation 93 Outline 93 Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 93 Section 3  Herbs That Expel Water by Drastic Purgation 95 Outline 95 Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 95

 4. Herbs That Expel Wind and Damp Section 1  Herbs That Expel Wind-Cold-Damp 104 Outline 104 Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 104 Section 2  Herbs That Expel Wind-Damp-Heat 116 Outline 116 Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 116 Section 3  Herbs That Expel Wind-Damp and Strengthen the Sinew and Bone 123 Outline 123 Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 123

 5. Herbs That Transform Dampness Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs

130

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  6. Herbs That Promote Urination and Percolate Dampness Section 1  Herbs That Promote Urination to Relieve Edema 138 Outline 138 Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 138 Section 2  Herbs That Promote Urination and Relieve Strangury 145 Outline 145 Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 145 Section 3  Herbs That Clear Damp-Heat and Relieve Jaundice 152 Outline 152 Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 152

 7. Herbs That Warm the Interior Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs

160

  8. Herbs That Rectify Qi Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs

170

 9. Herbs That Promote Digestion Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs

188

10. Herbs That Expel Parasites Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs

198

Outline 228 Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 229 Section 2  Herbs That Invigorate Blood and Regulate Menstruation 236 Outline 236 Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 236 Section 3  Herbs That Invigorate Blood and Cure Injury 246 Outline 246 Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 246 Section 4  Herbs That Break up Blood Stasis and Resolve Masses 251 Outline 251 Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 252

13. Herbs That Dissolve Phlegm, Relieve Cough, and Calm Panting Section 1  Herbs That Warm and Dissolve Cold-phlegm 258 Outline 258 Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 258 Section 2  Herbs That Clear and Dissolve Hot Phlegm 266 Outline 266 Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 266 Section 3  Herbs That Relieve Cough and Calm Panting 281 Outline 281 Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 281

11. Herbs That Stanch Bleeding Section 1  Herbs That Cool the Blood and Stanch Bleeding 206 Outline 206 Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 207 Section 2  Herbs That Dissolve Stasis and Stanch Bleeding 212 Outline 212 Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 213 Section 3  Herbs That Astringe and Stanch Bleeding 218 Outline 218 Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 218 Section 4  Herbs That Warm the Channels and Stanch Bleeding 224 Outline 224 Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 224

12. Herbs That Invigorate Blood and Dissolve Stasis Section 1  Herbs That Invigorate Blood and Relieve Pain

228

14. Herbs That Calm the Mind Section 1  Herbs That Strongly Calm the Mind With Minerals and Shells 294 Outline 294 Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 294 Section 2  Herbs That Nourish the Heart and Mildly Calm the Mind 298 Outline 298 Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 298

15. Herbs That Calm the Liver and Extinguish Wind Section 1  Herbs That Calm the Liver and Subdue Hyperactive Yang 306 Outline 306 Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 306 Section 2  Herbs That Extinguish Wind and Arrest Convulsion 312 Outline 312 Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 313

Contents

16. Herbs That Open the Orifices Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs

22. Formulas That Release the Exterior 322

17. Herbs That Supplement Deficiency Section 1  Herbs That Supplement Qi 329 Outline 329 Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 329 Section 2  Herbs That Supplement Yang 343 Outline 343 Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 343 Section 3  Herbs That Supplement the Blood 360 Outline 360 Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 360 Section 4  Herbs That Supplement Yin 366 Outline 366 Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 367

18. Herbs That Astringe Section 1  Herbs That Consolidate the Exterior and Arrest Sweating 382 Outline 382 Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 382 Section 2  Herbs That Astringe the Lung and Intestines 384 Outline 384 Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 385 Section 3  Herbs That Consolidate Essence, Reduce Urination, and Arrest Vaginal Discharge 389 Outline 389 Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 390

19. Herbs That Induce Vomit Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs

398

20. Herbs That Counteract Toxins, Kill Parasites, and Relieve Itching Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs

401

21. Herbs That Draw Out Toxins, Remove Putridity, and Engender Flesh Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs

411

Part II Chinese Medical Formulas Introduction to Chinese Medical Formulas Formula and Therapeutic Methods Formula Classification and Preparation Formula Decocting and Administration Methods Principles of Composing Formula

vii

417 417 418 418 419

Section 1  Formulas That Release the Exterior With Acrid-warm Medicinals 422 Outline 422 Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 422 Section 2  Formulas That Release the Exterior With Acrid-cool Medicinals 429 Outline 429 Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 430 Section 3  Formulas That Reinforce Healthy Qi and Release the Exterior 438 Outline 438 Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 439

23. Formulas That Treat the Interior Excess Syndrome With Purgation Section 1  Formulas That Treat the Interior Excess Syndrome With Cold Purgation 448 Outline 448 Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 448 Section 2  Formulas That Treat the Interior Excess Syndrome With Warm Purgation 451 Outline 451 Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 452 Section 3  Formulas That Treat the Interior Excess Syndrome With Moistening Purgation 454 Outline 454 Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 454 Section 4  Formulas That Expel Water by Purgation 457 Outline 457 Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 458 Section 5  Formulas That Purge Pathogen and Supplement Healthy Qi 461 Outline 461 Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 461

24. Formulas That Harmonize Section 1  Formulas That Harmonize Shaoyang 466 Outline 466 Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 466 Section 2  Formulas That Regulate and Harmonize the Liver and Spleen 471 Outline 471 Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 472 Section 3  Formulas That Regulate and Harmonize the Intestine and Stomach 476 Outline 476 Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 477

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25. Formulas That Clear the Heat Section 1  Formulas That Clear Heat in Qi Aspect 482 Outline 482 Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 482 Section 2  Formulas That Clear Heat in Nutrient Aspect and Cool the Blood 486 Outline 486 Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 486 Section 3  Formulas That Clear Heat and Resolve Toxins 490 Outline 490 Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 490 Section 4  Formulas That Clear Heat in Both Qi and Blood Aspects 497 Outline 497 Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 497 Section 5  Formulas That Clear Zang-Fu Heat 500 Outline 500 Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 500 Section 6  Formulas That Clear Deficiency-Heat 511 Outline 511 Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 511

26. Formulas That Dispel Summer Heat Section 1  Formulas That Clear Summer Heat and Release the Exterior 518 Outline 518 Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 518 Section 2  Formulas That Clear Summer Heat and Drain Dampness 520 Outline 520 Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 520 Section 3  Formulas That Dispel Summer Heat and Clear Heat 522 Outline 522 Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 522 Section 4  Formulas That Clear Summer Heat and Boost Qi 524 Outline 524 Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 524

27. Formulas That Warm the Interior Section 1  Formulas That Warm the Center and Dispel Cold 528 Outline 528 Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 528 Section 2  Formulas That Restore Yang to Rescue From Counterflow (Desertion) 534 Outline 534 Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 534

Section 3  Formulas That Warm the Channels and Dissipate Cold 539 Outline 539 Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 539

28. Formulas That Release Pathogens From Both the Exterior and Interior Section 1  Formulas That Release the Exterior and Clear the Interior 544 Outline 544 Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 544 Section 2  Formulas That Release the Exterior and Warm the Interior 547 Outline 547 Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 548 Section 3  Formulas That Release the Exterior and Attack the Interior 549 Outline 549 Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 550

29. Formulas That Supplement and Boost Section 1  Formulas That Supplement Qi 556 Outline 556 Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 557 Section 2  Formulas That Supplement the Blood 567 Outline 567 Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 568 Section 3  Formulas That Supplement Both Qi and Blood 574 Outline 574 Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 574 Section 4  Formulas That Supplement Yin 582 Outline 582 Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 582 Section 5  Formulas That Supplement Yang 598 Outline 598 Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 598 Section 6  Formulas That Supplement Both Yin and Yang 606 Outline 606 Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 606 Section 7  Formulas That Concurrently Supplement Qi, Blood, Yin and Yang 611 Outline 611 Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 611

30. Formulas That Consolidate and Astringe Section 1  Formulas That Consolidate the Exterior and Arrest Sweating 616 Outline 616 Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 616

Contents

Section 2  Formulas That Astringe the Lung and Relieve Cough 618 Outline 618 Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 618 Section 3  Formulas That Astringe the Intestines From Desertion 620 Outline 620 Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 620 Section 4  Formulas That Arrest Enuresis and Emission With Astringents 623 Outline 623 Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 624 Section 5  Formulas That Stop Profuse Uterine Bleeding and Arrest Vaginal Discharge 628 Outline 628 Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 628

31. Formulas That Calm the Mind Section 1  Formulas That Calm the Mind With Heavy Sedatives 634 Outline 634 Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 634 Section 2  Formulas That Nourish the Heart and Calm the Mind 638 Outline 638 Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 638 Section 3  Formulas That Restore Interaction Between the Heart and the Kidney 643 Outline 643 Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 644

32. Formulas That Open the Orifices Section 1  Formulas That Open the Orifices (Resuscitate) With Cool Medicinals 648 Outline 648 Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 648 Section 2  Formulas That Open the Orifices (Resuscitate) With Warm Medicinals 654 Outline 654 Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 654

33. Formulas That Rectify Qi Section 1  Formulas That Move Qi 660 Outline 660 Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 660 Section 2  Formulas That Direct Qi Downward 674 Outline 674 Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 674

ix

34. Formulas That Rectify Blood Section 1  Formulas That Invigorate Blood and Dispel Stasis 682 Outline 682 Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 682 Section 2  Formulas That Stanch Bleeding 702 Outline 702 Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 702

35. Formulas That Expel and Calm the Wind Section 1  Formulas That Scatter and Dissipate External Wind 712 Outline 712 Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 712 Section 2  Formulas That Calm and Extinguish Internal Wind 722 Outline 722 Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 722

36. Formulas That Treat Dryness Syndrome Section 1  Formulas That Relieve External Dryness by Light Diffusion 732 Outline 732 Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 733 Section 2  Formulas That Nourish and Moisten Internal Dryness 736 Outline 736 Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 736

37. Formulas That Dispel Dampness Section 1  Formulas That Remove Dampness and Harmonize the Stomach 742 Outline 742 Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 742 Section 2  Formulas That Clear Heat and Dispel Dampness 747 Outline 747 Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 748 Section 3  Formulas That Promote Urination and Percolate Dampness 761 Outline 761 Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 762 Section 4  Formulas That Warm and Dissolve Water-Dampness 768 Outline 768 Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 769 Section 5  Formulas That Dispel Wind and Overcome Dampness 775 Outline 775 Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 775

x Contents

38. Formulas That Dispel Phlegm

42. Formulas That Treat Abscess and Ulcer

Section 1  Formulas That Dry Dampness and Dissolve Phlegm 782 Outline 782 Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 782 Section 2  Formulas That Clear Heat and Dissolve Phlegm 790 Outline 790 Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 790 Section 3  Formulas That Moisten Dryness and Dissolve Phlegm 796 Outline 796 Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 796 Section 4  Formulas That Warm and Dissolve Cold-phlegm 799 Outline 799 Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 799 Section 5  Formulas That Expel or Calm the Wind and Dissolve Phlegm 802 Outline 802 Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 802

39. Formulas That Remove Food Stagnation and Accumulation Section 1  Formulas That Promote Digestion and Guide Out [Food] Stagnation 810 Outline 810 Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 810 Section 2  Formulas That Resolve Masses and Remove Accumulation 818 Outline 818 Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 818

40. Formulas That Expel Parasites Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas

825

41. Formulas That Induce Vomit Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas

834

Section 1  Formulas That Dissipate Masses and Resolve Abscess 838 Outline 838 Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 839 Section 2  Formulas That Strengthen Vital Qi and Drain Pus 850 Outline 850 Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 851 Section 3  Formulas That Supplement Deficiency and Close Sore 853 Outline 853 Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 854

43. Attached Formulas That are Used Externally Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas

860

Appendix 1  Introduction to Medicinal Selection for Common Diseases and Syndromes 875 Appendix 2  Introduction to Well-Known Literatures About Chinese Medicinal and Formula 903 Appendix 3  Introduction to Intricate TCM Terminologies of Diseases and Syndromes 925 References 929 Pharmaceutical-Pinyin Names Reference of Chinese Materia Medica English-Pinyin Cross Reference of Chinese Materia Medica Names English-Pinyin Cross Reference of Chinese Medical Formula Names Pinyin-English Cross Reference of Chinese Materia Medica Names Pinyin-English Cross Reference of Chinese Medical Formula Names Subject Index

931 943 955 965 977 987

Contributors Compiler-in-Chief Shengyan Xi Medical College of the Xiamen University, Xiamen, China

Yuewen Gong College of Pharmacy of the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada

Associate Compiler-in-Chief Xueqiang Jiang Dongfeng Hospital of the Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China

Hui Zhao School of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

Lifeng Yue Dongzhimen Hospital of the Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China

Yanzhu Hong Medical College of the Xiamen University, Xiamen, China

Xuezeng Hao Dongzhimen Hospital of the Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China

Yifei Li School of Medicine of the Tongji University, Shanghai, China

Compiler (listed in the order of letter of their given names) Biqian Fu Medical College of the Xiamen University, Xiamen, China Dejian Wen Medical School of the Hubei University for Nationalities, Enshi, China Dylan Kirk Ontario College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Toronto, ON, Canada Honglian Yang Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, China Hua Chai Beijing Shijingshan District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China

Meng Liu China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China Mengmeng Shi Yantai Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yantai, China Peng Zhou Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China Soo Min Teoh Penang Chinese Medical Research Institute, Penang, Malaysia Shu Kai Chen California Acupuncture Board, Sacramento, CA, United States Tong Wu Beijing Ditan Hospital of the Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

Jiayue Wang Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China

Tzu Yu Tseng California Acupuncture Board, Sacramento, CA, United States

Jingxia Wang Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China

Xiangyang Zhai Medical College of the Xiamen University, Xiamen, China

Junyi Huang Wangzuozhen Community Health Service Center, Beijing, China

Xiaobo Dong Dongfang Hospital of the Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China

Lei Wen Medical College of the Xiamen University, Xiamen, China

Xiaoni Dou Beijing Shijingshan Hospital, Beijing, China

Longsheng Deng Xiamen Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen, China

Xinmin Li Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China

xi

xii Contributors

Ya’nan Wang Medical College of the Xiamen University, Xiamen, China

Yu Cao Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China

Ying Peng Medical College of the Xiamen University, Xiamen, China

Yue Yan China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China

Chief Examiner and Reviewer Xuemin Gao Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China

Yanhui Wang Medical College of the Xiamen University, Xiamen, China

Introduction to Compiler-in-Chief

Dr. Shengyan Xi Dr. Xi is a Doctor of Medical Science and holds the following positions: Associate Professor of TCM, Master Advisor of the TCM internal medicine of Medical College of Xiamen University (China), Associate Chief Physician of the TCM Outpatient Department of Xiamen University (China), visiting scholar of the University of Manitoba (Canada), and evaluation expert of National Natural Science Foundation of China (NNSFC). He is engaged in research for basic theory and clinical practice of Chinese Materia Medica (CMM) and Chinese Medical Formulas, and mainly teaches these subjects. He is affiliated with the following groups: council member of the first Board of Specialty Committee of Cancer Palliative Treatment of World Federation of Chinese Medicine Societies, member of China Association of Chinese Medicine (CACM), Chinese Association of Integrative Medicine (CAIM), and Chinese Medical Association (CMA), academic deputy of Translation Branch of CACM, standing academic deputy of CMM Basic Theory Branch of CACM, academic deputy of Formula-CMM Dose-Effect Research Branch of CACM, youth academic deputy of Basic Theory Specialized Committee of CAIM, and youth academic deputy of Experimental Medicine Specialized Committee of CAIM. Dr. Xi received his Medical Doctorate specializing in Clinical Chinese Materia Medica from the Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (China) in 2009, graduated from Chinese Medicine Fundamentals specialty of the Hubei University of Chinese Medicine (China) in 2006, and was granted the Medical Master’s Degree and Traditional Chinese Medicine specialty of the Hubei University for Nationalities (China) in 2003 and was granted the Bachelor of Medicine in TCM. He had obtained academical guidance from the renowned CMM expert Professor Gao Xue-min. In clinical practice, he had the privilege of obtaining guidance from renowned veteran doctors of TCM in China, such as Professor Yan Zhenghua and Professor Wang Yu-ying. Currently, Dr. Xi is mainly involved in the diagnosis and treatment of common internal and gynecological diseases through TCM, especially the zang-fu organ diseases of the lung, spleen, and liver, precancerosis and common tumors based on syndrome differentiation. Dr. Xi is also engaged in the treatment of a variety of postchemotherapy tumors with Chinese medicinals and also the formulas to relieve the medicinal side effects caused by chemotherapy and prolong the patient’s life postchemotherapy.  

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xiv Introduction to Compiler-in-Chief

His recent works and academic outputs include being the chief compiler of Essentials of Chinese Materia Medica and Medical Formulas and Essentials for Clinical Practice With Traditional Chinese Medicine (English edition). He is also the vice-chief compiler of Omniscience for Health Preserving and Care With 400 Kinds of CMM and the ethnomedicine serial of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (SATCM) of the People’s Republic of China Materia Medica of the Tujia Region, a compiling board member of Picture Mirror for Medicinal Substances and Decoction Pieces of China Pharmacopoeia, Numerous Herbs and Fine Formulas for Common Tumor, and the international standard library of Chinese medicine Chinese Materia Medica (English edition). He assisted his advisor Professor Zhao Jing-hua to complete the project “Arrangement Research of Tujia Medicine Clinic” of SATCM which won the Hubei important technology achievement prize in 2010 and the first grade prize of science and technology progress of Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture (Hubei, China) in 2011. Dr. Xi has published more than 80 professional papers on Chinese kernel and authoritative periodicals and English SCI periodicals, and over 10 academic books. At present, Dr. Xi is in charge of one project from the National Natural Science Foundation of China and one from the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province (China), and participates in three other projects. In March 2011, as a keynote speaker, he gave four consecutive lectures on “How to recognize and select traditional Chinese medicines correctly for preventing and curing diseases” on China Fujian TV Station’s “Health Road Eight Column” which was well received by the audience. Email: [email protected]

Dr. Yuewen Gong Dr. Gong is a Doctor of Medical Science and Doctor of Philosophy. He holds the following positions: Professor and Associate Dean (Research) of the College of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences of the University of Manitoba (Canada). He is a member of the Section of Hepatology of the Department of Internal Medicine of the College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences of the University of Manitoba, visiting Professor of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of British Columbia (Canada), Guest Professor of the Xiangya Medical College of the Central South University (China), Guest Professor of the Wenzhou Medical University (China), and Guest Professor of the Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences of the ChinaJapan Friendship Hospital (China). He is the Executive Council Member of the Specialty Committee of Kidney Disease of Internal Medicine and the Committee Member of the Committee for Approval of English Translation of Terms in Chinese Medicine of the World Federation of Chinese Medicine Societies. He is also the vice president of the Canadian Institute of Chinese Medicinal Research (CICMR) and licensed acupuncturist of the College and Association of Acupuncturists of Alberta (CAAA). His research interests are to understand mechanism of liver and kidney diseases and develop effective therapeutics for these diseases. His clinical practice is to treat patients with TCM in the Beijing Acupuncture Pain Clinic. He is also an instructor in the HuaXia Acupuncture and Herb College of Canada. He is a member of the following professional associations: American Physiological Society (APS), Canadian Association for the Study of the Liver (CASL), Canadian Society of Pharmaceutical Sciences (CSPS), Canadian Society for Molecular Biosciences (CSMB), Canadian Institute of Chinese Medicinal Research (CICMR), and College and Association of Acupuncturists of Alberta (CAAA).

Introduction to Compiler-in-Chief

xv

Dr. Gong obtained the Bachelor of Medicine in TCM from the Beijing University of Chinese Medicine in 1982, the Master of Science in Medicine from the Peking Union Medical College in 1986, and the Doctor of Philosophy in Molecular Endocrinology in the Department of Physiology of the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Manitoba in 1993. After graduation he completed postdoctoral trainings at the Mayo Clinic and the University of Manitoba. From July 1997, Dr. Gong has been an Assistant Professor, Associate Professor, and Professor at the University of Manitoba. The focus of Dr. Gong’s research program is to understand cellular differentiation and transdifferentiation, mechanism of liver fibrosis and cancer, mechanism of diabetic nephropathy and kidney diseases, and develop TCM treatments for these conditions. The research in Dr. Gong’s laboratory has been supported by local funding agencies, industry, Canadian Liver Foundation, Health Canada, Canadian Institute of Health Research (CIHR), Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC). He has participated in several projects funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, and the International Collaboration Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China. Dr. Gong has published more than 170 peer review papers and abstracts. His researches have been cited by others more than 2400 times. His H-index is 28 according to Google Scholar statistic. He was a keynote speaker in several international conferences, such as 2011 Shanghai International Integrative Medicine Congress. He is an Associate Editor of the Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine (eCAM), and a member of Board of Editor of the World Journal of Gastroenterology. During his research career, he has received numerous awards including the postdoctoral fellowships from Medical Research Council of Canada and Canadian Liver Foundation respectively, New Investigator Award from the CIHR, and Canada-China Scientific Exchange Award from the CIHR. Email: [email protected]

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Foreword The Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary and Thesaurus defines paradigm shift as “a time when the usual and accepted way of doing or thinking about something changes completely.” With that definition in mind, the question arises: is the delivery of Medicine in the midst of a paradigm shift and if so, how will Medicine be practiced once the shift has settled? The answer to the first question requires a clear understanding of how conventional “Western Medicine” (WM) is presently practiced. Patients appear with signs or symptoms of illness, health care providers apply various investigative tools to identify the source and nature of the illness and when available, the most effective medical and/or surgical therapy, preferably identified by the results of prospective, randomized controlled-clinical trials, is initiated. In many instances, this paradigm works well and patients return to a normal state of health or at least baseline. Unfortunately, in many other instances, the approach fails. Patient illnesses are either not diagnosed or misdiagnosed, there is no treatment or the treatment offered is inappropriate, responses are suboptimal, or the drugs/procedures are prohibitively expensive. Moreover, the underlying mechanism or pathophysiology responsible for the development of the illness is often not addressed, thereby inviting subsequent recurrences or relapses. These limitations of WM have not gone unnoticed by the principal stakeholder: the patient. As a result increasing numbers of patients and to a lesser extent, their physicians, are searching for alternatives to the WM paradigm. Where that search is gravitating toward is Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) which includes such treatments as Chinese Herbal Medicine, acupuncture, dietary therapy, and various methods of massage and exercise. Indeed, recent estimates suggest one of every five persons in the United States between the ages of 35 and 49 years used at least one alternative therapy in 1997, a growth of 47.3% since 1990. This growth has been particularly pronounced with the use of herbal medicines, which grew by 380% over the same time period. Similar figures have been described in other countries where WM prevails. In an effort to stay abreast of this largely patient-driven initiative, more visionary medical schools have introduced lectures and formal courses in TCM for their trainees. By 1999, two thirds of American medical schools had integrated complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) methods into their curricula. In some countries, such as Germany, the integration of CAM has been required by law since 2003. In addition, the National Institutes of Health has established a National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) which in 2008, allotted 121 million dollars for CAM research. Thus, from a patient, physician, trainee, and research perspective, the search for a new paradigm appears to be well underway. The second question posed was what might the new paradigm look like when the shift settles? Will it be an either/or proposition where stakeholders decide between WM and TCM or will it be a blended, integrated model wherein both WM and TCM are both considered essential components of patient care. If the latter, one must ask whether WM trained health care providers are likely to “buy in” to share care with TCM. Here, well-established biases will need to be addressed and resolved. For example, advocates of WM will have to come to appreciate that some TCM treatments, such as acupuncture do not lend themselves to placebo-controlled trials. Also arguing against the acceptance of TCM are the well acknowledged limitations and concerns raised regarding the experimentation, statistical methods, and “publication bias” responsible for the inordinately high efficacy rates described in the Chinese Medical literature where the results of most TCM studies have been published. On the other hand, consideration of the benefits that TCM brings to the table must also be considered. Here, there are many. First and foremost is the emphasis TCM gives to holistic care. Simply stated, TCM considers an illness as a consequence or manifestation of a disequilibrium within the body and correcting that disequilibrium will not only result in an improvement in the illness but also prevention of recurrences. TCM usage is also more flexible in that treatments are individualized to accommodate a patient’s internal environment rather than regulated by strict guidelines or rules set out by authoritative bodies or associations. An additional benefit is the extent of patient involvement in their care which tends to be greater than what is required for most WM-care maps. Also to be considered is the relatively limited role the medico–pharmaceutical–industrial complex plays in the development, application, and maintenance of TCM which translates into lower costs and more inclusive medicine, particularly for patients with rare disorders that might otherwise remain neglected.

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xviii Foreword

Finally, as demonstrated by the growing number of reports in the WM literature, TCMs are effective, both as principal as well as complementary therapy. In summary, a paradigm shift in our provision of health care is already well underway. As the cohort of WM physicians who are resistant to change becomes diminished with time and more trainees who have been afforded a broader perspective of the strengths and limitations of TCM emerge onto the health scene; an Integrative Medicine paradigm is most likely to emerge. It will be the acute need for a reference text, such as the present Essentials of Chinese Materia Medica and Medical Formulas to guide therapy. Fortunately, Dr. Shengyan Xi and Dr. Yuewen Gong, two world-renowned authorities on TCM, have been prescient in providing this very thorough, highly educational, easy to read, and instructive reference text for the present and future health care providers.

Dr. Gerald Y. Minuk, MD, FRCPC Professor of Medicine, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Health Sciences Centre, John Buhler Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada February 1, 2016

Preface Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2015 was awarded to a Chinese pharmaceutical female scientist, Youyou Tu by Swedish King Carl XVI Gustaf on December 10, 2015 in Stockholm, for her important contribution to the world: first finding that artemisinin, extracted from a traditional herbal medicine—Herba Artemisiae Annuae (qing hao), can effectively inhibit malaria which has saved multimillion people’s life, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) receives more and more attention by Swedish scientists and other western countries’ scientists. This award lets scientists around the world recognize that TCM is a treasure house, where they can find ideas and methods for many difficult problems of human health diseases. Moreover, they also recognize that only with comprehensive understanding of TCM there are possibilities to have a breakthrough in many circumstances where western medicine has hard time to treat them. Just as the 1993 Nobel Prize winner Richard J. Roberts once said “traditional Chinese medicine and pharmacy is not only the treasure of China, but also the wealth of all human being.” As of 2015, TCM has been spread to more than 170 countries and regions. According to the data of WHO, TCM has been accepted with legislation by 29 countries, such as Thailand, Canada, Australia, Austria, Singapore, Vietnam, and South Africa, and brought into medical insurance by 18 countries. Nonetheless, TCM is still in gray district in the overwhelming majority countries, and no legitimacy status and lack of legal protection. Besides the influence of technical barrier and economic profit, culture difference is the chief hindrance of TCM developing abroad. In the foreigner’s eyes, TCM is hard to explain and not be understood. It is better to understand because anyone who is accepting a foreign culture this will be based on the understanding of his local culture. If the learners lack of recognition of cultural identity, just discuss the herbs like western medicine, TCM developing abroad will be forever on the way. Let foreigners who don’t believe in TCM accept the TCM diagnosis and use Chinese herbal medicine that must start from the cultural transmission. There is a well-known theory in cross-cultural communication called “iceberg effect.” TCM is like an iceberg. The floating part above the sea level is known to treat and prevent certain diseases, but the hidden part under the sea is the authentic treasure of TCM with peculiar value and philosophy thinking. In order to remove the iceberg effect from the foreigner’s eyes and let TCM internationalization further developed, it would be just like Youyou Tu said in the Nobel lecture “Artemisinin is a gift to the world given by TCM,” we must appeal to more people to experience the charm of Chinese culture and discover the treasures hidden in TCM. President Jinping Xi said “Traditional Chinese medicine has condensed profound philosophy wisdom and several thousand’s health preserving idea and practice experience of the Chinese nation, is the gems of Chinese ancient science and also the key to open the treasurehouse of Chinese civilization.” Today, the iceberg is fast broken and pathway is dredged clear. We should draw assistance from the “east wind” of Youyou Tu awarded Nobel Prize 2015, burnish the visiting card of Chinese culture, and promote traditional Chinese medicine to meet the world with a brand-new image. Based on the previously mentioned, we believe the value of Chinese materia medica will become more and more protruding in the world from this moment. At present, we still deeply feel that western countries need to know more about TCM, and TCM still doesn’t have its status. Therefore, we want to provide a large English book about introduction of Chinese materia medica and Chinese medical formulas to the world. We know that the history of modern normal TCM books in Chinese organized, compiled, and authorized by the Ministry of Education and Ministry of Health of the People’s Republic of China, encompasses more than 60 years. Throughout use, these books have been revised and reprinted numerous times. At present, there are still some various categories and different hierarchical teaching materials that are yet to be published, but will play an important role in establishing the standard of TCM theoretical teaching. With increased globalization pace of TCM, more and more individuals around the world are focusing on TCM in their own countries. Additionally, a great number of individuals are traveling to China to study this ancient Chinese system of medicine. Today, high-level international students of TCM or clinical traditional Chinese physicians should also master essential modern medical knowledge, diagnosis, and treatment techniques besides possessing a

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thorough understanding of TCM theory. Therefore, in order to carry out TCM teaching during the stages of clinical practice for international students, some specialized basis books or reading materials must exist to provide guidance for them. In order to suit the innovation of international education of TCM, to meet the requirements of the clinical clerkship in foreign countries, and to enhance the study of Chinese medicine both in China and overseas, we have composed a collaboration between professors and chief physicians of various TCM universities, colleges, and hospitals, and compiled the new century traditional Chinese medicine English book for international TCM-interested learners: Essentials of Chinese Materia Medica and Medical Formulas. It is based on current compiled Chinese–English bilingual materials, guided by the TCM authoritatively writings in China, and consolidated with determinate modern medical knowledge. We wish to achieve the purpose of having relevancy in the clinical setting. In the Xiamen University Medical College, international TCM education dates back to a few decades ago. Up to now, several thousand foreign students coming from more than 30 countries and regions around the world have studied TCM or were trained with acupuncture in this university. Currently, there are nearly 200 foreign students studying TCM in the Xiamen University Medical College and Xiamen University Malaysia Campus. Many TCM curriculums are taught in full English. Meanwhile, many TCM teachers of the Xiamen University have often been sent to America, Canada, Germany, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, and Singapore to teach TCM curriculums and carry out medical treatment activities. In this manner, the Xiamen University has accumulated rich experience in international TCM education and understood special requirements of international students in studying TCM. Many years of practice in this field and the needs of the TCM teaching (especially the establishment of TCM Confucius College in other countries and the TCM undergraduate course of the Xiamen University Malaysia Campus, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia) have helped and urged for us to compile this book together with the same professional experts from other universities and their affiliate hospitals in China and other countries. Contents of the Essentials of Chinese Materia Medica and Medical Formulas mainly include introduction to Chinese materia medica and medical formula, specific knowledge about sources, properties (medicinal nature), actions, and applications of more than 780 kinds of commonly used Chinese materia medica, as well as efficacies and applications of more than 820 kinds of commonly used Chinese medical formulas. Essentials of Chinese Materia Medica and Medical Formulas is an English language TCM book that can be used for international TCM students, who begin their basic curriculums or clinical practice, or international TCM physicians for advanced study or training purposes. It is also aimed at other international readers with a keen interest in TCM for self-study. It may also function as a clinical reference for TCM-experienced practitioners who intend to practice abroad or participate in academic congress or exchange schemes. It’s worth noting for the user that the Chinese herbal medicines and medical formulas in this book should be used, as far as possible, under the guidance of a traditional Chinese physician in order to ensure that the medication is safe for the patient as much as possible. Due to our limitations and certain constraints, any correction to errors and valuable suggestions on the contents will be appreciated greatly. We will pay more attention to them and improve the book in the next edition.

Dr. Shengyan Xi The Xiamen University, Xiamen, China November 1, 2016

Acknowledgments During the compilation of the Essentials of Chinese Materia Medica and Medical Formulas, we have received strong support from many institutions, such as the Medical College of the Xiamen University (China), the University of Manitoba (Canada), the Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (China), the Tongji University (China), the Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Dongzhimen Hospital (China), the Hubei University of Medicine Dongfeng Hospital (China), the Tianjin University of Chinese Medicine (China), the Capital Medical University (China), the California Acupuncture Board (USA), the Penang Chinese Medical Research Institute (Malaysia), the Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Dongfang Hospital (China), the Capital Medical University, Beijing Ditan Hospital (China), and the Ontario College of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Canada), etc. Establishing the new full English curriculum Essentials of Chinese Materia Medica and Medical Formulas, as one of the Education and Scientific Research Projects for Middle and Young Teachers in Fujian Province (China) (No. JZ160271), has been especially supported with funds from the Education Department of Fujian Province (China). While working on this book, we have also been supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NNSFC) (No. 81202659), which has given us great confidence to compile this book. We are indebted to the esteemed TCM expert Professor Xueming Gao from Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, the famous scholar of Chinese materia medica in China and academic leader of “Chinese Materia Medica,” which is the medical key subject of the China State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Professor Gao provided lots of his own apprehension and the valuable experience with some Chinese materia medica and medical formulas mentioned in this book. We also offer gratitude to the respected traditional Chinese physician Professor Yanhui Wang who is the vice president of the Medical College of Xiamen University, has assisted in examining and reviewing this book’s manuscript and ensuring that academic standards were met. In addition we thank the esteemed Dr. Gerald Y. Minuk, Dr. Garry Shen, and Dr. Sudharsana R. Ande, from the University of Manitoba (Canada), who provided lots of valuable suggestions for this book’s writing to ensure English proficiency. Special thanks to Dr. Gerald Y. Minuk for his great efforts in writing this book’s foreword. Moreover, thanks to the PhD Peng Ye from Art College of the Xiamen University for drawing the cover picture, and thanks to Dr. Manna Zhang, Dr. David Songtag, Dr. Yangxinzi (Cindy) Xu, Dr. Jiaqi Yang, Dr. Qian Li, and Dr. Pollock Galia from the University of Manitoba, Jiangqin Xu from College of Foreign Languages and Cultures of the Xiamen University, Ms. Shuqiong Huang from the Medial College of the Xiamen University, the postgraduates and undergraduates of the TCM Department of Medical College of the Xiamen University, Ying Peng, Biqian Fu, Mengmeng Shi, Xiangyang Zhai, Yao Cheng, Ya’nan Wang, Weiwei Wang, and Hill Lachlan Glenn (Australia) for completing the many extra tasks for compilation. Special thanks need to be sent to my graduate student Ying Peng for her 3 years’ efforts in preparing this book’s compiling materials. Thanks to Dr. Deqin Zhang, Dr. Peng Zhou, Professor Tianxiang Li and Technician Guohui Li from Tianjin University of Chinese Medicine, and Dr. Yue Yan from the China-Japan Friendship Hospital (China) for providing with literatures. Thanks to Professor Dejian Wen and Technician Yang Xiang from Hubei University for Nationalities, Dr. Jingxia Wang from Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Dr. Shuai Yao and Linxia Zhu from Yan Lai Fu Chinese Medicine Center for offering the help in taking photos of Chinese medicinals. The international TCM students of Medical College of the Xiamen University, from Australia, Brazil, Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, and the other countries, have given us lots of pertinent suggestions for the compilation off this book. We would like to express our profound thanks to them. Without the contributions of all these people, this book would not be possible to get everything finished in time. Dr. Shengyan Xi, Dr. Yuewen Gong University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada March 30, 2016

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Compendium The Essentials of Chinese Materia Medica and Medical Formulas is compiled by TCM experts and professional physicians from several universities or colleges namely the Xiamen University (China), the University of Manitoba (Canada), the Capital Medical University (China), the Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (China), the Ontario College of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Canada), the Penang Chinese Medical Research Institute (Malaysia), and many hospitals including the Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Dongzhimen Hospital (China), the China-Japan Friendship Hospital (China), and others. This is for the use of international students learning basic curriculums of traditional Chinese medicine in China, Malaysia, and other countries. TCM curriculums are geared toward the use of TCM to carry out specific medical practices. Clinical basic curriculums bridge and connect TCM basic theories with clinical practice. All kinds of published teaching materials and monographs about Chinese materia medica, Chinese herbal medicine, material medica, pharmaceutical botany, Chinese medical formulas, and Chinese patent medicine have provided valuable information for compiled reference. In order to satisfy conventional standards of cultivating talented international TCM practitioners in the modern era and also the requirements of higher education of TCM while embodying reformed achievements on international education of TCM, in conformity with the compiling principle of inheritance and innovation, our compiler committee has incorporated the successful experiences of other TCM clinical basic teaching materials and monographs and pooled wisdom from it, and enhanced it by strengthening the cooperation between the institutions of higher learning and hospitals. This book is divided into three parts: “Chinese materia medica,” “Chinese medical formulas,” and “appendix.” The first part includes 21 chapters that are arranged as follows: herbs that release the exterior; herbs that clear heat; herbs that drain downward; herbs that expel wind and damp; herbs that transform dampness; herbs that promote urination and percolate dampness; herbs that warm the interior; herbs that rectify qi; herbs that promote digestion; herbs that expel parasites; herbs that stanch bleeding; herbs that invigorate blood and dissolve stasis; herbs that dissolve phlegm, relieve cough, and calm panting; herbs that calm the mind; herbs that calm the liver and extinguish wind; herbs that open the orifices; herbs that supplement deficiency; herbs that astringe; herbs that induce vomit; herbs that counteract toxins, kill parasites, and relieve itching; and herbs that draw out toxins, remove putridity, and engender flesh. It introduces 515 primary Chinese materia medica, 274 attached Chinese materia medica, and some differentiation between similar efficacy medicinals. Each Chinese materia medica is introduced from “source and collection,” “property and channel entry,” “efficacy and action,” “clinical application and usage,” and “caution for use.” The second part includes 22 chapters that are arranged as follows: formulas that release the exterior, formulas that treat the interior excess syndrome with purgation, formulas that harmonize, formulas that clear the heat, formulas that dispel summer heat, formulas that warm the interior, formulas that release pathogens from both the exterior and interior, formulas that supplement and boost, formulas that consolidate and astringe, formulas that calm the mind, formulas that open the orifices, formulas that rectify qi, formulas that rectify blood, formulas that expel and calm the wind, formulas that treat dryness syndrome, formulas that dispel dampness, formulas that dispel phlegm, formulas that remove food stagnation and accumulation, formulas that expel parasites, formulas that induce vomit, formulas that treat abscess and ulcer, and attached formulas that are used externally. It introduces 258 primary Chinese medical formulas, 572-attached formulas, and some differentiation between similar efficacy formulas. Each primary formula is introduced from “name of formula,” “source, composition, and usage,” “efficacy and indication,” “modified clinical application,” “caution for use,” and “efficacy analysis for primary formulas.” The contents of “clinical application” or “indication” embody the principles of TCM syndrome differentiation to use medicinals and formulas. The contents of “attached herbs’ introduction” or “attached formulas’ introduction” may provide more choices for TCM doctors or medical students. The contents of “efficacy analysis for primary formulas” help TCM doctors or medical students to better understand the principle of forming a formula. The content of “differentiation between

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similar efficacy herbs” or “differentiation between similar efficacy formulas” can help the learners to use medicinals or formulas more correctly. Appendix 1 can help the learners to deepen the thinking of medication based on syndrome differentiation. Appendix 2 is for easy reference and allow learners to understand the source background of herb and formula. Appendix 3 can assist the learners to better study some profound contents. The indexes include “Pharmaceutical-Pinyin names reference of Chinese materia medica,” “English-Pinyin cross reference of Chinese materia medica names,” “English-Pinyin cross reference of Chinese medical formula names,” “PinyinEnglish cross reference of Chinese materia medica names,” and “Pinyin-English cross reference of Chinese medical formula names,” which can help students, readers, or TCM doctors to study easily and effectively. When using this book, lots of announcements should be paid attention to. First, some valuable Chinese medicinals mentioned in this book are prohibited to apply by laws. The succedaneous medicinals may be a good choice. For example, Cornu Rhinocerotis (xi jiao) is usually substituted by Cornu Bubali (shui niu jiao), Os Tigris (hu gu) and Os Pardi (bao gu) are often substituted by Os Felinus (mao gu). To maintain the original formula name and composition, the authors don’t make a change or indicate the succedaneum, but in clinical application, please make a change. Second, the indicated dosage of lots of Chinese materia medica may be beyond the scope of China pharmacopoeia or different from other medical and pharmacal books stipulated by laws although the authors try their best to bring into correspondence with them. All Chinese materia medica and medical formulas are best used under the guidance of traditional Chinese doctors. Especially, the poisonous Chinese materia medica or medical formulas should be used strictly following the traditional Chinese doctor’s advice in order to avoid poisoning. Compiler Committee for Essentials of Chinese Materia Medica and Medical Formulas March 20, 2016

Part I

Chinese Materia Medica INTRODUCTION TO CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA Chinese medicine refers to medicine that has been collected, processed, prepared, and applied in clinics under the guidance of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory. It is a major component of Chinese traditional drugs, and also is a vital part of Chinese heritage. The invention and application of Chinese medicine has a long history, a unique theory system and application form, which thoroughly reflects the umpteen characteristics of Chinese history, culture, and natural resources. Chinese medicine mainly comes from natural medicinal ingredients and their processed products, including plant medicine, animal medicine, mineral drugs, and parts of chemical biological preparation. As most of Chinese medicinals and the commonly used ones are herbal medicines, Chinese medicine is often called “materia medica” (ben cao) or “herbs” (cao yao). There is a wide range of species of Chinese medicines. Over 8000 kinds of medicines are recorded in the ancient books. Currently, more than 12,000 kinds of Chinese medicines are recorded and applied. For thousands of years, Chinese medicine has been applied in the prevention and treatment of disease. Furthermore, Chinese medicine has made a tremendous contribution to the prosperity of the Chinese Nation reproduction, and has greatly boosted the development of the world medicine. Chinese materia medica (the study of clinical Chinese medicinals) (zhong yao xue) refers to a discipline that specializes in basic theory of Chinese medicine and its source, place of production, collection, medicinal processing, properties and actions, and clinical application rules.

Habitat and Collection of Chinese Medicinals Proper managements of habitat, collection, and storage of Chinese medicinals have a direct influence on the medicinal quality and therapeutic effect.

Habitat In ancient times, traditional Chinese medical doctors often liked to use certain genuine regional medicinal(s) (dao di yao cao) because of their fine and pure quality. The genuine regional medicinals refer to the materia medica with long history, proper habitat, fine species, large production, particular processing, outstanding therapeutic effect, and regional characteristics, such as Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) from Gansu (China), Fructus Lycii (gou qi zi) from Ningxia, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) from Qinghai, Radix Astragali (huang qi) from Inner Mongolia, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen), Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin) and Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi) from China northeast, Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian), Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong), Bulbus Fritillaria (bei mu) and Radix Aconiti (chuan wu) from Sichuan, Colla Corii Asini (e jiao) from Shandong, Radix Rehmanniae (di huang), Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (niu xi) and Rhizoma Dioscoreae (shan yao) from Henan, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) and Fructus Amomi (sha ren) from Guangdong, and Radix et Rhizoma Notoginseng (san qi) and Poria (fu ling) from Yunnan. As production of various genuine regional medicinals is limited, it is necessary to investigate the ecological environment and cultivation technology of these medicinals to develop high-quality materia medica and open up new resources for medicinal herbs.

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2 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

Collection The season and methods of collecting medicinals are closely related with ensuring the quality of medicinals. Generally, Chinese medicinals should be collected according to the maturity of medicinal parts, as it is only in that season that the content of active ingredients is the highest. Specifically, for medicinals that are used as entire plants, their aerial parts above the roots usually should be cut when the branches and leaves are flourishing and flowers are just blooming, such as Herba Leonuri (yi mu cao), Herba Schizonepetae (jing jie), and Folium Perillae (zi su ye); or whole plants, including roots as the medicinals, such as Herba Plantaginis (che qian cao), Herba Violae (zi hua di ding), and Radix Bupleuri (chai hu). For medicinals that use leaves, they usually should be collected when the flower buds are going to bloom or just in full bloom, such as Folium Isatidis (da qing ye), Folium Eriobotryae (pi pa ye), and Folium Artemisiae Argyi (ai ye). For medicinals that are flowers or pollen, unbloomed flower buds or just-bloomed flowers are collected, such as Flos Rosae Chinensis (yue ji hua), Flos Inulae (xuan fu hua), and Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (jin yin hua). For medicinals that are fruits or seeds, fruit medicinals usually should be collected when fruits are matured, such as Semen Arecae (bing lang) and Fructus Trichosanthis (gua lou), except Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride (qing pi), Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi), Fructus Rubi (fu pen zi), and Fructus Mume (wu mei) that should be collected they are unmatured; seed medicinals should be collected when seeds are in full maturity, such as Semen Astragali Complanati (sha yuan zi), Semen Nelumbinis (lian zi), and Semen Ginkgo (bai guo); for those seeds that fall off easily upon maturation, they should be collected when seeds are just matured, such as Semen Pharbitidis (qian niu zi) and Fructus Amomi Kravanh (bai dou kou); for some perishable berries, such as Fructus Ligustri Lucidi (nü zhen zi) and Fructus Lycii (gou qi zi), they should be collected in the early morning or at dusk, when they are slightly matured. Root or rhizome medicinals usually should be collected in the late autumn (August) or early spring (February), such as Rhizoma Gastrodiae (tian ma), Radix Puerariae Lobatae (ge gen), and Rhizoma Polygonati Odorati (yu zhu). Tree bark or root bark medicinals usually should be collected in the spring and summer when the plants are in vigorous growth, such as Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai), Cortex Eucommiae (du zhong), and Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po). Small animal or insect medicinals, such as Scorpio (quan xie), Eupolyphaga seu Steleophaga (tu bie chong), Pheretima (di long), Gryllotalpa (lou gu), and Mylabris (ban mao) should be usually captured in the late summer and early autumn; and medicinals from big animals should be usually captured in the autumn. Mineral medicinals can be collected throughout the year.

Chinese Medicinal Processing Chinese medicinal processing refers to the necessary process to medicinals before application or their processing for various preparations according to the requirements of medical treatment, concoction, and preparation. It is a traditional pharmaceutical technology in China. In brief, it is a processing from crude materia medica to decoction pieces. Medicinal styles obtained from processing raw Chinese materia medica and used for formula and preparation are called “Chinese medicinal decoction pieces.” Expedient processing is directly related with the efficacy. The proper processing of poisonous or fierce medicinals is an important safeguard to ensure the safety of medication.

Purposes of Processing 1. Strengthen the medicinal actions to improve the clinical therapeutic effect. For example, after stir-fried with honey, Radix Stemonae (bai bu), Flos Farfarae (kuan dong hua), Herba Ephedrae (ma huang), and Radix et Rhizoma Asteris (zi wan) will have stronger effects on moistening the lung and relieving cough; after processed with vinegar, Rhizoma Corydalis (yan hu suo) and Rhizoma Cyperi (xiang fu) will have stronger effects on relieving pain; if prepared with ginger juice, the effects of Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) and Caulis Bambusae in Taenia (zhu ru) on arresting vomiting can be strengthened; and if stir-fried with wine, the effects of Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui), Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong), and Flos Carthami (hong hua) on invigorating blood can be increased. 2. Eliminate or decrease the medicinal toxicity, drastic actions, or side effects. For example, Radix Aconiti (chuan wu), Radix Aconiti Kusnezoffii (cao wu), Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi), Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia), Rhizoma Arisaematis (tian nan xing), and Semen Strychni (ma qian zi) have comparatively large toxicities and can easily cause poisoning if taken in the raw form orally; if processed, the toxicity will be decreased. Fructus Crotonis (ba dou) and Semen Euphorbiae (qian jin zi) have strong toxicity and drastic purgation; however, if they are deoiled and their frost-like powder is used, the toxicity and purgation will be decreased. 3. Change the medicinal properties and actions to enlarge the application scope and meet more pathogenic conditions. For example, Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) with cool nature can cool the blood, while processed Radix Rehmanniae

Chinese Materia Medica

3

Praeparata (shu di huang) changes its property to warm and is good at supplementing the blood. If Rhizoma Arisaematis (tian nan xing) is prepared with dried ox bile juice, its warm nature can be changed into cool nature and its effects of extinguishing wind and arresting convulsion are also strengthened. The raw Radix Polygoni Multiflori (he shou wu) can moisten the intestines and promote defecation; however, if processed into Radix Polygoni Multiflori Praeparata cum Succo Glycines Sotae (zhi he shou wu), its activities change to enrich and supplement the liver and kidney, as well as supplement and boost essence and blood. 4. Dry materia medica decrease moisture, avoid mold development, prevent decaying of herbs, and are easy to store. For example, the plant medicinals usually need to be dried before storage. 5. Clean materia medica, such as earth, sands, stones, impurities, and nonmedicated portions need to be removed from crude materia medica, which can ensure medicinal quality and purity. For example, earth and sands need to be removed from the crude Poria (fu ling) and the basal part of the stem of Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) needs to be removed. 6. Use stir-frying with bran, stir-frying with wine, processing with vinegar, or rinsing to modify the taste and smell for some animal medicinals or other off-odor materia medica to facilitate administration. 7. Process some materia medica of mineral, animal shells, or seeds into pieces to facilitate formula preparation and easily dissolve effective components in a decoction. For example, Magnetitum (ci shi) and Concha Ostreae (mu li) are calcined and become brittle, so their therapeutic components are easy to dissolve in decoction. 8. Preserve efficacy. Plant seed medicinals, such as Semen Raphani (lai fu zi) and Fructus Perillae (zi su zi) should be steamed and dry-fried to prevent sprouting and preserve efficacy. Some medicinals containing lots of saponin need to be processed with heat to destroy enzymes, to preserve their biological activities, such as Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren).

Commonly Used Processing Methods 1. Preparatory processing. These processes are to prepare medicinals from raw herbs that are ready to decoct. There are three processes. (1) Some materia medica should be cleaned by using methods, such as selecting, sifting, winnowing, brushing, scraping, spading, and bumping, to remove earth, impurities, and nonmedicament portions. For example, the floss on the back of leaf of Folium Eriobotryae (pi pa ye) and Folium Pyrrosiae (shi wei) is brushed; the flesh of Concha Meretricis seu Cyclinae (hai ge qiao) and Concha Haliotidis (shi jue ming) is spaded to keep the shells. (2) Some materia medica should be broken into pieces by methods of pounding, grinding, milling, flaking, and filing to make the preparation consistent. For example, Succinum (hu po) is ground into powder to benefit deglutition; Bulbus Fritillaria (bei mu) is pounded into pieces to benefit decoction. (3) Some materia medica should be cut into pieces, segments, slivers, or masses according to certain standards by cutting tools. For example, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) is cut into thick pieces; Cortex Mori (sang bai pi) is cut into slivers; Fructus Perillae (zi su zi) is cut into segments, and Poria (fu ling) is cut into masses. 2. Processing with water. It refers to the processing methods that use water or other liquid materials to process materia medica to clean and soften medicinal, or modify the medicinal nature. There are four processes. (1) Rinsing or washing: some materia medica should be put into water that is changed frequently to remove impurities, salt taste, and offensive smell of fish. For example, Rhizoma Phragmitis (lu gen) is washed to remove earth; Sargassum (hai zao) is rinsed to remove salt matter, and Placenta Hominis (zi he che) with the same processing to remove odor of blood. (2) Moistening: according to property of materia medica, they should be moistened with clean water or other adjuvant liquids. To allow well distribution of humidity in the exterior and interior, as well as easier cutting into decoction pieces, water or liquids should be slowly percolated into the interior by sprinkling-moistening, washing-moistening, soaking-moistening, open-moistening, and covered-moistening. For example, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) is moistened with wine and Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po) is soaked with ginger juice. (3) Soaking: some materia medica should be put into clean water or adjuvant liquids to allow water to permeate thoroughly and soften herbs to facilitate cutting and removal of toxins and nonmedicament portions. For example, Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) and Rhizoma Arisaematis (tian nan xing) are soaked with alum water; Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) is soaked with bittern. (4) Grinding with water: it is a processing method that uses sedimentation property of materia medica in water to separate very fine powder. It is often used in preparing the mineral and shell medicinals, such as Cinnabaris (zhu sha) and Talcum (hua shi). 3. Processing with heat. It refers to the processing methods that use heat, such as fire, frying, and oven baking to process materia medica to change their properties and modify their functions. There are five processes. (1) Dry-frying can be divided into dry-frying until yellow, dry-frying until scorched, and dry-frying until charred. For example, Fructus Arctii (niu bang zi) is dry-fried until yellow and Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi) is dry-fried until scorched, which can moderate their cold nature and facilitate the effective components to dissolve into the decoction. Fructus Mume (wu mei)

4 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

is dry-fried until charred and its effects of astringing and stanching bleeding can be strengthened. (2) Liquid-frying refers to the method when materia medica is fried with liquid materials, such as honey, wine, ginger juice, and salt water to make the liquid percolate into the medicinal interior to modify the medicinal nature and strengthen the therapeutic effects or decrease toxicity. For example, Radix Stemonae (bai bu) is honey-fried and its effects of moistening the lung and relieving cough can be strengthened; Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) is wine-fried and the effect of invigorating blood can be enhanced; Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) and Rhizoma Cyperi (xiang fu) are vinegar-fried and the effects of soothing the liver and relieving pain can be strengthened; and Flos Genkwa (yuan hua) is vinegar-fried and its toxicity can be decreased. (3) Calcining refers to the method when materia medica is directly or indirectly calcinated to make the medicinal texture become loose and crisp, which allows the effective components to be easy to dissolve into the decoction. For example, calcined Os Draconis (duan long gu), calcined Concha Ostreae (duan mu li), Crinis Carbonisatus (xue yu tan), and Petiolus Trachycarpi Carbonisatus (zong lü tan). (4) Roasting refers to the method when materia medica is wrapped with moist flour or wet paper, placed in hot fire ashes directly or indirectly by oil-absorbing sheets, and heated up until the flour or paper is scorched black to remove stimulatory or volatile components, reduce the side effects, and strengthen the therapeutic effect. For example, Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) or Semen Myristicae (rou dou kou) is roasted. (5) Baking refers to the method when materia medica is directly or indirectly heated until thorough drying to facilitate crushing, storage, or toxins decrease. For example, Tabanus (meng chong) is baked. 4. Processed with both water and heat. There are four processes. (1) Decocting refers to the method when materia medica and clean water or adjuvant liquids are heated together to decrease toxicity and fierceness. For example, Flos Genkwa (yuan hua) is decocted with vinegar. (2) Steaming refers to the method when materia medica is heated with water vapor or steamed in a container to moderate fierce nature or reinforce the medicinal nature. For example, if Radix Polygoni Multiflori (he shou wu) is repeatedly steamed and exposed under the sun, its effect of purging will be lost and it will be good at supplementing the liver and kidney, as well as boosting essence and blood. If Rhizoma Polygonati (huang jing) is steamed, its effects of supplementing the spleen and boosting qi, as well as enriching yin and moistening the lung, will be reinforced. (3) Scalding refers to the method when materia medica, such as seeds or juicy plant-origin herbs, are quickly put into boiling water, blanched for a short time, and immediately taken out to remove the skin or facilitate drying under the sun thoroughly. For example, Semen Persicae (tao ren) and Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren) are scalded to decorticate; Radix Asparagi (tian dong) and Herba Portulacae (ma chi xian) are scalded to facilitate drying easily. (4) Quenching refers to the method when materia medica, such as minerals or shells, are burned until red hot and then immediately put them into cold water or liquids to make them more brittle and bring effects into full play easily. For example, Carapax Trionycis (bie jia) and Pyritum (zi ran tong) should be quenched by vinegar.

Properties and Actions of Chinese Medicinals Properties and actions of Chinese medicinals are generalized extractions of the fundamentals and characteristics of Chinese medicinal functions, also known as “medicinal nature.” Its contents include the four qi (i.e., the four natures); the five flavors; ascending and descending, floating and sinking (of qi movement or medicinal action); channel entry; and toxicity. In TCM, the fundamental principles of preventing and treating diseases with Chinese medicinals are no more than reinforcing healthy qi and dispelling pathogen, eliminating etiological factors, regaining coordination of zang-fu organs’ function, rectifying abnormal exuberance or debilitation of yin or yang, and allowing the body return to normal as much as possible. Chinese medicinals can have the aforementioned functions and can directly target each pathogenic condition because each Chinese medicinal has its unique properties, which is also called the “preference nature” by ancient TCM physicians. It is said that medicinal preference nature can rectify the abnormal exuberance or debilitation of yin or yang manifested by diseases. The actions of Chinese medicinals on the body include the therapeutic effects and adverse reactions. In the clinic, medicinal therapeutic effect should be fully and reasonably utilized, while adverse reaction should be avoided as much as possible. These are the guarantee of high efficacy in medicinals and safe practice in medication; moreover, these are the basic principles of clinical medication. Characteristics of Chinese medicinals refer to the medicinal shape, color, odor, taste and texture (light or heavy, sparse or dense, hard or soft, moist or dry), which are based on the object of Chinese medicinal (materia medica). But properties and actions of Chinese medicinals are summarized from human body reactions to medication, which the object is the human body. Ancient TCM physician usually linked these two together to explain the mechanisms of medicinal action. However, the characteristics and properties/actions of Chinese medicinals are quite different in their meanings and observation objects. They should not be used intermittently and confused.

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Four Qi Four qi, also known as “four natures,” refer to the four different medicinal natures, such as cold, heat, warm, and cool. It reflects the characteristics of how medicinals affect the exuberance or debilitation of yin or yang, and change of cold or heat in the human body. It is one of the important concepts of describing medicinal functions. Moreover, there is another qi called “neutral nature,” which refers the medicinals not having obvious cold or heat nature. However, this is just relative, in fact, these medicinals still have slight warm or slight cold natures, and they are not beyond the scope of four qi. Medicinal natures (cold, heat, warm, and cool) are summarized from the reactions of medicinals on the human body and they are opposite to the cold or heat property of treated diseases. In other words, medicinal natures are determined according to the reaction of medicinals on the human body and are relative to the cold or heat property of disease and syndrome. Medicinals that can alleviate or eliminate heat pattern usually have cold or cool nature. For example, Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao) and Radix et Rhizoma Sophorae Tonkinensis (shan dou gen) can treat the heat pattern with symptoms of fever, thirst, swelling, and pain of the throat, and reddish complexion and eyes, as well as can clear heat and drain fire, and relieve sore throat and resolve toxins. These medicinals are considered as cold or cool in nature. On the contrary, medicinals that can relieve or eliminate cold pattern usually have heat or warm nature. For example, Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang), Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui), and Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) can treat the cold pattern with symptoms of cold pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen, extreme cold of the four limbs due to cold moving proximally (sì zhī jué nì), and pale complexion, as well as have the effects of warming the center and dissipating cold, and restoring yang to rescue counterflow (desertion). These medicinals are indicated as having warm or heat nature. To understand the four qi theory, medicinals must be selected according to the medicinal nature. There are three principles. (1) Select corresponding medicinals based on cold and heat properties of disease and syndrome. Disease with heat pattern should be treated with medicinals of cold nature. Disease with cold pattern should be treated with medicinals of heat nature. For example, high fever and excessive thirst caused by external pathogen can be treated with Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao), Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu), and Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi) with cold nature; yang collapse verging on desertion can be treated with Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) and Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) with heat nature. (2) Select corresponding medicinals based on the different degree of cold and heat in disease and syndrome. For example, yang collapse verging on desertion should be treated with herbs in extreme hot nature, such as Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi); but the general abdominal pain due to center cold (cold in the middle jiao) should be treated with herbs in warm nature, such as roasted Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (wei sheng jiang). (3) Disease or syndrome with both cold and heat patterns should be treated with medicinals with both cold and heat natures. The respective dosage of these medicinals should be determined based on the degree of cold and heat condition. (4) Diseases or syndromes with the pattern of true cold with false heat or the pattern with true heat with false cold should be treated with medicinals with heat nature or medicinals with cold nature, respectively. If necessary, paradoxical assistant medicinals with opposite medicinal nature can be added.

Five Flavors Five flavors are based on different effects. Chinese medicinals have sour, bitter, sweet, acrid, and salty flavors according to their different biological activities. It is not only the concise summary of medicinal functional activity, but also the real taste of some medicinals. The theory of five flavors provides a tool for TCM to reason, summarize, and explain the medicinal efficacy. Five flavors are felt initially, determined by tasting medicinal, and consistent with their flavors in healthy people. For example, Saccharum Granorum (yi tang) has a sweet flavor; Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) is bitter in taste; Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) has a acrid flavor; Fructus Mume (wu mei) is sour in taste; and Sargassum (hai zao) has a salty flavor. A close correlationship and correspondence between medicinal flavors and efficacy exists. For example, medicinals with activities of exterior-releasing, (qi-) moving and dissipating are usually acrid in taste; medicinals with activities of deficiency-supplementing and spasm-relaxing are usually sweet in taste; medicinals with activities of astringing the lung and intestines are usually sour in taste; medicinals with activities of descending, purging, and dampness-drying are usually bitter in taste; and medicinals with activities of softening hardness and dissipating masses are usually salty in taste. In addition, if medicinal activities cannot be explained by flavor tasted by mouth, people can conversely figure out medicinal flavor according to the aforementioned relationship. This deduced flavor is not associated with flavor tasted by mouth. For example, Radix Puerariae Lobatae (ge gen) usually has activities of promoting fluid production and quenching thirst, venting pathogen through the exterior, and promoting eruption of papules in the clinic, but the sweet flavor tasted by mouth can only explain its activities of promoting fluid production and quenching thirst, but is difficult to explain its activities venting pathogen through the exterior and promoting eruption of papules. Therefore, according to the relationship between activities (exterior-releasing, venting, and dispersing) and acrid in taste, the acrid flavor is endued to Radix Puerariae Lobatae (ge gen). So Radix Puerariae Lobatae (ge gen) not only has a sweet flavor, but also an acrid flavor. After countless deductions

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and comparisons, TCM physicians gradually realize that medicinal flavor obtained by this kind of practice and deduction is more reasonable and effective in clinical practice. Therefore, in today’s practice, medicinal flavor is mainly determined based on medicinal efficacy and referred by the flavor tasted by the mouth. Generally speaking, medicinals with different flavors have different effects on the human body. (1) Acrid: the acrid medicinals can dissipate and move; therefore they have the activities of dispersing, moving qi, and invigorating the blood. For example, Herba Schizonepetae (jing jie) and Herba Menthae (bo he), for treating exterior pattern; Rhizoma Cyperi (xiang fu), for treating qi stagnation; and Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong), for treating blood stasis, are acrid in taste. The acrid medicinals can usually consume qi and damage the liquid (thin fluid), so patients with qi deficiency and fluid inadequacy should use them with caution. (2) Sweet: the sweet medicinals can supplement, moderate, and harmonize; therefore they have the activities of supplementing deficiency, harmonizing the center, moderating spasms, and harmonizing different medicinal natures. For example, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen), Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang), Fructus Jujubae (da zao), and Fructus Lycii (gou qi zi), for treating deficiency pattern; Saccharum Granorum (yi tang) and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao), for treating spasm with pain and harmonizing medicinal nature, have a sweet flavor. Some sweet medicinals, such as Mel (feng mi) and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao), can resolve toxins from drugs and food. In addition, sweet medicinals usually have a moist texture and can moisten dryness. Moreover, most sweet medicinals are greasy, can easily influence digestion, and cause abdominal fullness; so patients with dampness obstruction, food accumulation, and abdominal flatulence due to qi stagnation should use them with caution. (3) Sour: the sour medicinals can astringe and have the activities of restraining (preventing something from leaking) and consolidating (essence). For example, Galla Chinensis (wu bei zi), for treating chronic diarrhea and dysentery; Fructus Mume (wu mei), for treating chronic cough; Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi), for treating spontaneous sweating and night sweating; Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu), for treating seminal emission or spontaneous seminal emission; and Halloysitum Rubrum (chi shi zhi), for flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding) and morbid leukorrhea in large amounts, are sour in taste. Moreover, sour medicinals, such as Fructus Chaenomelis (mu gua) and Fructus Mume (wu mei), can promote fluid production and calm roundworms. Most of sour medicinals can astringe pathogens, so patients with pathogens that have not been removed should use them with caution. (4) Bitter: the bitter medicinals can discharge, and dry and strengthen yin; therefore they have the activities of clearing and draining fire-heat, discharging and descending counterflow of qi, purging or promoting defecation, drying dampness, and draining fire to preserve yin. For example, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) and Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi) have a bitter flavor, can clear heat and drain fire, and treat pattern of fire-heat accumulated in interior; Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren) and Semen Lepidii (ting li zi) are bitter in taste, they can lower and discharge lung qi, relieve panting, and can treat cough and panting due to lung qi counterflow; Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) and Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi) are bitter in taste, can discharge heat and promote defecation, and treat constipation due to heat accumulation; Radix et Rhizoma Gentianae (long dan) and adix Sophorae Flavescentis (ku shen) have a bitter flavor, can clear heat and dry dampness, and treat damp-heat jaundice; Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu) and Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po) can dry dampness with bitter and warm natures and treat dampness obstruction in the middle jiao; Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai) and Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu) are bitter in taste, can drain fire to preserve yin, and treat steaming bone fever and tidal fever due to yin deficiency that causes vigorous fire. Bitter medicinals usually can damage liquid (thin fluid) and stomach, so patients with fluid consumption and spleen-stomach deficiency should not use them a lot. (5) Salty: the salty medicinals can soften and purge; therefore they have the activities of softening hardness and dissipating masses, and relieving constipation by purgation. For example, Natrii Sulfas (mang xiao), for treating constipation due to heat accumulation; Sargassum (hai zao) and Thallus Eckloniae (kun bu), for treating goiter and scrofula; Carapax Trionycis (bie jia) and Concha Ostreae (mu li), for treating concretions and conglomerations (lower abdominal masses; zhēng jiă), are salty in taste. (6) Astringent: the astringent medicinals can astringe and have similar activities as those as sour medicinals. For example, Endoconcha Sepiae (hai piao xiao), for treating uterine bleeding and hematemesis; Semen Nelumbinis (lian zi), for treating seminal emission and morbid leukorrhea; and Pericarpium Granati (shi liu pi), for treating chronic diarrhea and dysentery, are astringent in taste. (7) Bland: the bland medicinals can percolate; therefore they have the activities of promoting urination and percolating dampness. For example, Poria (fu ling), Polyporus (zhu ling), Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie), and Medulla Junci (deng xin cao) are bland in taste.

Ascending and Descending, Floating and Sinking Ascending and descending, as well as floating and sinking refer to the different tendencies of Chinese medicinals on the human body. These tendencies are opposite to that of the treated disease, but similar to the location of the treated disease. It is one of the concepts that explain the properties of medicinal function. Generally, light medicinals, such as flower, leaf, bark, and branch, usually belong to the ascending and floating medicinals, such as Folium Perillae (zi su ye), Flos Chrysanthemi (ju hua), and Folium Mori (sang ye). Heavy medicinals, such as seed, fruit, mineral, and shell usually belong to the

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descending and sinking medicinals, such as Fructus Perillae (zi su zi), Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi), Magnetitum (ci shi), Concha Ostreae (mu li), and Haematitum (dai zhe shi). The clinical therapeutic effects of Chinese medicinals are the main basis used for determining the medicinal nature: ascending and descending, or floating and sinking. For example, Rhizoma et Radix Cynanchi Stauntonii (bai qian) can dispel phlegm, direct qi downward, and is good at treating cough and panting, excessive phlegm, and counterflow of qi with an excess pattern; so its medicinal nature is descending and sinking. Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) can dissipate and elevate lung qi, diffuse the lung, and relieve sore throat, and specialize in treating cough with profuse phlegm, sore throat, and hoarseness,; so it has the medicinal nature of ascending and floating. Generally speaking, the ascending and floating medicinals can act upward and promote pathogens outward, and have the effects of raising yang and releasing the exterior, dispelling wind and dissipating cold, inducing vomit, and opening the orifices (resuscitating), and are suitable for the prevention and treatment of diseases in the upper or exterior, or diseases with sunken tendency. The descending and sinking medicinals can act downward and interior, and have the effects of purgation, clearing heat, promoting urination and percolating dampess, tranquilizing the heart and calming the mind, subduing yang and extinguishing wind, disperse accumulation and guiding out (food) stagnation, directing counterflow downward and arresting vomiting, astringing and consolidating (essence), relieving cough and calming panting, and they are suitable for the prevention and treatment of diseases in the lower or interior body, or diseases with tendencies of ascending and counterflow.

Channel Entry Channel entry refers to the selective therapeutic actions of Chinese medicinals acting on one part or several parts of the human body. This means that some medicinals have a special affinity to enter or interact with certain zang-fu organs. Therefore, they can be mainly used to treat pathological conditions present in these parts of the human body. Channel entry points out where the medicinal can be used and explained where the medicinal is effective, so it is one of the basic concepts of medicinal nature to guide clinical practice. The formation of channel entry theory is based on the theories of zang-fu and channel-collateral, as well as the efficacy of medicinals on specific diseases and syndromes. For example, Fructus Perillae (zi su zi) and Rhizoma et Radix Cynanchi Stauntonii (bai qian) can treat cough and panting, which are caused by a disorder of lung function, so they attribute to the lung channel. Sclerotium Poriae Pararadicis (fu shen) and Semen Platycladi (bai zi ren) can treat palpitation and insomnia, which are caused by a disorder of heart function, so they attribute to the heart channel. In clinical practice, doctors can select attributive medicinals according to affected zang-fu or channel-collateral. For example, heat patterns include lung-heat pattern and liver-heat pattern. To treat cough and panting with lung-heat pattern, doctors should select the medicinals that attribute to the lung channel and specialize in clearing lung-heat, such as Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) and Cortex Mori (sang bai pi). To treat liver-heat pattern or liver-fire pattern, doctors should select the medicinals that attribute to the liver channel and specialize in clearing liver-fire, such as Radix et Rhizoma Gentianae (long dan) and Spica Prunellae (xia ku cao). Moreover, doctors can also select medicinals according to the role of transmission and change of disease through the zang-fu organs or channel and collateral. For example, if cough and phlegm panting is caused by liver-fire invading the lung, doctors cannot just use medicinals that attribute to the lung channel only. They should select medicinals that attribute to the lung channel and can clear lung heat and dissolve phlegm, such as powder of Concha Meretricis seu Cyclinae (hai ge fen), as well as medicinals that attribute to the liver channel and can clear heat and cool the liver, such as Indigo Naturalis (qing dai). In this way, the medicinals can clear both liver- and lung-heat to heal cough and panting. If patients with cough and phlegm panting complicate with spleen deficiency, doctors should select medicinals that attribute to the lung channel and can relieve cough and dissolve phlegm, as well as medicinals that attribute to the spleen channel and can fortify the spleen to disperse phlegm. In this way, the medicinals can heal coughing and panting.

Toxicity Chinese medicinal toxicity refers to the adverse effects and injuries caused by medicinals to the human body. Chinese medicinal side effects refer to ill effects, which are undesirable at conventional dosage. Toxic reaction may do great harm to the human body and is usually caused by an overdose and long-term use of certain medicinals. Side effects may slightly harm the human body and disappear after discontinuance of the medicinal. In the clinic, poisonous medicinals should be applied correctly, so as to transform the toxic substance into a nontoxic one. For poisonous or extremely poisonous medicinals, the dose must be strictly controlled. For nontoxic medicinals, large doses with long-term use should be avoided; otherwise, a nontoxic substance may become toxic. Strictly controlling the quality of medicinals is the basic measure to attenuate toxicity, and proper usage is an important step to avoid toxicity. Toxicity or nontoxicity, in a narrow sense, refers to whether medicinals can cause harm to the human body after receiving treatment; in a broad sense, besides referring to whether medicinal actions can cause damage to body, it should also

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include the strength of therapeutic effects of medicinals on the human body. In other words, the medicinal toxicity or nontoxicity reflects its dual characters of “preference nature” on the human body.

Efficacy and Indications of Chinese Medicinals Efficacy and indications (indicated diseases and syndromes) of Chinese medicinal are not only the principles of forming a formula and selecting medicinals, as well as the basis of preventing and treating diseases, but also the kernel contents of clinical Chinese materia medica and the component of Chinese materia medica in TCM. Efficacy refers to the functions of preventing diseases with Chinese medicinals, diagnosis and treatment of diseases, and enhancement of health. The recognition, summarization, and determination of Chinese medicinal efficacy by traditional Chinese physician are concluded according to the human body reactions to medicinals (changes of symptoms and signs after or before medication) and reverse reasoning through the identification of etiology based on the differentiation of symptoms and signs, establishment of treatment based on pattern differentiation, and analysis and summarization based on guidance of TCM theory. The expression phraseology, in principle, is in concert with TCM therapeutics or pattern differentiation. (1) Efficacy aiming at etiology refers to the therapeutic actions of Chinese medicinals aiming at etiological factors. It includes dispelling pathogen, reinforcing healthy qi, regulating the function of zang-fu organs, and eliminating pathological products. Among these, efficacy on dispelling pathogen includes dispelling wind, dissipating cold, eliminating dampness, clearing heat, drastic purgation, inducing vomiting, resolving toxins, and killing worms; efficacy on reinforcing health qi includes supplementing qi, assisting yang, enriching yin, and nourishing the blood. Efficacy on regulating zang-fu organs or qi and blood includes soothing the liver, softening the liver, diffusing the lung, harmonizing the center, rectifying qi, invigorating the blood, calming the mind, opening the orifices, subduing yang, and extinguishing wind. Efficacy on eliminating pathological products includes promoting digestion, promoting urination, dispelling phlegm, dissolving blood stasis, expelling stones, and evacuating pus. (2) Efficacy aiming at symptom refers to some Chinese medicinals that can moderate or eliminate certain or some kinds of symptoms manifested in disease process, contributing to alleviate the suffering of patients, and preventing deteriorated pathogenic condition. It includes relieving pain, stanching bleeding, arresting vomiting, calming panting, arresting sweating, astringing the intestines to arrest diarrhea, and astringing essence to arrest enuresis and emission. (3) Efficacy aiming at disease or syndrome refers to some Chinese medicinals that have more evident therapeutic effects than other medicinals on malaria, cutaneous tubercle, bì syndrome (arthromyodynia), sinusitis, jaundice, lung abscess, and cestodiasis. It includes preventing attack of malaria, eliminating warts, dispelling wind-damp, unblocking the nasal cavity, promoting gallbladder function to relieve jaundice, dispersing carbuncle and expelling pus, and expelling and killing tapeworms. (4) Efficacy aiming at modern disease: some Chinese medicinals have evident therapeutic effects on hypertensive disease, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, and neoplasms described in modern medicine. For example, Spica Prunellae (xia ku cao) can decrease blood pressure; Semen Cassiae (jue ming zi) can lower blood fatty acids; and Radix Trichosanthis (tian hua fen) can drop blood glucose. In fact, one Chinese medicinal usually has multiple effects. Indications (indicated diseases and syndromes) are determined through both living and clinical practice, and it refers to chief adaptable diseases and syndromes treated by medicinals, also known as chief adaptable scope, abbreviated as “indications.” Indications can be divided into three categories. (1) Indications named as disease names refers to indicated diseases and syndromes of Chinese medicinals expressed by disease names, such as malaria, lung abscess, intestinal abscess, burn due to hot liquid or fire, and thanatophidia bite. (2) Indications named as syndrome or pattern, such as heat strangury, blood strangury, heat cough, cold wheezing, damp-heat jaundice, wind-heat exterior pattern, wind-cold exterior pattern, and wind-cold exterior pattern complicated by dampness. (3) Indications named as symptoms, such as palpitations due to fright, tinnitus, deafness, and foul breath.

Application of Chinese Medicinals Contents of application of Chinese medicinals include combination of medicinals, medication contraindication, dosage, and administration. Mastering this knowledge is necessary to ensure the safety and effectiveness of medication.

Combination of Medicinals Combination of medicinals refers to medication methods that combine two or more kinds of medicinals together to use according to the pathogenic condition, treatments, and medicinal properties and actions. In the book of Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing), seven combinations of medicinal have been summarized according to various relationships of medicinal compatibility. They are singly action (ability of a medicinal to be used alone), (mutual) reinforcement (xiāng xū), (mutual) assistance (xiāng shĭ), (mutual) restraint (xiāng wèi), (mutual) suppression (xiāng shā),

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(mutual) inhibition (xiāng wù), and (mutual) antagonism (xiāng făn). These seven combinations of medicinals describe the changes in the medicinal nature after a brief combination of medicinals. The seven combinations of medicinals highly summarize the seven general principles used in TCM clinical application, and are the foundation of selecting medicinals and establishing a formula by TCM doctors. (1) Single action refers to a medicinal that is used to treat a single pathogenic condition of some diseases. For example, in the Unaccompanied Ginseng Decoction (du shen tang), Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) is used singly for treating desertion of original qi caused by a large amount of blood loss. In Lung-Clearing Powder (qing jin san), Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) is used singly for treating bleeding due to lung-heat. (2) Mutual reinforcement refers to medicinals with similar effectiveness that are combined to strengthen each other’s activities. For example, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) combined with Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) can strengthen the effects of drying dampness and dissolving phlegm, rectifying qi, and harmonizing the center. (3) Mutual assistance refers to that one medicinal that is the primary and another that is auxiliary. The auxiliary one can strengthen the effects of the primary one. For example, Radix Astragali (huang qi) that can supplement qi and promote urination is the primary. After combination with Poria (fu ling), which can promote urination and fortify the spleen as the auxiliary, Poria (fu ling) can strengthen the effects of Radix Astragali (huang qi) on supplementing qi and promoting urination. (4) Mutual restraint refers to toxicity and side effects of one medicinal that can be restrained by another medicinal. For example, toxicity of raw Rhizoma Pinelliae (sheng ban xia) can be alleviated by Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang). (5) Mutual suppression refers to that one medicinal can suppress toxicity and side effects of another medicinal. For example, Herba Lysimachiae (jin qian cao) can reduce the toxins of Radix Tripterygii Wilfordii (lei gong teng). (6) Mutual inhibition refers to one medicinal that can inhibit the effects of another medicinal. For example, Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) can inhibit the effects of Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) on warming the stomach and arresting vomiting. (7) Mutual antagonism refers to two medicinals are applied together that can generate toxicity and side effects. For example, Aconitum Carmichaeli (wu tou) antagonizes Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia), which can generate significant toxicity. Among these seven combinations of medicinals, (mutual) reinforcement (xiāng xū) and (mutual) assistance (xiāng shĭ) can increase the efficiency of medicinals, which should be fully utilized; and (mutual) restraint (xiāng wèi) and (mutual) suppression (xiāng shā) decrease the toxicity of medicinals, which should be utilized when the poisonous and fierce medicinals are used. However, (mutual) inhibition (xiāng wù) can reduce the efficiency of medicinals, which should be paid attention to in the combination. (Mutual) antagonism (xiāng făn) increases that the toxicity of medicinals, which should be absolutely prohibited.

Medication Contraindication To ensure the therapeutic effect and medication safety, as well as to avoid the generation of toxicity and side effects, medicinal contraindication of Chinese medicinals should be paid attention to. (1) Prohibited combination includes “eighteen antagonisms” and “nineteen mutual inhibitions.” The eighteen antagonisms refer to Aconitum Carmichaeli (wu tou) that is incompatible with Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia), Fructus Trichosanthis (gua lou), Bulbus Fritillaria (bei mu), Radix Ampelopsis (bai lian), and Rhizoma Bletillae (bai ji); Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) is incompatible with Radix Euphorbiae Pekinensis (jing da ji), Radix Kansui (gan sui), Flos Genkwa (yuan hua), and Sargassum (hai zao); and Radix et Rhizoma Veratri Nigri (li lu) is incompatible with Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen), Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae (dan shen), Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen), Radix Glehniae (bei sha shen), Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin), and Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao). The nineteen mutual inhibitions refer to Sulfur (liu huang) that antagonizes Natni Sulfas Natura (po xiao); Hydrargyrum (shui yin) antagonizes Arsenicum Sublimatum (pi shuang); Radix Euphorbiae Fischerianae (lang du) antagonizes Lithargyrum (mi tuo seng); Fructus Crotonis (ba dou) antagonizes Semen Pharbitidis (qian niu zi); Flos Caryophylli (ding xiang) antagonizes Radix Curcumae (yu jin); Radix Aconiti (chuan wu) and Radix Aconiti Kusnezoffii (cao wu) antagonize Cornu Rhinocerotis (xi jiao); Natrii Sulfas (mang xiao) antagonizes Rhizoma Sparganii (san leng); Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) antagonizes Halloysitum Rubrum (chi shi zhi); and Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) antagonizes Faeces Trogopterori (wu ling zhi). The “eighteen antagonisms” and “nineteen mutual inhibitions” are the summary of predecessor’s experiences on medication contraindication, and have a significant impact on the safety practice of TCM in the clinic. (2) Contraindication between syndrome (pattern) and medicinals: as medicinals have different medicinal natures, specialized effects, and certain applications, some medicinals or categories of medicinals are not suitable to treat certain diseases or syndromes. Therefore, this situation should be avoided when prescribing formula to patients. For example, Herba Ephedrae (ma huang) is acrid and warm in nature, can induce sweating and release the exterior, dissipate wind and cold, diffuse the lung and relieve panting; so it is only suitable for treating externally contracted excess pattern without sweating or cough and panting due to lung qi failing to diffuse. Its use should also be prohibited in treating spontaneous sweating due to exterior deficiency, night sweating due to yin deficiency, and panting due to lung-kidney deficiency. Moreover, female patients with profuse menstruation and uterine bleeding should be banned to use Rhizoma Sparganii (san leng) and Rhizoma Curcumae (e zhu) to avoid aggravated bleeding. Furthermore, patients with thin and unformed stool due

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to deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach should be banned to use herbs with bitter-cold nature or purgatives, such as Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang). Except medicinals with neutral nature, most medicinals generally have the syndrome (pattern) contraindication. (3) Medication contraindication for pregnancy: some Chinese medicinals can damage the fetus or cause an abortion; therefore their use should be banned or be used with caution for pregnant patients. Most of extremely poisonous medicinals or medicinals with fierce nature should be banned, such as Hydrargyrum (shui yin), Arsenicum Sublimatum (pi shuang), Realgar (xiong huang), Calomelas (qing fen), Mylabris (ban mao), Semen Strychni (ma qian zi), Venenum Bufonis (chan su), Radix Aconiti (chuan wu), Radix Aconiti Kusnezoffii (cao wu), Radix et Rhizoma Veratri Nigri (li lu), Chalcanthitum (dan fan), Pedicellus Melo (gua di), Fructus Crotonis (ba dou), Radix Kansui (gan sui), Radix Euphorbiae Pekinensis (jing da ji), Semen Euphorbiae (qian jin zi), Flos Genkwa (yuan hua), Semen Pharbitidis (qian niu zi), Radix Phytolaccae (shang lu), Moschus (she xiang), Resina Toxicodendri (gan qi), Hirudo (shui zhi), Tabanus (meng chong), Rhizoma Sparganii (san leng), and Rhizoma Curcumae (e zhu). Medicinals that invigorate blood and dispel stasis, break stagnant qi and move stagnation, or promote defecation by purgation; or medicinals with acrid, hot, and descending nature should be used with caution, such as Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (niu xi), Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong), Flos Carthami (hong hua), Semen Persicae (tao ren), Rhizoma Curcumae Longae (jiang huang), Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi), Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi), Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang), Natrii Sulfas (mang xiao), Folium Sennae (fan xie ye), Aloe (lu hui), Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi), Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui), and Fructus Malvae Vertillatae (dong kui zi). (4) Dietary incompatibility: during administration, patients should generally avoid eating raw or cold, acrid and hot, greasy, fishy, sticky, or stimulating food to avoid side effects, such as indigestion, gastrointestinal irritation, or promoting heat, promoting ascending-dissipating, and astringing pathogens. Patients with cold pattern should avoid eating raw or cold food. Patients with heat pattern should avoid eating acrid, hot, and greasy food. Patients with pectoral stuffiness pain should avoid eating fat meat, fat, animal internal organs, and heavy alcoholic drink. Patients with ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang should avoid eating foods that assist yang with acrid and hot nature, such as piper nigrum, hot pepper, garlic, and wine. Patients with weakness of the spleen and stomach or dyspepsia should avoid eating indigestible food, such as fried, sticky, greasy, cold, solid, or hard food. Patients with sores and ulcers or other skin diseases should avoid eating fish, lobster and crab, or pungent and stimulating food. Patients with externally contracted exterior pattern should avoid greasy or oily food.

Dosage Chinese medicinal dosage refers to the daily amount of each medicinal for adult oral administration. It also can refer to the relative amount of one medicinal in a formula, which is “relative dosage.” The regular daily dosage of each medicinal for adult oral administration is generally 3–9 g of the dried medicinals and sometimes 15–30 g, except medicinals with fierce nature and (or) toxicity, and refined medicinals. For poisonous medicinals, the dosage should be strictly controlled and should not be over the safety dosage range; they should be discontinued as soon an effect is observed. Medicinals that are lightweight, such as flower, leaf, bark, and branch herbs, as well as medicinals that are strong in taste and smell, and with fiercer effects, should be used in relatively smaller doses. Medicinals that are heavyweight, such as mineral and shell substances, as well as medicinals that are light in taste and smell or with milder effects, should be applied in larger doses. Dosage of fresh herbs should be used in a relatively larger amount than a dried one (usually 2–4 times dosage) because they contain more water. Dosage of medicinals used in decoction should be relatively larger than that in pill or powder. For old patients, children, female after childbirth, and patients with weak constitution, dosage should be decreased. For the adult and patients with usual strong constitution, dosage should be relatively larger. The dosage for a child under 5 years is normally one-fourth of the amount of that of an adult, and or child over 5 years, it is usually half of the amount of that of an adult. The dosage for patients with a mild pathogenic condition, moderate tendency, and long course should be relatively smaller. For patients with a severe pathogenic condition, acute tendency, and short course, dosage should be larger. Medicinals that induce sweating and release the exterior, as well as medicinals with acrid, warm, or extremely hot nature should not be used in large amounts in summer, but in winter, their dosage can be increased. Medicinals that subdue fire with bitter and cold nature should usually be used in large amounts in summer, but in winter, their dosage should be decreased. Generally, large or small dosage of medicinals is closely related with their therapeutic effects. Medicinal effects are usually strengthened with an increase in dosage. For example, a large dosage of Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) can greatly supplement original qi and treat qi deficiency verging on desertion; but regular or a small dosage can supplement lung-spleen qi and treat the common qi deficiency. Large dosage of Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) can drastically purge the accumulated heat and treat constipation with severe heat accumulation, while small dosage can moderately purge and treat constipation with mild heat accumulation. Some medicinal effects may be changed following the increase or decrease in dosage. For example, regular dosage of Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) can fortify the spleen and boost qi, dry dampness, and promote urination and treat thin and unformed stool due to spleen deficiency complicated by

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dampness; however, large dosage can fortify the spleen and boost qi to moderately promote defecation and treat constipation due to spleen deficiency.

Usage As to the usage of Chinese medicinal in this book, decocting methods for decoction and administration methods of other different dosage forms are mainly introduced. 1. Decocting methods for decoction. Marmite, earthen jar, or pottery container can be selected for decocting; but iron or copper cooker should be avoided. Medicinals can be soaked with clean tap water, well water, or distilled water for 30–60 min. The amount of water over the materia medica should be about 2–3 cm. Generally, one prescription of medicinals should be decocted 2 times; and the amount of water in the second decoction is about one-third to one-half of the amount in the first decoction. The 2-time decocted solutions can be filtered and mixed for oral administration twice. The duration and degree of heating should be determined by medicinal nature. Generally speaking, medicinals that release the exterior and medicinals that clear heat should be quickly decocted with high heat; time should be short and decocting for 3–5 min after boiling is suitable. Medicinals that supplement and nourish should be slowly decocted with median heat; time should be long and decocting for 30–60 min after boiling is needed. Some medicinals with different textures should be decocted with special decocting methods. (1) Decocted first: some medicinals with active ingredients that are difficult to dissolve in water should be broken into pieces and decocted first for 20–30 min before adding other medicinals. For example, Magnetitum (ci shi), Haematitum (dai zhe shi), Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao), Concha Meretricis seu Cyclinae (hai ge qiao), Concha Arcae (wa leng zi), Concha Ostreae (mu li), Carapax et Plastrum Testudinis (gui jia), or Carapax Trionycis (bie jia) should be broken and decocted first and longer. Some medicinals with strong toxicity and side effects, such as Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) and Aconitum Carmichaeli (wu tou), should also be decocted first for 45–60 min to decrease their toxicity and then decocted with other medicinals. (2) Decocted later: some medicinals with fragrant odors or with active ingredients that are easy volatilized after long decocting should be added and decocted for 5–10 min after other medicinals have been cooked. For example, Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum (chen xiang), Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang), Herba Menthae (bo he), Herba Artemisiae Annuae (qing hao), Herba Moslae (xiang ru), Fructus Amomi (sha ren), or Fructus Amomi Kravanh (bai dou kou) should be added later in a decoction. Some medicinals, such as Folium Sennae (fan xie ye) and Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis (gou teng), should be added later because their active ingredients are easily destroyed after long decocting. (3) Decocted while wrapped: some medicinals, such as pollen, tiny seeds, and fine powder, such as Pollen Typhae (pu huang), Semen Lepidii (ting li zi), and powder of Talcum (hua shi), should be wrapped for decocting. Some medicinals containing more starch and (or) mucoid substances that easily stick the cooker and gelatinize, such as Semen Plantaginis (che qian zi), should also be wrapped for decocting. Medicinals with floss, such as Flos Inulae (xuan fu hua), should also be decocted with wrap because the floss is difficult to filter clean and easily stimulates the throat when taking orally. (4) Decocted separately: a few expensive medicinals should be decocted separately to avoid absorption of active ingredients, resulting in a loss of their activity, such as Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) and Radix Panacis Quinquefolii (xi yang shen). (5) Melted: gels, such as Colla Corii Asini (e jiao), Colla Cornus Cervi (lu jiao jiao), and Colla Carapacis et Plastri Testudinis (gui jia jiao), can easily stick to other medicinals or cooking pot, and influence decocting. They should be melted first with warm water and then added into the decocted solution before oral administration. (6) Infused: some medicinals dissolve easily in water or solutions, such as Natrii Sulfas (mang xiao), Mel (feng mi), and Succus Bambusae (zhu li). They should be infused with boiling water or another decocted solution. Some expensive medicinals should be ground into powder and infused because their active ingredients are neither dissolved nor active during decoction, such as Calculus Bovis (niu huang) and Cornu Saigae Tataricae (ling yang jiao). (7) Decocted with decoction: some medicinals, such as Terra Flava Usta (zao xin tu), are difficult to dissolve in water and may cause turbidity that is hard to be ingested. They should be decocted separately and the supernatant should be collected, which can be added into medicinals for further decoction. 2. Administration method. Patients usually take one dose of prescribed medicinals a day, of which decoction is divided into two oral administrations with an interval of 4–6 h. For acute or febrile disease, patients can take two doses a day. Generally, patients with diseases above the chest and diaphragm, such as vertigo, headache, disease of the eye, and sore throat, should take decoction after meals; patients with diseases under the chest, such as diseases of the stomach, liver, and kidney, should take decoction before meals. Medicinals that promote digestion and fortify the stomach and some medicinals that can stimulate the stomach and intestines should be taken after meals. Medicinals that expel water by drastic purgation, medicinals that purge accumulation and guide out (food) stagnation, medicinals that expel worms, and tonifying medicinals with potential of greasiness and blocking stomach function should be taken on an empty stomach. Medicinals that calm the mind should be taken 30–60 min before retiring. Medicinals that astringe essence and

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arrest enuresis and emission should be taken before bedtime so as to treat nocturnal emission and spontaneous seminal emission. Medicinals that moderately purge should be taken before bedtime. Patients with chronic diseases usually take herbal decoction at a regular time. Patients with acute disease, vomiting, convulsion, stony strangury, and disease of the throat should take decoction as tea randomly. Usually decoction should be taken when warm. However, medicinals that release the exterior should be taken hot to assist sweating; medicinals for treating cold pattern should be taken hot and medicinals for treating heat pattern should be taken cold. Small pills should be directly taken with warm boiled water; large honey pills can be divided into small particles for swallowing; and water pills with hard texture can be dissolved in water for oral use. Powder can be mixed with honey or encapsulated for oral use to avoid directly stimulating the throat. Paste should be infused with boiled water. Syrup can be swallowed directly. In addition, patients with a critical illness should frequently take small amounts of decoction. Patients with vomiting should frequently take the concentrated decoction in a small amount to avoid large amounts of decoction that may cause vomiting again. When administrating medicinals that induce sweating and medicinals that purge and if their effects are too strong, these medications should be discontinued as soon as sweating and purgation is induced to avoid damaging the healthy qi.

Chapter 1

Herbs That Release the Exterior Chapter Outline Section 1 Herbs That Dispel Wind-Cold Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs

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Section 2 Herbs That Dispel Wind-Heat Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs

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ABSTRACT Chinese herbal medicinals that mainly disperse exterior pathogen and treat exterior pattern are called “herbs that release the exterior,” which are commonly divided into two kinds: herbs that dispel wind-cold and herbs that dispel wind-heat. They mainly act on the fleshy exterior and can promote sweating to let the exterior pathogen out for curing the exterior patterns to avoid the pathological transmission. Some herbs that release the exterior also can promote urination to alleviate edema, relieve cough and panting, promote eruption of papules, relieve pain, and remove sores. Keywords: herbs that release the exterior; herbs that dispel wind-cold; herbs that dispel wind-heat; induce sweating to release the exterior; scatter and dissipate wind-heat

Chinese herbal medicinals that mainly disperse exterior pathogen and treat exterior pattern are called “herbs that release the exterior.” Most medicinals in this chapter are acrid in flavor and dispersing in nature. Most of them act on the lung and bladder channels. They mainly act on the fleshy exterior and can promote sweating to let the exterior pathogen out for curing the exterior patterns to avoid the pathological transmission. Some herbs that release the exterior also can promote urination to alleviate edema, relieve cough and panting, promote eruption of papules, relieve pain, and remove sores. Herbs that release the exterior are mainly used in the treatment of externally contracted exterior patterns with aversion to cold and fever, headache and body pain, absence of sweating or inhibited sweating, and floating pulse. Certain herbs that release the exterior are used in the treatment of edema, cough and panting, measles, rubella, bi syndrome pain due to wind-damp, and sores and ulcers in the initial stage accompanied by the exterior patterns. In clinical application, selection of the herbs that dispel wind-cold or wind-heat should be based on the different clinical patterns between externally contracted wind-cold pathogen and wind-heat pathogen. Combination of the herbs that dispel summer heat or remove dampness or moisten dryness should be on the basis of different features of four seasons’ climate change with more wind-cold in winter, more wind-heat in spring, more summer heat-damp complicated in summer, or more dryness in autumn. If the weak patients have been externally contracted and complicated by deficiency of healthy qi and excess of pathogenic qi, combination of the herbs that boost qi, assist yang, nourish yin, or supplement blood should be aimed at the different body constitutions. Treatment of the warm disease in the initial stage with pathogenic qi in the wei (defensive) aspect, besides selection of the herbs that dispel wind-heat, should combine the herbs that clear heat and resolve toxins at the same time. The dosage of herbs that strongly induce sweating should not be used too much to avoid over sweating to consume the yang qi and body fluids. As sweat belongs to body fluids, as well as blood and sweat sharing the same origin, the patients with conditions of spontaneous sweating due to exterior (wei qi) deficiency, night sweating due to yin deficiency, sores and ulcers for a long time, strangury, or blood loss that combined the exterior pattern should be cautious to use herbs that release the exterior. In spring and summer, striae of the skin and muscles are loose and it is easy to sweat, the dosage of herbs that release the exterior should be appropriately reduced. In winter, striae of the skin and muscles are tightly closed and it is not easy to sweat, the dosage of herbs that release the exterior should be appropriately increased. As most of the herbs that release the exterior have the acrid property and dispersing effect, they should not be decocted for a long time when used in decoction to avoid volatilizing of active components and prevent loss of efficacy. Essentials of Chinese Materia Medica and Medical Formulas. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812722-3.00001-4 Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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Herbs that release the exterior are commonly divided into two kinds: (1) herbs that dispel wind-cold and (2) herbs that dispel wind-heat according to the difference of properties and actions, efficacy, and indications. The modern pharmacological research indicates the herbs that release the exterior generally have different levels of actions, such as sweating, relieving fever, relieving pain, inhibiting bacterium, antagonizing virus, expelling phlegm, preventing cough, relieving asthma, and promoting urination.

SECTION 1 HERBS THAT DISPEL WIND-COLD Outline The properties and flavors of the herbs that dispel wind-cold are most pungent-warm, which the pungent flavor has the dispersing effect and warm property has the dispelling cold effect. So medicinals in this section have the main effect of dispersing the wind-cold pathogen from muscle layer, and are mainly applied to treat the exterior syndrome caused by windcold that manifests the symptoms of aversion to cold with fever, an absence of sweating or no smooth sweating, head and body pain, nasal obstruction and nasal discharge, no thirst, thin and white coating, and floating and tight pulse. Some herbs have combined the effects of dispelling wind and arresting itching, relieving pain, relieving cough and panting, inducing diuresis to alleviate edema, and removing sores, respectively. Moreover, these herbs can be applied to treat rubella itching, rheumatic arthralgia, cough and dyspnea, edema, sores, and ulcers in the initial stage complicated by wind-cold exteriorexcess pattern or exterior-deficiency pattern.

Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 1. Primary herbs (Table 1.1)

TABLE 1.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Dispel Wind-Cold Name of Medicinal Ephedra (ma huang) (Herba Ephedrae)

Source and Collection Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried herbaceous stem of Ephedra sinica Stapf, Ephedra intermedia Schrenk et C.A.Mey., or Ephedra equisetina Bge. of the Ephedraceae family. Green herbaceous stem is collected in the late autumn; after woody stem, residual root, and impurities are removed, it is dried under the sun

Property, Channel Entry Acrid, slightly bitter, warm; act on the lung and bladder channels

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Induce sweat and dispel exogenous pathogen, disperse lung qi for relieving panting, and induce diuresis to alleviate edema

Indicated for the treatment of common cold due to windcold, cough and panting with an excess pattern due to lung qi obstruction, wind edema (edema caused by wind-pathogen), and bronchial asthma. Ephedra processed with honey (the honey-fried one) can moisten lung to arrest cough, which is always used for asthma and cough with exterior syndrome having been resolved. It can also be used for the treatment of windcold bì syndrome, dorsal furuncle, and phlegm nodule. Normally, 2–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Caution for Use Its use is cautious in patients with spontaneous sweating due to exterior deficiency, night sweating due to yin deficiency, or dyspnea of lung and kidney deficiency

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TABLE 1.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Dispel Wind-Cold (cont.) Name of Medicinal Cassia Twig (gui zhi) (Ramulus Cinnamomi)

Source and Collection Initially recorded in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians (ming yi bie lu). It is the dried twig of Cinnamomum cassia Presl of the Lauraceae family. The twig is collected in the spring and summer; after the leaf is removed, it is cut into slices and dried under the sun

Perilla Leaf Initially recorded in Miscellaneous (zi su ye) Records of Famous Physicians (ming yi (Folium Perillae) bie lu). It is the dried leaf (or with twig) of Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. of the Labiatae family. The leaf is collected when the branch and leaf are plentiful in summer; after impurities are removed, it is dried under the sun

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Acrid, sweet, warm; act on the heart, lung, and bladder channels

Induce sweating to expel pathogenic factors from muscles, warm and unblock the channels, assist yang to transform qi, and calm and lower the adverserising qi

Indicated for the treatment of common cold due to windcold with excess or deficiency pattern, pain syndrome of stagnant blood due to coagulated cold, joint arthralgia spasm with cold pain, amenorrhea due to cold in blood, cold pain in gastric cavity and abdomen, retention of phlegm and fluid, stagnated fluid syndrome, difficulty in urination, edema, palpitation, and dashing piggy zheng. Normally, 3–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is prohibited in patients with fever caused by exogenous diseases, hyperactivity of fire due to yin deficiency and hemopyretic bleeding, and to be used with caution in pregnant or menorrhagia women

Acrid, warm; act on the lung and spleen channels

Release the exterior and dissipate cold, move qi and harmonize the stomach, and relieve the seafood poisoning

Indicated for the treatment of common cold, cough with vomiting and nausea due to wind-cold, wind-cold exterior pattern with fullness and oppression in the chest and stomach cavity, vomiting of pregnancy due to qi stagnation in the stomach and spleen, cough and panting with excessive phlegm, abdominal pain with vomiting, and diarrhea due to poisoning from fish and crabs. Normally, 5–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

It shouldn’t be decocted for a long time. Due to its acrid and warm properties, it is cautiously used in patients with qi deficiency or exterior deficiency and without externally contracted windcold

Caution for Use

(Continued )

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TABLE 1.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Dispel Wind-Cold (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Fresh Ginger (sheng jiang) (Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens)

Initially recorded in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians (ming yi bie lu). It is the fresh rhizome of Zingiber officinale Rosc. of the Zingiberaceae family. The rhizome is collected in autumn and winter. Then, earth, sand, and fibrous root are removed

Acrid, slightly warm; act on the lung, spleen, and stomach channels

Release the exterior and dissipate cold, warm the center and arrest vomiting, dissolve phlegm and relieve cough, and resolve toxins from fish and crabs

Indicated for the treatment of common cold with a pattern of wind-cold, spleen-stomach cold pattern or syndrome, vomiting due to stomach cold, cough due to cold-phlegm or lung cold, and also for the treatment of poisoning from fish and crabs and medicinals, such as raw Rhizoma Arisaematis (sheng tian nan xing) and raw Rhizoma Pinelliae (sheng ban xia). Normally, 3–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or pounded to extract the juice for oral use or an appropriate amount is used externally

As it can assist fire and damage the yin, its use is prohibited in patients with exuberant heat, yin deficiency, and internal heat

Aromatic Madder (xiang ru) (Herba Moslae)

Initially recorded in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians (ming yi bie lu). It is the dried aerial part of Mosla chinensis Maxim. or M. chinensis “jiangxiangru” of the Labiatae family. The aerial part is collected on sunny days when the stem, leaf, and blossom are plentiful in summer; after impurities are removed, it is dried in the shade

Acrid, slightly warm; act on the lung, spleen, and stomach channels

Induce sweating to release the exterior, remove dampness and harmonize the center, and promote urination to relieve edema

Indicated for the treatment of externally contracted windcold and internal damage caused by summer heat-damp, aversion to cold, fever, headache, no sweating, abdominal pain with vomiting and diarrhea, edema with an exterior pattern, and difficulty in urination. Normally, 3–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. If used for releasing the exterior, overdosage is unfavorable, and it shouldn’t be decocted for a long time

Its use is prohibited in patients with exterior deficiency accompanied by sweating, and summer heat heat syndrome

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TABLE 1.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Dispel Wind-Cold (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Schizonepeta (jing jie) (Herba Schizonepetae)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried aerial part of Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briq. of the Labiatae family. When the flower is blooming and the spica is green during the summer and autumn, it is collected and dried under the sun

Acrid, slightly warm; act on the lung and liver channels

Release the exterior and dissipate wind, promote eruption of papules, resolve sore, and stanch bleeding

Indicated for the treatment of common cold with exterior wind-cold pattern or exterior wind-heat pattern, headache, initial measles without adequate eruption, rubella and urticaria with itching, dermatic sores and ulcers in the initial stage with an exterior pattern, blood spitting, nosebleed, blood stool, flooding, and spotting (uterine bleeding). Normally, 3–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. It should not be decocted for a long time or it is dry-fried for stanching bleeding

Its use is prohibited in patients with exterior deficiency accompanied by spontaneous sweating, and headache due to yin deficiency

Saposhnikovia Root (fang feng) (Radix Saposhnikoviae)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried root of Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk. of the Umbelliferae family. The root is collected before blooming in spring and autumn; after fibrous root and sediment are removed, it is dried under the sun

Acrid, sweet, slightly warm; act on the bladder, liver and spleen channels

Dispel wind and release the exterior, overcome dampness to relieve pain, and arrest convulsion

Indicated for the treatment of common cold with a pattern of wind-cold, winddamp, or wind-heat exterior, arthralgia spasm pain due to wind-damp, recurrent headache caused by exterior wind attack, urticaria, eczema with itching, tetanus (a.k.a. lockjaw), infantile convulsions, diarrhea due to spleen deficiency and excessive damp, and abdominal pain with diarrhea caused by disharmony between the liver and spleen. Normally, 5–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

For its property is partial to warm, it is not suitable for patients with yin-blood (blood and body fluids) depletion or exuberant heat stirring wind

(Continued )

18 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 1.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Dispel Wind-Cold (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Notoptetygium Root (qiang huo) (Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried rhizome and root of Notopterygium incisum Ting ex H. T. Chang or Notopterygium franchetii H. de Boiss. of the Umbelliferae family. It is collected in spring and autumn; after fibrous root is removed, it is dried under the sun

Acrid, bitter, warm; act on the bladder and kidney channels

Release the exterior and dissipate cold, dispel wind and eliminate dampness, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of common cold with an exterior pattern due to externally contracted wind-cold and especially for which complicated by dampness, aversion to cold and fever, absence of sweating of the fleshy exterior, headache and stiff nape, more severe aching pain of limbs, or painful bì syndrome due to wind-cold-damp, especially pain in joints of shoulder and back. Normally, 3–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder

Its use is cautious in patients with yin-blood (blood and body fluids) depletion. If overdose, vomiting is easy to occur, so it also not suitable for patients with spleen-stomach weakness

Angelica Root (bai zhi) (Radix Angelicae Dahuricae)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried root of Angelica dahurica (Fisch.ex Hoffm.) Benth.et Hook.f. or A. dahurica (Fisch.ex Hoffm.) Benth.et Hook. f. var. formosana (Boiss.) Shan et Yuan of the Umbelliferae family. When leaf is turning yellow during the summer and autumn, the root is collected and dried under the sun or at low temperature

Acrid, warm; act on the stomach, large intestine and lung channels

Release the exterior, dissipate cold, dispel wind and relieve pain, unblock the nasal orifices, dry dampness and arrest vaginal discharge, relieve swelling, and expel pus

Indicated for the treatment of common cold due to externally contracted windcold, with headache and body pain, nasal obstruction, nasal discharge, allergic rhinitis, thick rhinorrhea, gingiva pain with swelling, supraorbital bone pain and painful bì syndrome (cold bì) due to wind-damp, abnormal vaginal discharge, sores and ulcers with swelling pain, and skin pruritus due to winddamp. Normally, 3–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, and an appropriate amount is used externally

Due to its acrid and warm properties, its use is prohibited in patients with yin deficiency and blood heat

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TABLE 1.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Dispel Wind-Cold (cont.) Name of Medicinal Chinese Lovage Root (gao ben) (Rhizoma Ligustici)

Source and Collection Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried rhizome and root of Ligusticum sinense Oliv. or Ligusticum jeholense Nakai et Kitag. of the Umbelliferae family. When stem and leaf are withered or seedling emerges in autumn, it is collected and dried under the sun or by baking

Xanthium Fruit Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic (cang er zi) of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao (Fructus Xanthii) jing). It is the dried ripe fruit with involucres of Xanthium sibiricum Patr. of the Compositae family. The fruit is collected when matured in autumn; after stalk and leaf are removed, it is dried under the sun

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Acrid, bitter, warm; act on the bladder channel

Dispel wind and dissipate cold, eliminate dampness and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of common cold due to externally contracted wind-cold, accompanied by parietal headache, nasal obstruction and body pain, or painful bì syndrome due to wind-damp or wind-cold, abdominal pain and diarrhea due to cold-damp, pain from hernia and conglomerations (movable lower abdominal masses of indefinite shape; jia˘ ), scabies, and tinea. Normally, 3–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is prohibited in patients with headache due to yin-blood (blood and body fluids) depletion, ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, or internal exuberant fire-heat

Acrid, bitter, warm; slightly poisonous; act on the lung channel

Dissipate wind-cold, unblock the nasal orifices, and dispel winddamp

Indicated for the treatment of common cold caused by windcold, with aversion to cold, fever, headache, body pain, nasal obstruction and nasal discharge; or allergic rhinitis, loss of smell, sinusitis with a pattern of externally contracted windcold, rubella with itching, and painful bì syndrome with pain of joints and spasms due to wind-damp. Normally, 3–10 g is decocted with water, or made into pills or powder for oral use

It is not suitable for patients with headache due to blood deficiency. If overdose, poisoning is easy to occur

Caution for Use

(Continued )

20 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 1.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Dispel Wind-Cold (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Manchurian Wild Ginger (xi xin) (Radix et Rhizoma Asari)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried rhizome and root of Asarum heterotropoides Fr. Schmidt var. mandshuricum (Maxim.) Kitag., Asarum sieboldii Miq. var. seoulense Nakai, or A. sieboldii Miq. of the Aristolochiaceae family. It is collected when fruit is matured in summer or in the early autumn; after aerial part and sediment are removed, it is dried in the shade

Acrid, warm; act on the heart, lung, and kidney channels

Release the exterior and dissipate cold, dispel wind and relieve pain, unblock the orifices, warm the lung, and dissolve rheum (fluid retention)

Indicated for the treatment of common cold with a pattern of windcold, accompanied by headache and body pain, nasal obstruction, nasal discharge, allergic rhinitis, or thick rhinorrhea; toothache due to wind cold or dental caries, and painful bì syndrome due to wind-colddamp, panting and cough due to phlegmrheum or lung cold. Normally, 1–3 g of the crude one is decocted with water as an oral dose, or 0.5–1 g of its powder is taken infused as an oral dose each time, or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is prohibited in patients with headache due to yin deficiency and yang hyperactivity and dry cough due to lung dryness and yin damaged. It should not be used together with Radix et Rhizoma Veratri Nigri (li lu)

Blond Magnolia Flower (xin yi) (Flos Magnoliae)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried flower bud of Magnolia biondii Pamp., Magnolia denudata Desr. or Magnolia sprengeri Pamp. of the Magnoliaceae family. Before the flower blooms in the early spring and later winter, the bud is collected and dried in the shade

Acrid, warm; act on the lung and stomach channels

Dissipate wind-cold, and unblock the nasal orifices

Indicated for the treatment of common cold due to externally contracted wind-cold, with aversion to cold and fever, sinusitis with headache, nasal obstruction, nasal discharge, allergic rhinitis, and thick rhinorrhea. It can also be used for common cold due to wind-heat through combination with medicinals that scatter and dissipate wind-heat. Normally, 3–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder for oral use

It has floss and is easy to stimulate throat, so it should be wrapped first for decocting. Its use is prohibited in patients with vigorous fire due to yin deficiency

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TABLE 1.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Dispel Wind-Cold (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Fistular Onion Bulb (cong bai) (Bulbus Allii Fistulosi)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the squamous bulb near the root of Allium fistulosum L. of the Liliaceae family. It is collected any time. The fibrous root and leaf are removed and the involucre is shucked before use

Acrid, warm; act on the lung and stomach channels

Induce sweating to release the exterior, dissipate cold and unblock yang, resolve toxins and kill worms

Indicated for the treatment of mild common cold due to wind-cold, exuberant yin-repelling yang with abdominal cold pain, inhibited lactation due to qi constraint, and stagnation; distending pain of the breasts, sores, and carbuncles with swelling; and abdominal pain due to parasitic infestation. Normally, 3–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its cautiously used in patients with exterior deficiency accompanied by profuse sweating

Small Centipeda (e bu shi cao) (Herba Centipedae)

Initially recorded in Materia Medica for Food Habit (shi xing ben cao). It is the dried herb of Centipeda minima (L.) A. Br. et Aschers. of the Compositae family. When the flower blooms during the summer and autumn, the herb is collected; after sediment is washed away, it is dried under the sun

Acrid, warm; act on the lung channel

Dissipate wind-cold, unblock the nasal orifices, relieve cough and resolve toxins

Indicated for the treatment of common cold due to windcold, accompanied by nasal obstruction, thick rhinorrhea, and nasal discharge with headache; nasal polyps, cough and panting with excessive cold phlegm, cold wheezing, throat bì (pharyngitis) and whooping cough; also for the treatment of sores and abscesses (carbuncles) with swelling, scabies, and tinea, and snake bites. Normally, 6–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or pounded to extract the juice for use or an appropriate amount is used externally

It is not suitable for patients with pregnancy, qi deficiency, blood deficiency, and heat accumulated in the lung and stomach, or exuberant fireexcess pattern

(Continued )

22 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 1.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Dispel Wind-Cold (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Coriander (hu sui) (Herba Coriandri Sativi)

Initially recorded in Materia Medica for Dietary Therapy (shi liao ben cao). It is the herb of Coriandrum sativum L. of the Umbelliferae family. It is collected when the fruit is matured in August; after sediment is removed, it is cut into segments and used, or dried under the sun for use

Acrid, warm; act on the lung and stomach channels

Expel pathogen from the exterior and promote eruption of papules, promote appetite and digestion

Indicated for the treatment of measles without adequate eruption caused by wind-cold fettering the exterior, with eruption but recurrence, drink and food without digestion and poor appetite due to accumulation and stagnation, or common cold due to wind-cold, with aversion to cold and fever. Normally, 6–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or pounded to extract the juice for oral use or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is prohibited in patients with exuberant heat toxin accompanied by inhibited eruption

Chinese Tamarisk Twig (xi he liu) (Cacumen Tamaricis)

Initially recorded in Materia Medica of the Kaibao Era (kai bao ben cao). It is the young branch and leaf of Tamarix chinensis Lour. of the Tamaricaceae family. It is distributed across the whole China, and collected before flower blooms in May and June; then cut into segments and dried in the shade

Acrid, neutral; act on the lung, stomach, and heart channels

Expel pathogen from the exterior and promote eruption of papules, dispel wind, and eliminate dampness

Indicated for the treatment of measles in the initial stage, measles without adequate eruption, exterior pathogen fettering outside, inward invasion of measles toxin, rubella with itching, or painful bì syndrome, with pain of limbs and joints due to wind-damp. Normally, 6–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into powder for oral use or an appropriate amount is decocted with water for fumigating and washing the afflicted part externally

It is not suitable for patients with eruptions, which have been let out, and if overdose, vexation, and vomiting are easy to occur

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2. Attached herbs (Table 1.2) TABLE 1.2 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Dispel Wind-Cold Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Perilla Stem (zi su geng) (Caulis Perillae)

It is the dried stem of P. frutescens (L.) Britt. of the Labiatae family. The stem is collected when the fruit is matured in autumn; after impurities are removed, it is dried under the sun or cut into slices while it is fresh

Acrid, sweet, slightly warm; act on the lung, spleen, and stomach channels

Rectify qi to loosen the center, relieve pain, and calm the fetus

Indicated for the treatment of stuffiness and oppression in the chest and diaphragm; pain in the stomach cavity due to qi stagnation, belching, and vomiting; and restless fetus. Normally, 5–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose and it shouldn’t be decocted for a long time

No special contraindications

Fresh Ginger Peel (sheng jiang pi) (Cortex Zingiberis Rhizomatis)

It is the exodermis of Z. officinale Rosc. of the Zingiberaceae family. The ginger is collected in autumn and washed clean; after the outer skin is scraped by knife, it is dried under the sun

Acrid, cool; act on the spleen and lung channels

Harmonize the spleen and move water (promote urination) to relieve edema

Indicated for the treatment of edema in the initial stage and difficulty in micturition. Normally, 3–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

No special contraindications

Ginger Juice (sheng jiang zhi) (Succus Rhizomatis Zingiberis)

It is the fresh juice from pounding the Z. officinale Rosc. of the Zingiberaceae family. The rhizome is collected in the autumn and winter; after sediment and fibrous root is removed, it is washed clean and pounded to extract the juice

Acrid, slightly warm; act on the lung, spleen, and stomach channels

Release the exterior, dissipate cold, warm the center and arrest vomiting, dissolve phlegm and relieve cough, and resolve toxins from fish and crabs

It is partial to dissolve phlegm and arrest vomiting in clinic. Indicated for the treatment of clinical emergency, such as numbness and swelling pain of tongue due to poisoning from raw Rhizoma Arisaematis (sheng tian nan xing) and raw Rhizoma Pinelliae (sheng ban xia), or in combination with Bamboo Sap (zhu li) to treat unceasing vomiting and difficulty in eating, and sudden fainting due to wind-strike. Normally, 3–10 drops is taken infused as an oral dose

Its use is prohibited in patients with exuberant heat, yin deficiency, and internal heat

Fineleaf Schizonepeta Spike (jing jie sui) (Spica Schizonepetae)

It is the dried spica of S. tenuifolia Briq. of the Labiatae family. The spica is collected when the flowers are blooming and the spicas are green during the summer and autumn; after impurities are removed, it is dried under the sun

Acrid, slightly warm; act on the lung and liver channels

Release the exterior and dissipate wind, promote eruption of papules, and resolve sore

Indicated for the treatment of common cold, headache, measles, rubella, sores, and ulcers in the initial stage. Normally, 3–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its cautions are the same as Herba Schizonepetae (jing jie)

Charred Schizonepeta (jing jie tan) (Herba Schizonepetae Carbonisatum)

It is the processed product of S. tenuifolia Briq. of the Labiatae family. The pieces of Schizonepeta are carbonized by stir-frying until the surface is burned black and the internal part is burned yellow, showered with a little clean water, and dried in the open air after extinguishing the sparks

Acrid, astringent, slightly warm; act on the lung and liver channels

Astringe and stanch bleeding

Indicated for the treatment of bloody stool, flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding), and postpartum fainting due to hemorrhage. Normally, 5–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

It is not suitable for patients with blood stasis syndrome

(Continued )

24 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 1.2 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Dispel Wind-Cold (cont.) Name of Medicinal Xanthium (cang er cao)] (Herba Xanthii)

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

It is the stem and leaf of X. sibiricum Patr. of the Compositae family. The stem and leaf are collected in the summer, cut into segments and dried under the sun, or the fresh one is used

Bitter, acrid, slightly cold; slightly poisonous; act on the lung, spleen, and liver channels

Dispel wind and clear heat, eliminate dampness, and resolve toxins

Mainly indicated for the treatment of painful bì syndrome due to wind-damp, and hypertonicity of the limbs; also for the treatment of numbing wind (leprosy), furunculosis, and pruritus of skin. Normally, 6–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder, and an appropriate amount is used externally

Caution for Use It is not suitable for the weak patients due to its qi-dispersing properties and blood consumption

3. Herb differentiation (Table 1.3) TABLE 1.3 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Herbs That Dispel Wind-Cold Name of Medicinal

Similarities

Differences

Ephedra (ma huang) (Herba Ephedrae)

All three are acrid in flavor and warm in nature, act on the lung channel, and the commonly used medicinals that can dissipate wind-cold to release the exterior and treat common cold with a pattern of wind-cold

It has a stronger action of inducing sweating and is indicated for the treatment of severe common cold caused by wind-cold. Furthermore, it can be used for wind edema

Cassia Twig (gui zhi) (Ramulus Cinnamomi) Manchurian Wild Ginger (xi xin) (Radix et Rhizoma Asari)

Schizonepeta (jing jie) (Herba Schizonepetae)

Saposhnikovia Root (fang feng) (Radix Saposhnikoviae)

It has a gentle effect of inducing sweating to release the exterior and is indicated for the treatment of common cold caused by wind-cold, regardless of exterior excess with absence of sweating or exterior deficiency with sweating Its effect of inducing sweating is inferior to that of Herba Ephedrae (ma huang) and Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi), but its effect of dissipating cold is stronger than that of them, and often used for the treatment of the syndrome of yang deficiency and external contraction due to cold invading shaoyin

Both have an acrid flavor and a slightly warm property and are good at releasing the exterior and dissipating wind. Both can treat wind-cold common cold with aversion to cold, fever, headache and absence of sweating, or wind-heat common cold with fever, slight aversion to wind and cold, headache and sore throat, or rubella with itching

It has a light property and is good at venting and dissipating, and has a stronger effect of inducing sweating than that of Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng). It is often selected to treat wind-cold common cold and wind-heat common cold, and can promote eruption of papules, remove sores, and stanch bleeding It has loose and moistening properties and a stronger effect of dispelling wind. It is a moistening medicinal and a commonly used one among herbs that can dispel wind. It also can overcome dampness, relieve pain, and arrest convulsion and treat the externally contracted wind-damp with headache as if swathed, heavy body, and painful limbs

SECTION 2 HERBS THAT DISPEL WIND-HEAT Outline The properties and flavors of the herbs that dispel wind-heat are most pungent-bitter and partial to cold-cool, with the pungent flavor having the dispersing effect, and cool nature having the clearing heat effect. Thus herbs in this section have the main effect of dispelling wind-heat pathogen, and the effect of inducing sweating to release the exterior is more moderate than that of herbs that dispel wind-cold. The herbs that dispel wind-heat are mainly applied to treat common cold with syn-

Herbs That Release the Exterior Chapter | 1

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drome of wind-heat and onset of warm disease with pathogen in wei aspect, which manifests the symptoms of fever, mild aversion to wind-cold, dry pharynx and thirst, headache and red eyes, red tip and margin of tongue, thin and red coating, and floating and rapid pulse. Some herbs have the combined effects of mental refreshing, relieving sore throat, promoting eruptions, relieving itching, and relieving cough, respectively. Moreover, these herbs can be applied to treat red eyes and excessive tearing, swelling of throat, measles without adequate eruption, rubella and pruritus, and cough caused by windheat pathogens.

Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 1. Primary herbs (Table 1.4) TABLE 1.4 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Dispel Wind-Heat Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Field Mint (bo he) (Herba Menthae)

Initially recorded in Newly Revised Materia Medica (xin xiu ben cao). It is the dried aerial part of Mentha haplocalyx Briq. of the Labiatae family. When the plant is flourishing, it is collected on sunny days during summer and autumn, and dried under the sun or in the shade

Acrid, cool; act on the lung and liver channels

Scatter wind and clear heat, clear the head heat and relieve sore throat, promote eruption of papules, soothe the liver, and move qi

Indicated for the treatment of common cold due to windheat, wind-warmth in the initial stage, headache with red eyes and throat bì (pharyngitis) due to wind-heat, oral ulcer, rubella, measles, distention, and oppression in the chest and ribside due to liver constraint and qi stagnation. Normally, 3–6 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, and it should be added later

It is not suitable for patients with deficiency of body and profuse sweating because its dispersing property may cause sweating and consume qi

Great Burdock Achene (niu bang zi) (Fructus Arctii)

Initially recorded in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians (ming yi bie lu). It is the dried matured fruit of Arctium lappa L. of the Compositae family. When fruit is matured in autumn, it is collected and dried under the sun

Acrid, bitter, cold; act on the lung and stomach channels

Scatter and dissipate wind and heat, diffuse the lung and dispel phlegm, relieve sore throat, promote eruption of papules, and resolve toxins

Indicated for the treatment of common cold due to windheat, warm disease in the initial stage, cough with profuse phlegm, measles without adequate eruption, rubella with itching, sore pain of throat, parotic swelling, erysipelas, carbuncles, and sores. Normally, 6–12 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Due to its laxative property, it is cautiously used in patients with qi deficiency accompanied by thin and unformed stool

(Continued )

26 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 1.4 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Dispel Wind-Heat (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Cicada Molting (chan tui) (Periostracum Cicadae)

Initially recorded in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians (ming yi bie lu). It is the molting of Cryptotympana pustulata Fabricius of the Cicadidae family. It is collected during summer and autumn and dried under the sun

Sweet, cold; act on the lung and liver channels

Scatter and dissipate wind and heat, relieve sore throat and ease up the voice, promote eruption of papules, remove nebula to improve vision, and arrest convulsion

Indicated for the treatment of common cold due to windheat, warm disease in the initial stage, sore throat with hoarse voice, measles without adequate eruption, rubella with itching, red eye with nebula, acute or chronic infantile convulsion and tetanus; or nocturnal fretfulness in infants. Normally, 3–6 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or taken infused after grinding into powder

It is cautiously used in pregnant women

Mulberry Leaf (sang ye) (Folium Mori)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried leaf of Morus alba L. of the Moraceae family. It is collected after the first frost, refined, and dried under the sun

Sweet, bitter, cold; act on the lung and liver channels

Scatter and dissipate wind and heat, clear lung-heat and moisten dryness, calm and subdue liver yang, clear liver heat, and improve vision

Indicated for the treatment of common cold due to wind-heat, warm disease in the initial stage, cough due to lung-heat or caused by drynessheat, dizziness and headache due to ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, red eyes and dizzy vision. Normally, 5–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder for oral use or an appropriate amount is decocted with water for washing the eyes

It is not suitable for patients with common cold due to wind-cold, bland taste in the mouth, and cough with thin and white phlegm

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TABLE 1.4 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Dispel Wind-Heat (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Chrysanthemum Flower (ju hua) (Flos Chrysanthemi)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried flowering head of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. of the Compositae family. It is collected in full bloom in autumn, dried in the shade or in an oven, or steamed first then dried under the sun

Acrid, sweet, bitter, slightly cold; act on the lung and liver channels

Scatter and dissipate wind and heat, calm and subdue liver yang, clear liverheat and improve vision, clear heat and resolve toxins

Indicated for the treatment of common cold due to wind-heat, windwarmth in the initial stage, headache and dizziness due to ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, excess pattern of liver-wind, red eye with sore pain and dizzy vision, swollen sores and carbuncles due to heat toxin. Normally, 5–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder for oral use, or made as tea for drinking, or an appropriate amount is decocted with water for washing or pounded for applying the affected area

It is cautiously used in patients with qi deficiency, stomach cold, eating lessening, and diarrhea

Shrub Chastetree Fruit (man jing zi) (Fructus Viticis)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried matured fruit of Vitex trifolia L. var. simplicifolia Cham. or V. trifolia L. of the Verbenaceae family. When the fruit is matured, it is collected in autumn and dried under the sun

Acrid, bitter, slightly cold; act on the bladder, liver, and stomach channels

Scatter and dissipate wind and heat, clear the head and eyes, dispel wind, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of common cold due to windheat, with dizziness and headache, or hemilateral headache (migraine), sore pain of gums (gingivitis), red eye with swelling and pain, excessive tearing and blurred vision due to windheat attacking the eyes, tinnitus and deafness, or painful bì syndrome due to wind-damp. Normally, 5–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or soaked in wine, or made into pills or powder, and an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is cautious in patients with stomach deficiency

(Continued )

28 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 1.4 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Dispel Wind-Heat (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Bupleurum (chai hu) (Radix Bupleuri)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried root of Bupleurum chinense DC. or Bupleurum scorzonerifolium Willd. of the Umbelliferae family. It is collected in spring and autumn; after stems, leaves, and mud are removed, it is dried under the sun

Acrid, bitter, slightly cold; act on the liver, gallbladder and lung channels

Release the exterior and abate heat, soothe the liver, resolve constraint, and raise yang

Indicated for the treatment of externally contracted exterior pattern with fever, shaoyang syndrome with alternating chills and fever, distending pain in the chest and ribside, menstrual irregularities due to liver constraint and qi stagnation, prolapse of the uterus or the rectum due to center qi (zhong qi) deficiency, and malaria with chills and fever. Normally, 3–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder for oral use

It is not suitable for patients with yin deficiency and yang hyperactivity, internal stirring of liver wind, vigorous fire due to yin deficiency, and ascending counterflow of qi

Black Cohosh Rhizome (sheng ma) (Rhizoma Cimicifugae)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried root of Cimicifuga heracleifolia Kom., Cimicifuga dahurica (Turcz.) Maxim., or Cimicifuga foetida L. of the Ranunculaceae family. It is collected in autumn; after sediment is removed and the fibrous root is burned off, it is dried under the sun

Acrid, slightly sweet, slightly cold; act on the lung, spleen, stomach, and large intestine channels

Release the exterior, promote eruption of papules, clear heat and resolve toxins, and raise yang qi

Indicated for the treatment of externally contracted exterior pattern, common cold with headache, toothache, oral ulcer or swelling and pain of the throat due to wind-heat, measles without adequate eruption, macule caused by warm toxin, prolapse or downward displacement of the viscera (rectal or uterine prolapse), and flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding) due to qi deficiency. Normally, 3–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

It is not suitable for patients with measles with adequate eruption, vigorous fire due to yin deficiencyand yang hyperactivity

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TABLE 1.4 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Dispel Wind-Heat (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Kudzuvine Root (ge gen) (Radix Puerariae Lobatae)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried root of Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi or Pueraria thomsonii Benth. of the Leguminosae family. It is collected in autumn and winter, then cut into thick slices or small cubes while fresh, and dried under the sun

Sweet, acrid, cool; act on the spleen, stomach, and lung channels

Release the flesh and expel heat, promote eruption of papules, promote fluid production to quench thirst, raise yang and arrest diarrhea, unblock the collaterals, and relieve alcoholism

Indicated for the treatment of externally contracted exterior pattern with fever, headache, painful stiff nape and back, febrile disease with thirst, wasting thirst (xia¯o kĕ) due to yin deficiency, measles without adequate eruption, damp-heat diarrhea and dysentery, diarrhea due to spleen deficiency, dizziness, wind-strike with hemiplegia (halfbody paralysis), chest bì with heart pain (pectoral stuffiness pain), and alcoholism damaging the center. Normally, 10–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

It is cautiously used in patients with stomach cold, or profuse sweating in summer due to exterior deficiency

Duckweed (fu ping) (Herba Spirodelae)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried entire plant of Spirodela polyrrhiza (L.) Schleid. of the Lemnaceae family. It is collected during June to September, then washed clean, and dried under the sun

Acrid, cold; act on the lung channel

Diffuse and scatter wind and heat, promote eruption of papules, relieve itching, promote urination, and relieve edema

Indicated for the treatment of common cold due to windheat, with fever and absence of sweating, measles without adequate eruption, rubella with itching, edema and scanty urine complicated by wind-heat exterior pattern, dribbling urinary block, sores, tinea, and scald. Normally, 3–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder for oral use, or an appropriate amount is decocted for fumigating and washing the affected area externally

It is not suitable for patients with exterior deficiency accompanied by profuse sweating

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30 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 1.4 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Dispel Wind-Heat (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Common Scouring Rush (mu zei) (Herba Equiseti Hiemalis)

Initially recorded in Materia Medica of the Jiayou Era (jia you ben cao). It is the dried aerial part of Equisetum hyemale L. of the Equisetaceae family. It is collected in summer and autumn, after impurities are removed, and dried under the sun or in the shade

Sweet, bitter, neutral; act on the lung and liver channels

Scatter and dissipate wind and heat, remove nebula to improve vision, and stanch bleeding

Indicated for the treatment of red eyes, epiphora induced by wind, and eyes with cloudy nebula caused by wind-heat invading upward, bleeding syndrome, such as intestinal wind (i.e., bloody stool), red dysentery, and bleeding from piles; or for the treatment of woman menstruating without ceasing in combination with other bleedingstanching herbs. Normally, 3–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder, or an appropriate amount is ground into powder for sprinkling externally

It is used cautiously in patients with qi and blood deficiency

Prepared Soybean (dan dou chi) (Semen Sojae Praeparatum)

Initially recorded in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians (ming yi bie lu). It is the product of the fermented mature seed of Glycine max (L.) Merr. of the Leguminosae family

Bitter, acrid, cool; act on the lung and stomach channels

Release the exterior, relieve vexation, diffuse, and disperse the accumulated heat

Indicated for the treatment of externally contracted exterior pattern caused by windcold or wind-heat, common cold with fever and (or) aversion to cold, headache, externally contracted febrile disease with vexation and agitation, and oppression in the chest, deficient restlessness and insomnia. Normally, 6–12 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, ground into powder or made into pills for oral use,or an appropriate amount is used externally

It is cautiously used in patients with stomach deficiency and is easy to regurgitate

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TABLE 1.4 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Dispel Wind-Heat (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Pipewort Flower (gu jing cao) (Flos Eriocauli)

Initially recorded in Materia Medica of the Kaibao Era (kai bao ben cao). It is the dried flowering head with scape of Eriocaulon buergerianum Koern. of the Eriocaulaceae family. It is collected in autumn, the flowering head is pulled out, together with scape, and dried under the sun

Acrid, sweet, neutral; act on the liver and lung channels

Scatter and dissipate wind and heat, and remove nebula to improve vision

Indicated for the treatment of red eye with swelling and pain, photophobia, and nebula caused by wind-heat invading upward, sparrow blindness (night blindness), headache and toothache due to wind-heat, or pharyngitis and nosebleed. Normally, 5–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder, and an appropriate amount is charred with its property retained and ground into powder for sprinkling

It is used cautiously in patients with disease of the eye due to blood deficiency

Hedge Prinsepia Nut (rui ren) (Nux Prinsepiae)

Initially recorded in Master Lei’s Discourse on Medicinal Processing (lei gong pao zhi lun). It is the dried matured kernel of Prinsepia uniflora Batal. or P. uniflora Batal. var. serrata Rehd. of the Rosaceae family. The matured fruit is collected during the summer and autumn; after the sarcocarp is removed, it is washed, cleaned, and dried under the sun

Sweet, slightly cold; act on the liver channel

Scatter wind and clear heat, nourish the liver to improve vision, and calm the mind

Indicated for the treatment of red eye with swelling and pain, red ulceration of palpebral margin (marginal blepharitis), blurred vision, and photophobia caused by wind-heat invading upward; or restless sleep. Normally, 5–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is deoiled and ground into paste to drop the eye externally or decocted with water for washing. The dryfried one is used for calming the mind

It is not suitable for patients with eye pain that is not caused by wind-heat but by deficiency of both liver and kidney

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32 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

2. Attached herbs (Table 1.5)

TABLE 1.5 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Dispel Wind-Heat Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Young Soybean Sprout (da dou huang juan) (Semen Sojae Germinatum)

It is the processed product of the matured seed of G. max (L.) Merr. of the Leguminosae family after it is sprouted and dried. It is soaked in water until expansion; after water is removed, it is covered with wet cloth, and showered twice a day until bud grows to 0.5–1 cm, then taken out and dried

Sweet, neutral; act on the spleen, stomach, and lung channels

Release the exterior and dispel summer heat, clear heat, and drain dampness

Indicated for the treatment of common cold due to summer heat-damp, damp-warmth in the initial stage, fever and little sweating, aversion to cold, heavy body, chest oppression and stomach cavity pĭ, aching and heavy sensation of the limbs, difficulty in micturition, and greasy tongue coating caused by damp-heat accumulated in interior. Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or pounded to extract the juice or made into powder for oral use

It is not suited to apply together with Sargassum (hai zao) and Radix et Rhizoma Gentianae (long dan).

Flower of Kudzuvine (ge hua) (Flos Puerariae Lobatae)

It is the flower bud of P. lobata (Wild.) Ohwi or P. thomsonii Benth. of the Leguminosae family. It is collected before flower doesn’t bloom completely after autumn begins, and dried under the sun

Sweet, neutral; act on the spleen and stomach channels

Relieve alcoholism, awaken the spleen, harmonize the stomach, and stanch bleeding

Indicated for the treatment of insobriety with headache and dizziness, excessive thirst, vomiting, fullness and distention in the chest and diaphragm; also for the treatment of spitting of blood and discharging fresh blood stool. Normally, 3–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

It is not suitable for patients without alcoholism or the weak caused by alcohol drinking

3. Herb differentiation (Table 1.6)

TABLE 1.6 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Herbs That Dispel Wind-Heat Name of Medicinal Field Mint (bo he) (Herba Menthae)

Great Burdock Achene (niu bang zi) (Fructus Arctii)

Cicada Molting (chan tui) (Periostracum Cicadae)

Similarities

Differences

All three are cold and cool in nature, can scatter and dissipate wind and heat, promote eruption of papules, relieve sore throat, and are indicated for the treatment of the externally contracted wind-heat or warm disease in the initial stage with fever, slight aversion to cold, headache, thirst, red tip of the tongue with thin and yellow coating, floating and rapid pulse, initial measles without adequate eruption, rubella with itching, and swelling and pain of the throat caused by wind-heat invading upward

It has acrid, cool, and fragrant properties; is good at clearing and dissipating. It has a stronger effect of inducing sweating, so it is the most indicated for the treatment of the externally contracted wind-heat with fever and absence of sweating. It also can clear the head and eyes, soothe the liver, and move qi It has acridity to dissipate and bitterness to discharge, has cold and laxative properties, and is concurrently in charge of diffusing the lung and dispelling phlegm, so it is quite suitable for the treatment of the externally contracted wind-heat with fever, cough with inhibited expectoration. It also can dissipate the wind-heat outside and resolve heat toxin inside, and has effects of clearing heat, resolving toxins, and relieving swelling It has sweet, cold and moistening properties, can both scatter and dissipate wind and heat in the lung channel to relieve sore throat, promote eruption of papules, and relieve itching, and is good at scattering and dissipating wind and heat in the liver channel to remove nebula to improve vision, cool the liver, and extinguish wind to arrest convulsion

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TABLE 1.6 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Herbs That Dispel Wind-Heat (cont.) Name of Medicinal Bupleurum (chai hu) (Radix Bupleuri)

Black Cohosh Rhizome (sheng ma) (Rhizoma Cimicifugae) Kudzuvine Root (ge gen) (Radix Puerariae Lobatae)

Chrysanthemum Flower (ju hua) (Flos Chrysanthemi) Mulberry Leaf (sang ye) (Folium Mori)

Similarities

Differences

All three are acrid in flavor and cool in nature, can release the exterior and raise yang, and are indicated for the treatment of wind-heat common cold with fever and headache, and syndrome due to clear yang failing to ascend. All three can also be used for the treatment of wind-cold exterior pattern through combination with other herbs. Among them, Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) and Rhizoma Cimicifugae (sheng ma) both can raise yang and lift the sunken and treat sinking of qi and viscera prolapse. Rhizoma Cimicifugae (sheng ma) and Radix Puerariae Lobatae (ge gen) both can promote eruption of papules and treat initial measles without adequate eruption

It mainly raises the liver and gallbladder qi, is good at scattering and dissipating the pathogen in half-exterior half-interior, abating fever, soothing the liver, and resolving constraint. It is an essential medicinal for the treatment of shaoyang syndrome. It also can be commonly used for the treatment of cold damage syndrome with alternating chills and fever, fullness and discomfort in the chest and ribside, bitter taste in the mouth and dry throat, dizziness, common cold with fever, pattern of liver constraint, qi stagnation, with distending pain in the chest and hypochondrium, menstrual irregularities, and painful menstruation

Both can scatter and dissipate wind and heat, calm and subdue liver yang, clear liver heat and improve vision, treat fever, slight aversion to wind and cold, headache in the wind-heat common cold or warm disease in the initial stage, headache and dizziness caused by ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, red eye with swelling and pain, and blurred vision due to insufficiency of liver-kidney essence and blood

It has strong effects of calming the liver, clearing liver heat, and improving vision, and also can clear heat and resolve toxins. It can be used for the treatment of sores and carbuncles with swelling due to toxin

It can mainly raise the clear yang of spleen and stomach, its effects of raising yang and lifting the sunken are stronger than that of Radix Bupleuri (chai hu). It is good at clearing heat and resolving toxins and commonly used for the treatment of various heat toxin diseases and syndromes It can mainly raise the clear yang of spleen and stomach to promote fluid production to quench thirst and arrest diarrhea, and is commonly used for the treatment of febrile disease with excessive thirst, yin deficiency wasting thirst (xia¯ o kĕ), heat dysentery and diarrhea, or diarrhea due to spleen deficiency. Meanwhile, it can release the flesh and expel heat, and can treat the externally contracted exterior pattern with fever and aversion to cold, headache and absence of sweating, painful stiff nape, and back caused by whether wind-cold or wind-heat

It has strong effects of scattering and dissipating wind and heat, and is also good at clearing lung heat and moistening dryness, and can cool the blood and stanch bleeding. It can be used for the treatment of lung heat or dryness-heat damaging the lung with cough, scanty yellow, and viscous phlegm, or dry cough with little phlegm, itching of the throat, expectoration of blood, blood spitting, and nontraumatic hemorrhage caused by blood-heat

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Chapter 2

Herbs That Clear Heat Chapter Outline Section 1 Herbs That Clear Heat and Drain Fire Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs Section 2 Herbs That Clear Heat and Dry Dampness Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs Section 3 Herbs That Clear Heat and Resolve Toxins

36 36 36 45 45 45 52

Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs Section 4 Herbs That Clear Heat and Cool the Blood Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs Section 5 Herbs That Clear Heat From Deficiency Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs

52 52 80 80 80 85 85 85

ABSTRACT Chinese herbal medicinals that can mainly clear interior heat and treat interior heat patterns are called “herbs that clear heat.” Herbs that clear heat are mainly used in the treatment of warm febrile disease with interior heat pattern including high fever, excessive thirst, dampheat diarrhea and dysentery, macule caused by warm toxin, carbuncles with swelling and sore toxin, and fever due to yin deficiency. Herbs that clear heat are commonly divided into five categories: herbs that clear heat and drain fire, herbs that clear heat and dry dampness, herbs that clear heat and cool the blood, herbs that clear heat and resolve toxins, and herbs that clear deficiency-heat. Keywords: herbs that clear heat; herbs that clear heat and drain fire; herbs that clear heat and dry dampness; herbs that clear heat and resolve toxins; herbs that clear heat and cool the blood; herbs that clear heat from deficiency

Chinese herbal medicinals that can mainly clear interior heat and treat interior heat patterns are called “Herbs That Clear Heat.” Medicinals in this chapter have the properties of cold or cool, descending, and sinking inward. The interior heat is cleared through the different effects of clearing heat and draining fire, cooling the blood, resolving toxins, and clearing deficiency-heat. The meaning is exactly what is called “When there is heat, treat it with cold” in The Yellow Emperor’s Inner Classic (huang di nei jing) and “treat the heat pattern with the cold medicinal” in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). Herbs that clear heat are mainly used in the treatment of warm febrile disease with interior heat pattern including high fever, excessive thirst, damp-heat diarrhea and dysentery, macule caused by warm toxin, carbuncles with swelling and sore toxin, and fever due to yin deficiency. Due to different causes of disease, pathogenic condition, and body constitution, interior heat pattern can be divided into interior heat in qi aspect or interior heat in blood aspect, excess heat pattern or deficiency heat pattern. According to the difference of efficacy and indications, herbs that clear heat are commonly divided into five categories: (1) herbs that clear heat and drain fire, which can mainly treat excess heat in qi aspect by the action of clearing heat from qi aspect; (2) herbs that clear heat and dry dampness, which have more properties of bitterness to dry and clearing, can mainly treat dampheat diarrhea and dysentery, and jaundice by the actions of clearing heat and drying dampness; (3) herbs that clear heat and cool the blood, which mainly act on the blood aspect, can mainly treat excess heat in blood aspect by the action of clearing heat in blood aspect; (4) herbs that clear heat and resolve toxins, which mainly treat intense heat toxin, carbuncles with swelling and sores by the actions of clearing heat and resolving toxins; and (5) herbs that clear deficiency-heat, which mainly treat pathogenic heat damaging yin and fever due to yin deficiency by the actions of clearing deficiency-heat and abating steaming bone fever. When using these herbs that clear heat, the deficiency or excess of heat pattern should be distinguished. Excess heat pattern has the different patterns of heat in qi aspect, heat in nutrient and blood aspects, and dual blaze of both qi and blood, which should be respectively treated through clearing heat and draining fire, clearing heat in nutrient aspect and cooling the blood, and clearing heat in both qi and blood aspects. Deficiency heat pattern has the different patterns of pathogenic heat damaging yin, Essentials of Chinese Materia Medica and Medical Formulas. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812722-3.00002-6 Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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36 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

fever due to yin deficiency, internal heat due to liver-kidney yin deficiency and yin deficiency which should be treated through clearing heat and nourishing yin to vent heat or enriching yin and cooling the blood to eliminate steaming bone fever. If interior heat pattern is combined with exterior pattern, they should be to release the exterior first then clear the interior heat, or combine herbs that release the exterior so as to release both the exterior and interior. If interior heat pattern is combined with accumulation and stagnation syndrome, herbs that clear heat should combine with herbs that unblock the interior or drastically purge. Most medicinals in this chapter have the properties of cold and cool, and are easy to damage spleen and stomach, so the patients with qi deficiency of spleen and stomach, less eating, thin and unformed stool should be cautious to use. Some medicinals have the properties of bitterness and cold, and are easy to transform dryness to damage yin, so the patients with heat pattern, yin damaged, or yin deficiency should be cautious to use. Herbs that clear heat are prohibited to treat conditions of exuberant yin repelling yang or true cold with false heat. The modern pharmacological research indicates the herbs that clear heat often have the antipathogeny microorganism, antitoxinum, and antipyretic effects. Some medicinals have the actions of strengthening the specificity function or nonspecificity function, antiinflammation, antitumor, antiallergic reaction, sedation, decreasing blood pressure, hepatoprotection, and cholaneresis.

SECTION 1  HERBS THAT CLEAR HEAT AND DRAIN FIRE Outline Heat is the gradual of fire, fire is the extreme of heat. Most medicinals in this section are bitter in flavor and cold in nature, or sweet in flavor and cold in nature, and have a stronger effect of clearing heat so as to treat more exuberant fire-heat pattern, so are called the “herbs that clear heat and drain fire.” They mainly clear pathogenic heat in qi aspect, and are indicated for the treatment of febrile disease with pathogen invading the qi aspect showing high fever, thirst, sweating, vexation, agitation, even coma and delirium, red tongue with yellow coating, surging, rapid and excess pulse. In addition, due to the difference of channel entry, herbs that clear heat and drain fire are indicated for the treatment of zang-fu fire-heat syndrome caused by lung heat, stomach heat, heart fire, and liver fire, respectively. When using this section’s medicinals, if intense interior heat combines with healthy qi deficiency, it should combine the herbs that supplement deficiency to reinforce healthy qi to dispel pathogen.

Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 1. Primary herbs (Table 2.1) TABLE 2.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Clear Heat and Drain Fire Name of Medicinal Gypsum (shi gao) (Gypsum Fibrosum)

Source and Collection Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the gypsum of the Anhydrite family of the sulfates minerals. It mainly contains aqueous calcium sulfate (CaSO4·2H2O). It is collected in whole year; after mixed stone and silt are removed, it is ground into powder or calcined for use

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Sweet, acrid, extremely cold; act on the lung and stomach channels

Clear heat and drain fire, relieve vexation and quench thirst

Indicated for the treatment of warm febrile disease with excess heat in the qi lever, with high fever, excessive thirst, dyspnea and cough due to lung heat, headache and toothache due to exuberance of stomach fire. Normally, 15–60 g of the raw one is decocted with water as an oral dose, and should be decocted first; or an appropriate amount of the calcined one is ground into powder for sprinkling or applying on the afflicted part

Caution for Use Its use is prohibited in patients with deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach, and yin deficiency with internal heat

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TABLE 2.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Clear Heat and Drain Fire (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Calcitum (han shui shi) (Glauberitum)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the natural crystal of Nalrii Sulfas of the mirabilite family of the sulfates minerals. It is collected in whole year; after mixed stone and silt are removed, it is ground into pieces or calcined for use

Acrid, salty, cold; act on the heart, stomach, and kidney channels

Clear heat and drain fire

Indicated for the treatment of externally-contracted febrile disease (in qi aspect), with high fever, excessive thirst, mania; oral ulcer, swollen sores due to heat toxin, infantile erysipelas, and burn due to hot liquid or fire. Normally, 10–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, and an appropriate amount is used externally. It is used in raw or calcined to crisp for use

Its use is prohibited in patients with deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach

Common Anemarrhena Rhizome (zhi mu) (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dry rhizome and root of Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bge. of the Liliaceae family. It is collected in summer and autumn; after fibrous root and sediment or the exodermis is removed, it is dried under the sun

Bitter, sweet, cold; act on the lung, stomach, and kidney channels

Clear heat and drain fire, enrich yin and moisten dryness

Indicated for the treatment of externallycontracted febrile disease with high fever and excessive thirst; dry cough or chronic cough with breathlessness caused by lung heat; steaming bone fever, tidal fever, night sweating, and vexation due to yin deficiency resulting in vigorous fire; wasting-thirst (xia¯o kĕ) due to yin deficiency with internal heat, and constipation due to yin deficiency and intestinal dryness. Normally, 6–12 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Since it is cold, moistening, and laxative, it is not suitable for patients with thin, unformed stool due to spleen deficiency

(Continued )

38 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 2.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Clear Heat and Drain Fire (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Reed Rhizome (lu gen) (Rhizoma Phragmitis)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the fresh or dried rhizome and root of Phragmites communis Trin. of the Poaceae family. It is collected in whole year; after bud, fibrous root, and membranaceous leaf are removed; it is dried under the sun

Sweet, cold; act on the lung and stomach channels

Clear heat and drain fire, promote fluid production to quench thirst, relieve vexation, arrest vomiting, and promote urination

Indicated for the treatment of warm febrile disease with liquid (thin fluid) damaged, accompanied by excessive thirst and vexation; cough due to lung heat, and lung abscess with expectoration of pus; vomiting or nonproductive vomiting due to stomach heat, difficult and painful heat strangury with scanty and reddish urine. Normally, 15–30 g is decocted with water as an oral dose; the dose of the fresh one should be doubled and it can be pounded to extract the juice for use

It is not suitable for patients with deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach

Snakegourd Root (tian hua fen) (Radix Trichosanthis)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried root of Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. or Trichosanthes rosthornii HarIlls of the Cucurbitaceae family. It is collected in autumn and winter, and then washed clean; after the exodermis is removed; it is cut into segments or cut open into sections and dried

Sweet, slightly bitter, slightly cold; act on the lung and stomach channels

Clear heat and drain fire, promote fluid production to quench thirst, relieve swelling and expel pus

Indicated for the treatment of febrile disease with excessive thirst; dry cough with little phlegm and bloody sputum due to dryness-heat damaging the lung; wasting-thirst (xia¯o kĕ) due to internal heat and fluid consumption; sores and ulcers in the initial stage, with swelling and (or) pus due to intense heat toxin, swelling and pain of the throat due to wind-heat invading upward. Normally, 10–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is cautious in pregnant women, and it is not suited to combine with Radix Aconiti (chuan wu), Radix Aconiti Kusnezoffii (cao wu), and Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) to use

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TABLE 2.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Clear Heat and Drain Fire (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Lophatherum Stem and Leaves (zhu ye) (Folium Phyllostachydis Henonis)

Initially recorded in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians (ming yi bie lu). It is the leaf of Phyllostachys nigra (Lodd.) Munro var. Henonis (Mitf.) Stap ex Rendle of the Poaceae family. It is collected anytime

Sweet, acrid, bland, cold; act on the heart, stomach, and small intestine channels

Clear heat and drain fire, relieve vexation, promote fluid production, and promote urination

Indicated for the treatment of febrile disease with thin fluid consumption, with excessive thirst; or vexing heat and thirst due to externallycontracted wind-heat; sore in the mouth and tongue due to heart fire flaming upward, scanty and reddish urine, difficult and painful urination due to heart heat descending into small intestine, warm disease with loss of consciousness. and delirious speech due to heat invading the pericardium. Normally, 6–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose; the fresh one should be used at the dose of 15–30 g

Its use is prohibited in patients with vigorous fire due to yin deficiency accompanied by steaming bone fever and tidal fever

Salvia Root (dan zhu ye) (Herba Lophatheri)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried srem and leaf of Lophatherum gracile Brongn. of the Poaceae family. Before blooming in summer, it is collected and dried under the sun

Sweet, bland, cold; act on the heart, stomach, and small intestine channels

Clear heat and drain fire, relieve vexation and quench thirst, promote urination, and relieve strangury

Indicated for the treatment of febrile disease damaging thin fluid, with vexing heat and thirst, sore in the tongue and mouth due to exuberant excess fire of the heart and/or stomach, heat strangury with scanty and reddish urine, difficulty in micturition with pain due to heart-stomach heat descending into small intestine, or dampness-heat turbid urine. Normally, 6–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

It is not suitable for patients with deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach since it is cold in nature

(Continued )

40 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 2.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Clear Heat and Drain Fire (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Common Dayflower (ya zhi cao) (Herba Commelinae)

Initially recorded in Supplement to ‘The Materia Medica’ (ben cao shi yi). It is the dried aerial part of Commelina communis L. of the Commelinaceae family. It is collected in summer and autumn and dried under the sun

Sweet, bland, cold; act on the lung, stomach, and small intestine channels

Clear heat and drain fire, resolve toxins, promote urination, and relieve swelling

Indicated for the treatment of initial common cold due to wind-heat, or externally-contracted febrile disease with high fever and excessive thirst due to heat entering the qi aspect; swelling and pain of the throat, swollen carbuncles, sores and deeprooted boils due to heat toxin, edema with oliguresis, and heat strangury with difficult and painful urination due to damp-heat. Normally, 15–30 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is cautious in patients with deficiency or weakness of the spleen and stomach. And if use, the dosage should be decreased

Cape Jasmine Fruit (zhi zi) (Fructus Gardeniae)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried matured fruit of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis of the Rubiaceae family. It is collected during September to November when fruit is matured and turns titian; after carpopodium and impurities are removed, it is parboiled or blanched in the aqua bulliens, taken out and dried

Bitter, cold; act on the heart, lung, and sanjiao channels

Drain fire and relieve vexation, clear heat and drain dampness, cool the blood and resolve toxins; external use: relieve swelling and pain

Indicated for the treatment of febrile disease with vexation or inquietude, or high fever, loss of consciousness, and delirious speech due to intense heat in the sanjiao; jaundice due to damp-heat, blood strangury with difficult and painful urination, blood-spitting and nontraumatic hemorrhage due to blood heat, red eye with swelling and pain, sores and ulcers due to fire toxin. External treatment: traumatic injury. Normally, 6–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, and an appropriate amount of the raw one is ground into powder for applying externally

It is not suitable for patients with thin, unformed stool due to deficiency of spleen and stomach since it is bitter in flavor and cold in nature and easy to damage the stomach

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TABLE 2.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Clear Heat and Drain Fire (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Common SelfHeal Fruit-Spike (xia ku cao) (Spica Prunellae)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried spike of Prunella vulgaris L. of the Labiatae family. It is collected in summer when the spike turns brownish red color; after impurities are removed, it is dried under the sun

Acrid, bitter, cold; act on the liver, and gallbladder channels

Clear liver heat and drain fire, improve vision, dissipate masses, and relieve swelling

Indicated for the treatment of red eye with swelling and pain, headache, and dizziness due to liver fire flaming upward, pain in the eyeball at night due to liver yin deficiency, scrofula, goiter, mammary abscess, breast lump (hyperplasia of the mammary gland), and distending pain of the breasts. Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or decocted to paste for oral use

Its use is cautious in patients with deficiency or weakness of the spleen and stomach

Cassia Seed (jue ming zi) (Semen Cassiae)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried matured seed of Cassia obtusifolia L. or Cassia tora L. of the Leguminosae family. The matured fruit is collected in autumn and dried under the sun, then seed is separated by beat, and impurities are removed

Sweet, bitter, salty, slightly cold; act on the liver and large intestine channels

Clear liver heat and improve vision, and moisten the intestines to promote defecation

Indicated for the treatment of red eye with swelling and pain, intolerance of light (photophobia) with excessive tearing due to liver heat, blurred vision due to due to yin deficiency of liver and kidney, headache and dizziness due to ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, and constipation due to internal heat and intestinal dryness. Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. It shouldn’t be decocted for a long time if use for constipation

It is not suitable for patients with thin, unformed stool due to qi deficiency

(Continued )

42 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 2.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Clear Heat and Drain Fire (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Pale Butterfly Bush Flower (mi meng hua) (Flos Buddlejae)

Initially recorded in Materia Medica of the Kaibao Era (kai bao ben cao). It is the dried flower bud and inflorescence of Buddleja officinalis Maxim. of the Loganiaceae family. It is collected before blossoming in spring; after impurities are removed, it is dried under the sun

Sweet, slightly cold; act on the liver channel

Clear heat and drain fire, nourish the liver and improve vision, and remove nebula

Indicated for the treatment of red eye with swelling and pain due to liver fire flaming upward, intolerance of light (photophobia) with excessive tearing due to wind-fire invading upward, nebula generated due to liver-fire depression, blurred vision and dry eyes due to liver deficiency with heat. Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

No special contraindications

Feather Cockscomb Seed (qing xiang zi) (Semen Celosiae)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried matured seed of Celosia argentea L. of the Amaranthaceae family. When the fruit is matured in autumn, the plant or spike is collected and dried under the sun, then seed is collected, and impurities are removed

Bitter, slightly cold; act on the liver channel

Clear liver heat and drain fire, and remove nebula to improve vision

Indicated for the treatment of red eye with swelling and pain, nebula and blurred vision due to liver fire flaming upward, or blurred vision due to liver deficiency and blood heat; or blurred vision and dry eyes due to liverkidney depletion; headache and dizziness, vexation, and agitation and insomnia due to liver yang transforming into fire. Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is prohibited in patients with glaucoma because it can extend pupil

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2. Attached herbs (Table 2.2)

TABLE 2.2 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Clear Heat and Drain Fire Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Boor’s Mustard Herb (xi ming) (Herba Thlaspis Arvensis)

It is the dried aerial part of Thlaspi arvense L. of the Cruciferae family. It is collected when the fruit is matured in summer; after impurities are removed, it is dried

Acrid, slightly cold; act on the liver, stomach, and large intestine channels

Clear liver fire and improve vision, harmonize the center, drain dampness, resolve toxins, and relieve edema

Indicated for the treatment of red eye with swelling and pain, distending pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen, ribside pain, intestinal abscess, edema, morbid leukorrhea, furuncles, sores, carbuncles with swelling. Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

No special contraindications

Prepared Mirabilite (xi gua shuang) (Mirabilitum Praeparatum)

It is the product of fresh matured fruit of Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsumu. et Nakai of the Cucurbitaceae family and sodium sulfate

Salty, cold; act on the lung, stomach, and large intestine channels

Clear heat and drain fire, relieve swelling and pain

Indicated for the treatment of swelling and pain of the throat, throat bì (pharyngitis), and oral ulcer. Normally, 0.5–1.5 g is for oral taking, or an appropriate amount is blown and applied on the afflicted part

It is not suitable for patients with deficiency-cold pattern

Watermelon (xi gua) (Fructus Citrulli)

It is the fruit pulp of fresh matured fruit of Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsumu. et Nakai of the Cucurbitaceae family

Sweet, cold; act on the heart, stomach, and bladder channels

Clear heat and relieve vexation, resolve summer heat, and promote fluid production and urination

Indicated for the treatment of summer heat-heat syndrome with excessive thirst, exuberant heat injuring fluid, difficulty in micturition, throat bì (pharyngitis) and oral ulcer. Normally, an appropriate amount is for directly eating or pounded to extract the juice for drinking

It is not suitable for patients with interior cold pattern or exuberant dampness disease

Melon Seed (tian gua zi) (Semen Melo)

It is the dried matured seed of Cucumis melo L. of the Cucurbitaceae family. When the fruit is matured in summer and autumn, it is collected, washed clean, and dried under the sun

Sweet, cold; act on the lung, stomach, and large intestine channels

Clear lung heat, moisten the intestine, dissolve stasis, expel pus, cure injury, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of cough due to lung heat, constipation, lung abscess, intestinal abscess, injury from falling down, and injury of sinew and bone. Normally, 9–30 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

No special contraindications

Bat Feces (ye ming sha) (Faeces Vespertilionis)

It is the dried feces of Vespertilio superans Thomas (etc.) of the Vespertilionidae family. It is advisable to be collected in summer; after impurities and silt are removed, it is rinsed and dried under the sun

Acrid, cold; act on the liver channel

Clear heat and improve vision, dissipate blood stasis and disperse accumulation

Indicated for the treatment of red eyes, subconjunctival ecchymosis due to liver heat, injury from falling down, and malnutritional stagnation. Normally, 3–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, and an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is cautious in pregnant women

Pig Gall (zhu dan) (Fellis Suis)

It is the dried gallbladder of Sus scrofadomestica Brisson. of the Suidae family. It is collected any time, and washed clean, dried in the open-air, and ground into powder

Bitter, cold; act on the liver, gallbladder, lung, and large intestine channels

Clear fire and resolve toxins, moisten dryness to promote defecation, clear lung heat and dissolve phlegm

Indicated for the treatment of red eye with swelling and pain, throat bì (pharyngitis) due to liver fire flaming upward, jaundice due to liver-gallbladder damp-heat, dysentery due to large intestine damp-heat, sores and ulcers due to heat toxin, constipation due to heat accumulation, and cough due to lung heat. Normally, 0.15–0.3 g is taken infused as an oral dose

Its use is cautious in patients with deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach

44 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

3. Herb differentiation (Table 2.3)

TABLE 2.3 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Herbs That Clear Heat and Drain Fire Name of Medicinal Gypsum (shi gao) (Gypsum Fibrosum)

Similarity

Differences

Both are cold in nature, can clear heat and drain fire, and can treat warm febrile disease with excessive heat in qi aspect, high fever, excessive thirst, sweating, surging, and large pulse due to excess heat in the lung and stomach, and cough due to lung heat

It is exceedingly cold in nature, has a stronger effect of draining fire with emphasis on clearing, and is partial to clear and drain sthenic fire of the lung and stomach, and is more for the treatment of cough and panting due to lung heat, headache, and toothache due to stomach fire flaming upward. Meanwhile, if it is calcined, it can clear heat and eliminate dampness, close sore and engender flesh, and is usually used externally for ulcerated sores without tissue-regenerating for a long time, eczema, burn, and scald

Common Anemarrhena Rhizome (zhi mu) (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae)

Raw Cape Jasmine Fruit (sheng zhi zi) (Fructus Gardeniae Cruda)

It has a stronger effect of clearing heat with emphasis on enriching yin and moistening dryness, and is partial to moisten the lung and stomach dryness, and is more for the treatment of dry cough without phlegm, and wasting-thirst (xia¯o kĕ) due to yin deficiency. Meanwhile, it is good at enriching the kidney yin and subduing fire, moistening the intestines to promote defecation and can treat vigorous fire due to yin deficiency, steaming bone fever, night sweating, seminal emission, vexation, and constipation due to intestinal dryness Both can clear heat, drain fire, and relieve vexation, and treat febrile disease with vexation, blood strangury, blood-spitting, and nontraumatic hemorrhage due to blood heat, and red eye with swelling and pain, and sores due to fire toxin

Scorch-Fried Cape Jasmine Fruit (jiao zhi zi) (Fructus Gardeniae Praeparatus)

Common Self-Heal FruitSpike (xia ku cao) (Spica Prunellae)

Cassia Seed (jue ming zi) (Semen Cassiae)

Its property is more bitter and colder. It acts on qi aspect and is good at draining fire and dampness, cooling the blood and resolving toxins, and is used for the treatment of warm disease with high fever, jaundice and strangury due to damp-heat, sores and ulcers with swelling due to toxin, sprain and injury from falling down. Due to its bitter cold property, it is easy to damage the center qi (zhōng qì) and stimulate the stomach, and may cause the patients with weakness of the spleen and stomach to vomit after oral taking, but this disadvantage can be removed after it is dry-fried It acts on the blood aspect and is good at cooling the blood and stanching bleeding, clearing heat, and relieving vexation, and often used for the treatment of restlessness caused by heat constraint, and red eyes due to liver heat. Generally, if use Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi), the patients with deficiency and weakness of the spleen and stomach should select the scorchfried one

Both act on the liver channel and can clear the liver heat, improve vision, and decrease blood pressure, and can treat red eye with swelling and pain, headache and dizziness, and hypertensive disease

It also acts on the gallbladder channel, and is especially good at clearing and draining the liver fire and can boost the liver blood, and is suitable for the treatment of red eye with swelling and pain due to liver fire flaming upward, pain in the eyeball at night due to liver yin deficiency, and headache and dizziness due to liver yang or liver fire. It also can dissipate masses and decrease blood pressure so as to treat scrofula, goiter, and high blood pressure due to ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang It also acts on the kidney and large intestine channels, has a slightly less effect of clearing the liver fire, but combines the action on enriching the kidney yin. It is suitable for the treatment of red eye with swelling and pain due to both liver fire and wind-heat, and blurred vision due to deficiency of the liver and kidney. It also can moisten the intestines to promote defecation, decrease blood pressure and reduce blood fat, and can treat the intestinal dryness and constipation due to internal heat and fluid consumption, high blood pressure due to ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang and hyperlipidemia complicated by constipation

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SECTION 2  HERBS THAT CLEAR HEAT AND DRY DAMPNESS Outline Medicinals in this section are bitter in flavor and cold in nature, besides clearing heat, have a strong action on drying dampness, and are called the “herbs that clear heat and dry dampness.” They are mainly used for the treatment of damp-heat syndrome. Because of the properties of bitter and descent so as to strongly discharge heat, medicinals in this section can clear heat and drain fire and treat zang-fu fire-heat syndrome. Due to the different parts that immersed by damp-heat, the clinical symptoms are different. Damp-warmth or summer heat-warmth with dampness, damp-heat obstructing or accumulating may cause the functional activity of qi out of smooth. The symptoms of unsurfaced fever, chest and stomach cavity pĭ and oppression, scanty reddish urine, and yellow tongue with greasy coating may be seen. If damp-heat accumulating in the spleen and stomach, ascent-descent disorders, the symptoms of distention and fullness in the stomach cavity and abdomen, vomiting, diarrhea, and dysentery may occur. If damp-heat stagnating in the large intestine, failure to conduct and transmit, the symptoms of diarrhea, dysentery and piles with swelling and pain may be seen. If damp-heat accumulating and steaming the liver and gallbladder, jaundice, reddish urine, distending pain in the hypochondrium, swelling of ear with suppuration may occur. If damp-heat pouring downward, yellow leukorrhea or heat strangury with burning pain may be seen. If multiple abscesses of joints due to damp-heat, red swelling and burning pain of joints may occur. If damp-heat immersing the skin, eczema and wet sores may be seen. The earlier-mentioned diseases and syndromes caused by damp-heat all can be treated by this section’s medicinals. Due to the great bitter-cold property and strong effect of drying dampness of this section’s medicinals, overdosage may easily damage the stomach and consume yin. The dosage should be not large. The patients with deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach, fluid consumption, and yin impairment should be cautious to use these medicinals. If necessary, they should be used together with herbs that invigorate the stomach or herbs that nourish yin. When using this section’s medicinals to treat the zang-fu fire-heat syndrome or carbuncle-abscess with swelling and toxins, they can be combined with herbs that clear heat and drain fire and (or) herbs that clear heat and resolve toxins.

Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 1. Primary herbs (Table 2.4)

TABLE 2.4 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Clear Heat and Dry Dampness Name of Medicinal Scutellaria Root (huang qin) (Radix Scutellariae)

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi of the Labiatae family. It is collected in spring and autumn; after fibrous root and sediment are removed, it is half-dried under the sun and stroked to separate the rough root bark, and then further dried under the sun

Bitter, cold; act on the lung, spleen, large intestine, small intestine, and gallbladder channels

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Clear heat and dry dampness, drain fire and resolve toxins, stanch bleeding, and calm the fetus

Indicated for the treatment of dampwarmth, summer heat-damp, chest oppression with nausea and vomiting, pĭ and fullness due to damp-heat obstructing the center, jaundice with dampheat pathogen, diarrhea and dysentery due to large intestine dampheat; cough with thick phlegm due to lung heat, externally-contracted febrile disease with high fever and excessive thirst, blood-spitting and nosebleed due to blood heat, carbuncles with swelling, sore with toxins, or restless fetus. Normally, 3–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Caution for Use It is not suitable for patients with deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach since it is bitter in flavor and cold in nature and easy to damage the stomach

(Continued )

46 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 2.4 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Clear Heat and Dry Dampness (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Coptis Rhizome (huang lian) (Rhizoma Coptidis)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried rhizome and root of Coptis chinensis Franch., Coptis deltoidea C.Y.Cheng et Hsiao or Coptis teeta wall. of the Ranunculaceae family. It is collected in autumn; after fibrous root and sediment are removed, it is dried and stroked to separate the remaining fibrous root

Bitter, cold; act on the heart, spleen, stomach, liver, gallbladder, and large intestine channels

Clear heat and dry dampness, drain fire, and resolve toxins

Indicated for the treatment of pĭ and fullness, vomiting and acid swallowing due to damp-heat, damp-heat diarrhea or dysentery, jaundice with damp-heat pathogen, high fever, loss of consciousness, vexation, sleeplessness, palpitation with inquietude due to exuberance of heart fire, blood-spitting and nosebleed due to blood heat, red eyes, toothache, wastingthirst (xia¯o kĕ), swollen carbuncles and furuncle; or external treatment of eczema and suppuration of ear canal. Normally, 2–5 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, and an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is prohibited in patients with deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach due to its extremely bitter-cold property. It is also not suitable for patients with yin deficiency and fluid consumption due to its bitter and dryness properties

Amur CorkTree Bark (huang bai) (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried bark of Phellodendron chinense Schneid. of the Rutaceae family. The tree bark is peeled off after the Tomb Sweeping festival; after the rough bark is removed, it is dried under the sun

Bitter, cold; act on the kidney and bladder channels

Clear heat and dry dampness, drain fire and relieve steaming bone fever, resolve toxins and cure sores

Indicated for the treatment of abnormal vaginal discharge, heat strangury with difficult and painful sensation, diarrhea, dysentery, and jaundice due to damp-heat, foot damp qi and wĕi (atrophy) due to damp-heat, steaming bone fever, over-strained fever, night sweating, seminal emission, sores and ulcers with swelling and toxins, and eczema with itching. Normally, 3–12 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, and an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is prohibited in patients with deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach due to its bitter-cold property

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TABLE 2.4 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Clear Heat and Dry Dampness (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Chinese Gentian (long dan) (Radix et Rhizoma Gentianae)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried root and rhizome of Gentiana manshurica Kitag., Gentiana scabra Bge., Gentiana triflora Pall., or Gentiana rigescens Franch. of the Gentianaceae family. It is collected in spring and autumn, washed clean and dried

Bitter, cold; act on the liver and gallbladder channels

Clear heat and dry dampness, drain the liver and gallbladder fire

Indicated for the treatment of jaundice with damp-heat pathogen, vulvar swelling and vaginal itching, abnormal vaginal discharge with foul smell, and eczema with itching due to damp-heat pouring downward; headache, red eyes, tinnitus, deafness, ribside pain, and bitter taste in the mouth due to the livergallbladder excess fire, and infantile convulsion with high fever due to exuberant heat in the liver channel and extreme heat producing wind. Normally, 3–6 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

It is not suitable for patients with deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach. Its use is cautious in patients with yin deficiency and fluid consumption

Ash Bark (qin pi) (Cortex Fraxini)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried branch or trunk bark of Fraxinus rhynchophylla Hance, Fraxinus chinensis Roxb., Fraxinus szaboana Lingelsh. or Fraxinus stylosa Lingelsh. of the Oleaceae family. It is collected in spring and autumn, and dried under the sun

Bitter, astringent, cold; act on the liver, gallbladder, and large intestine channels

Clear heat and dry dampness, arrest dysentery with astringency, arrest vaginal discharge, and improve vision

Indicated for the treatment of damp-heat diarrhea or dysentery, accompanied by abdominal urgency with rectal heaviness; leukorrhea with red and white discharge, and vaginal itching due to damp-heat pouring downward; red eye with swelling and pain and nebula due to the fire from constraint in the liver channel. Normally, 6–12 g is decocted with water as an oral dose; or an appropriate amount is decocted for washing the affected area externally

Its use is prohibited in patients with deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach

(Continued )

48 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 2.4 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Clear Heat and Dry Dampness (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Light Yellow Sophora Root (ku shen) (Radix Sophorae Flavescentis)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried root of Sophora flavescens Ait. of the Leguminosae family. It is collected in spring and autumn; after the head of root and small rootlet are removed, washed clean and dried, or cut into pieces while fresh and then dried

Bitter, cold; act on the heart, liver, stomach, large intestine, and bladder channels

Clear heat and dry dampness, kill worms, and promote urination

Indicated for the treatment of damp-heat diarrhea or dysentery, or bloody stool or bleeding from piles due to damp-heat, jaundice, and difficulty in micturition with damp-heat pathogen; leukorrhea with red and white discharge, vulvar swelling and vaginal itching due to dampheat pouring downward; eczema, itch of skin, scabies, tinea, and leprosy. External treatment: trichomonas vaginitis. Normally, 5 –10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is decocted for washing the afflicted part externally

Its use is prohibited in patients with deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach. It antagonizes Radix et Rhizoma Veratri Nigri (li lu)

Dictamnus Root Bark (bai xian pi) (Cortex Dictamni)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried root bark of Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz. of the Rutaceae family. The root is collected in spring and autumn; after sediment and rough bark are removed, the root bark is peeled off and dried

Bitter, cold; act on the spleen, stomach, and bladder channels

Clear heat and dry dampness, dispel wind and resolve toxins

Indicated for the treatment of sore with dripping yellowwater, ulceration of skin, eczema, rubella, scabies and tinea due to damp-heat, jaundice with reddish urine due to accumulated dampheat, and wind-damp heat bì syndrome with redness and swelling and pain of joints. Normally, 5–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is decocted for washing or ground into powder for applying the afflicted part externally

Its use is cautious in patients with deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach

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TABLE 2.4 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Clear Heat and Dry Dampness (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

All-Grass of Foxtail-Like Sophora (ku dou zi) (Sophora Alopecur-oides)

Initially recorded in Handbook of Chinese Medicinal Herbs in Xinjiang (xin jiang zhong cao yao shou ce). It is the dried entire plant and seed of Sophora alopecuroides L. of the Leguminosae family. The entire plant is collected in summer, and seed is collected in spring, and dried

Bitter, cold, poisonous; act on the stomach and large intestine channels

Clear heat and dry dampness, relieve pain, and kill worms

Indicated for the treatment of diarrhea and dysentery with tenesmus due to damp-heat, pain in the stomach cavity and acid swallowing due to stomach heat, eczema, stubborn dermatitis, and leukorrhagia due to damp-heat, sore and furuncle and ulcer due to heat toxin. Normally, 1.5–3 g of the entire plant is decocted with water as an oral dose. The seeds are dry-fried and ground into powder for oral taking, 5 pills each time

The dosage for oral use should be not large since it is poisonous. And its use is cautious in patients with deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach

Sargent Barberry Bark (san ke zhen) (Berberidis Radix)

Initially recorded in Properties of Medicinal Herbs by Category (fen lei cao yao xing). It is the dried root of Berberis soulieana Schneid., Berberis wilsonae Hemsl., Berberis poiretii Schneid., or Berberis vernae Schneid. of the Berberidaceae family. It is collected in spring and autumn; after sediment and fibrous root are removed, it is dried under the sun, or cut into pieces and dried

Bitter, cold, poisonous; act on the liver, stomach, and large intestine channels

Clear heat and dry dampness, drain fire and resolve toxins

Indicated for the treatment of dampheat diarrhea or dysentery, jaundice, and eczema due to damp-heat, carbuncles accompanied by swelling, and sore due to heat toxin, swelling and pain of the throat, red eye with swelling and pain; and suppurative inflammation of the middle ear due to fire toxin; or injury from falling down. Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, and an appropriate amount is ground into powder for applying the affected area externally

The dosage for oral use should be not large since it is poisonous. And its use is cautious in patients with deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach

(Continued )

50 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 2.4 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Clear Heat and Dry Dampness (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Manyleaf Meadowure Rhizome and Root (ma wei lian) (Radix et Rhizoma Thalictri Baicalensis)

Initially recorded in Supplement to “The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica” (ben cao gang mu shi yi). It is the rhizome and root of Thalictrum foliolosum DC., T. baicalense Turcz., or T. delavayi Franch. of the Ranunculaceae family. Its entire plant can also be as a medicinal. It is collected in autumn and winter, washed clean and cut into segments

Property, Channel Entry Bitter, cold; act on the heart, lung, liver, gallbladder, and large intestine channels

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Clear heat and dry dampness, drain fire and resolve toxins

Indicated for the treatment of damp-heat diarrhea or dysentery, and jaundice with damp-heat pathogen; febrile disease with vexation and agitation and restlessness; cough due to lung heat, carbuncles and sores accompanied by swelling and pain, or red eye with swelling and pain due to fire toxin. Normally, 6–12 g of the rhizome and root or 15–30 g of the entire plant is decocted with water as an oral dose

Caution for Use Its use is cautious in patients with deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach

2. Attached herbs (Table 2.5)

TABLE 2.5 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Clear Heat and Dry Dampness Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

False Chinese Swertia Herb (dang yao) (Swertiae Herba)

It is the dried entire plant of Swertia pseudochinensis Hara of the Gentianaceae family. It is collected in summer and autumn; after impurities are removed, it is dried under the sun

Bitter, cold; act on the liver, stomach, and large intestine channels

Clear dampheat, and invigorate the stomach

Indicated for the treatment of jaundice with damp-heat pathogen, with pain in the hypochondrium, dysentery with abdominal pain, and poor appetite. Normally, 6–12 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder. Dosage for children should be reduced accordingly. An appropriate amount is pounded to extract the juice for applying externally

Its use is cautious in patients with deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach

Phellodendron Bark (guan huang bai) (Cortex Phellodendri Amurensis)

It is the dried dark of Phellodendron amurense Rupr. of the Rutaceae family. The bark is peeled off; after the rough bark is removed, it is dried under the sun

Bitter, cold; act on the kidney and bladder channels

Clear heat and dry dampness, drain fire and relieve steaming bone fever, resolve toxins, and cure sores

Indicated for the treatment of diarrhea and dysentery due to damp-heat, jaundice with reddish urine, abnormal vaginal discharge with vaginal itching, heat strangury, steaming bone fever, over-strained fever, night sweating, seminal emission, sores and ulcers with swelling due to heat toxin, and eczema. Normally, 3–12 g is decocted with water as an oral dose; or an appropriate amount is decocted for washing the affected area externally

Its use is prohibited in patients with diarrhea due to spleen deficiency, eating lessening due to stomach weakness

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TABLE 2.5 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Clear Heat and Dry Dampness (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Chinese Mahonia Stem (gong lao mu) (Caulis Mahoniae)

It is the dried stem of Mahonia bealei (Fort.) Carr or Mahonia fortunei (Lindl.) Fedde of the Berberidaceae family. It is collected in whole year, cut into slices and dried

Bitter, cold; act on the liver, stomach, and large intestine channels

Clear heat and dry dampness, drain fire and resolve toxins

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Indicated for the treatment of diarrhea and dysentery due to damp-heat, jaundice with reddish urine, red eye with swelling and pain, toothache due to stomach fire, sore and furuncle, carbuncles with swelling due to heat toxin. Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose; or an appropriate amount is decocted for washing the affected area externally

Its use is prohibited in patients with deficiency-cold of constitution

3. Herb differentiation (Table 2.6)

TABLE 2.6 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Herbs That Clear Heat and Dry Dampness Name of Medicinal

Similarity

Differences

Scutellaria Root (huang qin) (Radix Scutellariae)

All three are bitter in flavor and cold in nature, have the main effects of clearing heat and drying dampness, draining fire and resolving toxins, and often combine with each other to treat the internal exuberance of damp-heat or intense fire toxin syndromes, such as diarrhea, dysentery, and jaundice due to damp-heat, swollen carbuncles due to heat toxin, red eye with swelling and pain, blood-spitting and nosebleed due to blood heat, and other fire-heat syndrome of zang-fu organs

It mainly acts on the lung and large intestine channels, also acts on the stomach and gallbladder channels. Its effects are partial to the upper jiao and large intestine. It is good at clearing the lung fire in the upper jiao and large intestine fire, and has a significant effect of stanching bleeding, and is especially indicated for the treatment of warm disease with heat entering the qi or nutrient-blood, cough and panting due to lung heat, dampwarmth, summer heat-damp or damp-heat obstructing the center, dampheat painful strangury and anus fistula with bloody stool. It also can clear heat and calm the fetus and treat the restless fetus due to fetus heat

Coptis Rhizome (huang lian) (Rhizoma Coptidis)

Amur Cork-Tree Bark (huang bai) (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis)

Light Yellow Sophora Root (ku shen) (Radix Sophorae Flavescentis) Ash Bark (qin pi) (Cortex Fraxini)

It has the exceedingly bitter in flavor and cold in nature, mainly acts on the heart and stomach channels, its effects are partial to the heart and middle jiao, it is good at clearing the heart-stomach fire and eliminating damp-heat in the middle jiao. It is especially indicated for the treatment of warm disease with coma and delirium due to heat entering nutrient-blood, vexation and sleeplessness, toothache and oral ulcer due to stomach fire, vomiting and acid swallowing due to liver fire invading the stomach, pĭ and fullness due to damp-heat, and swift digestion with rapid hungering due to intense stomach fire. In addition, small amounts of Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) may invigorate the stomach. If it is used together with the herbs that fortify the spleen and stomach, it can treat spleen-stomach weakness Its efficacy is not as good as Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian). It mainly acts on the kidney and bladder channels, and its effects are partial to the lower jiao, it is good at clearing ministerial fire (kidney fire), abating deficiencyheat, and eliminating the lower jiao damp-heat. It is especially indicated for the treatment of vigorous fire due to yin deficiency, steaming bone fever and tidal fever, and suppression of urine, turbid strangury, abnormal vaginal discharge, vaginal itching, swelling and pain of the foot and knee, and foot damp qi (tinea pedis) due to damp-heat in the lower jiao

Both are bitter and cold, can clear heat and dry dampness, and mainly indicated for the treatment of diarrhea and dysentery due to damp-heat, intestinal wind (i.e., bloody stool) and yellow abnormal vaginal discharge

It is good at clearing the lower jiao damp-heat, also can promote urination, so it can guide the damp-heat out from urination. And it also can kill worms to relieve itching

It is astringent and has an effect of astringing, can clear heat and dry dampness and resolve toxins, also can arrest dysentery, and arrest vaginal discharge with astringency, clear liver heat and drain fire, and remove nebula to improve vision, and are used for the treatment of red eye with swelling pain and nebula due to fire from constraint in the liver channel (Continued )

52 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 2.6 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Herbs That Clear Heat and Dry Dampness (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Similarity

Differences

Ginger Juice-Fried Coptis Rhizome (jiang huang lian)

All three can clear heat and drain dampness, drain fire and resolve toxins, and mainly treat stomach and intestine damp-heat, diarrhea and dysentery, vomiting, exuberant heat and blazing of fire pattern, high fever with vexation and agitation, carbuncles and abscesses and deep-rooted boils, sores in mouth and tongue, eczema, swelling and pain of the ear and eye

Ginger Juice-fried Rhizoma Coptidis (jiang huang lian) has alleviated the bitter-cold property of Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian), and can clear the stomach heat, harmonize the stomach, and reinforce the effect of arresting vomiting, can mainly treat vomiting due to stomach heat, and is more used for the treatment of binding of clod and heat, damp-heat obstructing the center, disorders of the stomach downward function, pĭ and fullness with nausea and vomiting

Wine-Fried Coptis Rhizome (jiu huang lian)

Medicinal Evodia Fruit-Fried Coptis Rhizome (yu huang lian)

Wine-fried Rhizoma Coptidis (jiu huang lian) can guide the effects of Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) to the upper and relieve its cold property. It is good at clearing fire-heat of the head and eye in the upper jiao, and is more used for the treatment of red eye with swelling and pain, and sore in mouth and tongue Medicinal Evodia Fruit-fried Rhizoma Coptidis (yu huang lian) has inhibited the bitter-cold property of Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian), and can mainly clear damp-heat in qi aspect, scatter the liver and gallbladder fire from constraint, and treat damp-heat obstructing and stagnating the liver and gallbladder, and liver-stomach disharmony with vomiting, epigastric upset and acid swallowing. It also can treat stagnation of pathogen inside the body, generating dampness and accumulating heat, pĭ and fullness in the chest and stomach cavity, diarrhea, or dysentery

SECTION 3  HERBS THAT CLEAR HEAT AND RESOLVE TOXINS Outline Medicinals in this section are cold or cool in nature, besides clearing heat, they are good at resolving toxins, and have the effects of clearing and resolving pathogenic fire-heat and toxins. They are mainly indicated for the treatment of swollen carbuncles and sore toxins, erysipelas, pestilent maculae, parotic swelling (mumps), swelling and pain of the throat, diarrhea due to heat toxin, insect or snake bite, cancer, burn or scald due to hot liquid or fire, and other acute febrile diseases. During the clinical medication, herbs that clear heat and resolve toxins should be specifically selected to use according to the different manifestations and the accompanied symptoms and signs from various kinds of syndromes, and/or combined together with the characteristics of the specific medicinals. The corresponding combination of medicinals should also be considered according to the requirement of patient’s condition. Like treating heat toxin in blood aspect, they can combine with herbs that clear heat and cool the blood; intense fire-heat, combine with herbs that clear heat and drain fire; complicated by pathogenic dampness, combine with herbs that drain dampness, dry dampness or remove dampness; sores and ulcers with swelling and toxins, or swelling and pain of the throat, combine with herbs that invigorate blood and relieve swelling or soften hardness and dissipate masses; red dysentery due to heat toxin, with abdominal urgency with rectal heaviness, combine with herbs that invigorate blood and move qi. This section’s medicinals can easily damage the spleen and stomach, so discontinue medication as soon as getting effect and overdose is not advisable for use.

Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 1. Primary herbs (Table 2.7)

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TABLE 2.7 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Clear Heat and Resolve Toxins Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Japanese Honeysuckle Flower (jin yin hua) (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae)

Initially recorded in Newly Revised Materia Medica (xin xiu ben cao). It is the dried flower bud or with the early blossom of Lonicera japonica Thunb. of the Caprifoliaceae family. It is collected before blooming in early summer, and dried

Sweet, cold; act on the lung, heart, and stomach channels

Clear heat and resolve toxins, scatter and dissipate wind-heat, cool the blood and arrest dysentery

Indicated for the treatment of carbuncles and deep-rooted boils with redness and swelling and pain due to heat toxin; throat bì (pharyngitis), erysipelas, heat sore (herpes simplex) and miliaria; red dysentery due to heat toxin, and common cold due to externallycontracted wind-heat, or warm disease in the initial stage with fever. Normally, 6–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is prohibited in patients with deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach, and sores and ulcers with clear pus due to qi deficiency

Weeping Forsythia Capsule (lian qiao) (Fructus Forsythiae)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried fruit of Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl of the Oleaceae family. It is collected when the fruits are first matured but still green in autumn, after impurities are removed, steamed and dried under the sun, which calls “Green Fructus Forsythiae.” When the fruits are quite ripe, it is collected and dried under the sun, which calls “Old Fructus Forsythiae”

Bitter, slightly cold; act on the lung, heart, and small intestine channels

Clear heat and resolve toxins, relieve swelling and dissipate masses, scatter and dissipate wind-heat, clear heart heat and promote urination

Indicated for the treatment of carbuncleabscess with swelling, scrofula and phlegm nodule (superficial nodule), mammary abscess, erysipelas, common cold due to externally-contracted wind-heat, or warm disease in the initial stage with high fever, excessive thirst, coma, maculae generated due to heat invading the nutrient aspect, and difficult and painful heat strangury due to damp-heat obstructing. Normally, 6–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is prohibited in patients with weakness of the spleen and stomach, fever due to qi deficiency, and ulcerated carbuncleabscess with pale and clear pus

(Continued )

54 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 2.7 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Clear Heat and Resolve Toxins (cont.)

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Andrographis (chuan xin lian) (Herba Andrographis)

Initially recorded in Records of Medicinal Harvest in Lingnan (ling nan cai yao lu). It is the dried aerial part of Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees of the Acanthaceae family. When the stem and leaves are luxuriant in autumn, it is collected and dried under the sun

Indigowoad Leaf (da qing ye) (Folium Isatidis)

Initially recorded in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians (ming yi bie lu). It is the dried leaf of Isatis indigotica Fort. of the Cruciferae family. It is collected in 2 or 3 times in summer and autumn; after impurities are removed, it is dried under the sun

Name of Medicinal

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Bitter, cold; act on the heart, lung, large intestine, and bladder channels

Clear heat and resolve toxins, cool the blood and relieve swelling, and dry dampness

Indicated for the treatment of fever due to wind-heat, warm disease in the initial stage, cough and panting due to lung heat, swelling and pain of the throat, sore in mouth and tongue, lung abscess with spitting pus, diarrhea and dysentery, difficult and painful heat strangury, and eczema with itching due to damp-heat, carbuncles and sores, and insect bite. Normally, 6–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, and an appropriate amount is used externally

It is not suitable for long-term use and taking too much. Its use is cautious in patients with yang deficiency and weakness of the spleen and stomach

Bitter, cold; act on the heart and stomach channels

Clear heat and resolve toxins, cool the blood, and remove maculae

Indicated for the treatment of warm disease with high fever and loss of consciousness due to heat entering nutrientblood; macules and papules generated, erysipelas, parotic swelling (mumps), and carbuncles with swelling and pain due to warm toxin; throat bì (pharyngitis) and sore in the mouth and tongue due to exuberance of heart-stomach fire. Normally, 9–15 g of the dried one or 30–60 g of the fresh one is decocted with water as an oral dose; or an appropriate amount is pounded for applying the affected area externally

Its use is prohibited in patients with deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach

Caution for Use

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TABLE 2.7 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Clear Heat and Resolve Toxins (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Isatis Root (ban lan gen) (Radix Isatidis)

Initially recorded in Newly Revised Materia Medica (xin xiu ben cao). It is the dried root of Isatis indigotica Fort. of the Cruciferae family. It is collected in autumn; after sediment is removed, it is dried under the sun

Bitter, cold; act on the heart and stomach channels

Clear heat and resolve toxins, cool the blood and relieve sore-throat

Indicated for the treatment of fever from external contraction, warm disease in the initial stage with swelling and pain of the throat; macules and papules generated, parotic swelling (mumps), infectious sore throat with erythema (scarlatina), swollen-head infection with redness and swelling, erysipelas and carbuncles due to pestilential toxin. Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is prohibited in weak patients without excess fire and heat toxin, and cautious in patients with deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach

Natural Indigo (qing dai) (Indigo Naturalis)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Medicinal Properties (yao xing lun). It is the dried processed powder, mass, or granule of the leaf or cauline leaf of Baphicacanthus cusia (Nees) Bremek. of the Acanthaceae family, Polygonum tinctorium Ait. of the Polygonaceae family, or Isatis indigotica Fort. of the Cruciferae family

Salty, cold; act on the liver and lung channels

Clear heat and resolve toxins, cool the blood and remove maculae, clear liver heat and drain fire, and arrest convulsion

Indicated for the treatment of maculae generated due to warm toxin; spitting of blood and nosebleed due to blood heat; chest pain, cough and expectoration of blood due to liver fire invading the lung, or cough with yellow and thick phlegm due to lung heat; sore throat and sore in the mouth and tongue, parotic swelling (mumps), and ulcers due to intense fire toxin, and infantile convulsive epilepsy due to summer heat. Normally, 1–3 g is made into pills or powder as an oral dose, and an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is cautious in patients with stomach cold

(Continued )

56 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 2.7 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Clear Heat and Resolve Toxins (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Cyrtomii Rhizoma (guan zhong) (Rhizoma Cyrtomii)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried rhizome with petiole residue of Dryopteris crassirhizoma Nakai of the Dryopteridaceae family. It is collected in autumn; after petiole, fibrous root, and sediment are removed, it is dried under the sun

Bitter, slightly cold, slightly poisonous; act on the liver and spleen channels

Clear heat and resolve toxins, cool the blood and stanch bleeding, and kill worms

Indicated for the treatment of epidemic common cold, windheat common cold with headache, maculae generated, parotic swelling (mumps) due to warm toxin, sores and ulcers with swelling and toxins, bleeding, especially for flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding) due to blood heat, and abdominal pain due to intestinal parasitic infestation. Normally, 5–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, and an appropriate amount is used externally

Avoid greasy food. Due to its slightly poisonous, the dosage should not be too large. Its use is cautious in pregnant women and patients with deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach

Dandelion (pu gong ying) (Herba Taraxaci)

Initially recorded in Newly Revised Materia Medica (xin xiu ben cao). It is the dried entire plant of Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz. or Taraxacum borealisinense Kitam. of the Compositae family, or many kinds of plants of the same family. It is collected when early blooming in spring through autumn; after impurities are removed, it is washed clean and dried under the sun

Bitter, sweet, cold; act on the liver and stomach channels

Clear heat and resolve toxins, relieve swelling and dissipate masses, promote urination and relieve strangury

Indicated for the treatment of deep-rooted boils and carbuncles with swelling, internal abscess, especially for mammary abscess (acute mastitis), lung abscess, and intestine abscess due to heat toxin, difficult and painful heat strangury, jaundice due to damp-heat, red eye with swelling and pain due to liver fire flaming upward. Normally, 10–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, and an appropriate amount of the fresh one is used externally

Its use is prohibited in patients with external cold due to yang deficiency, and weakness of the spleen and stomach. And overdose may cause slow diarrhea

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TABLE 2.7 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Clear Heat and Resolve Toxins (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Tokyo Violet (zi hua di ding) (Herba Violae)

Initially recorded in The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica (ben cao gang mu). It is the dried entire plant of Violae yedoensis Makino of the Violaceae family. It is collected in spring and autumn; after impurities are removed, it is dried under the sun

Bitter, acrid, cold; act on the heart and liver channels

Clear heat and resolve toxins cool the blood and relieve swelling

Indicated for the treatment of deep-rooted boils with swelling, mammary abscess and intestine abscess, carbuncles of the back, erysipelas due to blood heat obstructing, and snake bite; also for the treatment of red eye with swelling and pain, and externallycontracted febrile disease due to liver heat. Normally, 15–30 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, and an appropriate amount of the fresh one is used externally

Its use is prohibited in patients with deficiency-cold of constitution

Wild Chrysanthemum Flower (ye ju hua) (Flos Chrysanthemi Indici)

Initially recorded in The Orthodox Materia Medica (ben cao zheng). It is the dried flower head of Chrysanthemum indicum L. of the Compositae family. When early blooming in autumn and winter, it is collected and dried under the sun, or steamed and dried

Bitter, acrid, slightly cold; act on the liver and heart channels

Clear heat and resolve toxins, drain fire and calm the liver

Indicated for the treatment of deeprooted boils, sores, and carbuncles with swelling, swelling and pain of the throat due to heat toxin accumulation, red eye with swelling and pain due to wind-heat invading upward, headache and dizziness due to liver fire flaming upward. Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is decocted for washing or made into ointment for applying externally

Its use is cautious in pregnant women and patients with deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach

(Continued )

58 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 2.7 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Clear Heat and Resolve Toxins (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Paris Rhizome (chong lou) (Rhizoma Paridis)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried rhizome of Paris polyphylla Smith var. yunnanensis (Franch.) Hand.-Mazz. or Paris polyphylla Smith var. chinensis (Franch.) Hara of the Liliaceae family. It is collected in autumn; after fibrous roots are removed, it is washed clean and dried under the sun

Bitter, slightly cold, slightly poisonous; act on the liver channel

Clear heat and resolve toxins, relieve swelling and relieve pain, cool the liver and arrest convulsion

Indicated for the treatment of deeprooted boils, sores, and carbuncles with swelling, swelling and pain of the throat, snake and insect bite, infantile convulsion due to extreme heat producing wind, and bleeding caused by injury from falling down, swelling and pain due to blood stasis. Normally, 3–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is ground into powder for applying externally

Its use is prohibited in weak patients without excess fire and heat toxin, pregnant women, and sores and ulcers with a yin pattern

Bistort Rhizome (quan shen) (Rhizoma Bistortae)

Initially recorded in Illustrated Classic of Materia Medica (ben cao tu jing). It is the dried rhizome of Polygonum bistorta L. of the Polygonaceae family. It is collected when early sprouting in spring or when the stem and leaf will wilt in autumn; after sediment is removed, it is dried under the sun, and then fibrous root is removed

Bitter, astringent, slightly cold; act on the lung, liver, and large intestine channels

Clear heat and resolve toxins, relieve swelling, cool the blood and stanch bleeding, tranquilize the liver and extinguish wind

Indicated for the treatment of swollen carbuncles, scrofula, snake and insect bite, febrile disease with loss of consciousness, and convulsive epilepsy, red dysentery and pyretic diarrhea, bleeding, such as blood-spitting and nosebleed, or bleeding from piles due to blood heat, cough due to lung heat, sore in mouth and tongue. Normally, 5–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, and an appropriate amount is used externally

It is not suitable for patients without excess fire and heat toxin. And its use is prohibited in patients with sores and ulcers with a yin pattern

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TABLE 2.7 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Clear Heat and Resolve Toxins (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Rhaponticum Root (lou lu) (Radix Rhapontici)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried root of Rhaponticum uniflorum (L.) DC of the Compositae family. It is collected in spring and autumn; after fibrous root and sediment are removed, it is dried under the sun

Bitter, cold; act on the stomach channel

Clear heat and resolve toxins, relieve carbuncle and dissipate masses, unblock the channels and promote lactation, relax the sinews and unblock the vessels

Indicated for the treatment of mammary abscess (acute mastitis) with swelling and pain due to heat toxin accumulation, carbuncle-abscess and phlegmon of the dorsum, scrofula and sores due to binding constraint of phlegmfire, inhibited lactation with distending pain after childbirth due to the breast collateral obstruction, and damp bì syndrome with tendon spasm. Normally, 5–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is prohibited in patients with sores and ulcers collapsing due to qi deficiency, and pregnant women

Glabrous Greenbrier Rhizome (tu fu ling) (Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae)

Initially recorded in The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica (ben cao gang mu). It is the dried root of Smilax glabra Roxb. of the Liliaceae family. It is collected in summer and autumn; after fibrous root is removed, it is washed clean and dried, or cut into pieces while fresh, and dried

Sweet, bland, neutral; act on the liver and stomach channels

Resolve toxins, eliminate dampness, and smooth joint movement

Indicated for the treatment of syphilis, and tendon spasm of limbs and pain of sinew and bone caused by mercury poisoning, heat strangury, vaginal itching, abnormal vaginal discharge, and eczema with itching due to damp-heat, swollen carbuncles and sores, scrofula, scabies, and tinea. Normally, 15–60 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is used externally

Avoid drinking tea. Its use is cautious in patients with liver-kidney yin deficiency

(Continued )

60 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 2.7 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Clear Heat and Resolve Toxins (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Heartleaf Houttuynia (yu xing cao) (Herba Houttuyniae)

Initially recorded in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians (ming yi bie lu). It is the fresh whole plant or dried aerial part of Houttuynia cordata Thunb. of the Saururaceae family. The fresh one is collected in whole year; the dried one is collected when stem and leaf are luxuriant and spica is more in summer; after impurities are removed, it is dried under the sun

Acrid, slightly cold; act on the lung channel

Clear heat and resolve toxins, relieve carbuncle and expel pus, promote urination, and relieve strangury

Indicated for the treatment of lung abscess with expectoration of pus, panting and cough due to phlegm-heat, swollen sores and carbuncles due to heat toxin, strangury due to damp-heat, and heat dysentery. Normally, 15–25 g of the dried one or 30–50 g of the fresh one is decocted with water or pounded to extract the juice as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is pounded for applying or decocted for fumigating and washing the afflicted part

Since it contains volatile oil, it should not be decocted for a long time. And its use is prohibited in patients with deficiency-cold pattern, or sores and ulcers with a yin pattern

Wild Buckwheat (jin qiao mai) (Rhizoma Fagopyri Dibotryis)

Initially recorded in Newly Revised Materia Medica (xin xiu ben cao). It is the dried rhizome of Fagopyrum dibotrys (D.Don) Hara of the Polygonaceae family. It is collected in winter; after stem and fibrous root are removed, it is dried under the sun

Slightly acrid, astringent, cool; act on the lung channel

Clear heat and resolve toxins, expel pus and dispel stasis, fortify the spleen and promote digestion

Indicated for the treatment of lung abscess with expectoration of thick fishy phlegm or pus and blood, panting and cough due to lung heat, scrofula, sores, and furuncle, and throatmoth (tonsillitis) with swelling and pain; also for the treatment of abdominal distention and eating lessening. Normally, 15–45 g is decocted with water or air tightly stewed out of water with water or yellow rice wine as an oral dose

No special contraindications

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TABLE 2.7 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Clear Heat and Resolve Toxins (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Sargent Gloryvine Stem (da xue teng) (Caulis Sargentodoxae)

Initially recorded in Illustrated Classic of Materia Medica (ben cao tu jing). It is the dried rattan stem of Sargentodoxa cuneata (Oliv.) Rehd.et Wils. of the Laidizabalaceae family. It is collected in autumn and winter; after lateral branch is removed, it is cut into segments and dried

Bitter, neutral; act on the large intestine and liver channels

Clear heat and resolve toxins, invigorate blood, dispel wind, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of abdominal pain with intestinal abscess, sores, and ulcers due to heat toxin, injury with swelling and pain due to falling down, menstrual block and painful menstruation, and painful bì syndrome due to wind-damp. Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is cautious in pregnant women

Patrinia (bai jiang cao) (Herba Patriniae)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried whole plant of Patrinia scabiosaefolia Fisch.ex Link. or P. villose Juss. of the Valerianaceae family. It is collected in summer and autumn; after sediment is removed, it is washed clean and dried in the shade or under the sun and then cut into segments

Acrid, bitter, slightly cold; act on the stomach, large intestine, and liver channels

Clear heat and resolve toxins, relieve carbuncle and expel pus, dispel stasis and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of abdominal pain with intestinal abscess in the early stage, lung abscess with expectoration of pus and blood, swollen carbuncles and sores, postpartum abdominal pain due to static blood obstruction; leukorrhea with red and white discharge; also for the treatment of red eye with swelling and pain due to liver heat, and dysentery with red and white feces. Normally, 6–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is pounded for applying externally

Its use is prohibited in patients with eating lessening and diarrhea due to weakness of the spleen and stomach

(Continued )

62 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 2.7 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Clear Heat and Resolve Toxins (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Blackberry Lily Rhizome (she gan) (Rhizoma Belamcandae)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried rhizome of Belamcanda chinensis (L) DC. of the Iridaceae family. It is collected when just sprouting in early spring or when the stem and leaves are wilted in late autumn; after fibrous root and sediment are removed, it is dried

Bitter, cold; act on the lung channel

Clear heat and resolve toxins, disperse phlegm and relieve sore throat, disperse stasis and dissipate masses

Indicated for the treatment of swelling and pain of the throat, and throat bì (pharyngitis) due to binding constraint of heat toxin and phlegm-fire, cough with counterflow qi ascent, and panting caused by excessive phlegmdrool obstructing, swollen carbuncles and sores due to heat toxin, scrofula, malaria with splenomegaly, concretions, and conglomerations (lower abdominal masses; zhēng jia˘). Normally, 3–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

It is not suitable for patients without excess fire or with thin, unformed stool due to spleen deficiency. Its use is prohibited or cautious in pregnant women

Euchresta Japonica (shan dou gen) (Radix et Rhizoma Sophorae Tonkinensis)

Initially recorded in Materia Medica of the Kaibao Era (kai bao ben cao). It is the dried root and rhizome of Sophora tonkinensis Gagnep. of the Leguminosae family. It is collected in autumn; after impurities are removed, it is washed clean and dried

Bitter, cold, poisonous; act on the lung and stomach channels

Clear heat and resolve toxins, relieve swelling and relieve sore throat, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of swelling and pain of the throat, throat-moth (tonsillitis), and throat bì (pharyngitis) due to fire toxin accumulation, swelling and pain of gingiva, sore in mouth and tongue due to stomach fire flaming upward; also for cough due to lung heat, jaundice due to dampheat, swollen carbuncles and sores. Normally, 3–6 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is used externally

Overdose may cause vomiting, diarrhea, dyspnea, and palpitation; dosage should not be too large. Its use is cautious in patients with deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach

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TABLE 2.7 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Clear Heat and Resolve Toxins (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Puffball Fruiting Body (ma bo) (Lasiosphaera seu Calvatia)

Initially recorded in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians (ming yi bie lu). It is the dried fruiting body of Lasiosphaera fenzlii Reich., Calvatia gigantean (Batsch ex Pers.) Lloyd or Calvatia lilacina (Mont.et Berk.) Lloyd of the Lycoperdaceae family. It is collected in time when fruiting body is matured in summer and autumn; after sediment is removed, it is dried

Acrid, neutral; act on the lung channel

Clear lung heat and relieve sore-throat and stanch bleeding

Indicated for the treatment of swelling and pain of the throat, loss of voice, and cough due to wind-heat and lung fire, blood-spitting and nosebleed due to fire-heat distressing the lung. External treatment: bleeding from trauma. Normally, 2–6 g is wrapped with cloth and decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder; or an appropriate amount is applied on the afflicted part externally

Its use is prohibited in patients with cough and loss of voice due to wind-cold lodging in the lung

Chinese White Olive (qing guo) (Fructus Canarii)

Initially recorded in Ri Hua-zi’s Materia Medica (ri hua zi ben cao). It is the dried matured fruit of Canarium album Raeusch. of the Burseraceae family. When fruit is matured in autumn, it is collected and dried

Sweet, sour, neutral; act on the lung and stomach channels

Clear heat and resolve toxins, relieve sorethroat and promote fluid production to quench thirst

Indicated for the treatment of swelling and pain of the throat due to wind-heat invading upward, excessive thirst due to summer heat, cough with sticky phlegm, vexing heat, dry throat and mouth, and loss of voice; and also for poisoning from fish and crab or insobriety. Normally, 5–10 g of the dried one or 30–50 g of the fresh one is decocted with water as an oral dose

Since it is sweet in flavor and astringent in nature, its use is cautious in patients with exterior pattern in the initial stage

(Continued )

64 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 2.7 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Clear Heat and Resolve Toxins (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Franchet Groundcherry Fruit (jin deng long) (Calyx seu Fructus Physalis)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried persistent calyx (or with fruit) of Physalis alkekengi L. var. franchetii (Mast.) Makino of the Solanaceae family. When fruit is matured and persistent calyx turns red or orange red in autumn, it is collected and dried

Bitter, cold; act on the lung channel

Clear heat and resolve toxins, relieve sorethroat and dissolve phlegm, promote urination and relieve strangury

Indicated for the treatment of sore throat, loss of voice, cough due to phlegm-heat, difficulty in micturition, and heat strangury with difficult and painful sensation. External treatment: pemphigus and eczema. Normally, 5–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is pounded and applied on the afflicted part externally

Its use is prohibited in patients with diarrhea due to spleen deficiency and pregnant women

Tinospora Root (jin guo lan) (Radix Tinosporae)

Initially recorded in Supplement to ‘The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica’ (ben cao gang mu shi yi). It is the dried root tuber of Tinospora sagittata (Oliv.) Gagnep. or Tinospora capillipes Gagnep. of the Menispermaceae family. It is collected in autumn and winter; after fibrous root is removed, it is washed clean and dried under the sun

Bitter, cold; act on the lung and large intestine channels

Clear heat and resolve toxins, relieve sore throat and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of swelling and pain of the throat due to heat accumulated in the lung and stomach, swollen carbuncles, sores and deep-rooted boil with red swelling and pain due to heat toxin accumulation, diarrhea and dysentery with abdominal pain, and heat pain in the stomach cavity. Normally, 3–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is ground into powder for blowing throat or ground with vinegar and applied on the afflicted part externally

Its use is cautious in patients with weakness of the spleen and stomach

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TABLE 2.7 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Clear Heat and Resolve Toxins (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Indian Trumpet Flower Seed (mu hu die) (Semen Oroxyli)

Initially recorded in Supplement to ‘The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica’ (ben cao gang mu shi yi). It is the dried matured seed of Orozylum indicum (L.) Vent. of the Bignoniaceae family. The matured fruit is collected in autumn and winter and dried in the blazing sun until cracking of fruit; then, the seed is take out of and dried under the sun

Bitter, sweet, cool; act on the lung, liver, and stomach channels

Clear lung heat and relieve sore throat, soothe the liver, and harmonize the stomach, close sore and engender flesh

Indicated for the treatment of throat bì (pharyngitis), loss of voice, swelling and pain of the throat due to pathogenic heat damaging yin, cough due to lung heat, qistagnant pain in the liver and stomach due to liver constraint, or distending pain in the abdomen and ribside, sores and ulcers for a long time, and acute universal eczema. Normally, 1.5–3 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is ground into powder and applied on the afflicted part externally

No special contraindications

Chinese Anemone Root (bai tou weng) (Radix Pulsatillae)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried root of Pulsatilla chinensis (Bge.) Regel of the Ranunculaceae family. It is collected in spring and autumn, after sediment is removed, it is dried

Bitter, cold; act on the stomach and large intestine channels

Clear heat and resolve toxins, cool the blood, and arrest dysentery

Indicated for the treatment of red dysentery due to heat toxin, with abdominal pain, abdominal urgency with rectal heaviness, diarrhea with pus and blood, vaginal itching and abnormal vaginal discharge, parotic swelling (mumps), scrofula, sores, and carbuncles with swelling and pain. Normally, 9–15 g of the dried one or 15–30 g of the fresh one is decocted with water as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is prohibited in patients with diarrhea and dysentery due to deficiency-cold

(Continued )

66 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 2.7 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Clear Heat and Resolve Toxins (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Purslane (ma chi xian) (Herba Portulacae)

Initially recorded in Collected Commentaries on ‘Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica’ (ben cao jing ji zhu). It is the dried aerial part of Portulaca oleracea L. of the Portulacaceae family. It is collected in summer and autumn; after residual root and impurities are removed, it is washed clean, slightly steamed or scalded and dried under the sun

Sour, cold; act on the liver and large intestine channels

Clear heat and resolve toxins, cool the blood and stanch bleeding, and arrest dysentery

Indicated for the treatment of red dysentery due to heat toxin, swollen carbuncles and furuncles, eczema, erysipelas, snake and insect bite, bloody stool, flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding) or bleeding from piles. Normally, 9–15 g of the dried one or 30–60 g of the fresh one is decocted with water as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is pounded and applied on the afflicted part externally

Its use is prohibited in patients with diarrhea due to deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach

Brucea Fruit (ya dan zi) (Fructus Bruceae)

Initially recorded in Supplement to “The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica” (ben cao gang mu shi yi). It is the dried matured fruit of Brucea javanica (L.) Merr. of the Simaroubaceae family. It is collected when fruit is matured in autumn; after impurities are removed, it is dried under the sun

Bitter, cold, slightly poisonous; act on the large intestine and liver channels

Clear heat and resolve toxins, prevent attack of malaria, arrest dysentery; external treatment: corrode wart

Indicated for the treatment of red dysentery due to heat toxin, lingering dysentery, and various malarias. External treatment: verruca vulgaris and clavus. Normally, 0.5–2 g is wrapped with flesh of the longan fruit or encapsulated for deglutition as an oral dose, or deoiled and made into pills or tablets (not be in decoction); or an appropriate amount is used externally

It is not suitable for long-term use and taking too much. Its use is prohibited or cautious in pregnant women, children, and patients with gastric bleeding, intestinal bleeding, and liver-kidney diseases

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TABLE 2.7 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Clear Heat and Resolve Toxins (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Euphorbiae Humifusae (di jin cao) (Herba Euphorbiae Humifusae)

Initially recorded in Materia Medica of the Jiayou Era (jia you ben cao). It is the dried entire plant f Euphorbia humifusa willd. or Euphorbia maculata L. of the Euphorbiaceae family. It is collected in summer and autumn; after impurities are removed, it is dried under the sun

Acrid, neutral; act on the liver and large intestine channels

Clear heat and resolve toxins, cool the blood and stanch bleeding, drain dampness and relieve jaundice

Indicated for the treatment of diarrhea and dysentery due to heat toxin or dampheat, expectoration of blood, bloody urine, blood stool, flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding) due to blood heat, sores, boils and swollen carbuncles due to heat toxin, jaundice due to dampheat, and venomous snake bite. Normally, 9–20 g of the dried one or 30–60 g of the fresh one is decocted with water as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is cautious in patients with blood deficiency, no blood stasis, and weakness of the spleen and stomach

Chinese Cinquefoil (wei ling cai) (Herba Potentillae Chinensis)

Initially recorded in Materia Medica for Famine Relief (jiu huang ben cao). It is the dried entire plant of Potentilla chinensis Ser. of the Rosaceae family. It is collected when stem elongates in late spring; after sediment is removed, it is dried under the sun

Bitter, cold; act on the liver and large intestine channels

Clear heat and resolve toxins, cool the blood and arrest dysentery

Indicated for the treatment of red dysentery with abdominal pain, abdominal urgency with rectal heaviness, diarrhea or lingering dysentery due to heat toxin or damp-heat, bleeding from piles, flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding) due to blood heat, or bleeding from knife wound, swollen carbuncles, and sores. Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount of the fresh one is pounded for applying externally

No special contraindications

(Continued )

68 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 2.7 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Clear Heat and Resolve Toxins (cont.)

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Descolor Cinquefoil (fan bai cao) (Herba Potentillae Discoloris)

Initially recorded in Materia Medica for Famine Relief (jiu huang ben cao). It is the dried entire plant of Potentilla discolor Bge. of the Rosaceae family. It is collected before blooming in summer and autumn; after sediment and impurities are removed, it is dried

Sweet, slightly bitter, neutral; act on the liver, stomach, and large intestine channels

Clear heat and resolve toxins, arrest dysentery, and stanch bleeding

Indicated for the treatment of diarrhea, heat dysentery or red dysentery due to damp-heat, swollen carbuncles and sores, blood-spiting and nosebleed, bloody stool, flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding) due to blood heat, and cough and panting due to lung heat. Normally, 9–15 g of the dried one or 30–60 g of the fresh one is decocted with water as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is pounded for applying the afflicted part

Its use is cautious in patients with cold due to yang deficiency, or deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach

Chinese Lobelia (ban bian lian) (Herba Lobeliae Chinensis)

Initially recorded in The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica (ben cao gang mu). It is the dried entire plant of Lobelia chinensis Lour. of the Campanulaceae family. It is collected in summer; after sediment is removed, it is washed clean and dried under the sun

Acrid, neutral; act on the heart, small intestine, and lung channels

Clear heat and resolve toxins, promote urination, and relieve edema

Indicated for the treatment of swollen carbuncles, boils, and sores due to heat toxin, snake or insect bite, abdominal tympanites and edema due to water-dampness retention, jaundice due to damp-heat, and eczema. Normally, 9–15 g of the dried one or 30–60 g of the fresh one is decocted with water as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is prohibited in patients with edema with a pattern of deficiency

Name of Medicinal

Caution for Use

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TABLE 2.7 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Clear Heat and Resolve Toxins (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Oldenlandia (bai hua she she cao) (Herba Hedyotis Diffusae)

Initially recorded in Guangxi Chinese Materia Medica (guang xi zhong yao zhi). It is the entire plant of Oldenlandia diffusa (Willd.) Roxb. of the Rubiaceae family. It is collected in summer and autumn, washed clean, or dried under the sun and cut into segments

Slightly bitter, sweet, cold; act on the stomach, large intestine, and small intestine channels

Clear heat and resolve toxins, drain dampness, and relieve strangury

Indicated for the treatment of swollen carbuncles and sores, swelling and pain of the throat, throatmoth (tonsillitis) due to heat toxin, panting and cough due to lung heat, venomous snake bite, heat strangury, difficult and painful urination due to bladder damp-heat; and also for jaundice due to dampheat, edema, dysentery, inflammatory bowel disease, or some cancer. Normally, 15–60 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is prohibited in patients with dorsal furuncle and deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach

Common Pleione Pseudobulb (shan ci gu) (Pseudobulbus Cremastrae seu Pleiones)

Initially recorded in Supplement to “The Materia Medica” (ben cao shi yi). It is the dried pseudobulb of Cremastra appendiculata (D.Don) Makino, Pleione bulbocodioides (Franch.) Rolfe or Pleione yunnanensis Rolfe of the Orchidaceae family. It is collected in summer and autumn; after aerial parts and sediment are removed, it is separated for size, decocted with boiling water until it is quite ripe, and dried

Sweet, slightly acrid, cool; act on the liver and spleen channels

Clear heat and resolve toxins, dissolve phlegm, and dissipate masses

Indicated for the treatment of carbuncleabscess and deeprooted boils, phlegmon, scrofula and phlegm nodule, sore throat, throat bì (pharyngitis), snake and insect bite, concretions and conglomerations (zhēng jia˘), pĭ syndrome (pĭ zhèng), injury from falling down, cirrhosis of liver, and some cancers. Normally, 3–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is cautious in patients with deficiency of healthy qi and the weak. It is not suitable for taking too much since it is coldcool in nature

(Continued )

70 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 2.7 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Clear Heat and Resolve Toxins (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Bear Gallbladder (xiong dan) (Fel Ursi)

Initially recorded in Newly Revised Materia Medica (xin xiu ben cao). It is the dried bile of Ursus arctos Linnaeus or Selenarctos thibetanus Cuvier of the Ursidae family. The bear is hunt in summer and autumn; gallbladder is taken out and dried; after membrana dermalis is removed, it is ground into fine powder for use. Now, bile is collected from the live bear by tube drain, and dried, which is called “Bear Gall Powder”

Bitter, cold; act on the liver, gallbladder, and heart channels

Clear heat and resolve toxins, extinguish wind and arrest convulsion, clear liver heat and improve vision

Indicated for the treatment of convulsive epilepsy due to extreme heat producing wind, sores and carbuncles due to heat toxin accumulation, red eye with nebula and swelling and pain, intolerance of light and excessive tearing due to liver heat, jaundice, infantile malnutrition with accumulation, and decayed tooth pain. Normally, 0.25–0.5 g is made into pills or powder as an oral dose or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is prohibited in patients with deficiencycold pattern (especially deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach)

Climbing Groundsel (qian li guang) (Herba Senecionis Scandentis)

Initially recorded in Illustrated Classic of Materia Medica (ben cao tu jing). It is the dried aerial part of Senecio scandens Buch.-Ham. of the Compositae family. It is collected in whole year; after impurities are removed, it is dried in the shade

Bitter, cold; act on the lung and liver channels

Clear heat and resolve toxins, improve vision, and drain dampness

Indicated for the treatment of swollen carbuncles and sores due to heat toxin accumulation, common cold with fever, red eye with swelling and pain due to wind heat or liver fire flaming upward, diarrhea and dysentery due to large intestine damp-heat, and eczema. Normally, 9–15 g of the dried one or 30 g of the fresh one is decocted with water as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is decocted for washing the afflicted part

Its use is cautious in patients with deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach

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TABLE 2.7 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Clear Heat and Resolve Toxins (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Ampelopsis (bai lian) (Radix Ampelopsis)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried root tuber of Ampelopsis japonica (Thunb.) Makino of the Vitaceae family. It is collected in spring and autumn; after sediment and rootlet are removed, it is cut into oblique pieces or longitudinal sections and dried under the sun

Bitter, slightly cold; act on the heart and stomach channels

Clear heat and resolve toxins, relieve carbuncle and dissipate masses, close sore and engender flesh, cool the blood and stanch bleeding

Indicated for the treatment of swollen carbuncles, sores and deep-rooted boils due to heat toxin accumulation, phlegmon and scrofula due to binding constraint of phlegm fire, burn and scald, and rhagades of hand and foot; also for expectoration of blood and blood-spitting due to blood heat, sprain, and contusion. Normally, 5–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is decocted for washing or ground into fine powder for applying the afflicted part

It is not suitable for patients with deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach. It could not be used together with Radix Aconiti (chuan wu), Radix Aconiti Kusnezoffii (cao wu), and Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi)

Purple Flower Holly Leaf (si ji qing) (Folium Illics Purpureae)

Initially recorded in Supplement to “The Materia Medica” (ben cao shi yi). It is the dried leaf of I1ex chinensis Sims of the Aquifoliaceae family. It is collected in autumn and winter, and dried under the sun

Bitter, astringent, cold; act on the lung, large intestine, and bladder channels

Clear heat and resolve toxins, relieve swelling and dispel stasis, cool the blood and stanch bleeding, and close sore

Indicated for the treatment of burn and scald, eczema, sores, and ulcers due to heat toxin, cough, swelling, and pain of the throat due to lung fire invading upward, diarrhea and dysentery, heat strangury, difficult and painful urination due to heat toxin invading downward, and bleeding from trauma. Normally, 15–60 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is cautious in patients with diarrhea due to deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach

(Continued )

72 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 2.7 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Clear Heat and Resolve Toxins (cont.) Name of Medicinal Mung Bean (lü dou) (Semen Phaseoli Radiati)

Property, Channel Entry

Source and Collection Initially recorded in Ri Hua-zi’s Materia Medica (ri hua zi ben cao). It is the dried seed of Phaseolus radiatus L. of the Leguminosae family. It is collected when matured after autumn; after impurities are winnowed, it is washed clean, dried under the sun, and broken into pieces or ground into powder

Sweet, cold; act on the heart and stomach channels

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Clear heat and resolve toxins, relieve summer heat, and promote urination

Indicated for the treatment of swollen carbuncles and sores due to heat toxin, excessive thirst, reddish urine due to summer heat, poisoning from medicine or foods, edema and difficulty in micturition. Normally, 15–30 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is used externally

Caution for Use Its use is prohibited in patients with diarrhea due to deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach

2. Attached herbs (Table 2.8) TABLE 2.8 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Clear Heat and Resolve Toxins Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

It is the dried stem and branch of Lonicera japonica Thunb. of the Caprifoliaceae family. It is collected in autumn and winter, and dried under the sun

Sweet, cold; act on the lung and stomach channels

Clear heat and resolve toxins, scatter wind and unblock the collaterals

Indicated for the treatment of warm disease with fever, red dysentery, swollen carbuncles and sores and ulcers due to heat toxin, heat bì due to wind-damp with red swelling, and hot pain of the joints. Normally, 9–30 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is cautious in patients with deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach

It is the dried flower bud or with the early blossoms of Lonicera macranthoides Hand.Mazz., Lonicera hypoglauca Miq., Lonicera Confusa DC. or Lonicera fulvotomentosa Hsu et S. C. Cheng of the Caprifoliaceae family. Before blooming in summer, it is collected and dried

Sweet, cold; act on the lung, heart, and stomach channels

Clear heat and resolve toxins, scatter and dissipate wind-heat

Indicated for the treatment of swollen carbuncles and sores, deep-rooted boils, throat bì (pharyngitis), erysipelas, red dysentery due to heat toxin, common cold due to wind-heat, and warn disease with fever. Normally, 6–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is cautious in patients with deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach, sores and ulcers with yin pattern

Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Honeysuckle Stem (ren dong teng) (Caulis Lonicerae Japonicae)

Wild Honeysuckle Flower (shan yin hua) (Flos Lonicerae)

Caution for Use

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TABLE 2.8 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Clear Heat and Resolve Toxins (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Solidago Decurense (yi zhi huang hua) (Herba Solidaginis)

It is the dried entire plant of Solidago decurrens Lour. of the Compositae family. It is collected during the flower and fruit period in autumn, after sediment is removed, and dried under the sun

Acrid, bitter, cool; act on the lung and liver channels

Clear heat and resolve toxins, scatter and dissipate windheat

Indicated for the treatment of throat bì (pharyngitis), throat-moth (tonsillitis), swelling and pain of the throat, swollen sores and deep-rooted boils, and common cold due to wind-heat. Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is cautious in pregnant women

Turpinia Ternata Leaf (shan xiang yuan ye) (Turpiniae Folium)

It is the dried leaf of Turpinia arguta Seem. of the Staphyleaceae family. It is collected when the leaves are luxuriant in summer and autumn; after impurities are removed, it is dried under the sun

Bitter, cold; act on the lung and liver channels

Clear heat and resolve toxins, relieve sore throat, relieve swelling, invigorate blood, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of throat-moth (tonsillitis) and throat bì (pharyngitis), swelling and pain of the throat, swollen sores and ulcers, and injury with pain from falling down. Normally, 15–30 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is cautious in patients with deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach

Indigoplant Leaf (liao da qing ye) (Folium Polygoni Tinctorii)

It is the dried leaf of Polygonum tinctorium Ait. of the Polygonaceae family. It is collected twice when the branches and leaves are luxuriant in summer and autumn; after stem and branch and impurities are removed, it is dried

Bitter, cold; act on the heart and stomach channels

Clear heat and resolve toxins, cool the blood, and remove maculae

Indicated for the treatment of warm disease with fever, macules and papules generated, panting and cough due to lung heat, throat bì (pharyngitis), parotic swelling (mumps), erysipelas, and swollen carbuncles. Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is prohibited in patients with deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach

Paniculate Bolbostemma (tu bei mu) (Rhizoma Bolbostematis)

It is the dried tuber of Bolbostemma paniculatum (Maxim.) Franquet of the Cucurbitaceae family. It is collected in autumn, washed clean, broken off, decocted until no white heart, taken out, and dried under the sun

Bitter, slightly cold; act on the lung and spleen channels

Resolve toxins, dissipate masses, and relieve swelling

Indicated for the treatment of mammary abscess (acute mastitis), scrofula and phlegm nodule, warts, snake and insect bite. Normally, 5–10 g is decocted with water or made into pills or powder as an oral dose or an appropriate amount is used externally

No special contraindications

Muskroot-Like Semiaquilegia Root (tian kui zi) (Radix Semiaquilegiae)

It is the dried root tuber of Semiaquilegia adoxoides (DC.) Makino of the Ranunculaceae family. It is collected in early summer, and then washed clean; after fibrous root is removed, it is dried under the sun

Sweet, bitter, cold; act on the liver and stomach channels

Clear heat and resolve toxins, relieve swelling, and dissipate masses

Indicated for the treatment of swollen carbuncles, deep-rooted boils and sores, mammary abscess (acute mastitis), scrofula, snake and insect bite. Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is prohibited in patients with deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach

Baphicacanthus Root (nan ban lan gen) (Rhizoma et Radix Baphicacanthis Cusiae)

It is the dried rhizome and root of Baphicacanthus cusia (Nees) Bremek. of the Acanthaceae family. It is collected in summer and autumn; after spigeal stem is removed, it is washed clean and dried under the sun

Bitter, cold; act on the heart and stomach channels

Clear heat and resolve toxins, cool the blood, and remove maculae

Indicated for the treatment of warm epidemic due to seasonal noxious pathogen, fever, sore throat, maculae generated due to warm toxin, and erysipelas. Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is decocted for washing or pounded for applying the afflicted part

Its use is cautious in patients with deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach, without excess fire

(Continued )

74 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 2.8 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Clear Heat and Resolve Toxins (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Ciliate Bugle Herb (jin gu cao) (Herba Ajugae Ciliatae)

It is the dried entire plant of Ajuga decumbens Thunb. of the Labiatae family. It is collected when blooming in spring; after sediment is removed, it is dried under the sun

Bitter, cold; act on the lung channel

Clear heat and resolve toxins, cool the blood and relieve swelling

Indicated for the treatment of swelling and pain of the throat, expectoration of blood due to lung heat, and injury from falling down with swelling and pain. Normally, 15–30 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is pounded for applying the afflicted part externally

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women

Japanese Flowering Fern Rhizome (zi qi guan zhong) (Rhizoma Osmundae Japonicae)

It is the dried rhizome and petiole residue of Osmunda japonica Thunb. of the Osmundaceae family. It is collected in spring and autumn, then washed clean; after fibrous root is removed, it is dried under the sun

Bitter, slightly cold, slightly poisonous; act on the lung, stomach, and liver channels

Clear heat and resolve toxins, dispel stasis and stanch bleeding, and kill worms

Indicated for the treatment of common cold due to epidemic toxin, diarrhea and dysentery, swollen carbuncles and sores due to heat toxin, blood-spitting, nosebleed, bloody stool, flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding), abnormal vaginal discharge, and abdominal pain due to parasitic infestation. Normally, 5–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is cautious in patients with deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach

Belleric Terminalia Fruit (mao he zi) (Fructus Terminaliae Billericae)

It is the dried matured fruit of Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. of the Combretaceae family. It is a habitually used medicinal in Tibetan nationality, collected when fruit is matured in winter; after impurities are removed, it is dried under the sun

Sweet, astringent, neutral; act on the stomach and liver channels

Clear heat and resolve toxins, astringe and nourish the blood, and harmonize the actions of the medicinals

Indicated for the treatment of various heat patterns, diarrhea, and dysentery, yellow-water sore, liver and gallbladder diseases, and weakness after illness. Normally, 3–9 g is often made into pills or powder as an oral dose

No special contraindications

Carduus Marianus (shui fei ji) (Fructus Silybi)

It is the dried matured fruit of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. of the Compositae family. When fruit is matured in autumn, the infructescence is collected, stroked to separate fruits; after impurities are removed, it is dried under the sun

Bitter, cool; act on the liver and gallbladder channels

Clear heat and resolve toxins, soothe the liver and promote gallbladder function

Indicated for the treatment of damp-heat in the liver and gallbladder, ribside pain induced by acute or chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis of liver, cholelithiasis, cholangitis, and jaundice. It is used for dispensing patent medicine, or 6–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

No special contraindications

Scabrous Patrinia Root (mu tou hui) (Radix Patriniae Scabrae)

It is the dried root of Patrinia heterophylla Bunge and P. scabra Bunge of the Valerianaceae family. It is collected in autumn; after stem seedling is removed, it is dried under the sun

Acrid, bitter, slightly cold; act on the heart and liver channels

Dry dampness and arrest vaginal discharge, astringe and stanch bleeding, clear heat and resolve toxins

Indicated for the treatment of leukorrhea with red and white discharge, flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding), diarrhea and dysentery, jaundice, malaria, intestinal abscess, swollen sores, and ulcers, injury form falling down. Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is pounded for applying the affected area externally

Its use is cautious in patients with deficiency-cold pattern

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TABLE 2.8 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Clear Heat and Resolve Toxins (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Asiatic Moonseed Rhizome (bei dou gen) (Rhizoma Menispermi)

It is the dried rhizome of Menispermum dauricum DC. of the Menispermaceae family. It is collected in spring and autumn; after fibrous root and sediment are removed, it is dried

Bitter, cold, slightly poisonous; act on the lung, stomach, and large intestine channels

Clear heat and resolve toxins, dispel wind and relieve pain, and drain dampness

Indicated for the treatment of swelling and pain of the throat, diarrhea and dysentery due to heat toxin accumulation, cough due to lung heat, jaundice, painful bì syndrome due to dampheat, parotic swelling (mumps), piles with swelling and pain, snake and insect bite. Normally, 3–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

It is not suitable for patients with deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach

Globe Thistle Root (yu zhou lou lu) (Radix Echinopsis)

It is the dried root of Echinops latifolius Tausch. or Echinops grijisii Hance of the Compositae family. It is collected in spring and autumn; after fibrous root and sediment are removed, it is dried under the sun

Bitter, cold; act on the stomach channel

Clear heat, resolve toxins, relieve carbuncle, promote lactation, relax the sinews, and unblock the vessels

Indicated for the treatment of mammary abscess (acute mastitis) with swelling and pain, carbuncle-abscess, phlegmon, scrofula and sores, inhibited lactation, and damp bì syndrome with tendon spasm. Normally, 5–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is cautious in pregnant women

Immature Chebula Fruit (xi qing guo) (Fructus Terminaliae Chebulae Immaturus)

It is the dried young fruit of Terminalia chebula Retz. or Terminalia chebula Retz. var. tomentella Kurt. of the Combretaceae family. It is collected in September to October, steamed and dried under the sun

Bitter, sour, astringent, neutral; act on the lung and large intestine channels

Clear heat and promote fluid production, and resolve toxins

Indicated for the treatment of diphtheria, laryngitis, throatmoth (tonsillitis) due to yin deficiency, bacillary dysentery or enteritis. Normally, 3–6 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or kept under tongue

Its use is prohibited in patients with sore throat due to wind-fire, and interior cold pattern

Wingedtooth Laggera Herb (chou ling dan cao) (Herba Laggerae Pterodontae)

It is the dried aerial part of Laggera pterodonta (Dc.) Benth. of the Compositae family. When stem and leaf are flourishing in autumn, it is collected and dried

Acrid, bitter, cold, poisonous; act on the lung channel

Clear heat and resolve toxins, relieve cough and dispel phlegm

Indicated for the treatment of common cold due to windheat, swelling and pain of the throat, cough due to lung heat, carbuncles and sores, burn and scald, and snake bite. Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

It is not suitable for patients with deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach

Bearded Scutellaria (ban zhi lian) (Herba Scutellariae Barbatae)

It is the dried entire plant of Scutellaria barbata D. Don of the Labiatae family. When stem and leaf are flourishing in summer and autumn, it is collected and washed clean and dried under the sun

Acrid, bitter, cold; act on the lung, liver, and kidney channels

Clear heat and resolve toxins, dissolve stasis, and promote urination

Indicated for the treatment of swollen deep-rooted boils and sores, swelling and pain of the throat, injury from falling down with pain, edema, jaundice, snake and insect bite. Normally, 15–30 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

It is not suitable for patients with blood deficiency. Its use is cautious in pregnant women

Acaulescent Pegaeophyton Root (gao shan la gen cai) (Pegaeophyti Radix et Rhizoma)

It is the dried root and rhizome of Pegaeophyton scapiflorum (Hook.f.et Thoms.) Marq. et Shaw of the Cruciferae family. It is collected in autumn; after fibrous root and sediment are removed, it is dried under the sun

Bitter, acrid, cold; act on the lung and liver channels

Clear heat and resolve toxins, clear lung heat and relieve cough, stanch bleeding, and relieve edema

Indicated for the treatment of warm disease with fever, cough due to lung heat, expectoration of blood, bleeding from trauma, and edema of the four limbs. Normally, 3–6 g is decocted with water or made into pills or powder as an oral dose and an appropriate amount is ground into powder for applying the afflicted part externally

Its use is cautious in patients with deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach

(Continued )

76 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 2.8 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Clear Heat and Resolve Toxins (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Decumbent Bugle Herb (bai mao xia ku cao) (Herba Ajugae Decumbentis)

It is the dried entire plant of Ajuga decumbens Thunb. of the Labiatae family. It is collected when blooming in spring and summer; after sediment is removed, it is dried under the sun

Bitter, sweet, cold; act on the lung and liver channels

Clear heat, relieve cough and dissolve phlegm, cool the blood, relieve swelling, and resolve toxins

Indicated for the treatment of tracheitis, blood-spitting, nosebleed, red dysentery, strangury, swelling and pain of the throat, deep-rooted boils, sores, swollen carbuncles, and injury from falling down. Normally, 10–30 g of the dried one or 30–60 g of the fresh one is decocted with water as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is pounded for applying the afflicted part externally

Its use is cautious in patients with deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach

Ovateleaf Holly Bark (jiu bi ying) (Cortex Ilicis Rotundae)

It is the dried bark or root bark of Ilex rotunda Thunb. of the Aquifoliaceae family. It is collected in summer and autumn, and dried under the sun

Bitter, cold; act on the lung, stomach, large intestine, and liver channels

Clear heat and resolve toxins, drain dampness, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of fever from summer heat-damp, swelling and pain of the throat, diarrhea and dysentery due to damp-heat, distending pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen, painful bì syndrome due to winddamp, eczema, sores and boils, and injury from falling down. Normally, 9–30 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is decocted and concentrated for applying the afflicted part externally

It is not suitable for patients with a pattern of yin deficiency and internal heat

Mung Bean Skin (lü dou yi) (Testa Glycinis)

It is the dried seed coat of Phaseolus radiatus L. of the Leguminosae family. Mung bean is soaked in clear water, and its skin is taken out; after impurities are removed, it is dried under the sun

Sweet, cold; act on the heart and stomach channels

Clear summer heat to quench thirst, promote urination, resolve toxin, and remove nebula

Indicated for the treatment of excessive thirst due to summer heat, diarrhea, dysentery, edema, swollen carbuncles, erysipelas, and nebula generated in the eyes. Normally, 9–30 g is decocted with water or ground into powder as an oral dose; and an appropriate amount is ground into powder for applying or decocted for washing the afflicted part externally

Patients with deficiency-cold of constitution should not use it for a long-term

Black Soybean (hei dou) (Semen Sojae Nigrum)

It is the dried matued seed of Glycine max (L.) Merr. of the Leguminosae family. The matured fruit is collected in autumn and dried under the sun, stroked to separate seeds, then, impurities are removed

Sweet, neutral; act on the spleen and kidney channels

Invigorate the blood and promote urination, dispel wind and resolve toxins, fortify the spleen and boost the kidney

Indicated for the treatment of edema with distention and fullness sensation, weak foot due to wind-toxin, jaundice with puffiness, lumbar pain due to kidney deficiency, enuresis, wind bì disease with tendon spasm, postpartum convulsive disease, lockjaw, swollen carbuncles and sores, and poisoning from medicine or foods. Normally, 9–30 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is cautious in patients with abdominal distention and diarrhea due to spleen deficiency

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TABLE 2.8 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Clear Heat and Resolve Toxins (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Bunge Corydalis Herb (ku di ding) (Herba Corydalis Bungeanae)

It is the dried entire plant of Corydalis bungeana Turcz. of the Papaveraceae family. It is collected during the flower and fruit period in summer; after impurities are removed, it is dried under the sun

Bitter, cold; act on the heart, liver, and large intestine channels

Clear heat and resolve toxins, dissipate masses, and relieve swelling

Indicated for the treatment of epidemic common cold, swelling, and pain of the throat, swollen deep-rooted boils and sores, carbuncle-abscess and phlegmon, parotic swelling (mumps), and erysipelas. Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is decocted for washing the afflicted part externally

Patients with deficiency-cold of constitution should not use it for a long-term

Common Picria Herb (ku xuan shen) (Herba Picriae Fel-terrae)

It is the dried entire plant of Picria fel-terrae Lour. of the Scrophulariaceae family. It is collected in autumn; after impurities are removed, it is dried under the sun

Bitter, cold; act on the lung, stomach, and liver channels

Clear heat and resolve toxins, relieve swelling and pain

Indicated for the treatment of common cold due to wind-heat, swelling and pain of the throat, throat bì (pharyngitis), parotic swelling (mumps), pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen, dysentery, injury from falling down, swollen boils, and venomous snake bite. Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is cautious in patients with deficiencycold of body constitution

Chingma Abutilon Seed (qing ma zi) (Semen Abutili)

It is the dried matured seed of Abutilon theophrasti Medic. of the Malvaceae family. The matured fruit is collected in autumn and dried under the sun, stroked to separate seed, then impurities are removed

Bitter, neutral; act on the large intestine, small intestine, and bladder channels

Clear heat and resolve toxins, drain dampness, and remove nebula

Indicated for the treatment of dysentery with red and white feces, difficult and painful strangury, swollen carbuncles and sores, and eye with nebula. Normally, 6–12 g is decocted with water or made into powder as an oral dose

No special contraindications

Alpine Yarrow Herb (shi cao) (Herba Achilleae Alpinae)

It is the dried aerial part of Achillea alpina L. of the Compositae family. It is collected when blooming in summer and autumn; after impurities are removed, it is dried in the shade

Bitter, sour, neutral; act on the lung, spleen, and bladder channels

Resolve toxins and drain dampness, invigorate blood, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of throat-moth (tonsillitis) and sore throat, diarrhea and dysentery, abdominalgia with intestinal abscess, difficult and painful heat strangury, abnormal vaginal discharge due to damp-heat, snake and insect bite. Normally, 15–45 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. If necessary, take two doses a day

Its use is cautious in pregnant women and the weak

Blush Red Rabdosia (dong ling cao) (Herba Rabdosiae Rubescentis)

It is the dried aerial part of Rabdosia rubescenss (Hemsl.) Hara of the Labiatae family. When stem and leaf are flourishing in summer and autumn, it is collected and dried under the sun

Bitter, sweet, slightly cold; act on the lung, stomach, and liver channels

Clear heat and resolve toxins, invigorate blood, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of swelling and pain of the throat, concretions and conglomerations (zhēng jia˘), pĭ syndrome (pĭ zhèng), snake and insect bite. Normally, 3060 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is cautious in patients with aversion to cold due to deficiencycold of body constitution

(Continued )

78 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 2.8 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Clear Heat and Resolve Toxins (cont.)

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Coral Ardisia Root (zhu sha gen) (Radix Ardisiae Crenatae)

It is the dried root of Ardisia crenata Sims of the Myrsinaceae family. It is collected in autumn and winter, washed clean, and dried under the sun

Slightly bitter, acrid, neutral; act on the lung and liver channels

Resolve toxins and relieve swelling, invigorate blood, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of swelling and pain of the throat, painful bì syndrome due to winddamp-heat, jaundice, dysentery, breast pain (mastitis), and injury from falling down. Normally, 3–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is cautious in pregnant women

Garden Euphorbia Herb (fei yang cao) (Herba Euporbiae Hirtae)

It is the dried entire plant of Euphorbia hirta L. of the Euphorbiaceae family. It is collected in summer and autumn, washed clean and dried under the sun

Acrid, sour, cool, slightly poisonous; act on the lung, bladder, and large intestine channels

Clear heat and resolve toxins, drain dampness and relieve itching, and promote lactation

Indicated for the treatment of lung abscess, mammary abscess, swollen deep-rooted boils and sores, ulcerative gingivitis, dysentery and diarrhea, heat strangury, bloody urine, eczema, tinea pedis, itch of skin, and postpartum hypogalactia. Normally, 6–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is decocted for washing externally

Its use is cautious in pregnant women

Polygonum Perfoliatum (gang ban gui) (Polygoni Perfoliati Herba)

It is the dried aerial part of Polygonum perfoliatum L. of the Polygonaceae family. It is collected when blooming in summer, and dried under the sun

Sour, slightly cold; act on the lung and bladder channels

Clear heat and resolve toxins, promote urination to relieve edema, and relieve cough

Indicated for the treatment of swelling and pain of the throat, cough due to lung heat, infantile whooping cough, edema, scanty urine, diarrhea due to damp-heat, eczema, swollen boils, snake and insect bite. Normally, 15–30 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is decocted for washing the affected area

Its use is cautious in pregnant women and the weak

Shorttube Lagotis Herb (hong lian) (Herba Lagotidis Brevitubae)

It is the dried entire plant of Lagotis brevituba Maxim. of the Scrophulariaceae family. It is a habitually used medicinal in Tibetan nationality, and collected when blooming in summer and autumn; after impurities are removed, it is washed clean and dried in the shade

Bitter, sweet, cold; act on the lung, heart, and liver channels

Clear heat and resolve toxins, drain dampness, calm the liver, move blood, and regulate menstruation

Indicated for the treatment of fever, excessive thirst, cough due to lung heat, headache and dizziness, jaundice due to dampheat, menstrual irregularities, and poisoning from medicine and foods. Normally, 1–6 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is cautious in patients with deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach

Common Fibraurea Stem (huang teng) (Caulis Fibraufeae)

It is the dried rattan of Fibraurea recisa Pierre. of the Menispermaceae family. It is collected in autumn and winter, then cut into segments and dried under the sun

Bitter, cold, act on the heart and liver channels

Clear heat and resolve toxins, drain fire and promote defecation

Indicated for the treatment of constipation, diarrhea and dysentery, swelling and pain of the throat, red eye with swelling, swollen carbuncles and sores due to exuberance of heat toxin. Normally, 30–60 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is cautious in patients with deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach

Name of Medicinal

Caution for Use

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TABLE 2.8 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Clear Heat and Resolve Toxins (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Indian Quassia Wood (ku mu) (Ramulus et Folium Picrasmae)

It is the dried branch and leaf of Picrasma quassioides (D.Don) of the Simaroubaceae family. It is collected in summer and autumn, and then dried

Bistort Rhizome (ren gong niu huang) (Calculus Bovis Artifactus)

It is the processed product of bilein, colalin, hyodeoxycholic acid, taurine, bilirubin, cholesterol, and microelement

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Bitter, cold, slightly poisonous; act on the lung and large intestine channels

Clear heat and resolve toxins and dispel dampness

Indicated for the treatment of common cold due to wind-heat, swelling and pain of the throat, diarrhea and dysentery due to damp-heat, eczema, sores and boils, snake and insect bite. Normally, 3–4.5 g of the branch or 1–3 g of the leaf is decocted with water as an oral dose, and an appropriate amount is used externally

It should not be taken too much for oral use. Its use is cautious in pregnant women

Sweet, cool; act on the heart and liver channels

Clear heat and resolve toxins, dissolve phlegm and arrest convulsion

Indicated for the treatment of delirium and mania due to phlegm-heat, coma, acute infantile convulsion, swelling and pain of the throat, sore in mouth and tongue, swollen carbuncles, deep-rooted boils and sores. Normally, 0.15–0.35 g is used for dispensing prescription, or an appropriate amount is used for applying the afflicted part

Its use is cautious in pregnant women

Caution for Use

3. Herb differentiation (Table 2.9) TABLE 2.9 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Herbs That Clear Heat and Resolve Toxins Name of Medicinal Similarity

Differences

Japanese Honeysuckle Flower (jin yin hua) (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae)

Both are cold-cool in nature, act on the lung and heart channels, and can clear heat and resolve toxins, scatter and dissipate wind-heat, not only vent heat through the exterior, but also clear interior heat. They often combine with each other to treat externally-contracted wind-heat, warm disease in the initial stage, sores and ulcers due to heat toxin in order to reinforce their effects

It has a better effect of scattering and dissipating exterior heat. If it is dry-fried until charred, its effects of cooling the blood and arresting dysentery will be strengthened, and is good at treating red dysentery with pus and blood due to heat toxin. It also can be used for the treatment of swelling and pain of the throat, infantile summer carbuncles and prickly heat

All three medicinals come from the same plant: Folium Isatidis (da qing ye) is the leaf of Isatis indigotica Fort., Radix Isatidis (ban lan gen) is the root of Isatis indigotica Fort. and Indigo Naturalis (qing dai) is the processed powder of the leaf or cauline leaf of Isatis indigotica Fort. or Baphicacanthus cusia (Nees) Bremek. or Polygonum tinctorium Ait. All three can clear heat and resolve toxins, cool the blood and remove maculae

It acts on the heart and stomach channels, also act on the blood aspect, has more better effects of cooling the blood and removing maculae, and is good at treating pestilent maculae due to heat entering nutrient-blood

Weeping Forsythia Capsule (lian qiao) (Fructus Forsythiae)

Indigowoad Leaf (da qing ye) (Folium Isatidis) Isatis Root (ban lan gen) (Radix Isatidis) Natural Indigo (qing dai) (Indigo Naturalis)

It has stronger effects of clearing heart heat and resolving toxins, is good at treating abscesses (carbuncles) and dissipating masses, is a super medicinal for patient susceptible to ulcer, and can also treat scrofula and phlegm nodule. It also has the effects of clearing heart heat and promoting urination, and can be used for heat strangury, difficult and painful urination due to damp-heat accumulation

Its effects of clearing blood heat and resolving heat toxin are stronger than that of Folium Isatidis (da qing ye). It is good at resolving toxins and relieving sore throat and dissipating masses It acts on the liver and lung channels, and has better effects of clearing the liver fire and arresting convulsion, and also can drain lung heat, and treat cough with bloody sputum and chest pain due to liver fire invading the lung, and convulsive epilepsy due to summer heat

(Continued )

80 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 2.9 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Herbs That Clear Heat and Resolve Toxins (cont.) Name of Medicinal Similarity

Differences

Wild Chrysanthemum Flower (ye ju hua) (Flos Chrysanthemi Indici)

It is bitter and acrid in flavor and cold in nature, has stronger effects of clearing heat and resolving toxins than that of Flos Chrysanthemi (ju hua), and also can relieve sore throat. It is good at treating carbuncleabscess, deep-rooted boils, swelling and pain of the throat due to heat toxin accumulation. And it also can treat eczema and itch of the skin

Chrysanthemum Flower (ju hua) (Flos Chrysanthemi)

Both are bitter and acrid in flavor and slightly cold in nature, act on the liver channel, not only clear heat and resolve toxins for the treatment of swollen carbuncles, boils, and sores, and erysipelas with swelling and pain due to heat toxin accumulation, but also clear liver heat for the treatment of red eye with swelling and pain due to liver fire or wind-heat invading upward, headache and dizziness due to liver fire flaming upward

It is one of the acrid-cool medicinals that release the exterior, its effect of resolving toxins is not as good as that of Flos Chrysanthemi Indici (ye ju hua). It has better effects of scattering and dissipating wind-heat, calming the liver and improving vision, and also can boost the liver yin. So it is good at treating common cold due to wind-heat, or warm disease in the initial stage with fever and headache, blurred vision due to liver-kidney deficiency, dizziness and headache due to hyperactivity of liver yang, and convulsion due to liver heat

SECTION 4  HERBS THAT CLEAR HEAT AND COOL THE BLOOD Outline Medicinals that mainly treat patterns of heat in nutrient/blood aspect through clearing heat and cooling the blood are called “herbs that clear heat and cool the blood.” Medicinals in this section are basically bitter in flavor and cold in nature, or salty in flavor and cold in nature, and partial to acting on the blood aspect to clear heat, and mostly act on the heart and liver channels. On account of the heart governs the blood, nutrient qi communicates with the heart, and the liver stores the blood, medicinals in this section have the effects of clearing and resolving pathogenic heat in nutrient and blood aspects, and mainly treat excess heat patterns of the nutrient aspect and blood aspect, such as warm febrile disease with heat invading the nutrient aspect, heat scorching nutrient yin, and the heart spirit being harassed, symptoms of crimson tongue, fever aggravated at night, vexation and sleeplessness, thready and rapid pulse, even coma and delirium, and faintly visible macules and papules may occur; if heat invading the pericardium, symptoms of coma and delirium, tongue moving in difficulty and cold of the four limbs, and crimson tongue may be seen; if exuberant heat forcing the blood, the heart spirit being harassed, symptoms of deep purple-red tongue, blood-spitting and nosebleed, bloody urine and bloody stool, macular eruption being dark-purple, impatience and restlessness, even confusion and mania may occur. Herbs in this category can also be used for the treatment of blood-heat bleeding syndrome caused by other diseases. If treating the pattern of blazing of both qi and blood, they can combine with herbs that clear heat and drain fire to clear both qi and blood heat.

Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 1. Primary herbs (Table 2.10)

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TABLE 2.10 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Clear Heat and Cool the Blood Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Rehmannia (sheng di huang) (Radix Rehmanniae)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the fresh or dried root tuber of Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch. of the Scrophulariaceae family. It is collected in autumn; after head of root, fibrous root, and sediment are removed, it is used freshly or baked until 80% is dry

Sweet, bitter, cold; act on the heart, liver, and kidney channels

Clear heat and cool the blood, nourish yin and promote fluid production

Indicated for the treatment of crimson tongue, excessive thirst due to heat entering nutrient-blood, macules and papules due to warm toxin, bloodspitting and nosebleed due to blood heat, steaming bone fever and over-strained fever due to febrile disease damaging yin, fever due to yin deficiency, thirst and constipation due to fluid consumption, and wasting-thirst (xia¯o kĕ ) due to internal heat. Normally, 10–15 g of the dried one or 20–30 g of the fresh one is decocted with water as an oral dose

It is not suitable for patients with abdominal fullness and thin, unformed stool due to spleen deficiency and dampness stagnation

Figwort Root (xuan shen) (Radix Scrophulariae)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried root of Scrophularia ningpoensis Hemsl. of the Scrophulariaceae family. It is collected when stem and leaf are wilted in winter; after rhizome, young bud and sediment are removed, it is dried under the sun or baked until 50% is dry, stacked for 3–6 days, again and again until it is dry

Sweet, bitter, salty, slightly cold; act on the lung, stomach, and kidney channels

Clear heat and cool the blood, enrich yin and subdue fire, resolve toxins and dissipate masses

Indicated for the treatment of macules and papules, crimson tongue and excessive thirst due to warm pathogen entering nutrient-blood and warm toxin, constipation, steaming bone fever and overstrained cough due to febrile disease damaging yin and fluid consumption, red eyes, sore-throat, diphtheria, swollen carbuncles, and sores. Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

It is not suitable for patients with less eating and thin, unformed stool due to deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach. It antagonizes Radix et Rhizoma Veratri Nigri (li lu)

(Continued )

82 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 2.10 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Clear Heat and Cool the Blood (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Tree Peony Bark (mu dan pi) (Cortex Moutan)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried root bark of Paeonia suffruticosa Andr. of the Ranunculaceae family. The root is collected in autumn; after rootlet and sediment are removed, root bark is peeled off and dried under the sun

Bitter, acrid, slightly cold; act on the heart, liver, and kidney channels

Clear heat and cool the blood, invigorate blood and dissolve stasis

Indicated for the treatment of macules and papules due to heat entering nutrient-blood and warm toxin, spitting of blood and nosebleed due to blood heat, fever due to yin deficiency, night fever abating at dawn, absence of sweating, steaming bone fever due to warm disease damaging yin, menstrual block and painful menstruation due to blood stagnation, injury from falling down, swollen carbuncles and sores. Normally, 6–12 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is cautious in patients with body cold due to blood deficiency or profuse menstruation and pregnant women

Red Peony Root (chi shao) (Radix Paeoniae Rubra)

Initially recorded in Materia Medica of the Kaibao Era (kai bao ben cao). It is the dried root of Paeonia lactiflora Pall. or Paeonia veitchii Lynch of the Ranunculaceae family. It is collected in spring and autumn; after rhizome, fibrous root and sediment are removed, it is dried under the sun

Bitter, slightly cold; act on the liver channel

Clear heat and cool the blood, dissipate blood stasis and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of macules and papules due to heat entering nutrientblood and warm toxin, blood-spitting and nosebleed due to blood heat, swollen sores and ulcers, red eye with swelling and pain, liver-depressed hypochondriac pain, menstrual block and painful menstruation, concretions and conglomerations (zhēng jia˘) with abdominal pain, and injury from falling down. Normally, 6–12 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is cautious in patients with carbuncleabscess broken, blood deficiency, and no blood stasis. It should not be used together with Radix et Rhizoma Veratri Nigri (li lu)

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TABLE 2.10 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Clear Heat and Cool the Blood (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Arnebia Root (zi cao) (Radix Arnebiae)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried root of Arnebia euchroma (Royle) Johnst. or Arnebia guttata Bunge of the Boraginaceae family. It is collected in spring and autumn; after sediment is removed, it is dried

Sweet, salty, cold; act on the heart and liver channels

Clear heat and cool the blood, invigorate blood and resolve toxins, promote eruption of papules and remove macules

Indicated for the treatment of purple dark macules and papules, measles without adequate eruption due to warm disease with blood heat and exuberance of toxin, swollen carbuncles, sores and ulcers, eczema due to heat toxin, burn and scald Normally, 5–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is decocted into paste or soaked in vegetable oil for applying the affected area externally

Its use is cautious in patients with diarrhea due to weakness of the stomach and intestine

Buffalo Horn (shui niu jiao) (Cornu Bubali)

Initially recorded in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians (ming yi bie lu). It is the horn of Bubalus bubalis Linnaeus of the Bovidae family. It is collected, boiled with water; after horn tampon is removed, it is dried

Bitter, cold; act on the heart and liver channels

Clear heat and cool the blood, resolve toxins, and arrest convulsion

Indicated for the treatment of high fever, coma and delirium, infantile convulsion, and mania due to warm disease with heat invading the blood aspect, macules and papules generated, blood-spitting and nosebleed due to blood heat, swollen carbuncles, sores, and ulcers. Normally, 15–30 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. It should be decocted first for more than 3 h

Its use is prohibited in patients with deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach. If overdose, epigastric discomfort, nausea, abdominal distention and poor appetite may occur

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2. Attached herbs (Table 2.11)

TABLE 2.11 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Clear Heat and Cool the Blood Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Shellac (zi cao rong) (Lacca)

It is the dried colloid substance secreted on the tree by Laccifer Lacca Kerr. of the Kerriidae family. It is collected during July to August, and placed in a cool, ventilated and dry place until dry

Bitter, cold; act on the lung and liver channels

Clear heat, cool the blood, and resolve toxins

Indicated for the treatment of measles and macules and papules without adequate eruption, swollen sores and ulcers, and eczema, uterine bleeding, and profuse menstruation. Normally, 3–10 g is decocted with water or 1.5–6 g is ground into powder as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is cautious in pregnant women

Glabrous Sarcandra (zhong jie feng) (Herba Sarcandrae)

It is the dried entire plant of Sarcandra glabra (Thunb.) Nakai of the Chloranthaceae family. It is collected in summer and autumn; after impurities are removed, it is dried under the sun

Bitter, acrid, neutral; act on the heart and liver channels

Clear heat and cool the blood, invigorate blood and remove macules, dispel wind and unblock the collaterals

Indicated for the treatment of macules and papules generated due to blood heat, painful bì disease due to wind-damp, injury from falling down, painful menstruation, and postpartum abdominal pain due to blood stasis and stagnation. Normally, 9–30 g is decocted first with water as an oral dose, or soaked in wine, or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women and patients with vigorous fire due to yin deficiency

Emblic Leafflower Fruit (yu gan zi) (Fructus Phyllanthi)

It is the dried matured fruit of Phyllanthus emblica L. of the Euphorbiaceae family. It is a habitually used medicinal in Tibetan nationality, and collected during the winter to next year spring; after impurities are removed, it is dried under the sun

Sweet, sour, astringent, cool; act on the lung, liver, spleen, and stomach channels

Clear heat and cool the blood, promote digestion and fortify the stomach, promote fluid production and relieve cough

Indicated for the treatment of the pattern of blood heat or blood stasis, indigestion, abdominal distention, fever from common cold, cough, sore throat, diphtheria, dry mouth, and excessive thirst. Normally, 3–9 g is often made into pills or powder as an oral dose

Its use is cautious in patients with deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach

Halite (da qing yan) (Halitum)

It is the lake salt crystalline solid of the halides Halitum family. It mainly contains sodium chloride (NaCl). It is collected from saline lake; after impurities are removed, it is dried

Salty, cold; act on the heart, kidney, and bladder channels

Clear heat and cool the blood, improve vision, and moisten dryness

Indicated for the treatment of blood-spitting, bloody urine, swelling and pain or bleeding of the gingiva, red eye with swelling and pain, red ulcerated eyelid, and constipation. Normally, 1.2– 2.5 g is decocted with water or made into pills or powder as an oral dose or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is prohibited in patients with edema

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3. Herb differentiation (Table 2.12)

TABLE 2.12 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Herbs That Clear Heat and Cool the Blood Name of Medicinal

Similarity

Differences

Rehmannia (sheng di huang) (Radix Rehmanniae)

Both can clear heat and cool the blood, nourish yin and promote fluid production, are indicated for the treatment of the patterns of heat entering nutrientblood, febrile disease damaging yin, yin deficiency and internal heat. They often combine with each other to reinforce the effect

It has better effects of clearing heat and cooling the blood than that of Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen), and is more used for the treatment of bleeding due to blood heat, wasting-thirst (xia¯o kĕ) due to internal heat

Both come from Radix Rehmanniae (di huang) of the Scrophulariaceae family, and are bitter and sweet in flavor, cold and moistening in nature, can clear heat and cool the blood, enrich yin and promote fluid production, and moisten the intestines to promote defecation, and treat high fever and coma due to heat entering nutrient-blood, purple black macules due to warm toxin, blood-spitting, nosebleed, bloody stool, flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding) due to blood heat, steaming bone fever and tidal fever due to invalidism damaging yin, wasting-thirst (xia¯o kĕ) due to internal heat and constipation due to yin deficiency and intestinal dryness

Fresh Rehmannia has more juice, its bitter outweighs its sweet in flavor, and has better effects of clearing heat and cooling the blood and promoting fluid production, and is more used for the treatment of patients with body fluid consumption due to exuberant heat

Figwort Root (xuan shen) (Radix Scrophulariae) Fresh Rehmannia (xian di huang) (Radix Rehmanniae Recens) Dried Rhemannia (gan di huang) (Radix Rehmanniae Recens)

It has stronger effects of draining fire and resolving toxins than that of Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang), and is commonly used for the treatment of swelling and pain of the throat, and scrofula due to phlegm-fire

Dried Rhemannia is moistening in nature, its sweet outweighs its bitter in flavor, and its effect of clearing heat is slightly less than that of Fresh Rehmannia, but is good at enriching yin, and more used for the treatment of yin deficiency and internal heat, steaming bone fever and tidal fever

SECTION 5  HERBS THAT CLEAR HEAT FROM DEFICIENCY Outline Medicinals in this section are basically cold and cool in nature, and partial to entering the yin level, and mainly have clearing deficiency-heat and relieving steaming bone fever as the main actions, and are indicated for the treatment of deficiencyheat syndrome with steaming bone fever, tidal fever, afternoon fever, feverish feeling in palms and soles, deficient restlessness and sleeplessness, night sweat and seminal emission, red tongue with slight coating, thready and rapid pulse caused by liver-kidney yin deficiency, and deficiency fire harassing the interior; and deficiency-heat syndrome with night fever abating at dawn, fever abated with absence of sweating, crimson tongue, thready and rapid pulse caused by pathogenic heat abated incompletely, damaging yin and consuming body fluids in later stage of warm febrile disease. Herbs in this category can also be used for the treatment of excess-heat syndrome. When using this section’s medicinals, herbs that clear heat and cool the blood, and herbs that clear heat and nourish yin are often selected to combine to treat the root and branch simultaneously.

Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 1. Primary herbs (Table 2.13)

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TABLE 2.13 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Clear Heat From Deficiency Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Sweet Wormwood (qing hao) (Herba Artemisiae Annuae)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried aerial part of Artemisia annua L. of the Compositae family. It is collected when flower will open in summer and autumn; after old stem is removed, it is dried in the shade

Bitter, acrid, cold; act on the liver and gallbladder channels

Clear deficiency heat, relieve steaming bone fever, resolve summer heat, prevent attack of malaria, and relieve jaundice

Indicated for the treatment of night fever abating at dawn due to warm pathogen damaging yin, fever due to yin deficiency, steaming bone fever and over-strained fever, fever and thirst due to externally-contracted summer heat, chills and fever due to malaria, and jaundice due to damp-heat. Normally, 6–12 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, but it should be added later, or the fresh is wringed to extract the juice for taking orally

Its use is prohibited in patients with diarrhea due to weakness of the spleen and stomach

Swallow-Wort Root (bai wei) (Radix et Rhizoma Cynanchi Atrati)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried root and rhizome of Cynanchum atratum Bge. or Cynanchum versicolor Bge. of the Asclepiadaceae family. It is collected in spring and autumn, and then washed clean and dried

Bitter, salty, cold; act on the stomach, liver and kidney channels

Clear deficiency heat and cool the blood, promote urination and relieve strangury, resolve toxins and cure sores

Indicated for the treatment of fever due to warm pathogen damaging nutrient qi, fever due to yin deficiency, steaming bone fever and over-strained fever, postpartum fever due to blood deficiency, heat strangury, blood strangury, swollen sores and carbuncles, snake bite, swelling and pain of the throat. Normally, 5–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

It is not suitable for patients with eating lessening and thin, unformed stool due to deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach

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TABLE 2.13 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Clear Heat From Deficiency (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Chinese Wolfberry Root-Bark (di gu pi) (Cortex Lycii)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried root bark of Lycium chinense Mill. or Lycium barbarum L. of the Solanaceae family. The root is collected in early spring or after autumn, and then washed clean; root bark is peeled off and dried under the sun

Sweet, cold; act on the lung, liver, and kidney channels

Cool the blood relieve steaming bone fever, clear lung heat and subdue fire, and promote fluid production to quench thirst

Indicated for the treatment of tidal fever, night sweat, and steaming bone fever due to yin deficiency, cough due to lung heat, expectoration of blood, nosebleed and bloody urine due to blood heat, and wasting-thirst (xia¯o kĕ) due to internal heat. Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

It is not suitable for patients with fever due to externally contracted windcold and thin, unformed stool due to spleen deficiency

Starwort Root (yin chai hu) (Radix Stellariae)

Initially recorded in Supplement to “The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica” (ben cao gang mu shi yi). It is the dried root of Stellaria dichotoma L. var. 1anceolata Bge. of the Caryophyllaceae family. It is collected when plant is germinated during the spring and summer or stem and leaves are wilted after autumn; after residual stem, fibrous root, and sediment are removed, it is dried under the sun

Sweet, slightly cold; act on the liver and stomach channels

Clear deficiency heat, and eliminate fever in infantile malnutrition

Indicated for the treatment of fever due to yin deficiency, steaming bone fever and over-strained fever, tidal fever, and night sweat, and infantile malnutrition with fever due to dyspeptic retention or worm accumulation. Normally, 3–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder

Its use is prohibited in patients with externally contracted wind-cold and blood deficiency without fever

(Continued )

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TABLE 2.13 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Clear Heat From Deficiency (cont.) Name of Medicinal Figwortflower Picrorhiza Rhizome (hu huang lian) (Rhizoma Picrorhizae)

Property, Channel Entry

Source and Collection Initially recorded in Newly Revised Materia Medica (xin xiu ben cao). It is the dried rhizome of Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora Pennell of the Scrophulariaceae family. It is collected in autumn; after fibrous root and sediment are removed, it is dried under the sun

Bitter, cold; act on the liver, stomach, and large intestine channels

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Withdraw deficiency heat, eliminate fever in infantile malnutrition, clear heat and dry dampness, drain fire and resolve toxins

Indicated for the treatment of steaming bone fever and tidal fever due to yin deficiency, infantile malnutrition with fever, diarrhea and dysentery, jaundice and reddish urine due to dampheat, blood-spitting, nosebleed, piles with swelling and pain, red eye with swelling and pain, swollen carbuncles and sores. Normally, 3–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder

Caution for Use Its use is cautious in patients with deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach, or the weak

2. Herb differentiation (Table 2.14)

TABLE 2.14 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Herbs That Clear Heat From Deficiency Name of Medicinal

Similarity

Differences

Starwort Root (yin chai hu) (Radix Stellariae)

Both are slightly cold in nature and have the effect of abating fever

Radix Stellariae (yin chai hu) comes from the caryophyllaceae plants. It is acrid and sweet in flavor and acts on the liver and stomach channels, and has the specialized effects of abating deficiency-heat, eliminating fever in infantile malnutrition, and can boost yin, and is indicated for the treatment of fever due to yin deficiency, steaming bone fever and tidal fever, and infatile malnutrition with fever

Bupleurum (chai hu) (Radix Bupleuri)

Figwortflower Picrorhiza Rhizome (hu huang lian) (Rhizoma Picrorhizae) Coptis Rhizome (huang lian) (Rhizoma Coptidis)

Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) comes from the umbelliferae plants. It is bitter and acrid in flavor and acts on the liver and gallbladder channels, and has the specialized effects of scattering and dissipating and abating fever, soothing the liver and resolving constraint, raising yang and lifting the sunken, and preventing attack of malaria, and is indicated for the treatment of shaoyang syndrome with cold-heat, common cold with fever, ribside pain due to liver constraint, or menstrual irregularities, chronic diarrhea and prolapse of the rectum and prolapse of the uterus due to sinking of center qi, cold and heat from malaria Both are bitter in flavor and cold in nature, can clear heat and dry dampness and resolve toxins, and treat various patterns of damp-heat and fire toxin

Rhizoma Picrorhizae (hu huang lian) comes from the scrophulariaceae plants. It is sinking and descending in nature. It also can abate deficiency-heat and eliminate fever in infantile malnutrition. It is good at treating damp-heat and fire toxin in the middle and lower jiao, steaming bone fever and tidal fever, and infantile malnutrition with fever Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) comes from the ranunculaceae plants, is exceedingly bitter in flavor and exceedingly cold in nature, and its efficacy is quite stronger. It is specialized in clearing heat and drying dampness, draining fire and resolving toxins, its actions is partial to the heart and middle jiao and it is good at clearing the heart fire and eliminating damp-heat. So it is more used for the treatment of severe syndromes caused by damp-heat and fire toxin

Chapter 3

Herbs That Drain Downward Chapter Outline Section 1 Herbs That Promote Defecation by Purgation Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs Section 2 Herbs That Promote Defecation by Moistening Purgation

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Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs Section 3 Herbs That Expel Water by Drastic Purgation Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs

93 93 95 95 95

ABSTRACT Chinese herbal medicinals that induce diarrhea or moisten large intestine and promote defecation are called “Herbs that Drain Downward.” Herbs that drain downward are mainly indicated for the treatment of constipation, accumulation and stagnation in the stomach and intestine, excess heat accumulated, edema, and fluid retention with interior excess pattern. Herbs that drain downward can be divided into three categories: herbs that promote defecation by purgation, herbs that promote defecation by moistening purgation and herbs that expel water by drastic purgation. Keywords: herbs that drain downward; herbs that promote defecation by purgation; herbs that promote defecation by moistening purgation; herbs that expel water by drastic purgation

Chinese herbal medicinals that induce diarrhea or moisten large intestine and promote defecation are called “Herbs that Drain Downward.” Medicinals in this chapter have the properties of descending and sinking, mainly act on the large intestine, have the major effect of relieving constipation by purgation and can discharge the accumulation and stagnation in the stomach and intestine and dry stool. The meaning is exactly what is called “the large intestine, is an official in charge of transportation, which can transform food debris into feces” in The Yellow Emperor’s Inner Classic (huang di nei jing). They also have the effects of clearing heat and draining fire, and can clear the accumulated excess heat by purgation, which means “the upper disease is treated from the lower” or “take away the firewood under the cooking pot,” or expelling water and relieving edema, and can remove water-dampness and fluid retention along with the urine and stool. Some medicinals also have the actions of resolving toxins, invigorating blood, and dispelling stasis. Herbs that drain downward are mainly indicated for the treatment of constipation, accumulation and stagnation in the stomach and intestine, excess heat accumulated, edema, and fluid retention with interior excess pattern. Some medicinals are also indicated for swollen sores and carbuncles, and blood stasis patterns. Herbs that drain downward have a certain therapeutic effect on modern medicine’s habitual constipation, hemorrhoids constipation, acute abdomen, intestinal obstruction, adhesion of intestine, acute appendicitis, cholecystitis, pancreatitis, hepatic cirrhosis, nephritis, or exudative pleurisy respectively. According to the difference of efficacy, herbs that drain downward can be divided into three categories: (1) herbs that promote defecation by purgation; (2) herbs that promote defecation by moistening purgation; and (3) herbs that expel water by drastic purgation. When using herbs that drain downward, they should be appropriately combined with other herbs according to the accompanied symptoms and signs of interior excess pattern and patient’s constitution. If interior excess pattern is combined with exterior pathogen, which should be treated by releasing the exterior first and then purging the interior, if necessary, sharing with herbs that release the exterior to release both the exterior and interior in order to avoid inward invasion of

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exterior pathogen. If interior excess pattern is combined with healthy qi deficiency, they should be shared with herbs that supplement deficiency to treat with both attack and supplementation in order to eliminate pathogenic factor without damaging healthy qi. Medicinals in this category also often combine with herbs that move qi in order to reinforce the effects of draining and removing stagnation, or combine with herbs that clear heat if accompanied by heat accumulation, or combine with herbs that warm the interior if accompanied by cold accumulation. When using herbs that promote defecation by purgation or herbs that expel water by drastic purgation, due to their drastic actions or toxicity damaging healthy qi and the spleen and stomach easily, therefore, the old and weak and the patients with weakness of the spleen and stomach should be cautious to use. Women in menstrual period and before or after childbirth should be prohibited to use. When using these comparatively strong herbs that drain downward, they should be stopped once the intended effect is obtained in order to avoid overdose damaging the stomach qi. When using these drastic and toxic herbs that drain downward, the processing procedure and usage amount should be strictly controlled in order to avoid poisoning and to ensure medication safety. The modern pharmacological research indicates the herbs that drain downward can induce diarrhea through stimulating the intestinal mucous membrane to increase peristalsis by different mechanisms of action. In addition, most of herbs that drain downward have the effects of cholaneresis, diuresis, antiinflammation, antitumor, and antibacterium, and also can strengthen the immunologic function.

SECTION 1  HERBS THAT PROMOTE DEFECATION BY PURGATION Outline Most medicinals in this section are bitter-cold and descending and sinking in nature, act on the stomach and large intestine channels, not only have a fairly strong effect of promoting defecation by purgation but also can clear heat and drain fire, and are indicated for the treatment of constipation, dry and hard stool, and pattern of excess heat accumulation and stagnation. They often combine with herbs that move qi to strengthen the effects of purging and relieving distention and fullness. For constipation due to cold accumulation, they should combine with herbs that warm the interior. Herbs that promote defecation by purgation combining the strong actions of clearing heat and draining fire, also can be used for the treatment of high fever, unconsciousness, delirious speech and mania in the febrile disease, headache, red eyes, swelling, and pain of the throat or gingiva caused by fire-heat flaming upward, and the superior part bleeding syndrome, such as blood spitting, nosebleed, and expectoration of blood caused by intense fire-heat, respectively. To the above-mentioned syndromes with (or without) constipation, this section’s medicinals can clear excess heat or guide heat to descend. To dysentery in the initial stage, diarrhea with tenesmus, or food accumulation and stagnation, and inhibited diarrhea, appropriately combining with this section’s medicinals can remove accumulation and stagnation, and eliminate the etiological factor. To intestinal tract parasitosis, combining herbs that kill parasites can promote the discharging of polypide. According to the theory of “the six fu organs perform their functions when there is free flow,” “stagnation of qi and blood may bring about pain” and “if qi and blood is smooth, you won’t ache,” using herbs that promote defecation by purgation combining herbs that clear heat and resolve toxins, or herbs that invigorate blood and dissolve stasis to treat acute abdomen syndromes, such as cholelithiasis, ascariasis of biliary tract, acute pancreatitis, and intestinal obstruction, has obtained a better effect.

Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 1. Primary herbs (Table 3.1)

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TABLE 3.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Promote Defecation by Purgation Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Rhubarb Root and Rhizome (da huang) (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried root and rhizome of Rheum palmatum L. or Rheum tanguticum Maxim.ex Balf. or Rheum offcihale Baill. of the Polygonaceae family. It is collected when stem and leaves are withered in late autumn or before sprouting in next spring; after rootlet and exodermis are removed, it is cut into sections or segments and dried

Bitter, cold; act on the spleen, stomach, large intestine, liver and pericardium channels

Attack the accumulation by purgation, clear heat and drain fire, cool the blood and resolve toxins, expel stasis and promote menstruation flow, drain dampness, and relieve jaundice

Indicated for the treatment of constipation due to accumulated excess heat, spitting of blood, nosebleed, red eyes, swollen throat, sores and carbuncles due to heat toxin, abdominal pain with intestinal abscess, amenorrhea due to blood stasis, postpartum stasis obstructing, injury from fall, damp-heat dysentery, reddish urine, strangury and edema, burn, and scald. Normally, 5–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is cautious in pregnant women or women in the menstrual or lactation period, and patients with weakness of the spleen and stomach. It shouldn’t be decocted for a long time when use it for purgation

Sodium Sulfate (mang xiao) (Natrii Sulfas)

Initially recorded in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians (ming yi bie lu). It is the refined crystal of Nalrii Sulfas of the mirabilite family of the sulfates minerals. It mainly contains aqueous sodium sulfate (Na2SO4·10H2O)

Salty, bitter, cold; act on the stomach and large intestine channels

Relieve constipation by purgation, moisten dryness and soften hard masses, clear fire, and relieve swelling

Indicated for the treatment of abdominal fullness with distending pain, and dry feces due to accumulated excess heat, swelling and pain of the throat, sore in mouth and tongue, red eyes, swollen carbuncles and sores, and intestinal abscess in the initial stage. External treatment: mammary abscess, and piles with sore pain. Normally, 6–12 g is taken infused with boiling water or dissolved in decoction as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is cautious or prohibited in pregnant women or women in the lactation period. It is not suited to combine with sulfur (liu huang) or Rhizoma Sparganii (san leng) to use

Senna Leaf (fan xie ye) (Folium Sennae)

Initially recorded in New Reference of Prepared Medicines (yin pian xin can). It is the dried leaflet of Cassia angustifolia Vahl or Cassia acutifolia Delile of the Leguminosae family. It is usually collected in September and dried under the sun

Sweet, bitter, cold; act on the large intestine channel

Discharge heat and move stagnation, promote defecation, and urination

Indicated for the treatment of constipation due to heat bind, abdominal fullness with distending pain, edema or ascites with distention and fullness; also for the treatment of habitual constipation or senile constipation. Normally, 2–6 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, but should be added later, or 1.5–3 g is taken infused with warm boiled water as an oral dose

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women or women in the menstrual or lactation period

(Continued )

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TABLE 3.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Promote Defecation by Purgation (cont.) Name of Medicinal Aloe (lu hui) (Aloe)

Source and Collection Initially recorded in Treatise on Medicinal Properties (yao xing lun). It is the dried concentrated substance of leaf juice of Aloe barbadensis Miller of the Liliaceae family. Cut the leaf and collect the juice, decoct into paste, cool, and coagulate

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Bitter, cold; act on the liver, stomach, and large intestine channels

Promote defecation by purgation, clear liver heat and drain fire, kill worms, and cure infantile malnutrition

Indicated for the treatment of constipation due to heat bind, vexation and agitation, and insomnia due to vigorous heart-liver fire, convulsive epilepsy due to exuberant fire in the liver channel, and infantile malnutrition with accumulation. External treatment: tinea and sore. Normally, 1–2 g is made into pills or powder as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is ground into powder for applying the afflicted part

Caution for Use Its use is prohibited in pregnant women, and patients with less eating and thin, unformed stool due to weakness of the spleen and stomach

2. Attached herbs (Table 3.2) TABLE 3.2 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Promote Defecation by Purgation Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Exsiccated Sodium Sulfate (xuan ming fen) (Natrii Sulfas Exsiccatus)

It is the dried white processed powder from Nalrii Sulfas losing crystal water by weathering. It mainly contains anhydrous sodium sulfate (Na2SO4)

Salty, bitter, cold; act on the stomach and large intestine channels

Promote defecation by purgation, moisten dryness and soften hard masses, clear fire, and relieve swelling

Indicated for the treatment of dry feces with abdominal fullness and distending pain due to accumulated excess heat, swelling and pain of the throat, oral ulcer and sore in tongue, swelling and pain of the gingiva, red eyes, swollen carbuncles, and erysipelas. Normally, 3–9 g is dissolved in decoction as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is cautious in pregnant women. It should not be used with Sulfur (liu huang) or Rhizoma Sparganii (san leng)

Castor Seed (bi ma zi) (Semen Ricini)

It is the dried matured seed of Ricinus communis L. of the Euphorbiaceae family. The matured fruit is picked in autumn, and dried under the sun; after rind is removed, the seed is collected

Sweet, acrid, neutral, poisonous; act on the large intestine and lung channels

Promote defecation by purgation, relieve swelling and draw out toxin

Indicated for the treatment of dry and hard stool, swollen carbuncle-abscess, throat bì (pharyngitis) and scrofula. Normally, 2–5 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women and patients with intestine lubricating

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3. Herb differentiation (Table 3.3)

TABLE 3.3 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Herbs That Promote Defecation by Purgation Name of Medicinal Rhubarb Root and Rhizome (da huang) (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) Sodium Sulfate (mang xiao) (Natrii Sulfas)

Wine-Fried Rhubarb Root and Rhizome (jiu da huang)

Similarity

Differences

Both are strong purgatives, have the effect of relieving constipation by purgation, and are indicated for the treatment of dry and hard stool due to accumulated excess heat, also can clear heat and relieve swelling, and treat swollen carbuncles and sores through external application

It is bitter and cold in nature, combining with other herbs, can treat constipation with various patterns, also can clear heat and drain fire, resolve toxins, stanch bleeding, invigorate blood and dispel stasis, clear damp-heat, and treat warm disease with high fever, unconsciousness, constipation due to heat bind, bleeding due to blood heat, fire pathogen flaming upward, static blood, jaundice due to damp-heat, and strangury

All three are the different processing products of Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang), can promote defecation by purgation, clear heat and resolve toxins, and can treat constipation with a pattern of fire-heat

Purgation efficacy of wine-fried Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (jiu da huang) is decreased, but the effect of invigorating blood is strengthened, and it is suitable for the treatment of stagnated blood syndrome. It can guide the effects of Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) to the upper, is good at clearing excess heat in blood aspect and toxins in the upper jiao, and used for the treatment of red eyes, swollen throat, and swelling and pain of the gingiva

It is salty, bitter, and cold in nature, can drain heat to promote defecation, and is good at moistening dryness and softening hard masses, mainly treat dry and hard stool due to accumulated excess heat, and also treat swelling and pain of the throat, oral ulcer and red eyes through external application

Prepared Rhubarb Root and Rhizome (shu da huang)

Purgation efficacy of Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) is moderate after stewing. It can alleviate or eliminate the side-effect, such as abdominal pain, guide the effects of Rhubarb Root and Rhizome (da huang) to the upper or to the lower, such as the small intestine and bladder, drain fire and resolve toxins, and clear damp-heat, and is used for the treatment of sores and ulcers due to fire toxin

Charred Rhubarb Root and Rhizome (da huang tan)

After Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) is charred, the purgation efficacy becomes exceedingly poor, but it is good at cooling the blood, dissolving stasis and stanching bleeding, and indicated for the treatment of bleeding syndrome with static blood due to blood heat

SECTION 2  HERBS THAT PROMOTE DEFECATION BY MOISTENING PURGATION Outline Most medicinals in this section are plant seeds and kernels, rich in oil, sweet in flavor, and moistening in nature, act on the spleen and large intestine channels, can lubricate large intestine and promote defecation without drastic purgation, are indicated for constipation with intestinal dryness and fluid exhaustion due to old people’s fluid consumption, postpartum blood deficiency, fluid consumption in the febrile disease, and loss of blood. Medicinals in this section usually combine with other herbs according to different patient’s condition. For constipation due to exuberant heat and fluid consumption, they combine with the herbs that clear heat and nourish yin. If accompanied by qi stagnation, they combine with the herbs that move qi. For constipation due to blood deficiency, they combine with the herbs that supplement the blood.

Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 1. Primary herbs (Table 3.4)

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TABLE 3.4 Properties, Actions and Application of Common Herbs That Promote Defecation by Moistening Purgation Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Efficacy and Clinical Application Channel Entry Action and Usage

Caution for Use

Hemp Seed (huo ma ren) (Fructus Cannabis)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried matured fruit of Cannabis sativa L. of the Moraceae family. It is collected when fruit is matured in autumn; after impurities are removed, it is dried under the sun

Sweet, neutral; act on the spleen, stomach, and large intestine channels

Moisten the intestines to promote defecation, promote urination, and relieve strangury

Indicated for the treatment of the old, the weak or puerperal constipation due to (thin) fluids and blood deficiency, fluid consumption, and intestinal dryness; also for the treatment of wind edema, weak foot due to dampness and heat strangury. Normally, 10–15 g is broken into pieces and decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder

Its use is cautious in patients with thin, unformed stool, yang wĕi (impotence), seminal emission, and abnormal vaginal discharge

Chinese Dwarf Cherry Seed (yu li ren) (Semen Pruni)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried matured seed of Prunus humilis Bge., Prunus japonica Thunb. or Prunus pedunculata Maxim. of the Rosaceae family. The fruit is collected when matured in summer and autumn; after sarcocarp and rind are removed, the seed is taken out and dried

Acrid, bitter, sweet, neutral; act on the spleen, large intestine, and small intestine channels

Moisten the intestines to promote defecation, lower qi, and promote urination

Indicated for the treatment of constipation with abdominal distention due to fluid consumption and intestinal dryness, food accumulation and qi stagnation; also for the treatment of postpartum constipation due to dryness-heat in the stomach and intestines; edema with distention and fullness, weak foot with puffiness, and difficulty in micturition. Normally, 6–10 g is broken into pieces and decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder

Its use is cautious in pregnant women

Pine Nut (song zi ren) (Semen Pini Koraiensis)

Initially recorded in Materia Medica of the Kaibao Era (kai bao ben cao). It is the kernal of Pinus koraiensis Sieb.et Zucc of the Pinaceae family. The fruit is collected when matured, and dried under the sun; after hard rind is removed, the seed is taken out

Sweet, warm; act on the lung, liver, and large intestine channels

Moisten the intestines to promote defecation, and moisten the lung to relieve cough

Indicated for the treatment of constipation due to fluid exhaustion and intestinal dryness, and dry cough due to lung dryness. Normally, 5–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder

Its use is prohibited in patients with thin, unformed stool due to spleen deficiency or damp-phlegm pattern

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2. Attached herbs (Table 3.5)

TABLE 3.5 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Promote Defecation by Moistening Purgation Name of Medicinal Linseed (ya ma zi) (Semen Lini)

Source and Collection It is the dried matured seed of Linum usitatissimum L. of the Linaceae family. When fruit is matured in autumn, the plant is collected and dried under the sun, stroked to separate the seeds; after impurities are removed, it is dried under the sun again

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Sweet, neutral; act on the lung, liver, and large intestine channels

Moisten dryness to promote defecation, nourish blood, and dispel wind

Indicated for the treatment of constipation due to intestinal dryness, dry skin (xerosis cutis), itching, and baldness. Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is prohibited in patients with diarrhea

3. Herb differentiation (Table 3.6)

TABLE 3.6 Differentiation between Similar Efficacy Herbs That Promote Defecation by Moistening Purgation Name of Medicinal

Similarity

Differences

Hemp Seed (huo ma ren) (Fructus Cannabis)

Both are moistening in nature and rich in oil, can moisten the intestines to promote defecation, and indicated for the treatment of constipation due to intestinal dryness

It is oleosus, sweet in flavor, can enrich and nourish and supplement deficiency, and is usually used for the treatment of intestinal dryness due to fluid consumption and blood deficiency of the old, the weak and postpartum women

Chinese Dwarf Cherry Seed (yu li ren) (Semen Pruni)

It is moistening, bitter, and descending in nature, can move qi stagnation in the large intestine, relieve edema and promote urination without the effect of supplementing deficiency, and is more used for the treatment of constipation with qi stagnation excess pattern, also for edema with distention and fullness, and weak foot due to dampness

SECTION 3  HERBS THAT EXPEL WATER BY DRASTIC PURGATION Outline Most medicinals in this section are bitter and cold in nature, poisonous and drastic efficacy, can induce intense diarrhea after administration, can promote urination, remove the retention of fluid in the body through defecation and micturition to relieve swelling and distension, are indicated for the treatment of general edema, abdominal distension and fullness, and fluid retention with a pattern of healthy qi without deficiency. Medicinals in this section have strong effects of attacking and purging, and great side effects that are easy to damage healthy qi. So, in clinical application, the medication of this section’s medicinals should be discontinued as soon as getting effect. They should not be taken for a long time, and often combine with herbs that supplement deficiency to protect healthy qi. The weak patients should be cautious to use and pregnant women should be prohibited to use. Their processing, overdose, usage, and contraindication should be paid attention to in order to ensure the safety and effectiveness of medication.

Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 1. Primary herbs (Table 3.7)

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TABLE 3.7 Properties, Actions and Application of Common Herbs That Expel Water by Drastic Purgation Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Gansui Root (gan sui) (Radix Kansui)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried root tuber of Euphorbia kansui T. N. Liou ex T. P. Wang of the Euphorbiaceae family. It is collected before blooming in spring or when stem and leaf are withered in late autumn, then stroked to separate the outer bark, and dried under the sun

Bitter, cold, poisonous; act on the lung, kidney, and large intestine channels

Expel fluid retention by drastic purgation, relieve swelling, and dissipate masses

Indicated for the treatment of edema with distention and fullness, retention of fluid in the chest and ribside, abdominal tympanites, phlegm rheum, accumulations and gatherings (abdominal masses; jī jù), cough and panting due to qi counterflow, difficulty in urination and defecation, epilepsy due to windphlegm, swollen carbuncles, and sores. Normally, 0.5–1.5 g is made into pills or powder after processing as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is used externally

Use of the raw one is prohibited in pregnant women and the weak. It is not suited to combine with Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) to use. It should be processed with vinegar for taking orally in order to decrease toxicity

Euphorbia Root (jing da ji) (Radix Euphorbiae Pekinensis)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried root of Euphorbia pekinensis Rupr. of the Euphorbiaceae family. It is collected in autumn and winter, then washed clean and dried under the sun

Bitter, cold, poisonous; act on the lung, spleen, and kidney channels

Expel fluid retention by drastic purgation, relieve swelling, and dissipate masses

Indicated for the treatment of edema with distention and fullness, accumulated fluid in the chest and abdomen, abdominal tympanites, phlegm rheum, accumulations and gatherings (jī jù), cough and panting due to qi counterflow, swollen carbuncles and sores due to heat toxin, scrofula, and phlegm nodule. Normally, 1.5–3 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or 1 g is made into pills or powder as an oral dose or an appropriate amount is used externally

Use of the raw one is prohibited in pregnant women and the weak. It is not suited to combine with Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) to use. It should be processed with vinegar for taking orally in order to decrease toxicity

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TABLE 3.7 Properties, Actions and Application of Common Herbs That Expel Water by Drastic Purgation (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Lilac Daphne Flower Bud (yuan hua) (Flos Genkwa)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried flower bud of Daphne genkwa Sieb. et Zucc. of the Thymelaeaceae family. It is collected before blooming in spring; after impurities are removed, it is dried

Bitter, acrid, warm, poisonous; act on the lung, spleen, and kidney channels

Expel fluid retention by drastic purgation, dispel phlegm and relieve cough; external treatment: kill worms and cure sores

Indicated for the treatment of dyspnea with cough, referred pain in the chest and ribside, pĭ below the heart, edema and abdominal tympanites due to retention of fluid in the chest and ribside, cough phlegm and panting due to qi counterflow. External treatment: scabies, tinea and favus, swollen carbuncles, and chilblain. Normally, 1.5–3 g is decocted with water or 0.6 g is made into pills or powder as an oral dose or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women. It is not suited to combine with Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) to use. It should be processed with vinegar for taking orally in order to decrease toxicity

Pokeberry Root (shang lu) (Radix Phytolaccae)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried root of Phytolacca acinosa Roxb. or Phytolacca americana L. of the Phytolaccaceae family. It is collected from autumn to next spring; after fibrous root and sediment are removed, it is cut into pieces and dried under the sun or in the shade

Bitter, cold, poisonous; act on the lung, spleen, kidney, and large intestine channels

Expel water and relieve swelling, promote urination and defecation; external treatment: resolve toxins and dissipate masses

Indicated for the treatment of edema, abdominal tympanites, constipation, difficulty in micturition with an excess pattern of water-dampness and distention and fullness. External treatment: sores and ulcers, and swollen carbuncles in the initial stage. Normally, 3–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is decocted for fumigating and washing externally

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women. It should be processed with vinegar for taking orally in order to decrease toxicity

(Continued )

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TABLE 3.7 Properties, Actions and Application of Common Herbs That Expel Water by Drastic Purgation (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Pharbitidis Seed (qian niu zi) (Semen Pharbitidis)

Initially recorded in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians (ming yi bie lu). It is the dried matured seed of Pharbitis nil (L.) Choisy or Pharbitis purpurea (L.) Voigt. of the Convolvulaceae family. When the fruit is matured and before the rind is broken, the plant is collected and dried under the sun, and then stroked to separate the seeds

Bitter, cold, poisonous; act on the lung, kidney, and large intestine channels

Expel water, promote urination and defecation, disperse phlegm and clear up rheum (fluid retention), kill worms and remove accumulation

Indicated for the treatment of edema with distention and fullness, abdominal tympanites, difficulty in defecation and micturition, accumulated phlegm rheum, panting and cough due to lung qi obstructing, abdominal pain due to worm accumulation. Normally, 3–6 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder for taking orally with 1.5–3 g each time

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women. Its medicinal nature will be alleviated if it is dry-fried, and not suited to combine with Fructus Crotonis (ba dou) or Semen Crotonis Pulveratum (ba dou shuang)

Croton Seed (ba dou) (Fructus Crotonis)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried matured fruit of Croton tiglium L. of the Euphorbiaceae family. It is collected when matured in autumn, then piled for 2–3 days, spread out and dried

Acrid, heat, extremely poisonous; act on the stomach and large intestine channels

Dredge the cold accumulation by drastic purgation, expel water and relieve edema, dispel phlegm, and relieve sore throat; external treatment: erode sores

Indicated for the treatment of constipation due to cold accumulation, ascites, abdominal tympanites, throat bì (pharyngitis) with phlegm obstructing, swollen carbuncles with pus formed but not ulcerated, ulcers, scabies, tinea, warts, and nevus. Normally, 0.1–0.3 g is made into pills or powder as an oral dose each time, or an appropriate amount is ground into powder for applying the affected area

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women and the weak. It is not suited to combine with Semen Pharbitidis (qian niu zi) to use, and is usually made into Semen Crotonis Pulveratum (ba dou shuang) for use

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TABLE 3.7 Properties, Actions and Application of Common Herbs That Expel Water by Drastic Purgation (cont.) Name of Medicinal Caper Euphorbia Seed (qian jin zi) (Semen Euphorbiae)

Source and Collection Initially recorded in Materia Medica of Sichuan (shu ban cao). It is the dried matured seed of Euphorbia lathyris L. of the Euphorbiaceae family. The fruit is collected when matured in summer and autumn; after impurities are removed, it is dried

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Acrid, warm, poisonous; act on the liver, kidney, and large intestine channels

Expel fluid retention by drastic purgation, break up blood stasis, and resolve masses; external treatment: cure tinea and erode warts

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Indicated for the treatment of edema, abdominal tympanites, difficulty in defecation and micturition, phlegm rheum, concretions and conglomerations (zhēng jia˘), and menstrual block due to blood stasis, or used externally for the treatment of stubborn dermatitis and cutaneous tubercle. Normally, 1–2 g of the decorticated and deoiled one is often made into pills or powder as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is pounded for applying the afflicted part externally

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women, the weak and patients with thin, unformed stool

2. Attached herbs (Table 3.8)

TABLE 3.8 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Expel Water by Drastic Purgation Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Lowdaphne Stringbush Flower Bud (huang yuan hua) (Flos Wikstroemiae Chamaedaphnes)

It is the dried flower bud of Wikstroemia chamaedaphne Meissn. of the Thymelaceae family. It is collected in early autumn, and dried in the shade or by baking

Acrid, warm, slightly poisonous; act on the lung and large intestine channels

Expel water by drastic purgation, and clear up phlegm

Indicated for the treatment of edema, abdominal distention and fullness, phlegm rheum, cough, and panting with counterflow qi ascent, also used for infectious hepatitis, schizophrenia, and epilepsy. Normally, 1.5–3 g is ground into powder as an oral dose, or 3–6 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is prohibited in the weak, ulcer, and pregnant women. It antagonizes Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao)

(Continued )

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TABLE 3.8 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Expel Water by Drastic Purgation (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Knoxia Root (hong da ji) (Radix Knoxiae)

It is the dried root tuber of Knoxia valerianiodes Thorel et Pitard of the Rubiaceae family. It is collected in autumn and winter; after fibrous root is removed, it is washed clean, slightly scalded in boiling water, and dried

Bitter, cold, mild poisonous; act on the lung, spleen, and kidney channels

Expel water and fluid retention, relieve swelling, and dissipate masses

Indicated for the treatment of edema with distention and fullness, accumulated water in the chest and abdomen, accumulated phlegm rheum, cough and panting due to qi counterflow, difficulty in defecation and micturition, swollen carbuncles and sores, scrofula, and phlegm nodule. Normally, 1.5–3 g is made into pills or powder as an oral dose with 1 g each time, or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women. It should be processed with vinegar for taking orally in order to decrease toxicity

Defatted Croton Seed Powder (ba dou shuang) (Semen Crotonis Pulveratum)

It is the dried processed product of matured fruit of Euphorbia lathyris L. of the Euphorbiaceae family. Grind the fruit kernel, package with oil-absorbing sheets, heat and slightly bake, and crush to remove the oil and fat

Acrid, heat, extremely poisonous; act on the stomach and large intestine channels

Warm the intestine and promote defecation, resolve stagnation and break up masses, expel water, and relieve edema

Indicated for the treatment of constipation due to colddampness accumulation, concretions, and conglomerations (zhe¯ngjia˘ ), abdominal edema, and exuberant phlegm-drool obstructing. Normally, 0.1–0.3 g is made into pills or powder as an oral dose

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women. It is not suited to combine with Semen Pharbitidis (qian niu zi) to use

Caper Euphorbia Seed Powder (qian jin zi shuang) (Semen Euphorbiae Pulveratum)

It is the processed product of matured seed of Euphorbia lathyris L. of the Euphorbiaceae family. Take Semen Euphorbiae (qian jin zi), decorticate and clean the kernel, and make into frostlike powder

Acrid, warm, poisonous; act on the liver, kidney, and large intestine channels

Expel fluid retention by drastic purgation, break up blood stasis and resolve masses; external treatment: cure tinea and erode warts

Indicated for the treatment of difficulty in defecation and micturition, edema, phlegm rheum, indigestion with distention and fullness, and menstrual block due to blood stasis. External treatment: stubborn dermatitis, and cutaneous tubercle. Normally, 0.5–1 g is often made into pills or powder as an oral dose or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women, the weak and patients with thin, unformed stool

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3. Herb differentiation (Table 3.9) TABLE 3.9 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Herbs That Expel Water by Drastic Purgation Name of Medicinal

Similarity

Differences

Gansui Root (gan sui) (Radix Kansui)

All three are bitter in flavor and purgative in nature, belong to the herbs expel water by drastic purgation, can drastically expel fluid retention and water, and are often used for the treatment of edema with distention and fullness, abdominal tympanites, and retention of fluid in the chest and ribside with an excess pattern. All three are poisonous, not suited to use together with Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao), and should be processed with vinegar in order to decrease toxicity for oral taking

It has a strongest effect of expelling water by drastic purgation among the three herbs, is good at expelling the water-dampness in the channel. It can expel phlegm-drool and can treat epilepsy due to wind phlegm

Both has a strong effect of promoting defecation by drastic purgation, and can treat constipation due to accumulation and stagnation

It is acrid and heat in nature, and has strong poisonous, and its effect is drastic, and it is indicated for the treatment of constipation due to cold accumulation with an acute syndrome. It can expel water, relieve edema, and dispel phlegm, and treat edema and abdominal tympanites caused by excess pathogen, and cold excess chest bind syndrome due to exuberant phlegm-drool obstructing

Euphorbia Root (jing da ji) (Radix Euphorbiae Pekinensis)

Lilac Daphne Flower Bud (yuan hua) (Flos Genkwa)

Croton Seed (ba dou) (Fructus Crotonis)

Rhubarb Root and Rhizome (da huang) (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei)

It has a stronger effect of expelling fluid retention by drastic purgation than that of Flos Genkwa (yuan hua), is good at expelling the water-dampness in zang-fu organs. It is cold and discharging (heat) in nature, also has a stronger effect of eliminating toxins than that of Radix Kansui (gan sui), and used for the treatment of swollen carbuncles due to heat toxin It has an inferior effect of expelling water by drastic purgation among the three herbs, but it has the most intense toxicity, is good at expelling the water and fluid retention in the chest and lung, dispelling phlegm, and relieving cough. It is also warm in nature, can kill worms and cure tinea for the treatment of sore heat and stubborn dermatitis

It is bitter in flavor and cold in nature, and mainly used for the treatment of constipation due to excess heat bind. It also can drain fire and resolve toxins, cool the blood and stanch bleeding, invigorate blood, and dispel stasis, and treat red eyes, toothache and oral ulcer caused by intense fire toxin, blood spitting, nosebleed, carbuncles and sores due to blood heat, and menstrual block caused by blood stasis

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Chapter 4

Herbs That Expel Wind and Damp Chapter Outline Section 1 Herbs That Expel Wind-Cold-Damp Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs Section 2 Herbs That Expel Wind-Damp-Heat Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs

104 104 104 116 116 116

Section 3 Herbs That Expel Wind-Damp and Strengthen the Sinew and Bone Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs

123 123 123

ABSTRACT Chinese herbal medicinals that dispel or eliminate wind-cold-damp and treat wind-cold-damp bì syndrome are called “Herbs that Expel Wind and Damp.” They are mainly indicated for the treatment of wind-damp bì syndrome with pain in the limbs, swelling, and inconvenience of the joints, and spasms of the sinews. Herbs that expel wind and damp can be divided into three categories: herbs that expel wind-cold-damp, herbs that expel wind-damp-heat, and herbs that expel wind-damp and strengthen the sinew and bone. Keywords: herbs that expel wind and damp; herbs that expel wind-cold-damp; herbs that expel wind-damp-heat; herbs that expel wind-damp and strengthen the sinew and bone; dispel wind and eliminate dampness; dispel wind and quicken the collaterals; dispel wind-damp and relieve pain

Chinese herbal medicinals that dispel or eliminate wind-cold-damp and treat wind-cold-damp bì syndrome are called “Herbs That Expel Wind and Damp.” Medicinals in this chapter are more acrid and bitter, warm or cool in nature, can expel wind-damp that remained in the muscles, channels and collaterals, sinews and bones; some medicinals also have the effects of dissipating cold, relaxing the sinews, unblocking the collaterals, relieving pain, or supplementing the liver and kidney, and strengthening the sinew and bone. They are mainly indicated for the treatment of wind-damp bì syndrome with pain in the limbs, swelling and inconvenience of the joints, and spasms of the sinews. Some medicinals are also indicated for the treatment of soreness and weakness of waist and knees, and flaccid lower limbs. Herbs that expel wind and damp have a certain therapeutic effect on modern medicine’s rheumatism, rheumatoid arthritis, sciatica, scapulohumeral periarthritis, lubar intervertebral disc protrusion, cervical spondylosis, hyperostosis, wound, fracture pain, lumbar muscle strain, sequela of cerebrovascular diseases, urticaria, itch of skin, or scabies and tinea, respectively. Herbs that expel wind and damp can be divided into three categories: (1) herbs that expel wind-cold-damp; (2) herbs that expel wind-damp-heat; and (3) herbs that expel wind-damp and strengthen the sinew and bone according to the difference of their properties and actions. When using herbs that expel wind and damp, doctors should appropriately combine other medicinals according to the patterns of bì syndrome, the positions invaded by wind-damp, and the course of disease or syndrome. For the windprevalent migratory bì syndrome, doctors should select “Herbs That Expel Wind and Damp” especially that are good at expelling wind to combine with medicinals that invigorate blood and nourish nutrient qi; for the dampness-prevalent fixed bì syndrome, should select “Herbs That Expel Wind and Damp” especially that are warm and dry to combine with medicinals that fortify the spleen and percolate dampness; for the cold-prevalent painful bì syndrome, should select “Herbs That Expel Wind and Damp” especially that are strong warm in nature to combine with medicinals that unblock yang and warm the channels; for the heat bì syndrome caused by inward penetration of external pathogen to transform into heat or constraint for a long time to transform into heat, should select “Herbs That Expel Wind and Damp” especially that are cold and cool in nature to combine with medicinals that cool the blood, clear heat and resolve toxins; if bì syndrome in the initial stage with exterior pathogen, should combine with herbs that release the exterior to dissipate wind and overcome dampness; Essentials of Chinese Materia Medica and Medical Formulas. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812722-3.00004-X Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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if inward penetration of pathogen, should combine with herbs that invigorate blood and unblock the collaterals; if complicated by turbid phlegm or static blood, should combine with herbs that dispel phlegm or dissipate stasis; if weakness due to chronic disease, liver-kidney insufficiency, and decrease in disease resistance, should select herbs that expel wind-damp and strengthen the sinew and bone to combine with medicinals that supplement the liver and kidney, boost qi and blood in order to reinforce healthy qi and dispel pathogen. Bì syndromes belong to chronic disease. In order to take medicine conveniently, many medicinals in this category can be made into wine preparation, pills, or powder. Wine also can strengthen the effects of herbs that expel wind and damp. They also can be made into preparation for applying externally. Herbs that expel wind and damp are acrid, warm, and dry in nature, which is easy to damage yin and consume blood, the patients with yin-blood (blood and body fluids) depletion should be cautious to use. The modern pharmacological research indicates the herbs that expel wind and damp generally have the effects of antiinflammation, analgesia, and sedation at different levels, and are often used for the treatment of rheumatic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, sciatica, fibrositis, scapulohumeral periarthritis, lumbar muscle strain, hyperosteogeny, injury from fall, neuralgia, hemiparalysis, and some skin diseases.

SECTION 1  HERBS THAT EXPEL WIND-COLD-DAMP Outline Medicinals in this section are most acrid-bitter in flavor and warm in nature, and act on the liver, spleen, and kidney channels. The acrid medicinals can dissipate and dispel wind, and bitter medicinals can dry dampness, warm, and unblock and dispel cold. They have better effects of dispelling wind, eliminating dampness, dissipating cold, relieving pain, and unblocking the collaterals; especially relieving pain is the protruded action. They are indicated for the treatment of wind-cold-damp bì syndrome with limbs’ joint pain, spasms of the sinews, fixed pain, and pain aggravated when encountering cold. Medicinals in this section also can be used for the treatment of wind-damp-heat bì syndrome through combining with other herbs.

Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 1. Primary herbs (Table 4.1) TABLE 4.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Expel Wind-Cold-Damp Name of Medicinal Double Teeth Pubescent Angelica Root (du huo) (Radix Angelicae Pubescentis)

Source and Collection Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried root of Angelica pubescens Maxim. f. biserrata Shan et Yuan of the Umbelliferae family. It is collected when sprouting in early spring or stem and leaf are withered in autumn; after fibrous root and sediment are removed, it is baked to damp-dry, piled for 2–3 days until become soft, and baked again to full dry

Property, Channel Entry Acrid, bitter, slightly warm; act on the kidney, bladder channels

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Dispel wind and eliminate dampness, unblock bì syndrome and relieve pain, release the exterior

Indicated for the treatment of recent or chronic bì syndrome, pain in the waist and knees, joint pain of the legs and feet caused by wind-cold- damp, headache, heaviness of the head and body pain caused by externally-contracted wind-cold complicated by damp, or headache due to latent wind in the shaoyin kidney channel; also for itch of skin. Normally, 3–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is used externally

Caution for Use Its use is cautious in patients with yin deficiency and blood dryness

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TABLE 4.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Expel Wind-Cold-Damp (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Chinese Clematis Root (wei ling xian) (Radix et Rhizoma Clematidis)

Initially recorded in Newly Revised Materia Medica (xin xiu ben cao). It is the dried root and rhizome of Clematis chinensis Osbeck, Clematis hexapetala Pall. or Clematis manshuria Rupr. of the Ranunculaceae family. It is collected in autumn; after sediment is removed, it is dried under the sun

Acrid, salty, warm; act on the bladder channel

Dispel wind-damp, unblock the channels and collaterals, relieve pain, and remove bone sticking

Indicated for the treatment of painful bì syndrome caused by wind-damp, with numbness of the limbs, spasms of the sinews, inconvenient flexing and stretching, or pain in the waist and back caused by wind-cold, also for bone sticking in the throat, injury pain from fall, headache, toothache, or pain in the stomach cavity. Normally, 6–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is used externally

Due to its acrid and dispersing properties, its use should be cautious in patients with weakness of qi and blood

Common Monkshood Mother Root (chuan wu) (Radix Aconiti)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried mother root of Aconitum carmichaelii Debx. of the Ranunculaceae family. It is collected during the last third of June to the first 10 days of August; after daughter root and sediment are removed, it is dried under the sun

Acrid, bitter, heat, extremely poisonous; act on the heart, liver, kidney, and spleen channels

Dispel wind and eliminate dampness, warm the channels, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of bì syndrome due to wind-cold-damp, with joint pain and inconvenient flexing and stretching, cold pain in the epigastrium and abdomen due to interior exuberant yin cold, cold shàn pain (cold hernia pain), injury from falling down, or as an anesthetic. Normally, after processing, 1.5–3 g is decocted first with water as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women, and it is not suite to use with Radix Ampelopsis (bai lian), Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia), Fructus Trichosanthis (gua lou), Bulbus Fritillaria (bei mu), and Rhizoma Bletillae (bai ji)

(Continued )

106 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 4.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Expel Wind-Cold-Damp (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Agkistrodon (qi she) (Agkistrodon)

Initially recorded in Master Lei’s Discourse on Medicinal Processing (lei gong pao zhi lun). It is the dried dody of Agkistrodon acutus (Güenther) of the Viperidae family. It is caught in summer and autumn, split abdomen; after internal organs are removed, it is washed clean, prop open abdomen by bamboo pieces, coiled up like disc, dried, and last bamboo pieces are removed

Sweet, salty, warm, poisonous; act on the liver channel

Dispel wind, unblock the collaterals, and arrest convulsion

Indicated for the treatment of obstinate bì syndrome due to wind-damp, numbness and spasm, wind-strike with hemiplegia (half-body paralysis), twisted mouth and squint eye, (infantile) convulsion, tetanus, leprosy, scabies and tinea; also for the treatment of scrofula, syphilis and ulcer. Normally, 3–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or 1–1.5 g is ground into powder as an oral dose, 2-3 times a day

Its use is prohibited in patients with yin deficiency and internal heat. For oral taking, overdose should be avoided

Black-Tail Snake (wu shao she) (Zaocys)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Medicinal Properties (yao xing lun). It is the dried body of Zaocys dhumnades (Cantor) of the Colubridae family. It is caught in summer and autumn, split abdomen or peel off the skin, remain the head and tail; after internal organs are removed, it is coiled up like disc, and dried

Sweet, neutral; act on the liver channel

Dispel wind, unblock the collaterals and arrest convulsion

Indicated for the treatment of obstinate bì syndrome due to wind-damp, numbness and spasm, wind-strike with twisted mouth and squint eye, hemiplegia (half-body paralysis), convulsion, tetanus, leprosy, scabies and tinea; also for the treatment of scrofula and ulcer. Normally, 6–12 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, 2–3 g is ground into powder as an oral dose, or made into pills or steeped in wine, or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is cautious in patients with blood deficiency generating wind

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TABLE 4.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Expel Wind-Cold-Damp (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Chinese Quince Fruit (mu gua) (Fructus Chaenomelis)

Initially recorded in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians (ming yi bie lu). It is the dried nearly matured fruit of Chaenomeles speciosa (Sweet) Nakai of the Rosaceae family. When fruit turns green yellow in summer and autumn, it is collected and scalded in boiling water until exocarp turns gray, ripped half, and dried under the sun

Sour, warm; act on the liver, spleen and stomach channels

Relax the sinews and quicken the collaterals, harmonize the stomach, and remove dampness

Indicated for the treatment of painful bì syndrome with spasms of the sinews, soreness and heaviness of the waist, and knee joint due to wind-damp, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea and spasm pain of the muscle due to dampness obstructing in the middle jiao, weak foot with edema due to winddamp, dyspepsia, and thirst due to fluid consumption. Normally, 6–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is prohibited in patients with internal constraint heat, scanty and reddish urine, and not suitable for patients with weakness of waist and knee due to essence and blood deficiency, and kidney yin insufficiency

Silkworm Feces (can sha) (Faeces Bombycis)

Initially recorded in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians (ming yi bie lu). It is the dried feces of Bombyx mori Linnaeus of the Bombycidae family. It is collected during June to August and dried under the sun, and then earth and broken bits are winnowed

Sweet, acrid, warm; act on the liver, spleen and stomach channels

Dispel wind-damp, harmonize the stomach and remove dampness, invigorate blood and unblock the channels

Indicated for the treatment of painful bì syndrome due to wind-damp, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea and spasm pain of the muscle due to dampturbidity obstructing in the middle jiao, rubella and eczema; also for menstrual block, flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding). Normally, 5–15 g is wrapped with carbasus and decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder, or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is prohibited in patients with bematoas-thenic myospasm and the limbs are unable to move voluntarily

(Continued )

108 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 4.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Common Herbs That Expel Wind-Cold-Damp (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Common Clubmoss (shen jin cao) (Herba Lycopodii)

Initially recorded in Supplement to ‘The Materia Medica’ (ben cao shi yi). It is the dried entire plant of Lycopodium japonicum Thunb. of the Lycopodiaceae family. It is collected when stem and leaf are flourishing in summer and autumn; after impurities are removed, it is dried under the sun

Slightly bitter, acrid, warm; act on the liver, spleen and kidney channels

Dispel wind and eliminate dampness, relax the sinews, and quicken the collaterals, invigorate blood and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of bì syndrome due to wind-cold-damp, aching pain of joints with inconvenient flexing and stretching, weakness of the four limbs and numbness of the skin, injury with blood stasis and swelling from falling down. Normally, 3–12 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or steeped with in wine for taking orally, or an appropriate amount is pounded for applying the afflicted part externally

Its use is prohibited in patients with excessive bleeding or pregnant women

Aristolochia Mollissima (xun gu feng) (Herba Aristolochiae Mollissimae)

Initially recorded in Illustrated Reference of Botanical Nomenclature (zhi wu ming shi tu kao). It is the rhizome or entire plant of Aristolochia mollissima Hance of the Aristolochiaceae family. It is collected in summer and autumn, then dried under the sun and cut into segments

Acrid, bitter, neutral; act on the liver channel

Dispel wind-damp, invigorate blood, unblock the collaterals, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of painful bì syndrome due to wind-damp, with numbness of the limbs, spasms of the sinews, inconvenient flexing and stretching of the joints, injury from falling down, with swelling and pain due to blood stasis and qi stagnation; also for the treatment of stomachache, toothache, and swollen carbuncles. Normally, 10–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is prohibited in patients with yin deficiency and internal heat or pregnant women. If overdose, side effects, such as nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and headache may occur

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TABLE 4.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Expel Wind-Cold-Damp (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Pine Nodular Branch (song jie) (Lignum Pini Nodi)

Initially recorded in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians (ming yi bie lu). It is the dried tuberculiform knot or branch knot of Pinus tabulieformis Carr. or Pinus massoniana Lamb. of the Pinaceae family. It is collected in whole year, then sawed into pieces and dried in the shade

Bitter, acrid, warm; act on the liver and kidney channels

Dispel wind and eliminate dampness, relax the sinews and unblock the collaterals, invigorate blood and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of winddamp painful bì syndrome with a pattern of exuberant cold-damp, pain of multiple joints, low back pain, spasms of the muscle, foot bì or wĕi (atrophy), and injury with blood stasis and swelling and pain from falling down. Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is steeped in wine or dry-fried and ground into powder for applying the afflicted part externally

Its use is cautious in patients with yin deficiency and blood dryness

Kadsura Pepper Stem (hai feng teng) (Caulis Piperis Kadsurae)

Initially recorded in Renewed Materia Medica (ben cao zai xin). It is the dried rattan stem of Piper kadsura (Choisy) Ohwi of the Piperaceae family. It is collected in summer and autumn; after root and leaf are removed, it is dried under the sun

Acrid, bitter, slightly warm; act on the liver and kidney channels

Dispel wind- damp, unblock the channels and collaterals, rectify qi and relieve bì pain

Indicated for the treatment of bì syndrome due to wind-cold-damp, with limb and joint pain, spasms of the sinews, inconvenient flexing and stretching of the joint, cold pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen, and injury with blood stasis and swelling and pain from falling down; also for the treatment of edema. Normally, 6–12 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or steeped in wine, and an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is cautious in patients with vigorous fire due to yin deficiency, and prohibited in patients with heart diseases or pregnant women

(Continued )

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TABLE 4.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Expel Wind-Cold-Damp (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Orientvine Stem (qing feng teng) (Caulis Sinomenii)

Initially recorded in The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica (ben cao gang mu). It is the dried rattan stem of Sinomenium acutum (Thunb.) Rehd. et Wils. or Sinomenium acutum (Thunb.) Rehd. et wils. var. cinereum Rehd. et wils. of the Menispermaceae family. It is collected in late autumn and early winter, then cut into pieces and dried under the sun

Bitter, acrid, neutral; act on the liver and spleen channels

Dispel wind- damp, unblock the channels and collaterals, and promote urination

Indicated for the treatment of painful bì syndrome due to wind-damp, with swelling and distention of the joints, or numbness due to winddamp, crane-like arthropathy, paralysis, itch of the skin, edema, and weak foot with swelling due to dampness. Normally, 6–12 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or steeped in wine, or an appropriate amount of the fresh one is pounded for applying or decocted for washing externally

Its use is cautious in patients with deficiency- cold of the spleen and stomach

Obtuseleaf Erycibe Stem (ding gong teng) (Caulis Erycibes)

Initially recorded in Chinese Pharmacopoeia (zhong hua ren min gong he guo yao dian). It is the dried rattan stem of Erycibe 0btusifolia Benth. or Erycibe schmidtii Craib of the Convolvulaceae family. It is collected in whole year, then cut into segments or pieces and dried under the sun

Acrid, warm, slightly poisonous; act on the liver, spleen, and stomach channels

Dispel wind and eliminate dampness, and relieve swelling and pain

Indicated for the treatment of bì syndrome due to wind-cold-damp, with hemiplegia (half-body paralysis), numbness of the foot and hand, soreness of the waist and leg, and injury with blood stasis and swelling and pain from falling down. Normally, 3–6 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into wine preparation for oral taking or applying the afflicted part externally

Due to its strong effect of inducing sweating, its use is cautious in the weak, and prohibited in pregnant women

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TABLE 4.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Expel Wind-Cold-Damp (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Tripterygium Hypoglaucum Root (kun ming shan hai tang) (Radix Tripterygium Hypoglaucum)

Initially recorded in Materia Medica of South Yunnan (dian nan ben cao). It is the dried root or entire plant of Tripterygium hypoglaucum (Levl.) Hutch. of the Celastraceae family. The entire plant is collected in whole year; the root is collected in autumn and washed clean, then cut into pieces and dried under the sun

Bitter, acrid, warm, extremely poisonous; act on the liver, spleen, and kidney channels

Dispel winddamp, dispel stasis and unblock the collaterals, promote reunion of fractured tendon and bone, stanch bleeding, resolve toxins, and kill worms

Indicated for the treatment of wind-cold-damp bì syndrome for a long time, with swelling and pain of the joints, pain in the sinew and bone, injury from falling down, and bone fracture with swelling and pain; also for the treatment of excessive bleeding after childbirth, cancer, and stubborn dermatitis. Normally, 6–15 g of the root or 20–30 g of the stem and branch is decocted first with water as an oral dose, or steeped in wine, or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is prohibited in the weak or pregnant women

Shortstalk Monkshood Root (xue shang yi zhi hao) (Radix Aconiti Brachypodi)

Initially recorded in Scientific Folk Medicinals (ke xue de min jian yao cao). It is the dried root tuber of Aconitum brachypodum Diels, A. brachypodum Diels var. laxiflorum Fletcher et Lauener, A. brachypodum Diels var. crispulum W. T. Wang, A. nagarum Stapf var. lasiandrum W. T. Wang., A. nagarum Stapf var. heterotrichum Fletcher et Lauener, A. Pendulum Busch. or A. Flavum Hand.Mazz. of the Ranunculaceae family. It is collected in late summer and early autumn, and dried under the sun; after soaked in water or processed with urina hominis, it is rinsed clean and cut into pieces for use

Bitter, acrid, warm, extremely poisonous; act on the liver channel

Dispel wind- damp, invigorate blood, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of various kinds of pain patterns, such as painful bì (cold bì) syndrome due to wind-damp, neuralgia, toothache, injury pain from fall, after operation pain, and carcinoma pain; swollen sores and ulcers, insect toxin, poisonous snake bite, and bee bite. Normally, 0.02–0.04 g is ground into powder as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is used externally

For oral use, it should be processed and the dosage should be strictly controlled. And its use is prohibited in pregnant women, the old, the weak, infant, and patients with heart diseases or peptic ulcers

(Continued )

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TABLE 4.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Expel Wind-Cold-Damp (cont.) Name of Medicinal Sweetgum Fruit (lu lu tong) (Fructus Liquidambaris)

Property, Channel Entry

Source and Collection Initially recorded in Supplement to “The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica” (ben cao gang mu shi yi). It is the dried matured infructescence of Liquidambar formosana Hance of the Hamamelidaceae family. It is collected when fruit is matured; after impurities are removed, it is dried

Bitter, neutral; act on the liver and kidney channels

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Dispel wind and quicken the collaterals, promote urination, promote menstruation flow

Indicated for the treatment of painful bì syndrome of joints, numbness and tendon spasm, wind-strike with hemiplegia (halfbody paralysis), injury from falling down, edema with distention and fullness, scant breast milk, inhibited lactation, and menstrual block. Normally, 5–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is used externally

Caution for Use Its use is prohibited in pregnant women and patients with profuse menstruation

2. Attached herbs (Table 4.2) TABLE 4.2 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Expel Wind-Cold-Damp Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application Usage

Caution for Use

Difengpi Bark (di feng pi) (Cortex Illicii)

It is the dried tree bark of Illicium difengpi K. I. B. et K. I. M. of the Magnoliaceae family. It is collected in spring and autumn, dried under the sun or at low temperature

Slightly acrid, astringent, warm, slightly poisonous; act on the bladder and kidney channels

Dispel wind and eliminate dampness, move qi, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of painful bì syndrome due to winddamp, low back pain caused by overstrain, and insect bite. Normally, 6–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is decocted for washing or applying externally

Its use is cautious in pregnant women

Multibanded Krati (jin qian bai hua she) (Bungarus Parvus)

It is the dried body of young snake of Bungarus multinftus Blyth of the Elapidae family. It is caught in summer and autumn, and split abdomen; after internal organs are removed and bloodstain is wiped, it is soaked in alcohol, coiled up like disc and dried

Sweet, salty, warm, poisonous; act on the liver and spleen channels

Dispel wind, unblock the collaterals, and arrest convulsion

Indicated for the treatment of obstinate bì syndrome due to wind-damp, numbness and spasm, wind-strike with twisted mouth and squint eye, hemiplegia (half-body paralysis), convulsion, tetanus, leprosy, scabies, and tinea. Normally, 2–5 g is ground into powder for oral taking with 1–1.5 g each time

Its use is prohibited in patients with yin and blood deficiency, or internal heat producing wind

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TABLE 4.2 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Expel Wind-Cold-Damp (cont.)

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Kusnezoff Monkshood Root (cao wu) (Radix Aconiti Kusnezoffii)

It is the dried root tuber of Aconitum kusnezoffii Reichb. of the Ranunculaceae family. It is collected when stem and leaf are withered in autumn; after fibrous root and sediment are removed, it is dried under the sun

Acrid, bitter, heat, extremely poisonous; act on the heart, liver, kidney, and spleen channels

Prepared Kusnezoff Monkshood Root (zhi cao wu) (Radix Aconiti Kusnezoffii Praeparata)

It is the processed product of root tuber of Aconitum kusnezoffii Reichb. of the Ranunculaceae family. It is soaked and rinsed with cool water until slightly peppery flavor can be tasted, then put in the decoction of Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) and Black Soybean (hei dou) to boil out until no white heart; after gruffs are removed, it is sun to half dry, moistened, cut into pieces, and dried under the sun

Snake Slough (she tui) (Periostracum Serpentis)

Radde Anemone (liang tou jian) (Rhizoma Anemones Raddeanae)

Name of Medicinal

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application Usage

Caution for Use

Dispel wind and eliminate dampness, dissipate cold, warm the channels, relieve pain, eliminate phlegm, and relieve swelling

Indicated for the treatment of windcold-damp bì syndrome, joint pain, cold pain in the epigastrium and abdomen, numbness and spasm, wind-strike with hemiplegia (halfbody paralysis), cold shàn pain (cold hernia pain), headache due to head wind, tetanus, injury pain from falling down, phlegmatic mass, throat bì (pharyngitis), carbuncle-abscess, deep-rooted boils, scrofula, or as an anesthetic. Normally, after processing, 3–6 g is decocted first with water for 1–2 h as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder, and an appropriate amount is used with vinegar externally

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women, and it is not suited to use with Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia), Radix Ampelopsis (bai lian), Fructus Trichosanthis (gua lou), Bulbus Fritillaria (bei mu), and Rhizoma Bletillae (bai ji). Don’t eat the raw one

Acrid, bitter, heat, poisonous; act on the heart, liver, kidney, and spleen channels

Dispel wind and eliminate dampness, warm the channels, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of bì syndrome caused by wind-colddamp, with joint pain, cold pain in the epigastrium and abdomen, cold shàn pain (cold hernia pain), or as an anesthetic. Normally, 1.5–3 g is decocted first or for a long time with water as an oral dose

It is not suited to use with Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia), Radix Ampelopsis (bai lian), Fructus Trichosanthis (gua lou), Bulbus Fritillaria (bei mu), and Rhizoma Bletillae (bai ji)

It is the dried exuviated epidermis of Elaphe taeniura Cope, Elaphe carinata (Guenther) or Zaocys dhumnades (Cantor) of the Colubridae family. It is collected in late spring and early summer or early winter; after sediment is removed, it is dried

Salty, sweet, neutral; act on the liver channel

Dispel wind, arrest convulsion, remove nebula, relieve swelling, kill worms, and resolve toxins

Indicated for the treatment of infantile convulsive epilepsy, acute throat troubles, swollen and rigid tongue, oral ulcer, sublingual swelling, nebula cataract, boils, swollen carbuncles, scrofula, mumps, anus fistula, scabies, or tinea. Normally, 3–6 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or 1.5–3 g is ground into powder as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women

It is the dried rhizome of Anemone raddeana Regel of the Ranunculaceae family. It is collected in summer; after fibrous root is removed, it is washed cleaned, and dried

Acrid, heat, poisonous; act on the spleen channel

Dispel wind-damp and relieve carbuncle with swelling

Indicated for the treatment of bì syndrome caused by wind-colddamp, with spasm of the limbs, bone joint pain, and swollen carbuncles with ulceration. Normally, 1–3 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women

(Continued )

114 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 4.2 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Expel Wind-Cold-Damp (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application Usage

Caution for Use

Tuniclike Psammosilene Root (jin tie suo) (Radix Psammosilenes Tunicoidis)

It is the dried root of Psammosilene tunicoides W. C. Wu et C. Y. Wu of the Caryophyllaceae family. It is collected in autumn; after outer bark and impurities are removed, it is dried under the sun

Bitter, acrid, warm, slightly poisonous; act on the liver channel

Dispel wind and eliminate dampness, dissipate stasis and relieve pain, resolve toxins, and relieve swelling

Indicated for the treatment of painful bì syndrome caused by wind-damp, cold pain in the stomach cavity, injury from falling down and bleeding wound. External treatment: sores and furuncle, snake, and insect bite. Normally, 0.1–0.3 g is made into pills or powder as an oral dose or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is cautious in pregnant women

Yellow Azalea Flower (nao yang hua) (Flos Rhododendri Mollis)

It is the dried flower of Rhododendron molle G. Don of the Ericaceae family. When blooming initially in April and May, it is collected and dried under the sun or in the shade

Acrid, warm, extremely poisonous; act on the liver channel

Dispel wind and eliminate dampness, dissipate stasis, and stop pain

Indicated for the treatment of painful bì syndrome caused by wind-damp, hemilateral headache (migraine) or general headache, swelling and pain from falling down, and stubborn dermatitis. Normally, 0.6–1.5 g is steeped in wine or made into pills or powder as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is decocted with water for washing externally

It is not suitable for taking too much or for a long time. Its use is prohibited in the weak and pregnant women

Paniculate Swallowwort Root (xu chang qing) (Radix et Rhizoma Cynanchi Paniculati)

It is the dried root and rhizome of Cynanchum paniculatum (Bge.) Kitag. of the Asclepiadaceae family. It is collected in autumn; after impurities are removed, it is dried in the shade

Acrid, warm; act on the liver and stomach channels

Dispel wind and remove dampness, move qi, and invigorate blood, relieve pain and alleviate itching, resolve toxins, and relieve swelling

Indicated for the treatment of painful bì syndrome caused by wind-damp, stomachache or with distention and fullness, toothache, low back pain, injury pain from falling down, rubella, and eczema. Normally, 3–12 g is decocted later with water as an oral dose, or 1–3 g is ground into power as an oral dose, or made into pills or steeped in wine for taking orally

Its use is cautious in the weak and pregnant women

Tuberculate Speranskia Herb (tou gu cao) (Herba Speranskiae Tuberculatae)

It is the entire plant of Speranskia tuberculata (Bunge) Baill. of the Euphorbiaceae family. It is collected when blooming and bearing fruit during May to June; after impurities are removed, it is dried under the sun

Acrid, warm; act on the liver and kidney channels

Dispel wind and remove dampness, relax the sinews, and invigorate blood, dissipate stasis and relieve swelling, resolve toxins, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of painful bì syndrome caused by wind-damp, with spasms of the sinew and bone, weak foot due to cold-damp, sprain of waist, half-body paralysis, menstrual block, scrotum eczema, swollen sores, and furuncle. Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is decocted with water for fumigating and washing, or pounded for applying externally

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women

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3. Herb differentiation (Table 4.3) TABLE 4.3 Differentiation between Similar Efficacy Herbs That Expel Wind-Cold-Damp Name of Medicinal

Similarity

Differences

Double Teeth Pubescent Angelica Root (du huo) (Radix Angelicae Pubescentis)

Both can dispel wind-damp, relieve pain, and release the exterior, are indicated for the treatment of bì syndrome caused by windcold-damp, exterior pattern of wind-cold complicated by dampness, and headache. For bì syndrome with general pain due to wind-cold-damp, both herbs often combine with each other to reinforce their effects

Its property is more moderate, the effect of dispersing is less than that of Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo), and it is more used for the treatment of wind-cold-damp bì syndrome in lower half of the body, and shaoyin headache. It also can remove the latent wind in the shaoyin kidney channel, and treat the latent-wind headache (headache, dizziness, pain involving the tooth and cheek, pain generating after encountering wind). It also can disperse the fire from constraint and treat the sore pain of gingiva due to wind-fire

Notoptetygium Root (qiang huo) (Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii)

Multibanded Krati (jin qian bai hua she) (Bungarus Parvus) Agkistrodon (qi she) (Agkistrodon)

Black-Tail Snake (wu shao she) (Zaocys)

Chinese Quince Fruit (mu gua) (Fructus Chaenomelis)

Silkworm Feces (can sha) (Faeces Bombycis)

Its property is partial to dryness, the effect of dispersing is stronger than that of Radix Angelicae Pubescentis (du huo), and it is more used for the treatment of wind-cold-damp bì syndrome with pain in the upper half of the body, and also can treat headache caused by externally-contracted wind-cold All three are the exclusive medicinals that expel wind-damp, have the moving and scurrying properties, can dispel wind, unblock the collaterals and arrest convulsion, and are suitable for the treatment of the patterns of internal or external wind-toxin congestion and stagnation, especially good at treating bì syndrome for a long time due to pathogen invading deeply, with spasms of the sinews, limbs numbness, wind-strike with twisted mouth and squint eye, hemiplegia (half-body paralysis), numbing wind (leprosy), stubborn dermatitis, infantile convulsion, and itch of skin

Its property and efficacy are similar to that of Agkistrodon (qi she), but are stronger than that of Agkistrodon (qi she) and Zaocys (wu shao she)

Both can dispel wind and eliminate dampness, relax the sinews and quicken the collaterals, and harmonize the stomach. Both are warm in nature, and good at harmonizing the center and removing dampness, can treat bì syndrome with spasms due to damp, vomiting and diarrhea, abdominal pain, and spasm of muscle due to damp-turbidity obstructing the center and ascent-descent disorder, both herbs often combine with each other to reinforce their effects

It not only can eliminate dampness and harmonize the stomach, but also has the effects of relaxing the sinews and quickening the collaterals, is good at calming the liver abd relaxing the sinews, is an essential medicinal for the treatment of painful bì syndrome with spasms of the sinews due to wind-damp, and spasm and pain of the sinews due to blood deficiency and hyperactivity of liver. It also can treat weak foot with swelling and pain, discomfort surging into the heart, and indigestion

It is poisonous and has a stronger efficacy, and is an essential medicinal that treats obstinate bì syndrome. Its efficacy of treating scabies and tinea are less than that of Zaocys (wu shao she) It has the effects of dispelling wind and unblocking the collaterals, eliminating dampness and killing worms, its effects are similar to that of Agkistrodon (qi she), but its effects are more moderate and no poison. It is good at dispelling wind of sinews and skin

Its effects are more moderate, and it not only can eliminate dampness, but also is good at dispelling wind, can treat the wind-damp bì syndrome regardless of preponderance of wind or damp. It also can dispel wind and relieve itching, and treat rubella with itching all over the body

116 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

SECTION 2  HERBS THAT EXPEL WIND-DAMP-HEAT Outline Medicinals in this section are most acrid-bitter in flavor and cold in nature, and act on the liver, spleen, and kidney channels. The acrid medicinals have the effects of moving and dispersing, the bitter medicinals have the effects of descending and draining, the cold medicinals have the effect of clearing heat. Medicinals in this section have satisfactory actions of dispelling wind and eliminating dampness, unblocking the collaterals and relieving pain, clearing heat and relieving swelling, and are indicated for the treatment of wind-damp-heat bì syndrome with red swelling and pain of the joints. Medicinals in this section also can be used for the treatment of wind-cold-damp bì syndrome through combining with other herbs.

Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 1. Primary herbs (Table 4.4) TABLE 4.4 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Expel Wind-Damp-Heat Name of Medicinal Large Leaf Gentian Root (qin jiao) (Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae)

Source and Collection Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried root of Gentiana macrophylla Pall., Gentiana straminea Maxim., Gentiana crasicaulis Duthie ex Burk. or Gentiana dahurica Fisch. of the Gentianaceae family. It is collected in spring and autumn; after sediment is removed, it is sun to soften, then piled up until red yellow or gray yellow formed, and dried under the sun; or after black bark is kneaded while fresh and dried under the sun for Dahuria Gentian Root

Property, Channel Entry Acrid, bitter, neutral; act on the stomach, liver, and gallbladder channels

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Dispel wind-damp, unblock the collaterals and relieve bì pain, abate deficiency heat, clear damp-heat, and relieve jaundice

Indicated for the treatment of painful bì syndrome, spasms of the sinews and soreness of the bone joints caused by wind-damp with regardless of cold or heat pattern, a short or long course, wind-strike with hemiplegia (half-body paralysis), twisted mouth and squint eye, and aphasia with stiff tongue, steaming bone fever or tidal fever, infantile malnutrition fever with accumulation, and jaundice due to damp- heat accumulated in interior; also for the treatment of piles. Normally, 3–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder, and an appropriate amount is used externally

Caution for Use Its use is cautious in the thin and weak, and patients with profuse urine, thin, and unformed stool

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TABLE 4.4 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Expel Wind-Damp-Heat (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Four Stamen Stephania Root (fang ji) (Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried root of Stephania tetrandra S. Moore of the Menispermaceae family. It is collected in autumn, then washed clean; after thick bark is removed, it is under sun until 50% is dry, cut into segments (or slivered the large one again), and dried

Bitter, acrid, cold; act on the bladder and lung channels

Dispel wind-damp and relieve pain, promote urination, and relieve edema

Indicated for the treatment of painful bì syndrome with a pattern of exuberance of damp-heat, soreness and heaviness of the limbs, red swelling pain of the joints, or damp-heat body pain, edema of the lower limbs, weak foot and shin with swelling and pain due to damp-heat obstructing the channels and collaterals, difficulty in micturition, eczema and sores, scabies and tinea due to damp-heat; also for the treatment of hypertensive disease. Normally, 5–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder

Because its extremely bitter and cold properties that is easy to damage the stomach qi, its use is cautious in patients with anorexia and yin deficiency and the weakling, and prohibited in patients with yin deficiency without damp-heat

Mulberry Twig (sang zhi) (Ramulus Mori)

Initially recorded in Illustrated Classic of Materia Medica (ben cao tu jing). It is the dried twig of Morus alba L. of the Moraceae family. It is collected in late spring and early summer; after leaf is removed, it is dried under the sun, or cut into pieces while fresh and dried under the sun

Slightly bitter, neutral; act on the liver channel

Dispel winddamp, smooth joint movement, promote urination, dispel wind, and relieve itching

Indicated for the treatment of bì syndrome caused by wind-damp with regardless of cold or heat pattern, a short or long course, especially for wind-dampheat bì syndrome with soreness and numbness of the shoulder, arms and joints; also for edema, skin rash and pruritus. Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is used externally

No special contraindications

(Continued )

118 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 4.4 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Expel Wind-Damp-Heat (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Siegesbeckia (xi xian cao) (Herba Siegesbeckiae)

Initially recorded in Newly Revised Materia Medica (xin xiu ben cao). It is the dried aerial part of Siegesbeckia orientalis L., Siegesbeckia pubescens Makino or Siegesbeckia glabrescens Makino of the Compositae family. It is collected before blooming or in flowering phase in summer and autumn; after impurities are removed, it is dried under the sun

Acrid, bitter, cold; act on the liver and kidney channels

Dispel winddamp, smooth joint movement, and resolve toxins

Indicated for the treatment of painful bì syndrome due to wind-damp, with weak sinew and bone, soreness and weakness of waist and knees, palsy of the four limbs, or wind-strike with hemiplegia (half-body paralysis), twisted mouth and squint eye, rubella, eczema, sores and carbuncles with red swelling and hot pain; also for the treatment of hypertensive disease. Normally, 9–12 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is cautious in patients without wind-damp. When overdose or using the raw, vomiting is easy to occur

Clerodendron Leaf (chou wu tong ye) (Folium Clerodendri)

Initially recorded in Illustrated Classic of Materia Medica (ben cao tu jing). It is the dried twig and leaf of Clerodendron trichotomum Thunb. of the Verbenaceae family. It is collected before blooming in summer, then dried under the sun and cut into segments

Acrid, bitter, sweet, cool; act on the liver channel

Dispel winddamp, unblock the channels and collaterals, and calm the liver

Indicated for the treatment of painful bì syndrome due to wind-damp, with numbness of the four limbs, hemiplegia (half-body paralysis), rubella with eczema and itch of the skin; headache and dizziness due to hyperactivity of liver yang. Now, it is often used for hypertensive disease. Normally, 5–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or ground into powder for oral taking with 3 g each time, or an appropriate amount is used externally

When using for high blood pressure, it should not be decocted for a long time

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TABLE 4.4 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Expel Wind-Damp-Heat (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Erythrina Bark (hai tong pi) (Cortex Erythrinae)

Initially recorded in Materia Medica from the [Southern] Seaboard Area (hai yao ben cao). It is the dried trunk bark or root bark of Erythrina variegata L. or E. arborescens Roxb. of the Leguminosae family. It is collected in summer and autumn, then dried under the sun and cut into slivers

Bitter, acrid, neutral; act on the liver channel

Dispel winddamp, unblock the collaterals and relieve pain, kill worms, and alleviate itching

Indicated for the treatment of painful bì syndrome due to wind-damp, with spasms of the limbs, soreness and weakness of waist and knees, or palsy and numbness; especially for the treatment of painful bì syndrome of the lower limb joints, scabies, tinea, and eczema with itching. Normally, 5–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or steeped in water for taking orally, or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is cautious in patients with blood deficiency. It is not suitable for patients with low back pain without a pattern of wind-damp

Chinese Star Jasmine Stem (luo shi teng) (Caulis Trachelospermi)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried rattan stem of Trachelospermum jasminoides (Lindl.) Lem. of the Apocynaceae family. It is collected during winter to next spring; after impurities are removed, it is dried under the sun

Bitter, slightly cold; act on the heart, liver and kidney channels

Dispel wind and unblock the collaterals, cool the blood and relieve swelling

Indicated for the treatment of heat bì syndrome due to wind-damp, with spasms of the sinews, soreness and weakness of waist and knees; throat bì (pharyngitis) and swollen carbuncles caused by heat toxin congestion, and injury with blood stasis and swelling and pain from falling down. Normally, 6–12 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount of the fresh one is pounded for applying externally

Its use is prohibited in patients with aversion to cold due to yang deficiency, thin, and unformed stool

(Continued )

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TABLE 4.4 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Expel Wind-Damp-Heat (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Tripterygium Root (lei gong teng) (Radix Tripterygii Wilfordii)

Initially recorded in Supplement to “The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica” (ben cao gang mu shi yi). It is the dried root or radicular xylem of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F. of the Celastraceae family. It is collected in autumn; after soil is removed, it is dried under the sun, or decorticated, dried and cut into thick pieces

Bitter, acrid, cold, extremely poisonous; act on the liver and kidney channels

Dispel winddamp, invigorate blood and unblock the collaterals, relieve swelling and pain, kill worms, and resolve toxins

Indicated for the treatment of obstinate bì syndrome due to wind-damp, especially for red swelling hot pain with morning stiffness, even arthrentasis; leprosy, stubborn dermatitis, eczema, scabies, and swollen furuncle due to heat toxin. Normally, 10–25 g is decocted with water with mild flame for 1–2 h as an oral dose, and dosage of the one with root bark should be decreased, or ground into powder for oral taking with 1.5–4.5 g every day; or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women and cautious in patients with structural diseases of internal organs and leucopenia

Common Heron’s Bill (lao guan cao) (Herba Erodii Stephaniani)

Initially recorded in Materia Medica for Famine Relief (jiu huang ben cao). It is the dried aerial part of Erodium stephanianum Willd., Geranium wilfordii Maxim. or G. carolinianum L. of the Geraniaceae family. When fruit is nearly matured in summer and autumn, it is collected and dried under the sun and cut into segments

Acrid, bitter, neutral; act on the liver, kidney and spleen channels

Dispel winddamp, unblock the collaterals, clear heat toxin, and arrest diarrhea and dysentery

Indicated for the treatment of painful bì syndrome due to wind-damp, with numbness, spasms, soreness of sinew and bone, diarrhea, and dysentery due to damp-heat or heat toxin, sores and ulcers, carbuncles and furuncle, eczema, burn, and scald due to accumulated damp toxin. Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or decocted into paste or steeped in wine for taking orally, or an appropriate amount is used externally

No special contraindications

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TABLE 4.4 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Expel Wind-Damp-Heat (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Japanese Dioscorea Rhizome (chuan shan long) (Rhizoma Dioscoreae Nipponicae)

Initially recorded in Medicinal Herbal of Northeast (dong bei yao yong zhi wu zhi). It is the dried rhizome of Diosocorea nipponica Makino of the Dioscoreaceae family. It is collected in spring and autumn, and then washed clean; after fibrous root and outer bark are removed, it is dried under the sun

Luffa Vegetable Sponge (si gua luo) (Retinervus Luffae Fructus)

Initially recorded in The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica (ben cao gang mu). It is the dried vascular bundle of matured fruit of Luffa cylindrica (L.) Roem. of the Cucurbitaceae family. When fruit is matured, rind turns yellow, and the interior is withered in summer and autumn, it is collected; after rind and sarcocarp are removed, it is washed clean; after seed is removed, it is dried under the sun

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Bitter, slight cold; act on the liver, kidney and lung channels

Dispel wind and remove dampness, relax the sinews and unblock the collaterals, invigorate blood and relieve pain, relieve cough and panting

Indicated for the treatment of painful bì syndrome due to wind-damp, with joint swelling, low back and leg pain, numbness of the limbs, injury from falling down, cough and panting due to phlegm-heat, chest bì syndrome, carbuncles, and more used for the treatment of heat bì syndrome. Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into wine preparation for using, or an appropriate amount is used externally

When it is processed to crush to pieces, pay attention to protect in order to avoid anaphylactic response

Sweet, neutral; act on the lung, stomach and liver channels

Dispel wind, unblock the collaterals, invigorate blood, and promote lactation

Indicated for the treatment of painful bì syndrome due to wind-damp, spasms of the sinews, distending pain in the chest and hypochondrium due to qi stagnation and blood stasis, inhibited lactation, mammary abscess (acute mastitis) with swelling pain; also for the treatment of injury from falling down and chest bì syndrome. Normally, 5–12 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is used externally

No special contraindications

Caution for Use

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2. Attached herbs (Table 4.5) TABLE 4.5 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Expel Wind-Damp-Heat Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Chinese Stauntonvine Stem and Leaf (ye mu gua) (Caulis et Folium Stauntoniae Chinensis)

It is the dried stem and branch with leaf of Stauntonia chinensis DC. of the Laidizabalaceae family. It is collected in whole year, then washed clean, cut into segments, and dried

Slightly bitter, neutral; act on the liver and stomach channels

Dispel wind and relieve pain, relax the sinews, and quicken the collaterals

Indicated for the treatment of painful bì syndrome caused by wind-damp, low back pain or leg pain, headache, toothache, painful menstruation, and injury pain from falling down. Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is cautious in pregnant women

China Greenbrier (ba qia) (Rhizoma Smilacis Chinae)

It is the dried rhizome of Smilax china L. of the Liliaceae family. It is collected during the late autumn to the next spring; after soil and fibrous root are removed, it is washed clean and dried under the sun; or cut into pieces while fresh and dried

Sweet, sour, neutral; act on the liver and kidney channels

Dispel wind and drain dampness, resolve toxins and carbuncles

Indicated for the treatment of painful bì syndrome caused by wind-damp, turbid strangury, abnormal vaginal discharge, diarrhea, dysentery, swollen carbuncles and sores, stubborn dermatitis, scald and burn. Normally, 10–30 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or steeped in wine, made into pills or powder for taking orally

It is prohibited to use together with tea and vinegar

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

3. Herb differentiation (Table 4.6) TABLE 4.6 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Herbs That Expel Wind-Damp-Heat Name of Medicinal

Similarity

Differences

Stephania Tetrandra (han fang ji) (Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae)

Both are bitter-acrid in flavor and cold in nature, act on the bladder and lung channels, and can dispel wind-damp and promote urination

It mainly governs the water pathogen, has strong effects of promoting urination and relieving edema, and is more used for the treatment of edema. If patients with the syndrome is partial to the inferior part, and preponderance of dampness over wind, Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae (han fang ji) is often selected to use

Southern Fangji Root (mu fang ji) (Radix Cocculi Trilobi)

Chinese Star Jasmine Stem (luo shi teng) (Caulis Trachelospermi) Kadsura Pepper Stem (hai feng teng) (Caulis Piperis Kadsurae)

It mainly governs wind pathogen, has better effects of diffusing and unblocking, expelling wind-damp and relieving pain, and is more for treating painful bì syndrome. If patients with the syndrome are partial to the superior part and preponderance of wind over dampness, Radix Cocculi Trilobi (mu fang ji) is often selected to use Both are the herbs that expel wind-damp, can dispel wind and unblock the collaterals, and are commonly used for the treatment of inconvenient flexing and stretching of the joints and hypertonicity of the sinews caused by wind-damp, and injury from falling down

It is slightly cold in nature, and suitable for the treatment of patients with painful bì syndrome due to wind-damp, complicated by heat syndrome. It also can cool the blood and relieve swelling, and treat swollen sores and throat bì (pharyngitis) due to heat toxin, and injury from falling down with swelling and blood stasis It is partial to the warm property, and suitable for the treatment of patients with bì syndrome accompanied by more obvious wind-cold-damp, joint pain, spasms of the sinews, inhibited flexing and stretching, and no heat syndrome

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SECTION 3  HERBS THAT EXPEL WIND-DAMP AND STRENGTHEN THE SINEW AND BONE Outline Medicinals in this section mainly act on the liver and kidney channels, and not only can dispel wind and dampness, but also have definite effects of supplementing the liver and kidney, and strengthening the sinew and bone, and are mainly indicated for the treatment of wind-damp bì syndrome lasting for a long time, liver and kidney deficiency, soreness and weakness of waist and knees, and weakness or flaccidity of feet. If wind-damp invading the body for a long time, the liver and kidney are easy to be damaged; on the contrary, deficiency of liver and kidney, the wind-cold-damp pathogen is easy to attack the waist and knees again, so the herbs in this section have the actions of reinforcing healthy qi to dispel pathogen and treating both the root and branch simultaneously. They also can be used for the treatment of lumbago, bone wĕi (atrophy) with weakness or flaccidity due to deficiency of the kidney.

Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 1. Primary herbs (Table 4.7)

TABLE 4.7 Properties, Actions and Application of Common Herbs That Expel Wind-Damp and Strengthen the Sinew and Bone Name of Medicinal Eleutherococcus Root Bark (wu jia pi) (Cortex Acanthopanacis)

Source and Collection Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried root bark of Acanthopanax gracilistylus W. W. Smith of the Araliaceae family. The root is collected in summer and autumn, then washed clean; the root bark is peeled off and dried under the sun

Property, Channel Entry Acrid, bitter, warm; act on the liver and kidney channels

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Dispel wind and remove dampness, supplement and boost the liver and kidney, strengthen the sinew and bone, promote urination, and relieve edema

Indicated for the treatment of bì syndrome caused by wind-damp, with pain in the waist and knees, spasms of the sinews, especially for the old and weak due to chronic disease; flaccid sinews and bones due to deficiency of liver and kidney, infantile walk retardation, lack of strength, edema, and weak foot with swelling and pain due to obstruction of wind-cold-damp. Normally, 5–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or steeped in wine, made into pills or powder for taking orally

Caution for Use Its use is cautious in patients with vigorous fire due to yin deficiency

(Continued )

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TABLE 4.7 Properties, Actions and Application of Common Herbs That Expel Wind-Damp and Strengthen the Sinew and Bone (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Chinese Taxillus (sang ji sheng) (Herba Taxilli)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried stem and branch with leaf of Taxillus chinensis (DC.) Danser of the Loranthaceae family. It is collected during winter to next spring; after big stem is removed, it is cut into segments and dried, or steamed and dried

Bitter, sweet, neutral; act on the liver and kidney channels

Dispel wind-damp, supplement the liver and kidney, strengthen the sinew and bone, and calm the fetus

Indicated for the treatment of painful bì syndrome caused by winddamp, especially for soreness and weakness of waist and knees, and weak sinew and bone due to bì syndrome lasting for a long time and damaging the liver and kidney; uterine bleeding, profuse menstruation, vaginal bleeding (painless spotting) during pregnancy, restless fetus, and dizziness; also for the treatment of hypertensive disease. Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

No special contraindications

Chain Fern (gou ji) (Rhizoma Cibotii)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried rhizome of Cibotium barometz (L.) J. Sm. of the Dicksoniaceae family. It is collected in autumn and winter; after sediment is removed, it is dried; or after hard root, leafstalk, and golden yellow floss are removed, it is cut into thick pieces and dried, or steamed and sun until 60%–70% is dry

Bitter, sweet, warm; act on the liver and kidney channels

Dispel wind-damp, supplement the liver and kidney, and strengthen the waist and knee

Indicated for the treatment of painful bì syndrome caused by wind-damp, especially for low back pain and stiff spine with inability to bend over due to deficiency of the liver and kidney complicated by windcold-damp, soreness and weakness of waist and knees, lack of strength of the lower limbs due to liver-kidney depletion, enuresis due to kidney deficiency and leukorrhagia due to deficiency-cold of the chong and ren mai. Normally, 6–12 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is cautious in patients with kidney deficiency with fever, difficulty in micturition or short inhibited voiding of deepcolored urine

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TABLE 4.7 Properties, Actions and Application of Common Herbs That Expel Wind-Damp and Strengthen the Sinew and Bone (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Homalomena Rhizome (qian nian jian) (Rhizoma Homalomenae)

Initially recorded in Supplement to “The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica” (ben cao gang mu shi yi). It is the dried rhizome of Homalomena occulta (Lour.) Schott of the Araceae family. It is collected in spring and autumn, washed clean; after outer bark is removed, it is dried under the sun

Bitter, acrid, warm; act on the liver and kidney channels

Dispel winddamp, and strengthen the sinew and bone

Indicated for the treatment of bì syndrome caused by wind-cold-damp, especially for the old with cold pain in the waist and knees, spasms and numbness of the lower limbs, and flaccid sinews and bones. Normally, 5–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or steeped in wine for taking orally

Its use is cautious in patients with yin deficiency and internal heat

Snow Lotus (xue lian hua) (Herba Saussureae Lanicepsis)

Initially recorded in Supplement to “The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica” (ben cao gang mu shi yi). It is the whole plant with flower of Saussurea laniceps Hand.-Mazz., S. Gnaphaloides (Royle) Sch.-Bip. or S. Medusa Maxim. of the Compositae family. It is collected before blooming During June to July; after soil is removed, it is dried in the open-air and cut into segments

Sweet, slightly bitter, warm; act on the liver and kidney channels

Dispel winddamp, and strengthen the sinew and bone, supplement the kidney yang, regulate menstruation, and stanch bleeding

Indicated for the treatment of bì syndrome caused by wind-damp, especially for bì syndrome with preponderance of cold-damp, weakness of waist and knees due to wind-damp lasting for a long time and the liver-kidney deficiency, yang wĕi (impotence), flaccid sinews and bones due to kidney deficiency, menstrual irregularities or block, painful menstruation, uterine bleeding and morbid leukorrhea. Normally, 6–12 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women. If overdosage, great dripping sweating may occur

(Continued )

126 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 4.7 Properties, Actions and Application of Common Herbs That Expel Wind-Damp and Strengthen the Sinew and Bone  (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Pyrola (lu xian cao) (Herba Pyrolae)

Initially recorded in Materia Medica of South Yunnan (dian nan ben cao). It is the dried entire plant of Pyrola calliantha H. Andres or Pyrola decorata H. Andres of the Pyrolaceae family. It is collected in whole year; after impurities are removed, it is dried until leaf becomes soft, piled up until leaf turns purple brown, and dried under the sun

Sweet, bitter, warm; act on the liver and kidney channels

Dispel winddamp, and strengthen the sinew and bone, stanch bleeding, and relieve cough

Indicated for the treatment of painful bì syndrome caused by wind-damp, low back pain due to kidney deficiency, flaccid waist and knees, profuse menstruation, flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding), expectoration of blood, bleeding wound, chronic cough due to lung deficiency or deficiency-type panting due to failure of the kidney to grasp qi. Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is cautious in pregnant women

Chinese Photinia Leaf (shi nan ye) (Folium Photiniae)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried leaf of Photinia serrulata Lindl. of the Rosaceae family. It is collected in whole year, then dried under the sun and cut into slivers

Acrid, bitter, neutral, slightly poisonous; act on the liver and kidney channels

Dispel wind- damp, unblock the channels and collaterals, and boost the kidney qi

Indicated for the treatment of bì syndrome caused by wind-damp, especially for wind-damp lasting for a long time with soreness and weakness of the waist feet due to kidney deficiency, recurrent headache or hemilateral headache (migraine), and rubella with itching. Normally, 10–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is prohibited in patients with vigorous fire due to yin deficiency

Herbs That Expel Wind and Damp Chapter | 4

127

2. Attached herbs (Table 4.8) TABLE 4.8 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Expel Wind-Damp and Strengthen the Sinew and Bone Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Tianshan Mountain Snow Lotus (tian shan xue lian) (Herba Saussureae Involucratae)

It is the dried aerial part of Saussurea involucrata (Kar. et Kir.) Sch.-Bip. of the Compositae family. It is a habitually used medicinal in Uygur nationality, collected when blooming in summer and autumn, and dried in the shade

Uighur medicine: secondary order damp-heat in nature; TCM: slightly bitter, warm

Uighur medicine: supplement the kidney and invigorate blood, strengthen the sinew and bone, nourish nerve, and regulate abnormal body fluids; TCM: warm the kidney and assist yang, dispel wind, and overcome dampness, unblock the channels, and invigorate blood

Indicated for rheumatic arthritis, joint pain, cough due to lung cold, cold pain in the lower abdomen and kidney region, and profuse abnormal vaginal discharge. Normally, 3–6 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or steeped in wine, or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women

Colored Mistletoe (hu ji sheng) (Herba Visci)

It is the dried stem and branch with leaf of Viscum coloratum (Komar.) Nakai of the Loranthaceae family. It is collected during winter to next spring, after big stem is removed, cut into segments and dried, or steamed and dried

Bitter, neutral; act on the liver and kidney channels

Dispel wind-damp, supplement the liver and kidney, strengthen the sinew and bone, and calm the fetus

Indicated for the treatment of painful bì syndrome due to winddamp, soreness and weakness of the waist and knees, or weakness of sinew and bone, flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding), profuse menstruation, vaginal bleeding (painless spotting) during pregnancy, restless fetus, and dizziness. Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

No special contraindications

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

3. Herb differentiation (Table 4.9)

TABLE 4.9 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Herbs That Expel Wind-Damp and Strengthen the Sinew and Bone Name of Medicinal

Similarity

Differences

Eleutherococcus Root Bark (wu jia pi) (Cortex Acanthopanacis)

Both can expel wind and eliminate dampness, strengthen the sinew and bone, and treat painful bì syndrome due to wind-damp, spasms of the limbs, inconvenient flexing and stretching of the joint, soreness and weakness of waist and knees, and infantile walk retardation

It is acrid and bitter in flavor and warm in nature. It can promote urination and relieve edema, and treat edema of skin and weak foot due to dampness; also can dispel wind and eliminate dampness and relieve itching, and treat male scrotum eczema with itching, female vaginal itching, and morbid leukorrhea

Chinese Taxillus (sang ji sheng) (Herba Taxilli)

It is bitter and sweet in flavor and neutral in nature, has stronger effects of supplementing and boosting the liver and kidney than that of Eleutherococcus Root Bark (wu jia pi), can strengthen the sinew and bone, mainly treat wind-damp bì syndrome with liver-kidney insufficiency and nutrient-blood depletion, with weak sinew and bone, soreness and weakness of waist and knees; also can consolidate the chong and ren mai and calm the fetus, and treat restless fetus and vaginal bleeding (painless spotting) during pregnancy due to liver-kidney insufficiency and insecurity of the chong and ren mai

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Chapter 5

Herbs That Transform Dampness Chapter Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs

130

ABSTRACT Chinese herbal medicinals that are fragrant in flavor, warm and dry in nature, and have the major effects of transforming dampness and activating the spleen are called “Herbs That Transform Dampness.” Herbs that transform dampness are mainly indicated for the treatment of pĭ and fullness in the stomach cavity and abdomen, vomiting and acid regurgitation, thin and unformed stool, less eating and fatigue, sweet taste in the mouth with more drool, white and greasy tongue coating caused by damp-turbidity obstructed in interior, damp encumbering the spleen, transportation, and transformation disorder. Keywords: herbs that transform dampness; dry dampness and fortify the spleen; remove dampness and move qi

Chinese herbal medicinals that are fragrant in flavor, warm and dry in nature, and have the major effects of transforming dampness and activating the spleen are called “Herbs That Transform Dampness.” The spleen likes dryness and dislikes dampness, “earth (spleen) likes warm and is fond of fragrance.” Medicinals in this chapter are acrid, fragrant, warm and dry, and mainly act on the spleen and stomach channels, can promote the spleen-stomach transportation and transformation, and eliminate dampturbidity, which are called by the predecessor as “awaken the spleen” or “awaken the spleen and remove dampness.” Meanwhile, the acrid property can show the effect of moving qi; the fragrant property can show the effect of unblocking qi; both can promote the qi movement in the middle jiao to remove the syndrome of qi stagnation in the spleen-stomach caused by damp-turbidity. In addition, some medicinals also can remove pathogenic qi in four seasons depended on its acrid-fragrant, and warm-dry properties, and have the effects of resolving summer heat, dispelling filth, opening the orifices and preventing attack of malaria. Herbs that transform dampness are mainly indicated for the treatment of pĭ and fullness in the stomach cavity and abdomen, vomiting and acid regurgitation, thin and unformed stool, less eating and fatigue, sweet taste in the mouth with more drool, white and greasy tongue coating caused by damp-turbidity obstructed in interior, damp encumbering the spleen, transportation, and transformation disorder. Moreover, they have the effect of resolving summer heat with aromatics, and can treat syndrome of damp-warmth, summer heat-damp in the initial stage, or damp-heat accumulated in interior, accompanied by unsurfaced fever, distention and oppression in the chest and stomach cavity. Some medicinals can be used for the treatment of pestilence or epidemic, and malignant malaria. Aromatic medicinals that remove dampness have a certain therapeutic effect on chronic gastroenteritis, gastroneurosis, gastrointestinal type cold, acute gastroenteritis, and typhus abdominalis in modern medicine, respectively. When using herbs that transform dampness, doctors should appropriately combine other medicinals, according to the different conditions of damp encumbrance and the accompanied symptoms and signs. For patients with distention, fullness, pĭ and oppression in the stomach cavity and abdomen caused by dampness obstruction and qi stagnation, they often combine with herbs that move qi; for patients with cold pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen due to dampness obstruction and partial to cold-damp, they can combine with herbs that warm the center and dispel cold; for patients with pĭ in the stomach cavity, poor appetite and digestion, mental fatigue, and lack of power, they commonly combine with herbs that supplement qi and fortify the spleen; for patients with damp-warmth, damp-heat, or summer heat-damp syndrome, they often combine with herbs that clear heat and dry dampness, resolve summer heat or drain dampness. Herbs that transform dampness are fragrant in flavor, and most of them contain volatile oil, so they are generally made into powder for oral taking in order to play a better efficacy. If used for decoctions, they should be added at the end, and Essentials of Chinese Materia Medica and Medical Formulas. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812722-3.00005-1 Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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130 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

should not be decocted for a long time in order to avoid the loss of volatile effective constituents and decrease of therapeutic effect. Most of medicinals in this category belong to the ones that are acrid, warm, fragrant and dry, and easy to consume qi and damage yin, so patients with yin deficiency and blood dryness or qi deficiency should be cautious to use. The modern pharmacological research indicates most of the herbs that transform dampness can stimulate the olfactory sensation, gustatory sensation, and gastric mucosa, and accordingly promote gastric secretion, excite the peristalsis of intestinal canal, and quicken the gastrointestinal propulsive motility to strengthen appetite, promote digestion, and discharge the accumulation of gas in the intestinal tract.

SPECIFIC APPLICATION KNOWLEDGE OF HERBS 1. Primary herbs (Table 5.1)

TABLE 5.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Transform Dampness Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Cablin Patchouli (guang huo xiang) (Herba Pogostemonis)

Initially recorded in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians (ming yi bie lu). It is the dried aerial part of Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. of the Labiatae family. When branch and leaf are flourishing, it is collected and dried under the sun, and sealed to moisten at night repeatedly until it is dry

Acrid, slightly warm; act on the spleen, stomach, and lung channels

Aromatic medicinals remove turbidity, harmonize the center and arrest vomiting, release the exterior and resolve summer- heat

Indicated for the treatment of pĭ and oppression in the stomach cavity and abdomen, and vomiting due to dampturbidity obstructing in the middle jiao, summer heat-damp attacking the exterior or damp-warmth in the initial stage with fever, fatigue, chest oppression, cold-damp blocking summer heat with abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, and headache. Normally, 5–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose; dose of the fresh one should be doubled

It is not suitable for patients with yin deficiency and blood dryness

Eupatorium (pei lan) (Herba Eupatorii)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried aerial part of Eupatorium fortunei Turcz. of the Compositae family. It is collected twice in summer and autumn, respectively; after impurities are removed, it is dried under the sun

Acrid, neutral; act on the spleen, stomach, and lung channels

Aromatic medicinals remove dampness, awaken the spleen and increase appetite, release the exterior, and resolve summer- heat

Indicated for the treatment of stomach cavity pĭ with nausea and vomiting due to damp-turbidity obstructing in the middle jiao, sweet taste and greasy sensation in the mouth, bad breath, drooling, summer heat-damp attacking the exterior or dampwarmth in the initial stage with fever, fatigue and chest oppression. Normally, 5–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose; the fresh one should be doubled at the dose

Its use is cautious in patients with yin deficiency and blood dryness, and qi deficiency

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TABLE 5.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Transform Dampness (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Atractylodes Rhizome (cang zhu) (Rhizoma Atractylodis)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried rhizoma of Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. or Atractylodes chinensis (DC.) Koidz. of the Compositae family. It is collected in spring and autumn; after sediment is removed, it is dried under the sun and stroked to separate fibrous root

Acrid, bitter, warm; act on the spleen, stomach, and liver channels

Dry dampness and fortify the spleen, dispel wind and dissipate cold, and improve vision

Indicated for the treatment of distention and fullness in the stomach cavity and abdomen, and diarrhea due to dampness obstructing in the middle jiao, edema and weak foot due to dampness, painful bì syndrome caused by wind-damp, common cold due to wind-cold, night blindness, blurred vision, and dry eyes. Normally, 3–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is prohibited in patients with yin deficiency and internal heat, and profuse sweating due to qi deficiency

Magnolia Bark (hou po) (Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried trunk bark, root bark and branch bark of Magnolia officinalis Rehd. et Wils. or Magnolia officinalis Rehd. et Wils. var. biloba Rehd. et Wils. of the Magnoliaceae family. The bark is peeled off during April to June; root and branch bark is directly dried in the shade; trunk bark is slightly decocted with boiling water, then piled in the shady and wet place until the inner surface turns purple brown, then steamed to soften, taken out, coiled like tube and dried

Bitter, acrid, warm; act on the spleen, stomach, lung, and large intestine channels

Dry dampness and disperse phlegm, lower qi and relieve abdominal fullness

Indicated for the treatment of distention and fullness in the stomach, vomiting and diarrhea due to dampness stagnation damaging the center, abdominal distention, and constipation due to food accumulation and qi stagnation, cough and panting due to phlegm rheum obstructing the lung; also used for the treatment of plum-stone qi (globus hystericus) due to binding of phlegm and qi. Normally, 3–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder

Its use is cautious in patients with qi deficiency and fluid consumption or pregnant women

(Continued)

132 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 5.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Transform Dampness (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Villous Amomum Fruit (sha ren) (Fructus Amomi)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Medicinal Properties (yao xing lun). It is the dried matured fruit of Amomum villosum Lour., Amomum villosum Lour. var. xanthioides T.L.Wu et Senjen or Amomum longiligularg T.L. wu of the Zingiberaceae family. It is collected when matured in summer and autumn, and dried under the sun or at low temperature

Acrid, warm; act on the spleen, stomach, and kidney channels

Remove dampness and increase appetite, warm the spleen and arrest diarrhea, rectify qi and calm the fetus

Indicated for the treatment of stomach cavity pĭ without hunger due to dampturbidity obstructing in the middle jiao or qi stagnation in the spleen and stomach, especially for which induced by qi stagnation due to cold-damp, vomiting and diarrhea due to deficiency-cold of the spleen-stomach, pernicious vomiting during pregnancy and restless fetus due to qi stagnation. Normally, 3–6 g is added later and decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is cautious in patients with yin deficiency and blood dryness

Round Cardamon (bai dou kou) (Fructus Amomi Kravanh)

Initially recorded in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians (ming yi bie lu). It is the dried matured fruit of Amomum kravanh Pierre ex Gagnep. or Amomum compactum Soland ex Maton of the Zingiberaceae family. When fruit turns yellow from green in autumn, it is collected and dried under the sun

Acrid, warm; act on the lung, spleen, and stomach channels

Remove dampness and move qi, warm the center and arrest vomiting, increase appetite and promote digestion

Indicated for the treatment of no desire to eat due to dampturbidity obstructing in the middle jiao, damp-warmth in the initial stage with chest oppression and no hunger, vomiting due to stomach cold and dampness obstruction and qi stagnation with distending pain in the chest and abdomen, and food accumulation. Normally, 3–6 g is added later and decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is cautious in patients with yin deficiency and blood dryness

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TABLE 5.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Transform Dampness (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Katsumadai (cao dou kou) (Semen Alpiniae Katsumadai)

Initially recorded in Master Lei’s Discourse on Medicinal Processing (lei gong pao zhi lun). It is the dried near matured seed of Alpinia katsumadai Hayata of the Zingiberaceae family. The fruit is collected in summer and autumn, then dried under the sun until 90% is dry, or slightly scalded by water, dried under the sun until 50% is dry, then removed the seed vessel; seed mass is taken out and dried under the sun

Acrid, warm; act on the spleen and stomach channels

Dry dampness and move qi, warm the center and arrest vomiting

Indicated for the treatment of distention, fullness, and cold pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen caused by colddamp obstructing in the middle jiao, belching and vomiting, and no pleasure in eating due to colddamp, diarrhea, and dysentery with abdominal pain caused by exuberant cold-damp in the middle jiao. Normally, 3–6 g is added later and decocted with water as an oral dose, or is better to be made into powder for taking

Its use is cautious in patients with yin deficiency and blood dryness

Tsaoko Fruit (cao guo) (Fructus Tsaoko)

Initially recorded in Principles of Correct Diet (yin shan zheng yao). It is the dried matured fruit of Amomum tsao-ko Crevost et Lemaire of the Zingiberaceae family. It is collected when fruit is matured in autumn; after impurities are removed, it is dried under the sun or at low temperature

Acrid, warm; act on the spleen and stomach channels

Dry dampness and warm the center, prevent attack of malaria and dispel phlegm

Indicated for the treatment of distending pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen, pĭ and fullness and vomiting, diarrhea, turbid greasy coating due to internal obstruction of exuberant cold-damp, malaria with chills and fever, and pestilence with fever. Normally, 3–6 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is cautious in patients with yin deficiency and blood dryness

134 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

2. Attached herbs (Table 5.2) TABLE 5.2 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Transform Dampness Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Magnolia Flower (hou po hua) (Flos Magnoliae Officinalis)

It is the dried flower bud of Magnolia officinalis Rehd.et Wils. or Magnolia officinalis Rehd. et Wils. var. biloba Rehd. et Wils. of the Magnoliaceae family. Before blooming in spring, it is collected, steamed in the food steamer until gas rising for about 10 min, and dried under the sun or at low temperature

Bitter, slightly bitter, slightly warm; act on the spleen, stomach, and lung channels

Aromatic medicinals remove dampness, rectify qi to loosen the center, and resolve constraint

Indicated for the treatment of pĭ and fullness and distention in the chest and stomach cavity due to qi stagnation in the liver and stomach, no pleasure in eating due to dampness obstruction and qi stagnation in the spleen and stomach, or for common cold with cough and chest oppression. Normally, 3–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is prohibited in patients with yin deficiency and fluid dryness or fluid consumption

Villous Amomum Pericarp (sha ren qiao) (Pericarpium Amomi)

It is the nut shell of Amomum villosum Lour., Amomum villosum Lour. var. xanthioides T.L.Wu et Senjen or Amomum longiligularg T.L. wu of the Zingiberaceae family. When matured in summer and autumn, it is collected and dried

Acrid, warm; act on the spleen and stomach channels

Remove dampness and move qi, warm the center and arrest vomiting

Indicated for the treatment of distending pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen, vomiting, and less eating due to qi stagnation in the spleen and stomach. Normally, 3–6 g is added later and decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is cautious in patients with yin deficiency and fever

Round Cardamon Husk (bai dou kou qiao) (Pericarpium Amomi Kravanh)

It is the nut shell of Amomum kravanh Pierre ex Gagnep. or Amomum compactum Soland ex Maton of the Zingiberaceae family. When fruit turns yellow from green in autumn, it is collected and dried

Acrid, slightly warm; act on the spleen and stomach channels

Remove dampness and move qi, warm the center and arrest vomiting

Indicated for the treatment of pĭ and fullness in the stomach cavity and abdomen, no pleasure in eating, and vomiting due to dampness obstruction and qi stagnation. Normally, 3–5 g is added later and decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is cautious in patients with yin deficiency and fever

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage Caution for Use

Herbs That Transform Dampness Chapter | 5

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3. Herb differentiation (Table 5.3) TABLE 5.3 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Herbs That Transform Dampness Name of Medicinal

Similarity

Differences

Eupatorium (pei lan) (Herba Eupatorii)

Both are acrid-fragrant in flavor, can remove dampness, resolve summer heat and release the exterior so as to treat syndromes due to dampness obstructing in the middle jiao, externally-contracted summer heat-damp and damp-warmth in the initial stage. Both often combine with each other to use

It is neutral in nature, the effect of releasing the exterior is less than that of Herba Pogostemonis (guang huo xiang), is good at removing internal dampness and dispelling filth, and can treat sweet taste and greasy sensation in the mouth, bad breath, drooling and bad breath due to dampheat in the spleen channel

Cablin Patchouli (guang huo xiang) (Herba Pogostemonis)

Magnolia Bark (hou po) (Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis)

Atractylodes Rhizome (cang zhu) (Rhizoma Atractylodis)

Aromatic Madder (xiang ru) (Herba Moslae) Eupatorium (pei lan) (Herba Eupatorii) Villous Amomum Fruit (sha ren) (Fructus Amomi)

Round Cardamon (bai dou kou) (Fructus Amomi Kravanh)

It is acrid, slightly warm but not dry-heat in nature, is an essential aromatic medicinal that remove damp-turbidity. It has a stronger effect of releasing the exterior, and is more used for externally-contracted exterior pattern. It also can remove dampness and harmonize the center and arrest vomiting, and is suitable for the treatment of nausea and vomiting due to dampness obstructing in the middle jiao Both are aromatic medicinals that remove dampness, are acrid-bitter in flavor and warm in nature, can dry dampness and activate spleen, often combine with each other to treat the syndrome due to dampness obstructing in the middle jiao with distention and fullness in the stomach cavity and abdomen, poor appetite, nausea and vomiting, fatigue, and turbid greasy tongue coating

Its effect of drying dampness is less than that of Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu). It can move qi and disperse food accumulation so as to treat distention and fullness in the stomach cavity and abdomen caused by dampness obstruction and food accumulation syndrome. It is an essential medicinal that eliminates distention and fullness. It also has the effects of lowering qi and relieving panting

Both can remove dampness with aromatic property, resolve summer heat and release the exterior, and treat pĭ and fullness in the stomach cavity and abdomen, vomiting and diarrhea due to catching cold or drinking cold drinks in summer

Its effects of inducing sweating and releasing the exterior are stronger than that of Herba Eupatorii (pei lan). It also can harmonize the center and remove dampness, and promote urination

Both are miracle medicinals that awaken the spleen and increase appetite, can remove dampness and move qi, warm the center and arrest vomiting, and arrest diarrhea, and often combine with each other to treat the patterns of dampness obstructing in the middle jiao and qi stagnation in the spleen and stomach

Its warm and dry properties and the effects of removing dampness and moving qi are stronger than that of Fructus Amomi Kravanh (bai dou kou), and it is partial to the middle and lower jiao. It is more for warming the spleen and good at arresting diarrhea, and often used for the treatment of the more severe syndrome due to cold-damp coagulating and obstructing in the middle jiao

It is an essential medicinal to treat the syndrome due to dampness obstructing in the middle jiao, can both dry dampness and fortify the spleen, is often used for the treatment of phlegm-rheum, edema and morbid leukorrhea due to exuberance of spleen-dampness; also can dispel wind-damp, induce sweating and improve vision so as to treat bì syndrome due to wind-colddamp, externally-contracted wind-cold complicated by dampness, night blindness and blurred vision

It is aromatic in nature and good at dispelling filth. It can effectively treat splenic pure heat (pí da¯n) syndrome with sweet and greasy taste in the mouth, excessive drool, and foul breath due to damp-heat in the spleen channel

Its effects of removing dampness and moving qi are partial to the middle and upper jiao. It is often used for the treatment of damp-warmth in the initial stage with pĭ and oppression, is more for warming the stomach and good at arresting vomiting. It is also suitable for the treatment of the mild syndrome due to cold-damp encumbered in interior

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Chapter 6

Herbs That Promote Urination and Percolate Dampness Chapter Outline Section 1 Herbs That Promote Urination to Relieve Edema Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs Section 2 Herbs That Promote Urination and Relieve Strangury Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs

138 138 138

Section 3 Herbs That Clear Damp-Heat and Relieve Jaundice Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs

152 152 152

145 145 145

ABSTRACT Chinese herbal medicinals that free and regulate the waterways, percolate and drain water-dampness, and mainly treat syndrome of internal stagnation of water-dampness are called “Herbs That Promote Urination and Percolate Dampness.” Herbs that promote urination and percolate dampness are mainly indicated for the treatment of various kinds of syndromes or patterns, such as difficulty in urination, edema, diarrhea, phlegm-rheum, strangury, jaundice, eczema, and abnormal vaginal discharge caused by water-dampness. They are divided into three categories: herbs that promote urination to relieve edema, herbs that promote urination and relieve strangury, and herbs that clear damp-heat and relieve jaundice. Keywords: herbs that promote urination and percolate dampness; herbs that promote urination to relieve edema; herbs that promote urination and relieve strangury; herbs that clear damp-heat and relieve jaundice

Chinese herbal medicinals that free and regulate the waterways, percolate and drain water-dampness, and mainly treat syndrome of internal stagnation of water-dampness are called “Herbs That Promote Urination and Percolate Dampness.” Most medicinals in this chapter are sweet and bland, and act on the bladder and small intestine channels, are partial to descending in action tendency, and have the effects of promoting urination to alleviate edema, promoting urination to relieve strangury, and draining dampness to relieve jaundice. Herbs that promote urination and percolate dampness are mainly indicated for the treatment of various kinds of syndromes or patterns, such as difficulty in urination, edema, diarrhea, phlegm-rheum, strangury, jaundice, eczema, and abnormal vaginal discharge caused by water-dampness. When using herbs that promote urination and percolate dampness, doctors should appropriately combine the correlated medicinals according to the different diseases or syndromes. For sudden edema with the exterior pattern, they can combine with herbs that diffuse the lung and release the exterior; for edema for a long time due to spleen-kidney yang deficiency, they can combine with herbs that warm and supplement the spleen and kidney; for damp-heat combined pathogen, they can combine with herbs that clear heat; for cold accompanying dampness, they can combine with herbs that warm the interior and dispel cold; for bloody urine caused by heat damaging the collaterals, they can combine with herbs that cool the blood and stanch bleeding; and for diarrhea, phlegm-rheum, damp-warmth or jaundice, they can combine with herbs that fortify the spleen, aromatic medicinals that remove dampness, or herbs that clear heat and dry dampness. In addition, “qi flow

Essentials of Chinese Materia Medica and Medical Formulas. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812722-3.00006-3 Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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138 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

promotes water transportation,” “qi stagnation aggravates water retention,” so herbs that promote urination and percolate dampness also often combine with herbs that move qi in order to improve the efficacy. Because herbs that promote urination and percolate dampness are easy to consume and injury fluid, patients with yin depletion and less fluid, or seminal emission and enuresis caused by kidney deficiency, should be cautious or prohibited to use. Some medicinals have a stronger effect of dredging stasis, the pregnant women should be cautious to use. Herbs that promote urination and percolate dampness can be divided into three categories: (1) herbs that promote urination to relieve edema, (2) herbs that promote urination and relieve strangury, and (3) herbs that clear damp-heat and relieve jaundice according to the action characteristics of medicinals and different clinical applications. The modern pharmacological research indicates most of the herbs that promote urination and percolate dampness have the actions of diuresis, antipathogen, cholaneresis, hepatoprotection, blood pressure release, and antineoplasms. Some medicinals also can lower blood sugar, blood fat, or regulate immunologic function.

SECTION 1  HERBS THAT PROMOTE URINATION TO RELIEVE EDEMA Outline Medicinals in this section are sweet, bland in flavor, and neutral, slightly cold in nature. The bland property can show the percolating and diuretic effects. After administration, urination becomes smooth and edema subsidises. So, they have the effects of promoting urination and alleviating edema, and are indicated for the treatment of edema, difficulty in urination, diarrhea, and phlegm-rheum due to internal stagnation of water-dampness. When using this section’s medicinals, doctors can select other herbs to do appropriate combination according to the etiology and disease mechanism of different syndromes.

Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 1. Primary herbs (Table 6.1)

TABLE 6.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Promote Urination to Relieve Edema Name of Medicinal Poria (fu ling) (Poria)

Source and Collection Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried sclerotium of Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf of the Polyporaceae family. It is collected during July to September; after sediment is removed, it is piled up and watered, spread out and dried until the surface is dry, then watered again, repeated several times until folds occur and most of the internal moisture is lost, and dried in the shade

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Sweet, bland, neutral; act on the heart, lung, spleen, and kidney channels

Promote urination and percolate dampness, fortify the spleen, and harmonize the stomach, and tranquilize the heart

Indicated for the treatment of various kinds of edema with distention and fullness, difficulty in micturition, oliguresis, dizziness, and palpitation due to phlegmrheum, less eating, fatigue, thin and unformed stool, and diarrhea due to spleen deficiency, uneasiness, palpitation, insomnia, and forgetfulness due to deficiency of both the heart and spleen. Normally, 10–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder

Its use is prohibited in patients with spontaneous seminal emission due to deficiencycold

TABLE 6.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Promote Urination to Relieve Edema (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Coix Seed (yi yi ren) (Semen Coicis)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried matured kernal of Coix lacryma-jobi L. var. mayuen. (Roman.) Stapf of the Poaceae family. The matured plant is cut in autumn, then dried under the sun, stroked to separate fruit, and dried again; after outer rind, tawny seed coat and impurities are removed, kernal is collected

Sweet, bland, cool; act on the spleen, stomach, and lung channels

Promote urination and percolate dampness, fortify the spleen and arrest diarrhea, eliminate bì, evacuate pus, resolve toxins, and dissipate masses

Indicated for the treatment of edema, difficulty in micturition, weak foot with puffiness, or diarrhea due to spleen deficiency and exuberant damp, chronic bì syndrome due to (wind) damp, with spasms of the sinews, inconvenient flexing and stretching, lung abscess, intestinal abscess, excrescence, and some cancers. Normally, 9–30 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder

Its use is cautious in pregnant women and body fluid insufficiency

Polyporus (zhu ling) (Polyporus)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried sclerotium of Polyporus umbellatus (Pers.) Fries of the Polyporaceae family. It is collected in spring and autumn; after impurities are removed, it is dried

Sweet, bland, neutral; act on the kidney and bladder channels

Promote urination, relieve edema, and percolate dampness

Indicated for the treatment of various kinds of edema with distention and fullness, difficulty in micturition caused by internal stagnation of water-dampness, diarrhea due to colddamp in stomach, strangury and turbidity, and morbid leukorrhea. Normally, 6–12 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder

Its use is prohibited in patients without waterdampness

Water Plantain Rhizome (ze xie) (Rhizoma Alismatis)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried tuber of Alisma orientale (Sam.) Juzep. of the Alismataceae family. When stem and leaf are withered in winter, it is collected and washed clean, and dried; after fibrous root and thick bark are removed, it is moistened thoroughly, cut into pieces and dried under the sun

Sweet, bland, cold; act on the kidney and bladder channels

Promote urination and percolate dampness, discharge heat, remove turbidity, and reduce blood fat

Indicated for the treatment of difficulty in micturition, edema with distention, and fullness caused by internal stagnation of water-dampness, incessant diarrhea due to cold damaging the spleen and stomach, dizziness due to phlegm-rheum stagnation, oliguresis, heat strangury, and painful urination, hyperlipidemia, seminal emission, and tidal fever due to hyperactivity of kidney fire. Normally, 6–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder

Its use is prohibited in patients with spontaneous seminal emission due to deficiencycold

(Continued)

140 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica TABLE 6.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Promote Urination to Relieve Edema (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Chinese Waxgourd Peel (dong gua pi) (Exocarpium Benincasae)

Initially recorded in Materia Medica of the Kaibao Era (kai bao ben cao). It is the dried outer pericarp of Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. of the Cucurbitaceae family. The fruit is collected when matured in late summer and early autumn. When eating wax gourd, outer pericarp is peeled, washed clean and cut into mass or wide sliver, and dried under the sun

Sweet, cool; act on the spleen and small intestine channels

Promote urination and relieve edema, clear heat, and resolve summer heat

Indicated for the treatment of edema with distention and fullness, difficulty in micturition, summer heat-heat syndrome, or thirst, scanty and reddish urine due to summer heat-heat; also for the treatment of diarrhea and swollen carbuncles. Normally, 9–30 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is decocted with water for washing externally

Its use is cautious in patients with puffiness caused by malnutrition

Cornsilk (yu mi xu) (Stigma Maydis)

Initially recorded in Materia Medica of South Yunnan (dian nan ben cao). It is the dried style and stigma of Zea mays L. of the Poaceae family. It is often collected when peeling the corn after autumn; after impurities are removed, it is dried under the sun

Sweet, neutral; act on the bladder, liver and gallbladder channels

Promote urination, relieve edema, discharge heat, drain dampness, and relieve jaundice

Indicated for the treatment of edema, difficulty in micturition, or edema due to spleen deficiency, especially for scanty and reddish urine, painful urination caused by bladder damp-heat, or high blood pressure, stony strangury, cholelithiasis, and jaundice. Normally, 30–60 g is decocted with water as an oral dose; the fresh one should be doubled at the dose. And an appropriate amount is used externally

Corn stigma should be removed when eating corn. It is not used except as a medicinal

Bottle Gourd (hu lu) (Fructus Lagenariae)

Initially recorded in Ri Hua-zi’s Materia Medica (ri hua zi ben cao). It is the dried pericarp of Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. var. depressa (Ser.) Hara of the Cucurbitaceae family. It is collected in autumn, and broken into pieces; after pulp of fruit and seed are removed, it is dried under the sun

Sweet, bland, neutral; act on the lung and kidney channels

Promote urination and relieve edema, relieve strangury, drain dampness, and relieve jaundice, dissipate masses

Indicated for the treatment of facial edema, abdominal edema, difficulty in micturition, heat strangury and blood strangury, jaundice, wasting-thirst (xia¯o keˇ ), and swollen carbuncles. Normally, 15–30 g is decocted with water as an oral dose; the fresh should be doubled at the dose. Or it is carbonized by calcining with function preserved and ground into powder

Its use is prohibited in patients with deficiencycold of the spleen and stomach

Herbs That Promote Urination and Percolate Dampness Chapter | 6 141 TABLE 6.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Promote Urination to Relieve Edema (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Chinese Silkvine Root-Bark (xiang jia pi) (Cortex Periplocae)

Initially recorded in Records of Chinese Medicinals (zhong yao zhi). It is the dried root bark of Periploca sepium Bge. of the Asclepiadaceae family. The root is collected in spring and autumn; root bark is peeled and dried under the sun

Acrid, bitter, warm, poisonous; act on the liver, kidney, and heart channels

Promote urination and relieve edema, dispel winddamp, and strengthen the sinew and bone

Indicated for the treatment of edema of lower limbs, palpitation and short breath, difficulty in micturition, bì syndrome due to wind-cold-damp blocking, spasms of the joints with pain, soreness and weakness of waist and knees, infantile flaccid sinews and bones, and walk retardation. Normally, 3–6 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or steeped in wine or made into pills or powder; or an appropriate amount is decocted with water for washing externally

Due to its toxicity, for oral taking, overdose should be avoided. Its use is prohibited in patients with blood heat or ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang

Raisin Tree Seed (zhi ju zi) (Semen Hoveniae)

Initially recorded in Newly Revised Materia Medica (xin xiu ben cao). It is the fruit with fleshy carpopodium or seed of Hovenia dulcis Thunb. of the Rhamnaceae family. When fruit is matured during October to November, the fruit with carpopodium is collected dried under the sun or ground the rind down; the seed is sieved; after impurities are removed, it is dried under the sun

Sweet, sour, neutral; act on the spleen channel

Promote urination and relieve edema, relieve alcoholism, quench thirst and relieve vexation, and arrest vomiting

Indicated for the treatment of edema and difficulty in micturition caused by internal stagnation of water-dampness, drunkenness symptoms, such as vexing heat and excessive thirst and vomiting, or consumption with blood spitting caused by insobriety, difficulty in defecation and micturition. Normally, 10–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or soaked in wine for taking orally

Its use is prohibited in patients with deficiencycold of the spleen and stomach

Sun Spurge (ze qi) (Herba Euphoribiae Helioscopiae)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried entire plant of Euphorbia helioscopia L. of the Euphorbiaceae family. It is collected when blooming during April to May; after root and sediment are removed, it is dried under the sun

Acrid, bitter, slightly cold, poisonous; act on the large intestine, small intestine, and lung channels

Promote urination and relieve edema, dissolve phlegm and relieve cough, resolve toxins and dissipate masses, and kill worms

Indicated for the treatment of general edema, abdominal edema with distention and fullness, panting and cough due to phlegmrheum or lung heat, bacillary dysentery, scrofula, tinea, and sores. Normally, 5–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or boiled to a paste, or made into pills or powder, or an appropriate amount is decocted with water for washing externally

Its use is cautious in pregnant women and patients with deficiencycold of the spleen and stomach. It is not suitable for long-term use and taking too much

(Continued)

142 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 6.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Promote Urination to Relieve Edema (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Chinese Mole Cricket (lou gu) (Gryllotalpa)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried polypide of Gryllotalpa unispina Saussure or G. Africana palisot et Besurois. of the Gryllotalpidae family. It is caught in summer and autumn, and scalded to die; after wing and foot are removed, it is dried under the sun or baked to tawny

Salty, cold; act on the large intestine and small intestine channels

Promote urination and relieve edema, and relieve strangury

Indicated for the treatment of facial edema, abdominal edema, and difficulty in micturition with an excess pattern, strangury, especially for painful stony strangury, scrofula, swollen carbuncles, or ulcers. Normally, 6–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or ground into powder for taking orally with 3–5 g each time, or an appropriate amount is ground into powder for applying externally

Its use is prohibited in patients with qi deficiency, the weak and pregnant women

Shepherd’s Purse (ji cai) (Herba Capsellae)

Initially recorded in Important Formulas Worth a Thousand Gold Pieces (qian jin fang). It is the dried entire plant with root of Capsella bursapastoris (L.) Medle. of the Cruciferae family. It is collected during March to May, then washed clean, cut into segments, and dried under the sun

Sweet, cool; act on the liver, stomach and bladder channels

Promote urination and relieve edema, improve vision, calm the liver, and stanch bleeding

Indicated for the treatment of edema caused by internal stagnation of water-dampness, red eye or dry eye with pain due to liver heat, or with nebula, bloody stool or urine, profuse uterine bleeding, and profuse menstruation due to blood heat, dysentery with red and white feces, strangury and chyluria. Normally, 15–30 g is decocted with water as an oral dose; the fresh should be doubled at the dose; or made into pills or powder. Or an appropriate amount is pounded to extract the juice for putting drops in eyes

It is not suitable for patients with deficiencycold of constitution. Its use is cautious in patients with thin, unformed stool

Herbs That Promote Urination and Percolate Dampness Chapter | 6

143

2. Attached herbs (Table 6.2) TABLE 6.2 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Promote Urination to Relieve Edema Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Poria Exodermis (fu ling pi) (Cutis Poriae)

It is the dried black outer coating of sclerotium of Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf of the Polyporaceae family. The sclerotium is collected during July to September; its outer coating is peeled and dried in the shade

Sweet, bland, neutral; act on the lung, spleen, and kidney channels

Promote urination and relieve edema

Indicated for the treatment of edema with abdominal distention, difficulty in micturition, and especially for cutaneous edema. Normally, 15–30 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

No special contraindications

Sweet-Scented Oleander Leaf or Bark (jia zhu tao) (Folium seu Cortex Nerii Indici)

It is the dried leaf or bark of Nerium indicum Mill. of the Apocynaceae family. It is collected in the four seasons; after impurities are removed, the leaf or bark is dried under the sun or applied while fresh

Acrid, warm, poisonous; act on the heart, lung, and kidney channels

Warm yang and promote urination, dispel phlegm and calm panting, dissipate stasis and relieve pain, arrest convulsion, and extinguish wind

Indicated for the treatment of palpitation due to decline of heart-kidney yang and water pathogen attacking the heart, panting due to wind-cold attacking the lung, swollen pain due to injury from fall, menstrual block, and epilepsy. Normally, 0.3–0.9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or 0.1–3 g is ground into powder for oral use or for applying externally

It is not suitable for long-term use and taking too much. Its use is prohibited in pregnant women and cautious in patients with yin deficiency resulting in vigorous fire

Chinese Lizardtail Herb (san bai cao) (Herba Saururi)

It is the dried aerial part of Saururus chinensis (Lour.) Baill. of the Saururaceae family. It is collected in whole year, then washed clean, and dried under the sun

Sweet, acrid, cold; act on the lung and bladder channels

Promote urination and relieve edema, clear heat and resolve toxins

Indicated for the treatment of edema, difficult and painful urination, or continuous, dribbling urination, morbid leukorrhea; external treatment: swollen sores and ulcers, and eczema. Normally, 15–30 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is cautious in patients with deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach

Chinese Waxgourd Seed (dong gua zi) (Semen Benincasae)

It is the dried seed of Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. of the Cucurbitaceae family. The matured seed is collected when eating wax gourd, then washed clean, and dried under the sun

Sweet, slightly cold; act on the lung and large intestine channels

Moisten the lung, dissolve phlegm, relieve carbuncle, and promote urination

Indicated for the treatment of cough It is not suitable due to phlegm-heat, lung abscess, for taking for a intestinal abscess, strangury, long-time use edema, piles, and rosacea. Normally, 10–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Adzuki Bean (chi xiao dou) (Semen Phaseoli)

It is the dried matured seed of Vigna umbellata Ohwi et Ohashi or Vigna angularis Ohwi et Ohashi of the Leguminosae family. When fruit is matured but not split in autumn, the entire plant is collected and dried under the sun, then stroked to separate the seed; after impurities are removed, seed is dried under the sun again

Sweet, sour, neutral; act on the heart and small intestine channels

Promote urination and relieve edema, relieve jaundice, resolve toxins, and evacuate pus

Indicated for the treatment of edema with distention and fullness, weak foot with puffiness, jaundice, reddish urine, winddamp-heat bì syndrome, strangury, bloody stool, swollen carbuncles and sores, and abdominal pain with intestinal abscess. Normally, 9–30 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is ground into powder for applying externally

Its use is cautious in patients with yin deficiency and fluid consumption

Common Bombax Flower (mu mian hua) (Flos Bombacis)

It is the dried flower of Gossampinus malabarica (DC.) Merr. of the Bombacaceae family. It is collected in full bloom in spring; after impurities are removed, it is dried under the sun

Sweet, bland, cool; act on the large intestine channel

Clear heat and drain dampness, resolve toxins, and stanch bleeding

Indicated for the treatment of diarrhea, dysentery, eczema and sores, hemorrhoids, and profuse uterine bleeding. Normally, 6–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

No special contraindications

(Continued)

144 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 6.2 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Promote Urination to Relieve Edema (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Cluster Mallow Fruit (dong kui guo) (Fructus Malvae Verticillatae)

It is the dried matured fruit of Malva verticillata L. of the Malvaceae family. It is a habitually used medicinal in Mongolia nationality, collected when matured in summer and autumn; after impurities are removed, it is dried in the shade

Sweet, astringent, cool

Clear heat and promote urination, and relieve edema

Indicated for the treatment of suppression of urine, edema, thirst, heat strangury, blood strangury or strangury during pregnancy (urinary tract infection). Normally, 3–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is prohibited in patients with loose stool due to spleen deficiency, and cautious in pregnant women

Broad Bean (can dou) (Semen et Flos Viciae Fabae)

It is the dried seed of Vicia faba L. of the Leguminosae family. When bean pod is matured and become black in summer, the whole plant is collected and dried; the seed is stroked to separate and dried under the sun

Sweet, neutral; act on the spleen and stomach channels

Fortify the spleen and promote urination, resolve toxins, and relieve edema

Indicated for the treatment of gé shí (the syndromes that patients feel bloated in the chest and have difficulty in swallowing), edema and sores. Normally, 30–60 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Overdose should be avoided. Its use is prohibited in the allergic patients

3. Herb differentiation (Table 6.3) TABLE 6.3 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Herbs That Promote Urination to Relieve Edema Name of Medicinal

Similarity

Differences

Poria (fu ling) (Poria)

Both are sweet and bland in flavor, and act on the spleen channel, can promote urination and relieve edema, percolate dampness and fortify the spleen, and treat the syndrome of exuberant damp due to spleen deficiency, such as edema and damp diarrhea. Both often combine with each other to reinforce their effects in clinic

It is neutral in nature. Its effect of dispelling pathogen is not intense and effect of reinforcing healthy qi is not powerful. It is an essential medicinal to promote urination and percolate dampness, and can be used for the treatment of edema with a pattern of cold or heat, deficiency, or excess. Its effect of fortifying the spleen is stronger than that of Semen Coicis (yi yi ren). It can treat dizziness and palpitation caused by phlegm-rheum. It also acts on the heart and kidney channels, can supplement, and boost the heart and spleen, tranquillize the heart and calm the mind, and can be used for the treatment of severe palpitation, insomina, and profuse dreaming due to deficiency of both the heart and spleen.

Coix Seed (yi yi ren) (Semen Coicis)

Polyporus (zhu ling) (Polyporus) Water Plantain Rhizome (ze xie) (Rhizoma Alismatis)

Its effects are moderate, and large dose is often selected to apply. It is cold in nature and can clear heat and evacuate pus, acts on the lung and stomach channels, and is commonly used for lung wĕi (atrophy), lung abscess and intestinal abscess. It is also good at dispelling the pathogenic dampness in the sinew and bone, and especially suitable for the treatment of bì syndrome due to wind-damp-heat, with hypertonicity of the sinews Both are the commonly used herbs that promote urination and relieve edema, sweet and bland in flavor, and act on the kidney and bladder channels, can treat edema, difficulty in micturition, diarrhea, morbid leukorrhea, and stranguria with turbid discharge

It is neutral in nature, has a simple effect of promoting urination, which is stronger than that of Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie), and mainly indicated for the treatment of the diseases or syndromes caused by waterdampness. It is cold in nature and can discharge heat. It is good at discharging the kidney heat or bladder heat, and especially suitable for the treatment of lower jiao damp-heat. It also can be used for the treatment of dizziness due to phlegm-rheum, seminal emission, night sweat, steaming bone fever or tidal fever caused by kidney yin insufficiency, and exuberance of ministerial fire

Herbs That Promote Urination and Percolate Dampness Chapter | 6

145

TABLE 6.3 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Herbs That Promote Urination to Relieve Edema (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Similarity

Differences

Chinese Silkvine Root-Bark (xiang jia pi) (Cortex Periplocae)

Both act on liver and kidney channels, can dispel wind-damp and strengthen both sinew and bone, and treat painful bì syndrome due to wind-damp, spasms of the sinews, painful joints, flaccid sinews and bones, and infantile walk retardation. Both can promote urination and relieve edema, and are used for edema and difficulty in micturition

It is the root bark of Periploca sepium Bge. of the Asclepiadaceae family, and is poisonous. It also acts on the heart channel, and has stronger effects of strengthening heart and promoting urination, relieving edema, and pain than that of Cortex Acanthopanacis (wu jia pi), but no effects of supplementing and boosting

Eleutherococcus Root-Bark (wu jia pi) (Cortex Acanthopanacis)

It is the root bark of Acanthopanax gracilistylus W. W. Smith of the Araliaceae family, and is innocuous, and has stronger effects of dispelling wind-damp, supplementing the liver and kidney, and strengthening both sinews and bones than that of Cortex Periplocae (xiang jia pi)

SECTION 2  HERBS THAT PROMOTE URINATION AND RELIEVE STRANGURY Outline Most medicinals in this section are bitter in flavor and cold in nature, or sweet and bland in flavor and cold in nature. Medicinals with bitter property have the descending and purgative effects, and those with cold property can show the effect of clearing heat. They act on the lower jiao, especially can clear damp-heat in the lower jiao, and take the actions of promoting urination and relieving strangury as the main effects, and are indicated for the treatment of scanty and reddish urine, heat strangury, blood strangury, stony strangury, and chylous strangury. In clinic, it should select other herbs to appropriately combine according to the discretion in order to improve the efficacy.

Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 1. Primary herbs (Table 6.4) TABLE 6.4 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Promote Urination and Relieve Strangury Name of Medicinal Plantago Seed (che qian zi) (Semen Plantaginis)

Source and Collection Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried matured seed of Plantago asiatica L. or Plantago depressssa Willd. of the Plantaginaceae family. When seed is matured in summer and autumn, the fruit cluster is collected and dried under the sun and kneaded to separate seed; and impurities are removed

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Sweet, cold; act on the liver, kidney, lung, and small intestine channels

Clear heat and promote urination, relieve strangury, drain dampness and arrest diarrhea, improve vision, and dispel phlegm

Indicated for the treatment of heat strangury with difficult and painful or (and) continuous and dribbling urination caused by damp-heat pouring downward to bladder, edema with distention and fullness due to water-dampness stagnation, diarrhea due to summer heat-damp, red eye with swelling and pain due to liver heat, blurred vision with nebula due to liverkidney yin deficiency, and cough with profuse phlegm due to lung heat. Normally, 9–15 g is wrapped by cloth and decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is cautious in patients with spontaneous seminal emission due to kidney deficiency

(Continued)

TABLE 6.4 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Promote Urination and Relieve Strangury (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Talcum (hua shi) (Talcum)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the talc of the Talcum family of the silicates minerals. It mainly contains aqueous magnesium silicate [Mg3(Si4O10)(OH)2]. It is collected; after silt and mixed stone are removed, it is washed clean, smashed into pieces and ground into powder for use

Sweet, bland, cold; act on the bladder, lung, and stomach channels

Promote urination and relieve strangury, clear heat and resolve summer heat; external treatment: dispel dampness and close sore

Indicated for the treatment of heat strangury, suppression of urine, difficult and painful urination caused by damp-heat pouring downward to bladder, stony strangury, excessive thirst due to summer heat-damp, damp-warmth in the initial stage or summer heat-warmth complicated by dampness, watery diarrhea due to damp-heat, eczema, and miliaria. Normally, 10–20 g is wrapped and first decocted with water as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women and patients with spleen deficiency or fluid damaged due to febrile disease

Akebia Stem (mu tong) (Caulis Akebiae)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried rattan of Akebia quinata (Thunb.) Decne., Akebia trifoliata (Thunb.) Koidz. or Akebia trifoliate (Thunb.) Koidz. var. australis (Diels) Rehd. of the Laidizabalaceae family. The rattan is collected in autumn and intercepted; after twig is removed, it is dried in the shade

Bitter, cold; act on the heart, small intestine and bladder channels

Promote urination and relieve strangury, clear heart heat and relieve vexation, promote menstruation flow, and promote lactation

Indicated for the treatment of heat strangury with difficult and painful urination, scanty and reddish urine due to bladder damp-heat, edema, sore in mouth or tongue due to heartfire flaming upward, vexation, and dark urine due to heart fire moving down to small intestine, menstrual block due to blood stasis, inhibited lactation, and painful bì syndrome due to damp-heat. Normally, 3–6 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

It is not suitable for long-term use and taking too much. Its use is prohibited in pregnant women and patients with kidney insufficiency, and cautious in children, the old and the weak, or patients without dampheat

Rice Paper Plant Pith (tong cao) (Medulla Tetrapanacis)

Initially recorded in Supplement to ‘The Materia Medica’ (ben cao shi yi). It is the dried stem pith of Tetrapanax papyrifer (Hook.) K. Koch of the Araliaceae family. The stem is collected in autumn and intercepted into segments; the pith is taken out from stem while fresh, and then dried under the sun

Sweet, bland, slightly cold; act on the lung and stomach channels

Clear heat and promote urination, and promote qi flow to promote lactation

Indicated for the treatment of heat strangury with continuous and dribbling, difficult and painful urination due to damp-heat, stony strangury, blood strangury, edema, and scanty urine due to water-dampness stagnation, and inhibited lactation after childbirth. Normally, 3–5 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder

Its use is cautious in pregnant women and patients with deficiency of both qi and yin, and no internal dampheat

TABLE 6.4 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Promote Urination and Relieve Strangury (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Lilac Pink (qu mai) (Herba Dianthi)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried aerial part of Dianthus superbus L. or Dianthus chinensis L. of the Caryophyllaceae family. It is collected in the flowering fruit bearing stage in summer and autumn; after impurities are removed, it is dried under the sun

Bitter, cold; act on the heart and small intestine channels

Promote urination and relieve strangury, and invigorate blood to promote menstruation

Indicated for the treatment of heat strangury, stony strangury, blood strangury, continuous and dribbling or painful urination, difficulty in urination, menstrual block, or menstrual irregularities due to blood heat and stasis obstruction; also for red eye with nebula, eczema, and sores. Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder. Or an appropriate amount is decocted with water for washing externally

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women and patients with spleen and kidney qi deficiency

Knotgrass (bian xu) (Herba Polygoni Avicularis)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried aerial part of Polygonum aviculare L. of the Polygonaceae family. It is collected when leaf is flourishing in summer; after fibrous root and impurities are removed, it is dried under the sun

Bitter, slightly cold; act on the bladder channel

Promote urination and relieve strangury, kill worms, and relieve itching

Indicated for the treatment of heat strangury or stony strangury with difficult and painful urination, scanty and reddish urine, blood strangury, abdominal pain due to parasitic infestation, eczema of skin, vaginal itching, and abnormal vaginal discharge. Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose; the fresh one should be doubled at the dose. Or an appropriate amount is decocted with water for washing the afflicted part externally

Its use is cautious in patients with spleen deficiency

Belvedere Fruit (di fu zi) (Fructus Kochiae)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried matured fruit of Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad. of the Chenopodiaceae family. When fruit is matured in autumn, the plant is collected and dried under the sun, then stroked to separate the fruit, and impurities are removed

Acrid, bitter, cold; act on the kidney and bladder channels

Promote urination and relieve strangury, clear heat and drain dampness, dispel wind, and relieve itching

Indicated for the treatment of strangury with continuous, dribbling or painful urination and difficulty in micturition due to bladder damp-heat, vaginal itching and abnormal vaginal discharge, rubella, eczema, scabies and tinea, sores, and itch of skin. Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is decocted with water for fumigating and washing externally

Its use is prohibited in patients with profuse urine and no internal dampheat

(Continued)

148 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica TABLE 6.4 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Promote Urination and Relieve Strangury (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Japanese Climbing Fern Spore (hai jin sha) (Spora Lygodii)

Initially recorded in Materia Medica of the Jiayou Era (jia you ben cao). It is the dried matured spore of Lygodium japonicum (Thunb.) Sw. of the Schizaeaceae family. Before spore falls off in autumn, the vine leaf is collected and dried under the sun, kneaded or stroked to separate the spore, and the vine leaf is removed

Sweet, salty, cold; act on the bladder and small intestine channels

Promote urination and relieve strangury, relieve pain, clear heat and drain dampness, and invigorate blood

Indicated for the treatment of various kinds of strangury, such as heat strangury, stony strangury, blood strangury, and chylous strangury; an essential medicinal for the treatment of strangury with unsmoothness and pain of the urethra; or whitish and turbid urine, nephritis edema, swelling and pain of the throat; and also for the treatment of eczema. Normally, 6–15 g is wrapped by cloth and decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is cautious in pregnant women and patients with kidney yin deficiency

Pyrrosia Leaf (shi wei) (Folium Pyrrosiae)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried leaf of Pyrrosia sheareri (Bak.) Ching, Pyrrosia lingua (Thunb.) Farwell or Pyrrosia petiolosa (Christ) Ching of the Polypodiaceae family. It is collected in whole year; after rhizome and root are removed, it is dried under the sun or in the shade

Sweet, bitter, slightly cold; act on the lung and bladder channels

Promote urination and relieve strangury, clear lung heat and relieve cough, cool the blood, and stanch bleeding

Indicated for the treatment of heat strangury, blood strangury and stony strangury, especially suitable for blood strangury, with urinary retention, continuous and dribbling, or difficult and painful urination, panting and cough due to lung heat, blood spitting, nosebleed, bloody urine, flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding) due to blood heat; also for the treatment of incised wound. Normally, 6–12 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is prohibited in patients with yin deficiency and no dampheat

Cluster Mallow Seed (dong kui zi) (Fructus Malvae Vertillatae)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried matured seed of Malva verticillata L. of the Malvaceae family. It is collected when matured in summer; after impurities are removed, it is dried in the shade

Sweet, astringent, cool; act on the large intestine, small intestine, and bladder channels

Promote urination and relieve strangury, promote lactation, and moisten the intestines

Indicated for the treatment of various kinds of strangury such as heat strangury, stony strangury, blood strangury or strangury during pregnancy, edema or anuria and vomiting (gua¯n gé) with distention and fullness, difficulty in micturition, inhibited lactation, and distending pain in the breast after childbirth, constipation due to intestinal dryness. Normally, 3–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into powder

Its use is cautious in pregnant women and patients with thin, unformed stool due to spleen deficiency

Herbs That Promote Urination and Percolate Dampness Chapter | 6

149

TABLE 6.4 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Promote Urination and Relieve Strangury (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Juncus (deng xin cao) (Medulla Junci)

Initially recorded in Materia Medica of the Kaibao Era (kai bao ben cao). It is the dried stem pith of Juncus effuses L. of the Juncaceae family. The stem is collected during the late summer to autumn, and then dried under the sun. The pith is taken out from stem and tied into wisp

Sweet, bland, slightly cold; act on the heart, lung, and small intestine channels

Promote urination and relieve strangury, clear heart heat, and subdue fire

Indicated for the treatment of strangury with difficulty in micturition, continuous and dribbling and painful urination, vexation, and insomnia due to heart-fire harassing the spirit, or infantile night crying due to heart heat, sore in mouth and tongue, swelling and pain of the throat. Normally, 1–3 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. And an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is prohibited in patients with urinary incontinence due to deficiencycold in the lower jiao

Hypoglaucous Collett Yam Rhizome (bi xie) (Rhizoma Dioscoreae Hypoglaucae)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried rhizome of Dioscorea septemloba Thunb., Dioscorea futschauensis Uline ex R. Kunth or D. hypoglauca Palibin of the Dioscoreaceae family. It is collected in autumn and winter; after fibrous root is removed, it is washed clean, cut into pieces and dried under the sun

Bitter, neutral; act on the kidney and stomach channels

Drain dampness and remove turbidity, dispel wind, and relieve bì syndrome

Indicated for the treatment of chylous strangury with whitish and turbid urine like washing water of ice, leukorrhagia due to exuberant dampness, painful bì syndrome due to wind-damp, especially for fixed bì (predominant dampness bì), bì syndrome of waist and knees with pain and inconvenient flexing and stretching of the joints, or sores due to damp-heat. Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder

Its use is cautious in patients with spontaneous seminal emission due to kidney yin deficiency

150 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

2. Attached herbs (Table 6.5) TABLE 6.5 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Promote Urination and Relieve Strangury Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Talcum Powder (hua shi fen) (Pulvis Talci)

It is the dried purified white powder of talcum of the Talcum family of the silicates minerals. The clean broken talcum pieces are ground into fine powder; or the clean crude powder is ground with water for use

Sweet, bland, cold; act on the bladder, lung, and stomach channels

Promote urination, relieve strangury, clear heat and resolve summer heat, dispel dampness, and close sore

Indicated for the treatment of heat strangury, stony strangury, difficult and hot painful urination, excessive thirst due to summer heatdamp, diarrhea due to damp-heat, eczema, and miliaria. Normally, 10–20 g is wrapped and decocted with water as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is used externally

It is not suitable for pregnant women and patients with spleenstomach weakness, and fluid consumption due to febrile disease

Plantain (che qian cao) (Herba Plantaginis)

It is the dried entire plant of Plantago asiatica L. or Plantago depressa willd. of the Plantaginaceae family. It is collected in summer; after sediment is removed, it is dried under the sun

Sweet, cold; act on the liver, kidney, lung, and small intestine channels

Clear heat and promote urination to relieve strangury, dispel phlegm, cool the blood, and resolve toxins

Indicated for the treatment of heat strangury with difficult, painful urination, edema with scanty urine, diarrhea due to summer heat-damp, cough due to phlegm-heat, spitting of blood, nosebleed, swollen sores, and carbuncles due to heat toxin. Normally, 9–30 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or the fresh one is pounded for applying externally

Its use is prohibited in patients with spontaneous seminal emission due to essential qi insecurity

Clematidis Caulis (chuan mu tong) (Caulis Clematidis Armandii)

It is the dried rattan of Clematis armandii Franch. or Clematis montana Buch.-Ham. of the Ranunculaceae family. It is collected in spring and autumn; after thick bark is removed, it is dried under the sun, or cut into thin pieces while fresh and dried under the sun

Bland, bitter, cold; act on the heart, lung, small intestine and bladder channels

Promote urination and relieve strangury, clear heart heat and relieve vexation, promote menstruation flow, and promote lactation

Indicated for the treatment of strangury, edema, sore in mouth and tongue due to heart fire flaming upward, vexation and reddish urine, menstrual block, oligogalactia, and bì syndrome due to damp-heat, with pain and inconvenient flexing and stretching of the joints. Normally, 3–6 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is prohibited in patients with qi weakness, fluid consumption, spontaneous seminal emission, enuresis, and profuse urine

Manchurian Dutchmans Pipe Stem (guan mu tong) (Caulis Aristolochiae Manshuriensis)

It is the dried rattan of Aristolochia manshuriensis Kom. of the Aristolochiaceae family. It is collected in autumn, cut into pieces, and dried under the sun

Bitter, cold, poisonous; act on the heart, small intestine, and bladder channels

Clear heart fire, promote urination, promote menstruation flow, and promote lactation

Indicated for the treatment of sore in mouth and tongue due to heart fire flaming upward, vexation, reddish urine, edema, heat strangury with difficult and painful urination, abnormal vaginal discharge, menstrual block, oligogalactia, and painful bì syndrome due to damp-heat. Normally, 3–6 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is cautious in pregnant women and patients without internal damp-heat. Overdose may cause acute renal failure

Herbs That Promote Urination and Percolate Dampness Chapter | 6

151

TABLE 6.5 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Promote Urination and Relieve Strangury (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Stachyurus or Japanese Helwingia Pith (xiao tong cao) (Medulla Stachyuri; Medulla Helwingiae)

It is the dried stem pith of Stachyurus himalaicus Hook. f. et Thoms., Stachyurus chinensis Franch or Helwingia japonica (Thunb.) of the Stachyuraceae family. The stem is collected in autumn and intercepted into segments; the pith is taken out from stem while fresh and dried under the sun

Sweet, bland, cold; act on the lung, stomach and bladder channels

Clear heat, promote urination, and promote lactation

Indicated for the treatment of excessive thirst in febrile disease, difficulty in micturition, yellow or reddish urine, scanty urine or suppression of urine, strangury, or acute cystitis, nephritis edema, and inhibited lactation. Normally, 3–6 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is cautious in pregnant women and patients with qi deficiency, and no dampheat

Japanese Climing Fern Herbs (hai jin sha teng) (Herba Lygodii Japonici)

It is the entire plant of Lygodium japonicum (Thunb.) Sw. of the Schizaeaceae family. It is collected in summer and autumn; after impurities are removed, it is dried under the sun

Sweet, cold; act on the bladder, small intestine, and liver channels

Clear heat and resolve toxins, promote urination and relieve strangury, invigorate blood, and unblock the collaterals

Indicated for the treatment of various kinds of strangury due to bladder damp-heat, swollen carbuncles, and sores due to heat toxin, parotic swelling (mumps), and jaundice due to dampheat. Normally, 15–30 g is decocted with water for oral use, or an appropriate amount is decocted with water for washing externally or pounded for applying the afflicted part

Its use is cautious in pregnant women

3. Herb differentiation (Table 6.6) TABLE 6.6 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Herbs That Promote Urination and Relieve Strangury Name of Medicinal

Similarity

Differences

Raw Plantago Seed (sheng che qian zi)

All three are the different processing products of Semen Plantaginis (che qian zi), can promote urination and percolate dampness, and can treat strangury, edema, and diarrhea

It is good at promoting urination and relieving strangury, clearing lung and dissolving phlegm, and clearing liver heat and improving vision, and used for the treatment of edema, strangury, diarrhea due to summer heat-damp, cough due to phlegm-heat and red eyes due to liver heat

Dry-Fried Plantago Seed (chao che qian zi)

Its cold property decreases, but the efficacy of decocting is improved, its actions are similar to that of raw Semen Plantaginis (sheng che qian zi), but it is good at draining dampness and arrest diarrhea, and used for the treatment of diarrhea due to dampturbidity, and oliguresis

Salt-Fried Plantago Seed (yan che qian zi)

Its effect of discharging heat is stronger than that of the other two. It can promote urination but without damaging yin, boost the liver and improve vision, and is used for the treatment of blurred vision and visual deterioration

152 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

SECTION 3  HERBS THAT CLEAR DAMP-HEAT AND RELIEVE JAUNDICE Outline Most of medicinals in this section are bitter in flavor and cold in nature, and act on the spleen, stomach, liver, and gallbladder channels. The bitter-cold property can show the effects on clearing and discharging damp-heat, so they take the actions of promoting urination and relieving jaundice as the main effects, and are mainly indicated for the treatment of jaundice due to damp-heat with symptoms of yellow eyes, yellow skin, and yellow urine. Some medicinals also can be used for the treatment of eczema and swollen carbuncles. In clinic, it should select other herbs to appropriately combine according to the different preponderance of damp-heat or cold-damp in yang jaundice or yin jaundice to strengthen the efficacy.

Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 1. Primary herbs (Table 6.7) TABLE 6.7 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Clear Damp-Heat and Relieve Jaundice Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Virgate Wormwood Herb (yin chen) (Herba Artemisiae Scopariae)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried aerial part of Artemisia scoparia Waldst. et Kit. or Artemisia capillaris Thunb. of the Compositae family. It is collected when the height of seedling is 6–10 cm in spring or flower bud grows until first blooming in autumn; after impurities and old stem are removed, it is dried under the sun

Bitter, acrid, slightly cold; act on the spleen, stomach, liver, and gallbladder channels

Clear dampheat, promote gallbladder function and relieve jaundice, resolve toxins, and treat sores

Indicated for the treatment of jaundice due to liver-gallbladder damp-heat, difficulty in micturition, scanty urine, dampwarmth syndrome, summer heat-damp syndrome, urticaria and eczema with itching due to dampheat accumulated in interior; also for the treatment of sores and scabies. Normally, 6–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is decocted with water for fumigating and washing externally

Its use is cautious in patients with jaundice due to blood stasis and withered yellow due to blood deficiency. Its use is prohibited in patients with jaundice not caused by dampheat

Christina Loosestrife (jin qian cao) (Herba Lysimachiae)

Initially recorded in Supplement to “The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica” (ben cao gang mu shi yi). It is the dried entire plant of Lysimachia christinae Hance of the Primulaceae family. It is collected in summer and autumn; after impurities are removed, it is dried under the sun

Sweet, salty, slightly cold; act on the liver, kidney, gallbladder, and bladder channels

Drain dampness and relieve jaundice, promote urination and relieve strangury, resolve toxins, and relieve swelling

Indicated for the treatment of jaundice with damp-heat pathogen, gallbladder distention and ribside pain; especially for the treatment of stony strangury, heat strangury, difficult and painful urination, liver and gallbladder calculosis with damp-heat pathogen, swollen carbuncles and boils, snake and insect bite. Normally, 15–60 g is decocted with water as an oral dose; the fresh one should be doubled at the dose. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

Patients with dorsal furuncle or diarrhea because spleen deficiency should avoid drinking the raw juice extracted from it by pounding

Herbs That Promote Urination and Percolate Dampness Chapter | 6 153 TABLE 6.7 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Clear Damp-Heat and Relieve Jaundice (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Giant Knotweed Rhizome (hu zhang) (Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati)

Initially recorded in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians (ming yi bie lu). It is the dried rhizome and root of Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc. of the Polygonaceae family. It is collected in spring and autumn; after fibrous root is removed, it is washed clean, cut into short segments or thick pieces while fresh, and dried under the sun

Slightly bitter, slightly cold; act on the liver, gallbladder, and lung channels

Drain dampness and relieve jaundice, clear heat and resolve toxins, dissipate stasis, and relieve pain, relieve cough and dissolve phlegm

Indicated for the treatment of jaundice with damp-heat pathogen, stranguria with turbid discharge, abnormal vaginal discharge, burn due to hot liquid or fire, swollen carbuncles and sores, thanatophidia bite, menstrual block, concretions and conglomerations (zhe¯ng jia˘), injury from falling down, cough due to lung heat, and constipation due to heat bind. Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women

Japanese St. John’s Wort (di er cao) (Herba Hyperici Japonici)

Initially recorded in Essentials of Raw Herbal Materia Medica Properties (sheng cao yao xing bei yao). It is the dried entire plant of Hypericum japonicum Thunb. ex Murray of the Clusiaceae family. It is collected in summer and autumn and dried under the sun

Bitter, sweet, cool; act on the liver and gallbladder channels

Drain dampness and relieve jaundice, clear heat and resolve toxins, invigorate blood, and relieve swelling

Indicated for the treatment of jaundice with damp-heat pathogen, lung abscess, mammary abscess or intestinal abscess, or carbuncles, furuncles, and sores due to damp-heat toxin, injury from falling down with swelling and pain due to blood stasis, and snake bite. Normally, 15–30 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is used externally

No special contraindications

Stringy Stonecrop (chui pen cao) (Herba Sedi)

Supplement to ‘The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica’ (ben cao gang mu shi yi). It is the dried entire plant of Sedum sarmentosum Bunge of the Crassulaceae family. It is collected in summer and autumn; after impurities are removed, it is dried

Sweet, bland, slightly sour, slightly cold; act on the liver, gallbladder, and small intestine channels

Drain dampness and relieve jaundice, clear heat, and resolve toxins

Indicated for the treatment of jaundice with damp-heat pathogen, difficulty in micturition, swollen carbuncles, sores and ulcers, swelling and pain of the throat, thanatophidia bite, scald and burn, or acute and chronic hepatitis. Normally, 15–30 g of the dried one or 250 g of the fresh one is decocted with water or pounded to extract the juice as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is cautious in patients with deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach

(Continued )

154 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 6.7 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Clear Damp-Heat and Relieve Jaundice (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Canton LovePea Vine (ji gu cao) (Herba Abri)

Initially recorded in Records of Medicinal Harvest in Lingnan (ling nan cai yao lu). It is the dried entire plant of Abrus cantoniensis Hance of the Leguminosae family. It is collected in whole year; after sediment is removed, it is dried

Sweet, slightly bitter, cool; act on the liver and stomach channels

Drain dampness and relieve jaundice, clear heat and resolve toxins, soothe the liver, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of jaundice due to liver-gallbladder damp-heat constraint and steaming, mammary abscess with swelling and pain, discomfort in the hypochondrium, and distending pain in the stomach cavity. Normally, 15–30 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder. Or an appropriate amount of the fresh one is pounded for applying externally

Seed of this plant is poisonous, in order to avoid being poisoned, the bean pods should be removed before use

Common Leafflower (zhen zhu cao) (Herba Phyllanthi Urinariae)

Initially recorded in Essentials of Raw Herbal Materia Medica Properties (sheng cao yao xing bei yao). It is the dried entire plant (or with root) of Phyllanthus urinaria L. of the Euphorbiaceae family. It is collected in summer and washed clean; after impurities are removed, it is dried under the sun and then cut into segments

Sweet, bitter, cool; act on the liver and lung channels

Drain dampness and relieve jaundice, clear heat and resolve toxins, improve vision, disperse accumulation

Indicated for the treatment of jaundice due to damp-heat accumulated in the liver-gallbladder, strangury due to bladder dampheat, diarrhea, and dysentery due to damp-heat toxin pouring downward, swollen sores and ulcers due to heat toxin accumulated, bite by snake or dog, red eye with swelling and pain, and infantile malnutrition with accumulation. Normally, 15–30 g of the dried one or 30–60 g of the fresh one is decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

Due to its bitter and cool properties, its use should be cautious in the weak or patients with yang deficiency

Herbs That Promote Urination and Percolate Dampness Chapter | 6

155

2. Attached herbs (Table 6.8) TABLE 6.8 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Clear Damp-Heat and Relieve Jaundice Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Sunset Abelmoschus (huang shu kui hua) (Flos Abelmoschi Manihot)

It is the dried corolla of Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medic. of the Malvaceae family. When blooming in summer and autumn, it is collected and dried in time

Sweet, cold; act on the kidney and bladder channels

Clear dampheat, promote urination and relieve strangury, relieve swelling, and resolve toxins

Indicated for the treatment of damp-heat obstructing, strangury, edema, swollen carbuncle-abscess, burn and scald due to hot liquid or fire. Normally, 10–30 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or ground into power for oral taking with 3–5 g each time, or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is cautious in pregnant women

Chicory (ju ju) (Herba Cichorii)

It is the dried aerial part or root of Cichorium glandulosum Boiss.et Huet or Cichorium intybus L. of the Compositae family. It is a habitually used medicinal in Uygur nationality, aerial part is collected in summer and autumn or root is collected in late autumn; after sediment and impurities are removed, it is dried under the sun

Slightly bitter, salty, cool

Clear liver heat and promote gallbladder function, fortify the stomach and promote digestion, promote urination and relieve edema

Indicated for the treatment of jaundice with dampheat pathogen, distending pain in the stomach cavity, less eating, or poor appetite, nephritis edema, and scanty urine. Normally, 9–18 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is decocted with water for washing externally

No special contraindications

Long Tube Ground Ivy (lian qian cao) (Herba Glechomae)

It is the dried aerial part of Glechoma longituba (Nakai) Kupr. of the Labiatae family. It is collected during spring to autumn; after impurities are removed, it is dried under the sun

Acrid, slightly bitter, slightly cold; act on the liver, kidney, and bladder channels

Drain dampness and relieve strangury, clear heat and resolve toxins, dissipate stasis, and relieve swelling

Indicated for the treatment of heat strangury, stony strangury, and jaundice due to liver-gallbladder damp-heat, sores and carbuncles with swelling and pain, and injury from falling down. Normally, 15–30 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is decocted with water for washing externally

Its use is cautious in pregnant women or patients with dorsal furuncle, or blood deficiency

Snowbell Leaf Tickclover (guang jin qian cao) (Herba Desmodii Styracifolii)

It is the dried aerial part of Desmodium styracifolium (Osb.) Merr. of the Leguminosae family. It is collected in summer and autumn; after impurities are removed, it is cut into segments and then dried under the sun

Sweet, bland, cool; act on the liver, kidney, and bladder channels

Drain dampness and relieve jaundice, promote urination, and relieve strangury

Indicated for the treatment of jaundice, reddish urine, heat strangury, stony strangury, sand strangury (i.e., urolithic strangury), difficult and painful urination, and edema with scanty urine. Normally, 15–30 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is cautious in pregnant women

(Continued )

156 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 6.8 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Clear Damp-Heat and Relieve Jaundice (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

BatrachiumLike Lawn Pennywort Herb (jiang xi jin qian cao) (Herba Hydrocotyles Sibthorpoidis)

It is the dried entire plant of Hydrocotyle sibthorpiodes Lam. var. batrachium (Hance) Hand.-Mazz. ex Shan or of the Umbelliferae family. It is collected in summer and autumn, then washed clean and dried under the sun

Sweet, bland, slightly acrid, cool; act on the liver, gallbladder, and kidney channels

Clear heat and drain dampness, resolve toxins, and relieve swelling

Indicated for the treatment of jaundice with dampheat pathogen, dysentery, edema, strangury, nebula, swelling of throat, swollen carbuncles and sores, herpes zoster, and injury from falling down. Normally, 9–15 g of the dried one or 30–60 g of the fresh one is decocted with water as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is pounded for applying the afflicted part externally

No special contraindications

Creeping Dichondra Herb (xiao jin qian cao) (Herba Dichondrae Repentis)

It is the dried entire plant of Dichondra repens Forst. of the Convolvulaceae family. It is collected in whole year; after impurities are removed, it is washed clean and then dried under the sun

Bitter, acrid, cool; act on the lung, liver, and gallbladder channels

Clear heat and drain dampness, promote urination and relieve edema (or swelling), invigorate blood and resolve toxins

Indicated for the treatment of jaundice with dampheat pathogen, damp-heat dysentery, heat strangury, sand strangury, difficulty in micturition, whitish and turbid urine, edema, swollen sores and boil, injury from falling down, and thanatophidia bite. Normally, 10–30 g of the dried one or 30–60 g of the fresh one is decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

When taking this medicinal, it should avoid salt and spicy food

Coriolous Dersicolor (yun zhi) (Coriolus)

It is the dried sporocarp of Coriolus versicolor (L. ex Fr.) Quel of the Polyporaceae family. It is collected in whole year; after impurities are removed, it is dried under the sun

Sweet, neutral; act on the heart, spleen, liver, and kidney channels

Fortify the spleen and drain dampness, clear heat, and resolve toxins

Indicated for the treatment of liver-gallbladder dampheat, ribside pain, poor appetite, fatigue, and lack of strength. Normally, 9–27 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

No special contraindications

Mile Swertia (qing ye dan) (Herba Swertiae Mileensis)

It is the dried entire plant of Swertia mileensis T. N. Ho et W. L. Shih of the Gentianaceae family. It is collected during flowering fruit bearing stage in autumn; after sediment is removed, it is dried under the sun

Bitter, sweet, cold; act on the liver, gallbladder, and bladder channels

Clear liver heat and promote gallbladder function, clear heat, and drain dampness

Indicated for the treatment of liver-gallbladder damp-heat, jaundice, reddish urine, gallbladder distention and ribside pain, heat strangury with difficult and painful urination. Normally, 10–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is cautious in patients with deficiency-cold of body constitution

Asiatic Pennywort (ji xue cao) (Herba Centellae)

It is the dried entire plant of Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. of the Umbelliferae family. It is collected in summer and autumn; after sediment is removed, it is dried under the sun

Bitter, acrid, cold; act on the liver, spleen and kidney channels

Clear heat and drain dampness, resolve toxins, and relieve swelling

Indicated for the treatment of jaundice with dampheat pathogen, summer heat-strike (heatstroke) and diarrhea, stony strangury, blood strangury, swollen carbuncles and sores, and injury from falling down. Normally, 15–30 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is cautious in patients with deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach

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3. Herb differentiation (Table 6.9)

TABLE 6.9 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Herbs That Clear Damp-Heat and Relieve Jaundice Name of Medicinal

Similarity

Differences

Virgate Wormwood Herb (yin chen) (Herba Artemisiae Scopariae)

Both can clear liver-gallbladder dampheat and relieve jaundice, and are used for the treatment of jaundice caused by liver-gallbladder damp-heat. Both often combine with each other to reinforce their effects

It is bitter and slightly cold in nature, acts on the spleen, stomach, liver, and gallbladder channels, is good at clearing damp-heat in the liver and gallbladder channels, specializes in clearing heat, draining dampness, and relieving jaundice, so can treat jaundice with damp-heat pathogen. It also can dispel wind and relieve itching, scatter pathogenic heat from the skin, and treat eczema or rubella with itching

Cape Jasmine Fruit (zhi zi) (Fructus Gardeniae)

Christina Loosestrife (jin qian cao) (Herba Lysimachiae)

It is bitter and cold in nature, acts on the heart, lung, stomach and sanjiao channels, is good at clearing and draining sanjiao fire and can clear heart heat and relieve vexation, cool the blood, and resolve toxins, so it is used for the treatment of febrile disease with vexation and oppression, blood spitting and nosebleed due to blood heat, sores and ulcers with red swelling and pain due to heat toxin. It can treat blood strangury with difficult and painful urination Both act on the bladder channel, can promote urination and relieve strangury, treat sand stragury (i.e., urolithic strangury), stony strangury with unsmoothness and pain of the urethra. Both often combine with each other to reinforce their effects

Japanese Climbing Fern Spore (hai jin sha) (Spora Lygodii)

Virgate Wormwood Herb (yin chen) (Herba Artemisiae Scopariae)

Christina Loosestrife (jin qian cao) (Herba Lysimachiae)

It mainly acts on the liver and gallbladder channels, is salty in nature so as to soften hardness, and good at dissolving stone. It also has better effects of draining dampness and relieving jaundice, and clearing liver-gallbladder heat, so is often used for treating jaundice with damp-heat pathogen, biliary calculi, and cholangitis. It can clear heat and resolve toxins so as to treat swollen ulcers due to heat toxin, thanatophidia bite, and burn due to hot liquid or fire It also acts on the small intestine channel, is cold and sweet in nature so as to clear heat, percolate, and drain dampness as well as relieve strangury. It also acts on the blood aspect, is good at clearing the small intestine or bladder damp-heat at the blood aspect, has certain effects of cooling the blood and stanching bleeding so as to treat blood strangury. Its effect of relieving pain of the urethra is predominant, so it is suitable for the treatment of strangury with obvious pain. It has the effects of promoting urination and relieving edema so as to treat edema and difficulty in micturition due to damp-heat

Both are the herbs that drain dampness and relieve jaundice, cold in nature, and act on the liver and gallbladder channels, can clear liver-gallbladder damp-heat and abate jaundice, and are used for the treatment of jaundice with damp-heat pathogen, eczema of the skin with swelling.

It also acts on the spleen and stomach channels, can “weed through the old to new,” has stronger effects of clearing heat and draining dampness and abating jaundice than that of Herba Lysimachiae (jin qian cao), specializes in clearing spleen-stomach damp-heat, is an essential medicinal that can treat jaundice, and good at treating jaundice with damp-heat pathogen It also acts on the kidney and bladder channels, is sweet and bland in nature so as to percolate and drain dampness, is salty in nature so as to soften hardness. It is not only good at clearing liver-gallbladder fire, but also can eliminate damp-heat in the lower jiao. It has better effects of promoting urination and relieving strangury, is a specialized medicinal for the treatment of strangury, such as sand stragury (i.e., urolithic strangury), stony strangury, and liver and gallbladder calculus. It has stronger effects of clearing heat and resolving toxins than that of Herba Artemisiae Scopariae (yin chen) so as to treat ulcers, thanatophidia bite, scald, and burn (Continued )

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TABLE 6.9 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Herbs That Clear Damp-Heat and Relieve Jaundice (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Similarity

Differences

Giant Knotweed Rhizome (hu zhang) (Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati)

Both belong to the Polygonaceae family, are bitter in flavor and cold in nature, can clear heat, purge, invigorate blood, resolve toxins and drain dampness, and treat constipation due to heat bind, jaundice with damp-heat pathogen, menstrual block due to static blood obstruction, injury from falling down, swollen carbuncles, and sores.

It mainly acts on the liver, gallbladder, and lung channels, not only can invigorate blood and dispel stasis to promote menstruation flow, but also is good at clearing heat and draining dampness to relieve jaundice, and can be used for the treatment of painful bì syndrome due to wind-damp, injury with blood stasis and obstruction, jaundice with damp-heat pathogen, stranguria with turbid discharge, and abnormal vaginal discharge. Its effect of resolving toxins can be used for swollen sores and thanatophidia bite. It can clear lung heat and dissolve phlegm so as to treat cough due to lung heat

Rhubarb Root and Rhizome (da huang) (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei)

It mainly acts on the spleen, stomach, and large intestine channels, and is an essential medicinal for drastically purging and removing stagnation. Its efficacy of draining fire and cooling the blood is stronger than that of Giant Knotweed Rhizome (hu zhang), so it is more better for the treatment of constipation with a pattern of excess heat, abdominal fullness with dryness accumulation, blood spitting and nosebleed due to blood heat, and red eyes, gingiva swelling and oral ulcer due to fire toxin attacking upward

Chapter 7

Herbs That Warm the Interior Chapter Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs

160

ABSTRACT Chinese herbal medicinals that warm the interior and dispel cold and mainly indicated for the treatment of interior cold syndrome are called “Herbs that Warm the Interior” or “Herbs That Dispel Cold.” Herbs that warm the interior are commonly used for the treatment of syndrome caused by external cold invading and directly attacking the spleen and stomach, or syndrome of spleen and stomach deficiencycold, such as cold pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen, vomiting and diarrhea, and pale tongue with white coating. Keywords: herbs that warm the interior; warm the center and dissipate cold; supplement fire and assist yang; dissipate cold and relieve pain; warm the stomach and arrest vomiting

Chinese herbal medicinals that warm the interior and dispel cold and mainly indicated for the treatment of interior cold syndrome are called “Herbs that Warm the Interior” or “Herbs that Dispel Cold”. Medicinals in this chapter are acrid in flavor, and warm and heat in nature. The acrid property has the effects of scattering and moving, and the warm property has the effect of unblocking, so this category of herbs are good at acting on the viscera and bowels to warm the interior and dispel cold, warm the channels and relieve pain, and can treat interior cold syndrome, especially the interior cold excess pattern. The meaning is exactly what is called “when there is cold, treat it with heat” in The Yellow Emperor’s Inner Classic (huang di nei jing) and “treat the cold pattern with the heat medicinal” in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). Several medicinals also can assist yang or restore yang so as to treat deficiency-cold syndrome or yang collapse syndrome. Medicinals in this chapter have multiple effects due to their different channel entries. These herbs that mainly act on the spleen and stomach channels can warm the center, dissipate cold and relieve pain; and can be commonly used for the treatment of syndrome caused by external cold invading and directly attacking the spleen and stomach, or syndrome of spleen and stomach deficiency-cold, such as cold pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen, vomiting and diarrhea, and pale tongue with white coating. Herbs that mainly act on the lung channel can warm the lung and dissolve rheum (fluid retention), and can be used for the treatment of syndrome of lung cold with phlegm rheum, such as cough and panting with wheezy phlegm, white-clear-thin phlegm, and pale tongue with white and glossy coating. Herbs that mainly act on the liver channel can warm the liver, dissipate cold and relieve pain; and can be used for the treatment of lesser abdominal pain caused by cold invading the liver channel, testicular hardness, pain due to cold (cold shàn), and abdominal pain or jueyin headache. Herbs that mainly act on the kidney channel can warm the kidney and assist yang; and can be used for the treatment of syndrome caused by kidney yang insufficiency, such as yang wĕi (impotence), cold in the uterus, cold pain in the waist and knees, profuse urine or frequent micturition at night, spontaneous seminal emission, and enuresis. Herbs that mainly act on both the heart and kidney channels can warm yang and unblock the vessels; and can be used for the treatment of syndrome of heart-kidney yang deficiency, such as palpitation, or severe palpitation, aversion to cold, cold of the four limbs, difficulty in urination, and edema of limbs, or can restore yang to rescue from counterflow [desertion], and can be used for the treatment of syndrome of yang collapse with reversal counterflow cold of the limbs, such as aversion to cold with body rolled up, sweating and mental fatigue, reversal counterflow cold of the four limbs (cold distal extremities with cold moving proximally, sì zhī jué nì), and faint pulse that nearly cannot be touched. Essentials of Chinese Materia Medica and Medical Formulas. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812722-3.00007-5 Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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160 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

When using herbs that warm the interior, doctors should appropriately combine other herbs according to the different syndromes. For inward penetration of exterior cold pathogen with exterior cold pattern that hasn’t been released, they can combine with herbs that release the exterior with acrid-warm property to treat. For congealing cold in the channel with qi stagnation and blood stasis, they can combine with herbs that move qi and invigorate blood to treat. For internal obstruction of cold-damp, they should combine with aromatic medicinals that remove dampness or herbs that dispel dampness with warm-dry property to treat. For spleen-kidney yang deficiency, they should combine with herbs that warm and supplement the spleen and kidney to treat. For yang collapse and qi desertion, they should combine with herbs that powerfully supplement the original qi. Herbs in this category are partial to acrid, hot and fiercely dry in nature, easy to consume yin and cause bleeding, so their dosage should be reduced in the very hot summer or for patients with vigorous fire all along. Their application also should be prohibited in patients with heat lodging in interior, the deeper the heat the severer the reversal coldness, or true heat with false cold. They also should be contraindicated in patients with excess heat syndrome, vigorous fire due to yin deficiency or essence and blood depletion. Their application should be cautious in pregnant women. The modern pharmacological research indicates herbs that warm the interior commonly have the actions of sedation, analgesia, invigorating the stomach, dispelling wind, antithrombus, antiulcer, antagonizing diarrhea, anticoagulation, antagonizing platelet aggregation, antagonizing oxygen-poor, and expanding blood vessels. Some medicinals also can strengthen the heart function, antagonize shock and convulsion, regulate gastrointestinal motility, and promote bilification. Medicinals in this chapter are mainly indicated for chronic gastritis, chronic enteritis, chronic bronchitis, hernia, and shock.

SPECIFIC APPLICATION KNOWLEDGE OF HERBS 1. Primary herbs (Table 7.1)

TABLE 7.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Warm the Interior Name of Medicinal Aconite Root (fu zi) (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata)

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried daughter root product of Aconitum carmichaelii Debx. of the Ranunculaceae family. It is collected during the last third of June to the first 10 days of August; after mother root, fibrous root, and sediment are removed, it is processed into different products

Acrid, sweet, extremely hot, poisonous; act on the heart, kidney, and spleen channels

Restore yang to rescue from counterflow [desertion], supplement fire and assist yang, dissipate cold and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of yang collapse and desertion, cold of the four limbs with faint pulse, heart yang insufficiency, chest bì and precordial pain, vomiting and diarrhea due to deficiency-cold, cold pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen, yang we˘i (impotence) and cold in the uterus due to decline of kidney yang, edema due to yin cold, yang deficiency, and external contraction, and painful bì syndrome due to cold-damp. Normally, 3–15 g is first decocted with water for a long time as an oral dose

Caution for Use Its use is prohibited in pregnant women, patients with yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity. Antagonize Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia), Radix Ampelopsis (bai lian), Fructus Trichosanthis (gua lou), Bulbus Fritillaria (bei mu) and Rhizoma Bletillae (bai ji)

Herbs That Warm the Interior Chapter | 7

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TABLE 7.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Warm the Interior (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Dried Ginger Rhizome (gan jiang) (Rhizoma Zingiberis)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried rhizome of Zingiber offcinale Rosc. of the Zingiberaceae family. It is collected in winter; after fibrous root and sediment are removed, it is cut into pieces and dried under the sun or at lower temperature

Acrid, hot; act on the spleen, stomach, kidney, heart, and lung channels

Warm the center and dissipate cold, restore yang to unblock the vessels, warm the lung and dissolve rheum (fluid retention)

Indicated for the treatment of cold pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen, vomiting and diarrhea due to center cold, yang collapse and reversal counterflow cold of the limbs with faint pulse due to heart-kidney yang deficiency, panting and cough due to cold rheum. Normally, 3–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder

Its use is prohibited in patients with yin deficiency and internal heat, and bleeding due to blood heat

Cinnamon Bark (rou gui) (Cortex Cinnamomi)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried tree bark of Cinnamomum cassia Presl of the Lauraceae family. It is peeled off in autumn and then dried in the shade

Acrid, sweet, extremely hot; act on the kidney, spleen, heart, and liver channels

Supplement fire and assist yang, return fire to its source, dissipate cold and relieve pain, warm and unblock the channels

Indicated for the treatment of yang we˘i (impotence) and cold in the uterus, cold pain in the waist and knees, panting due to kidney deficiency, deficient yang with upper manifestations, such as dizziness and red complexion, cold pain in the abdomen, vomiting and diarrhea due to deficiency-cold, cold hernia, menstrual block or painful menstruation. Normally, 1–5 g is added later and decocted with water as an oral dose, or 1–2 g is ground into powder for taking infused.

Its use is cautious in patients with hemorrhagic tendency and pregnant women. It is not suited to use together with Halloysitum Rubrum (chi shi zhi)

(Continued )

162 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 7.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Warm the Interior (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Medicinal Evodia Fruit (wu zhu yu) (Fructus Evodiae)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried near matured fruit of Euodia rutaecarpa (Juss.) Benth., Euodia rutaecarpa (Juss.) Benth var. officinalis (Dode) Huang or Euodia rutaecarpa (Juss.) Benth. var. bodinieri (Dode) Huang of the Rutaceae family. The branch with fruits is cut before fruit is split during August to November; after branch, leaf, and carpopodium are removed, it is dried under the sun or at lower temperature

Acrid, bitter, hot, slightly poisonous; act on the liver, spleen, stomach, and kidney channels

Dissipate cold and relieve pain, direct counterflow downward and arrest vomiting, assist yang and arrest diarrhea

Indicated for the treatment of pain due to liver cold and qi stagnation, such as jueyin headache, cold hernia with abdominal pain, weak foot with puffiness and pain due to cold-damp, painful menstruation, vomiting and acid swallowing due to stomach cold, and fifth-watch diarrhea (diarrhea before dawn) due to deficiency-cold. Normally, 2–5 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

Due to its acrid and hot properties, it is not suitable for overdose and long-term using in order to avoid consuming qi and stirring fire. Its use is prohibited in patients with fever due to yin deficiency

Fennel (xiao hui xiang) (Fructus Foeniculi)

Initially recorded in Newly Revised Materia Medica (xin xiu ben cao). It is the dried matured fruit of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. of the Umbelliferae family. When fruit is initially matured in autumn, the plant is collected, dried under the sun, and stroked to separate the fruit, and then impurities are removed

Acrid, warm; act on the liver, kidney, spleen, and stomach channels

Dissipate cold and relieve pain, rectify qi and harmonize the stomach

Indicated for the treatment of cold hernia with abdominal pain, falling sensation and distending pain in the testis, dysmenorrhea, cold pain in the lower abdomen, distending pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen due to stomach cold and qi stagnation, less eating, vomiting, and diarrhea. Normally, 3–6 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. Or a suitable amount is used externally

Its use is cautious in patients with vigorous fire due to yin deficiency

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TABLE 7.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Warm the Interior (cont.)

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Chinese Star Anise (ba jiao hui xiang) (Fructus Anisi Stellati)

Initially recorded in Essentials of Materia Medica Distinctions (ben cao pin hui jing yao). It is the dried matured fruit of Illicium verum Hook. f. of the Magnoliaceae family. When fruit turns yellow from green in autumn and winter, it is collected and slightly scalded with boiling water, and then dried or directly dried

Clove Flower (ding xiang) (Flos Caryophylli)

Initially recorded in Master Lei’s Discourse on Medicinal Processing (lei gong pao zhi lun). It is the dried flower bud of Eugenia caryophyllata Thunb. of the Myrtaceae family. When bud turns red from green, it is collected and then dried under the sun

Name of Medicinal

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Acrid, sweet, warm; act on the liver, kidney, spleen, and stomach channels

Warm yang and dissipate cold, rectify qi, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of cold hernia with abdominal pain, low back pain due to kidney deficiency, cold pain in the knees, vomiting due to stomach cold, cold pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen, weak foot due to cold-damp. Normally, 3–6 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder. Or an appropriate amount is ground into powder for applying externally

Its use is prohibited in patients with vigorous fire due to yin deficiency

Acrid, warm; act on the spleen, stomach, lung, and kidney channels

Warm the center and direct counterflow downward, supplement kidney and assist yang

Indicated for the treatment of hiccup and vomiting, regurgitation, less eating and diarrhea due to deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach, or pernicious vomiting during pregnancy, cold pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen, yang we˘i (impotence) and cold in the uterus due to kidney deficiency, hernia or tinea. Normally, 1–3 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is ground into powder for applying externally

Its use is prohibited in patients with heat pattern or yin deficiency and internal heat. Not combine with Turmeric Root Tuber (yu jin) to use.

Caution for Use

(Continued )

164 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 7.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Warm the Interior (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Galangal (gao liang jiang) (Rhizoma Alpiniae Officinarum)

Initially recorded in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians (ming yi bie lu). It is the dried rhizome of Alpinia officinarum Hance of the Zingiberaceae family. It is collected in late summer and early autumn; after fibrous root and residual scale are removed, it is washed clean, then cut into segments, and dried under the sun

Acrid, hot; act on the spleen and stomach channels

Warm the stomach and arrest vomiting, dissipate cold, move qi, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of cold pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen, sudden colicky pain in the epigastrium and abdomen with fullness and discomfort in the ribside, vomiting and diarrhea due to stomach cold or deficiencycold, belching and acid swallowing, dysphagia or regurgitation, and dyspeptic retention. Normally, 3–6 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder

Its use is prohibited in patients with fever due to yin deficiency

Pepper Fruit (hu jiao) (Fructus Piperis)

Initially recorded in Newly Revised Materia Medica (xin xiu ben cao). It is the dried near matured or matured fruit of Piper nigrum L. of the Piperaceae family. When fruit is dark green during the late autumn to the next spring, it is collected and dried under the sun, which is called black pepper. If collected when fruit turns red, and retted with water for several days; after sarcocarp is removed, it is dried under the sun, which is called white pepper

Acrid, hot; act on the stomach and large intestine channels

Warm the center and dissipate cold, lower qi, and disperse phlegm

Indicated for the treatment of vomiting and diarrhea, food accumulation syndrome, abdominal pain due to stomach cold, regurgitation and no desire to eat or drink, cold dysentery, epilepsy with profuse phlegm due to constraint and stagnation of phlegm and qi clouding the clear orifices, or as a condiment to increase appetite. Normally, 2–4 g is decocted with water or 0.6–1.5 g is ground into powder as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is prohibited in patients with yin deficiency and internal fire

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TABLE 7.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Warm the Interior (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Pricklyash Peel (hua jiao) (Pericarpium Zanthoxyli)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried matured pericarp of Zanthoxylum schinifoliun Sieb. et Zucc. or Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. of the Rutaceae family. The matured fruit is collected and dried under the sun, then the seed and impurities are removed

Acrid, warm; act on the spleen, stomach, and kidney channels

Warm the center and relieve pain, kill worms and relieve itching

Indicated for the treatment of cold pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen due to cold in the middle jiao, vomiting and diarrhea due to cold-damp, hiccup, bì syndrome due to windcold-damp, abdominal pain due to worm accumulation, hernia pain or toothache, eczema and pruritus vulvae. Normally, 3–6 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is decocted with water for fumigating and washing the afflicted part externally

Its use is prohibited in patients with vigorous fire due to yin deficiency. Its use is cautious in pregnant women

Bush Redpepper Fruit (la jiao) (Fructus Capsici Annui)

Initially recorded in Illustrated Reference of Botanical Nomenclature (zhi wu ming shi tu kao). It is the dried matured fruit of Capsicum annuum L. or its cultivated variety of the Solanaceae family. It is collected when fruit coats become red in summer and autumn; after branch and stalk are removed, it is dried under the sun

Acrid, hot; act on the heart, spleen, and stomach channels

Warm the center and dissipate cold, increase appetite and promote digestion

Indicated for the treatment of distending pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen, vomiting due to stomach cold and qi stagnation, diarrhea and dysentery, painful bì syndrome due to wind-damp, and chilblain. Normally, 0.9–2.4 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is decocted with water for fumigating and washing externally

Its use is prohibited in patients with bleeding or vigorous fire due to yin deficiency

(Continued )

166 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 7.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Warm the Interior (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Long Pepper Fruit (bi bo) (Fructus Piperis Longi)

Initially recorded in Newly Revised Materia Medica (xin xiu ben cao). It is the dried near matured or matured fruit cluster of Piper longum L. of the Piperaceae family. It is collected when it turns black from green; after impurities are removed, it is dried under the sun

Acrid, hot; act on the stomach and large intestine channels

Warm the center and dissipate cold, lower qi, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of cold pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen, vomiting and acid swallowing, hiccup, and diarrhea with rugitus due to stomach cold, chest bì and precordial pain due to congealing cold and qi stagnation, headache, and pain of decayed tooth. Normally, 1–3 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is ground into powder for stuffing hole of the decayed tooth

Its use is prohibited in patients with excess heat and fire from constraint, or vigorous fire due to yin deficiency

Cubeb Fruit (bi cheng qie) (Fructus Litseae)

Initially recorded in Master Lei’s Discourse on Medicinal Processing (lei gong pao zhi lun). It is the dried matured fruit of Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers. of the Lauraceae family. It is collected when matured in autumn; after impurities are removed, it is dried under the sun

Acrid, warm; act on the spleen, stomach, kidney, and bladder channels

Warm the center and dissipate cold, move qi, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of vomiting and hiccup due to stomach cold, cold pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen, or cold hernia with abdominal pain, difficulty in micturition due to deficiency-cold in the lower jiao or turbid urine due to constraint and stagnation of colddamp. Normally, 1–3 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is prohibited in patients with yin deficiency, static heat in blood aspect, or cough with fever

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2. Attached herbs (Table 7.2) TABLE 7.2 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Warm the Interior

Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Mother Clove (mu ding xiang) (Fructus Caryophylli)

It is the dried near matured fruit of Eugenia caryophyllata Thunb. of the Myrtaceae family. When fruit will be matured, it is collected and then dried under the sun

Acrid, warm; act on the spleen, stomach, lung, and kidney channels

Spicy Ginger Seed (hong dou kou) (Fructus Galangae)

It is the dried matured fruit of Alpinia galanga Willd. of the Zingiberaceae family. It is collected when fruit turns red in autumn; after impurities are removed, it is dried in the shade

Bunge Pricklyash Seed (jiao mu) (Semen Zanthoxyli)

Tibetan Sweetflag Rhizome (zang chang pu) (Rhizoma Acori Calami)

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Warm the center and direct counterflow downward, supplement kidney, and assist yang

Indicated for the treatment of syndrome of deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach, hiccup and vomiting, less eating and diarrhea, cold pain in the epigastrium and abdomen, and yang we˘i (impotence) due to kidney deficiency. Normally, 1–3 g is decocted with water or ground into powder as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is ground into powder for applying externally or as a suppository

It is not suitable for patients with heat pattern, or yin deficiency, and internal heat. Don’t combine with Turmeric Root Tuber (yu jin) to use

Acrid, warm; act on the spleen and lung channels

Scatter cold and dry dampness, awaken the spleen, and promote digestion

Indicated for the treatment of cold pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen, distention and fullness due to food accumulation, vomiting and diarrhea, regurgitation, dysentery, and profuse alcohol consumption. Normally, 3–6 g is decocted with water or ground into powder as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is ground into powder for snuffing or applying externally

Its use is prohibited in patients with fever due to yin deficiency

It is the dried seed of Zanthoxylum schinifoliun Sieb. et Zucc. or Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. of the Rutaceae family. The fruit is collected when matured during September to October, and then dried in the open-air until pericarp and seed are divided, and seed is taken out for use

Bitter, cold; act on the lung, kidney, and bladder channels

Promote urination and relieve edema, direct qi downward, and relieve panting

Indicated for the treatment of edema with distention and fullness, and difficulty in micturition, or cough and panting due to phlegm-rheum. Normally, 3–10 g is decocted with water or 1.5 g is ground into powder as an oral dose, or made into pills or tablets or capsule. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is prohibited in patients with vigorous fire due to yin deficiency

It is the dried rhizome of Acorus calamus L. of the Araceae family. It is a habitually used medicinal in Tibetan nationality, collected in autumn and winter; after fibrous root and sediment are removed, it is dried under the sun

Bitter, acrid, warm, dry, and sharp

Warm the stomach, eliminate inflammation, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of stomach yang insufficiency, indigestion, food accumulation and stagnation, diphtheria, and wool-sorter’s disease (anthrax). Normally, 3–6 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

It is not suitable for patients with yin fluid depletion and excess heat

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3. Herb differentiation (Table 7.3) TABLE 7.3 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Herbs That Warm the Interior Name of Medicinal

Similarity

Differences

Aconite Root (fu zi) (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata)

Both are acrid and sweet in flavor and hot in nature, act on the spleen, kidney, and heart channels, not only good at supplementing fire and assisting yang, and can treat kidney yang deficiency syndrome, and spleenkidney yang deficiency syndrome, but also good at dissipating cold and relieving pain, and can treat direct attack by pathogenic cold, cold pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen, and loose stool or diarrhea due to deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach, painful bì syndrome due to cold-damp, chest bì (pectoral stuffiness pain) due to cold, and yin jaundice

It is poisonous and has a stronger efficacy, and is commonly used for the treatment of severe syndrome caused by yang deficiency and internal cold. It is good at restoring yang to rescue from counterflow [desertion], and can treat yang collapse or yang desertion, spontaneous sweating due to yang deficiency, or syndrome of yang deficiency, and external contraction

Both are acrid and hot in nature, act on the spleen, kidney, and heart channels, are good at restoring yang, dissipating cold, and relieving pain, can be used for the treatment of yang collapse, yang deficiency of the spleen and kidney, or syndrome caused by external cold directly attacking, and painful bì syndrome due to cold-damp

It is nonpoisonous and has a less strong efficacy than Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi), and can unblock the vessels. If it treats yang collapse, it should combine with Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) to obtain the effect. It also acts on the lung and stomach channels, is good at warming the spleen yang, and can treat cold pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen, vomiting and diarrhea due to spleen yang insufficiency. It also can warm the lung and dissolve rheum (fluid retention) and treat cough and panting due to cold rheum

Both come from the same plant: Cinnamomum cassia Presl of the Lauraceae family. Both are acrid and sweet in flavor and hot in nature, can assist yang and dissipate cold, warm the channels and unblock the vessels so as to treat cold pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen, bì syndrome due to wind-cold-damp, edema due to yang deficiency, phlegm rheum, chest bì (pectoral stuffiness pain), dysmenorrhea and menstrual block due to cold congealing and blood stasis

It is the bark of trunk, has s stronger effect of warming the interior, and is good at supplementing fire and assisting yang, and returning fire to its source, and can treat yang we˘i (impotence), and uterus cold caused by kidney yang deficiency and decline of fire, or deficiency-type panting and palpitation due to upfloating of deficient yang and deficiency-cold of kidney qi, cold hernia with abdominal pain, dorsal furuncle, and multiple metastatic abscess

Both are acrid and hot in nature, act on the spleen and stomach channels, have the effects of warming the center and dissipating cold, and can be used for the treatment of cold pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen, vomiting, and diarrhea due to deficiency-cold in the middle jiao

It also acts on the liver and kidney channels, and is slightly poisonous, can dissipate cold in the liver channel, and resolve constraint and stagnation of liver qi. It is an essential medicinal to treat various pain caused by liver cold and qi stagnation. Moreover, it can assist yang and arrest diarrhea, can treat fifth-watch diarrhea (diarrhea before dawn) due to yang deficiency of the spleen and kidney

Cinnamon Bark (rou gui) (Cortex Cinnamomi)

Dried Ginger Rhizome (gan jiang) (Rhizoma Zingiberis)

Aconite Root (fu zi) (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata)

Cinnamon Bark (rou gui) (Cortex Cinnamomi)

Cassia Twig (gui zhi) (Ramulus Cinnamomi)

Medicinal Evodia Fruit (wu zhu yu) (Fructus Evodiae)

Dried Ginger Rhizome (gan jiang) (Rhizoma Zingiberis)

It is nonpoisonous and has a moderate efficacy, has no effect of restoring yang to rescue from counterflow [desertion], but is good at returning fire to its source, boosting yang for eliminating abundance of yin, can treat various syndromes caused by deficiency-cold of kidney qi, or upfloating of deficient yang. It also acts on the blood aspect, is good at warming the channels and unblocking the vessels, can treat dysmenorrhea and amenorrhea caused by deficiency-cold in in the chong and ren mai and blood stagnation, cold hernia with abdominal pain, low back pain, dorsal furuncle, and multiple metastatic abscess

It is poisonous, the first essential medicinal that restore yang to rescue from counterflow [desertion], and a preferred herb for the treatment of yang collapse. It is also good at supplementing fire and assisting yang and treat yang we˘i (impotence), uterus cold, enuresis and frequent micturition due to decline of vital gate fire, and edema, external contraction, spontaneous sweating, and chest bì pain due to yang deficiency

It is the twig, has a milder effect of warming the interior, but is good at dissipating exterior cold, and inducing sweating to release the exterior, can be used for the treatment of the exterior pattern due to windcold with sweating or absence of sweating. It also can assist yang to transform qi and move water (promote urination), and treat phlegmrheum syndrome, and water amassment syndrome

It also acts on the heart and lung channels, can restore yang and unblock the vessels, warm the lung and dissolve rheum (fluid retention), and can be used for the treatment of syndromes, such as yang collapse, cough, and panting due to cold rheum, cold body and back, profuse, and clear phlegm

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Herbs That Rectify Qi Chapter Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs

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ABSTRACT Chinese herbal medicinals that rectify or regulate the qi movement (sometimes referred to as “qi mechanism” or “qi dynamic”) as the main role and treat qi stagnation or qi counterflow syndrome are called “Herbs That Rectify Qi” or “Herbs That Move Qi.” Herbs that rectify qi are mainly indicated for the treatment of distending pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen, belching and acid swallowing, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea or constipation caused by qi stagnation in the spleen and stomach; distending pain in the hypochondrium, depression and discomfort, hernia pain; distending pain in the breast, and menstrual irregularities caused by constraint and stagnation of the liver qi; chest oppression and pain, cough and panting caused by obstruction, and stagnation of the lung qi. Keywords: herbs that rectify qi; herbs that move qi; rectify qi and fortify the spleen; disperse accumulation and resolve [food] stagnation; rectify qi and loosen the center; rectify qi and relieve pain; soothe the liver and resolve constraint

Chinese herbal medicinals that rectify or regulate the qi movement (sometimes referred to as “qi mechanism” or “qi dynamic”) as the main role and treat qi stagnation or qi counterflow syndrome are called “Herbs That Rectify Qi” or “Herbs That Move Qi.” Medicinals in this chapter are more acrid and bitter in flavor and warm and fragrant in nature. The medicinal with acrid flavor has the effect of moving, with bitter flavor has the effect of discharging, with fragrant property has the effects of moving and scurrying, and with warm property has the effects of unblocking and moving, so medicinals in this chapter have the action of rectifying qi movement, such as moving qi, directing qi downward, resolving constraint, and dissipating masses. Through smoothing qi movement, they also can eliminate qi stagnation and obtain the efficacy of relieving pain. The meaning is exactly what is called “when there is inactivity, treat it by moving; treat inactivity by moving,” “when there is binding, treat it with dissipation; treat pathogenic accumulation with dissipation” and “when the wood (liver) is constrained, treat it with dispersion; treat hepatic stagnation with dispersion” in The Yellow Emperor’s Inner Classic (huang di nei jing). In view of this chapter’s medicinals that mainly act on the spleen, stomach, liver, and lung channels and according to their different properties and actions, they have the effects of rectifying qi and fortifying the spleen, soothing the liver and resolving constraint, rectifying qi and relieving chest stuffiness, moving qi and relieving pain, breaking stagnant qi, and dissipating masses, respectively. Herbs that rectify qi are mainly indicated for the treatment of distending pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen, belching and acid swallowing, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea or constipation caused by qi stagnation in the spleen and stomach; distending pain in the hypochondrium, depression and discomfort, and hernia pain; distending pain in the breast, and menstrual irregularities caused by constraint and stagnation of the liver qi; chest oppression and pain, cough and panting caused by obstruction and stagnation of the lung qi. When using this chapter’s medicinals, it should necessarily combine the corresponding efficacy herbs according to the specific diseases and syndromes. To treat patients with qi stagnation in the spleen and stomach, select the medicinals that can regulate the qi movement of the spleen and stomach to combine. To treat patients with drink and food accumula­ tion and retention, select the medicinals that can promote digestion and guide out [food] stagnation to combine. To treat patients with spleen-stomach qi deficiency, select the medicinals that can supplement the center and boost qi to combine.

Essentials of Chinese Materia Medica and Medical Formulas. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812722-3.00008-7 Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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To treat patients with damp-heat obstruction, select the medicinals that can clear heat and eliminate dampness to combine. To treat patients with cold-damp encumbering the spleen, select the bitter-warm medicinals that dry dampness to combine. To treat patients with liver constraint and qi stagnation, select the medicinals that can soothe the liver and rectify qi to combine. To treat patients with liver-blood insufficiency, select the medicinals that can nourish blood and soften the liver to combine. To treat patients with cold invading in the liver channel, select the medicinals that can warm the liver and dissipate cold to combine. To treat patients with stagnation of blood stasis, select the medicinals that can invigorate blood and dissolve stasis to combine. To treat patients with lung qi obstruction and stagnation, select the medicinals that can rectify qi and relieve chest stuffiness to combine. To treat patients with exogenous pathogen intruding the lung, select the medicinals that can diffuse the lung and release the exterior. To treat patients with phlegm-rheum obstructing the lung, select the medicinals that can dispel phlegm and dissolve rheum (fluid retention). This chapter’s medicinals are usually acrid, warm, fragrant and dry, and easy to consume qi and damage yin; so their applications are cautious in patients with deficiency of both qi and yin. The modern pharmacological research indicates most of the herbs that rectify qi can inhibit or stimulate the gastrointestinal smooth muscles, promote the secretion of digestive juices, or promote gallbladder function. Some have the effects of relaxing the bronchial smooth muscles, inhibiting the central nervous system, regulating the uterine smooth muscles, stimulating the cardiac muscles, increasing the coronary blood flow, boosting, or lowering blood pressure, and antagonizing bacteria. This chapter’s medicinals in modern medical treatment are more used for the treatment of gastritis, enteritis, alimentary canal ulcer, various liver diseases, cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, and chronic bronchitis.

SPECIFIC APPLICATION KNOWLEDGE OF HERBS 1. Primary herbs (Table 8.1)

TABLE 8.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Rectify Qi Name of Medicinal Aged Tangerine Peel (chen pi) (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae)

Source and Collection Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried matured pericarp of Citrus reticulata Blanco and its cultivated variety of the Rutaceae family. The matured fruit is collected, and then the pericarp is peeled and dried under the sun, or at lower temperature

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Bitter, acrid, warm; act on the lung and spleen channels

Rectify qi and fortify the spleen, dry dampness, and dissolve phlegm

Indicated for the treatment of distention and fullness in the stomach cavity and abdomen, no desire to eat or drink, nausea and vomiting, and diarrhea due to qi stagnation in the spleen and stomach, hiccup and vomiting due to stomach cold, cough with profuse phlegm due to damp-phlegm or cold phlegm (as an essential medicinal for the treatment of phlegm syndrome), chest bì pain with shortness of breath due to qi stagnation in the chest. Normally, 3–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Caution for Use It is not suitable for patients with qi deficiency and dry cough due to yin deficiency. Its use is cautious in patients with blood spitting

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TABLE 8.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Rectify Qi (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Green Tangerine Peel (qing pi) (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride)

Initially recorded in Illustrated Classic of Materia Medica (ben cao tu jing). It is the dried pericarp of young fruit or immature fruit of Citrus reticulata Blanco and its cultivated variety of the Rutaceae family. Young fruit that falls spontaneously is collected during May to June and dried under the sun; or immature fruit is collected during July to August, and the pericarp is peeled and dried under the sun

Bitter, acrid, warm; act on the liver, gallbladder, and stomach channels

Soothe the liver and break stagnant qi, disperse accumulation and resolve [food] stagnation, dissipate masses, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of distending pain in the chest and hypochondrium, and hernia pain due to liver constraint and qi stagnation, distending pain in the stomach cavity, and abdomen due to food accumulation and qi stagnation, breast lump and mammary abscess, concretions and conglomerations (zhēng jia˘ ) or accumulations and gatherings (jī jù) or ague-cake due to qi stagnation and blood stasis. Normally, 3–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills

Its use is cautious in the weak, or patients with qi deficiency of the liver and spleen, or profuse sweating

Tangerine Seed (ju he) (Semen Citri Reticulatae)

Initially recorded in Ri Hua-zi’s Materia Medica (ri hua zi ben cao). It is the dried matured seed of Citrus reticulata Blanco and its cultivated variety of the Rutaceae family. When the fruit is matured, it is collected and washed clean and dried under the sun

Bitter, neutral; act on the liver and kidney channels

Rectify qi and dissipate masses, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of hypochondriac pain due to binding constraint of liver qi, hernia pain, swelling and pain of the testis, low back pain, distending pain in the breast, or breast lump due to qi stagnation and blood stasis, and mammary abscess in the initial stage. Normally, 3–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder

Its use is cautious in patients with weak body constitution, and prohibited in patients with deficiency syndrome

(Continued )

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TABLE 8.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Rectify Qi (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Pummelo Peel (hua ju hong) (Exocarpium Citri Grandis)

Initially recorded in Medicinals Recognition and Subtleties Differentiation (shi yao bian wei). It is the dried immature or near matured outer pericarp of Citrus grandis “Tomentosa” or Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck of the Rutaceae family. Before the fruit is matured in summer, it is collected and slightly scalded in boiling water. Then the pericarp is cut into 5 or 7 sections; after pulp of fruit and parts of mesocarp are removed, it is pressed, formed, and dried

Acrid, bitter, warm; act on the lung and spleen channels

Rectify qi and loosen the center, dry dampness, and dissolve phlegm

Indicated for the treatment of cough and panting with a pattern of damp-phlegm or cold-phlegm in the chest, with profuse phlegm, distention and oppression in the chest and diaphragm, or distending pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen, vomiting and hiccup due to food accumulation, or alcoholic disease. Normally, 3–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or doses

Its use is prohibited in patients with qi deficiency, yin deficiency, and dry cough with scanty phlegm

Immature Bitter Orange (zhi shi) (Fructus Aurantii Immaturus)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried young fruit of Citrus aurantium L. and its cultivated variety or Citrus sinensis Osbeck of the Rutaceae family. Young fruit that falls spontaneously is collected during May to June; after impurities are removed, it is horizontally cut in half from the middle, and dried under the sun or at lower temperature

Bitter, acrid, sour, slightly cold; act on the spleen and stomach channels

Break stagnant qi and disperse accumulation, dissolve phlegm, and disperse pĭ

Indicated for the treatment of distention and fullness and pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen due to food accumulation and stagnation in the stomach and intestines, diarrhea, and dysentery with tenesmus due to dampheat accumulation, or constipation, chest bì and thoracic accumulation due to phlegm stagnation and qi obstruction, thoracic and hypochondriac pain due to qi stagnation, postpartum abdominal pain and visceral prolapse. Normally, 3–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is cautious in the old, the weak, pregnant women or patients with qi weakness and spleen-stomach deficiency

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TABLE 8.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Rectify Qi (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Bitter Orange (zhi qiao) (Fructus Aurantii)

Initially recorded in Master Lei’s Discourse on Medicinal Processing (lei gong pao zhi lun). It is the dried immature fruit of Citrus aurantium L. and its cultivated variety of the Rutaceae family. When pericarp is still green in July, it is collected and crosscut in half from the middle, and dried under the sun or at lower temperature

Bitter, acrid, sour, slightly cold; act on the spleen, stomach, and large intestine channels

Rectify qi and loosen the center, move stagnation, and relieve distention

Indicated for the treatment of pĭ and fullness in the chest and diaphragm, and distending pain in the hypochondrium due to qi stagnation, food accumulation without digestion, distention, and fullness in the stomach cavity and abdomen, dysentery with tenesmus, prolapse of the rectum or uterus, and syndrome of internal stagnation of phlegm rheum. Normally, 3–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is cautious in pregnant women or patients with weakness of the spleen and stomach, or qi and blood insufficiency

Common Aucklandia Root (mu xiang) (Radix Aucklandiae)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried root of Aucklandia lappa Decne. of the Compositae family. It is collected in autumn and winter; after sediment and fibrous root are removed, it is cut into segments, then longitudinally cut into sections, dried, and stroked to separate the rough bark

Acrid, bitter, warm; act on the spleen, stomach, large intestine, sanjiao, and gallbladder channels

Move qi and relieve pain, fortify the spleen, and promote digestion

Indicated for the treatment of distention and fullness and pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen, food accumulation, and indigestion due to qi stagnation in the spleen and stomach, diarrhea and dysentery with tenesmus due to damp-heat and qi stagnation in the large intestine, thoracic and hypochondriac pain and jaundice due to damp constraint and qi obstruction, or hernia pain, heart pain due to congealing cold and qi stagnation, or chest bì due to qi stagnation and blood stasis. Normally, 3–6 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is cautious in patients with yin deficiency or body fluid insufficiency, and prohibited in patients with fever, heart pain with heat pattern, or dryness-heat of zang-fu

(Continued )

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TABLE 8.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Rectify Qi (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Aquilaria Wood (chen xiang) (Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum)

Initially recorded in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians (ming yi bie lu). It is the wood with resina of Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Gilg of the Thymelaceae family. It is collected in whole year and the wood with resina is collected; after the parts without resina are removed, it is dried in the shade

Acrid, bitter, slightly warm; act on the spleen, stomach and kidney channels

Move qi and relieve pain, warm the center and arrest vomiting, improve qi reception, and relieve panting

Indicated for the treatment of distention and oppression and pain in the chest and abdomen due to congealing cold and qi stagnation, hiccup, and vomiting due to stomach cold, and deficiency-type panting with qi counterflow due to deficiency-cold of kidney qi and failure of the kidney to grasp qi. Normally, 1–5 g is added later and decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is cautious in patients with vigorous fire due to yin deficiency, or syndrome of sinking of qi deficiency

Sandalwood (tan xiang) (Lignum Santali Albi)

Initially recorded in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians (ming yi bie lu). It is the dried heartwood of Santalum album L. of the Santalaceae family. It is collected in summer; after sapwood is removed, it is split

Acrid, warm; act on the spleen, stomach, heart, and lung channels

Move qi and warm the center, increase appetite, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of discomfort in the chest and diaphragm, chest bì with colicky pain, or cold pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen with vomiting and less eating due to congealing cold and qi stagnation, or chest oppression due to turbid phlegm obstructed in interior. Normally, 2–5 g is added later and decocted with water as an oral dose

It is not suitable for patients with cough accompanied by bleeding due to yin deficiency and exuberance of fire

Jatamana Valeriana Rhizome (zhi zhu xiang) (Rhizoma et Radix Valerianae Jatamansi)

Initially recorded in The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica (ben cao gang mu). It is the dried rhizome and root of Valeriana jatamansi Jones of the Valerianaceae family. It is collected in autumn; after sediment is removed, it is dried under the sun

Slightly bitter, acrid, warm; act on the heart, spleen, and stomach channels

Rectify qi and relieve pain, promote digestion and arrest diarrhea, dispel wind, and eliminate dampness, suppress fright and calm the mind

Indicated for the treatment of distending pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen and vomiting due to food accumulation and qi stagnation, diarrhea and dysentery, infantile malnutrition with accumulation, painful bì syndrome due to wind-damp, soreness and weakness of waist and knees, sleeplessness, weak foot with edema, irregular menstruation, injury from falling down, sores, and furuncle. Normally, 3–6 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is ground to extract the juice for applying externally

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women and patients with yang deficiency and qi weakness

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TABLE 8.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Rectify Qi (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Toosendan Fruit (chuan lian zi) (Fructus Toosendan)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried matured fruit of Melia toosendan Sieb. et Zucc of the Meliaceae family. The fruit is collected when matured in winter; after impurities are removed, it is dried

Bitter, cold, slightly poisonous; act on the liver, small intestine, and bladder channels

Soothe the liver and discharge heat, move qi, and relieve pain, and kill worm

Indicated for the treatment of distending pain in the abdomen, stomach cavity, chest, and hypochondrium due to liver constraint and qi stagnation or liver constraint transforming into fire, or hernia pain, and abdominal pain due to worm accumulation. Normally, 5–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is ground into powder for applying externally

Its use is cautious in patients with deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach. It is not suitable for overdose and long-term application in order to avoid poisoning

Combined Spicebush Root (wu yao) (Radix Linderae)

Initially recorded in Supplement to “The Materia Medica” (ben cao shi yi). It is the dried root tuber of Lindera aggregata (Sims) Kosterm. of the Lauraceae family. It is collected in whole year; after radicles are removed, it is washed clean, cut into pieces while fresh, and dried under the sun

Acrid, warm; act on the lung, spleen, kidney, and bladder channels

Move qi and relieve pain, warm the kidney, and dissipate cold

Indicated for the treatment of distending pain or stuffy pain in the stomach cavity, abdomen, chest and hypochondrium, or abdominal pain during menstruation due to congealing cold and qi stagnation, dyspnea with rapid respiration and qi counterflow, frequent micturition, and enuresis due to kidney yang insufficiency and bladder deficiency-cold, and cold hernia pain. Normally, 6–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is prohibited in patients with qi deficiency and internal heat

Slender Dutchmanspipe Root (qing mu xiang) (Radix Aristolochiae)

Initially recorded in Newly Revised Materia Medica (xin xiu ben cao). It is the dried root of Aristolochia debilis Sieb. et Zucc. of the Aristolochiaceae family. It is collected in spring and autumn; after fibrous root and sediment are removed, it is dried under the sun and cut into pieces

Acrid, bitter, cold; act on the liver and stomach channels

Move qi and relieve pain, resolve toxins, and relieve swelling

Indicated for the treatment of distending pain in the chest and hypochondrium, or pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen due to qi stagnation in the liver and stomach, diarrhea, and dysentery with abdominal pain due to unhygienic diet and summer heat-damp obstructed in interior, swollen furuncles and sores, eczema, and thanatophidia bite. Normally, 3–9 g is decocted with water or 1.5–2 g of the powder each time for oral use. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is cautious in patients with deficiency-cold syndrome. It is not suitable for overdose, which may cause the gastrointestinal reaction, such as nausea and vomiting

(Continued )

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TABLE 8.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Rectify Qi (cont.)

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Lychee Seed (li zhi he) (Semen Litchi)

Initially recorded in Extension of the Materia Medica (ben cao yan yi). It is the dried matured seed of Litchi chinensis Sonn. of the Sapindaceae family. The matured fruit is collected in summer; after pericarp and pulps of aril are removed, it is washed clean and dried under the sun

Nutgrass Galingale Rhizome (xiang fu) (Rhizoma Cyperi)

Finger Citron Fruit (fo shou) (Fructus Citri Sarcodactylis)

Name of Medicinal

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Sweet, slightly bitter, warm; act on the liver and kidney channels

Move qi and dissipate masses, dispel cold, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of hernia pain, swelling and pain of the testis due to congealing cold and qi stagnation, chronic pain in the stomach cavity due to liverstomach disharmony, dysmenorrhea, and postpartum abdominal pain due to liver constraint and qi stagnation and blood stasis. Normally, 5–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder

It is not suitable for patients without colddamp, or qi stagnation

Initially recorded in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians (ming yi bie lu). It is the dried rhizome of Cyperus rotundus L. of the Cyperaceae family. It is collected in autumn; after hair is singed, it is directly dried under the sun; or slightly decocted with boiling water or thoroughly steamed, and dried under the sun

Acrid, slightly bitter, slightly sweet, neutral; act on the liver, spleen and sanjiao channels

Soothe the liver and resolve constraint, rectify qi and loosen the center, regulate menstruation and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of distending pain in the chest, hypochondriac pain due to liver constraint and qi stagnation, hernia pain, pĭ and oppression, distention and fullness and pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen due to qi stagnation in the spleen and stomach, distending pain in the breast, menstrual irregularities, menstrual block, and dysmenorrhea due to binding constraint of liver qi. Normally, 6–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is prohibited in patients with qi deficiency, no stagnation, or blood heat due to yin deficiency

Initially recorded in Materia Medica of South Yunnan (dian nan ben cao). It is the dried fruit of Citrus medica L. var. sarcodactylis Swingle of the Rutaceae family. Before or when it turns yellow in autumn, it is collected and longitudinally cut into thin pieces, and then dried under the sun or at lower temperature

Acrid, bitter, sour, warm; act on the liver, spleen, stomach, and lung channels

Soothe the liver and resolve constraint and rectify qi, harmonize the stomach, and relieve pain, dry dampness and dissolve phlegm

Indicated for the treatment of distending pain in the chest and hypochondrium due to liver constraint and qi stagnation, pĭ and fullness in the stomach cavity with less eating and nausea and vomiting due to qi stagnation in the liver and stomach, and chronic cough with profuse phlegm and chest pain. Normally, 3–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is cautious in patients with yin deficiency, fire pattern, and no qi stagnation

Caution for Use

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TABLE 8.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Rectify Qi (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Citron (xiang yuan) (Fructus Citri)

Initially recorded in Supplement to “The Materia Medica” (ben cao shi yi). It is the dried matured fruit of Citrus medica L. or Citrus wilsonii Tanaka of the Rutaceae family. When matured in autumn, it is collected and cut into pieces while fresh, then dried under the sun or at lower temperature

Acrid, bitter, sour, warm; act on the liver, spleen, and lung channels

Soothe the liver and rectify qi, loosen the center, and dissolve phlegm

Indicated for the treatment of distending pain in the chest and hypochondrium due to liver constraint, pĭ and fullness, or distending pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen with belching and acid swallowing, less eating, nausea, and vomiting due to qi stagnation in the spleen and stomach, cough with profuse phlegm and oppression in the chest and diaphragm due to phlegm-rheum. Normally, 3–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is cautious in pregnant women with qi deficiency or patients with yin deficiency and blood dryness

Rose Flower (mei gui hua) (Flos Rosae Rugosae)

Initially recorded in Food as Materia Medica (shi wu ben cao). It is the dried flower bud of Rosa rugosa Thunb. of the Rosaceae family. When the flower will blossom in late spring and early summer, it is collected in batch and then dried in lower temperature in time

Sweet, slightly bitter, warm; act on the liver and spleen channels

Move qi to resolve constraint, harmonize blood, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of distending pain in the chest, hypochondrium, stomach cavity and abdomen with nausea, vomiting and less eating due to liver constraint and liver qi invading the stomach, menstrual irregularities, and distending pain in the breast before menstruation due to binding constraint of liver qi, and injury from falling down. Normally, 3–6 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is cautious in patients with vigorous fire due to yin deficiency

Plum Flower (lü e mei) (Flos Mume)

Initially recorded in The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica (ben cao gang mu). It is the dried flower bud of Prunus mume (Sieb.) Siezb. Et Zucc. of the Rosaceae family. Before blooming, it is collected and dried in lower temperature in time

Slight sour, astringent, neutral; act on the liver, stomach, and lung channels

Soothe the liver and resolve constraint, harmonize the center, dissolve phlegm and dissipate masses

Indicated for the treatNo special ment of distending pain in contraindications the hypochondrium, or pĭ and fullness in the stomach cavity and abdomen with belching, poor appetite and digestion, depression, and vexation due to qi stagnation in the liver and stomach, plum-stone qi (globus hystericus) due to binding constraint of phlegm and qi, or neurasthenia, scrofula, and sores. Normally, 3–5 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder. Or an appropriate amount of the fresh one is pounded for applying externally (Continued )

178 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 8.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Rectify Qi (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Buckeye Seed (suo luo zi) (Semen Aesculi)

Initially recorded in The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica (ben cao gang mu). It is the dried matured seed of Aesculus chinensis Bge., Aesculus chinensis Bge. var. chekiangensis (Hu et Fang) Fang or Aesculus wilsonii Rehd. of the Hippocastanacease family. It is collected when matured in autumn; after pericarp is removed, it is dried under the sun or at lower temperature

Sweet, warm; act on the liver and stomach channels

Soothe the liver and rectify qi, harmonize the stomach, and relieve pain, and kill worms

Indicated for the treatment of chest oppression and hypochondriac pain, distending pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen due to qi stagnation in the liver and stomach, distending pain in the breast before menstruation due to binding constraint of liver qi, and worm accumulation and malnutrition with abdominal pain. Normally, 3–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is prohibited in patients with qi deficiency and yin deficiency

Akebia Fruit (ba yue zha) (Fructus Akebiae)

Initially recorded in Supplement to “The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica” (ben cao gang mu shi yi). It is the dried matured fruit of Akebia quinata (Thunb.) Decne., Akebia trifoliata (Thunb.) Koidz. or Akebia trifoliata (Thunb.) Koidz. var. australis (Diels) Rehd. of the Laidizabalaceae family. When matured during August to September, it is collected and dried in the shade, or thoroughly soaked in boiling water and dried under the sun

Sweet, slightly bitter, neutral; act on the liver, stomach, and bladder channels

Soothe the liver and rectify qi, invigorate blood and relieve pain, soften hardness, and dissipate masses, and promote urination

Indicated for the treatment of distending pain in the stomach cavity, abdomen and hypochondrium due to liver-stomach qi stagnation, poor appetite and digestion with vexation and thirst due to stomach heat, diarrhea or dysentery with red and white feces, low back pain, hernia pain, dysmenorrhea, and menstrual block, bearing down of uterus, goiter and scrofula, and tumor. Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or steeped in wine for oral use

Its use is cautious in pregnant women

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TABLE 8.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Rectify Qi (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Long Stamen Onion Bulb (xie bai) (Bulbus Allii Macrostemi)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried bulb of Allium macrostemon Bge. or Allium chinense G. Don of the Liliaceae family. It is collected in summer and autumn, and washed clean; after fibrous root is removed, it is thoroughly steamed or scalded in boiling water, and dried under the sun

Acrid, bitter, warm; act on the heart, lung, stomach, and large intestine channels

Unblock yang and dissipate masses, move qi, and guide out [food] stagnation

Indicated for the treatment of chest bì and heart pain due to cold-phlegm obstruction and hypofunction of yang qi in the chest, or intermingled phlegm and blood stasis, pĭ and fullness or distending pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen due to stomach cold and qi stagnation, diarrhea, and dysentery with tenesmus due to qi stagnation in the stomach and intestines. Normally, 5–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is cautious in patients with qi deficiency. It is not suitable for fever due to yin deficiency

Dutchmans Pipe Vine (tian xian teng) (Herba Aristolochiae)

Initially recorded in Illustrated Classic of Materia Medica (ben cao tu jing). It is the dried aerial part of Aristolochia debilis Sieb. et Zucc. or Aristolochia contota Bge. of the Aristolochiaceae family. It is collected in autumn; after impurities are removed, it is dried under the sun

Bitter, warm; act on the liver, spleen, and kidney channels

Move qi and invigorate blood, dispel dampness, unblock the collaterals, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of stabbing pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen, hernia pain, postpartum abdominal pain, gestational edema, painful bì syndrome due to wind-damp, concretions and conglomerations (zhēng jia˘ ) or accumulations and gatherings (jī jù) due to qi stagnation and blood stasis. Normally, 3–6 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is cautious in the weak, the old and children, and prohibited in pregnant women, infants and patients with renal dysfunction

(Continued )

180 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 8.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Rectify Qi (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Areca Peel (da fu pi) (Pericarpium Arecae)

Initially recorded in Materia Medica of the Kaibao Era (kai bao ben cao). It is the dried pericarp of Areca catechu L. of the Trachycarpaceae family. The immature fruit is collected during winter to next spring, or the matured fruit is collected during late spring to early autumn. Then it is decocted, dried, and longitudinally cut in half; the pericarp is peeled and dried under the sun

Acrid, slightly warm; act on the spleen, stomach, large intestine, and small intestine channels

Move qi and loosen the center, and move water (promote urination) to relieve edema

Indicated for the treatment of distention and oppression in the stomach cavity and abdomen with incomplete defecation due to dampness obstruction and qi stagnation in the stomach and intestines, edema with distention and fullness, weak foot with puffiness and difficulty in micturition. Normally, 5–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder. Or an appropriate amount is decocted with water for washing externally

Its use is cautious in patients with qi deficiency or the weak body constitution

Nardostachys Root (gan song) (Radix et Rhizoma Nardostachyos)

Initially recorded in Supplement to “The Materia Medica” (ben cao shi yi). It is the dried root and rhizome of Nardostachys jatamansi Dc. of the Valerianaceae family. It is collected in spring and autumn; after sediment and impurities are removed, it is dried under the sun or in the shade

Acrid, sweet, warm; act on the spleen and stomach channels

Rectify qi and relieve pain, expel stagnation, and awaken the spleen; external treatment: dispel dampness and relieve swelling

Indicated for the treatment of oppression and distending pain in the stomach cavity with no desire to eat due to congealing cold and qi stagnation, chest oppression, abdominal distention, poor appetite, and digestion due to excessive thinking damaging the spleen, toothache, and foot damp qi (tinea pedis). Normally, 3–6 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is decocted with water for washing or ground into powder for applying the afflicted part

Its use is prohibited in patients with qi deficiency and blood heat

Stink-Bug (jiu xiang chong) (Aspongopus)

Initially recorded in The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica (ben cao gang mu). It is the dried body of Aspongopus chinensis Dallas of the Pentatomidae family. During November to next March, it is caught and put into a container, suffocated to death with wine, then taken out and dried in the shade, or scalded to death by boiling water, then taken out and dried

Salty, warm; act on the liver, spleen, and kidney channels

Rectify qi and relieve pain, warm the center, and assist yang

Indicated for the treatment of distending pain in the chest and hypochondrium due to liver qi constraint and stagnation, pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen due to liverstomach disharmony, yang wĕi (impotence), cold pain of waist and knees and frequent micturition due to kidney yang insufficiency. Normally, 3–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is prohibited in patients with yin deficiency and internal heat or yang hyperactivity

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TABLE 8.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Rectify Qi (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Sword Bean (dao dou) (Semen Canavaliae)

Initially recorded in Materia Medica for Famine Relief (jiu huang ben cao). It is the dried matured seed of Canavalia gladiate (Jacq.) DC. of the Leguminosae family. The matured fruit is collected in autumn; seed is taken out and dried under the sun

Sweet, warm; act on the stomach and kidney channels

Warm the center, lower qi and relieve hiccup, warm the kidney, and assist yang

Indicated for the treatment of vomiting, hiccup and abdominal distention due to deficiency-cold in the middle jiao, and low back pain due to kidney yang deficiency, or phlegm panting with qi counterflow. Normally, 6–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose or charred with its property retained and ground into powder for taking orally

Its use is cautious in patients with intense stomach heat

Persimmon Calyx (shi di) (Calyx Kaki)

Initially recorded in Supplement to “The Materia Medica” (ben cao shi yi). It is the dried persistent calyx of Diospyros kaki Thunb. of the Ebenaceae family. The fruit is collected when matured in winter; then persistent calyx is taken down, washed clean, and dried under the sun

Bitter, astringent, neutral; act on the stomach channel

Direct counterflow downward and relieve hiccup

Indicated for the treatment of various kinds of hiccup caused by ascending counterflow of stomach qi, such as hiccup due to deficiency-cold, or stomach heat or turbid phlegm obstructed in interior. Normally, 5–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder

Its use is cautious in patients with sinking of center qi and kidney qi insecurity

182 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

2. Attached herbs (Table 8.2)

TABLE 8.2 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Rectify Qi Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Red Tangerine Peel (ju hong) (Exocarpium Citri Rubrum)

It is the dried outer pericarp of Citrus reticulata Blanco and its cultivated variety of the Rutaceae family. The fruit is collected when matured during late autumn to early winter, and then the outer pericarp is cut and dried under the sun or in the shade

Acrid, bitter, warm; act on the lung and spleen channels

Rectify qi and loosen the center, dry dampness, and dissolve phlegm

Indicated for the treatment of cough due to windcold, profuse phlegm with qi counterflow, food accumulation and alcoholic disease, nausea, and vomiting, pĭ and oppression or distention in the chest and stomach cavity. Normally, 3–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder

Its use is prohibited in patients with dry cough due to yin deficiency and chronic cough due to qi deficiency

Tangerine Leaf (ju ye) (Folium Citri Reticulatae)

It is the dried leaf of Citrus reticulata Blanco and its cultivated variety of the Rutaceae family. It is collected in whole year, and dried under the sun or in the shade

Bitter, acrid, neutral; act on the liver and stomach channels

Soothe the liver and move qi, dissolve phlegm, and dissipate masses

Indicated for the treatment of mammary abscess (acute mastitis), breast lump, distending pain in the chest and hypochondrium, and hernia. Normally, 6–15 g of the dried one or 60–120 g of the fresh one is decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

No special contraindications

Tangerine Pith (ju luo) (Vascular Aurantii)

It is the dried fiber bundle between mesocarp and endocarp of Citrus reticulata Blanco and its cultivated variety of the Rutaceae family. The fruit is collected during December to next January, then pericarp is peeled, and white fiber bundle is ripped from the internal surface of pericarp or the external surface of pulp, and dried under the sun

Sweet, bitter, neutral; act on the liver, lung, and spleen channels

Move qi and unblock the collaterals, rectify qi and dissolve phlegm, and relieve cough

Indicated for the treatment of chronic cough due to qi stagnation in the channels and collaterals, with chest pain and bloody sputum, or thirst due to drinking too much wine. Normally, 2.5–4.5 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

No special contraindications

Galanga Resurrection Lily Rhizome (shan nai) (Rhizoma Kaempferiae)

It is the dried rhizome of Kaempferia galanga L. of the Zingiberaceae family. It is collected in winter, and washed clean; after fibrous root is removed, it is cut into pieces and dried under the sun

Acrid, warm; act on the stomach channel

Move qi and warm the center, promote digestion, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of distention and fullness in the chest and diaphragm, cold pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen, and indigestion. Normally, 6–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is prohibited in patients with yin deficiency and blood depletion, or internal fire or heat from constraint

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TABLE 8.2 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Rectify Qi (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Inula Root (tu mu xiang) (Radix Inulae)

It is the dried root of Inula helenium L. of the Compositae family. It is collected when the leaf is withered in autumn; after stem, leaf, fibrous root, and sediment are removed, it is cut into segments and dried under the sun. The bigger one is longitudinally cut in half

Acrid, bitter, warm; act on the liver and spleen channels

Fortify the spleen and harmonize the stomach, move qi and relieve pain, calm the fetus, and expel worms

Indicated for the treatment of distending pain in the chest, hypochondrium, stomach cavity and abdomen, vomiting, diarrhea and dysentery, thoracic and hypochondriac contusions with qi divergence and pain, restless fetus, and worm accumulation syndrome. Normally, 3-9g is made into pills or powder as an oral dose

Its use is cautious in patients with blood deficiency and internal heat

Common Vladimiria Root (chuan mu xiang) (Radix Vladimiriae)

It is the dried root of Vladimira souliei (Franch.) Ling or Vladimira souliei (Franch.) Ling var. cinerea Ling of the Compositae family. It is collected in autumn; after fibrous root, sediment and jelly on the root head are removed, it is dried under the sun

Acrid, bitter, warm; act on the spleen, stomach, large intestine and gallbladder channels

Move qi and relieve pain, warm the center, and harmonize the stomach

Indicated for the treatment of distending pain in the chest, hypochondrium, stomach cavity and abdomen, diarrhea with rugitus and tenesmus. Normally, 3–9 g is added later and decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is cautious in patients with vigorous fire due to yin deficiency

St John’s Wort (guan ye jin si tao) (Herba Hyperici Perforati)

It is the dried aerial part of Hypericum perforatum L. of the Clusiaceae family. When blooming in summer and autumn, it is collected and dried in the shade or by baking at lower temperature

Acrid, cold; act on the liver channel

Soothe the liver and resolve constraint, clear heat and drain dampness, relieve swelling, and promote lactation

Indicated for the treatment of emotion-thought failing to become smooth, depression, oppression in the heart, and chest due to binding constraint of liver qi, swelling and pain of the joints, mammary abscess (acute mastitis), and inhibited lactation. Normally, 2–3 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is cautious in patients with deficiency- cold of the spleen and stomach

Axillary Choerospondias Fruit (guang zao) (Fructus Choerospondiatis)

It is the dried matured fruit of Choerospondias axillaris (Roxb.) Burtt et Hill of the Anacardiaceae family. It is a habitually used medicinal in Mongolia nationality, collected when matured in autumn; after impurities are removed, it is dried

Sweet, sour, neutral; acts on the heart and liver channels

Move qi and invigorate blood, nourish the heart, and calm the mind

Indicated for the treatment of chest bì (pectoral stuffiness pain) due to qi stagnation and blood stasis, palpitation, shortness of breath, uneasiness in the mind, and insomnia. Normally, 30–60 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is cautious in pregnant women

Murraya Jasminorage (jiu li xiang) (Folium et Cacumen Murrayae)

It is the dried leaf and twig with leaf of Murraya exotica L. or Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack of the Rutaceae family. It is collected in whole year; after old branch is removed, it is dried in the shade

Acrid, slightly bitter, warm, slightly poisonous; act on the liver and stomach channels

Move qi and relieve pain, invigorate blood, and dissipate stasis

Indicated for the treatment of stomachache, painful bì syndrome due to winddamp; external treatment: toothache, swelling and pain from falling down, and insect or snake bite. Normally, 6–12 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is prohibited in patients with vigorous fire due to yin deficiency

(Continued )

184 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 8.2 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Rectify Qi (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Yellow Yam Rhizome (huang shan yao) (Rhizoma Dioscoreae Panthaicae)

It is the dried rhizome of Dioscorea panthaica Prain et Burk. of the Dioscoreaceae family. It is collected in autumn; after fibrous root is removed, it is washed clean and cut into pieces and then dried under the sun

Bitter, slightly acrid, neutral; act on the stomach and heart channels

Rectify qi and relieve pain, resolve toxins, and relieve swelling

Indicated for the treatment of stomachache, vomiting or diarrhea with abdominal pain, injury from falling down; external treatment: swollen sores and carbuncles, scrofula and phlegm nodule. Normally, 15–30 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is pounded for applying the afflicted part

Its use is cautious in patients with kidney deficiency and yin depletion

Dill (shi luo zi) (Fructus Anethi)

It is the dried matured fruit of Anethum graveolens L. of the Umbelliferae family. It is collected when matured in summer and autumn; after impurities are removed, it is dried under the sun

Acrid, warm; act on the spleen, stomach, liver, and kidney channels

Move qi and relieve pain, warn the center, and dissipate cold, warm the liver, and increase appetite

Indicated for the treatment of distention and fullness in the chest and hypochondrium, cold pain in the abdomen, vomiting and hiccup, less eating, and cold hernia pain. Normally, 1–5 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder

Its use is prohibited in patients with insufficiency of qi and yin, and internal fire and heat

Shell of Sword Bean (dao dou ke) (Pericarpium Canavaliae)

It is the dried proper exciple of Canavalia gladiate (Jacq.) DC. of the Leguminosae family. The fruit is collected when matured in autumn, dried under the sun; after seeds are removed, the proper exciple was left and completely dried under the sun

Sweet, neutral; act on the spleen and stomach channels

Harmonize the center and lower qi, dissipate stasis, and invigorate blood

Indicated for the treatment of regurgitation, hiccup, chronic dysentery, throat bì (pharyngitis), membranous pharyngitis, menstrual block, distending pain in the abdomen and hypochondrium, and low back pain. Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women

Finger Citron Flower (fo shou hua) (Flos Citri Sarcodactylis)

It is the dried flower and bud of Citrus medica L. var. sarcodactylis Swingle of the Rutaceae family. It is collected before sunrise in the morning, or the falling blossom is picked up and dried under the sun or by baking

Slightly bitter, slightly warm; act on the liver and stomach channels

Soothe the liver and rectify qi, harmonize the stomach, and disinhibit diaphragm

Indicated for the treatment of qi-stagnant pain in the liver and stomach (hepatogenous gastralgia), poor appetite, and digestion. Normally, 3–6 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is cautious in patients with yin depletion

Seville Orange Flower (dai dai hua) (Flos Citri Aurantii Amarae)

It is the dried flower bud of Citrus aurantium L. var. amara Engl. of the Rutaceae family. It is collected during May to June, and then baked with strong flame until 70%–80% is dry and turns yellow, then baked with mild flame until it is full dry

Acrid, sweet, slightly bitter, neutral; act on the liver and stomach channels

Soothe the liver and rectify qi, harmonize the stomach, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of hypochondriac pain due to liver constraint, pĭ and oppression in the chest, distending pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen, nausea and vomiting, no desire to eat, or less eating. Normally, 1.5–3 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is made into tea for drinking

Its use is cautious in patients with constraint heat in the liver and gallbladder or spleen-stomach yin deficiency

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185

TABLE 8.2 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Rectify Qi (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Celandine (bai qu cai) (Herba Chelidonii)

It is the dried entire plant of Chelidonium majus L. of the Papaveraceae family. It is collected in summer and autumn; after sediment is removed, it is dried in the shade or sun

Acrid, bitter, cool, poisonous; act on the lung, stomach, heart, and kidney channels

Move qi and relieve pain, relieve cough and dissolve phlegm, promote urination, and resolve toxins

Indicated for the treatment of stomachache, and abdominal pain due to qi stagnation, enteritis, dysentery, chronic cough, whooping cough, edema, scabies, tinea, sores, snake, or insect bite. Normally, 3–6 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is pounded for applying the afflicted part externally

Due to its toxicity, overdose should be avoided

Pummelo Pericarp (you pi) (Pericarpium Citri Grandis)

It is the dried pericarp of Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck of the Rutaceae family. Pericarp is collected in late autumn and early winter, and then cut into 5–7 sections and dried under the sun or in the shade

Acrid, sweet, bitter, and warm; act on the spleen, lung and kidney channels

Loosen the center and rectify qi, promote digestion, dissolve phlegm, relieve cough, and calm panting

Indicated for the treatment of chest oppression due to qi constraint, abdominal distention, and stomachache due to qi stagnation, or cold pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen, food accumulation, diarrhea and dysentery, cough and panting with qi counterflow and profuse phlegm, and hernia. Normally, 6–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into powder

Its use is cautious in pregnant women and patients with qi deficiency

3. Herb differentiation (Table 8.3)

TABLE 8.3 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Herbs That Rectify Qi Name of Medicinal Similarity

Differences

Aged Tangerine Peel (chen pi) (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae)

It is warm but not fierce in nature, its acrid flavor has dispersing, ascending and floating effects, its effect of moving qi is moderate, and action tendency is partial to regulating the spleen and lung. It is good at drying dampness and dissolving phlegm, and used for the treatment of cough and panting, vomiting and hiccup, abdominal pain, and diarrhea caused by phlegm-rheum stagnating in the lung and stomach. It is partial to moving the qi stagnation in the spleen and lung

Green Tangerine Peel (qing pi) (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride)

Both come from the fruit of Citrus reticulata Blanco, have the acrid, bitter, and warm properties, can rectify middle jiao qi and fortify the stomach, are indicated for the treatment of distending pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen, and food accumulation and indigestion due to qi stagnation in the spleen and stomach

Its property is fierce, and its effect of moving qi is stronger than that of Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi), its bitter flavor has discharging and descending effects, action tendency is partial to regulating the liver and gallbladder. It can soothe the liver and break stagnant qi, dissipate masses, and relieve pain, disperse accumulation and resolve [food] stagnation, and is mainly used for the treatment of distending pain in the breast or breast lump, and distending pain in the hypochondrium due to liver constraint, hernia pain, and abdominal pain due to food accumulation, concretions, and conglomerations (zhēng jia˘) or accumulations and gatherings (jī jù). It is partial to moving qi stagnation in the liver and stomach (Continued )

186 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 8.3 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Herbs That Rectify Qi (cont.) Name of Medicinal Similarity

Differences

Common Aucklandia Root (mu xiang) (Radix Aucklandiae)

Its acrid flavor has dispersing effect, bitter flavor has descending effect, and fragrant property has warming and unblocking effects. It mainly acts on the spleen and stomach channels, and can regulate the sanjiao, is good at moving qi stagnation in the spleen, stomach, and large intestine. It is an essential medicinal that can move qi and relieve pain, also an essential medicinal that treat diarrhea and dysentery with tenesmus due to dampheat, and is often used for the treatment of syndrome of spleen-stomach qi stagnation with cold. It also can treat jaundice and hernia pain

Both are bitter and acrid in nature, can move qi and relieve pain, and are used for the treatment of distending pain in the stomach cavity, abdomen, chest, and hypochondrium due to qi stagnation, diarrhea or vomiting, dysentery with tenesmus

Slender Dutchmanspipe Root (qing mu xiang) (Radix Aristolochiae)

Nutgrass Galingale Rhizome (xiang fu) (Rhizoma Cyperi) Common Aucklandia Root (mu xiang) (Radix Aucklandiae)

Its cold property has clearing heat effect. It mainly acts on the liver and stomach channels, is good at moving qi stagnation in the liver and stomach, and is often used for the treatment of distending pain in the chest, hypochondrium, stomach cavity and abdomen due to qi stagnation in the liver and stomach, accompanied by heat pattern. It also can resolve toxins, relieve swelling and eliminate dampness, and used for the treatment of diarrhea and dysentery with abdominal pain in summer due to unhygienic diet, swollen sores and furunculosis, eczema, and thanatophidia bite. It also can treat high blood pressure with a pattern of ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang Both can rectify qi and relieve pain, loosen the center, and promote digestion, can be used for the treatment of distending pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen, and less eating due to qi stagnation in the spleen and stomach. Both can combine with each other to reinforce their effects

Its property is mild. It mainly acts on the liver channel, can soothe the liver, and resolve constraint, regulate menstruation and relieve pain, and is mainly used for the treatment of distending pain in the hypochondrium and breast, and menstrual irregularities, which is a miracle medicinal for gynecological disease Its property is partial to dryness. It mainly acts on the spleen and stomach channels, is good at treating food accumulation and indigestion, distending pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen, diarrhea, and dysentery with tenesmus due to qi stagnation in the spleen and stomach. It also can treat hypochondriac pain, jaundice, hernia pain, chest bì (pectoral stuffiness pain), or precordial pain. It is an essential medicinal that can rectify qi and relieve pain

Chapter 9

Herbs That Promote Digestion Chapter Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs

188

ABSTRACT Chinese herbal medicinals that mainly promote digestion and remove food accumulation so as to treat drink and food accumulation syndrome (dyspeptic disease) are called “Herbs that Promote Digestion.” They are mainly used for the treatment of distention and fullness in the stomach cavity and abdomen, belching, fetid eructation and acid swallowing, nausea and vomiting, no desire to eat or drink, and disorderly defecation caused by retained or indigested food accumulating in the stomach, no pleasure in eating and indigestion due to weakness of the spleen and stomach. Keywords: herbs that promote digestion; promote digestion and fortify the stomach; promote digestion and harmonize the center

Chinese herbal medicinals that mainly promote digestion and remove food accumulation so as to treat drink and food accumulation syndrome (dyspeptic disease) are called “Herbs that Promote Digestion.” Most medicinals in this chapter are sweet in flavor and neutral in nature, mainly act on the spleen and stomach channels, have the actions of promoting digestion to remove accumulation, fortifying the spleen and stomach to increase appetite and harmonizing the center; mainly used for the treatment of distention and fullness in the stomach cavity and abdomen, belching, fetid eructation and acid swallowing, nausea and vomiting, no desire to eat or drink, and disorderly defecation caused by retained or indigested food accumulating in the stomach, no pleasure in eating and indigestion due to weakness of the spleen and stomach. Herbs that promote digestion have a certain therapeutic effect of duodenitis, duodenal ulcer (DU), uncertain gastritis, gastroduodenitis, dyspepsia, and other gastric function disorders, such as flatulence, eructation, and gas pains in modern medicine, respectively. Some herbs are used for the treatment of inguinal hernia, galactosidase disorders, and prostate inflammatory disorders, and also have obtained satisfactory treatment effectiveness. Most of this chapter’s medicinals gradually and slowly start the effects of promoting digestion and dispersing accumulation, so they are suitable for the treatment of patients with chronic condition, not serious dyspeptic disease. However, since patients with drink and food accumulation syndrome usually have the accompanied symptoms and signs, and the appropriate combination with other medicinals according to the different pathogenic condition should be given for them. To treat patients with syndrome of internal stagnation of retained food due to qi movement obstructing, should select the medicinals that rectify qi to combine in order to move qi to strengthen the action of removing accumulation. To treat patients with heat pattern transformed from food accumulation and stagnation, should select the bitter-cold medicinals that clear heat or mildly purge to combine. To treat patients with syndrome of cold-damp encumbering the spleen or dampturbidity in the stomach, should select the aromatic medicinals that remove dampness to combine. To treat patients with syndrome of deficiency-cold in the middle jiao, should select the medicinals that warm the center and fortify the spleen to combine. To treat patients with syndrome of internal stagnation of food accumulation due to consistent deficiency of the spleen and stomach and powerless transportation and transformation, should select the medicinals that fortify the spleen and boost qi to combine in order to treat the root and branch simultaneously and remove accumulation without damaging healthy qi. At this point, it is not suited to use a single herb that promotes digestion to treat the above-mentioned syndromes. Most medicinals in this category not only have the effects of promoting digestion and guiding out [food] stagnation, some of them also have the actions of moving qi, dissipating blood stasis, and astringing (something from leaking), which can be extensively used for the treatment of various diseases and syndromes. Essentials of Chinese Materia Medica and Medical Formulas. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812722-3.00009-9 Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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188 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

Most medicinals in this category have slow effects, but some still can consume qi, the patients with qi deficiency and no accumulation and stagnation should be cautious to use. The modern pharmacological research indicates the herbs that promote digestion generally have the effect of assisting digestion in different degrees. Several medicinals have the actions of reducing blood fat, strengthening the heart, increasing the coronary flow, antagonizing myocardial ischemia, lowering blood pressure, or have antibacterial effects.

SPECIFIC APPLICATION KNOWLEDGE OF HERBS 1. Primary herbs (Table 9.1) TABLE 9.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Promote Digestion

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Chinese Hawthorn Fruit (shan zha) (Fructus Crataegi)

Initially recorded in Collected Commentaries on “Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica” (ben cao jing ji zhu). It is the dried matured fruit of Crataegus pinnatifida Bge. var. major N. E. Br. or Crataegus pinnatifida Bge. of the Rosaceae family. When matured in autumn, it is collected and cut into pieces and then dried

Medicated Leaven (shen qu) (Massa Medicata Fermentata)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Medicinal Properties (yao xing lun). It is the processed product of the fermented mixture of wheat flour and other medicinals [wheat bran, Herba Polygoni Hydropiperis (la liao), fresh Herba Artemisiae Annuae (qing hao), Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren), Semen Phaseoli (chi xiao dou) powder, and fresh Fructus Xanthii (cang er zi)]. It can be produced in whole year

Name of Medicinal

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Sour, sweet, slightly warm; act on the spleen, stomach, and liver channels

Promote digestion and fortify the stomach, move qi and dissipate stasis, remove turbidity, and reduce blood fat

Indicated for the treatment of animal food accumulation and stagnation, distention and fullness in the stomach cavity, diarrhea and dysentery with abdominal pain, menstrual block due to blood stasis, postpartum stabbing pain in the epigastrium and abdomen, chest bì and precordial pain due to static blood obstruction, hyperlipidemia or hernia pain. Normally, 9–12 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is cautious in patients with weakness of the spleen and stomach and no accumulation and stagnation, or profuse gastric acid secretion

Sweet, acrid, warm; act on the spleen and stomach channels

Promote digestion and harmonize the stomach, fortify the spleen, slightly release the exterior, and decrease fever

Indicated for the treatment of distention and fullness in the stomach cavity and abdomen, less eating, poor appetite and digestion or rugitus and diarrhea caused by food stagnation; also for externally-contracted exterior pattern with food stagnation. Normally, 6–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. The dryfried one is more suitable for promoting digestion

Its use is prohibited in women in lactation for infant, patients with spleen yin deficiency, intense stomach fire and no food accumulation, and cautious in pregnant women

Caution for Use

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TABLE 9.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Promote Digestion (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Germinated Barley (mai ya) (Fructus Hordei Germinatus)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Medicinal Properties (yao xing lun). It is the dried germinated matured fruit of Hordeum vulgare L. of the Poaceae family. The wheat is soaked in water, and kept under a suitable temperature and humidity until young bud grows to about 5 mm long, and then dried under the sun or at low temperature

Sweet, neutral; act on the spleen, stomach, and liver channels

Move qi and promote digestion, fortify the spleen and increase appetite, terminate lactation and relieve distention, soothe the liver, and resolve constraint

Indicated for the treatment of distending pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen due to food (rice, flour, yam, or taro) accumulation or indigestion, less eating due to spleen deficiency, distending pain in the breast due to lac feminium stasis, liver-constrained ribside pain or qi-stagnant pain in the liver and stomach; or for women to terminate lactation. Normally, 10–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. 60 g of the dry-fried one is more suitable for terminating lactation

It is not suitable for women in lactation for infant, and its use is cautious in pregnant women

Rice Grain Sprout (dao ya) (Fructus Oryzae Germinatus)

Initially recorded in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians (ming yi bie lu). It is the dried germinated matured fruit of Oryza sativa L. of the Poaceae family. The rough rice is soaked in water, and kept under a suitable temperature and humidity until fibrous root grows to about 1 cm long, and then dried

Sweet, warm; act on the spleen and stomach channels

Promote digestion and harmonize the center, fortify the spleen, and increase appetite

Indicated for the treatment of distention or fullness in the stomach cavity and abdomen, and diarrhea due to food (rice, flour, yam, or taro) accumulation and stagnation, less eating and dyspepsia without hunger due to spleen deficiency, and weak foot with puffiness. Normally, 10–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or ground into powder for taking orally. The large dose can be at 30 g

Its use is prohibited in patients with gastroptosis

(Continued)

190 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica TABLE 9.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Promote Digestion (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Grain Sprout (gu ya) (Fructus Setariae Germinatus)

Initially recorded in The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica (ben cao gang mu). It is the dried germinated matured fruit of Setaria italica (L.) Beauv. of the Poaceae family. The foxtail millet is soaked in water, and kept under a suitable temperature and humidity until fibrous root grows to about 6 mm long, and then dried under the sun or at low temperature

Sweet, warm; act on the spleen and stomach channels

Promote digestion and harmonize the center, fortify the spleen, and increase appetite

Indicated for the treatment of distending pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen, and bad breath due to food accumulation and indigestion, less eating without hunger due to weakness of the spleen and stomach, and poor appetite due to insufficiency of the stomach yin. Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is prohibited in patients with gastroptosis

Radish Seed (lai fu zi) (Semen Raphani)

Initially recorded in Ri Hua-zi’s Materia Medica (ri hua zi ben cao). It is the dried matured seed of Raphanus sativus L. of the Cruciferae family. When the fruit is matured in summer, the plant is cut and dried under the sun; then seed is collected; after impurities are removed, it is dried again

Acrid, sweet, neutral; act on the lung, spleen, and stomach channels

Promote digestion and eliminate distention, direct qi downward, and dissolve phlegm

Indicated for the treatment of distention and fullness or pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen, belching and acid swallowing, less eating but difficulty in digestion, constipation, or diarrhea and dysentery with tenesmus due to food accumulation and qi stagnation, or cough and panting with qi counterflow, profuse phlegm, and chest oppression complicated by food accumulation. Normally, 5–12 g is first pounded to pieces and decocted with water as an oral dose. The large dose can be at 20 g

Because its acrid flavor has the effects of dispersing and qi consumption, its use is cautious in patients with qi deficiency, no food accumulation, and phlegm stagnation. It is not suited to use together with Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen)

Chicken Gizzard Lining (ji nei jin) (Endothelium Corneum Gigeriae Galli)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried gizzard inner wall of Gallus gallus domesticus Brisson of the Phasianidae family. After chicken is killed, gizzard is taken out, then inner wall is peeled and washed clean and dried

Sweet, neutral; act on the spleen, stomach, small intestine, and bladder channels

Fortify the stomach and promote digestion, astringe seminal emission and arrest enuresis, relieve strangury, and expel stones

Indicated for the treatment of food accumulation and stagnation, regurgitation, vomiting, diarrhea and dysentery, infantile malnutrition with accumulation with a pattern of spleen deficiency, enuresis, seminal emission, sand or stony strangury (i.e., urolithic strangury), difficult and painful urination, gallbladder distention, and hypochondriac pain. Normally, 3–10 g is decocted with water or 1.5–3 g is ground into powder as an oral dose

Its use is cautious in patients with spleen deficiency and no food accumulation and stagnation

Herbs That Promote Digestion Chapter | 9 TABLE 9.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Promote Digestion (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

191

Caution for Use

Chinese Fevervine (ji shi teng) (Herba Paederiae)

Initially recorded in Essentials of Raw Herbal Materia Medica Properties (sheng cao yao xing bei yao). It is the dried aerial part and root of Paederia scandens (Lour.) Merr. or P. scandens (Lour.) Merr. var. tomentosa (Bl.) H.-M. of the Rubiaceae family. The aerial part is collected in summer, and cut into segments; the root is collected in autumn and winter, washed clean and cut into pieces, and dried under the sun

Sweet, bitter, slightly cold; act on the spleen, stomach, liver, and lung channels

Promote digestion and fortify the stomach, dissolve phlegm and relieve cough, clear heat and resolve toxins, invigorate blood, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of food accumulation and stagnation, less eating due to spleen deficiency, infantile malnutrition with accumulation, cough due to phlegmheat, diarrhea, and dysentery due to heat toxin, swelling and pain of the throat, swollen carbuncles and sores and furuncle, scald and burn, and various pain. Normally, 15–60 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is pounded for applying or decocted with water for washing

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women and patients with deficiency-cold of the spleen

Wilford Swallowwort Root (ge shan xiao) (Radix Cynanchi Wilfordii)

Initially recorded in The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica (ben cao gang mu). It is the dried root tuber of Cynanchum auriculatum Rayle ex Wight of the Asclepiadaceae family. It is collected in winter, washed clean, dried under the sun, and then cut into pieces

Sweet, bitter, neutral; act on the spleen, stomach, and liver channels

Promote digestion and fortify the stomach, rectify qi and relieve pain, and promote lactation

Indicated for the treatment of food accumulation and stagnation, distending pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen due to qi stagnation in the spleen and stomach, infantile abdominal mass or infantile malnutrition with accumulation, reduced lactation or inhibited lactation. Normally, 6–15 g is decocted with water or 1–3 g is ground into powder as an oral dose

If overdose, poisoning is easy to occur

Chinese Asafoetida (a wei) (Resina Ferulae)

Initially recorded in Newly Revised Materia Medica (xin xiu ben cao). It is the resin of Ferula sinkiangensis K. M. Shen or Ferula fukangensis K. M. Shen of the Umbelliferae family. During the full-blossom to first fruiting period in late spring and early summer, stem is bevelly cut from the upper to the lower, effused milky resin is collected and dried in the shade

Bitter, acrid, warm; act on the spleen and stomach channels

Disperse food accumulation and resolve concretions (masses), dissipate pĭ, and kill worms

Indicated for the treatment of animal food accumulation and stagnation, concretions (zhēng) and conglomerations (jia˘ ) due to blood stasis, or abdominal pĭ syndrome, abdominal pain due to worm accumulation; also for the treatment of malaria and dysentery. Normally, 1–1.5 g is often made into pills or powder as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is often made into plaster for applying externally

It cannot be decocted with water. Its use is prohibited in pregnant women and patients with weakness of the spleen and stomach

192 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

2. Attached herbs (Table 9.2)

TABLE 9.2 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Promote Digestion Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Medicinal Fermented Mass (jian shen qu) (Massa Medicata Fermentata)

It is the fermented medicine produced by the mixture of wheat flour, wheat bran, and various kinds of medicinals. It can be produced in whole year

Red Monas Rice (hong qu) (Ultivarietas Oryzae Sativae et Monasci)

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Bitter, warm; act on the spleen and stomach channels

Fortify the spleen and promote digestion, rectify qi and remove dampness, and release the exterior

Indicated for the treatment of improper dietary disorders, food stagnation and indigestion, chest lumpy stiffness, abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhea, dysentery, and common cold with headache. Normally, 6–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is cautious in patients with spleen yin insufficiency or intense stomach fire

It is the red kojic rice formed through the mycelium of monascus ruber of the Aspergillaceae family is parasitic on rice (Semen Oryzae Sativae)

Sweet, warm, nonpoisonous; act on the liver, spleen, stomach, and large intestine channels

Fortify the spleen and promote digestion, invigorate blood, and dissolve stasis

Indicated for the treatment of food accumulation with fullness and distention, persistent flow of lochia after childbirth, abdominal pain due to blood stasis and stagnation, dysentery with red and white feces, and injury from falling down. Normally, 6–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder. Or an appropriate amount is pounded for applying externally

Its use is cautious in patients with spleen yin insufficiency and no food accumulation

Radish (lai fu) (Radix Raphani)

It is the fresh root of Raphanus sativus L. of the Cruciferae family. It is collected in autumn and winter; after stem leaf is removed, it is washed clean

Acrid, sweet, cool; the cooked one: sweet, neutral; act on the spleen, stomach, lung, and large intestine channels

Promote digestion and lower qi, dissolve phlegm, stanch bleeding, quench the thirst, and promote urination

Indicated for the treatment of indigestion, food accumulation with distention and fullness, acid swallowing, diarrhea, dysentery, cough due to phlegm-heat, throat discomfort, cough up blood, blood-spitting, nosebleed, bloody stool, wasting-thirst (xia¯o kĕ), turbid strangury, sores and ulcers, and injury with swelling. Normally, 30–100 g is for eating or pounded to extract the juice for drinking. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

It is not suitable for patients with indigestion due to deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach to eat the raw

Garden Radish Leaf (lai fu ye) (Folium Raphani)

It is the root leaf of Raphanus sativus L. of the Cruciferae family. It is collected in winter or early spring, then dried in the open-air or under the sun

Acrid, bitter, neutral; act on the spleen, stomach, and lung channels

Promote digestion, and rectify qi

Indicated for the treatment of pĭ and fullness in the chest and diaphragm, hiccup, food stagnation and indigestion, diarrhea and dysentery, throat pain, female mammary swelling, and inhibited lactation. Normally, 10–15 g is decocted with water or ground into powder or pounded to extract the juice as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is cautious in patients with qi and blood deficiency

Turnip (wu jing) (Radix Brassicae Rapae)

It is the root and leaf of Brassica rapa L. of the Cruciferae family. It is collected during the winter to the next March, and dried under the sun

Bitter, acrid, sweet, warm; act on the stomach and liver channels

Promote digestion and lower qi, resolve toxins, and relieve swelling

Indicated for the treatment of food accumulation with indigestion, cold pain in the epigastrium and abdomen, cough, swollen boils, sores, and carbuncles. Normally, an appropriate amount is decocted with water, or the fresh one is pounded to extract the juice for drinking. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

Overdose or eating it too much may cause qi distention

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TABLE 9.2 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Promote Digestion (cont.) Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

It is the dried leaf of Microcos paniculata L. of the Tiliaceae family. It is collected in summer and autumn; after impurities are removed, it is dried in the shade or under the sun

Slightly sour, cool; act on the spleen, stomach, and liver channels

Promote digestion and resolve [food] stagnation, clear heat, and drain dampness

Indicated for the treatment of food accumulation and stagnation, common cold with fever, jaundice due to damp-heat, poor appetite, indigestion, distending pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen, diarrhea, sores and ulcers, and centipede bite. Normally, 15–30 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

No special contraindications

Roof Iris Rhizome (chuan she gan) (Rhizoma Iridis Tectori)

It is the dried rhizome of Iris tectorum Maxim. of the Iridaceae family. It is collected in whole year; after fibrous root and sediment are removed, it is dried under the sun

Acrid, bitter, cold, poisonous; act on the lung channel

Remove food retention, break up stasis, move water (promote urination), and resolve toxins

Indicated for the treatment of food accumulation with fullness and distention, concretions (zhēng) and conglomerations (jia˘), accumulations and gatherings (jī jù), abdominal tympanites, tumescence due to toxins, piles and fistula, and injury from falling down. Normally, 6–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or ground into powder, or the fresh one is wringed to extract the juice for use

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women and patients with weak constitution and loose stool

Carrot (hu luo bo) (Radix Dauci Sativae)

It is the root of Daucus carota L. var. sativa Dc. of the Umbelliferae family. It is collected in winter; after stem leaf, and fibrous root are removed, it is washed clean

Sweet, acrid, neutral; act on the spleen, liver, lung, stomach, and kidney channels

Fortify the spleen and harmonize the center, enrich the liver and improve vision, dissolve phlegm and resolve toxins

Indicated for the treatment of less eating due to spleen deficiency, lack of strength, pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen, diarrhea and dysentery, blurred vision, sparrow vision (night blindness), cough and panting, whooping cough, swelling and pain of the throat, measles, chickenpox, furuncle, scald and burn, piles and fistula. Normally, 15–30 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or pounded to extract the juice for use

Its use is cautious in patients with cough due to wind-heat invading the lung

Papaya (fan mu gua) (Fructus Caricae)

It is the matured fruit of Carica papaya L. of the Caricaceae family. It is collected when matured in summer and autumn

Sweet, neutral; act on the spleen and stomach channels

Promote digestion and lactation, eliminate dampness and resolve toxins

Indicated for the treatment of indigestion, stomachache, scanty lactation, wind-damp bì syndrome, limbs numbness, eczema, ulcers, and parasites in intestinal tract. Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount of the raw is for eating or used externally

Its use is cautious in patients with cold spontaneous seminal emission

Common Buckwheat Seed (qiao mai) (Semen Fagopyri Esculenti)

It is the dried seed of Fagopyrum esculentum Moench of the Polygonaceae family. It is collected when matured before or after first frost; after impurities are removed, it is dried under the sun

Sweet, slightly sour, cold; act on the spleen, stomach, and large intestine channels

Fortify the spleen and disperse accumulation, lower qi and loosen the intestine, resolve toxins and close sore

Indicated for the treatment of accumulation and stagnation in the stomach and intestines, diarrhea, dysentery, intestinal colicky disease, whitish and turbid urine, morbid leukorrhea, spontaneous or night sweat, herpes, erysipelas, carbuncleabscess, phlegmon of the dorsum, scrofula, scald, and burn. Normally, an appropriate amount is made into pills or powder for taking orally or used externally

It is not suitable for long-term use, and its use is prohibited in patients with deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach

Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Paniculate Microcos Leaf (bu zha ye) (Folium Microci Paniculatae)

(Continued )

194 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 9.2 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Promote Digestion (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Scorch-Fried Areca Seed (jiao bing lang) (Semen Arecae Praepareta)

It is the processed product of matured seed of Areca catechu L. of the Trachycarpaceae family. The fruit is collected when matured during the late spring to early autumn, and decocted with water and dried; after pericarp is removed, the seeds are taken out and dry-fried until scorched

Property, Channel Entry Bitter, acrid, warm; acts on the stomach and large intestine channels

Efficacy and Action Promote digestion and guide out [food] stagnation

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Indicated for the treatment of food accumulation and indigestion, diarrhea and dysentery with tenesmus. Normally, 3–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

It is not suitable for overdose or long-term use

3. Herb differentiation (Table 9.3)

TABLE 9.3 Differentiation between Similar Efficacy Herbs That Promote Digestion Name of Medicinal

Similarity

Differences

Chinese Hawthorn Fruit (shan zha) (Fructus Crataegi)

Both act on the spleen and stomach channels, have good effects of promoting digestion and removing accumulation, and can treat food accumulation syndrome, indigestion, and distending pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen

It is good at dispersing accumulation and removing stagnation, and mainly used for the treatment of animal food accumulation and stagnation. It also acts on the liver channel, can dissipate blood stasis and move qi and relieve pain, and is used for the treatment of pain in the chest and abdomen and dysmenorrhea due to blood stasis, diarrhea, and dysentery with abdominal pain, and hernia pain

All three medicinals have the effects of fortifying the stomach and promoting digestion, are often used for the treatment of food accumulation and indigestion, distention and fullness in the stomach cavity, and reluctance to eat or drink. If they are dry-fried until scorched and used together, which calls “stir-baking Fructus Hordei Germinatus et Crataegi et Massa Fermentata Medicinalis,” can strengthen the respective effects of promoting digestion and guiding out [food] stagnation each other

It is good at dispersing the cereals food accumulation and stagnation, also has a certain effect of releasing the exterior, so it is especially suitable for the treatment of common cold patients complicated by indigestion due to cereals food accumulation and stagnation.

Radish Seed (lai fu zi) (Semen Raphani)

Medicated Leaven (shen qu) (Massa Medicata Fermentata) Chinese Hawthorn Fruit (shan zha) (Fructus Crataegi)

Germinated Barley (mai ya) (Fructus Hordei Germinatus)

It is good at promoting digestion, moving qi and dispersing distention, and mainly used for the treatment of food accumulation and qi stagnation. It also can lower qi and dissolve phlegm, and is used for the treatment of cough and panting with profuse phlegm and chest oppression

It is good at dispersing animal food accumulation, as well has the effects of moving qi and dissipating stasis to activate blood circulation, so it is more used for the treatment of animal food accumulation and stagnation, and pain in the epigastrium and abdomen and postpartum abdominal pain due to stagnation of blood stasis It is good at dispersing the cooked wheaten food accumulation. Its raw one can promote lactation, and dry-fried one can terminate lactation, so it is more used for the treatment of wheaten food accumulation and stagnation, breast milk stasis, and for ablactation

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TABLE 9.3 Differentiation between Similar Efficacy Herbs That Promote Digestion (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Similarity

Differences

Raw Chinese Hawthorn Fruit (sheng shan zha)

All four are the different processed products of matured fruit of Crataegus pinnatifida Bge. var. major N. E. Br. or Crataegus pinnatifida Bge. of the Rosaceae family. They all can promote digestion, but their respective effects are quite different due to the content of total flavonoids and organic compounds after processed is greatly different

It is good at invigorating blood and dissolving stasis, its effect of promoting digestion is also strong, so it is commonly used for the treatment of menstrual block due to blood stasis, postpartum abdominal pain due to static blood obstruction, hernia pain, and the modern medicine’s cardiovascular diseases, such as hyperlipidemia, hypertensive disease, and coronary heart disease, and also for the treatment of food accumulation

Dry-Fried Chinese Hawthorn Fruit (chao shan zha)

After Fructus Crataegi (shan zha) is dry-fried, its sour flavor is weakened, which can alleviate its stimulatory to stomach. So it is good at promoting digestion and removing accumulation, and often used for the treatment of food accumulation and stagnation, or food stagnation due to spleen deficiency

Scorch-Fried Chinese Hawthorn Fruit (jiao shan zha)

After Fructus Crataegi (shan zha) is dry-fried until scorched, not only its sour flavor is decreased, but the bitter flavor is increased. So it is good at promoting digestion and arresting diarrhea, has the effect of inhibiting bacillus dysenteriae and aeruginosus bacillus, and is often used for the treatment of food accumulation with diarrhea

Charred Chinese Hawthorn Fruit (shan zha tan)

After Fructus Crataegi (shan zha) is charred, its flavor becomes slightly bitter and astringent. It is good at acting on the blood aspect, has the effects of dissolving stasis, stanching bleeding and astringing, and is partial to arresting diarrhea and reducing bleeding, and is often used for the treatment of diarrhea due to spleen deficiency, dysentery, and gastrointestinal bleeding

Raw Medicated Leaven (sheng shen qu)

Dry-Fried Medicated Leaven (chao shen qu)

All four are the different processed products of the fermented mixture of a great quantity of flour and wheat bran, appropriate amount of Herba Polygoni Hydropiperis (la liao), fresh Herba Artemisiae Annuae (qing hao), Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren), Semen Phaseoli (chi xiao dou) powder, and fresh Fructus Xanthii (cang er zi). They all can promote digestion, but their respective effects are different after processed

It is sweet and acrid in flavor and warm in nature, partial to promoting digestion and releasing the exterior, and often used for the treatment of food accumulation and stagnation complicated by externally contracted syndrome, such as distention and fullness in the stomach cavity and abdomen, no desire to eat or drink, aversion to cold and fever After Massa Medicata Fermentata (shen qu) is dry-fried, its flavor becomes sweet and slightly fragrant. It is partial to promoting digestion and removing [food] stagnation, good at supplementing the middle jiao-spleen, fortifying the spleen, and harmonizing the stomach, eliminating distention and arresting diarrhea, and often used for the treatment of food accumulation and indigestion, distention and fullness in the stomach cavity and abdomen, diarrhea due to improper dietary disorders, or diarrhea with rugitus due to spleen-stomach disharmony

Scorch-Fried Medicated Leaven (jiao shen qu)

After Massa Medicata Fermentata (shen qu) is dry-fried until scorched, its flavor becomes sweet, slightly astringent, and scorched fragrant. It can astringe the adverse rising qi, the effects of promoting digestion and guiding out [food] stagnation are strengthened, and its main indicated disease and syndrome are the same to that of dry-fried Massa Medicata Fermentata (chao shen qu)

Dry-Fried Medicated Leaven with Bran (fu chao shen qu)

After Massa Medicata Fermentata (shen qu) is stir-fried with bran, it is sweet, slightly astringent, and thick fragrant in flavor, and is more warm in nature. So its effects of fortifying the spleen and harmonizing the stomach and promoting digestion are strengthened. It can activate the spleen, increase appetite, and regulate the center, and is often used for the treatment of food accumulation and stagnation, chest lumpy stiffness and abdominal distention, vomiting and diarrhea and dysentery, and infantile abdominal distention with hardness and accumulation (Continued )

196 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 9.3 Differentiation between Similar Efficacy Herbs That Promote Digestion (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Similarity

Differences

Dry-Fried Grain Sprout (chao gu ya)

Both are the different processed products of germinated matured fruit of Setaria italica (L.) Beauv. of the Poaceae family. They can promote digestion and harmonize the center, fortify the spleen and increase appetite, and can treat food accumulation syndrome

Its effect of fortifying the spleen to promote digestion is stronger. It can promote the spleen’s transportation and transformation and increase appetite It is often used for the treatment of indigestion, less eating without hunger, stomach-abdomen fullness, and soft stool

All three are the different processed products of germinated matured fruit of Hordeum vulgare L. of the Poaceae family. All can move qi and promote digestion, fortify the spleen, and increase appetite. The diastase titer of Fructus Hordei Germinatus (mai ya) is almost disappeared after dry-fried and scorch-fried. The diastase content of scorch-fried Fructus Hordei Germinatus (jiao mai ya) is 43% of the raw one. So for fortifying the spleen and nourishing the stomach, the raw Fructus Hordei Germinatus (sheng mai ya) should be used, and for moving qi and dispersing accumulation, the dry-fried Fructus Hordei Germinatus (chao mai ya) should be used

It is sweet in flavor and neutral (partial to cool) in nature, acts on the spleen, stomach, and liver channels, specializes in soothing the liver and terminating lactation, can dissolve accumulation and increase appetite, and is often used for the treatment of indigestion, breast milk stasis, and breast lump (hyperplasia of the mammary gland)

Scorch-Fried Grain Sprout (jiao gu ya)

Raw Germinated Barley (sheng mai ya)

Dry-Fried Germinated Barley (chao mai ya)

Scorch-Fried Germinated Barley (jiao mai ya)

It is sweet, slightly astringent and fragrant in flavor and partial to warm property, has better effects on harmonizing the spleen and arresting diarrhea, is good at removing accumulation and stagnation, and used for the treatment of retention of food and drink, distention and oppression in the stomach cavity and abdomen, anorexia and no hunger

After Fructus Hordei Germinatus (mai ya) is dry-fried, its flavor becomes sweet and salty, its property is partial to warm. It has better effects of promoting digestion and harmonizing the center, can regulate and harmonize the spleen and stomach, and is used for the treatment of retention of food and drink, distention and fullness in the stomach cavity and abdomen, no hunger, anorexia, breast milk accumulation, weakness of the spleen and stomach, and also used for ablactation After Fructus Hordei Germinatus (mai ya) is scorch-fried, its effects of harmonizing the center and arresting diarrhea are strengthened. It can supplement qi and fortify the spleen, promote digestion, and disperse accumulation, and is often used for the treatment of retention of food and drink, thin and unformed stool, rugitus, and chest-abdomen fullness

Chapter 10

Herbs That Expel Parasites Chapter Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs

198

ABSTRACT Chinese herbal medicinals that can eliminate or kill the parasites in human body, and mainly treat parasitosis are called “Herbs That Expel Parasites.” They can be used for the treatment of various kind of intestinal parasitic diseases, such as ascariasis, enterobiasis, taeniasis, ancylostomiasis, and fasciolopsiasis. Keywords: herbs that expel parasites; kill worms and disperse accumulation

Chinese herbal medicinals that can eliminate or kill the parasites in human body, and mainly treat parasitosis are called “Herbs That Expel Parasites.” Medicinals in this chapter act on the spleen, stomach, and large intestine channels. Some medicinals have a definite toxicity, and can kill or palsy the human parasites (especially the intestinal parasites), and drive them to discharge from the body, so they can be used for the treatment of various kinds of intestinal parasitic diseases, such as ascariasis, enterobiasis, taeniasis, ancylostomiasis, and fasciolopsiasis, which are often caused by damp-heat accumulated in interior or dirty diet, parasite ovum infection, or being ingested, and symptoms including no desire to eat or drink, or more eating with rapid hungering, food partiality with foreign bodies, intermittent abdominal pain around the navel, epigastric upset, vomiting with clear water, and anal itch. If parasitic diseases delay for a long time, symptoms, such as sallow complexion, muscle emaciation, abdominal enlargement with visible blue veins, and edema all over the body will occur. Some patients have mild symptoms and no obvious syndrome, and parasite just can be discovered through detecting the stools. All this above-mentioned diseases and syndromes should be treated with medicinals that expel parasites once and for all to bring under permanent control. To the parasites in other parts of the body like biharzia worm and trichomonas vaginalis, select some medicinals in this category to treat can also obtain worm-killing effect. Some medicinals also have the effects of moving qi, dispersing accumulation (food retention), moistening the intestines, and relieving itching; and can treat syndrome of food accumulation and qi stagnation, infantile malnutrition with accumulation, constipation, scabies, and tinea with itching. How to appropriately select the herbs that expel parasites in clinic should be according to the categories of parasites, the strong or weak body constitution, and chronic or acute symptom-complex. Meanwhile, it should appropriately select other herbs to combine to reinforce the effect according to the different accompanied symptoms and signs. To treat patients with constipation, select the medicinals that drain downward to combine. To treat patients with drink or food accumulation syndrome (dyspeptic disease), select the medicinals that remove food retention and guide out [food] stagnation to combine. To treat patients with syndrome of weakness of the spleen and stomach, select the medicinals that fortify the spleen and harmonize the stomach to combine. To treat patients with weak body constitution, select the medicinals that supplement deficiency to tonify first and follow by attack or treat with both attack and supplementation. When using these intestinal worm-expelling medicinals, they are often taken with the herbs that drain downward together in order to promote discharge of the polypide. Herbs that expel parasites are often easy to damage healthy qi, so the dosage should be under control so as to avoid excessive high dosage inducing poisoning or damaging the healthy qi. Their use should be more cautious in the weak, the old or pregnant women. Herbs that expel parasites generally should be taken on an empty stomach so as to ensure the curative effect through making full actions on the polypide. To the patients with fever or severe abdominal pain, it is not suited to expel parasites at once, and should apply the worm-expelling medicinals after the symptoms are relieved. Essentials of Chinese Materia Medica and Medical Formulas. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812722-3.00010-5 Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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The modern pharmacological research indicates the herbs that expel parasites have the effect of palsying the parasite polypides and can kill them by causing paralysis. Some herbs have the actions of antifungus, antivirus, and antitumor. Other herbs also have the effects of promoting gastrointestinal motility, stimulating uterus, slowing the heart rate, expanding blood vessel, and lowering blood pressure.

SPECIFIC APPLICATION KNOWLEDGE OF HERBS 1. Primary herbs (Table 10.1) TABLE 10.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Expel Parasites Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Rangoon Creeper Fruit (shi jun zi) (Fructus Quisqualis)

Initially recorded in Materia Medica of the Kaibao Era (kai bao ben cao). It is the dried matured fruit of Quisqualis indica L. of the Combretaceae family. It is collected when the color of pericarp turns purple black in autumn; after impurities are removed, it is dried

Sweet, warm; act on the spleen and stomach channels

Kill worms and disperse accumulation, and fortify the spleen

It is an essential medicinal for expelling ascarid, and indicated for the treatment of ascariasis, enterobiasis, abdominal pain due to parasitic infestation, and infantile malnutrition with accumulation, sallow complexion, and emaciation. Normally, 9–12 g is pounded to pieces and decocted with water as an oral dose, or 6–9 g of its kernel is dry-fried until fragrant for chewing. 1–1.5 pills for 1-yearold infant, total dose of one day should not be more than 20 pills

When taking orally, avoid drinking strong tea. Overdose can cause hiccup, dizziness, and vomiting

Sichuan Chinaberry Bark (ku lian pi) (Cortex Meliae)

Initially recorded in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians (ming yi bie lu). It is the dried tree bark and root bark of Melia toosendan Sieb. et Zuec. or Melia azedarach L. of the Meliaceae family. It is collected in spring and autumn, and dried under the sun; or after the rough bark is removed, it is dried

Bitter, cold, poisonous; act on the liver, spleen, and stomach channels

Kill worms and cure tinea, clear heat, and dry dampness

Indicated for the treatment of ascariasis, enterobiasis and ancylostomiasis, and abdominal pain due to parasitic infestation. External treatment: rubella, scabies, tinea capitis, and eczema with itching. Normally, 3–6 g of the dried one or 15–30 g of the fresh one is decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is ground into powder and mixed with swine fat for applying the afflicted part

Its use is cautious in the weak, pregnant women, and patients with hepatic or renal insufficiency or weakness of the spleen and stomach

Herbs That Expel Parasites Chapter | 10

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TABLE 10.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Expel Parasites (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Betel Nut (bing lang) (Semen Arecae)

Initially recorded in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians (ming yi bie lu). It is the dried matured seed of Areca catechu L. of the Trachycarpaceae family. The matured fruit is collected during the late spring to early autumn, and decocted with water and dried; after the pericarp is removed, the seed is taken out and dried

Bitter, acrid, warm; act on the stomach and large intestine channels

Kill worms and disperse accumulation, move qi and promote urination, and prevent attack of malaria

Indicated for the treatment of parasitic diseases of intestinal tract, such as cestodiasis, ascariasis, enterobiasis, ancylostomiasis, and fasciolopsiasis, abdominal pain due to parasitic infestation, diarrhea and dysentery with tenesmus due to food accumulation, edema, weak foot with edema, and malaria. Normally, 3–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. 30–60 g is used for expelling cestodiasis and fasciolopsiasis

Its use is prohibited in patients with loose stool due to spleen deficiency or sinking of center qi due to qi deficiency, and cautious in pregnant women

Pumpkin Seed and Husk (nan gua zi) (Semen Cucurbitae)

Initially recorded in Modern Practical Chinese Materia Medica (xian dai shi yong zhong yao xue). It is the dried matured seed of Cucurbita moschata (Duch.) Poiet of the Cucurbitaceae family. The fruit is collected when matured in summer and autumn, and then the seed is taken out and dried under the sun

Sweet, neutral; act on the stomach and large intestine channels

Kill worms, promote urination, relieve cough, and cure piles

Indicated for the treatment of cestodiasis, ascariasis, schistosomiasis, hand and foot edema after childbirth, whooping cough, and hemorrhoids. Normally, 30–60 g is decocted with water, or 60–120 g is ground into powder and mixed with cool boiled water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is decocted with water for fumigating and washing externally

Take it too much may cause qi obstruction and stagnation in the diaphragm

(Continued )

200 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 10.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Expel Parasites (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Hairyvein Agrimonia Herb and Bud (he cao ya) (Herba et Gemma Agrimoniae)

Initially recorded in National Medical Journal of China (zhong hua yi xue za zhi). It is the dried winter bud of Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. of the Rosaceae family. The rhizome is collected before the new plant germinates in winter and spring; the old root and brownish floss are removed; the young bud is remained and dried under the sun

Bitter, astringent, cool; act on the liver, small intestine, and large intestine channels

Kill worms, resolve toxins, and relieve swelling

Indicated for the treatment of cestodiasis, vaginal trichomoniasis, sores and ulcers, scabies and tinea, swollen furuncle, and dysentery with red and white feces. Normally, 30–45 g is ground into powder for swallowing intact as daily dose. 0.7–0.8 g/kg of weight for infant, once a day, take it on empty stomach in the morning. Or an appropriate amount is decocted with water for washing, or the fresh one is pounded to a pulp for applying the afflicted part

Because its active components are almost not dissolved in water, it is not suitable for decoction. After taking, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, and sweating may occasionally occur

Thunder Ball (lei wan) (Omphalia)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried sclerotium of Omphalia lapidescens Schroet. of the Tricholomataceae family. It is collected in autumn, then washed clean and dried under the sun

Slightly bitter, cold, slightly poisonous; act on the stomach and large intestine channels

Kill worms and disperse accumulation

Indicated for the treatment of cestodiasis, ancylostomiasis, and ascariasis, abdominal pain due to parasitic infestation, and infantile malnutrition with accumulation. Normally, 15–21 g is ground into powder, 5–7 g each time is mixed with warm boiled water for taking orally after meals, 3 times a day for consecutive days; or made into pills for oral taking

It is not suitable for decoction because it contains protease, which is easy to lose efficacy if heated to 60°C. Its use is cautious in patients with worm’s accumulation and deficiencycold of the spleen and stomach

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TABLE 10.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Expel Parasites (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Carpesium Fruit (he shi) (Fructus Carpesii)

Initially recorded in Newly Revised Materia Medica (xin xiu ben cao). It is the dried matured fruit of Carpesium abrotanoides L. of the Compositae family. The fruit is collected when matured in autumn; after impurities are removed, it is dried under the sun

Bitter, acrid, neutral, slightly poisonous; act on the spleen, stomach, and large intestine channels

Kill worms and disperse accumulation

Indicated for the treatment of ascariasis, enterobiasis, cestodiasis, and ancylostomiasis, abdominal pain due to parasitic infestation, and infantile malnutrition with accumulation. Normally, 3–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder. Or an appropriate amount is pounded for applying or decocted with water for washing externally

Due to its toxicity, it may cause dizziness, nausea, tinnitus, or abdominal pain. Its use is prohibited in pregnant women and patients with diarrhea

Torreya (fei zi) (Semen Torreyae)

Initially recorded in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians (ming yi bie lu). It is the dried matured seed of Torreya grandis Fort. of the Taxaceae family. It is collected when matured in autumn; after pulp aril is removed, it is washed clean and dried under the sun

Sweet, neutral; act on the lung, stomach, and large intestine channels

Kill worms and disperse accumulation, moisten the lung to relieve cough, and moisten dryness to promote defecation

Indicated for the treatment of ancylostomiasis, ascariasis, cestodiasis, and filariasis, abdominal pain due to parasitic infestation, infantile malnutrition with accumulation, cough due to lung dryness, constipation due to intestinal dryness, and piles. Normally, 10–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder, or an appropriate amount is dry-fried for chewing with 15 g each time

If decocted with water, the raw one should be selected. It is not suitable for patients with thin and unformed stool, or cough due to lung heat, and also not suited to combine with Mung Bean (lü dou) to use

(Continued )

202 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 10.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Expel Parasites (cont.) Name of Medicinal Elm Cake (wu yi) (Fructus Ulmi Macrocarpae Praeparata)

Source and Collection Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried processed product of fruit of Ulmus macrocarpa Hance of the Ulmaceae family. The fruit is collected when matured in summer and dried under the sun. The seed is taken out and soaked in water until fermented; after elm cornu cutaneum, red soil, and chrysanthemum are added, all are mixed with warm boiled water and made into paste, spread on flat plate, diced, and dried under the sun

Property, Channel Entry Acrid, bitter, warm; act on the spleen and stomach channels

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Kill worms and disperse accumulation, eliminate dampness, and arrest dysentery

Indicated for the treatment of yellowish complexion due to ascariasis, enterobiasis, and cestodiasis, abdominal pain due to parasitic infestation, infantile malnutrition with accumulation, chronic diarrhea and dysentery, scabies and tinea with itching, and ulcers of skin. Normally, 3–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder for oral taking with 2–3 g each time. Or an appropriate amount is ground into powder and mixed with vinegar or honey for applying the afflicted part externally

Caution for Use Its use is prohibited in patients with weakness of the spleen and stomach, or lung and spleen dryness-heat. Overdose should be avoided

2. Attached herbs (Table 10.2) TABLE 10.2 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Expel Parasites Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Wild Carrot Fruit (nan he shi) (Fructus Carotae)

It is the dried matured fruit of Daucus carota L. of the Umbelliferae family. When fruit is matured, the branch with fruit is collected, dried under the sun, and stroked to separate the fruit. Then, impurities are removed

Bitter, acrid, neutral, slightly poisonous; act on the spleen and stomach channels

Efficacy and Action Kill worms and disperse accumulation

Clinical Application and Usage Indicated for the treatment of ascariasis, enterobiasis, and cestodiasis, abdominal pain due to parasitic infestation, and infantile malnutrition with accumulation. Normally, 6–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder

Caution for Use Its use is prohibited in pregnant women

Herbs That Expel Parasites Chapter | 10

203

TABLE 10.2 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Expel Parasites (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Wolf’s Bane (lang du) (Radix Euphorbiae Fischerianae)

It is the dried root of Euphorbia ebracteolata Hayata or Euphorbia fischeriana Steud. of the Euphorbiaceae family. It is collected in spring and autumn, then washed clean, cut into pieces, and dried under the sun

Acrid, neutral, poisonous; act on the liver and spleen channels

Dissipate masses and kill worms, draw out toxin, eliminate putridity, expel water, and dispel phlegm

Indicated for the treatment of edema, abdominal distention, phlegm or food or worm accumulation syndrome, pain in the epigastrium and abdomen, winter cough, panting, lymph node, cutaneous, bone or vice testicular tuberculosis, scabies, skin tinea, piles, and fistula. Normally, 1–2.4 g is processed and decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

It is not suited to combine with Lithargyrum (mi tuo seng) to use, and its use is prohibited in the weak, or pregnant women, and cautious for oral taking due to its toxicity

Leprieur Caloglossa (zhe gu cai) (Thallus Calogllossae Leprieurii)

It is the dried alga of Caloglossa leprieurii (Mont.) J. Ag. of the Delesseriaceae family. It is collected in summer and autumn; after impurities are removed, it is washed clean and dried under the sun

Salty, neutral; act on the kidney and large intestine channels

Expel ascarids and kill worms

Indicated for the treatment of ascariasis, ascaris intestinal obstruction, and infantile malnutrition with accumulation. Normally, 30–60 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or ground into powder for oral taking. Or an appropriate amount is decocted for fumigating and washing externally

Its use is cautious in pregnant women and patients with low blood pressure

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

3. Herb differentiation (Table 10.3)

TABLE 10.3 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Herbs That Expel Parasites Name of Medicinal

Similarity

Differences

Betel Nut (bing lang) (Semen Arecae)

All three are the different medicinal parts of Areca catechu L. of the Trachycarpaceae family. They all have a certain effect of regulating the stomach

It is the seed. Its effects are partial to killing worms and removing accumulation, promoting urination, and stopping malaria. It is often used for the treatment of malaria with a pattern of phlegm-damp, intestinal parasitic diseases, food accumulation and qi stagnation, distention and oppression in the chest and abdomen, gastric cavity and abdominal pain, incomplete defecation, dysentery or diarrhea with tenesmus, and edema with an excess pattern

Areca Peel (da fu pi) (Pericarpium Arecae)

It is the pericarp. Its effects are partial to dispersing and descending. It can move qi and dredge the stagnation, loosen the center and eliminate distention, promote urination, and relieve edema. It is often used for the treatment of damp-turbidity and qi stagnation including oppression, distention, and fullness in the stomach cavity and abdomen, general edema, difficulty in micturition, pedal edema, ascites of liver cirrhosis, and edema of nephrosis

Areca Flower (bing lang hua) (Flos Arecae)

It is the staminate flower bud. Its effects are partial to fortifying the stomach by its aromatic property, and cooling and quenching thirst. It is often used for the treatment of thirst due to stomach heat, and cough due to heat (Continued )

204 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 10.3 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Herbs That Expel Parasites (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Similarity

Differences

Raw Betel Nut (sheng bing lang)

All three are the different processed products of Areca catechu L. of the Trachycarpaceae family. They all have the effects of dispersing accumulation and harmonizing the center

The raw Semen Arecae (bing lang) is acrid, bitter, and slightly astringent in flavor and warm in nature. It has stronger effects of killing worms and breaking up accumulation, moving water, and relieving edema, so it is commonly used for the treatment of intestinal parasitic diseases, pedal edema with cold pain, chest oppression, nausea, weak foot with puffiness due to cold-damp, general edema, difficulty in micturition, and defecation with an excess pattern

Scorch-Fried Areca Seed (jiao bing lang)

Charred Areca Seed (bing lang tan)

Hairyvein Agrimonia Herb and Bud (he cao ya) (Herba et Gemma Agrimoniae) Hairyvein Agrimonia (xian he cao) (Herba Agrimoniae)

Its property and actions are moderate. It has stronger effects of lowering qi and dispersing fullness, promoting digestion, and removing distention, and is more used for the treatment of internal stagnation of food, with pĭ and fullness in the stomach cavity, nausea and belching, distending pain in the abdomen and inhibited defecation complicated by deficiency syndrome. Use the charred one, can avoid that the strong property of the raw one consumes the healthy qi After Semen Arecae (bing lang) is charred, its property becomes more moderate. It is good at dispersing accumulation and treating red dysentery, can be used for the treatment of dysentery with red and white feces and tenesmus due to internal obstruction of damp-heat and intestine and stomach disorders

Both are the different medicinal parts of Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. of the Rosaceae family. Both have the effect of killing worms in different degree

It is the winter bud before germination, and can expel and kill tapeworms, and as a new medicinal specializing in promoting tapeworm polypide to discharge, it is commonly used for the treatment of various kinds of cestodiasis; also can treat sores and scabies. If it is made into suppository, also can treat trichomoniasis It is the entire plant collected when branch and leaf are flourishing and before blooming. It is bitter and astringent in flavor and neutral in nature, can stanch bleeding and arrest dysentery through astringent property, prevent attack of malaria, resolve toxins, and kill worms, and used for the treatment of various bleeding syndromes, dysentery with red and white feces, malaria, swollen carbuncles and sores, vaginal itching, and morbid leukorrhea

Chapter 11

Herbs That Stanch Bleeding Chapter Outline Section 1  Herbs That Cool the Blood and Stanch Bleeding Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs Section 2  Herbs That Dissolve Stasis and Stanch Bleeding Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs

206 206 207 212 212 213

Section 3  Herbs That Astringe and Stanch Bleeding Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs Section 4  Herbs That Warm the Channels and Stanch Bleeding Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs

218 218 218 224 224 224

ABSTRACT Chinese herbal medicinals that can stop or inhibit the body internal or external bleeding and mainly treat various bleeding diseases and syndromes are called “Herbs That Stanch Bleeding.” They are divided into four categories: herbs that cool the blood and stanch bleeding, herbs that dissolve stasis and stanch bleeding, herbs that warm the channels and stanch bleeding, and herbs that astringe and stanch bleeding. Herbs that stanch bleeding are indicated for the treatment of various internal or external bleeding diseases and syndromes, such as expectoration of blood (hemoptysis) or coughing of blood (the expectoration of blood or of blood-streaked sputum from the larynx, trachea, bronchi or lungs), nosebleed (epistaxis), spitting of blood (hematemesis), bloody stool (hemafecia), bloody urine (hematuria), flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding), purpura and bleeding due to trauma (external injury). Keywords: herbs that stanch bleeding; herbs that cool the blood and stanch bleeding; herbs that dissolve stasis and stanch bleeding; herbs that astringe and stanch bleeding; herbs that warm the channels and stanch bleeding; cool the blood and stanch bleeding; dissolve stasis and stanch bleeding; astringe and stanch bleeding; warm the channels and stanch bleeding

Chinese herbal medicinals that can stop or inhibit the body internal or external bleeding and mainly treat various bleeding diseases and syndromes are called “Herbs That Stanch Bleeding.” This chapter’s medicinals all act on the blood aspect. Because “the heart governs the blood and vessels,” “the liver stores the blood” and “the spleen controls the blood (keeps it within the vessels),” medicinals in this chapter mainly act on the heart, liver, and spleen channels, especially the most are the herbs that act on the heart and liver channels. They all have the effect of stanching bleeding. Due to their different properties, such as cold, warm, scattering, or astringing, they have the effects of cooling the blood and stanching bleeding, dissolving stasis and stanching bleeding, warming the channels and stanching bleeding, astringing and stanching bleeding, respectively. According to the different properties and efficacy, medicinals in this chapter are divided into four categories: (1) herbs that cool the blood and stanch bleeding, (2) herbs that dissolve stasis and stanch bleeding, (3) herbs that warm the channels and stanch bleeding, and (4) herbs that astringe and stanch bleeding. Herbs that stanch bleeding are indicated for the treatment of various internal or external bleeding diseases and syndromes, such as expectoration of blood (hemoptysis) or coughing of blood (the expectoration of blood or of blood-streaked sputum from the larynx, trachea, bronchi, or lungs), nosebleed (epistaxis), spitting of blood (hematemesis), bloody stool (hemafecia), bloody urine (hematuria), flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding), purpura and bleeding due to trauma (external injury). According to the different etiological factors, pathogenic conditions and positions of bleeding, the herbs that stanch bleeding should be through the corresponding selection and necessary combination in order to give consideration to treat both the root and branch simultaneously. To treat bleeding patients due to blood-heat, select the herbs that cool the blood and stanch bleeding to combine especially with herbs that clear heat and drain fire, or herbs that clear heat

Essentials of Chinese Materia Medica and Medical Formulas. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812722-3.00011-7 Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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and cool the blood. To treat bleeding patients with a pattern of vigorous fire due to yin deficiency or yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity, combine with herbs that enrich yin and subdue fire, or herbs that enrich yin and suppress yang. To treat bleeding patients due to internal obstruction of static blood and blood failing to circulate in the vessels, select the herbs that dissolve stasis and stanch bleeding to combine especially with herbs that move qi and invigorate blood. To treat bleeding patients with deficiency-cold pattern, select the herbs that warm the channels and stanch bleeding or herbs that astringe and stanch bleeding to combine especially with herbs that boost qi and fortify the spleen or herbs that warm yang. Based on previous doctor’s experience of medication—“when there is bleeding of inferior part, treat it with raising and lifting; when there is blood-spitting or nosebleed, treat it with lowering qi,” to treat the bleeding of inferior part, such as bloody stool and uterine bleeding should appropriately combine with herbs that can raise and lift center qi; to treat the bleeding of superior part, such as spitting of blood (hematemesis) and nosebleed should properly combine with herbs that lower qi. “Stanching bleeding without leaving stasis,” this is the point that should be paid attention to all the time when applying the herbs that stanch bleeding. The herbs that cool the blood and stanch bleeding as well as herbs that astringe and stanch bleeding are easy to linger the pathogens and have the disadvantage of leaving stasis after stanching bleeding, so treating patients with bleeding complicated by blood stasis and qi stagnation, the herbs that stanch bleeding should be not applied alone. If excessive bleeding leads to qi desertion following blood loss, select the medicinals that strongly supplement original qi to save the danger syndrome of qi desertion. According to previous doctor’s experience of medication, herbs that stanch bleeding are often used after carbonizing by stir-frying. Generally, if herb is dry-fried until charred, its property may become bitter and astringent, and the effect of stanching bleeding will be strengthened. But not all herbs that stanch bleeding are suited to be carbonized by stir-frying and the effect of some medicinals on stanching bleeding may be decreased after carbonizing by stir-frying, so the raw or fresh one should still be used. Therefore, whether the herbs that stanch bleeding are used after carbonizing by stir-frying should be depended on the specific medicinal and cannot process as the same in order to improve the therapeutic effect. The modern pharmacological research indicates the herbs that stanch bleeding have extensive mechanisms of action, such as promote the production of blood coagulation factors, increase the concentration and activity of blood coagulation factors, inhibit antithrombin activity, increase the platelet number, strengthen the thrombocytic function, contract the local blood vessels or ameliorate the blood vessel function, reinforce the blood capillary resistance, lower the vascular permeability, promote the production of fibrinogen or fibrin, and restrain fibrinolysis. Some medicinals can accelerate to stanch bleeding by extensive physical and chemical factors. Among the earlier mentioned, promote the blood coagulation and inhibit fibrinolysis are the major mechanisms. Some medicinals also have the actions of antiinflammation, antipathogenic microorganism, analgesia, and regulating cardiovascular function.

SECTION 1  HERBS THAT COOL THE BLOOD AND STANCH BLEEDING Outline Medicinals in this section are cold and cool in nature, are more sweet and bitter in flavor, act on the blood aspect, can clear and discharge heat in blood aspect to stanch bleeding, and used for the treatment of various bleeding syndromes due to blood-heat. Although they have the effect of cooling the blood, the effect of clearing heat is not strong. When treating bleeding due to blood-heat, they often need to combine with the herbs that clear heat and cool the blood. When treating bleeding due to blood-heat with blood stasis, they should combine with the herbs that dissolve stasis and stanch bleeding or a few medicinals that dissolve stasis and move qi. When treating serious acute bleeding, they should combine with the herbs that astringe and stanch bleeding to strengthen the hemostasis effect. Medicinals in this section are not suitable for the treatment of deficiency-cold bleeding and cannot be taken for long term or overdose due to the cold-cool property leaving stasis.

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Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 1. Primary herbs (Table 11.1) TABLE 11.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Cool the Blood and Stanch Bleeding Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Field Thistle (xiao ji) (Herba Cirsii)

Initially recorded in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians (ming yi bie lu). It is the dried aerial part of Cirsium setosum (Willd.) MB. of the Compositae family. It is collected when blooming in summer and autumn; after impurities are removed, it is dried under the sun

Sweet, bitter, cool; act on the heart and liver channels

Cool the blood and stanch bleeding, disperse stasis and resolve toxins, and relieve carbuncle

Indicated for the treatment of nosebleed, spitting of blood, bloody urine, blood strangury, bloody stool, flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding), bleeding due to external injury, swollen carbuncles, and sores due to heat toxin. Normally, 5–12 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. Dose of the fresh one should be doubled. And an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is prohibited in patients with deficiencycold of the spleen and stomach and no blood stasis and stagnation

Japanese Thistle (da ji) (Herba Cirsii Japonici)

Initially recorded in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians (ming yi bie lu). It is the dried aerial part of Cirsium japonicum Fisch. ex DC. of the Compositae family. It is collected when blooming in summer and autumn; after impurities are removed, it is dried under the sun

Sweet, bitter, cool; act on the heart and liver channels

Cool the blood and stanch bleeding, disperse stasis and resolve toxins and relieve carbuncle

Indicated for the treatment of nosebleed, spitting of blood, bloody urine, bloody stool, flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding), bleeding due to trauma (external injury), lung abscess and swollen carbuncles due to heat toxin. Normally, 9–15 g of the dried one or 30–60 g of the fresh one is decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is pounded for applying the afflicted part

Its use is prohibited in patients with diarrhea due to deficiencycold of the spleen and stomach, and no blood stasis and stagnation

(Continued )

208 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 11.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Cool the Blood and Stanch Bleeding (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Garden Burnet Root (di yu) (Radix Sanguisorbae)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried root of Sanguisorba officinalis L. or Sanguisorba officinalis L. var. longifolia (Bert.) Yü et Li of the Rosaceae family. It is collected when sprouting in spring or after withering in autumn; after fibrous root is removed, it is washed clean and dried, or cut into pieces while fresh and dried

Bitter, sour, astringent, slightly cold; act on the liver and large intestine channels

Cool the blood and stanch bleeding, resolve toxins, and close sore

Indicated for the treatment of bloody stool, bleeding from piles, red dysentery, flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding), burn due to hot liquid or fire, eczema and skin ulceration, swollen carbuncles and sores due to heat toxin. Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. The large dose can be at 30 g. Or it is made into pills or powder for oral taking. Or an appropriate amount is ground into powder for applying the afflicted part

Its use is cautious in patients with deficiencycold bloody stool, dysentery and uterine bleeding, or bleeding with stasis. Use the sanguisorba preparation to apply externally is not suitable for large area burn patients

Pagoda Tree Flower (huai hua) (Flos Sophorae)

Initially recorded in Ri Hua-zi’s Materia Medica (ri hua zi ben cao). It is the dried flower or bud of Sophora japonica L. of the Leguminosae family. When blooming or bud forming in summer, it is collected and dried in time; then branch, stalk, and impurities are removed

Bitter, slightly cold; act on the liver and large intestine channels

Cool the blood and stanch bleeding, clear liver heat, and drain fire

Indicated for the treatment of intestinal wind (bloody stool), new or chronic bleeding from piles due to blood heat, red dysentery, flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding), bloody urine, blood strangury, nosebleed, or red eyes, distention of head or headache and dizziness due to liver heat, carbuncle-abscess and sores due to heat toxin. Normally, 5–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder for oral taking

Its use is cautious in patients with deficiencycold of the spleen and stomach, fever due to yin deficiency, and no excess fire

Oriental Arborvitae Leafy Twig (ce bai ye) (Cacumen Platycladi)

Initially recorded in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians (ming yi bie lu). It is the dried thin end of twig and leaf of Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco of the Cupressaceae family. It is usually collected in summer and autumn, and then dried in the shade

Bitter, astringent, cold; act on the lung, liver, and spleen channels

Cool the blood and stanch bleeding, dissolve phlegm and relieve cough, promote hair growth and darkening

Indicated for the treatment of spitting of blood, nosebleed and coughing of blood due to blood heat, bloody stool, flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding), or cough and panting with thick phlegm due to lung heat, hair loss due to blood heat, and early graying hair. Normally, 6–12 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. An appropriate amount is used externally

It is not suited to take too much orally, otherwise, desire to vomit will occur

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TABLE 11.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Cool the Blood and Stanch Bleeding (cont.)

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Imperata Rhizome (bai mao gen) (Rhizoma Imperatae)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried rhizome of Imperata cylindrica Beauv. var. major (Nees) C. E. Hubb. of the Poaceae family. It is collected in spring and autumn, washed clean, and dried under the sun; after fibrous root and membranous leaf sheath are removed, it is binded to small bunches

Ramie Root (zhu ma gen) (Radix Boehmeriae)

Japanese Dock Root (yang ti) (Radix Rumicis Japonici)

Name of Medicinal

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Sweet, cold; act on the lung, stomach, and bladder channels

Cool the blood and stanch bleeding, clear heat and promote urination, and clear lung and stomach heat

Indicated for the treatment of spitting of blood, nosebleed and bloody urine due to blood heat, excessive thirst in febrile disease, jaundice due to damp-heat, edema and scanty urine, heat strangury, and difficult and painful urination, vomiting due to stomach heat, cough and panting due to lung heat. Normally, 9–30 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. The fresh one is better and should be doubled at the dose. It also can be pounded to extract the juice for drinking

Its use is prohibited in patients with deficiencycold of the spleen and stomach and profuse urine and no thirst

Initially recorded in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians (ming yi bie lu). It is the dried root and rhizome of Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaud. of the Urticaceae family. It is collected in winter and spring, washed clean, dried under the sun and cut into segments

Sweet, cold; act on the heart and liver channels

Cool the blood and stanch bleeding, calm the fetus, clear heat and resolve toxins, and promote urination

Indicated for the treatment of bleeding due to blood heat, restless fetus, vaginal bleeding (painless spotting) during pregnancy, continuous and dribbling urination, swollen carbuncles due to heat toxin, insect or snake bite. Normally, 10–30 g is decocted with water as an oral dose; or 30–60 g of the fresh one is pounded to extract the juice for oral taking. Or an appropriate amount is decocted with water for washing or pounded for applying externally

Its use is cautious in patients without excess heat

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried root of Rumex japonicus Houtt. or R. nepalensis Spreng of the Polygonaceae family. It is collected during August to September in autumn, washed clean, dried under the sun, and cut into pieces

Bitter, astringent, cold; act on the heart, liver, and large intestine channels

Cool the blood and stanch bleeding, resolve toxins and kill worms, and relieve constipation by purgation

Indicated for the treatment of expectoration of blood, spitting of blood, nosebleed and purpura due to blood heat, intestinal wind (bloody stool), scabies and tinea, sores and ulcers, scald, and constipation. Normally, 10–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose; or 30–50 g of the fresh one is wringed to extract the juice for taking. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is prohibited in patients with diarrhea and no eating due to deficiencycold of the spleen and stomach

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2. Attached herbs (Table 11.2) TABLE 11.2 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Cool the Blood and Stanch Bleeding Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Charred Japanese Cirsii (da ji tan) (Herba Cirsii Japonici Carbonisatus)

It is the processed product of of Cirsium japonicum Fisch. ex DC. of the Compositae family. The Japanese Thistle (da ji) is dry-fried until its surface is burned black

Japanese Pagoda Tree Pod (huai jiao) (Fructus Sophorae)

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Bitter, astringent, cool; act on the heart and liver channels

Cool the blood and stanch bleeding

Indicated for the treatment of nosebleed, spitting of blood, bloody urine, bloody stool, flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding) and bleeding due to trauma (external injury). Normally, 5–10 g is often made into pills or powder as an oral dose

Its use is prohibited in patients with deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach and no stasis and stagnation

It is the dried matured fruit of Sophora japonica L. of the Leguminosae family. It is collected in winter; after impurities are removed, it is dried

Bitter, cold; act on the liver and large intestine channels

Clear heat and drain fire, cool the blood and stanch bleeding, and cool the liver

Indicated for the treatment of bloody stool due to intestine heat, swollen piles with bleeding, flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding), blood strangury, bloody flux, headache and dizziness, chest oppression and vexation and red eyes due to liver heat, and pudendal sore with itching. Normally, 6–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women and patients with deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach

Obtuseleaf Dock Root (tu da huang) (Radix Rumicis Obtusifolii)

It is the root of Rumex obtusifolius L. of the Polygonaceae family. It is collected during September to October; after earth and impurities are removed, it is washed clean, cut into pieces, and dried in the shade

Bitter, acrid, cool; act on the lung, spleen, and large intestine channels

Clear heat and resolve toxins, cool the blood and stanch bleeding, dispel stasis and promote defecation

Indicated for the treatment of coughing of blood from tuberculosis, lung abscess, spitting of blood, abdominal pain due to blood stasis, injury from falling down, constipation, mumps, swollen carbuncles, scald, tinea, and eczema. Normally, 10–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women and patients with diarrhea due to spleen deficiency

Lalang Grass Inflorescence (bai mao hua) (Inflorescentia Imperatae)

It is the spica of Imperata cylindrica Beauv. var. major (Nees) C. E. Hubb. of the Poaceae family. Before blooming during April to May, it is collected and dried under the sun

Sweet, warm; act on the lung and liver channels

Invigorate blood and stanch bleeding, eliminate stasis, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of Its use is spitting of blood, nosebleed, prohibited in knife injury, and abdominal pain pregnant women which refuses pressure due to blood stasis. Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is pounded to apply the afflicted part or stuff nose

Fimbriate Orostachys Herb (wa song) (Herba Orostachyis Fimbriati)

It is the dried aerial part of Orostachys fimbriata (Turcz.) Berg. of the Crassulaceae family. It is collected when blooming in summer and autumn; after root and impurities are removed, it is dried under the sun

Sour, bitter, cold; act on the liver, lung, and spleen channels

Cool the blood and stanch bleeding, resolve toxins, and close sore

Indicated for the treatment of red dysentery, bloody stool, bleeding from piles, nosebleed, coughing of blood, opening of sore disclosed for a long time, swelling and pain of the throat, oral ulcer, eczema, and scald. Normally, 3–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is ground into powder for applying the afflicted part

Caution for Use

Its use is cautious in patients with deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach

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TABLE 11.2 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Cool the Blood and Stanch Bleeding (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Scorch-Fried Cape Jasmine Fruit (jiao zhi zi) (Fructus Gardeniae Praeparatus)

It is the processed product of matured fruit of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis of the Rubiaceae family. The collection methods is the same to Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi). It is dryfried until scorched

Bitter, cold; act on the heart, lung, and sanjiao channels

Cool the blood and stanch bleeding

Indicated for the treatment of spitting of blood, nosebleed, bloody urine, flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding) due to blood heat. Normally, 6–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

It is not suitable for patients with loose stool due to spleen deficiency

Japanese Camellia Flower (shan cha hua) (Flos Camelliae Japonicae)

It is the dried flower of Camellia japonica L. of the Theaceae family. It is collected in batch in the blooming period during April to May, then dried under the sun or baked until dry

Sweet, bitter, acrid, cool; act on the liver, lung, and large intestine channels

Cool the blood and stanch bleeding, invigorate blood and dissolve stasis, resolve toxins, and treat sore

Indicated for the treatment of spitting of blood, nosebleed, coughing of blood, bloody stool, bleeding from piles, dysentery with red and white feces, blood strangury, profuse uterine bleeding, scald, and injury from falling down. Normally, 5–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is ground into powder and mixed with sesame oil for applying the afflicted part

Its use is cautious in patients with middle jiao deficiency-cold and no blood stasis

3. Herb differentiation (Table 11.3) TABLE 11.3 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Herbs That Cool the Blood and Stanch Bleeding Name of Medicinal

Similarity

Differences

Japanese Thistle (da ji) (Herba Cirsii Japonici)

Both are sweet, bitter, and cool in nature, act on the blood aspect, act on the heart and liver channels, and can cool the blood and stanch bleeding, disperse stasis and resolve toxins and relieve carbuncle, and are extensively used for the treatment of various bleeding syndromes due to blood heat, swollen sores, ulcers and carbuncles due to heat toxin. They often combine with each other to reinforce their effects

It has stronger effects of dispersing stasis and relieving carbuncle than Herba Cirsii (xiao ji). Its effect of stanching bleeding is extensive, so it is especially suitable for the treatment of expectoration of blood, spitting of blood, and flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding)

Both are bitter in flavor and slightly cold in nature, act on the liver and large intestine channels, can cool the blood and stanch bleeding, and are used for the treatment of various bleeding syndromes due to blood heat. Because their properties are partial to descending, they are suitable for the treatment of bleeding in the inferior part

It can cool the blood and combines the effect of astringing, so is more suitable for the treatment of the inferior part bleeding, such as bloody stool, bleeding from piles, flooding, and spotting (uterine bleeding), and red dysentery with a pattern of blood heat

Field Thistle (xiao ji) (Herba Cirsii)

Garden Burnet Root (di yu) (Radix Sanguisorbae)

Pagoda Tree Flower (huai hua) (Flos Sophorae)

It also can promote urination and relieve strangury, so it is good at treating bloody urine and blood strangury. Due to its cool property, it also can be used for the treatment of heat strangury

It has no property of astringency and its effect of stanching bleeding mainly aims at the large intestine, so is good at treating bloody stool and bleeding from piles (Continued )

212 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 11.3 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Herbs That Cool the Blood and Stanch Bleeding (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Similarity

Differences

Imperata Rhizome (bai mao gen) (Rhizoma Imperatae)

Both are sweet in flavor and cold in nature, act on the lung and stomach channels, can clear the lung and stomach heat and promote urination, and are used for the treatment of cough due to lung heat, vomiting due to stomach heat, continuous and dribbling urination with pain. Both often combine with each other in order to reinforce their effects

It is partial to acting on the blood aspect, and good at cooling the blood and stanching bleeding, and used for treating various bleeding syndromes due to blood heat. It also acts on the bladder channel, and is especially suitable for the treatment of bloody urine and blood strangury due to damp-heat accumulated in the bladder

All three medicinals are the different processed products of the flower or bud of Sophora japonica L. of the Leguminosae family. All are partial to cool property, can play the effect of clearing heat in different degree. Both raw Flos Sophorae (sheng huai hua) and dry-fried Flos Sophorae (chao huai hua) can treat swelling and pain due to fire heat. Both the raw one and charred Flos Sophorae (huai hua tan) can cool the blood and stanch bleeding and treat various bleeding syndromes

It mainly has the effects of calming the liver and improving vision, clearing heat and cooling the blood, resolving toxins and curing sores, and is used for the treatment of dizziness due to ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, bleeding syndromes due to exuberant fire heat congestion causing blood move in disorder, boils and sores, swollen carbuncles and phlegmon of the dorsum of the hand or foot, red swelling and hot pain

Reed Rhizome (lu gen) (Rhizoma Phragmitis) Raw Pagoda Tree Flower (sheng huai hua)

Dry-Fried Pagoda Tree Flower (chao huai hua)

Charred Pagoda Tree Flower (huai hua tan)

It is partial to enter the qi aspect, and its effects more lie in clearing heat and promoting fluid production, and is often used for the treatment of fluid consumption and (or) excessive thirst in the febrile diseases

After dry-fried, its bitter and cold properties become moderate, and has the effects of clearing throat and relieving sore-throat, killing worms and relieving infantile malnutrition, and can be used for the treatment of aphasia from wind-strike (apoplexy), swelling and pain of the throat, throat bì (pharyngitis), and dry mouth due to exuberant fire It has very mild effects of clearing heat and cooling the blood, but has astringent property, is good at stanching bleeding, and used for the treatment of bloody stool and bleeding from piles due to damp-heat in the large intestine, expectoration of blood, nosebleed, blood-stained phlegm, or flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding)

SECTION 2  HERBS THAT DISSOLVE STASIS AND STANCH BLEEDING Outline Medicinals in this section are more sweet, bitter, and acrid in flavor, and neutral in nature. The bitter medicinals have the effects of discharging and descending, and the acrid medicinals have the effects of moving and dispersing. So they not only can stanch bleeding, but also dissolve stasis, have the characteristic of “stanching bleeding without leaving stasis,” and are indicated for the treatment of bleeding diseases and syndromes due to internal obstruction of static blood and blood failing to circulate in the vessels. This section’s medicinals also can disperse swelling and relieve pain, and are used for the treatment of injury from falling down, menstrual block, pain in the epigastrium and abdomen due to blood stasis and stagnation. In clinic, the main points of pattern differentiation are repeated and unceasing bleeding with purple dark blood, containing clots, blackish complexion, and purple dark tongue or with stasis macules or spots, thready and choppy pulse. Although they are suited to treat bleeding syndromes complicated by blood stasis and stagnation, they also can be used for the treatment of other bleeding syndromes through combining with other herbs followed the patterns. This chapter’s medicinals have the properties of moving and dispersing, so which use should be cautious in pregnant women and patients with bleeding but no blood stasis.

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Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 1. Primary herbs (Table 11.4)

TABLE 11.4 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Dissolve Stasis and Stanch Bleeding Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Pseudoginseng Root (san qi) (Radix et Rhizoma Notoginseng)

Initially recorded in The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica (ben cao gang mu). It is the dried root and rhizome of Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen of the Araliaceae family. It is collected before blooming in autumn, then washed clean; after main root, rootlet, and rhizome are separated, it is dried

Sweet, slightly bitter, warm; act on the liver and stomach channels

Dissipate blood stasis and stanch bleeding, relieve swelling and pain

Indicated for the treatment of expectoration of blood, spitting of blood, nosebleed, bloody stool, flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding), bleeding from external injury, stabbing pain in the chest and abdomen, or swelling and pain from falling down. Normally, 3–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is ground into powder for oral taking with 1–3 g each time or is used externally

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women

Indian Madder Root (qian cao) (Radix et Rhizoma Rubiae)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried root and rhizome of Rubia cordifolia L. of the Rubiaceae family. It is collected in spring and autumn; after impurities are removed, it is dried

Bitter, cold; act on the liver channel

Cool the blood, dispel stasis, stanch bleeding, and promote menstruation

Indicated for the treatment of spitting of blood, nosebleed, flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding), bleeding from external injury, menstrual block due to static blood obstruction, painful bì syndrome of joints, swelling and pain from falling down. Normally, 6–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder

Its use is prohibited in patients with deficiencycold of the spleen and stomach and no blood stasis and stagnation

(Continued )

214 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 11.4 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Dissolve Stasis and Stanch Bleeding (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Cattail Pollen (pu huang) (Pollen Typhae)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried pollen of Typha angustifolia L. or Typha orientalis Presl of the Typhaceae family. Yellow male inflorescence on the longbract cattail fruit upside is collected in summer; dried under the sun and ground, then the pollen is sieved for use

Sweet, neutral; act on the liver and pericardium channels

Stanch bleeding, dissolve stasis, and relieve strangury

Indicated for the treatment of spitting of blood, expectoration of blood, nosebleed, flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding), bleeding from external injury, menstrual block, dysmenorrhea, stabbing pain in the chest and abdomen, swelling and pain from falling down, blood strangury or bloody urine. Normally, 5–10 g is wrapped first and decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women

Ophicalcite (hua rui shi) (Ophicalcitum)

Initially recorded in Materia Medica of the Jiayou Era (jia you ben cao). It is the stone of Ophicalcite. of the metamorphite group. It is collected in whole year, and then other mixed stones and sediment are removed

Sour, astringent, neutral; act on the liver channel

Dissolve stasis and stanch bleeding

Indicated for the treatment of expectoration of blood, spitting of blood, bleeding from external injury, and wound with pain from falling down complicated by a pattern of stasis and stagnation. Normally, 4.5–9 g is often ground into powder as an oral dose with 1–1.5 g each time, or 10–15 g is wrapped and decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is used for applying externally

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women, and cautious in patients without internal stasis

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TABLE 11.4 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Dissolve Stasis and Stanch Bleeding (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Rosewood (jiang xiang) (Lignum Dalbergiae Odoriferae)

Initially recorded in Materia Medica Arranged According to Pattern (zheng lei ben cao). It is the dried heart wood of trunk and root of Dalbergia odorifera T. Chen of the Leguminosae family. It is collected in whole year; after sapwood is removed, it is dried in the shade

Acrid, warm; act on the liver and spleen channels

Dissolve stasis and stanch bleeding, rectify qi, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of spitting of blood, nosebleed, bleeding from external injury, hypochondriac pain due to liver constraint, chest bì with stabbing pain, wound with pain from falling down, vomiting and abdominal pain. Normally, 9–15 g is added later and decocted with water as an oral dose, or ground into powder for swallowing intact with 1–2 g each time. Or an appropriate amount is ground into fine powder for applying externally

It is not suitable for patients with yin deficiency and exuberant fire, bleeding due to blood heat, and constipation with excess pulse

Japanese Ginseng (zhu jie shen) (Rhizoma Panacis Japonici)

Initially recorded in Scientific Folk Medicinals (ke xue de min jian yao cao). It is the dried rhizome of Panax japonicus C. A. Mey. of the Araliaceae family. It is collected in autumn; after axial root and outer bark are removed, it is dried

Sweet, slightly bitter, warm; act on the liver, spleen, and lung channels

Dissipate blood stasis and stanch bleeding, relieve swelling and pain, dispel phlegm and relieve cough, supplement deficiency and tonify

Indicated for the treatment of expectoration of blood from tuberculosis, injury from falling down, cough with profuse phlegm, and weakness after illness. Normally, 6–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or steeped in wine, or made into pills or powder. Or an appropriate amount is ground into powder for applying the afflicted part externally

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women, and it is also not suitable for patients without deficiency and blood stasis

216 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

2. Attached herbs (Table 11.5) TABLE 11.5 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Dissolve Stasis and Stanch Bleeding Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Gynura Root It is the dried root and leaf of (ju ye san qi) Gynura segetum (Lour.) Merr. (Radix Gynura) of the Compositae family. It is collected when aerial part is withered; after residual stem and earth are removed, it is dried under the sun

Sweet, slightly bitter, warm; act on the spleen and liver channels

Stanch bleeding, dissipate blood stasis, relieve swelling and pain, and resolve toxins

Indicated for the treatment of spitting of blood, nosebleed, bloody stool, flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding), bleeding from external injury, postpartum abdominal pain due to blood stasis and stagnation, injury from falling down, sores and carbuncles. Normally, 6–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is cautious in pregnant women

Aizoon Stonecrop (jing tian san qi) (Herba Sedi Aizoon)

It is the dried root or entire plant of Sedum aizoon L. or Sedum kamtschaticum Fisch. of the Crassulaceae family. The root is collected in spring and autumn, then washed and dried under the sun. The entire plant is collected anytime or in autumn, and dried

Sweet, slightly sour, neutral; act on the heart and liver channels

Dissipate blood stasis and stanch bleeding, calm the heart and mind, resolve toxins

Indicated for the treatment of spitting of blood, nosebleed, expectoration of blood, bloody stool, bloody urine, flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding), purpura, bleeding from external injury, injury from falling down, palpitation, insomnia, swollen sores and furuncles and carbuncles, scald and burn, and insect bite. Normally, 15–30 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is prohibited in patients with deficiencycold of the spleen and stomach

Big Leaf Beautyberry Root or Leaf (da ye zi zhu) (Radix seu Folium Callicarpae Macrophyllae)

It is the dried leaf or twig with leaf of Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl of the Verbenaceae family. It is collected in summer and autumn, and dried under the sun

Acrid, bitter, neutral; act on the liver, lung, and stomach channels

Dissipate blood stasis and stanch bleeding, relieve swelling and pain

Indicated for the treatment of nosebleed, expectoration of blood, spitting of blood, bloody stool, bleeding from external injury, swelling and pain from falling down. Normally, 15–30 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is ground into powder or pounded for externally applying the afflicted part

Its use is cautious in pregnant women

Largeleaf Japanese Ginseng Rhizome (zhu zi shen) (Rhizoma Panacis Majoris)

It is the dried root of Codonopsis convolvulacea Kurz var. forrestii (Diels) Ballard of the Campanulaceae family. It is collected in autumn, and then washed clean, cut into pieces and dried under the sun

Sweet, neutral; act on the liver, spleen, and lung channels

Stanch bleeding and engender flesh, supplement the lung and relieve cough

Indicated for the treatment of bleeding from external injury, or knife injury, cough due to lung deficiency, dry cough without phlegm, shortness of breath and panting. Normally, 15–30 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

No special contraindications.

Lotus Receptacle (lian fang) (Receptaculum Nelumbinis)

It is the dried floral receptacle of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. of the Nymphaeaceae family. It is collected when fruit is matured in autumn; after fruit is removed, it is dried under the sun

Bitter, astringent, warm; act on the liver and spleen channels

Remove stasis, stanch bleeding, dispel dampness

Indicated for the treatment of profuse uterine bleeding, profuse menstruation, vaginal bleeding during pregnancy, abdominal pain due to blood stasis, retention of the placenta, red dysentery, blood strangury, piles and prolapse of the rectum, and skin eczema. Normally, 5–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is ground into powder for applying or decocted with water for fumigating and washing the afflicted part

Its use is cautious in pregnant women

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TABLE 11.5 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Dissolve Stasis and Stanch Bleeding (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Lamiophlomis (du yi wei) (Herba Lamiophlomis)

It is the dried aerial part of Lamiophlomis rotata (Benth.) Kudo of the Lamiaceae family. It is a habitually used medicinal in Tibetan nationality, collected during the flowering fruit bearing stage, then washed clean, and dried under the sun

Sweet, bitter, neutral; act on the liver channel

Invigorate blood and stanch bleeding, dispel wind and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of injury from falling down, bleeding from external injury, painful bì syndrome due to wind-damp, dysmenorrhea, flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding). Normally, 2–3 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

It is not suitable for pregnant women and patients without stasis and stagnation

Fruticose Dracaena Leaf (tie shu ye) (Folium Cordylines Fruticosae)

It is the dried leaf of Cordyline frunicosa (L.) A. Cheval. of the Agavaceae family. It is collected in whole year, and dried under the sun

Sweet, bland, cool; act on the spleen and stomach channels

Clear heat, dissipate blood stasis and stanch bleeding

Indicated for the treatment of stomachache, dysentery, spitting of blood, bloody stool, bloody urine, profuse menstruation, and injury from falling down. Normally, 15–30 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is cautious in pregnant women

Insect Wax (chong bai la) (Cera Chinensis)

It is the refined product of the white ceraceous substance secreted by male white wax insect Ericerus pela (Chavannes) Guerin of the Coccidae family.

Sweet, bland, warm; act on the liver channel

Stanch bleeding, engender flesh, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of bleeding from incised wound, bloody urine, bloody stool, sores and ulcers disclosed for a long time. Normally, 3–6 g is made into pills or powder for oral use. Or an appropriate amount is melted and made into ointment for applying externally

No special contraindications

Common Gendarussa Herb (xiao bo gu) (Herba Genderussae Vulgaris)

It is the dried aerial part of Gendarussa vulgaris Nees of the Acanthaceae family. It is collected in whole year; after impurities are removed, it is dried under the sun

Acrid, bitter, neutral; act on the liver and kidney channels

Dispel stasis and relieve pain, promote reunion of fractured tendon and bone, and dispel winddamp

Indicated for the treatment of injury from falling down, injury of tendons, bone fractures, bone pain due to winddamp, menstrual block and abdominal pain due to blood stasis. Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or ground into powder or steeped in wine for use. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is cautious in pregnant women

Fistular Onion Juice (cong zhi) (Succus Allii Fistulosi)

It is the fresh juice extracted from pounding the Allium fistulosum L. of the Liliaceae family. The plant stem or entire plant is collected in whole year, and then pounded to extract the juice for fresh use

Acrid, warm; act on the liver channel

Dissipate blood stasis, unblock the orifices, expel worms, and resolve toxins

Indicated for the treatment of nosebleed, bloody urine, headache, deafness, worm accumulation syndrome, bleeding from external injury, injury from falling down, swollen sores and carbuncles with pain. Normally, 5–10 mL is for drinking each time, or mixed with wine for oral use. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is cautious in patients with exterior deficiency accompanied by profuse sweating

Fish SwimBladder (yu biao) (Colla Piscis)

It is the dried swim bladder of Pseudosciaena crocea (Richardson), Pseudosciaena polyactis (Bleeker) or Nibea albifiora (Richardson) of the Roncadores family, or Acipenser sinensis Gray or Huso dauricus (Georgi) of the Acipenseridae family. The swim bladder is taken out from the fish abdomen; after vessel and mucosa are removed, it is dried

Sweet, neutral; act on the kidney and liver channels

Supplement the liver and kidney, nourish the blood and stanch bleeding, dissipate blood stasis, and relieve swelling

Indicated for the treatment of seminal emission due to kidney deficiency, spasm due to blood deficiency, postpartum convulsion, tetanus, spitting of blood, expectoration of blood, bloody urine, flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding), bleeding from external injury and piles. Normally, 10–30 g is decocted with water or 3–6 g is ground into powder as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is prohibited in patients with anorexia and profuse phlegm

218 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

3. Herb differentiation (Table 11.6) TABLE 11.6 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Herbs That Dissolve Stasis and Stanch Bleeding Name of Medicinal

Similarity

Differences

Indian Madder Root (qian cao) (Radix et Rhizoma Rubiae)

Both act on the liver channel, can dissolve stasis and stanch bleeding, and are extensively used for the treatment of various internal or external bleeding syndromes complicated by blood stasis and stagnation

It is bitter and cold in nature and has the effects of discharging and descending, not only can cool the blood and stanch bleeding, but also can invigorate blood and dissipate blood stasis, so it is more used for the treatment of bleeding with a pattern of blood heat complicated by stasis. It can remove stasis and stagnation, unblock the blood vessels and smooth joint movement, and can be used for the treatment of menstrual block due to blood stagnation, injury from falling down and painful bì syndrome due to wind-damp

Ophicalcite (hua rui shi) (Ophicalcitum)

It is neutral in nature, and can be selected for the treatment of internal or external bleeding with a pattern of whether cold or heat. It is more used for the treatment of spitting of blood, nosebleed, and bleeding from trauma

SECTION 3  HERBS THAT ASTRINGE AND STANCH BLEEDING Outline Most of medicinals in this section are astringent in flavor, or the charred products, or sticking in nature, have the effects of astringing and stanching bleeding, and can be extensively used for the treatment of various internal or external bleeding syndromes. However, the astringency may be easy to cause stasis left and pathogens lingering while stanching bleeding. When using this section’s medicinals in clinic, they usually combine with herbs that dissolve stasis and stanch bleeding, or herbs that invigorate blood and dispel stasis. Their application should be cautious in patients with bleeding complicated by blood stasis or bleeding in the initial stage complicated by excess pathogen.

Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 1. Primary herbs (Table 11.7) TABLE 11.7 Properties, Actions and Application of Common Herbs That Astringe and Stanch Bleeding Name of Medicinal Bletilla Rhizome (bai ji) (Rhizoma Bletillae)

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried tuber of Bletilla sfriata (Thunb.) Reiehb. f. of the Orchidaceae family. It is collected in summer and autumn; after fibrous root is removed, it is washed clean, then placed in boiling water, and decocted or steamed until no white heart, and then dried until 50% is dry; after outer bark is removed, it is dried under the sun

Bitter, sweet, astringent, slightly cold; act on the lung, liver, and stomach channels

Efficacy Clinical Application and Action and Usage Astringe and stanch bleeding, relieve swelling, and engender flesh

Indicated for the treatment of expectoration of blood and spitting of blood (lung and stomach bleeding), nosebleed, bleeding from external injury or incised wound, swollen carbuncles and sores and ulcers due to heat toxin, and chapped skin of hand and foot. Normally, 6–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills with 2–5 g each time, or ground into powder for swallowing intact with 1–1.5 g each time. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

Caution It is not suited to combine with Radix Aconiti (chuan wu), Radix Aconiti Kusnezoffii (cao wu) and Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) to use

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TABLE 11.7 Properties, Actions and Application of Common Herbs That Astringe and Stanch Bleeding (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy Clinical Application and Action and Usage

Caution

Hairyvein Agrimonia (xian he cao) (Herba Agrimoniae)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried aerial part of Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. of the Rosaceae family. It is collected when stem and leaf are flourishing in summer and autumn; after impurities are removed, it is dried

Bitter, astringent, neutral; act on the heart and liver channels

Astringe and stanch bleeding, prevent attack of malaria, arrest dysentery, resolve toxins, and supplement deficiency

Indicated for the treatment of expectoration of blood, spitting of blood, bloody urine, bloody stool, flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding), chronic diarrhea, red dysentery, malaria with chills and fever, swollen carbuncles and sores due to heat toxin, vaginal itching, morbid leukorrhea, and impairment caused by overstrain. Normally, 6–12 g is decocted with water as an oral dose; the large dose can be at 30–60 g. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

It is not suitable for patients without unceasing bleeding. After oral taking, palpitation, hyperemia of face or flush may occur

Beauty-Berry Leaf (zi zhu ye) (Folium Callicarpae Pedunculatae)

Initially recorded in Supplement to ‘The Materia Medica’ (ben cao shi yi). It is the dried leaf of Callicarpa formosana Rolfe of the Verbenaceae family. It is collected when branch and leaf are flourishing in summer and autumn, and then dried

Bitter, astringent, cool; act on the liver, lung, and stomach channels

Cool the blood, astringe and stanch bleeding, dissolve stasis, resolve toxins, and relieve swelling

Indicated for the treatment of nosebleed, expectoration of blood, spitting of blood, bloody stool, flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding), bleeding from external injury, sores and ulcers due to heat toxin, burn due to hot liquid or fire. Normally, 10–15 g is decocted with water or 1.5–3 g is ground into powder as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is pounded for applying the affected area

Due to its astringency, its use is cautious in patients with exterior pattern in initial phase

Charred Fortune Windmillpalm Petiole (zong lü tan) (Petiolus Trachycarpi Carbonisatus)

Initially recorded in Supplement to “The Materia Medica” (ben cao shi yi). It is the processed product of leaf sheath fiber of Trachycarpus fortunei (Hook. f.) H. Wendl. of the Trachycarpaceae family. Leaf sheath fiber is usually collected during September to October, and then dried under the sun, and charred for use

Bitter, astringent, neutral; act on the liver, lung, and large intestine channels

Astringe and stanch bleeding, arrest diarrhea, and vaginal discharge

It is an essential medicinal that can astringe and stanch bleeding, and indicated for the treatment of expectoration of blood and spitting of blood due to blood heat, bloody stool, flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding), chronic diarrhea or lingering dysentery, and morbid leukorrhea. Normally, 3–10 g is decocted with water or 1–1.5 g is ground into powder as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is cautious in bleeding complicated by blood stasis and stagnation, or dampheat dysentery in initial phase

(Continued )

220 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 11.7 Properties, Actions and Application of Common Herbs That Astringe and Stanch Bleeding (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy Clinical Application and Action and Usage

Caution

Charred Hair (xue yu tan) (Crinis Carbonisatus)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the charred material of human hair. Human hair is collected; after impurities are removed, it is washed with lye to remove oily dirt, rinsed with clear water, dried under the sun, calcined into coal, and then cooled for use

Bitter, neutral; act on the liver and stomach channels

Astringe and stanch bleeding, dissolve stasis, and promote urination

Indicated for the treatment of spitting of blood, expectoration of blood or coughing of blood, nosebleed, gingival bleeding, blood strangury, bloody urine, bloody stool, flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding), bleeding from external injury, and difficulty in micturition. Normally, 5–10 g is decocted with water or 1.5–3 g is ground into powder as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is cautious in patients with weakness of the spleen and stomach

Lotus Rhizome Node (ou jie) (Nodus Nelumbinis Rhizomatis)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Medicinal Properties (yao xing lun). It is the dried rhizome node of Nelumbo nuifera Gaertn. of the Nymphaeaceae family. The rhizome is collected in autumn and winter; the node is cut down and washed clean; after fibrous root is removed, it is dried under the sun

Sweet, astringent, neutral; act on the liver, lung, and stomach channels

Astringe and stanch bleeding, and dissolve stasis

Indicated for the treatment of spitting of blood, expectoration of blood, nosebleed, bloody urine, bloody stool, red dysentery, flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding). Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose; the large dose can be at 30 g. Or 30–60 g of the fresh one is pounded to extract the juice for drinking. Or an appropriate amount is made into pills or powder for oral taking. The raw one is to stanch bleeding and dissolve stasis; the charred one is to astringe and stanch bleeding

When decocting, it should avoid using the iron

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TABLE 11.7 Properties, Actions and Application of Common Herbs That Astringe and Stanch Bleeding (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy Clinical Application and Action and Usage

Caution

Chinese Loropetalum Flower (ji mu) (Flos Loropetali Chinensis)

Initially recorded in Illustrated Reference of Botanical Nomenclature (zhi wu ming shi tu kao). It is the root, stem, leaf, or flower of Loropetalum chinense (R. BR.) Oliv. of the Hamamelidaceae family. The flower is collected in summer, leaf is collected in growing season, root or stem is collected in four seasons; and then washed clean and dried under the sun

Bitter, astringent, neutral; act on the liver, stomach, and large intestine channels

Astringe and stanch bleeding, clear heat and resolve toxins, and arrest diarrhea

Indicated for the treatment of bleeding syndromes, such as nosebleed, expectoration of blood, and bleeding from external injury, burn due to hot liquid or fire, diarrhea and dysentery. Normally, 6–10 g of the flower or 15–30 g of the stem and leaf or 30–60 g of the root is decocted with water as an oral dose; the fresh one should be doubled at the dose. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

No special contraindications

Cockscomb (ji guan hua) (Flos Celosiae Cristatae)

Initially recorded in Materia Medica of South Yunnan (dian nan ben cao). It is the dried inflorescence of Celosia cristata L. of the Amaranthaceae family. It is collected when flower is flourishing in autumn, and then dried under the sun

Sweet, astringent, cool; act on the liver and large intestine channels

Astringe and stanch bleeding, arrest vaginal discharge, and arrest dysentery

Indicated for the treatment of spitting of blood, flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding), bloody stool, bleeding from piles, leukorrhea with red and white discharge, and lingering dysentery or diarrhea. Normally, 6–12 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder. Or an appropriate amount is decocted with water for fumigating and washing or ground into powder for applying

It is not suitable for patients with flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding) due to static blood obstruction or dampheat dysentery in initial phase complicated by exterior cold or heat pattern

222 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

2. Attached herbs (Table 11.8) TABLE 11.8 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Astringe and Stanch Bleeding Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Trachycarpus Stiple Fiber (zong lü) (Petiolus Trachycarpi)

It is the dried leafstalk of Trachycarpus fortunei (Hook. f.) H. Wendl. of the Trachycarpaceae family. The old part of leafstalk extended to down and leaf sheath is collected; after fibriform palm fiber is removed, it is dried under the sun

Bitter, astringent, neutral; act on the lung, liver, and large intestine channels

Astringe and stanch bleeding

Indicated for the treatment of spitting of blood, nosebleed, bloody urine, bloody stool, flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding). Normally, 3–9 g of the processed one is decocted with water as an oral dose

It is not suitable for patients with bleeding syndromes complicated by blood stasis

Charred Fineleaf Schizonepeta Spike (jing jie sui tan) (Spica Schizonepetae Carbonisata)

It is the processed product of spica of Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briq. of the Labiatae family. The spica is collected when the flower is blooming and the spica is green during the summer and autumn; after impurities are removed, it is dried under the sun and charred for use

Acrid, astringent, slightly warm; act on the lung and liver channels

Astringe and stanch bleeding

Indicated for the treatment of bloody stool, flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding), and postpartum fainting due to hemorrhage. Normally, 5–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

It is not suitable for patients with flooding and spotting due to static blood obstruction

Plant Soot (bai cao shuang) (Palvis Fumi Carbonisatus)

It is the soot of various weeds after being on fire, which attached in kitchen stove or chimney. It is collected from the cooker bottom or the inside of chimney; after the impurities are removed, it is placed in bottle for use

Acrid, bitter, warm; act on the liver, lung, spleen, and stomach channels

Stanch bleeding, disperse accumulation, and resolve toxins

Indicated for the treatment of spitting of blood, expectoration of blood, nosebleed, bloody stool, profuse uterine bleeding, abnormal vaginal discharge, food accumulation, dysentery, jaundice, sore throat, oral ulcer, and bleeding from external injury. Normally, 0.9–4.5 g is made into pills or powder as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is cautious in patients with yin deficiency and internal heat

Pine Pollen (song hua fen) (Pollen Pini)

It is the dried pollen of Pinus massoniana Lamb., Pinus tabuliformis Carr. or sibling many kinds of plants of the Pinaceae family. The spica is collected just when blooming in spring, and then dried under the sun; the pollen is collected; then the impurities are removed

Sweet, warm; act on the liver and spleen channels

Astringe and stanch bleeding, dry dampness, and close sore

Indicated for the treatment of bleeding from external injury, eczema, yellow-water sore (huáng shuĭ chua¯ng, roughly equivalent to impetigo), skin erosion with pus like dripping wet. Normally, 3–6 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or steeped in wine. Or an appropriate amount is applied on the affected area

Its use is cautious in patients with blood deficiency and internal heat

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TABLE 11.8 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Astringe and Stanch Bleeding (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Clinopodii (duan xue liu) (Herba Clinopodii)

It is the dried aerial part of Clinopodium polycephalum (Vaniot) C. Y. Wu et Hsuan or Clinopodium chinense (Benth.) O. Kuntze of the Labiatae family. It is collected before blooming in summer; after sediment is removed, it is dried under the sun

Slightly bitter, astringent, cool; act on the liver channel

Astringe and stanch bleeding, cool the blood, clear heat, and resolve toxins

Indicated for the treatment of flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding), bloody urine, nosebleed, gingival bleeding, bleeding from trauma, swelling and pain of the throat, swollen sores and ulcers. Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is ground into powder for applying the affected area

It is not suitable for patients with deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach to use for longterm

Immature Peach Fruit (bi tao gan) (Fructus Persicae Immaturus)

It is the young fruit of Amygdalus persica L. or A. davidiana (Carr.) C. de Vos ex Henry of the Rosaceae family. The immature young fruit is collected during April to June, and then dried under the sun for 4–6 days until its green color turns green yellow

Sour, bitter, neutral; act on the lung and liver channels

Arrest sweating and emission, invigorate blood and stanch bleeding, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of night sweating, seminal emission, pain in the epigastrium and abdomen, spitting of blood, and vaginal bleeding (painless spotting) during pregnancy. Normally, 6–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder. Or an appropriate amount is ground into powder for applying or burn for fumigating

No special contraindications

Perforate St. John’s Wort Herb (guan ye lian qiao) (Herba Hyperici Perforati)

It is the entire plant of Hypericum perforatum L. of the Clusiaceae family. It is collected during July to October, and then washed clean and dried under the sun

Bitter, astringent, neutral; act on the liver channel

Astringe and stanch bleeding, regulate menstruation and promote lactation, clear heat and resolve toxins, and drain dampness

Indicated for the treatment of expectoration of blood, spitting of blood, intestinal wind (bloody stool), flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding), bleeding from external injury, menstrual irregularities, inhibited lactation, jaundice, sore throat, red eye with swelling and pain, urinary tract infection, oral ulcer, carbuncles and furuncles, scald, and burn. Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water for oral use. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

No special contraindications

Egg-Shell (ji zi ke) (Chorion Ovi Galli)

It is the hard outer shell of Gallus gallus domesticus Brisson of the Phasianidae family. When eating the egg, it is collected, washed clean, and then dried by baking

Bland, neutral; act on the stomach and kidney channels

Astringe, relieve hyperacidity, strengthen the bone, stanch bleeding, and improve vision

Indicated for the treatment of gastric cavity pain, nausea, acid regurgitation, infantile rickets, various kinds of bleeding, nebula, malnutrition sore, and pock. Normally, 1–9 g is baked and ground into powder as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

No special contraindications

224 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

3. Herb differentiation (Table 11.9) TABLE 11.9 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Herbs That Astringe and Stanch Bleeding Name of Medicinal

Similarity

Differences

Bletilla Rhizome (bai ji) (Rhizoma Bletillae)

Both act on the liver and stomach channels, can stanch bleeding, relieve swelling and supplement deficiency, and treat various bleeding syndromes

It has the effects of cooling the blood and discharging heat, relieving swelling, and engendering flesh, and can be used for the treatment of various internal or external bleeding syndromes, swollen carbuncles and sores (due to heat toxin) in initial phase whether not ulcerated or ulcerated with disclosing for a long time, burn due to hot liquid or fire, and rhagades of hand and foot

Pseudoginseng Root (san qi) (Radix et Rhizoma Notoginseng) Hairyvein Agrimonia (xian he cao) (Herba Agrimoniae) Cape Jasmine Fruit (zhi zi) (Fructus Gardeniae) Charred Fortune Windmillpalm Petiole (zong lü tan) (Petiolus Trachycarpi Carbonisatus)

It can stanch bleeding but not leave stasis, is especially suitable for patients with bleeding complicated by blood stasis, and used for the treatment of injury from falling down, swelling and pain due to blood stasis, swollen carbuncles, and sores. It also can supplement qi and blood and strengthen the body Both have the effect of cooling the blood, and can be used for the treatment of various bleeding syndromes, such as spitting of blood and nosebleed due to blood heat. Both have the effects of resolving toxins and relieving swelling

It has the effect of astringing and stanching bleeding, and can treat bleeding syndromes with whether cold or heat pattern. It also can arrest diarrhea and dysentery, prevent attack of malaria, and supplement deficiency

Both are bitter and neutral in nature, act on the liver channel, have the effects of astringing and stanching bleeding, and can be used for the treatment of various bleeding syndromes

It is more used for the treatment of patients with excessive bleeding but without pathogenic heat or (and) blood stasis and stagnation, can astringe and arrest dysentery, arrest diarrhea, and arrest vaginal discharge, and can be used for the treatment of chronic diarrhea and lingering dysentery, or female abnormal vaginal discharge

Charred Hair (xue yu tan) (Crinis Carbonisatus)

Its effects of cooling the blood and resolving toxins, relieving swelling, and pain are stronger than that of Hairyvein Agrimonia (xian he cao). It also can drain fire and relieve vexation, drain dampness and relieve strangury

It can dissolve stasis, so has not the disadvantage of leaving stasis, and can be used for the treatment of various bleeding syndromes. It also can promote urination, and is more used for the treatment of difficulty in micturition, and strangury with bloody urine. It can engender flesh and close sore, and is used for the treatment of sores and ulcers without disclosing, and scald

SECTION 4  HERBS THAT WARM THE CHANNELS AND STANCH BLEEDING Outline This section’s medicinals are warm and hot in nature, can warm the internal organs, boost spleen yang, consolidate the chong mai to contain blood (i.e., keep it within the vessels), have the effects of warming the channels and stanching bleeding, and are indicated for the treatment of deficiency-cold bleeding syndromes due to spleen failing to control blood or insecurity of the chong mai, such as bloody stool, purpura, or flooding, and spotting (uterine bleeding) with bleeding for a long time and dimmed blood, accompanied by shortness of breath, lack of strength, lack of warm in the limbs, lusterless complexion, pale tongue, thready and weak pulse. When using medicinals in this section, for patients with spleen failing to control blood, it should combine with herbs that boost qi and fortify the spleen to treat; for patients with kidney deficiency and insecurity of the chong mai, it should combine with herbs that boost the kidney and warm the uterus to treat. However, patients with bleeding due to exuberant heat and vigorous fire should be prohibited to use these medicinals due to its warm and hot property.

Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 1. Primary herbs (Table 11.10)

TABLE 11.10 Properties, Actions and Application of Common Herbs That Warm the Channels and Stanch Bleeding Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Mugwort Leaf (ai ye) (Folium Artemisiae Argyi)

Initially recorded in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians (ming yi bie lu). It is the dried leaf of Artemisia argyi Lévl. et Vant. of the Compositae family. It is collected before blooming in summer; after impurities are removed, it is dried under the sun

Acrid, bitter, warm, slightly poisonous; act on the liver, spleen, and kidney channels

Warm the channels and stanch bleeding, dissipate cold and relieve pain, regulate menstruation, calm the fetus; external use: dispel dampness and relieve itching

Indicated for the treatment of spitting of blood, nosebleed, flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding), profuse menstruation, vaginal bleeding (painless spotting) during pregnancy, cold pain in the lower abdomen, dysmenorrhea or menstrual irregularities due to cold, infertility due to uterus cold, and itch of skin. Normally, 3–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is used for moxibustion or fumigating and washing externally

Its use is cautious in patients with yin deficiency and blood heat, or loss of blood all along

Prepared Dried Ginger (pao jiang) (Rhizoma Zingiberis Praeparatum)

Initially recorded in Pouch of Pearls (zhen zhu nang). It is the processed product of dried rhizome of Zingiber offcinale Rosc. of the Zingiberaceae family. The dried Ginger is scalded with sand until it is protruded and its surface turns brown, or dry-fried until charred with black outer surface and brown inside for use

Acrid, hot; act on the spleen, stomach, and kidney channels

Warm the channels and stanch bleeding, warm the center, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of bleeding syndromes, such as spitting of blood, nosebleed and flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding) with a pattern of yang deficiency, abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhea due to deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach. Normally, 3–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women and patients with yin deficiency and fever

Ignited Yellow Earth (zao xin tu) (Terra Flava Usta)

Initially recorded in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians (ming yi bie lu). It is the brown clod in the bottom center of kitchen mud stove that burns firewood or weeds. When repairing the stove or kiln that burns firewood, the caking clod is taken down, and then the burned black part and impurities are removed

Acrid, warm; act on the spleen stomach channels

Warm the center and arrest vomiting, stanch bleeding, and arrest diarrhea

Indicated for the treatment of bleeding syndromes, such as spitting of blood and bloody stool due to deficient spleen failing to control the blood, vomiting due to stomach cold, and chronic diarrhea due to spleen deficiency. Normally, 15–30 g is wrapped with cloth and decocted first with water as an oral dose; or 60–120 g is decocted for drinking as water; or made into pills or powder. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is prohibited in patients with bleeding accompanied by yin deficiency or heat pattern accompanied by vomiting and regurgitation

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2. Herb differentiation (Table 11.11) TABLE 11.11 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Herbs That Warm the Channels and Stanch Bleeding Name of Medicinal

Similarity

Differences

Fresh Ginger (sheng jiang) (Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens)

All four medicinals are the different processed products of rhizome of Zingiber officinale Rosc. of the Zingiberaceae family. They are warm in nature, can warm the center or the channels, and can be used for the treatment of deficiencycold in the middle jiao

It is acrid and warm in nature, has the effects of releasing the exterior and dissipating cold, warming the center and arresting vomiting, warming the lung, and dissolving rheum (fluid retention), and can be used for the treatment of common cold due to wind-cold and vomiting due to stomach cold

Dried Ginger Rhizome (gan jiang) (Rhizoma Zingiberis)

Its property is heat and partial to dryness. It mainly can warm the center and dissipate cold, restore yang and unblock the vessel, dry dampness and dissolve phlegm, and is especially suited to treat pathogenic cold exuberance in the middle jiao complicated by dampness, and panting and cough due to cold fluid-retention lodging in the lung. It is good at restoring yang and unblocking the vessel, and often used for the treatment of cold pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen, vomiting and diarrhea, cold limbs and faint pulse

Prepared Dried Ginger (pao jiang) (Rhizoma Zingiberis Praeparatum)

It is bitter, acrid, and warm in nature, its acrid and dry property is less than that of Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang), its effect of warming the interior is not as good as that of Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang), but its effects are moderate and lasting. It is good at warming the center and relieving pain, arresting diarrhea, warming the channels, and stanching bleeding, so often used for the treatment of abdominal pain and diarrhea due to deficiency-cold in the middle jiao, and deficiency-cold spitting of blood, bloody stool, or flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding)

Charred Dried Ginger (jiang tan) (Rhizoma Zingiberis Carbonisatum)

After dry-fried until charred, its acrid flavor is lost, and it specializes in stanching bleeding and warming the channels; its flavor is bitter and astringent, and effects of astringing and stanching bleeding are stronger than that of Rhizoma Zingiberis Praeparatum (pao jiang), and effect of warming the channels is inferior to that of Rhizoma Zingiberis Praeparatum (pao jiang), so it is often used for the treatment of various deficiency-cold bleeding syndromes in clinic

Mugwort Leaf (ai ye) (Folium Artemisiae Argyi)

Prepared Dried Ginger (pao jiang) (Rhizoma Zingiberis Praeparatum)

Both are bitter and warm in nature, act on the liver and spleen channels, can warm the channels and stanch bleeding, and are used for the treatment of deficiency-cold bleeding syndromes

It can warm the channels, stanch bleeding, and warm the uterus, and is more used for the treatment of flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding) with a pattern of deficiency-cold. It also can calm the fetus, and is used for the treatment of infertility due to uterus cold, vaginal bleeding (painless spotting) during pregnancy, and restless fetus due to deficiencycold in the lower jiao or cold invading the uterus It is the medicinal of first choice for patients with spleen yang deficiency and spleen failing to control the blood. It also can warm the center and relieve pain, and is used for the treatment of abdominal pain and diarrhea due to deficiency-cold

Chapter 12

Herbs That Invigorate Blood and Dissolve Stasis Chapter Outline Section 1 Herbs That Invigorate Blood and Relieve Pain Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs Section 2 Herbs That Invigorate Blood and Regulate Menstruation Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs

228 228 229 236 236 236

Section 3 Herbs That Invigorate Blood and Cure Injury 246 Outline 246 Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 246 Section 4 Herbs That Break up Blood Stasis and Resolve Masses 251 Outline 251 Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 252

ABSTRACT Chinese herbal medicinals that can mainly unblock the blood vessels, promote blood circulation, and dissipate static blood, and are used for the treatment of blood stasis syndromes or diseases are called “Herbs that Invigorate Blood and Dissolve Stasis” or “herbs that invigorate blood and dispel stasis,” briefly called “herbs that invigorate blood” or “herbs that dissolve stasis.” Herbs that invigorate blood and dissolve stasis are applicable to treat all syndromes of stagnation of blood stasis. Herbs that invigorate blood and dissolve stasis can be divided into four categories: herbs that invigorate blood and relieve pain, herbs that invigorate blood and regulate menstruation, herbs that invigorate blood and cure injury, and herbs that break up blood stasis and resolve masses. Keywords: herbs that invigorate blood and dissolve stasis; herbs that invigorate blood and relieve pain; herbs that invigorate blood and regulate menstruation; herbs that invigorate blood and cure injury; herbs that break up blood stasis and resolve masses; Invigorate blood and move qi; invigorate blood and relieve pain; invigorate blood and promote menstruation; invigorate blood and dispel stasis; break up blood and expel stasis; unblock the collaterals and relieve pain; invigorate blood and disperse concretions (zhēng)

Chinese herbal medicinals that can mainly unblock the blood vessels, promote blood circulation, and dissipate static blood, and are used for the treatment of blood stasis syndromes or diseases are called “Herbs That Invigorate Blood and Dissolve Stasis” or “Herbs That Invigorate Blood and Dispel Stasis,” briefly called “Herbs That Invigorate Blood” or “Herbs That Dissolve Stasis.” Medicinals that have a strong effect of invigorating blood are also called “Herbs That Break Up Blood” or “Herbs That Expel Stasis.” Seeking Accuracy in the Materia Medica (ben cao qiu zhen) points out that “if blood and qi are circumfluent all over the body and not static and stagnant, all diseases will not be resulted in.” Blood is an important substance in human body and can nourish the whole body; but the circulation must be smooth. If blood stream is unsmooth or obstructed in local area, syndrome will be generated that is blood stasis syndrome (or pattern). Herbs that invigorate blood and dissolve stasis are more acrid and bitter in flavor and warm in nature (some animal medicinals are salty in flavor), and mainly act on the heart and liver channels. The medicinals with acrid flavor have the effects of dispersing and moving, medicinals with bitter flavor have the effects of unblocking and purging. They all act on the blood aspect, so can move blood and invigorate blood to unblock the vessels and disperse stasis and stagnation. The meaning is exactly what is called “blood excess syndrome should be treated by removal” in The Yellow Emperor’s Inner Classic (huang di nei jing). In clinic, herbs that invigorate blood and dissolve stasis can show various efficacy, such as invigorate blood to relieve pain, invigorate blood to regulate menstruation, invigorate blood to relieve swelling, invigorate blood to cure injury, invigorate blood to relieve carbuncle, and break up blood to disperse concretions (zhēng). Essentials of Chinese Materia Medica and Medical Formulas. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812722-3.00012-9 Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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228 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

Herbs that invigorate blood and dissolve stasis are applicable to treat all syndromes of stagnation of blood stasis. Stagnant blood is not only the pathological product, but also the etiological factor of many diseases or syndromes. Therefore, the indications of herbs that invigorate blood and dissolve stasis are quite extensive, including internal medicine diseases and syndromes, such as chest pain, abdominal pain, headache, stabbing and fixed pain, internal concretions and conglomerations (lower abdominal masses; zhēng jia˘ ), or accumulations and gatherings (abdominal masses; jī jù), wind-strike (apoplexy) with hemiplegia (half-body paralysis) and numbness of limbs, and a long time painful bì syndrome of joints; external diseases, such as sores and ulcers with swelling and pain; traumatological diseases, such as injuries from falling down with blood stasis and pain; gynecological diseases, such as menstrual irregularities, menstrual block, painful menstruation, postpartum abdominal pain, retention of lochia, and inhibited lactation; and some pediatric diseases. Herbs that invigorate blood and dissolve stasis have a definite therapeutic effect on coronary heart disease with angina pectoris, myocardial infarction (MI), cerebral thrombosis, ischemic cerebrovascular disease, sequelae of brain vascular accident, thromboangiitis obliterans, retinal angiemphraxis, menstrual disorder, uterine fibroids, ectopic pregnancy, abortion, dysmenorrhea, endometriosis, pelvic infection, dystocia, and placental retention in modern medicine, respectively. Some herbs also achieved good therapeutic effects of treating carcinoma, chronic hepatitis, hepatic cirrhosis, gastric ulcer, polyarthritis destruens, insomnia, and scleroderma. Herbs that invigorate blood and dissolve stasis can be divided into four categories: (1) herbs that invigorate blood and relieve pain, (2) herbs that invigorate blood and regulate menstruation, (3) herbs that invigorate blood and cure injury, and (4) herbs that break up blood stasis and resolve masses according to the strength of the different effects, characteristics of their actions, and clinical application. When using herbs that invigorate blood and dissolve stasis, doctors should select them according to their different characteristics of efficacy and the syndromes, and also should aim at the cause of blood stasis to combine in order to treat the root and branch simultaneously. For patients with cold congealing and blood stasis, doctors should select herbs that warm the interior and dissipate cold, and herbs that warm and unblock the channels to combine. For patients with heat scorching nutrient-blood and binding of blood stasis and heat, should select herbs that clear heat and cool the blood, and herbs that drain fire and resolve toxins to combine. For patients with unsmooth movement of blood due to obstruction of phlegm-damp, should select herbs that dissolve phlegm and eliminate dampness to combine. For patients with blocked channels due to winddamp obstruction, should select herbs that dispel wind and eliminate dampness and unblock the collaterals to combine. For weak patients with blood stasis or stasis due to body deficiency, should select herbs that supplement deficiency to combine. For patients with concretions and conglomerations (lower abdominal masses; zhēng jiă ) or accumulations and gatherings (abdominal masses; jī jù), should select herbs that soften hardness and dissipate masses to combine. Due to the close relationship between qi and blood, “qi flow promotes blood transportation, qi stagnation leads to blood congealing,” doctors often select herbs that move qi to combine in order to strengthen the efficacy of invigorating blood and dissipating blood stasis. Medicinals in this category have strong effects of moving and dispersing, and are easy to consume blood and induce bleeding. Some of them even can induce abortion and hasten parturition, so they are not suitable for women with profuse menstruation and other bleeding syndromes without blood stasis, and they should be cautious or prohibited in pregnant women. Herbs that break up blood stasis and expel stasis are easy to damage healthy qi, so using them should obey the principle of discontinue medication as soon as getting effect. The modern pharmacological research indicates the herbs that invigorate blood and dissolve stasis can improve blood circulation, especially microcirculation to promote recovery of the pathological change; have the function of anticoagulated blood in order to prevent the formation of thrombus and arteriosclerosis plaque; can improve the metabolic function to promote tissue repair, wound and fracture healing; may ameliorate the permeability of blood capillary to relieve inflammatory reaction and promote the regression and absorption of inflammation lesion; can ameliorate the metabolism of connective tissue to promote the transformation and absorption of hyperplasia and recover the atrophic connective tissue; also can regulate the body immunity function and have the antibiotic action.

SECTION 1  HERBS THAT INVIGORATE BLOOD AND RELIEVE PAIN Outline Medicinals in this section are more acrid in flavor, act on both the blood and qi aspects, can invigorate blood and move qi, have a good effect of relieving pain, and are mainly used for the treatment of various pain syndromes caused by stasis and stagnation of qi and blood, such as headache, chest and ribside pain, epigastric and abdominal pain, dysmenorrhea, postpartum abdominal pain, painful bì syndrome of limbs, and pain of injury from falling down. They also can be used for the treatment of other blood stasis syndromes.

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When using herbs that invigorate blood and relieve pain in clinic, doctors should select corresponding medicinals appropriately according to the different positions of pain, etiological factors, and pathogenic conditions to combine. For patients with liver constraint and blood stasis, doctors should select herbs that rectify qi and soothe the liver to combine. For patients with injury from falling down accompanied by pain with blood stasis, should select herbs in this section that have the effects of relieving swelling and engendering flesh to combine with herbs that invigorate blood and cure injury. For patients with pain from menstruation or childbirth, should select herbs that invigorate blood and regulate menstruation to combine with herbs that nourish blood. For patients with swollen sores and ulcers and carbuncles, should select herbs that invigorate blood and relieve swelling to combine with herbs that clear heat, relieve carbuncle, and resolve toxins.

Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 1. Primary herbs (Table 12.1) TABLE 12.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Invigorate Blood and Relieve Pain Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Sichuan Lovage Root (chuan xiong) (Rhizoma Chuanxiong)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried rhizome of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. of the Umbelliferae family. It is collected when node disc on rhizome protrudes significantly and is purplish in summer; after sediment and fibrous root are removed, it is dried under the sun and then baked until dry

Acrid, warm; act on the liver, gallbladder, and pericardium channels

Invigorate blood and move qi, dispel wind and relieve pain, and regulate menstruation

Indicated for the treatment of chest bì and precordial pain, stabbing pain in the chest and ribside, swelling and pain from falling down, dysmenorrhea and menstrual block or irregularities, concretions, and conglomerations (zhēng jia˘ ) with abdominal pain, and headache due to qi stagnation and blood stasis, and painful bì syndrome due to winddamp. Normally, 3–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is cautious in pregnant women and patients with vigorous fire due to yin deficiency, profuse sweating, exuberant heat, and bleeding without blood stasis

Corydalis Rhizome (yan hu suo) (Rhizoma Corydalis)

Initially recorded in Master Lei’s Discourse on Medicinal Processing (lei gong pao zhi lun). It is the dried tuber of Corydalis yanhusuo W. T. Wang of the Papaveraceae family. It is collected when stem and leaf are withered in the early summer; after fibrous root is removed, it is decocted with boiling water until just no white heart, taken out and dried under the sun

Acrid, bitter, warm; act on the liver and spleen channels

Invigorate blood and move qi, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of pain caused by qi stagnation and blood stasis, pain in the chest and ribside, stomach cavity and abdomen, chest bì and precordial pain, menstrual block and dysmenorrhea, postpartum abdominal pain, swelling and pain from falling down. Normally, 3–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or ground into powder for oral taking with 1.5–3 g each time

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women and patients with blood heat and qi deficiency

(Continued )

230 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 12.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Invigorate Blood and Relieve Pain (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Turmeric Root Tuber (yu jin) (Radix Curcumae)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Medicinal Properties (yao xing lun). It is the dried tuber of Curcuma wenyujin Y. H. Chen et C. Ling, Curcuma longa L., Curcuma kwangsiensis S. G. Lee et C. F. Liang or Curcuma phaeocaulis Val. of the Zingiberaceae family. It is collected when stem and leaf are withered in winter; after sediment and radicula are removed, it is steamed or decocted until no white heart, then dried

Acrid, bitter, cold; act on the liver, heart, and lung channels

Invigorate blood and relieve pain, move qi, and resolve constraint, clear heart heat and cool the blood, promote gallbladder function, and relieve jaundice

Indicated for the treatment of stabbing pain in the chest and ribside, chest bì and precordial pain, menstrual block, dysmenorrhea, and distending pain in the breast due to qi stagnation and blood stasis, loss of consciousness (in febrile disease), epilepsy and mania, spitting of blood and nosebleed due to blood heat, bloody urine and blood strangury, jaundice due to dampheat. Normally, 3–10 g is decocted with water or 2–5 g is ground into powder as an oral dose

Its use is prohibited in patients with yin deficiency and blood loss, and no qi stagnation and blood stasis, cautious in pregnant women, and not suited to combine with Clove Flower (ding xiang)

Common Turmeric Rhizome (jiang huang) (Rhizoma Curcumae Longae)

Initially recorded in Newly Revised Materia Medica (xin xiu ben cao). It is the dried rhizome of Curcuma longa L. of the Zingiberaceae family. When stem and leaf are withered in winter, it is collected and washed clean, then decocted or steamed to heart, dried under the sun, and then fibrous root is removed

Acrid, bitter, warm; act on the spleen and liver channels

Invigorate blood and move qi, unblock the channels, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of stabbing pain in the chest and ribside, chest bì and precordial pain, menstrual block and dysmenorrhea due to qi stagnation and blood stasis, concretions and conglomerations (zhēng jia˘ ), painful bì syndrome of shoulder and arm due to winddamp, and swelling and pain from falling down. Normally, 3–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is cautious in patients with blood deficiency and no qi stagnation and blood stasis, and prohibited in pregnant women

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TABLE 12.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Invigorate Blood and Relieve Pain (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Wenyujin Rhizome (pian jiang huang) (Rhizoma Wenyujin Concisum)

Initially recorded in Chinese Pharmacopoeia (zhong hua ren min gong he guo yao dian). It is the dried rhizome of Curcuma wenyujin Y. H. Chenet C. Ling of the Zingiberaceae family. When stem and leaf are withered in winter, it is collected and washed clean; after fibrous root is removed, it is slivered into thick pieces while fresh, and then dried under the sun

Acrid, bitter, warm; act on the spleen and liver channels

Break up blood stasis and move qi, unblock the channels, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of pain caused by qi stagnation and blood stasis, stabbing pain in the chest and ribside, chest bì, and precordial pain, dysmenorrhea and menstrual block, concretions and conglomerations (zhēng jia˘), shoulder and arm pain due to wind-damp, and swelling and pain from falling down. Normally, 3–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is cautious in pregnant women and patients with blood deficiency and no qi stagnation and blood stasis

Frankincense (ru xiang) (Olibanum)

Initially recorded in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians (ming yi bie lu). It is the dried resina effused from tree bark of Boswellia carterii Birdw. and its sibling Boswellia bhaw-dajiana Birdw. of the Burseraceae family. It is collected in spring and autumn, and then broken into pieces or dry-fried for use

Acrid, bitter, warm; act on the heart, liver, and spleen channels

Invigorate blood and move qi and relieve pain, relieve swelling, and engender flesh

Indicated for the treatment of chest bì and precordial pain, gastric cavity pain, dysmenorrhea and menstrual block, postpartum static blood obstruction, concretions and conglomerations (zhēng jia˘) with abdominal pain, painful bì syndrome due to wind-damp, injury from falling down, swollen carbuncles and sores. Normally, 3–5 g is decocted with water or made into pills or powder as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is ground into powder for applying

Its use is cautious in patients with weak stomach, and prohibited in pregnant women and patients without blood stasis

(Continued )

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TABLE 12.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Invigorate Blood and Relieve Pain (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Myrrh (mo yao) (Myrrha)

Initially recorded in Materia Medica of the Kaibao Era (kai bao ben cao). It is the dried resina of Commiphora myrrha Engl. or Commiphora molmol Engl. of the Burseraceae family. It is divided into natural myrrh and colloid myrrh. It is collected during November to the next February, then broken into pieces or processed for use

Acrid, bitter, neutral; act on the heart, liver, and spleen channels

Dissipate blood stasis and relieve pain, relieve swelling, and engender flesh

Indicated for the treatment of chest bì and precordial pain, dysmenorrhea and menstrual block, and stomachache due to blood stasis and qi stagnation, postpartum static blood obstruction, pain with blood stasis, painful bì syndrome due to wind-damp, injury from falling down, swollen carbuncle-abscess with pain, sores and ulcers without closing for a long time. Normally, 3–5 g is processed to deoil and often made into pills or powder for oral taking. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is cautious in patients with weak stomach, and prohibited in pregnant women and patients without blood stasis

Flying Squirrel Faeces (wu ling zhi) (Faeces Trogopterori)

Initially recorded in Materia Medica of the Kaibao Era (kai bao ben cao). It is the feces of Trogopterus xanthipes MilneEdwards of the Petauristidae family. It is collected in whole year; after impurities are removed, it is dried under the sun for use, or processed with vinegar or wine for use

Bitter, salty, sweet, warm; act on the liver channel

Invigorate blood and relieve pain, dissolve stasis, and stanch bleeding

Indicated for the treatment of pain caused by static blood obstruction, chest bì and precordial pain, pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen, dysmenorrhea, postpartum abdominal pain due to blood stasis, bone fracture with swelling and pain, and bleeding due to internal obstruction of static blood. Normally, 3–10 g is wrapped first and decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is cautious in pregnant women and patients with blood deficiency and no blood stasis, and not suited to use together with Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen)

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TABLE 12.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Invigorate Blood and Relieve Pain (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Decumbent Corydalis Rhizome (xia tian wu) (Rhizoma Corydalis Decumbentis)

Initially recorded in Commonly Used Folk Medicinals in Zhejiang (zhe jiang min jian chang yong zhong cao yao). It is the dried tuber of Corydalis decumbens (Thunb.) Pers. of the Papaveraceae family. It is collected in spring or early summer; after stem, leaf, and fibrous root are removed, it is washed clean and dried

Bitter, slightly acrid, warm; act on the liver channel

Invigorate blood and relieve pain, relax the sinews and quicken the collaterals, dispel wind, and eliminate dampness

Indicated for the treatment of windstrike with hemiplegia (half-body paralysis), headache, injury from falling down, pain with blood stasis, painful bì syndrome due to wind-damp, spasms of joints, low back pain, and leg pain. Normally, 6–12 g is decocted with water or 1–3 g is ground into powder as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is made into pills for oral taking

Its use is cautious in pregnant women

Beautiful Sweetgum Resin (feng xiang zhi) (Resina Liquidambaris)

Initially recorded in Newly Revised Materia Medica (xin xiu ben cao). It is the dried resina of Liquidambar formosana Hance of the Hamamelidaceae family. During July to August, trunk is cut up to make resina flow out, then resina is collected from October to the next April, and then dried in the shade

Acrid, slightly bitter, neutral; act on the lung and spleen channels

Invigorate blood and relieve pain, resolve toxins and engender flesh, cool the blood, and stanch bleeding

Indicated for the treatment of painful bì syndrome due to winddamp, injury from falling down, incised wound, bleeding from external injury, pain with blood stasis, spitting of blood and nosebleed due to blood heat, scrofula, swollen carbuncleabscess with pain, and shank sore lasting for a long time. Normally, 1–3 g is often made into pills or powder as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women

(Continued )

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TABLE 12.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Invigorate Blood and Relieve Pain (cont.) Name of Medicinal Shiny Pricklyash (liang mian zhen) (Radix Zanthoxyli)

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Initially recorded in Seeking Origins in the Materia Medica (ben cao qiu yuan). It is the dried root of Zanthoxylum nitidum (Roxb.) DC. of the Rutaceae family. It is collected in whole year, and then washed clean, cut into pieces or segments and dried under the sun

Bitter, acrid, neutral, slightly poisonous; act on the liver and stomach channels

Invigorate blood and dissolve stasis, move qi and relieve pain, dispel wind and unblock the collaterals, resolve toxins, and relieve swelling

Indicated for the treatment of injury from falling down, bone fracture, stomachache, toothache, swelling and pain of throat, painful bì syndrome due to wind-damp, sores and carbuncles, scrofula and phlegm node, thanatophidia bite, burn and scald. Normally, 5–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is ground into powder for applying or decocted with water for washing the affected area

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women. It cannot be taken over dose, and should be avoided taking together with sour taste food

Ginkgo Leaf Initially recorded in Essentials of Materia (yin xing ye) Medica Distinctions (ben cao pin hui (Folium Ginkgo) jing yao). It is the dried leaf of Ginkgo biloba L. of the Ginkgoaceae family. It is collected when leaf is still green in autumn, and then dried in time

Sweet, bitter, astringent, neutral; act on the heart and lung channels

Invigorate blood and dissolve stasis, unblock the collaterals and relieve pain, astringe the lung and relieve panting, remove turbidity, and reduce blood fat

Indicated for the treatment of pectoral stuffiness pain or precordial pain, windstrike with hemiplegia (half-body paralysis) with a pattern of obstruction of collaterals by blood stasis, cough and panting due to lung deficiency, diarrhea and dysentery, white abnormal vaginal discharge, and high blood fat disease (hyperlipidemia) or high blood pressure. Normally, 9–12 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder

Its use is cautious in pregnant women, and prohibited in patients with excess pathogen

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2. Attached herbs (Table 12.2) TABLE 12.2 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Invigorate Blood and Relieve Pain Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Chinese Hawthorn Leaf (shan zha ye) (Folium Crataegi)

It is the dried leaf of Crataegus pinnatifida Bge. var. major N. E. Br. or Crataegus pinnatifida Bge. of the Rosaceae family. It is collected in summer and autumn, and then dried in the shade

Sour, neutral; act on the liver channel

Invigorate blood and dissolve stasis, rectify qi and unblock the vessel, remove turbidity, and reduce blood fat

Indicated for the treatment of pectoral stuffiness pain or precordial pain due to qi stagnation and blood stasis, chest oppression and breath-holding, palpitation, and forgetfulness, dizziness and tinnitus, and hyperlipidemia. Normally, 3–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into tea for drinking

Its use is cautious in pregnant women

Juncus (deng zhan xi xin) (Herba Erigerontis)

It is the dried entire plant of Erigeron breviscapus (Vant.) Hand.-Mazz. of the Compositae family. It is collected in summer and autumn; after impurities are removed, it is dried under the sun

Acrid, slightly bitter, warm; act on the heart and liver channels

Invigorate blood and unblock the collaterals and relieve pain, dispel wind, and dissipate cold

Indicated for the treatment of wind-strike with hemiplegia (half-body paralysis), precordial pain and pectoral stuffiness pain, painful bì syndrome due to winddamp, headache, and toothache. Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or ground into powder and steamed with egg for eating. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is cautious in pregnant women

Peach Twig (tao zhi) (Ramulus Persicae)

It is dried branch of Prunus persica (L.) Batsch of the Rosaceae family. It is collected in summer, and then cut into segments, and dried under the sun

Bitter, neutral; act on the heart and liver channels

Invigorate blood and unblock the collaterals, resolve toxins, and kill worms

Indicated for the treatment of stabbing pain in the epigastrium and abdomen, painful bì syndrome due to wind-damp, injury from falling down, and sores and tinea. Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is decocted with water for washing the affected area

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women

Eggplant (qie zi) (Solanum melongena)

It is the fruit of Solanum melongena L. of the Solanaceae family. It is collected when matured in summer and autumn

Sweet, cool; act on the spleen, stomach, and large intestine channels

Clear heat, invigorate blood, relieve pain, and swelling

Indicated for the treatment of intestinal wind (i.e., bloody stool), sores and carbuncles due to heat toxin, and ulcer of skin. Normally, 15–30 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is pounded for applying the affected area

Don’t eat too much; otherwise pertinacious illness is easy to be evoked

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3. Herb differentiation (Table 12.3)

TABLE 12.3 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Herbs That Invigorate Blood and Relieve Pain Name of Medicinal

Similarity

Differences

Nutgrass Galingale Rhizome (xiang fu) (Rhizoma Cyperi)

Both are acrid and bitter in flavor, act on the liver channel, can soothe the liver and resolve constraint, move qi and relieve pain. Both can be used for the treatment of liver constraint and qi stagnation

It is acrid in flavor and fragrant and partial to warm in nature, specializes in qi aspect, and is good at soothing the liver and rectifying qi, regulating menstruation and relieving pain so as to treat pain syndromes or menstrual irregularities due to constraint and stagnation of the liver qi. It is an essential medicinal that can rectify qi in internal medicine and regulate menstruation in gynecology

Turmeric Root Tuber (yu jin) (Radix Curcumae) Common Turmeric Rhizome (jiang huang) (Rhizoma Curcumae Longae) Turmeric Root Tuber (yu jin) (Radix Curcumae)

It is acrid and bitter in flavor and cold in nature, act on both the blood and qi aspects, and is good at invigorating blood and relieving pain, moving qi and resolving constraint so as to treat pain syndromes due to qi stagnation and blood stasis Both are the different medicament portions from the same plant. Both can invigorate blood and dissipate blood stasis, move qi and relieve pain, and are used for the treatment of chest and hypochondrium pain, menstrual block, painful menstruation, concretions and conglomerations (zhēng jia˘ ) with abdominal pain due to qi stagnation and blood stasis

It is the medicinal rhizome, is acrid and warm in nature, and has the effects of moving and dispersing and a strong action of dispelling stasis. It is quite suitable for the treatment of cold congealing and qi stagnation and blood stasis It is the medicinal root tuber, is bitter and cold in nature, has the effects of descending and discharging, and a strong action of moving qi, also can cool the blood, and is best for the treatment of blood stasis and qi stagnation with fever

SECTION 2  HERBS THAT INVIGORATE BLOOD AND REGULATE MENSTRUATION Outline Chinese herbal medicinals that mainly can smooth the blood vessels and regulate menstruation and relieve pain are called “Herbs That Invigorate Blood and Regulate Menstruation.” Most medicinals in this section have the characteristic of acridity-opening and bitterness-discharging, mainly act on the liver channel and blood aspect, have the effects of invigorating blood and dissipating blood stasis, are especially good at smoothing the vessel to regulate menstruation, and mainly used for the treatment of menstrual irregularities, painful menstruation and menstrual block caused by unsmooth blood movement, and postpartum abdominal pain due to blood stasis and stagnation. They are also commonly used for the treatment of pain syndrome due to blood stasis, concretions and conglomerations (lower abdominal masses; zhēng jiă), injury from falling down, swollen sores, and carbuncles. The stasis and stagnation syndromes of female menstruation and childbirth are more related to disorderly liver qi flow, so when using these herbs, doctors often select herbs that soothe the liver and rectify qi to combine.

Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 1. Primary herbs (Table 12.4)

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TABLE 12.4 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Invigorate Blood and Regulate Menstruation Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Danshen Root (dan shen) (Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried root and rhizome of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. of the Lamiaceae family. It is collected in spring and autumn; after sediment is removed, it is dried under the sun

Bitter, slightly cold; act on the heart and liver channels

Invigorate blood and dispel stasis, promote menstruation and relieve pain, clear heart heat and relieve vexation, cool the blood and relieve carbuncle

Indicated for the treatment of menstrual irregularities, menstrual block, painful menstruation, postpartum abdominal pain due to blood stasis, precordial pain and pectoral stuffiness pain, pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen, ribside pain, concretions and conglomerations (zhēng jia˘ ), heat bì syndrome with pain, vexation, insomnia, swollen sores and ulcers. Normally, 10–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is cautious in pregnant women. It should not be used together with Radix et Rhizoma Veratri Nigri (li lu)

Safflower (hong hua) (Flos Carthami)

Initially recorded in Newly Revised Materia Medica (xin xiu ben cao). It is the dried flower of Carthamus tinctorius L. of the Compositae family. It is collected when flower turns red from yellow in summer, and then dried in the shade or sun

Acrid, warm; act on the heart and liver channels

Invigorate blood and promote menstruation, dissipate blood stasis, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of menstrual block, dysmenorrhea and postpartum abdominal pain due to blood stasis, concretions and conglomerations (zhēng jia˘) or accumulations and gatherings (jī jù), abdominal mass, chest bì and precordial pain, stabbing pain in the chest and ribside, injury from falling down, swollen sores and ulcers, and dark macules and papules due to blood stasis. Normally, 3–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women, and cautious in patients with hemorrhagic tendency

Saffron (xi hong hua) (Stigma Croci)

Initially recorded in Essentials of Materia Medica Distinctions (ben cao pin hui jing yao). It is the dried stigma of Crocus sativus L. of the Iridaceae family

Sweet, neutral; act on the heart and liver channels

Invigorate blood and dissolve stasis, cool the blood and resolve toxins, resolve constraint, and calm the mind

Indicated for the treatment of menstrual block, concretions and conglomerations (zhēng jia˘ ), postpartum static blood obstruction, macules caused by pestilential toxin, constraint syndrome, pĭ syndrome and oppression, palpitation, and mania. Normally, 1–3 g is decocted with water as an oral dose or taken infused with boiling water

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women

(Continued )

238 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 12.4 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Invigorate Blood and Regulate Menstruation (cont.)

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Peach Kernel (tao ren) (Semen Persicae)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried matured seed of Prunus persica (L.) Batsch or Prusua davidiana (Carr.) Franch. of the Rosaceae family. After matured, the fruit is collected; after sarcocarp and hardcore putamen are removed, the seed is taken out, and dried under the sun

Motherwort (yi mu cao) (Herba Leonuri)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the fresh or dried aerial part of Leonurus japonicus Houtt. of the Lamiaceae family. The fresh one is collected during seedling stage in spring to preflower stage in early summer; the dried one is collected when stem and leaf are flourishing, before blooming or early blooming in summer, and then cut into segments and dried under the sun

Name of Medicinal

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Bitter, sweet, neutral, slightly poisonous; act on the heart, liver, and large intestine channels

Invigorate blood and dispel stasis, moisten the intestines to promote defecation, relieve cough and calm panting

Indicated for the treatment of menstrual block, dysmenorrhea, postpartum abdominal pain, concretions and conglomerations (zhēng jia˘ ), and abdominal mass due to static blood obstruction, injury from falling down, lung abscess and intestinal abscess, constipation due to intestinal dryness, cough and panting. Normally, 5–10 g is pounded to pieces and decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women, and cautious in patients with loose stool. Due to its toxicity, overdose should be avoided

Bitter, acrid, slightly cold; act on the liver, pericardium, and bladder channels

Invigorate blood and regulate menstruation, promote urination and relieve edema, clear heat and resolve toxins

Indicated for the treatment of menstrual block, dysmenorrhea, inhibited menstruation, postpartum persistent flow of lochia and abdominal pain due to static blood obstruction, edema and scanty urine, injury from falling down, swollen sores and carbuncles, skin urticant eruptions. Normally, 9–30 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or decocted to paste, or made into pills for oral taking. The fresh one can be used at the dose of 12–40 g

Its use is cautious in pregnant women, and prohibited in patients with yin deficiency and insufficiency of blood or no blood stasis

Caution for Use

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TABLE 12.4 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Invigorate Blood and Regulate Menstruation (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Hirsute Shiny Bugleweed Herb (ze lan) (Herba Lycopi)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried aerial part of Lycopus lucidus Turcz. var. hirtus Regel of the Lamiaceae family. It is collected when stem and leaf are flourishing in summer and autumn, and then dried under the sun

Bitter, acrid, slightly warm; act on the liver and spleen channels

Invigorate blood and regulate menstruation, dispel stasis and relieve carbuncle, promote urination and relieve edema

Indicated for the treatment of menstrual irregularities, menstrual block, dysmenorrhea and postpartum abdominal pain due to static blood obstruction, injury from falling down, pain with blood stasis, swollen sores and carbuncles, edema and ascites. Normally, 6–12 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is cautious in patients with blood deficiency and no blood stasis

Two-toothed Achyranthes Root (niu xi) (Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried root of Achyranthes bidentata Bl. of the Amaranthaceae family. It is collected when stem and leaf are withered in winter; after fibrous root and sediment are removed, it is packaged into a wisp and exposed under the sun until kraurosis, then cut in good order, and dried under the sun

Bitter, sweet, sour, neutral; act on the liver and kidney channels

Expel stasis and promote menstruation, supplement the liver and kidney, strengthen the sinew and bone, promote urination and relieve strangury, and guide proper downward flow of blood

Indicated for the treatment of menstrual block, dysmenorrhea, retention of the placenta, postpartum abdominal pain and injury from falling down due to static blood obstruction, soreness and pain of waist and knees, flaccid lower limbs, strangury, edema, difficulty in micturition, headache, dizziness, toothache, sore in mouth and tongue, spitting of blood and nosebleed. Normally, 5–12 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women or female with profuse menstruation, and cautious in patients with diarrhea due to spleen deficiency or nocturnal emission due to kidney qi insecurity

(Continued )

240 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 12.4 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Invigorate Blood and Regulate Menstruation (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Cyathula Root (chuan niu xi) (Radix Cyathulae)

Initially recorded in Master Lei’s Explanation of the Properties of Processed Medicinals (lei gong pao zhi yao xing jie). It is the dried root of Cyathula offinalis Kuan of the Amaranthaceae family. It is collected in autumn and winter; after basal part of stem, fibrous root, and sediment are removed, it is baked or dried under the sun until 50% is dry, then piled up to back to moistening, and then baked or dried under the sun

Sweet, slightly bitter, neutral; act on the liver and kidney channels

Expel stasis and promote menstruation, smooth movement of joints, promote urination and relieve strangury

Indicated for the treatment of menstrual block, concretions and conglomerations (zhēng jia˘ ), retention of the placenta, injury from falling down due to static blood obstruction, painful bì syndrome due to wind-damp, pain of waist and knees, flaccid feet with spasms of the sinews, bloody urine and blood strangury. Normally, 5–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder or steeped in wine for oral taking

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women or female with profuse menstruation, or male with nocturnal emission or spontaneous seminal emission

Suberect Spatholobus Stem (ji xue teng) (Caulis Spatholobi)

Initially recorded in Supplement to ‘The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica’ (ben cao gang mu shi yi). It is the rattan of Spatholobus suberectus Dunn of the Leguminosae family. It is collected in autumn and winter; after branch and leaf are removed, it is cut into pieces and dried under the sun

Bitter, sweet, warm; act on the liver and kidney channels

Invigorate blood and supplement blood, promote menstruation and relieve pain, relax the sinews, and quicken the collaterals

Indicated for the treatment of menstrual irregularities, dysmenorrhea, and menstrual block due to blood stasis, painful bì syndrome due to winddamp, numbness of hands and feet, paralysis, and withered-yellow complexion due to blood deficiency. Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or steeped in wine, or decocted to paste for oral taking

Its use is cautious in patients with vigorous fire due to yin deficiency

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TABLE 12.4 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Invigorate Blood and Regulate Menstruation (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Cowherb Seed (wang bu liu xing) (Semen Vaccariae)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried matured seed of Vaccaria segetalis (Neck.) Garcke of the Caryophyllaceae family. The plant is collected when fruit is matured and before pericarp is split in summer, and dried under the sun; then the seed is stroked to separate; after impurities are removed, it is dried under the sun again

Bitter, neutral; act on the liver and stomach channels

Invigorate blood and promote menstruation, promote lactation and relieve swelling, promote urination, and relieve strangury

Indicated for the treatment of menstrual block and dysmenorrhea due to blood stasis, difficult delivery, postpartum inhibited lactation, mammary abscess with swelling and pain, swollen carbuncles, heat strangury, blood strangury or stony strangury with difficult and painful urination. Normally, 5–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder for oral use. Or an appropriate amount is ground into powder for applying

Its use is cautious in pregnant women, and prohibited in patients with blood loss or flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding)

Chinese Rose Flower (yue ji hua) (Flos Rosae Chinensis)

Initially recorded in The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica (ben cao gang mu). It is the dried flower of Rosa chinensis Jacq. of the Rosaceae family. It is collected when slightly blooming in whole year, and then dried in the shade or lower temperature

Sweet, warm; act on the liver channel

Invigorate blood and regulate menstruation, soothe the liver, and resolve constraint

Indicated for the treatment of menstrual irregularities, dysmenorrhea, and menstrual block, and distending pain in the chest and hypochondrium due to liver constraint and blood stagnation, injury from falling down, pain with blood stasis, swollen carbuncleabscess, and scrofula. Normally, 3–6 g is decocted with water or taken infused or ground into powder as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is cautious in pregnant women. Its dosage should not be too large. If taking too much or longterm use may cause abdominal pain, loose stool and diarrhea. It should not be decocted for a long time

(Continued )

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TABLE 12.4 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Invigorate Blood and Regulate Menstruation (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Trumpet Creeper Flower (ling xiao hua) (Flos Campsis)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried flower of Campsis grandiflora (Thunb.) K. Schum. or Campsis radicans (L.) Seem. of the Bignoniaceae family. It is collected when blooming in summer and autumn, and then dried

Sweet, sour, cold; act on the liver and pericardium channels

Invigorate blood and promote menstruation, cool the blood and dispel wind

Indicated for the treatment of menstrual irregularities, menstrual block, concretions and conglomerations (zhēng jia˘ ) due to blood stasis, injury from falling down, postpartum mammary swelling, redness of rubella, tinea, itch of skin, acne, bloody stool and flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding). Normally, 5–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women or patients with weakness of qi and blood

Leonurus Fruit (chong wei zi) (Fructus Leonuri)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried matured fruit of Leonurus japonicus Houtt. of the Lamiaceae family. The aerial part is collected when fruit is matured in autumn, and dried under the sun; then the fruit is stroked to separate, and then impurities are removed

Acrid, bitter, slightly cold; act on the pericardium and liver channels

Invigorate blood and regulate menstruation, clear liver heat and improve vision

Indicated for the treatment of menstrual irregularities, menstrual block, dysmenorrhea, flooding (profuse uterine bleeding), abnormal vaginal discharge, postpartum body pain due to static blood obstruction, red eye with nebula (keratoconjunctivitis), dizziness and head distending pain due to liver heat. Normally, 5–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder; or the fresh one is pounded to extract the juice for use

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women or patients with insufficiency of liver blood or mydriasis

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2. Attached herbs (Table 12.5)

TABLE 12.5 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Invigorate Blood and Regulate Menstruation Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Wild Achyranthes Root (tu niu xi) (Radix Achyranthis Sylvestris)

It is the dried root and rhizome of Achyranthes bidentata Blume, Achyranthes aspera L. or Achyranthes aspera L. var. indica L. of the Amaranthaceae family. It is collected between winter and spring or in autumn; after stem, leaf, and fibrous root are removed, it is washed clean and dried under the sun

Sweet, slightly bitter, slightly sour, cold; act on the liver and kidney channels

Invigorate blood and dissipate blood stasis, regulate menstruation, dispel dampness and promote urination, clear heat, and resolve toxins

Indicated for the treatment of menstrual block, injury from falling down, strangury, bloody urine, concretions and conglomerations (zhēng jia˘), joint pain due to wind-damp, edema, dysentery, malaria, diphtheria, and swollen carbuncles. Normally, 9–15 g of the dried one or 30–60 g of the fresh one is decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women

Interius Kadura Stem (dian ji xue teng) (Caulis Kadsurae Interioris)

It is the dried rattan of Kadsura interior A. C. Smith of the Magnoliaceae family. It is collected in autumn; after branch and leaf are removed, it is cut into pieces and dried under the sun

Bitter, sweet, warm; act on the liver and kidney channels

Invigorate blood and supplement blood, regulate menstruation and relieve pain, relax the sinews, and unblock the collaterals

Indicated for the treatment of menstrual irregularities, painful menstruation, infertility due to deficiency, leucorrhea with red and white discharge, numbness, paralysis, painful bì syndrome due to wind-damp, and syndrome of qi and blood weakness. Normally, 15–30 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is cautious in pregnant women

Dried Lacquer (gan qi) (Resina Toxicodendri)

It is the dried processed product of resina of Toxicodendron vernicifluum (Stokes) F. A. Barkl. of the Anacardiaceae family. Generally, the lacquer remained in the bottom of the lacquer container is collected, and dried

Acrid, warm, poisonous; act on the liver and spleen channels

Break up stasis and promote menstruation, disperse accumulation, and kill worms

Indicated for the treatment of menstrual block, concretions and conglomerations (zhēng jia˘ ) or accumulations and gatherings (jī jù) due to blood stasis, and abdominal pain due to worm accumulation. Normally, 2–5 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women and the allergic person to lacquer

Spikemoss (juan bai) (Herba Selaginellae)

It is the dried entire plant of Selaginella tamariscina (Beauv.) Spring or Selaginella pulvinata (Hook. et Grev.) Maxim. of the Selaginellaceae family. It is collected in whole year; after fibrous root and sediment are removed, it is dried under the sun

Acrid, neutral; act on the liver and heart channels

Invigorate blood and promote menstruation

Indicated for the treatment of menstrual block, painful menstruation, pĭ syndrome, concretions and conglomerations (zhēng jia˘ ), and injury from falling down. Normally, 5–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. The charred one can dissolve stasis and stanch bleeding, and is used for the treatment of spitting of blood, flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding), bloody stool, and anal prolapse

Its use is cautious in pregnant women

Common Sinopodophyllum Fruit (xiao ye lian) (Fructus Podophylli)

It is the dried matured fruit of Sinopodophyllum hexandrum (Royle) Ying of the Berberidaceae family. It is a habitually used medicinal in Tibetan nationality, collected when matured in autumn; after impurities are removed, it is dried

Sweet, neutral, and slightly poisonous

Regulate menstruation and invigorate blood

Indicated for the treatment of menstrual block due to blood stasis, difficult delivery, retention of dead fetus, or retention of the placenta. Normally, 3–9 g is made into pills or powder as an oral dose

Overdose may cause vomiting, respiratory stimulation, abnormal involuntary movements and coma

(Continued )

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TABLE 12.5 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Invigorate Blood and Regulate Menstruation (cont.) Name of Medicinal Fennel Flower Seed (hei zhong cao zi) (Semen Nigellae)

Source and Collection It is the dried matured seed of Nigella glandulifera Freyn et Sint. of the Ranunculaceae family. It is a habitually used medicinal in Uygur nationality. The plant is collected when fruit is matured in summer and autumn, and then dried under the sun; the seed is separated; after impurities are removed, the seed is dried under the sun

Property, Channel Entry Sweet, acrid, and warm

Efficacy and Action Supplement the kidney and fortify the brain, promote menstruation and lactation, and promote urination

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Indicated for the treatment of tinnitus and forgetfulness, menstrual block, reduced or absent lactation, heat strangury, and stony strangury. Normally, 2–6 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women and patients suffering from pathogenic heat

3. Herb differentiation (Table 12.6)

TABLE 12.6 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Herbs That Invigorate Blood and Regulate Menstruation Name of Medicinal

Similarity

Differences

Peach Kernel (tao ren) (Semen Persicae)

Both can invigorate blood and promote menstruation, dispel stasis, and relieve pain, are used for the treatment of menstrual block, dysmenorrhea due to stagnation of blood stasis, injury with pain from falling down. Both are the commonly used medicinals for regulating menstruation and relieving trauma pain

It is bitter and sweet in flavor and neutral in nature. Its effect of breaking up stasis is stronger than that of Flos Carthami (hong hua). It is good at dispersing internal abscess, such as lung abscess with chest pain and pyemesis, intestinal abscess with abdominal pain, and also can moisten the intestines to promote defecation, relieve cough and calm panting, and used for the treatment of constipation due to intestinal dryness, cough and panting

Both can invigorate blood and promote menstruation, and treat menstrual block, dysmenorrhea, inhibited menstrual flow, menstrual irregularities, postpartum abdominal pain and retention of lochia due to blood stasis, and injury from falling down

It is an essential medicinal for the treatment of gynecological blood stasis syndromes about menstruation and childbirth. It is slightly cold in nature, so especially suited to treat patients with a pattern of blood heat and blood stasis

Both names are similar in Chinese, have the effects of promoting urination and relieving edema, and can be used for the treatment of edema and difficulty in micturition

It is bitter and acrid and slightly warm. Its efficacy of promoting urination and relieving edema is less than that of Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie). It is good at invigorating blood and dissolving stasis to regulate menstruation, and mainly indicated for the treatment of menstrual block, dysmenorrhea due to blood stasis, and postpartum abdominal pain due to blood stasis

Safflower (hong hua) (Flos Carthami)

Motherwort (yi mu cao) (Herba Leonuri) Sichuan Lovage Root (chuan xiong) (Rhizoma Chuanxiong)

Hirsute Shiny Bugleweed Herb (ze lan) (Herba Lycopi) Water Plantain Rhizome (ze xie) (Rhizoma Alismatis)

Its pungent taste has dispersing effect and warm property has unblocking effect, so the effects of invigorating blood and promoting menstruation, dispelling stasis, and relieving pain are strong. It can be used for the treatment of dark macules and papules due to heat constraint and blood stagnation

It can both invigorate blood and move qi, also is a herb that moves qi, so mainly used for the treatment of various pain caused by qi stagnation and blood stasis

It is sweet, bland, and cold, and good at promoting urination and percolating dampness, and used for the treatment of edema and difficulty in micturition, also can discharge heat, and especially specializes in discharging kidney heat and bladder heat so as to treat damp-heat in the lower jiao

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TABLE 12.6 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Herbs That Invigorate Blood and Regulate Menstruation (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Similarity

Differences

Hirsute Shiny Bugleweed Herb (ze lan) (Herba Lycopi)

Both can invigorate blood and regulate menstruation, promote urination and relieve edema, and treat menstrual block, dysmenorrhea, and postpartum blood stasis syndromes

It is slightly warm and moderate in nature, can soothe the liver and harmonize the nutrient aspect, invigorate blood and regulate menstruation, so is more suited to treat syndromes of stagnation of blood stasis about menstruation and childbirth complicated by liver constraint pattern, and also can treat postpartum edema and difficulty in micturition

Both have the effects of invigorating blood and promoting menstruation, and can treat menstrual block, dysmenorrhea, menstrual irregularities, and postpartum abdominal pain with a pattern of stagnation of blood stasis, or injury from falling down

It is bitter, sweet, and sour in flavor and neutral in nature, partial to invigorating blood and promoting menstruation, and often used for the treatment of blood stasis syndromes in gynecology. It also can supplement the liver and kidney, strengthen the sinew and bone, promote urination and relieve strangury, and ensure proper downward flow of blood or fire, and can treat low back pain due to kidney deficiency, soreness and pain of waist and knees, strangury, edema and difficulty in micturition, or headache and dizziness, spitting of blood and nosebleed due to yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity

Motherwort (yi mu cao) (Herba Leonuri) Two-toothed Achyranthes Root (niu xi) (Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae)

Common Turmeric Rhizome (jiang huang) (Rhizoma Curcumae Longae)

Cyathula Root (chuan niu xi) (Radix Cyathulae)

Two-toothed Achyranthes Root (niu xi) (Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae) Wild Achyranthes Root (tu niu xi) (Radix Achyranthis Sylvestris) Raw Two-toothed Achyranthes Root (sheng niu xi)

Wine-fried Two-toothed Achyranthes Root (jiu niu xi) Salt-fried Two-toothed Achyranthes Root (yan niu xi)

It is partial to cold in nature, and better for the treatment of heat binding blood stasis. Its efficacy of promoting urination is stronger than that of Herba Lycopi (ze lan), so it is extensively used for edema disease

Its acrid taste has dispersing effect, bitter taste has discharging effect and warm property has unblocking effect. It can invigorate blood and dispel stasis, move qi, and relieve pain, and is often used for the treatment of pain in the chest, hypochondrium, stomach cavity, and abdomen, menstrual block, dysmenorrhea, menstrual irregularities, concretions and conglomerations (zhēng jia˘ ) or accumulations and gatherings (jī jù) caused by qi stagnation and blood stasis. It also specializes in invigorating blood to relieve painful bì syndrome so as to treat bì syndrome with shoulder and arm pain due to wind-cold All three medicinals are the roots of different Amaranthaceae plants. They are sweet and bitter in flavor, can expel blood stasis and regulate menstruation, promote urination and relieve strangury, and are often used for the treatment of menstrual block and dysmenorrhea due to blood stasis, strangury, and edema.

It is the root of Cyathula offinalis Kuan, and good at guiding proper downward flow of blood, invigorating blood and promoting menstruation, smoothing joint movement, relieving swelling and pain, and more used for the treatment of menstrual irregularities, abdominal pain due to blood stasis, difficult labor, retention of placenta and injury from falling down

All three medicinals are the different processed products of root of Achyranthes bidentata Bl. of the Amaranthaceae family. They all can invigorate blood and regulate menstruation, promote urination and relieve strangury in different degrees

The raw one is good at invigorating blood and promoting menstruation, ensuring proper downward flow of fire or blood, and more used for the treatment of menstrual irregularities, menstrual block, dysmenorrhea and retention of placenta caused by stagnation of blood stasis, and postpartum abdominal pain, or toothache, oral ulcer, headache and dizziness due to yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity

It is the root of Achyranthes bidentata Bl., and good at supplementing the liver and kidney, and strengthening the sinew and bone, and more used for the treatment of soreness and weakness of waist and knees due to insufficiency of the liver and kidney, or long-term painful bì syndrome due to wind-damp, accompanied by deficiency of both the liver and kidney It is the root of Achyranthes bidentata Blume, Achyranthes aspera L. or Achyranthes aspera L. var. indica L., and good at clearing heat and draining fire and resolving toxins, relieving strangury and promoting urination, and more used for the treatment of swelling and pain of the throat, sore in mouth and tongue, strangury, bloody urine, and carbuncle-abscess

After Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (niu xi) is stir-fried with wine, its effects of invigorating blood and dispelling stasis, promoting menstruation and relieving pain are reinforced, so it is more used for the treatment of painful bì syndrome due to wind-damp, accompanied by inconvenient limb movement After Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (niu xi) is processed with salt-water, it can guide the effects of other herbs to kidney channel and strengthen the effects of supplementing the liver and kidney, strengthening the sinews and bones, promoting urination and relieving strangury, and is more used for the treatment of low back pain due to kidney deficiency, and joint pain with a pattern of damp-heat pouring downward

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SECTION 3  HERBS THAT INVIGORATE BLOOD AND CURE INJURY Outline Chinese herbal medicinals that mainly can invigorate blood to cure injury and mainly treat diseases from department of fractures and wounds are called “Herbs That Invigorate Blood and Cure Injury.” Medicinals in this section are more acrid, bitter, and salty in flavor, act on the liver and kidney channels, are good at invigorating blood and dissolving stasis, relieving swelling and pain, promoting reunion of tendon and bone, stanching bleeding, engendering flesh and closing sore, and mainly used for the treatment of injury from falling down, swelling and pain due to blood stasis, fracture and injury of tendon and muscle, and incised wound with bleeding. They also can be used for other common syndrome of blood stasis. The diseases and syndromes about fracture and tendon injury are more related to liver and kidney, so when using these medicinals, doctors should select herbs that supplement the liver and kidney and strengthen the sinew and bone to combine in order to promote the healing or recovery of fracture or trauma.

Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 1. Primary herbs (Table 12.7)

TABLE 12.7 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Invigorate Blood and Cure Injury Name of Medicinal Ground Beetle (tu bie chong) (Eupolyphaga seu Steleophaga)

Source and Collection Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried female body of Eupolyphaga Sinesis Walker or Steleophaga plancyi (Boleny) of the Corydiidae family. It is caught and scalded to death with boiling water, then dried under the sun or by baking

Property, Channel Entry Salty, cold, slightly poisonous; act on the liver channel

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Break up blood and expel stasis, and promote reunion of tendon and bone

Indicated for the treatment of injury from falling down, injury of tendon and muscle, bone fracture, menstrual block due to blood stasis, postpartum abdominal pain, concretions and conglomerations (zhēng jia˘) or abdominal mass due to static blood obstruction. Normally, 3–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or 1–1.5 g is ground into powder and taken with yellow rice wine. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women

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TABLE 12.7 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Invigorate Blood and Cure Injury (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Nux Vomica Seed (ma qian zi) (Semen Strychni)

Initially recorded in The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica (ben cao gang mu). It is the dried matured seed of Strychnos nux-vomica L. of the Loganiaceae family. The matured fruit is collected in winter; then seed is taken out, dried under the sun, and then processed for use

Bitter, warm, extremely poisonous; act on the liver and spleen channels

Unblock the collaterals and relieve pain, dissipate masses, and relieve swelling

Indicated for the treatment of injury from falling down, bone fracture with swelling and pain, obstinate painful bì syndrome due to winddamp, spasms with pain, numbness and paralysis, swollen carbuncleabscess and sores, and swelling and pain of the throat; and also for the treatment of facial nerve palsy or myasthenia gravis. Normally, 0.3–0.6 g is processed first and then made into pills or powder as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is ground into powder for applying the affected area

Its use is prohibited in the weak and pregnant women, and cautious in athletes. It is not suitable for large area application because its poisonous ingredients can be absorbed by skin. The raw one is not suitable for overdose or long-term use

Pyrite (zi ran tong) (Pyritum)

Initially recorded in Master Lei’s Discourse on Medicinal Processing (lei gong pao zhi lun). It is the natural pyrite of the Pyrite family of the sulfides minerals. It mainly contains iron disulfide (FeS2). It is collected and then the mixed stone is removed

Acrid, neutral; act on the liver channel

Dissipate stasis and relieve pain, and promote reunion of tendon and bone

Indicated for the treatment of injury from falling down, fracture of bone and injury of tendon, and pain with blood stasis. Normally, 10–15 g is decocted first with water as an oral dose. But it is often made into pills or powder, or quenched with vinegar and ground into powder for oral taking with 0.3 g each time. Or an appropriate amount is ground into powder for applying the affected area

It is not suitable for oral taking for a long time, and its use is also cautious in patients with blood deficiency and no blood stasis, or vigorous fire due to yin deficiency

(Continued )

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TABLE 12.7 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Invigorate Blood and Cure Injury (cont.)

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Sappan Wood (su mu) (Lignum Sappan)

Initially recorded in Newly Revised Materia Medica (xin xiu ben cao). It is the dried heart wood of Caesalpinia sappan L. of the Leguminosae family. It is usually collected in autumn; after white sapwood is removed, it is dried

Drynaria Rhizome (gu sui bu) (Rhizoma Drynariae)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Medicinal Properties (yao xing lun). It is the dried rhizome of Drynaria fortunei (Kunze) J. Sm. of the Polypodiaceae family. It is collected in whole year; after sediment is removed, it is dried (or then fuzz is singed)

Name of Medicinal

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Sweet, salty, neutral; act on the heart, liver, and spleen channels

Invigorate blood and dispel stasis, relieve swelling and pain, and promote menstruation

Indicated for the treatment of injury from falling down, fracture of bone and injury of tendon, pain with blood stasis, menstrual block and dysmenorrhea and postpartum abdominal pain due to static blood obstruction, stabbing pain in the chest and abdomen, swollen carbuncles and sores with pain. Normally, 3–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or ground into powder for taking orally. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women or female with profuse menstruation or patients with blood deficiency and no blood stasis

Bitter, warm; act on the liver and kidney channels

Cure the injury and relieve pain, supplement the kidney and strengthen the bone; external treatment: disperse wind and dispel macula

Indicated for the treatment of injury from falling down or trauma, sudden sprain and contusion, fracture of bone and injury of tendon, pain with blood stasis, low back pain and weak foot due to kidney deficiency, flaccid sinews and bones, tinnitus and deafness, and looseness of teeth; also for the external treatment of alopecia areata and vitiligo. Normally, 3–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is cautious in patients with vigorous fire due to yin deficiency, or blood deficiency and wind-dryness

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249

TABLE 12.7 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Invigorate Blood and Cure Injury (cont.)

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Dragon’s Blood (xue jie) (Sanguis Draconis)

Initially recorded in Master Lei’s Discourse on Medicinal Processing (lei gong pao zhi lun). It is the processed resina effused from fruit of Daemonorops draco Bl. of the Trachycarpaceae family

Black Cutch (er cha) (Catechu)

Initially recorded in Principles of Correct Diet (yin shan zheng yao). It is the dried soft extract of the decorticated branch and trunk of Acacia catechu (L. f.) Willd. of the Leguminosae family. The branch and trunk are collected in winter; after outer bark is removed, they are cut into hunk, decocted with water, then concentrated and dried

Name of Medicinal

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Sweet, salty, neutral; act on the heart and liver channels

Invigorate blood and relieve pain, dissolve stasis and stanch bleeding, engender flesh and close sore

Indicated for the treatment of injury from falling down, pain in the epigastrium and abdomen due to blood stasis, bleeding from external injury, and sores and ulcers without being astringed. Normally, 1–2 g is ground into powder or made into pills as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is ground into powder for applying or made into plaster for external use

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women and female patients during the periods of menstruation, and it is not suitable for patients without blood stasis

Bitter, astringent, slightly cold; act on the lung and heart channels

Invigorate blood and relieve pain, stanch bleeding and engender flesh, eliminate dampness and close sore, clear lung heat, and dissolve phlegm

Indicated for the treatment of injury from falling down, bleeding from external injury, spitting of blood and nosebleed, sores and ulcers without being astringed, eczema, ulcerative gingivitis, chancre, hemorrhoids, and cough due to lung heat. Normally, 1–3 g is wrapped first and decocted with water as an oral dose. But it is often made into pills or powder for oral taking. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is cautious in pregnant women

(Continued )

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TABLE 12.7 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Invigorate Blood and Cure Injury (cont.) Name of Medicinal Artemisia (liu ji nu) (Herba Artemisiae Anomalae)

Property, Channel Entry

Source and Collection Initially recorded in Newly Revised Materia Medica (xin xiu ben cao). It is the dried entire plant of Artemisia anomala S. Moore of the Compositae family. The aerial part is collected during August to September; after earth is removed, it is dried under the sun and cut into segments for use

Bitter, warm; act on the heart, liver and spleen channels

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Dissipate stasis and relieve pain, cure the injury and stanch bleeding, break up blood and promote menstruation, promote digestion and remove accumulation

Indicated for the treatment of injury from falling down, swelling and pain and bleeding, menstrual block and postpartum abdominal pain due to blood stasis, or abdominal pain due to food accumulation, and dysentery with red and white feces. Normally, 3–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount of the dried one is ground into powder for spreading, or an appropriate amount of the fresh one is pounded for applying the affected area externally

Its use is cautious in pregnant women, and it is not suitable for patients with weakness of qi and blood, or diarrhea due to spleen deficiency

2. Attached herbs (Table 12.8) TABLE 12.8 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Invigorate Blood and Cure Injury

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Artemisiae Anomale (bei liu ji nu) (Herba Siphonostegiae)

It is the dried entire plant of Siphonostegia chinensis Benth. of the Scrophulariaceae family. It is collected in autumn; after impurities are removed, it is dried under the sun

Bitter, cold; act on the spleen, stomach, liver, and gallbladder channels

Invigorate blood and dispel stasis, promote menstruation and relieve pain, cool the blood and stanch bleeding, clear heat and drain dampness

Indicated for the treatment of injury from falling down, bleeding from external injury, menstrual block due to blood stasis, menstrual irregularities, postpartum abdominal pain due to blood stasis, concretions and conglomerations (zhēng jia˘) or accumulations and gatherings (jī jù), red dysentery, blood strangury, jaundice due to damp-heat, edema, and leukorrhagia. Normally, 6–9 g is decocted with water for oral use. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is cautious in pregnant women

Cissampelos (ya hu nu) (Herba Cissampelotis)

It is the dried whole plant of Cissampelos pareira (Buch. ex DC.) Forman of the Menispermaceae family. It is a habitually used medicinal in Dai nationality, collected in spring or summer; after sediment is removed, it is dried under the sun

Sweet, bitter, warm; act on the liver and spleen channels

Relieve swelling, relieve pain, stanch bleeding, and engender flesh

Indicated for the treatment of external injury with swelling and pain, bleeding from crush injury and wound, low back pain, and pain from rheumatism. Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is ground into powder for applying the affected area. Now, its extract cissampeline is as the muscle relaxant for operative anesthesia

Its use is prohibited in patients with myasthenia gravis (MG)

Name of Medicinal

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

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TABLE 12.8 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Invigorate Blood and Cure Injury (cont.) Name of Medicinal Nux Vomica Powder (ma qian zi fen) (Semen Strychni Pulveratum)

Source and Collection It is the processed product of matured seed of Strychnos nux-vomica L. of the Loganiaceae family. The seed is crushed into fine powder; after its strychnine is assayed, the starch is added in order to in line with regulation, and then it is mixed evenly

Property, Channel Entry Bitter, warm, extremely poisonous; act on the liver and spleen channels

Efficacy and Action Unblock the collaterals and relieve pain, dissipate masses, and relieve swelling

Clinical Application and Usage Indicated for the treatment of injury from falling down, bone fracture with swelling and pain, obstinate bì syndrome due to wind-damp, numbness and paralysis, carbuncleabscess and sores, and swelling and pain of the throat. Normally, 0.3–0.6 g is made into pills or powder as an oral dose

Caution for Use Its use is prohibited in the weak and pregnant women, and it is not suitable for overdose or long-term use or large area application, and cautious in athletes

3. Herb differentiation (Table 12.9) TABLE 12.9 Differentiation between Similar Efficacy Herbs That Invigorate Blood and Cure Injury Name of Medicinal

Similarity

Differences

Sappan Wood (su mu) (Lignum Sappan)

Both have the effects of invigorating blood and curing injury, and can be used for the treatment of injury from falling down, swelling and pain due to blood stasis

It also can invigorate blood and dispel stasis and promote menstruation, and is indicated for the treatment of menstrual block and dysmenorrhea due to blood stasis, postpartum abdominal pain due to blood stasis, pain in the epigastrium and abdomen due to blood stasis, swollen carbuncles and sores

Drynaria Rhizome (gu sui bu) (Rhizoma Drynariae)

Ground Beetle (tu bie chong) (Eupolyphaga seu Steleophaga) Pyrite (zi ran tong) (Pyritum)

It also can promote reunion of tendon and bone, supplement the kidney and strengthen the bone, and is mainly used for the treatment of injury from falling down, sudden sprain and contusion, incised wound, injury of tendon and bone, and can also treat low back pain and weak foot, tinnitus and deafness, toothache and chronic diarrhea due to kidney deficiency Both have the effects of invigorating blood and dispelling stasis, promoting reunion of tendon and bone, and are often used for the treatment of injury from falling down, tendon injury, and bone fracture, and pain with blood stasis. Both are the commonly-used medicinals for fractures and wounds

It is good at breaking up blood and expelling stasis, often used for the treatment of menstrual block due to blood stasis, postpartum abdominal pain, concretions and conglomerations (zhēng jia˘ ) or accumulations and gatherings (jī jù) with a pattern of severe blood stasis It is partial to dissipating blood stasis and relieving pain, promoting reunion of bone and curing injury, and mainly used for the treatment of injury from falling down, bone fracture, and tendon broken, and pain with blood stasis

SECTION 4  HERBS THAT BREAK UP BLOOD STASIS AND RESOLVE MASSES Outline Chinese herbal medicinals that are drastic in nature and can break up stasis and expel stasis are called “Herbs That Break Up Blood Stasis and Resolve Masses.” Medicinals in this section are more acrid with bitter and salty in flavor, and act on the liver channel. Majorities are vermin and their properties are drastic. They can break up stagnant blood and expel static blood, disperse concretions (zhēng), and dissipate accumulations (jī). They are mainly used for the treatment of severe concretions and conglomerations (zhēng jiă) or accumulations and gatherings (jī jù) due to a long-term blood stasis. They also can be used for the treatment of menstrual block due to blood stasis, swelling, pain, and hemiplegia (half-body paralysis) due to blood stasis. When using these medicinals in this section, doctors often combine herbs that move qi to strengthen the efficacy of breaking up blood stasis and resolving masses, or combine herbs that drain downward to reinforce the efficacy

252 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

of purging and expelling stagnant blood. Most medicinals in this section are poisonous and easy to consume qi and cause bleeding and damage yin, so their application should be cautious or prohibited in patients with bleeding syndromes, yinblood (blood and body fluids) depletion, qi deficiency and weak body, and pregnant women.

Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 1. Primary herbs (Table 12.10)

TABLE 12.10 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Break up Blood Stasis and Resolve Masses Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Common Burr Reed Tuber (san leng) (Rhizoma Sparganii)

Initially recorded in Supplement to “The Materia Medica” (ben cao shi yi). It is the dried tuber of Sparganiuum stoloniferum Buch.-Ham. of the Sparaganiaceae family. It is collected during winter to the next spring, and then washed clean; after outer bark is shaved, it is dried under the sun

Acrid, bitter, neutral; act on the liver and spleen channels

Break up blood and move qi, disperse accumulation and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of concretions and conglomerations (zhēng jia˘ ), abdominal mass, dysmenorrhea, menstrual block and postpartum abdominal pain due to blood stasis, pectoral stuffiness pain and precordial pain, distending pain due to food accumulation, injury from falling down, and swollen and hard sores. Normally, 5–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women or patients with profuse menstruation, and not suited to use together with Natrii Sulfas (mang xiao) or Natrii Sulfas Exsiccatus (xuan ming fen)

Zedoary Rhizome (e zhu)(Rhizoma Curcumae)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Medicinal Properties (yao xing lun). It is the dried rhizome of Curcuma phaeocaulis Val., Curcuma kwangsiensis S. G. Lee et C. F. Liang or Curcuma wenyujin Y. H. Chen et C. Ling of the Zingiberaceae family. When stem and leaf are withered in winter, it is collected and washed clean, fully steamed or decocted to the heart, dried under the sun or at low temperature, then fibrous root and impurities are removed

Acrid, bitter, warm; act on the liver and spleen channels

Move qi and break up blood, disperse accumulation, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of concretions and conglomerations (zhēng jia˘ ) or accumulations and gatherings (jī jù), abdominal mass, menstrual block due to blood stasis, pectoral stuffiness pain and precordial pain, abdominal pain due to blood stasis, or distending pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen due to food accumulation, injury from falling down, and pain with blood stasis. Normally, 6–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women or patients with profuse menstruation

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TABLE 12.10 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Break up Blood Stasis and Resolve Masses (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Leech (shui zhi) (Hirudo)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried entire body of Whitmania pigra Whitman, Hirudo nipponica Whitman or Whitmania acranulata Whitman of the Hirudinidae family. It is caught in summer and autumn, and scalded to death with boiling water, then dried under the sun or at low temperature

Salty, bitter, neutral, slightly poisonous; act on the liver channel

Break up blood and promote menstruation, expel stasis and disperse concretions (zhēng)

Indicated for the treatment of menstrual block due to blood stasis, concretions and conglomerations (zhēng jia˘ ), abdominal mass, pain in the epigastrium and abdomen, windstrike with paralysis, and injury from falling down. Normally, 1–3 g is decocted with water or 0.3–0.5 g is ground into powder as an oral dose. But being made into pills or powder for oral taking is quite advisable

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women or patients with profuse menstruation or hemorrhagic tendency

Gradfly (meng chong) (Tabanus)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried female body of Tabanus bivittatus Matsumura of the Tabanidae family. It is caught during May to June, scalded with boiling water or slightly steamed, and dried under the sun; after wing and foot are removed, it is slightly dry-fried for use

Bitter, slightly cold, slightly poisonous; act on the liver channel

Break up blood and expel stasis, dissipate accumulations (jī) and disperse concretions (zhēng)

Indicated for the treatment of menstrual block due to blood stasis, blood-retention in the lower abdomen, retention of lochia after childbirth, concretions and conglomerations (zhēng jia˘ ) or accumulations and gatherings (jī jù), injury from falling down, pain with blood stasis, or emaciation due to chronic blood stasis. Normally, 1–1.5 g is decocted with water or 0.3 g is ground into powder as an oral dose

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women, the weak without blood stasis, or patients with diarrhea

(Continued )

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TABLE 12.10 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Break up Blood Stasis and Resolve Masses (cont.)

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Cantharis (ban mao) (Mylabris)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried body of Mylabris phalerata Pallas or Mylabris cichorii Linnaeus of the Meloidae family. It is caught in summer and autumn, and then suffocated or scalded to death, and dried under the sun

Pangolin Scales (chuan shan jia) (Squama Manitis)

Initially recorded in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians (ming yi bie lu). It is the dried scale of Manis pentadactylayla Linnaeus of the Manidae family. It is collected and then washed clean and dried under the sun

Name of Medicinal

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Acrid, hot, extremely poisonous; act on the liver, stomach, and kidney channels

Break up blood and expel stasis, dissipate masses and disperse concretions (zhēng), eliminate toxins and erode sore

Indicated for the treatment of concretions and conglomerations (zhēng jia˘ ), menstrual block, stubborn dermatitis, scrofula, cutaneous tubercle, carbuncle-abscess, and ulcers with necrotic flesh. Normally, 0.03–0.06 g is processed and made into pills or powder as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is ground into powder or steeped in wine or vinegar for applying the affected area

It is not suitable for large area application. Due to its strong toxicity, its use should be cautious for oral taking, and prohibited in pregnant women

Salty, slightly cold; act on the liver and stomach channels

Invigorate blood and disperse concretions (zhēng), promote menstruation and lactation, relieve swelling and evacuate pus, remove wind and unblock the collaterals

Indicated for the treatment of menstrual block, concretions and conglomerations (zhēng jia˘ ), postpartum inhibited lactation, swollen carbuncles and sores, scrofula, painful bì syndrome due to wind-damp, wind-strike with paralysis, numbness and spasm. Normally, 5–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or ground into powder for swallowing intact with 1–1.5 g each time

Its use is cautious in pregnant women, and prohibited in patients with ulcerated carbuncles

Caution for Use

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TABLE 12.10 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Break up Blood Stasis and Resolve Masses (cont.) Name of Medicinal Euonymi Twig (gui jian yu) (Ramulus Euonymi)

Property, Channel Entry

Source and Collection Initially recorded in Ri Hua-zi’s Materia Medica (ri hua zi ben cao). It is the dried aliform branch or appendix of Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Sieb. of the Celastraceae family. The branch is collected in whole year; after twig and leaf is removed, it dried under the sun; or aliform appendix is collected and dried under the sun

Bitter, acrid, cold; act on the liver and spleen channels

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Break up blood and promote menstruation, resolve toxins and relieve swelling, and kill worms

Indicated for the treatment of concretions and conglomerations (zhēng jia˘ ), pain in the epigastrium and abdomen, menstrual block, dysmenorrhea, flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding), postpartum abdominal pain due to blood stasis, retention of lochia, or painful bì syndrome, swollen sores, injury from falling down, or abdominal pain due to worm accumulation syndrome, scald and burn. Normally, 4–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

Caution for Use Its use is prohibited in pregnant women or patients with flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding) due to qi deficiency

2. Attached herbs (Table 12.11)

TABLE 12.11 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Break-Up Blood Stasis and Resolve Masses Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Princes-feather Fruit (shui hong hua zi) (Fructus Polygoni Orientalis)

It is the dried matured fruit of Polygonum orientale L. of the Polygonaceae family. The fruit cluster is collected when fruit is matured in autumn, and dried under the sun; then the fruit is stroked to separate, and impurities are removed

Salty, slightly cold; act on the liver and stomach channels

Dissipate blood stasis and disperse accumulation, relieve pain, promote urination, and relieve edema

Indicated for the treatment of concretions and conglomerations (zhēng jia˘ ), abdominal mass, goiter, food accumulation and indigestion, distending pain in the stomach cavity, edema and ascites. Normally, 15–30 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is decocted to a paste for applying the affected area

Its use is cautious in patients with deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach or no blood stasis

Garden Balsam Seed (ji xing zi) (Semen Impatientis)

It is the dried matured seed of Impatiens balsamina L. of the Balsaminaceae family. It is collected when fruit is ready to mature in summer and autumn, and dried under the sun, then pericarp and impurities are removed

Slightly bitter, acrid, warm, slightly poisonous; act on the lung and liver channels

Break up blood, soften hard masses and disperse accumulation

Indicated for the treatment of concretions and conglomerations (zhēng jia˘ ), pĭ syndrome (abdominal mass), menstrual block, and dysphagia. Normally, 3–5 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is cautious in pregnant women

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3. Herb differentiation (Table 12.12)

TABLE 12.12 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Herbs That Break-Up Blood Stasis and Resolve Masses Name of Medicinal

Similarity

Differences

Zedoary Rhizome (e zhu) (Rhizoma Curcumae)

Both have the effects of breaking up blood and moving qi, dispersing accumulation, and relieving pain, and can be used for the treatment of concretions and conglomerations (zhēng jia˘ ) or accumulations and gatherings (jī jù), and menstrual block caused by qi stagnation and blood stasis, pain in the epigastrium and abdomen due to blood stasis, distending pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen due to food accumulation and qi stagnation, injury from falling down, and other pain and swelling due to blood stasis. If processed with vinegar, effect of relieving pain will be strengthened

Its acrid taste has dispersing effect and warm property has unblocking effect; its effect of breaking stagnant qi is strong; and it is partial to breaking stagnant qi and dispersing accumulation

Common Burr Reed Tuber (san leng) (Rhizoma Sparganii)

It is neutral in nature, and its bitter taste has discharging effect; its effect of breaking up blood is strong; and it is partial to breaking up blood and dispelling stasis

Chapter 13

Herbs That Dissolve Phlegm, Relieve Cough, and Calm Panting Chapter Outline Section 1  Herbs That Warm and Dissolve Cold-phlegm Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs Section 2  Herbs That Clear and Dissolve Hot Phlegm Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs

258 258 258 266 266 266

Section 3  Herbs That Relieve Cough and Calm Panting Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs

281 281 281

ABSTRACT Chinese herbal medicinals that can dispel phlegm or disperse phlegm and mainly treat phlegm syndrome are called “Herbs that Dissolve Phlegm”; and that mainly can stop or relieve cough and panting are called “Herbs that Relieve Cough and Calm Panting.” Herbs that dissolve phlegm are indicated for the treatment of syndromes related to phlegm. Herbs that relieve cough and calm panting are used for the treatment of coughing and gasping for breathing caused by external contraction or internal damage. Herbs that dissolve phlegm, relieve cough, and calm panting can be divided into three categories: herbs that warm and dissolve cold-phlegm, herbs that clear and dissolve hotphlegm, and herbs that relieve cough and calm panting. Keywords: herbs that dissolve phlegm; relieve cough and calm panting; herbs that warm and dissolve cold-phlegm; herbs that clear and dissolve hot phlegm; herbs that relieve cough and calm panting; dry dampness and dissolve phlegm; warm the lung and dissolve phlegm; direct qi downward and dissolve phlegm; clear heat and dissolve phlegm; moisten the lung and relieve cough; direct qi downward and dissolve phlegm; relieve cough and calm panting

Chinese herbal medicinals that can dispel phlegm or disperse phlegm and mainly treat phlegm syndrome are called “Herbs That Dissolve Phlegm”; and that mainly can stop or relieve cough and panting are called “Herbs That Relieve Cough and Calm Panting.” Because “herbs that dissolve phlegm” often combine the effects of relieving cough and calming panting, and “herbs that relieve cough and calm panting” also combine the effect of dissolving phlegm, moreover, in syndromes of phlegm, cough, and panting are intermingled with each other, these two kinds of medicinals are usually combined and called “Herbs that Dissolve Phlegm, Relieve Cough, and Calm Panting.” Herbs that dissolve phlegm are indicated for the treatment of syndromes related to phlegm. Phlegm is not only the pathological product, but also the etiological factor. It can follow the qi to ascend or descend and reach anywhere. So there are quite a lot of diseases and syndromes caused by phlegm, such as cough and panting with profuse phlegm due to phlegm obstructing the lung, fainting and epilepsy due to phlegm clouding the heart orifices, vertigo due to phlegm obstructing the clear yang, restless sleep due to phlegm harassing the heart spirit, wind-strike and convulsion due to liver wind complicated by phlegm, numbness of limbs and hemiplegia (half-body paralysis), wry eye and mouth due to phlegm obstructing the channels and collaterals, scrofula and goiter due to binding of phlegm, and fire, dorsal furuncle, and multiple abscesses due to phlegm coagulation in the muscle invading joint. All these conditions can be treated with herbs that dissolve phlegm. Herbs that relieve cough and calm panting are used for the treatment of coughing and gasping for breathing caused by external contraction or internal damage.

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258 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

When using herbal medicinals in this chapter, doctors should specifically select the corresponding herbs that dissolve phlegm or herbs that relieve cough and calm panting according to the different diseases and syndromes; should know that cough and panting are usually complicated by phlegm and excessive phlegm is easy to induce cough; often select herbs that dissolve phlegm, herbs that relieve cough, and herbs that calm panting to use together; and also should combine with other herbs according to the different etiological factors and pathogeneses of phlegm, cough, and panting in order to treat the root or treat the root and branch simultaneously. So if phlegm, cough, and panting are caused by external contraction, herbs that release the exterior and dissipate pathogen should be selected to combine; if caused by fire-heat, herbs that clear heat and drain fire should be selected to combine; if caused by interior cold, herbs that warm the interior and dissipate cold should be selected to combine; if caused by deficiency-consumption (xu lao), herbs that supplement deficiency should be selected to combine. In addition, for the treatment of epilepsy, convulsion, vertigo or coma, herbs that calm the liver and extinguish wind, herbs that open the orifices or herbs that calm the mind should be selected respectively to combine; for treating phlegm nodule, scrofula or goiter, herbs that soften hardness and dissipate masses should be selected to combine; for treating dorsal furuncle and multiple abscesses, herbs that warm yang and unblock stagnation and dissipate masses should be selected to combine. Treat phlegm syndrome, doctors should besides distinguish the patterns to select the herbs that dissolve phlegm, also should administer herbs by ascertaining the causes of phlegm formed. “The spleen is the source of phlegm production”; spleen deficiency may cause body fluids failing to transform regularly and dampness gathering to produce phlegm, so herbs that dissolve phlegm often combine with herbs that fortify the spleen and dry dampness to use in order to treat the root and branch simultaneously. Because phlegm is easy to obstruct qi movement, “qi stagnation accelerates phlegm coagulation,” “qi flow promotes phlegm dispersion,” they also often combine with herbs that rectify qi in order to strengthen the efficacy of dissolving phlegm. Since some stimulatory herbs that dissolve phlegm have the intense warm and dry properties, patients with bloodstained phlegm or hemorrhagic tendency should cautiously select them to use. Patients with measles in initial phase accompanied by cough due to exterior pathogen should not suited to just use herbs that relieve cough, should combine herbs that clear pathogen or diffuse the lung, in order to avoid the lingering pathogens causing panting to last and obstructing eruption of measles, and especially not select herbs that astringe or herbs with warm and dry properties. According to the differences of medicinal-nature and effects and clinical application, herbs that dissolve phlegm, relieve cough and calm panting can be divided into three categories: (1) herbs that warm and dissolve cold-phlegm, (2) herbs that clear and dissolve hot-phlegm, and (3) herbs that relieve cough and calm panting. The modern pharmacological research indicates the herbs that dissolve phlegm, relieve cough, and calm panting generally have the actions of expelling phlegm, prevention of cough, antiasthma, bacteriostasis, antivirus, antiinflammation, and diuresis. Some medicinals also have the effects of sedation, analgesia, anticonvulsion, amelioration of blood circulation, and regulation of immune.

SECTION 1  HERBS THAT WARM AND DISSOLVE COLD-PHLEGM Outline Most medicinals in this section are acrid and bitter in flavor, warm and dry in nature, act on the lung, spleen, and liver channels, have the effects of warming the lung and dispelling cold, drying dampness, and dissolving phlegm. Some medicinals have the actions of relieving swelling and pain when used externally. Herbs that warm and dissolve coldphlegm are indicated for the treatment of cold-phlegm and damp-phlegm syndromes (cough and shortness of breath, excessive white phlegm and greasy coating) and conditions of dizziness, numbness of limbs, dorsal furuncle and multiple abscesses, swollen sores and carbuncles caused by cold-phlegm or damp-phlegm. When applied clinically, they often combine with herbs that warm and dissipate cold pathogen, and herbs that dry dampness and fortify the spleen. Some herbs in this section with strong warm and dry properties are not suitable for the treatment of heat-phlegm and drynessphlegm syndromes.

Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 1. Primary herbs (Table 13.1)

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TABLE 13.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Warm and Dissolve Cold-Phlegm

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Pinellia Rhizome (ban xia) (Rhizoma Pinelliae)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried tuber of Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit. of the Araceae family. It is collected in summer and autumn, and then washed clean; after outer bark and fibrous root are removed, it is dried under the sun

Jackinthepulpit Tuber (tian nan xing) (Rhizoma Arisaematis)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried tuber of Arisaema erubescens (Wall.) Schott, Arisaema heterophyllum B1. or Arisaema amurense Maxim. of the Araceae family. It is collected when stem and leaf are withered; after fibrous root and outer coating are removed, it is dried under the sun

Name of Medicinal

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Acrid, warm, poisonous; act on the spleen, stomach, and lung channels

Dry dampness and dissolve phlegm, direct counterflow downward and arrest vomiting, disperse pĭ, and dissipate masses

Indicated for the treatment of dampphlegm, cold-phlegm, cough, and panting with excessive phlegm, dizziness due to phlegm rheum, headache due to phlegm syncope, vomiting, epigastric pĭ, chest bind syndrome, plum-stone qi (globus hystericus), swollen carbuncles, and phlegm node. Normally, 3–9 g is processed first and decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

It is not suited to combine with Radix Aconiti (chuan wu), Radix Aconiti Kusnezoffii (cao wu), and Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi). For oral taking, use of the raw one should be cautious

Bitter, acrid, warm, poisonous; act on the lung, liver, and spleen channels

Dry dampness and dissolve phlegm, dispel wind and arrest convulsion, dissipate masses, and relieve swelling

Indicated for the treatment of dampphlegm, cold-phlegm, cough, and panting with excessive phlegm and chest oppression, dizziness due to windphlegm, wind-strike, epilepsy, tetanus, carbuncle-abscess with swelling and pain, snake or insect bite. Normally, 3–10 g is processed first and decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount of the raw one is ground into powder and mixed with vinegar or wine for applying the affected area

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women or patients with yin deficiency and drynessphlegm. For oral taking, the raw one should be used cautiously

Caution for Use

(Continued )

260 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 13.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Warm and Dissolve Cold-Phlegm (cont.)

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Typhonium Rhizome (bai fu zi) (Rhizoma Typhonii)

Initially recorded in Records of Chinese Medicinals (zhong yao zhi). It is the dried tuber of Typhonium giganteum Engl. of the Araceae family. It is collected in autumn; after fibrous root and outer coating are removed, it is dried under the sun

Acrid, warm, poisonous; act on the stomach and liver channels

Dispel windphlegm, arrest convulsion, resolve toxins and dissipate masses, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of windstrike due to phlegm obstruction, wry eye and mouth, sluggish speech, infantile convulsion, epilepsy, tetanus, headache due to phlegm syncope, migraine or general headache, scrofula, phlegm node, and thanatophidia bite. Normally, 3–6 g is processed first and decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

It is not suitable for pregnant women and patients with yin or blood deficiency generating wind or exuberant heat stirring wind. For oral taking, the raw one should be used cautiously

White Mustard Seed (bai jie zi) (Semen Sinapis)

Initially recorded in Newly Revised Materia Medica (xin xiu ben cao). It is the dried seed of Sinapi alba L. of the Cruciferae family. The whole plant is collected when fruit is matured in late summer and early autumn, and then dried under the sun, stroked to separate the seed. The raw or dry-fried seed is used

Acrid, warm; act on the lung and stomach channels

Warm the lung and dissolve phlegm, promote qi movement, dissipate masses, and relieve swelling

Indicated for the treatment of panting and cough due to coldphlegm obstructing the lung, pleural rheum, cold wheezing, dorsal furuncle and multiple metastatic abscess, numbness of limbs, and swelling and pain of joints. Normally, 3–6 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is ground into powder and mixed with vinegar for applying the affected area or for vesiculation therapy

Its use is prohibited in patients with chronic cough due to lung deficiency, vigorous fire due to yin deficiency, or digestive tract ulcer and bleeding or skin allergy. Dosage should not be too large

Name of Medicinal

Caution for Use

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TABLE 13.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Warm and Dissolve Cold-Phlegm (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Chinese Honeylocust Fruit (zao jia) (Fructus Gleditsiae)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried fruit of Gleditsia sinensis Lam. of the Leguminosae family. It is collected when matured, and then dried under the sun, and cut into pieces or dry-fried for use

Acrid, salty, warm, slightly poisonous; act on the lung and large intestine channels

Dispel obstinate phlegm, unblock the orifices (induce resuscitation), dispel wind, and kill worms

Indicated for the treatment of cough with counterflow qi ascent, and panting with excessive thick phlegm due to obstinate phlegm obstructing the lung, wind-strike, phlegm syncope, epilepsy, throat bì (pharyngitis) with a pattern of excessive phlegm-drool obstruction, swollen sores without ulceration, skin tinea, and constipation. Normally, 1–1.5 g is ground into powder or 1.5–5 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is cautious in patients without excess obstinate phlegm and strong body, and prohibited in pregnant women and patients with qi and yin deficiency or hemorrhagic tendency

Inula Flower (xuan fu hua) (Flos Inulae)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried capitulum of Inula japonica Thunb. or Inula britannica L. of the Compositae family. It is collected when blooming in summer and autumn; after impurities are removed, it is dried in the shade or sun

Bitter, acrid, salty, slightly warm; act on the lung, spleen, stomach, and large intestine channels

Direct qi downward, disperse phlegm, move water (promote urination), and arrest vomiting

Indicated for the treatment of cough due to wind-cold, phlegm rheum accumulation, pĭ and oppression in the chest and diaphragm, cough and panting with excessive phlegm, vomiting and ructation due to phlegm-turbidity obstructing the center and stomach qi ascending counterflow, and epigastric fullness and rigidity. Normally, 3–9 g is wrapped first and decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is prohibited in patients with over-strained cough due to yin deficiency and dry cough due to fluid consumption

(Continued )

262 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 13.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Warm and Dissolve Cold-Phlegm (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Cynanchum Root and Rhizome (bai qian) (Rhizoma et Radix Cynanchi Stauntonii)

Initially recorded in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians (ming yi bie lu). It is the dried rhizome and root of Cynanchum stauntonii (Decne.) Setltr. ex Lév1. or Cynanchum glaucescens (Decne.) Hand.-Mazz. of the Asclepiadaceae family. It is collected in autumn, and washed clean and dried under the sun

Acrid, bitter, slightly warm; act on the lung channel

Direct qi downward and dissolve phlegm, and relieve cough

Indicated for the treatment of new or chronic cough with excessive phlegm, fullness in the chest and dyspnea with rapid respiration due to excess lung qi obstruction, especially cough and panting caused by phlegm-damp or coldphlegm obstructing the lung. Normally, 3–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder for oral taking

Its use is cautious in patients with panting and cough due to lung deficiency. If dose of the raw one is too large, it may stimulate the stomach in a certain degree

Catclaw Buttercup Root (mao zhua cao) (Radix Ranunculi Ternati)

Initially recorded in Handbook of Chinese Medicinal Substances (zhong yao cai shou ce). It is the dried root tuber of Ranunculus terrnatus Thunb. of the Ranunculaceae family. It is collected in spring; after fibrous root and sediment are removed, it is dried under the sun

Sweet, acrid, warm; act on the liver and lung channels

Dissolve phlegm and dissipate masses, resolve toxins, and relieve swelling

Indicated for the treatment of scrofula and phlegm nodule due to binding constraint of phlegm-fire, furuncles and sores, snake or insect bite, malaria, migraine, and toothache. Normally, 15–30 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. If used singly, the dose can be at 120 g. Or an appropriate amount is pounded or ground into powder for applying the affected area or for vesiculation therapy

No special contraindications

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2. Attached herbs (Table 13.2)

TABLE 13.2 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Warm and Dissolve Cold-Phlegm Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Fermented Pinellia Rhizome (ban xia qu) (Rhizoma Pinelliae Fermentata)

It is the fermented medicine made by Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia), wheat flour and Succus Rhizomatis Zingiberis (sheng jiang zhi)

Acrid, bitter, neutral; act on the lung, spleen, and large intestine channels

Dissolve phlegm and relieve cough, promote digestion, and loosen the center

Indicated for the treatment of cough with counterflow qi ascent, chest oppression and panting, food accumulation syndrome, and diarrhea. Normally, 6–9 g is wrapped with carbasus and decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is cautious in patients with excessive thirst due to internal heat

Whipformed Typhonium Tuber (shui ban xia) (Rhizoma Typhonii Flagelliformis)

It is the root tuber of Typhonium flagelliforme (Lodd.) BL. of the Araceae family. It is collected in late autumn, and then soaked in lime water for 24 h, stirred and decorticated, then dried under the sun or baked

Acrid, warm, poisonous; act on the lung and spleen channels

Dry dampness and dissolve phlegm, resolve toxins and relieve swelling, and stanch bleeding

Indicated for the treatment of cough with excessive phlegm, swollen carbuncles and sores and furuncles, unknown swelling, snake or insect bite, and bleeding from external injury. Normally, 3–9 g is processed first and then decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder for oral taking. Or an appropriate amount is pounded or ground into powder for applying the affected area externally

Its use is cautious in pregnant women and patients with dry cough due to yin deficiency

Korean Monkshood Root (guan bai fu) (Radix Aconiti Coreani)

It is the tuber of Aconitum coreanum (Lév1.) Rapaics of the Ranunculaceae family. It is collected during August to September; after stubble, fibrous root, and earth are removed, it is washed clean and dried under the sun

Acrid, sweet, hot, poisonous; act on the stomach and liver channels

Dispel windphlegm, arrest convulsion, dissipate cold, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of wind-strike with a pattern of phlegm obstructing, wry eye and mouth, epilepsy, hemilateral head wind (migraine), dizziness due to wind-phlegm, tetanus, infantile convulsion, painful bì syndrome due to wind-damp, sores and ulcers, and eczema with itching. Normally, 1.5–6 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women or patients with yin deficiency or exuberant heat. If over dose, toxic symptom may occur

(Continued )

264 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 13.2 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Warm and Dissolve Cold-Phlegm (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Bile Arisaema (dan nan xing) (Arisaema cum Bile)

It is the processed product of fine powder of prepared Jackinthepulpit Tuber (zhi tian nan xing) and ox bile, sheep bile or pig bile; or the fermented product of fine powder of raw Jackinthepulpit Tuber (sheng tian nan xing) and ox bile, sheep bile or pig bile

Bitter, slightly acrid, cool; act on the lung, liver, and spleen channels

Clear heat and dissolve phlegm, extinguish wind, and arrest convulsion

Indicated for the treatment of cough due to phlegm-heat, expectoration of yellow and thick phlegm, wind-strike with phlegm confounding, infantile convulsion, epilepsy, mania, recurrent headache and dizziness, panting, and cough due to phlegmfire. Normally, 3–6 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is cautious in patients with cold-phlegm or deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach

Inula (jin fei cao) (Herba Inulae)

It is the dried aerial part of Inula linariifolia Turcz. or Inula japonica Thunb. of the Compositae family. It is collected in summer and autumn, and then dried under the sun

Bitter, acrid, salty, warm; act on the lung and large intestine channels

Direct qi downward, disperse phlegm, move water, and relieve swelling

Indicated for the treatment of externallycontracted wind-cold syndrome, phlegmrheum accumulation, cough, and panting with excessive phlegm, pĭ, and fullness in the chest, and diaphragm, swollen sores and furuncles. Normally, 5–10 g is decocted with water for oral use. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is prohibited in patients with over-strained cough due to yin deficiency or dry cough due to warm heat

Few-Flower Lysionotus Herb (shi diao lan) (Herba Lysionoti Pauciflori)

It is the dried aerial part of Lysionotus pauciforus Maxim. of the Gesneriaceae family. It is collected when leaf is flourishing in summer and autumn; after impurities are removed, it is dried under the sun

Bitter, warm; act on the lung channel

Dissolve phlegm and relieve cough, soften hardness and dissipate masses

Indicated for the treatment of cough with excessive phlegm, scrofula and phlegm nodule. Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is pounded for applying or decocted with water for washing externally

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women

Common Perilla Fruit (bai su zi) (Fructus Perillae Albus)

It is the fruit of Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. of the Labiatae family. The aerial part is collected when fruit is matured in autumn, and then stroked to separate the fruit; after impurities are removed, the fruit is dried

Acrid, warm; act on the lung, stomach, and large intestine channels

Direct qi downward and dissolve phlegm, and moisten the intestines to promote defecation

Indicated for the treatment of cough with counterflow qi ascent, phlegm panting with excess pattern, or cough with phlegm-rheum, and constipation due to qi stagnation. Normally, 5–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

It is not suitable for patients with chronic cough due to qi deficiency and loose stool due to spleen deficiency

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3. Herb differentiation (Table 13.3) TABLE 13.3 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Herbs That Warm and Dissolve Cold-Phlegm Name of Medicinal

Similarity

Differences

Cynanchum Root and Rhizome (bai qian) (Rhizoma et Radix Cynanchi Stauntonii)

Both are acrid and bitter in flavor and slightly warm in nature, act on the lung channel, can direct qi downward, and dissolve phlegm, and are used for the treatment of cough and panting with excessive phlegm, and fullness in the chest and dyspnea with rapid respiration

It has no fiercely dry property, and is good at dispelling phlegm and directing lung qi downward, can be used for the treatment of new or chronic cough with excessive phlegm, and panting with a pattern of cold or heat, external contraction, or internal damage

All five medicinals are the different processed products of dried tuber of Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit. of the Araceae family. All have the effect of dissolving phlegm

It is the product of Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) processed with alum solution, its acrid and dry properties are decreased, and it is good at dissolving damp-phlegm, and used for the treatment of the weak patients with excessive phlegm, or infants with retention of food and phlegm obstruction, but symptoms are mild

Inula Flower (xuan fu hua) (Flos Inulae)

Prepared Pinelliae Rhizome (qing ban xia)

It also acts on the stomach channel, not only direct lung qi downward, but direct stomach qi to arrest vomiting, and ructation, can treat ructation and vomiting, pĭ, and fullness in the stomach cavity caused by phlegm-turbidity obstructing the center and stomach qi ascending counterflow

Prepared Pinellia Tuber (fa ban xia)

It is the product of Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) processed with Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) and quicklime, its warm property is poor, and it is good at dry dampness and harmonizing the stomach, and used for the treatment of spleen deficiency leading to damp encumbrance and spleen-stomach disharmony

Pinellia Rhizome in Ginger Juice (jiang ban xia)

It is the product of Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) processed with ginger and alum, and good at directing counterflow downward and arresting vomiting, can warm the center and dissolve phlegm, and used for the treatment of vomiting due to phlegmrheum, pĭ, and fullness in the stomach

Fermented Pinellia Rhizome (ban xia qu)

It can dissolve phlegm, dry dampness, and fortify the spleen, promote digestion and arrest diarrhea, and is used for the treatment of spleen-stomach weakness, dampness obstruction or retention of food, greasy tongue coating, vomiting and nausea

Pinellia Rhizome in Bamboo Juice (zhu li ban xia)

It is the product of Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) processed with bamboo juice, its warm and dry properties are greatly decreased, and it is used for the treatment of vomiting due to stomach heat, cough due to lung heat, internal blockage and wind-strike with aphasia due to phlegm-heat

Prepared Jackinthepulpit Tuber (zhi tian nan xing)

Bile Arisaema (dan nan xing)

Both can dissolve phlegm and arrest convulsion, and treat dizziness, cough and panting, wind-strike, epilepsy, and tetanus due to wind-phlegm

It is the product of Rhizoma Arisaematis (tian nan xing) processed with ginger juice and alum, its fiercely warm property is weakened, and it is good at drying dampness and dissolving phlegm, dispelling wind and arresting convulsion, and used for the treatment of damp-phlegm or cold-phlegm syndromes, with dizziness, wind-strike, epilepsy, and tetanus due to wind-phlegm It is the product of Rhizoma Arisaematis (tian nan xing) processed with ox bile. It is bitter, slightly acrid, and cool, can clear heat and dissolve phlegm, extinguish wind and arrest convulsion, and is used for the treatment of wind-strike, epilepsy, infantile convulsion, dizziness due to head wind, panting, and cough due to phlegm-fire (Continued )

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TABLE 13.3 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Herbs That Warm and Dissolve Cold-Phlegm (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Similarity

Differences

White Mustard Seed (bai jie zi) (Semen Sinapis)

Both are acrid in flavor and act on the lung and stomach channels, can dissolve phlegm, treat cough and panting with excessive phlegm and chest oppression, and often combine with each other

It is warm in nature, good at warming the lung and eliminating phlegm, can dissipate masses and unblock the collaterals and relieve pain, is indicated for the treatment of cough, panting or breathlessness due to cold-phlegm, painful bì syndrome with numbness, dorsal furuncle and multiple metastatic abscess due to phlegm stagnating in channels and collaterals

Radish Seed (lai fu zi) (Semen Raphani)

Pinellia Rhizome (ban xia) (Rhizoma Pinelliae)

It is neutral in nature, has the effects of directing qi downward and dissolving phlegm, promoting digestion, and relieving distention, is suited to treat cough and panting due to phlegm obstruction, chest oppression, and abdominal distention, belching and acid swallowing, diarrhea and dysentery due to food accumulation and qi stagnation Both are acrid in flavor and warm in nature and poisonous, can dry dampness and dissolve phlegm, and are good at treating damp-phlegm and cold-phlegm. After processed, they both can treat heat-phlegm and wind-phlegm

Jackinthepulpit Tuber (tian nan xing) (Rhizoma Arisaematis)

It mainly acts on the spleen and lung channels, is good at dispelling spleen and stomach damp-phlegm, and can direct counterflow downward and arrest vomiting, disperse pĭ and dissipate masses, is indicated for the treatment of dizziness due to phlegm rheum, phlegm-damp encumbering the spleen, epigastric pĭ (epigastric lumpy stiffness), chest bind syndrome, and vomiting Besides the spleen and lung channels, it also acts on the liver channel, and its dry and fierce properties are stronger than that of Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia). It is good at dispelling windphlegm and arresting convulsion, and indicated for the treatment of dizziness due to wind-phlegm, wind-strike, epilepsy, wry eye and mouth, and tetanus

SECTION 2  HERBS THAT CLEAR AND DISSOLVE HOT PHLEGM Outline Most medicinals in this section are cold and cool in nature, have the effects of clearing, and dissolving hot phlegm. Some medicinals are moistening and can moisten dryness. Some are salty in flavor and can soften hardness and dissipate masses. Herbs that clear and dissolve hot phlegm are indicated for the treatment of hot phlegm syndrome, such as cough and panting with yellow thick phlegm. For dryness-phlegm syndrome, such as thick phlegm with difficulty in expectoration as well as dry lips and tongue, herbs that have moistening property and can moisten dryness and dissolve phlegm should be selected. Other diseases or syndromes like epilepsy, wind-strike, convulsion, and goiter due to phlegm-heat, and scrofula due to phlegm-fire, herbs that clear and dissolve hot phlegm also can be selected to use. In clinic, when using medicinals in this section, they often combine with herbs that clear heat and drain fire or herbs that nourish yin and moisten the lung in order to obtain the effects of clearing and dissolving hot phlegm or clearing and moistening dryness phlegm, respectively. Herbs that clear and dissolve hot phlegm and herbs that moisten dryness and dissolve phlegm with cold-cool property are not suitable for the treatment of cold-phlegm syndrome and damp-phlegm syndrome.

Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 1. Primary herbs (Table 13.4)

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TABLE 13.4 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Clear and Dissolve Hot Phlegm Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Tendrilled Fritillaria Bulb (chuan bei mu) (Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried squamous bulb of Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don, Fritillaria unibracteata Hsiao et K. C. Hsia, Fritillaria przewalskii Maxim. or Fritillar delavayi Franch. of the Liliaceae family. It is collected in summer and autumn or after snow is melted; after fibrous root, raw bark, and sediment are removed, it is dried under the sun or at lower temperature

Bitter, sweet, slightly cold; act on the lung and heart channels

Clear heat and dissolve phlegm, moisten the lung and relieve cough, dissipate masses, and relieve abscess (carbuncle)

Indicated for the treatment of dry cough with scanty phlegm due to lung heat, chronic cough due to internal damage, over-strained cough with bloodstained phlegm due to lung yin deficiency, scrofula due to binding constraint of phlegm and fire, mammary abscess (acute mastitis) and lung abscess due to heat toxin obstruction. Normally, 3–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or 1–2 g each time is ground into powder and mixed with water for oral taking

It antagonizes Aconite strains. And it is not suitable for patients with deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach and damp-phlegm

Ussuri Fritillary Bulb (ping bei mu) (Bulbus Fritillariae Ussuriensis)

Initially recorded in Records of Chinese Medicinals (zhong yao zhi). It is the dried squamous bulb of Fritillaria ussuriensis Maxim. of the Liliaceae family. It is collected in spring; after outer bark, fibrous root, and sediment are removed, it is dried under the sun or at lower temperature

Bitter, sweet, slightly cold; act on the lung and heart channels

Clear heat and dissolve phlegm, moisten the lung, and relieve cough

Indicated for the treatment of dry cough with scanty phlegm due to lung heat, over-strained cough due to lung yin deficiency, cough with blood-flecked phlegm, scrofula, and mammary abscess (acute mastitis). Normally, 3–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or 1–2 g each time is ground into powder and mixed with water for oral taking

It antagonizes Aconite strains. And it is not suitable for patients with deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach and damp-phlegm

(Continued )

268 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 13.4 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Clear and Dissolve Hot Phlegm (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Thunberg Fritillary Bulb (zhe bei mu) (Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii)

Initially recorded in Treatise of Xuan Qi Relief and Corrections (xuan qi jiu zheng lun). It is the dried squamous bulb of Fritillaria thunbergii Miq. of the Liliaceae family. It is collected when the plant is withered in early summer, and then washed clean, stroked to remove outer bark, mixed with calcined shell powder to absorb juice, and finally cut into thick pieces or stroked to broken bits

Bitter, cold; act on the lung and heart channels

Clear heat and dissolve phlegm and relieve cough, resolve toxins, and dissipate masses and relieve carbuncle

Indicated for the treatment of cough due to wind-heat or phlegm-heat obstructing the lung, throat bì (pharyngitis), scrofula, goiter, swollen sores, and carbuncles, mammary abscess (acute mastitis), and lung abscess with expectoration of bloody pus. Normally, 5–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder. Or an appropriate amount is ground into powder for applying the affected area externally

It antagonizes Aconite strains. And it is not suitable for patients with deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach and damp-phlegm

Snakegourd Fruit (gua lou) (Fructus Trichosanthis)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried matured fruit of Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. or Trichosanthes rosthornii Harms of the Cucurbitaceae family. The fruit with carpopodium is collected when matured in autumn, and dried in the shade in a ventilated place

Sweet, slightly bitter, cold; act on the lung, stomach, and large intestine channels

Clear heat and clear up phlegm, loosen the chest, and dissipate masses, moisten dryness and lubricate the intestines.

Indicated for the treatment of cough and panting with yellow thick phlegm due to phlegm-heat obstructing the lung, pectoral stuffiness pain due to binding of phlegm and qi, chest bind syndrome or fullness and stiffness in the chest, mammary abscess (acute mastitis), lung abscess and intestinal abscess, and constipation due to intestinal dryness. Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

It antagonizes Aconite strains. And its use is prohibited in patients with loose stool due to spleen deficiency or cold-phlegm or damp-phlegm syndrome

Trichosanthes Seed (gua lou zi) or (gua lou ren) (Semen Trichosanthis)

Initially recorded in Master Lei’s Discourse on Medicinal Processing (lei gong pao zhi lun). It is the dried matured seed of Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. or Trichosanthes rosthornii Harms of the Cucurbitaceae family. The matured fruit is collected in autumn, and then split; the seed is taken out and washed clean, and then dried under the sun

Sweet, cold; act on the lung, stomach, and large intestine channels

Moisten the lung and dissolve phlegm, and lubricate the intestines to promote defecation

Indicated for the treatment of cough with sticky phlegm due to phlegm-heat, dry cough due to lung deficiency, constipation due to intestinal dryness, swollen carbuncles and sores, and inhibited lactation. Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder. Or an appropriate amount is ground into powder for applying the affected area externally

It antagonizes Aconite strains. And its use is prohibited in patients with diarrhea due to deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach

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TABLE 13.4 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Clear and Dissolve Hot Phlegm (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Bamboo Shavings (zhu ru) (Caulis Bambusae in Taenia)

Initially recorded in Collected Commentaries on ‘Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica’ (ben cao jing ji zhu). It is the dried intermediate layer of stalk of Bambusa tuldoides Munro, Sinocalamus beecheyanus (Munro) McClure var. pubescens P. F. Li or Phyllostachys nigra (Lodd.) Munro var. henonis (Mitf.) Stapf ex Rendle of the Poaceae family. The fresh stem is collected in whole year; after outer bark is removed, the viridescent intermediate layer is scraped into strand or cut into slices, tied up into bundles, and then dried in the shade

Sweet, slightly cold; act on the lung, stomach, heart, and gallbladder channels

Clear heat and dissolve phlegm, relieve vexation and arrest vomiting, cool the blood and stanch bleeding

Indicated for the treatment of cough and panting due to lung heat, palpitation and inquietude, and vexation and insomnia due to phlegm-fire disturbing the heart, convulsive epilepsy, wind-strike, aphasia with stiff tongue and phlegmatic coma, vomiting and hiccup due to stomach heat, pernicious vomiting during pregnancy, restless fetus, spitting of blood, nosebleed, flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding). Normally, 5–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is prohibited in patients with cough and panting due to cold phlegm, vomiting due to stomach cold or diarrhea due to spleen deficiency

Bamboo Sap (zhu li) (Succus Bambusae)

Initially recorded in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians (ming yi bie lu). It is the yellowish clarified liquid flowed from the fresh Phyllostachys nigra (Lodd.) Munro var. henonis (Mitf.) Stapf ex Rendle or Bambusa tuldoides Munro while being broiled

Sweet, cold; act on the heart, lung, and liver channels

Clear heat and eliminate phlegm, arrest convulsion, and open the orifices (resuscitate)

Indicated for the treatment of cough and panting accompanied by sticky phlegm with difficulty in expectoration, or obstinate phlegm coagulation due to phlegm-heat, wind-strike with phlegmatic coma, convulsion and epilepsy, depressive psychosis or mania, excessive thirst with high fever, and vexation during pregnancy. Normally, 30–50 g is taken infused as an oral dose

Its use is prohibited in patients with cold-phlegm syndrome or loose stool. And it is not suitable for long term store

(Continued )

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TABLE 13.4 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Clear and Dissolve Hot Phlegm (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Tabasheer (tian zhu huang) (Concretio Silicea Bambusae)

Initially recorded in Materia Medica of Sichuan (shu ben cao). It is the dried block material of secretory juice of Bambusa textilis McClure or Schizostachyum chinese Rendle of the Poaceae family. It is collected in autumn and winter

Sweet, cold; act on the heart and liver channels

Clear heat and eliminate phlegm, clear heart heat, and arrest convulsion

Indicated for the treatment of loss of consciousness and delirious speech in febrile disease, windstrike with phlegmatic coma, epilepsy, infantile convulsion and night crying due to phlegmheat, and cough and panting due to phlegmheat. Normally, 3–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or ground into powder for taking infused with 0.6–1 g each time

Its use is cautious in patients without damp-heat and phlegm-fire syndrome, and prohibited in patients with loose stool due to spleen deficiency-cold

Hogfennel Root (qian hu) (Radix Peucedani)

Initially recorded in Master Lei’s Discourse on Medicinal Processing (lei gong pao zhi lun). It is the dried root of Peucedanum praeruptorum Dunn of the Umbelliferae family. It is collected when stem and leaf are withered during winter to next spring; after fibrous root is removed, it is washed clean, and dried under the sun or at lower temperature

Bitter, acrid, slightly cold; act on the lung channel

Direct qi downward and dissolve phlegm, scatter wind, and clear heat

Indicated for the treatment of cough and panting, and expectoration of yellow thick phlegm due to phlegm-heat obstructing the lung and lung failing to diffuse and govern descent, accompanied by fullness and oppression in the chest and diaphragm, vomiting and less eating, or cough with excessive phlegm, headache due to windheat. Normally, 3–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder

Its use is cautious in patients with cough due to yin deficiency or cold fluidretention

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TABLE 13.4 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Clear and Dissolve Hot Phlegm (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Platycodon Root (jie geng) (Radix Platycodonis)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried root of Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A. DC. of the Campanulaceae family. It is collected in spring and autumn, and then washed clean; after fibrous root is removed, it is dried

Bitter, acrid, neutral; act on the lung channel

Diffuse the lung and relieve sore throat, dispel phlegm, and expel pus

Indicated for the treatment of cough with excessive phlegm due to external contraction, chest oppression and discomfort, swelling and pain of the throat and loss of voice due to exogenous pathogen invading the lung, lung abscess with cough, chest fullness and pain and spitting of pus, dysentery with abdominal pain, dribbling urinary block and constipation. Normally, 3–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder

It is not suitable for patients with chronic cough due to yin deficiency, qi counterflow and expectoration of blood, and its use is cautious in patients with gastric and duodenal ulcers

Boat-Fruited Stercurlia Seed (pang da hai) (Semen Sterculiae Lychnophorae)

Initially recorded in Supplement to “The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica” (ben cao gang mu shi yi). It is the dried matured seed of Sterculia lychnophora Hance of the Sterculiaceae family. It is collected when fruit is matured and split during April to June, and then dried under the sun

Sweet, cold; act on the lung and large intestine channels

Clear heat and moisten the lung, relieve sore-throat and ease-up the voice, and moisten the intestines to promote defecation

Indicated for the treatment of hoarseness, dry cough without phlegm, swelling and dry pain of the throat and cough due to lung heat, and toothache, constipation, headache, and red eyes due to dryness-heat. Normally, 2–3 pieces are infused with boiling water or decocted with water as an oral dose. The large dose can be at 10 pieces. If it is made into powder, the dose should be halved

Its use is cautious in patients with diarrhea due to deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach

(Continued )

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TABLE 13.4 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Clear and Dissolve Hot Phlegm (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Grosvenor’s Momordica Fruit (luo han guo) (Fructus Momordicae)

Initially recorded in Records of Medicinal Harvest in Lingnan (ling nan cai yao lu). It is the dried fruit of Siraitia grosvenorii (Swingle.) C. Jeffrey ex A. M. Lu et Z. Y. Zhang of the Cucurbitaceae family. It is collected when its color turns dark green from tender green in autumn, aired for several days and then dried in lower temperature

Sweet, cool; act on the lung and large intestine channels

Clear heat and moisten the lung, relieve sore-throat and ease-up the voice, and moisten the intestines to promote defecation

Indicated for the treatment of dry cough due to lung heat or phlegm-fire, whooping cough, throat bì (pharyngitis), throatmoth (tonsillitis), or acute gastritis, or sore throat, loss of voice, constipation due to intestinal dryness or blood dryness or stomach heat, and wasting-thirst (xia¯ o kĕ). Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or infused with boiling water, or stewed with meat

Its use is prohibited in patients with lung cold and cough due to external contraction and deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach

Seaweed (hai zao) (Sargassum)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried alga of Sargassum pallidum (Turn.) C. Ag. or Sargassum fusiforme (Harv.) Setch. of the Sargassaceae family. It is collected in summer and autumn; after impurities are removed, it is washed clean and dried under the sun

Bitter, salty, cold; acts on the liver, stomach, and kidney channels

Disperse phlegm and soften hardness and dissipate masses, promote urination, and relieve edema

Indicated for the treatment of goiter, scrofula, swelling and distention, and pain of the testis, or hernia pain, accumulations and gatherings (abdominal masses; jī jù), edema due to phlegm-rheum, and weak foot with puffiness due to dampness. Normally, 10–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or steeped in wine or made into pills or powder. Or an appropriate amount is ground into powder or pounded for applying the afflicted part

It is not suited to combine with Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) to use. And its use is prohibited in patients with deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach and dampness stagnation

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TABLE 13.4 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Clear and Dissolve Hot Phlegm (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Kelp (kun bu) (Thallus Laminariae) or (Thallus Eckloniae)

Initially recorded in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians (ming yi bie lu). It is the dried thallus of Laminaria japonica Aresch. or Ecklonia kurome Okam. of the Laminariaceae family. It is collected in summer and autumn, and then dried under the sun

Salty, cold; acts on the liver, stomach, and kidney channels

Disperse phlegm and soften hardness and dissipate masses, promote urination, and relieve edema

Indicated for the treatment of goiter, scrofula, dysphagia, edema due to phlegmrheum, swelling and pain of the testis, concretions and conglomerations (lower abdominal masses; zhēng jia˘), abnormal vaginal discharge, and weak foot with puffiness due to dampness; also for the treatment of plum-stone qi (globus hystericus). Normally, 6–12 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder

Its use is cautious in patients with deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach and dampness stagnation

Airpotato Yam (huang yao zi) (Rhizoma Dioscoreae Bulbiferae)

Initially recorded in Materia Medica of South Yunnan (dian nan ben cao). It is the dried tuber of Diosc orea bulbifera L. of the Dioscoreaceae family. It is collected in autumn and winter; after root leaf and fibrous root are removed, it is washed clean, cut into pieces, and dried under the sun

Bitter, cold, poisonous; act on the lung and liver channels

Dissolve phlegm and dissipate masses and disperse goiter, clear heat, and resolve toxins

Indicated for the treatment of goiter, swollen sores and ulcers, swelling and pain of the throat due to heat toxin, thanatophidia bite, spitting of blood, nosebleed, expectoration of blood, cough and panting, and whooping cough. Normally, 5–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or ground into powder for oral taking with 1–2 g each time. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

Don’t take too much or for a long time. Its use is cautious in patients with weakness of the spleen and stomach and functional lesion of the liver and kidney

(Continued )

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TABLE 13.4 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Clear and Dissolve Hot Phlegm (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Clam Shell (hai ge qiao) (Concha Meretricis seu Cyclinae)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried shell of Meretrix meretrix Linnaeus or Cyclina sinensis Gmelin of the Veneridae family. It is caught in summer and autumn; after meat is removed, it is washed clean and dried under the sun

Bitter, salty, cold; act on the lung, kidney, and stomach channels

Clear heat and dissolve phlegm, soften hardness and dissipate masses, relieve hyperacidity and promote urination, eliminate dampness, and close sore

Indicated for the treatment of cough and panting with bloodstained phlegm due to lung heat or phlegm-fire, chest and hypochondriac pain, scrofula and goiter, stomachache and acid regurgitation, edema, difficulty in micturition, eczema, and scald. Normally, 6–15 g is added first and decocted with water as an oral dose. The powder of Clam shell should be wrapped for decoction. Or an appropriate amount is ground into fine powder (or mixed with oil) for applying the affected area

Its use is cautious in patients with deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach

Pumice Stone (hai fu shi) (Pumex)

Initially recorded in Supplement to “The Materia Medica” (ben cao shi yi). It is the dried skeleton of Costazia aculeala Canu et Bassler or C. costazi Audouim of the Poricellariidae family, or polyporous stone formed from volcano magma. It is collected in whole year and washed clean, then dried under the sun

Salty, cold; act on the lung and kidney channels

Clear lung heat and dissolve phlegm, soften hardness and dissipate masses, promote urination, and relieve strangury

Indicated for the treatment of cough and panting with sticky phlegm or blood-stained phlegm due to phlegmheat obstructing the lung, palpable mass due to lingering phlegm, scrofula and goiter, difficulty in micturition, blood strangury, stony strangury, swollen sores and nebula. Normally, 10–15 g is broken into pieces and decocted first with water as an oral dose

Its use is prohibited in patients with cough due to deficiency-cold

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TABLE 13.4 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Clear and Dissolve Hot Phlegm (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Arc Shell (wa leng zi) (Concha Arcae)

Initially recorded in Essentials of Materia Medica (ben cao bei yao). It is the dried shell of Arca subcrenata Lischke, Arca granosa Linnaeus or Arca inflata Reeve of the Arcidae family. It is caught during autumn, winter to next spring, and then washed clean, slightly decocted with boiling water; after meat is removed, it is dried

Salty, neutral; act on the lung, stomach, and liver channels

Disperse phlegm and dissolve stasis, soften hardness and dissipate masses, relieve hyperacidity, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of sticky phlegm with difficulty in expectoration due to obstinate phlegm coagulation, goiter, scrofula, concretions and conglomerations (lower abdominal masses; zhēng jia˘) and pĭ syndrome due to qi stagnation and blood stasis or phlegm accumulation, stomach ache with acid regurgitation, chilblain, scald and burn. Normally, 9–15 g is broken into pieces and decocted first with water as an oral dose, or ground into powder for oral taking with 1–3 g each time Or an appropriate amount is used externally

It is not suitable for patients without static blood and phlegm accumulation

Chlorite Schist (qing meng shi) (Lapis Chloriti)

Initially recorded in Materia Medica of the Jiayou Era (jia you ben cao). It is the black mica schist or carbonate schist of chlorite mica of the metamorphite group. It is collected in whole year. The mixed stone and sediment are removed

Sweet, salty, neutral; act on the lung, heart, and liver channels

Disperse phlegm and lower qi, calm the liver, and suppress fright

Indicated for the treatment of panting and cough with qi counterflow due to obstinate phlegm coagulation, epilepsy, mania, vexation and agitation, chest oppression, and convulsion due to hot phlegm obstruction. Normally, 3–6 g is made into pills or powder as an oral dose, or 10–15 g is broken into pieces and wrapped and decocted first with water as an oral dose

It is not suitable for patients without excess phlegm-heat accumulation, and its use is prohibited in pregnant women and patients with weakness of the spleen and stomach

(Continued )

276 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 13.4 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Clear and Dissolve Hot Phlegm (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Mica Schist (jin meng shi) (Micaelapis Aureus)

Initially recorded in Records of Chinese Medicinals (zhong yao zhi). It is the vermiculite schist or hydrobiotite schist of the metamorphite group. It is collected in whole year. The mixed stone and sediment are removed

Sweet, salty, neutral; act on the lung, heart, and liver channels

Disperse phlegm and lower qi, calm the liver, and suppress fright

Indicated for the treatment of panting and cough with qi counterflow due to obstinate phlegm coagulation, epilepsy, mania, vexation and agitation, chest oppression, and convulsion. Normally, 3–6 g is made into pills or powder as an oral dose, or 10–15 g is broken into pieces and wrapped and decocted first with water as an oral dose

It is not suitable for patients without excess phlegm-heat accumulation, and its use is prohibited in pregnant women and patients with weakness of the spleen and stomach

Pig Gall Powder (zhu dan fen) (Pulvis Fellis Suis)

Initially recorded in Chinese Pharmacopoeia (zhong hua ren min gong he guo yao dian). It is the dried product of bile of Sus scrofadomestica Brisson. of the Suidae family. The pig bile is collected, filtered, dried, and then crushed to powder

Bitter, cold; act on the liver, gallbladder, lung, and large intestine channels

Clear heat and moisten dryness, relieve cough and calm panting, and resolve toxins

Indicated for the treatment of whooping cough, wheezing and panting, thirst in febrile disease, constipation, red eye with nebula, jaundice, throat bì (pharyngitis), diarrhea, dysentery, swollen carbuncles and sores. Normally, 0.3–0.6 g is taken infused or made into pills as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is mixed with water for applying the affected area

Taking orally is cautious in patients with deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach

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2. Attached herbs (Table 13.5) TABLE 13.5 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Clear and Dissolve Hot-Phlegm Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Sinkiang Fritillary Bulb (yi bei mu) (Bulbus Fritillariae Pallidiflorae)

It is dried squamous bulb of Fritillaria walujewii Regel or Fritillaria pallidiflora Schrenk of the Liliaceae family. It is collected during May to July; after sediment is removed, it is dried under the sun, and then the fibrous root and outer bark are removed

Bitter, sweet, slightly cold; act on the lung and heart channels

Clear heat and moisten the lung, dissolve phlegm and relieve cough

Indicated for the treatment of dry cough with scanty phlegm due to lung heat, and over-strained cough with blood-flecked phlegm due to yin deficiency. Normally, 3–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

It antagonizes Aconite strains

Hupeh Fritillary Bulb (hu bei bei mu) (Bulbus Fritillariae Hupehensis)

It is dried squamous bulb of Fritillaria hupehensis Hsiao et K. C. Hsia of the Liliaceae family. It is collected when plant is withered in early summer, then soaked in clear water or limewater, and dried

Slightly bitter, cool; act on the lung and heart channels

Clear heat and dissolve phlegm, relieve cough, and dissipate masses

Indicated for the treatment of cough due to phlegm-heat, scrofula, phlegm nodule, swollen sores and carbuncles. Normally, 3–9 g is ground into powder for taking infused

It antagonizes Aconite strains

Trichosanthes Peel (gua lou pi) (Pericarpium Trichosanthis)

It is the dried matured pericarp of Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. or Trichosanthes rosthornii Harms of the Cucurbitaceae family. The matured fruit is collected in autumn, then split; after pulp of fruit and seed are removed, it is dried in the shade

Sweet, cold; act Clear heat and on the lung and dissolve phlegm, stomach channels and promote qi movement to loosen the chest

Indicated for the treatment of cough due to phlegm-heat, with chest oppression and hypochondriac pain. Normally, 6–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

It antagonizes Aconite strains, and is not suitable for patients with spleen deficiency and damp-phlegm

Dry-Fried Trichosanthes Seed (chao gua lou zi) (Tostum Semen Trichosanthis)

It is the processed product of matured seed of Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. or Trichosanthes rosthornii Harms of the Cucurbitaceae family. The clean seed is fried to slightly swell according to the simple stir-frying method, and then pounded to pieces for use

Sweet, cold; act on the lung, stomach, and large intestine channels

Moisten the lung and dissolve phlegm, and lubricate the intestines to promote defecation

Indicated for the treatment of dry cough with sticky phlegm, and constipation due to intestinal dryness. Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

It antagonizes Aconite strains, and its use is prohibited in patients with sloppy diarrhea

Common Hogfennel Root (zi hua qian hu) (Radix Angelicae Decursivae)

It is the dried root of Peucedanum decursivum (Miq.) Maxim. of the Umbelliferae family. It is collected when aerial part is withered in autumn and winter; after fibrous root is removed, it is dried under the sun

Bitter, acrid, slightly cold; act on the lung channel

Direct qi downward and dissolve phlegm, scatter wind and clear heat

Indicated for the treatment of dyspneal fullness due to phlegm-heat, expectoration of yellow thick phlegm, cough with excessive phlegm due to wind-heat, or fullness and oppression in the chest and diaphragm. Normally, 3–9 g is decocted with water or made into pills or powder as an oral dose

Its use is cautious in patients with cough due to yin deficiency or cold fluid retention

(Continued )

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TABLE 13.5 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Clear and Dissolve Hot-Phlegm (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Dragon’s Tongue Leaf (long li ye) (Folium Sauropi)

It is the dried leaf of Sauropus spatulifolius Beille of the Euphorbiaceae family. It is collected in summer and autumn, and then dried under the sun

Sweet, bland, neutral; act on the lung and stomach channels

Clear heat, moisten the lung and relieve cough, dissolve phlegm, and promote defecation

Indicated for the treatment No special of cough due to lung contraindications dryness, or panting due to lung heat, sore throat with loss of voice, dry mouth, and constipation. Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Japanese Milkwort Herb (gua zi jin) (Herba Polygalae Japonicae)

It is the dried entire plant of Polygala japonica Houtt. of the Polygalaceae family. It is collected when blooming in late spring; after sediment is removed, it is dried under the sun

Acrid, bitter, neutral; act on the lung channel

Dispel phlegm and relieve cough, invigorate blood and relieve swelling, resolve toxins and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of cough with excessive phlegm, swelling and pain of the throat, injury from falling down, swollen boils and furuncles and sores, snake or insect bite. Normally, 15–30 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is cautious in patients with deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach

Bliz’s Conyza Herb (jin long dan cao) (Herba Conyzae Blizii)

It is the dried aerial part of Conyza blinii Lévl. of the Compositae family. It is collected in summer and autumn; after impurities are removed, it is dried under the sun

Bitter, cold; act on the lung and liver channels

Clear heat and dissolve phlegm, relieve cough and calm panting, resolve toxins and drain dampness, cool the blood, and stanch bleeding

Indicated for the treatment of cough due to lung heat, excessive phlegm, panting, sore throat, oral ulcer, jaundice with damp-heat pathogen, nosebleed, bloody stool, flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding), and bleeding from external injury. Normally, 6–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is cautious in patients with deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach

Manchurian Lilac Bark (bao ma zi pi) (Cortex Syingae Amurensis)

It is the dried trunk bark or branch bark of Syringa reticulate (B1.) Hara var. mandshurica (Maxim.) of the Oleaceae family. It is collected in spring and autumn, and then dried

Bitter, slightly cold; act on the lung channel

Clear lung heat and dispel phlegm, relieve cough and calm panting

Indicated for the treatment of cough and panting with excessive phlegm. Normally, 30–45 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder

No special contraindications

Waternut Corm (bi qi) (Cormus Eleocharitis)

It is the corm of Eleocharis dulcis (Burm. f.) Trin. ex Henschel of the Cyperaceae family. It is collected in winter; after earth is washed clean, the fresh or airdried one is for use

Sweet, cold; act Clear heat and on the lung and promote fluid stomach channels production, dissolve phlegm, and disperse accumulation

Indicated for the treatment of thirst in warm disease, swelling and pain of the throat, cough due to phlegm-heat, red eyes, wasting-thirst (xia¯o kĕ), dysentery, jaundice, heat strangury, and food accumulation syndrome. Normally, 60–120 g is decocted with water or pounded to extract the juice as an oral dose

Its use is cautious in patients with deficiency-cold or blood deficiency

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TABLE 13.5 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Clear and Dissolve Hot-Phlegm (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Pear (li) (Fructus Pyri)

It is the fruit of Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd., Pyrus pyrifolia (Burm. f.) Nakai or Pyrus Ussuriensis Maxim. of the Rosaceae family. It is collected during August to September

Sweet, slightly sour, cool; act on the lung, stomach, and heart channels

Clear lung heat and dissolve phlegm, and promote fluid production to quench thirst

Indicated for the treatment of cough due to lung dryness, vexation and agitation in febrile disease, dry mouth due to scanty fluid, wastingthirst (xia¯o kĕ), red eyes, sores and ulcers, scald and burn. Normally, 15–30 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or pounded to extract the juice for use; or be eaten raw; or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is cautious in pregnant women or patients with loose stool due to spleen deficiency or cough due to lung cold

Melon Seed (tian gua zi) (Semen Melo)

It is the dried matured seed of Cucumis melo L. of the Cucurbitaceae family. It is collected when fruit is matured in summer and autumn, and then washed clean, and dried under the sun

Sweet, cold; act on the lung, stomach, and large intestine channels

Clear lung heat and moisten the intestines, dissolve stasis, and expel pus

Indicated for the treatment of cough due to lung heat, thirst, constipation, lung abscess, intestinal abscess, injury from falling down, and fracture and injury of sinew and bone. Normally, 9–30 g is decocted with water or 3–6 g is ground into powder as an oral dose

Its use is prohibited in patients with deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach and diarrhea

3. Herb differentiation (Table 13.6) TABLE 13.6 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Herbs That Clear and Dissolve Hot-Phlegm Name of Medicinal

Similarity

Differences

Tendrilled Fritillaria Bulb (chuan bei mu) (Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae)

Both are collectively called “fritillaria” in medicinal books of previous dynasties before The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica (ben cao gang mu). Both are bitter and cold, act on the lung and heart channels, can clear heat and dissolve phlegm, dissipate masses and relieve swelling, and treat cough due to lung heat, scrofula, lung abscess and mammary abscess

It has sweet-based flavor, and is partial to moistening in nature, good at moistening the lung and relieving cough, and is quite suitable for the treatment of dry cough due to lung heat, over-strained cough due to lung yin deficiency, or chronic cough in the lung consumption (tuberculosis)

Thunberg Fritillary Bulb (zhe bei mu) (Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii)

It has bitter-based flavor, and is partial to discharging in nature, good at clearing lung heat and dissolving phlegm, and is suitable for the treatment of cough with yellow phlegm due to wind-heat invading the lung or phlegmheat stagnating in the lung. And its effects of clearing heat and dissipating masses are stronger than that of Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae (chuan bei mu) (Continued )

280 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 13.6 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Herbs That Clear and Dissolve Hot-Phlegm (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Similarity

Differences

Snakegourd Fruit (gua lou) (Fructus Trichosanthis)

All three medicinals are the different medicament portions of Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. or Trichosanthes rosthornii Harms of the Cucurbitaceae family, can clear heat and dissolve phlegm, and treat cough due to phlegmheat. Fructus Trichosanthis (gua lou) and Semen Trichosanthis (gua lou zi) both can moisten dryness and promote defecation. Fructus Trichosanthis (gua lou) and Pericarpium Trichosanthis (gua lou pi) both can loosen the chest and rectify qi

It includes peel, seed, and pulp, and has the effects of both Pericarpium Trichosanthis (gua lou pi) and Semen Trichosanthis (gua lou zi), not only can clear heat and dissolve phlegm, promote qi movement and loosen the chest, also moisten the intestines to promote defecation, dissipate masses and relieve swelling, and suitable for the treatment of cough and panting due to phlegm-heat obstructing the lung, yellow phlegm with difficulty in expectoration, pĭ, and fullness in the chest, dry stool, and excess heat syndrome of the stomach and intestines

Trichosanthes Seed (gua lou zi) (Semen Trichosanthis)

Trichosanthes Peel (gua lou pi) (Pericarpium Trichosanthis)

Bamboo Shavings (zhu ru) (Caulis Bambusae in Taenia)

Bamboo Sap (zhu li) (Succus Bambusae)

It is the outer coating of Mongolian Snakegourd fruit, and good at clearing heat and dissolving phlegm, promoting qi movement and loosen the chest, and suitable for the treatment of cough due to phlegm-heat, accompanied by chest oppression All three medicinals come from bamboo, are cold in nature, can clear heat and dissolve phlegm, and treat cough and panting due to phlegm-heat. Bamboo Sap (zhu li) and Tabasheer (tian zhu huang) both have the effect of arresting convulsion and can treat convulsion due to phlegm-heat, epilepsy, and wind-strike with coma and wheezy phlegm in the throat

Tabasheer (tian zhu huang) (Concretio Silicea Bambusae)

Hogfennel Root (qian hu) (Radix Peucedani)

Cynanchum Root and Rhizome (bai qian) (Rhizoma et Radix Cynanchi Stauntonii)

It is the kernel of Mongolian Snakegourd fruit, and partial to moistening dryness and dissolving phlegm, and moistening the intestines to promote defecation, and suitable for the treatment of dry cough with sticky phlegm, accompanied by constipation due to intestinal dryness

It has fewer efficacies than the other two, is good at clearing heart heat and relieving vexation, and can be usually used for the treatment of cough and panting due to phlegm-heat and vexation and insomnia due to phlegm-heat disturbing the heart. It also can clear stomach heat and arrest vomiting, cool the blood and stanch bleeding, and treat vomiting due to stomach heat and bleeding due to blood heat It is cold and lubricating in nature, has a strong effect of clearing heat and clearing up phlegm, and is often used for the treatment of adult convulsive epilepsy and windstrike, obstinate phlegm coagulation with difficulty in expectoration due to lung heat It is sweet in flavor and moderate in nature, the effects of clearing and dissolving hot phlegm are similar to that of Succus Bambusae (zhu li) but no disadvantage of lubricating. It has strong effects of clearing heart heat and arresting convulsion, and is often used for the treatment of infantile convulsion, coma in febrile disease, windstrike with phlegm confounding, depressive psychosis and mania

Both are acrid and bitter in flavor, can direct qi downward and dissolve phlegm, and treat cough and panting with fullness and discomfort in the chest, and excessive sticky phlegm due to phlegmdrool obstructing the lung and lung failing to diffuse and govern descent. Both often combine with each other to reinforce their effects

It is slightly cold in nature, combines the effects of scattering wind and dissipating heat, and is often used for the treatment of externally-contracted wind-heat syndrome with fever, headache and cough, or cough and panting due to phlegm-heat It is slightly warm in nature, has a stronger effect of dispelling phlegm than that of Radix Peucedani (qian hu), and is often used for the treatment of cough and panting with excessive phlegm due to cold-phlegm or dampphlegm obstructing the lung and lung qi failing to govern descent

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SECTION 3  HERBS THAT RELIEVE COUGH AND CALM PANTING Outline Medicinals in this section mainly act on the lung channel, are acrid or bitter or sweet in flavor, and warm or cold in nature. Because the differences of property and flavor as well as different medicinal nature, such as moistening and dryness, mechanisms of relieving cough and calming panting are various, which may be involved in diffusing the lung, clearing lung heat, moistening the lung, directing lung qi downward, astringing the lung, and dissolving phlegm. Some medicinals are partial to relieving cough, some are partial to calming panting, and some have both at the same time. Medicinals in this section are indicated for the treatment of cough and panting. But the syndromes of cough and panting have the complex pathogenic conditions, such as the differences of external contraction and internal damage, cold and heat, deficiency and excess. In clinical application, doctors should combine different herbs that relieve cough and calm panting with corresponding medicinals based on “identification of etiology according to differentiation of symptoms and signs.” In a word, not see cough just treat cough or see panting just treat panting. For exterior pattern or measles in initial phase, herbs that relieve cough should not be selected singly. They should be treated with herbs that release the exterior or promote eruption of papules as the primary medicinals assisting with several herbs that relieve cough. Don’t early apply the herbs that astringe the lung and relieve cough. Individual medicinal that can anesthetize, prevent cough, and stop panting is easily addictive, may linger pathogens, and should be used cautiously.

Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 1. Primary herbs (Table 13.7)

TABLE 13.7 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Relieve Cough and Calm Panting Name of Medicinal Bitter Apricot Kernel (ku xing ren) (Semen Armeniacae Amarum)

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried matured seed of Prunus armeniaca L. var. ansu Maxim., Prunus sibirica L., Prunus mandshurica (Maxim.) Koehne or Prunus armeniaca L. of the Rosaceae family. The matured fruit is collected in summer; after pulp and core shell are removed, the seed is taken out and dried under the sun

Bitter, slightly warm, slightly poisonous; act on the lung and large intestine channels

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Direct qi downward and relieve cough and calm panting, and moisten the intestines to promote defecation

Indicated for the treatment of cough and panting with fullness in the chest and excessive phlegm, cough due to external contraction, throat bì (pharyngitis), constipation due to intestinal dryness or fluid exhaustion; also for the treatment of enterobiasis and pruritus of vulva. Normally, 5–10 g is broken into pieces and decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder. Or an appropriate amount is pounded for applying the affected area

Caution for Use Don’t take too much in order to prevent from poisoning. Its use is prohibited in patients with cough and panting due to yin deficiency and loose stool or diarrhea, and cautious in infants

(Continued )

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TABLE 13.7 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Relieve Cough and Calm Panting (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Perilla Fruit (zi su zi) (Fructus Perillae)

Initially recorded in Collected Commentaries on “Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica” (ben cao jing ji zhu). It is the dried matured fruit of Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. of the Lamiaceae family. It is collected when matured in autumn; after impurities are removed, it is dried under the sun

Acrid, warm; act on the lung channel

Direct qi downward and dissolve phlegm, relieve cough and calm panting, and moisten the intestines to promote defecation

Indicated for the treatment of cough and panting with excessive phlegm due to phlegm obstruction and qi counterflow, or chronic cough and panting due to upper excess and lower deficiency, and constipation due to intestinal dryness. Normally, 3–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or cooked to porridge for eating, or made into pills or powder

Its use is cautious in patients with cough and panting due to yin deficiency and loose stool due to spleen deficiency

Stemona Root (bai bu) (Radix Stemonae)

Initially recorded in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians (ming yi bie lu). It is the dried root tuber of Stemona sessilifolia (Miq.) Miq., Stemona japonica (Bl.) Miq. or Stemona tuberosa Lour. of the Stemonaceae family. It is collected in spring and autumn; after fibrous root is removed, it is washed clean, slightly scalded with boiling water or steamed until no white heart, taken out and dried under the sun

Sweet, bitter, slightly warm; act on the lung channel

Moisten the lung and lower qi and relieve cough, kill worms and delouse

Indicated for the treatment of new or chronic cough, whooping cough, and cough from tuberculosis, pediculosis capitis, body lice, scabies and tinea, enterobiasis, ascariasis, vaginal itching due to trichomonas vaginalis invading, and eczema. Normally, 3–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is used externally. Honeyfried Radix Stemonae (mi bai bu) is used for the treatment of overstrained cough due to yin deficiency

Its use is prohibited in patients with cough complicated by heat pattern or a pattern of water depletion and vigorous fire

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TABLE 13.7 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Relieve Cough and Calm Panting (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Tatarian Aster Root (zi wan) (Radix et Rhizoma Asteris)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried root and rhizome of Aster tataricus L. f. of the Compositae family. It is collected in spring and autumn; after nodulated rhizome and sediment are removed, it is plaited to braid and dried under the sun, or directly dried under the sun

Acrid, bitter, warm; act on the lung channel

Moisten the lung and lower qi, disperse phlegm and relieve cough

Indicated for the treatment of panting and cough with excessive phlegm, new or chronic cough, overstrained cough with expectoration of blood, throat bì (pharyngitis), lung abscess, pectoral stuffiness pain, and difficulty in micturition. Normally, 5–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. Honeyfried Radix et Rhizoma Asteris (mi zi wan) is used for the treatment of chronic cough due to lung deficiency

Its use is prohibited in patients with excess heat

Common Coltsfoot Flower (kuan dong hua) (Flos Farfarae)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried flower bud of Tussilago farfara L. of the Compositae family. It is collected in December or before ground is froze and flower comes out of earth; after peduncle and sediment are removed, it is dried in the shade

Acrid, slightly bitter, warm; act on the lung channel

Moisten the lung and lower qi, relieve cough and dissolve phlegm

Indicated for the treatment of new or chronic cough, panting and cough with excessive phlegm, even cough and dyspnea in semireclining position, overstrained cough with expectoration of blood, throat bì (pharyngitis), lung abscess with expectoration of purulent phlegm. Normally, 5–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or decocted into paste, or made into pills or powder

It is not suitable for patients with vigorous lung fire pattern or overstrained cough complicated by yin deficiency pattern

(Continued )

284 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 13.7 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Relieve Cough and Calm Panting (cont.)

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Dutchmanspipe Fruit (ma dou ling) (Fructus Aristolochiae)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Medicinal Properties (yao xing lun). It is the dried matured fruit of Aristolochia contorta Bge. or Aristolochia debilis Sieb. et Zucc. of the Aristolochiaceae family. It is collected when its color turns yellow from green in autumn, and then dried

Loquat Leaf (pi pa ye) (Folium Eriobotryae)

Initially recorded in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians (ming yi bie lu). It is the dried leaf of Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. of the Rosaceae family. It is collected in whole year, and dried under the sun until 70%–80% is dry, and bunched to a wisp, and then dried fully under the sun

Name of Medicinal

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Bitter, slightly cold; act on the lung and large intestine channels

Clear lung heat and direct qi downward, relieve cough and calm panting, clear the intestines and relieve piles, clear heat and calm the liver

Indicated for the treatment of cough and panting with phlegm due to heat constraint in the lung, or with dry throat or blood-stained phlegm due to lung deficiency and exuberant fire, loss of voice, bleeding from piles due to intestinal accumulated heat, swelling and pain of the piles, and high blood pressure with a pattern of ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang. Normally, 3–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or an appropriate amount is used externally

Dosage should be not too large. Its use is prohibited in patients with cough and panting due to deficiency-cold or loose stool due to spleen deficiency, or pregnant women, infants and those with renal dysfunction

Bitter, slightly cold; act on the lung and stomach channels

Clear lung heat and relieve cough, direct counterflow downward and arrest vomiting

Indicated for the treatment of cough with phlegm due to lung heat, qi counterflow and panting with rapid respiration, coughing of blood, nosebleed, vomiting or dry retching due to stomach heat, and vexing heat and thirst. Normally, 6–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or decocted into paste or made into pills or powder. The dose of the fresh one can be at 15–30 g

Its use is prohibited in patients with vomiting due to stomach cold or coughs due to wind-cold

Caution for Use

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TABLE 13.7 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Relieve Cough and Calm Panting (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

White Mulberry Root-Bark (sang bai pi) (Cortex Mori)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried root bark of Morus alba L. of the Moraceae family. The root is collected from leaf abscission in autumn until before germination in next spring; after the yellowish brown rough bark is scraped off; the root is split lengthways; the root bark is taken off and dried under the sun

Sweet, cold; act on the lung channel

Drain the lung and calm panting, promote urination and relieve edema, clear liver heat and stanch bleeding

Indicated for the treatment of panting and cough due to lung heat, general edema with distention and fullness, scanty urine, puffiness of face and muscle and skin, difficulty in micturition, nosebleed, expectoration of blood, and high blood pressure with a pattern of vigorous liver fire. Normally, 6–12 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into powder. Or an appropriate amount is pounded to extract the juice for applying or decocted with water for washing

Its use is prohibited in patients with lung deficiency and no fire, profuse urine and cough due to wind-cold

Pepperweed Seed (ting li zi) (Semen Lepidii) or (Semen Descurainiae)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried matured seed of Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb. ex Prantl. or Lepidium apetalum Willd. of the Cruciferae family. The plant is collected when fruit is matured in summer, and then dried under the sun; the seed is kneaded, then impurities are removed

Acrid, bitter, extremely cold; act on the lung and bladder channels

Drain the lung and calm panting, move water (promote urination) and relieve edema

Indicated for the treatment of panting and cough with excessive phlegm, distention and fullness in the chest and hypochondrium, and incapability of supination due to phlegm-drool obstructing the lung, edema, pleural rheum, hydrothorax or hydroabdomen, and difficulty in micturition. Normally, 3–10 g is wrapped and decocted with water as an oral dose; or 3–6 g is ground into powder for oral use

Its use is prohibited in patients with cough and panting due to lung deficiency, and edema and fullness due to spleen deficiency

(Continued )

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TABLE 13.7 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Relieve Cough and Calm Panting (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Ginkgo Nut (bai guo) (Semen Ginkgo)

Initially recorded in Household Materia Medica (ri yong ben cao). It is the dried matured seed of Ginkgo biloba L. of the Ginkgoaceae family. It is collected when matured in autumn; after pulpose external seed coat is removed, it is washed clean, slightly steamed or decocted, and then dried by baking

Sweet, bitter, astringent, neutral, poisonous; act on the lung and kidney channels

Astringe the lung and relieve panting, arrest vaginal discharge, and reduce urination

Indicated for the treatment of wheezing and panting with excessive phlegm, abnormal vaginal discharge, whitish and turbid urine (gonorrhea), seminal emission, enuresis, frequent micturition, unknown swelling, nasal vestibulitis, rosacea, and ringworm of head and face. Normally, 5–10 g is pounded to pieces and decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is pounded for applying the affected area

Don’t take too much since it is poisonous, especially the children should pay attention to use it. Its use is prohibited in patients with excess pathogen

Japnese Ardisia (ai di cha) (Herba Ardisiae Japonicae)

Initially recorded in Li’s Secrets of Materia Medica (li shi cao mi). It is the dried entire plant of Ardisia japonica (Thunb.) Blume of the Myrsinaceae family. It is collected when stem and leaf are flourishing in summer and autumn; after sediment is removed, it is dried

Acrid, slightly bitter, neutral; act on the lung and liver channels

Dissolve phlegm and relieve cough, clear damp-heat, invigorate blood and dissolve stasis

Indicated for the treatment of new or chronic cough, dyspneal fullness with excessive phlegm, expectoration of blood from pulmonary tuberculosis, jaundice with damp-heat pathogen, edema and scanty urine, menstrual block due to blood stasis obstruction, painful bì syndrome due to wind-damp, soreness of sinews and bones, and injury from falling down. Normally, 15–30 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women and patients with stomach-qistagnant pain

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TABLE 13.7 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Relieve Cough and Calm Panting (cont.)

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Datura Flower (yang jin hua) (Flos Daturae)

Initially recorded in Illustrated Reference of Medicines (yao wu tu kao). It is the dried flower of Datura metel L. of the Solanaceae family. It is collected when early blooming during April to November, and then dried under the sun or lower temperature

Acrid, warm, poisonous; act on the lung and liver channels

Calm panting and relieve cough, arrest convulsion, and relieve pain for anesthesia

Indicated for the treatment of wheezing and panting and cough, cold pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen, painful bì syndrome due to wind-damp, injury from falling down, surgical anesthesia, epilepsy, and chronic infantile convulsion. Normally, 0.3–0.6 g is made into pills or powder, or made into cigarette for smoking with daily dose is not over 1.5 g. Or an appropriate amount is decocted with water for washing or ground into powder for applying

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women and patients with cough and panting due to external contraction or phlegm-heat, glaucoma, high blood pressure, and tachycardia

Funnelid Physochlaina Root (hua shan shen) (Radix Physochlainae)

Initially recorded in Shaanxi Chinese Materia Medica (shaan xi zhong cao yao). It is the dried root of Physochlaina infundibularis Kuang of the Solanaceae family. It is collected in spring; after fibrous root is removed, it is washed clean and dried under the sun

Sweet, slightly bitter, warm, poisonous; act on the lung and heart channels

Warm the lung and dispel phlegm, calm panting and relieve cough, calm the mind and suppress fright

Indicated for the treatment of panting and cough due to coldphlegm, especially for the treatment of chronic cough, deficiency body with phlegm panting, and also for diarrhea due to deficiencycold, palpitation, and insomnia. Normally, 0.1–0.2 g is decocted with water as an oral dose; or made into spray for inhalation or tablet for taking

Don’t take too much. Its use is prohibited in patients with glaucoma, and cautious in pregnant women and patients with severe hypertrophy of prostate

Name of Medicinal

Caution for Use

(Continued )

288 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 13.7 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Relieve Cough and Calm Panting (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Thorny Elaeagnus Leaf (hu tui zi ye) (Folium Elaegni Pungentis)

Initially recorded in Supplement to “The Materia Medica” (ben cao shi yi). It is the dried leaf of Elaeagnus pungens Thunb. of the Elaeagnaceae family. It is collected in whole year, and then dried under the sun for use; or the fresh one is for use

Sour, slightly warm; act on the lung channel

Relieve cough and calm panting, stanch bleeding, and resolve toxins

Indicated for the treatment of cough and panting with a pattern of deficiency-cold, or cough due to lung deficiency, expectoration of blood, spitting of blood, bleeding from external injury, carbuncle-abscess, phlegmon of the dorsum, and swelling and pain of piles. Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose; or ground into powder for taking with 2–3 g each time. Or an appropriate amount is pounded for applying or decocted with water for fumigating and washing the affected area

It is not suitable for patients with cough from common cold due to windheat, or cough and panting due to phlegm-heat, or syndrome of blood stasis

Dahurian Rhododendron Leaf (man shan hong) (Folium Rhododendri Daurici)

Initially recorded in Handbook of Chinese Medicinal Herbs Commonly Used in Northeast China (dong bei chang yong zhong cao yao shou ce). It is the dried leaf of Rhododendron dauricum L. of the Ericaceae family. It is collected in summer and autumn, and then dried in the shade

Acrid, bitter, cold; act on the lung and spleen channels

Relieve cough and dispel phlegm

Indicated for the treatment of cough and panting with excessive phlegm due to hot phlegm obstructing the lung. Normally, 25–50 g is decocted with water as an oral dose; or 6–12 g is steeped in 40% wine for oral taking

Its use is cautious in patients with deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach

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2. Attached herbs (Table 13.8) TABLE 13.8 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Relieve Cough and Calm Panting Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Sweet Almond (tian xing ren) (Semen Armeniacae Dulce)

It is the dried matured sweet seed of cultivar of Prunus sibirica L. or Prunus armeniaca L. of the Rosaceae family. The matured fruit is collected in summer; after pulp and core shell are removed, the seed is taken out and dried

Sweet, neutral; act on the lung and large intestine channels

Moisten the lung and relieve cough and panting, and promote defecation

Indicated for the treatment of overstrained cough and panting, and constipation due to fluid consumption and intestinal dryness. Normally, 5–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose; or made into pills for oral taking

Its use is prohibited in patients with sloppy diarrhea

Tenacious Condorvine Stem (tong guan teng) (Caulis Marsdeniae Tenacissimae)

It is the dried rattan of Marsdenia tenacissima (Roxb.) Wight et Arn. of the Asclepiadaceae family. It is collected in autumn and winter, and then dried

Bitter, slightly cold; act on the lung channel

Relieve cough and calm panting, dispel phlegm, promote lactation, clear heat and resolve toxins

Indicated for the treatment of panting, cough with excessive phlegm, inhibited lactation after childbirth, swelling and pain due to wind-damp, sores and carbuncles. Normally, 20–30 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

No special contraindications

Lindley’s Eupatorium Herb (ye ma zhui) (Herba Eupatorii Lindleyani)

It is the dried aerial part of Eupatorium lindleyanum DC. of the Compositae family. It is collected when first blooming in autumn, and dried under the sun

Bitter, neutral; act on the lung channel

Dissolve phlegm, relieve cough and calm panting

Indicated for the treatment of cough and panting with excessive phlegm. Normally, 30–60 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

No special contraindications

Hempleaf Negundo Chastetree Leaf (mu jing ye) (Folium Viticis Negundo)

It is the fresh leaf of Vitex negundo L. var. cannabifolia (Sieb. et Zucc.) Hand.-Mazz. of the Verbenaceae family. It is collected when flourishing in summer and autumn, and then the stem and branch are removed

Slightly bitter, acrid, neutral; act on the lung channel

Dispel phlegm, relieve cough and calm panting

Indicated for the treatment of cough with excessive phlegm. Normally, 9–15 g of the dried one or 30–60 g of the fresh one is decocted with water as an oral dose

No special contraindications

Thorny Elaeagnus Root (hu tui zi gen) (Radix Elaegni Pungentis)

It is the dried root of Elaeagnus pungens Thunb. of the Elaeagnaceae family. It is collected in summer and autumn, and then washed clean, cut into pieces, and dried under the sun

Bitter, sour, neutral; act on the liver, lung, and stomach channels

Invigorate blood and stanch bleeding, dispel wind and drain dampness, relieve cough and calm panting, resolve toxins and close sore

Indicated for the treatment of spitting of blood, expectoration of blood, bloody stool, profuse menstruation, joint pain due to wind-damp, jaundice, edema, cough and panting, swelling and pain of the throat, sores and scabies, and injury from falling down. Normally, 10–30 g is decocted with water as an oral dose; or steeped in wine. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

No special contraindications

(Continued )

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TABLE 13.8 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Relieve Cough and Calm Panting (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Loquat Flower (pi pa hua) (Flos Eriobotryae)

It is the dried flower of Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. of the Rosaceae family. It is collected in winter and spring, and then dried under the sun

Bland, neutral; act on the lung channel

Scatter wind and relieve cough, and unblock the nasal orifices

Indicated for the treatment of cough from common cold, nasal obstruction and nasal discharge, and chronic cough with bloodstained phlegm due to deficiency-consumption (xu¯ láo). Normally, 6–12 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or ground into powder for oral taking with 3–6 g each time

No special contraindications

Thorny Elaeagnus Fruit (hu tui zi) (Fructus Elaegni Pungentis)

It is the dried fruit of Elaeagnus pungens Thunb. of the Elaeagnaceae family. It is collected when matured during April to June, and then dried under the sun

Sour, astringent, neutral; act on the lung, stomach, and liver channels

Relieve cough and calm panting, astringe and arrest diarrhea, fortify the spleen and promote digestion, and stanch bleeding

Indicated for the treatment of cough and panting, diarrhea, dysentery, poor appetite, indigestion, flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding), and bleeding from piles. Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is decocted with water for washing externally

No special contraindications

Henbane Seed (tian xian zi) (Semen Hyoscyami)

It is the dried matured seed of Hyoscyamus niger L. of the Solanaceae family. The fruit is collected when it turns yellow in summer and autumn, and then dried under the sun; seed is stroked to separate; after pericarp, branch and foot stalk are screened out, it is dried

Bitter, acrid, warm, extremely poisonous; act on the heart, liver, and stomach channels

Arrest convulsion and relieve pain, calm panting, and calm the mind

Indicated for the treatment of spasm and pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen, painful bì syndrome due to winddamp, toothache, chronic diarrhea and dysentery, injury from falling down, panting and cough, depressive psychosis and mania, convulsive epilepsy, swollen carbuncles and sores. Normally, 0.6–1.2 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or ground into powder for oral taking with 0.06–0.6 g each time. Or an appropriate amount is ground into powder for applying or decocted with water for washing

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women and patients with heart disease, tachycardia and glaucoma; and oral taking should be cautious

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291

3. Herb differentiation (Table 13.9)

TABLE 13.9 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Herbs That Relieve Cough and Calm Panting Name of Medicinal

Similarity

Differences

Tatarian Aster Root (zi wan) (Radix et Rhizoma Asteris)

Both are warm but not dry in nature and bitter and acrid in flavor, act on the lung channel, can dissolve phlegm and moisten the lung and relieve cough, and treat new or chronic cough and panting caused by external contraction or internal damage. Both usually combine with each other to reinforce their effects

It is good at dispelling phlegm or dissolving phlegm-turbidity, can diffuse the lung and promote micturition, is especially more used for the treatment of cough with phlegm, and can also treat lung abscess, pectoral stuffiness pain, and urinary retention

Both are cold in nature, act on the lung channel, can drain the lung and calm panting, promote urination, and relieve edema, can be used for the treatment of lung heat syndrome, fluid retention in the lung, cough and panting due to phlegm rheum, and edema. Both often combine with each other in order to strengthen their effects

It is sweet and cold, has a moderate property, good at clearing lung heat and subduing fire, and is often used for the treatment of panting and cough with yellow phlegm due to lung heat, and cutaneous edema. It also can clear liver heat, decrease blood pressure and stanch bleeding

Common Coltsfoot Flower (kuan dong hua) (Flos Farfarae)

White Mulberry Root-Bark (sang bai pi) (Cortex Mori)

Pepperweed Seed (ting li zi) (Semen Lepidii; Semen Descurainiae)

It is good at lowering qi and relieving cough, and quite suitable for the treatment of cough and panting with little phlegm or without phlegm. Due to its warm property, it is also a good medicinal for the treatment of cough due to lung cold

It is bitter and acrid in flavor and exceedingly cold in nature, has a fierce medicinal nature, and specializes in draining the fluid retention and phlegmdrool in the lung, and dyspneal fullness with incapability of supination due to exuberance of pathogens. Its effect of promoting urination is strong. It also can treat abdominal tympanites and accumulated fluid in the chest and abdomen

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Chapter 14

Herbs That Calm the Mind Chapter Outline Section 1  Herbs That Strongly Calm the Mind with Minerals and Shells Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs

294 294 294

Section 2  Herbs That Nourish the Heart and Mildly Calm the Mind Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs

298 298 298

ABSTRACT Chinese herbal medicinals that can tranquilize the mind, and mainly treat diseases or syndromes of restlessness of heart spirit are called “Herbs That Calm the Mind.” Herbs that calm the mind are indicated for the treatment of syndrome of restlessness of heart spirit including palpitation, severe palpitation, insomnia, and profuse dreaming; also can be used as the ancillary medicinals for the treatment of infantile convulsion, depressive psychosis, and mania. Herbs that calm the mind can be divided into two categories: herbs that strongly calm the mind with minerals and shells, and herbs that nourish the heart and mildly calm the mind. Keywords: herbs that calm the mind; herbs that strongly calm the mind with minerals and shells; herbs that nourish the heart and mildly calm the mind; clear heart heat and suppress fright; suppress fright and calm the mind; nourish the heart and calm the mind; nourish blood and calm the mind; resolve constraint and calm the mind

Chinese herbal medicinals that can tranquilize the mind, and mainly treat diseases or syndromes of restlessness of heart spirit are called “Herbs that Calm the Mind.” In traditional Chinese medicine, the heart stores the spirit and the liver stores the soul. So, the change of mind is closely related with the functional activities of the heart and liver. Medicinals in this chapter mainly act on the heart and liver channels, and have the effects of suppressing fright and calming the mind, or nourishing the heart and calming the mind. The therapeutic principle is exactly what is called “when there is fright, treat it by calming; treat fright by calming” in The Yellow Emperor’s Inner Classic (huang di nei jing). Besides calming the mind with heavy sedatives and tranquilizing by nourishing the heart, some herbs that calm the mind also have the actions of clearing heat and resolving toxins, calming the liver and subduing yang, improving qi reception and relieving panting, arresting sweating, moistening the intestines, and dispelling phlegm. Herbs that calm the mind are indicated for the treatment of syndrome of restlessness of heart spirit including palpitation, severe palpitation, insomnia, and profuse dreaming; also can be used as the ancillary medicinals for the treatment of infantile convulsion, depressive psychosis, and mania. Some herbs that calm the mind also can treat swollen sores due to heat toxin, dizziness due to ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, spontaneous sweating and night sweating, constipation due to intestinal dryness, cough and panting with excessive phlegm. When using these herbs that calm the mind, doctors should select the appropriate tranquilizers and do some corresponding combination at the same time according to the different etiology and pathogeneses of restlessness of heart spirit. For patients with restlessness with an excess pattern, doctors should treat them by calming the mind with heavy sedatives. If restlessness due to fire-heat, doctors should combine herbs that clear heart heat and drain fire, herbs that soothe the liver and resolve constraint or herbs that clear liver heat and drain fire accordingly. If caused by phlegm, doctors should combine herbs that dispel phlegm and open the orifices. If caused by blood stasis, doctors should combine herbs that invigorate blood and dissolve stasis. If caused by liver yang harassing the upper body, combine herbs that calm the liver and subdue yang. For the treatment of depressive psychosis, mania, and infantile convulsion, doctors should mainly select herbs that dissolve phlegm to open the orifices (resuscitate) or herbs that calm the liver and extinguish wind, and then select medicinals in this chapter to be as the auxiliary medicinals. If patients have a deficiency pattern of restlessness of heart spirit, doctors should Essentials of Chinese Materia Medica and Medical Formulas. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812722-3.00014-2 Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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select herbs that nourish the heart and calm the mind to treat. If caused by blood deficiency and yin depletion, doctors should combine herbs that supplement the blood and nourish yin. If caused by deficiency of both the heart and spleen, combine herbs that supplement and boost the heart and spleen. If caused by failure of the heart and kidney to interact, combine herbs that enrich yin and subdue fire and restore interaction between the heart and the kidney. Most of medicinals in this chapter are usually used for symptomatic therapy, especially the heavy mineral medicinals and poisonous medicinals, are just suitable for temporary application, cannot be taken for a long time, and should be discontinued as soon as getting effect. If mineral medicinals that calm the mind are made into pills or powder for oral taking, herbs that nourish the stomach and fortify the spleen should be combined in order to avoid damaging the stomach and consuming qi. According to the clinical application, herbs that calm the mind can be divided into two categories: (1) herbs that strongly calm the mind with minerals and shells, and (2) herbs that nourish the heart and mildly calm the mind. The modern pharmacological research indicates the herbs that calm the mind have the inhibitory action on central nervous system, including sedation and hypnosis actions, and anticonvulsant action. Some medicinals also have the effects of expelling phlegm to arrest coughing, inhibiting bacteria, strengthening heart, and improving blood circulation of coronary artery and immune function.

SECTION 1  HERBS THAT STRONGLY CALM THE MIND WITH MINERALS AND SHELLS Outline Medicinals in this section are minerals, fossils, or shells, and have the heavy, descending, and sinking properties. The heavy property has the effect of suppressing. So, they can tranquilize the heart and calm the mind, suppress fright, and stabilize the mind, calm the liver and subdue yang, and are mainly used for the treatment of restlessness of heart spirit, palpitation, insomnia, and convulsive epilepsy with an excess pattern caused by intense heart fire, phlegm-fire disturbing the heart, liver constraint transforming into fire or frightening, and dizziness due to hyperactivity of liver yang.

Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 1. Primary herbs (Table 14.1)

TABLE 14.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Strongly Calm the Mind with Minerals and Shells Name of Medicinal Cinnabar (zhu sha) (Cinnabaris)

Source and Collection Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the cinnabar of the Cinnabaris family of the sulfides minerals. It mainly contains mercuric sulfide (HgS). After collected, the clean one is selected, and then the ferrous impurities are sucked clean by magnetic iron, the mixed stone and sediment are removed by washing with water

Property, Channel Entry Sweet, slightly cold, poisonous; act on the heart channel

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Clear heart heat and suppress fright, calm the mind, improve vision, and resolve toxins

Indicated for the treatment of restlessness of the heart spirit, palpitation, easy to be frightened, insomnia, profuse dreaming, epilepsy and mania, infantile convulsion, blurred vision, sore in mouth and tongue, swelling and pain of the throat, swollen sores and ulcers due to heat toxin. Normally, 0.1–0.5 g is made into pills or powder as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

Caution for Use Don’t be in decoction. Due to its toxicity, it is not suitable for taking large dose or small dose for a long time. Its use should be prohibited in pregnant women and those with hepatic and renal dysfunction

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TABLE 14.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Strongly Calm the Mind with Minerals and Shells (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Magnetite (ci shi) (Magnetitum)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the magnetite of the spinel family of the oxides minerals. It mainly contains ferrosoferric oxide (Fe3O4). It is collected in whole year and then the mixed stone is removed

Salty, cold; act on the liver, heart, and kidney channels

Suppress fright and calm the mind, calm the liver and subdue yang, improve hearing and vision, improve qi reception, and relieve panting

Indicated for the treatment of restlessness of the heart spirit, palpitation and insomnia, epilepsy or infantile convulsive epilepsy, dizziness, blurred vision, tinnitus and deafness, and panting due to kidney deficiency. Normally, 9–30 g is broken into pieces and decocted first with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder for oral taking with 1–3 g each time

It is not easy to be digested after swallowing intact; its pill or powder is not suitable for taking too much. Its use is cautious in patients with weakness of the spleen and stomach

Dragon Bones (long gu) (Os Draconis)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the skeletal fossil of ancient large mammals, such as elephants, hipparions, rhinoceros, deers, and cattle. It is collected in whole year; after earth and impurities are removed, it is stored in dry place and (or) calcined for use

Sweet, astringent, neutral; act on the heart, liver, and kidney channels

Suppress fright and calm the mind, calm the liver and subdue yang, consolidate and astringe [essence]

Indicated for the treatment of restlessness of the heart spirit, palpitation, insomnia, convulsive epilepsy, depressive psychosis and mania, dizziness due to ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, incontinence syndromes, such as spontaneous seminal emission, enuresis and spontaneous sweating, eczema and prurigo, sores and ulcers without closing for a long time. Normally, 15–30 g is decocted first with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

It is not suitable for patients with damp-heat accumulation and stagnation

(Continued )

296 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 14.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Strongly Calm the Mind with Minerals and Shells (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Dragon Teeth (long chi) (Dens Draconis)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the tooth fossil of ancient mammals, such as elephants, rhinoceros, and hipparions. It is collected in whole year; after earth is removed and dental bed is knocked off, it is for use or calcined for use

Sweet, astringent, cool; act on the heart and liver channels

Suppress fright and calm the mind, clear heat and relieve vexation

Indicated for the treatment of convulsive epilepsy, depressive psychosis and mania, palpitation, or severe palpitation, insomnia and profuse dreaming, general fever and vexation, and restlessness. Normally, 10–15 g is broken into pieces and decocted first with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder

It is not suited to combine with Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao), Resina Toxicodendri (gan qi) or Pericarpium Zanthoxyli (hua jiao)

Amber (hu po) (Succinum)

Initially recorded in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians (ming yi bie lu). It is the fossil material transformed from the resina of ancient maple and pine of the Pinaceae family buried under the ground with age. It is collected from underground or coal seam in whole year; after sandstone and earth are removed, it is pounded to pieces or ground into fine powder for use

Sweet, neutral; act on the heart, liver, and bladder channels

Suppress fright and calm the mind, invigorate blood and dissipate blood stasis, promote urination, and relieve strangury

Indicated for the treatment of restlessness of the heart spirit, palpitation, insomnia, infantile convulsion, epilepsy, painful menstruation and menstrual block, stabbing pain in the epigastrium and abdomen, accumulations and gatherings (jī jù) due to blood stasis, strangury, and dribbling urinary block. Normally, 1.5–3 g is ground into powder and taken infused or made into pills or powder as an oral dose

Don’t be in decoction. It should be prohibitively calcined with fire

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TABLE 14.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Strongly Calm the Mind with Minerals and Shells (cont.) Name of Medicinal Pearl (zhen zhu) (Margarita)

Property, Channel Entry

Source and Collection Initially recorded in Ri Hua-zi’s Materia Medica (ri hua zi ben cao). It is the pearl formed the irritated bivalves, such as Pteria martensii (Dunker), Hyriopsis cumingii (Lea) or Cristaria plicata (Leach) of the Pteriidae family. It is taken out from the bivalve, washed clean and dried

Sweet, salty, cold; act on the heart and liver channels

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Tranquilize the heart and calm the mind and arrest convulsion, improve vision and remove nebula, resolve toxins and engender flesh, moisten the skin, and relieve macule

Indicated for the treatment of palpitation, or severe palpitation, vexation, insomnia, infantile convulsion, epilepsy, red eye with nebula, sore in mouth and tongue, swelling and pain of the throat, sores and ulcers without closing, skin with colored spot, or deafness, and accumulated heat due to spleen deficiency. Normally, 0.1–0.3 g is made into pills or ground into powder as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is ground into powder for eye dropping or laryngeal insufflation, or spreading the affected area externally

Caution for Use It is not suitable for pregnant women to use, and its use is prohibited in patients without syndromes caused by fireheat

2. Attached herbs (Table 14.2)

TABLE 14.2 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Strongly Calm the Mind with Minerals and Shells Property, Channel Entry

Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Quartz Album (bai shi ying) (Quartz Album)

It is the mineral quartz of the Quartz family of the oxides. It mainly contains silicon dioxide (SiO2). It is collected in whole year; after impurities are removed, the lily-white quartz is selected for use

Sweet, acrid, slightly warm; act on the lung, kidney, and heart channels

Warm the lung and kidney, tranquilize the heart and calm the mind, promote urination and relieve edema, dissipate cold, and arrest diarrhea

Indicated for the treatment of cough and panting due to deficiency-cold, lung wĕi (atrophy), yang wĕi (impotence), deafness, wasting-thirst (xia¯o kĕ), restlessness of the heart spirit, palpitation and forgetfulness, dribbling urinary block, difficulty in micturition, jaundice, edema, bì syndrome due to wind-damp and chronic dysentery. Normally, 10–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder

Due to its fierce property, it cannot be taken too much or for a long term

Japenese Coral (shan hu) (Corallium Japonicum)

It is the calcareous skeleton secreted by Corals, such as Corallium japonicum Kishinouye of the Coralliidae family. It is collected from the bottom of the sea; after impurities are removed, it is washed clean

Sweet, neutral; act on the liver and heart channels

Calm the mind and suppress fright, remove nebula to improve vision, close sore, and stanch bleeding

Indicated for the treatment of frightened epilepsy and sudden falling down, palpitation, or severe palpitation, nebula and cataract, spitting of blood and nosebleed, burn and scald. Normally, 0.3–0.6 g is ground into powder as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is ground into fine powder for dropping the eyes or applying the affected area

Because its effect of suppressing fright is poor; it should be combined with others based on syndrome differentiation

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3. Herb differentiation (Table 14.3) TABLE 14.3 Differentiation between Similar Efficacy Herbs That Strongly Calm the Mind with Minerals and Shells Name of Medicinal

Similarity

Differences

Cinnabar (zhu sha) (Cinnabaris)

Both are the commonly-used heavy mineral medicinals that calm the mind, are cold and heavy in nature and act on the heart channel, can tranquilize the heart and calm the mind and treat restlessness of the heart spirit, palpitation, and insomnia

It can clear heart heat and tranquilize the heart to calm the mind, is good at treating restlessness of the heart spirit, vexing heat in the chest, palpitations due to fright, and insomnia due to exuberance of heart fire, also can resolve toxins and cure sores and treat swollen sores and ulcers due to heat toxin. But it has no effect of supplementing or boosting. Its effect of calming the mind is stronger than that of Magnetitum (ci shi)

Magnetite (ci shi) (Magnetitum)

It also acts on the liver and kidney channels, is good at boosting kidney yin and subduing yang, calming the mind, and arresting convulsion, and mainly used for the treatment of inquietude of the heart spirit, vexation and agitation and restlessness, palpitation and insomnia, headache and dizziness caused by kidney deficiency and vigorous liver fire, and liver fire harassing the heart. It has the effect of supplementing the liver and kidney, can improve qi reception and relieve panting, can be used for the treatment of panting due to kidney deficiency, tinnitus and deafness and blurred vision due to liver-kidney insufficiency

SECTION 2  HERBS THAT NOURISH THE HEART AND MILDLY CALM THE MIND Outline The main medicinals in this section are seeds or kernels, have the sweet, moistening and nourishing properties, and have the effects of nourishing the heart and liver, boosting yin and supplementing the blood, and restoring interaction between the heart and the kidney. They are mainly used for the treatment of palpitation, severe palpitation, deficient restlessness, and insomnia, forgetfulness and profuse dreaming, seminal emission and night sweating due to yin-blood (blood and body fluids) depletion, heart-spleen deficiency, and noninteraction between the heart and the kidney.

Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 1. Primary herbs (Table 14.4) TABLE 14.4 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Nourish the Heart and Mildly Calm the Mind Name of Medicinal Spine Date Seed (suan zao ren) (Semen Ziziphi Spinosae)

Source and Collection Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried matured seed of Ziziphus jujuba Mill. var. spinosa (Bunge) Hu ex H. F. Chou of the Rhamnaceae family. The matured fruit is collected in late autumn and early winter; after pulp and fruit core-shell are removed, the seed is collected and dried under the sun

Property, Channel Entry Sweet, sour, neutral; act on the liver, gallbladder, and heart channels

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Nourish the heart and supplement the liver, tranquilize the heart, and calm the mind, arrest sweating, and promote fluid production

Indicated for the treatment of deficient restlessness and insomnia, palpitation, and profuse dreaming, or severe palpitation, spontaneous sweating and night sweating, profuse sweating due to deficiency body, thirst and dry throat due to fluid consumption. Normally, 10–15 g is dry-fried and then decocted with water as an oral dose, or ground into powder for swallowing intact with 1.5–2 g each time

Caution for Use Its use is cautious in patients with excess pathogen, fire from constraint, or slipping diarrhea

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TABLE 14.4 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Nourish the Heart and Mildly Calm the Mind (cont.)

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Arborvitae Seed (bai zi ren) (Semen Platycladi)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried matured kernel of Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco of the Cupressaceae family. The matured seed is collected in autumn and winter; after seed coat is removed, the kernal is collected for use

Glossy Ganoderma (ling zhi) (Ganoderma)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum (Leyss. ex Fr.) Karst. or Ganoderma sinense Zhao, Xu et Zhang of the Polyporaceae family. It is collected in whole year; after impurities, attached rotten wood, sediment and lower stipe of culture medium are removed, it is dried in the shade or by baking at 40–50°C

Name of Medicinal

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Sweet, neutral; act on the heart, kidney, and large intestine channels

Nourish the heart and calm the mind, moisten the intestines to promote defecation, and arrest sweating

Indicated for the treatment of palpitation, severe palpitation, deficient restlessness and insomnia, dizziness and forgetfulness caused by heart yin insufficiency and heart-blood depletion or failure of the heart and kidney to interact, constipation due to blood deficiency and intestinal dryness, night sweating due to yin deficiency and infantile convulsive epilepsy. Normally, 3–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or crystallized for use

Its use is cautious in patients with thin, unformed stool or excessive phlegm

Sweet, neutral; act on the heart, lung, liver, and kidney channels

Supplement qi and calm the mind, relieve cough, and calm panting

Indicated for the treatment of restlessness of the heart spirit, insomnia and palpitation, profuse dreaming, forgetfulness, mental fatigue and less eating caused by qi and blood insufficiency and malnutrition of heart spirit, cough and panting due to lung deficiency, shortness of breath and no desire to eat in deficiencyconsumption (xu¯ láo). Normally, 6–12 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or ground into powder for swallowing intact with 1.5–3 g each time

Its use is cautious in patients with excess patterns

Caution for Use

(Continued )

300 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 14.4 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Nourish the Heart and Mildly Calm the Mind (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Chinese Common Valeriana Rhizome (xie cao) (Rhizoma et Radix Valerianae Pseudoofficinalis)

Initially recorded in Scientific Folk Medicinals (ke xue de min jian yao cao). It is the dried root and rhizome of Valeriana officinalis L. of the Valerianaceae family. It is collected during September to October; after stem leaf and sediment are removed, it is dried under the sun

Tuber Fleeceflower Stem (shou wu teng) (Caulis Polygoni Multiflori)

Initially recorded in Fleeceflower Root Records (he shou wu zhuan). It is the dried rattan of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. of the Polygonacea family. It is collected in autumn and winter; after residual leaf is removed, it is bundled to wisp or cut into segments while fresh, and then dried

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Acrid, sweet, warm; act on the heart and liver channels

Calm the mind, rectify qi, invigorate blood, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of restlessness of the heart spirit, insomnia, infantile convulsion, epilepsy, menstrual block and painful menstruation due to blood stasis, pain of waist and legs, injury from falling down, pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen, and bleeding from external injury. Normally, 3–6 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is cautious in patients with weak constitution and yin deficiency

Sweet, neutral; act on the heart and liver channels

Nourish blood and calm the mind, dispel wind and unblock the collaterals

Indicated for the treatment of restlessness of the heart spirit, insomnia, profuse dreaming and dizziness due to yin deficiency and blood depletion, body pain and numbness of the skin due to blood deficiency, painful bì syndrome due to wind-damp, itch of skin from rubella, scabies and tinea, carbuncleabscess and scrofula. Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is decocted with water for washing or pounded for applying the affected area

Its use is cautious in patients with agitation and mania with a pattern of excess fire

Caution for Use

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TABLE 14.4 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Nourish the Heart and Mildly Calm the Mind (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Silktree Albizia Bark (he huan pi) (Cortex Albiziae)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried tree bark of Albizia julibrissin Durazz. of the Leguminosae family. It is collected in summer and autumn, and then dried under the sun

Sweet, neutral; act on the heart, liver, and lung channels

Resolve constraint and calm the mind, invigorate blood, and relieve swelling

Indicated for the treatment of restlessness of the heart spirit, anger and depression, vexation and agitation, insomnia, injury from falling down, tendon broken and fracture with swelling and pain due to blood stasis, lung abscess, internal or external swollen carbuncles and ulcers due to heat toxin. Normally, 6–12 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder. Or an appropriate amount is ground into powder for applying externally

Its use is prohibited in patients with spontaneous sweating due to wind-heat or insomnia due to external contraction, and cautious in pregnant women

Albizia Flower (he huan hua) (Flos Albiziae)

Initially recorded in Extension of the Materia Medica (ben cao yan yi). It is dried inflorescence or flower bud of Albizia julibrissin Durazz. of the Leguminosae family. It is collected in a sunny day when blooming or flower bud forming in summer, and dried under the sun in time

Sweet, neutral; act on the heart and liver channels

Resolve constraint and calm the mind, rectify qi and increase appetite, invigorate blood, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of deficient restlessness and insomnia, restlessness of the heart spirit, depression, chest oppression, poor appetite and digestion, forgetfulness and profuse dreaming, low back pain and injury from falling down. Normally, 5–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder for oral use

Its use is cautious in patients with yin deficiency and fluid consumption

(Continued )

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TABLE 14.4 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Nourish the Heart and Mildly Calm the Mind (cont.)

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Thin-Leaf Milkwort Root (yuan zhi) (Radix Polygalae)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried root of Polygala tenuifolia Willd. or Polygala sibirica L. of the Polygalaceae family. It is collected in spring and autumn; after fibrous root and sediment are removed, it is dried under the sun

Indian Bread With Hostwood (fu shen) (Sclerotium Poriae Pararadicis)

Initially recorded in Collected Commentaries on “Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica” (ben cao jing ji zhu). It is the dried white parts with pine root in the middle of Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf of the Polyporaceae family. It is collected during July to September; after Poria Alba (bai fu ling) is cut and impurities are removed, the parts with pine root in the middle are selected and dried under the sun

Name of Medicinal

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Bitter, acrid, warm; act on the heart, kidney, and lung channels

Calm the mind and benefit the mental ability, restore interaction between the heart and the kidney, dispel phlegm, and relieve swelling

Indicated for the treatment of insomnia and profuse dreaming, forgetfulness, and palpitation, and staring spells due to failure of the heart and kidney to interact, epilepsy and mania due to phlegm obstructing the heart orifices, cough with excessive phlegm, carbuncle-abscess, swollen sores and ulcers, and swelling and pain of the breast. Normally, 3–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is cautious in patients with syndrome of excess heat or internal exuberance of phlegm-fire, or gastric ulcer or gastritis

Sweet, bland, neutral; act on the heart, lung, spleen, and kidney channels

Tranquilize the heart and calm the mind, and promote urination

Indicated for the treatment of heartspirit restlessness, palpitations due to fright, or severe palpitations, or palpitation due to heart deficiency, forgetfulness, insomnia, fright epilepsy, and difficulty in micturition. Normally, 10–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder for oral use

Its use is cautious in patients with difficulty in micturition and aconuresis due to kidney deficiency, spontaneous seminal emission due to deficiency-cold

Caution for Use

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2. Attached herbs (Table 14.5) TABLE 14.5 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Nourish the Heart and Mildly Calm the Mind Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Amur Adonis Herb With Root (fu shou cao) (Herba Adonidis cum Radice)

It is the entire plant with root of Adonis amurensis Reg. et Radde of the Ranunculaceae family. It is collected during April to May; after sediment is removed, it is cut into segments and dried under the sun

Bitter, neutral, poisonous; act on the heart, liver, and kidney channels

Nourish the heart and calm the mind, clear liver heat and drain fire, promote urination, and relieve edema

Indicated for the treatment of palpitation, epilepsy with a pattern of internal excess of phlegm-fire, cardiac edema, acute or chronic heart insufficiency, and congestive heart failure. Normally, 0.3–0.6 g is steeped in wine or water as an oral dose

It cannot be taken over dosage, and is not suitable for patients with bradycardia and atrioventricular block

Lotus Plumule (lian zi xin) (Plumula Nelumbinis)

It is the green embryo bud of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. of the Nymphaeaceae family. When lotus seed is collected in autumn, the embryo bud is taken out and dried under the sun

Bitter, cold; act on the heart, lung, and kidney channels

Clear heart fire, calm the mind, remove heat, dispel heat, stanch bleeding, and arrest emission with astringents

Indicated for the treatment of vexation, thirst, spitting of blood, seminal emission, and red eye with swelling and pain. Normally, 1.5–3 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into powder for oral taking

Its use is prohibited in patients with deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach

Old Lotus Fruit (shi lian zi) (Fructus Nelumbinis)

It is the old matured fruit of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. of the Nymphaeaceae family. When lotus seed is matured in October, the hindu lotus seedpod is collected, the fruit is taken out and dried under the sun

Sweet, astringent, slightly bitter, cold; act on the spleen, stomach, heart, and lung channels

Clear damp-heat, increase appetite, clear heart heat and tranquilize the mind, arrest emission with astringents, and arrest diarrhea

Indicated for the treatment of dysentery with inability to eat, vomiting, vexation and insomnia, seminal emission, turbid urine, and abnormal vaginal discharge. Normally, 9–12 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is prohibited in patients with chronic dysentery due to deficiencycold

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

3. Herb differentiation (Table 14.6) TABLE 14.6 Differentiation between Similar Efficacy Herbs That Nourish the Heart and Mildly Calm the Mind Name of Medicinal

Similarity

Differences

Spine Date Seed (suan zao ren) (Semen Ziziphi Spinosae)

Both are sweet in flavor and neutral in nature, have the effects of nourishing the heart and calming the mind, and used for the treatment of palpitation, severe palpitation, insomnia, and forgetfulness caused by yin-blood (blood and body fluids) insufficiency and malnutrition of heart spirit. Both often combine with each other in order to strengthen their effects

It has a stronger effect of calming the mind than that of Semen Platycladi (bai zi ren). It is also sour in flavor and has a good effect of arresting sweating with astringent property, and often be selected for the treatment of spontaneous sweating and night sweating due to deficient constitution

Arborvitae Seed (bai zi ren) (Semen Platycladi)

It has a moistening property with profuse lipoid, can moisten the intestines to promote defecation so as to treat constipation due to intestinal dryness

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Chapter 15

Herbs That Calm the Liver and Extinguish Wind Chapter Outline Section 1 Herbs That Calm the Liver and Subdue Hyperactive Yang Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs

306 306 306

Section 2 Herbs That Extinguish Wind and Arrest Convulsion Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs

312 312 313

ABSTRACT Chinese herbal medicinals that can mainly calm the liver and subdue yang or extinguish wind and arrest convulsion, and treat diseases or syndromes of ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang and internal stirring of liver wind are called “Herbs That Calm the Liver and Extinguish Wind.” Herbs that calm the liver and extinguish wind mainly can be used for the treatment of upper hyperactivity of liver yang and liver wind stirring up internally. They can be divided into two categories: herbs that calm the liver and subdue hyperactive yang and herbs that extinguish wind and arrest convulsion. Keywords: herbs that calm the liver and extinguish wind; herbs that calm the liver and subdue hyperactive yang; herbs that extinguish wind and arrest convulsion; calm the liver and subdue yang; calm the liver and suppress fright; extinguish wind and arrest convulsion

Chinese herbal medicinals that can mainly calm the liver and subdue yang or extinguish wind and arrest convulsion, and treat diseases or syndromes of ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang and internal stirring of liver wind are called “Herbs that Calm the Liver and Extinguish Wind.” Because “all wind with shaking and vertigo is ascribed to the liver” in The Yellow Emperor’s Inner Classic (huang di nei jing), medicinals in this chapter all act on the liver channel. Most of them are animal medicinals (such as shells and insects) or mineral medicinals, and have the major effects of calming the liver and subduing yang or extinguishing wind and arresting convulsion. Some herbs that calm the liver and extinguish wind due to their heavy, cold, descending and sinking properties also have the effects of suppressing fright and calming the mind, clearing liver heat and improving vision, directing counterflow downward and cooling the blood. Some herbs that extinguish wind and arrest convulsion combines the effects of dispelling wind and unblocking the collaterals. Herbs that calm the liver and extinguish wind mainly can mainly be used for the treatment of upper hyperactivity of liver yang and liver wind stirring up internally. Some of them can also treat syndromes, such as restlessness of heart spirit, red eye with swelling and pain, vomiting, hiccup, panting, bleeding due to blood heat, wry eye and mouth due to wind striking the channels and collaterals, and painful bì syndrome. When using herbs that calm the liver and extinguish wind, doctors should select other medicinals to combine appropriately according to the differences of etiological factors causing ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang or internal stirring of liver wind, their pathogeneses, and the accompanied symptoms and signs. To treat patients with yin deficiency and yang hyperactivity, doctors should select herbs that enrich and nourish kidney yin to combine in order to boost yin to control yang. To treat patients with liver fire flaming upward, doctors should combine herbs that clear and drain liver fire. To treat patients with restlessness of the heart spirit, insomnia and profuse dreaming, doctors should combine herbs that calm the mind. To treat syndrome of internal stirring of liver wind due to liver yang transforming into wind, doctors should combine both herbs that extinguish wind and arrest convulsion and herbs that calm the liver and subdue yang. To treat syndrome of internal stirring of liver wind due to extreme heat producing wind, doctors should combine herbs that clear heat and Essentials of Chinese Materia Medica and Medical Formulas. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812722-3.00015-4 Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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drain fire and resolve toxins. To treat syndrome of internal stirring of liver wind due to yin-blood (blood and body fluids) depletion, doctors should combine herbs that supplement and nourish yin-blood. To treat chronic infantile convulsion with spleen deficiency, doctors should combine herbs that supplement qi and fortify the spleen. If complicated by loss of consciousness, combine herbs that open the orifices (resuscitate). If complicated by phlegm pathogen, combine herbs that dispel phlegm. Medicinals in this chapter have the different properties that are partial to cold and cool or warm and dry. Doctors should pay attention to use them. If patients with chronic infantile convulsion complicate by spleen deficiency, the cold or cool herbs are not suitable to be applied. If patients with yin deficiency and blood depletion, use of the warm or dry herbs should be prohibited. Herbs that calm the liver and extinguish wind can be divided into two categories: (1) herbs that calm the liver and subdue hyperactive yang and (2) herbs that extinguish wind and arrest convulsion. The modern pharmacological research indicates that most of the herbs that calm the liver and extinguish wind have the actions of reducing blood pressure, sedation, and antagonizing convulsion, can inhibit the generation of experimental epilepsy, and reduce the autonomic activities of laboratory animals. Some medicinals also have the analgesic effect and antipyretic action.

SECTION 1  HERBS THAT CALM THE LIVER AND SUBDUE HYPERACTIVE YANG Outline Chinese herbal medicinals that can calm and subdue, or suppress and tranquilize liver yang, and are mainly used for the treatment of ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang are called “Herbs That Calm and Subdue Liver Yang” or “Herbs That Calm the Liver and Subdue Hyperactive Yang”. Most medicinals in this section are shells or minerals with heavy property, have the effects of calming and inhibiting liver yang or calming the liver and subduing yang, therefore they are used to treat dizziness, headache and tinnitus due to ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, or flushing, bitter taste in the mouth, red eye with swelling and pain, vexation and agitation and irritability, headache, and dizziness caused by liver fire attacking the upper body. If treating patients with spasm and convulsion due to liver yang transforming into wind, as well as vexation and agitation and insomnia due to liver yang harassing the upper body, herbs that extinguish wind and arrest convulsion and herbs that calm the mind should be combined, respectively.

Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 1. Primary herbs (Table 15.1)

TABLE 15.1 Properties, Actions and Application of Common Herbs That Calm the Liver and Subdue Hyperactive Yang Name of Medicinal Sea-Ear Shell (shi jue ming) (Concha Haliotidis)

Source and Collection Initially recorded in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians (ming yi bie lu). It is the shell of Haliotis Diversicolor Reeve, Haliotis discus hannai Ino, Haliotis ovina Gmelin, Haliotis ruber (Leach), Haliotis asinina Linnaeus, or Haliotis laevigata (Donovan) of the Haliotidae family. It is caught in summer and autumn; after meat is removed, it is washed clean and dried

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Salty, cold; act on the liver channel

Calm the liver and subdue yang, clear liver heat and improve vision, and relieve hyperacidity

Indicated for the treatment of dizziness and headache due to liver-kidney yin deficiency and ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, red eye with nebula due to liver fire or liver heat, blurred vision, optic atrophic blindness and night blindness, gastric hyperacidity, or bleeding from injury. Normally, 6–20 g is broken into pieces and decocted first with water as an oral dose. For eye droppings, it should be calcined

Its use is cautious in patients with less eating and thin, unformed stool due to deficiencycold of the spleen and stomach

Herbs That Calm the Liver and Extinguish Wind Chapter | 15

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TABLE 15.1 Properties, Actions and Application of Common Herbs That Calm the Liver and Subdue Hyperactive Yang (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Mother-ofPearl (zhen zhu mu) (Concha Margaritiferae Usta)

Initially recorded in Illustrated Classic of Materia Medica (ben cao tu jing). It is the shell of Hyriopsis cumingii (Lea), Cristaria plicata (Leach) or Pteria martensii (Dunker) of the Unionidae family. It is caught in whole year; after meat is removed, it is washed clean and dried

Salty, cold; act on the liver and heart channels

Calm the liver and subdue yang, calm the mind and arrest convulsion, improve vision, and remove nebula, dry dampness and astringe

Indicated for the treatment of headache, dizziness, and tinnitus due to liver yin insufficiency and ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, palpitation and insomnia, restlessness of the heart spirit, red eye with nebula and blurred vision, eczema with itching, and disclosing of ulcers. Normally, 10–25 g is broken into pieces and decocted first with water as an oral dose

Its use is cautious in pregnant women and patients with deficiencycold of the spleen and stomach

Oyster Shell (mu li) (Concha Ostreae)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the shell of Ostrea gigas Thunberg, Ostrea talienwhanensis Crosse or Ostrea rivularis Gould of the Ostreidae family. It is caught in whole year; after meat is removed, it is washed clean and dried under the sun for use, or calcined for use

Salty, slightly cold; act on the liver, gallbladder, and kidney channels

Calm the mind with heavy sedatives, subdue yang and supplement yin, soften hardness, and dissipate masses, consolidate and astringe [essence], and relieve hyperacidity

Indicated for the treatment of restlessness of the heart spirit, palpitation, insomnia and profuse dreaming, dizziness, and tinnitus due to ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, phlegm nodule, scrofula and goiter, concretions and conglomerations (zhēng jia˘) or accumulations and gatherings (jī jù), night sweating, spontaneous sweating, (spontaneous) seminal emission, uterine bleeding, leukorrhea, and stomachache with acid regurgitation. Normally, 9–30 g is broken into pieces and decocted first with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

It is not suitable for taking too much or for a long time, and its use is prohibited in patients with spontaneous seminal emission due to deficiencycold of the kidney

Arabic Cowry Shell (zi bei chi) (Concha Mauritiae)

Initially recorded in Newly Revised Materia Medica (xin xiu ben cao). It is the shell of Erosaria caputserpentis (L.), Cypraea lynx (L.) and Mauritia arabica (L.) of the Cypraeidae family. It is caught during May to July; after meat is removed, it is washed clean and dried under the sun

Salty, neutral; act on the liver channel

Calm the liver and subdue yang, suppress fright and calm the mind, clear liver heat, and improve vision

Indicated for the treatment of dizziness, palpitation, insomnia, and profuse dreaming due to ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, red eye with nebula and blurred vision due to liver heat. Normally, 10–15 g is broken into pieces and decocted first with water as an oral dose, or ground into powder and made into pills or powder

Its use is cautious in patients with weakness of the spleen and stomach

(Continued)

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TABLE 15.1 Properties, Actions and Application of Common Herbs That Calm the Liver and Subdue Hyperactive Yang (cont.) Name of Medicinal Hawksbill Turtle (dai mao) (Carapax Eretmochelydis)

Source and Collection Initially recorded in Materia Medica of the Kaibao Era (kai bao ben cao). It is the tergite of Eretmochelys imbricata (Linnaeus) of the Chelonidae family. The hawksbill is caught, and hung upsidedown, splashed with boiling vinegar in order to peel off back scale; after residual meat is removed, the scale is washed clean

Hematite Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic (dai zhe shi) of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben (Haematitum) cao jing). It is the mineral of Haematitum of the oxides minerals in trigonal system. It is collected in whole year; after mixed stone and sediment are removed, it is broken into pieces for use or quenched with vinegar and ground into powder for use

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Sweet, salty, cold; act on the heart and liver channels

Calm the liver and arrest convulsion, clear heat and resolve toxins

Indicated for the treatment of high fever in febrile disease, loss of consciousness, delirious speech, convulsion, infantile convulsive epilepsy, dizziness, vexation and insomnia, swollen carbuncles and sores due to heat toxin. Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or ground with water into juice, or made into pills or powder. Or an appropriate amount is ground into powder for applying.

Its use is prohibited in patients with deficiencycold syndrome but no fire toxin.

Bitter, cold; act on the liver and heart channels

Calm the liver and subdue yang, direct counter- flow downward with heavy sedatives, cool the blood and stanch bleeding

Indicated for the treatment of dizziness due to ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, vomiting, hiccup and belching, panting with qi counterflow, spitting of blood and nosebleed due to blood heat, flooding, and spotting (uterine bleeding). Normally, 10–30 g is broken into pieces and decocted first with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder for oral taking with 1–3 g each time. Or an appropriate amount is used externally. For stanching bleeding, it should be calcined

Don’t take it for a long time due to it contains tiny arsenic. Its use is cautious in pregnant women

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TABLE 15.1 Properties, Actions and Application of Common Herbs That Calm the Liver and Subdue Hyperactive Yang (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Puncture Vine Caltrop Fruit (ji li) (Fructus Tribuli)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried matured fruit of Tribulus terrestris L. of the Zygophyllaceae family. The plant is collected when fruit is matured in autumn, and then dried under the sun; the fruit is stroked to separate, and then the impurities are removed

Acrid, bitter, slightly warm, slightly poisonous; act on the liver channel

Calm the liver and resolve constraint, invigorate blood and dispel wind, improve vision, and relieve itching

Indicated for the treatment of dizziness due to ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, distending pain in the chest and hypochondrium, inhibited lactation and distending pain of the breast due to liver constraint and qi stagnation, red eye with nebula due to windheat attacking upward, rubella with itching and vitiligo. Normally, 6–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is cautious in pregnant women and patients with blood deficiency and qi weakness

Dogbane Leaf (luo bu ma ye) (Folium Apocyni Veneti)

Initially recorded in Materia Medica for Famine Relief (jiu huang ben cao). It is the dried leaf of Apocynum venetum L. of the Apocynaceae family. It is collected in summer; after impurities are removed, it is dried under the sun or in the shade

Sweet, bitter, cool, slightly poisonous; act on the liver channel

Calm and subdue liver yang, calm the mind, clear heat, and promote urination

Indicated for the treatment of dizziness, vexation and agitation, palpitation, and insomnia due to ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang or liver fire flaming upward, edema, and difficulty in micturition with a heat pattern. Normally, 6–12 g is decocted with water or taken infused with boiling water as an oral dose

It is not suitable for taking over dosage or for a long time in order to avoid poisoning

(Continued)

310 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 15.1 Properties, Actions and Application of Common Herbs That Calm the Liver and Subdue Hyperactive Yang (cont.) Name of Medicinal Oxidized Iron Fillings (sheng tie lou) (Frusta Ferri)

Source and Collection Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the iron fillings hammered from pig iron calcined until it turns red and the outer layer is oxidated. The pulvis ferri is collected when calcining iron; after coal, earth and impurities are removed, it is washed clean and dried under the sun, or calcined and quenched with vinegar for use

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Acrid, cool; act on the liver and heart channels

Calm the liver and suppress fright, resolve toxins, and close sore

Indicated for the treatment of depressive psychosis and mania due to liver constraint and exuberant fire, easy to be frightened or angered, insomnia, swollen sores, and ulcers due to heat toxin, aching pain of joints, or sprain with pain. Normally, 30–60 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder. Or an appropriate amount is ground into powder for applying the afflicted part

Its use is prohibited in patients with liver deficiency and middle jiao deficiencycold

2. Attached herbs (Table 15.2)

TABLE 15.2 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Calm the Liver and Subdue Hyperactive Yang Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Tschonosk Trillium Rhizome (tou ding yi ke zhu) (Rhizoma Trillii Tschonoskii)

It is the rhizome of Trillium tschonoskii Maxim. or Trillium kamtschaticum Pall. ex Pursh of the Liliaceae family. It is collected in summer and autumn; after leaf and fibrous root are removed, it is washed clean for use or dried under the sun for use

Sweet, slightly acrid, warm, slightly poisonous; act on the liver channel

Calm the liver, soothe the liver, relieve pain, invigorate blood, and stanch bleeding

Indicated for the treatment of dizziness, headache, high blood pressure, neurastheria, low back and leg pain, menstrual irregularities, flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding), bleeding from external injury, and injury from falling down. Normally, 6–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is ground into powder or pounded for applying

Due to its toxicity, it is not suitable for taking too much

Globeamaranth Flower (qian ri hong) (Flos Gomphrenae)

It is the dried inflorescence or entire plant of Gomphrena globosa L. of the Amaranthaceae family. It is collected in summer and autumn, and then dried under the sun

Sweet, neutral; act on the lung and liver channels

Dispel wind and clear heat, tranquilize the liver and subdue yang, resolve toxins, and dissipate masses

Indicated for the treatment of recurrent headache, infantile convulsion, red eye with swelling and pain due to liver heat, dizziness due to ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, sores, ulcers, and scrofula. Normally, 3–9 g of the inflorescence or 15–30 g of the entire plant is decocted with water for oral use

Its use is cautious in pregnant women

Herbs That Calm the Liver and Extinguish Wind Chapter | 15

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TABLE 15.2 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Calm the Liver and Subdue Hyperactive Yang (cont.) Name of Medicinal Common Devilpepper Root (luo fu mu) (Radix Rauvolfiae Verticillatae)

Source and Collection It is the root of Rauvolfia verticillata (Lour.) Baill. of the Apocynaceae family. It is collected in October; after sediment is removed, the big root is cut into pieces with 1 cm thickness, the rootlet is cut into small segments, then dried under the sun

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Bitter, cold; act on the liver and lung channels

Clear fire and calm the liver, clear heat and resolve toxins

Clinical Application and Usage Indicated for the treatment of dizziness, high blood pressure, insomnia, swelling and pain of the throat, headache or body pain, fever from common cold, or sores with itching due to heat toxin. Normally, 10–30 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount of the fresh one is pounded for applying

Caution for Use Its use is cautious in patients with stomach disease or deficiencycold of qi and blood

3. Herb differentiation (Table 15.3) TABLE 15.3 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Herbs That Calm the Liver and Subdue Hyperactive Yang Name of Medicinal

Similarity

Differences

Sea-Ear Shell (shi jue ming) (Concha Haliotidis)

Both have the effects of clearing liver heat and improving vision, and can be used for the treatment of red eye with swelling and pain and nebula which pattern is partial to liver heat

It is salty in flavor, cold and heavy in nature, not only can cool and tranquilize the liver, but also can enrich and nourish liver yin, so it is suited to treat disease of the eye with whether excess pattern or deficiency pattern, and often used for the treatment of photophobia, blurred vision and optic atrophic blindness

Cassia Seed (jue ming zi) (Semen Cassiae) Mother-of-Pearl (zhen zhu mu) (Concha Margaritiferae Usta) Sea-Ear Shell (shi jue ming) (Concha Haliotidis)

Pearl (zhen zhu) (Margarita) Mother-of-Pearl (zhen zhu mu) (Concha Margaritiferae Usta)

It is bitter in flavor and cold in nature, its effects are partial to clearing and draining liver fire to improve vision. It is often used for the treatment of red eye with swelling and pain due to excess fire in the liver channel Both are shell medicinals with salty and cold properties, can calm the liver and subdue yang, clear liver heat and improve vision, and treat headache, dizziness and tinnitus caused by ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang or heat in the liver channel, blurred vision and nebula due to liver heat

It also acts on the heart channel, has the effects of suppressing fright and calming the mind, and is usually used for the treatment of mind diseases, such as insomnia, vexation and agitation, and restlessness of the heart spirit

Both come from the same animal, have the effects of tranquilizing the heart and calming the mind, clearing liver heat and improving vision and removing nebula, and closing sore, and can treat palpitation, insomnia, restlessness of the heart spirit, and red eye with nebula due to liver fire attacking the upper body, and eczema with ulceration

It is good at suppressing fright and calming the mind, and often used for the treatment of palpitation, insomnia, restlessness of the heart spirit, infantile convulsion and epilepsy. It also has a good effect of closing sore and engendering flesh

Its effects of clearing liver heat and improving vision are stronger than that of Concha Margaritiferae Usta (zhen zhu mu). It also can enrich and nourish liver yin, and is quite suitable for the treatment of photophobia, blurred vision, and optic atrophic blindness due to blood deficiency and liver heat, dizziness, and tinnitus due to yin deficiency and yang hyperactivity

It is good at calming the liver and subduing yang, and often used for the treatment of dizziness caused by ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang and liver fire attacking the upper body. Its effects of calming the mind and closing sore are less than that of Margarita (zhen zhu). It has no effect of engendering flesh (Continued)

312 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 15.3 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Herbs That Calm the Liver and Subdue Hyperactive Yang (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Similarity

Differences

Dragon Bones (long gu) (Os Draconis)

Both have the effects of calming the mind with heavy sedatives, calming the liver, subduing yang, consolidating and astringing essence, and can be used for the treatment of restlessness of the heart spirit, palpitation, insomnia, dizziness, syndrome of yin deficiency and yang hyperactivity, and various incontinence syndromes

It is good at suppressing fright and calming the mind, and its effects of consolidating and astringing [essence] are better than that of Concha Ostreae (mu li)

Both are the iron minerals with heavy property, can calm the liver and subdue yang, direct counterflow downward and calm panting, and are used for the treatment of dizziness due to ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, qi counterflow and panting

It acts on the liver channel, is partial to calming the liver and subduing yang, cooling the blood and stanching bleeding, and good at directing qi counterflow of the lung and stomach to arrest vomiting and relieve hiccup and belching

Oyster Shell (mu li) (Concha Ostreae)

Hematite (dai zhe shi) (Haematitum) Magnetite (ci shi) (Magnetitum)

Its effects of calming the liver and subduing yang are significant, and better than that of Os Draconis (long gu). It has the effects of softening hardness and dissipating masses and can treat scrofula and goiter, phlegm nodule, concretions and conglomerations (zhēng jia˘) or accumulations and gatherings (jī jù)

It mainly acts on the kidney channel, is partial to boosting kidney yin to suppress the floating yang, improving qi reception and relieving panting, suppressing fright, and calming the mind

SECTION 2  HERBS THAT EXTINGUISH WIND AND ARREST CONVULSION Outline Chinese herbal medicinals that can mainly extinguish liver wind and are indicated for the treatment of syndrome of internal stirring of liver wind and convulsion are called “Herbs That Extinguish Wind and Arrest Convulsion.” The external wind should be scattered and dissipated, and internal wind should be calmed and extinguished. Medicinals in this section act mainly on the liver channel, have the major effects of extinguishing liver wind and arresting convulsion, and are suitable for the treatment of dizziness, neck rigidity and trembling limbs, spasm, and convulsion caused by extreme heat producing wind in febrile disease, liver yang transforming into wind or blood deficiency producing wind. They are also suitable for treating epilepsy and infantile convulsion caused by phlegm-heat harassing the upper body, as well as tetanus with spasm and convulsion and opisthotonos caused by wind-toxin invading and stirring wind. Some medicinals in this section also combine the properties of calming the liver and subduing yang as well as clearing and draining liver fire, and can be used for the treatment of dizziness due to liver yang, red eyes and headache due to liver fire attacking the upper body. Some medicinals combine the effect of dispelling external wind, and can be used for the treatment of wry eye and mouth, numbness and spasm of limbs, headache, and bì syndrome due to wind pathogen striking the channels and collaterals.

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Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 1. Primary herbs (Table 15.4) TABLE 15.4 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Extinguish Wind and Arrest Convulsion Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Antelope Horn (ling yang jiao) (Cornu Saigae Tataricae)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried horn of Saiga tatarica Linnaeus of the Bovidae family. The saiga is hunted and its horn is sawed and dried under the sun

Salty, cold; act on the liver and heart channels

Calm the liver and extinguish wind, clear liver heat and improve vision, dissipate blood stasis, and resolve toxins

Indicated for the treatment of convulsive epilepsy and spasm due to internal stirring of liver wind, eclampsia during pregnancy, mania, headache, dizziness due to ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, red eye with nebula due to liver fire flaming upward, convulsion with high fever, and macules caused by pestilential toxin. Normally, 1–3 g is decocted alone with water for more than 2 h as an oral dose, or taken juice obtained by wet-grinding or ground into powder for oral taking with 0.3–0.6 g each time

Due to its cold property, its use is prohibited in chronic infantile convulsion with spleen deficiency

Goat Horn (shan yang jiao) (Cornu Caprinus)

Initially recorded in New Compilation of Materia Medica (ben cao xin bian). It is the horn of Naemorhedus goral Hardwicke or Capra ibex Linnaeus of the Bovidae family. The goat is caught, and then the horn is sawed and dried

Salty, cold; act on the liver channel

Calm the liver and suppress fright, clear heat, dissipate blood stasis and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of infantile convulsion with fever, or frightened epilepsy, headache, and dizziness due to ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, red eye with swelling and pain due to liver fire flaming upward, postpartum abdominal pain and dysmenorrhea. Normally, 10–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is cautious in pregnant women and patients with deficiencycold of the spleen and stomach

(Continued)

314 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 15.4 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Extinguish Wind and Arrest Convulsion (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Cow Bezoar (niu huang) (Calculus Bovis)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried gallstone of Bostaurus domesticus Gmelin of the Bovidae family. When ox is killed, if the gallstone is discovered and taken out, and then bile is filtered; after outer thin membrane is removed, it is dried in the shade

Sweet, cool; act on the heart and liver channels

Clear heart heat, eliminate phlegm, open the orifices (resuscitate), cool the liver and extinguish wind, and resolve toxins

Indicated for the treatment of loss of consciousness in febrile disease, infantile convulsion, spasm, epilepsy, mania, wind-strike with phlegm confounding, sore in mouth and tongue, swelling and pain of the throat, toothache, swollen carbuncles, and furuncles due to fire toxin. Normally, 0.15–0.35 g is made into pills or powder as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is ground into powder for applying the affected area

It is not suitable for patients without excess pattern, and its use is cautious in pregnant women

Gambir Plant (gou teng) (Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis)

Initially recorded in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians (ming yi bie lu). It is the dried cauline branch with hook of Uncaria rhynchophylla (Miq.) Miq. ex Havil., Uncaria macrophylla Wall., Uncaria hirsuta Havil., Uncaria sinensis (Oliv.) Havil. or Uncaria sessilifructus Roxb. of the Rubiaceae family. It is collected in autumn and winter; after leaf is removed, it is cut into segments and dried under the sun

Sweet, cool; act on the liver and pericardium channels

Extinguish wind and arrest convulsion, clear heat and calm the liver

Indicated for the treatment of headache and dizziness due to liver fire flaming upward or upper hyperactivity of liver yang, convulsive epilepsy, and spasm due to internal stirring of liver wind, infantile convulsion with high fever, common cold with frightening or convulsion, infantile night crying or terrified crying, and eclampsia during pregnancy. Normally, 3–12 g is added later and decocted with water as an oral dose

It is not suitable for the weak and patients without fire

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TABLE 15.4 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Extinguish Wind and Arrest Convulsion (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Tall Gastrodis Tuber (tian ma) (Rhizoma Gastrodiae)

Sweet, neutral; Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic act on the liver of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried tuber of Gastrodia channel elata Bl. of the Orchidaceae family. It is collected after the beginning of winter and before the next year Tomb Sweeping festival, and then washed clean at once, steamed thoroughly, opened wide and dried in lower temperature

Extinguish wind and arrest convulsion, calm and subdue liver yang, dispel wind and unblock the collaterals

Indicated for the treatment of convulsive epilepsy and spasm due to internal stirring of liver wind, tetanus, dizziness, and headache due to ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang or wind-phlegm harassing the upper body, wind-strike with numbness or paralysis of limbs, and painful bì syndrome due to wind-damp. Normally, 3–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or ground into powder for oral taking with 1–1.5 g each time

Its use is cautious in patients with severe deficiency of qi and blood

Earth Worm (di long) (Pheretima)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried body of Pheretima aspergillum (E. Perrier), Pheretima vulgaris Chen, Pheretima guillelmi (Michaelsen) or Pheretima Pectinifera Michaelsen of the Megascolecidae family. It is caught during spring to autumn (Shanghai earth worm is caught in summer), and then slivered in time; after internal organs and sediment are removed, it is washed clean and dried under the sun or at lower temperature

Clear heat and arrest convulsion, unblock the collaterals, calm panting, and promote urination

Indicated for the treatment of high fever, coma, convulsive epilepsy and spasm due to extreme heat producing wind, windstrike with hemiplegia with a pattern of qi deficiency and blood stagnation, bì syndrome with joint pain, panting and cough due to lung heat, difficulty in micturition and anuresis. Normally, 5–10 g of the dried one or 10–20 g of the fresh one is decocted with water as an oral dose, or ground into powder for deglutition with 1–2 g each time

It is not suitable for patients with deficiencycold of the spleen and stomach, and its use is prohibited in pregnant women

Source and Collection

Salty, cold; act on the liver, spleen and bladder channels

(Continued)

316 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 15.4 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Extinguish Wind and Arrest Convulsion (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Scorpion (quan xie) (Scorpio)

Initially recorded in Materia Medica of Sichuan (shu ben cao). It is the dried body of Buthus martensii Karsch of the Buthidae family. It is caught during the late spring to early autumn; after sediment is removed, it is decocted with boiling water or salt water until stiffness, then taken out and dried in the shade with good ventilation

Acrid, neutral, poisonous; act on the liver channel

Extinguish wind and suppress convulsion, unblock the collaterals and relieve pain, counteract toxins and dissipate masses

Indicated for the treatment of spasm and convulsion due to internal stirring of liver wind, infantile convulsion, wind-strike with wry mouth and hemiplegia, tetanus, obstinate bì syndrome due to wind-damp, migraine or general headache, sores and ulcers, and scrofula. Normally, 3–6 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or ground into powder for deglutition with 0.6–1 g each time; or an appropriate amount is used externally

Don’t use too large dosage due to its toxicity. Its use is prohibited in pregnant women and patients with blood deficiency generating wind

Centipede (wu gong) (Scolopendra)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried body of Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans L. Koch of the Scolopendridae family. It is caught in spring and summer, and then inserted with bamboo piece from heat to tail to keep straight, and dried

Acrid, warm, poisonous; act on the liver channel

Extinguish wind and suppress convulsion, unblock the collaterals and relieve pain, counteract toxins and dissipate masses

Indicated for the treatment of spasm and convulsion due to internal stirring of liver wind, swollen sores and ulcers, scrofula, snake or insect bite, windstrike with wry mouth and hemiplegia, tetanus, obstinate bì syndrome due to wind-damp, migraine, or general headache. Normally, 3–5 g is decocted with water as oral dose, or ground into powder for deglutition with 0.6–1 g each time. An appropriate amount is used externally

Don’t use too large dosage due to its toxicity. Its use is prohibited in pregnant women and patients with blood deficiency generating wind

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TABLE 15.4 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Extinguish Wind and Arrest Convulsion (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Stiff Silkworm (jiang can) (Bombyx Batryticatus)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried body of dead 4-5 ages larva of Bombyx mori Linnaeus of the Bombycidae family caused by being infected (artificially) with Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuillant. It is usually produced in spring and autumn, and dried

Salty, acrid, neutral; act on the liver, lung and stomach channels

Extinguish wind and arrest convulsion, dispel wind and relieve pain, dissolve phlegm and dissipate masses

Indicated for the treatment of infantile convulsion, epilepsy, and spasm due to liver wind complicated by phlegm, tetanus, wry eye and mouth due to wind striking the channels and collaterals, headache, red eyes and sore throat due to wind-heat that attacks upward, rubella with itching, phlegm nodule and scrofula. Normally, 5–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or ground into powder for deglutition with 1–1.5 g each time

Its use is prohibited in patients without wind pathogen

Snake Slough (she tui) (Periostracum Serpentis)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried exuviated epidermis of Elaphe taeniura Cope, Elaphe carinata (Guenther) or Zaocys dhumnades (Cantor) of the Colubridae family. It is collected in late spring and early summer or winter; after sediment is removed, and dried

Salty, sweet, neutral; act on the liver channel

Dispel wind, arrest convulsion, remove nebula, resolve toxins, and relieve itching and swelling

Indicated for the treatment of infantile convulsion, epilepsy and spasm, nebula, rubella with itching, throat bì (pharyngitis), sore in mouth, swollen gingiva, otopyorrhea (suppurative otitis media), carbuncleabscess, furunculosis, scrofula, ulcers and scald. Normally, 2–3 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or ground into powder for deglutition with 0.3–0.6 g each time. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women

(Continued)

318 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 15.4 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Extinguish Wind and Arrest Convulsion (cont.) Name of Medicinal Gekko Swinhoana (bi hu) (Gekko Swinhonis)

Source and Collection Initially recorded in The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica (ben cao gang mu). It is the entire dody of Gekko swinhoana Günther and other geckos of the Gekkonidae family. It is caught in summer and autumn, and then fixed on the bamboo pieces to bake by slow fire until dry

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Salty, cold, slightly poisonous; act on the liver channel

Dispel wind, arrest convulsion, dissipate masses and resolve toxins

Indicated for the treatment of wind-strike with hemiplegia (halfbody paralysis), pain of multiple joints, convulsive epilepsy due to windphlegm, tetanus, scrofula, swollen carbuncles and ulcers, pestilential wind (leprosy), and corporic tinea. Normally, 2–5 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or ground into powder for deglutition with 1–2 g each time, or steeped in wine or made into pills or powder

Its use is cautious in patients with yin deficiency and insufficiency of blood, fluid consumption, and constipation

2. Attached herbs (Table 15.5)

TABLE 15.5 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Extinguish Wind and Arrest Convulsion Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Cultured Ox Gallstones in Vitro (ti wai pei yu niu huang) (Calculus Bovis Sativus)

It is the product of the fresh bile of Bos taurus domesticus Gmelin of the Bovidae family, and deoxycholic acid, cholic acid, and compound calcium bilirubinate

Sweet, cool; act on the heart and liver channels

Clear heart heat, eliminate phlegm, open the orifices, cool the liver, extinguish wind, and resolve toxins

Indicated for the treatment of loss of consciousness in febrile disease, wind-strike with phlegm confounding, convulsion and spasm, epilepsy, mania, swelling and pain of the throat, sore in mouth, swollen carbuncles and furuncles. Normally, 0.15– 0.35 g is made into pills or powder as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is ground into powder for applying the affected area

Black Cicada (zha chan) (Cryototympana)

It is the entire body of Cryototympana pustulata Fabr. of the Cicadidae family. It is caught during June to July, and then steamed to death and dried under the sun

Salty, sweet, cold; act on the liver and lung channels

Clear heat, extinguish wind and suppress convulsion

Indicated for the treatment No special of infantile fever, infantile contraindications convulsion or muscular spasms, epilepsy, night crying, and hemilateral headache (migraine). Normally, three or four black Cicadas are decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder

Caution for Use Its use is cautious in pregnant women. A mild digestive discomfort may occur occasionally

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TABLE 15.5 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Extinguish Wind and Arrest Convulsion (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Common Armillariella Fungus (mi huan jun) (Armillariella)

It is the fruiting body of Armillariella mellea (Vahl. ex Fr.) Karst. of the Tricholomataceae family. It is collected during July to August; after sediment is removed, it is dried under the sun

Sweet, neutral; act on the liver channel

Extinguish wind and calm the liver, dispel wind, and unblock the collaterals, and strengthen the sinews and bones

Indicated for the treatment of dizziness, headache, insomnia, hemiplegia (halfbody paralysis), numbness of limbs, low back and leg pain, or coronary heart disease and high blood pressure. Normally, 30–60 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or ground into powder

No special contraindications

Stiff Silkworm Chrysalis (jiang yong) (Pupa Bombycis Batryticatus)

It is the product of silkworm chrysalis of Bombyx mori Linnaeus of the Bombycidae family fermented by Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vaillant

Salty, acrid, neutral; act on the liver and lung channels

Clear heat and suppress convulsion, dissolve phlegm and relieve cough, relieve swelling and dissipate masses

Indicated for the treatment of infantile convulsion with high fever, spasms, epilepsy, wind-heat throat bì (acute pharyngitis), mumps, acute or chronic bronchitis, urticaria and hyperlipidemia. Normally, 1.5–6 g is ground into powder for oral taking, or made into tablets for use

No special contraindications

3. Herb differentiation (Table 15.6) TABLE 15.6 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Herbs That Extinguish Wind and Arrest Convulsion Name of Medicinal

Similarity

Differences

Scorpion (quan xie) (Scorpio)

Both can extinguish wind and suppress convulsion, resolve toxins and dissipate masses, unblock the collaterals and relieve pain, and often combine with each other to synergistically strengthen their effects

It is neutral in nature. The effects of extinguishing wind and suppressing convulsion, counteracting toxins and dissipating masses are less than that of Scolopendra (wu gong)

All three medicinals act on the liver channel, can calm the liver and extinguish wind, calm and subdue liver yang, and are used for the treatment of internal stirring of liver wind and ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang

It is cold in nature, has a strong effect of clearing heat, and can treat syndrome of extreme heat producing wind. It also can clear heart heat and resolve toxins, and is often used for the treatment of high fever, loss of consciousness and macules caused by pestilential toxin

Centipede (wu gong) (Scolopendra) Antelope Horn (ling yang jiao) (Cornu Saigae Tataricae)

Gambir Plant (gou teng) (Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis) Tall Gastrodis Tuber (tian ma) (Rhizoma Gastrodiae)

It is warm and fierce in nature, and good at unblocking. Its effects of extinguishing wind and suppressing convulsion are strong. It can counteract toxins to cure sores, and has good effects of dredging bì syndrome and relieving pain

It is cool in nature, can vent pathogen through the exterior, and is good at clearing heat and extinguishing wind so as to be suitable for the treatment of infantile high fever, and convulsion with mild syndrome It is sweet in flavor and neutral and moistening in nature. Its effect of clearing heat is less than that of Cornu Saigae Tataricae (ling yang jiao) or Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis (gou teng). It can treat syndrome of internal stirring of liver wind, convulsive epilepsy, and tremors with whether cold or heat, deficiency or excess pattern, and also can dispel wind and relieve pain

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Chapter 16

Herbs That Open the Orifices Chapter Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs

322

ABSTRACT Chinese herbal medicinals that have the acrid, fragrant, moving, and scurrying properties, can mainly open the orifices (resuscitate) and treat loss of consciousness in syndrome of blockage are called “Herbs That Open the Orifices” or “Aromatic Herbs That Open the Orifices.” Herbs that open the orifices are mainly used for the treatment of unconsciousness and delirious speech caused by heat invading the pericardium in warm disease and phlegm-turbidity clouding the upper orifices, and conditions of sudden fainting, infantile convulsion, epilepsy, and wind-strike. Keywords: herbs that open the orifices; aromatic herbs that open the orifices; open the orifices (resuscitate) and eliminate phlegm

Chinese herbal medicinals that have the acrid, fragrant, moving, and scurrying properties, can mainly open the orifices (resuscitate) and treat loss of consciousness in syndrome of blockage are called “Herbs that Open the Orifices” or “Aromatic Herbs that Open the Orifices.” The heart stores the spirit and governs mental activity or mind. If the heart orifices are opened, the mental activity can be governed presenting conscious mind and quick thinking. If the heart orifices are blocked and the brain is confused by pathogen, the mind may be blocked internally presenting mental unconsciousness. All these conditions need to be treated with the medicinals that open the heart orifices with acrid and fragrant properties. Medicinals in this chapter are acrid in flavor and fragrant in odor as well as good at moving and scurrying, act on the heart channel, and have the properties of unblocking and opening the orifices, opening the blockage and resuscitating, and restoring consciousness. Due to their fragrant and scattering properties, some herbs that open the orifices also combine the properties of invigorating blood, moving qi, relieving pain, dispelling filth, and resolving toxins. Herbs that open the orifices are mainly used for the treatment of unconsciousness and delirious speech caused by heat invading the pericardium in warm disease and phlegm-turbidity clouding the upper orifices, and conditions of sudden fainting, infantile convulsion, epilepsy, and wind-strike. They can also treat pain due to blood stasis or qi stagnation, menstrual block, concretions and conglomerations (zhēng jiă), less eating and abdominal distention due to dampness obstruction in the middle jiao, red eyes and sore throat, carbuncles and furuncles. Unconsciousness has the difference in patterns of deficiency or excess, where the deficiency refers to desertion disease and the excess refers to syndrome of blockade. The desertion disease should be treated by the principles of supplementing deficiency and rescuing from desertion, which is not suitable to apply medicinals in this chapter. The syndrome of blockade should be treated by the principles of unblocking the orifices and resuscitating, which is quite suitable to apply medicinals in this chapter. Furthermore, syndrome of blockade can be divided into cold syndrome of blockade and heat syndrome of blockade. For cold syndrome of blockade with bluish complexion, cool body, white tongue coating, and slow pulse, doctors should apply the therapeutic principle of opening the orifices (resuscitate) with warm medicinals, and combine herbs that open the orifices with acrid and warm properties with herbs that warm the interior and dispel cold. For heat syndrome of blockade with reddish complexion, general fever, yellow tongue coating, and rapid pulse, doctors should apply the therapeutic principle of opening the orifices (resuscitate) with cool medicinals, and combine herbs that open the orifices with acrid and cool properties and with herbs that clear heat and drain fire and resolve toxins. For syndrome of blockade with unconsciousness accompanied by convulsion, and spasm, doctors should combine herbs that calm the liver Essentials of Chinese Materia Medica and Medical Formulas. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812722-3.00016-6 Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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and extinguish wind and arrest convulsion. If accompanied by vexation and agitation and restlessness, doctors should combine herbs that calm the mind and arrest convulsion. If mainly accompanied by pain, doctors should combine herbs that moving qi or herbs that invigorate blood and dissolve stasis. If accompanied by syndrome of exuberant phlegm-turbidity obstruction, doctors should combine herbs that remove dampness and dispel phlegm. Herbs that open the orifices are often used for emergency or as medicinals that treat the branch, and can consume and damage the healthy qi, so they cannot be used for a long time. Due to its acrid and fragrant properties, the effective constituent is easy to be volatilized. Most of them cannot be decocted with water for oral use and just made into pills or powder for use. The recent modern pharmacological research indicates that most of the herbs that open the orifices have the actions of stimulation to central nervous system, sedation, excitation to heart and respiration, and increasing blood pressure. Some medicinals also have the antiinflammatory and antibacterial actions. In modern clinic, herbs that open the orifices are more used for the treatment of various acute unconsciousness, acute encephalopathy, epileptic seizure, postconcussion syndrome, senile dementia, and angina pectoris of coronary heart disease. Nowadays, formulations of some medical formulas that open the orifices have been reformed. They have been made into injections in order to quickly bring efficacy into full play, such as Qingkailing Injection, and are better for the treatment of acute unconsciousness.

SPECIFIC APPLICATION KNOWLEDGE OF HERBS 1. Primary herbs (Table 16.1)

TABLE 16.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Open the Orifices Name of Medicinal Musk (she xiang) (Moschus)

Source and Collection Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried secretion from the sweet bursa of mature male body of Moschus berezovskii Flerov, Moschus sifanicus Przewalski or Moschus moschiferus Linnaeus of the Cervidae family. The wild musk deer is usually caught during winter to the next spring, and then the sweet bursa is cut and dried in the shade. If it is the domesticated musk deer, the musk nuclear is directly taken out and dried in the shade or dried with air stopping

Property, Channel Entry Acrid, warm; act on the heart and spleen channels

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Open the orifices (resuscitate), invigorate blood and promote menstruation, relieve swelling, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of unconsciousness in febrile disease, windstrike with phlegm syncope, sudden syncope due to qi constraint, coma attacked by pestilent factors, menstrual block, concretions and conglomerations (zhēng jia˘ ), difficult labor and retention of dead fetus, sudden pain in the epigastrium and abdomen, chest bì or heart pain, injury from falling down, bì syndrome with numbness, swollen sores and ulcers, scrofula, swelling and pain of the throat. Normally, 0.03–0.1 g is made into pills or powder as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

Caution for Use Shouldn’t be decocted with water. And its use is prohibited in pregnant women

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TABLE 16.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Open the Orifices (cont.)

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Borneol (bing pian) (Borneolum Syntheticum)

Initially recorded in Newly Revised Materia Medica (xin xiu ben cao). It is the processed product of resina of Dryobalanops aromatic Gaertn. f. of the Dryobalanopaceae family, or the crystal obtained through the trunk and branch are cut into pieces and distilled and cooled. It must be stored in a shady place with air stopping

Storax (su he xiang) (Styrax)

Initially recorded in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians (ming yi bie lu). It is the refined product of balsam effused from the trunk of Liquidambar orientalis Mill. of the Hamamelidaceae family

Name of Medicinal

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Acrid, bitter, slightly cold; act on the heart, spleen, and lung channels

Open the orifices (resuscitate), clear heat and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of unconsciousness and convulsion in febrile disease, wind-strike with phlegm syncope, chest bì or heart pain, red eyes, sore in mouth, swelling and pain of the throat, swollen sores and ulcers without closing, scald, burn, and suppuration from ear canal. Normally, 0.15–0.3 g is made into pills or powder as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is ground into powder for applying the affected area

Don’t be decocted with water. And its use is cautious in pregnant women and patients with weakness of qi and blood

Acrid, warm; act on the heart and spleen channels

Open the orifices (resuscitate) and dispel filth, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of cold syndrome of blockade with unconsciousness, wind-strike with phlegm syncope, sudden fainting, chest bì or heart pain, cold pain, fullness and oppression in the chest and abdomen, convulsive epilepsy, and chilblain. Normally, 0.3–1 g is made into pills or powder as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

Don’t be decocted with water. And its use is prohibited in patients with vigorous fire due to yin deficiency

Caution for Use

(Continued )

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TABLE 16.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Open the Orifices (cont.)

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Grassleaf Sweetflag Rhizome (shi chang pu) (Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried rhizome of Acorus tatarinowii Schott of the Araceae family. It is collected in autumn and winter; after fibrous root and sediment are removed, it is dried under the sun

Benzoin (an xi xiang) (Benzoinum)

Initially recorded in Newly Revised Materia Medica (xin xiu ben cao). It is the dried resina of Styrax tonkinensis (Pierre) Craib ex Hart. of the Styracaceae family. The trunk is damaged naturally or cut up in summer and autumn, then the effluent resina is collected and then dried in the shade

Name of Medicinal

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Acrid, bitter, warm; act on the heart and stomach channels

Open the orifices (resuscitate) and eliminate phlegm, benefit the mental ability, remove dampness, and increase appetite

Indicated for the treatment of unconsciousness and epilepsy due to phlegmturbidity clouding the upper orifices, fullness and oppression in the stomach cavity and abdomen due to dampness obstruction in the middle jiao, dysentery with inability to eat, forgetfulness and insomnia, tinnitus and deafness. Normally, 3–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose; the fresh one should be doubled at the dose

Its use is cautious in patients with yin deficiency and yang hyperactivity, vexation and agitation, cough, spitting of blood, or spontaneous seminal emission

Acrid, bitter, neutral; act on the heart, liver, and spleen channels

Open the orifices (resuscitate), eliminate phlegm, dispel filth, move qi and invigorate blood, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of wind-strike with phlegm syncope, sudden syncope due to qi constraint, coma attacked by pestilent factors, convulsive epilepsy with unconsciousness, pain in the epigastrium and abdomen, postpartum fainting due to hemorrhage, infantile convulsion, and migratory bì (wind bì) syndrome with low back pain, limb and joint pain. Normally, 0.6–l.5 g is made into pills or powder as an oral dose, or ground into powder for oral use

Its use is cautious in patients with vigorous fire due to yin deficiency

Caution for Use

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2. Attached herbs (Table 16.2)

TABLE 16.2 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Open the Orifices Name of Medicinal

Property, Source and Collection Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Natural Borneol (tian ran bing pian) (Borneolum)

It is the processed product of extract of the fresh branch and leaf of Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Presl of the Lauraceae family

Acrid, bitter, cool; act on the heart, spleen, and lung channels

Open the orifices (resuscitate), clear heat, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of unconsciousness and convulsion in febrile disease, wind-strike with phlegm syncope, sudden syncope due to qi constraint, coma attacked by pestilent factors, chest bì or heart pain, red eyes, sore in mouth, swelling and pain of the throat, and suppuration from ear canal. Normally, 0.3–0.9 g is made into pills or powder as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is ground into powder for applying the affected area

Its use is cautious in pregnant women

Luodian Borneol (ai pian) (Luodian Borneolum)

It is the crystal from extracting and processing the fresh leaf of Blumea balsamifera (L.) Dc. of the Compositae family

Acrid, bitter, slightly cold; act on the heart, spleen, and lung channels

Open the orifices (resuscitate), clear heat, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of unconsciousness and convulsion in febrile disease, wind-strike with phlegm syncope, sudden syncope due to qi constraint, coma attacked by pestilent factors, red eyes, sore in mouth, swelling and pain of the throat, and suppuration from ear canal. Normally, 0.15–0.3 g is made into pills or powder as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is ground into powder for applying the affected area externally

Its use is cautious in pregnant women

Chinese Honeylocust Abnormal Fruit (zhu ya zao) (Fructus Gleditsiae Abnormalis)

It is the dried sterile fruit of Gleditsia sinensis Lam. of the Leguminosae family. It is collected in autumn; after impurities are removed, it is dried

Acrid, salty, warm, poisonous; act on the lung and large intestine channels

Dispel phlegm and open the orifices (resuscitate), dissipate masses and relieve swelling

Indicated for the treatment of wind-strike with lockjaw, unconsciousness, epilepsy due to excessive phlegm, blocked orifices, throat bì (pharyngitis) due to phlegm obstruction, panting and cough due to obstinate phlegm, incomplete expectoration of phlegm, dry stool, and swollen carbuncles. Normally, 1–1.5 g is made into pills or powder as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is ground into powder for blowing the nose to sneeze or applying the affected area externally

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women and patients with expectoration of blood or spitting of blood

Caution for Use

(Continued )

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TABLE 16.2 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Open the Orifices (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Property, Source and Collection Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Altai Anemone Rhizome (jiu jie chang pu) (Rhizoma Anemones Altaicae)

It is the rhizome of Anemone altaica Fisch. ex C. A. Mey of the Ranunculaceae family. It is collected before leaf-withering and seedling-laying during May to June, and then washed clean, dried under the sun, and finally fibrous root is removed

Open the orifices (resuscitate) and eliminate phlegm, dispel wind, diffuse dampness, fortify the stomach, and resole toxins

Indicated for the treatment of unconsciousness and delirious speech in febrile disease, epilepsy with phlegm syncope, deafness due to qi blockade, profuse dreaming and forgetfulness, chest lumpy stiffness, abdominal distention, poor appetite, vomiting and nausea, painful bì syndrome due to wind-damp, swollen sores, carbuncle-abscess, scabies and tinea. Normally, 1.5–6 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder, or the fresh one is pounded to extract the juice for oral use. Or an appropriate amount is decocted with water for washing, or pounded or ground into powder for applying the affected area externally

Acrid, slightly warm; act on the heart, liver, and spleen channels

Caution for Use Its use is cautious in patients with yin deficiency and yang hyperactivity, vexation and agitation, profuse sweating, or spontaneous seminal emission

3. Herb differentiation (Table 16.3)

TABLE 16.3 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Herbs That Open the Orifices Name of Medicinal

Similarity

Differences

Musk (she xiang) (Moschus)

Both are the medicinals that can open the orifices (resuscitate), and used for the treatment of unconsciousness in febrile disease, wind-strike with phlegm syncope, orifice obstruction syndrome due to qi constraint, and coma attacked by pestilent factors. Both can relieve swelling and pain, engender flesh and close sore so as to treat swollen sores and ulcers. Both often combine with each other to reinforce their effects

It is a medicinal that open the orifices by its warm property, its effect of opening the orifices is stronger than that of Borneolum Syntheticum (bing pian). It is acrid and warm, more used to invigorate blood and dissipate masses, relieve swelling and pain and close sore, and good at treating sores and ulcers, scrofula and phlegm nodule

Borneol (bing pian) (Borneolum Syntheticum)

It is a medicinal that open the orifices by its cool property. It is bitter and slightly cold, more used to clear heat and drain fire and relieve pain, and good at treating the diseases of mouth, tooth, throat, ear, and eye. If used externally, it also can clear heat and relieve pain, resist corrosion and relieve itching, improve vision, and remove nebula

Chapter 17

Herbs That Supplement Deficiency Chapter Outline Section 1 Herbs that Supplement Qi Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs Section 2 Herbs That Supplement Yang Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs

329 329 329 343 343 343

Section 3 Herbs That Supplement the Blood Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs Section 4 Herbs That Supplement Yin Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs

360 360 360 366 366 367

ABSTRACT Chinese herbal medicines that can supplement deficiency and support weakness, rectify the pathological unbalance of qi, blood, yin, and yang deficiency, and mainly treat deficiency syndrome, are called “Herbs That Supplement Deficiency”. Herbs that supplement deficiency are mainly used for the treatment of mental fatigue, lack of strength, pale or sallow complexion, palpitation, short of breath, deficient and weak pulse caused by deficiency of health qi and depletion or consumption of essence. Herbs that supplement deficiency are divided into four categories: herbs that supplement qi, herbs that supplement yang, herbs that supplement blood and herbs that supplement yin. Keywords: herbs that supplement deficiency; herbs that supplement qi; herbs that supplement yang; herbs that supplement blood; herbs that supplement yin; greatly supplement original qi; supplement qi and nourish yin; fortify the spleen and boost the lung; boost qi and fortify the spleen; warm and supplement the liver and kidney; warm the kidney and assist yang; supplement and boost the liver and kidney; supplement the blood and enrich yin; boost essence and supplement marrow; nourish yin and clear lung heat

Chinese herbal medicinals that can supplement deficiency and support weakness, rectify the pathological unbalance of qi, blood, yin, and yang deficiency, and mainly treat deficiency syndrome, are called “Herbs That Supplement Deficiency”. Medicinals in this chapter can support the human body’s health qi, tonify, and boost the essence. Most of them are sweet in flavor according to the theory of “sweet (flavor of medicinals) can tonify”. Herbs that supplement deficiency are mainly used for the treatment of mental fatigue, lack of strength, pale or sallow complexion, palpitation, short of breath, deficient and weak pulse caused by deficiency of health qi and depletion or consumption of essence. Specifically speaking, herbs that supplement deficiency have different effects, such as supplementing qi, supplementing yang, supplementing blood, and supplementing yin for treatments of qi deficiency, yang deficiency, blood deficiency, and yin deficiency, respectively. In addition, some medicinals combine the properties of dispelling cold, moistening dryness, promoting fluid production and astringing, and can be used for other corresponding indicated diseases and syndromes. When using herbs that supplement deficiency, first, doctors should select them based on syndrome, and must select the corresponding or appropriate medicinals according to the difference of qi deficiency, yang deficiency, blood deficiency, and yin deficiency. Generally speaking, herbs that supplement qi are selected mainly for qi deficiency syndrome, herbs that supplement yang are selected mainly for yang deficiency syndrome, herbs that supplement blood are selected mainly for blood deficiency syndrome, and herbs that supplement yin are selected mainly for yin deficiency syndrome. Second, doctors should consider that conditions of qi, blood, yin, and yang of human body both physiologically and pathologically and their relationship to each other and influence to each other. The single deficiency syndrome doesn’t always happen in

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clinic, so two or more categories of herbs that supplement deficiency often combine with each other for use. For example, qi deficiency syndrome can develop into yang deficiency syndrome; patients with yang deficiency must have the qi deficiency syndrome, so herbs that supplement qi are often used simultaneously with herbs that supplement yang. The blood of definite shape is engendered by qi of indefinite shape. Qi deficiency leads to powerlessness of essence generation and transformation, which can cause blood deficiency. Blood is the mother (the material foundation) of qi, blood deficiency leads to no dependence of qi, and blood deficiency also can cause qi deficiency, so herbs that supplement qi are often used simultaneously with herbs that supplement blood. Qi belongs to yang, and body fluids (composed of thin and thick fluids, i.e., liquid and humor) belong to yin. Qi can produce body fluids, and body fluids can carry qi. Qi deficiency can influence the production of body fluids and cause body fluids insufficiency. Body fluids being consumed or depleted in large quantities may cause qi desertion following body fluids loss. Febrile disease can damage yin easily and superheat can consume qi, both of which cause deficiency of both qi and yin at last, so herbs that supplement qi are often used simultaneously with herbs that supplement yin as well. Body (thin) fluids and blood are from the same source, body fluids are an important part of blood, blood also belongs to yin, blood loss leads to blood deficiency and also can cause yin deficiency, and yin fluids (body fluids) being consumed in large quantities may cause fluid exhaustion and blood dryness. The syndromes of blood deficiency and yin depletion occurring at the same time are not that uncommon, so herbs that supplement blood are often used simultaneously with herbs that supplement yin as well. Yin and yang are rooted in each other, solitary yang cannot grow and lone yin cannot increase. When yin or yang deficiency achieves a certain level, yin impairment affecting yang or yang impairment affecting yin may occur so that syndrome of deficiency of both yin and yang may be formed at last. Herbs that enrich yin need to be used simultaneously with herbs that supplement yang. Herbs that supplement deficiency are used besides for the treatment of deficiency syndrome to supplement deficiency and support weakness, but often combine with other kinds of medicinals to reinforce healthy qi to dispel pathogen, or combine with herbs that may easily damage health qi to protect health qi. When using herbs that supplement deficiency, first, doctors should be paid more attention to not prescribing supplementation when there is no need to supplement. If patients are with excess pathogen and no deficiency of health qi, misusing the herbs that supplement deficiency may cause health problem so called “incorrect supplementation aggravating disease”. Effects of herbs that supplement deficiency lie in correcting the pathological unbalance of qi, blood, yin, and yang deficiency. Improperly depending on herbs that supplement deficiency to enhance the health may destroy the existing relative body equilibrium between yin and yang, and cause new pathological change. Second, doctors should pay attention to avoiding that patients should be supplemented but are improperly tonified. If herbs that supplement deficiency are used blindly without differentiation of qi and blood, yin, and yang, viscera and bowels, cold and heat, the prospective therapeutic effect cannot be obtained. Moreover, some undesirable consequences may be generated. For instance, if patients with yin deficiency accompanied by fever are misused the herbs that supplement yang, it may assist heat to damage yin; if patients with yang deficiency accompanied by chills are misused the herbs that supplement yin, it may assist cold to damage yang. Third, doctors should pay attention to distinguishing the primary and secondary sequence of reinforcing healthy qi and dispelling pathogen, as well as avoiding using herbs that supplement deficiency to hinder dispelling pathogen in order to dispel pathogen but not damage healthy qi, as well as supplement deficiency but not linger pathogens. Fourth, doctors should pay attention to supplementing deficiency and moving qi in order to tonify without stagnation. Some herbs that supplement deficiency are greasy in nature and not easy to digest. If applied too much or administered to patients with the spleen failure to transport (nutrients), spleen-stomach transportation-metabolism may be hindered. So the proper dose for medication should be clear. Doctors can appropriately combine several herbs that can fortify the spleen and promote digestion for harmonizing the spleen and stomach. Meanwhile, herbs that supplement qi should be assisted by herbs that move qi or eliminate dampness or dissolve phlegm; herbs that supplement blood should be assisted by herbs that invigorate blood. Finally, if herbs that supplement deficiency are decocted with water, they generally should be decocted for a properly long time in order to let more ingredients out. Since the deficiency patterns often have a long pathological process, and herbs that supplement deficiency are often made into honey pills, pastes, or oral solution to administer because these dosage forms are easy to preserve. According to the properties and actions and indications of herbs that supplement deficiency, this chapter can be divided into four categories: (1) herbs that supplement qi, (2) herbs that supplement yang, (3) herbs that supplement blood, and (4) herbs that supplement yin. The recent modern pharmacological research indicates that herbs that supplement deficiency can enhance the body’s immunologic function to generate the effect of reinforcing healthy qi to dispel pathogen. For substance metabolism, herbs that supplement deficiency can promote protein synthesis of organs and tissues of liver, spleen and bone marrow, or ameliorate lipid metabolism and decrease hyperlipidemia. For nervous system, herbs that supplement deficiency can improve learning and memory function. Furthermore, they can regulate internal secretion function, and

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improve the hypohormonism of patients with deficiency pattern. Medicinals in this chapter also have the effects of delaying senility, antagonizing oxidation, reinforcing cardiac contractility, antagonizing myocardial ischemia or arrhythmia, promoting blood-producing function, improving digestive function, and antagonizing stress reaction or tumor.

SECTION 1  HERBS THAT SUPPLEMENT QI Outline Medicinals in this section have the effect of supplementing qi, can tonify and boost qi of five zang-organs to rectify the pathological unbalance of body qi deficiency. Supplementing qi includes supplementing spleen qi, supplementing lung qi, supplementing heart qi, and supplementing original qi. Therefore, the indications of herbs that supplement qi are the followings: spleen qi deficiency syndrome including poor appetite, deficient distention in the stomach cavity and abdomen, thin and unformed stool, lassitude or mental fatigue, sallow complexion, emaciated body or general puffiness, even visceroptosis and blood losing of control; lung qi deficiency syndrome including weak breathing, dyspnea with rapid and short breath even aggravated when moving, cough with lack of strength, faint and low voice, lassitude or mental fatigue, and abnormal sweating due to general debility; heart qi deficiency syndrome including palpitation or severe palpitation, chest oppression, short breath, and aggravated after activities. Original qi stores in the kidney and depends on sanjiao to reach the whole body; zang-fu organs and tissues obtain the activation and promotion of original qi and can bring their respective functions into full play; generation of zang-fu qi depends on the assistance of original qi, so patients with mild syndrome of original qi deficiency often manifest as qi deficiency of a certain zang-organ; and patients with exceptional deficiency of original qi nearing to desertion may manifest as shortness of breath and faint pulse nearly undetected. In addition, some herbs that supplement deficiency also have the properties of nourishing yin, promoting fluid production and nourishing the blood, respectively, and therefore can be used for the treatment of yin deficiency or fluid inadequacy or blood deficiency, especially for the treatment of syndrome of damage to both qi and yin (fluid) or qi and blood deficiency. This section’s medicinals are partial to sweet and warm in nature or sweet and neutral in nature. Among the total, some herbs with the effect of clearing fire or drying dampness are bitter in flavor, and some with the effect of clearing fire are partial to cold in nature. Most medicinals that can supplement and boost the spleen and lung qi mainly act on the spleen and lung channels. Few of them that can supplement heart qi act on the heart channel. When using medicinals in this section to treat various syndromes of qi deficiency, doctors should overall consider the combinative effects. Herbs that supplement and boost spleen qi, for the treatment of spleen deficiency and food retention, are often combined with herbs that can promote digestion to remove the retained food caused by digestion function abatement; for the treatment of spleen deficiency and damp-retention, are usually combined with herbs that can remove dampness, dry dampness or promote urination and percolate dampness to eliminate the stagnant water-dampness caused by deficient spleen not governing transportation; for the treatment of sinking of center qi due to spleen deficiency, are often combined with herbs that can invigorate splenic yang to ascend the sinking clear yang; for the treatment of chronic diarrhea due to spleen deficiency, are often combined with herbs that can astringe the intestines and arrest diarrhea; for the treatment of spleen failing to control blood, are usually combined with herbs that can stanch bleeding. Herbs that supplement and boost lung qi, for the treatment of panting and cough with phlegm due to lung deficiency, are often combined with herbs that can dissolve phlegm, relieve cough, and calm panting to facilitate the abatement of expectoration; for the treatment of spontaneous sweating due to qi deficiency of the spleen and lung, are usually combined with herbs that can consolidate the exterior and arrest sweating; for the treatment of heart qi insufficiency with restlessness of heart spirit, are often combined with herbs that can tranquilize the heart and calm the mind. If patients with qi deficiency complicated by yang deficiency and interior cold, blood deficiency, or yin deficiency, herbs that supplement qi need to combine with herbs that supplement yang, herbs that warm interior, herbs that supplement blood or herbs that supplement yin, respectively to treat. When herbs that supplement qi are used for reinforcing healthy qi and dispelling pathogen, they also need to combine with herbs that release the exterior, herbs that clear heat or herbs that drain downward. Some medicinals in this section are sweet in flavor and easy to accumulate in the center and hinder qi movement and accelerate the production of dampness, so their application should be cautious in patients with exuberant dampness and abdominal fullness, and they should be supplemented by herbs that rectify qi and eliminate dampness when necessary.

Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 1. Primary herbs (Table 17.1)

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TABLE 17.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Supplement Qi Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Ginseng (ren shen) (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried root and rhizome of Panax ginseng C. A. Mey. of the Araliaceae family. It is usually collected in autumn, and then washed clean and dried under the sun or by baking

Sweet, slightly bitter, slightly warm; act on the spleen, lung, heart, and kidney channels

Greatly supplement original qi, restore pulse and rescue from desertion, supplement the spleen and boost the lung, promote fluid production and nourish the blood, calm the mind and benefit the mental ability

Indicated for the treatment of weakness verging on desertion, cold limbs and faint pulse, less eating due to spleen deficiency, panting and cough due to lung deficiency, thirst due to fluid consumption, wastingthirst (xia¯o kĕ) due to internal heat, qi, and blood depletion, long illness with deficiency, palpitation, insomnia, yang wĕi (impotence) and uterus cold. Normally, 3–9 g is decocted separately and mixed as an oral dose, or ground into powder for deglutition with 2 g each time and twice a day

It should not be used together with Radix et Rhizoma Veratri Nigri (li lu) and Faeces Trogopterori (wu ling zhi). Its use is prohibited in patients with excess or heat pattern

Red Ginseng (hong shen) (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng Rubra)

Initially recorded in Chinese Pharmacopoeia (zhong hua ren min gong he guo yao dian). It is the dried root and rhizome of Panax ginseng C. A. Mey. of the Araliaceae family. It is collected in autumn, and then washed clean, steamed and dried

Sweet, slightly bitter, warm; act on the spleen, lung, heart, and kidney channels

Greatly supplement original qi, restore pulse and rescue from desertion, boost qi to contain blood (i.e., keep it within the vessels)

Indicated for the treatment of weakness nearing to desertion, cold limbs and faint pulse, flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding) or bloody stool due to failure of qi to contain blood; also for the treatment of modern medicine’s heart failure and cardiogenic shock. Normally, 3–9 g is decocted separately and mixed as an oral dose

It should not be used together with Radix et Rhizoma Veratri Nigri (li lu) and Faeces Trogopterori (wu ling zhi). Its use is prohibited in patients with excess or heat pattern

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TABLE 17.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Supplement Qi (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

American Ginseng (xi yang shen) (Radix Panacis Quinquefolii)

Initially recorded in Revised and Expanded “Essentials of Materia Medica” (zeng ding ben cao bei yao). It is the dried root of Panax quinquefolium L. of the Araliaceae family. It is cultivated species, collected in autumn, washed clean, dried under the sun or at lower temperature

Sweet, slightly bitter, cool; act on the heart, lung, and kidney channels

Supplement qi and nourish yin, clear heat and promote fluid production

Indicated for the treatment of vexation, thirst, fatigue with deficiency-heat due to deficiency of both qi and yin, cough and panting with bloodstained phlegm due to fire-heat damaging both qi and yin, dry mouth and throat, wastingthirst (xia¯o kĕ) due to qi deficiency and fluid consumption in febrile disease. Normally, 3–6 g is decocted separately and mixed as an oral dose

It should not be used together with Radix et Rhizoma Veratri Nigri (li lu). Its use is prohibited in patients with decline of splenogastric yang or colddamp in the stomach

Codonopsis Root (dang shen) (Radix Codonopsis)

Initially recorded in Revised and Expanded “Essentials of Materia Medica” (zeng ding ben cao bei yao). It is the dried root of Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannf., Codonopsis pilosula Nannf. var. modesta (Nannf.) L. T. Shen or Codonopsis tangshen Oliv. of the Campanulaceae family. It is collected in autumn, and then washed clean and dried under the sun

Sweet, neutral; act on the spleen, and lung channels

Fortify the spleen and boost the lung, nourish the blood, and promote fluid production

Indicated for the treatment of less eating, fatigue and loose stool due to spleen qi deficiency, cough and deficiency-type panting due to lung qi deficiency, sallow or pallid complexion, palpitation, and shortness of breath due to qi and blood insufficiency, thirst due to fluid consumption, and wasting-thirst (xia¯o kĕ) due to internal heat. Normally, 9–30 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

It should not be used together with Radix et Rhizoma Veratri Nigri (li lu). Its use is prohibited in patients with excess pathogen

(Continued )

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TABLE 17.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Supplement Qi (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Heterophylly False Satarwort Root (tai zi shen) (Radix Pseudostellariae)

Initially recorded in Records of China Medicinal Plants (zhong guo yao yong zhi wu zhi). It is the dried root tuber of Pseudostellaria heterophylla (Miq.) Pax ex Pax et Hoffm. of the Caryophyllaceae family. It is collected when most stem and leaf are withered in summer, and then washed clean; after fibrous root is removed, it is slightly scalded in boiling water and dried under the sun or directly dried

Sweet, slightly bitter, neutral; act on the spleen and lung channels

Boost qi and fortify the spleen, promote fluid production and moisten the lung

Indicated for the treatment of fatigue and poor appetite due to spleen qi deficiency, weakness after illness, lassitude, spontaneous sweating and thirst due to qi and yin insufficiency after febrile disease, dry cough due to lung dryness, or palpitation, insomnia, profuse sweating with deficiency-heat due to deficiency of both heart qi and heart yin. Normally, 9–30 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

It is not suitable for patients with exterior excess pattern and exuberance of pathogens

Astragalus Root (huang qi) (Radix Astragali)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried root of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. var. mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao or Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. of the Leguminosae family. It is collected in spring and autumn; after fibrous root and root head are removed, it is dried under the sun

Sweet, slightly warm; act on the lung and spleen channels

Supplement qi and raise yang, consolidate the exterior and arrest sweating, promote urination and relieve edema, promote fluid production and nourish the blood, move stagnation, express toxin and engender flesh

Indicated for the treatment of lack of strength, less eating or loose stool due to spleen qi deficiency, chronic diarrhea and rectal prolapse due to sinking of center qi, lung qi deficiency syndrome, spontaneous sweating due to exterior deficiency, edema due to qi deficiency, sallow complexion due to blood deficiency, hemiplegia, painful bì syndrome with numbness, carbuncleabscess with difficulty in ulceration or closing. Normally, 9–30 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is cautious in patients with exterior excess pattern and exuberance of pathogens, qi stagnation and dampness obstruction, food accumulation, carbuncleabscess in the initial stage, or yin deficiency and yang hyperactivity

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TABLE 17.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Supplement Qi (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

White Atractylodes Rhizome (bai zhu) (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried rhizome of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. of the Compositae family. It is collected when the downside leaf is withered and upside leaf becomes crisp in winter; after sediment is removed, it is dried by baking or under the sun

Bitter, sweet, warm; act on the spleen and stomach channels

Fortify the spleen and boost qi, dry dampness and promote urination, arrest sweating, and calm the fetus

Indicated for the treatment of less eating or no desire to eat, fatigue, deficient abdominal distention, loose stool, or diarrhea, phlegm rheum, edema, and abnormal vaginal discharge due to spleen qi deficiency, spontaneous sweating due to qi deficiency, restless fetus, pernicious vomiting during pregnancy or edema during pregnancy due to spleen deficiency. Normally, 6–12 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Due to its warm and dry properties, its use is prohibited in patients with yin deficiency, thirst due to dryness, fluid consumption in febrile disease, or qi stagnation

Common Yam Rhizome (shan yao) (Rhizoma Dioscoreae)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried rhizome of Dioscorea opposita Thunb. of the Dioscoreaceae family. It is collected when stem and leaf are withered in winter, and washed clean; after outer bark and fibrous root are removed, it is cut into thick pieces while fresh and dried

Sweet, neutral; act on the spleen, lung, and kidney channels

Supplement the spleen and nourish the stomach, promote fluid production and boost the lung, supplement the kidney and astringe essence

Indicated for the treatment of less eating, lack of strength, and chronic diarrhea due to spleen qi deficiency, panting and cough due to lung qi deficiency, seminal emission, abnormal vaginal discharge, and frequent micturition due to kidney deficiency, or wasting-thirst (xia¯o kĕ) with a pattern of qi and yin deficiency. Normally, 15–30 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. If it is dry-fried with bran, the effects of supplementing the spleen and arresting diarrhea can be strengthened

Its use is prohibited in patients with excess pathogen

(Continued )

334 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 17.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Supplement Qi (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

White Hyacinth Bean (bai bian dou) (Semen Lablab Album)

Initially recorded in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians (ming yi bie lu). It is the dried matured seed of Dolichos lablab L. of the Leguminosae family. The fruit is collected when matured in autumn and winter, and then dried under the sun; the seed is taken out and dried under the sun again

Sweet, slightly warm; act on the spleen and stomach channels

Fortify the spleen and remove dampness, harmonize the center and relieve summer-heat

Indicated for the treatment of poor appetite, loose stool or diarrhea and leukorrhagia due to spleen qi deficiency, vomiting and diarrhea with chest oppression and abdominal distention due to summerheat-damp. If dry-fried, its effects of supplementing the spleen and arresting diarrhea can be strengthened. Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

It is not suitable for eating too much in order to avoid qi jamming to damage the spleen

Licorice Root (gan cao) (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried root and rhizome of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., Glycyrrhiza inflata Bat. or Glycyrrhiza glabra L. of the Leguminosae family. It is collected in spring and autumn; after fibrous root is removed, it is dried under the sun

Sweet, neutral; act on the heart, lung, spleen, and stomach channels

Supplement the spleen and boost qi, clear heat and resolve toxins, dispel phlegm and relieve cough, relieve spasm and pain, and moderate the medicinal property

Indicated for the treatment of fatigue and lack of strength due to spleen qi deficiency, palpitation, irregularly or regularly intermittent pulse due to heart qi insufficiency, shortness of breath, cough with excessive phlegm, spasms and pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen and limbs, carbuncles and sores due to heat toxin, swelling and pain of the throat, and poisoning due to medicine or food (decrease the toxicity and stimulation, or flavor). Normally, 2–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

It should not be used together with Sargassum (hai zao), Radix Euphorbiae Pekinensis (jing da ji), Radix Knoxiae (hong da ji), Radix Kansui (gan sui), or Flos Genkwa (yuan hua). It is not suitable for patients with edema, or fullness due to exuberant dampness

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TABLE 17.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Supplement Qi (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Chinese Date (da zao) (Fructus Jujubae)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried matured fruit of Ziziphus jujuba Mill. of the Rhamnaceae family. It is collected when matured in autumn and then dried under the sun

Sweet, warm; act on the spleen, stomach, and heart channels

Supplement the center and boost qi, nourish the blood and calm the mind

Indicated for the treatment of less eating, fatigue, lack of strengthen, emaciation, and loose stool due to spleen qi weakness, female visceral agitation (hysteria) due to heart yin insufficiency, insomnia and vexation due to deficiencyconsumption (xu¯ láo). Normally, 6–15 g is split first and decocted with water as an oral dose

It is not suitable for patients with damp-phlegm, indigestion, odontopathy, or parasitic diseases

Manyprinckle Acanthopanax (ci wu jia) (Radix et Rhizoma seu Caulis Acanthopanacis Senticosi)

Initially recorded in Compilation of Nation-wide Chinese Medicinal Herbs (quan guo zhong cao yao hui bian). It is the dried root and rhizome of Acanthopanax senticosus (Rupr. et Maxim.) Harms of the Araliaceae family. It is collected in spring or autumn, then washed clean and dried

Acrid, slightly bitter, warm; act on the spleen, kidney and heart channels

Boost qi and fortify the spleen, supplement the kidney and calm the mind

Indicated for the treatment of fatigue, lack of strength, poor appetite, chronic cough and deficiency-type panting due to spleenlung qi deficiency, soreness and pain of waist and knees or yang wĕi (impotence) due to kidney deficiency, insomnia, profuse dreaming and forgetfulness due to deficiency of both the heart and spleen. Normally, 9–27 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is cautious in patients with vigorous fire due to yin deficiency

(Continued )

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TABLE 17.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Supplement Qi (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Fiveleaf Gynostemma Herb or Root (jiao gu lan) (Rhizoma seu Herba Gynostemmatis Pentaphylli)

Initially recorded in Materia Medica for Famine Relief (jiu huang ben cao). It is the dried rhizome or entire plant of Gynostemma pentaphllam (Thunb.) Malino. of the Cucurbitaceae family. It is collected in autumn, and then washed clean, dried under the sun and cut into segments for use

Kirilow Rhodiola Root and Rhizome (hong jing tian) (Radix et Rhizoma Rhodiolae Crenulatae)

Initially recorded in Four Medical Tantras (si bu yi dian). It is the dried root and rhizome of Rhodiola crenulata (Hook. f. et Thoms.) H. Ohba of the Crassulaceae family. It is collected when flower and stem are withered in autumn; after rough bark is removed, it is washed clean and dried under the sun

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Sweet, bitter, cold; act on the spleen and lung channels

Boost qi and fortify the spleen, dissolve phlegm and relieve cough, clear heat, and resolve toxins

Indicated for the treatment of fatigue, lack of strength, poor appetite and digestion due to spleen-stomach qi deficiency, deficiencyconsumption (xu¯ láo) with consumption of essence, thirst, dry throat and vexation due to damage to both qi and yin of the spleenstomach, cough due to lung deficiency, or tumor with a pattern of heat toxin. Normally, 10–20 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or infused with boiling water for oral use

After taking it orally, few patients may show nausea, vomiting, abdominal distention, diarrhea or constipation, and dizziness, and should stop medication and have a rest-cure

Sweet, bitter, neutral; act on the lung and heart channels

Boost qi and fortify the spleen, clear lung heat and calm panting, invigorate blood and dissolve stasis

Indicated for the treatment of fatigue, lack of strength or abnormal vaginal discharge due to spleen qi deficiency, panting, cough with sticky phlegm, or expectoration of blood due to lung yin deficiency or lung heat, pectoral stuffiness pain and precordial pain due to qi deficiency and blood stasis, windstrike with hemiplegia (half-body paralysis), and injury from falling down. Normally, 3–6 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is cautious in pregnant women and patients with allergies

Caution for Use

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TABLE 17.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Supplement Qi (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Sea Buckthorn Fruit (sha ji) (Fructus Hippophae)

Initially recorded in Jing Zhu Materia Medica (jing zhu ben cao). It is the dried matured fruit of Hippophae rhamnoides L. of the Elaeagnaceae family. It is a habitually used medicinal in Mongolia or Tibetan nationality, collected when matured in autumn or adfreezed in winter; after impurities are removed, it is directly dried or steamed and dried

Sour, astringent warm; act on the spleen, stomach, lung, and heart channels

Fortify the spleen and promote digestion, relieve cough and dispel phlegm

Indicated for the treatment of less eating, poor appetite and digestion, food accumulation with abdominal pain, lack of strength and fatigue due to spleen qi deficiency or damage to both qi and yin of the spleenstomach, cough with excessive phlegm, pectoral stuffiness pain and precordial pain, amenorrhea due to blood stasis, and injury from falling down with stasis. Normally, 3–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

It is not suitable for patients with warm febrile disease.

Cerealose (yi tang) (Saccharum Granorum)

Initially recorded in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians (ming yi bie lu). It is the fermented product of rice, wheat, foxtail millet or corn

Sweet, warm; act on the spleen, stomach, and lung channels

Supplement the center and boost qi, relieve spasm and pain, moisten the lung and relieve cough

Indicated for the treatment of pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen due to deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach, relieved with pressure, aggravated when stomach is empty, dry throat, itchy throat, and cough due to lung dryness. Normally, 15–20 g, as an oral dose, is melted and administered after dissolved

It is not suitable for patients with dampness obstruction and abdominal flatulence

(Continued )

338 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 17.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Supplement Qi (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Honey (feng mi) (Mel)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the honey brewed by Apis cerana Fabricius or Apis mellifera Linnaeus of the Apidae family. It is collected during spring to autumn, and filtered for use

Sweet, neutral; act on the lung, spleen and large intestine channels

Supplement the center, moisten dryness, relieve pain, resolve toxins, engender flesh, and close sore

Indicated for the treatment of spasm and pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen due to spleen qi weakness, dry cough due to lung dryness, constipation due to intestinal dryness; resolving herbal toxicity of aconite; also for the treatment of sores and ulcers without closing, and burn due to hot liquid or fire. Normally, 15–30 g is decocted or dissolved with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is cautious in patients with dampness obstruction and abdominal flatulence, thin, unformed stool, or diarrhea

Manyin Florescent Sweetvetch Root (hong qi) (Radix Hedysari)

Initially recorded in Chinese Materia Medica of Inner Mongolia (nei meng gu zhong cao yao). It is the dried root of Hedysarum polybotrys Hand.-Mazz. of the Leguminosae family. It is collected in spring and autumn; after fibrous root and head of root are removed, it is dried under the sun

Sweet, slightly warm; act on the lung and spleen channels

Supplement qi and raise yang, consolidate the exterior and arrest sweating, promote urination and relieve edema, promote fluid production and nourish the blood, move stagnation and express toxin and engender flesh

Indicated for the treatment of lack of strength, less eating, loose stool, sinking of center qi, chronic diarrhea and prolapse of the rectum, bloody stool, flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding) or edema due to qi deficiency, spontaneous sweating due to exterior deficiency, wastingthirst (xia¯o kĕ) due to internal heat, sallow complexion due to blood deficiency, hemiplegia (half-body paralysis), painful bì syndrome with numbness, carbuncleabscess with difficulty in ulceration or closing. Normally, 9–30 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is cautious in patients with exterior excess pattern and exuberance of pathogens, qi stagnation and dampness obstruction, food accumulation, carbuncleabscess in the initial stage, or yin deficiency and yang hyperactivity

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TABLE 17.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Supplement Qi (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Chinese Avens Herb (lan bu zheng) (Herba Gei Chinensis)

Initially recorded in Shaanxi Chinese Materia Medica (shaan xi zhong cao yao). It is the dried entire plant of Geum aleppicum Jacq. or Geum japonicum Thunb. var. chinense Bolle of the Rosaceae family. It is collected in summer and autumn, and then washed clean and dried under the sun

Sweet, slightly bitter, cool; act on the liver, spleen, lung, and kidney channels

Boost qi and fortify the spleen and supplement the kidney, moisten the lung and dissolve phlegm invigorate the blood and nourish yin

Indicated for the treatment of syndrome of qi and blood insufficiency, deficiency-consumption (xu¯ láo) with cough, abnormal vaginal discharge due to spleen deficiency, dizziness, yang wĕi (impotence), seminal emission, menstrual irregularities, swollen sores and ulcers, and injury from falling down. Normally, 9–30 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is pounded for applying externally

No special contraindications

Climbing Entada Seed (ke teng zi) (Semen Entadae Phaseoloidis)

Initially recorded in Materia Medica of the Kaibao Era (kai bao ben cao). It is the dried matured seed of Entada phaseoloides (Linn.) Merr. of the Leguminosae family. It is a habitually used medicinal in nationality. The matured fruit is collected in autumn and winter; then the seed is taken out and dried, stir-fried and decorticated and ground into powder for use

Slightly bitter, cool, slightly poisonous; act on the liver, spleen, stomach, and kidney channels

Supplement qi, supplement the blood, fortify the stomach and promote digestion, dispel wind and relieve pain, and strengthen both sinews and bones

Indicated for the treatment of syndrome of qi and blood insufficiency with pale complexion and myasthenia of limbs, or pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen, poor appetite, and digestion, less eating, or flaccid and painful joints due to winddamp, and frigidity. Normally, 10–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or charred with its property retained and ground into powder for oral use with 1–3 g each time. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

It is not suited to use the raw seed. Due to its toxicity, overdose for oral use is prohibited

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2. Attached herbs (Table 17.2) TABLE 17.2 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Supplement Qi Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Ginseng Leaf (ren shen ye) (Folium Ginseng)

It is the dried leaf of Panax ginseng C. A. Mey. of the Araliaceae family. It is collected in autumn, and dried in the shade or by baking

Bitter, sweet, cold; act on the lung and stomach channels

Supplement qi, boost the lung, dispel summerheat, and promote fluid production

Indicated for the treatment of cough due to qi deficiency, dry cough due to lung dryness, vexation and agitation due to summerheat, thirst due to fluid consumption, or wastingthirst (xia¯o kĕ) due to stomach yin insufficiency, toothache due to deficiency fire, discomfort of head and eyes, and lassitude of four limbs. Normally, 3–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

It should not be used together with Radix et Rhizoma Veratri Nigri (li lu) and Faeces Trogopterori (wu ling zhi)

Hyacinth Bean Peel (bian dou yi) (Testa Dolichoris)

It is the dried seed coat of Dolichos lablab L. of the Leguminosae family. The seed is collected in autumn, then the seed coat is peeled and dried under the sun

Sweet, slightly warm; act on the spleen, stomach, and large intestine channels

Relieve summerheat and remove dampness, fortify the spleen and harmonize the stomach

Indicated for the treatment of vomiting and diarrhea, chest oppression, poor appetite, and digestion due to summer heat-damp accumulated in interior or weak foot with puffiness, and abnormal vaginal discharge. Normally, 3–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

No special contraindications

White Hyacinth Bean Flower (bian dou hua) (Flos Lablab Albus)

It is the dried flower of Dolichos lablab L. of the Leguminosae family. The flower that incompletely blooms is collected during July to August, and then dried under the sun or in the shade

Sweet, bland, neutral; act on the spleen, stomach and large intestine channels

Clear summerheat and remove dampness, harmonize the center and fortify the spleen

Indicated for the treatment of fever, diarrhea and dysentery due to summerheat-damp damage in summer, or leucorrhea with red and white discharge, and injury from falling down. Normally, 3–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or ground into powder or pounded to extract the juice for oral use. Or an appropriate amount is used externally.

No special contraindications

Hairy Chestnut Seed (li zi) (Semen Castaneae Mollissimae)

It is the kernel of Castanea mollissima Bl. of the Fagaceae family. The fruit is collected when involucrum turns yellow from green and slightly splits; and the kernel is taken out and dried under the sun

Sweet, warm; act on the spleen, stomach, and kidney channels

Nourish the stomach and fortify the spleen, supplement the kidney and strengthen the sinews, invigorate blood and relieve swelling, and stanch bleeding

Indicated for the treatment of regurgitation, diarrhea, soreness and weakness of waist and knees, spitting of blood, nosebleed, blood stool, incised wound, fracture or injury with swelling and pain, and scrofula. Normally, an appropriate amount of the raw one is directly for eating, or decocted or dry-fried with its property retained and ground into powder for oral use. Or an appropriate amount is pounded for applying externally

Eat it too much may cause dyspeptic retention. And its use is prohibited in patients with rheumatism

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TABLE 17.2 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Supplement Qi (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Pig Tripe (zhu du) (Gaster Suillus)

It is the stomach of Sus scrofa domestica Brisson of the Suidae family. After pig is slaughtered, the stomach is taken out and washed clean for use

Sweet, warm; act on the spleen and stomach channels

Supplement the deficiency and fortify the spleen and stomach

Indicated for the treatment of deficiency-consumption (xu¯ láo) with emaciated and weak body, lung consumption with cough, eating less due to spleen deficiency, wastingthirst (xia¯o kĕ), frequent micturition, diarrhea, edema, weak foot, leucorrhea with red and white discharge, and infantile malnutrition with accumulation. Normally, an appropriate amount is cooked for eating, or made into pills for oral use

Its use is prohibited in patients with external contraction, stuffiness and distention in the chest and abdomen

Glutinous Rice (nuo mi) (Fructus Oryzae Glutinosae)

It is the decorticated kernel of Oryza sativa L. var. glutinous Matsum. of the Poaceae family. It is collected when matured, dried and decorticated

Sweet, warm; act on the spleen, stomach and lung channels

Supplement the center and boost qi, fortify the spleen and arrest diarrhea, reduce urination, arrest sweating, and resolve toxins

Indicated for the treatment of diarrhea due to deficiencycold of the spleen and stomach, cholera with vomiting, wasting-thirst (xia¯o kĕ), profuse urine, spontaneous sweating, ecthyma, and piles. Normally, 30–60 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder, or cooked congee. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is prohibited in patients with damp-heat and phlegm-fire and food retention. Infant shouldn't take too much

Rice Fruit (jing mi) (Semen Oryzae Sativae)

It is the kernel of Oryza sativa L. of the Poaceae family. The matured caryopsis is collected in autumn; the fruit is taken off, and dried under the sun, then the rice hull is removed

Sweet, neutral; act on the spleen, stomach and lung channels

Supplement qi and fortify the spleen, relieve vexation and thirst, and arrest diarrhea and dysentery

Indicated for the treatment of eating less, poor appetite and digestion, lassitude, lack of strength, vexation and thirst, diarrhea and dysentery due to qi deficiency of the spleen and stomach. Normally, 9–30 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or ground with water to extract the juice for oral use.

Frequently eating the dry new rice may cause interior heat and lips dry

Prepared Manyin Florescent Sweetvetch Root (zhi hong qi) (Radix Hedysari Praeparata cum Melle)

It is the processed product dried root of Hedysarum polybotrys Hand.-Mazz. of the Leguminosae family. The root is collected in spring and autumn; after fibrous root and head of root are removed, it is dried under the sun and processed with honey for use

Sweet, warm; act on the lung and spleen channels

Supplement the center and boost qi

Indicated for the treatment of lack of strength, eating less, thin, and unformed stool due to qi deficiency. Normally, 9–30 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

It is not suitable for patients with externallycontracted febrile disease

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3. Herb differentiation (Table 17.3)

TABLE 17.3 Differentiation between Similar Efficacy Herbs That Supplement Qi Name of Medicinal

Similarity

Differences

Ginseng (ren shen) (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng)

Both are sweet and slightly bitter in flavor, can supplement and boost original qi, and treat qi deficiency nearing to desertion, accompanied by shortness of breath, fatigue, thready and forceless pulse; also can supplement spleen-lung qi, and are indicated for the treatment of qi deficiency of the lung and spleen; and can boost qi and promote fluid production so as to treat thirst due to fluid consumption and wasting-thirst (xia¯o kĕ)

Its effect of boosting qi to rescue from desertion is strong, and only use it singly can be effective. Its effect of supplementing lungspleen qi also is stronger than that of Radix Panacis Quinquefolii (xi yang shen). In addition, it can supplement the heart and kidney qi, calm the mind and benefit the mental ability, and is often used for the treatment of insomnia, forgetfulness, palpitation or severe palpitation, and deficiency-type panting caused by failure of the kidney to receive qi

All three medicinals are sweet in flavor, act on the spleen and lung channels, have the effects of supplementing qi, supplementing qi to promote fluid production, and supplementing qi to engender blood, and can treat cough and panting with shortness of breath and faint, low voice due to lung qi deficiency, or lassitude, eating less, and thin, unformed stool due to spleen qi deficiency, or syndrome of qi and blood deficiency. In clinical application, all three often combine with each other in order to reinforce their effects

Its effects are stronger, and it is known as “the first essential medicinal for supplementing qi”. And it has the effects of boosting qi to rescue from desertion, calming the mind and increasing the mental ability

Both are sweet and neutral in nature, act on the spleen and lung channels, can supplement spleen qi, lung qi, boost qi to promote fluid production, boost qi to engender blood, reinforce healthy qi and dispel pathogen, and are used for the treatment of spleen qi deficiency, lung qi deficiency, thirst due to fluid consumption, wasting-thirst (xia¯o kĕ), blood deficiency and qi deficiency with excess pathogen

Its efficacy is moderate; it acts on the spleen and stomach but the effect is not strong, can supplement the center and boost the lung, boost qi and engender blood, and is suitable for the treatment of mild or chronic disease patients with qi deficiency, qi and blood depletion, or both qi and fluid damage. It can substitute Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) by increasing the dose

Both are the medicinals that can supplement both qi and yin, are slightly bitter and sweet in flavor, act the lung and spleen channels, and can boost the spleen and lung qi, supplement the spleen and lung yin, promote fluid production and quench thirst, and are used for the treatment of qi and yin deficiency of the lung-spleen, and also used for the treatment of palpitation and insomnia due to both heart qi and heart yin deficiency

It is partial to cool in nature, and its effects of clearing fire, nourishing yin and promoting fluid production are stronger than that of Radix Pseudostellariae (tai zi shen), and is very suitable for the treatment of both qi and yin damage with exuberant fire

Both are bitter and warm in nature, act on the spleen and stomach channels, and have two main effects of drying dampness and fortifying the spleen, and can treat eating less, diarrhea, phlegm-rheum, and edema due to failure of the spleen to transport (nutrients), spleen deficiency and dampness accumulation, and internal stagnation of fluid-dampness

Its effects are based on fortifying the spleen and boosting qi, and it is often used for the treatment of spleen deficiency leading to damp encumbrance that is partial to deficiency pattern. In addition, it also has the effects of promoting urination, arresting sweating, and calming the fetus

American Ginseng (xi yang shen) (Radix Panacis Quinquefolii) Ginseng (ren shen) (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) Codonopsis Root (dang shen) (Radix Codonopsis) Astragalus Root (huang qi) (Radix Astragali)

Codonopsis Root (dang shen) (Radix Codonopsis)

Ginseng (ren shen) (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) American Ginseng (xi yang shen) (Radix Panacis Quinquefolii) Heterophylly False Satarwort Root (tai zi shen) (Radix Pseudostellariae)

White Atractylodes Rhizome (bai zhu) (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) Atractylodes Rhizome (cang zhu) (Rhizoma Atractylodis)

It is partial to bitter and cold in nature, combines the effect of supplementing yin, and is quite suitable for the treatment of both qi and yin desertion caused by febrile disease, and both qi and yin deficiency of the lung and spleen

Its effect of supplementing qi is more moderate, and it specializes in supplementing and boosting the lung and spleen qi, and combines the effect of supplementing blood Its effect of supplementing original qi is not good as that of Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen), but good at supplementing qi to raise yang, boosting qi to consolidate the wei exterior, expressing toxin and engender flesh, promoting urination to relieve edema, and quite suitable for the treatment of spleen deficiency and sinking of qi, and spontaneous sweating due to exterior deficiency

It can boost qi to rescue from desertion and is quite suitable for the treatment of acute or severe case with original qi depletion and faint pulse that nearly untouched, and also good at boosting qi and assisting yang, calming the mind and benefiting the mental ability

It is neutral in nature and its efficacy is weak, its effects of supplementing qi, nourishing yin, promoting fluid production and clearing fire are less than that of Radix Panacis Quinquefolii (xi yang shen). And the mild syndrome of qi and yin insufficiency, patients without exuberant fire or infants are suitable to use Radix Pseudostellariae (tai zi shen)

It is based on drying dampness with bitter and warm properties, and suitable for the treatment of internal obstruction of dampturbidity that is partial to excess pattern. In addition, it also has the effects of inducing sweating and releasing the exterior, dispelling wind-damp and dissipating cold and improving vision

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SECTION 2  HERBS THAT SUPPLEMENT YANG Outline Chinese herbal medicinals that can supplement the body’s yang qi and treat various yang deficiency syndromes are called “Herbs that Supplement Yang”. Most medicinals in this section are sweet, acrid, and salty in flavor and warm and heat in nature, and mainly act on the kidney channel. Salty flavor can supplement the kidney, acridness, and sweetness can activate yang, therefore they can supplement the whole body’s primordial yang (kidney yang). The deficiency of kidney yang is supplemented, thus other zang-fu organs so that can be a warmed and then yang deficiency syndromes of the whole body can be removed or improved. Medicinals in this section are indicated for the treatment of aversion to cold and cold limbs, soreness, and weakness of waist and knees, poor sexuality, yang wĕi (impotence), and premature ejaculation, infertility due to cold sperm or cold uterus, frequent micturition, and enuresis caused by kidney yang insufficiency; cold pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen due to spleen-kidney yang deficiency or edema due to yang deficiency; dizziness and tinnitus, premature graying beard and hair, flaccid sinews and bones, or infantile maldevelopment, metopism, retarded dentition and walk retardation due to liver-kidney insufficiency and essence and blood depletion; deficiency-type panting due to lungkidney concurrent insufficiency, failure of the kidney to receive/grasp qi (sent down from the lung); flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding), and abnormal vaginal discharge due to kidney yang depletion and kidney qi deficiency. When using this section’s medicinals for assisting heart yang and warming spleen yang, herbs that warm the interior are often selected to combine; if accompanied by qi deficiency syndrome, herbs that supplement the spleen and boost the lung are often selected to combine; to treat patients with essence and blood depletion, herbs that nourish yin and supplement the blood and boost essence are often selected to combine because “the generation and transformation will be endless if yang obtains the assistance from yin”. Herbs that supplement yang are more intense dry in nature and easy to assist fire to damage yin, therefore their use should be prohibited in patients with vigorous fire due to yin deficiency.

Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 1. Primary herbs (Table 17.4) TABLE 17.4 Properties, Actions and Application of Common Herbs That Supplement Yang Name of Medicinal Deer Velvet (lu rong) (Cornu Cervi Pantotrichum)

Source and Collection Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the noncalcified immature horn with dense pappo of Cervus nippon Temminck or Cervus elaphus Linnaeus of the Cervidae family. It is sawed in summer and autumn, and processed, and then dried in the shade or by baking

Property, Channel Entry Sweet, salty, warm; act on the kidney and liver channels

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Strengthen kidney yang, boost the essence and blood, strengthen the sinews and bones, regulate the chong and ren mai, and express sore toxin

Indicated for the treatment of aversion to cold, cold limbs, yang wĕi (impotence) and premature ejaculation, spontaneous seminal emission, uterus cold and infertility, tabid body, fatigue, tinnitus, deafness, dizziness, cold pain in the waist and backbone due to kidney yang deficiency, flaccid sinews and bones due to essence and blood depletion, uterine bleeding and morbid leukorrhea due to deficiency-cold of the chong and ren mai, sores and ulcers, dorsal furuncles without closing. Normally, 1–2 g is ground into powder and dissolved with water as an oral dose, or made into pills

Caution for Use Its use is prohibited in patients with yin deficiency and yang hyperactivity, heat in blood aspect, intense stomach fire, phlegm-heat obstructing the lung, or externallycontracted febrile disease

(Continued )

TABLE 17.4 Properties, Actions and Application of Common Herbs That Supplement Yang (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Deer Antler (lu jiao) (Cornu Cervi)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the calcified horn of Cervus elaphus Linnaeus or Cervus nippon Temminck of the Cervidae family. It is usually collected in spring; after sediment is removed, it is air-dried

Salty, warm; act on the kidney and liver channels

Warm kidney yang, strengthen the sinews and bones, move blood and relieve swelling

Indicated for the treatment of yang wĕi (impotence) and seminal emission, cold pain in the waist and backbone due to kidney yang deficiency, dorsal furuncles, sores and ulcers, mammary abscess in the initial stage, swelling and pain or postpartum abdominal pain due to blood stasis. Normally, 6–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is prohibited in patients with vigorous fire due to yin deficiency

Deer Antler Glue (lu jiao jiao) (Colla Cornus Cervi)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the solid glue processed through decocting the deer antler and then concentrating

Sweet, salty, warm; act on the kidney and liver channels

Warm and supplement the liver and kidney, boost essence and nourish the blood

Indicated for the treatment of soreness and cold of waist and knees, yang wĕi (impotence) and seminal emission, deficiency-consumption (xu¯ láo) with emaciated body due to kidney yang and essence-blood depletion, flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding) and bloody stool or urine with deficiency-cold pattern, dorsal furuncles with swelling and pain. Normally, 3–6 g, as an oral dose, is melted and administered after dissolved

Its use is prohibited in patients with yin deficiency and yang hyperactivity, or bleeding, cough, sores, and ulcers due to fire-heat accumulated in interior, or malaria

Degelatinated Deer Antler Powder (lu jiao shuang) (Cornu Cervi Degelatinatum)

Initially recorded in Essence of Materia Medica from the Baoqing Era (bao qing ben cao zhe zhong). It is the dried degelatinated deer-horn and produced in spring and autumn. The calcified horn is decocted and deglued; the horn pieces are taken out and dried

Salty, astringent, warm; act on the liver and kidney channels

Warm the kidney and assist yang, and stanch bleeding with astringency

Indicated for the treatment of leukorrhagia, flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding) due to uterus cold, soreness and pain of waist and backbone, frequent micturition and enuresis due to spleen-kidney yang deficiency, vomiting, less eating and loose stool due to deficiencycold of the spleen and stomach, bloody stool, bleeding from external injury, sores and ulcers ulcerated for a long time and not closed. Normally, 9–15 g is decocted first with water as an oral dose

Its use is prohibited in patients with vigorous fire due to yin deficiency

TABLE 17.4 Properties, Actions and Application of Common Herbs That Supplement Yang (cont.)

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Human Placenta (zi he che) (Placenta Hominis)

Initially recorded in Supplement to “The Materia Medica” (ben cao shi yi). It is the dried placenta of healthy people. The fresh placenta is collected; after amnion and umbilical cord are removed, it is washed until blood is clean, and then steamed or slightly decocted with boiling water, and dried

Aerial Part of Epimedium (yin yang huo) (Herba Epimedii)

Morinda Root (ba ji tian) (Radix Morindae Officinalis)

Name of Medicinal

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Sweet, salty, warm; act on the lung, liver, and kidney channels

Warm the kidney and supplement essence, boost qi, and nourish blood

Indicated for the treatment of deficiency-consumption (xu¯ láo) with emaciated and weak body, yang wĕi (impotence) and seminal emission, infertility, scanty breast milk, chronic cough, and deficiency-type panting, steaming bone fever, overstrained cough, sallow complexion, less eating, and shortness of breath. Normally, 2–3 g is ground into powder for swallowing intact

Its use is prohibited in patients with exterior pathogen and excess pattern and cautious in patients with spleen deficiency leading to damp encumbrance and poor appetite and digestion

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried leaf of Epimedium brevicornu Maxim., Epimedium sagittatum (Sieb. et Zucc.) Maxim., Epimedium pubescens Maxim. or Epimedium koreanum Nakai of the Berberidaceae family. It is collected when stem and leaf are flourishing in summer and autumn, and then dried under the sun or in the shade

Acrid, sweet, warm; act on the liver and kidney channels

Supplement kidney yang, strengthen the sinews and bones, and dispel wind-damp

Indicated for the treatment of yang wĕi (impotence) and seminal emission, flaccid sinews and bones, cold pain, and weakness of waist and knees, and frequent micturition due to kidney yang decline, hemiplegia (half-body paralysis) and painful bì syndrome due to wind-damp, spasms and numbness of four limbs. Normally, 6–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder, or decocted into paste or steeped in wine. Or an appropriate amount is decocted with water for washing externally

It is not suitable for patients with vigorous fire due to yin deficiency

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried root of Morinda officinalis How of the Rubiaceae family. It is collected in whole year, and then washed clean; after fibrous root is removed, it is dried until 60%–70% is dry, and slightly pounded, and dried under the sun

Sweet, acrid, slightly warm; act on the kidney and liver channels

Supplement kidney yang, strengthen the sinews and bones, and dispel wind-damp

Indicated for the treatment of yang wĕi (impotence), seminal emission, and incontinence of urine due to kidney yang deficiency, infertility, menstrual irregularities and cold pain in the lower abdomen due to uterus cold, waist and knees pain or painful bì syndrome due to winddamp, soreness and weakness of waist and knees, or flaccid sinews and bones due to kidney deficiency. Normally, 3–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is prohibited in patients with vigorous fire due to yin deficiency or fever

Caution for Use

(Continued )

346 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 17.4 Properties, Actions and Application of Common Herbs That Supplement Yang (cont.)

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Common Curculigo Rhizome (xian mao) (Rhizoma Curculiginis)

Initially recorded in Materia Medica from the (Southern) Seaboard Area (hai yao ben cao). It is the dried rhizome of Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. of the Amaryllidaceae family. It is collected in autumn and winter; after head of root and fibrous root are removed, it is washed clean and dried

Acrid, hot, poisonous; act on the kidney, liver, and spleen channels

Supplement kidney yang, strengthen the sinews and bones, and dispel cold-damp

Indicated for the treatment of yang wĕi (impotence), premature ejaculation, seminal cold, and frequent micturition due to kidney yang deficiency and decline of the mìng mén (gate of vitality) fire, flaccid sinews and bones, cold pain of waist and knees due to colddamp, and cold diarrhea due to yang deficiency. Normally, 3–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is prohibited in patients with vigorous fire due to yin deficiency, and not suitable for long-term use

Eucommia Bark (du zhong) (Cortex Eucommiae)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried tree bark of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. of the Eucommiaceae family. It is collected during April to June; after rough bark is removed, it is piled until its internal bark color turns purple–brown, and then dried under the sun, or dry-fried with saline for use

Sweet, warm; act on the liver and kidney channels

Supplement the liver and kidney, strengthen the sinews and bones, and calm the fetus

Indicated for the treatment of lumbar pain, and frequent micturition due to kidney deficiency, or flaccid sinews and bones, or weakness of feet and knees due to liver-kidney deficiency, dizziness, restless fetus, vaginal bleeding (painless spotting) during pregnancy, and habitual abortion. Normally, 6–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder, or steeped in wine

Its use is cautious in patients with vigorous fire due to yin deficiency

Name of Medicinal

Caution for Use

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347

TABLE 17.4 Properties, Actions and Application of Common Herbs That Supplement Yang (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Himalayan Teasel Root (xu duan) (Radix Dipsaci)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried root of Dipsacus asper Wall. ex Henry of the Dipsacaceae family. It is collected in autumn; after head of root and fibrous root are removed, it is baked with slow fire until 50% is dry, and piled until its inside color turns green, and then dried by baking again

Bitter, acrid, slightly warm; act on the liver and kidney channels

Supplement the liver and kidney, strengthen the sinews and bones, reunite the fracture, and stop uterine bleeding

Indicated for the treatment of yang wĕi (impotence) and seminal emission, enuresis, soreness and weakness of waist and knees, painful bì syndrome due to cold-damp, flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding), restless fetus, injury from falling down, injury of tendons and fracture. Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder. Or an appropriate amount is ground into powder for applying externally

Its use is prohibited in patients with heat bì syndrome due to winddamp

Desert Cistanche (rou cong rong) (Herba Cistanches)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried chylocaulous with scale leaf of Cistanche deserticola Y. C. Ma or Cistanche tubulosa (Schrenk) Wight of the Orobanchaceae family. It is collected when young plant just comes out of earth in spring or before earth is frozen in winter; after stem apex is removed, it is cut into segments and dried under the sun

Sweet, salty, warm; act on the kidney and large intestine channels

Supplement kidney yang, boost essence and blood, and moisten the intestines to promote defecation

Indicated for the treatment of yang wĕi (impotence), premature ejaculation, infertility and uterus cold, soreness and cold pain of waist and knees, flaccid sinews and bones, and dribble of urine due to kidney yang insufficiency and essence-blood depletion, and constipation due to intestinal dryness and fluid exhaustion. Normally, 6–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder, or steeped in wine

It is not suitable for patients with vigorous fire due to yin deficiency, diarrhea, or constipation due to excess heat in the intestine and stomach

(Continued )

348 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 17.4 Properties, Actions and Application of Common Herbs That Supplement Yang (cont.)

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Songaria Cynomorium (suo yang) (Herba Cynomorii)

Initially recorded in Supplement to the “Extension of the Materia Medica” (ben cao yan yi bu yi). It is the dried chylocaulous of Cynomorium songaricum Rupr. of the Cynomoriaceae family. It is collected in spring; after inflorescence is removed, it is cut into segments and dried under the sun

Sweet, warm; act on the liver, kidney, and large intestine channels

Supplement kidney yang, boost essence and blood, and moisten the intestines to promote defecation

Indicated for the treatment of yang wĕi (impotence), spontaneous seminal emission, infertility, flaccid lower limbs, weakness sinews and bones due to kidney yang insufficiency and essence-blood depletion, and constipation due to blood deficiency and liquid (thin fluid) depletion and intestinal dryness. Normally, 5–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder for oral use

Its use is prohibited in patients with yin deficiency and yang hyperactivity, diarrhea due to spleen deficiency, or constipation due to excess heat

Psoralea Fruit (bu gu zhi) (Fructus Psoraleae)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Medicinal Properties (yao xing lun). It is the dried matured fruit of Psoralea corylifolia L. of the Leguminosae family. The infructescence is collected when fruit is matured in autumn, and then dried under the sun; the fruit is kneaded, and impurities are removed

Acrid, bitter, warm; act on the kidney and spleen channels

Warm the kidney and assist yang, improve qi reception and relieve panting, warm the spleen and arrest diarrhea, disperse wind and remove macule

Indicated for the treatment of yang wĕi (impotence) and seminal emission, enuresis, frequent micturition, cold pain of waist and knees due to kidney yang deficiency, diarrhea before dawn due to spleen-kidney yang deficiency, panting due to failure of the kidney to grasp qi, or deficiency-cold panting; or vitiligo and alopecia areata. Normally, 6–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. Or the 20%–30% tinctures are for applying externally

Its use is prohibited in patients with vigorous fire due to yin deficiency, or constipation

Name of Medicinal

Caution for Use

Herbs That Supplement Deficiency Chapter | 17

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TABLE 17.4 Properties, Actions and Application of Common Herbs That Supplement Yang (cont.) Name of Medicinal Sharpleaf Galangal fruit (yi zhi ren) (Fructus Alpiniae Oxyphyllae)

Source and Collection Initially recorded in Supplement to “The Materia Medica” (ben cao shi yi). It is the dried matured fruit of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. of the Zingiberaceae family. It is collected when it turns red from green in summer and autumn, and then dried under the sun or at low temperature

Dodder Seed Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic (tu si zi) (Semen of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben Cuscutae) cao jing). It is the dried matured seed of Cuscuta australis R. Br. or Cuscuta chinensis Lam. of the Convolvulaceae family. The plant is collected when fruit is matured in autumn, and then dried under the sun; the seed is stroked to separate, and impurities are removed

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Acrid, warm; act on the spleen and kidney channels

Warm the kidney and consolidate essence and reduce urination, warm the spleen and arrest diarrhea and contain saliva

Indicated for the treatment of seminal emission with whitish and turbid urine, enuresis, frequent urination at night, or dribble of urine due to deficiency-cold of the kidney, cold pain in the abdomen, vomiting, diarrhea, less eating, excessive drool and saliva due to deficiencycold of the spleen and stomach. Normally, 3–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder for oral use

Its use is prohibited in patients with vigorous fire due to yin deficiency, or (spontaneous) seminal emission, flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding), and abnormal vaginal discharge due to heat

Acrid, sweet, neutral; act on the liver, kidney, and spleen channels

Supplement and boost the liver and kidney, consolidate essence and reduce urination, calm the fetus, improve vision, arrest diarrhea, disperse wind and remove macule

Indicated for the treatment of soreness and pain of waist and knees, yang wĕi (impotence) and seminal emission, enuresis, frequent micturition, infertility and uterus cold due to kidney deficiency, blurred vision and tinnitus due to liver-kidney depletion, restless fetus due to kidney deficiency, and diarrhea due to spleenkidney yang deficiency, or vitiligo. Normally, 6–12 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

It is not suitable for patients with vigorous fire due to yin deficiency, dry feces, and scanty and reddish urine

Caution for Use

(Continued )

350 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 17.4 Properties, Actions and Application of Common Herbs That Supplement Yang (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Flattened Milkvetch Seed (sha yuan zi) (Semen Astragali Complanati)

Initially recorded in Extension of the Materia Medica (ben cao yan yi). It is the dried matured seed of Astragalus complanatus R. Br. of the Leguminosae family. The plant is collected when fruit is matured but not split in late autumn, and dried under the sun; the seed is stroked to separate; after impurities are removed, it is dried under the sun

Sweet, warm; act on the liver and kidney channels

Supplement the kidney and assist yang, consolidate essence and reduce urination, nourish the liver and improve vision

Indicated for the treatment of lumbar pain, yang wĕi (impotence), seminal emission, nocturnal emission or spontaneous seminal emission, premature ejaculation, enuresis, frequent micturition, and leukorrhagia due to kidney deficiency, dizziness, tinnitus and blurred vision due to liver-kidney depletion. Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder for oral use

Its use is prohibited in patients with vigorous fire due to yin deficiency, and difficulty in micturition

Giant Gecko (ge jie) (Gecko)

Initially recorded in Master Lei’s Discourse on Medicinal Processing (lei gong pao zhi lun). It is the dried body of Gekko gecko Linnaeus of the Gekkonidae family. It is caught in whole year; after internal organs are removed, it is propped open with bamboo chips and made the body thin and flat, and then dried at low temperature

Salty, neutral; act on the lung and kidney channels

Supplement the lung and boost the kidney, improve qi reception, and relieve panting, assist yang, and boost essence

Indicated for the treatment of cough due to lung deficiency, shortness of breath and deficiencytype panting due to kidney deficiency, or deficiency-consumption (xu¯ láo) with cough, panting and coughing of blood, yang wĕi (impotence) and seminal emission due to kidney deficiency. Normally, 3–6 g is ground into powder for oral use, 1–2 g each time, 3 times a day or made into pills or powder or steeped in wine for oral use

Its use is prohibited in patients with panting and coughs due to wind-cold or excess heat

Herbs That Supplement Deficiency Chapter | 17

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TABLE 17.4 Properties, Actions and Application of Common Herbs That Supplement Yang (cont.)

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Walnut Meat (he tao ren) (Semen Juglandis)

Initially recorded in Materia Medica of the Kaibao Era (kai bao ben cao). It is the dried matured seed of Juglans regia L. of the Juglandaceae family. It is collected when fruit is matured in autumn; after fleshy pericarp is removed, it is dried under the sun, and then the kernel rind and woody diaphragm are removed

Chinese Caterpillar Fungus (dong chong xia cao) (Cordyceps)

Initially recorded in Thoroughly Revised Materia Medica (ben cao cong xin). It is the dried complex of dead body of larva and stroma of Cordyceps sinensis (Berk.) Sacc., a fungus of the Clavicepitaceae family, which parasitizes the bodies of Hepialidae larvae. It is collected when stroma comes out of earth and before spore is diffused in early summer, and dried under the sun until 60%–70% is dry; after fibroid hesion and impurities are removed, it is dried under the sun or at low temperature

Name of Medicinal

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Sweet, warm; act on the kidney, lung and large intestine channels

Supplement the kidney, warm the lung, and moisten the intestine

Indicated for the treatment of soreness and weakness of waist and knees, flaccid feet, yang wĕi (impotence) and seminal emission, frequent micturition due to kidney yang insufficiency, panting and cough with deficiency-cold pattern due to lung (-kidney) deficiency, and constipation due to intestinal dryness. Normally, 6–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

It is not suitable for patients with vigorous fire due to yin deficiency, cough due to phlegm-heat, or thin, unformed stool

Sweet, neutral; act on the lung and kidney channels

Supplement the kidney and boost the lung, stanch bleeding and dissolve phlegm

Indicated for the treatment of yang wĕi (impotence) and seminal emission, soreness and pain of waist and knees due to kidney yang insufficiency and essence-blood depletion, chronic cough and deficiency-type panting, over-strained cough with expectoration of blood due to deficiency of both lung and kidney, or weakness or spontaneous sweating and aversion to cold after illness. Normally, 3–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder for oral use

It is not suitable for patients with exterior pathogen

Caution for Use

(Continued )

352 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 17.4 Properties, Actions and Application of Common Herbs That Supplement Yang (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Common Fenugreek Seed (hu lu ba) (Semen Trigonellae)

Initially recorded in Materia Medica of the Jiayou Era (jia you ben cao). It is the dried matured seed of Trigonella foenumgraecum L. of the Leguminosae family. The plant is collected when fruit is matured in summer, and dried under the sun; the seed is stroked to separate, and impurities are removed

Bitter, warm; act on the kidney channel

Warm the kidney and assist yang, dispel cold and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of cod pain in the lower abdomen, or cold hernia with abdominal pain due to kidney yang insufficiency and cold congealing, cold pain of feet and knees, weak foot with a pattern of cold-damp due to yang deficiency resulting in disturbance of qi transformation, yang wĕi (impotence), spontaneous seminal emission, seminal cold and damp scrotum. Normally, 5–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is prohibited in patients with vigorous fire due to yin deficiency

Tuber Onion Seed (jiu cai zi) (Semen Allii Tuberosi)

Initially recorded in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians (ming yi bie lu). It is the dried matured seed of Allium tuberosum Rottl. ex Spreng. of the Liliaceae family. The infructescence is collected when fruit is matured in autumn, and dried under the sun; the seed is kneaded, and impurities are removed

Acrid, sweet, warm; act on the liver and kidney channels

Warm and supplement the liver and kidney, strengthen yang and consolidate essence

Indicated for the treatment of yang wĕi (impotence) and seminal emission, enuresis, frequent micturition due to deficient decline of kidney yang, albinuria or leukorrhagia due to kidney yang insufficiency and dai mai failing to ensure retention, soreness and pain of waist and knees, flaccid sinews and bones, inhibited bending and stretching of joints due to liverkidney insufficiency. Normally, 3–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder for oral use

Its use is prohibited in patients with vigorous fire due to yin deficiency

Herbs That Supplement Deficiency Chapter | 17

353

TABLE 17.4 Properties, Actions and Application of Common Herbs That Supplement Yang (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Actinolite (yang qi shi) (Actinolitum)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the mineral of Actinolite or A. asbestus. of the silicates minerals. It is collected in whole year; after earth and impurities are removed, it is quenched with yellow wine and ground into fine powder for use

Salty, warm; act on the kidney channel

Warm and supplement the kidney and strengthen yang

Indicated for the treatment of yang wĕi (impotence) and seminal emission, spontaneous seminal emission, seminal cold, thin sperm, infertility and uterus cold, flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding), cold pain of waist and knees, thin and unformed stool, and foot cold due to kidney yang deficiency. Normally, 3–6 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder for oral use

Its use is prohibited in patients with vigorous fire due to yin deficiency, and not suitable for long-term use

Fluorite (zi shi ying) (Fluoritum)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the fluorbaryt of the Fluorite family of the fluorides minerals. It mainly contains calcium fluoride (CaF2). It is collected in whole year, and impurities are removed

Sweet, warm; act on the kidney, heart and lung channels

Warm the kidney and uterus, tranquilize the heart and calm the mind, warm the lung and relieve panting

Indicated for the treatment of infertility and uterus cold, flooding, and spotting (uterine bleeding), and leukorrhagia due to kidney yang depletion, palpitation, severe palpitation, convulsive epilepsy, deficient restlessness and insomnia, or cough and panting with excessive phlegm and counterflow qi ascent due to lung cold. Normally, 9–15 g is broken into pieces and decocted first with water as an oral dose

Its use is prohibited in patients with infertility for not containing essence due to yin deficiency resulting in vigorous fire, or panting due to lung heat

(Continued )

354 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 17.4 Properties, Actions and Application of Common Herbs That Supplement Yang (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Ursine Seal’s Testes and Penis (hai gou shen) (Testes et Penis Callorhini)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Medicinal Properties (yao xing lun). It is the male external genitalia of Callorhinus ursins Linnaeus or Phoca vitulina Linnaeus of the Otaridae family

Salty, hot; act on the kidney channel

Warm the kidney and strengthen yang, boost essence and supplement marrow

Indicated for the treatment of yang wĕi (impotence), seminal cold, lack of sperm (oligospermia), infertility, and cold pain in the epigastrium and abdomen due to decline of kidney yang. Normally, an appropriate amount is ground into powder for oral use with 1–3 g each time, 2–3 times a day, or made into pills or powder or steeped in wine

Its use is prohibited in patients with vigorous fire due to yin deficiency, steaming bone fever and overstrained cough

Sea Horse (hai ma) (Hippocampus)

Initially recorded in Supplement to ‘The Materia Medica’ (ben cao shi yi). It is the dried body of Hippocampus kelloggi Jodan et Snyder, Hippocampus histrix Kaup, Hippocampus kuda Bleeker, Hippocampus trimaculatus Leach or Hippocampus japonicus Kaup of the Syngnathidae family. It is caught in summer and autumn, and washed clean and dried under the sun; or after membrana dermalis and internal organs are removed, it is dried under the sun

Sweet, salty, warm; act on the liver and kidney channels

Warm the kidney and strengthen yang, dissipate masses and relieve swelling

Indicated for the treatment of yang wĕi (impotence) and seminal emission, and enuresis due to kidney yang depletion, panting due to kidney deficiency and failure to grasp qi, concretions and conglomerations (zhēng jia˘ ) or accumulations and gatherings (jī jù), injury from falling down, and swollen carbuncles and furuncles and sores. Normally, 3–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is ground into powder for applying the affected area

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women and patients with vigorous fire due to yin deficiency

Herbs That Supplement Deficiency Chapter | 17

355

TABLE 17.4 Properties, Actions and Application of Common Herbs That Supplement Yang (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Chinese Woodfrog Oviduct (ha ma you) (Oviductus Ranae)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried oviduct of Rana tenporaria chensinensis David of the Ranidae family of the Chordata ammphibia. Obese female frog is caught before and after the millennium, and dried, soaked in hot water; then oviduct is taken out; after ovum and internal organs are removed, it is dried

Sweet, salty, neutral; act on the lung and kidney channels

Supplement the kidney and boost essence, nourish yin and moisten the lung

Indicated for the treatment of weakness and emaciation, mental fatigue (neurasthenia), night sweating, palpitation and insomnia after illness or childbirth due to loss of blood and lungkidney qi consumption, overstrained cough or lung consumption with cough and expectoration of blood due to yin damage of the lung and kidney. Normally, 3–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder for oral use

Its use is cautious in patients with external contraction in the initial stage, and less eating and thin, unformed stool

Pipe Fish (hai long) (Syngnathus)

Initially recorded in Supplement to ‘The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica’ (ben cao gang mu shi yi). It is the dried body of Solenognathus hardwickii (Gray), Syngnathoides biaculeatus (Bloch) or Syngnathus acus Linnaeus of the Syngnathidae family. It is caught in summer and autumn. The former two are washed and dried under the sun after membrana dermalis is removed; the latter is directly washed clean and dried under the sun

Sweet, salty, warm; act on the liver and kidney channels

Warm the kidney and strengthen yang, dissipate masses and relieve swelling

Indicated for the treatment of yang wĕi (impotence) and seminal emission due to kidney yang insufficiency, concretions and conglomerations (zhēng jia˘ ) or accumulations and gatherings (jī jù), scrofula and phlegm node, injury from falling down, swollen carbuncles and furuncles. Normally, 3–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is ground into powder for applying the affected area

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women and patients with vigorous fire due to yin deficiency or external contraction

(Continued )

356 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 17.4 Properties, Actions and Application of Common Herbs That Supplement Yang (cont.) Name of Medicinal Thellungianae Root or Herb (yang hong shan) (Radix seu Herba Pimpinelae)

Property, Channel Entry

Source and Collection Initially recorded in Medicinal Herbs in Northern Shaanxi (shan bei cao yao). It is the root or entire plant with root of Pimpinella thellungiana Wolff. of the Umbelliferae family. The root is collected in summer and dried under the sun; the entire plant is collected in spring and summer, and dried in the shade, or directly used

Acrid, sweet, warm; act on the heart, kidney, lung, and spleen channels

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Warm the kidney and assist yang, invigorate blood and dissolve stasis, nourish the heart and calm the mind, warm the lung and dissipate cold

Indicated for the treatment of yang wĕi (impotence) and lack of sperm or cold sperm due to kidney yang insufficiency, pectoral stuffiness pain and precordial pain due to qi stagnation and blood stasis, palpitation, insomnia, chest oppression and short breath due to heart qi insufficiency, cough with cold fluid-retention due to externally-contracted wind-cold. Normally, 10–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is decocted for washing externally

Caution for Use Its use is prohibited in patients with yin deficiency and internal heat, or cough due to lung heat

2. Attached herbs (Table 17.5)

TABLE 17.5 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Supplement Yang Name of Medicinal

Property, Source and Collection Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Wushan Mountain Epimedium (wu shan yin yang huo) (Epimedii Wushanensis Follum)

It is the dried leaf of Epimedium wushanense T. S. Ying of the Berberidaceae family. It is collected when stem and leaf are flourishing in summer and autumn; after impurities are removed, it is dried under the sun or in the shade

Acrid, sweet, warm; act on the liver and kidney channels

Supplement kidney yang, strengthen the sinews and bones, and dispel winddamp

Indicated for the treatment of yang wĕi (impotence), seminal emission, and flaccid sinews and bones due to kidney yang deficiency, painful bì syndrome due to wind-damp, numbness and spasms, and vertigo during menopause. Normally, 3–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is prohibited in patients with yin deficiency and easily stirring of ministerial fire

Umbilical Cord (qi dai) (Funiculus Umbilicalis)

It is the Homo sapiens Linnacus of health neonate of the Homidae family. After collected and washed clean, it is decocted with honeysuckle flower and licorice root decoction with yellow wine until boiling, and taken out, and dried by baking

Sweet, salty, warm; act on the heart, lung and kidney channels

Boost the kidney, and improve qi reception

Indicated for the treatment of cough and panting due to kidney deficiency, deficiency-consumption (xu¯ láo), emaciated, and weak body, syndrome of both qi and blood insufficiency, night sweating and chronic malaria. Normally, 1–2 umbilical cords is/are decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder for oral use with 1–3 g each time

It is not suitable for patients with vigorous fire due to yin deficiency or external contraction

Caution for Use

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TABLE 17.5 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Supplement Yang (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Property, Source and Collection Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Sea Slug (hai shen) (Apostichopus)

It is the whole body of Apostichopus japonicas (Selenka) of the Stichopodidae family. After its viscera is removed, it is washed clean and decocted with salt water for 1 h, then taken out until cold, baked until 80%–90% is dry, then slightly decocted with lotus leaf juice until color turns black, then dried under the sun

Sweet, salty, neutral; act on the kidney and lung channels

Supplement the kidney and boost the essence, nourish the blood and moisten dryness, and stanch bleeding

Indicated for the treatment of weakness and overstrain, yang wĕi (impotence), seminal emission and frequent micturition due to essence and blood depletion, constipation due to intestinal dryness, cough, and expectoration of blood due to lung deficiency, intestinal wind (i.e., bloody stool), and bleeding from external injury. Normally, 15–30 g is decocted with water or cooked for eating, or 9–15 g is made into pills or powder as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is ground into powder for applying externally

Its use is prohibited in patients with failure of the spleen to transport (nutrients) and external pathogen dispelled incompletely

Eucommia Leaf (du zhong ye) (Folium Eucommiae)

It is the dried leaf of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. of the Eucommiaceae family. It is collected when branch and leaf are flourishing in summer and autumn, and then dried under the sun or by baking at lower temperature

Slightly acrid, warm; act on the liver and kidney channels

Supplement the liver and kidney, strengthen the sinews and bones, and decrease blood pressure

Indicated for the treatment of dizziness, soreness and pain of waist and knees, flaccid sinews and bones and lack of strength due to liver-kidney insufficiency, or high blood pressure. Normally, 10–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is cautious in patients with vigorous fire due to yin deficiency

Ox Spinal Cord (niu sui) (Medulla Spinalis Bovis seu Bubali)

It is the marrow of Bos taurus domesticus Gmelin or Bubalus bubalis Linnaeus of the Bovidae family. When ox is slaughtered, the skeleton with marrow cavity is collected, then marrow is taken out for use

Sweet, warm; act on the kidney, heart and spleen channels

Supplement the blood and boost the essence, quench thirst, stanch bleeding, and arrest vaginal discharge

Indicated for the treatment of essence and blood depletion, deficiency-consumption (xu¯ láo), emaciated and weak body, wasting-thirst (xia¯o kĕ), spitting of blood and nosebleed, bloody stool, flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding), abnormal vaginal discharge, injury from falling down, and rhagades of hand and foot. Normally, an appropriate amount is decocted with water or decocted to paste for oral use

Its use is cautious in patients with vigorous fire due to yin deficiency or external contraction

Tree Sparrow Meat (que) (Caro Passeris)

It is meat or whole body of Passer montanus (Linnaeus) of the Ploceidae family. It is caught in four seasons and killed; after feather and viscera are removed, the meat is directly used or dried by baking

Sweet, warm; act on the kidney, lung, and bladder channels

Supplement the kidney and strengthen yang, boost and consolidate the essence

Indicated for the treatment of yang wĕi (impotence), premature ejaculation, seminal emission, soreness and weakness of waist and knees, and frequent micturition due to kidney deficiency, or hernia, flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding), abnormal vaginal discharge, whooping cough, carbuncles and sores. Normally, an appropriate amount is roasted and steamed for eating

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women and patients with vigorous fire due to yin deficiency

Caution for Use

(Continued )

358 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 17.5 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Supplement Yang (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Property, Source and Collection Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Mutton (yang rou) (Caro Caprinus seu Ovillus)

It is the meat of Capra hircus Linnaeus or Ovis aries Linnaeus of the Bovidae family. After health goat or sheep is slaughtered, the meat is cut and rinsed for use

Sweet, heat; act on the spleen, stomach, and kidney channels

Warm the center and fortify the spleen, supplement the kidney and strengthen yang, boost qi and nourish the blood

Indicated for the treatment of syndrome of deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach with less eating and regurgitation, diarrhea and dysentery, syndrome of kidney yang insufficiency, both qi and blood depletion, deficiency-consumption (xu¯ láo), emaciated body, soreness and weakness of waist and knees, yang wĕi (impotence), cold hernia, and postpartum deficiency pattern with short breath and lack of lactation. Normally, 125–250 g is decocted with water for eating

Its use is prohibited in patients with external contraction and old heat syndrome. Pregnant women are not suited to eat too much

Goat Kidney (yang shen) (Ren Caprinus)

It is the kidney of Capra hircus Linnaeus or Ovis aries Linnaeus of the Bovidae family. When goat is slaughtered, the kidney is taken out for use

Sweet, warm; act on the kidney channel

Supplement the kidney and boost the essence

Indicated for the treatment of cold pain in the waist spine, flaccid foot and knees, tinnitus and deafness, forgetfulness, wasting-thirst (xia¯o kĕ), yang wĕi (impotence), spontaneous seminal emission, frequent micturition, and enuresis due to kidney deficiency and strain. Normally, 1–2 kidneys are cooked for eating or decocted with water, or made into pills or powder for oral use

It is not suitable for patients with vigorous fire due to yin deficiency or external contraction

Dog Meat (gou rou) (Caro Canis)

It is the meat of Canis familiaris Linnaeus of the Canidae family. After health dog is slaughtered, the meat is cut and rinsed for use

Salty, sour, warm; act on the spleen, stomach, and kidney channels

Supplement the spleen and warm the stomach, warm the kidney and strengthen yang, and supplement essence

Indicated for the treatment of deficient distention and fullness in the stomach cavity and abdomen, diarrhea, vomiting, and rugitus due to deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach, soreness and weakness of waist and knees, counterflow cold of the four limbs, and yang wĕi (impotence) due to kidney yang insufficiency, or cold malaria. Normally, 30–60 g is cooked for eating

Its use is cautious in patients with yin deficiency and internal heat, phlegm-fire or after febrile disease

Dog’s Testes and Penis (huang gou shen) (Testis et Penis Canis)

It is the penis with testis of Canis familiaris Linnaeus of the family. The dog is caught in winter and slaughtered; the penis with testis is collected; after the attached meat and fats are removed, it is dried in the shade or by baking

Salty, warm; act on the kidney channel

Warm the kidney and strengthen yang, supplement and boost the essence

Indicated for the treatment of yang wĕi (impotence), seminal emission, infertility, cold and damp scrotum, forgetfulness and tinnitus due to kidney yang insufficiency and kidney essence depletion, abnormal vaginal discharge due to deficiency-cold, soreness and weakness of waist and knees, emaciated and weak body, or postpartum body deficiency. Normally, 3–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or ground into powder for oral use with 1.5–3 g each time, or made into pills or powder

Its use is prohibited in patients with vigorous fire due to yin deficiency or penis being easy to erect

Caution for Use

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TABLE 17.5 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Supplement Yang (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Property, Source and Collection Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Stalactite (zhong ru shi) (Stalactitum)

It is the calcite of the Calcite family of the carbonates minerals. It mainly contains calcium carbonate (CaCO3). It is collected and then the impurities are removed

Warm the lung, assist yang, calm panting, relieve gastric hyperacidity and promote lactation

Indicated for the treatment of cough and panting due to cold-phlegm, cold panting due to yang deficiency, cold pain of waist and knees, stomachache with acid regurgitation, and inhibited lactation. Normally, 3–9 g is broken into pieces and decocted first with water as an oral dose

Sweet, warm; act on the lung, kidney and stomach channels

Caution for Use Its use is prohibited in patients with vigorous fire due to yin deficiency or cough due to lung heat

3. Herb differentiation (Table 17.6)

TABLE 17.6 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Herbs That Supplement Yang Name of Medicinal

Similarity

Differences

Deer Velvet (lu rong) (Cornu Cervi Pantotrichum)

Both are sweet, salty and warm in nature, act on the liver and kidney channels, and can supplement kidney yang and boost the essence and blood. Both are the essential medicinals that enrich and nourish and strengthen the body

Its effect of supplementing yang is quite strong; it is often used for the treatment of the severe pattern of kidney yang. “When yang arises, yin grows”, it also can be used for the treatment of essence and blood depletion

Human Placenta (zi he che) (Placenta Hominis)

Sharpleaf Galangal fruit (yi zhi ren) (Fructus Alpiniae Oxyphyllae)

Psoralea Fruit (bu gu zhi) (Fructus Psoraleae)

Its effect of nourishing yin is strong. “When yin grows, yang arises”, it combines the effect of greatly supplementing qi and blood, and is usually used for the treatment of the syndromes caused by qi and blood insufficiency, consumptive disease and impairment caused by overstrain Both are acrid in flavor and warn and heat in nature, can supplement the kidney and assist yang, consolidate essence and reduce urination, warm the spleen and arrest diarrhea, and are used for the treatment of seminal emission or spontaneous seminal emission, enuresis and frequent micturition due to kidney yang insufficiency, and chronic diarrhea due to yang deficiency of the spleen-kidney. Both often combine with each other to reinforce their effects

Its effect of assisting yang is mild. It is partial to acting on the spleen channel and good at warming the spleen and increasing appetite and arresting drool, and often used for the treatment of less eating and excessive drool, infantile incessant drooling, cold pain in the abdomen due to deficiency-cold in the middle jiao Its effect of assisting yang is stronger. It is partial to acting on the kidney channel and good at supplementing the kidney and strengthening yang, and often used for the treatment of cold pain of waist and knees and yang wĕi (impotence) due to kidney yang insufficiency and decline of the fire from the mìng mén (gate of vitality), and deficiency-type panting due to failure of the kidney to grasp qi (sent down from the lung). It can supplement kidney yang to improve qi reception and relieve panting (Continued )

360 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 17.6 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Herbs That Supplement Yang (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Similarity

Differences

Giant Gecko (ge jie) (Gecko)

All three medicinals act on the kidney and lung channels, can supplement the lung and boost the kidney to relieve panting, and are used for the treatment of deficiency-type panting and chronic cough due to deficiency of both lung and kidney

Its efficacy of supplementing and boosting is strong. It is partial to supplementing lung qi, and especially good at improving qi reception and relieving panting, which is an essential medicinal for the treatment of deficiency-type panting due to lung-kidney deficiency. It also combines the effect of boosting essence and blood

Walnut Meat (he tao ren) (Semen Juglandis)

Its efficacy of supplementing and boosting is moderate. It is partial to assisting kidney yang and warming the lung cold, and often used for the treatment of low back pain due to yang deficiency, panting and cough with a pattern of deficiencycold. It also can moisten the intestines to promote defecation

Chinese Caterpillar Fungus (dong chong xia cao) (Cordyceps)

It can even supplement the lung-kidney yin or yang, combines the effects of stanching bleeding and dissolving phlegm, and is often used for the treatment of chronic cough and deficiencytype panting, over-strained cough with phlegm and blood, which is an essential medicinal for regulating and supplementing various tabes or consumptive diseases

SECTION 3  HERBS THAT SUPPLEMENT THE BLOOD Outline Chinese medicinals that can supplement the blood and mainly treat blood deficiency syndrome are called “Herbs that Supplement the Blood”. Medicinals in this section are sweet, warm, and moistening in nature, mainly act on the heart-liver blood aspect, are generally used for the treatment of various blood deficiency syndromes including symptoms of pale complexion or sallow complexion, pale lips and nails, dizziness and tinnitus, palpitation or severe palpitation, insomnia and forgetfulness, or delayed menstruation, little menstrual volume, pale menses, even menstrual block, pale tongue, and thready pulse. When using herbs that supplement blood, doctors often combine herbs that supplement qi, which is just so-called “the concrete blood cannot be generated by it, but generated by the invisible qi (promotion)”. For patients accompanied by yin deficiency, herbs that supplement yin or supplement both yin and blood can be selected to combine. The spleen and stomach are the source of qi and blood production, and blood deficiency originates from spleen deficiency, so herbs that supplement blood often combine with medicinals that supplement and boost spleen qi. Herbs that supplement blood are more greasy and sticky, so their application should be cautious in patients with dampness obstruction due to spleen deficiency and less eating due to qi stagnation. If necessary, they can combine with herbs that remove dampness, move qi, and promote digestion to assist the transportation and transformation.

Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 1. Primary herbs (Table 17.7)

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TABLE 17.7 Properties, Actions and Application of Common Herbs That Supplement the Blood Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Chinese Angelica (dang gui) (Radix Angelicae Sinensis)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried root of Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels. of the Umbelliferae family. It is collected in late autumn; after fibrous root and sediment are removed and moisture is slightly steamed, it is bundled a wisp, placed on shelf, and smoke-dried slowly, or dryfried with wine for use

Sweet, acrid, warm; act on the liver, heart, and spleen channels

Supplement the blood and invigorate blood, regulate menstruation and relieve pain, and moisten the intestines to promote defecation

Indicated for the treatment of sallow complexion, dizziness and palpitation due to blood deficiency, menstrual irregularities, menstrual block, and painful menstruation due to both blood deficiency and blood stasis, abdominal pain due to deficiency-cold, painful bì syndrome due to wind-cold with numbness of limbs, or injury from falling down, carbuncle-abscess, sores and ulcers, and constipation due to blood deficiency and intestinal dryness. Normally, 6–12 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is prohibited in patients with exuberant dampness and abdominal flatulence, and diarrhea

Prepared Rehmannia Root (shu di huang) (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata)

Initially recorded in Supplement to “The Materia Medica” (ben cao shi yi). It is the processed product of root tuber of Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch. of the Scrophulariaceae family. It is collected in autumn; after head of root, fibrous root and sediment are removed, it is steamed with wine, Fructus Amomi (sha ren) and Aged Tangerine Peel (chen pi) as the auxiliary ingredient, and then dried, repeatedly, until the interior and exterior turns black and oily and moist

Sweet, slightly warm; act on the liver and kidney channels

Supplement the blood and enrich yin, boost essence and supplement marrow

Indicated for the treatment of sallow complexion, palpitation or severe palpitation, menstrual irregularities, flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding) due to blood deficiency, soreness and weakness of waist and knees, steaming bone fever, tidal fever, night sweating, seminal emission, dizziness and tinnitus due to liverkidney yin deficiency, premature graying of hair due to essence and blood depletion, and wasting-thirst (xia¯o kĕ) due to internal heat. Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is prohibited in patients with qi stagnation and excessive phlegm, distending pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen, less eating and loose stool due to weakness of the spleen and stomach

(Continued )

362 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 17.7 Properties, Actions and Application of Common Herbs That Supplement the Blood (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

White Peony Root (bai shao) (Radix Paeoniae Alba)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried root of Paeonia lactiflora Pall. of the Ranunculaceae family. It is collected in summer and autumn, and washed clean; after head, tail and rootlet are removed, it is decocted with boiling water and then decorticated, and decocted with water again, and dried under the sun

Bitter, sour, slightly cold; act on the liver and spleen channels

Nourish the blood and regulate menstruation, retain yin with astringency and arrest sweating, soften the liver and relieve pain, calm and subdue liver yang

Indicated for the treatment of sallow complexion and menstrual irregularities due to blood deficiency, limb spasms and pain, rib-side pain or abdominal pain due to liver-spleen disharmony, headache and dizziness due to ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, spontaneous sweating, and night sweating due to yin deficiency. Normally, 6–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

It is not suitable for patients with decline of yang and deficiencycold, and should not be used together with Radix et Rhizoma Veratri Nigri (li lu)

Donkey-hide Gelatin (e jiao) (Colla Corii Asini)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried solid glue processed through decocting the dried or raw skin of Equus asinus L. of the Equidae family and concentrating

Sweet, neutral; act on the lung, liver, and kidney channels

Supplement the blood and enrich yin, moisten dryness and stanch bleeding

Indicated for the treatment of sallow complexion, dizziness, palpitation, and flaccid muscles with lack of strength due to blood deficiency, vexation and insomnia due to febrile disease damaging yin, limb convulsion due to stirring of wind due to yin deficiency, dry cough due to lung yin deficiency, over-strained cough, hemoptysis, spitting of blood, bloody urine or stool, uterine bleeding, or pregnant vaginal bleeding. Normally, 3–9 g is melted with decoction as an oral dose

Due to its sticking and greasy properties, its use should be cautious in patients with spleen- stomach weakness

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TABLE 17.7 Properties, Actions and Application of Common Herbs That Supplement the Blood (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Dried Longan Pulp (long yan rou) (Arillus Longan)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the aril of Dimocarpus longan Lour. of the Sapindaceae family. The matured fruit is collected in summer and autumn, and then dried; after rind and fruit-stone are removed, it is dried under the sun until dry and not sticky

Sweet, warm; act on the heart and spleen channels

Supplement and boost the heart and spleen, nourish the blood and calm the mind

Indicated for the treatment of palpitation or severe palpitation, insomnia and forgetfulness due to excessive contemplation, impairment of the heart and spleen caused by overstrain, and qi and blood insufficiency, and sallow complexion after illness or childbirth due to blood deficiency. Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. The large dose can be at 30–60 g

Its use is prohibited in patients with exuberant dampness and abdominal flatulence, or fluid retention, phlegm and fire

Prepared Fleeceflower Root (zhi he shou wu) (Radix Polygoni Multiflori Praeparata cum Succo Glycines Sotae)

Initially recorded in Ri Hua-zi’s Materia Medica (ri hua zi ben cao). It is the processed product of root tuber of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. of the Polygonaceae family. It is collected when leaf is withered in autumn and winter; after both ends are cut off, it is washed clean, mixed with black soybean decoction and steamed, and then dried under the sun

Bitter, sweet, astringent, slightly warm; act on the liver, heart and kidney channels

Supplement the liver and kidney, boost the essence and blood, blacken the beard and hair, strengthen the sinews and bones, remove turbidity and reduce blood fat

Indicated for the treatment of sallow complexion, insomnia and forgetfulness, premature graying beard and hair due to essence and blood deficiency, soreness and weakness of waist and knees, blurred vision, dizziness and tinnitus due to liver-kidney depletion, numbness of limbs, flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding), abnormal vaginal discharge, or hyperlipidemia. Normally, 6–12 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

It is not suitable for patients with externallycontracted windheat

(Continued )

364 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

2. Attached herbs (Table 17.8)

TABLE 17.8 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Supplement the Blood Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Fleeceflower Root (he shou wu) (Radix Polygoni Multiflori)

It is the dried root tuber of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. of the Polygonaceae family. It is collected when leaf is withered in autumn and winter; after both ends are cut off, it is washed clean and dried. The bigger is cut into cubes

Bitter, sweet, astringent, slightly warm; act on the liver, heart, and kidney channels

Resolve toxins, relieve carbuncle, prevent attack of malaria, and moisten the intestines to promote defecation

Indicated for the treatment of swollen sores and carbuncles, or carbuncleabscess, scrofula, rubella with itching, chronic malaria with weak body, and constipation due to intestinal dryness. Normally, 3–6 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

It is not suitable for patients with thin, unformed stool and exuberant damp-phlegm

Beef (niu rou) (Bubula)

It is the meat of Bos taurus domesticus Gmelin or Bubalus bubalis Linnaeus of the Bovidae family

Sweet, cool (buffalo) or warm; act on the spleen and stomach

Supplement the spleen and stomach, boost the qi, and blood, and strengthen the sinews and bones

Indicated for the treatment of deficiency-consumption (xu¯ láo), emaciated and weak body due to spleen-stomach weakness and qi and blood insufficiency, soreness and weakness of waist and knees, wasting-thirst (xia¯o kĕ), vomiting and diarrhea, and edema. Normally, an appropriate amount is decocted for eating

Don’t eat the meat of cattle that is dead from illness

Concentrated Beef Extract (xia tian gao) (Colla Carnis Bovis)

It is the paste decocted by meat of Bos taurus domesticus Gmelin of the Bovidae family. The beef is washed clean, decocted with clear water for 24 h; meat juice is taken out and added with yellow wine, and decocted into paste

Sweet, warm; act on the spleen channel

Fortify the spleen and stomach, supplement the qi and blood, moisten dryness and dissolve phlegm

Indicated for the treatment of deficiency-consumption (xu¯ láo), emaciated and weak body, wind-strike with hemiplegia (half-body paralysis), phlegm rheum, pĭ and accumulations (jī), and skin phlegm nodule. Normally, 9–15 g is dissolved and infused for oral use, or made into pills

Its use is prohibited in patients with vigorous fire due to yin deficiency

Grape (pu tao) (Vitis Vinifera)

It is the fruit of Vitis vinifera L. of the Vitaceae family. It is collected when matured in summer and autumn, and dried in air, or the fresh is for use

Sweet, sour, neutral; act on the lung, spleen, and kidney channels

Supplement the qi and blood, strengthen the sinews and bones, and promote urination

Indicated for the treatment of syndrome of qi and blood weakness, cough due to lung deficiency, palpitation, night sweating, excessive thirst, painful bì syndrome due to wind-damp, strangury, edema, and pox without eruption. Normally, 15–30 g is decocted with water or pounded to extract the juice as an oral dose, or decocted into paste or steeped in wine

Its use is cautious in patients with yin deficiency and internal heat, excess heat in the spleen or phlegmfire accumulated in interior

Caution for Use

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3. Herb differentiation (Table 17.9)

TABLE 17.9 Differentiation between Similar Efficacy Herbs That Supplement the Blood Name of Medicinal

Similarity

Differences

Fresh Rehmannia (xian di huang) (Radix Rehmanniae Recens)

All three medicinals are the different processed products of rehmannia root and used frequently in clinic, have the effects of nourishing yin and promoting fluid production, and can be indicated for the treatment of various syndromes of yin deficiency and fluid inadequacy

It is sweet and bitter in flavor and exceedingly cold in nature, its effect of enriching yin is mild, but it is good at clearing heat and cooling the blood, draining fire and relieving vexation, and often used for the treatment of yin deficiency and fluid inadequacy due to blood heat and exuberant pathogen

Rehmannia (sheng di huang) (Radix Rehmanniae)

Prepared Rehmannia Root (shu di huang) (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata)

Spine Date Seed (suan zao ren) (Semen Ziziphi Spinosae)

Dried Longan Pulp (long yan rou) (Arillus Longan)

White Peony Root (bai shao) (Radix Paeoniae Alba)

It is sweet in flavor and warm in nature, acts on the liver and kidney channels, specializes in nourishing the blood and enriching yin, supplementing essence and boosting marrow, and usually used for the treatment of patients with kidney yin insufficiency, essence and marrow depletion Both are sweet in flavor and neutral in nature, act on the heart channel, have the effects of nourishing the heart and calming the mind, and can be used for the treatment of deficient restlessness, insomnia, palpitation and profuse dreaming

It is sour in flavor and astringent in nature, acts on the liver and gallbladder channels, can boost the liver, combines the effects of arresting sweating and promoting fluid production, and can be used for the treatment of profuse sweating due to body weakness, and thirst due to fluid consumption

Both are generally called “Radix Paeoniae (shao yao)”, which were distinguished from the late Tang and early Song dynasty. Both have the same effect of relieving pain, and can treat pain disease

It is sour and bitter in flavor, acts on the liver and spleen channels, can nourish the blood and regulate menstruation, astringe yin and arrest sweating, calm the liver and relieve pain, and treat dizziness due to blood deficiency and hyperactivity of liver yang, rib-side pain due to liver constraint, also can be used for sallow complexion, spasms of limbs, and dysmenorrhea

Red Peony Root (chi shao) (Radix Paeoniae Rubra)

Chinese Angelica (dang gui) (Radix Angelicae Sinensis)

Prepared Rehmannia Root (shu di huang) (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata)

It is sweet in flavor and cold and moistening in nature, its effect of cooling the blood is less than that of Radix Rehmanniae Recens (xian di huang), but it is good at nourishing the heart-kidney yin, and quite suitable for the treatment of patients with blood heat and yin damage, and fever due to yin deficiency

It also acts on the spleen channel, is good at supplementing the heart-spleen, and boosting the qi and blood without greasy property, and usually used for the treatment of excessive contemplation, impairment of the heart-spleen caused by overstrain, bloody stool, or uterine bleeding due to spleen deficiency and qi weakness

It is bitter in flavor and acts on the liver channel, good at clearing heat and cooling the blood, dissolving stasis and relieving pain, and quite suitable for patients with blood heat and blood stasis, can treat red eye with swelling and pain, rib-side pain due to liver fire, macule, spitting of blood and nosebleed due to blood heat, menstrual block and dysmenorrhea due to blood stasis Both are warm in nature, act on the liver channel, good at supplementing the blood, and can treat sallow complexion, dizziness premature graying beard and hair, palpitation, menstrual irregularities, menstrual block and dysmenorrhea due to blood deficiency, or chronic cough and deficiency-type panting with a pattern of liver-kidney depletion

It also acts on the heart and spleen channels, is less greasy, good at invigorating blood and regulating menstruation and relieving pain, and quite suitable for the treatment of severe blood deficiency complicated by blood stasis, female antepartum or postpartum diseases, abdominal pain due to deficiency-cold, hematic numbness, injury from falling down with stasis and swelling, carbuncle-abscess with pus for a lon time or without closing. It also can moisten the intestine, and treat constipation due to blood deficiency and intestinal dryness It is slightly warm and greasy in nature, good at nourishing yin and supplementing essence and boosting marrow, and can be used for the treatment of soreness and pain of waist and knees, tidal fever and night sweating, and seminal emission due to kidney yin insufficiency, and various syndromes of essence and blood depletion (Continued )

366 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 17.9 Differentiation between Similar Efficacy Herbs That Supplement the Blood (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Similarity

Differences

Donkey-hide Gelatin (e jiao) (Colla Corii Asini)

Both are sweet in flavor, act on the liver and kidney channels, can supplement the blood and enrich yin, are used for the treatment of various syndromes of yin-blood (blood and body fluids) depletion

It is neutral in nature, acts on the lung channel, and is good at moistening the lung and stanching bleeding, also can moisten the intestine; its effect of supplementing the blood is strong. It is often used for the treatment of spitting of blood, nosebleed, expectoration of blood, bloody stool, flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding), vexation and insomnia, or stirring of wind due to yin deficiency, panting and cough due to deficiency-consumption (xu¯ láo), dry cough due to yin deficiency, or constipation due to intestinal dryness

Prepared Rehmannia Root (shu di huang) (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata)

Raw Chinese Angelica (sheng dang gui)

Wine-fried Chinese Angelica (jiu dang gui)

It is slightly warm and moistening in nature, and good at nourishing the kidney and boosting essence; its efficacy of enriching yin is stronger than that of Colla Corii Asini (e jiao). It can be used for the treatment of all syndromes of liver-kidney insufficiency or blood deficiency and yin depletion and lack of essence All four medicinals are the different processed products of root of Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels. of the Umbelliferae family, which are commonly used in modern clinic. All have a certain effect of supplementing the blood, and treat various syndromes of blood deficiency

It is moistening in nature, good at supplementing the blood, regulating menstruation, and moistening the intestines to promote defecation, and often used for the treatment of constipation due to blood deficiency, and weak body, carbuncle-abscess, sores, and ulcers with a pattern of blood deficiency It is good at invigorating blood and regulating menstruation, and often used for the treatment of menstrual block, dysmenorrhea, and menstrual irregularities due to blood stasis, and painful wind-damp bì syndrome

Dry-fried Chinese Angelica (chao dang gui)

It can supplement the blood but no effect of lubricating the intestines, and is often used for the treatment of thin, unformed stool and abdominal pain due to blood deficiency, or abdominal pain due to deficiency-cold in the middle jiao

Charred Chinese Angelica (dang gui tan)

It has the effects of stanching bleeding and harmonizing blood as the main actions, and is often used for the treatment of flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding), profuse menstruation, and bleeding due to blood deficiency

SECTION 4  HERBS THAT SUPPLEMENT YIN Outline Chinese medicinals that can mainly nourish the yin-fluid, rectify the pathological unbalance of yin deficiency, and commonly treat yin deficiency syndrome are called “Herbs that Supplement Yin”. Most medicinals in this section are sweet in flavor and cold in nature, and combine the effects of moistening dryness and clearing heat. Supplement yin includes supplement lung yin, supplement stomach (spleen) yin, supplement liver yin, supplement kidney yin, and supplement heart yin, which aim at treating lung yin deficiency, stomach (spleen) yin deficiency, liver yin deficiency, kidney yin deficiency, and heart yin deficiency, respectively. Yin deficiency syndrome mainly manifests two kinds of symptoms: (1) yin-fluid insufficiency cannot moisten the zang-fu organs and tissues, which causes dry skin, dry throat, dry nose, dry eyes, or constipation due to intestinal dryness; (2) yin deficiency leads to internal heat, which causes afternoon tidal fever, night sweating, vexing heat in the five centers (chest, palms, and soles) and hectic cheeks, or yin deficiency and yang hyperactivity lead to dizziness. Yin deficiency syndromes of different zang-fu organs may have their own special symptoms: lung yin deficiency may show the symptoms of dry cough with little phlegm, expectoration of blood or hoarse voice; stomach yin deficiency may show the symptoms of dry mouth and throat, dull pain in the stomach cavity, hunger

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but undesire for eating, or pĭ in the stomach cavity or belching and hiccup; spleen yin deficiency, usually exists in the qi and yin deficiency of the spleen, may show the symptoms of less eating, abdominal distention after eating, constipation, dry lips with lack of fluid, retching, hiccup, dry tongue with lack of coating; liver yin deficiency may show the symptoms of dizziness and tinnitus, dry eyes, or spasms and numbness of limbs, and lusterless nails; kidney yin deficiency may show the symptoms of dizziness, tinnitus and deafness, looseness of teeth, soreness and pain of waist and knees, and seminal emission; heart yin deficiency may show the symptoms of palpitation, severe palpitation, insomnia, and profuse dreaming. When using this section’s medicinals, to treat the syndrome of heat pathogen damaging yin or syndrome of endogenous heat due to yin deficiency, herbs that clear heat are often selected to combine in order to consolidate the yin-fluid or remove the internal heat; to treat yin deficiency syndromes of different zang-fu organs, according to the specific symptoms, herbs that relieve cough and dissolve phlegm, herbs that direct counterflow downward and harmonize the center, herbs that moisten the intestine to promote defecation, herbs that fortify the spleen and promote digestion, herbs that calm the liver, herbs that consolidate essence, or herbs that calm the mind should be respectively selected to combine in order to treat the root and branch simultaneously. If yin deficiency combines blood deficiency or qi deficiency, herbs that supplement the blood or qi need to be combined to treat. Most medicinals in this section are greasy in nature, and their application should be cautious in patients with weakness of the spleen-stomach, internal obstruction of phlegm-damp or abdominal fullness and loose stool.

Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 1. Primary herbs (Table 17.10)

TABLE 17.10 Properties, Actions and Application of Common Herbs That Supplement Yin Name of Medicinal Glehnia Root (bei sha shen) (Radix Glehniae)

Source and Collection Initially recorded in Treasury of Words on the Materia Medica (ben cao hui yan). It is the dried root of Glehnia littoralis Fr. Schmidt ex Miq. of the Umbelliferae family. It is collected in summer and autumn; after fibrous root is removed, it is washed clean and directly dried, or dried in open-air for a while, scalded with boiling water to remove outer bark, then dried

Property, Channel Entry Sweet, slightly bitter, slightly cold; act on the lung and stomach channels

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Nourish yin and clear lung heat, boost the stomach and promote fluid production

Indicated for the treatment of dry cough with less phlegm, coughing of blood, dry throat and hoarse voice due to lung yin deficiency, dry mouth with excessive drinking, hunger with no desire to eat, dry feces and peeled coating or red tongue with less fluid, dry vomiting due to stomach yin deficiency with heat. Normally, 5–12 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills, powder or paste

Caution for Use It should not be used together with Radix et Rhizoma Veratri Nigri (li lu). Its use is prohibited in patients with cough due to wind- cold or deficiency-cold of the lung and stomach

(Continued )

368 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 17.10 Properties, Actions and Application of Common Herbs That Supplement Yin (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Fourleaf Ladybell Root (nan sha shen) (Radix Adenophorae)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried root of Adenophora tetraphylla (Thunb.) Fisch. or Adenophora stricta Miq. of the Campanulaceae family. It is collected in spring and autumn; after fibrous root is removed and rough bark is scraped off, it is washed clean and dried

Sweet, slightly cold; act on the lung and stomach channels

Nourish yin and clear lung heat, boost the stomach and promote fluid production, dissolve phlegm, and boost qi

Indicated for the treatment of dry cough with less or sticky phlegm due to lung heat, or over-strained cough, dry throat, and sore throat due to lung yin deficiency, or chronic cough due to deficiency-consumption (xu¯ láo), less eating and vomiting due to stomach yin deficiency, vexing heat and dry mouth in later stage of febrile disease due to qi and yin insufficiency. Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

It should not be used together with Radix et Rhizoma Veratri Nigri (li lu). Its use is prohibited in patients with cough due to wind-cold

Lily Bulb (bai he) (Bulbus Lilii)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried fleshly scale leaf of Lilium lancifolium Thunb., Lilium brownie F. E. Brown var. viridulum Baker or Lilium pumilum DC. of the Liliaceae family. It is collected in autumn, and then washed clean; scale leaf is peeled, and slightly scalded with boiling water and dried

Sweet, cold; act on the heart, lung, and stomach channels

Nourish yin and moisten the lung, clear heart heat, and calm the mind

Indicated for the treatment of dry cough due to yin deficiency and lung dryness, over-strained cough and coughing of blood due to lung deficiency, palpitation, insomnia and profuse dreaming due to deficiencyheat harassing the upper body, uncontrolled emotion, absentmindedness in lily disease due to heartlung yin deficiency and internal heat, and stomachache due to stomach yin deficiency with heat. Normally, 6–12 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is prohibited in patients with cough due to wind-cold or thin, unformed stool due to center cold (cold in the middle jiao)

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TABLE 17.10 Properties, Actions and Application of Common Herbs That Supplement Yin (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Dwarf Lilyturf Tuber (mai dong) (Radix Ophiopogonis)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried root tuber of Ophiopogon japonicus (L.f) Ker-Gawl. of the Liliaceae family. It is collected in summer, and then washed clean, repeatedly dried under the sun and piled until 70%–80% is dry; after fibrous root is removed, it is dried

Sweet, slightly bitter, slightly cold; act on the heart, lung, and stomach channels

Nourish yin and promote fluid production, moisten the lung and clear heart heat

Indicated for the treatment of dry cough due to lung dryness, cough from lung consumption due to yin deficiency, throat bì (pharyngitis) and sore throat, thirst due to fluid consumption, wastingthirst (xia¯o kĕ) due to internal heat, vexation and insomnia due to heart yin deficiency, and constipation due to intestinal dryness. Normally, 6–12 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is prohibited in patients with diarrhea due to deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach, phlegm-rheum and dampturbidity in the stomach, or cough due to wind-cold

Asparagus Tuber (tian dong) (Radix Asparagi)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried root tuber of Asparagus cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr. of the Liliaceae family. It is collected in autumn and winter, and washed clean; after caudex and fibrous root are removed, it is decocted with boiling water or steamed to the heart; and outer bark is removed while it’s hot, and then it is washed clean and dried

Sweet, bitter, cold; act on the lung and kidney channels

Nourish yin and moisten the lung, clear lung heat and promote fluid production

Indicated for the treatment of dry cough with less phlegm, or paroxysmal spasmodic cough with sticky phlegm due to lung yin deficiency, soreness and pain of waist and knees due to kidney yin depletion, steaming bone fever, tidal fever, wasting-thirst (xia¯o kĕ) due to internal heat, fluid consumption in febrile disease with poor appetite, thirst and constipation due to intestinal dryness. Normally, 6–12 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is prohibited in patients with diarrhea due to spleen deficiency, or internal exuberance of phlegm-damp

(Continued )

370 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 17.10 Properties, Actions and Application of Common Herbs That Supplement Yin (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Dendrobium (shi hu) (Caulis Dendrobii)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the stem of Dendrobium nobile Lindl., Dendrobium chrysotoxum Lindl. or Dendrobium fimbriatum Hook. of the Orchidaceae family. It is collected in whole year, and then slightly scalded with boiling water or baked to soft, and kneaded while drying until no leaf sheath, and dried completely. Or the fresh one is for use

Sweet, slightly cold; act on the stomach and kidney channels

Boost the stomach and promote fluid production, enrich yin and clear heat

Indicated for the treatment of fluid consumption in febrile disease with dry mouth and excessive thirst, less eating and retching due to stomach yin deficiency, no abatement of deficiency-heat after illness, steaming bone fever, consumptive fever, blurred vision and flaccid sinews and bones due to kidney yin depletion. Normally, 6–12 g (or 15–30 g of the fresh one) is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is prohibited in patients with deficiency- cold of the spleen and stomach, or yin undamaged in early stage of warm febrile disease, or dryness unformed in dampness prevalent disease

Fragrant Solomonseal Rhizome (yu zhu) (Rhizoma Polygonati Odorati)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried rhizome of Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce of the Liliaceae family. It is collected in autumn; after fibrous root is removed, it is washed clean, dried until it becomes soft, repeatedly kneaded, dried under the sun until no hard heart, and then dried completely; or steamed, kneaded until it is translucent, and dried under the sun

Sweet, slightly cold; act on the lung and stomach channels

Nourish yin and moisten dryness, promote fluid production and quench thirst

Indicated for the treatment of dry cough with less phlegm, coughing of blood, and hoarse voice due to lung yin deficiency with dryness-heat, dry mouth and tongue, thirst and poor appetite due to dryness damaging stomach yin, wastingthirst (xia¯o kĕ) due to stomach heat and fluid consumption, or vexing heat, profuse sweating or palpitation due to heat damaging heart yin. Normally, 6–12 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is prohibited in patients with phlegm-damp and qi stagnation in the stomach, or yin disease with internal cold

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TABLE 17.10 Properties, Actions and Application of Common Herbs That Supplement Yin (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Siberian Solomon’s Seal Rhizome (huang jing) (Rhizoma Polygonati)

Initially recorded in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians (ming yi bie lu). It is the dried rhizome of Polygonatum kingianum Coll. et Hemsl., Polygonatum sibiricum Red. or Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua of the Liliaceae family. It is collected in spring and autumn; after fibrous root is removed, it is washed clean, slightly scalded with boiling water or steamed to the heart, and dried

Sweet, neutral; act on the spleen, lung and kidney channels

Supple-ment qi and nourish yin, fortify the spleen and moisten the lung, and boost the kidney

Indicated for the treatment of dry cough with less phlegm due to yin deficiency and lung dryness, over-strained cough or chronic cough due to lung-kidney yin deficiency, weariness and lack of strength due to spleen-stomach qi deficiency, dry mouth and less eating due to stomach yin deficiency, soreness and weakness of waist and knees, premature graying of hair due to kidney essence depletion, and wastingthirst (xia¯o kĕ) due to internal heat. Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is prohibited in patients with diarrhea due to center cold (cold in the middle jiao), phlegmdamp, chestabdomen fullness and qi stagnation

Changium Root (ming dang shen) (Radix Changii)

Initially recorded in Thoroughly Revised Materia Medica (ben cao cong xin). It is the dried root of Changium smyrnioides Wolff of the Umbelliferae family. It is collected during April to May; after fibrous root is removed, it is washed clean, decocted with boiling water until no white heart, and taken out; after the rough bark is scraped off, it is rinsed and dried

Sweet, slightly bitter, slightly cold; act on the lung, spleen and liver channels

Moisten the lung and dissolve phlegm, nourish yin and harmonize the stomach, calm the liver, and resolve toxins

Indicated for the treatment of dry cough with less phlegm, sticky phlegm with difficulty in expectoration and dry throat, vomiting and regurgitation, less eating and dry mouth due to spleen-stomach yin deficiency, red eyes, dizziness and headache due to liver yin insufficiency and liver heat attacking upward, furuncles, sores and ulcers due to heat toxin. Normally, 6–12 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is cautious in pregnant women or patients with sinking of qi due to qi deficiency, and insecurity of the essence gate

(Continued )

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TABLE 17.10 Properties, Actions and Application of Common Herbs That Supplement Yin (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Chinese Wolfberry Fruit (gou qi zi) (Fructus Lycii)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried matured fruit of Lycium barbarum L. of the Trifluralin family. It is collected when it is red in summer and autumn, aired until it is creased, and then dried until outer peel is hard; after carpopodium is removed, it is dried completely

Sweet, neutral; act on the liver and kidney channels

Enrich and nourish the liver and kidney, boost essence and improve vision

Indicated for the treatment of blurred vision, dizziness and tinnitus, soreness and weakness of waist and knees, loosening of teeth, impotence, seminal emission, premature graying of hair due to liver-kidney yin deficiency, essence and blood insufficiency, sallow complexion due to blood deficiency, and wasting-thirst (xia¯o kĕ) due to internal heat. Normally, 6–12 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is prohibited in patients with exterior pathogen, excess heat, dampness or diarrhea due to spleen deficiency

Papermulberry Fruit (chu shi zi) (Fructus Broussonetiae)

Initially recorded in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians (ming yi bie lu). It is the dried matured fruit of Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Vent. of the Moraceae family. It is collected when matured in autumn, and washed clean; after gray hymenode persistent calyx and impurities are removed, it is dried under the sun

Sweet, cold; act on the liver and kidney channels

Supplement the kidney and clear liver heat, improve vision, and promote urination

Indicated for the treatment of soreness and weakness of waist and knees, deficiencyconsumption (xu¯ láo), steaming bone fever, dizziness and blurred vision due to liverkidney yin insufficiency, eye with nebula with heat in the liver channel, edema with fullness, carbuncle-abscess, and incised wound. Normally, 6–12 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder. Or an appropriate amount is pounded for applying externally

Its use is cautious in patients with deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach

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TABLE 17.10 Properties, Actions and Application of Common Herbs That Supplement Yin (cont.)

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Yerbadetajo (mo han lian) (Herba Ecliptae)

Initially recorded in Newly Revised Materia Medica (xin xiu ben cao). It is the dried aerial part of Eclipta prostrata L. of the Compositae family. It is collected when blooming, and then dried under the sun

Glossy Privet Fruit (nü zhen zi) (Fructus Ligustri Lucidi)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried matured fruit of Ligustrum lucidum Ait. of the Oleaceae family. It is collected when matured in winter; after branch and leaf are removed, it is slightly steamed or scalded with boiling water and dried, or directly dried

Name of Medicinal

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Sweet, sour, cold; act on the kidney and liver channels

Enrich and nourish the liver and kidney, cool the blood and stanch bleeding

Indicated for the treatment of loosening of teeth, premature graying of hair, dizziness and tinnitus, insomnia and profuse dreaming, soreness and weakness of waist and knees due to liver-kidney yin deficiency, spitting of blood, nosebleed, bloody urine, red dysentery, uterine bleeding due to yin deficiency and blood heat, and bleeding from external injury. Normally, 6–12 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is prohibited in patients with deficiency- cold of the spleen and kidney

Sweet, bitter, cool; act on the liver and kidney channels

Enrich and nourish the liver and kidney, improve vision and blacken hair

Indicated for the treatment of dizziness and tinnitus, insomnia and profuse dreaming, soreness and weakness of waist and knees, seminal emission, premature graying of hair, and blurred vision due to liverkidney yin deficiency, wasting-thirst (xia¯o kĕ), tidal fever or steaming bone fever due to yin deficiency and internal heat. Normally, 6–12 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills and steamed with yellow wine for oral use

Its use is prohibited in patients with diarrhea due to deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach or yang deficiency

Caution for Use

(Continued )

374 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 17.10 Properties, Actions and Application of Common Herbs That Supplement Yin (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Mulberry Fruit (sang shen) (Fructus Mori)

Initially recorded in Newly Revised Materia Medica (xin xiu ben cao). It is the dried fruit cluster of Morus alba L. of the Moraceae family. It is collected when fruit turns red during April to June, and then dried under the sun, or slightly steamed and then dried under the sun

Sweet, sour, cold; act on the heart, liver and kidney channels

Enrich yin and supplement the blood, promote fluid production and moisten dryness

Indicated for the treatment of dizziness and tinnitus, palpitation, insomnia, premature graying of hair, and blurred vision due to liver-kidney yin deficiency, thirst due to fluid consumption, wasting-thirst (xia¯o kĕ) due to internal heat, and constipation due to intestinal dryness, scrofula, and difficulty in flexing and stretching of the joints. Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is prohibited in patients with thin, unformed stool due to deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach

Black Sesame (hei zhi ma) (Semen Sesami Nigrum)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried matured seed of Sesamum indicum L. of the Pedaliaceae family. The plant is collected when fruit is matured in autumn, and dried under the sun; seed is stroked to separate; after impurities are removed, it is dried under the sun again

Sweet, neutral; act on the liver, kidney and large intestine channels

Supplement the liver and kidney, boost essence and blood, moisten the intestinal dryness

Indicated for the treatment of dizziness and dim eyesight, tinnitus and deafness, premature graying of hair, hair loss or emaciation after illness, and lack of strength due to essence and blood depletion, migratory bì (wind bì) syndrome and paralysis with a pattern of liver-kidney insufficiency, and constipation due to intestinal dryness. Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder for oral use

Its use is prohibited in patients with thin, unformed stool due to spleen weakness

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TABLE 17.10 Properties, Actions and Application of Common Herbs That Supplement Yin (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Tortoise Shell (gui jia) (Carapax et Plastrum Testudinis)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried carapace and breastplate of Chinemys reevesii (Gray) of the Testudinidae family. It is caught in whole year, usually in autumn and winter, and then killed, the carapace and breastplate are picked off; after residual meat is removed, it is dried under the sun

Salty, sweet, slightly cold; act on the liver, kidney and heart channels

Enrich yin and subdue yang, boost the kidney and strengthen the bones, nourish the blood and supplement the heart, stabilize menses and stop profuse uterine bleeding

Indicated for the treatment of steaming bone fever, tidal fever, and night sweating due to yin deficiency with internal heat, dizziness due to yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity, fatigue and convulsion due to yin deficiency and wind stirring, flaccid sinews and bones due to kidney deficiency, palpitation, insomnia, poor memory due to yinblood (blood and body fluids) depletion, uterine bleeding and profuse menstruation. Normally, 9–24 g is added first and decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women or patients with cold-damp in the stomach

Turtle Carapace (bie jia) (Carapax Trionycis)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried carapace of Trionyx sinensis Wiegmann of the Trionychidae family. It is caught in whole year, usually in autumn and winter, killed, and scalded with boiling water until the hard skin on carapace can be peeled off, then taken out and peeled the carapace; after residual meat is removed, it is dried under the sun

Salty, slightly cold; act on the liver and kidney channels

Enrich yin and subdue yang, abate fever and relieve steaming bone fever, soften hardness and dissipate masses

Indicated for the treatment of yin deficiency and internal heat, steaming bone fever or over-strained fever due to yin-blood (blood and body fluids) depletion, dizziness due to yin deficiency and yang hyperactivity, tugging and slackening of limbs due to internal stirring of deficient wind, menstrual block, concretions and conglomerations (zhēng jia˘ ), liver and spleen enlargement, and malarial nodule. Normally, 9–24 g is decocted first with water as an oral dose

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women and patients with eating less and loose stool due to deficiency- cold of the spleen and stomach

(Continued )

376 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

2. Attached herbs (Table 17.11) TABLE 17.11 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Supplement Yin Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Liriope Root Tuber (shan mai dong) (Radix Liriopes)

It is the dried root tuber of Liriope spicata (Thunb.) Lour. var. prolifera Y. T. Ma or Lirlope muscari (Decne.) Baily of the Liliaceae family. It is collected in summer, and washed clean, repeatedly exposed to sun, and piled up until nearly dry; after fibrous root is removed, it is dried

Sweet, slightly bitter, slightly cold; act on the heart, lung, and stomach channels

Nourish yin and promote fluid production, moisten the lung and clear heart heat

Indicated for the treatment of dry cough due to lung dryness, consumptive disease with cough, throat bì (pharyngitis), sore throat, thirst due to fluid consumption, wasting-thirst (xia¯o kĕ) due to internal heat, vexation and insomnia, and constipation due to intestinal dryness. Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

It is not suitable for patients with diarrhea due to deficiencycold, cough due to windcold or internal obstruction of damp-turbidity

Medicinal Dendrobum Herb (tie pi shi hu) (Herba Dendrobii Officinalis)

It is the dried stem of Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo of the Orchidaceae family. It is collected during November to next March; after impurities and fibrous root are removed, it is heated and wringed helically, and dried by baking, or cut into segments, dried or by baking at lower temperature

Sweet, slightly cold; act on the stomach and kidney channels

Boost the stomach and promote fluid production, enrich yin and clear heat

Indicated for the treatment of fluid consumption, dry mouth and excessive thirst in febrile disease, eating less and retching due to stomach yin insufficiency, unabated deficiency-heat after illness, steaming bone fever due to yin deficiency resulting in vigorous fire, blurred vision, and flaccid sinews and bones. Normally, 6–12 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is prohibited in patients with stomach cold, or yin undamaged in early stage of warm febrile disease

Chinese Holly Leaf (gou gu ye) (Folium Ilicis Cornutae)

It is the dried leaf of Ilex cornuta Lindl. ex Paxt. of the Aquifoliaceae family. It is collected in autumn; after impurities are removed, it is dried under the sun

Bitter, cool; act on the liver and kidney channels

Clear heat and nourish yin, boost the kidney and calm the liver

Indicated for the treatment of tuberculosis of lung with expectoration of blood, steaming bone fever or tidal fever, and dizziness. Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is cautious in patients with stomach cold or kidney yang insufficiency

White Tremella (yin er) (Tremella Fuciformis)

It is the fruiting body of Tremella fuciformis Berk. of the Tremellaceae family. It is collected with bamboo knife (made by old mottled bamboo soaked in lard) in spring and autumn, and then washed clean, and dried under the sun

Sweet, bland, neutral; act on the lung, stomach, and kidney channels

Enrich and supplement and promote fluid production, moisten the lung and nourish the stomach

Indicated for the treatment of deficiency-consumption (xu¯ láo) with cough, bloody phlegm, thirst due to lack of body fluids, weakness after illness, shortness of breath, and lack of strength. Normally, 3–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or stewed with rock candy or meat for oral use

Its use is prohibited in patients with cough due to wind-cold or damp-heat fermenting phlegm

Tortoise Shell Glue (gui jia jiao) (Colla Carapacis et Plastri Testudinis)

It is the solid glue made by tortoise shell of Chinemys reevesii (Gray) of the Testudinidae family. The tortoise shell is decocted with water several times, and concentrated into thick paste, then congealed

Salty, sweet, cool; act on the liver, kidney, and heart channels

Enrich yin and nourish the blood, and stanch bleeding

Indicated for the treatment of tidal fever, steaming bone fever, and night sweating due to yin deficiency, soreness and weakness of waist and knees, sallow due to blood deficiency, flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding), and abnormal vaginal discharge. Normally, 3–9 g is melt with boiling water as an oral dose

Its use is prohibited in patients with yang deficiency and weakness of the stomach

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TABLE 17.11 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Supplement Yin (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Turtle Carapace Glue (bie jia jiao) (Colla Carapacis Trionycis)

It is the solid glue made by turtle carapace of Trionyx sinensis Wiegmann or Trionyx steindachneri Siebenrock of the Trionychidae family. The turtle carapace is decocted with water 3–5 times, concentrated into thick paste, then congealed

Salty, slightly cold; act on the lung, liver and kidney channels

Enrich yin and abate fever, soften hardness and dissipate masses

Indicated for the treatment of tidal fever due to yin deficiency, deficiency-consumption (xu¯ láo) with coughing of blood, chronic malaria and malaria with splenomegaly, swelling and pain of haemorrhoids, and menstrual block due to blood deficiency. Normally, 3–9 g is melt with boiling water or yellow wine as an oral dose, or made into pills for oral use

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women and patients with eating less and loose stool due to deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach

Wasps Glue (feng jiao) (Colla Apidis)

It is the dried secretion of Apis mellifera L. of the Apidae family. It is collected from beehive in summer, and then impurities are removed

Sweet, neutral; act on the liver and spleen channels

Moisten the skin and engender flesh, relieve inflammation and pain and dissipate masses

Indicated for the treatment of gastric ulcer, sore in mouth, cervical erosion, snake string sores (herpes zoster), oxhide lichen (neurodermatitis), psoriasis, fissure of skin, corn (clavus), burn and scald. Normally, an appropriate amount is made into tinctures or ointments for applying externally, or made into tablets or alcohol extract for oral use with 1–2 g each time

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women and patients with allergies

Largeleaf Japanese Ginseng Rhizome (zhu zi shen) (Rhizoma Panacis Majoris)

It is the dried rhizome of Panax japonicus C. A. Mey. var. major (Burk) C. Y. Wu et K. M. Feng or Panax japonicus C. A. Mey. var. bipinnatifidus (Seem.) C. Y. Wu et K. M. Feng of the Araliaceae family. It is collected in autumn; after rough bark and fibrous root are removed, it is dried or steamed thoroughly and then dried

Bitter, sweet, slightly cold; act on the liver, lung and stomach channels

Supplement the lung and nourish yin, dispel stasis and relieve pain, and stanch bleeding

Indicated for the treatment of vexing heat and thirst due to deficiency of both qi and yin, deficiency-consumption (xu¯ láo) with cough, injury from falling down, painful bì of joints, expectoration of blood, spitting of blood, nosebleed, uterine bleeding, and bleeding from external injury. Normally, 3–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is ground into powder for applying the affected area

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women

Black Soybean (hei dou) (Semen Sojae Nigrum)

It is the dried matured seed of Glycine max (L.) Merr. of the Leguminosae family. The matured fruit is collected in autumn, and dried under the sun, stroked to separate seed, and then impurities are removed

Sweet, neutral; act on the spleen and kidney channels

Boost essence and improve vision, nourish the blood and dispel wind, promote urination and resolve toxins

Indicated for the treatment of excessive thirst due to yin deficiency, dizziness, profuse sweating due to weakness, low back pain due to kidney deficiency, edema and scanty urine, painful bì syndrome with spasm, numbness of limbs, poisoning from drug and food. Normally, 9–30 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is decocted with water for washing the affected area.

Its use is cautious in patients with abdominal distention and diarrhea due to spleen deficiency.

(Continued )

378 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 17.11 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Supplement Yin (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Black-bone Silky Fowl (wu gu ji) (Gallus Nigroris)

It is the feather-removed and eviscerated whole body of Gallus gallus domesticus Brisson of the Phasianidae family. After it is slaughtered, feather and viscera are removed; the meat and skeleton is directly for use or freezed or dried by baking

Sweet, neutral; act on the liver, kidney and lung channels

Supplement the liver and kidney, boost qi and blood, and abate deficiency heat

Indicated for the treatment of deficiency-consumption (xu¯ láo), weak and emaciated body, steaming bone fever or fever from tuberculosis, wasting-thirst (xia¯o kĕ), seminal emission, spontaneous seminal emission, chronic diarrhea, chronic dysentery, flooding (profuse uterine bleeding), and abnormal vaginal discharge. Normally, an appropriate amount is decocted for eating, or made into pills for oral use

No special contraindications

Hen’s Egg (ji zi) (Ovum Galli)

It is the egg of Gallus gallus domesticus Brisson of the Phasianidae family

Sweet, neutral; act on the lung, spleen and stomach channels

Enrich yin and moisten dryness, nourish the blood and calm the fetus

Indicated for the treatment of vexation and oppression in febrile disease, dry cough with hoarseness, red eyes and sore throat, restless fetus, postpartum thirst, infantile malnutrition and dysentery, malaria, scald, dermatitis, weak and emaciated body. Normally, 1–3 eggs are decocted or dryfried for eating. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is cautious in patients with internal retention of phlegm rheum or retained food

Hen’s Egg Yolk (ji zi huang) (Vitellus Galli)

It is the egg yolk of Gallus gallus domesticus Brisson of the Phasianidae family

Sweet, neutral; act on the heart, spleen and kidney channels

Enrich yin and moisten dryness, nourish the blood and extinguish wind

Indicated for the treatment of vexation and insomnia, syncope with convulsion in febrile disease, deficiency-consumption (xu¯ láo) with spitting of blood, vomiting, dysentery, scald, heat sore (herpes simplex), hepatitis, and infantile indigestion. Normally, 1–3 yolks are decocted for eating. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is cautious in patients with coronary heart disease, high blood pressure or atheroscle-rosis

Hen Egg’s Inner Shell Membrane (feng huang yi) (Membrana Follicularis Ovi)

It is the dried endomembrane of eggshell of Gallus gallus domesticus Brisson of the Phasianidae family. It is collected in spring and autumn. After chick is hatched, the eggshell is stroked, and then endomembrane is taken out, and washed clean and dried in the shade

Sweet, bland, neutral; act on the spleen, stomach and lung channels

Nourish yin and clear lung heat, close sore, remove nebula, and set fracture

Indicated for the treatment of chronic cough and panting, sore throat with loss of voice, scrofula, ulcers without closing, eye with nebula, dizziness, trauma and fracture. Normally, 3–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into powder. Or an appropriate amount is ground into powder for applying externally

It is not suitable for patients with weakness of the spleen and stomach complicated by dampness stagnation

Edible Bird Nest (yan wo) (Nidus Collocaliae Esculentae)

It is the nest nidificated by saliva and downfeather of Collocalia esculenta Linnaeus of the Apodidae family. It is collected in February, April or August

Sweet, neutral; act on the lung, stomach and kidney channels

Nourish yin and moisten dryness, boost qi and supplement the center, dissolve phlegm and relieve cough

Indicated for the treatment of chronic consumptive disease, cough from tuberculosis, phlegm panting, expectoration of blood, spitting of blood, chronic dysentery, chronic malaria, dysphagia and regurgitation, and weak body with seminal emission and frequent micturition. Normally, 5–10 g is wrapped with thin and tough silk and decocted with water or steamed as an oral dose, or made into paste for oral use

Its use is cautious in patients with damp-phlegm stagnation and exterior pathogen

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3. Herb differentiation (Table 17.12)

TABLE 17.12 Differentiations between Similar Efficacy Herbs That Supplement Yin Name of Medicinal

Similarity

Differences

Glehnia Root (bei sha shen) (Radix Glehniae)

Both are sweet in flavor and slightly cold in nature, act on the lung and stomach channels, can nourish yin and clear lung heat, boost the stomach and promote fluid production, and treat dry cough, fluid consumption and thirst due to lung heat

It is good at enriching yin, and has stronger effects of clearing and nourishing the lung and stomach than that of Radix Adenophorae (nan sha shen), and is suitable for the treatment of dry cough without phlegm, yin deficiency of the lung and stomach with heat, or overstrained cough due to yin deficiency

Both are the root tuber of the Liliaceae family plant, sweet in flavor and act on the lung and stomach channels, can nourish yin and clear lung heat, moisten dryness and promote defecation, and treat dry cough due to lung heat, over-strained cough with expectoration of blood, wasting-thirst (xia¯o kĕ) due to internal heat, and constipation due to fluid exhaustion and intestinal dryness

It is slightly cold in nature and slightly bitter in flavor, and acts on the heart and stomach channels. Its effects of moistening dryness and clearing heat are mild, and the greasy property is also mild. It can nourish the stomach and promote fluid production, clear heart heat and relieve vexation, tranquilize the heart and calm the mind, and is good at treating dry mouth and tongue, stomach yin deficiency with heat in warm febrile disease or long illness, vexation and insomnia in warm febrile disease due to heat entering nutrient-blood

Fourleaf Ladybell Root (nan sha shen) (Radix Adenophorae)

Dwarf Lilyturf Tuber (mai dong) (Radix Ophiopogonis)

Asparagus Tuber (tian dong) (Radix Asparagi)

Siberian Solomon’s Seal Rhizome (huang jing) (Rhizoma Polygonati)

Common Yam Rhizome (shan yao) (Rhizoma Dioscoreae)

Tortoise Shell (gui jia) (Carapax et Plastrum Testudinis)

Turtle Carapace (bie jia) (Carapax Trionycis)

It combines the effects of boosting qi and dissolving phlegm, and is more suitable for the treatment of deficiency of both, qi and fluid, cough with dryness-phlegm, or overstrained cough with phlegm. Its fresh one has strong effects of clearing heat and promoting fluid production

It is bitter in flavor and exceedingly cold in nature, and acts on the kidney channel. Its effects of nourishing lung yin, clearing lung heat, and moistening dryness are stronger than that of Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong). It also can enrich the kidney yin, and is good at treating tidal fever, steaming bone fever, night sweating and seminal emission due to kidney yin depletion and yin deficiency resulting in vigorous fire Both are sweet in flavor and neutral in nature, act on the lung, spleen and kidney channels, and can boost qi and nourish yin. Both are the miracle medicinals that evenly supplement the lung, spleen and kidney channels, and treat cough due to lung deficiency, eating less and lassitude due to spleen deficiency, and low back pain, flaccid foot and wasting-thirst (xia¯o kĕ) due to kidney deficiency

Its effects of enriching yin and moistening dryness are stronger than that of Rhizoma Dioscoreae (shan yao). Its use is prohibited in patients with loose stool due to spleen deficiency, and it is often used for the treatment of dry cough due to yin deficiency, and dry mouth, eating less, dry stool, and red tongue without coating due to yin damage of the spleen and stomach

Both can enrich and nourish liver-kidney yin, calm the liver and subdue yang, and treat steaming bone fever, tidal fever, night sweating, and seminal emission due to kidney yin insufficiency and deficiency-fire hyperactivity, headache and dizziness due to liver yin insufficiency and ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang

It is good at nourishing the kidney, and combines the effects of fortifying the bones, supplementing the blood, and nourishing the heart, and is often used for the treatment of flaccid sinews and bones, soreness and weakness of waist and knees, flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding), and profuse menstruation due to liver-kidney insufficiency, insomnia and forgetfulness due to heart blood insufficiency

It combines the astringent property, is good at fortifying the spleen and suitable for the treatment of less eating, thin and unformed stool due to spleen deficiency, or both the spleen and stomach damage, panting and cough due to lung deficiency. It also can consolidate essence and reduce urination and arrest vaginal discharge, and treat seminal emission, enuresis, frequent micturition, and leukorrhagia due to kidney deficiency

It is good at abating deficiency-heat, and combines the effects of softening hardness and dissipating masses, and is often used for the treatment of concretions and conglomerations (zhēng jia˘ ) or accumulations and gatherings (jī jù) (Continued )

380 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 17.12 Differentiations between Similar Efficacy Herbs That Supplement Yin (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Similarity

Differences

Raw Lily Bulb (sheng bai he)

All three medicinals are the different processed product of fleshly scale leaf of Lilium lancifolium Thunb., Lilium brownie F. E. Brown var. viridulum Baker or Lilium pumilum DC. of the Liliaceae family. All have the effects of nourishing yin and moistening the lung, can treat dry cough due to yin deficiency

It is cold in nature, has the main effects of clearing heart heat and calming the mind, and indicated for the treatment of lingering heat after febrile disease, deficient restlessness, palpitations due to fright, insomnia and profuse dreaming, and absentmindedness

Honey-fried Lily Bulb (mi bai he)

Steamed Lily Bulb (zheng bai he)

It is good at moistening the lung and relieving cough, and often used for the treatment of chronic cough due to lung deficiency, cough from tuberculosis of lung, blood-stained phlegm, deficiency fire flaming upward due to damage and exhaustion of lung yin After steamed, its cold property is slightly decreased, and it acts on the stomach channel, is good at nourishing yin and moistening the lung, boosting the lung and harmonizing the stomach, and can be used for the treatment of cough due to lung dryness, insomnia and vexation, and nausea due to stomach heat

Chapter 18

Herbs That Astringe Chapter Outline Section 1 Herbs That Consolidate the Exterior and Arrest Sweating Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs Section 2 Herbs That Astringe the Lung and Intestines Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs

382 382 382 384 384 385

Section 3 Herbs That Consolidate Essence, Reduce Urination, and Arrest Vaginal Discharge Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs

389 389 390

ABSTRACT Chinese herbal medicinals that can astringe and consolidate (essence), and mainly treat syndromes or diseases of incontinence, discharge, desertion or depletion are called “Herbs That Astringe”. Herbs that astringe are indicated for the treatment of spontaneous sweating, night sweating, chronic cough and deficiency-type panting, chronic diarrhea, chronic dysentery, seminal emission, spontaneous seminal emission, enuresis, frequent micturition, unceasing metrorrhagia, and leukorrhagia caused by weakness, insecurity of healthy qi and hypofunction of zang-fu organs in chronic disease. Herbs that astringe can be divided into three categories: herbs that consolidate the exterior and arrest sweating, herbs that astringe the lung and intestines, and herbs that consolidate essence, reduce urination and arrest vaginal discharge. Keywords: herbs that astringe; herbs that consolidate the exterior and arrest sweating; herbs that astringe the lung and intestines; herbs that consolidate essence; reduce urination and arrest vaginal discharge; consolidate the exterior and arrest sweating; astringe and consolidate [essence]; astringe the intestines and arrest diarrhea; astringe the lung and relieve cough

Chinese herbal medicinals that can astringe and consolidate (essence), and mainly treat syndromes or diseases of incontinence, discharge, desertion, or depletion are called “Herbs That Astringe”. Most medicinals in this chapter are sour and astringent in flavor, warm or neutral in nature, act on the lung, spleen, kidney, and large intestine channels, and have the efficacy of astringing the dissipation or consumption, and relieving the incontinence or desertion. Its meaning is exactly what is called “astringency can rescue from desertion” by Dr. Chen Cang-qi (Tang Dynasty), and “desertion (syndrome) manifests dissipating without astringing, so treat with sourness-astringent herbs in order to gather the dissipation or consumption” by Dr. Li Shi-zhen (a great and renowned medical expert in Ming Dynasty). Furthermore, this chapter’s medicinals can consolidate the exterior and arrest sweating, astringe the lung and relieve cough, astringe the intestines and arrest diarrhea, consolidate essence and reduce urination, and astringe to stanch bleeding and arrest vaginal discharge, respectively. Herbs that astringe are indicated for the treatment of spontaneous sweating, night sweating, chronic cough, and deficiency-type panting, chronic diarrhea, chronic dysentery, seminal emission, spontaneous seminal emission, enuresis, frequent micturition, unceasing metrorrhagia, and leukorrhagia caused by weakness, insecurity of healthy qi and hypofunction of zang-fu organs in chronic disease.

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382 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

The basic reason of syndromes of incontinence and desertion is deficiency of healthy qi, and selecting herbs that astringe belongs to treat the branch of disease. So when using this chapter’s medicinals in clinic, doctors should combine the corresponding herbs that can supplement and boost in order to treat the root and branch simultaneously. For example, to treat patients with spontaneous sweating due to qi deficiency or night sweating due to yin deficiency, doctors should respectively combine herbs that supplement qi or herbs that supplement yin; to treat patients with chronic diarrhea or chronic dysentery due to yang deficiency of the spleen and kidney, doctors should combine herbs that warm and supplement the spleen and kidney; to treat patients with seminal emission, spontaneous seminal emission, enuresis, and frequent micturition due to kidney deficiency, doctors should combine herbs that supplement the kidney; to treat patients with unceasing flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding) due to insecurity of the chong and ren mai (deficiency of thoroughfare and conception vessel), doctors should combine herbs that supplement the liver and kidney and consolidate the chong and ren mai; to treat patients with chronic cough and deficiency-type panting due to lung-kidney deficiency, doctors should combine herbs that supplement the lung and boost the kidney and improve qi reception. In a word, doctors should treat the root and branch simultaneously according to the specific syndromes to seek the root, and do an appropriate combination to obtain satisfactory therapeutic effects. Herbs that astringe are astringent in nature and make pathogen lingering, so they are not suitable for the treatment of diarrhea and dysentery, abnormal vaginal discharge, bleeding due to blood heat, and syndrome of heat accumulation lingering caused by exterior pathogen without releasing and damp-heat accumulated in interior. If misused, disadvantage of “it will lead to the risk of bandits to stay behind closed doors” may occur. Besides astringing effect, some herbs that astringe also have the properties of clearing damp-heat and resolving toxins, which should be used separately. Herbs that astringe can be divided into three categories: (1) herbs that consolidate the exterior and arrest sweating, (2) herbs that astringe the lung and intestines, and (3) herbs that consolidate essence, reduce urination, and arrest vaginal discharge according to the differences of their medicinal properties and clinical application. But some herbs in this chapter have multiple effects, it should be carefully considered in clinical application. The modern pharmacological research indicates most herbs that astringe contain a great quantity of tannin, which are astringent in flavor and the major constituent of the astringing effect. It can arrest diarrhea, stanch bleeding, and make the excreting cell become dry and reduce the secretory action. In addition, they have the effects of bacteriostasis, antiinflammation, antisepsis, and absorbing the intestinal toxic substances.

SECTION 1  HERBS THAT CONSOLIDATE THE EXTERIOR AND ARREST SWEATING Outline Most medicinals in this section are sweet in flavor and neutral and astringent in nature, act on the lung and heart channels, can consolidate the exterior and arrest sweating through acting on the fleshy exterior to regulate the wei (defensive) aspect and protect the striae and interstices, and are often used for the treatment of spontaneous sweating due to qi deficiency and insecurity of fleshy exterior, loose striae of the skin and muscles and body fluids out releasing, and night sweating due to deficiency of yin failing to restrain yang and yang heat forcing body fluids out. To treat spontaneous sweating, herbs that supplement qi and consolidate the exterior should be selected to combine; to treat night sweating, herbs that enrich yin and relieve steaming bone fever should be selected to combine in order to treat the root. Medicinals in this section are not suitable to treat sweating caused by excess pathogen, which should be treated by dispelling pathogen.

Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 1. Primary herbs (Table 18.1)

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383

TABLE 18.1 Properties, Actions and Application of Common Herbs That Consolidate the Exterior and Arrest Sweating Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application Caution and Usage for Use

Ephedra Root (ma huang gen) (Radix et Rhizoma Ephedrae)

Initially recorded in Collected Commentaries on ‘Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica’ (ben cao jing ji zhu). It is the dried root and rhizome of Ephedra sinica Stapf or Ephedra intermedia Schrenk et C. A. Mey. of the Ephedraceae family. It is collected in late autumn; after residual stem, fibrous root and sediment are removed, it is dried

Sweet, astringent, neutral; act on the heart and lung channels

Consolidate the exterior and arrest sweating

Indicated for the treatment of spontaneous sweating and night sweating due to body weakness. It is an essential medicinal that specializes in arresting sweating. Normally, 3–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder for oral use. Or an appropriate amount is ground into powder for sprinkling externally

Its use is prohibited in patients with exterior pathogen

Glutinous Rice Root (nuo dao gen xu) (Radix Oryzae Glutinosae)

Initially recorded in Renewed Materia Medica (ben cao zai xin). It is the dried rhizome and root of Oryza sativa L. var. glutinosa Matsum. of the Poaceae family. It is collected in October, and dried under the sun

Sweet, neutral; act on the heart and liver channels

Consolidate the exterior and arrest sweating, boost the stomach, promote fluid production, and abate deficiencyheat

Indicated for the treatment of spontaneous sweating or night sweating with thirst, or yin deficiency with fever and thirst after illness, or deficiency-heat without abatement, steaming bone fever or tidal fever from tuberculosis. Normally, 15–30 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is cautious in patients with exterior pathogen

Blighted Wheat (fu xiao mai) (Fructus Tritici Levis)

Initially recorded in Enlightening Primer of Materia Medica (ben cao meng quan). It is the immature caryopsis of Triticum aestivum L. of the Poaceae family. When wheat is harvesting, the light and shrivelled are collected and dried under the sun for use, or dry-fried for use

Sweet, cool; act on the heart channel

Consolidate the exterior and arrest sweating, boost qi, and relieve fever

Indicated for the treatment of spontaneous sweating and night sweating, steaming bone fever or overstrained fever due to qi or yin deficiency. Normally, 15–30 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or ground into powder for oral use with 3–5 g each time

Its use is prohibited in patients with sweating accompanied by exterior pathogen, or without sweating but vexation, or sweating with desertion

384 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

2. Attached herbs (Table 18.2) TABLE 18.2 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Consolidate the Exterior and Arrest Sweating Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Wheat Fruit (xiao mai) (Fructus Tritici Aestivi)

It is the dried seed or flour of Triticum aestivum L. of the Poaceae family. It is collected when matured, threshed and dried under the sun

Sweet, cool; act on the heart, spleen, and kidney channels

Nourish the heart, boost the kidney, relieve vexing heat, and quench thirst

Indicated for the treatment of visceral agitation, vexing heat, wasting-thirst (xia¯o kĕ), diarrhea and dysentery, swollen carbuncles, bleeding from external injury, and scald. Normally, 50–100 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is dry-fried and floured for applying the affected area

It is not suitable for patients with weak foot with puffiness, pĭ and fullness, sunstroke, or liverstomach pain

Wheat Spermoderm (xiao mai fu) (Spermodermis Tritici Aestivi)

It is the spermoderm sieved from flouring of Triticum aestivum L. of the Poaceae family

Sweet, cool; act on the heart, large intestine or small intestine channels

Clear heat and resolve toxins, supplement deficiency and arrest sweating

Indicated for the treatment of swollen sores and furuncles, scald and burn, diarrhea and dysentery, deficiency-sweating, night sweating, diabetes and aphtha. Normally, an appropriate amount is made into powder for oral use, or dry-fried with vinegar for ironing or ground into powder for applying

Its use is cautious in patients with exterior pathogen

3. Herb differentiation (Table 18.3) TABLE 18.3 Differentiation between Similar Efficacy Herbs That Consolidate the Exterior and Arrest Sweating Name of Medicinal

Similarity

Differences

Ephedra Root (ma huang gen) (Radix et Rhizoma Ephedrae)

Both come from the same plant, are the different medicament portions of Ephedra sinica Stapf, Ephedra intermedia Schrenk et C.A.Mey. or Ephedra equisetina Bge. of the Ephedraceae family, and can treat sweating syndrome

Its medicament portions are the root and rhizome. It is astringent and sweet in flavor and neutral in nature, can arrest sweating and consolidate the exterior, and is used for the treatment of spontaneous sweating due to qi deficiency, night sweating due to yin deficiency, and unceasing sweating after childbirth

Ephedra (ma huang) (Herba Ephedrae)

Its medicament portion is the herbaceous stem. It is acrid and bitter in flavor and warm in nature, can induce sweating to release the exterior to scatter wind-cold, and is indicated for common cold with windcold exterior-excess patter

SECTION 2  HERBS THAT ASTRINGE THE LUNG AND INTESTINES Outline Medicinals in this section are sour and astringent in flavor and astringing in nature, mainly act on the lung and large intestine channels. They have two therapeutic principles of astringing the lung and relieving cough and panting, and astringing the intestines and arresting diarrhea and dysentery. The former therapeutic principle mainly aims at treating panting and cough due to lung deficiency, deficiency-type panting due to deficiency of both the lung and kidney and failure of the kidney to grasp qi (sent down from the lung). The latter therapeutic principle often aims at treating chronic diarrhea and chronic dysentery due to deficiency-cold of the large intestine and failure to astringe or deficiency-cold of the spleen and kidney. To treat patients with chronic cough and deficiency-type panting accompanied by lung deficiency pattern, herbs that supplement the lung and boost qi should be selected to combine; accompanied by kidney deficiency pattern, herbs that supplement the kidney and improve qi reception should be selected to combine. To treat patients with chronic diarrhea and

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385

chronic dysentery accompanied by spleen-kidney yang deficiency pattern, herbs that warm and supplement the spleen and kidney should be selected to combine; accompanied by pattern of sinking of spleen qi, herbs that supplement qi and raise center qi should be selected to combine; accompanied by spleen-stomach qi deficiency pattern, herbs that supplement and boost the spleen and stomach should be selected to combine. This section’s medicinals can astringe the lung and relieve cough, therefore they are not suitable for patients with cough panting caused by excessive phlegm obstructing the lung; can astringe the intestines and arrest diarrhea, and therefore they are not suitable for patients with diarrhea and dysentery in the initial stage with exuberant pathogen or diarrhea due to improper dietary disorders.

Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 1. Primary herbs (Table 18.4) TABLE 18.4 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Astringe the Lung and Intestines Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Chinese Magnoliavine Fruit (wu wei zi) (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried matured fruit of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. of the Magnoliaceae family. It is collected when matured in autumn, directly dried under the sun, or steamed and then dried under the sun, then carpopodium and impurities are removed

Sour, sweet, warm; act on the lung, heart, and kidney channels

Astringe and consolidate [essence], boost qi and promote fluid production, supplement the kidney and tranquilize the heart

Indicated for the treatment of chronic cough due to lung deficiency, deficiencytype panting due to lung-kidney deficiency, seminal emission, spontaneous seminal emission, enuresis, and frequent micturition due to kidney deficiency, spontaneous sweating, night sweating, chronic diarrhea, thirst due to fluid consumption, wasting-thirst (xia¯o kĕ), palpitation and insomnia. Normally, 2–6 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or ground into powder for oral use with 1–3 g each time

It is not suitable for patients with unreleasing of exterior pathogen, excess heat in interior, cough in the initial stage, or measles in the early stage

Smoked Plum (wu mei) (Fructus Mume)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried nearly matured fruit of Prunus mume (Sieb.) Sieb. et Zucc. of the Rosaceae family. It is collected when nearly matured in summer, and dried by baking at low temperature, and then tightly closed until its color turns black

Sour, astringent, neutral; act on the liver, spleen, lung, and large intestine channels

Astringe the lung, astringe the intestines, promote fluid production, and calm round-worms

Indicated for the treatment of chronic cough due to lung deficiency, chronic diarrhea, chronic dysentery, syncope due to roundworms with vomiting and abdominal pain, and wasting-thirst (xia¯o kĕ) due to deficiency-heat. Normally, 6–12 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. The large dose can be at 30 g. Or an appropriate amount is pounded or dryfried until charred for applying externally

It is not suitable for patients with exterior pathogen, or interior excess heat accumulation or stagnation

(Continued)

386 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 18.4 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Astringe the Lung and Intestines (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Gallnut of Chinese Sumac (wu bei zi) (Galla Chinensis)

Initially recorded in Supplement to ‘The Materia Medica’ (ben cao shi yi). It is the insect gall on the leaf of Rhus chinensis Mill., Rhus potaninii Maxim., or Rhus punjabensis Stew. var. sinica (Diels) Rehd. et wils. of the Anacardiaceae family. It is mainly formed through Melaphis chinensis (Bell) Baker infesting. It is collected in autumn, and then slightly decocted with boiling water or steamed until its surface turns gray and parasites are killed, and dried

Sour, astringent, cold; act on the lung, large intestine and kidney channels

Astringe the lung and subdue fire, astringe the intestines and arrest diarrhea, arrest sweating, stanch bleeding, eliminate dampness, and close sore

Indicated for the treatment of chronic cough due to lung deficiency, cough with phlegm due to lung heat, chronic diarrhea or dysentery, spontaneous sweating, night sweating, wastingthirst (xia¯o kĕ), bloody stool, or bleeding from piles, bleeding from external injury, swollen carbuncles and sores, and eczema. Normally, 3–6 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder for oral taking with 1–1.5 g each time. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is prohibited in patients with diarrhea or dysentery due to damp-heat

Poppy Husk (ying su qiao) (Pericarpium Papaveris)

Initially recorded in Elaboration on Materia Medica (ben cao fa hui). It is the dried matured nut shell of Papaver somniferum L. of the Papaveraceae family. The matured fruit (or that has been cut and taken out of juice) is collected in autumn; after seed, branch and stalk are removed, it is dried under the sun

Sour, astringent, neutral, poisonous; act on the lung, large intestine, and kidney channels

Astringe the lung, astringe the intestines, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of chronic cough due to lung deficiency, chronic diarrhea or dysentery, prolapse of the rectum, bloody stool, pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen, or pain in the sinew and bone, spontaneous seminal emission, polyuria, and abnormal vaginal discharge. Normally, 3–6 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. The honey-fried one is for relieving cough; the vinegar-fried one is for relieving pain or arresting diarrhea

It is not suitable for taking for a long time due to its addiction. And its use is prohibited in pregnant women and children, or patients with cough or diarrhea in the initial stage, and cautiously used for athletes

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TABLE 18.4 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Astringe the Lung and Intestines (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Medicine Terminalia Fruit (he zi) (Fructus Chebulae)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Medicinal Properties (yao xing lun). It is the dried matured fruit of Terminalia chebula Retz. or Terminalia chebula Retz. var. tomentella Kurt. of the Combretaceae family. It is collected when matured in autumn and winter; after impurities are removed, it is dried under the sun

Bitter, sour, astringent, neutral; act on the lung and large intestine channels

Astringe the intestines and arrest diarrhea, astringe the lung and relieve cough, subdue fire and relieve sore-throat and ease-up the voice

Indicated for the treatment of chronic diarrhea or dysentery, bloody stool, prolapse of the rectum due to sinking of center qi, panting and cough, chronic cough and loss of voice due to lung deficiency, sore throat, flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding), abnormal vaginal discharge, seminal emission, and frequent micturition. Normally, 3–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. The roasted one is for arresting diarrhea; the raw one is for astringing the lung and clearing heat

Its use is prohibited in patients with exterior pathogen, and interior damp-heat accumulation and stagnation

Pomegranate Husk (shi liu pi) (Pericarpium Granati)

Initially recorded in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians (ming yi bie lu). It is the dried pericarp of Punica granatum L. of the Punicaceae family. It is collected when fruit is matured in autumn, and dried under the sun

Sour, astringent, warm; act on the large intestine channel

Astringe the intestines and arrest diarrhea, stanch bleeding, and expel worms

Indicated for the treatment of chronic diarrhea or dysentery, bloody stool, prolapse of the rectum due to sinking of center qi, spontaneous seminal emission, flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding), vaginal bleeding (painless spotting) during pregnancy, abnormal vaginal discharge, and abdominal pain due to parasitic infestation. Normally, 3–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Dosage should be not too large since it has some toxicity

(Continued)

388 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 18.4 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Astringe the Lung and Intestines (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Nutmeg (rou dou kou) (Semen Myristicae)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Medicinal Properties (yao xing lun). It is the dried kernel of Myristica fragrans Houtt. of the Myristicaceae family. The fruit is collected when matured in winter and spring; after peel and shell are removed, it is dried, roasted and deoiled for use

Acrid, warm; act on the spleen, stomach and large intestine channels

Warm the center and move qi, astringe the intestines, and arrest diarrhea

Indicated for the treatment of chronic diarrhea or dysentery due to deficiencycold of the spleen and stomach, distending pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen, food retention and indigestion, less eating and vomiting. Normally, 3–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder for oral taking with 0.5–1 g each time. For oral use, it should be roasted and deoiled

Its use is prohibited in patients with diarrhea or dysentery due to damp-heat

Red Halloysite (chi shi zhi) (Halloysitum Rubrum)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the halloysite of the Halloysitum family of the silicates minerals. It mainly contains hydrated aluminium silicate [Al4(Si4O10)(OH)8·4H2O]. It is collected in whole year. The mixed stone is removed

Sweet, sour, astringent, warm; act on the large intestine and stomach channels

Astringe the intestines, stanch bleeding, engender flesh, and close sore

Indicated for the treatment of chronic diarrhea, chronic dysentery with bloody pus, or bloody stool, flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding), abnormal vaginal discharge, sores and ulcers ulcerated for a long time and without closing, and eczema with watery pus spreading. Normally, 9–12 g is added first and decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is ground into powder for sprinkling or applying the affected area

It is not suited to use together with Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui), and its use is prohibited in patients with diarrhea and dysentery due to damp-heat accumulation and stagnation

Limonite (yu yu liang) (Limonitum)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the limonite of the hydroxides minerals. It mainly contains lepidocrocite [FeO(OH)]. It is collected in whole year. The mixed stone is removed

Sweet, astringent, slightly cold; act on the stomach and large intestine channels

Astringe the intestines and arrest diarrhea, and stanch bleeding with astringents

Indicated for the treatment of chronic diarrhea, chronic dysentery, bleeding in the lower jiao, such as flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding), bloody stool and hemorrhoidal bleeding, and abnormal vaginal discharge. Normally, 9–15 g is added first and decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder for oral use

Its use is prohibited in patients with excess pattern, and cautious in pregnant women

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2. Attached herbs (Table 18.5)

TABLE 18.5 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Astringe the Lung and Intestines Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Schisandra Sphenanthera (nan wu wei zi) (Fructus Schisandrae Sphenantherae)

It is the dried matured fruit of Schisandra sphenanthera Rehd. et Wils. of the Magnoliaceae family. It is collected when matured in autumn, and dried under the sun, and the carpopodium and impurities are removed

Sour, sweet, warm; act on the lung, heart, and kidney channels

Astringe and consolidate (essence), boost qi and promote fluid production, supplement the kidney and tranquilize the heart

Clinical Application and Usage Indicated for the treatment of chronic cough and deficiency-type panting, nocturnal emission and spontaneous seminal emission, enuresis and frequent micturition, chronic diarrhea, spontaneous sweating and night sweating, thirst due to fluid consumption, wasting-thirst (xia¯o kĕ) due to internal heat, paliptation and insomnia. Normally, 3–6 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or ground into powder for oral use with 1–3 g each time, or made into pills or powder

Caution for Use It is not suitable for patients with unreleasing of exterior pathogen, excess heat in interior, cough in the initial stage, or measles in the early stage

3. Herb differentiation (Table 18.6) TABLE 18.6 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Herbs That Astringe the Lung and Intestines Name of Medicinal

Similarity

Differences

Schisandra (wu wei zi) (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis)

Both are sour in flavor and astringing in nature, have the effects of astringing the lung and relieving cough, arresting sweating, arresting emission, astringing the intestines and arresting diarrhea, can treat chronic cough due to lung deficiency, spontaneous sweating, night sweating, seminal emission, spontaneous seminal emission, and chronic diarrhea

It can nourish the kidney, and is often used for the treatment of deficiency-type panting due to deficiency of the lung and kidney, seminal emission and spontaneous seminal emission due to kidney deficiency and insecurity of semen

Gallnut of Chinese Sumac (wu bei zi) (Galla Chinensis)

It can astringe the lung and subdue fire, and astringe to stanch bleeding, and also can be used for the treatment of phlegm cough due to lung heat, and cough with expectoration of blood

SECTION 3  HERBS THAT CONSOLIDATE ESSENCE, REDUCE URINATION, AND ARREST VAGINAL DISCHARGE Outline Medicinals in this section are sour and astringent in flavor and astringing in nature, mainly act on the kidney and bladder channels, and have the effects of consolidating essence, reducing urination and arresting vaginal discharge. Some herbs are sweet in flavor and warm in nature, combine the effect of supplementing the kidney, and are suitable for the treatment of seminal emission, spontaneous seminal emission, enuresis, frequent micturition, clear and thin leukorrhea caused by kidney deficiency and failure to consolidate. They usually combine with herbs that supplement the kidney to treat the root and branch simultaneously. This section’s medicinals can astringe by their sour and astringent property, are not suitable for patients with seminal emission caused by exterior pathogen invading the interior and damp-heat pouring downward.

390 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs 1. Primary herbs (Table 18.7)

TABLE 18.7 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Consolidate Essence, Reduce Urination, and Arrest Vaginal Discharge Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Asiatic Cornelian Cherry Fruit (shan zhu yu) (Fructus Corni)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried matured sarcocarp of Cornus officinalis Sieb. et Zucc. of the Cornaceae family. The fruit is collected when pericarp turns red in late autumn and early winter, and baked with slow fire or slightly scalded in boiling water; after hardcore is removed, it is dried

Sour, astringent, slightly warm; act on the liver and kidney channels

Supplement and boost the liver and kidney, and rescue from desertion with astringency

Indicated for the treatment of soreness and weakness of waist and knees, dizziness, tinnitus, yang wĕi (impotence), seminal emission, spontaneous seminal emission, enuresis and frequent micturition, profuse menstruation, uterine bleeding, profuse sweating with desertion, or wasting-thirst (xia¯o kĕ). Normally, 6–12 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. Used for emergency, dose can be at 20–30 g

It is not suitable for patients with continuous, dribbling, difficult and painful urination due to damp-heat that patients always have

Chinese Raspberry (fu pen zi) (Fructus Rubi)

Initially recorded in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians (ming yi bie lu). It is the dried fruit of Rubus chingii Hu of the Rosaceae family. It is collected when it turns green-yellow from green in early summer; after stalk and leaf are removed, it is slightly scalded with boiling water or steamed, and dried

Sweet, sour, warm; act on the liver, kidney and bladder channels

Boost the kidney and consolidate essence and reduce urination, nourish the liver and improve vision

Indicated for the treatment of seminal emission, or spontaneous seminal emission, enuresis and frequent micturition, yang wĕi (impotence) and premature ejaculation due to kidney deficiency, infertility and uterus cold, clear, and thin leukorrhea, blurred vision due to liverkidney insufficiency, and deficiency-consumption (xu¯ láo). Normally, 6–12 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder, or steeped into wine or decocted into paste for oral use

Its use is cautious in patients with kidney deficiency accompanied by fire pattern, difficult urination and scanty urine

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TABLE 18.7 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Consolidate Essence, Reduce Urination, and Arrest Vaginal Discharge (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Mantis Egg-Case (sang piao xiao) (Oötheca Mantidis)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried egg case of Tenodera sinensis Saussure, Statilia maculate (Thunberg) or Hierodula patellifera (Serville) of the Mantidae family. It is collected during the late autumn to next spring; after impurities are removed, it is steamed until egg dies, and then dried

Sweet, salty, neutral; act on the liver and kidney channels

Consolidate essence and reduce urination, supplement the kidney and assist yang

Indicated for the treatment of seminal emission, or spontaneous seminal emission, premature ejaculation, enuresis, frequent micturition, or urinary incontinence, yang wĕi (impotence), leucorrhea with red and white discharge, whitish and turbid urine due to kidney deficiency. Normally, 5–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or 3–5 g is ground into powder for oral use, or made into pills. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is prohibited in patients with yin deficiency and vigorous fire, bladder damp-heat, and frequent micturition

Cherokee Rose Fruit (jin ying zi) (Fructus Rosae Laevigatae)

Initially recorded in Master Lei’s Discourse on Medicinal Processing (lei gong pao zhi lun). It is the dried matured fruit of Rosa laevigata Michx. of the Rosaceae family. It is collected when it is matured and turns red during October to November, then dried and debarred

Sour, sweet, astringent, neutral; act on the kidney, bladder, and large intestine channels

Consolidate essence and reduce urination, stop profuse uterine bleeding and arrest vaginal discharge, astringe the intestines and arrest diarrhea

Indicated for the treatment of seminal emission, or spontaneous seminal emission, enuresis and frequent micturition, and abnormal vaginal discharge due to kidney deficiency, chronic diarrhea and dysentery due to spleen deficiency, flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding), prolapse of the rectum, or prolapse of the uterus. Normally, 6–12 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is prohibited in patients with excess fire pattern, pathogenic heat, and not suitable for patients with diarrhea due to fire-heat

(Continued)

392 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 18.7 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Consolidate Essence, Reduce Urination, and Arrest Vaginal Discharge (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Cuttlebone (hai piao xiao) (Endoconcha Sepiae)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried endoconch of Sepiella maindroni de Rochebrune or Sepia esculenta Hoyle of the Sepiidae family. The osseous endoconch of cuttlefish is collected, washed clean and dried

Salty, astringent, warm; act on the spleen and kidney channels

Stanch bleeding with astringency, astringe essence and arrest vaginal discharge, relieve hyperacidity, relieve pain, eliminate dampness and close sore

Indicated for the treatment of seminal emission, or spontaneous seminal emission, leucorrhea with red and white discharge, flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding), bloody stool, spitting of blood, nosebleed, stomachache with acid regurgitation, bleeding from external injury, eczema, and unhealing ulcer. Normally, 5–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is ground into powder for applying the affected area

Patients with yin deficiency and internal heat should not take it too much. Use it orally for a long-term may cause constipation

Lotus Seed (lian zi) (Semen Nelumbinis)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried matured seed of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. of the Nymphacaceae family. Hindu lotus receptacle is collected when fruit is matured in autumn, then fruit is taken out; after pericarp is removed, it is dried

Sweet, astringent, neutral; act on the spleen, kidney, and heart channels

Supplement the spleen an arrest diarrhea, arrest vaginal discharge, boost the kidney and contain essence, nourish the heart and calm the mind

Indicated for the treatment of seminal emission, or spontaneous seminal emission due to kidney deficiency, abnormal vaginal discharge due to spleen or kidney deficiency, diarrhea due to spleendeficiency, palpitation and insomnia due to failure of the heart and kidney to interact. Normally, after plumule is discarded, 6–15 g is broken into pieces, and decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is prohibited in patients with abdominal fullness and distention, and dry feces

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TABLE 18.7 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Consolidate Essence, Reduce Urination, and Arrest Vaginal Discharge (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Euryale Seed (qian shi) (Semen Euryales)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried matured seed kernel of Euryale ferox Salisb. of the Nymphacaceae family. The matured fruit is collected in late autumn and early winter; after pericarp is removed, seed is taken out and washed clean; after hard shell (external seed coat) is removed, it is dried under the sun

Sweet, astringent, neutral; act on the spleen and kidney channels

Boost the kidney and consolidate essence, supplement the spleen and arrest diarrhea, eliminate dampness, and arrest vaginal discharge

Indicated for the treatment of seminal emission, or spontaneous seminal emission, enuresis, and frequent micturition due to kidney deficiency, urinary incontinence, chronic diarrhea due to spleen deficiency, whitish and turbid urine, and abnormal vaginal discharge. Normally, 9–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder for oral use, or an appropriate amount is decocted into porridge for eating

Its use is prohibited in patients with difficulty in defecation and micturition, and cautious in patients with dyspeptic retention

Hedgehog Skin (ci wei pi) (Corium Erinacei)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried skin of Erinaceus europaeus L. or Hemiechinus dauuricus Sundevall of the Erinaceidae family. It is caught in whole year, then the skin is peeled off and dried in the shade, cut into pieces and dry-fried for use

Bitter, astringent, neutral; act on the kidney, stomach, and large intestine channels

Consolidate essence and reduce urination, stanch bleeding with astringency, dissolve stasis and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of seminal emission and spontaneous seminal emission due to kidney deficiency and failure to consolidate essence, enuresis and frequent micturition due to kidney deficiency and bladder failing to ensure retention, bloody stool and bleeding from piles, stomachache and vomiting with a pattern of blood stasis and qi stagnation. Normally, 3–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or ground into powder for oral use with 1.5–3 g each time

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women and cautious in patients with warm disease in the initial stage

(Continued )

394 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 18.7 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Consolidate Essence, Reduce Urination, and Arrest Vaginal Discharge (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Ailanthus Bark or Root Bark (chun gen pi) (Cortex Ailanthi)

Initially recorded in Newly Revised Materia Medica (xin xiu ben cao). It is the dried root bark or trunk bark of Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle of the Simaroubaceae family. It is collected in whole year, and then dried under the sun, or after rough bark is removed, it is dried under the sun

Bitter, astringent, cold; act on the large intestine, stomach, and liver channels

Clear heat and dry dampness, arrest vaginal discharge with astringency, arrest diarrhea, and stanch bleeding

Indicated for the treatment of leucorrhea with red and white discharge due to damp-heat pouring downward and dai mai failing to ensure retention, diarrhea due to dampheat, chronic diarrhea or dysentery, bloody stool, and bleeding from piles, profuse menstruation, flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding). Normally, 6–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

Its use is cautious in patients with deficiencycold of the spleen and stomach

Lotus Stamen (lian xu) (Stamen Nelumbinis)

It is the dried stamen of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. of the Nymphaeaceae family. It is collected in a sunny day when blooming in summer, and then dried with paper covering under the sun or in the shade

Sweet, astringent, neutral; act on the heart and kidney channels

Consolidate the kidney and astringe spermatorrhea, clear heart heat, and stanch bleeding with astringency

Indicated for the treatment of seminal emission, spontaneous seminal emission, abnormal vaginal discharge, and frequent micturition due to kidney deficiency, spitting of blood, nosebleed, flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding), bloody stool, diarrhea, dysentery, vexation and reddish urine due to deficiencyheat. Normally, 3–5 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder for oral use

Its use is prohibited in patients with difficulty in micturition

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2. Attached herbs (Table 18.8) TABLE 18.8 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Consolidate Essence, Reduce Urination, and Arrest Vaginal Discharge Name of Medicinal

Property, Source and Collection Channel Entry

Lotus Receptacle (lian fang) (Receptaculum Nelumbinis)

It is the dried floral receptacle of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. of the Nymphaeaceae family. It is collected when fruit is matured in autumn; after fruit is removed, it is dried under the sun

Bitter, astringent, warm; act on the liver channel

Dissipate blood stasis and stanch bleeding

Indicated for the treatment of flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding), profuse menstruation, bloody urine, bloody stool, bleeding from piles, blood stasis obstruction after childbirth, and prolonged lochia. Normally, 5–10 g is dry-fried until charred and decocted with water as an oral dose

Its use is cautious in pregnant women

Lotus Leaf (he ye) (Folium Nelumbinis)

It is the leaf of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. of the Nymphaeaceae family. It is collected before blooming during June to July; after leafstalk is removed, it is dried until 70%–80% percent is dry, and folded in a semicircle and dried under the sun

Bitter, astringent, neutral; act on the heart, liver, and spleen channels

Clear heat and resolve summer heat, ascend clear yang, dissipate blood stasis, and stanch bleeding

Indicated for the treatment of excessive thirst, headache and dizziness due to summer heat, abdominal distention and diarrhea due to spleen deficiency, spitting of blood, hematockezia, and prolonged lochia or lochiorrhea after childbirth. Normally, 3–10 g of the dried one or 15–30 g of the fresh one is decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is decocted with water for washing

Its use is cautious in patients with qi and blood deficiency

Hindu Lotus Petiole (he geng) (Petiolus Nelmbinis)

It is the leafstalk or floral shoot of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. of the Nymphaeaceae family. It is collected in summer and autumn; after leaf and seedpod of the lotus are removed, it is dried under the sun

Bitter, neutral; act on the spleen and stomach channels

Resolve summerheat and remove dampness, rectify qi and loosen the center, harmonize the stomach and calm the fetus

Indicated for the treatment of chest oppression and discomfort, diarrhea and dysentery due to externally-contracted summer heat-damp, strangury, abnormal vaginal discharge, vomiting during pregnancy, and restless fetus. Normally, 10–15 g is decocted with water as an oral dose

No special contraindications

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

396 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

3. Herb differentiation (Table 18.9)

TABLE 18.9 Differentiation between Similar Efficacy Herbs That Consolidate Essence, Reduce Urination, and Arrest Vaginal Discharge Name of Medicinal

Similarity

Differences

Asiatic Cornelian Cherry Fruit (shan zhu yu) (Fructus Corni)

Both act on the liver and kidney channels, and have the effects of warming the kidney and assisting yang

It is sour in flavor, slightly warm and moistening in nature, can supplement and boost kidney essence, warm the kidney and assist yang, supplement both yin and yang, can be used for the treatment of dizziness, soreness and weakness of waist and knees, and yang wĕi (impotence) due to liver-kidney depletion; also can consolidate essence and arrest enuresis and emission so as to treat seminal emission and enuresis; also can supplement the liver and kidney, consolidate the chong and ren mai so as to treat flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding), and profuse menstruation; also can arrest sweating to rescue from desertion

Medicinal Evodia Fruit (wu zhu yu) (Fructus Evodiae)

Mantis Egg-Case (sang piao xiao) (Oötheca Mantidis)

It is acrid and bitter in flavor, and hot in nature, has the effects of dispersing and dispelling cold, can dissipate the cold pathogen in the liver channel, resolve constraint of liver qi, and is good at treating pain due to liver cold and qi stagnation; it also can warm the center and arrest vomiting so as to treat vomiting due to stomach cold; also can warm the spleen and kidney, assist yang and arrest diarrhea so as to treat fifth-watch diarrhea (diarrhea before dawn) due to spleen-kidney yang deficiency Both act on the liver and kidney channels, have the effects of consolidating essence and arresting emission, and can be used for the treatment of seminal emission and spontaneous seminal emission

Cuttlebone (hai piao xiao) (Endoconcha Sepiae)

Lotus Seed (lian zi) (Semen Nelumbinis)

Euryale Seed (qian shi) (Semen Euryales)

It is partial to consolidating kidney essence and reducing urination, and also can supplement the kidney and assist yang. It is suitable for the treatment of seminal emission, spontaneous seminal emission, enuresis, frequent micturition, and whitish and turbid urine due to kidney deficiency and failure to consolidate and astringe essence, and yang wĕi (impotence) due to kidney deficiency It is partial to stanching bleeding, stopping profuse uterine bleeding, drying dampness, and arresting vaginal discharge, relieving hyperacidity and pain; its effects of consolidating and astringing are strong. It is often used for the treatment of seminal emission, abnormal vaginal discharge, flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding), spitting of blood, bloody stool, stomachache with acid regurgitation, or eczema

Both can boost the kidney and consolidate essence, supplement the spleen and arrest diarrhea and vaginal discharge, and treat seminal emission and enuresis due to kidney deficiency, eating less, chronic diarrhea, and abnormal vaginal discharge due to spleen deficiency

It also can nourish the heart and calm the mind, and restore interaction between the heart and the kidney, and is often used for the treatment of deficient restlessness, palpitation and insomnia due to failure of the heart and kidney to interact Besides boosting the spleen and kidney, consolidating and astringing essence, it can eliminate dampness to arrest vaginal discharge, and is partial to treating seminal emission and enuresis, and is often used for the treatment of abnormal vaginal discharge with whether deficiency pattern or excess pattern

Chapter 19

Herbs That Induce Vomit Chapter Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs

398

ABSTRACT Chinese herbal medicinals that can promote or cause vomit and mainly treat syndromes or diseases caused by poison, retained food or phlegm-drool stagnating in the stomach cavity or above chest and diaphragm are called “Herbs That Induce Vomit” or “Emetic Medicinals”. They are suited to treat syndromes caused by eating poisons by mistake and retaining in the stomach without absorption; or caused by retained food stagnation and indigestion accompanied by distending pain in the stomach cavity or exuberant phlegm-drool obstructing in the chest and diaphragm or throat, accompanied by shortness of breath or turbid phlegm clouding the clear orifices (the brain), as well as accompanied by epilepsy and mania. Keywords: herbs that induce vomit; induce to vomit phlegm-drool; induce to vomit phlegm and food

Chinese herbal medicinals that can promote or cause vomit and mainly treat syndromes or diseases caused by poisons, retained food, or phlegm-drool stagnating in the stomach cavity or above chest and diaphragm are called “Herbs That Induce Vomit” or “Emetic Medicinals”. Most medicinals in this chapter are sour, bitter, and acrid in flavor, act on the stomach channel, have the effect of inducing to vomit poisons and retained food or phlegm-drool, and are suited to treat syndromes caused by eating poisons by mistake and retaining in the stomach without absorption; or caused by retained food stagnation and indigestion accompanied by distending pain in the stomach cavity or exuberant phlegm-drool obstructing in the chest and diaphragm or throat, accompanied by shortness of breath or turbid phlegm clouding the clear orifices (the brain), as well as accompanied by epilepsy and mania. The application of herbs that induce vomit belongs to “vomit induction” in “the eight therapeutic [medicinal treatment] methods (refer to sweat promotion, vomit induction, purgation, harmonization, warming, heat-clearing, dispersing, and supplementation)” [Medical Revelations (yi xue xin wu)] in order to drive out pathogen in the light of its general tendency and obtain the aim of curing disease. The meaning is exactly what is called “relieve disease in the upper body by emetic therapy (vomit induction)” in The Yellow Emperor’s Inner Classic (huang di nei jing). Herbs that induce vomit have fierce actions, are usually poisonous and easy to damage the stomach and health qi, so they are just suited to treat patients in good physique with excess pattern (syndrome). In order to ensure the safety and effectiveness of clinical medication, herbs that induce vomit should be administered from small dose and increased gradually. Please always keep in mind that don’t suddenly use large dose. Meanwhile, “discontinue medication, as soon as getting effect” should be paid attention to. This chapter’s medicinals cannot be administered successively or for a long time, and they just can be used temporarily to avoid poisoning or inducing vomit too much and generating some adverse reactions. If taking these medicinals cannot cause vomiting or not reach the necessary degree of vomiting, drinking some hot boiled water may assist the efficacy, or using tail feather to touch the throat may assist the emesis. If vomiting is unceasing after medication, medicinal discontinuance should be done immediately and effective emergency measures should be adopted. Zhang Cong-zheng (a respected doctor in Jin dynasty) pointed out that “if vomit until dizziness occurs, drink ice may alleviate, if no ice, use new well water” in Confucians’ Duties to Their Parents (ru men shi qin). After vomiting, patients should get some proper rest, and not suited to take food at once. When the gastrointestinal function recovers, patients can select some of easy digestible liquid or food to eat in order to nourish the stomach qi. Avoid eating the greasy, pungent, and heavy food. Use of medicinals in this chapter should be prohibited in the old, the weak, Essentials of Chinese Materia Medica and Medical Formulas. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812722-3.00019-1 Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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infant, the prepregnant, or the postpartum women, the patients with blood loss, dizziness, palpitation, and overstrained cough, or panting. Due to the fierce actions and the painful or unbearable reactions after medication, these medicinals are less used in modern clinic. At present, traditional Chinese physicians usually select them to treat primary carcinoma of the liver, acute icterohepatitis, chronic hepatitis, malaria, skin neoplasms, pulmonary cancer, schizophrenia, scabies, and tinea of feet in modern medicine. The modern pharmacological research indicates this chapter’s medicinals have the emetic action, which mechanism mainly lies in stimulating the receptor of stomach mucous membrane and reflective inducing the excitement of vomiting center.

SPECIFIC APPLICATION KNOWLEDGE OF HERBS 1. Primary herbs (Table 19.1) TABLE 19.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Induce Vomit Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Efficacy Clinical Application Channel Entry and Action and Usage

Caution for Use

Dichroa Root (chang shan) (Radix Dichroae)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried root of Dichroa febrifuga Lour. of the Saxifragaceae family. It is collected in autumn; after fibrous root is removed, it is washed clean and dried under the sun

Bitter, acrid, cold, poisonous; act on the lung, liver and heart channels

Induce to vomit phlegmdrool, and prevent attack of malaria

Indicated for the treatment of phlegmrheum retention, fullness and sense of block in the chest and diaphragm, with no desire to eat, but desire to vomit, and various malaria, such as simple tertian malaria and quartan malaria. Normally, 5–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. If made into pills or powder, dose should be discounted

It is not suitable for the weak and pregnant women. Due to its toxicity and emetic action, dosage should not be too large

Muskmelon Fruit Pedicel (gua di) (Pedicellus Melo)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried pedicel of Cucumis melo L. of the Cucurbitaceae family. It is collected when fruit is matured in summer, and dried in the shade for use, or dry-fried until it turns yellow for use

Bitter, cold, poisonous; act on the stomach channel

Induce to vomit phlegm and food, dispel dampness and relieve jaundice

Indicated for the treatment of windphlegm syndrome, fullness and stiffness in the chest and stomach cavity, and qi rushing up or qi counter flow due to food retention, or food poisoning, and jaundice with damp-heat pathogen. Normally, 2.5–5 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder for oral use with 0.3–1 g each time. Or an appropriate amount is used externally. If blow the nose with its powder, discontinue after yellow fluid flow out from nose

Its use is prohibited in the weak, pregnant women or patients with spitting of blood, expectoration of blood, dyspepsia, or no excess pathogen in upper body

Herbs That Induce Vomit Chapter | 19

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TABLE 19.1 Properties, Actions, and Application of Common Herbs That Induce Vomit (cont.) Name of Medicinal Chalcanthite (dan fan) (Chalcanthitum)

Source and Collection Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the crystal of Chalcanthite of the natural sulfates minerals, or the manufactured brochantite (CuSO4·5H2O). It is collected throught the year, and ground into powder, or calcined and then ground into powder for use.

Property, Efficacy Clinical Application Channel Entry and Action and Usage

Caution for Use

Sour, astringent, acrid, cold, poisonous; act on the liver and gallbladder channels

Its use is prohibited in patients with weak constitution

Induce to vomit phlegmdrool, resolve toxins and eliminate dampness, eliminate putridity, and erode sore

Indicated for the treatment of throat bì (pharyngitis) due to phlegm obstructing in the throat, epilepsy due to wind-phlegm, eating poisons by mistake, red or rotten eye, sore in mouth, and ulcerative gingivitis due to fireheat, pterygium, sores, and ulcers. Normally, 0.3–0.6 g is dissolved with warm water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is ground into powder for sprinkling or applying, or dissolved with water for washing the affected area

2. Attached herbs (Table 19.2) TABLE 19.2 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Induce Vomit Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Antifebrile Dichroa Branchlet and Leaf (shu qi) (Folium Dichroae)

It is the dried tender branch and leaf of Dichroa febrifuga Lour. of the Saxifragaceae family. It is collected in summer and then dried under the sun

Bitter, acrid, warm, poisonous; act on the liver and pericardium channels

Dispel phlegm, and prevent attack of malaria

Indicated for the treatment of concretions and conglomerations (zhēng jia˘) or accumulations and gatherings (jī jù), and malaria. Normally, 3–6 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or ground into powder for oral use

Its use is cautious in patients with healthy qi deficiency or weak constitution

Veratrum Root and Rhizome (li lu) (Radix et Rhizoma Veratri Nigri)

It is the dried root and rhizome of Veratrum nigrum L. of the Liliaceae family. It is collected before forming scape during May to June, and then washed clean, and dried under the sun or by baking for use

Acrid, bitter, cold, poisonous; act on the lung, stomach and liver channels

Induce to vomit wind-phlegm, kill worms, and cure tinea

Indicated for the treatment of wind-strike with exuberant phlegm obstruction, epilepsy, malaria, scabies and tinea, and ulcer. Normally, 0.3–0.6 g is made into pills or powder as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is ground into powder and mixed with oil for applying externally

Its use is prohibited in the weak or pregnant women. It antagonizes Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin), Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) and Ginseng strains

Tungoiltree Seed Oil (tong you) (Oleum Seminis Verniciae Fordii)

It is the expressed oil from seed of Vernicia fordii (Hemsl.) AiryShaw of the Euphorbiaceae family

Sweet, acrid, cold, poisonous; act on the lung, stomach, and heart channels

Induce to vomit phlegm-drool, clear heat and resolve toxins, eliminate dampness and kill worms

Indicated for the treatment of mania due to phlegm-heat harassing the upper body and clouding the heart, throat bì (pharyngitis), swollen carbuncles and ulcers, scabies and tinea, shank sore, scald, chilblain, and fissure of skin. Normally, an appropriate amount is applied externally. Or a little is used for stimulated vomiting

It cannot be easily used for oral taking due to its toxicity. Dosage should be small

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3. Herb differentiation (Table 19.3) TABLE 19.3 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Herbs That Induce Vomit Name of Medicinal

Similarity

Differences

Dichroa Root (chang shan) (Radix Dichroae)

Both are bitter in flavor and cold in nature, and have the effect of inducing to vomit phlegm-rheum

It mainly dispels phlegm in the chest, and has the effect of preventing attack of malaria by its active constituent dichroine. Due to its bitter, acrid, and cold properties, it is suited to treat pyretic malaria and damp malaria

Muskmelon Fruit Pedicel (gua di) (Pedicellus Melo)

Besides inducing to vomit hot phlegm, it can be used for the treatment of food retained in the stomach. It contains cucurbitacin B or E and elaterin, which can reflexively excite the vomiting center to induce, vomit. It also can treat jaundice with damp-heat pathogen, and remove the water-dampness to treat headache due to dampness

Chapter 20

Herbs That Counteract Toxins, Kill Parasites, and Relieve Itching Chapter Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs

401

ABSTRACT Chinese herbal medicinals that can mainly counteract toxic substances and cure sore, kill worms, and relieve itching are called “Herbs That Counteract Toxins, Kill Parasites, and Relieve Itching”. Medicinals in this chapter are mainly for external use, and some of them are also for oral use, and suitable for the treatment of some external diseases, skin diseases, ophthalmology, and otorhinolaryngology diseases, such as sores, carbuncles, furuncles, scabies, tinea, eczema, otopyorrhea (suppurative otitis media), syphilis, insect or snake bites, and carcinoma. Keywords: herbs that counteract toxins; kill parasites and relieve itching; resolve toxins and kill worms; relieve swelling and express toxin; kill worms and relieve itching; counteract toxic substances and kill worms

Chinese herbal medicinals that can mainly counteract toxic substances and cure sore, kill worms, and relieve itching are called “Herbs That Counteract Toxins, Kill Parasites, and Relieve Itching”. Medicinals in this chapter are mainly for external use, and some of them are also for oral use, and suitable for the treatment of some external diseases, skin diseases, ophthalmology and otorhinolaryngology diseases, such as sores, carbuncles, furuncles, scabies, tinea, eczema, otopyorrhea (suppurative otitis media), syphilis, insect or snake bites, and carcinoma. The methods of external application of medicinals in this chapter are different based on different diseases and medicinal properties, such as being ground into powder for sprinkling externally, or being decocted with water for washing or applying hot compresses and bathing, as well as mouthwash, or being mixed with greases and water for applying, or being made into ointments for smearing or medicated wicks or suppositories for embolizing. When taking this chapter’s medicinals orally, they should be made into pills or powder in order to let dissolution and absorption slowly and control the dose easily. Most medicinals in this chapter have certain degree of toxicity, and belong to the so-called “counteract toxins” that means using toxic medicinals to inhibit other toxins. Therefore, no matter of external use or oral use, dosage and usage should be strictly controlled and overdose or continuous use should be prohibited in order to avoid side-effects. Preparation should follow closely to the line of processing and pharmaceutics regulation in order to reduce toxicity and ensure safety of medication. The modern pharmacological research indicates most medicinals in this chapter have the actions of antiinflammation and sterilization, and can kill bacterium, fungus, sarcoptic mite, acarid, or infusorium. After external application in local area, membrane may be formed to protect the wound, alleviate inflammatory reaction and stimulation. Some medicinals have astriction and can solidify extrinsic protein, contract local blood vessel, and alleviate hyperemia and exudation to promote wound healing.

SPECIFIC APPLICATION KNOWLEDGE OF HERBS 1. Primary herbs (Table 20.1)

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TABLE 20.1 Properties, Actions and Application of Common Herbs That Counteract Toxins, Kill Parasites and Relieve Itching

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Realgar (xiong huang) (Realgar)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the red orpiment of the Realgar family of the sulfides minerals. It contains red arsenic sulfide (As2S2). It is collected in whole year; after impurities are removed, it is ground into fine powder or ground with water for use

Acrid, warm, poisonous; act on the liver and large intestine channels

Resolve toxins and kill worms, dry dampness and dispel phlegm, and prevent attack of malaria

Indicated for the treatment of swollen carbuncles, furuncles and sores, eczema and scabies and tinea, snake or insect bites, abdominal pain due to worm accumulation, convulsive epilepsy, and malaria. Normally, an appropriate amount is ground into powder for applying or mixed with sesame oil for applying, or fumigating the affected area. Or 0.05–0.1 g is made into pills or powder as an oral dose

Its use is cautious for oral taking. Don’t use it in large area and for a long time. And its use is prohibited in pregnant women

Sulfur (liu huang) (Sulfur)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the native sulfur of the Sulfur family of the natural elements minerals. It is collected in whole year, and then heated and melted, and impurities are removed; or obtained by processing the sulfide minerals

Sour, warm, poisonous; act on the kidney and large intestine channels

External use: resolve toxins and kill worms and cure sore; oral use: supplement fire and assist yang and promote defecation

Indicated for the treatment of scabies and tinea, favus, dorsal furuncles, and ulcers through external use, and yang wĕi (impotence), cold feet, deficiency-type panting, cold wheezing, and constipation due to deficiency-cold through oral use. Normally, an appropriate amount is ground into powder and mixed with oil for applying the affected area. Or 1.5–3 g is processed and made into pills or powder for oral use

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women and patients with vigorous fire due to yin deficiency, and not suited to use together with Natrii Sulfas (mang xiao) and Natrii Sulfas Exsiccatus (xuan ming fen)

Name of Medicinal

Caution for Use

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TABLE 20.1 Properties, Actions and Application of Common Herbs That Counteract Toxins, Kill Parasites and Relieve Itching (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Alum (bai fan) (Alumen)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the processed and refined product of alunite of the sulfates minerals. It mainly contains hydrous potassium aluminium sulfate [KAl(SO4)2·12H2O]. It is collected in whole year; after the mixed stone is removed, it is pounded to pieces for use

Sour, astringent, cold; act on the lung, spleen, liver, and large intestine channels

External use: resolve toxins and kill worms, dry dampness and relieve itching; oral use: stanch bleeding and arrest diarrhea, dispel windphlegm

Indicated for the treatment of eczema, scabies and tinea with itching, proctoptosis, piles, otopyorrhea (suppurative otitis media) with suppuration through external use, and chronic diarrhea, bloody stool, flooding, and spotting (uterine bleeding), epilepsy and mania. Normally, an appropriate amount is ground into powder for sprinkling or applying or dissolved with water for washing the affected area. Or 0.6–1.5 g is made into pills or powder for oral use

Its use is prohibited in the weak or patients with weakness of the stomach, or without damp-heat and phlegm-fire

Greenvitriol (zao fan) or (lü fan) (Melanteritum)

Initially recorded in Formulas for Universal Relief (pu ji fang). It is the mineral of melanterite of the sulfates minerals. It mainly contains hydrous ferrous sulfate (FeSO4·7H2O). It is collected in whole year; after the mixed stone is removed, it is pounded to pieces for use

Sour, cool; act on the liver and spleen channels

Resolve toxins and dry dampness, kill worms and supplement the blood

Indicated for the treatment of skin yellowing with swelling, distention and fullness, infantile malnutrition with accumulation, chronic dysentery, bloody stool, sallow skin due to blood deficiency, eczema, scabies and tinea, throat bì (pharyngitis) and sore in mouth. Normally, 0.8–1.6 g is made into pills or powder for oral use. Or an appropriate amount is ground into powder for sprinkling or applying externally

Don’t decoct it. Overdose may cause vomiting and abdominal pain. Its use is cautious in pregnant women and patients with weakness of the stomach

(Continued )

404 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 20.1 Properties, Actions and Application of Common Herbs That Counteract Toxins, Kill Parasites and Relieve Itching (cont.)

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Cnidium Fruit (she chuang zi) (Fructus Cnidii)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried matured fruit of Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cuss of the Umbelliferae family. It is collected when matured in summer and autumn; after impurities are removed, it is dried under the sun

Toad Venom (chan su) (Venenum Bufonis)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Medicinal Properties (yao xing lun). It is the dried secretion of Bufo bufo gargarizans Cantor or Bufo melanostictus Schneider of the Bufonidae family. Toad is usually caught in summer and autumn, and then washed clean; the white serous fluid from parotid gland and cutaneous gland is collected, processed and dried

Name of Medicinal

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Acrid, bitter, warm, slightly poisonous; act on the kidney channel

Dry dampness and dispel wind, kill worms and relieve itching, warm the kidney and strengthen yang

Indicated for the treatment of vaginal itching, eczema, scabies, and tinea, abnormal vaginal discharge due to cold-damp, fixed bì (dampness bì) syndrome with low back pain, yang wĕi (impotence) due to kidney deficiency, and infertility due to uterus cold. Normally, 3–10 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is decocted with water for fumigating and washing, or ground into powder for applying

For oral use, it is not suitable for patients with vigorous fire due to yin deficiency or damp-heat in the lower jiao

Acrid, warm, poisonous; act on the heart channel

Resolve toxins, relieve pain, and open the orifices (resuscitate)

Indicated for the treatment of carbuncleabscess, furuncles and sores, swelling and pain of the throat, scrofula, toothache, heat stroke with unconsciousness, and acute filthy disease with abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhea (eruptive abdominal disease). Normally, 0.015–0.03 g is ground into fine powder and made into pills or powder as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is mixed in plaster for applying the affected area

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women. Don’t make it touch eyes. For oral use, overdose should be prohibited due to its toxicity

Caution for Use

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TABLE 20.1 Properties, Actions and Application of Common Herbs That Counteract Toxins, Kill Parasites and Relieve Itching (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Camphor (zhang nao) (Camphora)

Initially recorded in Essentials of Materia Medica Distinctions (ben cao pin hui jing yao). It is the granular crystal processed from the branch, strunk, leaf and root of Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Presl. of the Lauraceae family. The old tree is cut down during September to December every year, sawed into pieces, distilled in distillatory; after cooling, the crude camphor can be formed and then refined

Acrid, hot, poisonous; act on the heart and spleen channels

Eliminate dampness and kill worms, warm and dissipate to relieve pain, open the orifices (resuscitate) and dispel filth

Indicated for the treatment of scabies and tinea with itching, eczema with ulceration, or sores and ulcers, pain and injury from falling down, toothache, acute filthy disease with abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhea and loss of consciousness. Normally, 0.1–0.2 g is made into powder or dissolved with wine as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is ground into powder or mixed with wine or ointment for applying externally

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women, or patients with qi-yin depletion or fever, and cautious in patients with sensitive skin

Cochinchina Momordica Seed (mu bie zi) (Semen Momordicae)

Initially recorded in Materia Medica of the Kaibao Era (kai bao ben cao). It is the matured seed of Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng. of the Cucurbitaceae family. The matured fruit is collected in autumn, then slivered and dried under the sun until 50% is dry; after pulp is removed, the seed is collected and dried

Bitter, slightly sweet, cool, poisonous; act on the liver, spleen, and stomach channels

Dissipate masses and relieve swelling, counteract toxic substances and cure sore

Indicated for the treatment of swollen carbuncles, furuncles, ringworm sores, acne, mammary abscess, scrofula (lymph node tuberculosis), hemorrhoids, and fistula, psoriasis, favus, painful bì syndrome due to wind-damp, and spasms of the sinews. Normally, 0.9–1.2 g is made into pills or powder as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is ground into powder and mixed with oil or vinegar for applying the affected area

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women and patients with weak constitution

(Continued )

406 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 20.1 Properties, Actions and Application of Common Herbs That Counteract Toxins, Kill Parasites and Relieve Itching (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Chinese Honeylocust Spine (zao jiao ci) (Spina Gleditsiae)

Initially recorded in Supplement to the “Extension of the Materia Medica” (ben cao yan yi bu yi). It is the dried thorn of Gleditsia sinensis Lam. of the Leguminosae family. It is collected in whole year, and then dried under the sun, or cut into pieces while fresh, and then dried

Acrid, warm; act on the liver and stomach channels

Relieve swelling and express toxin, expel pus, and kill worms

Indicated for the treatment of carbuncleabscess in the initial stage, or pus forming without ulceration, scrofula, pestilential wind (leprosy), herpes, stubborn dermatitis, reduced, or absent lactation after childbirth, retention of the placenta, scabies and tinea. Normally, 3–10 g is decocted with water or made into pills or powder as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is steamed with vinegar for applying or ground into powder for sprinkling the affected area

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women, or patients with ulcerated sores and carbuncles

Golden Larch Bark (tu jing pi) (Cortex Pseudolaricis)

Initially recorded in Supplement to “The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica” (ben cao gang mu shi yi). It is the dried root bark or near root tree bark of Pseudolarix amabilis (Nelson) Rehd. of the Pinaceae family. It is collected in summer and dried under the sun

Acrid, warm, poisonous; act on the lung and spleen channels

Kill worms, cure tinea, relieve itching, and eliminate dampness

Indicated for the treatment of ringworm of body, tinea of feet and hands, tinea capitis, or scabies with itching eczema, lichen simplex chronicus (neurodermatitis), and itch of skin. Normally, an appropriate amount is steeped in wine or vinegar, or ground into powder for applying the affected area, or decocted with water for washing externally

For external use only, not for drinking

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TABLE 20.1 Properties, Actions and Application of Common Herbs That Counteract Toxins, Kill Parasites and Relieve Itching (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Honeycomb (feng fang) (Nidus Vespae)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the dried nest of Polistes olivaceous (DeGeer), Polistes japonicus Saussure or Parapolybia varia Fabricius of the Vespidae family. It is collected in autumn and winter, and then dried under the sun, or slightly steamed; after dead bee and pupa are removed, it is dried under the sun

Sweet, neutral; act on the stomach channel

Counteract toxic substances and kill worms, dispel wind, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of swollen sores and ulcers, mammary abscess, scrofula, stubborn dermatitis with itching, tumor, tinea mannum, toothache, rubella with itching, and painful bì syndrome due to winddamp. Normally, 3–5 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is ground into powder and mixed oil for applying the affected area, or decocted with water for rinsing the mouth or fumigating and washing the affected area

Its use is cautious in patients with qi deficiency or renal insufficiency

Garlic Bulb (da suan) (Bulbus Allii)

Initially recorded in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians (ming yi bie lu). It is the squamous bulb of Allium sativum L. of the Liliaceae family. It is collected when leaf is withered in summer; after fibrous root and sediment are removed, it is placed in a cool, ventilated and dry place until dry

Acrid, warm; act on the spleen, stomach and lung channels

Resolve toxins and relieve swelling, kill worms and arrest dysentery

Indicated for the treatment of swollen carbuncles, sores and ulcers, scabies and tinea, diarrhea, dysentery, tuberculosis of lung, whooping cough (nonproductive; without expectoration), ancylostomiasis, enterobiasis, or cold pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen. Normally, 9–15 g is directly for eating, or made into syrup for oral use. Or an appropriate amount is used externally

It is not suitable for applying externally for a long time. Its use is prohibited in patients with vigorous fire due to yin deficiency, or eye, tongue, throat, mouth and tooth diseases

408 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

2. Attached herbs (Table 20.2)

TABLE 20.2 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Counteract Toxins, Kill Parasites, and Relieve Itching Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Shrub Althea Bark (mu jin pi) (Cortex Hibisci Syriaci)

It is the stem bark or root bark of Hibiscus syriacus L. of the Malvaceae family. Stem bark is collected during April to May, and dried under the sun; Root bark is collected in late Autumn and dried under the sun

Sweet, bitter, slightly cold; act on the large intestine, liver, and spleen channels

Clear heat and drain dampness, kill worms, and relieve itching

Indicated for the treatment of diarrhea and dysentery due to damp-heat, intestinal wind (i.e., bloody stool), prolapse of the rectum, hemorrhoids, leucorrhea with red and white discharge, trichomonas vaginalis, scabies and tinea, and eczema of scrotum. Normally, an appropriate amount is steeped in wine for applying or decocted with water for fumigating and washing the affected area

Its use is cautious in patients without dampheat

Hydnocarpus Seed (da feng zi) (Semen Hydnocarpi)

It is the matured seed of Hydnocarpus anthelmintica Pierre or Hydnocarpus hainanensis (Merr.) Sleum of the Flacourtiaceae family. It is collected when pericarp is split during October to December, and then placed until pulp becomes soft, decorticated; the seed is washed clean and dried under the sun

Acrid, hot, poisonous; act on the liver and spleen channels

Dispel wind and dry dampness, counteract toxins and kill worms

Indicated for the treatment of leprosy, syphilitic lesions, scabies and tinea, rosacea, measles, dermatitis, rhagades of hand and foot, and acne. Normally, an appropriate amount is pounded, or calcined with its property retained and ground into powder for applying the affected area, or made into pills or powder for oral use with 0.3–1 g each time

Due to its fierce toxicity, it is usually just for external use; if for oral use, its use should be cautious and prohibited in patients with blood heat and yin deficiency

Toad Skin (chan pi) (Cutis Bufonis)

It is the dried visceraremoved body of Bufo bufo gargarizans Cantor or Bufo melanostictus Schneider of the Bufonidae family. Toad is caught in summer and autumn; after toad venom and viscera are removed successively, it is dried under the sun

Bitter, cold, slightly poisonous; act on the heart, lung, spleen, and large intestine channels

Clear heat and resolve toxins, promote urination and relieve distention

Indicated for the treatment of carbuncle-abscess due to heat toxin, scrofula, eczema, infantile malnutrition with accumulation and abdominal distention, and chronic bronchitis. Normally, 3–9 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or ground into powder for oral use. Or an appropriate amount of the fresh one is for directly applying, or the dried one is ground into powder for applying the affected area

Its use is prohibited in patients with exterior heat and deficient distention

Lanceleaf Anisetree Root-Bark (mang cao) (Cortex Illicii Lanceolati Radicis)

It is the leaf of Illicium lanceolatum A. C. Smith of the Magnoliaceae family. It is collected in spring and autumn for use, or dried under the sun for use

Acrid, warm, poisonous; and act on the liver and lung channels

Dispel wind and relieve pain, relieve swelling and dissipate masses, kill worms and relieve itching

Indicated for the treatment of head-wind (recurrent headache), paralytic skin, swollen carbuncles, mammary abscess, scrofula, throat bì (pharyngitis), hernia, conglomerations (movable lower abdominal masses of indefinite shape; jia˘ ), scabies and tinea, favus, carious pain and hircismus. Normally, an appropriate amount is pounded or ground into powder for applying the affected area, or decocted with water for fumigating and washing or as mouthwash

Its use is prohibited for taking orally. Avoid contact with eyes

Herbs That Counteract Toxins, Kill Parasites, and Relieve Itching Chapter | 20

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TABLE 20.2 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Counteract Toxins, Kill Parasites, and Relieve Itching (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Dried Alum (ku fan) (Alumen Dehydratum)

It is dehydrated alum, which is the calcined product of Alumen of the sulfates minerals. The clean alum is heated in marmite and melted, and calcined until it is dry

Sour, astringent, cold, poisonous; act on the lung, spleen, stomach and large intestine channels

Fibriferrite (huang fan) (Fibroferritum)

It is the mineral of fibriferrite of the sulfates minerals. It is collected in whole year, and then the mixed stone is removed

Mercury (shui yin) (Hydrargyrum)

It is the natural mercury of the natural elements liquid minerals. It is mainly processed and refined from cinnabar

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Eliminate dampness and close sore, stanch bleeding and remove putridity

Indicated for the treatment of eczema, proctoptosis, hemorrhoids, otopyorrhea (suppurative otitis media) with suppuration, vaginal itching, abnormal vaginal discharge, nosebleed, bleeding from gum, and nasal polyps. Normally, an appropriate amount is ground into powder for sprinkling or applying. Or 1–5 g is made into pills or powder as an oral dose

Its use is prohibited in patients with yin deficiency and weak stomach or no damp-heat

Sour, astringent, salty, cold, poisonous; act on the liver and large intestine channels

Resolve toxins and kill worms, and close sore

Indicated for the treatment of hemorrhoids, fistula, ulcers, scabies and tinea, and otopyorrhea (suppurative otitis media) with suppuration. Normally, an appropriate amount is ground into powder for sprinkling or applying the affected area externally. Or 0.5 g is made into pills or powder as an oral dose

It is usually for external use. If for oral use, it should be cautious. Don’t take it for a long time

Acrid, cold, extremely poisonous; act on the heart, liver and kidney channels

Kill worms and counteract toxins

Indicated for the treatment of dry or wet scabies with severe itching, tinea, leprosy, syphilis, carbuncle-abscess, ulcers, and hemorrhoids. Normally, an appropriate amount is for applying the affected area externally

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women. Don’t take it orally and use for a long time

3. Herb differentiation (Table 20.3) TABLE 20.3 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Herbs That Counteract Toxins, Kill Parasites, and Relieve Itching Name of Medicinal

Similarity

Differences

Realgar (xiong huang) (Realgar)

Both can resolve toxins and kill worms, and are often used for the treatment of scabies, tinea, ulcers, and eczema

Its effects of resolving toxins and curing sores are strong, and it is mainly used for the treatment of carbuncleabscess, ulcers, insect or snake bites. If for oral use, it also can kill worms, dry dampness, dispel phlegm, and prevent attack of malaria so as to treat abdominal pain due to worm accumulation, wheezing and panting, malaria, and convulsive epilepsy

Sulfur (liu huang) (Sulfur)

Its effects of killing worms and relieving itching are strong, and are often used for the treatment of scabies and tinea, eczema, and itch of skin. It also has the effects of supplementing fire and assisting yang and promoting defecation, and can treat cold panting, yang wĕi (impotence), and constipation due to deficiency-cold through oral use (Continued )

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TABLE 20.3 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Herbs That Counteract Toxins, Kill Parasites, and Relieve Itching (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Similarity

Differences

Cnidium Fruit (she chuang zi) (Fructus Cnidii)

Both can relieve itching, and treat eczema, vaginal itching, and abnormal vaginal discharge

It can dissipate cold and dry dampness, kill worms and relieve itching, and is suitable for the treatment of patients with eczema, vaginal itching, and abnormal vaginal discharge due to cold-damp or deficiency-cold. It also can treat scabies and tinea. In addition, it also has the effects of warming the kidney and strengthening yang, and can treat yang wĕi (impotence), infertility due to uterus cold, and fixed bì (dampness bì) syndrome with low back pain

Belvedere Fruit (di fu zi) (Fructus Kochiae)

Cochinchina Momordica Seed (mu bie zi) (Semen Momordicae) Nux Vomica Seed (ma qian zi) (Semen Strychni)

It can clear heat and drain dampness to relieve itching, and is especially suitable for the treatment of patients with eczema, vaginal itching, and abnormal vaginal discharge due to damp-heat. And it also can treat difficulty in micturition, heat strangury or painful urination Both are poisonous, can relieve swelling and dissipate masses, unblock the collaterals and relieve pain, and used for the treatment of swollen sores and carbuncles with pain, or pain due to injury from falling down

It is the plant seed of the Cucurbitaceae family, good at counteracting toxins and curing sores, and often used for the treatment of swollen ulcers due to heat toxin, scrofula, mammary abscess, and haemorrhoids. In addition, it also can treat psoriasis, favus, and hypertonicity of the sinews It is the plant seed of the Loganiaceae family, has extremely poisonous, should be used cautiously, and good at unblocking the collaterals and relieving masses and swelling, and relieving pain, and used for the treatment of obstinate bì syndrome due to wind-damp, numbness and hemiplegia (half-body paralysis), injury from falling down. Its effect of relieving pain is stronger than that of Semen Momordicae (mu bie zi)

Chapter 21

Herbs That Draw Out Toxins, Remove Putridity, and Engender Flesh Chapter Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Herbs

411

ABSTRACT Chinese herbal medicinals that can mainly draw out toxic substances, remove necrotic tissue, and regenerate tissue to heal wound or close sore are called “Herbs That Draw Out Toxins, Remove Putridity, and Engender Flesh”. Medicinals in this chapter are mainly suited to treat carbuncle-abscess, sores, and ulcers with pus incompletely discharging or dead and decaying flesh forming after ulceration, difficulty in regeneration of new flesh and difficulty in healing of wound or cancer or syphilis. Keywords: herbs that draw out toxins; remove putridity and engender flesh; close sore and engender flesh; draw out toxins; remove putridity; expel pus

Chinese herbal medicinals that can mainly draw out toxic substances, remove necrotic tissue, and regenerate tissue to heal wound or close sore are called “Herbs That Draw Out Toxins, Remove Putridity, and Engender Flesh”. Medicinals in this chapter are mainly suited to treat carbuncle-abscess, sores, and ulcers with pus incompletely discharging or dead and decaying flesh forming after ulceration, difficulty in regeneration of new flesh and difficulty in healing of wound or cancer or syphilis. Some medicinals can also be used to treat eczema with itching in dermatology, aphtha, larynx diseases, and red eye with nebula in ophthalmology and otorhinolaryngology. The methods of external application of medicinals in this chapter are different based on pathogenic condition and purpose, such as being ground into powder for sprinkling externally or mixed with oil for applying, or made into medicated wicks, or using external plaster to apply, or putting medicine in eyes, blowing medicine into throat, or snuffing or dropping medicine into ears. Most medicinals in this chapter are minerals and heavy metals or their processed and refined products, and have fierce toxicity or strong stimulation. When using them, dosage and administration should be strictly controlled; for external application, overdose or long-term use should be prohibited. Some medicinals are not suitable for using on the head and face and mucous membrane in order to avoid side-effects and ensure the safety of medication. Among the total, the arsenious, hydrargyrate, and leady medicinals have strong toxic and side effects, which should be paid more attention to. The modern pharmacological research indicates most herbs that draw out toxins, remove putridity, and engender flesh, and can inhibit and kill pathogenic microorganism. Some medicinals have the effects of antisepsis, astringing, protecting, and promoting wound healing.

SPECIFIC APPLICATION KNOWLEDGE OF HERBS 1. Primary herbs (Table 21.1)

Essentials of Chinese Materia Medica and Medical Formulas. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812722-3.00021-X Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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412 PART | I Chinese Materia Medica

TABLE 21.1 Properties, Actions and Application of Common Herbs That Draw Out Toxins, Remove Putridity and Engender Flesh Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Mercuric Oxide (sheng yao) (Hydrargyrum Oxydatum Crudum)

Initially recorded in The Great Compendium of External Medicine (wai ke da cheng). It is the processed product through subliming the mixture of equal parts of mercury, potassium nitrate and alum

Acrid, hot, extremely poisonous; act on the lung and spleen channels

Draw out toxin and remove putridity

Indicated for the treatment of carbuncleabscess with ulceration, restricted discharging of pus, dead and decaying flesh, difficulty in engendering new flesh, eczema, yellow-water sores (impetiginous sores), stubborn dermatitis, and syphilis. Normally, an appropriate amount is for external use only, and combined with Gypsum Fibrosum Praeparatum (duan shi gao) to use

Don’t take orally and use overdose or continually. It is not suitable for patients with decaying flesh of external ulcers rotting away or ichor draining away

Calomel (qing fen) (Calomelas)

Initially recorded in Supplement to ‘The Materia Medica’ (ben cao shi yi). It is the crystalline powder of mercury protochloride (Hg2Cl2) processed by subliming the mixture of mercury, alum (or chalcanthite), and sodium chloride

Acrid, cold, poisonous; act on the large intestine and small intestine channels

External use: kill worms, counteract toxins and close sore; oral use: dispel phlegm and disperse accumulation, expel water and promote defecation

Indicated for the treatment of sores and ulcers, scabies with itching, stubborn dermatitis, eczema, ecthyma, and syphilis by external use, or stagnated phlegmdrool, edema and abdominal tympanites, and difficulty in defecation and micturition by oral use. Normally, an appropriate amount is ground into powder for applying the affected area. Or 0.1–0.2 g is made into pills or capsulated as an oral dose. After taking, rinse the mouth

Don’t use overdose. Its use should be cautious for taking orally, and prohibited in pregnant women

Arsenolite (pi shi) (Arsenolitum)

Initially recorded in Ri Hua-zi’s Materia Medica (ri hua zi ben cao). It is the mineral of Arsenolite or processed product of the arsenious minerals, such as arsenopyrite and realgar. The sublimed and refined product of arsenolite ore is arsenic

Acrid, extremely hot, extremely poisonous; act on the lung and liver channels

External use: counteract toxins and kill worms, erode sore and remove putridity; oral use: dispel phlegm and relieve panting, and prevent attack of malaria

Indicated for the treatment of ulcers with dead and decaying flesh not rotting away, scrofula, stubborn dermatitis, ulcerative gingivitis, haemorrhoids, lingering wheezing and panting due to cold-phlegm, and malaria. Normally, an appropriate amount is ground into powder for sprinkling or applying the affected area, or made into medicated wicks. Or 0.002–0.004 g is made into pills or powder as an oral dose

Due to its extreme toxicity, its use should be cautious for taking orally or external application, and prohibited in pregnant women. Don’t make into wine preparation for oral use. Avoid being calcined

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TABLE 21.1 Properties, Actions and Application of Common Herbs That Draw Out Toxins, Remove Putridity and Engender Flesh (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Lead Oxide (qian dan) (Minium)

Initially recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (shen nong ben cao jing). It is the lead oxide (Pb3O4) made by pure lead. The raw or dry-fried one is for use

Acrid, slightly cold, poisonous; act on the heart and liver channels

Draw out toxins and engender flesh, kill worms and relieve itching

Indicated for the treatment of sores and ulcers, eczema with itching, scabies, and tinea, body odor, and rosacea by external use, or convulsive epilepsy, depressive psychosis and mania, and malaria by oral use. Normally, an appropriate amount is ground into powder for sprinkling externally and decocted into paste for applying the affected area. Or 0.3–0.6 g is made into pills or powder as an oral dose

Its use should be cautious. Don’t use it continually in order to avoid cumulative intoxication

Calamine (lu gan shi) (Calamina)

Initially recorded in Materia Medica for External Elixirs (wai dan ben cao). It is the zincspar of the Calcite family of the carbonates minerals. It mainly contains zinc carbonate (ZnCO3). It is collected in whole year, and washed clean; after mixed stone is removed, it is dried under the sun

Sweet, neutral; act on the liver and spleen channels

Resolve toxins and improve vision and remove nebula, eliminate dampness and relieve itching and close sore

Indicated for the treatment of red eye with swelling and pain, eyelid marginal ulceration, excessive tearing and photophobia, nebula covering cornea, pterygium eye, unhealing ulcer, dripping pus, and eczema with itching. Normally, an appropriate amount is ground into powder for sprinkling or applying the affected area externally, or ground with water as eyedrops or for blowing into throat

Generally, don’t take orally. It should be used after processing

(Continued )

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TABLE 21.1 Properties, Actions and Application of Common Herbs That Draw Out Toxins, Remove Putridity and Engender Flesh (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Borax (peng sha) (Borax)

Initially recorded in Ri Hua-zi’s Materia Medica (ri hua zi ben cao). It is the crystalline solid processed through purifying and refining the natural mineral borax. It is also called zala, and collected during August to November; after mixed stone is removed, it is pounded to pieces. The raw or calcined one is for use

Sweet, salty, cool; act on the lung and stomach channels

External use: clear heat and resolve toxins; oral use: clear lung heat and dissolve phlegm

Indicated for the treatment of swelling and pain of the throat, sore in mouth and tongue, red eye with nebula or pterygium, pudendal ulcer; or for the treatment of cough due to phlegm-heat. Normally, 1.5–3 g is made into pills or powder as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is ground into fine powder for sprinkling or applying the affected area, or dissolved with boiling water for douching or mouthwash

It is mainly used externally, and its use should be cautious in patients with weak constitution

Beeswax (feng la) (Cera Flava)

Initially recorded in Modern Practical Chinese Materia Medica (xian dai shi yong zhong yao). It is the wax secreted from Apis cerana Fabricius or Apis mellifera Linnaeus of the Apidae family. It is refined product of wax made through heating the honeycomb, filtering and congealing

Sweet, slightly warm; act on the spleen channel

Resolve toxins, close sore, engender flesh and relieve pain, and arrest dysentery

Indicated for the treatment of carbuncleabscess, unhealing ulcer, ecthyma erosion, sudden precordial pain, dysentery with bloody pus, chronic diarrhea, external injury with ulceration, burn, and scald. Normally, an appropriate amount is dissolved for applying the affected area externally. It is often used as a ground substance of vehicles and salves of Chinese patent medicine. Or 5–10 g is dissolved as an oral dose, or made into pills

Its use is prohibited in patients with damp-heat dysentery in the initial stage

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2. Attached herbs (Table 21.2)

TABLE 21.2 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Draw Out Toxins, Remove Putridity, and Engender Flesh Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Litharge (mi tuo seng) (Lithargyrum)

It is the by-product sedimentation on the bottom of furnace when silver and lead are refined from galena of the galenite family of the sulfides minerals. It is processed in whole year. Lead is smelted, cooled, and turns lead oxide, and impurities are removed

Salty, acrid, neutral; act on the liver and spleen channels

Dry dampness, kill worms, resolve toxins, astringe, and antisepticize

Indicated for the treatment of sores and ulcers without closing for a long time, sore in mouth, eczema, scabies and tinea, hircismus, sweat stain, rosacea, burn and scald. Normally, an appropriate amount is ground into powder for sprinkling or applying externally. Or 0.2–0.5 g is ground into powder for oral use, or made into pills or powder

Its use is prohibited in the weak, pregnant women, and children, and cautious for oral use. Don’t take overdose and use more than a week

Cottonrose Hibiscus Leaf (mu fu rong ye) (Folium Hibisci Mutabilis)

It is the leaf of Hibiscus mutabilis L. of the Malvaceae family. It is collected in summer and autumn, and then dried in the shade or sun, and ground into powder for storage

Acrid, slightly bitter, cool; act on the lung and liver channels

Clear lung heat and cool the blood, resolve toxins, and relieve swelling

Indicated for the treatment of cough due to lung heat, red eye with swelling and pain, carbuncle-abscess, ulcers, herpes zoster, impetigo, pyelonephritis, burn and scald, thanatophidia bite, and injury from falling down. Normally, 10–30 g is decocted with water as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount of powder is for applying

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women

Japanese Buttercup Herb (mao gen) (Herba Ranunculi Japonici)

It is the entire plant and root of Ranunculus japonicas Thunb. of the Ranunculaceae family. It is collected in late summer and early autumn, and then washed clean, and dried in the shade

Acrid, warm, poisonous; act on the liver, gallbladder, heart, and stomach channels

Relieve jaundice, calm panting, prevent attack of malaria, relieve pain and remove nebula

Indicated for the treatment of jaundice, wheezing and panting, malaria, swollen carbuncles, and sores without ulceration, scrofula, toothache, hemilateral headache (migraine), joint pain due to wind-damp, and eye with nebula. Normally, an appropriate amount is pounded for applying, or decocted with water for washing the affected area

It cannot be taken orally, and its use should be cautious in pregnant women, and prohibited in patients with damaged skin or allergy

Red Oxide of Mexcury (hong fen) (Hydrargyri Oxydum Rubrum)

It is the red mercuric oxide (HgO) refined from the mixture of mercury, niter and alum, or mercury and nitric acid

Acrid, hot, extremely poisonous; act on the lung and spleen channels

Draw out toxins, expel pus, remove putridity, and engender flesh

Indicated for the treatment of carbuncle-abscess, furuncles and sores, syphilitic chancre, and ulcers with purple-dusky flesh, dead or decaying flesh, sinus tract, fistula, dripping ichor, and not closing for a long time. Normally, a suitable amount is ground into fine powder, or combined with other medicinals as powder or medicated wicks for external use

It is only for external use, and not suitable for long-term use, and its use is prohibited in pregnant women

(Continued )

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TABLE 21.2 Introduction to Attached Herbs That Draw Out Toxins, Remove Putridity, and Engender Flesh (cont.) Name of Medicinal

Source and Collection

Property, Channel Entry

Efficacy and Action

Clinical Application and Usage

Caution for Use

Gypsum Ustum (duan shi gao) (Gypsum Fibrosum Praeparatum)

It is the processed product of gypsum. The clean gypsum is calcined in ingle without smoke or crucible until it is crisp, taken out and aired until cool, and broken into pieces for use

Sweet, acrid, astringent, cold; act on the lung and stomach channels

Eliminate dampness, engender flesh, close sore, and stanch bleeding

Indicated for the treatment of ulcers without closing, eczema with itching, burn due to hot liquid or fire, and bleeding from external injury. Normally, an appropriate amount is ground into powder for sprinkling the affected area

It is not suitable for patients with deficiency- cold of the spleen and stomach

Propolis (feng jiao) (Propolis)

It is the yellow brown or black brown stickum secreted by Apis cerana Fabricius of the Apidae family, which used to repair honeycomb. It is collected when looking up bees every 10 days in warm season, and then squeezed into balls, wrapped with a piece of wax paper, placed in plastic bag and stored in cool place

Bitter, acrid, cold; act on the spleen and stomach channels

Supplement the deficiency, remove turbid fat, relieve wasting-thirst, resolve toxins and relieve swelling, astringe and engender flesh

Indicated for the treatment of gastric ulcer, mouth ulcer, cervical erosion, herpes zoster, psoriasis vulgaris, psoriasis, skin fissure with pain, clavus, burn and scald, callus, and verruca vulgaris. Normally, 1–2 g is made into tablets or alcohol extract as an oral dose. Or an appropriate amount is made into tinctures or ointments for applying the affected area

Its use is cautious in patients with allergy

Colophony (song xiang) (Colophonium)

It is the solid resin extracted by distillation or removing volatile oil from the effused oleoresin of Pinus massoniana Lamb., Pinus tabulaeformis Carr., Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. or Pinus thunbergii Parl. of the Pinaceae family

Bitter, sweet, warm; act on the liver and spleen channels

Dispel wind and dry dampness, evacuate pus, engender flesh and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of carbuncle-abscess, ulcers, scrofula, fistula, scabies and tinea, tinea tonsure, pestiferous leprous diseases, bì syndrome, incised wound, sprain, abnormal vaginal discharge and thromboangiitis obliterans. Normally, an appropriate amount is ground into powder for applying. Or 3–5 g is decocted with water as an oral dose, or made into pills or powder

Its use is prohibited in patients with blood deficiency, internal heat and excess fire. Don’t take for a long time or the unprocessed one

3. Herb differentiation (Table 21.3) TABLE 21.3 Differentiation between Similar Efficacy Herbs That Draw Out Toxins, Remove Putridity, and Engender Flesh Name of Medicinal

Similarity

Differences

Arsenolite (pi shi) (Arsenolitum)

Arsenolitum (pi shi) originates from Realgar (xiong huang), both can treat carbuncleabscess and sores, scabies and tinea by external use, and can dissolve phlegm, prevent attack of malaria and calm panting so as to treat wheezing and panting, and malaria by oral use

Its effects of corroding sores and removing necrotic tissue are strong, and it is often used for the treatment of ulcers with decaying flesh not rotting away, scrofula, ulcerative gingivitis, and hemorrhoids in order to remove the necrotic flesh. Its toxicity is far more than Realgar (xiong huang), so when use it, the dose should be strictly controlled

Realgar (xiong huang) (Realgar)

Its toxicity is less than that of Arsenolitum (pi shi). It has the effects of resolving toxins and killing worms, and can treat thanatophidia bite and intestinal parasitic diseases

Part II

Chinese Medical Formulas INTRODUCTION TO CHINESE MEDICAL FORMULAS Formula (fang ji) is initially recorded in Formulas for Fifty-Two Diseases (wu shi er bing fang) and is the combination of medicinals that treat certain pathogenic conditions. A formula is formed according to certain rules (principles of formulating formula) to select an appropriate medicinal, determine its dosage, and clearly demarcate the primary and secondary ingredients. Through different medicinals and different combinations of medicinals, hundreds of thousands of formulas with different therapeutic efficacies have been composed. Only after gaining familiarity with the properties, flavors, channel entries, efficacies, and actions of medicinals, the combination meaning of a formula and characteristic principle of a formulating formula can be understood and grasped. In ancient China more than 2000 years ago, there existed a single medicinal for treating disease. After a long period of medical practice, people learned to combine several medicinals and decoct them into a decoction, which was the earliest formula. Formulas usually consisted of four parts: chief medicinal (jun yao), deputy medicinal (chen yao), assistant medicinal (zuo yao), and envoy medicinal (shi yao). Modern science and technology has provided favorable conditions for the investigation of the formulas’ clinical applications, experimental research, and development of dosage forms. In clinical application, according to the characteristics of the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) pattern differentiation and treatment, as well as clinical frequently occurring and commonly encountered diseases, extensive usage of the ancient and modern formulas has been proven to induce remarkable therapeutic effects on diseases, such as those of the digestive system, respiratory system, cardiovascular system, urogenital system, locomotor system, and nervous system, and communicable diseases, neoplasms, and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Chinese medical formulas (fang ji xue) refer to a discipline that specializes in the research of the principles of formulating formulas, regulation of their combination, and their clinical applications. Chinese medical formulas are an important part of TCM and are one of the TCM major basic disciplines, which bridge and link TCM basic theory and different clinic subjects, and is the required basic course of various TCM majors. Chinese medical formulas has gradually matured based on extensive clinical practice by many medical and pharmaceutical experts in the past dynasties, which not only has been accumulated tens of thousands of effective formulas, such as Encyclopedia of Chinese Medicinal Formulas (zhong yi fang ji da ci dian) that collected 96,592 ancient and modern formulas, but also forms the complete system of its theory to effectively guide practice. “Chinese medical formulas” is now one of the treasures in the TCM treasure house.

Formula and Therapeutic Methods Formula and therapeutic methods are important components of TCM, which include principles, methods, formulas, and medicinals. Under the guidance of therapeutic methods, each formula is a combination of medicinals that is orderly formed according to the principles of the composing formula. Therapeutic methods are established based on a clear differentiation of syndromes, diagnosis of etiology, and understanding of pathogeneses. That is so-called “composing formula is according to therapeutic method” and “treatment principle is based on pattern differentiation.” Effectiveness of formula should be consistent with therapeutic methods, and then the pathogenic conditions can be relieved. For example, patients with an aversion to cold, fever, head, and body pain, absence of sweating, panting, thin and white coating, and floating and tight pulse are differentiated as exterior wind-cold pattern. According to principles of “treating superficial syndrome with sweat promotion” and “treating cold syndrome with hot-natured medicinals,” doctors should use the method of inducing sweating to release the exterior pathogen with acrid-warm medicinals and select Ephedra Decoction (ma huang tang) to release 417

418 PART | II Chinese Medical Formulas

the exterior. Generally speaking, therapeutic methods are the basis of a composing formula. According to the records in Medical Revelations (Yī Xué Xīn Wù) written by Cheng Zhong-ling in the Qing Dynasty, the commonly used therapeutic methods are the following: sweat promotion, emetic therapy (vomit induction), purgation, harmonization, heat-clearing and fire-draining, warming (method), dispersion, and supplementation. Due to the complexity and diversity of pathogenic conditions, such as exterior or interior, cold or heat, and deficiency or excess in pathogenic conditions, several different therapeutic methods are usually combined for use.

Formula Classification and Preparation Formulas can be classified into different categories according to the indicated diseases and syndromes, the etiology, the zang-fu organs, the composition, and the therapeutic methods (effects). Formulas in this book are categorized by therapeutic methods. Due to different varieties of formulas containing different medicinals, the preparations (dosage forms) are varied. The preparation (of a formula) refers to a pharmaceutic form of the formula after which it is composed according to the pathogenic condition and different properties of different medicinals. Usually there are three major forms of preparations: (1) liquid preparation, including decoction, wine preparation, tincture, distillate, syrup, oral liquid, and injection (parenteral solution); (2) solid preparation, including powder, pill (honey pill, water pill, flour and water paste pill, and concentrated pill), medicated tea, medicated roll, medicated thread, pellet, lozenge, tablet, soluble granules (infusion granules), and suppository; and (3) semisolid preparation, including decocted extract, ointment (soft plaster), and hard plaster. Other forms include capsule, drop pill, aerosol, etc.

Formula Decocting and Administration Methods Both decocting and administration methods are critical for formulas to achieve their efficacies. Decoction is the most commonly used preparation in the TCM clinic, which fully reflects the philosophy of TCM and modification of formulas according to circumstances. Different decocting methods have a profound influence on the efficacy of a formula. The pottery container, marmite, or enamelware is usually used for decoction. Medicinals could be decocted with clean tap water, with wine, or with a combination of water and wine. The volume of water is usually about 2–3 cm above the raw medicinals. Each formula is decocted twice or thrice. More water should be added in the first decoction and less water in the second or third decoction. Each decoction should be about 150 mL. When decocting a formula, medicinals should be first soaked in water for 20–30 min, and decocted with high temperature to boil it and with low or median temperature further. With regard to some medicinals that need to be decocted with special methods, a clear indication on how to prepare these medicinals should be present in the prescription. For example, (1) medicinals needed to be decocted first: ostracum and mineral medicinals should be broken into pieces and decocted first for 20 min, then other medicinals can be added and decocted together. (2) Medicinals needed to be added at the end: medicinals with fragrant odor, the volatile oil of these medicinals plays an important role in their therapeutic activities. They should be added later and decocted for just 5 min. For example, of Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang), when used for purgation, needs to be decocted for 10–15 min only. (3) Medicinals needed to be decocted in a wrap: some medicinals, such as Flos Inulae (xuan fu hua), Semen Plantaginis (che qian zi), and Halloysitum Rubrum (chi shi zhi), which can stimulate the throat or easily stick to the decoction container, need to be single wrapped with carbasus, then soaked and decocted with other medicinals. (4) Medicinals needed to be decocted alone: some valuable and expensive medicinals, such as Cornu Saigae Tataricae (ling yang jiao) and Radix Panacis Quinquefolii (xi yang shen), can be cut into pieces and decocted alone; patients can take the obtained decoction alone or mixed with another decoction. Appropriate formula administration methods will affect the therapeutic efficacy of the formula. Generally, if the formula aims at treating disease in the upper jiao or can stimulate mucosa of gastrointestinal tract, it should be taken after meals; aims at treating disease in the lower jiao, it should be taken before meals. Formulas that supplement and boost, as well as formulas that purge, should be taken on an empty stomach. Formulas that calm the mind should be taken just before sleep. For treating an acute disease, it can be taken anytime. For a chronic disease, it should be taken on time. For treating malaria, it should be taken 2 h before an attack; usually, one package of herbs is decocted twice in one day, which is then taken two or three times when it is warm. According to the patients’ pathogenic conditions, a decoction can be taken once a day or several times a day; or can be taken as a tea; or even two doses of a decoction can be taken in a day. Some formulas should be taken according to the principles of “cold-natured medicinals taken while warm” or “hot-natured medicinals taken while cool” to avoid repelling interaction between pathogen and medicinals. For the unconscious patients, with lockjaw or difficulty in swallowing, medicinals should be administered by nasal feeding.

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Principles of Composing Formula The principles of composing formula are “chief, deputy, assistant, and envoy.” The theory of “chief, deputy, assistant, and envoy” is initially recorded in The Inner Classic (Nèi Jīng). (1) Chief medicinal: it is necessary and the most important medicinal that plays the main therapeutic action in the formula, aiming at the principal disease or syndrome. (2) Deputy medicinal: on the one hand, it is the medicinal that helps the chief medicinal to strengthen the effect on the principal disease or syndrome, on the other hand; it is the medicinal that treats the patient’s secondary syndromes (patterns). (3) Assistant medicinal: it has three roles. First, it may serve as an auxiliary medicinal and assist the chief and (or) deputy medicinals to strengthen the therapeutic effects or directly treat the secondary accompanied symptoms and signs; second, it may serve as an auxiliary inhibitory medicinal and control the harsh properties or relieve and eliminate the toxicity of the chief and (or) deputy medicinals; and third, it may serve as an adjuvant that has opposite properties or effects to the chief medicinal, but could play a role in the treatment according to pathogenic conditions. (4) Envoy medicinal: it has two roles. First, it may serve as a channel envoy medicinal and can guide the effects of other herbs to specific channels; second, it may serve as a harmonizing medicinal to regulate or harmonize the actions of all medicinals in a formula to achieve a better efficacy. It usually is in a small dosage and has a mild medicinal effect in a formula. Therefore, except for the chief medicinal, the deputy, assistant, or envoy medicinal has two or more than two roles or meanings in a formula. However in composing a formula, there are no fixed rules to follow. Neither deputy medicinal, assistant medicinal, nor envoy medicinal should be necessary in a formula. Moreover, each medicinal does not serve just one role. Generally speaking, the chief medicinal is necessary in a formula, but the deputy, assistant, or envoy medicinal is not completely necessary. The distinction of chief, deputy, assistant, and envoy medicinals in a formula is determined by their medicinal efficacy. The principle concept of composing a formula is to reflect the physician’s expectation of each medicinal in its effectiveness toward the respective disease or syndrome in the formula. To study Chinese medical formulas well, first, the students should have a solid foundation of Chinese materia medica; second, they should be familiar with related knowledge, such as the basic theory of TCM and the diagnosis of Chinese medicine; third, they should master the composition of formulas and recite and memorize certain numbers of formulas well; fourth, they should identify the differences among the formulas that have similar compositions, effects, and/or indications. They should also master the characteristics and modifications of medicinal combinations. By doing so, the students can proficiently prescribe formulas in a clinic and have a strong ability in composing a formula according to a syndrome or pattern differentiation.

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Chapter 22

Formulas That Release the Exterior Chapter Outline Section 1 Formulas That Release the Exterior with Acrid-warm Medicinals Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas Section 2 Formulas That Release the Exterior with Acrid-cool Medicinals

422 422 422 429

Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas Section 3 Formulas That Reinforce Healthy Qi and Release the Exterior Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas

429 430 438 438 439

ABSTRACT Formulas that mainly consist of herbs that release the exterior, have the effects of inducing sweating, releasing the flesh and promoting eruption of papules and are used for the treatment of exterior pattern are collectively called “Formulas that Release the Exterior”. They are divided into three categories: formulas that release the exterior with acrid-warm medicinals, formulas that release the exterior with acrid-cool medicinals, and formulas that reinforce healthy qi and release the exterior. Formulas that release the exterior are suitable for the treatment of exterior pattern caused by six external pathogenic factors invading the fleshy exterior and lung-wei of human body, external contraction pattern caused by wind-cold or warm disease in initial phase, initial phase of measles, sores and ulcers, edema or dysentery with symptoms marked by aversion to cold, fever, headache, body pain, thin and white coating, and floating pulse. Keywords: formulas that release the exterior with acrid-warm medicinals; formulas that release the exterior with acrid-cool medicinals; formulas that reinforce healthy qi and release the exterior; release the exterior with acrid-cool (medicinals); release the exterior with acrid-warm (medicinals); release the exterior and dissipate cold; reinforce healthy qi and release the exterior

Formulas that mainly consist of herbs that release the exterior, have the effects of inducing sweating, releasing the flesh and promoting eruption of papules and are used for the treatment of exterior pattern, are collectively called “Formulas that Release the Exterior”. Its therapeutic principle is set up according to “Treat superficial syndrome with sweat promotion” in The Yellow Emperor’s Inner Classic (huang di nei jing), which belongs to “sweat promotion” method of the eight [medicinal treatment] methods in TCM, which refer to sweat promotion, vomit induction, purgation, harmonization, warming, heat-clearing, dispersing, and supplementation. Formulas that release the exterior are suitable for the treatment of exterior pattern caused by six external pathogenic factors invading the fleshy exterior and lung-wei of human body, external contraction pattern caused by wind-cold or warm disease in initial phase, initial phase of measles, sores and ulcers, edema or dysentery with symptoms marked by aversion to cold, fever, headache, body pain, thin and white coating, and floating pulse. Due to external pathogen with the difference of cold or heat, and constitution with the difference of strength or weakness, patients with exterior pattern caused by wind-cold should be released the exterior with acrid-warm medicinals; patients with exterior pattern caused by wind-heat should be released the exterior with acrid-cool medicinals; and patients with exterior pattern combining insufficiency of qi, blood, yin or yang should be assisted by supplementing and boosting methods to reinforce healthy qi and dispel pathogen. So formulas in this chapter can be divided into three categories: formulas that release the exterior with acrid-warm medicinals, formulas that release the exterior with acrid-cool medicinals, and formulas that reinforce healthy qi and release the exterior. Formulas that scatter and dissipate external wind, relieve ex­ ternal dryness by light diffusion, and dispel wind and overcome dampness, will be respectively introduced in other chapters, such as formulas that expel and calm the wind, formulas that treat dryness syndrome and formulas that dispel dampness. Essentials of Chinese Materia Medica and Medical Formulas. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812722-3.00022-1 Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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422 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

Formulas that release the exterior are usually composed of medicinals that are acrid, dispersing in property or lightweight medicinals, so they should not be decocted for a long time in order to avoid medicinal efficacy being dissipated and actions being decreased. Generally, decoctions should be warm for oral use; after administration, patients should be away from wind-cold, wear more clothes or quilt, or drink porridge to assist inducing sweating. Slight sweating round the whole body is preferred. If sweating is not thorough, pathogenic factors may not be released completely. If sweating is too much, qi and body fluid may be consumed and damaged. If patients recover after sweating, medication should be discontinued and not necessary to be over extent. Meanwhile, eating the raw, cold or greasy food should be prohibited in order to avoid affecting the absorption of medicinals and effectiveness. If exterior pathogen is not released completely and complicated by interior pattern, the general therapeutic principle is to release the exterior first and then treat the interior pattern; if both exterior pattern and interior pattern are predominant, expel pathogens from both interior and exterior should be applied. Formulas that release the exterior are not suitable for treating inward-penetration of exterior pathogen, measles with eruption of papules, ulcerated sores and ulcers, or edema with deficiency pattern.

SECTION 1  FORMULAS THAT RELEASE THE EXTERIOR WITH ACRID-WARM MEDICINALS Outline Formulas that that release the exterior with acrid-warm medicinals are indicated for treating patients with symptoms of fever with aversion to cold or wind, stiffness and pain of the neck and head, aching pain of limbs, no thirst, thin and white coating, and floating pulse caused by externally-contracted wind-cold, and commonly composed of acrid-warm medicinal, such as Herba Ephedrae (ma huang), Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi), Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo), Herba Schizonepetae (jing jie), Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng), and Folium Perillae (zi su ye). In exterior syndrome due to wind-cold, there may exist lung failing to diffuse and govern descent due to pathogen invading the fleshy exterior, or blockage of channels and collaterals caused by wind-cold mixed with dampness, or qi stagnation in the lung and stomach due to fleshy exterior constraint, or pathogen transforming into heat in the constitution with yang exuberance, or external contraction with cold in summer, or cold-rheum with combined pathogens from exterior and interior, and complicated by various accompanied symptoms. So formulas in this category are often combined with medicinals that diffuse the lung and relieve cough, or eliminate dampness and unblock the collaterals, or rectify qi and move stagnation, or clear and discharge interior heat, or warm and remove phlegm-rheum. The representative formulas are Ephedra Decoction (ma huang tang), Cinnamon Twig Decoction (gui zhi tang) and Minor Green Dragon Decoction (xiao qing long tang).

Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 1. Primary formulas and analysis (Tables 22.1–22.2)

TABLE 22.1 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Release the Exterior with Acrid-warm Medicinals Name of Formula

Source, Composition and Usage

Efficacy and Indication

Ephedra Decoction (ma huang tang)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Cold Damage (shang han lun). Composed by Herba Ephedrae (ma huang) 9 g, Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) 6 g, Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren) 9 g and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 3 g. Decoct the ingredients with water, take the decoction orally, and cover with quilt until the patient starts sweating

Induce sweating to release the exterior, diffuse the lung and relieve panting. Indicated for the treatment of exterior excess pattern of externally contracted wind-cold with aversion to cold, headache and body pain, absence of sweating and panting, thin and white coating, floating and tight pulse

Modified Clinical Application

Caution for Use

For mild pattern of externally contracted wind-cold with not too much head and body pain and no need to strongly induce sweating, remove Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) or add Herba Schizonepetae (jing jie) and Folium Perillae (zi su ye); if accompanied by cough with thin phlegm, chest oppression and breath lessness, add Fructus Perillae (zi su zi) and Exocarpium Citri Rubrum (ju hong); if accompanied by vexation and thirst, add Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao) and Radix Scutellariae (huang qin); if wind-cold complicated by dampness with absence of sweating, heavy pain of head and body, white and greasy coating, add Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu) or Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu)

Its use is prohibited in women just after childbirth, and patients with spontaneous sweating due to exterior deficiency, or blood loss, and cautious in patients with hypertension or heart disease

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TABLE 22.1 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Release the Exterior with Acrid-warm Medicinals (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition and Usage

Efficacy and Indication

Cinnamon Twig Decoction (gui zhi tang)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Cold Damage (shang han lun). Composed by Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) 9 g, Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 6 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 9 g and Fructus Jujubae (da zao) four pieces. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Nine Ingredients Notopterygium Decoction (jiu wei qiang huo tang)

Cyperus and Perilla Powder (xiang su san)

Modified Clinical Application

Caution for Use

Release the flesh and the exterior, and harmonize the nutrient and defense aspects. Indicated for the treatment of exterior deficiency pattern of externally contracted windcold and disharmony between nutrient and defensive qi, with headache, fever, sweating and aversion to wind, or noisy nose, retch, white coating, no thirst, floating and moderate (or weak) pulse

For obvious fever, increase the dose of Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) and Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang); if defensive yang insufficiency with obvious aversion to cold, increase the dosage of Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) or Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi); if wei qi (defensive qi) deficiency with leaking sweat, add Radix Astragali (huang qi) and Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu); if nutrient weakness with profuse sweating and thready pulse, add the dosage of Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao), and if nutrient qi deficiency, additionally add Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui)

It is not suitable for patients with exterior excess pattern but no sweating, or exterior cold and interior heat pattern, warm disease in initial phase, or middle jiao damp-heat

Initially recorded in Hard-won Knowledge (ci shi nan zhi). Composed by Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo) 10 g, Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 6 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu) 6 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 3 g, Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin) 2 g, Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 3 g, Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi) 3 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 3 g and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 3 g. Decoct them with water for oral use

Induce sweating and dispel dampness, and clear interior heat. Indicated for the treatment of aversion to cold, fever, fleshy exterior with absence of sweating, headache, and painful stiff nape, soreness and pain of limbs, bitter taste in the mouth, thirst, white coating, and floating pulse

If no bitter taste in the mouth and thirst, remove Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) and Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang); if accompanied by white, thick and greasy coating, also remove Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) and Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) and incease the dosage of Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu) and add Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao) and Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po) in order to strengthen the effects of moving qi and removing dampness

It is not suitable for patients with wind-heat exterior pattern, exuberance of interior heat, or yin deficiency and internal heat

Initially recorded in Beneficial Formulas from the Taiping Imperial Pharmacy (tai ping hui min he ji ju fang). Composed by dry-fried Rhizoma Cyperi (xiang fu) 120 g, Folium Perillae (zi su ye) 120 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 30 g and Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 60 g. Grind the ingredients into crude powder for oral use, 9 g each time, 3 times a day

Scatter wind and dissipate cold, rectify qi and harmonize the center. Indicated for the treatment of externally contracted wind-cold complicated by qi stagnated in interior, with aversion to cold, fever, headache, absence of sweating, fullness and oppression in the chest and stomach cavity, anorexia, thin and white coating, and floating pulse

For severe wind-cold exterior pattern with clear nasal discharge, add Bulbus Allii Fistulosi (cong bai) and Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang); for severe headache, add Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin) and Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi); if internal stagnation of damp-turbidity with chest fullness and greasy coating, add Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu) and Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang); if cough with excessive phlegm, add Fructus Perillae (zi su zi) and Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia); if distending pain in the rib-side and stomach cavity, add Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride (qing pi) and Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po)

Due to its light efficacy, it is not suitable for the brawny with severe pattern of wind-cold exterior-excess caused by externally contracted wind, cold or damp pathogen

(Continued )

424 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 22.1 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Release the Exterior with Acrid-warm Medicinals (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition and Usage

Efficacy and Indication

Modified Clinical Application

Caution for Use

Minor Green Dragon Decoction (xiao qing long tang)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Cold Damage (shang han lun). Composed by Herba Ephedrae (ma huang) 9 g, Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) 9 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) 3 g, Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi) 3 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 6 g, Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) 6 g, Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) 9 g and Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin) 3 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Release the exterior and dissipate cold, warm the lung and dissolve rheum (fluid retention). Indicated for the treatment of windcold invading exterior and internal stagnation of fluid, with aversion to cold, fever, absence of sweating, panting, cough, excessive thin phlegm, or panting due to phlegm-rheum and inability to lay flat, or heavy pain of body, puffiness of head and limbs, white and greasy coating, floating pulse

For severe aversion to cold without sweating, increase the dose of Herba Ephedrae (ma huang) and Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi); if external cold is dissipated but panting and cough continue, remove Herba Ephedrae (ma huang) and Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi); for excessive cold phlegmrheum with chest fullness, increase the dose of Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin) and Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia); if fluid retention is transformed into heat, with panting and vexation, add Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao); if heat accumulation injuring fluid with thirst, remove Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) and add Radix Trichosanthis (tian hua fen); if severe fluid retention with difficulty in micturition and fullness of the lower abdomen, remove Herba Ephedrae (ma huang) and add Poria (fu ling)

Its use is prohibited in patients with phlegm panting accompanied by a pattern of yin deficiency

TABLE 22.2 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Release the Exterior With Acrid-Warm Medicinals Name of Formula Ephedra Decoction (ma huang tang)

Efficacy Analysis Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi)

Herba Ephedrae (ma huang) Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren) Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) Cinnamon Twig Decoction (gui zhi tang)

Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) Fructus Jujubae (da zao) Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao)

Induce sweating and release externally-contracted wind-cold from the fleshy exterior Induce sweating and dispel exterior pathogen Diffuse the lung to relieve panting Disperse lung qi and direct qi downward

Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) assists Herba Ephedrae (ma huang) to dissipate cold and relieve exterior pattern. Semen Armeniacae Amarum (xing ren) assists Herba Ephedrae (ma huang) to relieve cough and panting

Induce sweating to release the exterior, diffuse the lung and relieve panting

Coordinate the medicinal effects and moderate the fierce properties of Herba Ephedrae (ma huang) and Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) Acrid (flavor) with a dispersing effect Induce sweating and release the exterior to dispel exterior wind-cold pathogen Warm the channels to assist yang Boost yin, astringe and consolidate nutrient-yin

Regulate wei qi (a.k.a. defensive qi)

Harmonize ying qi (a.k.a. nutrient qi)

Sweet flavor, boost qi and supplement the center Assist Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) to release externally-contracted wind-cold from fleshy exterior and Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) to nourish yin

Release the flesh and the exterior, and harmonize the nutrient and defense aspects

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TABLE 22.2 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Release the Exterior With Acrid-Warm Medicinals (cont.) Name of Formula Nine Ingredients Notopterygium Decoction (jiu wei qiang huo tang)

Efficacy Analysis Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo) Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu) Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin) Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi) Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang)

Cyperus and Perilla Powder (xiang su san)

Minor Green Dragon Decoction (xiao qing long tang)

Dispel wind and dissipate cold, eliminate dampness and relieve pain Assist Induce sweat and dissolve dampness, and assist Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo) to dispel exterior pathogen

Dispel wind and dissipate cold, diffuse and dredge bì syndrome (arthralgia) due to dampness; and Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin) can relieve shaoyin headache; Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) can relieve shaoyang or jueyin headache; and Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi) can relieve yangming headache

Induce sweating and dispel dampness, and clear interior heat

Clear interior heat from qi-and blood-aspect, restrict acrid and dry properties of the other herbs to consume body fluids

Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao)

Harmonize the actions of all medicinals

Folium Perillae (zi su ye)

Disperse the exterior pathogen and dissipate cold, rectify qi and loosen the center

Rhizoma Cyperi (xiang fu) (dry-fried)

Move qi to resolve constraint, and assist Folium Perillae (zi su ye) to regulate qi movement

Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi)

Rectify qi and remove damp-turbidity

Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao)

Fortify the spleen and harmonize the center, assist Rhizoma Cyperi (xiang fu) and Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) to move qi and not consume qi, and harmonize the actions of all medicinals

Herba Ephedrae (ma huang)

Induce sweat and dissipate cold to dispel exterior pathogen, and diffuse lung qi to relieve panting and cough

Scatter wind and dissipate cold, rectify qi and harmonize the center

Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin)

Assist Herba Ephedrae Sinicae (ma huang) to dispel exterior wind-cold pathogen, and warm the lung to reduce interior watery phlegm and excessive fluid

Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi)

Astringes lung qi to prevent it from dispersing too much

Radix Paeoniae (shao yao)

Nourish blood, and combine with Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) to keep nutrient and defense qi in balance

Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia)

Dry dampness and dissolve phlegm, harmonize the stomach and direct counterflow downward

Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao)

Combine with Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) nourish yin with sour-sweet flavors, and moderate the dispersing effect of Herba Ephedrae Sinicae (ma huang) and Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) with acrid flavor

Release the exterior and dissipate cold, warm the lung and dissolve rheum (fluid retention)

426 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

2. Attached formulas (Table 22.3) TABLE 22.3 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Release the Exterior With Acrid-Warm Medicinals Name of Formula

Source, Composition and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Ephedra Decoction Plus Atractylodes Macrocephala (ma huang jia zhu tang)

Initially recorded in Essentials from the Golden Cabinet (jin gui yao lüe). Composed by Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 9 g, Herba Ephedrae (ma huang) 6 g (decocted first), Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) 4 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 3 g and Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use, and cover with quilt until the patient starts sweating

Induce sweating to release the exterior, dissipate cold and dispel dampness

Indicated for the treatment of bì syndrome due to wind-cold complicated by damp, with general fever, vexation, body pain, and absence of sweating

Ephedra, Apricot Kernel, Coix Seed and Licorice Decoction (ma xing yi gan tang)

Initially recorded in Essentials from the Golden Cabinet (jin gui yao lüe). Composed by Herba Ephedrae (ma huang) 6 g, Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 3 g and Semen Coicis (yi yi ren) 12 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Induce sweating to release the exterior, dispel wind, and eliminate dampness

Indicated for the treatment of pattern of wind-damp in exterior and damp constraint transforming into heat, accompanied by general body pain due to wind-damp, fever, aggravated in late afternoon

Major Green Dragon Decoction (da qing long tang)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Cold Damage (shang han lun). Composed by Herba Ephedrae (ma huang) 12 g, Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) 6 g, Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao) 12 g, Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 5 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 9 g and Fructus Jujubae (da zao) three pieces. Decoct the ingredients with water, and take the decoction orally

Induce sweating to release the exterior, clear interior heat and relieve vexation

Indicated for the treatment of externally contracted wind-cold and constraint heat in interior, accompanied by fever, aversion to cold, chills and fever both as equally predominant, floating and tight pulse, body pain, absence of sweating, restlessness without perspiration

Rough and Ready Three Decoction (san ao tang)

Initially recorded in Beneficial Formulas from the Taiping Imperial Pharmacy (tai ping hui min he ji ju fang). Composed by equal parts of Herba Ephedrae (ma huang), Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren) and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao). Grind them together into crude powder, decoct 15 g powder each time with water for oral use, and then cover with clothes or quilt until the patient starts sweating

Diffuse the lung and release the exterior

Indicated for the treatment of externally contracted wind-cold and lung qi failing to diffuse, with nasal obstruction, deep and harsh voice, or loss of speech sound, or headache and dizziness, limb spasm or curled up, cough with excessive phlegm, chest oppression and shortness of breath due to wind damage or cold damage

Florid Canopy Powder (hua gai san)

Initially recorded in Beneficial Formulas from the Taiping Imperial Pharmacy (tai ping hui min he ji ju fang). Composed by Herba Ephedrae (ma huang) 15 g, Cortex Mori (sang bai pi) 15 g, Fructus Perillae (zi su zi) 15 g, Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren) 15 g, Poria Rubra (chi fu ling) 15 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 15 g and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 15 g. Grind them together into crude powder; decoct 9 g each time with water for oral use

Diffuse the lung and release the exterior, dispel phlegm, and relieve cough

Indicated for the treatment of externally contracted wind-cold accompanied by cough with counterflow qi ascent, excessive white phlegm, wheezy phlegm, chest-abdomen fullness, nasal obstruction, deep and harsh voice, floating, and tight pulse

Cinnamon Twig Decoction Plus Pueraria (gui zhi jia ge gen tang)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Cold Damage (shang han lun). Composed by Radix Puerariae Lobatae (ge gen) 12 g, Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) 6 g, Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 5 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 9 g and Fructus Jujubae (da zao) three pieces. Decoct the ingredients with water, take the decoction orally, cover with quilt or clothes until slightly sweating, and no need to drink porridge

Release the flesh and relax the sinews

Indicated for the treatment of taiyang syndrome due to wind-cold invading the fleshy exterior, struggle between healthy qi and pathogenic qi and disharmony between nutrient and defensive qi, with rigid neck and back with pain, sweating, aversion to wind, fever, and floating pulse

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TABLE 22.3 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Release the Exterior With Acrid-Warm Medicinals (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Cinnamon Twig Decoction Plus Officinal Magnolia Bark and Apricot Kernel (gui zhi jia hou po xing zi tang)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Cold Damage (shang han lun). Composed by Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po) 6 g, Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren) 6 g, Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) 9 g, Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 6 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 9 g and Fructus Jujubae (da zao) four pieces. Decoct the ingredients with water, take the decoction orally, and cover with quilt or clothes until the patient starts sweating

Release the flesh, and induce sweating to release the exterior

Indicated for the treatment of long-standing panting and taiyang wind-invasion syndrome due to wind-cold, or exterior pattern without releasing accompanied by mild panting due to exterior pattern due to wind-cold but misused with formulas that drain downwards

Cinnamon Twig Decoction Plus Dragon Bone and Oyster Shell (gui zhi jia long gu mu li tang)

Initially recorded in Essentials from the Golden Cabinet (jin gui yao lüe). Composed by Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) 9 g, Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) 9 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 6 g, Fructus Jujubae (da zao) three pieces, Os Draconis (long gu) 15 g and Concha Ostreae (mu li) 15 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Harmonize yin and yang, subdue yang and astringe essence

Indicated for the treatment of deficiency-consumption (xu¯ láo) with a pattern of yin and yang deficiency, accompanied by loss of essence (man) or dreams of sexual intercourse (woman), spasm and pain in the lower abdomen, coldness of external genitals, dizziness, loss of hairs, and deficient-hollow-slow pulse

Large Notopterygii Decoction (da qiang huo tang)

Initially recorded in Hard-won Knowledge (ci shi nan zhi). Composed by Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo) 9 g, Radix Angelicae Pubescentis (du huo) 9 g, Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin) 9 g, Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 9 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 9 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu) 9 g, Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu) 30g, Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae (fang ji) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 9 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 9 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 30 g and Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 30 g. Grind them together into crude powder; decoct 15 g each time with water for oral use

Disperse windcold, dispel dampness and clear heat

Indicated for the treatment of double invasion/contraction or contraction involving both the exterior and interior, exterior cold and interior heat, accompanied by headache, fever, aversion to cold, dry mouth, dysphoric fullness, and thirst

Cinnamon Twig Decoction With Extra Cinnamon (gui zhi jia gui tang)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Cold Damage (shang han lun). Composed by Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) 15 g, Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 6 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 9 g and Fructus Jujubae (da zao) four pieces. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Warm and unblock heart yang, calm surging, and direct counterflow downward

Indicated for the treatment of sensation of qi rushing due to weakness of heart yang and cold water pathogen attacking the heart, with sensation of qi rushing up to the chest from lower abdomen, restless sleep or getting up, which are paroxysmal

Cinnamon Twig Decoction Plus Peony (gui zhi jia shao yao tang)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Cold Damage (shang han lun). Composed by Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) 9 g, Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) 18 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 6 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 9 g and Fructus Jujubae (da zao) four pieces. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Soften the liver and rectify the spleen, relax spasm to relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of abdominal pain due to deficient spleen (earth) being subjugated by liver (wood) after taiyang syndrome is misused with purgation method and the center is damaged

Cyperus, Perilla, Scallion and Fermented Soybean Decoction (xiang su cong chi tang)

Initially recorded in Revised Popular Guide to “Treatise on Cold Damage” (chong ding tong su shang han lun). Composed by dry-fried Rhizoma Cyperi (chao xiang fu) 120 g, Folium Perillae (zi su ye) 120 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 30 g and Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 60 g. Grind them together into crude powder, decoct 9 g powder each time and fresh Bulbus Allii Fistulosi (xian cong bai) three segments and Semen Sojae Praeparatum (dan dou chi) 9 g with water for oral use

Induce sweating to release the exterior, rectify qi, and calm the fetus

Indicated for the treatment of externally contracted wind-cold complicated by qi stagnated in interior, but also complicated by more severe exterior cold pattern, with more severe fullness and oppression in the chest and stomach cavity or typhoid fever during pregnancy

(Continued )

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TABLE 22.3 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Release the Exterior With Acrid-Warm Medicinals (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Supplemented Cyperus and Perilla Powder (jia wei xiang su san)

Initially recorded in Medical Revelations (yi xue xin wu). Composed by dry-fried Rhizoma Cyperi (chao xiang fu)120 g, Folium Perillae (zi su ye)120 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 30 g and Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 60 g. Grind them together into crude powder, decoct 9 g powder each time and Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 3 g, Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae (qin jiao) 3 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 3 g and Fructus Viticis (man jing zi) 3 g with water for oral use

Induce sweating to release the exterior, rectify qi, and resolve constraint

Indicated for the treatment of externally contracted wind-cold complicated by qi stagnated in interior, accompanied by severe body pain

Minor Green Dragon Decoction Plus Gypsum (xiao qing long jia shi gao tang)

Initially recorded in Essentials from the Golden Cabinet (jin gui yao lüe). Composed by Herba Ephedrae (ma huang) 9 g (decocted first), Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) 9 g, Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 9 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) 9 g, Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi) 6 g, Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) 6 g and Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao). Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Release the exterior and dissolve rheum (fluid retention), and clear heat

Indicated for the treatment of lung distention, water stagnating in the epigastrium, cough with counterflow qi ascent, panting with vexation and agitation, and floating pulse

Belamcanda and Ephedra Decoction (she gan ma huang tang)

Initially recorded in Essentials from the Golden Cabinet (jin gui yao lüe). Composed by Rhizoma Belamcandae (she gan) 9 g, Herba Ephedrae (ma huang) 9 g (decocted first), Flos Farfarae (kuan dong hua) 6 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Asteris (zi wan) 6 g, Fructus Jujubae (da zao) 3 g, Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) 9 g and Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi) 3 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Diffuse the lung and dispel phlegm, lower qi, and relieve cough

Indicated for the treatment of cough and panting with counterflow qi ascent due to binding constraint of phlegm-rheum, cough with abnormal rising of qi, and frog rale in the throat

Blue Cloud Powder (bi yun san)

Initially recorded in Golden Mirror of the Medical Tradition (yi zong jin jian). Composed by Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 30 g, Herba Centipedae (e bu shi cao) 30 g, Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin) 6 g, Flos Magnoliae (xin yi) 6 g and Indigo Naturalis (qing dai) 3 g. Grind them together into crude powder; decoct 15 g powder each time with water for oral use. If as a decoction, the dosage should be reduced according to the original proportion

Dispel wind and dissipate cold, and unblock the orifices

Indicated for the treatment of stuffy nose, with repeated nasal obstruction of one side or both sides, loss of or impaired ability to smell, clear nasal discharge, aggravated by wind-cold, bitter taste in the mouth, aversion to wind-cold, pale tongue with thin and white coating, and floating pulse

OrificesUnblocking Decoction (tong qiao tang)

Initially recorded in Restoration of Health from the Myriad Diseases (wan bing hui chun). Composed by Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo) 3 g, Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 3 g, Rhizoma Ligustici (gao ben) 3 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 3 g, Rhizoma Cimicifugae (sheng ma) 3 g, Radix Puerariae Lobatae (ge gen) 3 g, Pericarpium Zanthoxyli (hua jiao) 0.9 g, Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi) 3 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu) 3 g, Herba Ephedrae (ma huang) 0.9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin) 0.9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 0.9 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) three pieces and Bulbus Allii Fistulosi (cong bai) three segments. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Unblock the orifices with acridwarm (medicinals), scatter wind and dissipate cold

Indicated for the treatment of sinusitis caused by wind-cold attacking the exterior, with severe nasal obstruction, profuse clear nasal discharge, nasal mucosa swelling, light red tongue, or frequent cough, heavy nasal sound, headache, absence of sweating, mild fever, bland taste in the mouth, pale tongue, thin and white coating, floating, and tight pulse

Yellow Croaker’s Auricular Bones Powder (yu nao shi san)

Initially recorded in TCM Otorhinolaryngology (zhong yi er bi hou ke xue). Composed by Otolthum Pseudosciaenae Croceae (yu nao shi) powder 9 g, Borneolum Syntheticum (bing pian) 0.9 g, Flos Magnoliae (xin yi) 6 g and Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin) 3 g. Grind the ingredients into fine powder; blow the nose with 1.5 g each time, several times a day

Diffuse and unblock the nasal orifices

Indicated for the treatment of stuffy nose, with alternating nasal obstruction, or mild or severe nasal obstruction, clear nasal discharge, aggravated by wind-cold, aversion to wind-cold, pale tongue with thin and white coating, and floating pulse

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3. Formula differentiation (Table 22.4)

TABLE 22.4 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Release the Exterior With Acrid-Warm Medicinals Name of Formula

Similarity

Differences

Cinnamon Twig Decoction (gui zhi tang)

Both are formulas that release the exterior with acrid-warm medicinals, and can treat exterior pattern of externally contracted wind-cold

Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) combines Radix Paeoniae (shao yao), and are assisted by Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) and Fructus Jujubae (da zao). Its effect of inducing sweating to release the exterior is less than that of Ephedra Decoction (ma huang tang), but it has the effect of harmonizing nutrient and defense aspects, is a gentle formula that release the exterior with acrid-warm medicinals, and mainly treat exteriordeficiency pattern of externally contracted wind-cold with aversion to cold, fever and sweating

Ephedra Decoction (ma huang tang)

Belamcanda and Ephedra Decoction (she gan ma huang tang)

Herba Ephedrae (ma huang) and Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) mutually reinforce, and are assisted by Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren). Its effects of inducing sweating and dissipating cold are strong, and it can diffuse the lung and relieve panting, is a strong formula that induces sweating with acrid-warm medicinals, and mainly treat exterior-excess pattern of externally contracted wind-cold with aversion to cold, fever, absence of sweating, panting, and cough Both have the effects of releasing the exterior and dissolving rheum (fluid retention)

Minor Green Dragon Decoction (xiao qing long tang) Major Green Dragon Decoction (da qing long tang)

Ephedra Decoction (ma huang tang)

It is formulated based on Minor Green Dragon Decoction (xiao qing long tang) through removing Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi), Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao), and adding Rhizoma Belamcandae (she gan), Radix et Rhizoma Asteris (zi wan) and Flos Farfarae (kuan dong hua). It mainly treat mild pattern of wind-cold and binding constraint of phlegm-rheum with severe pattern of ascending counterflow of lung qi. Its effects of dispelling phlegm and directing qi downward are strong and partial to treat interior pattern It is a common formula that can treat panting and cough due to externally contracted wind-cold and internal stagnation of cold fluid. Its effects of releasing the exterior and dissipating cold are strong and partial to treating exterior pattern

Both can treat exterior-excess pattern of externally contracted wind-cold, and use Herba Ephedrae (ma huang) and Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) to release the exterior and induce sweating

It is formulated based on Ephedra Decoction (ma huang tang) through doubling the dosage of Herba Ephedrae (ma huang) and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao), decreasing the dosage of Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren) and adding Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao), Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) and Fructus Jujubae (da zao). It can mainly treat the severe wind-cold pattern complicated by heat retention It is a basic formula that treats wind-cold exterior-excess pattern, and representative formula that uses sweating method with acrid-warm medicinals. Its main points of pattern differentiation are aversion to cold, fever, absence of sweating, panting, floating, and tight pulse

SECTION 2  FORMULAS THAT RELEASE THE EXTERIOR WITH ACRID-COOL MEDICINALS Outline Formulas that release the exterior with acrid-cool medicinals are indicated for the treatment of exterior pattern of externally contracted wind-heat, briefly called “exterior heat pattern”. The main clinical manifestation of exterior heat pattern includes fever, slight aversion to wind-cold, headache, cough, thirst, sore throat, red tip of tongue, thin and white, or slightly yellow coating, floating, and rapid pulse. The clinical commonly-used formulas that release the exterior with acrid-cool medicinals are mainly composed of Herba Menthae (bo he), Flos Chrysanthemi (ju hua), Fructus Arctii (niu bang zi), Folium Mori (sang ye), Radix Puerariae Lobatae (ge gen), and Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (jin yin hua). Due to feature of warm or heat pathogen, patient has the characteristics of acute onset, fast transmission and change, and being complicated by filthy turbidity. “Warm pathogen received from the external environment first attacks the lung” [Treatise on Warm-Heat Diseases

430 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

(wen re lun)], so in exterior heat pattern, pathogen gets into the body from mouth and nose, and directly invades the upper jiao, which can cause different syndromes and/or pathogenesis due to combination of interior and exterior pathogens, such as throat discomfort (laryngopathy), or lung failing to diffuse and govern descent, or heat accumulated in the upper jiao that heat consumes body fluids, or eruption of papules (toxin), or inhibited eruption of papules due to pathogen constraint in fleshy exterior. Therefore, formulas in this categories often combine with herbs that resolve toxins and relieve sorethroat, such as Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao), herbs that diffuse the lung and relieve cough, such as Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) and Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren), herbs that clear and discharge interior heat, herbs that promote the production of body fluids with sweet flavor and cold medicinal property, or herbs that resolve toxins and promote eruption of papules. The representative formulas includes Mulberry Leaf and Chrysanthemum Beverage (sang ju yin), Lonicera and Forsythia Powder (yin qiao san), Ephedra, Apricot Kernel, Gypsum and Licorice Decoction (ma xing shi gan tang), Bupleurum and Pueraria Muscle-Resolving Decoction (chai ge jie ji tang) and Cimicifuga and Pueraria Decoction (sheng ma ge gen tang).

Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 1. Primary formulas and analysis (Tables 22.5–22.6)

TABLE 22.5 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Release the Exterior with Acrid-cool Medicinals Name of Formula

Source, Composition and Usage

Efficacy and Indication

Lonicera and Forsythia Powder (yin qiao san)

Initially recorded in Systematic Differentiation of Warm Diseases (wen bing tiao bian). Composed by Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao) 15 g, Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (jin yin hua) 15 g, Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) 9 g, Herba Menthae (bo he) 9 g, Folium Phyllostachydis Henonis (zhu ye) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 8 g, Spica Schizonepetae (jing jie sui) 6 g, Semen Sojae Praeparatum (dan dou chi) 8 g, Fructus Arctii (niu bang zi) 9 g and Rhizoma Phragmitis (lu gen) 9 g. Make the ingredients into pills or powder for oral use. If as a decoction, the dosage should be reduced according to the original proportion

Release the exterior with acrid-cool (medicinals), clear heat and resolve toxins. Indicated for the treatment of wind-warmth in the initial stage with fever, absence of sweating, or inhibited sweating, slight aversion to windcold, headache, thirst, cough, sore throat, red tip of tongue, thin and white coating, or thin and yellow coating, floating, and rapid pulse

Modified Clinical Application

Caution for Use

For severe fluid consumption with intense thirst, add Radix Trichosanthis (tian hua fen) to promote fluid production and quench thirst; for heat with damp-turbidity, fullness and oppression in the chest and diaphragm, add Herba Agastachis (huo xiang) and Radix Curcumae (yu jin) to remove dampness and turbidity with aromatic property; for intense heat toxin, swelling nape and sore throat, add Lasiosphaera seu Calvatia (ma bo) and Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen) to clear heat and resolve toxins, relieve sore-throat and swelling; for nosebleed due to heat damaging the blood collaterals, remove Spica Schizonepetae (jing jie sui) and Semen Sojae Praeparatum (dan dou chi), add Rhizoma Imperatae (bai mao gen), charred Cacumen Platycladi (ce bai tan) and charred Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi tan) to cool the blood and stanch bleeding; for severe cough, add Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren) to reinforce the effect of relieving cough; for fever not relieved for 2 or 3 days, and gradual inward penetration of heat pathogen, add Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) and Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong)

Its use is prohibited in patients with common cold due to wind-cold or damp-heat syndrome in the initial stage

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TABLE 22.5 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Release the Exterior with Acrid-cool Medicinals (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition and Usage

Efficacy and Indication

Mulberry Leaf and Chrysanthemum Beverage (sang ju yin)

Initially recorded in Systematic Differentiation of Warm Diseases (wen bing tiao bian). Composed by Folium Mori (sang ye) 7.5 g, Flos Chrysanthemi (ju hua) 3 g, Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren) 6 g, Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao) 5 g, Herba Menthae (bo he) 2.5 g, Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 2.5 g, Rhizoma Phragmitis (lu gen) 6 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Ephedra, Apricot Kernel, Gypsum and Licorice Decoction (ma xing shi gan tang)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Cold Damage (shang han lun). Composed by Herba Ephedrae (ma huang) 5 g, Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 6 g, Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao) 18 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Modified Clinical Application

Caution for Use

Scatter wind and clear heat, diffuse the lung and relieve cough. Indicated for the treatment of wind-warmth in the initial stage, pattern of pathogen invading the lung collateral, accompanied by cough, not high general fever, slightly thirst, floating, and rapid pulse

For intense heat in qi aspect, heavy breath like panting, add Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao) and Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu) to clear and discharge heat in qi aspect; for intense lung heat with frequent cough, add Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) to clear lung heat and relieve cough; for cough with yellow and thick phlegm, and difficulty in expectoration, add Cortex Mori (sang bai pi), Bulbus Fritillaria (bei mu), Fructus Trichosanthis (gua lou) and Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) to clear heat and dissolve phlegm; for severe fluid consumption with intense thirst, add Radix Trichosanthis (tian hua fen) to clear heat and promote fluid production and quench thirst; for severe cough and expectoration of blood-stained phlegm due to lung heat damaging the collateral, add Nodus Nelumbinis Rhizomatis (ou jie), Rhizoma Imperatae (bai mao gen), Radix et Rhizoma Rubiae (qian cao gen) or Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi) to cool the blood and stanch bleeding; complicated by swelling and pain of the throat, add Radix Isatidis (ban lan gen) and Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen)

Its use is prohibited in patients with cough due to wind-cold. Due to several light and aromatic medicinals in this formula, it cannot be overdecocted

Diffuse the lung with acrid-cool (medicinals), clear lung heat and relieve panting. Indicated for the treatment of intense lung heat, with general fever not relieved, sweating or absence of sweating, cough with counterflow qi ascent, breathlessness, even flaring of nares, thirst, thin and white or yellow coating, floating, slippery and rapid pulse

For excessive phlegm and breathlessness, add Semen Lepidii (ting li zi) and Folium Eriobotryae (pi pa ye); for cough with yellow thick phlegm, add Fructus Trichosanthis (gua lou) and Bulbus Fritillaria (bei mu); for intense heat and fluid consumption with excessive thirst, add Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu) and Rhizoma Phragmitis (lu gen); for wind-heat pattern not relieved, slight aversion to wind-cold, add Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (jin yin hua) and Herba Menthae (bo he); for wind-cold not relieved, absence of sweating and aversion to cold, add Herba Schizonepetae (jing jie) and Semen Sojae Praeparatum (dan dou chi)

Herba Ephedrae (ma huang) in this formula should be decocted first. Its use is prohibited in patients with excess-type panting due to wind-cold, or deficiency-type panting

(Continued )

432 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 22.5 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Release the Exterior with Acrid-cool Medicinals (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition and Usage

Efficacy and Indication

Bupleurum and Pueraria MuscleResolving Decoction (chai ge jie ji tang)

Initially recorded in Six Texts on Cold Damage (shang han liu shu). Composed by Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) 6 g, Radix Puerariae Lobatae (ge gen) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 3 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 6 g, Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo) 3 g, Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi) 3 g, Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) 6 g, Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) 3 g, Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao) 12 g, Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) three pieces and Fructus Jujubae (da zao) two pieces. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Cimicifuga and Pueraria Decoction (sheng ma ge gen tang)

Scallion, Fermented Soybean and Platycodon Decoction (cong chi jie geng tang)

Modified Clinical Application

Caution for Use

Release the flesh with acrid-cool (medicinals), clear and discharge interior heat. Indicated for the treatment of pathogen constraint transforming into heat after common cold due to wind-cold, with aversion to cold relieved gradually, general fever aggravated gradually, absence of sweating, headache, eye pain, dryness in the nasal cavity, vexation and insomnia, dry throat, deafness, or pain of eye sockets, thin and yellow coating, floating, and slightly surging pulse

For absence of sweating and severe aversion to cold due to exuberant exterior cold, remove Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) and Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao), add Herba Ephedrae (ma huang) or Folium Perillae (zi su ye); for mild exterior cold pattern without aversion to cold and headache, remove Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi) and Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo); for intense heat and fluid consumption with thirst and dry tongue, add Radix Trichosanthis (tian hua fen) and Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu) to clear heat and promote fluid production; for no obvious aversion to cold but intense interior heat with high fever, vexation and red tongue, add Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (jin yin hua) and Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao), and increase the dose of Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao)

Its use is prohibited in patients with taiyang exterior pattern before inward penetration of exterior pathogen. In order to avoid obstructing to release the flesh and scatter pathogen, the dosage of Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) should not be too large

Initially recorded in Yan’s Treatise on Formulas for Children (yan shi xiao er fang lun). Composed by Rhizoma Cimicifugae (sheng ma) 3 g, Radix Puerariae Lobatae (ge gen) 3 g, Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 3 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Release the flesh with acrid-cool (medicinals), resolve toxins and promote eruption of papules. Indicated for the treatment of measles in the initial stage, or inhibited eruption of papules, with general fever, aversion to wind, headache and body pain, sneezing, cough, red eye with lacrimation, thirst, red tongue with dry coating, floating and rapid pulse

For inhibited eruption of papules due to wind-heat binding the exterior, add Herba Menthae (bo he) and Periostracum Cicadae (chan tui); for wind-cold fettering the exterior, add Folium Perillae (zi su ye), Spica Schizonepetae (jing jie sui) and Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng); for crimson papules, use Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao), add Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi) and Radix Arnebiae (zi cao); for sore throat due to heat toxin attacking upward, add Lasiosphaera seu Calvatia (ma bo), Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) and Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen)

Its use is prohibited in patients with difficulty in eruption of papules and inward invasion of measles toxin accompanied by breathlessness and panting, or complete eruption of papules

Initially recorded in Revised Popular Guide to “Treatise on Cold Damage” (chong ding tong su shang han lun). Composed by fresh Bulbus Allii Fistulosi (cong bai) 12 g, Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) 5 g, Fructus Gardeniae Praeparatus (jiao zhi zi) 6 g, Herba Menthae (bo he) 5 g, Semen Sojae Praeparatum (dan dou chi) 9 g, Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 2 g and fresh Herba Lophatheri (dan zhu ye) 3 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Release the flesh with acrid-cool (medicinals), scatter wind and clear heat. Indicated for the treatment of wind-warmth in the initial stage, wind-heat accumulated in the lung, with headache, general fever, slight aversion to wind-cold, cough, sore throat, thirst, red tip of tongue, thin and white coating, floating, and rapid pulse

For throat discomfort or sore throat, add two pills of Purple Gold Troche (zi jin ding) and Folium Isatidis (da qing ye); chest lumpy stiffness, remove Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao), add raw Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao) and Fructus Amomi Kravanh (bai dou kou); accompanied by papules, add Periostracum Cicadae (chan tui), Spina Gleditsiae (zao jiao ci) and Fructus Arctii (niu bang zi); for severe cough with excessive phlegm, add Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren) and Exocarpium Citri Rubrum (ju hong); for nosebleed, add raw Cacumen Platycladi (ce bai ye) and fresh Rhizoma Imperatae (bai mao gen); for intense heat transforming into fire, add Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) and Semen Phaseoli Radiati (lü dou); for vigorous fire with agitation and mania, add raw Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao) and Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu)

Its use is prohibited in patients with common cold due to wind-cold

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TABLE 22.6 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Release the Exterior With Acrid-Cool Medicinals Name of Formula Lonicera and Forsythia Powder (yin qiao san)

Efficacy Analysis Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (jin yin hua) Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao) Herba Menthae (bo he) Fructus Arctii (niu bang zi) Spica Schizonepetae (jing jie sui) Semen Sojae Praeparatum (dan dou chi)

Mulberry Leaf and Chrysanthemum Beverage (sang ju yin)

Scatter and dissipate wind-heat, resolve toxins and relieve sore-throat

Acrid and slightly warm properties, release the exterior and scatter pathogen, and strengthen the effect of chief medicinals on venting the exterior

Folium Phyllostachydis Henonis (zhu ye)

Clear the upper jiao pathogenic heat

Rhizoma Phragmitis (lu gen)

Clear heat and promote fluid production

Radix Platycodonis (jie geng)

Diffuse the lung qi to discharge pathogen, and relieve cough and sore-throat

Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao)

Harmonize the actions of all medicinals, protect the stomach and calm the center, combine with Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) to relieve sore-throat and cough

Folium Mori (sang ye)

Effect of clearing with sweet-cool and light properties, and scatter and dissipate the upper jiao wind-heat

Flos Chrysanthemi (ju hua) Herba Menthae (bo he) Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren) Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao) Rhizoma Phragmitis (lu gen) Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao)

Ephedra, Apricot Kernel, Gypsum and Licorice Decoction (ma xing shi gan tang)

Scatter and dissipate wind-heat, clear heat and resolve toxins, dispel filth and remove turbidity, vent the exterior pathogen (in defense aspect) under the consideration of warm febrile disease complicated by filthy turbidity pathogen

Release the exterior with acrid-cool (medicinals), clear heat and resolve toxins

Assist Scatter and dissipate wind-heat with acrid-cool property Harmonize the ascending and descending of qi movement, and diffuse the lung qi to relieve panting and cough

Clear heat to relieve the exterior pattern

Scatter wind and clear heat, diffuse the lung and relieve cough

Clear heat and promote fluid production Harmonize the actions of all medicinals

Herba Ephedrae (ma huang)

Induce sweating and dispel exterior pathogen, diffuse lung qi with acrid-bitter flavor and warm property

One acrid herb and one cold herb, clearing combine with dispelling: disperse lung qi with no assist to heat, and clear lung heat without retaining pathogen

Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao)

Clear lung heat with acridsweet flavor and cold property

Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren)

Direct the lung qi downward, and assist Herba Ephedrae (ma huang) to relieve panting and cough

Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao)

Supplement the center qi, combine with Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao) to promote fluid production to quench thirst with sweet flavor and cold property

Diffuse the lung with acrid-cool (medicinals), clear lung heat and relieve panting

(Continued )

434 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 22.6 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Release the Exterior With Acrid-Cool Medicinals (cont.) Name of Formula Bupleurum and Pueraria Muscle-Resolving Decoction (chai ge jie ji tang)

Efficacy Analysis Radix Puerariae Lobatae (ge gen) Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao) Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi) Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo) Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) Fructus Jujubae (da zao)

Cimicifuga and Pueraria Decoction (sheng ma ge gen tang)

Vent and harmonize the shaoyang pathogenic heat Clear and discharge interior heat Clear and vent the yangming pathogenic heat Release the exterior with acrid property, and relieve pain Dissipate and scatter wind-cold (in the taiyang channel) Diffuse the lung qi to assist releasing the exterior

Dissipate and scatter wind-cold, combine with Fructus Jujubae (da zao) to harmonize nutrient and defensive aspects

Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao)

Harmonize the actions of all medicinals

Rhizoma Cimicifugae (sheng ma)

Release the flesh and promote eruption of papules, and resolve toxins

Radix Puerariae Lobatae (ge gen)

Release the flesh, relieve fever, and promote eruption of papules, and promote fluid production

Radix Paeoniae (shao yao)

Harmonize the nutrient aspect, and discharge heat

Bulbus Allii Fistulosi (cong bai) Semen Sojae Praeparatum (dan dou chi)

Release the flesh with acrid-cool (medicinals), resolve toxins and promote eruption of papules

Harmonize the actions of all medicinals Release the exterior and dispel pathogen, combine with each other and become Scallion and Fermented Soybean Decoction (cong chi tang), which is a common formula used for inducing sweating

Herba Menthae (bo he)

Scatter and dissipate wind-heat with acrid, cool and light properties

Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao)

Diffuse and dissipate wind-heat, clear heat and resolve toxins, and specialize in clearing heat above the diaphragm

Herba Lophatheri (dan zhu ye)

Clear upper jiao pathogenic wind and vexing heat with bitter and cool properties

Fructus Gardeniae Praeparatus (jiao zhi zi)

Discharge lung heat and heart heat

Radix Platycodonis (jie geng)

Diffuse the lung qi and relieve cough and sore-throat

Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao)

Release the flesh with acrid-cool (medicinals), clear and discharge interior heat

Combine with each other to retain yin with astringent and nourish the blood, and prevent from yin damaged by over scattering and dissipating effects

Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang)

Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) Scallion, Fermented Soybean and Platycodon Decoction (cong chi jie geng tang)

Acrid flavor and cool property, vent pathogen and release the flesh

Harmonize the actions of all medicinals, calm the center, and combine with Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) to relieve sore-throat

Release the flesh with acrid-cool (medicinals), scatter wind and clear heat

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2. Attached formulas (Table 22.7)

TABLE 22.7 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Release the Exterior With Acrid-Cool Medicinals Name of Formula

Source, Composition and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Toxin-Expelling Exterior-Relieving Decoction (xuan du fa biao tang)

Initially recorded in Renduan Records of Pox (dou zhen ren duan lu). Composed by Rhizoma Cimicifugae (sheng ma) 3 g, Radix Puerariae Lobatae (ge gen) 3 g, Radix Peucedani (qian hu) 5 g, Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren) 6 g, Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) 3 g, Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao) 3 g, Herba Schizonepetae (jing jie) 3 g, Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 3 g, Caulis Akebiae (mu tong) 3 g, Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao) 5 g, dry-fried Fructus Arctii (chao niu bang zi) 5 g, Herba Lophatheri (dan zhu ye) 2 g and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 2 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Scatter wind and release the exterior, diffuse toxins, and promote eruption of papules

Indicated for the treatment of measles in the initial stage, being about to erupt but no eruption, accompanied by general fever, no sweating, cough, sore throat, excessive thirst, and reddish urine

Maidservant From Yue Decoction (yue bi tang)

Initially recorded in Essentials from the Golden Cabinet (jin gui yao lüe). Composed by Herba Ephedrae (ma huang) 9 g (decocted first), Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao) 18 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 6 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 9 g and Fructus Jujubae (da zao) four pieces. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Induce sweating and promote urination

Indicated for the treatment of wind edema with aversion to wind, even general edema, accompanied by continuous spontaneous sweating, no thirst, and no high fever

Master Cheng’s Bupleurum and Pueraria Muscle-Resolving Decoction (cheng shi chai ge jie ji tang)

Initially recorded in Medical Revelations (yi xue xin wu). Composed by Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 3 g, Radix Puerariae Lobatae (ge gen) 6 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 6 g, Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao) 6 g, Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 9 g, Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu) 5 g, Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi) 6 g and Bulbus Fritillaria (bei mu) 6 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Release the flesh and clear heat

Indicated for the treatment of externally-contracted wind-heat with exuberant interior heat pattern, no aversion to cold, thirst, yellow coating, floating, and rapid pulse

Lophatherum, Tamarisk and Arctium Decoction (zhu ye liu bang tang)

Initially recorded in Extensive Notes on Medicine from Xian Xing Studio (xian xing zhai yi xue guang bi ji). Composed by Cacumen Tamaricis (xi he liu) 6 g, Spica Schizonepetae (jing jie sui) 4.5 g, Radix Puerariae Lobatae (ge gen) 4.5 g, Periostracum Cicadae (chan tui) 3 g, dry-fried Fructus Arctii (chao niu bang zi) 4.5 g, Herba Menthae (bo he) 3 g, Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu) 3 g, Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen) 6 g, Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) 9 g, Herba Lophatheri (dan zhu ye) 5 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 3 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Promote eruption of papules and release the exterior, clear heat, and promote fluid production

Indicated for the treatment of rash of measles and papules without eruption, accompanied by panting and cough, nasal obstruction, nasal discharge, slight aversion to cold, fever, discomfort, agitation, swelling and pain of the throat, dry lips and thirst, thin, yellow and dry coating, floating, and rapid pulse

Clearing- Resolving and ExteriorVenting Decoction (qing jie tou biao tang)

Initially recorded in TCM Pediatrics (zhong yi er ke xue). Composed by Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (jin yin hua) 6 g, Radix Arnebiae (zi cao) 5 g, Cacumen Tamaricis (xi he liu) 4 g, Periostracum Cicadae (chan tui) 4 g, Radix Puerariae Lobatae (ge gen) 4 g, Rhizoma Cimicifugae (sheng ma) 4 g, Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao) 4 g, Folium Mori (sang ye) 4 g, Flos Chrysanthemi (ju hua) 4 g, Fructus Arctii (niu bang zi) 4 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 4 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Clear heat and resolve toxins, promote eruption of papules and vent pathogen

Indicated for the treatment of measles with no eruption of erythra, erythra spot becoming dense from small and rare, and dark from red, projection of erythra, being a hindrance by touch, color fading by pressure, accompanied by continuous high fever, fluctuating like tide, vexation and agitation, red eyes, cough, constipation, and red urine, red tongue with yellow and greasy coating, rapid, and powerful pulse (Continued )

TABLE 22.7 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Release the Exterior With Acrid-Cool Medicinals (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Shrub Chastetree Fruit Powder (man jing zi san)

Initially recorded in [Yang] Ren-zhai’s Direct Guidance on Formulas (ren zhai zhi zhi fang). Composed by equal parts of Fructus Viticis (man jing zi), Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang), Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao), Dendranthema lavandulifolium (Fisch.ex Trautv.) Ling et Shih (gan ju hua), Cortex Mori (sang bai pi), Caulis Akebiae (mu tong), Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong), Rhizoma Cimicifugae (sheng ma), Radix Peucedani (qian hu), Poria Rubra (chi fu ling) and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao). Grind the ingredients together into crude powder, decocte 9 g powder each time and appropriate amount of Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) and Fructus Jujubae (da zao) with water; or if directly as a decoction, the dosage should be reduced according to the original proportion

Scatter and dissipate windheat, relieve swelling, and resolve toxins

Indicated for the treatment of acute pyotorrhea, accompanied by interior ear pain, fullness, suppuration, tinnitus, hearing disorders, bitter taste in the mouth, dry mouth, yellowish urine, constipation, red tongue with yellow coating, wiry, and rapid pulse

Wind- Scattering and Liver-Clearing Decoction (shu feng qing gan tang)

Initially recorded in Golden Mirror of the Medical Tradition (yi zong jin jian). Composed by Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (jin yin hua) 6 g, Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) 4.5 g, Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao) 4.5 g, Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi) 3 g, Flos Chrysanthemi (ju hua) 3 g, Spica Schizonepetae (jing jie sui) 3 g, Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 3 g, Herba Menthae (bo he) 3 g, Carda part of Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui wei) 3 g, Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao) 3 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 3 g and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 1.5 g, Medulla Junci (deng xin cao) 50 Chinese inches. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Dispel wind and clear heat, resolve toxins and invigorate blood

Indicated for the treatment of external oculopathy with a pattern of wind-heat complicated by blood stasis, accompanied by red eye with swelling and pain, black part of the eye with pupil nebula, photophobia, headache, nasal obstruction, red tongue with thin and yellow coating, floating, and rapid pulse

Wind-Dispelling and HeatDissipating Drink (qu feng san re yin zi)

Initially recorded in A Close Examination of the Precious Classic on Ophthalmology (shen shi yao han). Composed by equal parts of Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao), Fructus Arctii (niu bang zi), Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo), Herba Menthae (bo he), carda part of Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui wei), Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang), Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao), Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng), Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao), Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi) and Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong). Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Dispel wind and clear heat

Indicated for the treatment of eyelid subsultus, or stabbing or burning pain of eyes, photophobia and dacryorrhea, palpebral swelling and difficulty in opening, thin and yellow coating, and floating pulse

Notopterygium Dampness-Drying Decoction (qiang huo sheng shi tang)

Initially recorded in Revealing the Mystery of the Origin of Eye Diseases (yuan ji qi wei). Composed by Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo) 4 g, Radix Angelicae Pubescentis (du huo) 4 g, Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi) 4 g, Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) 4 g, Radix Peucedani (qian hu) 4 g, Herba Menthae (bo he) 4 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 4 g, Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao) 4 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 5 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 5 g, Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) 7 g, Spica Schizonepetae (jing jie sui) 3 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 3 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Dispel wind and dissipate pathogen, and remove nebula to improve vision

Indicated for the treatment of externally contracted wind-heat, external ophthalmopathy with a pattern of exuberant wind, accompanied by headache, nasal obstruction, heavy head, soreness of supra-orbital bone, a lot of eye discharge, photophobia, red vessels crossing white eye (angular conjunctivitis), eye with cloudand-mist like nebula, red tongue with thin and yellow coating, floating, and rapid pulse

Gardenia WonderConquering Decoction (zhi zi sheng qi tang)

Initially recorded in Revealing the Mystery of the Origin of Eye Diseases (yuan ji qi wei). Composed by Fructus Tribuli (bai ji li) 12 g, Flos Chrysanthemi (ju hua) 12 g, Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo) 9 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 10 g, Fructus Viticis (man jing zi) 12 g, Flos Eriocauli (gu jing cao) 12 g, Herba Equiseti Hiemalis (mu zei) 12 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 10 g, Semen Cassiae (cao jue ming) 12 g, Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi) 10 g, Herba Schizonepetae (jing jie) 10 g, Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 10 g, Flos Buddlejae (mi meng hua) 9 g, Periostracum Cicadae (chan tui) 6 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 3 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Clear heat and dispel wind, remove nebula and eliminate vision obstruction

Indicated for the treatment of pterygium due to exuberant wind-heat, accompanied by ocular itching, photophobia, a lot of secretion in the eye, excessive tearing, gradual growth of pterygium, red vessels crossing white eye, thin and yellow coating, floating and rapid pulse

TABLE 22.7 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Release the Exterior With Acrid-Cool Medicinals (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Chrysanthemum and Cassia Seed Powder (ju hua jue ming san)

Initially recorded in Revealing the Mystery of the Origin of Eye Diseases (yuan ji qi wei). Composed by Semen Cassiae (cao jue ming) 15 g, Concha Haliotidis (shi jue ming) 15 g, Herba Equiseti Hiemalis (mu zei) 15 g, Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo) 15 g, Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 15 g, Fructus Viticis (man jing zi) 15 g, Dendranthema lavandulifolium (Fisch.ex Trautv.) Ling et Shih (gan ju hua) 15 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 15 g, raw Gypsum Fibrosum (sheng shi gao) 15 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 15 g and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 15 g. Grind the ingredients into crude powder, decoct 6 g each time with water as an oral dose; or if directly as a decoction, the dose should be reduced according to the original proportion

Clear heat and dispel wind, and remove nebula to improve vision

Indicated for the treatment of red eyelid due to wind-heat in the liver channel, accompanied by contracted pupil (iridocyclitis), white part of the eyeball slightly becoming blue, black part of the eye with nebula, slightly complicated by white, red band between the white and black, a lot of secretion in the eye, photophobia, blurred vision, red tongue with yellow coating, wiry and rapid pulse

Nebula-Dispersing Decoction (xiao yi tang)

Initially recorded in Compilation of Ophthalmology (yan ke zuan yao). Composed by Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 15 g, Fructus Viticis (man jing zi) 15 g, Herba Equiseti Hiemalis (mu zei) 10 g, Flos Buddlejae (mi meng hua) 10 g, Herba Schizonepetae (jing jie) 10 g, Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) 10 g, carda part of Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui wei) 10 g, Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 10 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 6 g, Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao) 6 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 6 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Dispel wind and remove nebula, nourish the blood and improve vision

Indicated for the treatment of mature cataract or nebula due to wind-heat dispelled incompletely, accompanied by thin, bright, smooth and ice-like nebula, or thick nebula like cloud or mist, self-conscious blurred vision, complicated by a lot of eye discharge and eye pain

Wind-Eliminating and SpleenClearing Drink (chu feng qing pi yin)

Initially recorded in A Close Examination of the Precious Classic on Ophthalmology (shen shi yao han). Composed by equal parts of Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (guang chen pi), Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao), Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng), Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu), Natrii Sulfas Exsiccatus (xuan ming fen), Radix Scutellariae (huang qin), Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen), Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian), Spica Schizonepetae (jing jie sui), Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang), Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) and Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang). Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Dispel wind and dissipate pathogen, clear heat and unblock the bowels

Indicated for the treatment of prickly-ash-like sore (trachoma), millet sore (conjunctival folliculitis) and trichiasis due to wind-heat, accompanied by dry, itching and pain eye, increase of gritty secretion in eyes and lacrimae, complicated by invasion of exogenous pathogen

Cloud-Clearing and Nebula-Removing Pill (bo yun tui yi wan)

Initially recorded in Revealing the Mystery of the Origin of Eye Diseases (yuan ji qi wei). Composed by Flos Buddlejae (mi meng hua) 60 g, Folium Menthae (bo he ye) 60 g, Herba Equiseti Hiemalis (mu zei) 60 g, Fructus Viticis (man jing zi) 60 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 45 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 45 g, dry-fried Fructus Tribuli (chao bai ji li) 45 g, Flos Chrysanthemi (ju hua)30 g, Periostracum Cicadae (chan tui) 30 g, Cortex Lycii (di gu pi) 30 g, Spica Schizonepetae (jing jie sui) 30 g, Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 15 g, Fructus Broussonetiae (chu shi zi) 15 g, Radix Trichosanthis (tian hua fen) 18 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 9 g, Periostracum Serpentis Praeparata (zhi she tui) 9 g and Pericarpium Zanthoxyli (hua jiao) 21 g. Make the ingredients into pills, and take the pills orally with 12 g each time, 2 times a day

Scatter wind and improve vision, eliminate vision obstruction and remove nebula

Indicated for the treatment of pterygium due to wind-heat in the liver channel, accompanied by black part of the eye with nebula, red eyelid, photophobia, dacryorrhea, dry eye with pain, red tongue, and floating, wiry, and rapid pulse

Yang-Inhibiting Wine-fried Coptis Rhizome Powder (yi yang jiu lian san)

Initially recorded in Revealing the Mystery of the Origin of Eye Diseases (yuan ji qi wei). Composed by Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 1.5 g, Radix Angelicae Pubescentis (du huo) 1.5 g, Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai) 1.5 g, Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 1.5 g, Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu)1.5 g, Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae (han fang ji) 1.5 g, Fructus Viticis (man jing zi) 2 g, Radix Peucedani (qian hu) 2 g, Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo) 2 g, Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi) 2 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 2 g, wine-fried Radix Scutellariae (jiu huang qin) 2.5 g, Glauberitum (han shui shi) 2.5 g, Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi) 2.5 g and wine-fried Rhizoma Coptidis (jiu huang lian) 2.5 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Clear heat and dispel wind

Indicated for the treatment of fighting of wind-damp with heat, accompanied by contracted pupil (iridocyclitis), turbid aqueous humor, or pupillary metamorphosis (posterior synechia), unclear venation of iris, soreness of limbs and joints, blurred vision, slightly dry eyes, yellow and greasy coating, and rapid pulse

438 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

3. Formula differentiation (Table 22.8)

TABLE 22.8 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Release the Exterior With Acrid-Cool Medicinals Name of Formula

Similarity

Differences

Mulberry Leaf and Chrysanthemum Beverage (sang ju yin)

Both contain Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao), Radix Platycodonis (jie geng), Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao), Herba Menthae (bo he) and Rhizoma Phragmitis (lu gen), can release the exterior with its acrid-cool property, and often be used for the treatment of warm disease in the initial stage

Use Folium Mori (sang ye) and Flos Chrysanthemi (ju hua) to combine with Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren), the effects of purifying the lung and relieving cough are strong, but effects of releasing the exterior and clearing heat are inferior to that of Lonicera and Forsythia Powder (yin qiao san). So it is an acrid, cool and mild formula

Both use Herba Ephedrae (ma huang) to combine with Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao) to diffuse the lung and scatter the exterior pathogen, clear and discharge lung heat, and can treat sweating syndrome

Ephedra, Apricot Kernel, Gypsum and Licorice Decoction (ma xing shi gan tang) can mainly treat cough and panting caused by externally-contracted wind-heat accumulated in the lung and lung failing to diffuse and govern descent, so use Herba Ephedrae (ma huang) to combine with Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren) and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) to diffuse and direct lung qi downward, and relieve cough and calm panting

Lonicera and Forsythia Powder (yin qiao san)

Ephedra, Apricot Kernel, Gypsum and Licorice Decoction (ma xing shi gan tang)

Maidservant From Yue Decoction (yue bi tang)

Use Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (jin yin hua) to combine with Herba Schizonepetae (jing jie), Semen Sojae Praeparatum (dan dou chi), Fructus Arctii (niu bang zi) and Folium Phyllostachydis Henonis (zhu ye), the effects of releasing the exterior and clearing heat are strong. So it is an acrid, cool and moderate formula

Maidservant From Yue Decoction (yue bi tang) can mainly treat general edema, or syndrome of water accumulated in the fleshy exterior. So increase the dose of Herba Ephedrae (ma huang), and combine with Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) to induce sweating in order to dispel water-dampness in the fleshy exterior, diffuse the lung qi, free and regulate the waterways, which is beneficial to water-dampness discharge; and use Fructus Jujubae (da zao) and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) to boost qi and fortify the spleen (means “bank up earth to control water”); no panting, so remove Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren)

SECTION 3  FORMULAS THAT REINFORCE HEALTHY QI AND RELEASE THE EXTERIOR Outline Formulas that reinforce healthy qi and release the exterior are indicated for the treatment of weak body constitution with exterior pattern from external contraction by pathogen. Healthy energy deficiency refers to insufficiency of qi, blood, yin or yang. If patients who are qi deficiency or yang deficiency with externally contracted wind-cold are treated by simply inducing sweating and releasing the exterior, not only the deficient yang qi is further weakened following the discharging of sweat, but also health qi deficiency may lose the ability to dispel pathogen out and lead to pathogen lingering and not releasing. So the treatment for exterior pattern complicated by health qi deficiency and externallycontracted pathogen should be given consideration to the methods of both releasing the exterior and reinforcing healthy qi. Under this condition, aim of reinforcing healthy qi lies on assisting to release the exterior and dispel pathogen but not damage healthy qi, by no means for supporting weakness. Formulas in this categories commonly use herbs that boost qi and assist yang, such as Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen), Radix Astragali (huang qi), Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi), and Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin), or herbs that enrich yin and nourish the blood, such as Rhizoma Polygonati Odorati (yu zhu) and Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang), to combine with herbs that release the

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exterior with acrid-warm property, such as Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo), Herba Ephedrae (ma huang), Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) and Folium Perillae (zi su ye) or herbs that release the exterior with acrid-slightly warm or acrid-cool property, such as Bulbus Allii Fistulosi (cong bai), Semen Sojae Praeparatum (dan dou chi), Radix Puerariae Lobatae (ge gen), and Herba Menthae (bo he). Since exogenous pathogen has the difference of cold or heat, as well as the weak is often complicated by different pathogenic factors, such as yang deficiency leading to internal cold, qi deficiency complicated by phlegm-damp, yin deficiency leading to internal heat, and blood deficiency complicated by lack of body fluids, therefore formulas in this category often combine medicinals that can reinforce healthy qi and release the exterior and other appropriate medicinals. The representative formulas that can boost qi and release the exterior or assist yang and release the exterior includes Renewal Powder (zai zao san), Ginseng and Perilla Beverage (shen su yin) and Toxin-Resolving Powder (bai du san), or formulas that can enrich yin and release the exterior or nourish the blood and release the exterior includes Solomon’s Seal Variant Decoction (jia jian wei rui tang) and Scallion Decoction with Seven Ingredients (cong bai qi wei yin).

Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 1. Primary formulas and analysis (Tables 22.9–22.10)

TABLE 22.9 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Reinforce Healthy Qi and Release the Exterior Name of Formula

Source, Composition and Usage

Efficacy and Indication

Toxin-Resolving Powder (bai du san)

Initially recorded in Beneficial Formulas from the Taiping Imperial Pharmacy (tai ping hui min he ji ju fang). Composed by Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) 6 g, Radix Peucedani (qian hu) 6 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 6 g, Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao) 6 g, Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo) 6 g, Radix Angelicae Pubescentis (du huo) 6 g, Poria (fu ling) 6 g, Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 6 g and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 6 g. Add Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 3 g and Herba Menthae (bo he) 2 g, and decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Boost qi and release the exterior, dissipate wind and dispel dampness. Indicated for the treatment of patients who are qi deficiency with a pattern of externallycontracted wind-colddamp, accompanied by aversion to cold, high fever, absence of sweating, headache and painful stiff nape, soreness of limbs, nasal obstruction, deep voice, cough with phlegm, pĭ and fullness in the chest and diaphragm, white and greasy coating, floating and soggy pulse, or floating and rapid but forceless pulse when pressing heavily

Modified Clinical Application

Caution for Use

If no qi deficiency, remove Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) to dispel wind and dissipate cold; if severe qi deficiency, increase the dose of Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) or add Radix Astragali (huang qi) to boost qi and supplement deficiency; if dampness stagnated in the fleshy exterior with severe soreness and pain of limbs, add Radix et Rhizoma Clematidis (wei ling xian), Ramulus Mori (sang zhi), Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae (qin jiao) or Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae (fang ji) to dispel wind and eliminate dampness, unblock the collaterals and relieve pain; if internal stagnation of damp-turbidity, alternating chills and fever, thick and greasy coating, add Fructus Tsaoko (cao guo) and Semen Arecae (bing lang) to dry dampness and remove turbidity, move qi and dissipate masses; if heat accumulated in interior, bitter taste in the mouth and yellow coating, add Radix Scutellariae (huang qin); for sores and ulcers in the initial stage, remove Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen), add Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (jin yin hua) and Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao); for urticaria due to wind toxin, add Periostracum Cicadae (chan tui) and Radix Sophorae Flavescentis (ku shen) to scatter wind and relieve itching, clear heat and eliminate dampness

Its use is prohibited in patients with externallycontracted windheat, inward penetration of pathogen and transformation into heat or yin deficiency and external contraction, and cautious in patients with dysentery due to damp-heat

(Continued )

440 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 22.9 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Reinforce Healthy Qi and Release the Exterior (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition and Usage

Efficacy and Indication

Solomon’s Seal Variant Decoction (jia jian wei rui tang)

Initially recorded in Popular Guide to the “Treatise on Cold Damage” (tong su shang han lun). Composed by Raw Rhizoma Polygonati Odorati (sheng yu zhu) 9 g, Bulbus Allii Fistulosi (cong bai) 9 g, Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) 5 g, Radix et Rhizoma Cynanchi Atrati (bai wei) 3 g, Semen Sojae Praeparatum (dan dou chi) 9 g, Herba Menthae (bo he) 5 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 5 g, and Fructus Jujubae (da zao) two pieces. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Scallion Decoction with Seven Ingredients (cong bai qi wei yin)

Initially recorded in Arcane Essentials from the Imperial Library (wai tai mi yao). Composed by Bulbus Allii Fistulosi (cong bai) 9 g, Radix Puerariae Lobatae (ge gen) 9 g, Semen Sojae Praeparatum (dan dou chi) 6 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 6 g, raw Radix Ophiopogonis (sheng mai dong) 9 g, Radix Rehmanniae Recens (gan di huang) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use when decoction is warm

Modified Clinical Application

Caution for Use

Enrich yin and clear heat, induce sweating and release the exterior. Indicated for the treatment of consistent yin deficiency and externallycontracted wind-heat, accompanied by headache, general fever, slight aversion to wind-cold, absence of sweating or less sweating, cough, vexation, thirst and dry throat, red tongue and rapid pulse

If severe exterior pattern with aversion to cold and absence of sweating, add Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) and Radix Puerariae Lobatae (ge gen) to dispel wind and release the exterior; for windheat invading upward with swelling and pain of the throat, add Fructus Arctii (niu bang zi) and Bombyx Batryticatus (jiang can); for yin deficiency and phlegm-heat with cough and incomplete expectoration, add Pericarpium Trichosanthis (gua lou pi) and Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii (zhe bei mu) to relieve sore-throat and dissolve phlegm; for vexation and very thirst, add Folium Phyllostachydis Henonis (zhu ye) and Radix Trichosanthis (tian hua fen) to clear heat and promote fluid production and relieve vexation; for lung dryness and fluid exhaustion with dry and hard feces, add Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren) and Semen Trichosanthis (gua lou ren)

It is not suitable for patients with externally contracted exterior pattern but no yin deficiency

Nourish the blood and release the exterior and dissipate pathogen. Indicated for the treatment of patients with yin-blood (blood and body fluids) depletion after illness, and invasion of exogenous pathogen due to not appropriate recuperating, or after blood loss (spitting of blood, nosebleed, expectoration of blood and bloody stool), external contraction of wind-cold leading to headache, general fever, slightly cold and absence of sweating

For severe aversion to cold, add Folium Perillae (zi su ye) and Herba Schizonepetae (jing jie) to release the exterior and dissipate cold; if high fever due to external contraction of wind-heat, add Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (jin yin hua) and Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao) to scatter wind and clear heat; for itching throat and cough due to inhibited lung qi, add Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) and Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren); for unceasing bleeding, add Colla Corii Asini Pilula (e jiao zhu), Nodus Nelumbinis Rhizomatis (ou jie), Rhizoma Imperatae (bai mao gen) or Rhizoma Bletillae (bai ji) to stanch bleeding; for poor appetite and digestion, add Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) and Fructus Amomi (sha ren) to awaken the spleen and harmonize the stomach; for qi deficiency with fatigue, add Radix Codonopsis (dang shen) and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao)

Eating Fructus Ulmi Macrocarpae Praeparata (wu yi) should be avoiding in the period of taking this decoction

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TABLE 22.9 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Reinforce Healthy Qi and Release the Exterior (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition and Usage

Efficacy and Indication

Renewal Powder (zai zao san)

Initially recorded in Six Texts on Cold Damage (shang han liu shu). Composed by Radix Astragali (huang qi) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 3 g, Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) 3 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 1.5 g, Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (zhi fu zi) 3 g, Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin) 2 g, Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo) 3 g, Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 3 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 3 g, roasted Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (wei sheng jiang) 3 g. Add Fructus Jujubae (da zao) two pieces and Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) 3 g, and decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Ginseng and Perilla Beverage (shen su yin)

Initially recorded in Beneficial Formulas from the Taiping Imperial Pharmacy (tai ping hui min he ji ju fang). Composed by Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 6 g, Folium Perillae (zi su ye) 6 g, Radix Puerariae Lobatae (ge gen) 6 g, Radix Peucedani (qian hu) 6 g, Rhizoma Pinelliae Praeparatum (jiang ban xia) 6 g, Poria (fu ling) 6 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 4 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 4 g, Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) 4 g, Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao) 4 g, Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) 4 g. Grind the ingredients into crude powder, decoct 12 g powder each time and Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) seven pieces and Fructus Jujubae (da zao) one pieces with water for oral use when decoction is warm

Modified Clinical Application

Caution for Use

Assist yang and boost qi, dissipate cold and release the exterior. Indicated for the treatment of patients with yang qi deficiency and common cold due to wind-cold, accompanied by headache, aversion to cold, severe chills and mild fever, absence of sweating, cold limbs, lassitude, somnolence, pallid complexion, faint, and low voice, pale tongue with white coating, deep and forceless pulse, or floating and large and forceless pulse

If absence of sweating due to fleshy exterior block, add Folium Perillae (zi su ye) and Herba Schizonepetae (jing jie) to strengthen the effects of inducing sweating and releasing the exterior; for mild exterior cold pattern, change Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo) and Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) for Herba Schizonepetae (jing jie) and Bulbus Allii Fistulosi (cong bai) to lessen the effects of inducing sweating and releasing the exterior; if soreness and pain of overall muscle and joints, add Radix Angelicae Pubescentis (du huo), Radix et Rhizoma Clematidis (wei ling xian) and Herba Taxilli (sang ji sheng) to dispel wind and eliminate dampness and relieve pain; for middle jiao deficiency-cold with abdominal pain and loose stool, change roasted Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (wei sheng jiang) for Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang), add Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu); if complicated by nasal obstruction, nasal discharge, and cough with phlegm, add Radix Peucedani (qian hu), Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) and Folium Perillae (zi su ye) to diffuse the lung and dissolve phlegm and relieve cough; for cold fluid-retention in interior with cough and thin phlegm, add Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) and Poria (fu ling)

Its use is prohibited in patients with blood deficiency and externally contracted cold, or dampness prevalent diseases in the initial stage

Boost qi and release the exterior, dispel phlegm and relieve cough. Indicated for the treatment of external contraction of wind-cold and phlegm-damp retention in interior, accompanied by aversion to cold, fever, headache, nasal obstruction, cough with excessive phlegm, fullness and oppression in the chest and diaphragm, white coating and floating pulse

For severe exterior cold pattern with aversion to cold, fever and absence of sweating, change Radix Puerariae Lobatae (ge gen) for Herba Schizonepetae (jing jie) and Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng); if severe headache, add Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong), Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi) and Rhizoma Ligustici (gao ben) to strengthen the effects of releasing the exterior and relieving pain; for mild qi stagnation pattern, remove Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) to lessen the effect of moving qi

It is not suitable for patients with common cold due to wind-heat

442 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 22.10 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Reinforce Healthy Qi and Release the Exterior Name of Formula Toxin-Resolving Powder (bai du san)

Efficacy Analysis Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo)

Specialize in dispelling pathogenic wind-cold-damp of the upper body

Radix Angelicae Pubescentis (du huo)

Specialize in dispelling pathogenic wind-cold-damp of the lower body

Dissipate wind-cold, eliminate dampness and relieve pain, treat wind-cold-damp pattern of all over the body Assist

Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong)

Move qi and invigorate blood, and dispel wind

Radix Bupleuri (chai hu)

Release the flesh and vent pathogen, and move qi

Radix Platycodonis (jie geng)

Acrid and dispersing in nature, diffuse the lung and disinhibit the diaphragm

Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao)

Bitter and slightly cold in nature, rectify qi and loosen the center, combine with Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) to unblock qi

Radix Peucedani (qian hu)

Dissolve phlegm to relieve cough

Poria (fu ling)

Percolate dampness and disperse phlegm

Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen)

Boost qi and reinforce healthy qi: a. assist healthy qi to promote venting pathogen; b. avoid consuming true qi and original qi

Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) Herba Menthae (bo he) Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) Solomon’s Seal Variant Decoction (jia jian wei rui tang)

Rhizoma Polygonati Odorati (yu zhu) Herba Menthae (bo he) Bulbus Allii Fistulosi (cong bai) Semen Sojae Praeparatum (dan dou chi)

Scallion Decoction with Seven Ingredients (cong bai qi wei yin)

Release the exterior and dispel pathogen, strengthen the effects of diffusing bì and relieving pain

Assist the effect of releasing the exterior

Harmonize the actions of all medicinals, and boost qi and harmonize the center Moisten the lung and nourish the stomach, clear heat and promote fluid production Scatter and dissipate wind-heat, clear the throat and relieve sore-throat Release the exterior and dissipate pathogen, and assist Herba Menthae (bo he) to strengthen the effect of dissipating exterior pathogen

Radix et Rhizoma Cynanchi Atrati (bai wei) Radix Platycodonis (jie geng)

Clear heat but not damage yin, suitable for treating patients with yin deficiency and fever

Fructus Jujubae (da zao)

Sweet and moistening in nature, nourish the blood

Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao)

Harmonize the actions of all medicinals

Bulbus Allii Fistulosi (cong bai) Semen Sojae Praeparatum (dan dou chi) Radix Rehmanniae Recens (gan di huang) Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) Radix Puerariae Lobatae (ge gen) Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang)

Boost qi and release the exterior, dissipate wind and dispel dampness

Diffuse the lung and relieve cough

Enrich yin and clear heat, induce sweating and release the exterior

Both combine with each other and show warm but not dry in nature, and not fierce effect of inducing sweating, can scatter and dissipate exterior pathogen

Nourish the blood and enrich yin in order to supply the source of sweat Release the exterior, release the flesh, promote fluid production and remove heat Dissipate exterior cold

Assist the chief medicinals to strengthen the effect of releasing the exterior

Nourish the blood and release the exterior and dissipate pathogen

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TABLE 22.10 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Reinforce Healthy Qi and Release the Exterior (cont.) Name of Formula Renewal Powder (zai zao san)

Efficacy Analysis Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin) Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo) Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (zhi fu zi) Radix Astragali (huang qi) Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen)

Ginseng and Perilla Beverage (shen su yin)

Release the exterior with acrid and dispersing properties, warm the channels, unblock yang, and dissipate cold

Acrid-warm and dispersing in nature, assist the chief medicinals to release the exterior Warm and strengthen the primordial yang (kidney yang), and prevent acrid-dispersing from damaging healthy qi Supplement and boost the original qi, combine with the chief medicinals to assist yang qi to promote venting pathogen, and prevent from yang desertions following sweating

Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong)

Invigorate blood and move qi, and dispel wind with acrid-dispersing property

Radix Paeoniae (shao yao)

Retain yin with astringent, harmonize the nutrient aspect, and inhibit the warm dryness from the acrid-heat medicinals

Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang)

Release the exterior and warm the stomach

Fructus Jujubae (da zao)

Nourish the spleen and stomach

Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao)

Harmonize the actions of all medicinals, and moderate the effect of inducing sweating

Folium Perillae (zi su ye)

Acrid and warm in nature, disperse exterior pathogen, rectify qi and loosen the center

Radix Puerariae Lobatae (ge gen)

Release the flesh and induce sweating, assist Folium Perillae (zi su ye) to release the exterior

Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) Rhizoma Pinelliae Praeparatum (jiang ban xia)

Boost qi and supplement the spleen

Radix Peucedani (qian hu)

Relieve cough and dissolve phlegm, diffuse the lung and direct lung qi downward

Raise the spleen-stomach qi, harmonize nutrient and defensive aspects

Inducing and dispersing without damaging healthy qi

Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao)

Rectify qi and loosen the chest, awaken the spleen and unblock the center

Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) Poria (fu ling) Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) Fructus Jujubae (da zao)

Assist yang and boost qi, dissipate cold and release the exterior

Fortify the spleen and percolate dampness to disperse phlegm Supplement qi and calm the center, and harmonize the actions of all medicinals Assist Folium Perillae (zi su ye) and Radix Puerariae Lobatae (ge gen) to release the exterior, combine with Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) and Poria (fu ling) to harmonize the spleen and stomach and reinforce the healthy qi

Boost qi and release the exterior, dispel phlegm and relieve cough

444 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

2. Attached formulas (Table 22.11) TABLE 22.11 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Reinforce Healthy Qi and Release the Exterior Name of Formula

Source, Composition and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Schizonepeta and Saposhnikovia ToxinResolving Powder (jing fang bai du san)

Initially recorded in Numerous Miraculous Prescriptions for Health Cultivation (she sheng zhong miao fang). Composed by Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo) 5 g, Radix Angelicae Pubescentis (du huo) 5 g, Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) 5 g, Radix Peucedani (qian hu) 5 g, Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao) 5 g, Poria (fu ling) 5 g, Herba Schizonepetae (jing jie) 5 g, Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 5 g, Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) 5 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 5 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 3 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use when decoction is warm

Inducing sweating and release the exterior, relieve sores and pain

Indicated for the treatment of sores in the initial stage, with swelling and pain, aversion to cold, fever, absence of sweating, no thirst, thin and white coating, floating, and rapid pulse

Forsythia ToxinResolving Powder (lian qiao bai du san)

Initially recorded in Ancient and Modern Mirror of Medicine (gu jin yi jian). Composed by Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) 15 g, Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo) 15 g, Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) 10 g, Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (jin yin hua) 30 g, Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao) 30 g, Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 15 g, Herba Schizonepetae (jing jie) 15 g, Herba Menthae (bo he) 12 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 10 g, Radix Angelicae Pubescentis (du huo) 15 g, Radix Peucedani (qian hu) 15 g, Poria Alba (bai fu ling) 18 g, Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao) 15 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 10 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use when decoction is warm

Clear heat and resolve toxins, dissipate carbuncles and relieve swelling

Indicated for the treatment of carbuncle-abscess, phlegmon of the dorsum, furuncles, mammary abscess, and all nameless swelling with toxin, accompanied by aversion to cold, high fever, headache, and spasms

Ephedra, Aconite and Asarum Decoction (ma huang fu zi xi xin tang)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Cold Damage (shang han lun). Composed by Herba Ephedrae (ma huang) 5 g (decocted first), blast-fried Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (pao fu zi) 3 g, Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin) 3 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use when decoction is warm

Strengthen yang to release the exterior

Indicated for the treatment of consistent yang deficiency and external contraction with windcold, accompanied by fever, severe aversion to cold, absence of sweating, mental fatigue, desire to sleep, deep pulse, white, and moist coating

Ephedra, Aconite and Licorice Decoction (ma huang fu zi gan cao tang)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Cold Damage (shang han lun). Composed by Herba Ephedrae (ma huang) 5 g (decocted first), blast-fried Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (pao fu zi) 3 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 6 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use when decoction is warm

Strengthen yang to release the exterior

Indicated for the treatment of shaoyin syndrome and external contraction with wind-cold, accompanied by aversion to clod, body pain, absence of sweating, slight fever, deep pulse, white and moist coating. (patients with mild syndrome of Ephedra, Aconite, and Asarum Decoction)

Formulas That Release the Exterior Chapter | 22

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3. Formula differentiation (Table 22.12)

TABLE 22.12 Differentiations Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Reinforce Healthy Qi and Release the Exterior Name of Formula

Similarity

Differences

Toxin-Resolving Powder (bai du san)

Both can dispel wind and dissipate cold, eliminate dampness and release the exterior, and are used for the treatment of exterior pattern of externally-contracted windcold-damp

It is a commonly used formula that can boost qi and release the exterior. And it also can be used for the treatment of dysentery with a pattern of inward invasion of exterior pathogen through scattering exterior pathogen to eliminate internal stagnation, which is the method of “application of acrid-cool diaphoretics for dysentery”

Both contain Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen), and can treat pattern of qi deficiency complicated by externally contracted wind-cold

Select Folium Perillae (zi su ye) and Radix Puerariae Lobatae (ge gen) to combine with Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) and Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) to treat pattern of externally contracted wind-cold complicated by phlegm-damp

Both use Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) and Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin), and can assist yang and release the exterior, and are used for the treatment of yang deficiency complicated by externally contracted wind-cold

It just contains three medicinals, and is mainly used for the treatment of mild yang deficiency complicated by externally contracted cold, or syndrome of double contraction of taiyang and shaoyang

Both are the formulas that contain medicinals that can enrich yin and nourish the blood, and medicinals that can release the exterior and dissipate pathogen

Medicinals that supplement the blood and medicinals that release the exterior with acrid and warm properties are used simultaneously. It is a representative formula that can treat pattern of blood deficiency complicated by externally contracted wind-cold. Its indicating syndrome in clinical application includes headache, fever, aversion to cold, absence of sweating, pale tongue with white coating, deficient and moderate pulse, complicated by the blood deficiency pattern or blood loss history

Schizonepeta and Saposhnikovia ToxinResolving Powder (jing fang bai du san)

Ginseng and Perilla Beverage (shen su yin) Toxin-Resolving Powder (bai du san) Ephedra, Aconite and Asarum Decoction (ma huang fu zi xi xin tang) Renewal Powder (zai zao san)

Scallion Decoction with Seven Ingredients (cong bai qi wei yin)

Solomon’s Seal Variant Decoction (jia jian wei rui tang)

It is the Toxin-Resolving Powder (bai du san) plus Herba Schizonepetae (jing jie) and Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) and minus Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen), Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) and Herba Menthae (bo he). Its effects of dispelling wind and dissipating cold are strong, but it has no effect of reinforcing healthy qi, and is a commonly-used formula that can treat exterior pattern of externallycontracted wind-cold-damp, and also can be used for the treatment of sores and ulcers in the initial stage, with chills and fever and absence of sweating

Select Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo) and Radix Angelicae Pubescentis (du huo) as the chief medicinals to treat exterior pattern of wind-cold complicated by dampness

Not use Herba Ephedrae (ma huang), but select Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi), Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin), Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo) and Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) to combine with Radix Astragali (huang qi), Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) and Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (zhi fu zi), which gives consideration to both “dissipating cold and releasing the exterior” and “assisting yang and boosting qi”, and also shows the effects of harmonizing nutrient and defensive aspects. So it is used for the treatment of yang deficiency and qi weakness complicated by externally contracted wind-cold

Medicinals that supplement yin and medicinals that release the exterior with acrid and cool properties are used simultaneously. It is a representative formula that can treat pattern of yin deficiency complicated by externally contracted wind-heat. Its indicating syndrome in clinical application includes fever, headache, slight aversion to wind-cold, vexation and thirst, red tongue, and rapid pulse

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Chapter 23

Formulas That Treat the Interior Excess Syndrome with Purgation Chapter Outline Section 1 Formulas That Treat the Interior Excess Syndrome with Cold Purgation Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas Section 2 Formulas That Treat the Interior Excess Syndrome with Warm Purgation Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas Section 3 Formulas That Treat the Interior Excess Syndrome with Moistening Purgation

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Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas Section 4 Formulas That Expel Water by Purgation Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas Section 5 Formulas That Purge Pathogen and Supplement Healthy Qi Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas

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ABSTRACT Formulas that are mainly consisted of herbs that drain downwards, have the effects of promoting defecation, draining heat, attacking the accumulation, and expelling water, and are used for the treatment of interior excess pattern (syndrome) are called “Formulas that Treat the Interior Excess Syndrome with Purgation”. Formulas that treat the interior excess syndrome with purgation are divided into five categories: formulas that treat the interior excess syndrome with cold purgation, formulas that treat the interior excess syndrome with warm purgation, formulas that treat the interior excess syndrome with moistening purgation, formulas that expel water by purgation, and formulas that purge pathogen and supplement healthy qi. Keywords: formulas that treat the interior excess syndrome with cold purgation; formulas that treat the interior excess syndrome with warm purgation; formulas that treat the interior excess syndrome with moistening purgation; formulas that expel water by purgation; formulas that purge pathogen and supplement healthy qi

Formulas that are mainly consisted of herbs that drain downwards, have the effects of promoting defecation, draining heat, attacking the accumulation and expelling water, and are used for the treatment of interior excess pattern (syndrome) are called “Formulas that Treat the Interior Excess Syndrome with Purgation”. The therapeutic method of these formulas is set up according to “Pathogen in the lower requiring dredging”, “Excess pathogen requiring dispersing and discharging” in The Yellow Emperor’s Inner Classic (huang di nei jing), which belongs to “purgative method” of the eight (medicinal treatment) methods in TCM. Formulas that treat the interior excess syndrome with purgation are aimed at the substantial pathogenic factors accumulating in interior. Generally, dry stool accumulating in the intestine, cold accumulation without dissipating, internal stagnation of static blood, retained food without digestion, phlegm binding and fluid retention, distention and fullness in the stomach cavity and abdomen with abdominal pain, which refuses pressure, constipation or diarrhea (caused by worm accumulation), thick coating and deep and excess pulse that belong to interior excess pattern, can be treated with formulas that treat the interior excess syndrome with purgation. Interior excess syndrome manifests as heat accumulation, cold accumulation, dryness accumulation, or water accumulation. Patients with heat accumulation should be treated with cold purgation (purgation by herbs with cold property); patients with cold accumulation should be treated with warm purgation; patients with dryness accumulation should be treated with moistening purgation; or patients with water accumulation should be treated by expelling water. Patients with interior excess pattern complicated by healthy qi insufficiency should be treated by reinforcing healthy qi and eliminating pathogenic factor at same time. Therefore, formulas that treat the interior excess syndrome with purgation are accordingly divided into Essentials of Chinese Materia Medica and Medical Formulas. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812722-3.00023-3 Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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five categories: (1) formulas that treat the interior excess syndrome with cold purgation, (2) formulas that treat the interior excess syndrome with warm purgation, (3) formulas that treat the interior excess syndrome with moistening purgation, (4) formulas that expel water by purgation, and (5) formulas that purge pathogen and supplement healthy qi. Formulas that treat the interior excess syndrome with purgation are usually consisted of medicinals with fierce efficacy, which easily damage the stomach qi, so discontinue medication, as soon as getting effect, and should be cautious of overdose. During period of taking herbs, patients should avoid eating greasy or indigestible food to prevent from impairing stomach. If exterior pattern is not released and interior excess pattern is not formed, formulas that treat the interior excess syndrome with purgation are not suitable to use. If exterior pattern is not released but interior excess pattern is formed, select the method of expelling pathogens from both interior and exterior. If accompanied by blood stasis, combine with herbs that invigorate blood and dissolve stasis; if accompanied by worm accumulation, combine with herbs that expel worm. Use of formulas in this chapter should be cautious or prohibited in the old, the weak, pregnant women, or women in menstrual period, body fluid consumption after illness, and patients with exhaustion of blood.

SECTION 1  FORMULAS THAT TREAT THE INTERIOR EXCESS SYNDROME WITH COLD PURGATION Outline Formulas that treat the interior excess syndrome with cold purgation (cold cathartic formulas) are suitable for the treatment of interior heat and indigestion excess pattern with constipation, distention, and fullness in the stomach cavity and abdomen or pain, which refuses pressure, even tidal fever and delirious speech, yellow coating, and excess pulse caused by binding of interior heat and dry stool or retention of fluid in the body and obstruction of qi movement. Formulas in this section are usually consisted of Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) and Natrii Sulfas (mang xiao). Since stagnation of pathogen inside the body easily causes qi stagnation, formulas in this section often combine with herbs that move qi to unblock the bowels and promote the discharge of accumulation and stagnation. For accumulation of water with heat, often combine with herbs that expel water by purgation to let water and heat pathogens quickly discharge from micturition and defecation. The representative formulas include Major Purgative Decoction (da cheng qi tang) and Major Chest Draining Decoction (da xian xiong tang).

Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 1. Primary formulas and analysis (Tables 23.1 and 23.2) TABLE 23.1 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Treat the Interior Excess Syndrome with Cold Purgation Name of Formula Major Purgative Decoction (da cheng qi tang)

Source, Composition and Usage Initially recorded in Treatise on Cold Damage (shang han lun). Composed by Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 12 g (added later), Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi) 12 g, Natrii Sulfas (mang xiao) 6 g, and Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po) 24 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use. Natrii Sulfas (mang xiao) is dissolved for oral taking

Efficacy and Indication

Modified Clinical Application

Purge heat accumulation drastically. Indicated for the treatment of excess syndrome of yangming bowel, with difficulty in defecation, frequently breaking wind, pĭ and fullness in the stomach cavity and abdomen, abdominal pain, which refuses pressure, feeling of hardness when presses, late afternoon tidal fever, unconsciousness and delirious speech, sweating of the hands and feet, prickly tongue with dry and yellowish coating, or dry and fissured tongue with burned black coating, deep and excess pulse; or heat retention with watery discharge, dysentery and diarrhea with clear water, pain in the umbilicus and abdomen, feeling of hardness and masses when presses, dry mouth and tongue, slippery and rapid pulse; or excess syndrome of interior-heat with heat syncope, convulsive disease or going mad

If bowel excess pattern with dry mouth and lips, dry brown coating, thready and rapid pulse, add Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen), Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) and Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang); if bowel excess pattern complicated by blood stasis pattern with fever at night, purple tongue, deep and choppy pulse, add Semen Persicae (tao ren), Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao) and Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui); if complicated by qi deficiency, add Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen); if accompanied by severe pĭ and fullness, increase the dosage of Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po)

Caution for Use Its use is prohibited in patients with qi-yin depletion, or exterior pattern without releasing, mild fluid-consuming constipation, the old, the weak and pregnant women. It also should be discontinued as soon as getting effect, and not suitable for longterm use

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TABLE 23.1 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Treat the Interior Excess Syndrome with Cold Purgation (cont.) Name of Formula Major Chest Draining Decoction (da xian xiong tang)

Source, Composition and Usage

Modified Clinical Application

Efficacy and Indication

Initially recorded in Treatise on Cold Damage (shang han lun). Composed by Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 10 g, Natrii Sulfas (mang xiao) 10 g, and Radix Kansui (gan sui) 1 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use. Natrii Sulfas (mang xiao) is dissolved for oral taking, and powder of Radix Kansui (gan sui) is infused

Drain heat and expel water. Indicated for the treatment of chest bind syndrome due to accumulation of water with heat, with fullness and pain of the upper abdomen, or stiffness and fullness and pain under the epigastrium above the lower abdomen, which cannot be touched, constipation, slight tidal fever in late afternoon, or shortness of breath, vexation and agitation, thirst, dry tongue, deep and tight and forceful pulse when presses

Caution for Use

After purgation, pay attention to regulate the spleen and stomach, supplement the center and fortify the spleen and boost qi, select Four Gentlemen Decoction (si jun zi tang) or eat some chymelike porridge to nourish the stomach qi

It should be discontinued after drastic purgation. Its use is prohibited in patients with healthy qi deficiency, the old and pregnant women. Radix Kansui (gan sui) is not suited to be decocted with water

TABLE 23.2 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Treat the Interior Excess Syndrome With Cold Purgation Name of Formula Major Purgative Decoction (da cheng qi tang)

Major Chest Draining Decoction (da xian xiong tang)

Efficacy Analysis Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang)

Drain heat with bitter and cold properties, dispel stasis and promote defecation, remove pathogenic heat and accumulation and stagnation in the stomach cavity and intestines

Natrii Sulfas (mang xiao)

Salty, bitter and cold in nature, drain heat and promote defecation, moisten dryness and soften hardness

Assist

Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po)

Move qi, disperse distention and eliminate fullness

Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi)

Lower qi, disperse

Radix Kansui (gan sui)

Expel water or fluid retention by drastic purgation, promote water discharge out from the chest and abdomen

Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang)

Bitter and cold in nature, remove pathogenic heat from the chest and abdomen

Natrii Sulfas (mang xiao)

Drain heat and unblock stagnation, moisten dryness and soften hard masses

Purge heat accumulation drasticly

and dissipate masses

Drain heat and expel water

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2. Attached formulas (Table 23.3) TABLE 23.3 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Treat the Interior Excess Syndrome With Cold Purgation Name of Formula

Source, Composition and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Minor Purgative Decoction (xiao cheng qi tang)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Cold Damage (shang han lun). Composed by Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 12 g, Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po) 6 g, and Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Purge heat accumulation slightly

Indicated for the treatment of excess syndrome of yangming bowel, with constipation, tidal fever, delirious speech, pĭ and fullness in the stomach cavity and abdomen, yellow and tough tongue, slippery, and swift pulse; or dysentery in the initial stage, with distending pain in the abdomen, and abdominal urgency with rectal heaviness

Stomach-Regulating and Purgative Decoction (tiao wei cheng qi tang)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Cold Damage (shang han lun). Composed by Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 12 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 6 g, and Natrii Sulfas (mang xiao) 10 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Purge heat accumulation moderately

Indicated for the treatment of yangming stomach-intestines dryness-heat syndrome, with constipation, thirst, vexation, or steaming fever, yellow coating, slippery and rapid pulse; or macules, swelling and pain of mouth, teeth and throat caused by accumulated heat in the intestines and stomach

Major Chest Draining Pill (da xian xiong wan)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Cold Damage (shang han lun). Composed by Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 15 g, Semen Lepidii (ting li zi) 15 g, Natrii Sulfas (mang xiao) 15 g, and Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren) 15 g. Grind the ingredients into powder and mixed with honey, then make into pills

Drain heat and expel water

Indicated for the treatment of chest bind syndrome, with stiffness and fullness and pain in the thorax cavity, and flaccidconvulsion-like neck rigidity

Pill Requiring a Change of Clothes (geng yi wan)

Initially recorded in Extensive Notes on Medicine from Xian Xing Studio (xian xing zhai yi xue guang bi ji). Composed by Aloe (lu hui) 21 g and Cinnabaris (zhu sha) 15 g. Make into pills. Take orally with wine, 3 g each time, twice a day

Drain heat to promote defecation

Indicated for the treatment of constipation due to exuberance of liver fire and stomach-intestines dryness-heat, with difficulty in defecation, vexation and chest oppression, impatience and irascibility, difficulty in sleeping, red tongue with yellow coating, wiry, and rapid pulse

Compound Formula Major Purgative Decoction (fu fang da cheng qi tang)

Initially recorded in Treatment with Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine for Acute Abdomen (zhong xi yi jie he zhi liao ji fu zheng). Composed by Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 12 g, Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao) 12 g, Natrii Sulfas (mang xiao) 6 g, Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po) 24 g, Semen Raphani (lai fu zi) 15∼30 g, Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao) 15 g, and Semen Persicae (tao ren) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Unblock the interior by purgation, move qi, and invigorate blood

Indicated for the treatment of simple intestinal obstruction with excess syndrome of yangming bowel, accompanied by marked qi distention

Formulas That Treat the Interior Excess Syndrome with Purgation Chapter | 23

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3. Formula differentiation (Table 23.4)

TABLE 23.4 Differentiation between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Treat the Interior Excess Syndrome With Cold Purgation Name of Formula

Similarity

Differences

Major Purgative Decoction (da cheng qi tang)

All three are the representative formulas that apply the method of cold purgation, and use the equal dosage of Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) to drain heat and promote defecation, and are indicated for the treatment of excess syndrome of yangming bowel

Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi) and Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po) are decocted first, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) is added at the end, and Natrii Sulfas (mang xiao) is melted. It lays equal stress on purgation and moving qi, and has the effect of drastic purgation, so can treat severe excess syndrome of yangming bowel with pĭ, fullness, dryness, and excess

Minor Purgative Decoction (xiao cheng qi tang)

Stomach-Regulating and Purgative Decoction (tiao wei cheng qi tang)

Major Chest Draining Decoction (da xian xiong tang)

This formula disuses Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi) and Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po), and uses Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) in order to harmonize the center and regulate the stomach, purge but not damage healthy qi, and can be used for the treatment of yangming heat accumulation syndrome with dryness and excess as primary Both are the formulas that drastically purge by cold medicinals, and use both Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) and Natrii Sulfas (mang xiao)

Major Purgative Decoction (da cheng qi tang)

Major Chest Draining Decoction (da xian xiong tang) Major Chest Draining Pill (da xian xiong wan)

There is no Natrii Sulfas (mang xiao) in this formula, and the dosage of Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po) and Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi) is decreased. It has the effect of mild purgation, and can treat mild excess syndrome of yangming bowel with pĭ, fullness and excess as primary

Select Radix Kansui (gan sui) as the chief medicinal to combine, and it is mainly used for the treatment of major chest bind syndrome due to accumulation of water with heat between chest and abdomen, accumulation and stagnation in the stomach, accompanied by feeling of hardness, fullness and pain from the epigastrium to lower abdomen Select Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi) and Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po) to combine, it can drastically purge heat accumulation, and is mainly used for the treatment of interior excess and heat accumulation in the stomach and intestines, with dry stool in the intestines

Both are the formulas used for the treatment of chest bind syndrome caused by accumulation of water with heat

This decoction is indicated for the treatment of hardness, fullness and pain from the epigastrium to lower abdomen, which cannot be touched This pill is indicated for the treatment of feeling of hardness and fullness and pain in the thorax cavity, and flaccid-convulsion-like neck rigidity as primary. The position of pathogen accumulation is partial to the upper. Based on Major Chest Draining Decoction (da xian xiong tang), add Semen Lepidii (ting li zi) and Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren) to drain the lung, change decoction to pill, take it orally after boiling with honey in order to purge moderately

SECTION 2  FORMULAS THAT TREAT THE INTERIOR EXCESS SYNDROME WITH WARM PURGATION Outline Formulas that treat the interior excess syndrome with warm purgation (warm cathartic formulas) are suitable for the treatment of excess pattern of interior cold and indigestion with constipation, distention, and fullness in the abdomen, abdominal pain which relieves with warm, cold feeling of the hands and feet, white and glossy coating, deep and tight pulse caused by binding of cold pathogen and accumulation in interior. The therapeutic principles of cold accumulation excess pattern are

452 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

the combination of warming the center and dissipating cold and purging. Formulas in this category are usually composed of purgatives, such as Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) or Fructus Crotonis (ba dou), and herbs that warm the interior, such as Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) or Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) as primary. For patients with cold accumulation complicated by spleen-stomach yang qi insufficiency, some herbs that supplement qi should be appropriately selected to combine. The representative formulas are Rhubarb and Aconite Decoction (da huang fu zi tang), Spleen-Warming Decoction (wen pi tang), and Three Substances Emergency Pill (san wu bei ji wan).

Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 1. Primary formulas and analysis (Tables 23.5 and 23.6)

TABLE 23.5 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Treat the Interior Excess Syndrome with Warm Purgation Name of Formula

Source, Composition and Usage

Rhubarb and Aconite Decoction (da huang fu zi tang)

Efficacy and Indication

Modified Clinical Application

Caution for Use

Initially recorded in Essentials from the Golden Cabinet (jin gui yao lüe). Composed by Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 9 g, blast-fried Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (pao fu zi) 9 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin) 3 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Warm the interior and dissipate cold, promote defecation and relieve pain. Indicated for the treatment of excess pattern of cold accumulation, with abdominal pain and constipation, or pain below the costal region, fever, no warm of the hands and feet, white and glossy coating, wiry, and tight pulse

If abdominal distention due to qi stagnation, add Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) and Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po) to strengthen the effects of moving qi and guiding out (food) stagnation; for the weak or mild indigestion, use prepared Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang); for the weak with qi and blood weakness, add Radix Codonopsis (dang shen) and Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) to boost qi and nourish the blood

The dosage of Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) should not exceed that of Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi)

SpleenWarming Decoction (wen pi tang)

Initially recorded in Important Formulas Worth a Thousand Gold Pieces for Emergency (bei ji qian jin yao fang). Composed by Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 15 g (added at the end), Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) 9 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 9 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 6 g, Natrii Sulfas (mang xiao) 6 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 6 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Warm and supplement spleen yang, and purge cold accumulation. Indicated for the treatment of spleen yang insufficiency and internal stagnation of cold accumulation, with constipation, chronic dysentery with red and white feces, abdominal pain, no warm of the hands and feet, deep, and wiry pulse

For abdominal distention due to congealing cold and qi stagnation, add Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po) and Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang); if vomiting due to stomach qi ascending counterflow, add Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) and Fructus Amomi (sha ren); cold pain in the abdomen due to deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach, add Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui); if indigestion with white, thick and greasy coating, add Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po) and Semen Raphani (lai fu zi); chronic dysentery with red and white feces, pale tongue and thready pulse, add Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao)

Its use is prohibited in patients with constipation due to heat accumulation and fluid consumption

Three Substances Emergency Pill (san wu bei ji wan)

Initially recorded in Essentials from the Golden Cabinet (jin gui yao lüe). Composed by Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 30 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) 30 g, and Fructus Crotonis (ba dou) 30 g. Grind the ingredients into powder; take it orally with 0.5–1.5 g each time. If patients with lockjaw, use nasal feeding to administer

Expel cold accumulation by purgation. Indicated for the treatment of congealing cold excess pattern with food accumulation, accompanied by sudden distending pain in the epigastrium and abdomen, pain like stabbing by awl, breathlessness, lockjaw, even sudden syncope, constipation, white and greasy coating, deep and slow pulse

For food poisoning or acute simple intestinal obstruction with a pattern of interior excess and cold accumulation, after taking orally, the diarrhea is unceasing; then eat some cold porridge to stop it

In this formula, Fructus Crotonis (ba dou) is hypertoxic so its use should be cautious. And its use is prohibited in pregnant women, the old and the weak, and patients with sudden acute abdominal pain due to pathogenic heat

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TABLE 23.6 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Treat the Interior Excess Syndrome With Warm Purgation Name of Formula

Efficacy Analysis

Rhubarb and Aconite Decoction (da huang fu zi tang)

Spleen-Warming Decoction (wen pi tang)

Three Substances Emergency Pill (san wu bei ji wan)

Blast-fried Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (pao fu zi) Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang)

Acrid, warm and exceeding hot in nature; warm the interior and dissipate cold, and relieve cold pain in the abdomen and rib-side Promote defecation by purgation, and clear up the interior excess accumulation

Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin)

Diffuse and unblock with acrid and warm properties, dissipate cold and relieve pain, assist the blast-fried Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (pao fu zi) to dissipate cold accumulation of viscera and bowels, and inhibit the cold property of Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang)

Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi)

Acrid, warm and exceeding hot in nature; strengthen spleen yang to dissipate congealing cold

Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang)

Bitter, cold, and descending in nature; clear up accumulation and stagnation

Natrii Sulfas (mang xiao)

Soften hard masses, and assist Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) to purge accumulation

Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang)

Warm the center and assist yang, and enhance the effects of dispelling cold and warming yang of Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi)

Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen)

Combine with Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) to boost and supplement spleen qi

Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui)

Nourish the blood and moisten dryness, moisten intestines to assist purgation without damaging healthy qi

Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao)

Harmonize the actions of all medicinals, and combine the ation of envoy medicinals

Fructus Crotonis (ba dou)

Acrid and hot in nature; remove the accumulated cold of viscera and bowels by drastic purgation

Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang)

Acrid and warm in nature; warm the channel and expel cold, assist Fructus Crotonis (ba dou) to expel cold accumulation in the intestine and stomach

Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang)

Restrain the cold property, and remain the purgative property

Warm the interior and dissipate cold, promote defecation and relieve pain

Remove cold accumulation with warm purgation

Warm and supplement spleen yang, and purge cold accumulation

Expel cold accumulation by purgation

Purge with bitter and cold properties, clear up accumulation and stagnation, and restrain the acrid and hot property and toxicity of Fructus Crotonis (ba dou)

2. Attached formulas (Table 23.7)

TABLE 23.7 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Treat the Interior Excess Syndrome With Warm Purgation Name of Formula

Source, Composition and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Pinellia and Sulfur Pill (ban liu wan)

Initially recorded in Beneficial Formulas from the Taiping Imperial Pharmacy (tai ping hui min he ji ju fang). Composed by equal parts of Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) and Sulfur (liu huang). Decoct together with Succus Rhizomatis Zingiberis (sheng jiang zhi), add dry-cooked cake powder, pound and mix and make into pills as size of phoenix tree seed. Take orally with 15–20 pills each time on empty stomach

Warm the kidney and dispel cold, unblock yang and direct the turbid downward

Indicated for the treatment of the old patients with constipation due to deficiency-cold, or chronic diarrhea with a pattern of yang deficiency and cold-damp caused by kidney yang insufficiency and turbid yin congealing, accompanied by constipation or diarrhea, no warm of the hands and feet, pale tongue with white coating, deep, and slow pulse

454 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

3. Formula differentiation (Table 23.8)

TABLE 23.8 Differentiation between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Treat the Interior Excess Syndrome With Warm Purgation Name of Formula

Similarity

Differences

Spleen-Warming Decoction (wen pi tang)

Both are the formulas with warm purgation, composed of Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) and Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi); both can warm yang and purge, expel and purge cold accumulation, and are used for the treatment of abdominal pain and constipation due to cold accumulation

Combine with Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui), Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang), Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen), Natrii Sulfas (mang xiao) and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao), use the warm and supplement methods with purgation, and purge without damaging healthy qi. It can be mainly used for the treatment of constipation with abdominal pain with a pattern of deficiency complicated by excess, caused by spleen yang insufficiency and cold accumulation obstructing

Rhubarb and Aconite Decoction (da huang fu zi tang)

Select Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) and Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) to combine with Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin), which can strongly diffuse and unblock with acrid and warm properties, promote defecation and relieve pain. It can be mainly used for the treatment of cold accumulating abdominal pain with an interior excess pattern

SECTION 3  FORMULAS THAT TREAT THE INTERIOR EXCESS SYNDROME WITH MOISTENING PURGATION Outline Formulas that treat the interior excess syndrome with moistening purgation are suitable for the treatment of constipation with a pattern of intestinal dryness and liquid (thin fluid) depletion, with dry stool, difficulty in defecation, and dry tongue with less fluid caused by pathogenic heat injuring fluid or deficiency of body fluids after illness. Formulas in this section are usually consisted of Fructus Cannabis (huo ma ren), Semen Pruni (yu li ren), and Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren), or combine with herbs that treat the interior excess syndrome with cold purgation, such as Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) and Natrii Sulfas (mang xiao). For yin-blood (blood and body fluids) depletion, herbs that nourish the blood and enrich yin, such as Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) can be selected to combine; for deficiency constipation due to kidney qi weakness, herbs that warm the kidney and boost essence, nourish the blood and moisten the intestines, such as Herba Cistanches (rou cong rong) and Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) can be selected to combine; in order to smooth the bowels and descend accumulatin and stagnation, herbs that move qi, such as Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi) and Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) can be selected to combine. The representative formulas are Cannabis Fruit Pill (ma zi ren wan), Five Kernels Pill (wu ren wan), and Fluid-Replenishing Decoction (ji chuan jian).

Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 1. Primary formulas and analysis (Tables 23.9 and 23.10)

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TABLE 23.9 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Treat the Interior Excess Syndrome with Moistening Purgation Name of Formula

Caution for Use

Source, Composition and Usage

Efficacy and Indication

Modified Clinical Application

Cannabis Fruit Pill (ma zi ren wan)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Cold Damage (shang han lun). Composed by Fructus Cannabis (ma zi ren) 21 g, Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) 9 g, Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 12 g, Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po) 9 g, and Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren) 9 g. Grind the ingredients into fine powder, make into pills by mixing with honey. Take 9 g each time orally with warm boiled water, once or twice a day; or decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Moisten the intestines and discharge heat, move qi and promote defecation. Indicated for the treatment of constipation due to dryness-heat of the intestines and stomach, with dry and hard stool, frequent micturition, slightly yellow coating, thready and choppy pulse

For hemorrhage of anus due to heat damaging superficial venules or bleeding from piles, add Fructus Sophorae (huai jiao) and Radix Sanguisorbae (di yu) to cool the blood and stanch bleding; for severe dryness-heat damaging fluid pattern with dry mouth and tongue, add Caulis Dendrobii (shi hu), Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen) and Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang); for severe heat accumulation pattern with yellow coating and rapid pulse, increase the dosage of Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) or add Natrii Sulfas (mang xiao)

It is not suitable for patients with constipation due to liquid (thin fluid) depletion and insufficiency of blood to use for a long time. And its use is cautious in pregnant women

Five Kernels Pill (wu ren wan)

Initially recorded in Effective Formulas from Generations of Physicians (shi yi de xiao fang). Composed by Semen Persicae (tao ren) 15 g, Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren) 15 g, Semen Platycladi (bai zi ren) 9 g, Semen Pini Koraiensis (song zi ren) 4 g, Semen Pruni (yu li ren) 3 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 12 g. Grind the aforementioned five kernels into paste and Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) into powder, make into pills by mixing with honey, take 9 g each time orally with warm boiled water, once or twice a day; or decocted with water for oral use

Moisten the intestines to promote defecation. Indicated for the treatment of constipation due to fluid inadequacy, with dry stool, difficulty in defecation, dry mouth with a desire to drink, dry tongue with less coating, thready and choppy pulse

For stomach fluid insufficiency pattern with dry mouth and tongue, add Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) and Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen); for severe intestinal fluid inadequacy pattern with dry feces, add Semen Trichosanthis (gua lou ren) and Fructus Cannabis (ma zi ren); for abdominal distention due to qi stagnation, add Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao) and Semen Raphani (lai fu zi); for constipation with pale tongue due to blood deficiency, add Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui), Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) and Radix Polygoni Multiflori (he shou wu)

Because Semen Persicae (tao ren) and Semen Pruni (yu li ren) have the effects of invigorating blood and breaking up stasis, its use should be cautious in pregnant women

FluidReplenishing Decoction (ji chuan jian)

Initially recorded in The Complete Works of [Zhang] Jing-yue (jing yue quan shu). Composed by Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 9–15 g, Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (niu xi) 6 g, Herba Cistanches (rou cong rong) 6–9 g, Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie) 5 g, Rhizoma Cimicifugae (sheng ma) 1.5–3 g, Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao) 3 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Warm the kidney and boost essence, and moisten the intestines to promote defecation. Indicated for the treatment of constipation with a pattern of kidney deficiency, with difficulty in defecation, clear urine in large amounts, soreness and weakness of waist and knees, pale tongue with white coating, deep and slow pulse, or deep and choppy pulse

For less eating and fatigue due to spleen-stomach qi deficiency, add Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) and Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu); for severe kidney essence depletion, add Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) and Fructus Lycii (gou qi zi); for liquid (thin fluid) depletion and intestinal dryness, add Fructus Cannabis (huo ma ren) and Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren); for flaccid sinews and bones, lack of strength, add Cortex Eucommiae (du zhong) and Herba Cynomorii (suo yang)

Because this formula is partial to warming and supplementing, its use is cautious in patients with constipation due to drynessheat and yin deficiency

456 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 23.10 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Treat the Interior Excess Syndrome With Moistening Purgation Name of Formula Cannabis Fruit Pill (ma zi ren wan)

Five Kernels Pill (wu ren wan)

Efficacy Analysis Fructus Cannabis (ma zi ren)

Sweet, neutral, and moistening in nature, act on the spleen, stomach and large intestine channels, nourish the spleen and moisten the intestines to promote defecation

Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang)

Bitter, cold, and descending in nature; discharge heat and promote defecation

Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren)

Direct qi downward and moisten the intestines [due to the lung and the large intestine being interior-exteriorly related, diffuse the lung and govern descent of lung qi will be beneficial to smooth the intestines ]

Radix Paeoniae (shao yao)

Nourish yin and harmonize the interior

Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi)

Lower qi and break up visceral constipation

Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po)

Move qi and disperse fullness

Mel (feng mi)

Moisten the intestines to promote defecation, and harmonize the actions of all medicinals

Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren)

Moisten the intestines and discharge heat, move qi and promote defecation

Break up constipation and eliminate fullness, and strengthen the effect of promoting defecation

Bitter and warm in nature, moisten intestinal dryness, and direct lung qi downward, which are beneficial to large intestines to conduct and transmit Assist

Semen Persicae (tao ren) Semen Platycladi (bai zi ren)

Fluid-Replenishing Decoction (ji chuan jian)

Bitter and neutral in nature, moisten dryness and lubricate the intestines Sweet and neutral in nature, moistening in nature with vegetable fat and oil, and moisten the intestines to promote defecation

Semen Pruni (yu li ren)

Acrid and bitter, neutral and descending in nature, moistening in nature, moisten the intestines to promote defecation, similar to Fructus Cannabis (ma zi ren) but effect is stronger

Semen Pini Koraiensis (song zi ren)

Moisten the five zang organs, can treat deficiency constipation

Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi)

Rectify qi and move stagnation, move qi to promote the large intestines to transport and transform

Mel (feng mi)

Moisten intestinal dryness, and harmonize the actions of all medicinals

Herba Cistanches (rou cong rong)

Warm the kidney and boost essence, warm the waist and moisten the intestines

Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui)

Nourish the blood and moisten the intestines

Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (niu xi)

Supplement the kidney and boost essence, and guide the effects of other medicinals to descend

Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao)

Move qi, loosen the intestines and lower qi to promote defecation

Rhizoma Cimicifugae (sheng ma) Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie)

Raise yang by light diffusion

Clear yang getting to ascend, turbid yin getting to descend, “ascending” matching “descending”, and forming a normal bowel movement

Percolate and drain dampness with bland medicinals [kidney yang deficiency may cause abnormal water metabolism], and discharge the turbid

Moisten the intestines to promote defecation

Warm the kidney and boost essence, and moisten the intestines to promote defecation

Formulas That Treat the Interior Excess Syndrome with Purgation Chapter | 23

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2. Attached formulas (Table 23.11) TABLE 23.11 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Treat the Interior Excess Syndrome With Moistening Purgation Name of Formula Source, Composition and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

IntestineMoistening Pill (run chang wan)

Initially recorded in Treatise on the Spleen and Stomach (pi wei lun). Composed by Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 15 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 15 g, Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo) 15 g, Semen Persicae (tao ren) 30 g, and Fructus Cannabis (ma zi ren) 37.5 g. Make into pills as size of phoenix tree seed. Take 50 pills each time orally

Moisten the intestines to promote defecation, invigorate blood, and dispel wind

Indicated for the treatment of constipation due to improper diet and overtiredness, or dry stool, bowel blocked up, with no desire to eat, caused by wind bind or blood masses

Astragalus Decoction (huang qi tang)

Initially recorded in Beneficial Formulas from the Taiping Imperial Pharmacy (tai ping hui min he ji ju fang). Composed by Radix Astragali (huang qi) 15 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 15 g, Fructus Cannabis (huo ma ren) 30 g, white Mel (bai mi) 10 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Supplement qi and moisten the intestines

Indicated for the treatment of constipation due to qi deficiency, with not dry stool, but difficulty in defecation, and defecating with lack of strength, sweating, shortness of breath, fatigue after defecation, lusterless complexion, pale tongue with white coating, and weak pulse

3. Formula differentiation (Table 23.12) TABLE 23.12 Differentiation between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Treat the Interior Excess Syndrome With Moistening Purgation Name of Formula

Similarity

Differences

Intestine-Moistening Pill (run chang wan)

Both are the formulas that can moisten the intestines to promote defecation

Select herbs that moisten the intestines to combine with herbs that invigorate blood and dispel wind. It is mainly used for the treatment of constipation with intestinal dryness, caused by wind-heat invading the large intestine, blood stagnation and dryness in the intestines

Five Kernels Pill (wu ren wan) Five Kernels Pill (wu ren wan) Cannabis Fruit Pill (ma zi ren wan)

Select several fruit kernels that contain lots of fat and oil to form formula so as to treat constipation due to body fluid consumption and intestinal dryness Both are the formulas that can treat constipation by moistening purgation

It is mainly composed of kernels containing vegetable fat and oil, the effect of moistening the intestines to promote defecation is strong, and it can specialize in treating constipation due to liquid (thin fluid) depletion and intestinal dryness Select herbs that moisten the intestines to combine with Minor Purgative Decoction (xiao cheng qi tang), purge with medicinals of moistening property and also discharge heat and remove stagnation. It is suitable for the treatment of constipation due to dryness-heat of the intestines and stomach, and insufficiency of body fluids

SECTION 4  FORMULAS THAT EXPEL WATER BY PURGATION Outline Formulas that expel water by purgation are suitable for the treatment of excess pattern of exuberant water obstructing in interior, with referred pain in the chest and hypochondrium (or hydrothorax), enlarged abdomen with fullness and distention (or hydroperitoneum), edema, difficulty in defecation and micturition, deep and excess and forceful pulse. Formulas in this section are usually composed of herbs that expel water by purgation, such as Radix Euphorbiae Pekinensis (jing da ji), Flos Genkwa (yuan hua), Semen Pharbitidis (qian jiu zi), and Radix Kansui (gan sui). Fluid retention stagnating in the interior can easily obstruct qi movement, and qi moving can promote to move water (promote urination), so herbs that move qi, such as Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi), Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride (qing pi), Semen Arecae (bing lang), and Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) are often selected to combine to diffuse and move qi and strengthen the effect of expelling water. For constipation, purgatives can be selected to combine. Most formulas that expel water by purgation are poisonous and their effects are fierce and easy to damage healthy qi, so herbs that move qi and herbs that boost qi and reinforce healthy qi are usually selected to combine. The representative formulas are Ten Jujubes Decoction (shi zao tang) and Dayu Achievement Powder (yu gong san).

458 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 1. Primary formulas and analysis (Tables 23.13 and 23.14)

TABLE 23.13 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Expel Water by Purgation Name of Formula

Source, Composition and Usage

Ten Jujubes Decoction (shi zao tang)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Cold Damage (shang han lun). Composed by equal parts of Flos Genkwa (yuan hua), Radix Kansui (gan sui) and Radix Euphorbiae Pekinensis (jing da ji). Grind the ingredients into powder, decoct 10 pieces of Fructus Jujubae (da zao) with water, and take 1 g each time orally with jujube decoction on empty stomach in early morning, once a day

Initially recorded in The Complete Works of [Zhang] Jing-yue (jing yue quan shu). Composed by Semen Pharbitidis (qian jiu zi) 120 g, Radix Kansui (gan sui) 30 g, Flos Genkwa (yuan hua) 30 g, Radix Euphorbiae Pekinensis (jing da ji) 30 g, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 60 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride (qing pi) 15 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 15 g, Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) 15 g, Semen Arecae (bing lang) 15g, and Calomelas (qing fen) 3 g. Grind the ingredients into powder and make into pills, take 3–6 g each time orally on empty stomach in early morning, once a day Yu Achievement Initially recorded in Confucians’ Powder Duties to Their Parents (ru men (yu gong san) shi qin). Composed by Semen Pharbitidis (qian jiu zi) 120 g and Fructus Foeniculi (xiao hui xiang) 30 g. Grind the ingredients into fine powder, take 3–6 g each time orally with appropriate amount of Succus Rhizomatis Zingiberis (sheng jiang zhi) at bedtime

Vessel and Vehicle Pill (zhou che wan)

Modified Clinical Application

Caution for Use

Expel water by purgation. Indicated for the treatment of pleural rheum (suspending fluid) with referred pain in the chest and hypochondrium when coughing or spitting, epigastric fullness and rigidity, retching, shortness of breath, headache, dizziness, dragging pain in the chest-back with being unable to breathe freely; excess edema, with swelling all over the body, especially lower half of body, abdominal distention and dyspneal fullness, difficulty in defecation and micturition, glossy coating, deep, and wiry pulse

If water is not expelled completely, it can be alternatively used with herbs that fortify the spleen and promote urination, or gradually increase the dose of 10 Jujubes Decoction (shi zao tang). Change 10 Jujubes Decoction (shi zao tang) into 10 Jujubes Pill (shi zao wan), which is suitable for the treatment of pleural rheum or excess edema with a mild pattern, or patients with weak constitution and being intolerant of the former

It is only for temporary use, and cannot be taken for a long time. After taking orally, if patients fast defecate or urinate, they need to eat porridge to nourish the stomach and spleen; if patients are listless and physically tired, temporally discontinue taking it, or alternatively use with herbs that supplement and boost. Its use is prohibited in pregnant women. It cannot combine with Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao). It is also not suited to be decocted with water

Move qi and expel water. Indicated for the treatment of water and heat congesting in interior and qi movement obstructing, accompanied by edema, water distention, thirst, rough breathing, stiffness of abdomen, difficulty in defecation and micturition, deep and rapid and forceful pulse

After taking this formula, select Six Gentlemen Decoction (liu jun zi tang) to regulate the spleen and stomach and assist Vessel and Vehicle Pill (zhou che wan) to transport and transform waterdampness; if patients with a pattern of water and heat congesting in interior and qi stagnation in summer, add Mosla Decoction (xiang ru tang) to clear summerheat

There are several poisonous herbs or medicinals in this formula, the dosage and intake methods should be noticed. It cannot be taken for a long time. Its use is prohibited in pregnant women and the weak

Expel water and promote defecation, move qi and relieve edema. Indicated for the treatment of yang edema with a pattern of water retention with qi obstruction, accompanied by edema all over the body, abdominal distention and dyspneal fullness, constipation, difficulty in micturition, deep and forceful pulse; or edema of scrotum, with swelling and distention of scrotum, bearingdown pain, moist scrotum with sweating, and scanty urine

For qi stagnation, add Its use is cautious in Radix Aucklandiae (mu pregnant women, the xiang) to rectify qi; for old and the weak exuberance of cold pathogen in interior, add Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi), Pericarpium Zanthoxyli (hua jiao) and Fructus Evodiae (wu zhu yu); if kidney yang deficiency, add True Warrior Decoction (zhen wu tang)

Efficacy and Indication

Formulas That Treat the Interior Excess Syndrome with Purgation Chapter | 23

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TABLE 23.14 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Expel Water by Purgation Name of Formula

Efficacy Analysis

Ten Jujubes Decoction (shi zao tang)

Radix Kansui (gan sui)

Bitter, cold and poisonous in nature; specialize in draining water-dampness in the channels

Radix Euphorbiae Pekinensis (jing da ji) Flos Genkwa (yuan hua)

Bitter, cold and poisonous in nature; specialize in purging pathogenic water in the viscera and bowels Acrid, warm and poisonous in nature; specialize in eliminating recurrent rheum and phlegmatic mass in the chest and hypochondrium Boost the spleen and harmonize the center (nourish earth to control water), and moderate the toxicity of other three herbs

Fructus Jujubae (da zao) Vessel and Vehicle Pill (zhou che wan)

Radix Kansui (gan sui) Radix Euphorbiae Pekinensis (jing da ji)

Expel water and relieve edema, as the chief medicinals to drain the water-dampness in the stomach cavity and abdomen and channels

Flos Genkwa (yuan hua) Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang)

Promote urination and defecation, drain water and discharge heat

Drain and disperse the pathogenic water and heat from micturition and defecation

Semen Pharbitidis (qian jiu zi) Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride (qing pi)

Break stagnant qi and dissipate masses

Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi)

Rectify qi and dry dampness

Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) Semen Arecae (bing lang) Calomelas (qing fen) Yu Achievement Powder (yu gong san)

Expel water by purgation

Expel water by purgation, move qi and break stagnation

Soothe the sanjiao qi in order to move water (promote urination) following qi movement Acrid, cold and exceeding poisonous in nature; expel water and promote defecation

Semen Pharbitidis (qian jiu zi)

Acrid, bitter, cold, descending and discharging in nature, act on the lung, kidney and large intestine channels; promote urination and defecation, expel water and disperse phlegm

Fructus Foeniculi (xiao hui xiang)

Acrid and warm in nature; move qi and relieve pain, strengthen the water-expelling effect of Semen Pharbitidis (qian jiu zi)

Expel water and promote defecation, move qi and relieve edema

2. Attached formulas (Table 23.15)

TABLE 23.15 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Expel Water by Purgation Name of Formula

Source, Composition and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Drool-Controlling Elixir (kong xian dan)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Diseases, Patterns, and Formulas Related to the Unification of the Three Etiologies (san yin ji yi bing Zheng fang lun). Composed by equal parts of Radix Kansui (gan sui), Radix Euphorbiae Pekinensis (jing da ji) and Semen Sinapis (bai jie zi). Grind the ingredients into powder, make into pills as size of phoenix tree seed, and take orally, 7–10 pills each time

Dispel phlegm and expel water

Indicated for the treatment of phlegm-drool hiding above or below the chest and diaphragm, or sudden unbearable dull pain in chest-back, hands and feet, neck and nape, waist and hip, and dragging and burning pain of sinews and bones (Continued )

460 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 23.15 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Expel Water by Purgation (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Gansui Root and Pinellia Decoction (gan sui ban xia tang)

Initially recorded in Essentials from the Golden Cabinet (jin gui yao lüe). Composed by Radix Kansui (gan sui) 2 g, Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) 5 g, Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) 10 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 3 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Dissolve phlegm and expel water, dissipate masses, and unblock vessels

Indicated for the treatment of persistent fluid retention (persistent rheum), hidden pulse, desire to have diarrhea, consciously relaxing after diarrhea, but stiffness and fullness in the epigastrium

Water-Guiding Pill (dao shui wan)

Initially recorded in Formulas from the Discussion Illuminating the Yellow Emperor’s Basic Questions (huang di su wen xuan ming lun fang). Composed by Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 60 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 60 g, Talcum (hua shi) 120 g, and Semen Pharbitidis (qian jiu zi) 120 g. Make them into pills, 6 g each time, take orally at bedtime or 12 g each time for severe pattern

Drain heat and expel water

Indicated for the treatment of exuberant water-heat obstructing, with edema all over the body, constipation, difficulty in micturition, thirst, red tongue with yellow coating, and rapid pulse

Gansui Root ObstructionUnblocking Decoction (gan sui tong jie tang)

Initially recorded in Treatment with Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine for Acute Abdomen (zhong xi yi jie he zhi liao ji fu zheng). Composed by Radix Kansui (gan sui) 0.6–1 g, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 10–24 g, Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao) 15 g, Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po) 15 g, Semen Persicae (tao ren) 9 g, Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) 9 g, and Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (niu xi) 9 g. Grind Radix Kansui (gan sui) into powder for swallowing intact, and decoct the other herbs with water for oral use

Move qi and invigorate blood, and expel water and promote defecation

Indicated for the treatment of severe intestinal obstruction, accompanied by severe vomiting with feces-like vomitus, abdominal distention with pain, and not defecating for several days

3. Formula differentiation (Table 23.16)

TABLE 23.16 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Expel Water by Purgation Name of Formula

Similarity

Differences

Ten Jujubes Decoction (shi zao tang)

All four are the formulas that eliminate excess fluid

It is a commonly-used formula that expel water by purgation, and especially good at treating pleural rheum (suspending fluid)

Vessel and Vehicle Pill (zhou che wan)

Remove Fructus Jujubae (da zao) from Ten Jujubes Decoction (shi zao tang), add Semen Pharbitidis (qian jiu zi) and Calomelas (qing fen). Its effect of expelling water is fierce, and it is suitable for the treatment of excess edema with acute or severe pathogenic condition

Drool-Controlling Elixir (kong xian dan)

Remove Flos Genkwa (yuan hua) and Fructus Jujubae (da zao) from Ten Jujubes Decoction (shi zao tang), add Semen Sinapis (bai jie zi), and change into pills. Its effect of expelling water is less than that of Ten Jujubes Decoction (shi zao tang), and it has the effect of dispelling phlegm and can mainly treat varius insidous phlegm syndromes

Gansui Root and Pinellia Decoction (gan sui ban xia tang)

Select Radix Kansui (gan sui) to combine with Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia), Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao). Its water-expelling effect is moderate; add Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) to harmonize the somach and dissolve phlegm; Radix Kansui (gan sui) and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) are mutually antagonized and can activate the efficacy. It mainly treats fluid retention with stiffness and fullness in the epigastrium

Dayu Achievement Powder (yu gong san) Water-Guiding Pill (dao shui wan)

Both can expel water by drastic purgation.

Its medicinal nature is slightly moderate. Select Semen Pharbitidis (qian jiu zi) to combine with Fructus Foeniculi (xiao hui xiang) can both expel water and move qi. It mainly treats excess edema that belongs to wind edema accumulated in interior Select Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) and Talcum (hua shi) to combine can strengthen the effect of promoting urination and defecation, and add Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) to clear heat. It mainly treats edema with a pattern of damp-heat

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SECTION 5  FORMULAS THAT PURGE PATHOGEN AND SUPPLEMENT HEALTHY QI Outline Formulas that purge pathogen and supplement healthy qi are suitable for the treatment of interior excess pattern, accumulation, and stagnation with deficiency of healthy qi, accompanied by abdominal fullness and constipation, fatigue and weak breathing, and deficient pulse, complicated by insufficiency of qi and blood or liquid (thin fluid) depletion. Under this condition, purge pathogen may cause healthy qi more damaging; supplement healthy qi may cause excess pathogen more obstructing; not purging cannot eliminate pathogen; not supplementing cannot rescue deficiency. So only treatment with both purging and supplementing can take consideration of both pathogenic qi and healthy qi. Formulas in this section are often composed of herbs that purge, such as Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) and Natrii Sulfas (mang xiao), and herbs that supplement and boost, such as Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen), Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui), Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang), and Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong). If deficiency of healthy qi is caused by insufficiency of qi and blood or consumption of yin-fluid, formulas in this category should combine with herbs that supplement qi and nourish the blood, or herbs that enrich yin and increase humor (thick fluids). The representative formulas are Yellow Dragon Decoction (huang long tang) and Humor-Increasing and Qi-Guiding Decoction (zeng ye cheng qi tang).

Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 1. Primary formulas and analysis (Tables 23.17 and 23.18)

TABLE 23.17 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Purge Pathogen and Supplement Healthy Qi Name of Formula

Source, Composition and Usage

Yellow Dragon Decoction (huang long tang)

HumorIncreasing and Qi-Guiding Decoction (zeng ye cheng qi tang)

Efficacy and Indication

Modified Clinical Application

Caution for Use

Initially recorded in Six Texts on Cold Damage (shang han liu shu). Composed by Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 9 g, Natrii Sulfas (mang xiao) 9 g, Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi) 9 g, Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 9 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 9 g, Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) 3 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) three pieces, Fructus Jujubae (da zao) two pieces. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use. Natrii Sulfas (mang xiao) is dissolved for oral use

Drain heat and promote defecation, boost qi and nourish the blood. Indicated for the treatment of yangming bowel excess syndrome with insufficiency of qi and blood, accompanied by diarrhea with clear water, or constipation, abdominal pain which refuses pressure, general fever, thirst, fatigue and weak breathing, even picking at bedclothes (carphology), coma, reversal cold of limbs, brown or burned black and dry cracked tongue, and deficient pulse

For the old with qi-blood deficiency, remove Natrii Sulfas (mang xiao) to moderate the purgative effect; for dry cracked tongue with burned yellow coating and thready pulse due to excessive consumption of yin-fluid, add Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen) and Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) to enrich yin and nourish body fluids

Since there are herbs that reinforce healthy qi in the formula, its purgative effect is strong, discontinue medication as soon as getting effect. Its use is prohibited in pregnant women

Initially recorded in Systematic Differentiation of Warm Diseases (wen bing tiao bian). Composed by Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen) 30 g, Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) 25 g, Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 25 g, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 9 g, and Natrii Sulfas (mang xiao) 4.5 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use. Natrii Sulfas (mang xiao) is dissolved for oral use

Enrich yin and increase humor (thick fluids), drain heat and promote defecation. Indicated for the treatment of heat accumulation and yin depletion, accompanied by dry stool, difficulty in defecation, or even blocked when defecating, distention and fullness in the stomach cavity and abdomen, dry mouth and lips, red tongue with yellow coating, thready, and rapid pulse

If mild heat accumulating in intestines, remove Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) and Natrii Sulfas (mang xiao); if abdominal distention due to qi stagnation, add Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao) and Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po); for blood deficiency and yin depletion, add Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) and Herba Cistanches (rou cong rong); if complicated by shortness of breath and fatigue, add Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao)

It is not suitable for the treatment of patients with yin-fluid depletion but no heat accumulation

462 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 23.18 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Purge Pathogen and Supplement Healthy Qi Name of Formula

Efficacy Analysis

Yellow Dragon Decoction (huang long tang)

Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) Natrii Sulfas (mang xiao)

As same medicinal composition as Major Purgative Decoction (da cheng qi tang); drain heat and promote defecation, drastically purge heat accumulation, clear up excess heat and accumulation-stagnation in the stomach and intestines

Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi) Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po) Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) Fructus Jujubae (da zao) Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) Humor-Increasing and QiGuiding Decoction (zeng ye cheng qi tang)

Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen) Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang)

Diffuse lung qi to unblock the bowels and assist to purge dry feces [due to the lung and the large intestine being interior-exteriorly related, diffuse the lung and govern descent of lung qi will be beneficial to smooth the intestines ] Boost qi and nourish the blood, protect healthy qi from damaging caused by purgation

Harmonize the stomach and regulate the center, and reinforce the stomach qi

Harmonize the actions of all medicinals Sweet, cool and moistening in nature; enrich yin and increase humor (thick fluids), and moisten the intestines to promote defecation

Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) Natrii Sulfas (mang xiao)

Drain heat and promote defecation, boost qi and nourish the blood

Salty and cold in nature; soften hard masses and moisten dryness, discharge heat and purge

Enrich yin and increase humor (thick fluids), drain heat and promote defecation

2. Attached formulas (Table 23.19) TABLE 23.19 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Purge Pathogen and Supplement Healthy Qi Name of Formula Source, Composition and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Newly Supplemented Yellow Dragon Decoction (xin jia huang long tang)

Initially recorded in Systematic Differentiation of Warm Diseases (wen bing tiao bian). Composed by Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 15 g, raw Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (sheng gan cao) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 4.5 g, raw Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (sheng da huang) 9 g, Natrii Sulfas (mang xiao) 3 g, Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen) 15 g, Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) 15 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 4.5 g, Stichopus (hai shen) 20 g, and Succus Rhizomatis Zingiberis (sheng jiang zhi) six spoons. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Enrich yin and boost qi, discharge heat and promote defecation

Indicated for the treatment of heat accumulation and interior excess with insufficiency of qi and yin, accompanied by constipation, abdominal distention, fatigue and weak breathing, dry mouth and throat, fissured lips, dry cracked tongue with burned yellow or black coating

Qi-Guiding and NutrientNourishing Decoction (cheng qi yang ying tang)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Warm Pestilence (wen yi lun). Composed by Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu) 9 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 9 g, Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 12 g, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 12 g, Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi) 9 g, Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po) 9 g, and Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) 15 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Discharge heat and promote defecation, nourish the blood, and enrich yin

Indicated for the treatment of yin collapse due to frequent purgation, with dry eyes, dry and cracked lips, dry throat, thirst with a desire to drink, general fever without abatement, and constipation

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3. Formula differentiation (Table 23.20)

TABLE 23.20 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Purge Pathogen and Supplement Healthy Qi Name of Formula

Similarity

Differences

Humor-Increasing Decoction (zeng ye tang)

Both are the formulas that “increase body fluids for curing constipation”, can be used for the treatment of constipation with a pattern of yangming heat accumulation

It is composed of Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen), Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) and Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang), and can be used for the treatment of constipation due to yin damaging in febrile disease, fluid consumption and intestinal dryness, with thirst, dry, and red tongue, thready and rapid and forceless pulse

Humor-Increasing and QiGuiding Decoction (zeng ye cheng qi tang)

It is based on Humor-Increasing Decoction (zeng ye tang) plus Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) and Natrii Sulfas (mang xiao). Its purgative effect is stronger than that of Humor-Increasing Decoction (zeng ye tang). It is mainly used for the treatment of constipation due to intestinal dryness and yin depletion, and severe heat accumulation

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Chapter 24

Formulas That Harmonize Chapter Outline Section 1 Formulas That Harmonize Shaoyang Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas Section 2 Formulas That Regulate and Harmonize the Liver and Spleen Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas

466 466 466

Section 3 Formulas That Regulate and Harmonize the Intestine and Stomach Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas

476 476 477

471 471 472

ABSTRACT Formulas that have the effects of harmonizing shaoyang, harmonizing liver and spleen, regulating and harmonizing cold and heat, and can treat cold damage syndrome with pathogen in the shaoyang channel, syndrome of incoordination between liver and spleen, and syndrome of intermingled cold and heat are called “Formulas that Harmonize”. They are divided into three categories; formulas that harmonize shaoyang, formulas that regulate and harmonize the liver and spleen, and formulas that regulate and harmonize the intestine and stomach. Keywords: formulas that harmonize Shaoyang; formulas that regulate and harmonize the liver and spleen; formulas that regulate and harmonize the intestine and stomach; nourish the blood and regulate the liver; soothe the liver and rectify the spleen; harmonize the stomach and disperse pĭ

Formulas that have the effects of harmonizing shaoyang, harmonizing liver and spleen, regulating and harmonizing cold and heat, and can treat cold damage syndrome with pathogen in the shaoyang channel, syndrome of incoordination between liver and spleen, and syndrome of intermingled cold and heat are called “Formulas that Harmonize”. It belongs to “harmonization” method of the eight (medicinal treatment) methods. In traditional Chinese medicine, when pathogen invades the shaoyang channel, pathogen is considered to be located in half exterior and half interior, and is not suitable to induce sweating or vomiting or purging; only harmonization (treatment method) is suitable to be used. Since the gallbladder is attached to the liver and “the interior–exterior relationship is between the liver and gallbladder”, gallbladder channel disease can affect the liver and liver channel disease also can affect the gallbladder. Moreover, the liver and gallbladder diseases can involve in the spleen and stomach and lead to liverspleen disharmony; if center qi is weak, cold, and heat is bonded mutually and can lead to intestine-stomach disharmony; if exterior pattern is not released but interior pattern is emergent, the disease involves both the exterior and interior. In the case, merely releasing the exterior or treating the interior cannot eliminate pathogen. So formulas in this category cannot only harmonize shaoyang to treat shaoyang syndrome, but also regulate and harmonize the liver and spleen to treat syndrome of liver constraint and spleen deficiency, harmonize the intestines and stomach to treat syndrome of binding of chills and fever, as well as intestine-stomach disharmony. Therefore, formulas in this chapter are divided into three categories: (1) formulas that harmonize shaoyang, (2) formulas that regulate and harmonize the liver and spleen, and (3) formulas that regulate and harmonize the intestine and stomach. When applying harmonization formulas, if patient is accompanied by deficiency pattern, patient should be treated with supplementing and harmonizing methods to treat; if accompanied by qi stagnation pattern, treated with moving qi and harmonizing methods; if accompanied by cold pattern, treated with warming and harmonizing methods; if complicated by heat pattern, treated with cooling, and harmonizing methods; if accompanied by exterior pattern, treated with dissipating and harmonizing methods; if accompanied by interior pattern, treated with attacking, and harmonizing methods. Essentials of Chinese Materia Medica and Medical Formulas. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812722-3.00024-5 Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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466 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

If exterior pathogen dose not enter shaoyang, or has penetrated inward with intense heat in yangming, it is not suitable to apply harmonization formulas. Priority of harmonization formulas is to dispel pathogen, so patients with fatigue, internal damage, qi-blood weakness, or simple deficiency pattern cannot use formulas in this chapter.

SECTION 1  FORMULAS THAT HARMONIZE SHAOYANG Outline Formulas that harmonize shaoyang are suitable for the treatment of pathogen in the shaoyang channel, accompanied by alternating chills and fever, fullness, and discomfort in the chest and rib-side, vexation and frequent vomiting, no desire to eat or drink, bitter taste in the mouth and dry pharynx, dizziness, and wiry pulse. Formulas in this section are often composed of herbs that diffuse and vent pathogen or clear heat and resolve toxins, such as Radix Bupleuri (chai hu), Herba Artemisiae Annuae (qing hao), and Radix Scutellariae (huang qin). In shaoyang syndrome, gallbladder heat may invade the stomach and cause disharmony of stomach qi, and the inhibited shaoyang channel qi may cause accumulation of dampness and stagnation of phlegm, therefore many different symptoms and signs can be accompanied. Moreover, formulas in this section often combine with herbs that direct counter flow downward and harmonize the stomach, herbs that move qi and resolve constraint, or herbs that dispel dampness and dissolve phlegm. Pathogen in shaoyang channel is also easy to transmit inward, so formulas that harmonize shaoyang usually are assisted by some herbs that boost qi and reinforce healthy qi to prevent pathogen from inward. The representative formulas are Minor Bupleurum Decoction (xiao chai hu tang) Sweet Wormwood and Scutellaria Gallbladder-Clearing Decoction (hao qin qing dan tang), and Malaria-stopping Seven Treasures Beverage (jie nüe qi bao yin).

Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 1. Primary formulas and analysis (Tables 24.1 and 24.2) TABLE 24.1 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Harmonize Shaoyang Name of Formula

Source, Composition and Usage

Minor Bupleurum Decoction (xiao chai hu tang)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Cold Damage (shang han lun). Composed by Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) 25 g, Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) 9 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 6 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 9 g, and Fructus Jujubae (da zao) four pieces. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use.

Efficacy and Indication

Modified Clinical Application

Caution for Use

Harmonize shaoyang. Indicated for the treatment of cold damage and shaoyang syndrome, alternating chills and fever, fullness and discomfort in the chest and rib-side, no desire to eat or drink, vexation and frequent vomiting, bitter taste in the mouth and dry pharynx, dizziness, thin and white coating, wiry pulse; women with cold damage, heat entering nutrient-blood, frequent discontinued menstruation, chills and fever breaking out at interval time; or malaria, jaundice and internal damage diseases with shaoyang syndrome.

If patients with aversion to cold and mild fever due to exterior pathogen is not released completely, remove Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) and add Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi); if restless thoracic fever and no vomiting with stomach qi harmony but exuberant heat, remove Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) and Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen), add Fructus Trichosanthis (gua lou); if thirst due to excessive heat and damage to liquid (thin fluid), remove Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) and add Radix Trichosanthis (tian hua fen); if cough and rib-side distention due to gallbladder heat invading the lung, add Rhizoma Phragmitis (lu gen) and Folium Mori (sang ye); if heat entering the blood chamber (uterus), add Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi), Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao) and Semen Persicae (tao ren); for jaundice, add Herba Artemisiae Scopariae (yin chen) and Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi); for malaria, add Fructus Tsaoko (cao guo) and Radix Dichroae (chang shan); for internal damage (miscellaneous) diseases without healthy qi deficiency, remove Fructus Jujubae (da zao) and Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen).

Its use is cautious in patients with yin deficiency and insufficiency of blood.

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TABLE 24.1 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Harmonize Shaoyang (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition and Usage

MembraneSourceOpening Beverage (da yuan yin)

Sweet Wormwood and Scutellaria GallbladderClearing Decoction (hao qin qing dan tang)

Efficacy and Indication

Modified Clinical Application

Caution for Use

Initially recorded in Treatise on Warm Pestilence (wen yi lun). Composed by Semen Arecae (bing lang) 12 g, Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po) 9 g, Fructus Tsaoko (cao guo) 3 g, Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu) 12 g, Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) 9 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 12 g and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 3 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for taking warmly afternoon.

Open the pleurodiaphragmatic interspace (“membranesource”; mo yuan), dispel filth and remove turbidity. Indicated for the treatment of pestilence or malaria with latent pathogen in the pleurodiaphragmatic interspace, accompanied by aversion to cold and high fever, 3 times or once a day, attack without fixation time, chest oppression, nausea and vomiting, headache, vexation and agitation, white-thick coating like accumulated powder, and wiry-slippery-rapid pulse.

For malaria, add Radix Dichroae (chang shan), Herba Artemisiae Annuae (qing hao) and Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) to prevent attack of malaria and harmonize; for headache in the initial stage with severe aversion to cold, add Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo) and Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) to release the exterior and dissipate cold; if preponderance of heat, add Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (jin yin hua) and Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao) to clear heat and resolve toxins; if chest oppression with preponderance of damp-turbidity, remove Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu) and Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) and add Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu) to reinforce the effects of drying dampness and removing dampness and turbidity.

Because this formula is fiercely acrid and warmdry in nature, its use is prohibited in patients with pestilence or warm disease with a pattern of excessive heat and yin consumption.

Initially recorded in Popular Guide to the ‘Treatise on Cold Damage’ (tong su shang han lun). Composed by Herba Artemisiae Annuae (qing hao) 6 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 6 g, Caulis Bambusae in Taenia (zhu ru) 9 g, prepared Rhizoma Pinelliae (xian ban xia) 5 g, Poria Rubra (chi fu ling) 9 g, Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao) 5 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (guang chen pi) 5 g, and Jasper Jade Powder (bi yu san) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use.

Clear gallbladder heat and drain dampness, harmonize the stomach and dissolve phlegm. Indicated for the treatment of shaoyang damp-heat and phlegm-turbidity syndrome, with chills and fever similar to malaria, mild chills and severe fever, bitter taste in the mouth and chest oppression, acid, or bittern liquor regurgitation, or vomiting yellow and sticky drool, distending pain in the chest and hypochondrium, red tongue with white coating or yellow and greasy coating, complicated by mixed color, wiry and rapid pulse or slippery and rapid pulse.

If excessive vomiting, add Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) to clear heat and arrest vomiting; if preponderance of dampness, add Herba Agastachis (huo xiang) and Semen Coicis (yi yi ren) to remove damp-turbidity; for jaundice due to damp-heat, add Herba Artemisiae Scopariae (yin chen) and Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi); for distending pain due to severe constraint and stagnation in channels, add Fructus Toosendan (chuan lian zi) and Rhizoma Corydalis (yan hu suo); for vexation and insomnia due to phlegm-heat harassing the heart, add Pericarpium Trichosanthis (gua lou pi) and Succinum (hu po); for cough with excessive phlegm due to phlegm-heat accumulation in the lung, add Semen Benincasae (dong gua zi) and Rhizoma Phragmitis (lu gen); for continuous, dribbling urination due to damp-heat pouring downward, add Caulis Akebiae (mu tong) and Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi); for difficulty in micturition, add Semen Plantaginis (che qian zi), Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie) and Medulla Tetrapanacis (tong cao); for constipation due to dampheat accumulation and stagnation in the intestines, add Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) and Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren); for aching pain of limbs due to damp-heat obstructing the channels and collaterals, add Semen Coicis (yi yi ren) and Retinervus Luffae Fructus (si gua luo).

Its use is cautious in patients with deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach.

(Continued )

468 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 24.1 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Harmonize Shaoyang (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition and Usage

MalariaStopping Seven Treasures Beverage (jie nüe qi bao yin)

Initially recorded in Secret Formulas of the Yang Family (yang shi jia cang fang). Composed by Radix Dichroae (chang shan) 6 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 6 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride (qing pi) 6 g, Semen Arecae (bing lang) 6 g, Fructus Tsaoko (cao guo) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 6 g, and Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po) 6 g. Decoct the above herbs with water and appropriate amount of wine for oral use 2 h before malaria attack.

Efficacy and Indication

Modified Clinical Application

Caution for Use

Dry dampness and dispel phlegm, rectify qi and prevent attack of malaria. Indicated for the treatment of malaria with a pattern of phlegmdamp, accompanied by alternating chills and fever, frequent attack without ceasing, headache, sweating, white and greasy coating, wiry and slippery and floating and large pulse; or malaria with eating and drinking without temperance, nonacclimatization, epidemic pathogenic factors from mountains, or chills and fever similar to malaria.

If frequent attack of malaria without ceasing, accompanied by concretions and accumulations formed, add Faeces Trogopterori (wu ling zhi) and Semen Persicae (tao ren) to invigorate blood and remove stasis to prevent the forming of malaria with splenomegaly (a.k.a. mother-of-malaria); if severe aversion to cold, add Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) to dissipate cold; if vomiting, add Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) and Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) to dry dampness and dispel phlegm and arrest vomiting; if chest oppression and abdominal distention, and white and greasy coating due to preponderance of phlegm-damp, add Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu); for malaria, add Herba Artemisiae Annuae (qing hao) or combine with Minor Bupleurum Decoction (xiao chai hu tang) can reinforce the effects of antagonizing malaria and relieving fever.

Its use is cautious in patients with center qi weakness or fire from constraint in interior.

TABLE 24.2 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Harmonize Shaoyang Name of Formula Minor Bupleurum Decoction (xiao chai hu tang)

Efficacy Analysis Radix Bupleuri (chai hu)

Bitter and neutral in nature, act on the liver and gallbladder channels, vent and discharge pathogen from shaoyang, resolve constraint and stagnation of qi movement

Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang)

Bitter and cold in nature, clear and discharge heat from shaoyang, combine with Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) to harmonize

Fructus Jujubae (da zao)

Harmonize the stomach and direct counterflow downward and arrest vomiting Harmonize the spleen and stomach, and give consideration to harmonize the exterior and interior

Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen)

Boost qi and fortify the spleen in order to reinforce healthy qi to dispel pathogen, and prevent inward penetration of pathogen

Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao)

Assist Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) and Fructus Jujubae (da zao) to reinforce healthy qi, and harmonize the actions of all medicinals

Harmonize shaoyang

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TABLE 24.2 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Harmonize Shaoyang (cont.) Name of Formula Membrane-Source-Opening Beverage (da yuan yin)

Efficacy Analysis Semen Arecae (bing lang)

Acrid and dispersing in nature, dissipate pathogenic dampness, dissolve phlegm and break up masses

Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po)

Remove turbidity with aromatic property, rectify qi and dispel dampness

Fructus Tsaoko (cao guo)

Remove turbidity with acrid and aromatic properties, dispel filth and arrest vomiting, diffuse and vent latent pathogen

Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi Radix Scutellariae (huang qin)

Sweet Wormwood and Scutellaria Gallbladder-Clearing Decoction (hao qin qing dan tang)

Bitter and cold in nature, clear heat and dry dampness

Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao)

Clear heat and resolve toxins, and harmonize the actions of all medicinals

Herba Artemisiae Annuae (qing hao)

Bitter, cold and aromatic in nature, clear and vent pathogenic heat from shaoyang, dispel filth and remove dampness

Radix Scutellariae (huang qin)

Bitter and cold in nature, specialize in clearing gallbladder heat, and dry dampness

Caulis Bambusae in Taenia (zhu ru)

Specialize in clearing gallbladder and stomach heat, dissolve phlegm and arrest vomiting

Poria Rubra (chi fu ling)

Clear heat and drain dampness, fortify the spleen and harmonize the stomach

Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao)

Move qi and loosen the center, eliminate phlegm and disperse

prepared Rhizoma Pinelliae (xian ban xia) Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (guang chen pi)

Seven-Treasure Decoction to Check Malarial Conditions (jie nüe qi bao yin)

Clear heat and enrich yin, and inhibit the consumption of yin fluid (body fluids) by herbs with acrid and dry properties

Dry dampness and dissolve phlegm, harmonize the stomach and direct counterflow downward

Clear heat and drain dampness, guide out pathogen following micturition

Radix Dichroae (chang shan)

Bitter and cold in nature, specialize in treating malaria, and dispel phlegm

Semen Arecae (bing lang)

Move qi and dissipate masses

Fructus Tsaoko (cao guo)

Dry dampness and dispel phlegm

Both can prevent attack of malaria, and combine with Radix Dichroae (chang shan) to complement each other

Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po) Dry dampness and move qi and dissolve phlegm, all three as the assistant medicinals

Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao)

Clear gallbladder heat and drain dampness, harmonize the stomach and dissolve phlegm

Rectify qi and dissolve phlegm, loosen the chest and diaphragm

Jasper Jade Powder (bi yu san)

Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride (qing pi)

Open the pleurodiaphr agmatic interspace ("membranesource"; mo yuan), dispel filth and remove turbidity

Boost qi and harmonize the center, restrain the consumption of qi by herbs with fiercely acrid property

Dry dampness and dispel phlegm, rectify qi and prevent attack of malaria

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2. Attached formulas (Table 24.3) TABLE 24.3 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Harmonize Shaoyang Name of Formula

Source, Composition and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Bupleurum, Cinnamon Twig and Dried Ginger Decoction (chai hu gui zhi gan jiang tang)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Cold Damage (shang han lun). Composed by Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) 15 g, Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) 9 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) 9 g, Radix Trichosanthis (tian hua fen) 15 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 9 g, Concha Ostreae (mu li) 24 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 6 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use.

Harmonize shaoyang, warm and dissolve rheum (fluid retention)

Indicated for the treatment of cold damage with fever, aversion to cold, neck, and nape pain, fullness in the chest and rib-side, mild thoracic accumulation with cold fluid, thirst but no vomiting, head sweating, alternating chills and fever, and vexation; or malaria with more cold and less fever, or cold but no fever.

Bupleurum Decoction Plus Dragon Bone and Oyster Shell (chai hu jia long gu mu li tang)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Cold Damage (shang han lun). Composed by Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) 12 g, Os Draconis (long gu) 4.5 g, Concha Ostreae (mu li) 4.5 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 4.5 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 4.5 g, Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) 4.5 g, Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) 9 g, Poria (fu ling) 4.5 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 3 g, Minium (qian dan) 1 g, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 6 g, and Fructus Jujubae (da zao) two pieces. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use.

Harmonize shaoyang, unblock yang and drain heat, and calm the mind with heavy sedatives

Indicated for the treatment of pathogen invading the shaoyang channel and phlegm-heat harassing the interior, with fullness in the chest, vexation and fright, difficulty in micturition, delirious speech, heavy body, and unable to move around.

Bupleurum MembraneSource-Opening Beverage (chai hu da yuan yin)

Initially recorded in Revised Popular Guide to “Treatise on Cold Damage” (chong ding tong su shang han lun). Composed by Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) 5 g, raw Fructus Aurantii (sheng zhi qiao) 5 g, Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po) 5 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride (qing pi) 5 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 2 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 5 g, Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) 3 g, Fructus Tsaoko (cao guo) 2 g, Semen Arecae (bing lang) 1 g, and Petiolus Nelmbinis (he geng) 10–15 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use.

Diffuse dampness and dissolve phlegm

Indicated for the treatment of phlegmdamp obstructing the membranesource (pleurodiaphragmatic interspace), with pĭ and fullness in the chest and diaphragm, vexation and chagrin, dizziness, greasy taste in the mouth, incompletely coughing of phlegm, tertian malaria, thick coating as accumulated powder which feels coarse when lays hands on, wiry and slippery pulse.

Bupleurum Decoction Plus Bitter Orange and Platycodon (chai hu zhi jie tang)

Initially recorded in Revised Popular Guide to ‘Treatise on Cold Damage’ (chong ding tong su shang han lun). Composed by Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) 25 g, Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) 9 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 9 g, Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao) 4.5 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 9 g, Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) 3 g, Folium Theae (yu qian cha) 3 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 4.5 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use.

Harmonize and vent the exterior, and loosen the chest and diaphragm

Indicated for the treatment of shaoyang syndrome complicated by discomfort in the chest and diaphragm, with alternating chills and fever, pain in the forehead triangle, deafness, dizziness, fullness ad pain in the chest and rib-side, white and glossy coating, wiry and slippery pulse in the right, wiry and floating and large pulse in the left.

Fleeceflower and Ginseng Decoction (he ren yin)

Initially recorded in The Complete Works of [Zhang] Jing-yue (jing yue quan shu). Composed by Radix Polygoni Multiflori (he shou wu) 9–30 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 6–9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 9–30 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 6–9 g, and roasted Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (wei sheng jiang) three pieces. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use 2–3 h before malaria attack.

Supplement qi and blood, and prevent attack of deficient malaria

Indicated for the treatment of frequent attack of malaria without ceasing, with extreme deficiency syndrome of qi and blood, sallow complexion, fatigue and lack of strength, pale tongue, moderate and large and deficient pulse.

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3. Formula differentiation (Table 24.4) TABLE 24.4 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Harmonize Shaoyang Name of Formula

Similarity

Differences

Minor Bupleurum Decoction (xiao chai hu tang)

All three select Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) as the chief medicinal and Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) as the deputy medicinal, can harmonize shaoyang, and are mainly used for the treatment of shaoyang syndrome with alternating chills and fever.

It is a chief formula that treats cold damage with pathogen invading the shaoyang channel, a representative formula that uses the method of harmonizing shaoyang, and mainly used for the treatment of shaoyang syndrome with pathogen in half-exterior and half-interior.

Bupleurum, Cinnamon Twig, and Dried Ginger Decoction (chai hu gui zhi gan jiang tang)

Bupleurum Decoction Plus Dragon Bone and Oyster Shell (chai hu jia long gu mu li tang)

Sweet Wormwood and Scutellaria GallbladderClearing Decoction (hao qin qing dan tang)

It is used for the treatment of shaoyang syndrome complicated by phlegm-heat, and symptom of delirious speech, so select Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) to assist to drain heat; difficulty in micturition, select Poria (fu ling) to strengthen the effect of promoting urination and dissolving phlegm; vexation and fright, select Os Draconis (long gu), Concha Ostreae (mu li), and Minium (qian dan) to add to tranquilize the heart and calm the mind. Both can harmonize shaoyang, and are mainly used for the treatment of pathogen in the shaoyang channel, with alternating chills and fever, and discomfort in the chest and hypochondrium.

Minor Bupleurum Decoction (xiao chai hu tang)

Seven-Treasure Decoction to Check Malarial Conditions (jie nüe qi bao yin)

Fleeceflower and Ginseng Decoction (he ren yin)

It is used for the treatment of shaoyang syndrome complicated by cold fluid, so select Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) and Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) to assist to warm yang and dissolve rheum (fluid retention); thirst, select Radix Trichosanthis (tian hua fen) to add to promote fluid production to quench thirst, and fullness in the chest and hypochondrium, and mild thoracic accumulation, select Concha Ostreae (mu li) to add to soften hardness and dissipate masses.

Select Herba Artemisiae Annuae (qing hao) and Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) to combine with Poria Rubra (chi fu ling) and Jasper Jade Powder (bi yu san), cannot only harmonize, but also clear heat and drain dampness, rectify qi and dissolve phlegm. So this formula is suitable for the treatment of shaoyang syndrome with preponderance of gallbladder heat, complicated by pathogenic dampness and phlegm-turbidity. Select Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) and Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) to combine with Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao), can harmonize, also boost qi and reinforce healthy qi. So it is suitable for the treatment of pathogen in the shaoyang channel with disharmony of gallbladder and stomach, stomach deficiency and qi counterflow.

Both formulas can be used for the treatment of malaria with frequent attack without ceasing.

Select herbs that prevent attack of malaria and move qi or dry dampness and dispel phlegm such as Radix Dichroae (chang shan), Semen Arecae (bing lang) and Fructus Tsaoko (cao guo) as the main. It is mainly suitable for the treatment of malaria (or malaria with eating and drinking without temperance) with strong body and exuberant phlegm-damp. Select herbs that boost qi and nourish the blood, such as Radix Polygoni Multiflori (he shou wu), Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) and Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) as the main. It is suitable for the treatment of malaria with a pattern of extreme deficiency of qi and blood.

SECTION 2  FORMULAS THAT REGULATE AND HARMONIZE THE LIVER AND SPLEEN Outline Formulas that regulate and harmonize the liver and spleen are suitable for the treatment of liver-spleen disharmony caused by binding constraint of liver qi, liver qi invading the spleen, spleen deficiency, and failing to transport (nutrients), and/or liver overrestricting the spleen, with distending pain in the stomach, abdomen, chest and hypochondrium

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areas, no desire to eat or drink (or fatigue and less eating), menstrual irregularities, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. Formulas in this section are usually composed of herbs that soothe the liver and rectify qi, such as Radix Bupleuri (chai hu), Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi), and Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao), and herbs that fortify the spleen and assist transportation, such as Poria (fu ling), Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu), and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao). Liver-spleen disharmony may accompany by qi stagnation and blood stasis, or nutrient-blood insufficiency, or dampness retention and heat accumulation, or ascending counterflow of stomach qi, so formulas in this category are often combined with herbs that soften the liver and relax spasm, herbs that invigorate blood and nourish the blood, herbs that dispel dampness and clear heat, or herbs that harmonize the stomach and direct counterflow downward. The representative formulas are Angelica and Peony Powder (dang gui shao yao san), Frigid Extremities Powder (si ni san), and Free Wanderer Powder (xiao yao san).

Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 1. Primary formulas and analysis (Tables 24.5 and 24.6)

TABLE 24.5 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Regulate and Harmonize the Liver and Spleen Name of Formula

Source, Composition and Usage

Angelica and Peony Powder (dang gui shao yao san)

Frigid Extremities Powder (si ni san)

Efficacy and Indication

Modified Clinical Application

Caution for Use

Initially recorded in Essentials from the Golden Cabinet (jin gui yao lüe). Composed by Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 9 g, Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) 30 g, Poria (fu ling) 12 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 12 g, Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie) 12 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use.

Nourish the blood and regulate the liver, fortify the spleen and drain dampness, relax spasm and relieve pain. Indicated for the treatment of deficiency of liver-blood, spleen deficiency and dampness retention pattern, with urgent pain in the abdomen, headache and palpitation, or edema of lower limbs, difficulty in micturition, pale tongue with white and greasy coating, soggy and thready and moderate pulse, or wiry and thready pulse.

For severe blood deficiency, add Fructus Lycii (gou qi zi) and Arillus Longan (long yan rou) to reinforce the effect of supplementing the blood; for severe spleen deficiency, add Radix Codonopsis (dang shen) and Radix Astragali (huang qi); for liver constraint, add Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) and Rhizoma Cyperi (xiang fu).

Since this formula aims at deficiency-excess complex, it is not suited to use alone for patients with a simple deficiency pattern or simple excess pattern.

Initially recorded in Treatise on Cold Damage (shang han lun). Composed by Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 6 g, Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi) 6 g, Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) 6 g, and Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use.

Vent pathogen and resolve constraint, soothe the liver and rectify the spleen. Indicated for the treatment of reversal counterflow cold of the limbs due to yang constraint, with no warm of the hands and feet, or gentle heat, or cough, or difficulty in micturition, and wiry pulse; or liver-spleen disharmony, with distending pain in the rib-side, abdominal pain and gastric cavity pain, or diarrhea with rectal heaviness, and wiry pulse.

If severe qi constraint, add Rhizoma Cyperi (xiang fu) and Radix Curcumae (yu jin); if vexing heat in the chest due to qi constraint and accumulated heat, add Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi) and Semen Sojae Praeparatum (dan dou chi); if cold pain in the abdomen, add blast-fried Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (pao fu zi) to dissipate interior cold; if cough, add Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi) and Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) to dissipate cold and relieve cough; if palpitation, add Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi); for difficulty in micturition due to spleen deficiency and dampness obstruction, add Poria (fu ling); for diarrhea with rectal heaviness, add Bulbus Allii Macrostemi (xie bai).

Its use is prohibited in patients with reversal counterflow cold of the four limbs due to yang debilitation and resulting yin exuberance.

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TABLE 24.5 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Regulate and Harmonize the Liver and Spleen (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition and Usage

Free Wanderer Powder (xiao yao san)

Important Formula for Painful Diarrhea (tong xie yao fang)

Efficacy and Indication

Modified Clinical Application

Caution for Use

Initially recorded in Beneficial Formulas from the Taiping Imperial Pharmacy (tai ping hui min he ji ju fang). Composed by Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 30 g, Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) 30 g, Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) 30 g, Poria (fu ling) 30 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 30 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 15 g. Grind together into powder, and decoct 6–9 g with a litter roasted Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (wei sheng jiang) and Herba Menthae (bo he) with water for oral use; or make into pills, take 6–9 g each time orally, twice a day.

Soothe the liver and resolve constraint, fortify the spleen and harmonize the nutrient aspect. Indicated for the treatment of liver-constraint and blood-deficiency and spleen-weakness pattern, with both hypochondrium pain, headache and dizziness, dry mouth and pharynx, fatigue and less eating, or alternating chills and fever, or menstrual irregularities, distending pain in the breast, pale tongue, wiry and deficient pulse.

If severe liver constraint and qi stagnation, add Rhizoma Cyperi (xiang fu), Radix Curcumae (yu jin) and Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi); if liver constraint transforming into fire, add Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi) and Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi); if liver blood stasis, add Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae (dan shen) and Semen Persicae (tao ren); if concretions and masses in the hypochondrium, add Carapax Trionycis (bie jia) and Concha Ostreae (mu li) to dissipate masses; if severe spleen deficiency, add Radix Codonopsis (dang shen); for severe blood deficiency, add Radix Polygoni Multiflori (he shou wu) and Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang).

The dosage of Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) and Herba Menthae (bo he) should not be too large. Its use is cautious in patients with yin deficiency and yang hyperactivity.

Initially recorded in Teachings of [Zhu] Dan-xi (dan xi xin fa). Composed by dryfried Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (chao bai zhu) 90 g, dry-fried Radix Paeoniae (chao shao yao) 60 g, dry-fried Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chao chen pi) 45 g, and Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 30 g. Discount according to the original formula as a decoction, and decoct with water for oral use.

Supplement the spleen and purge the liver, relieve pain and arrest diarrhea. Indicated for the treatment of painful diarrhea due to spleen deficiency and liver constraint, with rugitus and abdominal pain, diarrhea stool, diarrhea complicated by abdominal pain, thin and white coating, irregular of both gua¯n pulse, wiry, and moderate pulse.

For watery stool, add Poria (fu ling) and Semen Plantaginis (che qian zi); for chronic diarrhea, add dry-fried Rhizoma Cimicifugae (chao sheng ma); if severe spleen deficiency with fatigue and lack of strength, add Radix Codonopsis (dang shen) and Rhizoma Dioscoreae (shan yao); for deficiency-cold in middle jiao, add Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) and Fructus Evodiae (wu zhu yu); if food accumulation, add scorch-fried Fructus Crataegi (jiao shan zha); for yellow greasy coating, Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) and roasted Radix Aucklandiae (wei mu xiang).

This formula is not suitable for the treatment of abdominal pain and diarrhea caused by dampheat, heat toxin, or improper dietary disorders.

TABLE 24.6 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Regulate and Harmonize the Liver and Spleen Name of Formula Angelica and Peony Powder (dang gui shao yao san)

Efficacy Analysis Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui)

Supplement the blood and invigorate blood and relieve pain

Radix Paeoniae (shao yao)

Nourish the blood and soften the liver, relax spasm and relieve pain

Poria (fu ling) Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu)

Fortify the spleen and remove dampness, and reinforce the transportation and transformation

Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie)

Percolate and drain water-dampness with bland property

Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong)

Acrid and warm in nature, invigorate blood and move qi and relieve pain

Nourish the blood and regulate the liver, fortify the spleen and drain dampness, relax spasm and relieve pain

(Continued )

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TABLE 24.6 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Regulate and Harmonize the Liver and Spleen (cont.) Name of Formula Frigid Extremities Powder (si ni san)

Free Wanderer Powder (xiao yao san)

Efficacy Analysis Radix Bupleuri (chai hu)

Act on the liver and gallbladder, soothe the liver and resolve constraint, and vent pathogen

Radix Paeoniae (shao yao)

Astringe yin and nourish the blood and soften the liver, and restrain Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) to consume yin-blood

Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi)

Rectify qi and resolve constraint and break up masses, in order to harmonize qi and blood

Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao)

Harmonize the actions of all medicinals, boost the spleen and harmonize the center, combine with Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) means “combination of sour and sweet medicinals boost yin”

Radix Bupleuri (chai hu)

Bitter and neutral in nature, soothe the liver and resolve constraint

Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao)

Sour, bitter and slightly cold in nature, nourish the blood and astringe yin, soften the liver and relax spasm

Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui)

Sweet, acrid, bitter and warm in nature, nourish the blood and harmonize blood

Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) Poria (fu ling)

Important Formula for Painful Diarrhea (tong xie yao fang)

Fortify the spleen and boost qi in order to let generation and transformation of nutrient-blood has the source

Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao)

Harmonize the actions of all medicinals, and also as an envoy medicinal

Herba Menthae (bo he)

Scatter and dissipate the constraint qi, vent accumulated heat from the liver channel

roasted Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (wei sheng jiang)

Direct counterflow downward and harmonize the center, and scatter constraint with acrid and dispersing properties

Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu)

Bitter, sweet and warm in nature, supplement the spleen and dry dampness

Radix Paeoniae (shao yao)

Sour and cold in nature, soften the liver and relax spasm and relieve pain

Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi)

Acrid, bitter and warm in nature, rectify qi and dry dampness, awaken the spleen and harmonize the stomach

Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng)

Ascending and dispersing in nature, scatter liver constraint, activate spleen qi, dry dampness and arrest diarrhea

Vent pathogen and resolve constraint, soothe the liver and rectify the spleen

Soothe the liver and resolve constraint, fortify the spleen and harmonize the nutrient aspect

Supplement the spleen and purge the liver, relieve pain and arrest diarrhea

2. Attached formulas (Table 24.7) TABLE 24.7 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Regulate and Harmonize the Liver and Spleen Name of Formula Immature Bitter Orange and Peony Powder (zhi shi shao yao san)

Source, Composition and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Initially recorded in Essentials from the Golden Cabinet (jin gui yao lüe). Composed by equal parts of Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi) and Radix Paeoniae (shao yao). Grind these two herbs into powder and make into pills for oral use, or take orally with burgoo when using it for the treatment of blood syndrome.

Move qi and harmonize blood, relieve spasm and pain

Indicated for the treatment of postpartum abdominal pain, dysphoric fullness and incapability of supination; or carbuncle with pus.

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TABLE 24.7 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Regulate and Harmonize the Liver and Spleen (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Supplemented Free Wanderer Powder (jia wei xiao yao san)

Initially recorded in Summary of Internal Medicine (nei ke zhai yao). Composed by Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 3 g, Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) 3 g, Poria (fu ling) 3 g, dry-fried Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (chao bai zhu) 3 g, Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) 3 g, Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi) 1.5 g, dry-fried Fructus Gardeniae (chao zhi zi) 1.5 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 1.5 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use.

Soothe the liver and resolve constraint, nourish the blood and fortify the spleen, clear heat, and cool the blood

Indicated for the treatment of liver constraint, liver-spleen blood deficiency and internal heat, with vexation and agitation and irascibility, tidal fever and late afternoon fever, or spontaneous sweating and night sweating, or headache and dry eyes, or red cheeks and dry mouth, or menstrual irregularities, pain in the lesser abdomen, or bearing-down distention in the lesser abdomen, difficult and painful urination, red tongue with thin and yellow coating, wiry and deficient pulse.

Black Free Wanderer Powder (hei xiao yao san)

Initially recorded in Six Texts on Medicinal Essentials · Decree of Gynecology (yi lüe liu shu· nü ke zhi yao). Composed by Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 30 g, Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) 30 g, Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) 30 g, Poria (fu ling) 30 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 30 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 15 g, and Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 10 g. Decoct the ingredients with water; take orally when decoction becomes slightly warm.

Soothe the liver and fortify the spleen, nourish the blood, and regulate menstruation

Indicated for the treatment of liver-spleen blood deficiency, with abdominal pain on the point of menstruation, deficient and wiry pulse; or rib-side pain and dizziness, or gastric cavity pain, or female flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding) due to depressed rage impairing the liver and stirring blood.

Free Wanderer Trichosanthes and Fritillaria Powder (xiao yao lou bei san)

Initially recorded in TCM External Medicine (zhong yi wai ke xue). Composed by Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) 10 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 10 g, Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) 10 g, Poria (fu ling) 10 g, Bulbus Fritillaria (bei mu) 10 g, Rhizoma Pinelliae Praeparatum (fa ban xia) 10 g, Rhizoma Arisaematis praeparatum (zhi tian nan xing) 10 g, raw Concha Ostreae (sheng mu li) 30 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 12 g, Fructus Trichosanthis (gua lou) 15 g, and Pseudobulbus Cremastrae seu Pleiones (shan ci gu) 15 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use.

Soothe the liver and rectify qi, dissolve phlegm and dissipate masses

Indicated for the treatment of breast lump (hyperplasia of the mammary gland) and carcinoma of the breast in the initial stage, with nodule and mass in the breast and pain, lump of different sizes with soft or tough in nature, and obscure boundary, moveable by push; and change of lump and pain following the emotion-thought change.

LiverComforting Decoction (hua gan jian)

Initially recorded in The Complete Works of [Zhang] Jing-yue (jing yue quan shu). Composed by Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride (qing pi) 6 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 6 g, Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) 6 g, dry-fried Fructus Gardeniae (chao zhi zi) 4.5 g, Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi) 4.5 g, Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie) 4.5 g, and Rhizoma Bolbostematis (tu bei mu) 8 g. Decoct the ingredients with water; take orally on empty stomach when decoction becomes warm.

Soothe the liver and rectify qi, clear fire and resolve constraint

Indicated for the treatment of constraint and stagnation of liver qi and qi counterflow stirring fire, with distending pain in the hypochondrium, impatience and irascibility, vexing heat and bitter taste in the mouth, red eyes, red tongue with yellow or yellow-greasy coating, wiry, and forceful pulse.

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3. Formula differentiation (Table 24.8) TABLE 24.8 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Regulate and Harmonize the Liver and Spleen Name of Formula

Similarity

Differences

Frigid Extremities Powder (si ni san)

Both are the formulas that harmonize, and select Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) to combine.

Select Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) to combine with Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi), which is good at raising the clear and directing the turbid downward, soothing the liver and rectifying the spleen. It is a basic formula that can regulate and harmonize the liver and spleen.

Minor Bupleurum Decoction (xiao chai hu tang)

Supplemented Free Wanderer Powder (jia wei xiao yao san)

Select Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) to combine with Radix Scutellariae (huang qin), which is more effective on releasing the exterior and clearing heat. It is a representative formula that can harmonize shaoyang. Both are the augmented formulas from Free Wanderer Powder (xiao yao san), and can treat pattern of liver constraint and blood-deficiency and spleenweakness.

Black Free Wanderer Powder (hei xiao yao san)

Frigid Extremities Decoction (si ni tang)

Frigid Extremities Powder (si ni san)

It is composed of Free Wanderer Powder (xiao yao san) plus Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi) and Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi). Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi) can clear latent fire in the blood, dry-fried Fructus Gardeniae (chao zhi zi) can clear liver heat and drain fire and relieve vexation, and guide heat descend. It is often used for the treatment of menstrual irregularities, profuse menstruation, and lasting for a long time without ceasing, menstrual hematemesis and epistaxis (vicarious menstruation) caused by liver constraint and blood deficiency with heat. It is composed of Free Wanderer Powder (xiao yao san) plus Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang), and can treat the pattern same to that of Free Wanderer Powder (xiao yao san) but with more severe blood deficiency. If blood deficiency with internal heat, add Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang); if blood deficiency without heat, select Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) to combine.

Both formulas have the similar names, can treat frigid extremities syndrome, but the syndrome’s pathomechanisms are quite different.

It is suitable for the treatment of reversal counterflow cold of the limbs caused by exuberant yin cold in the interior, yang qi declining and lacking of strength and cannot reach the extremities. The syncopal cold limbs syndrome is severe, cold to the elbows and knees from extremities, accompanied by fatigue and desire to sleep, abdominal pain and diarrhea, and faint pulse which almost cannot be palpated. It is suitable for the treatment of reversal counterflow cold of the limbs caused by inward penetration of exogenous pathogen through the channel, stagnation of yang qi in the interior, and yang qi cannot reach the extremities. And reversal counterflow cold is only in the extremities, not to the wrist and ankle. General fever and wiry pulse also can be seen as its indication.

SECTION 3  FORMULAS THAT REGULATE AND HARMONIZE THE INTESTINE AND STOMACH Outline Formulas that regulate and harmonize the intestine and stomach are suitable for the treatment of cold and heat in complexity (or binding of cold and heat in the middle jiao), ascending–descending disorder, and deficiency-excess complex caused by disharmony of the intestine and stomach, with epigastric lumpy stiffness and fullness, nausea and vomiting, rugitus and

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dysentery and diarrhea. Formulas in this section are usually composed of herbs with acrid and warm properties, such as Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang), Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang), and Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia), and herbs with bitter and cold properties, such as Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) and Radix Scutellariae (huang qin), and with herbs that boost qi and harmonize the center, such as Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen), Fructus Jujubae (da zao), and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao). The representative formulas are Pinellia Heart-Draining Decoction (ban xia xie xin tang) and Coptis Decoction (huang lian tang).

Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 1. Primary formulas and analysis (Tables 24.9 and 24.10)

TABLE 24.9 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Regulate and Harmonize the Intestine and Stomach Source, Composition and Usage

Efficacy and Indication

Pinellia HeartDraining Decoction (ban xia xie xin tang)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Cold Damage (shang han lun). Composed by Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) 12 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 9 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 9 g, Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 3 g, Fructus Jujubae (da zao) 4 pieces, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use.

Mildly regulate cold and heat (with combination of cold and warm medicinals), disperse pĭ and dissipate masses. Indicated for the treatment of feeling fullness and distension in the upper abdomen due to binding of cold and heat, with epigastric lumpy stiffness, fullness but not pain, or vomiting, rugitus, and diarrhea, thin and slightly yellow and greasy coating.

If patients without center qi deficiency, white and greasy coating, remove Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) and Fructus Jujubae (da zao), add Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po) and Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu); if pĭ and fullness without elimination due to severe qi stagnation, add Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi) and Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang); if complicated by food accumulation, add Massa Medicata Fermentata (shen qu) and Semen Arecae (bing lang).

It is not suitable for patients with epigastric lumpy stiffness and fullness caused by qi stagnation, food accumulation or phlegm-turbidity accumulated in interior.

Coptis Decoction (huang lian tang)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Cold Damage (shang han lun). Composed by Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) 9 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 3 g, Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 6 g, Fructus Jujubae (da zao) four pieces, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 6 g, and Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) 6 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use.

Mildly regulate cold and heat, harmonize the stomach and direct counterflow downward. Indicated for the treatment of stomach heat and intestine cold, with feeling of heat and discomfort in the chest (stomach) and cold in the intestines, desire to vomit, abdominal pain, or rugitus and diarrhea, white, and glossy coating, and wiry pulse.

For poor appetite and digestion due to qi stagnation, add Fructus Amomi Kravanh (bai dou kou), Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao) and Massa Medicata Fermentata (shen qu); for qi deficiency, add Radix Codonopsis (dang shen) and Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu); for exuberant liver-stomach heat, add Fructus Toosendan (chuan lian zi) and Radix Scutellariae (huang qin); for acid swallowing and epigastric upset, add Fructus Evodiae (wu zhu yu) and calcined Concha Arcae (duan wa leng zi).

Its use is prohibited in patients with yin deficiency accompanied by stomachache and vomiting.

Name of Formula

Modified Clinical Application

Caution for Use

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TABLE 24.10 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Regulate and Harmonize the Intestine and Stomach Name of Formula

Efficacy Analysis

Pinellia Heart-Draining Decoction (ban xia xie xin tang)

Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia)

Acrid and warm in nature, dissipate masses and disperse , direct counterflow downward and arrest vomiting

Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang)

Acrid and hot in nature, warm the center and dissipate cold

Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) Fructus Jujubae (da zao)

Coptis Decoction (huang lian tang)

Discharge heat and open the bitter and cold properties

with their

Mildly regulate cold and heat, acrid medicinals open and bitter medicinals promote descent

Boost qi and supplement the spleen with their sweet and warm properties

Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao)

Supplement the spleen and harmonize the center, and harmonize the actions of all medicinals

Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian)

Bitter and cold in nature, clear pathogenic heat in the upper jiao (stomach heat)

Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi)

Warm yang and dissipate intestine cold, and combine with Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) to harmonize the stomach and arrest vomiting

Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia)

Harmonize the stomach and direct counterflow downward and arrest vomiting

Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) Fructus Jujubae (da zao) Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao)

Boost the center qi and supplement deficiency to reinforce healthy qi and dispel pathogen

Mildly regulate cold and heat, disperse and dissipate masses

Mildly regulate cold and heat, harmonize the stomach and direct counterflow downward

Harmonize the actions of all medicinals, relax spasm and relieve pain

2. Attached formulas (Table 24.11)

TABLE 24.11 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Regulate and Harmonize the Intestine and Stomach Name of Formula Coptis Regulating Decoction (lian li tang)

Source, Composition & Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Initially recorded in Symptoms, Causes, Pulses, and Treatment (Zheng yin mai zhi). Composed by Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 6 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 6 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) 3 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 3 g, and Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 3 g. Decoct the ingredients with water; take orally when decoction becomes warm.

Warm the center and fortify the spleen, clear and remove dampheat

Indicated for the treatment of spleenstomach deficiency and damp-heat accumulated in interior, with diarrhea and dysentery for a protracted course, less eating and weariness, cold pain in the abdomen, excessive thirst, acid regurgitation, difficult and hot urination, or oral ulcer, pale tongue with greasy coating accompanied by mixed color, deep, thready, slow, and slippery pulse.

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TABLE 24.11 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Regulate and Harmonize the Intestine and Stomach (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition & Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Fresh Ginger Heart-Draining Decoction (sheng jiang xie xin tang)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Cold Damage (shang han lun). Composed by Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 12 g, Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) 12 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 9 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 9 g, Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 3 g, Fructus Jujubae (da zao) four pieces, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water and take orally when decoction becomes warm.

Harmonize the stomach and disperse pĭ, dissipate masses and eliminate water

Indicated for the treatment of accumulation of water with heat, with epigastric fullness and rigidity, eructation with fetid odor, thunderlike rugitus in the abdominal cavity, dysentery, and diarrhea.

Licorice HeartDraining Decoction (gan cao xie xin tang)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Cold Damage (shang han lun). Composed by Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) 12 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 9 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 9 g, Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 3 g, Fructus Jujubae (da zao) four pieces, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 12 g. Decoct the ingredients with water and take orally when decoction becomes warm.

Boost qi and harmonize the stomach, disperse pĭ and arrest vomiting

Indicated for the treatment of stomach qi weakness, with thunder-like rugitus in the abdominal cavity, dysentery and diarrhea, food undigested, epigastric fullness and rigidity, dry vomiting, vexation, and restlessness.

Aconite HeartDraining Decoction (fu zi xie xin tang)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Cold Damage (shang han lun). Composed by Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 6 g, Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 3 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 3 g and Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) 3 g. Decoct the ingredients with water and take orally when decoction becomes warm.

Discharge heat and disperse pĭ, reinforce yang and consolidate the exterior

Indicated for the treatment of epigastric lumpy stiffness, accompanied by aversion to cold and sweating.

3. Formula differentiation (Table 24.12)

TABLE 24.12 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Regulate and Harmonize the Intestine and Stomach Name of Formula

Similarity

Differences

Fresh Ginger HeartDraining Decoction (sheng jiang xie xin tang)

All three are the augmented formulas from Pinellia Heart-Draining Decoction (ban xia xie xin tang).

It is formulated by Pinellia Heart-Draining Decoction (ban xia xie xin tang) plus Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) and reducing the dosage of Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang). Put Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) in an important position is in order to make use of harmonizing the stomach and directing counterflow downward; combine with acrid medicinals to open and bitter medicinals to promote descent, and herbs that supplement and boost the spleen and stomach, to treat syndrome of feeling fullness and distension in the upper abdomen caused by accumulation of water with heat in the middle jiao, ascending and descending disorder of the spleen and stomach.

Licorice HeartDraining Decoction (gan cao xie xin tang)

It is formulated by Pinellia Heart-Draining Decoction (ban xia xie xin tang) increasing the dosage of Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao). Put Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) in an important position is to regulate the center and supplement deficiency, combine with acrid medicinals to open and bitter medicinals to promote descent, to treat syndrome of feeling fullness and distension in the upper abdomen caused by stomach qi weakness and binding of cold and heat.

Coptis Decoction (huang lian tang)

It is formulated by Pinellia Heart-Draining Decoction (ban xia xie xin tang) increasing the dosage of Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) and changing Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) into Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi), and used for the treatment of stomach heat and intestine cold with abdominal pain and desire to vomit.

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Chapter 25

Formulas That Clear the Heat Chapter Outline Section 1 Formulas That Clear Heat in Qi Aspect Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas Section 2 Formulas That Clear Heat in Nutrient Aspect and Cool the Blood Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas Section 3 Formulas That Clear Heat and Resolve Toxins Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas

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Section 4 Formulas That Clear Heat in Both Qi and Blood Aspects Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas Section 5 Formulas That Clear Zang-Fu Heat Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas Section 6 Formulas That Clear Deficiency-Heat Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas

497 497 497 500 500 500 511 511 511

ABSTRACT Formulas that mainly consist of herbs that clear heat have the following effects of clearing heat, draining fire, cooling the blood and resolving toxins, and are used for the treatment of interior heat pattern are called “Formulas That Clear the Heat.” Formulas in this chapter are divided into six categories: formulas that: (1) clear heat in qi aspect, (2) clear heat in nutrient aspect and cool the blood, (3) clear heat and resolve toxins, (4) clear heat in both qi and blood aspects, (5) clear zang-fu heat, and (6) clear deficiency-heat. Formulas that clear the heat are suitable for treating interior heat syndrome. Keywords: formulas that clear heat at the qi aspect; formulas that clear heat at the nutrient aspect and cool the blood; formulas that clear heat and resolve toxins; formulas that clear heat at both the qi and blood aspects; formulas that clear zang-fu heat; formulas that clear deficiency-heat

Formulas that are mainly consisted of herbs that clear heat have the following effects of clearing heat, draining fire, cooling the blood and resolving toxins, and are used for the treatment of interior heat pattern are called “Formulas That Clear the Heat.” This therapeutic principle is based on “when there is heat, treat it with cold” and “cooling therapy for warm disease” in The Yellow Emperor’s Inner Classic (huang di nei jing), which belongs to one of the eight (medicinal treatment) methods: heat-clearing and fire-draining. Warm, heat, and fire are used to describe the progression of the internal body state. Exuberance of warm produces heat, and extreme heat leads to fire. They vary based on severity, and are collectively called “heat.” Among the 19 pathogeneses described in The Yellow Emperor’s Inner Classic (huang di neijing), 5 pathogeneses were involved in “fire,” and 4 pathogeneses were involved in “heat,” which demonstrated that diseases caused by fire and heat are common. The formation of a fire-heat pattern (syndrome) can be due to internal heat or external contraction. Moreover, external contraction pattern of the six pathogenic factors can be transformed into interior heat pattern. In addition, excess of the five spiritual minds and abnormal predominance of zang-fu organs can also be transformed into fire, leading to pattern of exuberance of interior heat with symptoms, including general fever, aversion to heat, thirst with desire for cold drinks, yellow or reddish urine, red tongue with yellow coating, and rapid pulse. Due to the differences in invading positions and levels of exterior pathogens, as well as properties of pathogenic heat, interior heat pattern has the following differences in qi aspect or blood aspect: predominance of zang-fu organs, excess heat, or deficiency-heat. As patterns are different, the therapeutic methods and medicinal formulas are also different. Formulas in this chapter are divided into six categories: formulas that (1) clear heat in qi aspect, (2) clear heat in nutrient aspect and cool the blood, (3) clear heat and resolve toxins, (4) clear heat in both qi and blood aspects, (5) clear zang-fu heat, and (6) clear Essentials of Chinese Materia Medica and Medical Formulas. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812722-3.00025-7 Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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deficiency-heat. Formulas that clear the heat are suitable for treating interior heat syndrome, which can be only applied after the exterior pattern has been released and interior heat is intense, or interior heat is exuberant, but bowel excess is still not formed. If pathogenic heat is in the exterior, release of the exterior should be selected; if bowel excess has been caused by interior heat, purgation should be applied; if exterior pattern is not released and heat has penetrated inward, resolving both the exterior and interior should be selected; if heat is in both qi and blood aspects, clearing the heat from qi aspect and cooling the blood should be adopted. In summary, formulas that clear the heat should be used according to the differentiation of the primary pattern from the secondary. Some conditions must be paid attention to when applying these formulas. First, the position where interior heat invades should be differentiated. If heat is in qi aspect, but treatment was applied to the blood aspect, pathogen may penetrate into the interior. If heat is in blood aspect, but treatment was applied to qi aspect, it will not achieve its therapeutic purpose at all. The meaning is exactly what is called “if it doesn’t follow the right sequence of treatment according to where pathogen locates, it is wrong from the beginning” by Doctor Ye Tian-shi (Qing Dynasty). Second, manifestation of heat pattern should be carefully differentiated to prevent the misuse of medicinals with cold or cool property because some cold conditions may be hidden behind false heat. Third, deficiency and excess manifestation of heat pattern should be differentiated. If fever does not abate by frequent application of formulas that clear heat and drain fire, it is advised by Doctor Wang Bing (Tang Dynasty) to “that cold medicinals can not release hot symptom means lack of body fluids.” Under this condition, treatment should be changed to enrich yin and strengthen governor of water with sweet and cold medicinals to recover yin-fluid and ensure the fever abates spontaneously. Fourth, prescribed formulas should be based on severity of the heat. If dosage of medicinals does not match up to the intensity of heat patterns, heat patterns will not be reduced. If fever is mild, but dosage of medicinals with cold property is high, heat pattern can be cured, but cold pattern may form. Finally, for intense pathogenic heat, if a patient is treated with formulas that clear the heat, but vomits right after oral intake, adding appropriate amount of herbs with warm or hot property into formulas that clear the heat, or taking formulas with cool property while warm, which is known as the “paradoxical assistant” method, can resolve the situation. This method refers to something similar written in The Yellow Emperor’s Inner Classic: “use medicinals with cold in nature to treat heat syndrome, small amount of medicinals with warm in nature can be added, or medicinals with cold in nature is taken in warm, may get more effective.”

SECTION 1  FORMULAS THAT CLEAR HEAT IN QI ASPECT Outline Formulas that clear heat in qi aspect can clear heat, relieve vexation, and promote fluid production to quench thirst are suitable for the treatment of: (1) heat in qi aspect caused by exogenous pathogen entering the qi aspect, with high fever, excessive thirst and desire to drink, profuse sweating and aversion to heat, reddish complexion, red tongue, surging and forceful pulse, or (2) pattern of exuberant heat and fluid consumption due to residual heat in the later period of febrile disease that has not been cleared and damages to both qi and yin, with general fever and excessive sweating, lassitude and weak breathing, vexation and thirst, and deficient and rapid pulse. Formulas in this section are often composed of medicinals with sweet and cold properties, such as Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao), Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu), and Folium Phyllostachydis Henonis (zhu ye). As exogenous pathogens entering the qi aspect often cause invisible and asystematic fever and pathogenic heat in qi aspect, with intense interior heat, can easily injury qi and induce damage to liquid (thin fluid). Thus when using a treatment to clear and drain interior heat, formulas in this category usually combine herbs that boost qi, nourish yin, and promote fluid production, such as Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) and Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong). The representative formulas are Gardenia and Fermented Soybean Decoction (zhi zi chi tang), White Tiger Decoction (bai hu tang), and Lophatherum and Gypsum Decoction (zhu ye shi gao tang).

Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 1. Primary formulas and analysis (Tables 25.1 and 25.2)

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TABLE 25.1 Efficacy and Applications of Common Formulas That Clear Heat in Qi Aspect Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy and Indications

Modified Clinical Applications

Caution for Use

Gardenia and Fermented Soybean Decoction (zhi zi chi tang)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Cold Damage (shang han lun). Composed of Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi) 9 g and Semen Sojae Praeparatum (xiang dou chi) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Clear heat and relieve vexation. Indicated for the treatment of heat constraint in the chest and diaphragm, with general fever, vexation, deficient restlessness and insomnia, pĭ and fullness in the chest and stomach cavity that is soft when pressing, epigastric upset, hunger with no desire to eat, red tongue with slightly yellow coating, and rapid pulse

For weak breathing, add Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) to boost qi; complicated by vomiting, add Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang); for vexation and abdominal fullness, restless sleep, and sitting, remove Semen Sojae Praeparatum (xiang dou chi), add Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po) and Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi); for externally contracted febrile disease with exterior pathogen released incompletely, add Herba Menthae (bo he) and Fructus Arctii (niu bang zi); for exuberant interior heat with bitter taste in the mouth and yellow coating, add Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) and Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao); if complicated by vomiting and nausea and greasy coating, add Herba Agastachis (huo xiang) and Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) to harmonize the stomach and remove turbidity

This formula uses raw Fructus Gardeniae (sheng zhi zi), may easily cause vomiting after oral taking; use dry-fried one may not lead to this disadvantage. It is not suitable for patients with loose stool due to deficiencycold of the spleen and stomach

White Tiger Decoction (bai hu tang)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Cold Damage (shang han lun). Composed of Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao) 50 g, Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu) 18 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 6 g, and Semen Oryzae Sativae (jing mi) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Clear heat and relieve vexation, and promote fluid production to quench thirst. Indicated for the treatment of yangming exuberant heat in qi aspect, with high fever, reddish complexion, excessive thirst and desire to drink, sweating and aversion to heat, surging, and large and forceful pulse

If complicated by excess syndrome of yangming bowel with loss of consciousness, delirious speech, constipation, difficult and hot urination, add Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) and Natrii Sulfas (mang xiao); for pattern of blazing of both qi and blood in warm febrile disease, with high fever, excessive thirst, loss of consciousness, delirious speech, and convulsion, add Cornu Saigae Tataricae (ling yang jiao), Cornu Bubali (shui niu jiao), and Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis (gou teng); for alternating chills and fever, much fever and less chills, add Radix Bupleuri (chai hu); for wasting-thirst (xia¯o kĕ) with a pattern of stomach-heat, accompanied by excessive thirst and desire to drink, add Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong), Radix Trichosanthis (tian hua fen), and Rhizoma Phragmitis (lu gen)

Its use is prohibited in patients with fever, absence of sweating, and no thirst due to exterior pattern not released, or fever due to blood or qi deficiency, with thirst and frequent drinking warm drinks, and surging pulse, but which cannot bear pressing heavily

Lophatherum and Gypsum Decoction (zhu ye shi gao tang)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Cold Damage (shang han lun). Composed of Folium Phyllostachydis Henonis (zhu ye) 6 g, Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao) 50 g, Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) 9 g, Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) 20 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 6 g, and Semen Oryzae Sativae (jing mi) 10 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Clear heat and promote fluid production, boost qi and harmonize the stomach. Indicated for the treatment of residual heat (that has not been cleared after cold damage, warm disease, or summer heat disease) and damage to both qi and fluid, with general fever, profuse sweating, chest oppression and vexation, qi counterflow with desire to vomit, dry mouth with frequent drinking, or deficient restlessness and insomnia, red tongue with less coating, and thready and rapid pulse

If erosion of mucous membrane in oral cavity, red and dry tongue due to stomach yin insufficiency and stomach-fire flaming upward, add Caulis Dendrobii (shi hu), Radix Trichosanthis (tian hua fen), and Radix Adenophorae seu Glehniae (sha shen) or Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) to clear heat and nourish yin and promote fluid production; for swift digestion with rapid hungering, red tongue, and rapid pulse due to intense stomach-fire, add Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu), Radix Trichosanthis (tian hua fen), and Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen) or Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) to strengthen the effects of clearing heat and promoting fluid production; for intense heat in qi aspect, add Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu) and Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) to strengthen the effect of clearing heat

Its use is prohibited in patients with chest oppression and retching, yellow and greasy coating due to dampheat obstructing the middle jiao. It is not suitable for patients with exuberant healthy qi and excess pathogenic qi, and high fever without abatement

484 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 25.2 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Clear Heat in Qi Aspect Name of Formula Gardenia and Fermented Soybean Decoction (zhi zi chi tang)

White Tiger Decoction (bai hu tang)

Efficacy Analysis Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi)

Bitter and cold in nature, good at clearing and drain accumulated heat, resolve constraint and relieve vexation, and guide fire downward

Semen Sojae Praeparatum (xiang dou chi)

Acrid and sweet in nature, good at releasing the exterior, relieve vexation, diffuse accumulated heat, and harmonize stomach qi

Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao)

Acrid, sweet and extremely cold in nature, clear yangming exuberant heat in qi aspect, quench thirst and relieve vexation Assist

Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu) Semen Oryzae Sativae (jing mi) Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) Lophatherum and Gypsum Decoction (zhu ye shi gao tang)

Bitter and cold and moistening in nature, clear the lung-stomach heat, enrich yin and moisten dryness, rescue from damaged body fluids, quench thirst, and relieve vexation Boost the stomach and promote fluid production, and prevent the disadvantage of excessive cold from damaging the stomach

Acrid and cold in nature, clear residual heat in qi aspect, and relieve vexation

Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong)

Nourish yin and promote fluid production, and dispel summer heat

Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen)

Boost qi, combine with Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) to strengthen the effects of nourishing yin, and promote fluid production

Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia)

Bitter and dry in nature, direct counterflow downward, combine with Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) to promote the spleen to govern ascent of the clear and stomach to govern descent of the turbid, and arrest vomiting

Semen Oryzae Sativae (jing mi) Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao)

Clear heat and relieve vexation, and promote fluid production to quench thirst

Harmonize the actions of all medicinals

Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao)

Folium Phyllostachydis Henonis (zhu ye)

Clear heat and relieve vexation

Clear heat and relieve vexation, and strengthen the effect of Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao)

Clear heat and promote fluid production, boost qi, and harmonize the stomach

Harmonize the spleen and nourish the stomach

Combining harmonizing the actions of all medicinals

2. Attached formulas (Table 25.3) TABLE 25.3 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Clear Heat in Qi Aspect Name of Formula White Tiger Plus Atractylodis Decoction (bai hu jia cang zhu tang)

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Initially recorded in Book to Safeguard Life Arranged by Clear heat Categorized Patterns (lei zheng huo ren shu). Composed and dispel dampness of Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu) 18 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 6 g, Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao) 50 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu) 9 g, and Semen Oryzae Sativae (jing mi) 9 g. Decoct 15 g each time with water for oral use

Indications Indicated for the treatment of dampness prevalent diseases, with general fever, chest lumpy stiffness, profuse sweating, red tongue with white and greasy coating; or wind-damp-heat bì syndrome, with general fever, and swelling and pain of the joints

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TABLE 25.3 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Clear Heat in Qi Aspect (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indications

White Tiger Decoction Plus Ginseng (bai hu jia ren shen tang)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Cold Damage (shang han lun). Composed of Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao) 50 g, Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu) 18 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 6 g, Semen Oryzae Sativae (jing mi) 9 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Boost qi, clear heat, and promote fluid production

Indicated for the treatment of syndrome of White Tiger Decoction, with profuse sweating, large and forceless pulse due to damage to both qi and fluid, or sweating and mild aversion to wind-cold, general fever and thirst due to fluid, and qi consumption in summer diseases

Immature Bitter Orange, Gardenia, and Fermented Soybean Decoction (zhi shi zhi zi chi tang)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Cold Damage (shang han lun). Composed of Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi) 9 g, Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi) 9 g, and Semen Sojae Praeparatum (xiang dou chi) 12 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Clear heat and relieve vexation, loosen the center, and lower qi

Indicated for the treatment of relapse due to overstrain or improper diet after the recovery from a serious disease, with fever, feeling of vexation, or distention and oppression in the stomach cavity and abdomen

White Tiger Decoction Plus Cinnamon Twig (bai hu jia gui zhi tang)

Initially recorded in Essentials from the Golden Cabinet (jin gui yao lüe). Composed of Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu) 18 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 6 g, Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao) 30 g, Semen Oryzae Sativae (jing mi) 9 g, and Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) 5–9 g. Grind the ingredients into crude powder; decoct 15 g each time with water for oral use

Clear heat, unblock the collaterals, and harmonize nutrient and defensive aspects

Indicated for the treatment of warm malaria, with nearly normal pulse, no chills but fever, joint pain, and frequent vomiting; or wind-damp-heat bì syndrome, with high fever, rough breathing, vexation and agitation, swelling and pain of the joints, thirst, white coating, and wiry and rapid pulse

3. Formula differentiation (Table 25.4)

TABLE 25.4 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Clear Heat in Qi Aspect Name of Formula

Similarity

Differences

White Tiger Decoction Plus Ginseng (bai hu jia ren shen tang)

All three are the augmented formulas from White Tiger Decoction (bai hu tang), and can clear heat in qi aspect

Select Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) to supplement qi, so this formula can both clear heat, boost qi, and promote fluid production, and is quite suitable for the treatment of intense heat in qi aspect and both qi and fluid insufficiency. Records of Chinese Medicine with Reference to Western Medicine (yi xue zhong zhong can xi lu) points out that: use raw Rhizoma Dioscoreae (sheng shan yao) to take the place of Semen Oryzae Sativae (jing mi), the efficacy is better

White Tiger Decoction Plus Cinnamon Twig (bai hu jia gui zhi tang)

Select Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) to unblock the collaterals, release the exterior, and harmonize nutrient and defensive aspects. It is a formula that can clear and vent heat, and unblock the channels and collaterals, and suitable for the treatment of warm malaria, or wind-damp-heat bì syndrome

White Tiger plus Atractylodis Decoction (bai hu jia cang zhu tang)

Select Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu) to dry dampness, so this formula can both clear heat and dry dampness, is often used for the treatment of dampness prevalent diseases with a pattern of heat predominating over dampness, with general fever, chest lumpy stiffness, heavy body, profuse sweating, yellow and greasy and dry coating; and also can be used for the treatment of wind-damp-heat bì syndrome with high fever and red swelling of the joints

486 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

SECTION 2  FORMULAS THAT CLEAR HEAT IN NUTRIENT ASPECT AND COOL THE BLOOD Outline Formulas that clear heat in nutrient aspect and cool the blood have the effects of clearing the nutrient aspect and venting heat, cooling the blood and dissipating blood stasis, and clearing heat and resolving toxins. They are suitable for the treatment of pathogenic heat entering the nutrient aspect or heat invading the blood aspect. Pathogenic heat invading the nutrient aspect can lead to consumption of nutrient-yin, and manifest as general fever aggravating at night, vexation and less sleep, frequent delirious speech, or macules and papules, crimson, and dry tongue. Pathogenic heat entering the blood aspect may cause bleeding, macules, mania, delirious speech, and crimson and prickly tongue. Formulas in this section are often composed of herbs that clear the nutrient aspect and cool the blood, such as Cornu Rhinocerotis (xi jiao) [substituted by Cornu Bubali (shui niu jiao)], Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang), Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen), and Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi). As pathogenic heat entering the nutrient aspect is usually transmitted from the qi aspect, there are no herbs that can directly clear heat in nutrient aspect. Moreover, intense heat toxin may occur in nutrient and blood aspects, which damages the blood collaterals and induces bleeding or blood stasis. Therefore, formulas that clear nutrient-aspect heat should often be used in combination with herbs that clear heat and resolve toxins, such as Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao) and Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (jin yin hua), to vent heat from the nutrient aspect through the qi aspect, and herbs that cool the blood and dissipate stasis, such as Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi) and Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao), to stanch bleeding and dissolve stasis.

Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 1. Primary formulas and analysis (Tables 25.5 and 25.6)

TABLE 25.5 Efficacy and Applications of Common Formulas That Clear Heat in Nutrient Aspect and Cool the Blood Name of Formula Nutrient Aspect Heat-Clearing Decoction (qing ying tang)

Source, Composition, and Usage Initially recorded in Systematic Differentiation of Warm Diseases (wen bing tiao bian). Composed of Cornu Rhinocerotis (xi jiao) [substituted by Cornu Bubali (shui niu jiao)] 30 g, Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 15 g, Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen) 9 g, Folium Pleioblasti (zhu ye xin) 3 g, Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae (dan shen) 6 g, Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 5 g, Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (jin yin hua) 9 g, and Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao) 6 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Efficacy and Indications

Modified Clinical Applications

Caution for Use

Clear heat from the nutrient aspect and resolve toxins, vent heat, and nourish yin. Indicated for the treatment of pathogenic heat initially entering the nutrient aspect, with fever aggravated at night, vexation and less sleep, frequent delirious speech, thirst or no thirst, or macules and papules, crimson and dry tongue, and thready and rapid pulse

For severe loss of consciousness and delirious speech, add Peaceful Palace Bovine Bezoar Pill (an gong niu huang wan); for high fever, vexation and agitation, and convulsion, add Cornu Saigae Tataricae (ling yang jiao), Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis (gou teng), Pheretima (di long), and (or) Purple Snow Elixir (zi xue dan); for thready and rapid Cun pulse, and severe dry tongue, remove Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian); for exuberant heat in qi aspect and mild heat at the nutrient aspect, increase the dosage of Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (jin yin hua), Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao), and Folium Phyllostachydis Henonis (zhu ye) to clear heat and resolve toxins, reduce the dosage of Cornu Bubali (shui niu jiao), Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang), and Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen)

Its use is prohibited in patients with white and glossy coating

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TABLE 25.5 Efficacy and Applications of Common Formulas That Clear Heat in Nutrient Aspect and Cool the Blood (cont.) Name of Formula Rhinoceros Horn and Rehmannia Decoction (xi jiao di huang tang)

Source, Composition, and Usage Initially recorded in Important Formulas Worth a Thousand Gold Pieces for Emergency (Bei Ji Qian Jin Yao Fang). Composed of Cornu Rhinocerotis (xi jiao) [substituted by Cornu Bubali (shui niu jiao)] 30 g, Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 30 g, Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) 12 g, and Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use; and Cornu Bubali (shui niu jiao) is ground with water to obtain juice and infused

Efficacy and Indications

Modified Clinical Applications

Caution for Use

Clear heat and resolve toxins, cool the blood, and dissipate stasis. Indicated for the treatment of heat scorching heart nutrient, with general fever, delirious speech, purple-dusky macules, crimson and prickly tongue; or injury of blood collaterals by heat, with spitting of blood, nosebleed, bloody stool, bloody urine, crimson tongue, and rapid pulse; or pattern of blood amassment and static heat, with happinesslike mania, rinsing the mouth with water, but no desire to swallow, black stool, but defecating easily

For blood amassment, binding of heat and blood stasis, and happiness-like mania, add Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) and Radix Scutellariae (huang qin); for anger due to constraint complicated by liverfire, add Radix Bupleuri (chai hu), Radix Scutellariae (huang qin), and Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi); if intense heart-fire, add Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) and Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi); for loss of consciousness due to exuberant heat, add Purple Snow Elixir (zi xue dan); for spitting of blood, add Radix et Rhizoma Notoginseng (san qi) and Cacumen Platycladi (ce bai ye); for nosebleed, add Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) and Rhizoma Imperatae (bai mao gen); for bloody urine, add Rhizoma Imperatae (bai mao gen) and Herba Cirsii (xiao ji); for bloody stool, add Flos Sophorae (huai hua) and Radix Sanguisorbae (di yu); for macules, add Radix Arnebiae (zi cao) and Indigo Naturalis (qing dai)

Its use is prohibited in patients with yang deficiency or blood loss due to qi deficiency or weakness of the spleen and stomach

TABLE 25.6 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Clear Heat in Nutrient Aspect and Cool the Blood Name of Formula Nutrient Aspect HeatClearing Decoction (qing ying tang)

Efficacy Analysis Cornu Bubali (shui niu jiao)

Bitter, salty and cold in nature, and clear and resolve the heat toxin from the nutrient aspect

Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang)

Cool the blood and enrich yin

Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong)

Clear heat and nourish yin and promote fluid production

Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen)

Enrich yin and subdue fire, and resolve toxins

Lonicerae Japonicae (jin yin hua) Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao)

Not only nourish yin and promote fluid production with sweet and cold medicinals, but also assist the chief medicinal to clear heat from the nutrient aspect and cool the blood and resolve toxins

Clear heat and resolve toxins, vent and discharge pathogen with light medicinals, and vent heat from the nutrient aspect through the qi aspect

Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian)

Bitter and cold in nature, and clear heart heat and resolve toxins

Folium Pleioblasti (zhu ye xin)

Clear heart heat

Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae (dan shen)

Clear heat and cool the blood, invigorate blood and dissipate blood stasis

Clear heat from the nutrient aspect and resolve toxins, and vent heat and nourish yin

(Continued )

488 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 25.6 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Clear Heat in Nutrient Aspect and Cool the Blood (cont.) Name of Formula Rhinoceros Horn and Rehmannia Decoction (xi jiao di huang tang)

Efficacy Analysis Cornu Bubali (shui niu jiao)

Salty and cold in nature, clear heat and cool the blood, and clear heart heat and resolve toxins

Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang)

Sweet, cold, and cold in nature, cool the blood and enrich yin and promte fluid production, and assist Cornu Bubali (shui niu jiao) to clear heat from the blood aspect

Radix Paeoniae (shao yao)

Nourish the blood and astringe yin, and assist Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) to clear heat, cool the blood, harmonize the nutrient aspect, and discharge heat

Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi)

Clear heat and cool the blood, invigorate blood, and dissipate blood stasis to dissolve macules

Clear heat and resolve toxins, cool the blood, and dissipate stasis

2. Attached formulas (Table 25.7) TABLE 25.7 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Clear Heat in Nutrient Aspect and Cool the Blood Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indications

Palace-Clearing Decoction (qing gong tang)

Initially recorded in Systematic Differentiation of Warm Diseases (wen bing tiao bian). Composed of Cornu Bubali (shui niu jiao) [the original formula uses Cornu Rhinocerotis (xi jiao)] 5 g, Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen) 9 g, Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) 9 g, Plumula Nelumbinis (lian zi xin) 2 g, Folium Phyllostachydis Henonis (zhu ye) 6 g, and Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao) 6 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Clear heart heat and resolve toxins, nourish yin, and promote fluid production

Indicated for the treatment of warm disease after misuse of sweat promotion, fluid consumption and pathogen invasion, and pathogen invading the pericardium, with fever, unconsciousness, and delirious speech

Menses-Clearing Powder (qing jing san)

Initially recorded in Fu Qing-zhu’s [Treatise on] Gynecology (fu qing zhu nü ke). Composed of Cortex Lycii (di gu pi) 15 g, Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi) 9 g, dry-fried Radix Paeoniae Alba (chao bai shao) 9 g, Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 9 g, Herba Artemisiae Annuae (qing hao) 6 g, Poria (fu ling) 3 g, and Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai) 1.5 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Clear heat and cool the blood, nourish yin, and regulate menstruation

Indicated for the treatment of early menstruation or fever during menstruation, large quantity of deep red or purple thick menses, vexation and thirst, red tongue with yellow coating, and rapid pulse

Rhinoceros Horn Powder (xi jiao san)

Initially recorded in Formulas from Benevolent Sages Compiled during the Taiping Era (tai ping sheng hui fang). Composed of Cornu Bubali (shui niu jiao) [the original formula uses Cornu Rhinocerotis (xi jiao)] 3 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 12 g, Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi) 15 g, Herba Artemisiae Scopariae (yin chen) 30 g, Rhizoma Cimicifugae (sheng ma) 9 g, and Natrii Sulfas (mang xiao) 10 g. Grind them into crude powder, and decoct 12 g powder and Folium Phyllostachydis Henonis (zhu ye) 6 g each time with water for oral use

Clear heat and resolve toxins, cool the blood, and relieve jaundice

Indicated for the treatment of jaundice with a pattern of intense heat toxin, accompanied by jaundice quickly deepening, yellow body and eyes, vexation and agitation, restlessness, high fever and thirst, loss of consciousness, delirious speech, crimson tongue, and wiry, thready, and rapid pulse

Heat-Clearing and MensesStabilizing Decoction (qing re gu jing tang)

Initially recorded in Concise Gynecology in Chinese Medicine (jian ming zhong yi fu ke xue). Composed of Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 12 g, Cortex Lycii (di gu pi) 12 g, Radix Sanguisorbae (di yu) 12 g, Colla Corii Asini (e jiao) 12 g, Nodus Nelumbinis Rhizomatis (ou jie) 12 g, Petiolus Trachycarpi Carbonisatus (zong lü tan) 12 g, Carapax et Plastrum Testudinis (gui jiao) 20 g, Concha Ostreae (mu li) 20 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 10 g, Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi) 10 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 6 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Clear heat and cool the blood, nourish yin and subdue yang, and consolidate channel for stanching bleeding

Indicated for the treatment of uterine bleeding due to exuberant heat in interior and forcing frenetic movement of the blood, with menstrual bleeding at the wrong time, large quantity (such as pouring or dripping without ceasing for a long time), deep red and thick menses, vexation and less sleep, dizziness, palpitation, thirst with desire for cold drinks, red complexion, red tongue with yellow coating, and large and rapid pulse

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TABLE 25.7 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Clear Heat in Nutrient Aspect and Cool the Blood (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indications

Liver-Heat– Clearing and Blood-Dripping– Relieving Decoction (qing gan zhi lin tang)

Initially recorded in Fu Qing-zhu’s [Treatise on] Gynecology (fu qing zhu nü ke). Composed of dryfried Radix Paeoniae Alba (chao bai shao) 30 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 30 g, Colla Corii Asini (e jiao) 9 g, Semen Sojae Nigrum (hei dou) 30 g, Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 15 g, Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi) 9 g, Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai) 6 g, Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (niu xi) 6 g, Rhizoma Cyperi (xiang fu) 3 g, and Fructus Jujubae (da zao) 10 pieces. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Clear liver-heat and cool the blood, eliminate dampness, and arrest vaginal discharge

Indicated for the treatment of intermenstrual bleeding, deep red and thick menses, foul leucorrhea with yellow and red discharge, red tongue with yellow and greasy coating, and slippery and rapid pulse

Blood-Cooling Rehmannia Decoction (liang xue di huang tang)

Initially recorded in The Great Compendium of External Medicine (wai ke da cheng). Composed of Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 15 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 12 g, dry-fried Radix Sanguisorbae (chao di yu) 12 g, Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 6 g, raw Cacumen Platycladi (sheng ce bai ye) 6 g, Herba Schizonepetae (jing jie) 6 g, Fructus Sophorae (huai jiao) 9 g, Radix Trichosanthis (tian hua fen) 9 g, Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao) 9 g, Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao) 9 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 9 g, Rhizoma Cimicifugae (sheng ma) 4.5 g, and raw Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (sheng gan cao) 2 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Clear intestineheat and resolve toxins, cool the blood, and stanch bleeding

Indicated for the treatment of bleeding from hemorrhoids due to heat damaging the intestine collaterals, with bright red blood, local swelling and pain, red tongue, and thready and rapid pulse

Blood-Cooling Four Substances Decoction (liang xue si wu tang)

Initially recorded in Golden Mirror of the Medical Tradition (yi zong jin jian). Composed of Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 3 g, Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao) 3 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 3 g, Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 3 g, dry-fried Radix Scutellariae (chao huang qin) 3 g, Poria Rubra (chi fu ling) 3 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 3 g, Flos Carthami (hong hua) 3 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 3 g, and Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) three pieces. Decoct these herbs with water, discard the residue, add 1 cup of yellow rice wine into decoction, then mix Faeces Trogopterori (wu ling zhi) powder 6 g, and take it orally while hot

Cool the blood and clear lungheat

Indicated for the treatment of rosacea with a pattern of heat toxin accumulated in the skin, accompanied by acne-like papule and impetigo on the erythema with obvious telangiectasis and local scorching hot sensation, dry mouth and constipation, and crimson tongue with yellow coating

Valuable Experience Powder (jing xiao san)

Initially recorded in Effective Formulas from Generations of Physicians (shi yi de xiao fang). Composed of Cornu Bubali (shui niu jiao) [the original formula uses Cornu Rhinocerotis (xi jiao)] 15 g, Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao) 15 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 15 g, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 15 g, Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) 30 g, Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao) 3 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 3 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Cool the blood and dissipate blood stasis, clear heat, and remove nebula

Indicated for the treatment of external injury and internal oculopathy, such as sharp instrument injury or blunt instrument wound of ocular region, eyeball injury and turbidity, red eye with pain, swelling of the eyelid, red tongue with yellow coating, and rapid pulse

490 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

3. Formula differentiation (Table 25.8) TABLE 25.8 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Clear Heat in Nutrient Aspect and Cool the Blood Name of Formula

Similarity

Differences

Rhinoceros Horn and Rehmannia Decoction (xi jiao di huang tang)

Both formulas select Cornu Rhinocerotis (xi jiao) [substituted by Cornu Bubali (shui niu jiao)] and Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) as main medicinals, and can treat pattern of heat entering nutrient-blood

Combine Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) and Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi) to discharge heat and dissolve stasis, which means “cooling the blood and dissipating blood stasis.” It can be used for the treatment of heat entering the blood aspect, and blood consumption and bleeding

Nutrient Aspect Heat-Clearing Decoction (qing ying tang)

Select herbs that clear heat and cool the blood to combine with Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (jin yin hua) and Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao) to diffuse and vent with light medicinals, which means “venting heat from the nutrient aspect through the qi aspect.” It is suitable for the treatment of pathogenic heat that initially enters the nutrient aspect, but does not induce bleeding

SECTION 3  FORMULAS THAT CLEAR HEAT AND RESOLVE TOXINS Outline Formulas that clear heat and resolve toxins are suitable for the treatment of pestilence, pestilential toxin, fire or heat toxin, furunculosis, sores, and ulcers. Intense fire toxin in sanjiao, may manifest as vexing heat (feverish dysphoria), disordered speech, spitting of blood and nosebleed, macules, and external medicine’s furunculosis or carbuncle abscess. Heat toxin accumulated in the chest and diaphragm may show general fever, reddish complexion, vexing heat in the chest and diaphragm, sores in mouth and tongue, constipation, and dark urine. Pestilential toxin occurring on the head and face may show red swelling and pain of the head, throat discomfort or swelling and pain of the throat, and yellow and dry coating. Formulas in this section are usually composed of herbs that clear heat and resolve toxins, such as Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian), Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai), Radix Scutellariae (huang qin), Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi), Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (jin yin hua), Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao) and Herba Taraxaci (pu gong ying). If heat accumulates in the chest and diaphragm without draining downward, it may cause dryness-heat stagnating in the interior and lead to constipation and dark urine. Therefore, formulas should combine Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) and Natrii Sulfas (mang xiao) to guide out heat from urination, which means “use purgative method to take the place of heat-clearing.” If wind-heat pestilential toxin (usually stagnated in the fleshy exterior) occurs on the head and face, formulas should combine herbs with acrid-cool property that scatter and dissipate, such as Fructus Arctii (niu bang zi), Bombyx Batryticatus (jiang can), and Herba Menthae (bo he), which means “fire stagnation requiring dissipation.” The representative formulas are Coptis Toxin-Resolving Decoction (huang lian jie du tang), Universal Relief Toxin-Removing Beverage (pu ji xiao du yin), and Diaphragm-Cooling Powder (liang ge san).

Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 1. Primary formulas and analysis (Tables 25.9 and 25.10)

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TABLE 25.9 Efficacy and Applications of Common Formulas That Clear Heat and Resolve Toxins Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Universal Relief Toxin-Removing Beverage (pu ji xiao du yin)

DiaphragmCooling Powder (liang ge san)

Efficacy and Indications

Modified Clinical Applications

Caution for Use

Initially recorded in [Li] Dong-yuan’s Proven Formulas (dong yuan shi xiao fang). Composed of wine-fried Radix Scutellariae (jiu chao huang qin) 15 g, wine-fried Rhizoma Coptidis (jiu chao huang lian), wine-fried Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (jiu chao chen pi) 10 g, raw Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (sheng gan cao) 10 g, Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen) 10 g, Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) 10 g, Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) 10 g, Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao) 5 g, Radix Isatidis (ban lan gen) 5 g, Lasiosphaera seu Calvatia (ma bo) 5 g, Fructus Arctii (niu bang zi) 5 g, Herba Menthae (bo he) 5 g, Bombyx Batryticatus (jiang can) 3 g, and Rhizoma Cimicifugae (sheng ma) 3 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Clear heat and resolve toxins, scatter wind, and dissipate pathogen. Indicated for the treatment of swollen head infection, with aversion to cold and fever, red swelling and pain of the head and face, eye cannot be opened, throat discomfort, dry tongue and thirst, red tongue with yellow coating, and rapid and forceful pulse

For mild heat toxin, reduce the dosage of Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) and Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian); if intense heat toxin, add Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (jin yin hua) and Flos Chrysanthemi Indici (ye ju hua); if there is no exterior pattern, remove Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) and Herba Menthae (bo he); if accompanied by exterior pattern, add Herba Schizonepetae (jing jie), Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng), Periostracum Cicadae (chan tui), and Folium Mori (sang ye); for constipation or dry feces, add wine-fried Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (jiu da huang) and Natrii Sulfas (mang xiao) to drain heat and promote defecation; complicated by testis pain, add Fructus Toosendan (chuan lian zi), Radix et Rhizoma Gentianae (long dan cao) and Herba Taraxaci (pu gong ying) to drain liver heat and dissipate masses; and complicated by qi deficiency, add a small amount of Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen)

As this formula is quite bitter, cold, acrid, and dispersing in nature, its use is prohibited in patients with vigorous fire due to yin deficiency and thin, unformed stool (a type of loose stool) due to spleen deficiency

Initially recorded in Beneficial Formulas from the Taiping Imperial Pharmacy (tai ping hui min he ji ju fang). Composed of Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 9 g, Mirabilitum (po xiao) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 9 g, Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi) 6 g, Herba Menthae (bo he) 6 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 6 g, and Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao) 24 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, select 6–12 g each time and add Folium Phyllostachydis Henonis (zhu ye) 3 g and a little Mel (feng mi), and then decoct them with water for oral use; or directly decoct with water for oral use

Drain fire and promote defecation, “clear the upper and drain the lower.” Indicated for the treatment of intense pathogenic heat in upper and middle jiao, with general fever and thirst, reddish complexion and parched lips, vexing heat in the chest and diaphragm, sore in mouth and tongue, or sore throat, nosebleed, constipation, dark urine, or inhibited defecation, red tongue and yellow coating, and slippery and rapid pulse

For severe constipation, increase the dosage of Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) and Mirabilitum (po xiao); for exuberant heat in upper jiao, with fluid consumption, vexing heat and thirst, add Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao), Rhizoma Phragmitis (lu gen), and Radix Trichosanthis (tian hua fen) to drain fire and promote fluid production; for exuberant heat in the heart channel, sore in mouth and tongue, add Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) to clear heart heat and drain fire; for swelling and pain and ulceration of the throat, add Radix Isatidis (ban lan gen), Radix et Rhizoma Sophorae Tonkinensis (shan dou gen), and Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) to resolve toxins and relieve sore throat; complicated by spitting of blood and nosebleed without ceasing, add Rhizoma Imperatae (bai mao gen), Cacumen Platycladi (ce bai ye), and Nodus Nelumbinis Rhizomatis (ou jie) to cool the blood and stanch bleeding

Discontinue when diarrhea occurs after taking it orally to avoid damage to the spleen and stomach. It is cautiously used in pregnant women and patients with a weak constitution

(Continued )

492 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 25.9 Efficacy and Applications of Common Formulas That Clear Heat and Resolve Toxins (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Coptis ToxinResolving Decoction (huang lian jie du tang)

Initially recorded in Arcane Essentials from the Imperial Library (wai tai mi yao). Composed of Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 9 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 6 g, Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai) 6 g, and Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Efficacy and Indications

Modified Clinical Applications

Caution for Use

Drain fire and resolve toxins. Indicated for the treatment of exuberant fire toxin and heat in sanjiao, with high fever, excessive thirst, vexation and agitation, dry throat and mouth, disordered speech and insomnia; blood spitting or nosebleed in febrile disease; macules due to exuberant heat; fever with dysentery and diarrhea; damp-heat jaundice; carbuncle, ulcers, and furunculosis; dark urine, red tongue with yellow coating; and rapid and forceful pulse

For constipation, add Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) to drain excess heat from the lower jiao; for spitting blood, nosebleed, and macules, add Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen), Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang), Rhizoma Imperatae (bai mao gen), and Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi) to clear heat and stanch bleeding, cool the blood, and dissolve macules; for jaundice due to static heat, add Herba Artemisiae Scopariae (yin chen) and Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) to clear heat, dispel dampness, and relieve jaundice; for swollen carbuncle and furunculosis, add Herba Violae (zi hua di ding) and Herba Taraxaci (pu gong ying)

Don’t take it orally too much or for a long time, as it is extremely bitter and cold in nature. It is not suitable for patients with fluid consumption or without exuberant fire

TABLE 25.10 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Clear Heat and Resolve Toxins Name of Formula Universal Relief Toxin-Removing Beverage (pu ji xiao du yin)

Efficacy Analysis Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian)

Both as the chief medicinals, bitter and cold in nature, and clear and discharge heat toxin from the heart and lung

Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) Fructus Arctii (niu bang zi) Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao) Bombyx Batryticatus (jiang can) Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen) Lasiosphaera seu Calvatia (ma bo) Radix Isatidis (ban lan gen) Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) Herba Menthae (bo he) Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) Rhizoma Cimicifugae (sheng ma) Radix Bupleuri (chai hu)

Acrid and cool in nature, scatter and dissipate wind-heat from the head and face, all three as the deputy medicinals

Clear heat and resolve toxins and cool the blood, and strengthen the effect of clearing heat toxin of Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) and Radix Scutellariae (huang qin)

Rectify qi and dissipate obstruction and stagnation Scatter and dissipate the upper jiao wind-heat, and clear heat from the throat and relieve sore throat

Clear heat from the throat and relieve sore throat

Scatter and dissipate wind-heat, raise yang and dissipate fire, and promote wind-heat and pestilential toxin to be vented and diffused, which means “fire constraint requiring dispersing,” and assist to guide the effects of other herbs to the head and face

Clear heat and resolve toxins, and scatter wind and dissipate pathogen

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TABLE 25.10 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Clear Heat and Resolve Toxins (cont.) Name of Formula Diaphragm-Cooling Powder (liang ge san)

Efficacy Analysis Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao)

Acrid and cool and light in nature, clear heat and resolve toxins, and dispel the upper jiao heat

Radix Scutellariae (huang qin)

Cold and bitter in nature, clear constraint heat from the chest and diaphragm

Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi)

Clear and drain sanjiao pathogenic heat, and guide out fire from the lower jiao

Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) Mirabilitum (po xiao) Herba Menthae (bo he) Folium Phyllostachydis Henonis (zhu ye) Mel (feng mi) Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) Coptis Toxin-Resolving Decoction (huang lian jie du tang)

Drain fire and promote defecation, and clear up dryness-heat accumulated in interior

Thin in flavor and light in nature, clear and scatter the upper jiao heat, combining the means “fire constraint requiring dispersing”

Drain fire and promote defecation, and “clear the upper jiao heat and drain the lower jiao fire”

Moisten dryness and promote fluid production, and moderate the purgation efficacy of Mirabilitum (po xiao) and Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) Harmonize the actions of all medicinals

Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian)

Bitter and cold in nature, and clear heat and drain fire and resolve toxins, specializing in draining heart fire and the middle jiao fire

Radix Scutellariae (huang qin)

Clear and drain the upper jiao fire

Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai)

Clear and drain the lower jiao fire

Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi)

Clear and drain sanjiao pathogenic heat, and guide heat downward

Drain fire and resolve toxins

2. Attached formulas (Table 25.11) TABLE 25.11 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Clear Heat and Resolve Toxins Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indications

HeartDraining Decoction (xie xin tang)

Initially recorded in Essentials from the Golden Cabinet (jin gui yao lüe). Composed of Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 10 g, Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 5 g, and Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 5 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Darin fire and resolve toxins, dry dampness, and discharge heat

Indicated for the treatment of spitting of blood, nosebleed, constipation and dark urine caused by intense pathogenic fire in interior and forcing frenetic movement of the blood; mild jaundice due to damp-heat accumulated in interior, with chest lumpy stiffness, vexing heat, yellow and greasy coating; red eye with swelling, sore in mouth and tongue caused by upward rushing of accumulated heat; or sores and ulcers, with vexing heat in the chest and heart, and dry and hard stool

Lonicera, Forsythia, and Puffball Powder (yin qiao ma bo san)

Initially recorded in Systematic Differentiation of Warm Diseases (wen bing tiao bian). Composed of Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao) 30 g, Fructus Arctii (niu bang zi) 18 g, Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (jin yin hua) 15 g, Rhizoma Belamcandae (she gan) 9 g, and Lasiosphaera seu Calvatia (ma bo) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use, and dose of infants should be discounted

Clear heat and relieve sore throat

Indicated for the treatment of warm-heat and pestilential toxin accumulation in the throat, with sore throat, difficulty in swallowing, red swelling of the tonsil, accompanied by fever, thirst, constipation, dark urine, red tongue with yellow coating, and rapid and forceful pulse

(Continued )

494 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 25.11 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Clear Heat and Resolve Toxins (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indications

Green Jar Decoction (qing yu tang)

Initially recorded in Records of Chinese Medicine with Reference to Western Medicine (yi xue zhong zhong can xi lu). Composed of raw Gypsum Fibrosum (sheng shi gao) 50 g, Folium Nelumbinis (he ye) 30 g, Cornu Saigae Tataricae (ling yang jiao) 5 g, Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu) 20 g, Periostracum Cicadae (chan tui) 15 g, Bombyx Batryticatus (jiang can) 10 g, Rhizoma Paridis (qi ye yi zhi hua) 10 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 6 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Scatter wind and dissipate pathogen, clear heat and resolve toxins

Indicated for the treatment of pestilence, with heat in both the exterior and interior, swelling and pain of the head and face, swelling involving the neck and chest, or for the treatment of macules and papules due to yang toxin

Lonicera ToxinResolving Decoction (yin hua jie du tang)

Initially recorded in Experience Gained in Treating External Sores (yang ke xin de ji). Composed of Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (jin yin hua) 15 g, Cornu Rhinocerotis (xi jiao) [substituted by Cornu Bubali (shui niu jiao)] 0.5 g, Herba Violae (zi hua di ding) 10 g, Poria Rubra (chi fu ling) 10 g, Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao) 10 g, Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi) 10 g, Spica Prunellae (xia ku cao) 10 g, and Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 6 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Clear heat and drain fire, resolve toxins and dissipate masses

Indicated for the treatment of carbuncle abscess, furuncle, and otofurunculus with a pattern of accumulated fire toxin, with furuncle and swelling of ear canal, visible yellow pus spot at the top, local red swelling, a little bloody pus or yellow exudate after ulceration, fierce pain of ear and involved the cheeks and brain, thirst and fever, red tongue with yellow coating, and rapid pulse

Six Promises Pill (liu ying wan)

Initially recorded in TCM External Medicine (zhong yi wai ke xue). Composed of Flos Caryophylli (ding xiang) 30 g, Venenum Bufonis (chan su) 30 g, Realgar (xiong huang) 30 g, Calculus Bovis (niu huang) 30 g, Margarita (zhen zhu) 30 g, and Borneolum Syntheticum (bing pian) 30 g. Make the ingredients into small pills with coating of aethiops martialis, take orally, 10 pills each time (5 pills for children, 2 pills for infants), 3 times a day

Resolve toxins, relieve swelling, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of intense fire toxin in interior, with throat moth (tonsillitis), throat bì (pharyngitis), furuncle, carbuncle, sores and ulcers, or pharyngolaryngitis, insect bite, red tongue with thin and yellow coating, and rapid pulse

ThroatClearing DiaphragmDisinhibiting Decoction (qing yan li ge tang)

Initially recorded in Zizhen Collection of Experience on Laryngology (jing yan hou ke zi zhen ji). Composed of Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao) 3 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 3 g, Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) 3 g, Herba Schizonepetae (jing jie) 3 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 3 g, Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 3 g, Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi) 3 g, Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen) 3 g, Herba Menthae (bo he) 3 g, Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (jin yin hua) 3 g, Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 3 g, Fructus Arctii (niu bang zi) 3 g, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 6 g, Mirabilitum (po xiao) 3 g, and Folium Phyllostachydis Henonis (zhu ye) 6 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Clear heat and resolve toxins, dredge the bowels, and relieve sore throat

Indicated for the treatment of throat bì (pharyngitis) and throat moth (tonsillitis) with a pattern of accumulated heat of lung and stomach, with red swelling and pain of the throat, or visible pseudomembrane pus spot, difficulty in swallowing, high fever and thirst with desire to drink, bad breath, yellow urine, constipation, red tongue with yellow coating, and rapid pulse

ThroatClearing TwoHarmony Beverage (qing yan shuang he yin)

Initially recorded in Zizhen Collection of Experience on Laryngology (jing yan hou ke zi zhen ji). Composed of Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) 5 g, Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (jin yin hua) 5 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 3 g, Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao) 3.6 g, Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 6 g, Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen) 6 g, Poria Rubra (chi fu ling) 6 g, Herba Schizonepetae (jing jie) 2.4 g, Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi) 2.4 g, Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae (chuan bei mu) 1.5 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 1.5 g, Radix Peucedani (qian hu) 2.1 g, Radix Puerariae Lobatae (ge gen) 2.1 g, and Medulla Junci (deng xin cao) 0.3 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Scatter wind and clear heat, cool the blood and resolve toxins, dissolve phlegm, and relieve sore throat

Indicated for the treatment of throat moth (tonsillitis) caused by inward penetration of wind-heat external pathogen, heat toxin with phlegm obstructing the upper, accompanied by sore throat, red swelling of tonsil, difficulty in swallowing, or hoarseness, fever, thirst with desire to drink, constipation and dark urine, red tongue with yellow and greasy coating, surging and rapid pulse

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TABLE 25.11 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Clear Heat and Resolve Toxins (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indications

Bovine Bezoar ToxinResolving Tablet (niu huang jie du pian)

Initially recorded in Chinese Pharmacopoeia (zhong hua ren min gong he guo yao dian). Composed of Calculus Bovis (niu huang) 5 g, Realgar (xiong huang) 50 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 50 g, Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao) 200 g, Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) 100 g, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 200 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 150 g and Borneolum Syntheticum (bing pian) 25 g. Make the ingredients into tablets; take six tablets each time, 3 times a day

Clear heat and resolve toxins

Indicated for the treatment of exuberant heat toxin in interior, with swelling and pain of the throat and gingiva, sore in mouth and tongue, red eye with swelling and pain, red tongue with yellow coating, and rapid pulse

Antelope Horn Beverage for Green Glaucoma (lü feng ling yang yin)

Initially recorded in Golden Mirror of the Medical Tradition (yi zong jin jian). Composed of Poria (fu ling) 6 g, Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen) 6 g, Cornu Saigae Tataricae (ling yang jiao) 3 g, Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 6 g, Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu) 6 g, Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) 6 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 3 g, Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin) 3 g, Semen Plantaginis (che qian zi) 3 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 3 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Clear heat and drain fire, cool the liver and extinguish wind, open the orifices, and improve vision

Indicated for the treatment of green glaucoma (acute angle–closure glaucoma) caused by intense fire of the liver and gallbladder, and wind-heat attacking upward, with mydriasis, light green pupil, unbearable distending pain of eyes, bitter taste in the mouth, vexation, and wiry, rapid, and forceful pulse

InteriorSoothing Coptis Decoction (nei shu huang lian tang)

Initially recorded in Golden Mirror of the Medical Tradition (yi zong jin jian). Composed of Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 10 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 10 g, raw Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (sheng da huang) 10 g, Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi) 10 g, Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao) 10 g, Spina Gleditsiae (zao jiao ci) 10 g, Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (jin yin hua) 12 g, Herba Menthae (bo he) 6 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 3 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Clear heat and resolve toxins, promote defecation, and drain fire

Indicated for the treatment of palpebral sores due to intense fire toxin, with diffuse red swelling of the eyelid like peach, hard swelling, scorching hot pain, or sudden protrusion of eyeball, high fever and excessive thirst, reddish urine, constipation, and surging and rapid pulse

YinReturning SufferingRelieving Decoction (huan yin jiu ku tang)

Initially recorded in Revealing the Mystery of the Origin of Eye Diseases (yuan ji qi wei). Composed of Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) 0.5 g, Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao) 0.5 g, Flos Carthami (hong hua) 0.5 g, Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin) 0.5 g, main part of Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui shen) 1.5 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu) 2.1 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 1.5 g, Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo) 3 g, Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) 3 g, Rhizoma Cimicifugae (sheng ma) 3 g, Radix et Rhizoma Gentianae (long dan cao) 2.1 g, Rhizoma Ligustici (gao ben) 3 g, Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 3 g, Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 3 g, Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 4.5 g, Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai) 4.5 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 4.5 g, Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu) 4.5 g, and Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Scatter wind and clear heat, harmonize blood, and improve vision

Indicated for the treatment of wind-heat and fire toxin, with epidemic red swelling of eyes, unbearable pain of the eyelid, photophobia, bitter taste in the mouth and dry throat, rough breathing, vexation and agitation, constipation, dark urine, red tongue with yellow coating, and rapid and forceful pulse

Formula for Eyeball with Pus (yan zhu guan nong fang)

Initially recorded in Selections from the Ophthalmological Clinical Experience of Wei Wengui (wei wen gui yan ke lin chuang jing yan xuan). Composed of Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 12 g, Natrii Sulfas Exsiccatus (xuan ming fen) 9 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 9 g, Spica Prunellae (xia ku cao) 9 g, Semen Trichosanthis (gua lou ren) 9 g, Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (jin yin hua) 9 g, Radix Trichosanthis (tian hua fen) 9 g, Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi) 9 g, raw Gypsum Fibrosum (sheng shi gao) 24 g, Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi) 6 g, and Folium Phyllostachydis Henonis (zhu ye) 6 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Drain fire and resolve toxins, dredge the bowels, and promote fluid production

Indicated for the treatment of upward rushing of yellow fluid (hypopyon) due to intense heat toxin and viscera qi being obstructed, with overflow of yellow fluid, pupil covered, turbid hyperemia and swelling of the conjunctiva, acute pain of the head and eyes, fever and thirst, constipation, scanty dark urine, red tongue with yellow and dry coating, and wiry, rapid, and forceful pulse

(Continued )

496 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 25.11 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Clear Heat and Resolve Toxins (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indications

Four Favorables Clearing– Cooling Drink (si shun qing liang yin zi)

Initially recorded in A Close Examination of the Precious Classic on Ophthalmology (shen shi yao han). Composed of Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 2.4 g, dry-fried Radix et Rhizoma Gentianae (chao long dan cao) 2.4 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 2.4 g, Cortex Mori (sang bai pi) 2.4 g, Semen Plantaginis (che qian zi) 2.4 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 0.9 g, Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 2.4 g, prepared Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (zhi da huang) 1.8 g, Herba Equiseti Hiemalis (mu zei) 1.8 g, Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao) 2.4 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 1.8 g, Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao) 2.4 g, Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 1.8 g, Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 1.8 g, Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo) 1.8 g, and Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) 1.8 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Clear heat and drain fire, resolve toxins and improve vision

Indicated for the treatment of congealedfat nebula (purulent keratitis) with a pattern of intense interior heat, accompanied by a large area of congealed fat, which is deepsunken, upward rushing of yellow fluid (hypopyon), turbid hyperemia and swelling of the conjunctiva, red swelling of the eyelid, photophobia, difficulty in opening the eyes, a lot of yellow secretion in the eye, fever, constipation, red tongue with yellow and thick coating, and rapid and forceful pulse

HeatDissipating ToxinRemoving Drink (san re xiao du yin zi)

Initially recorded in A Close Examination of the Precious Classic on Ophthalmology (shen shi yao han). Composed of dry-fried Fructus Arctii (chao niu bang zi) 10 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 10 g, Herba Menthae (bo he) 10 g, Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo) 10 g, Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 10 g, Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 10 g, and Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao) 10 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Dispel wind, clear heat and resolve toxins

Indicated for the treatment of eyelid swelling or epidemic red eye (acute contagious conjunctivitis) caused by wind-heat toxin, with red and dry eyes with pain, photophobia, frequent heat tearing, complicated by general fever, nasal obstruction, headache, red tongue, and rapid pulse

Immortal Life–Giving Decoction (shen xian huo ming tang)

Initially recorded in Exploration on the Subtleties of Treatment Strategies for Diphtheria (bai hou zhi fa jue wei). Composed of Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 30 g, Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen) 24 g, raw Gypsum Fibrosum (sheng shi gao) 15 g, Radix et Rhizoma Gentianae (long dan cao) 6 g, raw Fructus Gardeniae (sheng zhi zi) 6 g, Fructus Aristolochiae (ma dou ling) 9 g, Radix Isatidis (ban lan gen) 9 g, Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) 9 g, Fructus Trichosanthis (gua lou) 9 g, Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai) 4.5 g, and raw Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (sheng gan cao) 3 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Drain fire and resolve toxins, clear heat and nourish yin

Indicated for the treatment of diphtheria, with scorching red pharyngeal portion, white rot studding in the throat, difficulty in wiping off, hoarse voice, rough breathing, high fever and thirst, red complexion, red eyes, bad breath, yellow and greasy coating, and rapid and large pulse

3. Formula differentiation (Table 25.12) TABLE 25.12 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Clear Heat and Resolve Toxins Name of Formula

Similarity

Differences

Coptis Toxin-Resolving Decoction (huang lian jie du tang)

Both select Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) and Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) in combination, and both formulas drain fire and resolve toxins with bitter and cold medicinals

Combine Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai) and Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi) to clear heat and drain fire, and guide out heat following micturition. It can be mainly used for the treatment of fire toxin obstructing the sanjiao

Heart-Draining Decoction (xie xin tang)

Combine Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) to drain fire and disintegrating abdominal lumps, and guide out heat following defecation. It can be used for the treatment of epigastric lumpy stiffness due to heat obstruction, and spitting of blood and nosebleed due to fire-heat forcing frenetic movement of the blood

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SECTION 4  FORMULAS THAT CLEAR HEAT IN BOTH QI AND BLOOD ASPECTS Outline Formulas that clear heat in both qi and blood aspects have the effects of clearing heat and draining fire and cooling the blood and resolving toxins; are suitable for pattern of blazing of both qi and blood due to intense heat toxin in warm disease, with syndrome of exuberant heat in qi aspect, such as high fever and excessive thirst as the main symptoms; syndrome of bleeding due to blood-heat, such as spitting of blood, nosebleed, and macules as the main symptoms; and syndrome of inward invasion of heat toxin, such as loss of consciousness and delirious speech as the main symptoms. Formulas in this section are usually composed of Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao) and Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu) (to clear heat from qi aspect and drain fire), Cornu Rhinocerotis (xi jiao) [substituted by Cornu Bubali (shui niu jiao) in today’s clinic], and Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) (to cool the blood and resolve toxins), Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian), Radix Scutellariae (huang qin), and Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao) (to drain fire and resolve toxins). The representative formula is Epidemic-Clearing Toxin-Resolving Beverage (qing wen bai du yin).

Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 1. Primary formulas and analysis (Tables 25.13 and 25.14)

TABLE 25.13 Efficacy and Applications of Common Formulas That Clear Heat in Both Qi and Blood Aspects Name of Formula EpidemicClearing Toxin-Resolving Beverage (qing wen bai du yin)

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy and Indications

Initially recorded in Achievements in the Treatment of Epidemic Rashes (yi zhen yi de). Composed of raw Gypsum Fibrosum (sheng shi gao) large dose of 180–240 g, middle dose of 60–120 g, or small dose of 24–36 g; Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) large dose of 18–30 g, middle dose of 9–15 g, or small dose of 6–12 g; Cornu Rhinocerotis (xi jiao) [substituted by Cornu Bubali (shui niu jiao)] large dose of 180–240 g, middle dose of 90–150 g, or small dose of 60–120 g; Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) large dose of 12–18 g, middle dose of 6–12 g, or small dose of 3–4.5 g; Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi) 6 g; Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) 6 g; Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 6 g; Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu) 6 g; Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao) 6 g; Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen) 6 g; Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao) 6 g; Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 6 g; Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi) 6 g; and fresh Folium Phyllostachydis Henonis (xian zhu ye) 6 g. (The above 10 medicinals have no dose marked by origin book.) First decoct Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao) and Cornu Bubali (shui niu jiao) with water, and then add other medicinals later to decoct continuously for oral use

Clear heat and resolve toxins, cool the blood, and drain fire. Indicated for the treatment of blazing of both qi and blood due to pestilential heat toxin (in warm disease), with high fever, thirst with desire to drink, intense headache as splitting, retching, mania and agitation, delirious speech, unconsciousness; macules; spitting of blood, nosebleed; convulsion; reversal counterflow cold of the limbs, crimson tongue, parched lips, deep, and thready and rapid pulse; deep and rapid pulse; or floating and large and rapid pulse

Modified Clinical Applications For purple and dark macules due to intense heat toxin, add Folium Isatidis (da qing ye), Radix Arnebiae (zi cao), and Rhizoma Cimicifugae (sheng ma); for severe headache with dim sight of both eyes, add Flos Chrysanthemi (ju hua) and Spica Prunellae (xia ku cao) to clear fire or heat in the liver channel; for joint pain with vexation, waist as beaten by cane, add Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai) and Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu) to clear fire toxin in the kidney channel; for convulsion of limbs due to excessive heat generating wind, add Cornu Saigae Tataricae (ling yang jiao) and Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis (gou teng) to cool the liver and extinguish wind; for unconsciousness and delirious speech or convulsive syncope due to heat blocking the pericardium, add Radix Curcumae (yu jin) and Peaceful Palace Bovine Bezoar Pill (an gong niu huang wan) or Purple Snowy Powder (zi xue) to clear heart heat and open the orifices; for weak body, add Radix Panacis Quinquefolii (xi yang shen) to supplement both qi and yin

Caution for Use According to patients’ condition, determine the dose of Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao), Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang), Cornu Bubali (shui niu jiao), and Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian). The dose of other medicinals is decided according to doctor’s judgment

498 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 25.14 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Clear Heat in Both Qi and Blood Aspects Name of Formula

Efficacy Analysis

Epidemic-Clearing ToxinResolving Beverage (qing wen bai du yin)

Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao) Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu) Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao)

Sweet and cold in nature, clear excess heat in qi aspect in warm febrile disease, and drain fire and quench thirst Use the method as White Tiger Decoction (bai hu tang), clear heat and preserve body fluids, clear heat in qi aspect, and relieve high fever and excessive thirst

Cornu Bubali (shui niu jiao) Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao) Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi) Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi) Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen) Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao)

Combine with each other, that is Rhinoceros Horn and Rehmannia Decoction (xi jiao di huang tang), clear heat in blood aspect and resolve toxins, cool the blood and dissipate blood stasis to relieve macules, hematemesis, epistaxis, and loss of consciousness

Clear heat and resolve toxins, and cool the blood and drain fire

Similar to Coptis Toxin-Resolving Decoction (huang lian jie du tang), clear and drain sanjiao fire and heat, and resolve toxins

Sweet, bitter and slightly cold in nature, enrich yin and subdue fire, and clear heat and cool the blood Bitter and slightly cold in nature, and clear heat and dissipate masses and resolve toxins

Folium Phyllostachydis Henonis (zhu ye)

Sweet, acrid and cold in nature, and clear heart heat and relieve vexation

Radix Platycodonis (jie geng)

Clear heat from the throat and relieve sore throat, and guide the effects of other herbs to the upper body

2. Attached formulas (Table 25.15)

TABLE 25.15 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Clear Heat in Both Qi and Blood Aspects Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Macules-Dissolving Decoction (hua ban tang)

Clear heat from the qi aspect, cool Initially recorded in Systematic Differentiation of Warm Diseases (wen the blood, resolve toxins, and bing tiao bian). Composed of Gypsum dissolve macules Fibrosum (shi gao) 30 g, Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu) 12 g, raw Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (sheng gan cao) 10 g, Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen) 10 g, Cornu Bubali (shui niu jiao) 60–90 g, and Semen Oryzae Sativae (jing mi) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Indications Indicated for the treatment of blazing of both qi and blood, with high fever and thirst, vexation and agitation, inquietude; delirious speech, unconsciousness, macules, crimson tongue with yellow coating; or eye disease caused by accumulated heat in the heart and stomach

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TABLE 25.15 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Clear Heat in Both Qi and Blood Aspects (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indications

EruptionPromoting Cooling-Resolving Decoction (tou zhen liang jie tang)

Initially recorded in TCM External Medicine (zhong yi wai ke xue). Composed of Folium Mori (sang ye) 9 g, Flos Chrysanthemi (ju hua) 9 g, Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao) 9 g, Herba Violae (zi hua di ding) 9 g, Herba Menthae (bo he) 6 g, Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao) 6 g, Fructus Arctii (niu bang zi) 6 g, Periostracum Cicadae (chan tui) 3 g, Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 3 g, and Flos Carthami (hong hua) 3 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Promote eruption of papules, cool the nutrient aspect, clear heat from the qi aspect and resolve toxins

Indicated for the treatment of rubella due to pathogen entering qi-ying and blazing the lung and stomach, with generalized rash in bright red or purple dark color, dense rash spot, high fever and thirst, constipation and dark urine, red tongue with yellow and rough coating, and surging and rapid pulse

Nutrient Aspect– Cooling and QiClearing Decoction (liang ying qing qi tang)

Initially recorded in Outline of the Patterns and Treatment of Throat Granular Disorder (hou sha zheng zhi gai yao). Composed of Cornu Bubali (shui niu jiao) powder 15 g, Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 1.5 g, Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 18 g, fresh Caulis Dendrobii (xian shi hu) 18 g, Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi) 6 g, Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi) 6 g, Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao) 6 g, Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen) 9 g, Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao) 9 g, raw Gypsum Fibrosum (sheng shi gao) 24 g, raw Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (sheng gan cao) 2.4 g, Herba Menthae (bo he) 2.4 g, fresh Folium Phyllostachydis Henonis (xian zhu ye) 30 g, and Rhizoma Phragmitis (lu gen) 30 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Cool the nutrient aspect and clear heat from the qi aspect, drain fire and resolve toxins

Indicated for the treatment of rash of measles due to intense toxin in qi and nutrient aspects, with densely distributed rash in red color like cinnabar, high fever, vexation and agitation, thirst with desire to drink cold drinks, swelling and pain of the throat and accompanied by erosion, strawberry tongue, or crimson tongue, and surging and rapid pulse

Miraculous Pill of Rhinoceros Horn (shen xi dan)

Initially recorded in The Secret Transmission of Medical Efficacy (yi xiao mi chuan). Composed of Cornu Rhinocerotis (xi jiao) [substituted by Cornu Bubali (shui niu jiao)] 180 g, Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (shi chang pu) 180 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 180 g, Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 500 g, Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (jin yin hua) 500 g, Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao) 300 g, Radix Isatidis (ban lan gen) 270 g, Semen Sojae Praeparatum (xiang dou chi) 240 g, Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen) 210 g, Radix Trichosanthis (tian hua fen) 120 g, and Radix Arnebiae (zi cao) 120 g. Make the ingredients into pills; take orally, 3 g each time, 2 times a day

Clear heat and open the orifices, cool the blood and resolve toxins

Indicated for the treatment of warm heat disease and summer pestilence with pathogen entering the nutrient and blood aspects, intense heat toxin, and consuming and damaging body fluids, accompanied by high fever, unconsciousness, delirious speech, purple macules and papules, oropharyngeal erosion, red eyes, vexation and agitation, and purplered tongue

500 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

3. Formula differentiation (Table 25.16) TABLE 25.16 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Clear Heat in Both Qi and Blood Aspects Name of Formula

Similarity

Differences

Epidemic-Clearing Toxin-Resolving Beverage (qing wen bai du yin)

All three formulas have the effects of clearing heat and cooling the blood

It is used for the treatment of intense heat toxin and blazing of both qi and blood, so a large dose of medicinals with acrid and cold natures is selected to clear pathogenic heat in the yangming channel, and medicinals that drain fire and resolve toxins and cool the blood are selected in combination. Its effects of clearing heat from the qi aspect and resolving toxins and cooling the blood are stronger than the other two formulas

Miraculous Pill of Rhinoceros Horn (shen xi dan)

It is mainly used for the treatment of orifice obstruction with loss of consciousness due to pathogen entering the nutrient aspect and heat toxin becoming severe, so herbs that clear heat and resolve toxins are selected as the main medicinals, in combination with herbs that cool the blood and open the orifices

Macules-Dissolving Decoction (hua ban tang)

It can be used for the treatment of macules with fever due to blazing of both qi and blood. It is composed of White Tiger Decoction (bai hu tang) plus Cornu Rhinocerotis (xi jiao) [substituted by Cornu Bubali (shui niu jiao)], and Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen), which focuses on clearing heat from the qi aspect and cooling the blood

SECTION 5  FORMULAS THAT CLEAR ZANG-FU HEAT Outline Formulas that clear zang-fu heat are suitable for the treatment of fire-heat pattern caused by abnormal exuberance of pathogenic heat in one of the zang-fu organs. Formulas in this section are respectively composed of the corresponding herbs that clear heat according to the difference of zang-fu fire-heat patterns. For exuberant heat in the heart channel, Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian), Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi), Caulis Akebiae (mu tong), and Plumula Nelumbinis (lian zi xin) are selected to clear heart heat and drain fire; for heat in the lung channel, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin), Cortex Mori (sang bai pi), Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu), and Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao) are often selected to clear lung heat and discharge heat; for liver-gallbladder excess fire, Spica Prunellae (xia ku cao), Radix et Rhizoma Gentianae (long dan), and Indigo Naturalis (qing dai) are selected to clear liver heat and drain fire; and for heat in the spleen and stomach, Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi), Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao), Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian), and Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai) are usually selected to clear stomach heat and drain heat. In addition, doctors should administer an appropriate combination aimed at disease and syndrome, as well as accompanied symptoms and signs. For exuberant heat damaging yin, combine Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong), Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang), Colla Corii Asini (e jiao), and Caulis Dendrobii (shi hu) to nourish yin and promote fluid production; for superheat-consuming qi, combine Radix Astragali (huang qi), Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen), and Rhizoma Dioscoreae (shan yao) to supplement qi and reinforce healthy qi; accompanied by damp-heat, combine Semen Plantaginis (che qian zi), Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie), and Caulis Akebiae (mu tong) to clear heat and drain dampness; accompanied by qi stagnation and blood stasis, combine Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang), Semen Arecae (bing lang), and Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) to move qi and invigorate blood; and for fire-heat constraint in interior, according to the principle of “fire stagnation requiring dissipation,” combine Herba Agastachis (huo xiang) and Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) to disperse fire from constraint. The representative formulas are Red-Guiding Powder (dao chi san), Liver-Draining Decoction (long dan xie gan tang), Yellow-Draining Powder (xie huang san), White-Draining Powder (xie bai san), Stomach-Heat–Clearing Powder (qing wei san), Gentian Left Metal Pill (zuo jin wan), Jade Lady Decoction (yu nü jian), Peony Decoction (shao yao tang), and Pulsatilla Decoction (bai tou weng tang).

Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 1. Primary formulas and analysis (Tables 25.17 and 25.18)

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TABLE 25.17 Efficacy and Applications of Common Formulas That Clear Zang-Fu Heat Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Red-Guiding Powder (dao chi san)

YellowDraining Powder (xie huang san)

Efficacy and Indications

Modified Clinical Applications

Caution for Use

Initially recorded in Key to Diagnosis and Treatment of Children’s Diseases (xiao er yao zheng zhi jue). Composed of Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 10 g, Caulis Akebiae (mu tong) 10 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 10 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, decoct 10 g powder, and Folium Phyllostachydis Henonis (zhu ye) 3 g with water for oral use; if directly decoct with water, discount dose according to the original proportion

Clear heart heat and nourish yin, promote urination and relieve strangury. Indicated for the treatment of exuberant heat in the heart channel, with vexing heat in the heart and chest, thirst and reddish complexion, desire to drink cold drinks, sore in mouth and tongue, or heart heat moving downward to small intestine, with dark urine, difficult urination accompanied by stabbing pain

For exuberant heart-fire, add Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) to clear and drain heart-fire; for heart heat moving downward to small intestine, with continuous and dribbling and inhibited urination, add Semen Plantaginis (che qian zi) and Poria Rubra (chi fu ling) to strengthen the effects of clearing heat and promoting urination; for difficult and painful urination, add Rhizoma Imperatae (bai mao gen), Talcum (hua shi) and Spora Lygodii (hai jin sha) to relieve strangury and pain, or combine with Eight Corrections Powder (ba zheng san); for blood strangury with difficult and painful urination, add Herba Ecliptae (mo han lian), Herba Cirsii (xiao ji), and Rhizoma Imperatae (bai mao gen) to clear heat and cool the blood, dispel stasis, and relieve strangury

As this formula is bitter and cold in nature, it is cautiously used in patients with thin and unformed stool due to weakness of the spleen and stomach

Initially recorded in Key to Diagnosis and Treatment of Children’s Diseases (xiao er yao zheng zhi jue). Composed of Folium Agastachis (huo xiang ye) 21 g, Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi) 6 g, Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao) 15 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 90 g, and Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 120 g. Discount the dosage of medicinals according to the original proportion, and decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Drain spleen-stomach latent-fire. Indicated for the treatment of spleen-stomach latentfire, with sore in mouth, bad breath, excessive thirst and easy to hunger, dry mouth and lips, red tongue, and rapid pulse; or protruding and waggling tongue due to spleen heat

For excessive thirst and rapid hungering due to internal exuberance of stomach fire, decrease the dosage of Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng), and add Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu) and Radix Trichosanthis (tian hua fen) to nourish yin and promote fluid production; for vexation and agitation and inquietude due to accumulated heat in the heart and spleen, add Medulla Junci (deng xin cao) and Poria Rubra (chi fu ling) to clear heart heat and subdue fire; for scanty dark urine, add Talcum (hua shi) to clear heat and relieve strangury; if constipation due to accumulated heat in the intestinal tract, add Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) to drain heat and promote defecation; for sore in mouth, protruding and waggling tongue due to accumulated heat in the spleen and stomach, clear and drain heat as the primary, and decrease the dosage of Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng)

Its use is prohibited in patients with fever due to yin deficiency, or inherent defect and cerebral agenesis of children accompanied by protruding and waggling tongue, and pale tongue with white coating

(Continued )

502 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 25.17 Efficacy and Applications of Common Formulas That Clear Zang-Fu Heat (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Gentian Liver-Draining Decoction (long dan xie gan tang)

Efficacy and Indications

Modified Clinical Applications

Caution for Use

Initially recorded in Medical Formulas Collected and Analyzed (yi fang ji jie). Composed of wine-fried Radix et Rhizoma Gentianae (jiu chao long dan) 6 g, dry-fried Radix Scutellariae (chao huang qin) 9 g, dry-fried Fructus Gardeniae (chao zhi zi) 9 g, Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie) 12 g, Caulis Akebiae (mu tong) 9 g, Semen Plantaginis (che qian zi) 9 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 3 g, Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 9 g, Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) 6 g, and raw Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (sheng gan cao) 6 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use; or make into pills, take orally, 6–9 g each time, 2 times a day

Drain liver-gallbladder excess fire, and clear damp-heat in the lower jiao. Indicated for the treatment of livergallbladder excess fire flaming upward, with headache, red eyes, ribside pain, bitter taste in the mouth, deafness, swelling of ear, red tongue with yellow coating, wiry and rapid and forceful pulse; or pattern of damp-heat in the liver channel pouring downward, with vulvar swelling, vulvar itching, genital sweating, continuous and dribbling urination, turbid urine, or female yellow leukorrhea with foul smell, red tongue with yellow and greasy coating

For exuberant excess fire of livergallbladder, remove Caulis Akebiae (mu tong) and Semen Plantaginis (che qian zi), and add Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian); for headache and dizziness and irascibility due to wind-fire flaming upward, add Flos Chrysanthemi (ju hua), Folium Mori (sang ye) and Spica Prunellae (xia ku cao) to clear and drain liver-gallbladder fire; for red eye with swelling and pain, add Herba Equiseti Hiemalis (mu zei) and Flos Eriocauli (gu jing cao) to clear liver heat and improve vision; for exuberant dampness and mild heat, remove Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) and Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang), and add Talcum (hua shi) and Semen Coicis (yi yi ren); for sore in penis or red swelling and burning pain of scrotum due to accumulated and stagnated fire toxin, remove Radix Bupleuri (chai hu), add Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang), Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (jin yin hua), and Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao); for constipation, add Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) to drain fire and promote defecation; for severe ribside pain, add Radix Curcumae (yu jin) and Fructus Toosendan (chuan lian zi) to scatter the liver and move qi; for jaundice, add Herba Artemisiae Scopariae (yin chen) to drain dampness and relieve jaundice

As this formula is bitter and cold and dredging in nature, discontinue medication as soon as getting the effect. It is not suitable for patients with no excess fire, no exuberance of both dampness and heat, weakness of the spleen and stomach, yin deficiency and yang hyperactivity. After taking it orally, few patients may show itch of skin, flush, scattered urticaria, flusteredness, and chest oppression

White-Draining Initially recorded in Powder Key to Diagnosis and (xie bai san) Treatment of Children’s Diseases (xiao er yao zheng zhi jue). Composed of Cortex Lycii (di gu pi) 15 g, Cortex Mori (sang bai pi) 15 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 5 g, and a handful of Semen Oryzae Sativae (jing mi). Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use before food

Clear and drain lung heat, relieve cough and calm panting. Indicated for the treatment of cough and panting due to latent-fire in the lung, with cough, even breathlessness and desire to panting, steaming of skin and aggravated in late afternoon, red tongue with yellow coating, and thready and rapid pulse

For exuberant heat in the lung channel, add Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) and Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu) to strengthen the effects of clearing and draining lung-heat; for cough due to dryness-heat, add Pericarpium Trichosanthis (gua lou pi) and Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae (chuan bei mu) to moisten the lung and relieve cough; for tidal fever due to yin deficiency, add Carapax Trionycis (bie jia), Herba Artemisiae Annuae (qing hao), and Radix Stellariae (yin chai hu) to enrich yin and abate fever; for vexing heat and thirst due to heat damaging yinfluid, add Radix Trichosanthis (tian hua fen), Rhizoma Phragmitis (lu gen), and Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong); if accompanied by exterior heat, combine with Lonicera and Forsythia Powder (yin qiao san)

It is not suitable for patients with deficiency-cold cough and panting or caused by externally contracted windcold

Formulas That Clear the Heat Chapter | 25

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TABLE 25.17 Efficacy and Applications of Common Formulas That Clear Zang-Fu Heat (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Left Metal Pill (zuo jin wan)

Efficacy and Indications

Modified Clinical Applications

Caution for Use

Initially recorded in Teachings of [Zhu] Dan-xi (dan xi xin fa). Composed of Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 18 g, and Fructus Evodiae (wu zhu yu) 3 g. Make the ingredients into water pills, take orally, 3 g each time; if directly decoct with water, discount dose according to the original proportion

Clear liver heat and drain fire, direct qi downward and arrest vomiting. Indicated for the treatment of liver-fire invading the stomach, with distending pain in the hypochondrium, epigastric upset, acid swallowing, vomiting, bitter taste in the mouth, stomach cavity pĭ and belching, red tongue with yellow coating, and wiry and rapid pulse

For severe ribside pain, add Fructus Toosendan (chuan lian zi) and Rhizoma Corydalis (yan hu suo) to strengthen the effects of moving qi and relieving pain, or combine with Frigid Extremities Powder (si ni san) and Toosendan Powder (jin ling zi san) to strengthen the effects of soothing the liver and rectifying qi and relieving pain; for severe acid swallowing, add Endoconcha Sepiae (hai piao xiao) and calcined Concha Arcae (duan wa leng zi) to relieve regurgitation and pain

Determine the dosage of two herbs should be according to the needed degree of clearing heat and resolving constraint. Its use is prohibited in patients with vomiting and acid swallowing with deficiency-cold pattern

StomachHeat–Clearing Powder (qing wei san)

Initially recorded in Treatise on the Spleen and Stomach (pi wei lun). Composed of Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 6 g, main part of Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui shen) 6 g, Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi) 9 g, Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 6 g, and Rhizoma Cimicifugae (sheng ma) 6 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Clear stomach heat and cool the blood. Indicated for the treatment of stomach fire attacking upward, with toothache involving the brain, feverish cheek, tooth with aversion to heat and liking cold, or gingival atrophy with bleeding, or swelling and pain and ulceration of gingiva, or swelling and pain of lips, tongue and cheeks, hot and bad breath, dry mouth and tongue, red tongue with yellow coating, slippery, and large and rapid pulse

If accompanied by constipation due to intestinal dryness, add Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) to guide fire downward, drain heat, and promote defecation; for severe stomach heat with thirst and drink cold drinks, increase the dosage of Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao), and add Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen) and Radix Trichosanthis (tian hua fen) or Caulis Dendrobii (shi hu) to clear heat and promote fluid production; for gingival bleeding due to intense stomach fire, add Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (niu xi) to guide blood heat downward; for severe bad breath, add Herba Artemisiae Scopariae (yin chen), Herba Agastachis (huo xiang), and Fructus Amomi Kravanh (bai dou kou) to remove turbidity with aromatic medicinals

It is not suitable for patients with toothache due to wind-cold or (kidney) deficiency-fire flaming upward

Jade Lady Decoction (yu nü jian)

Initially recorded in The Complete Works of [Zhang] Jing-yue (jing yue quan shu). Composed of raw Gypsum Fibrosum (sheng shi gao) 5–30 g, Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 9–30 g, Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) 6 g, Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu) 5 g, and Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (niu xi) 5 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Clear stomach-fire, and enrich kidney yin. Indicated for the treatment of stomach heat and yin deficiency, with vexing heat and thirst, headache, toothache, or looseness of teeth, gingival bleeding, red tongue with yellow and dry coating, floating and surging and slippery and large pulse that is forceless by pressing; or wasting thirst (xia¯o kĕ) with swift digestion with rapid hungering

For dysphoria with feverish sensation due to fire exuberance, add Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi) and Cortex Lycii (di gu pi) to clear heat and discharge fire; for more bleeding from gum due to injury of blood collaterals by heat, remove Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang), and add Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang), Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi), and Herba Ecliptae (mo han lian) or Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen) to strengthen the effects of clearing heat and cooling the blood; for severe fluid consumption, with red and dry tongue, and thirst, add Radix Adenophorae seu Glehniae (sha shen) and Caulis Dendrobii (shi hu) to promote fluid production and quench thirst; for soreness and weakness of waist and knees due to kidney yin deficiency, increase the dosage of Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang), and add Fructus Ligustri Lucidi (nü zhen zi) and Plastrum Testudinis (gui ban) to strengthen the effects of enriching and supplementing kidney yin

It is not suitable for patients with thin and unformed stool due to spleen deficiency

(Continued )

504 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 25.17 Efficacy and Applications of Common Formulas That Clear Zang-Fu Heat (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Pulsatilla Decoction (bai tou weng tang)

Peony Decoction (shao yao tang)

Efficacy and Indications

Modified Clinical Applications

Caution for Use

Initially recorded in Treatise on Cold Damage (shang han lun). Composed of Radix Pulsatillae (bai tou weng) 15 g, Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai) 12 g, Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 6 g, and Cortex Fraxini (qin pi) 12 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Clear heat and resolve toxins, cool the blood and arrest dysentery. Indicated for the treatment of pyrotoxic dysentery, with abdominal pain, abdominal urgency with rectal heaviness, burning pain in anus, diarrhea with pus and blood that are more red and less white, thirst with desire to drink water, red tongue with yellow coating, and wiry and rapid pulse

For complicated by aversion to cold and fever with exterior pathogen is not released and interior heat is intense, add Radix Puerariae Lobatae (ge gen), Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (jin yin hua) and Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao) to strengthen the effects of releasing the flesh and clearing heat; for abdominal pain with more evident urgency, add Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang), Semen Arecae (bing lang), and Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) to move qi and guide out (food) stagnation and relieve pain; for abdominal pain that refuses pressure, thick and greasy coating, and complicated by food retention, add Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi) and Fructus Crataegi (shan zha) to promote digestion and guide out (food) stagnation; for exuberant heat in blood aspect, dysentery with red feces, add Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi), Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao), and Radix Sanguisorbae (di yu) to cool the blood and stanch bleeding; for acute onset, dysentery with bright purple bloody pus, high fever and thirst, vexation and agitation, and crimson tongue, which belongs to epidemic toxin dysentery, add Rhizoma Cimicifugae (sheng ma), Herba Portulacae (ma chi xian), Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (jin yin hua), and Herba Andrographis (chuan xin lian) to strengthen the effects of clearing heat and resolving toxins

It is not suitable for the treatment of simple red dysentery. It is used cautiously in patients with weakness of the spleen and stomach

Initially recorded in Collection of Writings on the Mechanism of Disease, Suitability of Qi, and the Safeguarding of Life as Discussed in the ‘Basic Questions’ (su wen bing ji qi yi bao ming ji). Composed of Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) 15–20 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 9 g, Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 5–9 g, Semen Arecae (bing lang) 5 g, Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) 5 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 5 g, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 6 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 9 g, and Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) 2–5 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Clear heat and dry dampness, regulate qi and harmonize blood. Indicated for the treatment of dampheat dysentery, with abdominal pain, stool containing pus and blood with red and white in color, abdominal urgency with rectal heaviness, burning pain in anus, scanty dark urine, yellow and greasy coating, and slippery and rapid pulse

For diarrhea or dysentery with more evident rectal heaviness, accumulation, and stagnation, increase the dosage of Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang); if accompanied by food accumulation, greasy coating and slippery pulse, remove Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) and add scorch-fried Fructus Crataegi (jiao shan zha), Massa Medicata Fermentata (shen qu), and Fructus Hordei Germinatus (mai ya) to promote digestion and guide out (food) stagnation; for distention and fullness in the abdomen due to more evident qi stagnation, add Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao) and Semen Raphani (lai fu zi) to strengthen the effects of moving qi and guiding out (food) stagnation; for yellow and dry coating due to exuberant heat damaging fluid, remove Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) and add Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) to nourish yin and clear heat; for dysentery with more red and less white feces, add Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi) and Radix Sanguisorbae (di yu) to strengthen the effects of cooling the blood and stanching bleeding

Its use is prohibited in patients with dysentery in the initial stage complicated by exterior pattern and deficiencycold dysentery

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TABLE 25.18 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Clear Zang-Fu Heat Name of Formula Red-Guiding Powder (dao chi san)

Yellow-Draining Powder (xie huang san)

Efficacy Analysis Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) Caulis Akebiae (mu tong)

Sweet, cold and moistening in nature, act on the heart and kidney channels, and clear heat and nourish yin to inhibit fire-heat in the heart channel Bitter and cold in nature, act on the heart and small intestine channels, subdue fire, and promote urination

Folium Phyllostachydis Henonis (zhu ye)

Sweet and bland in nature, clear heart heat and relieve vexation, percolate and drain water with bland medicinals, and guide fire-heat downward

Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao)

Use the raw one, drain fire and resolve toxins, relieve pain, and harmonize the actions of all medicinals

Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao)

Both cold in nature, and drain the accumulated heat of the spleen and stomach, as the chief medicinals

Clear heart heat and nourish yin, promote urination, and relieve strangury

Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi)

Gentian Liver-Draining Decoction (long dan xie gan tang)

Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng)

Scatter and dissipate latent-fire in the spleen channel, as the deputy medicinal

Folium Agastachis (huo xiang ye)

Awaken the spleen with aromatic property, as the assistant medicinal

Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao)

Drain fire and harmonize the center, and harmonize the actions of all medicinals

Radix et Rhizoma Gentianae (long dan)

Extreme bitter and cold in nature, act on the liver and gallbladder channels, clear the upper liver-gallbladder excess fire, and drain the lower damp-heat in the liver channel

Radix Scutellariae (huang qin)

Bitter and cold in nature, drain fire and dry dampness and clear heat, “clear the upper and guide the lower,” and strengthen the effect of Radix et Rhizoma Gentianae (long dan) to drain fire and eliminate dampness

Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi)

Drain spleenstomach latent-fire

Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie) Caulis Akebiae (mu tong) Semen Plantaginis (che qian zi) Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) White-Draining Powder (xie bai san)

Percolate and drain damp-heat, guide damp-heat downward, and let it out with urination

Enrich yin and nourish the blood, to ensure no damage to yin-blood after pathogen removed Soothe and smooth the liver-gallbladder qi, guide the effects of other herbs to the liver and gallbladder channels, and combine with Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) to strengthen the effect of clearing and liver-gallbladder fire-heat Protect the stomach and harmonize the center, and harmonize the actions of all medicinals

Cortex Mori (sang bai pi)

Sweet and cold in nature, specialize in acting on the lung channels, clear and drain lung heat, lower qi, and calm panting

Cortex Lycii (di gu pi)

Sweet and cold in nature, act on the lung channel, and clear and subdue the lung latent-fire

Assist

Semen Oryzae Sativae (jing mi) Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao)

Drain livergallbladder excess fire, and clear damp-heat in the lower jiao

Nourish the stomach and harmonize the center, and “bank up earth to generate metal” to reinforce lung qi

Clear and drain lung heat, relieve cough, and calm panting

Harmonize the actions of all medicinals (Continued )

506 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 25.18 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Clear Zang-Fu Heat (cont.) Name of Formula Left Metal Pill (zuo jin wan)

Stomach-Heat–Clearing Powder (qing wei san)

Jade Lady Decoction (yu nü jian)

Pulsatilla Decoction (bai tou weng tang)

Efficacy Analysis Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian)

Clear and discharge liver fire, also clear and drain stomach fire, and are good at treating liver-fire invading the stomach

Fructus Evodiae (wu zhu yu)

Restrict bitter and cold properties Resolve and soothe the liver constraint, and lower qi, which assists Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) to harmonize the stomach and direct counterflow downward

Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian)

Peony Decoction (shao yao tang)

Bitter and cold in nature, and clear heat and drain stomach-fire

Rhizoma Cimicifugae (sheng ma)

Sweet, acrid, and slightly cold in nature, diffuse and vent pathogen with light and ascending properties, clear heat and resolve toxins, and combine with Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) to strengthen the effect of dispersing fire

Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang)

Cool the blood and enrich yin to avoid exuberant heat-damaging yin-blood

Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi)

Bitter, acrid, and slightly cold in nature, cool the blood, and clear heat and invigorate blood

Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui)

Nourish the blood and invigorate blood, which assists in relieving swelling and pain

Gypsum Fibrosum ( shi gao)

Acrid, sweet, and extreme cold in nature, clear the yangming residual heat

Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang)

Sweet and warm in nature, enrich yin, and supplement kidney yin

Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu)

Bitter, cold, and moistening in nature, enrich yin, and clear heat and drain fire

Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong)

Slightly bitter, sweet and cold in nature, enrich yin and increase body fluids, and combining clearing stomach-heat

Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (niu xi)

Guide heat downward, and also ensure proper downward flow of blood, and enrich and supplement the liver and kidney

Radix Pulsatillae (bai tou weng)

Bitter and cold in nature, act on the blood aspect, clear heat and resolve toxins, and cool the blood and arrest dysentery

Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian)

Bitter and cold in nature, clear heat and resolve toxins, and dry dampness

Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai)

Bitter and cold, specialize in clearing lower jiao damp-heat

Cortex Fraxini (qin pi) Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) Radix Scutellariae (huang qin)

Assist

Bitter, cold, and astringent in nature, act on the large intestine channel, clear heat and resolve toxins, and arrest dysentery with astringency

Bitter and sour and slightly cold in nature, nourish the blood and harmonize the nutrient aspect, soften the liver, and moderate urgency

Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui)

Nourish the blood and invigorate blood, and “move blood can promote natural cure of stool with pus”

Semen Arecae (bing lang)

Move qi and remove (food) stagnation, and “regulate qi can promote natural cure of rectal heaviness”

Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang)

Drain heat and guide out stagnation, break up stasis and invigorate blood, and “treat the flowing by promoting its flow”

Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui)

Acrid and hot in nature, act on the blood aspect, restrict the bitter and cold properties of Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) and Radix Scutellariae (huang qin), and assist moving blood

Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao)

Clear stomach heat and cool the blood

Clear stomach fire, and enrich kidney yin

Clear heat and resolve toxins, cool the blood, and arrest dysentery

Bitter and cold in nature, act on the intestine, dry dampness of the intestine and stomach, and clear stomach-intestine heat

Radix Paeoniae (shao yao)

Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang)

Clear liver heat and drain fire, direct qi downward, and arrest vomiting

Moderate urgency, and harmonize the actions of all medicinals

Clear heat and dry dampness, regulate qi, and harmonize blood

Formulas That Clear the Heat Chapter | 25

507

2. Attached formulas (Table 25.19)

TABLE 25.19 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Clear Zang-Fu Heat Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indications

Fifth and Sixth Heavenly Stem Pill (wu ji wan)

Initially recorded in Beneficial Formulas from the Taiping Imperial Pharmacy (tai ping hui min he ji ju fang). Composed of Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 150 g, Fructus Evodiae (wu zhu yu) 150 g, and Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) 150 g. Make the ingredients into paste pills with flour. Take orally, 9 g each time, 2 times a day

Soothe the liver and rectify the spleen, clear heat and harmonize the stomach

Heart-Clearing Lotus Seed Beverage (qing xin lian zi yin)

Initially recorded in Beneficial Formulas from the Taiping Imperial Pharmacy (tai ping hui min he ji ju fang). Composed of Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 15 g, Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) 15 g, Cortex Lycii (di gu pi) 15 g, Semen Plantaginis (che qian zi) 15 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao)15 g, Fructus Nelumbinis (shi lian zi) 20 g, Poria Alba (bai fu ling) 20 g, Radix Astragali (huang qi) 20 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 20 g. Grind the ingredients into powder; decoct 10 g each time with water for oral use Initially recorded in Key to Diagnosis and Treatment of Children’s Diseases (xiao er yao zheng zhi jue). Composed of equal parts of Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui), Borneolum Syntheticum (he cheng long nao), Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong), Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi), Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang), Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo), and Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng). Grind the ingredients into powder; make pellets by mixing the powder with honey. Take orally, 6 g each time Initially recorded in Teachings of [Zhu] Dan-xi (dan xi xin fa). Composed of Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 30 g, Radix et Rhizoma Gentianae (long dan) 15 g, Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi) 30 g, Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 30 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 30 g, Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai) 30 g, Aloe (lu hui) 15 g, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 15 g, Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) 5 g, and Moschus (she xiang) 1.5 g. Make the ingredients into water pills with water. Take orally, 6 g each time, 2 times a day Initially recorded in Essentials from the Golden Cabinet (jin gui yao lüe). Composed of Semen Lepidii (ting li zi) 9–15 g, and Fructus Jujubae (da zao) four to six pieces. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Clear heart-fire, boost qi and yin, and relieve strangury

Indicated for the treatment of stomachache, acid swallowing, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and difficulty in transportation and transformation due to liver-spleen disharmony; or diarrhea with fever (pyretic diarrhea) and heat dysentery Indicated for the treatment of hyperactivity of heart fire, deficiency of both qi and yin, and damp-heat pouring downward, with seminal emission, turbid urine, profuse uterine bleeding, abnormal vaginal discharge, and attack by overstrain; or dry mouth and tongue, vexation and agitation, and fever due to kidney yin insufficiency

Green-Draining Pill (xie qing wan)

Chinese Angelica, Gentian, and Aloe Pill (dang gui long hui wan)

Pepperweed and Jujube LungDraining Decoction (ting li da zao xie fei tang)

Clear liver heat and drain fire

Indicated for the treatment of fire from constraint in the liver channel, accompanied by red eye with swelling and pain, vexation and agitation and irascibility, unable to lie in bed peacefully, dark urine and constipation, surging and excess pulse; or acute infantile convulsion, and convulsion due to exuberant heat

Clear and drain the excess fire of the liver and gallbladder

Indicated for the treatment of liver-gallbladder excess fire, with dizziness, mental inquietude, delirious speech and mania, or constipation, and difficult and hot urination

Drain the lung and relieve panting, dispel phlegm, and promote urination

Indicated for the treatment of lung abscess, with unable to lie due to panting, fullness and distention in the chest; or general facial edema, nasal obstruction, clear nasal discharge, unable to distinguish smells and flavors (anosmia); cough with counterflow qi ascent, wheezing and suffocation; or thoracic rheum with fullness in the chest (Continued )

508 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 25.19 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Clear Zang-Fu Heat (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indications

Scutellaria WhiteDraining Powder (huang qin xie bai san)

Initially recorded in Complete Illumination on Cold Damage (shang han da bai). Composed of Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 6 g, Cortex Mori (sang bai pi) 6 g, Cortex Lycii (di gu pi) 6 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 6 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use Initially recorded in Discussion on Formulas of Supplement to “The Inner Classic” (nei jing shi yi fang lun). Composed of Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 6 g, Sclerotium Poriae Pararadicis (fu shen) 15 g, Semen Ziziphi Spinosae (suan zao ren) 15 g, Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 15 g, Radix Polygalae (yuan zhi) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 9 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 9 g, Fructus Nelumbinis (shi lian zi) 30 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 6 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use Initially recorded in Treatise on Cold Damage (shang han lun). Composed of Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 9 g, Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 3 g, and Fructus Jujubae (da zao) four pieces. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use Initially recorded in Beneficial Formulas from the Taiping Imperial Pharmacy (tai ping hui min he ji ju fang). Composed of Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 60 g, and Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) 130 g. Make the ingredients into paste pills with vinegar as size of phoenix tree seed. Take orally, 20 pills each time Initially recorded in Essentials from the Golden Cabinet (jin gui yao lüe). Composed of Radix Pulsatillae (bai tou weng) 15 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 6 g, Colla Corii Asini (e jiao) 6 g, Cortex Fraxini (qin pi) 9 g, Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 9 g, and Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use Initially recorded in Revealing the Mystery of the Origin of Eye Diseases (yuan ji qi wei). Composed of Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) 1.5 g, Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi) 1.5 g, Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo) 1.5 g, Rhizoma Cimicifugae (sheng ma) 1.5 g, Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 1.5 g, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 1.5 g, Folium Phyllostachydis Henonis (zhu ye) 1.5 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 1.5 g, Semen Plantaginis (che qian zi) 1.2 g, Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao) 1.2 g, Poria (fu ling) 1.2 g, Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie) 1.2 g, Semen Cassiae (jue ming zi) 1.2 g, and Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 1.8 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Clear lung-heat and discharge heat

Indicated for the treatment of distention and fullness and pain in the right hypochondrium, cough with qi counterflow, sweating, and deep and rapid pulse

Clear heart heat and calm the mind, nourish yin, and relieve vexation

Indicated for the treatment of seminal emission caused by frenetic stirring of monarchial and ministerial fire, and failure of the heart and kidney to interact, with nocturnal emission, or albinuria or leukorrhagia, spontaneous seminal emission, insomnia and vexation, dizziness and tinnitus, palpitation and forgetfulness, dry mouth, yellow urine, red tongue, and thready and rapid pulse Indicated for the treatment of pyretic diarrhea and heat dysentery, with general fever, bitter taste in the mouth, diarrhea and dysentery with abdominal pain, red tongue with yellow coating, and rapid pulse

Coptis HeartClearing Beverage (huang lian qing xin yin)

Scutellaria Decoction (huang qin tang)

Costus Root and Coptis Pill (xiang lian wan)

Pulsatilla Decoction Plus Licorice and Donkey-Hide Gelatin (bai tou weng jia gan cao e jiao tang)

Lophatherum Channel-Draining Decoction (zhu ye xie jing tang)

Clear heat and arrest dysentery, harmonize the center, and relieve pain

Clear heat and dry dampness, move qi, and resolve stagnation

Indicated for the treatment of dampheat dysentery, with bloody pus, abdominal pain, and abdominal urgency with rectal heaviness

Clear heat and resolve toxins, cool the blood and arrest dysentery, and nourish the blood and enrich yin

Indicated for the treatment of female postpartum heat dysentery with blood deficiency, accompanied by abdominal pain, abdominal urgency with rectal heaviness, stool containing pus and blood, vexation and insomnia due to insufficiency of qi and blood Indicated for the treatment of canthus pyorrhea (chronic dacryocystitis) due to heart-spleen damp-heat, with great canthus in slightly red color, impregnated pus, and yellow and greasy coating

Clear heart-heat and drain dampness, dispel stasis, and remove stagnation

Formulas That Clear the Heat Chapter | 25

509

TABLE 25.19 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Clear Zang-Fu Heat (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indications

Supplemented Liver-Reconditioning Powder (jia wei xiu gan san)

Initially recorded in Essentials from the Silver Sea (yin hai jing wei). Composed of Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo) 30 g, Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 30 g, Oötheca Mantidis (sang piao xiao) 30 g, Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi) 30 g, Herba Menthae (bo he) 30 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 30 g, Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao) 30 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 30 g, Herba Ephedrae (ma huang) 30 g, Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao) 30 g, Flos Chrysanthemi (ju hua) 30 g, Fructus Tribuli (ji li) 30 g, Herba Equiseti Hiemalis (mu zei) 30 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 30 g, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 30 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 30 g, and Herba Schizonepetae (jing jie) 30 g. Grind the ingredients into crude powder; decoct 9 g each time with water for oral use, 2 times a day Initially recorded in Compilation of Ophthalmology (yan ke zuan yao). Composed of Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) 10 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 10 g, Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi) 10 g, Radix et Rhizoma Gentianae (long dan) 10 g, Caulis Akebiae (mu tong) 10 g, Herba Schizonepetae (jing jie) 10 g, Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 10 g, Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 5 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 5 g, Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao) 15 g, and Fructus Viticis (man jing zi) 15 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use Initially recorded in Important Formulas Worth a Thousand Gold Pieces for Emergency (Bei Ji Qian Jin Yao Fang). Composed of Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 18 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) 6 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 9 g, and Colla Corii Asini (e jiao) 9 g. Make into pills as size of soybean for oral use

Clear heat and resolve toxins, scatter wind, and release the exterior

Indicated for the treatment of petaloid nebula with a sunken center (ulcerative keratitis) due to heat toxin in liver channel invading the brain, accompanied by sudden red and dry eyes with swelling and pain, invisibleness after lacrimation, radish flower-like nebula in the eye, red tongue, and wiry pulse

Drain fire and resolve toxins, scatter wind, and dissipate heat

Indicated for the treatment of contracted pupil (iridocyclitis) due to liver-gallbladder excess fire or congealed-fat nebula (purulent keratitis) due to accumulation of exuberant wind-heat, with ophthalmalgia, photophobia, hot tear, and a lot of secretion in the eye

Clear heat and dry dampness, nourish yin, and arrest dysentery

Indicated for the treatment of chronic dysentery with red and white feces, and intermittent dysentery, with stool containing pus and blood, or intermittent attack and stop, abdominal urgency with rectal heaviness, continuing abdominal pain, feeling of vexing heat, red tongue with less coating, and thready and rapid pulse

Newly Prepared Bupleurum and Coptis Decoction (xin zhi chai lian tang)

Carts-Staying Pill (zhu che wan)

3. Formula differentiation (Table 25.20) TABLE 25.20 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Clear Zang-Fu Heat Name of Formula

Similarity

Differences

Gentian Liver-Draining Decoction (long dan xie gan tang)

All three formulas select Radix et Rhizoma Gentianae (long dan), Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi), and Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) in combination, and drain liver-gallbladder excess fire

Select Caulis Akebiae (mu tong), Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie), and Semen Plantaginis (che qian zi) as the deputy medicinals, and drain liver-fire and clear damp-heat. It is suitable for the treatment of liver-fire flaming upward and damp-heat pouring downward

Green-Draining Pill (xie qing wan)

Chinese Angelica, Gentian, and Aloe Pill (dang gui long hui wan)

Combine Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) to drain fire, use the dispersing effect from acrid property of Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo) and Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) to drain liver-fire, scatter and dissipate constraint fire from liver and gallbladder. It is quite suitable for the treatment of internal constraint of liver-fire Combine Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang), Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian), Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai), and Aloe (lu hui), which can drain liver-fire and guide it out following defecation and micturition. It is a formula that can attack the stagnation and promote purgation, and suitable for the treatment of exuberant and excess fire in the liver channel (Continued )

510 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 25.20 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Clear Zang-Fu Heat (cont.) Name of Formula

Similarity

Differences

Jade Lady Decoction (yu nü jian)

Both can be used for the treatment of toothache due to stomach heat

Clear stomach-heat and enrich kidney yin, select Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao) as the chief medicinal, and combine with herbs that enrich yin, such as Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang), Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu), and Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong). It is a formula that can clear and moisten with the effects of clearing stomach-heat and nourishing the kidney, and mainly used for the treatment of toothache and gingival atrophy due to hyperactivity of stomach-fire and insufficiency of kidney yin

Stomach-Heat–Clearing Powder (qing wei san)

Pepperweed and Jujube Lung-Draining Decoction (ting li da zao xie fei tang) White-Draining Powder (xie bai san)

Yellow-Draining Powder (xie huang san)

Focus on clearing stomach-fire, select Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) as the chief, which indicates that it is a bitter-and-cold formula; select Rhizoma Cimicifugae (sheng ma) in combination to promote dissipation and resolve toxins, and use herbs that cool the blood and dissipate blood stasis, such as Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) and Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi). Its effect is to clear stomach-heat and cool the blood, and it can be mainly used for the treatment of toothache and gingival atrophy due to intense stomach-fire Both have the effect of draining lung qi, and “banking up earth to generate metal,” can be used for the treatment of cough and panting due to dysfunction of lung qi

Select Semen Lepidii (ting li zi) as the primary medicinal, focus on draining lung qi and phlegm-rheum, and combine with Fructus Jujubae (da zao); its effect of “banking up earth” is less than that of White-Draining Powder (xie bai san), and it can be used for the treatment of cough and panting caused by phlegm and rheum retention in the lung

Both have the effect of clearing stomach heat

It can drain the latent-fire of the spleen and stomach, and is mainly used for the treatment of protruding and waggling tongue due to spleen-heat, with sore in mouth and bad breath

Stomach-Heat–Clearing Powder (qing wei san) Left Metal Pill (zuo jin wan)

Gentian Liver-Draining Decoction (long dan xie gan tang)

Pulsatilla Decoction (bai tou weng tang) Pulsatilla Decoction Plus Licorice and Donkey-Hide Gelatin (bai tou weng jia gan cao e jiao tang) Carts-Staying Pill (zhu che wan)

Select Cortex Mori (sang bai pi) as the primary medicinal, focus on draining lung qi and latent-fire, and combine with Semen Oryzae Sativae (jing mi) and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao); its effect of “banking up earth” is slightly stronger than that of Pepperweed and Jujube Lung-Draining Decoction (ting li da zao xie fei tang), and it can be used for the treatment of children with cough and panting due to latent-fire in the lung

It can clear stomach-heat and cool the blood, and is mainly used for the treatment of toothache due to stomach-heat, or gingival atrophy and bleeding, swelling, and pain of the cheeks Both formulas have the effect of draining liver fire, and can be used for the treatment of ribside pain and bitter taste in the mouth due to liver-fire

It is mainly used for the treatment of vomiting and acid swallowing due to fire from constraint (in the liver channel) invading the stomach, also has the effects of harmonizing the stomach and directing counterflow downward, but no effect of clearing damp-heat. Its effect of draining fire is less than that of Gentian LiverDraining Decoction (long dan xie gan tang)

All three formulas have the effects of clearing heat and resolving toxins and arresting dysentery, and can be used for the treatment of heat dysentery

It is partial to clearing heat and drying dampness, and also can cool the blood, and quite suitable for the treatment of red dysentery due to heat toxin with excess pattern

It is used for the treatment of red eyes and deafness due to excess fire (in the liver channel) attacking upward, or strangury with turbid urine and vaginal itching due to damp-heat pouring downward, also has the effect of clearing damp-heat, and no actions of harmonizing the stomach and directing counterflow downward, but its effect of draining fire is stronger than of Left Metal Pill (zuo jin wan)

Select Colla Corii Asini (e jiao) and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) in combination, which shows the effects of nourishing the blood and harmonizing the center, clearing heat and drying dampness, thus it is quite suitable for the treatment of heat dysentery of female postpartum or with insufficiency of yin-blood (blood and body fluids) Select Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) and Colla Corii Asini (e jiao) in combination, and it is suitable for the treatment of heat dysentery and intermittent dysentery with a pattern of yin-blood (blood and body fluids) deficiency

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TABLE 25.20 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Clear Zang-Fu Heat (cont.) Name of Formula

Similarity

Differences

Peony Decoction (shao yao tang)

All three formulas have the effects of clearing heat and drying dampness and arresting dysentery, and can be used for the treatment of dampheat dysentery with abdominal pain

Select Radix Scutellariae (huang qin), Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian), and Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) in combination, its effects of clearing heat and drying dampness are strong; a combination of Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) and Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) can nourish the blood and harmonize blood, moderate urgency, and relieve pain

Scutellaria Decoction (huang qin tang)

Costus Root and Coptis Pill (xiang lian wan) Phragmites Stem Decoction (wei jing tang)

White-Draining Powder (xie bai san)

It can clear heat and dry dampness, harmonize the center and relieve pain, but the effect of drying dampness is less than that of Peony Decoction (shao yao tang). It can be used for the treatment of pyretic diarrhea, heat dysentery, general fever, and bitter taste in the mouth Select Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) in combination with Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) to dry dampness and move qi and relieve pain. It can be used for the treatment of damp-heat dysentery, with red and white feces, abdominal pain, and tenesmus

Both have the effects of clearing lung-heat and relieving cough, and can be used for the treatment of cough due to lung-heat

It not only can clear heat and dissolve phlegm to relieve cough, but is also good at dispelling stasis and expelling pus to remove carbuncle, thus can be used for the treatment of lung abscess due to heat toxin obstructing the lung and binding of phlegm and stasis, accompanied by coughing of bloody pus with smell of fish, chest pain, red tongue with yellow and greasy coating, and slippery and rapid pulse It is partial to clearing and draining lung-heat, and doesn’t damage yin when clearing heat with its sweet and cold properties, and can be used for the treatment of lung latent-fire and accumulated heat, with cough and panting, steaming fever of skin, aggravated in late afternoon, red tongue with yellow coating, and thready and rapid pulse

SECTION 6  FORMULAS THAT CLEAR DEFICIENCY-HEAT Outline Formulas that clear deficiency-heat are suitable for the treatment of night fever abating at dawn, red tongue with less coating, thready and rapid pulse caused by pathogen that has not been cleared, but yin fluid has been damaged in the later period of febrile disease; or deficiency-heat syndrome, such as steaming bone fever, tidal fever or prolonged fever without abatement caused by liver-kidney yin deficiency; or fever, night sweating, and reddish complexion due to yin deficiency and fire disturbing. Formulas in this section are usually composed of medicinals that are sweet-cold, salty-cold, or bittercold and moistening in nature, such as Herba Artemisiae Annuae (qing hao), Carapax Trionycis (bie jia), Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae (qing jiao), Radix Stellariae (yin chai hu), Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang), Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu), and Cortex Lycii (di gu pi), which can clear and vent latent-heat or enrich yin and clear heat. According to the different pathogeneses, such as qi deficiency, blood deficiency, and exuberance of deficiency-fire, herbs that supplement qi, supplement blood, or drain fire with bitter and cold natures should be combined. The representative formulas are Sweet Wormwood and Turtle Shell Decoction (qing hao bie jia tang), Bone-Clearing Powder (qing gu san), and Chinese Angelica Six Yellow Decoction (dang gui liu huang tang).

Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 1. Primary formulas and analysis (Tables 25.21 and 25.22)

512 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 25.21 Efficacy and Applications of Common Formulas That Clear Deficiency-Heat Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy and Indications

Sweet Wormwood and Turtle Shell Decoction (qing hao bie jia tang)

Initially recorded in Systematic Differentiation of Warm Diseases (wen bing tiao bian). Composed of Herba Artemisiae Annuae (qing hao) 6 g, Carapax Trionycis (bie jia) 15 g, Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 12 g, Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu) 6 g, and Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Bone-Clearing Powder (qing gu san)

Initially recorded in Standards for Diagnosis and Treatment (zheng zhi zhun sheng). Composed of Radix Stellariae (yin chai hu) 5 g, Rhizoma Picrorhizae (hu huang lian) 3 g, Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae (qin jiao) 3 g, vinegar-prepared Carapax Trionycis (cu zhi bie jia) 3 g, Cortex Lycii (di gu pi) 3 g, Herba Artemisiae Annuae (qing hao) 3 g, Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu) 3 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 2 g. Decoct the ingredients with water, and take at a long interval before and after meals

Modified Clinical Applications

Caution for Use

Nourish yin and vent heat. Indicated for the treatment of latent pathogen in the yin aspect in febrile disease, with night fever abating at dawn, absence of sweating after fever abatement, red tongue with less coating, and thready and rapid pulse

For lung consumption with steaming bone fever, and vigorous fire due to yin deficiency, add Radix Glehniae (bei sha shen) and Herba Ecliptae (han lian cao); for night fever abating at dawn, sweat released, and extreme thirst, remove Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) and add Radix Trichosanthis (tian hua fen) to clear heat and promote fluid production and quench thirst; for lassitude and dry mouth and thirst, add Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) and Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong); for infantile summer fever due to yin deficiency with heat, add Radix et Rhizoma Cynanchi Atrati (bai wei) and Petiolus Nelmbinis (he geng) to dispel summer heat and abate heat; for chronic pyelonephritis or renal tuberculosis with low-grade fever without abatement, hot urination, scanty and yellow urine, thready and rapid pulse, add Rhizoma Imperatae (bai mao gen) and Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie); for postmeasles pneumonia with latent pathogen in the yin level, add Radix Stellariae (yin chai hu), Radix et Rhizoma Cynanchi Atrati (bai wei), and Cortex Lycii (di gu pi); complicated by lung yin deficiency, add Radix Adenophorae seu Glehniae (sha shen) and Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong)

As Herba Artemisiae Annuae (qing hao) cannot endure high temperature; it should be taken after being infused in boiling decoction. Its use is prohibited in patients with yin deficiency and internal heat due to it is partial to warm and heat in nature, and cautious in patients with yin-blood (blood and body fluids) depletion due to yang deficiency and loss of blood

Clear deficiency-heat and relieve steaming bone fever. Indicated for the treatment of deficiency fire harassing the interior due to liverkidney yin deficiency (or pattern of yin deficiency and internal heat); deficiency-consumption (xu lao), with steaming bone fever, tidal fever or consumptive fever, prolonged low grade fever without abatement, emaciation, red lips and flushed cheeks, dry throat, lassitude, night sweating; or thirst and vexation, red tongue with less coating, and thready and rapid pulse

For more evident yin deficiency, with not evident internal heat, remove Rhizoma Picrorhizae (hu huang lian) and add Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) to strengthen the effect of enriching yin; for more evident blood deficiency, add Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui), Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao), and Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) to nourish the blood and boost yin; for pattern of fire scorching the lung, with dry throat and cough, add Colla Corii Asini (e jiao), Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong), and Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi) to nourish yin and moisten the lung and relieve cough

As Herba Artemisiae Annuae (qing hao) cannot endure high temperature; it should be taken after being infused in boiling decoction. It is not suitable for patients with yin deficiency, but no steaming bone fever

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TABLE 25.21 Efficacy and Applications of Common Formulas That Clear Deficiency-Heat (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy and Indications

Chinese Angelica Six Yellow Decoction (dang gui liu huang tang)

Initially recorded in Secrets from the Orchid Chamber (lan shi mi cang). Composed of Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 6 g, Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 6 g, Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 6 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 6 g, Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai) 6 g, Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 6 g, and Radix Astragali (huang qi) 12 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Enrich yin and drain fire, consolidate the exterior and arrest sweating. Indicated for the treatment of night sweating due to yin deficiency and fire disturbing, with fever, night sweating, reddish complexion, vexation, dry mouth and lips, dry and hard stool, scanty dark urine, red tongue with yellow coating, and rapid pulse. Due to its strong effects of nourishing yin and draining fire, it is quite suitable for patients with vigorous fire due to yin deficiency but center qi not damaged

Modified Clinical Applications

Caution for Use

For yin deficiency and mild excess fire, remove Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) and Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian), and add Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu) to avoid damaging yin after draining fire; for more evident dry mouth and dry stool, due to fluid consumption or fluid insufficiency, add Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) and Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen) to promote fluid production and nourish body fluid; for more evident night sweating, add Radix et Rhizoma Ephedrae (ma huang gen), Fructus Tritici Levis (fu xiao mai), and Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi) or Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu) to strengthen the effects of astringing and arresting sweating; for pattern of yin deficiency and yang hyperactivity with tidal fever, flushed complexion, dry throat, and forceful chi pulse (which are caused by hyperactivity of kidney fire), add Plastrum Testudinis (gui ban), Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu), or Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) to strengthen the effects of enriching yin and clearing heat and subduing yang

It is not suitable for patients who eat less, are thin, and have unformed stool due to weakness of the spleen and stomach

TABLE 25.22 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Clear Deficiency-Heat Name of Formula Sweet Wormwood and Turtle Shell Decoction (qing hao bie jia tang)

Efficacy Analysis Carapax Trionycis (bie jia)

Salty and cold in nature, directly act on the yin level, enrich yin and abate heat, and enter the collaterals to remove pathogen

Herba Artemisiae Annuae (qing hao)

Bitter, acrid and cold in nature, and aromatic in flavor, clear heat, vent heat from the collaterals, and guide pathogen out

Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu) Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi)

Sweet and cold in nature,and enrich yin and cool the blood Bitter and cold and moistening in nature,and enrich yin and subdue fire

Assist Carapax Trionycis (bie jia) to nourish yin and abate deficiency-heat

Nourish yin and vent heat

Acrid, bitter and cool in nature, discharge latent-fire in the blood, as the assistant medicinal

(Continued )

514 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 25.22 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Clear Deficiency-Heat (cont.) Name of Formula Bone-Clearing Powder (qing gu san)

Chinese Angelica Six Yellow Decoction (dang gui liu huang tang)

Efficacy Analysis Radix Stellariae (yin chai hu)

Sweet, bitter and slightly cold in nature, directly act on the yin level, clear heat and cool the blood, and specialize in abating steaming bone fever due to deficiency-consumption (xu lao), but without disadvantage of damaging yin by bitter and dryness properties, as the chief medicinal

Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu) Rhizoma Picrorhizae (hu huang lian)

Bitter and cold and moistening in nature, and enrich yin and drain fire to abate deficiency-heat Bitter and cold in nature, enter the blood aspect, and clear deficiency-heat

Assist Clear deficiencyheat from the yin level

Cortex Lycii (di gu pi)

Sweet and cold in nature, and cool the blood to abate steaming bone fever with sweating

Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae (qin jiao)

Acrid, bitter and dispersing in nature, vent heat, and abate deficiency-heat

Herba Artemisiae Annuae (qing hao)

Bitter, acrid and cold in nature, and aromatic in flavor, and clear and vent latent heat

Carapax Trionycis (bie jia)

Salty and cold in nature, directly act on the yin level, and enrich yin and abate heat

Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao)

Harmonize the actions of all medicinals, and prevent the bitter and cold medicinals from damaging the stomach qi

Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang)

Nourish the blood and increase body fluids; sufficiency of blood is the basis for restricting heart fire

Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang)

Act on the liver and kidney channels, and enrich kidney yin

Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian)

Bitter and cold in nature, and clear and drain heart fire

Radix Scutellariae (huang qin)

Bitter and cold in nature,and drain fire and relieve vexation

Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai)

Bitter and cold in nature, and specialize in clearing lower jiao heat to relieve night sweating and relieve vexation

Radix Astragali (huang qi)

Clear deficiencyheat and relieve steaming bone fever

Sufficiency of yin-blood can assist water to control fire, all three as the chief medicinals Combine with the these three herbs to clear heat to avoid fire harassing the interior, and consolidate yin to avoid leakage of sweat

Boost qi and reinforce the wei aspect to consolidate the exterior, combine with Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) and Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) to boost qi and nourish the blood, also as the deputy medicinal

Enrich yin and drain fire, and consolidate the exterior and arrest sweating

Formulas That Clear the Heat Chapter | 25

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2. Attached formulas (Table 25.23) TABLE 25.23 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Clear Deficiency-Heat Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indications

Bupleurum BoneClearing Powder (chai hu qing gu san)

Initially recorded in Golden Mirror of the Medical Tradition (yi zong jin jian). Composed of Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae (qin jiao) 9 g, Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 3 g, Rhizoma Picrorhizae (hu huang lian) 3 g, Herba Artemisiae Annuae (qing hao) 9 g, Carapax Trionycis (bie jia) 9 g, Cortex Lycii (di gu pi) 9 g, Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) 9 g, Fel Suillus (zhu dan zhi) 6 g, Medulla Spinalis Suillus (zhu ji sui) 6 g, and Caulis Allii Tuberosi (jiu bai) 6 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Clear deficiencyheat and relieve steaming bone fever

Indicated for the treatment of consumption (tuberculosis-like consumptive disease) with intense heat pattern, accompanied by prolonged steaming bone fever

Large Gentian and Turtle Shell Powder (qin jiao bie jia san)

Initially recorded in Precious Mirror of Health (wei sheng bao jian). Composed of Cortex Lycii (di gu pi) 30 g, Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) 30 g, prepared Carapax Trionycis (zhi bie jia) 30 g, Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae (qin jiao) 15 g, Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu) 15 g, and Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 15 g. Grind the ingredients into crude powder; take orally, 15 g each time

Enrich yin and nourish the blood, and clear hectic heat

Indicated for the treatment of deficiency-consumption (xu lao) complicated by wind invasion, accompanied by steaming bone fever, alternating chills and fever, night sweating, emaciation (wasting), red lips and flushed cheeks, afternoon tidal fever, cough and drowsiness, and faint and rapid pulse

3. Formula differentiation (Table 25.24) TABLE 25.24 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Clear Deficiency-Heat Name of Formula

Similarity

Differences

Bone-Clearing Powder (qing gu san)

All three formulas can be used for the treatment of fever due to yin deficiency

It contains more herbs that clear deficiency-heat, and lays particular emphasis on clearing steaming bone fever, and enriching yin and venting heat, thus is good at treating steaming bone fever and tidal fever caused by yin deficiency resulting in vigorous fire

Sweet Wormwood and Turtle Shell Decoction (qing hao bie jia tang)

Select Herba Artemisiae Annuae (qing hao) and Carapax Trionycis (bie jia) as the chief medicinals, and combine with Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) and Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu); it lays equal stress on nourishing yin and venting pathogen; but the dosage of herbs that enrich yin in this formula is partial to large. It is good for treating pattern of yin damaged in febrile disease and latent pathogen at the yin level

Large Gentian and Turtle Shell Powder (qin jiao bie jia san)

Put Radix Bupleuri (chai hu), Carapax Trionycis (bie jia), and Cortex Lycii (di gu pi) in an important position, and combine with Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae (qin jiao), Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu), and Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui), which demonstrate the therapeutic methods of both nourishing yin and clearing heat, and dispelling wind. It is suitable for the treatment of steaming bone fever and night sweating in deficiencyconsumption (xu lao) complicated by wind invasion

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Chapter 26

Formulas That Dispel Summer Heat Chapter Outline Section 1 Formulas That Clear Summer Heat and Release the Exterior Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas Section 2 Formulas That Clear Summer Heat and Drain Dampness Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas

518 518 518 520 520 520

Section 3 Formulas That Dispel Summer Heat and Clear Heat Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas Section 4 Formulas That Clear Summer Heat and Boost Qi Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas

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ABSTRACT Formulas that are mainly composed of herbs that dispel summer heat and clear heat or herbs that dispel summer heat and remove dampness, have the effect of dispelling summer heat pathogen, and used for the treatment of summer heat diseases are called “Formulas That Dispel Summer Heat.” Formulas that dispel summer heat are divided into four categories: formulas that clear summer heat and release the exterior, formulas that clear summer heat and drain dampness, formulas that dispel summer heat and clear heat, and formulas that clear summer heat and boost qi. Keywords: formulas that clear summer heat and release the exterior; formulas that clear summer heat and drain dampness; formulas that dispel summer heat and clear heat; formulas that clear summer heat and boost qi; dispel summer heat and clear heat; clear summer heat and boost qi

Formulas that are mainly composed of herbs that dispel summer heat and clear heat or herbs that dispel summer heat and remove dampness, have the effect of dispelling summer heat pathogen, and used for the treatment of summer heat diseases are called “Formulas That Dispel Summer Heat.” Its therapeutic method belongs to “heat-clearing” method of the eight [medicinal treatment] methods. Formulas that dispel summer heat are suitable for the treatment of syndromes caused by heat in summer, with general fever, excessive thirst, lassitude, profuse sweating, and rapid pulse. Summer heat pathogen is one of the six pathogenic factors, and there is a clear seasonality of diseases caused by summer heat pathogen. The Yellow Emperor’s Inner Classic: Basic Questions (huang di nei jing su wen) points out that “patients usually suffer from warm disease (epidemic febrile disease) before the summer solstice, and suffer from summer heat disease after the summer solstice.” Summer heat is a kind of yang pathogen, and is very hot in nature. Summer heat qi is related with the heart. Summer heat usually enters the qi aspect to damage the body, and leads to exuberance of internal heat and the heart spirit harassed, accompanied with fever, reddish complexion, vexation, scanty and reddish urine, red tongue, and rapid pulse. The characteristic of summer heat is ascending and dispersion. It can easily consume the body fluids and qi, and often leads to thirst and profuse sweating, weariness, and weak breathing. Summer heat is also easily complicated by pathogenic dampness, which causes chest oppression, or feeling of sleepiness and heavy body, difficulty in micturition, or diarrhea, white and greasy coating. People enjoy the cool and like sleep with less clothes in summer; however, if they don’t pay attention to avoiding cold and wind, more pathogenic cold will invade the fleshy exterior, and cause common cold with symptoms of aversion to cold, fever, headache, absence of sweating, and floating pulse. So formulas that dispel summer heat can be divided into four categories: formulas that clear summer heat and release the exterior, formulas that clear summer heat and drain dampness, formulas that dispel summer heat and clear heat, and formulas that clear summer heat and boost qi. Essentials of Chinese Materia Medica and Medical Formulas. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812722-3.00026-9 Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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518 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

When using formulas that dispel summer heat, several factors should be paid attention, such as the primary syndromes, accompanied symptoms and signs, and the mildness or severity of summer heat diseases. For single summer heat-strike (heatstroke) with fever, it should be treated by formulas that clear heat and dispel summer heat by selecting herbs which are bitter-cold and sweet-cold in nature to clear heat. For summer heat disease complicated by dampness, it should be treated by formulas that dispel summer heat appropriately combined with herbs that dispel dampness. If preponderance of summer heat is over dampness, then dampness may easily transform into heat and the selected herbs that dispel dampness should not be too warm and dry in nature in order to avoid consuming body fluids. If preponderance of dampness is over summer heat, then summer heat may easily be trapped or obstructed by dampness and the selected herbs that clear heat should not be too sweet and cold in nature in order to avoid retention of dampness. For damage to both qi and body fluids by summer heat, it should be treated by formulas that dispel summer heat and clear heat as well as boost qi and nourish yin by combining herbs that clear heat and nourish yin, that are sweet and cold in nature, and/or herbs that boost qi and astringe body fluids that are sweet and sour in nature.

SECTION 1  FORMULAS THAT CLEAR SUMMER HEAT AND RELEASE THE EXTERIOR Outline Formulas that clear summer heat and release the exterior are suitable for the treatment of externally contracted wind-cold and summer heat-damp damaging the center, with aversion to cold and fever, absence of sweating, abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhea, chest oppression, white and greasy coating. Formulas in this section are usually composed of herbs that dispel summer heat, remove dampness, and release the exterior, such as Herba Moslae (xiang ru), and combined with herbs that move qi and remove dampness, such as Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po). The representative formulas are Mosla Powder (xiang ru san) and newly supplemented Mosla Beverage (xin jia xiang ru yin).

Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 1. Primary formulas and analysis (Tables 26.1 and 26.2)

TABLE 26.1 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Clear Summer Heat and Release the Exterior Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Mosla Powder (xiang ru san)

Initially recorded in Beneficial Formulas from the Taiping Imperial Pharmacy (tai ping hui min he ji ju fang). Composed of Herba Moslae (xiang ru) 10 g, Semen Lablab Album (bai bian dou) 5 g, and Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po) 5 g. Decoct the ingredients with water (and small amounts of liquor) for oral use

Efficacy and Indication

Modified Clinical Application

Dispel summer heat and release the exterior, remove dampness, and harmonize the center. Indicated for the treatment of yin summer heat (yin summer heat syndrome), with aversion to cold and fever, headache and body pain, absence of sweating, abdominal pain, diarrhea or vomiting, pĭ and oppression in the chest and stomach cavity, white and greasy coating, and floating pulse

For complicated by internal heat with vexation and agitation, appropriately add Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) to clear heat and relieve vexation; for prolonged spleen deficiency with insufficiency of center qi, add Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen), Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu), Poria (fu ling), and Exocarpium Citri Rubrum (ju hong) to boost qi and fortify the spleen and dry dampness

Caution for Use Due to its warm and dry nature, it is not suitable for patients with fever, sweating, vexation, and thirst due to summer heat-strike (heatstroke)

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TABLE 26.2 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Clear Summer Heat and Release the Exterior Name of Formula Mosla Powder (xiang ru san)

Efficacy Analysis Herba Moslae (xiang ru)

Aromatic and light in nature, scatter and diffuse pathogen with acrid-warm (medicinals), dispel summer heat and release the exterior, as the chief medicinal

Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po)

Bitter, acrid, and warm in nature, move qi and relieve abdominal fullness, dry dampness and resolve [food] stagnation, as the deputy medicinal

Semen Lablab Album (bai bian dou)

Sweet and neutral in nature, fortify the spleen and harmonize the center, percolate dampness, and remove summer heat

Dispel summer heat and release the exterior, remove dampness, and harmonize the center

2. Attached formulas (Table 26.3) TABLE 26.3 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Clear Summer Heat and Release the Exterior Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Newly Supplemented Mosla Beverage (xin jia xiang ru yin)

Initially recorded in Systematic Differentiation of Warm Diseases (wen bing tiao bian). Composed of Herba Moslae (xiang ru) 6 g, Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (jin yin hua) 9 g, fresh Flos Lablab Albus (xian bian dou hua) 9 g, Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po) 6 g, and Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Dispel summer heat and release the exterior, clear heat, and remove dampness

Indicated for the treatment of summer heatwarmth complicated by cold-damp, with fever, headache, aversion to cold, absence of sweating, thirst, reddish complexion, chest oppression or discomfort, white and greasy coating, floating and rapid pulse

Coptis and Mosla Beverage (huang lian xiang ru yin)

Initially recorded in Book to Safeguard Life Arranged by Categorized Patterns (lei zheng huo ren shu). Composed of Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 3 g, Herba Moslae (xiang ru) 6 g, and prepared Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (zhi hou po) 3 g. Decoct them with water for oral use

Dispel dampness and clear heat

Indicated for the treatment of summer heat-strike with exuberant heat pattern, accompanied with thirst, vexation, oppression and discomfort in the gastric cavity, yellow and greasy coating

3. Formula differentiation (Table 26.4) TABLE 26.4 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Clear Summer Heat and Release the Exterior Name of Formula Mosla Powder (xiang ru san)

Newly Supplemented Mosla Beverage (xin jia xiang ru yin)

Similarity

Differences

Both select Herba Moslae (xiang ru), Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po) with acrid and warm properties to release the exterior and scatter cold, drain dampness, and harmonize the center

It is a formula with acrid-warm property, combined with Semen Lablab Album (bai bian dou) that can fortify the spleen and remove dampness, so it is good at dissipating cold and removing dampness, and mainly used for the treatment of externally contracted cold in summer complicated by dampness, and exuberant cold-damp It is a formula with both acrid-warm and acrid-cool properties, but its property is partial to cool through combining with Semen Lablab Album (bai bian dou), Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (jin yin hua), and Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao). It is good at clearing summer heat, and mainly used for the treatment of externally contracted cold in summer, summer heat-damp accumulated in interior and preponderance of summer heat over cold

520 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

SECTION 2  FORMULAS THAT CLEAR SUMMER HEAT AND DRAIN DAMPNESS Outline Formulas that clear summer heat and drain dampness are suitable for the treatment of externally contracted summer heat complicated by dampness, and summer heat-damp pouring downward, with general fever, excessive thirst, pĭ, and oppression in the chest and gastric cavity, difficulty in micturition, or diarrhea. Clear summer heat and promote urination (guide pathogenic summer heat and dampness out following urination) are the best therapeutic methods. Formulas in this section are usually composed of medicinals that drain dampness, such as Talcum (hua shi), Poria (fu ling), and Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie). The representative formulas are Six-to-One Powder (liu yi san) and Cinnamon and Poria Sweet Dew Beverage (gui ling gan lu yin).

Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 1. Primary formulas and analysis (Tables 26.5 and 26.6)

TABLE 26.5 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Clear Summer Heat and Drain Dampness Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Six-to-One Powder (liu yi san)

Cinnamon and Poria Sweet Dew Beverage (gui ling gan lu yin)

Caution for Use

Efficacy and Indication

Modified Clinical Application

Initially recorded in Direct Investigation of Cold Damage (shang han zhi ge). Composed of Talcum (hua shi) 180 g and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 30 g. Grind the ingredients into fine powder, and decoct 9–18 g each time with water for oral use, 2 or 3 times a day

Dispel summer heat and drain dampness. Indicated for the treatment of heatstroke complicated by pattern of dampness and summer heatdamp pouring downward, with general fever, excessive thirst, difficulty in micturition or diarrhea

For spleen-stomach damaged by summer heat-damp, add Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) and Semen Lablab Album (bai bian dou); for heat strangury or stony strangury due to dampheat pouring downward, add Semen Plantaginis (che qian zi), Medulla Tetrapanacis (tong cao), Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi), and Herba Lysimachiae (jin qian cao)

It is not suitable for patients with spleen deficiency due to its cold and lubricating properties

Initially recorded in An Elucidation of Formulas (xuan ming lun fang). Composed of Poria (fu ling) 15 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 6 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 12 g, Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie) 15 g, Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) 3 g, Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao) 30 g, Glauberitum (han shui shi) 30 g, Talcum (hua shi) 30 g, and Polyporus (zhu ling) 15 g. Discount dose according to the original proportion and decoct with water for oral use

Dispel summer heat and clear heat, transform qi and drain dampness. Indicated for the treatment of summer heat-strike (heatstroke) complicated by syndrome of internal stagnation of water-dampness, with fever, headache, excessive thirst with desire to drink, difficulty in micturition, and cholera with vomiting and diarrhea

For not very evident summer heat, mild fever and excessive thirst, decrease the dosage of Glauberitum (han shui shi) and Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao) or substitute with Exocarpium Citrulli (xi gua pi), Rhizoma Phragmitis (lu gen), and Folium Phyllostachydis Henonis (zhu ye) in order to avoid excessive cold-cool damaging the middle-warmer yang (splenogastric yang); for vomiting and nausea and abdominal distention due to water-dampness obstructed in interior, add Herba Agastachis (huo xiang) and Herba Eupatorii (pei lan) to remove dampness with aromatic property

Since this formula combines the methods of both clearing heat and removing dampness, it is not suitable for patients with simple contracted summer heat

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TABLE 26.6 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Clear Summer Heat and Drain Dampness Name of Formula

Efficacy Analysis

Six-to-One Powder (liu yi san)

Talcum (hua shi)

Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) Cinnamon and Poria Sweet Dew Beverage (gui ling gan lu yin)

Talcum (hua shi)

Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao) Glauberitum (han shui shi)

Sweet, bland, cold, heavy, and lubricating in nature, clear summer heat, percolate dampness and promote urination, and discharge pathogenic summer heat and dampness out following micturition Sweet, neutral, and partial to cool in nature, clear heat and drain fire, boost qi and harmonize the center, prevent the cold-lubricating of Talcum (hua shi) from damaging the stomach, and promote fluid production with its sweet-cold property to prevent fluid consumption by the urination-promoting effect Sweet, bland, cold, heavy, and lubricating in nature, clear summer heat, promote urination and percolate dampness, as the chief medicinal Cold and heavy in nature, clear summer heat, as the deputy medicinals

Polyporus (zhu ling) Poria (fu ling)

Promote urination and percolate dampness

Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie) Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao)

Dispel summer heat and drain dampness

Fortify the spleen to strengthen the effects of transporting and transforming water dampness

Dispel summer heat and clear heat, transform qi, and drain dampness

Extremely hot in nature, assist the lower jiao bladder to strengthen the effect of qi transformation in order to move water dampness, and prevent other medicinals with cold-cool in nature from obstructing dampness Harmonize the actions of all medicinals, and prevent the cold and heavy properties of Talcum (hua shi), Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao), and Glauberitum (han shui shi)

2. Attached formulas (Table 26.7) TABLE 26.7 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Clear Summer Heat and Drain Dampness Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Original Qi Boosting Powder (yi yuan san)

Initially recorded in Direct Investigation of Cold Damage (shang han zhi ge). Composed of Cinnabaris (zhu sha) 9 g, Talcum (hua shi) 180 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 30 g. Grind the ingredients into fine powder, and take 6 g each time orally after mixing with decoction of Medulla Junci (deng xin cao) 9 g

Clear heart heat and dispel summer heat and calm the mind

Indicated for the treatment of summer heat-damp pattern, accompanied with excessive thirst, profuse sweating, palpitation, or severe palpitation, insomnia and profuse dreaming, and difficulty in micturition

Jasper Jade Powder (bi yu san)

Initially recorded in Direct Investigation of Cold Damage (shang han zhi ge). Composed of Indigo Naturalis (qing dai) 9 g, Talcum (hua shi) 18 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 3 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Dispel summer heat and clear liver heat

Indicated for the treatment of summer heat-damp pattern complicated by heat accumulation in the liver and gallbladder, with red eyes, sore throat, or sore in mouth and tongue

Peppermint Powder (ji su san)

Initially recorded in Direct Investigation of Cold Damage (shang han zhi ge). Composed of Folium Menthae (bo he ye) 7.5 g, Talcum (hua shi) 18 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 3 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, and take 9 g each time orally after mixing with warm boiled water

Scatter wind and dispel summer heat and release the exterior

Indicated for the treatment of summer heat-damp pattern accompanied with slight aversion to wind-cold, headache, distention of head, and incomplete cough

522 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

3. Formula differentiation (Table 26.8)

TABLE 26.8 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Clear Summer Heat and Drain Dampness Name of Formula Six-to-One Powder (liu yi san) Cinnamon and Poria Sweet Dew Beverage (gui ling gan lu yin) Original Qi Boosting Powder (yi yuan san) Jasper Jade Powder (bi yu san) Peppermint Powder (ji su san)

Similarity

Differences

Both are the formulas that can clear summer heat and drain dampness, and can be used for the treatment of summer heat-damp pattern

It has fewer medicinals and the efficacy is less than that of Cinnamon and Poria Sweet Dew Beverage (gui ling gan lu yin), so it is quite suitable for patients with mild summer heat-damp pattern.

All three are the augmented formulas from Six-to-One Powder (liu yi san), can dispel summer heat and clear heat and drain dampness, and can be used for the treatment of summer heat-damp pattern

Select Cinnabaris (zhu sha) and Medulla Junci (deng xin cao) to combine with Six-to-One Powder (liu yi san). The effects of clearing heart heat and relieving vexation is strong, and it is suitable for patients with summer heat-damp pattern, accompanied with palpitation and insomnia due to fire-heat in the heart channel

Its effects of clearing summer heat and draining dampness are stronger than that of Six-to-One Powder (liu yi san). It is more suitable for patients with pattern of both exuberant summer heat and excessive dampness, accompanied with severe symptoms

Select Indigo Naturalis (qing dai) to combine with Six-to-One Powder (liu yi san). It has the effect of clearing liver heat, so is quite suitable for patients with summer heat-damp pattern complicated by heat accumulation in the liver and gallbladder Select Folium Menthae (bo he ye) to combine with Six-to-One Powder (liu yi san). It has the effects of scattering wind and dissipating heat, so is quite suitable for patients with summer heatdamp pattern complicated by wind-heat exterior pattern

SECTION 3  FORMULAS THAT DISPEL SUMMER HEAT AND CLEAR HEAT Outline Formulas that dispel summer heat and clear heat are suitable for the treatment of summer heat-heat syndrome, with general fever, vexation, profuse sweating, and thirst. Formulas in this section are usually composed of herbs that dispel summer heat and clear heat with sweet and cool nature, such as Exocarpium Citrulli (xi gua pi), fresh Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (xian jin yin hua), fresh Flos Lablab Albus (xian bian dou hua), and fresh Folium Nelumbinis (xian he ye). The representative formula is Channel-Clearing Beverage (qing luo yin).

Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 1. Primary formulas and analysis (Tables 26.9 and 26.10) TABLE 26.9 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Dispel Summer Heat and Clear Heat Name of Formula ChannelClearing Beverage (qing luo yin)

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy and Indication

Initially recorded in Systematic Differentiation of Warm Diseases (wen bing tiao bian). Composed of fresh Folium Nelumbinis (xian he ye) 6 g, fresh Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (xian jin yin hua) 9 g, Pericarpium Luffae (si gua pi) 6 g, Exocarpium Citrulli (xi gua pi) 6 g, fresh Flos Lablab Albus (xian bian dou hua) 6 g, and fresh Folium Pleioblasti (xian zhu ye xin) 6 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Dispel summer heat and clear heat. Indicated for the treatment of summer heatheat damaging the lung, and pathogen in qi aspect, with general fever, mild thirst, slight distention of head and eyes, dizziness, giddiness, light red tongue with thin and white coating

Modified Clinical Application For severe summer heat-heat pattern with more evident general fever and thirst, and profuse sweating, add Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao) and Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu) to strengthen the effects of dispelling summer heat and clearing heat

Caution for Use It is not suitable for patients with summer heatheat pattern complicated by dampness, and summer heatdamp pouring downward due to its sweet-cool property

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TABLE 26.10 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Dispel Summer Heat and Clear Heat Name of Formula

Efficacy Analysis

Channel-Clearing Beverage (qing luo yin)

Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (jin yin hua) Flos Lablab Albus (bian dou hua) Exocarpium Citrulli (xi gua pi) Pericarpium Luffae (si gua pi) Folium Nelumbinis (he ye)

Aromatic, acrid, and cool in nature, clear heat and diffuse summer heat, as the chief medicinal Sweet and aromatic in nature, specialize in dissipating pathogen and dispelling summer heat, and assist the chief medicinal Specialize in clear heat and resolve summer heat, quench thirst and relieve vexation, and promote urination Clear summer heat and unblock the collaterals, and slightly relieve fever Remove dampness and awaken the spleen, clear summer heat and drain dampness

Folium Pleioblasti (zhu ye xin)

Clear summer heat and promote urination, and guide summer heat-warmth downward

Dispel summer heat and clear heat

2. Attached formulas (Table 26.11) TABLE 26.11 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Dispel Summer Heat and Clear Heat Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Channel-Clearing Beverage Plus Apricot Kernel, Coix Seed, and Talcum (qing luo yin jia xing ren yi yi hua shi tang)

Initially recorded in Systematic Differentiation of Warm Diseases (wen bing tiao bian). Composed of fresh Folium Nelumbinis (xian he ye) 6 g, fresh Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (xian jin yin hua) 6 g, Exocarpium Citrulli (xi gua pi) 6 g, fresh Flos Lablab Albus (xian bian dou hua) 6 g, Pericarpium Luffae (si gua pi) 6 g, fresh Folium Pleioblasti (xian zhu ye xin) 6 g, Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren) 6 g, Talcum (hua shi) 9 g, and Semen Coicis (yi yi ren) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Clear summer heat and remove dampness

Indicated for the treatment of summer heat phthisis (shu zhai) with chills and fever, white coating, not thirst, and spitting of blood due to summer heat-damp damaging the lung

Channel-Clearing Beverage Plus Licorice, Platycodon, Sweet Almond, and Ophiopogon (qing luo yin jia gan jie tian xing ren mai dong tang)

Initially recorded in Systematic Differentiation of Warm Diseases (wen bing tiao bian). Composed of fresh Folium Nelumbinis (xian he ye) 6 g, fresh Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (xian jin yin hua) 6 g, Exocarpium Citrulli (xi gua pi) 6 g, fresh Flos Lablab Albus (xian bian dou hua) 6 g, Pericarpium Luffae (si gua pi) 6 g, fresh Folium Pleioblasti (xian zhu ye xin) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 3 g, Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) 6 g, Semen Armeniacae Dulce (tian xing ren) 6 g, and Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Clear lung heat, promote the function of lung qi, and preserve lung yin

Indicated for the treatment of taiyin summer heatdamp syndrome with cough but no phlegm, and clear and high sound of coughing

Rhinoceros Horn and Rehmannia Channel-Clearing Beverage (xi di qing luo yin)

Initially recorded in Revised Popular Guide to “Treatise on Cold Damage” (chong ding tong su shang han lun). Composed of Cornu Bubali (shui niu jiao) [The original formula uses Cornu Rhinocerotis (xi jiao)] 5 g (take after wet-grinding and mixing with water), unpeeled Cortex Moutan (fen mu dan pi) 6 g, Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao) 4.5 g, Succus Bambusae (dan zhu li) 60 mL, fresh Radix Rehmanniae (xian sheng di huang) 24 g, raw Radix Paeoniae Rubra (sheng chi shao) 4.5 g, Semen Persicae (tao ren) 9 pills (peeled), and Succus Rhizomatis Zingiberis (sheng jiang zhi) 2 drops. Decoct the ingredients with decoction of Rhizoma Imperatae (bai mao gen) 30 g and Medulla Junci (deng xin cao) 1.5 g, and take orally after mixing with juice from fresh Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (xian shi chang pu)

Clear heat and cool the blood, invigorate blood and dissipate stasis, dissolve phlegm, and unblock the collaterals

Indicated for the treatment of invasion of the pericardium by heat, accompanied with general fever, vexation and incapability of supination, loss of consciousness, and delirious speech

524 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

3. Formula differentiation (Table 26.12) TABLE 26.12 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Dispel Summer Heat and Clear Heat Name of Formula

Similarity

Differences

Channel-Clearing Beverage (qing luo yin)

Both can dispel summer heat and clear heat, and are used for the treatment of summer heat syndrome

It is mainly partial to clearing summer heat-heat from the qi aspect, and suitable for the treatment of patients with mild syndrome of qi aspect summer heat-heat damaging the lung, with low grade fever, mild thirst, and no evident fluid consumption

Cinnamon and Poria Sweet Dew Beverage (gui ling gan lu yin)

It also can transform qi and drain dampness, and suitable for the treatment of patients with summer heat-strike complicated by pattern of internal stagnation of waterdampness, accompanied with fever and excessive thirst

SECTION 4  FORMULAS THAT CLEAR SUMMER HEAT AND BOOST QI Outline Formulas that clear summer heat and boost qi are suitable for the treatment of externally contracted summer heat-heat and consumption of both body fluids and qi, with general fever, excessive thirst, fatigue, weak breathing, profuse sweating, and deficient pulse. Warp and Woof of Warm-Heat Diseases (wen re jing wei) (written by Wang Meng-ying in 1852) points out that “For summer heat damaging qi and yin, treat with methods of clearing summer heat-heat and boosting the original qi is easy to obtain good curative effect.” Formulas in this section are usually composed of herbs that dispel summer heat and clear heat, such as Exocarpium Citrulli (xi gua pi) and Folium Nelumbinis (he ye) and herbs that boost qi and nourish yin, such as Radix Panacis Quinquefolii (xi yang shen), Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen), Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong), Caulis Dendrobii (shi hu), and Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi). The representative formula is Master Wang’s Summer heat-Clearing Qi-Boosting Decoction (wang shi qing shu yi qi tang).

Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 1. Primary formulas and analysis (Tables 26.13 and 26.14)

TABLE 26.13 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Clear Summer Heat and Boost Qi Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Master Wang’s Summer HeatClearing Qi-Boosting Decoction (wang shi qing shu yi qi tang)

Initially recorded in Warp and Woof of Warm-Heat Diseases (wen re jing wei). Composed of Radix Panacis Quinquefolii (xi yang shen) 5 g, Caulis Dendrobii (shi hu) 12 g, Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) 9 g, Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 3 g, Folium Phyllostachydis Henonis (zhu ye) 9 g, Petiolus Nelmbinis (he geng) 12 g, Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 3 g, Semen Oryzae Sativae (jing mi) 15 g, and Exocarpium Citrulli (xi gua pi) 30 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Efficacy and Indication

Modified Clinical Application

Caution for Use

Clear summer heat and boost qi, nourish yin, and promote fluid production. Indicated for the treatment of summer heat-heat damaging both qi and body fluids, with fever, profuse sweating, thirst, vexation, scanty and reddish urine, lassitude, weak breathing, fatigue, deficient, and rapid pulse

For not evident summer heat, or severe fluid consumption, decrease the dosage of Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian), and avoid fluid consumption by its bitter and cold properties; for severe summer heat-heat syndrome, add Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao) to clear heat and resolve summer heat; for summer heatheat complicated by dampness, white and greasy coating, remove Caulis Dendrobii (shi hu), Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) and Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu), add Herba Agastachis (huo xiang) and Six-to-One Powder (liu yi san) to strengthen the effect of dispelling dampness

This formula is more greasy and easy to promote dampness production; it is not suitable for patients with summer heatheat syndrome complicated by dampness

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TABLE 26.14 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Clear Summer Heat and Boost Qi Name of Formula Master Wang’s Summer Heat-Clearing QiBoosting Decoction (wang shi qing shu yi qi tang)

Efficacy Analysis Radix Panacis Quinquefolii (xi yang shen)

Sweet, cold, and cool in nature, boost qi and promote fluid production, nourish yin, and clear heat

Exocarpium Citrulli (xi gua pi)

Sweet and cool in nature, clear heat and resolve summer heat, promote fluid production, and quench thirst

Petiolus Nelmbinis (he geng)

Assist Exocarpium Citrulli (xi gua pi) to clear heat and resolve summer heat

Caulis Dendrobii (shi hu)

Combining clearing heat

Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong)

Combining clearing heart heat and relieving vexation

Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian)

Bitter and cold in nature, drain fire, and assist to clear heat and dispel summer heat

Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu)

Bitter, cold, and moistening in nature, drain fire, and enrich yin

Sweet and cold and moistening in nature, assist Radix Panacis Quinquefolii (xi yang shen) to nourish yin and promote fluid production

Folium Phyllostachydis Henonis (zhu ye)

Acrid, bland, sweet, and cold in nature, clear heart heat, and relieve vexation

Semen Oryzae Sativae (jing mi)

Boost the stomach and harmonize the center

Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao)

Clear summer heat and boost qi, nourish yin, and promote fluid production

Harmonize the actions of all medicinals, and combine with Semen Oryzae Sativae (jing mi) to boost the stomach

2. Attached formulas (Table 26.15) TABLE 26.15 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Clear Summer Heat and Boost Qi Name of Formula Summer HeatClearing Qi-Boosting Decoction (qing shu yi qi tang)

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Initially recorded in Treatise on the Spleen and Stomach (pi wei lun). Composed of Radix Astragali (huang qi) 6 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu) 3 g, Rhizoma Cimicifugae (sheng ma) 3 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 1.5 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 3 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (ju pi) 15 g, Massa Medicata Fermentata (shen qu) 3 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 1 g, Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai) 3 g, main part of Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui shen) 1 g, Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) 3 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride (qing pi) 1 g, Radix Puerariae Lobatae (ge gen) 3 g, and Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi) 3 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Clear summer heat and boost qi, eliminate dampness, and fortify the spleen

Indicated for the treatment of prolonged qi deficiency and externally contracted summer heat-damp, with general fever, headache, thirst, spontaneous sweating, fatigue of four limbs, anorexia, chest fullness, heavy body, thin and unformed stool, scanty and reddish urine, greasy coating, and deficient pulse

526 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

3. Formula differentiation (Table 26.16)

TABLE 26.16 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Clear Summer Heat and Boost Qi Name of Formula

Similarity

Differences

Master Wang’s Summer Heat-Clearing Qi-Boosting Decoction (wang shi qing shu yi qi tang)

Both can clear and relieve summer heat, boost qi and promote fluid production, and can be used for the treatment of externally contracted summer heat with a pattern of damage to both qi and fluid

Select Exocarpium Citrulli (xi gua pi) and Petiolus Nelmbinis (he geng) to combine; its effects of clearing summer heat and nourishing yin and promoting fluid production are strong. It is often used for the treatment of patients with externally contracted summer heat-heat, and damage to both qi and body fluids, accompanied with weariness, weak breathing, profuse sweating and deficient pulse

Lophatherum and Gypsum Decoction (zhu ye shi gao tang)

Select Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao) and Folium Phyllostachydis Henonis (zhu ye) to combine; its effects of clearing heat and harmonizing the stomach is better, it is often used for the treatment of patients with vomiting and deficient restlessness caused by residual heat (that has not been cleared) and damage to both qi and yin after febrile disease

Chapter 27

Formulas That Warm the Interior Chapter Outline Section 1 Formulas That Warm the Center and Dispel Cold Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas Section 2 Formulas That Restore Yang to Rescue From Counterflow (Desertion) Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas

528 528 528

Section 3 Formulas That Warm the Channels and Dissipate Cold Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas

539 539 539

534 534 534

ABSTRACT Formulas that are mainly composed of herbs with warm and hot properties, have the effect of warming the center and assisting yang, dissipating cold and unblocking the vessels, and are used for the treatment of interior cold pattern are called “formulas that warm the interior.” Formulas that warm the interior can be divided into three categories: formulas that warm the center and dispel cold, formulas that restore yang to rescue from counterflow (desertion), and formulas that warm the channels and dissipate cold. Keywords: formulas that warm the center and dispel cold; formulas that restore yang to rescue from counterflow (desertion); formulas that warm the channels and dissipate cold; warm the center and dissipate cold; restore yang to rescue from counterflow (desertion); warm the channels and dissipate cold

Formulas that are mainly composed of herbs with warm and hot properties, have the effect of warming the center and assisting yang, dissipating cold and unblocking the vessels, and are used for the treatment of interior cold pattern are called “formulas that warm the interior.” The therapeutic method of these formulas is set up according to “when there is cold, treat it with heat” and “treat cold syndrome with hot-natured medicinals” in The Yellow Emperor’s Inner Classic (huang di nei jing), which belongs to one of the eight (medicinal treatment) methods: warming. The causes of interior cold pattern forming may be due to prolonged yang deficiency and cold originating from the interior, or external pathogenic cold directly attacking on three yin channels and deeply penetrating the zang-fu organs, or malpractice of exterior cold pattern and pathogenic cold taking advantage of the deficiency to invade inward, or overeating the cold and cool food to damage yang qi. Interior cold pattern mainly shows clinical symptoms of aversion to cold, clod limbs, cowering upon the bed, relief with warm, bland taste in the mouth, clear urine in large amounts, pale tongue with white coating, and deep and slow pulse or moderate pulse. According to the different positions of pathogenic cold, as well as important and urgent pathogeneses, formulas that warm the interior can be divided into three categories: (1) formulas that warm the center and dispel cold, (2) formulas that restore yang to rescue from counterflow (desertion), and (3) formulas that warm the channels and dissipate cold. Because cold as yin pathogen is easy to damage yang qi, herbs that supplement qi with sweet-warm property are often selected to combine with formulas that warm the interior to reinforce healthy qi. Both warming and supplementing can strengthen yang qi and easily dissipate pathogenic yin cold. As cold easily causes congealing and stagnation, which can easily lead to stagnant movement of blood; herbs that warm and unblock the vessels are also combined to promote blood movement and dispel pathogenic cold. For yang qi desertion with emergency pattern, herbs that supplement qi to rescue from desertion should be selected as a combination. For nutrient-blood weakness, herbs that nourish the blood should be selected as a combination. Essentials of Chinese Materia Medica and Medical Formulas. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812722-3.00027-0 Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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528 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

As many herbs with acrid-warm and dryness-heat properties in formulas can warm the interior, when applying these formulas, true or false cold and heat should be distinguished. These herbs should be prohibited in patients with pattern of true heat with false cold. These herbs should be cautious in patients with prolonged yin deficiency or loss of blood to avoid severely damaging yin-blood (blood and body fluids). If immediate vomiting occurs in patients with a pattern of exuberant cold or true cold with false heat, formulas should be taken that warm the interior orally, a few herbs with cold-cool property can be paradoxically assisted or hot-natured formulas can be taken orally when they become cold to avoid repelling of cold and heat.

SECTION 1  FORMULAS THAT WARM THE CENTER AND DISPEL COLD Outline Formulas that warm the center and dispel cold are suitable for the treatment of yang deficiency and cold in the middle jiao. The spleen and stomach pertain to earth, locate in the middle jiao, and govern transportation and transformation, ascending and descending. If prolonged deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach is present or spleen-stomach weakness is complicated by externally contracted cold, patients may manifest a series of symptoms, such as cold pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen, relief with pressure and warm, poor appetite, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, limb lassitude, no warm of the hands and feet, or acid swallowing or drooling, bland taste in the mouth, no thirst, pale tongue with white coating, deep and thready pulse, or deep and slow pulse. These symptoms belong to deficiency-cold pattern, which should be treated by warming and supplementing. Formulas in Section 1 are often composed of herbs that warm the interior and dissipate cold with acrid-hot property, such as Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang), Fructus Evodiae (wu zhu yu), and Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi), and can be combined with herbs that supplement qi and fortify the spleen with sweet-warm property, such as Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) and Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu); in addition, as cold pattern is often accompanied with kidney deficiency, qi stagnation, cold-damp, and yin-blood (blood and body fluids) depletion, formulas can also combine herbs that warm the kidney and dispel cold, move qi, dispel dampness, or nouish the blood and enrich yin. The representative formulas are Minor Center-Fortifying Decoction (xiao jian zhong tang), Center-Regulating Pill (li zhong wan), Evodia Decoction (wu zhu yu tang), and Major Center-Fortifying Decoction (da jian zhong tang).

Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 1. Primary formulas and analysis (Tables 27.1 and 27.2)

TABLE 27.1 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Warm the Center and Dispel Cold Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Minor CenterFortifying Decoction (xiao jian zhong tang)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Cold Damage (shang han lun). Composed of Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 6 g, Fructus Jujubae (da zao) six pieces, wine-fried Radix Paeoniae (jiu chao shao yao) 18 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 9 g, and Saccharum Granorum (yi tang) 30 g. Decoct the former four herbs with water, remove gruffs and retain the decoction, mix with Saccharum Granorum (yi tang), and heat up with slow fire to melt, and take them warm 2 times

Efficacy and Indications

Modified Clinical Applications

Warm the center and supplement deficiency, harmonize the interior, and relax spasm. Indicated for the treatment of middle jiao deficiency-cold, liverspleen disharmony, and insufficiency of yin, yang, qi and blood, accompanied with abdominal urgency and pain, intermittent abdominal spasm and pain, relief with warm and pressure, fatigue and lack of strength, timidness and weak breathing, pale tongue with white coating, thready and wiry and moderate pulse; or deficiency-consumption (xu¯ láo) with palpitation, deficient restlessness,

For more evident cold in the middle jiao, add Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) and Pericarpium Zanthoxyli (hua jiao), or increase the dosage of Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) and Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) to strengthen the effects of warming the center and dissipating cold; for deficiency-consumption (xu¯ láo) with partial to qi deficiency, add Radix Astragali (huang qi) or Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) to boost qi; partial to blood deficiency, add Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) to supplement and nourish the blood; for sallow and lusterless complexion, more evident fatigue, and pale tongue due to both qi and blood depletion, remove Saccharum Granorum (yi tang) and add Radix Astragali (huang qi), Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) and Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) to supplement qi and nourish the blood; for spontaneous sweating and palpitation,

Caution for Use It is not suitable for patients with severe vomiting or fever due to yin deficiency. And its use is prohibited in patients with evident distention and fullness in the middle jiao, or stagnation of dampness due to spleen deficiency, or vomiting of roundworms

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TABLE 27.1 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Warm the Center and Dispel Cold (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy and Indications

Modified Clinical Applications

lusterless complexion; or deficiency-consumption (xu¯ láo) with aching pain in the four limbs, restless fever of hands and feet, dry throat and mouth

deficient restlessness, and insomnia due to failure of nutrient-yin keeping in interior, add Semen Ziziphi Spinosae (suan zao ren) and Fructus Tritici Levis (fu xiao mai) to tranquilize the heart, calm the mind, and arrest sweating; complicated by qi stagnation, add Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) to move qi and relieve pain; and if accompanied with thin and unformed stool, add Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) to dry dampness and fortify the spleen and arrest diarrhea

Caution for Use

Evodia Decoction (wu zhu yu tang)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Cold Damage (shang han lun). Composed of Fructus Evodiae (wu zhu yu) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 9 g, Fructus Jujubae (da zao) four pieces, and Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 18 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Warm the liver and stomach, direct counterflow downward, and arrest vomiting. Indicated for the treatment of liver-cold attacking the stomach or deficiency of the center and stomach cold, with desire to vomit after eating, fullness and oppression in the chest and diaphragm, gastric cavity pain, acid swallowing and epigastric upset, glossy coating, deep and wiry pulse; or pattern of liver cold with parietal headache, belching, and saliva spitting; or shaoyin syndrome with vomiting and dysentery, counterflow cold of the hands and feet, severe vexation and agitation

For more evident vomiting due to no descending of gastric qi, add Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) and Fructus Amomi (sha ren); for severe pain in the stomach cavity due to congealing cold and qi stagnation, add Rhizoma Alpiniae Officinarum (gao liang jiang) and Rhizoma Cyperi (xiang fu); for more evident acid regurgitation, add calcined Concha Arcae (duan wa leng zi) and Endoconcha Sepiae (hai piao xiao); for more evident headache due to disharmony of qi and blood, add Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) and Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui); for shaoyin syndrome with vomiting and dysentery, and counterflow cold of the hands and feet, add Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) and Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang)

Its use is prohibited in patients with vomiting and acid swallowing due to stomach heat or yin deficiency, or headache and vomiting due to ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang. Fructus Evodiae (wu zhu yu) is slightly poisonous, so this formula is not suitable for long-term use

Major CenterFortifying Decoction (da jian zhong tang)

Initially recorded in Essentials from the Golden Cabinet (jin gui yao lüe). Composed of dry-fried Pericarpium Zanthoxyli (chao hua jiao) 6 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) 15 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 10 g, and Saccharum Granorum (yi tang) 60 g. Decoct the former three herbs with water, remain decoction, mix with Saccharum Granorum (yi tang), and take them warm 2 times

Warm the center and dissipate cold, direct counterflow downward, and relieve pain. Indicated for the treatment of middle jiao yang deficiency, and internal exuberance of pathogenic cold, with severe pain in the abdomen, great cold pain in the chest, or scurrying pain in the upper or lower, vomiting and incapability of eating, pathogenic cold in abdomen rushing up and skin protruding with pain, aggravation with touching, white and glossy coating, thready and tight pulse; or even reversal counterflow cold of the four limbs with deep and hidden and slow pulse

For pain and distention and fullness in the abdomen due to more evident qi stagnation, add Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po) and Fructus Amomi (sha ren) to move qi and eliminate fullness; for aversion to cold due to more evident yang deficiency, add Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) and Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) to warm yang and dissipate cold; for vomiting due to undesending of gastric qi, add Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) and Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) to direct counterflow downward and arrest vomiting; for cold limbs and hidden pulse due to cold congealing in channels, add Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) and Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin) to warm yang and unblock the vessels; for abdominal pain due to roundworms, decrease the dosage of Saccharum Granorum (yi tang) and add Cortex Meliae (ku lian pi), Fructus Mume (wu mei) and Semen Arecae (bing lang) to expel roundworms; for hernia pain due to congealing cold and qi stagnation, add Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride (qing pi), Radix Linderae (wu yao) and Fructus Foeniculi (xiao hui xiang) to dissipate cold and move qi and relieve pain

Its use is cautious in patients with prolonged yin deficiency. It is not suitable for patients with cold congealing and qi stagnation, heat in the middle jiao, or insufficiency of yin-blood (blood and body fluids)

(Continued )

530 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 27.1 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Warm the Center and Dispel Cold (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

CenterRegulating Pill (li zhong wan)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Cold Damage (shang han lun). Composed of Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 9 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) 9 g, and Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 9 g. Grind the ingredients into fine powder, mix with refined honey, and make into pills, 9 g each pill, take one pill each time orally with warm boiled water, 2–3 times a day; or decoct the ingredients with water for oral use, and then eat appropriate amount of hot porridge

Efficacy and Indications

Modified Clinical Applications

Warm the center and dispel cold, boost qi and fortify the spleen. Indicated for the treatment of deficiency-cold in the middle jiao, with abdominal pain, relief with warm, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal fullness without desire to eat, bland taste in the mouth, no thirst, pale tongue with white coating, deep and slow pulse, or cholera; or yang deficiency and loss of blood, or chronic infantile convulsion, frequent spitting of saliva after illness, or pectoral stuffiness pain caused by middle jiao deficiency-cold

For pectoral stuffiness pain, add Bulbus Allii Macrostemi (xie bai) and Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi); for more evident cold, increase the dosage of Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang); for more evident deficiency, increase the dosage of Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen); for both deficiency and cold, add Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) and Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen); for more evident vomiting due to stomach qi counterflow, add Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia), Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) and Fructus Amomi (sha ren) to harmonize the stomach and direct counterflow downward; for severe diarrhea due to cold-damp pouring downward, increase the dosage of Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) and add Poria (fu ling) and Semen Coicis (yi yi ren) to fortify the spleen and arrest diarrhea

Caution for Use This formula is partial to warm-heat in nature, its use is prohibited in patients with yin deficiency and internal heat, and cautious in patients with yin-blood (blood and body fluids) depletion due to yang deficiency and loss of blood

TABLE 27.2 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Warm the Center and Dispel Cold Name of Formula Minor Center-Fortifying Decoction (xiao jian zhong tang)

Efficacy Analysis Saccharum Granorum (yi tang)

Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi)

Evodia Decoction (wu zhu yu tang)

Sweet, warm, and moistening in nature, warm the center, supplement deficiency, relax spasm and pain Acrid and warm in nature, warm and assist spleen yang, dispel and dissipate deficiency-cold

Combination of acrid and sweet medicinals to support yang, warm the center and boost qi, and strengthen the spleen to avoid counter-restricted by liver

Radix Paeoniae (shao yao)

Sour and bitter in nature, enrich and nourish nutrient-yin to supplement the depletion of nutrient-blood, soften the liver, and relax spasm and pain, and combine with Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) to harmonize nutrient and defensive aspects

Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang)

Assist Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) to warm the stomach and dissipate cold

Fructus Jujubae (da zao)

Assist Saccharum Granorum (yi tang) to supplement and boost spleen deficiency

Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao)

Boost qi and supplement deficiency, relax spasm and abdominal pain, and harmonize the actions of all medicinals

Fructus Evodiae (wu zhu yu)

Acrid, bitter and hot in nature, warm the stomach, liver, and kidney and dissipate cold, direct counterflow downward, and arrest vomiting

Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang)

Warm the stomach and dissipate cold, direct counterflow downward, and arrest vomiting

Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen)

Sweet and warm in nature, supplement and boost the middle jiao deficiency of the spleen and stomach

Fructus Jujubae (da zao)

Sweet and neutral in nature, boost qi and supplement the spleen, and harmonize the actions of all medicinals

Warm the center and supplement deficiency, harmonize the interior and relax spasm

Warm the liver and stomach, direct counterflow downward and arrest vomiting

Formulas That Warm the Interior Chapter | 27

531

TABLE 27.2 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Warm the Center and Dispel Cold (cont.) Name of Formula Major Center-Fortifying Decoction (da jian zhong tang)

Efficacy Analysis Pericarpium Zanthoxyli (hua jiao)

Assist Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang)

Extreme acrid and hot in nature, warm the center and dispel cold

Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen)

Sweet and warm in nature, strongly supplement the spleen and stomach qi, and combine with Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) to warm and supplement spleen yang Sweet, warm, and moistening in nature, warm the center and supplement deficiency, and relax spasm and pain

Saccharum Granorum (yi tang) Center-Regulating Pill (li zhong wan)

Extreme acrid and hot in nature, warm the center and dissipate cold, direct counterflow downward, and relieve pain

Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang)

Acrid and hot in nature, warm and assist spleen yang, dispel and dissipate pathogenic cold, reinforce yang, and restrain yin

Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen)

Sweet and warm in nature, supplement and boost the spleen qi

Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu)

Bitter, warm, and dry in nature, dry damp-turbidity, and activate spleen qi

Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao)

Combination of warming and supplementing, in line with disease mechanism of deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach

Assist Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) and Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) to supplement and boost spleen qi, combine with Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) to strengthen the effects of warming yang and dissipating cold, relax spasm and relieve abdominal pain, and harmonize the actions of all medicinals

Warm the center and dissipate cold, direct counterflow downward, and relieve pain

Warm the center and dispel cold, boost qi and fortify the spleen

2. Attached formulas (Table 27.3) TABLE 27.3 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Warm the Center and Dispel Cold Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indications

Aconite CenterRegulating Pill (fu zi li zhong wan)

Initially recorded in Beneficial Formulas from the Taiping Imperial Pharmacy (tai ping hui min he ji ju fang). Composed of Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 9 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 9 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 9 g, and blast-fried Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (pao fu zi) 9 g. Grind the ingredients into fine powder, mix with refined honey, and make into pills, 6 g each pill; dissolve 1 pill each time in appropriate amount of water, decoct, and take it slightly hot on empty stomach

Warm yang and dispel cold, boost qi, and fortify the spleen

Indicated for the treatment of more evident deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach, or yang deficiency of the spleen and kidney, with pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen, watery diarrhea with indigested food in the stool, nausea and vomiting, aversion to cold, cold limbs, or cholera with vomiting and dysentery and cramp

Cinnamon Twig and Ginseng Decoction (gui zhi ren shen tang)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Cold Damage (shang han lun). Composed of Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 9 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 9 g, and Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) 9 g, and Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) 12 g. Decoct the former four herbs with 900 mL water, pour out 500 mL, add Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) and decoct until 300 mL left, take 100 mL warm, 2 times a day, and once every night

Warm yang and fortify the spleen, release the exterior, and dissipate cold

Indicated for the treatment of deficiencycold of the spleen and stomach, complicated by exterior pattern of externally-contracted wind-cold, with aversion to cold, fever, head and body pain, abdominal pain, dysentery and diarrhea with thin and unformed stool, no thirst, pale tongue with white and glossy coating, floating and deficient pulse

(Continued )

532 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 27.3 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Warm the Center and Dispel Cold (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indications

Minor Pinellia Decoction (xiao ban xia tang)

Initially recorded in Essentials from the Golden Cabinet (jin gui yao lüe). Composed of Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) 12 g, and Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 10 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Dissipate rheum (fluid retention) and direct counterflow downward, harmonize the stomach, and arrest vomiting

Indicated for the treatment of nausea, vomiting, incapability of eating, no thirst, or unceasing hiccup, wiry pulse, white and glossy coating

Astragalus CenterFortifying Decoction (huang qi jian zhong tang)

Initially recorded in Essentials from the Golden Cabinet (jin gui yao lüe). Composed of Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 6 g, Fructus Jujubae (da zao) six pieces, Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) 18 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 9 g, Radix Astragali (huang qi) 5 g, and Saccharum Granorum (yi tang) 30 g. Decoct the former six herbs with water and pour out decoction, mix with Saccharum Granorum (yi tang), heat up with slow fire to melt, and take them warm 2 times

Warm the center and boost qi, harmonize the interior, and relax spasm

Indicated for the treatment of yin, yang, qi and blood deficiency, with abdominal urgency, abdominal pain, relief with warm and pressure, emaciation, lusterless complexion, palpitation, shortness of breath, spontaneous sweating or night sweating

Chinese Angelica CenterFortifying Decoction (dang gui jian zhong tang)

Initially recorded in Supplement to Important Formulas Worth a Thousand Gold Pieces (qian jin yi fang). Composed of Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 12 g, Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 6 g, Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) 18 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 9 g, and Fructus Jujubae (da zao) six pieces. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Warm and supplement qi and blood, relax spasm, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of postpartum deficiency and emaciation, unceasing abdominal pain, weak breathing, or cramping sensation of the lower abdomen, pain involving the waist and back, and incapability of drinking or eating

Liver-Calming and SpleenRegulating Decoction (huan gan li pi tang)

Initially recorded in Golden Mirror of the Medical Tradition (yi zong jin jian). Composed of Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) 6 g, Poria (fu ling) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 6 g, dry-fried Semen Lablab Album (chao bai bian dou) 6 g, dry-fried Radix Paeoniae (chao shao yao) 9 g, Rhizoma Dioscoreae (huai shan yao) 9 g, dry-fried Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (chao bai zhu) 3 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 3 g, roasted Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (wei sheng jiang) 2 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 2 g, and Fructus Jujubae (da zao) two pieces. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Warm the center and fortify the spleen, relax the liver, and rectify the spleen

Indicated for the treatment of chronic infantile convulsion, with intermittent convulsion, sallow complexion, thin and unformed stool in green color, no warm of the four limbs, deep and weak pulse

CenterRegulating and PhlegmTransforming Pill (li zhong hua tan wan)

Initially recorded in Miscellaneous Writings of Famous Physicians of the Ming Dynasty (ming yi za zhu). Composed of equal parts of Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen), Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang), dry-fried Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (chao bai zhu), Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao), Rhizoma Pinelliae Praeparatum (jiang ban xia), and Poria (fu ling). Make the ingredients into water pills as size of phoenix tree seed. Take orally, 40–50 pills each time, 3 times a day

Boost qi and fortify the spleen, warm, and remove phlegm-drool

Indicated for the treatment of deficiencycold of the spleen and stomach, and internal stagnation of phlegm-drool, with vomiting, less eating, or soft stool (a type of “loose stool”), difficulty in digestion, and coughing and spitting of saliva

Clove and Evodia CenterRegulating Decoction (ding yu li zhong tang)

Initially recorded in Golden Mirror of the Medical Tradition (yi zong jin jian). Composed of Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) 6 g, Fructus Evodiae (wu zhu yu) 3 g, dry-fried Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (chao bai zhu) 10 g, Radix Codonopsis (dang shen) 15 g, Flos Caryophylli (ding xiang) 6 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 6 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Harmonize the stomach and direct counterflow downward, warm the center, and dissipate cold

Indicated for the treatment of vomiting, with vomitus are clear phlegm and water, or milk and food residue, fatigue, cold limbs, pale tongue with white coating, slow and moderate and forceless pulse

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3. Formula differentiation (Table 27.4) TABLE 27.4 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Warm the Center and Dispel Cold Name of Formula Aconite CenterRegulating Pill (fu zi li zhong wan) Cinnamon Twig and Ginseng Decoction (gui zhi ren shen tang) Minor CenterFortifying Decoction (xiao jian zhong tang) Cinnamon Twig Decoction (gui zhi tang) Minor CenterFortifying Decoction (xiao jian zhong tang) Center-Regulating Pill (li zhong wan) Minor CenterFortifying Decoction (xiao jian zhong tang)

Similarity

Differences

Both are the augmented formulas from CenterRegulating Pill (li zhong wan), can warm yang and dissipate cold and fortify the spleen, and treat pattern of deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach

Select Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) with extreme acrid and hot properties to combine; its effects of warming the center and dissipating cold are stronger than that of Cinnamon Twig and Ginseng Decoction (gui zhi ren shen tang). It also can warm the kidney, and is suitable for the treatment of patients with severe syndrome of deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach

Both come from Minor Center-Fortifying Decoction (xiao jian zhong tang) with the dosage of Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) doubled and plus Saccharum Granorum (yi tang)

Select Saccharum Granorum (yi tang) as the chief medicinal; it has the effects of warming the center and supplementing deficiency, relaxing spasm and relieving pain. Select Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) to combine with Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) is meant to warm the center and relax spasm. It mainly treats patients with middle jiao deficiency-cold, and deficiency-consumption (xu¯ láo) with abdominal urgency

Both are the formulas that warm the center and dispel cold, and can treat pattern of deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach

Select herbs that supplement the spleen with sweet and warm properties as the main, and combine with herbs that soften the liver and rectify the spleen; it is given first place to warm the center and supplement deficiency, relax spasm, and relieve pain, and indicated for the treatment of middle jiao deficiency-cold, liver-spleen disharmony, with abdominal pain and spasm, complicated by pattern of yin-yang disharmony

All four are the formulas that can warm the center and supplement deficiency, relax spasm, and relieve pain

Select herbs that are acrid and sweet in nature as the main, assisted with large dose of Radix Paeoniae (shao yao), which mean “the combination of sour and sweet medicinals boost yin”. It can both supplement yin and yang, but warm yang as the primary effect

It is the Ginseng Decoction (ren shen tang) plus Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi), which can warm yang and fortify the spleen, and release the exterior cold, treat the exterior and interior simultaneously, and is suitable for the treatment of patients with pattern of deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach complicated by exterior syndrome due to wind-cold. [Note: Ginseng Decoction (ren shen tang) refers to the decoction of Center-Regulating Pill (li zhong wan)]

Select Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) as the chief medicinal, use equal dosage of Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) and Radix Paeoniae (shao yao); it can release the flesh and exterior, and harmonize nutrient and defensive aspects, and is suitable for the treatment of patients with pattern of externally-contracted wind-cold and exterior deficiency, and disharmony between nutrient and defense qi

Simply apply herbs that can warm and supplement to warm the center and dispel cold, supplement qi and fortify the spleen; it is indicated for the treatment of middle jiao deficiency-cold, with dull pain in the abdomen, accompanied with vomiting and diarrhea due to failure of spleen transportation

Astragalus CenterFortifying Decoction (huang qi jian zhong tang)

It is the Minor Center-Fortifying Decoction (xiao jian zhong tang) plus Radix Astragali (huang qi), partial to boosting qi, and suitable for the treatment of patients with syndrome of Minor Center-Fortifying Decoction complicated by more evident qi deficiency

Chinese Angelica CenterFortifying Decoction (dang gui jian zhong tang)

It is the Minor Center-Fortifying Decoction (xiao jian zhong tang) plus Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui). Its effects of supplementing blood and harmonizing blood are strong. It is suitable for the treatment of postpartum emaciation with abdominal pain, or patients with syndrome of Minor Center-Fortifying Decoction complicated by more evident blood deficiency

Major CenterFortifying Decoction (da jian zhong tang)

Simply apply herbs that are acrid and sweet in nature to warm and strengthen middlewarmer yang (splenogastric yang); its effects of supplementing deficiency and dissipating cold are stronger than that of Minor Center-Fortifying Decoction (xiao jian zhong tang). It also can direct counterflow downward and arrest vomiting, and mainly treat abdominal pain and vomiting due to middle jiao yang deficiency

534 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

SECTION 2  FORMULAS THAT RESTORE YANG TO RESCUE FROM COUNTERFLOW (DESERTION) Outline Formulas that restore yang to rescue from counterflow (desertion) are suitable for the treatment of critical diseases and syndromes with decline of yang qi, internal exuberance of pathogenic cold, even exuberant yin-repelling yang, and floating yang syndrome (syndrome of true cold disease with false heat manifestation). Extreme decline of yang qi and pathogenic cold deeply penetrating inward can lead to a pattern of both cold in the interior and exterior, with reversal counterflow cold of the four limbs (cold distal extremities with cold moving proximally), aversion to cold, cowering upon the bed, vomiting and abdominal pain, watery diarrhea with indigested food in the stool, fatigue and desire to sleep, deep and thready pulse, or deep and weak pulse. In the case, without applying large quantities of herbs with warm and hot in nature, the effect of restoring yang to rescue from counterflow (desertion) cannot be obtained. Formulas in Section 2 are often composed of herbs with acrid and warm natures, such as Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui), Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi), and Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang), and combined with herbs with sweet and warm natures, such as Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao). If pathogenic condition is severe, patients may show deficient yang with upper manifestation, or repelling of yang, or upfloating of kidney yang; therefore, formulas in Section 2 also combine herbs with sour and astringing in nature, such as Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi), herbs with bitter and cold, salty and moistening in nature, such as Fel Suillus (zhu dan zhi), and medicinals that control floating yang, such as Concha Ostreae (mu li) and Os Draconis (long gu). The representative formulas are Frigid Extremities Decoction (si ni tang), Yang-Returning Emergency Decoction (hui yang jiu ji tang), and Ginseng and Aconite Decoction (shen fu tang).

Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 1. Primary formulas and analysis (Tables 27.5 and 27.6)

TABLE 27.5 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Restore Yang to Rescue From Counterflow (Desertion) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Frigid Extremities Decoction (si ni tang)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Cold Damage (shang han lun). Composed of Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) 9 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Efficacy and Indications

Modified Clinical Applications

Restore yang to rescue from counterflow (desertion). Indicated for the treatment of shaoyin syndrome with pattern of decline of yang qi and internal exuberance of pathogenic cold (or cold syncope due to decline of heart-kidney yang), accompanied with reversal counterflow cold of the four limbs, fatigue and desire to sleep, pale complexion, aversion to cold and cowering upon the bed, vomiting and no thirst, even dripping cold sweating, abdominal pain and diarrhea, pale tongue with white and glossy coating, deep and faint and thready pulse; or taiyang syndrome accompanied with yang collapse by misuse of sweat promotion

For strong body, use Radix Aconiti Lateralis (sheng fu zi) 12 g; after taking one dose, if patients are not healed and have qi deficiency and need to take again, add Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) to boost qi to rescue from desertion; for profuse sweating, reddish complexion, and faint pulse, add Os Draconis (long gu) and Concha Ostreae (mu li) to contain and astringe to rescue from desertion

Caution for Use After taking orally, if patients have vomiting and refuse to take again, cool the decoction and take it again. Because this formula is so acrid and hot, discontinue medication as soon as the hands and feet get warm. And its use is prohibited in patients with true heat with false cold

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TABLE 27.5 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Restore Yang to Rescue From Counterflow (Desertion) (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

YangReturning Emergency Decoction (hui yang jiu ji tang)

Ginseng and Aconite Decoction (shen fu tang)

Caution for Use

Efficacy and Indications

Modified Clinical Applications

Initially recorded in Six Texts on Cold Damage (shang han liu shu). Composed of Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (zhi fu zi) 9 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) 6 g, Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 6 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 9 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 6 g, Poria (fu ling) 9 g, Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi) 3 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 5 g and Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water, and take decoction orally after mixing with Moschus (she xiang) 0.1 g

Restore yang to rescue from desertion, boost qi, and engender pulse. Indicated for the treatment of decline of kidney yang due to direct attack on three yin channels by pathogenic cold, accompanied with aversion to cold, cowering upon the bed, reversal cold of the hands and feet, vomiting and diarrhea, abdominal pain, bland taste in the mouth, no thirst, fatigue and desire to sleep, or cold body with shivering, or blue-purple lips and nails, or spitting of saliva, pale tongue with white coating, deep and faint pulse, or even hardly perceivable pulse

For vomiting of saliva, or lower abdominal pain, add salt-fried Fructus Evodiae (yan chao wu zhu yu) to warm the liver and stomach and lower qi and arrest vomiting; for yin exuberance and yang debilitation with a hardly perceivable pulse, add Fel Suillus (zhu dan zhi) to return yang to yin; for unceasing diarrhea due to yang deficiency and qi sinking, add Rhizoma Cimicifugae (sheng ma) and Radix Astragali (huang qi) to boost qi and raise yang; for unceasing vomiting, add Succus Rhizomatis Zingiberis (sheng jiang zhi) to warm the stomach and arrest vomiting

The dosage of Moschus (she xiang) should be not too large. After taking this formula orally, discontinue medication as soon as the hands and feet get warm

Initially recorded in Revised Yan’s Formulas to Aid the Living (chong ding yan shi ji sheng fang). Composed of Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 15 g, and Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) 30 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use. Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) should be decocted for a long time

Boost qi and restore yang to rescue from desertion. Indicated for the treatment of great depletion of original qi and sudden collapse of yang qi, accompanied with reversal counterflow cold of the hands and feet, dripping cold sweating, weak breathing, or dyspnea with rapid respiration, faint pulse which almost cannot be perceived

Remove Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) from this formula, that is, the Unaccompanied Ginseng Decoction (du shen tang) which can treat great dripping sweating, weak breathing, pale complexion, and faint and thready pulse; remove Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) and add Radix Astragali (huang qi) to boost qi and consolidate the exterior, that is, the Astragalus and Aconite Decoction (qi fu tang) which can treat spontaneous sweating due to yang deficiency; remove Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen), add Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) to fortify the spleen and dispel dampness, that is, the Atractylodes Macrocephala and Aconite Decoction (zhu fu tang) which can treat heavy body with pain due to contention between cold and dampness; for rescuing shock due to bleeding in large amounts or postpartum blood loss, or congestive heart failure with cold limbs, profuse sweating, and faint pulse which almost cannot be perceived, add raw Concha Ostreae (sheng mu li), Os Draconis (long gu), Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) and Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) to astringe sweating and subdue yang, rescue from desertion and strengthen the heart

Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) of this formula is not suited to be replaced by Radix Codonopsis (dang shen). For patients with critical syndromes, add Radix Macropanacis Oreophili (da shen) for taking continuously; for patients with shock don’t take orally, use nasal feeding

536 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 27.6 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Restore Yang to Rescue From Counterflow (Desertion) Name of Formula Frigid Extremities Decoction (si ni tang)

Yang-Returning Emergency Decoction (hui yang jiu ji tang)

Efficacy Analysis Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi)

Extreme acrid and hot in nature, act on the heart, spleen and kidney channels, warm and strengthen original yang (kidney yang) and dissipate pathogenic cold to rescue from decline of heart-kidney yang

Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang)

Acrid and hot in nature, warm the middle jiao and dissipate cold, assist yang and unblock the vessels

Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao)

Assist Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) and Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) to warm yang and boost qi, moderate their fierce nature, and harmonize the actions of all medicinals

Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (zhi fu zi)

Warm the interior and dissipate cold, restore yang to rescue from counterflow (desertion)

Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang)

Warm the center and dissipate cold, assist yang and unblock the vessels

Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui)

Acrid, sweet, and hot in nature, supplement original yang, unblock the vessels

Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) Poria (fu ling) Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi) Ginseng and Aconite Decoction (shen fu tang)

Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen)

Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi)

That is the Six Gentlemen Decoction (liu jun zi tang) which can supplement and boost the spleen and stomach, and consolidate the center. Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) can powerfully supplement original qi, combine with Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (zhi fu zi) to restore yang and boost qi to rescue from desertion. Note: (a.) Moschus (she xiang) is selected to combine in order to unblock yang, open the orifices and promote circulation of the twelve channels, and assist other herbs to quickly play effects. (b.) Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) is selected to combine in order to warm the center and dissipate cold, and reduce the toxicity of Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) and Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (zhi fu zi)

Restore yang to rescue from counterflow (desertion)

Restore yang to rescue from desertion, boost qi, and engender pulse

Astringe deficient yang to rescue from desertion, combine with Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) to boost qi and engender pulse, with Moschus (she xiang) to reduce its effect of dissipating Sweet and warm in nature, powerfully supplement original qi, put it in an important position in order to consolidate the acquired (postnatal) constitution, and supplement qi to rescue from desertion Extreme acrid and hot in nature, warm and strengthen original yang in order to supplement the congenital (prenatal) constitution, combine with Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) to strengthen the effect of warming yang

Boost qi and restore yang to rescue from desertion

2. Attached formulas (Table 27.7)

TABLE 27.7 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Restore Yang to Rescue From Counterflow (Desertion) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indications

Frigid Extremities Decoction Plus Ginseng (si ni jia ren shen tang)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Cold Damage (shang han lun). Composed of Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) 9 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 9 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 3 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Restore yang and boost qi, rescue from counterflow, and desertion

Indicated for the treatment of yang decline and qi desertion, with reversal counterflow cold of the four limbs, aversion to cold, cowering upon the bed, faint pulse, and diarrhea again; and diarrhea stopped but other symptoms still remaining

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TABLE 27.7 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Restore Yang to Rescue From Counterflow (Desertion) (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indications

ChannelUnblocking for Frigid Extremities Decoction (tong mai si ni tang)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Cold Damage (shang han lun). Composed of Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 6 g, Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) 20 g, and Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) 9–12 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Restore yang and unblock the vessel

Indicated for the treatment of shaoyin syndrome with a pattern of exuberant yin repelling yang, watery diarrhea with indigested food in the stool, interior cold and exterior heat, reversal counterflow cold of the hands and feet, faint and nearly untouched pulse, but no aversion to cold, reddish complexion, or abdominal pain or retching, or sore throat, or diarrhea stopped, and no perceivable pulse

Poria Frigid Extremities Decoction (fu ling si ni tang)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Cold Damage (shang han lun). Composed of Poria (fu ling) 12 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 5 g, Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) 15 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 6 g, and Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) 6 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Restore yang and boost yin, tranquilize the heart, and calm the mind

Indicated for the treatment of cold distal extremities and vexation with yin and yang deficiency, accompanied with reversal cold of the limbs, aversion to cold, vexation and agitation, or palpitation, or dysentery and diarrhea, or difficulty in micturition, pale tongue with white coating, deep and faint and thready pulse

Scallion Yang-Freeing Decoction (bai tong tang)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Cold Damage (shang han lun). Composed of Bulbus Allii Fistulosi (cong bai) 3–5 g, Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) 5–10 g, and Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) 3–5 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Unblock yang and break up yin

Indicated for the treatment of shaoyin syndrome with a pattern of excessive yin causing floating of yang, accompanied with reversal counterflow cold of the hands and feet, diarrhea, faint pulse, and reddish complexion

Master Yu’s Yang-Returning Emergency Decoction (yu shi hui yang jiu ji tang)

Initially recorded in Revised Popular Guide to Treatise on Cold Damage (chong ding tong su shang han lun). Composed of Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (zhi fu zi) 9 g, Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) 1.5 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 6 g, Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) 9 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) 6 g, Rhizoma Pinelliae Praeparatum (jiang ban xia) 3 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 5 g, Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi) 1 g, dryfried Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chao chen pi) 3 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 3 g, and Moschus (she xiang) (infused) 0.1 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Restore yang to rescue from desertion, boost qi, and engender pulse

Indicated for the treatment of shaoyin syndrome, with diarrhea, faint pulse, and even unceasing diarrhea, reversal counterflow cold of the limbs with a hardly perceivable pulse, belching and vexation

Unaccompanied Ginseng Decoction (du shen tang)

Initially recorded in Categorized Collection of Medical Formulas (yi fang lei ju). Composed of Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 20–30 g. Decoct it with water for oral use

Boost qi to rescue from desertion

Indicated for the treatment of original qi desertion, with profuse sweating, fierce diarrhea, loss of blood, frightened convulsion, pale complexion, lusterless lips, tremor of the four limbs, spontaneous sweating, cold skin, weak breathing, closed eyes and open mouth, even syncope, pale tongue, deep and faint pulse, or hollow pulse, or thready, rapid and forceless pulse

Astragalus and Aconite Decoction (qi fu tang)

Initially recorded in Black Pearl from Red Waters (chi shui xuan zhu). Composed of honey-prepared Radix Astragali (mi zhi huang qi) 30 g and blast-fried Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (pao fu zi) 10 g. Decide the dose according to the discretion, and decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Warm yang and consolidate the exterior

Indicated for the treatment of spontaneous sweating due to yang deficiency, with unceasing spontaneous sweating, aversion to cold, cold limbs, lassitude, pale tongue with white coating, deep and slow and forceless pulse (Continued )

538 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 27.7 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Restore Yang to Rescue From Counterflow (Desertion) (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indications

Atractylodes Macrocephala and Aconite Decoction (zhu fu tang)

Initially recorded in Essentials from the Golden Cabinet (jin gui yao lüe). Composed of Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 6 g, Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) 9 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 3 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Warm yang and fortify the spleen, dispel cold, and eliminate dampness

Indicated for the treatment of spleenkidney yang deficiency and cold-damp, accompanied with heavy body with pain, or dizziness, spontaneous sweating, bland taste in the mouth, less eating, diarrhea, no warm of the hands and feet, pale tongue with white coating, deep and thready pulse

Galenite Elixir (hei xi dan)

Initially recorded in Beneficial Formulas from the Taiping Imperial Pharmacy (tai ping hui min he ji ju fang). Composed of Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum (chen xiang) 30 g, blast-fried Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (pao fu zi) 30 g, Actinolitum (yang qi shi) 30 g, wine-fried Semen Trigonellae (jiu chao hu lu ba) 30 g, Fructus Foeniculi (xiao hui xiang) 30 g, Fructus Psoraleae (bu gu zhi) 30 g, Fructus Toosendan (chuan lian zi) 30 g, Semen Myristicae (rou dou kou) 30 g, Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) 30 g, Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) 15 g, Galenite (hei xi) 60 g, and Sulphur (liu huang) 60 g. Make the ingredients into flour and wine paste pills, take 5 g with salty boiled water each time orally for adult and 2–3g each time for children; or take 9 g each time for emergency

Warm yang and dissipate cold, improve qi reception, and relieve panting

Indicated for the treatment of upper excess and lower deficiency due to kidney yang weakness and failure of the kidney to receive qi, with choking sensation in the chest, panting with rushing forth of phlegm, counterflow cold of the hands and feet (cold hands and feet with cold moving proximally past the elbows and knees), unceasing flow of cold sweat; or dashing piggy syndrome, with qi rushing up to the chest, distention and fullness in the hypochondrium and abdomen; or cold hernia with abdominal pain, rugitus and slipping diarrhea; or men with yang wĕi (impotence) and seminal cold, or women with deficiency-cold of the sea of blood and clear leukorrhea, pale tongue with white coating, deep and faint pulse

3. Formula differentiation (Table 27.8) TABLE 27.8 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Restore Yang to Rescue From Counterflow (Desertion) Name of Formula ChannelUnblocking for Frigid Extremities Decoction (tong mai si ni tang)

Similarity

Differences

All three are the modified formulas from Frigid Extremities Decoction (si ni tang), and can be used for the treatment of shaoyin yang deficiency syndrome

Based on Frigid Extremities Decoction (si ni tang), put Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) and Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) in an important position in order to restore yang and pulse; it is suitable for the treatment of patients with pattern of exuberant yin repelling yang and kidney yang verging on desertion. If vomiting and diarrhea are arrested, reversal cold of the limbs occurs after sweating, limb spasm is not relaxed, and faint pulse which almost cannot be touched, that is extreme deficiency syndrome with kidney yin and yang verging on desertion, add Fel Suillus (zhu dan zhi) with bitter-cold property to avoid refusing to take decoction, and guide deficient yang return to yin

Frigid Extremities Decoction Plus Ginseng (si ni jia ren shen tang)

Add Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) into Frigid Extremities Decoction (si ni tang) to boost qi to rescue from desertion and restore yang, and promote yin-blood (blood and body fluids) production; it can be used for emergency treatment of syndrome of Frigid Extremities Decoction accompanied with shortness of breath

Scallion Yang-Freeing Decoction (bai tong tang)

It is the Frigid Extremities Decoction (si ni tang) minus Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao), with the dosage of Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) reduced, and plus Bulbus Allii Fistulosi (cong bai), and can be mainly used for the treatment of exuberant cold (yin-cold) in the lower jiao with emergency request of unblocking yang and breaking up yin to avoid exuberant yin repelling yang. Bulbus Allii Fistulosi (cong bai) is selected to combine with Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) and Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) to unblock yang and restore pulse with acrid-warm property. If body fluids are damaged due to lots of diarrhea, decrease the dryness-heat of Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) to protect yin

Formulas That Warm the Interior Chapter | 27

539

TABLE 27.8 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Restore Yang to Rescue From Counterflow (Desertion) (cont.) Name of Formula Yang-Returning Emergency Decoction (hui yang jiu ji tang)

Similarity

Differences

Both have the same name, and can restore yang to rescue from counterflow (desertion)

Combine with Six Gentlemen Decoction (liu jun zi tang) to consolidate the center; it is quite suitable for patients with pattern of direct attack by pathogenic cold and decline of kidney yang, without evident yin exhaustion.

Master Yu’s Yang-Returning Emergency Decoction (yu shi hui yang jiu ji tang)

Remove Poria (fu ling), select Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) to combine with Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) and Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi) [equal to Pulse-Engendering Powder (sheng mai san)] can boost qi and restore pulse, nourish yin and promote fluid production; so combine method of restoring yang and boosting yin, is suitable for patients with decline of yang, fluid consumption due to vomiting and diarrhea, and thready pulse which almost cannot be touched

SECTION 3  FORMULAS THAT WARM THE CHANNELS AND DISSIPATE COLD Outline Formulas that warm the channels and dissipate cold are suitable for the treatment of pathogenic cold congealing and stagnating in the channels, which often caused by yang qi insufficiency, nutrient-blood deficiency, pathogenic cold invading the channels, and difficulty in blood movement. Patients with these patterns have many clinical manifestations, such as no warm or counterflow cold of the hand s and feet, painful bì syndrome (limb pain), and numbness of body. Formulas in Section 3 are often composed of herbs that warm the channels and dissipate cold, such as Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) and Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin), and combined with herbs that nourish the blood and harmonize blood, such as Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) and Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao). The representative formulas are Astragalus and Cinnamon Twig Five Substances Decoction (huang qi gui zhi wu wu tang) and Chinese Angelica Frigid Extremities Decoction (dang gui si ni tang).

Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 1. Primary formulas and analysis (Tables 27.9 and 27.10) TABLE 27.9 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Warm the Channels and Dissipate Cold Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Astragalus and Cinnamon Twig Five Substances Decoction (huang qi gui zhi wu wu tang)

Initially recorded in Essentials from the Golden Cabinet (jin gui yao lüe). Composed of Radix Astragali (huang qi) 15 g, Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) 12 g, Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) 12 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 25 g, and Fructus Jujubae (da zao) four pieces. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Efficacy and Indications

Modified Clinical Applications

Boost qi and warm the channels, harmonize the nutrient aspect, and dredge impediment. Indicated for the treatment of bì syndrome due to stagnation of blood with weakness of nutrient and defense qi, accompanied with numbness of muscle and skin, or limb pain, or sweating and aversion to cold, pale tongue with white coating, faint and choppy and tight pulse

For numbness due to blood deficiency, add Caulis Spatholobi (ji xue teng); for difficulty in blood movement complicated by pain, add Flos Carthami (hong hua), Semen Persicae (tao ren) and Caulis Spatholobi (ji xue teng); for without recovery for a long time, and pathogen deeply penetrating the collaterals, add Pheretima (di long) and Agkistrodon (qi she); for stroke with hemiplegia, lack of strength and limb numbness due to stasis obstructing the collaterals, add Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) and Caulis Spatholobi (ji xue teng); for flaccid bones and muscles due to liver-kidney insufficiency, add Cortex Eucommiae (du zhong) and Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (niu xi); complicated by aversion to cold due to yang deficiency, add Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi)

Caution for Use This formula is partial to warm in nature, and not suitable for patients with bì syndrome due to stagnation of blood with heat pattern

(Continued )

540 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 27.9 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Warm the Channels and Dissipate Cold (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Chinese Angelica Frigid Extremities Decoction (dang gui si ni tang)

Monkshood Mother Root, Aconite, Ephedra, Asarum, Cinnamon Twig, and Dried Ginger Decoction (wu fu ma xin gui jiang tang)

Caution for Use

Efficacy and Indications

Modified Clinical Applications

Initially recorded in Treatise on Cold Damage (shang han lun). Composed of Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 12 g, Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) 9 g, Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin) 15 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 5 g, Medulla Tetrapanacis (tong cao) 3 g, and Fructus Jujubae (da zao) nine pieces. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Warm the channels and dissipate cold, nourish the blood and unblock the vessels. Indicated for the treatment of blood deficiency and congealing cold in the channels, with reversal cold of the hands and feet, pale tongue with white coating, thready pulse which almost cannot be touched, or deep and thready pulse; or low back, buttocks, leg and foot pain due to cold invading the channels

For severe pattern of cold congealing in the channels with low back, buttocks, leg and foot pain, add Radix Aconiti (chuan wu); for pattern of cold congealing in the jueyin channel, with female delayed menstruation or painful menstruation, hernia pain involving cold pain in the lower abdomen, cold limbs and wiry pulse, add Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong), Fructus Foeniculi (xiao hui xiang), Radix Linderae (wu yao), Rhizoma Alpiniae Officinarum (gao liang jiang) and Rhizoma Cyperi (xiang fu) to rectify qi and relieve pain; for blue-purple distal end of limbs due to blood stasis and stagnation, add Semen Persicae (tao ren) and Flos Carthami (hong hua)

It is not suitable for patients with shaoyin yang deficiency and cold syncope syndrome. If use it treat chilblain, the dosage of Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) and Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin) should be decreased to avoid accelerating ulceration

Initially recorded in Treatment Strategies and Formulas in Chinese Medicine (zhong yi zhi fa yu fang ji). Composed of Herba Ephedrae (ma huang) 10 g, Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (zhi fu zi) 10–60 g, Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin) 10 g, Radix Aconiti Praeparata (zhi chuan wu) 10–60 g, Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) 30 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) 10–30 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 10–30 g, and Mel (feng mi) 30–120 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use. Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (zhi fu zi) and Radix Aconiti Praeparata (zhi chuan wu) need to be decocted for a long time

Warm the channels and dissipate cold, eliminate dampness and diffuse impediment. Indicated for the treatment of agonizing arthralgia (cold arthralgia), with intense pain of limb joints, aggravated when flexing, fixed pain, cold and cool sensation in the joints, relief with warm, pale tongue with white coating, deep and tight pulse or wiry and tight pulse

For severe cold pattern, add Radix Aconiti Kusnezoffii Praeparata (zhi cao wu); for headache, aversion to cold and low back pain, add Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo), Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) and Radix Angelicae Pubescentis (du huo) to dispel wind and overcome dampness to release exterior cold; for frozen joints, and heavy sensation in the waist and knees due to cold-damp obstructing the movement of qi and blood, add Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae (qin jiao), Rhizoma Curcumae Longae (jiang huang), Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae (fang ji) and Cortex Erythrinae (hai tong pi) to invigorate blood and promote fluid movement

Dosage of this formula is large; it can be discounted according to patient’s condition. Because Radix Aconiti (chuan wu) and Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) are poisonous, the herbs should be decocted until not numb mouth for oral use

Formulas That Warm the Interior Chapter | 27

TABLE 27.10 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Warm the Channels and Dissipate Cold Name of Formula Astragalus and Cinnamon Twig Five Substances Decoction (huang qi gui zhi wu wu tang)

Chinese Angelica Frigid Extremities Decoction (dang gui si ni tang)

Efficacy Analysis Radix Astragali (huang qi)

Sweet and warm in nature, boost qi to consolidate the exterior, as the chief medicinal

Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi)

Warm and assist defensive yang, scatter and dissipate pathogenic wind, warm the channels and unblock the vessels

Radix Paeoniae (shao yao)

Sour and sweet in nature, nourish the blood and harmonize blood, astringe yin, and harmonize the nutrient aspect

Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang)

Acrid and warm in nature, assist Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) to scatter and dissipate exterior pathogen

Fructus Jujubae (da zao)

Supplement deficiency, and assist Radix Astragali (huang qi) and Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) to boost qi and nourish the blood

Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi)

Acrid and warm in nature, warm the channels and dissipate cold, warm and unblock the vessels

Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin)

Acrid, warm and scurrying in nature, unblock the exterior and interior, warm and dissipate congealing cold

Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui)

Sweet and warm in nature, nourish the blood, and harmonize blood

Radix Paeoniae (shao yao)

Sour and sweet in nature, astringe yin, and nourish blood

Medulla Tetrapanacis (tong cao)

Unblock the channels to promote blood movement, as the assistant medicinal

Fructus Jujubae (da zao)

Combine with Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) to boost qi and fortify the spleen and nourish the blood, and restrain the fierce dryness property of Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) and Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin)

Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) Monkshood Mother Root, Aconite, Ephedra, Asarum, Cinnamon Twig, and Dried Ginger Decoction (wu fu ma xin gui jiang tang)

Warm yang qi, dispel cold, and promote blood movement Enrich and nourish nutrientblood

Warm the channels and dissipate cold, nourish the blood and unblock the vessels

Combining harmonizing the actions of all medicinals

Radix Aconiti Praeparata (zhi chuan wu) Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (zhi fu zi)

Acrid and hot in nature, warm the channels and dissipate cold, dredge impediment out from sinew and bone

Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi)

Acrid and warm in nature, warm heart yang and unblock the vessels, and dredge vessel impediment

Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang)

Acrid and hot in nature, warm and activate spleen yang and dredge muscle impediment

Herba Ephedrae (ma huang)

Acrid and warm in nature, diffuse and unblock lung-defense and dredge skin impediment

Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin)

Acrid and warm in nature, dredge and dissipate the latent cold and relieve pain

Mel (feng mi)

Resolve toxicity of Radix Aconiti Praeparata (zhi chuan wu) and Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (zhi fu zi)

Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao)

Boost qi and warm the channels, harmonize the nutrient aspect and dredge impediment

Acrid and extreme hot in nature, warm the channels and unblock the collaterals, dispel cold-damp out from channels and collaterals, and relieve pain

Relax spasm of the sinews and relieve pain, resolve toxicity, and harmonize the actions of all medicinals

Warm the channels and dissipate cold, eliminate dampness and diffuse impediment

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2. Attached formulas (Table 27.11) TABLE 27.11 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Warm the Channels and Dissipate Cold Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indications

Chinese Angelica Frigid Extremities Decoction plus Evodia and Fresh Ginger (dang gui si ni jia wu zhu yu sheng jiang tang)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Cold Damage (shang han lun). Composed of Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 12 g, Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) 9 g, Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin) 15 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 5 g, Medulla Tetrapanacis (tong cao) 3 g, Fructus Jujubae (da zao) 25 pieces, Fructus Evodiae (wu zhu yu) 5 g, and Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 15 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Warm the channels and dissipate cold, nourish the blood, and unblock the vessels

Indicated for the treatment of counterflow cold of the hands and feet, thready pulse which almost cannot be touched; and patients with prolonged interior cold, accompanied with pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen, vomiting, thin and unformed stool

Lung-Warming and Runniness-Stopping Elixir (wen fei zhi liu dan)

Initially recorded in Records of Syndrome Differentiations (bian zheng lu). Composed of Fructus Chebulae (he zi) 3 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 3 g, Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) 9 g, calcined Otolthum Pseudosciaenae Croceae (duan yu nao shi) 15 g, Herba Schizonepetae (jing jie) 1.5 g, Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin) 1.5 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 1.5 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Warm the lung and arrest runniness

Indicated for the treatment of sinusitis with a pattern of lung cold, with nasal obstruction, watery rhinorrhea, or accompanied with headache, itching of the nose, eyes, and throat, and paroxysmal sneezing

3. Formula differentiation (Table 27.12) TABLE 27.12 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Warm the Channels and Dissipate Cold Name of Formula

Similarity

Differences

Chinese Angelica Frigid Extremities Decoction (dang gui si ni tang)

Both are the modified formulas from Cinnamon Twig Decoction (gui zhi tang), and can boost qi and warm the channels, and invigorate blood

It comes from Cinnamon Twig Decoction (gui zhi tang) minus Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) and plus Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui), Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin) and Medulla Tetrapanacis (tong cao), and is mainly used for the treatment of patients with counterflow cold of the hands and feet and pain due to blood deficiency and externallycontracted pathogenic cold, and congealing cold in the channels

Astragalus and Cinnamon Twig Five Substances Decoction (huang qi gui zhi wu wu tang)

It comes from Cinnamon Twig Decoction (gui zhi tang) minus Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao), with dosage of Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) doubled and plus Radix Astragali (huang qi), and is mainly used for the treatment of bì syndrome due to stagnation of blood with numbness of muscle and skin due to prolonged weakness and externally-contracted pathogenic wind, pathogen stagnating in the vessels, and difficulty in blood movement

Chapter 28

Formulas That Release Pathogens From Both the Exterior and Interior Chapter Outline Section 1 Formulas That Release the Exterior and Clear the Interior Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas Section 2 Formulas That Release the Exterior and Warm the Interior Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas

544 544 544

Section 3 Formulas That Release the Exterior and Attack the Interior Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas

549 549 550

547 547 548

ABSTRACT Formulas that are mainly composed of herbs that release the exterior combined with herbs that clear heat, or warm the interior, or drain downward, which have the effects of simultaneously treating both the exterior and interior, and expelling pathogens from both the interior and exterior, and can be used for the treatment of diseases involving both the exterior and interior are called “Formulas That Release Pathogens From Both the Exterior and Interior.” They are divided into three categories: formulas that release the exterior and clear the interior, formulas that release the exterior and warm the interior, and formulas that release the exterior and attack the interior. Keywords: formulas that release the exterior and clear the interior; formulas that release the exterior and warm the interior; formulas that release the exterior and attack the interior; clear and discharge interior heat

Formulas that are mainly composed of herbs that release the exterior combined with herbs that clear heat, or warm the interior or drain downward, which have the effects of simultaneously treating both the exterior and interior, and expelling pathogens from both the interior and exterior, and can be used for the treatment of diseases involving both the exterior and interior are called “Formulas That Release Pathogens From Both the Exterior and Interior.” Formulas that release pathogens from both the exterior and interior are suitable for the treatment of exterior pattern without being released and accompanied with the interior pattern, or preexisting diseases contracted new pathogen leading to syndrome involving both the exterior and interior. Due to the difference between the exterior and interior pattern, pathological changes are also different and can be divided into four categories: exterior pattern complicated by interior heat, exterior pattern complicated by interior cold, exterior pattern complicated by interior excess, and exterior pattern complicated by interior deficiency. Formulas that treat exterior pattern complicated by interior deficiency have been introduced in Chapter 22. So formulas in this chapter are only divided into three categories: (1) formulas that release the exterior and clear the interior, (2) formulas that release the exterior and warm the interior, and (3) formulas that release the exterior and attack the interior. For diseases involving both the exterior and interior, only releasing the exterior cannot dispel the interior pathogen; only treating the interior pattern cannot release the exterior pathogen. Therefore, only the treatment of both the exterior and interior can expel pathogens from both the interior and exterior, and pathogens can be eliminated by diaphoresis and purgation, respectively. Just as famous doctor Wang Ang (Qing Dynasty) points out that “the disease is located in the exterior, treat it by sweating and dissipating; the disease is located in the interior, treat it by attacking and clearing” in Medical Essentials of Chinese Materia Medica and Medical Formulas. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812722-3.00028-2 Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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544 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

Formulas Collected and Analyzed (yi fang ji jie). In the case of exterior pattern has not been released but urgent the interior pattern is followed, “combined internal and external therapy” should be chosen. Therefore, for exterior pattern complicated by interior heat pattern, select herbs that release the exterior in combination with herbs that clear heat; for exterior pattern complicated by interior cold pattern, select herbs that release the exterior in combination with herbs that warm the interior; for exterior pattern complicated by interior excess pattern, select herbs that release the exterior in combination with herbs that drain downward. When using formulas that release pathogens from both the exterior and interior, first, the indicated syndrome should be “pathogen in the exterior and urgent interior pattern;” then, cold and heat, as well as deficiency and excess properties of the exterior and interior pattern should be distinguished; a clear distinction between the severity of the exterior and interior pattern should be drawn; and proportion between herbs that treat the exterior pattern and herbs that treat the interior pattern should be balanced to avoid excessive or deficient treatment.

SECTION 1  FORMULAS THAT RELEASE THE EXTERIOR AND CLEAR THE INTERIOR Outline Formulas that release the exterior and clear the interior are suitable for the treatment of exterior pattern without being released and followed by intense interior-heat, accompanied with exterior syndrome, such as aversion to cold and fever, and interior heat syndrome, such as vexation and agitation, thirst, or diarrhea with fever, panting, yellow coating, and rapid pulse. Formulas in Section 1 are composed of herbs that release the exterior, such as Semen Sojae Praeparatum (dan dou chi), Herba Ephedrae (ma huang), and Radix Puerariae Lobatae (ge gen), and herbs that clear heat, such as Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian), Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai), Radix Scutellariae (huang qin), and Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao). The representative formulas are Pueraria, Scutellaria, Coptis Decoction (ge gen huang qin huang lian tang), and Gypsum Decoction (shi gao tang).

Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 1. Primary formulas and analysis (Tables 28.1 and 28.2)

TABLE 28.1 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Release the Exterior and Clear the Interior Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Pueraria, Scutellaria, and Coptis Decoction (ge gen huang qin huang lian tang)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Cold Damage (shang han lun). Composed of Radix Puerariae Lobatae (ge gen) 15 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 6 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 9 g, and Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Efficacy and Indications

Modified Clinical Applications

Clear and discharge interior heat, release the flesh, and dissipate pathogen. Indicated for the treatment of exterior pattern without being released, and inward penetration of pathogenic heat, accompanied with general fever, diarrhea and dysentery with foul smell, vexing heat in the chest and stomach cavity, dry mouth and thirst, panting and sweating, red tongue with yellow coating, rapid and hasty pulse (irregular rapid)

For abdominal pain, add dry-fried Radix Paeoniae Alba (chao bai shao) to relax spasm and relieve pain; for abdominal urgency with rectal heaviness, add Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) and Semen Arecae (bing lang) to move qi and relieve rectal heaviness; complicated by vomiting, add Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) and Caulis Bambusae in Taenia (zhu ru) to direct counterflow downward and arrest vomiting; accompanied with dyspeptic retention, add scorch-fried Fructus Crataegi (jiao shan zha) and scorch-fried Massa Medicata Fermentata (jiao shen qu) to promote digestion; for yangming warm disease with belching, bitter taste in the mouth and thirst, which is still not suited to use purgative method, remove Radix Puerariae Lobatae (ge gen) and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao), add Radix Curcumae (yu jin) and Semen Sojae Praeparatum (xiang dou chi) to clear heat and remove turbidity

Caution for Use It is not suitable for patients with deficiencycold pattern, accompanied with diarrhea, no fever, deep and slow pulse, or faint and weak pulse

Formulas That Release Pathogens From Both the Exterior and Interior Chapter | 28

545

TABLE 28.1 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Release the Exterior and Clear the Interior (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Gypsum Decoction (shi gao tang)

Efficacy and Indications

Initially recorded in Arcane Essentials from the Imperial Library (wai tai mi yao). Composed of Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao) 30 g, Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 6 g, Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai) 6 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 6 g, Semen Sojae Praeparatum (xiang dou chi) 9 g, Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi) 9 g, and Herba Ephedrae (ma huang) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Clear heat and resolve toxins, and induce sweating to release the exterior. Indicated for the treatment of cold damage exterior pattern without being released, but with intense interior heat, accompanied with high fever, absence of sweating, heavy body with spasm, dry nose and thirst, vexation and agitation, insomnia, loss of consciousness and delirious speech, or eruption of macules, slippery and rapid pulse

Modified Clinical Applications For not more evident pathogen block, and slight sweating from the fleshy exterior, decrease half dosage of Herba Ephedrae (ma huang); for pattern of intense heat toxin with high fever, vexation and agitation, loss of consciousness and delirious speech, add Peaceful Palace Bovine Bezoar Pill (an gong niu huang wan) to clear heart heat and open the orifices

Caution for Use Herbs that clear heat in this formula are extremely bitter and cold, which are easy to damage the spleen and stomach, if oral use for a long time. Its use is cautious in patients with deficiency body. It is suitable for patients without exuberant fire

TABLE 28.2 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Release the Exterior and Clear the Interior Name of Formula Pueraria, Scutellaria, and Coptis Decoction (ge gen huang qin huang lian tang)

Gypsum Decoction (shi gao tang)

Efficacy Analysis Radix Puerariae Lobatae (ge gen) Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian)

Sweet, acrid, and neutral in nature, release the flesh and dissipate heat, and raise clear yang of the spleen, and stomach to arrest dysentery Clear heat and dry dampness, and eliminate damp-heat of the large intestine to arrest diarrhea and dysentery

Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao)

Sweet flavor having the effect of relaxing, harmonize the center, and harmonize the actions of all medicinals

Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao)

Sweet, acrid, and extremely cold in nature, clear heat, and relieve vexation, as the chief medicinal

Herba Ephedrae (ma huang) Semen Sojae Praeparatum (xiang dou chi)

Dissipate pathogen with acrid and warm in nature, induce sweating and release the exterior, open and discharge the blockage in order to vent and dissipate the exterior pathogen, both as the deputy medicinals

Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai)

Specialize in clearing lower jiao fire of the kidney

Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian)

Specialize in clearing middle jiao damp-heat

Radix Scutellariae (huang qin)

Specialize in clearing upper jiao fire of the heart-lung

Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi)

Bitter and cold in nature, discharge sanjiao fire, and guide heat downwards

All are the extremely bitter and cold medicinals, and good at discharging fire and resolving toxins

Clear and discharge interior heat, release the flesh, and dissipate pathogen

Clear heat and resolve toxins, and induce sweating to release the exterior

546 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

2. Attached formulas (Table 28.3)

TABLE 28.3 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Release the Exterior and Clear the Interior Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indications

Water-Resolving Powder (shui jie san)

Initially recorded in Arcane Essentials from the Imperial Library (wai tai mi yao). Composed of Herba Ephedrae (ma huang) 120 g, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 90 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 90 g, Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) 60 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 60 g, and Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) 60 g. Grind the ingredients into powder; after bathing with yinyang water, take 1 g with warm boiled water, and cover with quilt to induce sweating or diarrhea. For strong people, take 2 g orally

Release the exterior and purge downward

Indicated for the treatment of seasonal epidemics, with headache in the initial stage, and high fever lasting for 1–2 days

Virgate Wormwood Pill (yin chen wan)

Initially recorded in Important Formulas Worth a Thousand Gold Pieces for Emergency (bei ji qian jin yao fang). Composed of Herba Artemisiae Scopariae (yin chen) 45 g, Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi) 45 g, Natrii Sulfas (mang xiao) 45 g, Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren) 45 g, vinegarprepared Carapax Trionycis (cu zhi bie jia) 30 g, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 75 g, Radix Dichroae (chang shan) 30 g, Fructus Crotonis (ba dou) 8 g, and Semen Sojae Praeparatum (dan dou chi) 250 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, mix with honey and make into pills as size of phoenix tree seed, take 3 pills with hot water each time, then vomiting, diarrhea or sweating may occur, if not, take one pill again

Release the flesh, induce vomiting, and drain dampness

Indicated for the treatment of seasonal epidemics, warm malaria, yellow diseases with phlegmatic mass, diseases caused by miasma from mountains, cold damage syndrome due to seasonal epidemic pathogens, tertian malaria, and chronic infectious diseases with epilepsy, and dysentery with red and white feces

Exterior-InteriorResolving Decoction (biao li shuang jie tang)

Initially recorded in Zhang Jie-chun’s Patterns and Treatment of Ophthalmology (zhang jie chun yan ke zheng zhi). Composed of Herba Menthae (bo he) 6 g, Herba Schizonepetae (jing jie) 3 g, wine-fried Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (jiu da huang) 6 g, Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi) 6 g, Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao) 9 g, Cortex Mori (sang bai pi) 9 g, Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (jin yin hua) 18 g, wine-fried Radix Scutellariae (jiu huang qin) 12 g, and Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao) 12 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Clear the interior and release the exterior

Indicated for the treatment of preponderance of both wind and heat, accompanied with reddish whites of eye with distention and swelling, protruding from the wind orbiculus (the black of the eye) and peach-like swelling of eyelid with intermittent pain and itching

Double-Resolving Powder (shuang jie san)

Initially recorded in The Great Compendium of Classics on Ophthalmology (mu jing da cheng). Composed of Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 5 g, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 5 g, Herba Menthae (bo he) 5 g, Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) 5 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 5 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 10 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 3 g, Talcum (hua shi) 24 g, Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao) 8 g, Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi) 3 g, Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) 8 g, Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao) 5 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 5 g, Herba Schizonepetae (jing jie) 2 g, Herba Ephedrae (ma huang) 2 g, Natrii Sulfas (mang xiao) 6 g, and Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 8 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Scatter wind, dissipate heat, and improve vision

Indicated for the treatment of epidemic red eye (acute contagious conjunctivitis) due to contention between wind and fire, accompanied with fulminant red eye with swelling and pain, and blood spot in the whites of eye

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3. Formula differentiation (Table 28.4)

TABLE 28.4 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Release the Exterior and Clear the Interior Name of Formula

Similarity

Differences

Pueraria, Scutellaria, and Coptis Decoction (ge gen huang qin huang lian tang)

All three formulas select Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) to combine, and can be used for the treatment of dysentery with heat pattern

It has the effects of releasing the exterior and clearing the interior, especially can clear interior heat, and is suitable for the treatment of heat dysentery with taiyang exterior pattern, with general fever, thirst, panting and sweating, foul dysentery and diarrhea, red tongue with yellow coating, which are both the exterior and interior heat pattern

Pulsatilla Decoction (bai tou weng tang)

It has the effects of clearing heat and resolving toxins, cooling the blood, and arresting dysentery, and is used for the treatment of heat dysentery with a pattern of heat toxin deeply invading the blood aspect, accompanied with diarrhea with bloody pus, more red and less white feces, general fever and yellow coating

Peony Decoction (shao yao tang)

It is partial to clearing heat and drying dampness, regulating and harmonizing qi and blood, and mainly used for the treatment of damp-heat dysentery, with stool containing pus and blood, red and white feces, abdominal pain, and more evident abdominal urgency with rectal heaviness

Gypsum Decoction (shi gao tang)

Major Green Dragon Decoction (da qing long tang)

Both select Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao) and Herba Ephedrae (ma huang) to combine, and can be used to release the exterior and clear the interior heat, both indications are disease involving both the exterior and the interior

It is designed for the treatment of the exterior pattern without being released and the intense interior pattern, and suitable for patients with absence of sweating due to exterior constraint, and complicated by high fever, thirst and dry nose, vexation and agitation, and rapid pulse due to the intense interior heat. It has a strong effect of clearing the interior heat and its indication of the interior heat pattern is more evident It is designed for the treatment of externally contracted wind-cold and windcold fettering the exterior complicated by heat accumulation in the interior, and has stronger effects of inducing sweating and releasing the exterior than that of Gypsum Decoction (shi gao tang). Its main points for syndrome differentiation are aversion to cold and fever, absence of sweating, vexation and agitation, floating and tight pulse. Its effect of clearing the interior heat is less than that of Gypsum Decoction (shi gao tang), and indication is partial to the exterior pattern

SECTION 2  FORMULAS THAT RELEASE THE EXTERIOR AND WARM THE INTERIOR Outline Formulas that release the exterior and warm the interior are suitable for the treatment of exterior pattern without being released and complicated by interior cold pattern, which have the following symptoms: aversion to cold and fever (exterior syndrome), cold pain in the epigastrium and abdomen, chest fullness and anorexia, white coating and slow pulse (interior cold syndrome due to zang-fu yang qi damaged and cold accumulation in interior). Formulas in Section 2 are composed of herbs that release the exterior, such as Herba Ephedrae (ma huang) and Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi), and herbs that warm the interior, such as Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) and Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui). As longterm diseases with interior cold pattern are usually complicated by a complex pattern of dampness retention with phlegm production, as well as qi constraint or qi stagnation, formulas in Section 2 often combine herbs that dry dampness, herbs that dissolve phlegm, herbs that move qi, or herbs that invigorate blood, such as Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu), Poria (fu ling), Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia), Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao), Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi), Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po), and Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong). The representative formula is Five Accumulations Powder (wu ji san).

548 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 1. Primary formulas and analysis (Tables 28.5 and 28.6)

TABLE 28.5 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Release the Exterior and Warm the Interior Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Five Accumulations Powder (wu ji san)

Initially recorded in Secret Formulary Bestowed by Immortals for Treating Injuries and Mending Fractures (xian shou li shang xu duan mi fang). Composed of Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu) 600 g, Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) 600 g, Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao) 180 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 180 g, Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) 90 g, Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi) 90 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 90 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 90 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 90 g, Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) 90 g, Poria (fu ling) 90 g, Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) 90 g, Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po) 120 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) 120 g, and Herba Ephedrae (ma huang) 180 g. Except Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao) and Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui), grind the medicinals into fine powder, dry-fry with slow fire until color changes, cool, then add Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao) and Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) and mix evenly, select 9 g each time to decoct with water and Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 3 pieces, and take it warm

Efficacy and Indications Release the exterior and warm the interior, normalize qi and dissolve phlegm, invigorate blood and disperse accumulation. Indicated for the treatment of externallycontracted wind-cold and internal damage by raw and cold food, with general fever, absence of sweating, headache, and body pain, spasm of the nape and back, chest fullness, anorexia, vomiting, and abdominal pain, or female epigastric and abdominal pain, and menstrual irregularities due to irregularities of qi and blood

Modified Clinical Applications

Caution for Use

For more evident exterior cold, change Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) into Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) to strengthen the effect of releasing the exterior; for mild exterior pattern, remove Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi) and Herba Ephedrae (ma huang) to lower the effect of inducing sweating; for exuberant interior cold, add Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (zhi fu zi) to warm the interior and dissipate cold; for stomachache and vomiting of clear water, add Fructus Evodiae (wu zhu yu) to warm the center and dissipate cold and arrest vomiting; for food accumulation, add Fructus Crataegi (shan zha) and Massa Medicata Fermentata (shen qu) to promote digestion and guide out (food) stagnation; if no blood stasis, remove Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) and Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui); for dysmenorrhea, add Rhizoma Corydalis (yan hu suo), Folium Artemisiae Argyi (ai ye) and Radix Linderae (wu yao) to warm the channels and relieve pain

Mainly composed of herbs with warm and heat properties, it is not suitable for patients with prolonged yin deficiency or damp-heat. The dosage of Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu) and Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) is too large, if as decoction, their dosage should be decreased appropriately

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TABLE 28.6 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Release the Exterior and Warm the Interior Name of Formula Five Accumulations Powder (wu ji san)

Efficacy Analysis Herba Ephedrae (ma huang) Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi) Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu) Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po) Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) Poria (fu ling) Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong)

Acrid and warm (flavors of medicinals) having a dispersing effect, induce sweating and release the exterior, and dissipate pathogen to eliminate the external cold

Acrid and warm in nature, warm the interior, and dispel interior cold

Bitter and warm in nature, dry dampness, fortify the spleen, and assist transportation and transformation to remove damp accumulation

That is Two Matured Substances Decoction (er chen tang) and can move qi and dry dampness, and dissolve phlegm to disperse phlegm accumulation. Harmonize the center and fortify the spleen, and harmonize the actions of all medicinals

Release the exterior and warm the interior, normalize qi and dissolve phlegm, invigorate blood, and disperse accumulation

Invigorate blood and relieve pain to disperse blood accumulation

Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao)

Ascend and descend qi movement, loosen the chest and disinhibit diaphragm, specialize in removing qi accumulation, and assist the effects of dissolving phlegm, and eliminating dampness

SECTION 3  FORMULAS THAT RELEASE THE EXTERIOR AND ATTACK THE INTERIOR Outline Formulas that release the exterior and attack the interior are suitable for the treatment of pathogen in the exterior and excess accumulation in the interior, which have the following symptoms: aversion to cold and fever (exterior syndrome), fullness in the abdomen and constipation, and red tongue with yellow coating (syndrome of internal accumulation of excess heat). Formulas in Section 3 are mainly composed of herbs that release the exterior and herbs that drain downward. The commonly-used herbs that release the exterior are Herba Ephedrae (ma huang), Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi), Herba Schizonepetae (jing jie), Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng), Radix Bupleuri (chai hu), and Herba Menthae (bo he); and frequently selected herbs that drain downward are Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) and Natrii Sulfas (mang xiao). As pathogeneses of interior heat and excess accumulation are usually involved in qi constraint, blood stagnation, and body fluids consumption, formulas in Section 3 are often combined with Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi), Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po), Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui), Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong), and Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao). The representative formulas are Ledebouriella Sage-Inspired Powder (fang feng tong sheng san), Major Bupleurum Decoction (da chai hu tang), and Dredging and Piercing Drink (shu zao yin zi).

550 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 1. Primary formulas and analysis (Tables 28.7 and 28.8) TABLE 28.7 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Release the Exterior and Attack the Interior Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy and Indications

Modified Clinical Applications

Caution for Use

Ledebouriella Sage-Inspired Powder (fang feng tong sheng san)

Initially recorded in An Elucidation of Formulas (xuan ming lun fang). Composed of Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 6 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 6 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 6 g, Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 6 g, Herba Menthae (bo he) 6 g, Herba Ephedrae (ma huang) 6 g, Natrii Sulfas (mang xiao) 6 g, Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao) 6 g, Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao) 12 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 12 g, Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) 12 g, Talcum (hua shi) 20 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 10 g, Herba Schizonepetae (jing jie) 3 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 3 g, and Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi) 3 g. Make the ingredients into water pills, take orally, 6 g each time, 2 times a day; or decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Scatter wind and release the exterior, drain heat and unblock the interior (purgation). Indicated for the treatment of exuberant wind heat obstruction and excess of both the exterior and interior, with aversion to cold and high fever, giddiness, red eyes and eyeball pain, bitter taste in the mouth, dry mouth, throat discomfort, pĭ ( ) and oppression in the chest and diaphragm, cough and vomiting and dyspneal fullness, thick saliva, constipation, hot urination, yellow and greasy coating, rapid and forceful pulse; or swollen sores and ulcers due to toxins, intestinal wind (i.e., bloody stool), and anus fistula, erysipelas, macules and urticaria

For cough with expectoration of saliva, add Rhizoma Pinelliae Praeparatum (jiang ban xia) to lower qi and dissolve phlegm; for not more evident exterior cold, and no aversion to cold, remove Herba Ephedrae (ma huang); for not more exuberant interior heat, remove Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao); for no constipation, remove Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) and Natrii Sulfas (mang xiao); for patients with robust constitutions, remove herbs that reinforce healthy qi, such as Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui), Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) and Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu)

Its effects of inducing sweating and purgation are fierce, its use should be cautious in pregnant women and patients with weak constitutions

Major Bupleurum Decoction (da chai hu tang)

Initially recorded in Essentials from the Golden Cabinet (jin gui yao lüe). Composed of Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) 15 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 9 g, Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) 9 g, Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 9 g, Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi) 9 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 15 g, and Fructus Jujubae (da zao) 5 pieces. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Harmonize shaoyang and drain internal heat accumulation. Indicated for the treatment of combination of diseases of shaoyang and yangming, with alternating chills and fever, fullness and discomfort in the chest and rib-side, unceasing vomiting, mild vexation with constraint, fullness and pain of the upper abdomen, or epigastric fullness and rigidity, difficulty in defecation or diarrhea with fever, yellow coating, wiry and rapid and forceful pulse

For severe pain in the rib-side and stomach cavity, add Fructus Toosendan (chuan lian zi), Rhizoma Corydalis (yan huo suo) and Radix Curcumae (yu jin) to strengthen the effects of moving qi and relieving pain; for nausea and intense vomiting, add ginger juice-fried Caulis Bambusae in Taenia (jiang zhu ru), Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) and Flos Inulae (xuan fu hua) to strengthen the effects of directing counterflow downward and arresting vomiting; accompanied with jaundice, add Herba Artemisiae Scopariae (yin chen) and Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi) to clear heat and drain dampness and relieve jaundice; for cholelithiasis, add Herba Lysimachiae (jin qian cao) and Spora Lygodii (hai jin sha) to dissolve gallstone

This formula is set up for combination of diseases of shaoyang and yangming, it is not suitable for patients with simple shaoyang syndrome or yangming syndrome, and combination of diseases of shaoyang and yangming before yangming syndrome becomes excess heat accumulation syndrome

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TABLE 28.7 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Release the Exterior and Attack the Interior (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Dredging and Piercing Drink (shu zao yin zi)

Initially recorded in Formulas to Aid the Living (ji sheng fang). Composed of Cutis Poriae (fu ling pi) 30 g, Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie) 12 g, Caulis Akebiae (mu tong) 12 g, Semen Phaseoli (chi xiao dou) 15 g, Pericarpium Arecae (da fu pi) 15 g, Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo) 9 g, Semen Zanthoxyli (jiao mu) 9 g, Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae (qin jiao) 9 g, Semen Arecae (bing lang) 9 g, Radix Phytolaccae (shang lu) 6 g, and Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 5 pieces. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Efficacy and Indications

Modified Clinical Applications

Caution for Use

Expel water by drastic purgation, scatter wind, and release the exterior. Indicated for the treatment of systemic edema, pĭ and oppression in the chest and abdomen, constipation, difficulty in micturition, red tongue with yellow and greasy coating, deep and rapid pulse

For panting with incapability of supination, add Semen Lepidii (ting li zi) and Cortex Mori (sang bai pi); for more evident pathogenic heat, add Flos Herba Taraxaci (pu gong ying), Lonicerae Japonicae (jin yin hua) and Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao); for dry mouth and throat due to prolonged dryness and consumption of body fluids, add Rhizoma Phragmitis (lu gen), Rhizoma Imperatae (bai mao gen) and Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen)

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women and patients with edema and weak constitutions

TABLE 28.8 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Release the Exterior and Attack the Interior Name of Formula Ledebouriella SageInspired Powder (fang feng tong sheng san)

Efficacy Analysis Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) Herba Schizonepetae (jing jie)

Induce sweating and dissipate pathogen, scatter wind and release the exterior, and guide exterior pathogen out following sweating

Herba Menthae (bo he) Herba Ephedrae (ma huang) Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) Natrii Sulfas (mang xiao)

Unblock the bowels and discharge heat, dredge and clear the accumulation and stagnation, and guide excess heat out from defecation

Combine with each other, not only dissipate external pathogen, but also drain heat and eliminate excess pattern

Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao) Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao) Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) Radix Platycodonis (jie geng)

Acrid, sweet, and extremely cold in nature, specialize in clearing, and discharging the lung and stomach heat

Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi)

Clear heat and drain dampness, combine with Natrii Sulfas (mang xiao) and Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) to disperse pathogens from defecation and micturition separately

Talcum (hua shi) Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao)

Bitter and cold in nature, specialize in clearing heat and resolving toxins, and draining fire Bitter, acrid, and neutral in nature, eliminate the lung wind-heat, and clear and disinhibit the head and eye (heat)

Scatter wind and release the exterior, drain heat, and unblock the interior (purgation)

Nourish the blood and harmonize blood (due to fire-heat scorching blood and consuming qi, sweating, and purging easily damaging heathy qi)

Fortify the spleen and dry dampness, and inhibit the bitter and cold damage the stomach Boost qi and harmonize the center and relax spasm, and harmonize the actions of all medicinals (Continued)

552 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 28.8 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Release the Exterior and Attack the Interior (cont.) Name of Formula

Efficacy Analysis

Major Bupleurum Decoction (da chai hu tang)

Radix Bupleuri (chai hu)

Specialize in acting on the shaoyang level, scatter pathogen, and vent the exterior

Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang)

Act on the yangming level, discharge heat, and unblock the bowels

Radix Scutellariae (huang qin)

Bitter and cold in nature, specialize in clearing stagnated heat from the shaoyang level, and combine with Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) to harmonize shaoyang Move qi and break up masses, and combine with Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) to drain heat accumulation, move qi, and disperse

Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi) Radix Paeoniae (shao yao)

Relax spasm and relieve pain, and combine with Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi) to harmonize qi and blood

Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia)

Harmonize the stomach and direct counterflow downward, and combine with Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) to arrest vomiting

Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) Fructus Jujubae (da zao) Dredging and Piercing Drink (shu zao yin zi)

Radix Phytolaccae (shang lu) Cutis Poriae(fu ling pi) Caulis Akebiae (mu tong) Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie) Semen Zanthoxyli (jiao mu)

Boost qi and regulate the spleen and stomach, harmonize nutrient and defensive aspects, harmonize the exterior and interior, and harmonize the actions of all medicinals Bitter, cold, poisonous, and descending in nature, specialize in moving water, and promote defecation and urination, as the chief medicinal

Percolate and drain the interior water-dampness, as the deputy medicinals

Combine with each other to guide the interior waterdampness out from defecation and micturition

Semen Phaseoli (chi xiao dou) Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo) Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae(qin jiao)

Harmonize shaoyang, and drain internal heat accumulation

Scatter wind and release the exterior, open (with acrid medicinals) the striae and interstices and discharge (with bitter medicinals) the exterior water from the muscle and skin

Expel water by drastic purgation, scatter wind, and release the exterior

Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) Semen Arecae (bing lang) Pericarpium Arecae (da fu pi)

Lower qi and move water (promote urination), and promote qi transformation to remove water-dampness

2. Attached formulas (Table 28.9) TABLE 28.9 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Release the Exterior and Attack the Interior Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indications

Officinal Magnolia Bark Seven Substances Decoction (hou po qi wu tang)

Initially recorded in Essentials from the Golden Cabinet (jin gui yao lüe). Composed of Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po) 15 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 9 g, Fructus Jujubae (da zao) 4 pieces, Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) 6 g, Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi) 9 g, and Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 12 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Release the flesh and the exterior, move qi, and promote defecation

Indicated for the treatment of externally-contracted exterior pattern without being released and the interior excess formed, with abdominal fullness, fever, constipation, floating and rapid pulse

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TABLE 28.9 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Release the Exterior and Attack the Interior (cont.) Name of Formula Compound Formula Major Bupleurum Decoction (fu fang da chai hu tang)

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indications

Initially recorded in Treatment with Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine for Acute Abdomen (zhong xi yi jie he zhi liao ji fu zheng). Composed of Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) 15 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 9 g, Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) 9 g, Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 9 g, Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) 6 g, Fructus Toosendan (chuan lian zi) 9 g, Rhizoma Corydalis (yan huo suo) 9 g, Herba Taraxaci (pu gong ying) 15 g, and raw Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (sheng gan cao) 6 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Harmonize shaoyang, rectify qi, and discharge heat

Indicated for the treatment of intra-abdominal infection after relief of acute ulcer perforation, with pressing pain in the upper and right lower abdomen, rugitus, dry feces, general fever, yellow coating and rapid pulse

3. Formula differentiation (Table 28.10) TABLE 28.10 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Release the Exterior and Attack the Interior Name of Formula

Similarity

Differences

Minor Bupleurum Decoction (xiao chai hu tang)

Both select Radix Bupleuri (chai hu), Radix Scutellariae (huang qin), Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia), and Fructus Jujubae (da zao) to combine, and have the effect of harmonizing shaoyang

Specialize in treating shaoyang syndrome (alternating chills and fever, fullness and discomfort in the chest and rib-side, bitter taste in the mouth, dry throat, dizziness, wiry and thready pulse)

Major Bupleurum Decoction (da chai hu tang)

Vomiting as one of its indications is more serious than that of Minor Bupleurum Decoction (xiao chai hu tang), so put Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) in an important position to strengthen the effects of arresting vomiting and dissipating pathogen, select Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) to relax spasm and relieve pain, add Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) and Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi) to drain heat and eliminate painful abdominal masses. It is mainly used for the treatment of combination of diseases of shaoyang and yangming

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Chapter 29

Formulas That Supplement and Boost Chapter Outline Section 1 Formulas That Supplement Qi Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas Section 2 Formulas That Supplement the Blood Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas Section 3 Formulas That Supplement Both Qi and Blood Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas Section 4 Formulas That Supplement Yin Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas

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Section 5 Formulas That Supplement Yang Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas Section 6 Formulas That Supplement Both Yin and Yang Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas Section 7 Formulas That Concurrently Supplement Qi, Blood, Yin and Yang Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas

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ABSTRACT Formulas that are mainly composed of herbs that supplement and boost, have the effects of supplementing and nourishing qi, blood, yin and yang, and used for the treatment of deficiency syndromes and diseases (deficiency pattern) are called “Formulas That Supplement and Boost.” They are divided into seven categories: formulas that supplement qi, formulas that supplement the blood, formulas that supplement both qi and blood, formulas that supplement yin, formulas that supplement yang, formulas that supplement both yin and yang, and formulas that concurrently supplement qi, blood, yin and yang. Keywords: formulas that supplement qi; formulas that supplement the blood; formulas that supplement both qi and blood; formulas that supplement yin; formulas that supplement yang; formulas that supplement both yin and yang; formulas that concurrently supplement qi, blood, yin and yang

Formulas that are mainly composed of herbs that supplement and boost, have the effects of supplementing and nourishing qi, blood, yin and yang, and used for the treatment of deficiency syndromes and diseases (deficiency pattern) are called “Formulas That Supplement and Boost.” The therapeutic method of these formulas is set up according to “When there is deficiency, treat it with supplementation,” “When there is detriment, treat it by boosting,” “When there is overstrain, treat it by warming,” and “Physical insufficiency should be treated by warming to nourish the qi, and essence insufficiency should be treated with thick-flavored tonics” in The Yellow Emperor’s Inner Classic (huang di nei jing), which belongs to one of the eight [medicinal treatment] methods: supplementation. The Classic of Difficult Issues (nan jing) points out that “if deficiency cannot be treated, how superabundance can be asked?” So grasp formulas that supplement and boost is quite important and significant to treat deficiency pattern in clinic. Deficiency patterns refer to those syndromes and diseases with insufficiency of qi, blood, yin and yang, which are usually resulted from congenital (prenatal) constitution insufficiency or inappropriate health-nursing from acquired (postnatal) constitution, such as insufficient nourishment, eating and drinking without temperance, overstrain, excessive thinking or apprehensiveness damages the mind, dystrophy after childbirth or illness, not being treated in time or mistreatment, or injury from falling down. Deficiency patterns of congenital constitution insufficiency and inappropriate health-nursing from acquired constitution always involve in damage to the five viscera, and consumptive diseases of the five viscera nothing always involve in qi, blood, yin and yang. The common clinical deficiency patterns are the followings: qi deficiency pattern, blood deficiency pattern, qi and blood deficiency pattern, yin deficiency pattern, yang deficiency pattern, yin-yang concurrent deficiency, and multiple qi, blood, yin and yang deficiency, so formulas that supplement and boost are divided into Essentials of Chinese Materia Medica and Medical Formulas. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812722-3.00029-4 Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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seven categories: (1) formulas that supplement qi, (2) formulas that supplement the blood, (3) formulas that supplement both qi and blood, (4) formulas that supplement yin, (5) formulas that supplement yang, (6) formulas that supplement both yin and yang, and (7) formulas that concurrently supplement qi, blood, yin and yang. For therapeutic principles and methods in deficiency patterns, supplementing qi usually is selected for qi deficiency pattern, supplementing blood is for blood deficiency pattern, supplementing yin is for yin deficiency pattern, and supplementing yang is for yang deficiency pattern. Qi and blood are mutually reinforced each other, and depend on each other for existence; qi is the commander of blood and blood is the mother (material foundation) of qi. Therefore, severe qi deficiency pattern should be appropriately treated by supplementing blood in order to make qi to have place to associate; severe blood deficiency pattern should also be appropriately treated by supplementing qi in order to make qi become vigorous and engender blood. Investigations of Medical Formulas (yi fang kao) points out that “The visible blood cannot be engendered by itself but by the invisible qi.” For patients with urgent blood deficiency due to excessive bleeding, supplementing qi should be emphatic especially. The meaning is exactly what is called “The visible blood cannot be engendered quickly but the invisible qi should be consolidated urgently”. Yin and yang are rooted in each other; without yin, yang has no foundation to grow; without yang, yin has no rooting to transform. So formulas that supplement yin often combine with herbs that warm yang, and formulas that supplement yang usually combine with herbs that supplement yin. That is exactly what is Zhang Jing-yue called “To effectively supplement yang, it is necessary to seek yang within yin, and yang assisted by yin will promote generation and transformation continuously; to effectively supplement yin, it is necessary to seek yin within yang, and yin raised by yang will keep their source and foundation without exhaustion.” For deficiency patterns of the five viscera, directly supplementing the deficient viscera is often selected. The Classic of Difficult Issues (nan jing) points out that “Damage to the lung, boost its qi; damage to the kidney, boost the essence.” However, according to mutual relationship among the five viscera, besides directly supplementing the deficient viscera, the therapeutic method of “reinforcing the mother-organ to treat deficiency” in The Classic of Difficult Issues (nan jing) also can be adopted. For example, for lung qi deficiency pattern, treatment of supplementing and boosting the spleen (pertaining to earth) could be the method of “banking up earth to generate metal”; and for liver yin deficiency pattern, treatment of supplementing and boosting the kidney (pertaining to water) could be the method of “nourishing water to moisten wood.” The body’s qi and blood perform their functions when there is free flow. Inhibited movement of qi and blood often occur in patients with consumptive diseases, and herbs that supplement and boost usually have the disadvantage of leading to obstruction and stagnation, so formulas that supplement and boost often combine small amount of herbs that move qi and invigorate blood in order to remove stagnation when supplementing. When applying formulas that supplement and boost, first, true and false manifestation of deficiency and excess should be differentiated. Zhang Jing-yue once said: “Excess is usually manifesting with extreme deficiency; deficiency is often manifesting with extreme excess.” For patients with true deficiency with false excess, method of attacking or purgation must not be used, otherwise the deficiency pattern will be worsen; for patients with true excess with false deficiency, method of supplementing or boosting must not be applied, otherwise the excess pattern will be aggravated. Second, because most of formulas that supplement and boost are greasy, easy to obstruct stomach qi, and often taken orally with large dosage and for a long time, the function of the spleen and stomach should be paid attention to after taking these formulas; if necessary, herbs that fortify the spleen and harmonize the stomach or herbs that promote digestion and resolve [food] stagnation should be appropriately added in order to assist transportation and transformation.

SECTION 1  FORMULAS THAT SUPPLEMENT QI Outline Formulas that supplement qi are suitable for the treatment of lung-spleen qi deficiency, with lassitude and lack of strength, weak breathing and reluctance to speak, faint and low voice, shortness of breath when movement, sallow or pale complexion, less eating, thin and unformed stool, pale tongue with white coating, deficient and weak pulse. Formulas in this section are mainly composed of herbs that supplement qi, such as Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen), Radix Codonopsis (dang shen), Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu), Radix Astragali (huang qi), and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao). Due to spleen-stomach qi deficiency and weak function of transportation and transformation, formulas that supplement qi are easy to inhibit stomach qi, formulas that supplement qi and fortify the spleen should combine with small amounts of herbs that move qi in order to supplement but without stagnation. In addition, qi deficiency pattern may be complicated by various kinds of symptoms and signs due to failure of the spleen to transport [nutrients] and internal stagnation of water-dampness, or middle jiao deficiency and sinking of qi, and unrising of clear yang, or prolonged illness with qi deficiency involving in yin-blood, or lung deficiency with phlegm stagnation and qi counterflow. Therefore, formulas in this category often combine with herbs that rectify qi, or herbs that percolate dampness, or herbs that raise yang and lift the sunken, or herbs that supplement the blood, herbs that nourish yin, or herbs that dissolve phlegm and relieve cough.

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The representative formulas are Four Gentlemen Decoction (si jun zi tang), Ginseng, Poria and Atractylodes Macrocephalae Powder (shen ling bai zhu san), Center-Supplementing and Qi-Boosting Decoction (bu zhong yi qi tang), Jade Wind-Barrier Powder (yu ping feng san), Pulse-Engendering Powder (sheng mai san) and Ginseng and Gecko Powder (ren shen ge jie san).

Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 1. Primary formulas and analysis (Tables 29.1 and 29.2)

TABLE 29.1 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Supplement Qi Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Four Gentlemen Decoction (si jun zi tang)

Ginseng, Poria and Atractylodes Macrocephalae Powder (shen ling bai zhu san)

Caution for Use

Efficacy and Indication

Modified Clinical Application

Initially recorded in Comprehensive Recording of Divine Assistance (sheng ji zong lu). Composed by Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 9 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 9 g, Poria (fu ling) 9 g and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 6 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Boost qi and fortify the spleen. Indicated for the treatment of spleen-stomach qi deficiency, with sallow or pale complexion, faint and low voice, reluctance to speak, shortness of breath, fatigue, lack of strength, less eating, thin and unformed stool, pale tongue with white coating, deficient and moderate or weak pulse

For more evident qi deficiency, add Radix Astragali (huang qi) to supplement qi and raise yang; for nausea and vomiting due to disharmony of stomach qi, add Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) and Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) to harmonize the stomach and direct counterflow downward to arrest vomiting; for poor appetite, add Fructus Amomi (sha ren) and Fructus Amomi Kravanh (bai dou kou) to awaken the spleen and harmonize the stomach; for distention and fullness in the chest and diaphragm due to middle jiao deficiency and failure to transport, add Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao) and Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) to move qi and loosen the center; for aversion to cold and abdominal pain due to qi deficiency involving yang, add Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) and Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) to warm the center and dissipate cold and relieve pain

Its use is prohibited in patients with yin deficiency or excess heat pattern

Initially recorded in Beneficial Formulas from the Taiping Imperial Pharmacy (tai ping hui min he ji ju fang). Composed by Semen Nelumbinis (lian zi) 500 g, Semen Coicis (yi yi ren) 500 g, Fructus Amomi (sha ren) 500 g, Semen Lablab Album (bai bian dou) 750 g, Poria Alba (bai fu ling) 1000 g, dry-fried Radix Platycodonis (chao jie geng) 500 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 1000 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 1000 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 1000 g and Rhizoma Dioscoreae (huai shan yao) 1000 g. Decrease the dosage according to the original proportion and decoct with water and Fructus Jujubae (da zao) three pieces for oral use

Boost qi and fortify the spleen, percolate dampness and arrest diarrhea. Indicated for the treatment of spleenstomach qi stagnation complicated by dampness, with indigestion, pĭ and oppression in the chest and stomach cavity, or vomiting or diarrhea, lack of strength, emaciation, sallow complexion, pale tongue with white and greasy coating, deficient and moderate pulse; or lung-spleen qi deficiency, with cough, excessive white phlegm, pĭ and oppression in the chest and stomach cavity, fatigue, pallid complexion, poor appetite, loose stool, pale tongue with white and greasy coating, thready, weak and slippery pulse

For more evident diarrhea, add Semen Myristicae (rou dou kou) to strengthen the effect of arresting diarrhea; complicated by abdominal pain and relief with warm and pressure due to middle jiao deficiency-cold, add Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) and Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) to warm the center and dispel cold and relieve pain; for poor appetite and less eating, add dry-fried Fructus Hordei Germinatus (chao mai ya), scorchfried Fructus Crataegi (jiao shan zha) and dry-fried Massa Medicata Fermentata (chao shen qu) to promote digestion and harmonize the stomach; for expectoration of white phlegm in large amounts, add Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) and Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) to dry dampness and dissolve phlegm

It is not suitable for patients with internal retention of accumulation and stagnation, diarrhea due to improper dietary disorders, or dysentery and diarrhea due to internal cold and external heat

(Continued )

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TABLE 29.1 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Supplement Qi (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

CenterSupplementing and Qi-Boosting Decoction (bu zhong yi qi tang)

PulseEngendering Powder (sheng mai san)

Caution for Use

Efficacy and Indication

Modified Clinical Application

Initially recorded in Clarifying Doubts about Damage from Internal and External Causes (nei wai shang bian huo lun). Composed by Radix Astragali (huang qi) 18 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 6 g, Rhizoma Cimicifugae (sheng ma) 6 g, Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) 6 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (ju pi) 6 g, main part of Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui shen) 6 g and Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 6 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Supplement the center and boost qi, raise yang and lift the sunken. Indicated for the treatment of spleenstomach qi deficiency, with less eating, lassitude, weak limbs, weak breathing, reluctance to speak, pallid complexion, poor appetite, thin and unformed stool, pale tongue and weak pulse; or pattern of qi deficiency and qi sinking, with prolapse of the rectum, prolapse of the uterus, chronic diarrhea, chronic dysentery, flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding), shortness of breath, lack of strength, pale tongue and deficient pulse; pattern of fever due to qi deficiency, with general fever, spontaneous sweating, thirst with preference to hot drinks, shortness of breath, lack of strength, pale and plump tongue, large and forceless pulse

Complicated by mild headache, add Fructus Viticis (man jing zi); or severe headache, add Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) to strengthen the effects of raising yang and relieving pain; for abdominal pain, add Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) to relax spasm and relieve pain; for pĭ and distention in the stomach cavity and abdomen due to qi stagnation, add Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao), Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) and Fructus Amomi (sha ren) to move qi and disperse pĭ; for chronic diarrhea, add Semen Nelumbinis (lian zi), Fructus Chebulae (he zi) and Semen Myristicae (rou dou kou) to strengthen the effects of astringing the intestines and arresting diarrhea; for more evident fever and vexation, add Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai) and Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) to discharge lower jiao yin fire; for aversion to cold and headache due to affection of external wind-cold, add Folium Perillae (zi su ye) and Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) to reinforce healthy qi and dispel pathogen

Its use is prohibited in patients with vigorous fire due to yin deficiency, fever with excess pattern, or fever in febrile disease

Initially recorded in Origins of Medicine (yi xue qi yuan). Composed by Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 9 g, Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) 9 g and Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi) 6 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Boost qi and nourish yin, arrest sweating and engender pulse. Indicated for the treatment of impairment of both qi and yin due to warm febrile disease or summerheat, with profuse sweating, fatigue, lassitude, lack of strength, shortness of breath, dry throat, thirst, dry and red tongue with slight coating, deficient and rapid pulse; or chronic cough and lung deficiency leading to qi and yin deficiency, with dry cough with scanty phlegm, shortness of breath and spontaneous sweating, dry mouth and tongue, deficient and thready pulse

For extreme deficiency of original qi, use Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng Rubra (hong shen) or Panax Ginseng; for more evident yin deficiency, use dry Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (sheng shai shen) and Radix Panacis Quinquefolii (xi yang shen); for qi and yin insufficiency but no desertion, use Radix Codonopsis (dang shen) or Radix Pseudostellariae (tai zi shen); for dry cough without phlegm, but with a prolonged course due to lung yin insufficiency, add Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) or Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) and Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen) to nourish the kidney and moisten the lung; for vexing heat in the five centers (chest, palms, and soles) due to yin deficiency, add Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang), Carapax Trionycis (bie jia) and Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu) to clear and abate deficiency heat; for more profuse sweating, add Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu), Radix et Rhizoma Ephedrae (ma huang gen) and calcined Concha Ostreae (duan mu li) to strengthen the effects of astringing yin and arresting sweating

This formula has the properties of astringing and supplementing and is not suitable for patients with pattern of both qi and yin deficiency complicated by excess pathogen. For patients with urgent pathogenic condition, the dosage of Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) should be large

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TABLE 29.1 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Supplement Qi (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Jade WindBarrier Powder (yu ping feng san)

Ginseng and Gecko Powder (ren shen ge jie san)

Caution for Use

Efficacy and Indication

Modified Clinical Application

Initially recorded in Categorized Collection of Medical Formulas (yi fang lei ju). Composed by Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 30 g, Radix Astragali Praeparata cum Melle (zhi huang qi) 60 g and Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 60 g. Grind the ingredients into crude powder, select 6–9 g each time, add Fructus Jujubae (da zao) one piece, and decoct with water for oral use

Boost qi and consolidate the exterior and arrest sweating. Indicated for the treatment of lung-wei qi deficiency, accompanied by sweating, aversion to wind, pallid complexion, susceptible to pathogenic wind, pale tongue with thin and white coating, floating and deficient pulse

For profuse sweating, add Fructus Tritici Levis (fu xiao mai), calcined Concha Ostreae (duan mu li) and Radix et Rhizoma Ephedrae (ma huang gen) to strengthen the effects of consolidating the exterior and arresting sweating; for more evident exterior pattern with headache, nasal obstruction, sweating and aversion to wind due to exterior deficiency and affection of external wind-cold, combine with Cinnamon Twig Decoction (gui zhi tang) to boost qi and consolidate the exterior, and harmonize nutrient and defensive aspects

It is not suitable for patients with fever and night sweating due to yin deficiency, and the weak with external contraction, accompanied by more pathogens and less deficiency

Initially recorded in Universal Formulas for Relief (bo ji fang). Composed by Gecko (ge jie) one pair, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 60 g, Poria (fu ling) 60 g, Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu) 60 g, Bulbus Fritillaria (bei mu) 60 g, Cortex Mori (sang bai pi) 60 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 150 g and Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren) 180 g. Grind the ingredients into fine powder and mix thoroughly, use 6–9 g each time, add Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) two pieces, and decoct with water for oral use

Supplement the lung and boost the kidney, and relieve cough and panting. Indicated for the treatment of lungkidney qi deficiency and phlegm-heat accumulated in interior, accompanied by cough and panting, more exhalation and less inhalation, thick and yellow phlegm, faint and low voice, or expectoration of pus and blood, vexing heat in the chest, emaciation, or general edema, floating and deficient pulse

For no evident fever, remove Cortex Mori (sang bai pi) and Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu); for dry cough with scanty phlegm, dry mouth and throat, red tongue with slight coating, add Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) and Radix Glehniae (sha shen) or Bulbus Lilii (bai he) to nourish yin and moisten the lung; for coughing of bloodstained phlegm, add Rhizoma Imperatae (bai mao gen), Herba Cirsii (xiao ji), Radix Sanguisorbae Carbonisatum (di yu tan) and charred Cacumen Platycladi (ce bai tan) to clear heat and cool the blood and stanch bleeding; for expectoration of pus and blood, add Rhizoma Phragmitis (lu gen) and Herba Houttuyniae (yu xing cao) to clear lung heat and expel pus

It is not suitable for patients with pattern of lung-spleen deficiencycold, or single pattern of phlegm-heat accumulated in interior, or complicated by newly contracted external pathogen

TABLE 29.2 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Supplement Qi Name of Formula Four Gentlemen Decoction (si jun zi tang)

Efficacy Analysis Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen)

Sweet and warm in nature, boost qi, fortify and supplement the spleen and stomach, as the chief medicinal

Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu)

Supplement spleen qi and stomach qi, fortify the spleen and dry dampness, and assist the spleen to transport, as the deputy medicinal

Poria (fu ling)

Fortify the spleen, percolate and drain dampness in order to eliminate dampness generated due to spleen deficiency

Assist

Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao)

Boost qi and fortify the spleen

Sweet and warm in nature, boost qi, assist Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) and Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) to boost qi, and harmonize the actions of all medicinals

(Continued )

560 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 29.2 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Supplement Qi (cont.) Name of Formula Ginseng, Poria, and Atractylodes Macrocephalae Powder (shen ling bai zhu san)

Efficacy Analysis Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen)

Sweet and slightly warm in nature, supplement spleen qi and stomach qi

Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu)

Fortify the spleen and percolate dampness

Poria (fu ling) Rhizoma Dioscoreae (huai shan yao)

Sweet and neutral in nature, supplement the spleen and boost the lung

Semen Nelumbinis (lian zi)

Sweet, astringent, and neutral in nature, fortify the spleen and astringe the intestines

Semen Lablab Album (bai bian dou)

Sweet and slightly warm in nature, fortify the spleen and remove dampness

Semen Coicis (yi yi ren)

Sweet, bland, and cool in nature, fortify the spleen and percolate dampness

Fructus Amomi (sha ren)

Awaken the spleen with aromatic property, move qi and harmonize the stomach, remove dampness and arrest diarrhea

Radix Platycodonis (jie geng)

Diffuse lung qi to free and regulate the waterways, combine with Fructus Amomi (sha ren) to promote qi movement free, and guide the effects of other herbs to act upward

Fructus Jujubae (da zao) Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) Center-Supplementing and Qi-Boosting Decoction (bu zhong yi qi tang)

Sweet and warm in nature, act on the spleen and lung channels, supplement center qi, consolidate the exterior, raise yang and lift the sunken

Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen)

Sweet and slightly warm in nature, greatly supplement original qi

Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao)

Sweet and neutral in nature, supplement the spleen and harmonize the center

Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu)

Supplement qi and fortify the spleen, assist the spleen to transport and transform to supply the source of qi and blood production

Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui)

Supplement and nourish the nutrient blood, which can be as the basis of supplementing qi

Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (ju pi)

Rectify qi and harmonize the stomach in order to avoid stagnation from supplementing

Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi)

Boost qi and fortify the spleen, percolate dampness and arrest diarrhea

Supplement the spleen and harmonize the center, and harmonize the actions of all medicinals

Radix Astragali (huang qi)

Rhizoma Cimicifugae (sheng ma)

Pulse-Engendering Powder (sheng mai san)

Fortify the spleen and arrest diarrhea

Supplement the center and boost qi, raise yang and lift the sunken

Raise yang and lift the sunken, combine with Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) and Radix Astragali (huang qi) to raise and lift the sunken center qi Greatly supplement original qi, quench thirst and promote fluid production, as the chief medicinal Sweet and cold inp property, nourish yin, clear heat and promote fluid production, moisten the lung and relieve cough

Combine with each other to strengthen the effects of boosting qi and nourishing yin

Sour and astringent in nature, combine with Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) to supplement and consolidate healthy qi, with Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) to astringe yin fluid

Boost qi and nourish yin, arrest sweating and engender pulse

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TABLE 29.2 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Supplement Qi (cont.) Name of Formula

Efficacy Analysis

Jade Wind-Barrier Powder (yu ping feng san)

Ginseng and Gecko Powder (ren shen ge jie san)

Radix Astragali (huang qi)

Sweet and warm in nature, supplement center qi and boost lung qi, strengthen defense qi and consolidate the exterior and arrest sweating

Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu)

Boost qi and fortify the spleen, assist Radix Astragali (huang qi) to supplement qi and consolidate the exterior

Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng)

Acrid and slightly warm in nature, release the exterior and dispel pathogenic wind

Gecko (ge jie)

Salty and neutral in nature, act on the lung and kidney channels, supplement the lung and boost the kidney, calm panting and relieve cough

Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen)

Greatly supplement original qi, supplement the lung, and boost the spleen

Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren) Bulbus Fritillaria (bei mu)

Bitter and slightly warm in nature, promote the function of lung qi, and relieve cough and panting Bitter, sweet, and slightly cold in nature, moisten the lung, relieve cough and dissolve phlegm

Cortex Mori (sang bai pi)

Sweet and cold in nature, drain the lung and clear heat, calm panting and relieve cough

Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu)

Sweet and cold in nature, clear heat and moisten the lung

Poria (fu ling) Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao)

Boost qi and consolidate the exterior and arrest sweating

Supplement the lung and boost the kidney, and relieve cough and panting

Fortify the spleen and percolate dampness to reduce phlegm production, combine with Cortex Mori (sang bai pi) and Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren) to diffuse lung qi, free and regulate the waterways for relieving edema Combine with Gecko (ge jie) and Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) to supplement lung qi and moisten the lung and relieve cough, and harmonize the actions of all medicinals

2. Attached formulas (Table 29.3) TABLE 29.3 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Supplement Qi Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Special Achievement Powder (yi gong san)

Initially recorded in Key to Diagnosis and Treatment of Children’s Diseases (xiao er yao zheng zhi jue). Composed by Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 9 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 9 g, Poria (fu ling) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 6 g and Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 6 g. Grind the ingredients into fine powder, use 6 g each time, add Fructus Jujubae (da zao) two pieces and Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) five pieces, and decoct with water for oral use

Boost qi and fortify the spleen, move qi and resolve [food] stagnation

Indicated for the treatment of spleen-stomach qi deficiency with qi stagnation, accompanied by greatly less eating, thin and unformed stool, pĭ and oppression in the chest and stomach cavity, or vomiting and diarrhea

Six Gentlemen Decoction (liu jun zi tang)

Initially recorded in Beneficial Formulas from the Taiping Imperial Pharmacy (tai ping hui min he ji ju fang). Composed by Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 3 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 4.5 g, Poria (fu ling) 3 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 3 g, Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) 4.5 g and Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 3 g. Grind the ingredients into fine powder, add Fructus Jujubae (da zao) two pieces and Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) three pieces, and decoct with water for oral use

Boost qi and fortify the spleen, dry dampness and dissolve phlegm

Indicated for the treatment of spleen-stomach qi deficiency with phlegm-damp, accompanied by pale complexion, faint and low voice, shortness of breath, lack of strength, less eating, thin and unformed stool, cough with excessive white phlegm, nausea and vomiting, pĭ and oppression in the chest and stomach cavity, pale tongue with white and greasy coating, and deficient pulse (Continued )

562 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 29.3 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Supplement Qi (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Costusroot and Amomum Six Gentlemen Decoction (xiang sha liu jun zi tang)

Initially recorded in Discussion on Ancient and Modern Famous Physicians’ Formulas (gu jin ming yi fang lun). Composed by Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 3 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 6 g, Poria (fu ling) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 2 g, Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) 3 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 2.5 g, Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) 2 g, Fructus Amomi (sha ren) 2.5 g and Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 6 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Boost qi and dissolve phlegm, move qi and warm the center

Indicated for the treatment of spleen-stomach qi deficiency with dampness obstruction and qi stagnation, accompanied by vomiting, pĭ and oppression, no desire to eat, distending pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen, emaciation, lassitude, or swelling and fullness due to qi deficiency

Original-QiPreserving Decoction (bao yuan tang)

Initially recorded in Reflections of Universal Love: The Complete Book on Pox (bo ai xin jian). Composed by Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 3 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 3 g, Radix Astragali (huang qi) 9 g and Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) 1.5–2 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Boost qi and warm yang

Indicated for the treatment of consumptive disease and infant insufficiency of original qi, with fatigue, lack of strength, weak breathing and aversion to cold; or infantile pock with sunken top but inability to form a vesicle

Seven-Ingredient Atractylodes Macrocephalae Powder (qi wei bai zhu san)

Initially recorded in Key to Diagnosis and Treatment of Children’s Diseases (xiao er yao zheng zhi jue). Composed by Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 7 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 15 g, Poria Alba (bai fu ling) 15 g, Folium Agastachis (huo xiang ye) 15 g, Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 3 g and Radix Puerariae Lobatae (ge gen) 15–30 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Fortify the spleen and arrest diarrhea

Indicated for the treatment of prolonged deficiency of the spleen and stomach, with frequent vomiting and diarrhea, essence and fluid exhaustion, thirst and vexation, but desire to drink water, neither eat nor drink, and emaciation

Original-Qi-Lifting Decoction (ju yuan jian)

Initially recorded in The Complete Works of [Zhang] Jing-yue (jing yue quan shu). Composed by Radix Astragali (huang qi) 9–15 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 9–15 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 3–6 g, Rhizoma Cimicifugae (sheng ma) 2–3 g and dry-fried Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (chao bai zhu) 3–6 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Boost qi and lift the sunken

Indicated for the treatment of profuse uterine bleeding and blood desertion, and yang collapse in danger due to qi deficiency and collapse

Yang-Raising and Stomach-Boosting Decoction (sheng yang yi wei tang)

Initially recorded in Clarifying Doubts about Damage from Internal and External Causes (nei wai shang bian huo lun). Composed by Radix Astragali (huang qi) 30 g, Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) 15 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 15 g, Radix Angelicae Pubescentis (du huo) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 15 g, Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 9 g, Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) 9 g, Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo) 9 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (ju pi) 6 g, Poria (fu ling) 5 g, Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) 5 g, Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie) 5 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 5 g, Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 1.5 g, appropriate amount of Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) and Fructus Jujubae (da zao). Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Boost qi and raise yang, clear heat and eliminate dampness

Indicated for the treatment of spleen-stomach weakness, and damp-heat stagnated in the middle jiao, with distaste for food, indigestion, distention and fullness in the stomach cavity and abdomen, pallid complexion, aversion to cold and wind, dizziness and tinnitus, somnolence, heavy body with pain, stool irregularities, difficult and hot urination, dry mouth and tongue

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TABLE 29.3 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Supplement Qi (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Ginseng SpleenFortifying Pill (ren shen jian pi wan)

Initially recorded in The Complete Works of [Zhang] Jing-yue (jing yue quan shu). Composed by Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 25 g, dry-fried Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae with bran (fu chao bai zhu) 150 g, Poria (fu ling) 50 g, Rhizoma Dioscoreae (shan yao) 100 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 50 g, Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) 12.5 g, Fructus Amomi (sha ren) 25 g, honey-prepared Radix Astragali (mi zhi huang qi) 100 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 50 g, prepared Radix Polygalae (zhi yuan zhi) 25 g, dry-fried Semen Ziziphi Spinosae (chao suan zao ren) 50 g. Grind the ingredients into fine powder, mix with honey and make into pills, 6 g each pill, take orally, two pills each time, 2 times a day

Fortify the spleen and boost qi, harmonize the stomach and arrest diarrhea

Indicated for the treatment of spleen-stomach weakness, with indigestion, stomach distention, epigastric upset, nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain, thin and unformed stool, no desire to eat, weak body with tiredness

Raising the Sinking Decoction (sheng xian tang)

Initially recorded in Records of Chinese Medicine with Reference to Western Medicine (yi xue zhong zhong can xi lu). Composed by Raw Radix Astragali (sheng huang qi) 18 g, Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu) 9 g, Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) 5 g, Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) 4.5 g and Rhizoma Cimicifugae (sheng ma) 3 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Boost qi and raise the sunken, clear heat and eliminate dampness

Indicated for the treatment of sinking of qi in the chest, with shortness of breath, or breathing hard which seems to pant, or breath is going to cease, danger in an instant, deep, slow, faint, and weak pulse or irregular pulse

Qi-Boosting Intelligence Decoction (yi qi cong ming tang)

Initially recorded in [Li] Dong-yuan’s Proven Formulas (dong yuan shi xiao fang). Composed by Radix Astragali (huang qi) 45 g, Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) 3 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 45 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 45 g, Rhizoma Cimicifugae (sheng ma) 9 g, Radix Puerariae Lobatae (ge gen) 9 g, prepared Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (zhi huang bai) 3 g and Fructus Viticis (man jing zi) 4.5 g. Grind the ingredients into powder; decoct 9 g each time with water for oral use

Boost qi and raise yang, improve hearing and vision

Indicated for the treatment of qi deficiency and clear yang failing to ascend, with tinnitus, or blurred vision for many years, fatigue and lack of strength, weak breathing, reluctance to speak, lusterless complexion, pale tongue with deficient pulse

Ginseng and Mume Decoction (ren shen wu mei tang)

Initially recorded in Systematic Differentiation of Warm Diseases (wen bing tiao bian). Composed by Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 10 g, dry-fried Semen Nelumbinis (chao lian zi) 10 g, Fructus Mume (wu mei) 10 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 6 g, Fructus Chaenomelis (mu gua) 15 g, and Rhizoma Dioscoreae (huai shan yao) 15 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use; and decrease the dosage for children according to age

Boost qi and astringe yin

Indicated for the treatment of damage to both qi and yin due to excessive diarrhea and dysentery, with unceasing diarrhea and dysentery, excessive thirst with desire to drink, dry skin, scanty urine, red tongue with slight coating, threadys and rapid pulse

Life-Promoting Pill (zi sheng wan) [aka LifePromoting and Spleen-Fortifying Pill (zi sheng jian pi wan)]

Initially recorded in Extensive Notes on Medicine from Xian Xing Studio (xian xing zhai yi xue guang bi ji). Composed by Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 9 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 9 g, Poria Alba (bai fu ling) 4.5 g, Fructus Crataegi (shan zha) 6 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 6 g, Semen Coicis (yi yi ren) 4.5 g, Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 1 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 3 g, Rhizoma Dioscoreae (huai shan yao) 4.5 g, Semen Lablab Album (bai bian dou) 4.5 g, Folium Agastachis (huo xiang ye) 1.5 g, Fructus Amomi Kravanh (bai dou kou) 1 g, Semen Nelumbinis (lian zi) 4.5 g, Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie) 1 g, Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) 1.5 g, Semen Euryales (qian shi) 4.5 g, and dry-fried Fructus Hordei Germinatus (chao mai ya) 3 g. Grind the ingredients into fine powder, mix with honey and make into pills, and take 6 g each time

Boost qi and fortify the spleen, harmonize the stomach and percolate dampness, promote digestion and rectify qi

Indicated for the treatment of liability to be abortion during pregnancy within three months due to yangming channel deficiency, or less eating, thin and unformed stool, distention in the stomach cavity and abdomen, nausea and vomiting, emaciation and lack of strength due to weakness of the spleen and stomach

(Continued )

564 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 29.3 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Supplement Qi (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Acorus Pill (chang pu wan)

Initially recorded in Yan’s Treatise on Formulas for Children (yan shi xiao er fang lun). Composed by Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (shi chang pu) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae (dan shen) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 15 g, Halloysitum Rubrum (chi shi zhi) 9 g, Radix Asparagi (tian dong) 30 g and Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) 30 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, mix with honey and make into pills as size of mung bean, and take in doses of 5–20 pills, three times a day; or decrease the dosage according to the original proportion and decoct with water for oral use

Supplement heart qi and open the brain orifices

Indicated for the treatment of lingual retardation with a pattern of heart qi insufficiency, with developmental lag of infantile language, sluggishness of spirit, mental retardation, hair growth retardation, weakness of suck and mastication, or waggling tongue, pale tender tongue with slight coating, thready and moderate pulse, and pale finger venules

Ginseng-Juglandis Decoction (ren shen hu tao tang)

Initially recorded in Selected Formulas from the Praiseworthy Studio (shi zhai bai yi xuan fang). Composed by Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 9 g and Semen Juglandis (he tao ren) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Supplement the lung and relieve deficiency-type panting

Indicated for the treatment of deficiency of both lung and kidney, with shortness of breath, phlegm panting, cough, fatigue, lack of strength, pale tongue, and deficient pulse

DeficiencySupplementing Decoction (bu xu tang)

Initially recorded in Comprehensive Recording of Divine Assistance (sheng ji zong lu). Composed by Radix Astragali (huang qi) 75 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) 90 g, Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) 90 g, Poria (fu ling) 60 g, Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po) 60 g, Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi) 60 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 60 g and Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 45 g. Grind the ingredients into crude powder; decoct 15 g each time with water for oral use

Supplement the lung and boost qi, direct qi downward and relieve panting

Indicated for the treatment of lung distention with a pattern of lung qi deficiency complicated by phlegm, accompanied by shortness of breath, cough, white phlegm like spittle bug, difficulty in expectoration, pale tongue with white coating, weak pulse

Supplemented Four Gentlemen Decoction (jia wei si jun zi tang)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Diseases, Patterns, and Formulas Related to the Unification of the Three Etiologies (san yin ji yi bing Zheng fang lun). Composed by Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 30 g, Radix Astragali (huang qi) 30 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 30 g, Poria (fu ling) 30 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 30 g and Semen Lablab Album (bai bian dou) 30 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, and take in 6 g doses with warm boiled water

Boost qi and supplement the spleen

Indicated for the treatment of chronic bleeding from piles with a pattern of spleen-stomach qi deficiency, with sallow complexion, palpitation, tinnitus, shortness of breath, flaccidity of feet and knees, bland taste in the mouth, and distaste for food

Astragalus and Chinese Angelica Powder (huang qi dang gui san)

Initially recorded in Golden Mirror of the Medical Tradition (yi zong jin jian). Composed by Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 9 g, dry-fried Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae with soil (tu chao bai zhu) 9 g, Radix Astragali (huang qi) 9 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 9 g, Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 2.4 g, and appropriate amount of Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) and Fructus Jujubae (da zao). Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Supplement qi to rescue from desertion

Indicated for the treatment of frequent urination, accompanied by dripping wet without ceasing

Five Atrophies Decoction (wu wei tang)

Initially recorded in Medical Revelations (yi xue xin wu). Composed by Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 3 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 3 g, Poria (fu ling) 3 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 1.2 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 4.5 g, Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) 6 g, Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai) 1.5 g, Semen Coicis (yi yi ren) 9 g and Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu) 1.5 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Supplement and boost the heart and spleen

Indicated for the treatment of wĕi (atrophy, ) or flaccidity syndrome of the five viscera

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TABLE 29.3 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Supplement Qi (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Qi-Supplementing and SpleenActivating Decoction (bu qi yun pi tang)

Initially recorded in Standards for Diagnosis and Treatment (zheng zhi zhun sheng). Composed by Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 6 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 9 g, Poria (fu ling) 4.5 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 1.2 g, honey-prepared Radix Astragali (mi zhi huang qi) 3 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 4.5 g, Fructus Amomi (sha ren) 2.4 g, Rhizoma Pinelliae Praeparatum (jiang ban xia) 3 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) one pieces and Fructus Jujubae (da zao) one piece. Decoct the ingredients with water, and take decoction on an empty stomach

Boost qi and fortify the spleen, move qi and assist transportation

Indicated for the treatment of chronic choking due to center qi failing to transport, with pallid complexion, cold body, shortness of breath, and vomiting of watery drool

Qi-Boosting and Urine-Guiding Decoction (yi qi dao niao tang)

Initially recorded in Gyniatrics of Traditional Chinese Medicine (zhong yi fu ke zhi liao xue). Composed by Radix Adenophorae (nan sha shen) 15 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 6 g, Semen Lablab Album (bai bian dou) 9 g, Poria (fu ling) 9 g, Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) 3 g, honey-fried Rhizoma Cimicifugae (mi zhi sheng ma) 3 g, Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) 4.5 g, Medulla Tetrapanacis (tong cao) 6 g and Radix Linderae (wu yao) 4.5 g. Decoct the ingredients with water, and take decoction warm

Boost qi and raise the clear, warm yang and promote urination

Indicated for the treatment of qi deficiency and qi sinking during pregnancy, with inhibited urination, distending pain in the perinavel region, pale and bluish complexion, fatigue and less eating, pale tongue with white coating, deep and slippery and forceless pulse

Ginseng and Schisandra Decoction (ren shen wu wei zi tang)

Initially recorded in The Grand Compendium of Pediatrics (you you ji cheng). Composed by Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 9 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 9 g, Poria (fu ling) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 6 g, Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi) 1.5 g, Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) 3 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) three pieces and Fructus Jujubae (da zao) three pieces. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Boost qi and fortify the spleen, supplement the lung and relieve cough

Indicated for the treatment of rickets with a pattern of lung-spleen qi deficiency, with puffiness, fatigue and lack of strengthen, pale complexion, profuse sweating, sparse hair which is easy to fall, myospongy, soft stool (a type of “loose stool”), less eating, large fontanels, easy to catch a cold, pale tongue with thin and white coating, thread and forceless pulse

LungSupplementing Decoction (bu fei tang)

Initially recorded in Everlasting Categorization of Seal Formulas (yong lei qian fang). Composed by Cortex Mori (sang bai pi) 60 g, Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 60 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 30 g, Radix et Rhizoma Asteris (zi wan) 30 g, Radix Astragali (huang qi) 30 g and Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi) 30 g. Grind the ingredients into crude powder, decoct 9 g each time with water, add a little Mel (feng mi) into decoction, and take after meals

Supplement lung qi and boost the kidney, clear fire and dissolve phlegm

Indicated for the treatment of lung and kidney deficiency, with overstrained cough, late afternoon tidal fever, spontaneous sweating, night sweating, dyspnea with excessive phlegm; or deficiencyconsumption (xu¯ láo) with shortness of breath, spontaneous sweating, intermittent chills or fever, easy to catch a cold, pale tongue, weak and forceless pulse

KidneyConsolidating Decoction (gu zhen tang)

Initially recorded in Standards for Diagnosis and Treatment (zheng zhi zhun sheng). Composed by Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 8 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 8 g, Poria (fu ling) 6 g, Rhizoma Dioscoreae (shan yao) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 6 g, Radix Astragali (huang qi) 6 g, Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) 8 g, Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) 6 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) three pieces and Fructus Jujubae (da zao) one piece. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Fortify the spleen and boost qi, warm the center and dissipate cold

Indicated for the treatment of spleen-kidney deficiency-cold, with pallid complexion, cold limbs, forehead dripping sweating with no warm by touch, fatigue, hypersomnia, unconsciousness, feeling cool air in the mouth and nose, tremor of the extremities, pale tongue with white and glossy coating, deep and thready and forceless pulse

566 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

3. Formula differentiation (Table 29.4) TABLE 29.4 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Supplement Qi Name of Formula

Similarity

Differences

Four Gentlemen Decoction (si jun zi tang)

Both select Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen), Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) to supplement and boost spleen qi and stomach qi

Select Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) to combine with Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) as the primary in order to focus on supplementing spleen-stomach qi, and promoting transportation and transformation. It is mainly used for the treatment of deficiency of spleen qi and stomach qi

Both use Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen), Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu), Poria (fu ling) and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao), and have the effects of boosting qi and fortifying the spleen

It specializes in supplementing qi and fortifying the spleen, and is a basic formula that can treat pattern of deficiency of spleen qi and stomach qi

All select Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen), Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu), Poria (fu ling) and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) to combine, and have the effects of boosting qi and fortifying the spleen

It is a basic formula that can supplement qi, and quite suitable for the treatment of qi deficiency and weakness of the spleen and stomach

Center-Regulating Pill (li zhong wan)

Four Gentlemen Decoction (si jun zi tang) Ginseng, Poria and Atractylodes Macrocephalae Powder (shen ling bai zhu san)

Four Gentlemen Decoction (si jun zi tang) Special Achievement Powder (yi gong san)

Select Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) to combine with Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) as the primary in order to supplement spleen-stomach deficiency, also warm the center and dispel cold. It is mainly used for the treatment of deficiencycold of the spleen and stomach

It is the supplemented formula of Four Gentlemen Decoction (si jun zi tang), and focuses on not only supplementing qi and fortifying the spleen, but also dispelling dampness and arresting diarrhea, and is a major formula that can treat pattern of spleen deficiency complicated by dampness. It can boost lung qi, and is suitable for the treatment of chronic cough due to lung deficiency, with less eating, thin and unformed stool, panting and weak breathing

It is Four Gentlemen Decoction (si jun zi tang) plus Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi), which can move qi and resolve [food] stagnation. It is more suited to treat patients with pattern of deficiency of spleen qi and stomach qi complicated by qi stagnation

Six Gentlemen Decoction (liu jun zi tang)

It is Four Gentlemen Decoction (si jun zi tang) plus Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) and Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi), which can harmonize the stomach and dry dampness. It is quite suitable for the treatment of patients with a pattern of spleen qi deficiency complicated by phlegm-damp

Costusroot and Amomum Six Gentlemen Decoction (xiang sha liu jun zi tang)

It is Six Gentlemen Decoction (liu jun zi tang) plus Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) and Fructus Amomi (sha ren), which can boost qi and harmonize the stomach, move qi and resolve [food] stagnation. It is more suitable for the treatment of patients with a pattern of deficiency of spleen qi and stomach qi complicated by phlegm obstruction and qi stagnation

Ginseng, Poria and Atractylodes Macrocephalae Powder (shen ling bai zhu san) Seven-Ingredient Atractylodes Macrocephalae Powder (qi wei bai zhu san)

Both mainly use Four Gentlemen Decoction (si jun zi tang) to supplement qi and fortify the spleen, and can treat diarrhea due to deficiency of spleen qi and stomach qi

Select Rhizoma Dioscoreae (huai shan yao), Semen Nelumbinis (lian zi), Semen Lablab Album (bai bian dou) and Semen Coicis (yi yi ren) to combine in order to strengthen the effects of supplementing and boosting spleen qi, draining dampness and arresting diarrhea Select Folium Agastachis (huo xiang ye), Radix Puerariae Lobatae (ge gen), and Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) to combine in order to focus on supplementing the spleen to raise clear yang of the spleen and stomach. It is quite suitable for the treatment of patients with unceasing vomiting and diarrhea, excessive thirst and desire to drink due to weakness of the spleen and stomach and clear yang failing to ascend

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TABLE 29.4 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Supplement Qi (cont.) Name of Formula

Similarity

Differences

Raising the Sinking Decoction (sheng xian tang)

Both can mainly supplement the spleen and boost qi, and select herbs that raise yang and lift the sunken to combine

Put Radix Astragali (huang qi) in an important position, combine with Rhizoma Cimicifugae (sheng ma) and Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) to raise yang and lift the sunken, use the cool and moistening properties of Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu) to control the warm property of Radix Astragali (huang qi), and combine with Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) to guide the effects of other herbs to ascend. It is mainly used for the treatment of qi sinking in the chest

Center-Supplementing and Qi-Boosting Decoction (bu zhong yi qi tang)

Yang-Raising and StomachBoosting Decoction (sheng yang yi wei tang)

Put Radix Astragali (huang qi) and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) in an important position and combine with Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) and Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) to supplement the center and boost qi; combine with Rhizoma Cimicifugae (sheng ma) and Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) to raise yang and lift the sunken, assist with Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) as the basis of supplementing qi. It is mainly used for the treatment of patients with a pattern of deficiency of spleen qi and stomach qi and sinking of center qi, accompanied by fever due to qi deficiency Both have the major effects of supplementing the spleen and boosting qi, and combine with herbs that raise and lift the sunken

Raising the Sinking Decoction (sheng xian tang)

Jade Wind-Barrier Powder (yu ping feng san)

Cinnamon Twig Decoction (gui zhi tang)

Put Radix Astragali (huang qi) in an important position, and combine with Radix Bupleuri (chai hu), Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) and Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo) to raise yang and eliminate dampness, with Poria (fu ling), Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie) and Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) to eliminate dampness and clear heat. It is suitable for the treatment of patients with a pattern of spleen-stomach qi deficiency, no raise of clear qi, and heat engendered from damp stagnation Put Radix Astragali (huang qi) in an important position, combine with Rhizoma Cimicifugae (sheng ma) and Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) to raise yang and lift the sunken, and select Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu) to inhibit the warm property of Radix Astragali (huang qi). It is suitable for the treatment of patients with a pattern of qi sinking

Both can treat spontaneous sweating, and aversion to wind after sweating due to exterior deficiency

It is suitable for the treatment of spontaneous sweating caused by wei qi (a.k.a. defensive qi) deficiency and insecurity of the striae and interstices, accompanied by pallid complexion, and deficient pulse It is suitable for the treatment of spontaneous sweating caused by externally contracted wind-cold and disharmony between nutrient and defense qi, complicated by externally contracted exterior pattern, such as fever, noisy nose, body pain, floating and moderate pulse or floating and weak pulse

SECTION 2  FORMULAS THAT SUPPLEMENT THE BLOOD Outline Formulas that supplement the blood are suitable for the treatment of blood deficiency pattern, accompanied by sallow complexion, dizziness, pale lips and nails, palpitation and insomnia, pale tongue with thready pulse; or female menstrual irregularities, pale menses in small amounts, or menstrual block. Formulas in this section are mainly composed of Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui), Radix Rehmanniae (di huang), Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao), Colla Corii Asini (e jiao), Fructus Lycii (gou qi zi), and Arillus Longan (long yan rou). As the visible blood is engendered from the invisible qi, and without blood vessel filling, blood will be stagnant. Formulas that supplement the blood often combine with herbs that

568 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

supplement qi and herbs that invigorate blood. The representative formulas are Chinese Angelica Blood-Supplementing Decoction (dang gui bu xue tang), Four Substances Decoction (si wu tang) and Spleen-Restoring Decoction (gui pi tang).

Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 1. Primary formulas and analysis (Tables 29.5 and 29.6)

TABLE 29.5 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Supplement the Blood Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Chinese Angelica BloodSupplementing Decoction (dang gui bu xue tang)

Initially recorded in Clarifying Doubts about Damage from Internal and External Causes (nei wai shang bian huo lun). Composed by Radix Astragali (huang qi) 30 g and Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 6 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Supplement qi and engender blood. Indicated for the treatment of fever due to blood deficiency, with feverish skin, reddish complexion, excessive thirst with desire to drink, surging and large and deficient pulse which is forceless by heavy pressure; or female fever and headache in menstruation or after childbirth due to blood deficiency, or ulcerated sores and ulcers prolonging

For dry mouth and tongue due to blood deficiency and fluid consumption, add Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen), Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) and Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) to boost qi and promote fluid production; for feverish skin and rapid pulse due to more evident floating yang, add Radix et Rhizoma Cynanchi Atrati (bai wei), Folium Mori (sang ye), and Radix Stellariae (yin chai hu) to strengthen the effects of clearing deficiency heat; for blood deficiency pattern without fever due to floating yang; decrease the dosage of Radix Astragali (huang qi), add Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) and Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) to strengthen the effect of nourishing the blood, or combine with Four Substances Decoction (si wu tang); for bleeding due to failure of qi to contain blood, add Herba Agrimoniae (xian he cao) and Crinis Carbonisatus (xue yu tan) to strengthen the effect of stanching bleeding

Its use is prohibited in patients with fever due to yin deficiency

Four Substances Decoction (si wu tang)

Initially recorded in Secret Formulary Bestowed by Immortals for Treating Injuries and Mending Fractures (xian shou li shang xu duan mi fang). Composed by Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 9 g, Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) 9 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 9 g and Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Supplement the blood and harmonize blood. Indicated for the treatment of nutrientblood deficiency and stagnation, with palpitation, insomnia, dizziness, lusterless complexion, emaciation, lack of strength, female menstrual irregularities, pale menses in small amounts, or menstrual block, pain in the perinavel region, pale tongue, thready and wiry pulse, or thready and choppy pulse

For severe blood deficiency, add Colla Cornus Cervi (lu jiao jiao), Colla Corii Asini (e jiao), and Radix Astragali (huang qi) to strengthen the effect of supplementing the blood; complicated by qi deficiency, add Radix Astragali (huang qi) and Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) to supplement qi and engender blood; for severe blood stasis and stagnation, change Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) into Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao), add Semen Persicae (tao ren) and Flos Carthami (hong hua) to strengthen the effects of invigorating blood and dispelling stasis; for blood deficiency with cold, add Rhizoma Zingiberis Praeparatum (pao jiang), Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) and Fructus Evodiae (wu zhu yu) to warm and unblock the vessels; for blood deficiency with heat, add Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) and Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi), change Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) into Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) to clear heat and cool the blood; for vaginal bleeding during pregnancy, add Colla Corii Asini (e jiao) and Folium Artemisiae Argyi (ai ye) to stanch bleeding and calm the fetus

Its use is prohibited in patients with exuberant dampness and center fullness, accompanied by thin and unformed stool. And it is also not suitable for patients with massive bleeding

Efficacy and Indication Modified Clinical Application

Caution for Use

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TABLE 29.5 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Supplement the Blood (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy and Indication Modified Clinical Application

SpleenRestoring Decoction (gui pi tang)

Initially recorded in Revised Yan’s Formulas to Aid the Living (chong ding yan shi ji sheng fang). Composed by Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 18 g, Sclerotium Poriae Pararadicis (fu shen) 18 g, Radix Astragali (huang qi) 18 g, Arillus Longan (long yan rou) 18 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 3 g, Radix Polygalae (yuan zhi) 3 g, Semen Ziziphi Spinosae (suan zao ren) 18 g, Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 6 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water and Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) five pieces and Fructus Jujubae (da zao) one piece for oral use

Boost qi and supplement the blood, fortify the spleen and nourish the heart. Indicated for the treatment of both heart-spleen qi and blood deficiency or spleen failing to control blood, with palpitation, or severe palpitation, insomnia, forgetfulness, night sweating, deficient fever, lassitude, less eating, sallow complexion, pale tongue with thin and white coating, thready and weak pulse; or bloody stool, subcutaneous purpura, female flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding), early menstruation, pale menses in large amounts, or drippling menses, pale tongue, thready and weak pulse

For lusterless complexion, dizziness and palpitation due to more evident blood deficiency, add Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) and Colla Corii Asini (e jiao) to strengthen the effect of supplementing the blood; for flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding) with cold pain in the lower abdomen and no warm of the four limbs, add Folium Artemisiae Argyi Carbonisatum (ai ye tan) and Rhizoma Zingiberis Praeparatum Carbonisatum (pao jiang tan) to warm the channels and stanch bleeding; for flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding) with dry mouth and tongue, deficient fever and night sweating, add Radix Rehmanniae Carbonisatum (sheng di huang tan), Radix Sanguisorbae Carbonisatum (di yu tan), or Colla Corii Asini Pilula (e jiao zhu) and Petiolus Trachycarpi Carbonisatus (zong lü tan) to clear heat, cool the blood and stanch bleeding

Caution for Use Its use is cautious in patients with bleeding due to yin deficiency and blood heat. And it is not suitable for patients with unrestful mind due to pathogenic heat harassing the heart

TABLE 29.6 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Supplement the Blood Name of Formula Chinese Angelica BloodSupplementing Decoction (dang gui bu xue tang)

Efficacy Analysis Radix Astragali (huang qi)

Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) Four Substances Decoction (si wu tang)

Sweet and slightly warm in nature, greatly supplement original qi of the lung and spleen in order to supply the source of qi and blood production, and specialize in consolidating the fleshy exterior, as the chief medicinal

Acrid and warm in nature, nourish the blood and harmonize the nutrient aspect, as the deputy medicinal

Combine with each other, supplement healthy qi and contain floating yang, make qi become vigorous and promote blood production; “when yang arises, yin grows,” and deficiency heat abates naturally

Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang)

Sweet and warm in nature, specialize in nourishing and supplementing the nutrient-blood, as the chief medicinal

Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao)

Acrid and warm in nature, mainly act on the blood aspect, supplement the blood, move the blood and harmonize blood Sour and cold in nature, nourish the blood and astringe yin, soften the liver and harmonize the nutrient aspect

Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong)

Acrid and warm in nature, specialize in invigorating blood and moving qi, dispelling stasis and relieving pain, activate Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang), Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui), and Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) to supplement but not lead to stagnation, and lessen the greasy property of herbs that supplement

Supplement qi and engender blood

Supplement the blood and harmonize blood

(Continued )

570 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 29.6 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Supplement the Blood (cont.) Name of Formula

Efficacy Analysis

Spleen-Restoring Decoction (gui pi tang)

Radix Astragali (huang qi) Arillus Longan (long yan rou) Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu)

Sweet and warm in nature, supplement the spleen and boost qi Sweet and neutral in nature, supplement spleen qi and nourish heart blood

Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui)

Supplement the blood and nourish the heart

Supplement both qi and blood, both as the chief medicinals

Greatly supplement qi and fortify the spleen, and combine with Radix Astragali (huang qi) to strengthen the effects of supplementing the spleen and boosting qi Combine with Arillus Longan (long yan rou) to strengthen the effects of supplementing heart blood and calming the mind

Semen Ziziphi Spinosae (suan zao ren)

Tranquilize the heart and calm the mind

Sclerotium Poriae Pararadicis (fu shen)

Sweet, bland, and neutral in nature, nourish the heart and calm the mind

Radix Polygalae (yuan zhi)

Tranquilize the mind and benefit the mental ability

Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang)

Rectify qi and awaken the spleen, activate herbs that supplement qi and nourish the blood to supplement but not lead to stagnation

Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao)

Supplement and boost heart qi and spleen qi, and harmonize the actions of all medicinals

Boost qi and supplement the blood, fortify the spleen and nourish the heart

Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) Fructus Jujubae (da zao)

Regulate and harmonize the spleen and stomach in order to supply the source of qi and blood production

2. Attached formulas (Table 29.7)

TABLE 29.7 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Supplement the Blood Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Donkey-Hide Gelatin and Mugwort Decoction (jiao ai tang)

Initially recorded in Essentials from the Golden Cabinet (jin gui yao lüe). Composed by Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 6 g, Colla Corii Asini (e jiao) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 6 g, Folium Artemisiae Argyi (ai ye) 9 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 9 g, Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) 12 g, and Radix Rehmanniae Recens (gan di huang) 15 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Nourish the blood and stanch bleeding, regulate menstruation and calm the fetus

Indicated for the treatment of female flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding), profuse menstruation with unceasing dripping due to deficiency of the chong and ren mai; or uterine bleeding due to damage to the chong and ren mai after childbirth or abortion; or abdominal pain during pregnancy, or vaginal bleeding (painless spotting) during pregnancy

Sage Cure Decoction (sheng yu tang)

Initially recorded in Patterns and Treatment Based on Pulse and Etiology (mai yin zheng zhi). Composed by Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 20 g, Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) 15 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 15 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 12 g, and Radix Astragali Praeparata cum Melle (zhi huang qi) 12 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Boost qi and supplement the blood, and contain blood (i.e., keep it within the vessels)

Indicated for the treatment of early menstruation, pale menses in large amounts, fatigue, and weakness of the four limbs

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TABLE 29.7 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Supplement the Blood (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Peach Kernel and Carthamus Four Substances Decoction (tao hong si wu tang)

Initially recorded in Detailed Explanation of the Jade Pivot (yu ji wei yi). Composed by Semen Persicae (tao ren) 9 g, Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 9 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 9 g, Flos Carthami (hong hua) 6 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 9 g, and Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Nourish the blood and invigorate blood

Indicated for the treatment of early menstruation, menses in large amounts, accompanied by purple sticky blood clots, and abdominal pain

Chuanxiong and Chinese Angelica BloodSupplementing Decoction (xiong gui bu xue tang)

Initially recorded in A Close Examination of the Precious Classic on Ophthalmology (shen shi yao han). Composed by Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 12 g, Radix Asparagi (tian dong) 12 g, Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) 15 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 15 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 15 g, Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (niu xi) 15 g, Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 15 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 15 g, Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 18 g, and main part of Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui shen) 18 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Supplement the blood and nourish the liver

Indicated for the treatment of eyeball pain and blurred vision due to blood deficiency and failing to nourish, with photophobia, soreness and dryness sensation of the eyes, weakness of the eyelids, aching pain in the supra-orbital bone and temples, dark of the eye (cornea and iris) with nebula, or fog moving before eye (vitreous opacity), flying fly shadow, even inability to see, light red tongue with thin and white coating, thready and weak pulse

Chinese Angelica, Fresh Ginger, and Goat Meat Decoction (dang gui sheng jiang yang rou tang)

Initially recorded in Essentials from the Golden Cabinet (jin gui yao lüe). Composed by Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 18 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 30 g and Musculus Ovis (yang rou) 250 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Warm the center and supplement the blood, dispel cold and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of abdominal pain due to blood deficiency with cold, or abdominal pain in cold-hernia, or hypochondrium tic pain, or postpartum abdominal pain, relief with warm and pressure, pallid complexion, no warm of the four limbs, pale tongue and thready pulse

LiverSupplementing Decoction (bu gan tang)

Initially recorded in Six Essentials of Medicine (yi xue liu yao). Composed by Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 9 g, Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) 9 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 9 g, Semen Ziziphi Spinosae (suan zao ren) 9 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 9 g, Fructus Chaenomelis (mu gua) 9 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 3 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Nourish the blood and soften the liver, invigorate blood and regulate menstruation

Indicated for the treatment of liver blood insufficiency, with dizziness, less sleep, menses in small amounts; or numbness of the limbs and spasm of the calf due to blood failing to nourish muscle and tendon

Heart-Nourishing Decoction (yang xin tang)

Initially recorded in The Complete Compendium of Ancient and Modern Medical Works (gu jin yi tong da quan). Composed by Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 3 g, Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 3 g, Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 3 g, Sclerotium Poriae Pararadicis (fu shen) 3 g, Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) 4.5 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 4.5 g, Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi) 4 g, Semen Platycladi (bai zi ren) 3 g, Semen Ziziphi Spinosae (suan zao ren) 3 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 1.5 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Nourish the blood and enrich yin, tranquilize the heart and calm the mind

Indicated for the treatment of insomnia and palpitation caused by blood deficiency and failing to nourish the heart spirit

Minor Nutrient Decoction (xiao ying jian)

Initially recorded in The Complete Works of [Zhang] Jing-yue (jing yue quan shu). Composed by Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 6 g, Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 6–9 g, wine-fried Radix Paeoniae (jiu chao shao yao) 6 g, dry-fried Rhizoma Dioscoreae with bran (fu chao shan yao) 6 g, Fructus Lycii (gou qi zi) 6 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 3 g. Decoct the ingredients with water, and take decoction warm on an empty stomach

Nourish the blood and invigorate blood and regulate menstruation

Indicated for the treatment of yin deficiency and blood insufficiency, with dizziness, palpitation, sallow complexion, thready and weak pulse, female delayed menstruation, light-colored menses in small amounts, and chronic abdominal pain

(Continued )

572 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 29.7 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Supplement the Blood (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Tear-Stopping and LiverSupplementing Powder (zhi lei bu gan san)

Initially recorded in Essentials from the Silver Sea (yin hai jing wei). Composed by Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) 15 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 12 g, Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 12 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 12 g, Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 12 g, Spica Prunellae (xia ku cao) 12 g, Fructus Tribuli (ji li) 9 g, Herba Equiseti Hiemalis (mu zei) 9 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) three pieces, and Fructus Jujubae (da zao) one piece. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Nourish the blood and soften the liver, dispel wind and stop tear

Indicated for the treatment of dacryorrhea when encountering wind due to liver blood insufficiency and kidney yin depletion, with pale complexion, dizziness, insomnia, profuse dreaming, fatigue, soreness and weakness of the waist and knees, lacrimation when encountering wind, pale tongue and thready pulse

Blood-Nourishing Decoction (zi xue tang)

Initially recorded in Formulas from Royal Drug Museum (yu yao yuan fang). Composed by Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 30 g, Rhizoma Dioscoreae (huai shan yao) 30 g, Radix Astragali Praeparata cum Melle (zhi huang qi) 30 g, Poria (fu ling) 30 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 30 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 30 g, Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 30 g, and Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) 30 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Nourish the blood and regulate menstruation, supplement and boost center qi

Indicated for the treatment of disorder of menstruation due to nutrient blood decline and the chong and ren mai deficiency, with pale and thin menses in small amounts, even menstrual spotting, dizziness, dim eyesight, sallow complexion, light red tongue and thready pulse

Blood-Engendering and MarrowSupplementing Decoction (sheng xue bu sui tang)

Initially recorded in Essentials of Orthopedics and Traumatology (shang ke bu yao). Composed by Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 12 g, Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) 9 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 9 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 6 g, Radix Astragali (huang qi) 9 g, Cortex Eucommiae (du zhong) 9 g, Radix Dipsaci (xu duan) 9 g, Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (niu xi) 9 g, Cortex Acanthopanacis (wu jia pi) 9 g, and Flos Carthami (hong hua) 5 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Regulate qi and blood, relax the sinews and quicken the collaterals

Indicated for the treatment of various kinds of pain due to soft tissue injury and bone fracture, with local pain, lusterless complexion, soreness and weakness of the waist and knees, pale lips and nails, pale tongue with thin and white coating, and thready pulse

Intestinal Serenity Decoction (chang ning tang)

Initially recorded in Fu Qing-zhu’s [Treatise on] Gynecology (fu qing zhu nü ke). Composed by winefried Radix Angelicae Sinensis (jiu dang gui) 30 g, Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 30 g, Colla Corii Asini (e jiao) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 9 g, Rhizoma Dioscoreae (huai shan yao) 9 g, Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) 9 g, Radix Dipsaci (chuan xu duan) 6 g, Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) 0.6 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 3 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Nourish the blood and moisten dryness, relax spasm and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of postpartum abdominal pain due to blood deficiency and intestinal dryness, with abdominal pain, relief with pressure and massage, pale complexion, dry and hard stool, pale tongue with thin and white coating, thready and weak pulse

Chinese Angelica and Suberect Spatholobus Stem Decoction (dang gui jie xue teng tang)

Initially recorded in TCM Orthopedics and Traumatology (zhong yi gu shang ke xue). Composed by Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 15 g, Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 15 g, Caulis Spatholobi (ji xue teng) 15 g, Arillus Longan (long yan rou) 6 g, Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) 9 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae (dan shen) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Nourish the blood and relax the sinews and supplement qi

Indicated for the treatment of qi and blood weakness after bone injury, with local pain after injury, sallow complexion, dizziness and palpitation, lassitude and lack of strength, pale tongue with thin and white coating, thready and weak pulse; or for modern medicine’s decrease of white blood cell and platelet due to chemotherapy or radiotherapy

Four-Substance and Five-Seed Pill (si wu wu zi wan)

Initially recorded in Formulas to Aid the Living (ji sheng fang). Composed by Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 10 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 10 g, Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 10 g, Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) 10 g, Fructus Lycii (gou qi zi) 10 g, Fructus Rubi (fu pen zi) 10 g, Fructus Kochiae (di fu zi) 10 g, Semen Cuscutae (tu si zi) 10 g, and Semen Plantaginis (che qian zi) 10 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, mix with honey and make into pills, and take 10 g each time with salt soup

Supplement the blood and nourish yin, boost essence and improve vision, enrich and nourish the liver and kidney

Indicated for the treatment of blurred vision due to liver-kidney yin-blood depletion, with long course, blurred vision, or spotted vision, dry eyes, dizziness, tinnitus, soreness and weakness of the waist and knees, vexing heat in the five centers (chest, palms, and soles), dry throat and mouth, red tongue with scanty fluid, thready and weak pulse

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3. Formula differentiation (Table 29.8) TABLE 29.8 Differentiation between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Supplement the Blood Name of Formula

Similarity

Differences

Chinese Angelica BloodSupplementing Decoction (dang gui bu xue tang)

Both select Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) and Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) to combine, and can treat deficiency heat pattern with general fever, thirst, deficient and large and forceless pulse

It is suitable for the treatment of patients with fever due to deficiency of blood, no basis for qi to depend on, and deficient yang floating upward, with hot sensation of the skin, reddish complexion, thirst with desire to drink hot drinks, large and deficient pulse

Center-Supplementing and QiBoosting Decoction (bu zhong yi qi tang)

Peach Kernel and Carthamus Four Substances Decoction (tao hong si wu tang)

It is suitable for the treatment of patients with fever due to qi deficiency, sinking of center qi and yin fire attacking upward, with qi deficiency manifestations, such as aversion to cold, pale complexion, spontaneous sweating, and more evident shortness of breath and lack of strength All are the supplemented formulas from Four Substances Decoction (si wu tang), can nourish the blood and treat disorder of menstruation

It is Four Substances Decoction (si wu tang) plus Semen Persicae (tao ren) and Flos Carthami (hong hua), which can focus on invigorating blood and dissolving stasis. It is quite suitable for the treatment of patients with menstrual irregularities and painful menstruation due to blood stasis

Donkey-Hide Gelatin and Mugwort Decoction (jiao ai tang)

It is Four Substances Decoction (si wu tang) plus Colla Corii Asini (e jiao), Folium Artemisiae Argyi (ai ye) and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao), which can focus on nourishing the blood and stanching bleeding, and regulating menstruation and calming the fetus. It is a formula that can treat the root and branch simultaneously, and can treat profuse menstruation due to deficiency of the chong and ren mai and blood deficiency with cold, and vaginal bleeding during pregnancy

Sage Cure Decoction (sheng yu tang)

It is Four Substances Decoction (si wu tang) plus Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) and Radix Scutellariae (huang qin), which can focus on supplementing qi and nourishing the blood. It is quite suitable for the treatment of patients with early menstruation with menses in large amounts due to qi and blood deficiency

Spleen-Restoring Decoction (gui pi tang)

Center-Supplementing and QiBoosting Decoction (bu zhong yi qi tang)

Both select Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen), Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu), Radix Astragali (huang qi), and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) to combine, and have the effects of supplementing the spleen and boosting qi

Combine with herbs that nourish the heart and calm the mind in order to supplement and nourish the heart and spleen, boost qi and engender blood. It is mainly used for the treatment of patients with not peaceful in mind due to heart-spleen qi and blood deficiency, and loss of blood due to spleen failing to control the blood Combine with herbs that raise yang and lift the sunken in order to focus on supplementing qi and raising yang. It is indicated for the treatment of patients with deficiency of both spleen qi and stomach qi, sinking of center qi and fever due to qi deficiency

574 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

SECTION 3  FORMULAS THAT SUPPLEMENT BOTH QI AND BLOOD Outline Formulas that supplement both qi and blood are suitable for the treatment of qi and blood deficiency, with lusterless complexion, dizziness, palpitation or severe palpitation, less eating, lassitude, shortness of breath, reluctance to speak, pale tongue, deficient and forceless pulse. Formulas in this section are often composed of herbs that supplement qi, such as Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen), Radix Astragali (huang qi) and Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu), and herbs that supplement the blood, such as Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui), Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang), Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) and Colla Corii Asini (e jiao). The representative formulas are Eight-Gem Decoction (ba zhen tang), Cinnamonvine Pill (shu yu wan), and Rock of Mount Tai Fetus-Quieting Powder (tai shan pan shi san).

Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 1. Primary formulas and analysis (Tables 29.9 and 29.10)

TABLE 29.9 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Supplement both Qi and Blood Name of Formula Eight-Gem Decoction (ba zhen tang)

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy and Indication Modified Clinical Application

Initially recorded in Categorized Synopsis of the Whole (zheng ti lei yao). Composed by Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 10 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 10 g, Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 10 g, Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) 10 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 10 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 5 g, Poria Alba (bai fu ling) 10 g, and Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 10 g. Decoct the ingredients with water and Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) three pieces and Fructus Jujubae (da zao) five pieces for oral use

Boost qi and supplement the blood. Indicated for the treatment of qi and blood deficiency, with pale or sallow or lusterless complexion, dizziness, lassitude of the four limbs, shortness of breath, reluctance to speak, palpitation or severe palpitation, less eating, pale tongue with thin and white coating, thready and weak pulse or deficient and large and forceless pulse

For more evident qi deficiency, increase the dosage of Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) and Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) or add Radix Astragali (huang qi) to strengthen the effect of supplementing qi; for more evident palpitation and insomnia, add Semen Platycladi (bai zi ren) and Semen Ziziphi Spinosae (suan zao ren) to nourish the heart and calm the mind; for poor appetite due to stomach weakness, add Fructus Amomi (sha ren) and Massa Medicata Fermentata (shen qu) to promote digestion and harmonize the stomach; complicated by qi stagnation, add Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) and Fructus Amomi (sha ren) to move qi and resolve constraint

Caution for Use Its use is prohibited in children and patients with common cold accompanied by fever, and cautious in pregnant women

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TABLE 29.9 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Supplement both Qi and Blood (cont.) Name of Formula

Caution for Use

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy and Indication Modified Clinical Application

Rock of Mount Tai FetusQuieting Powder (tai shan pan shi san)

Initially recorded in The Complete Compendium of Ancient and Modern Medical Works (gu jin yi tong da quan). Composed by Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 3 g, Radix Astragali (huang qi) 3 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 2 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 2 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 3 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 2 g, Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) 2 g, Radix Dipsaci (chuan xu duan) 3 g, Fructus Oryzae Glutinosae (nuo mi) 2 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 3 g, and Fructus Amomi (sha ren) 2 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Boost qi and fortify the spleen, nourish the blood and calm the fetus. Indicated for the treatment of qi and blood weakness, and liability to be abortion, with restless fetus, early miscarriage (within 12 weeks of pregnancy), habitual miscarriage (slippery fetus), pale complexion, lassitude, lack of strength, no desire to eat, pale tongue with thin and white coating, slippery and forceless pulse

For dry mouth and tongue, feverish palms and soles due to heat harassing the chong and ren mai, double the dosage of Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) to clear heat and calm the fetus, and decrease the dosage of Fructus Amomi (sha ren) to avoid assisting heat; for nausea and vomiting, add Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) and Caulis Bambusae in Taenia (zhu ru) to harmonize the stomach and arrest vomiting; for less eating and stomach cavity pĭ due to spleen deficiency, slightly decrease the dosage of Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) to avoid damaging stomach by bitter-cold medicinals, add Fructus Amomi (sha ren) to strengthen the effects of rectifying qi and harmonizing the center; for more evident kidney deficiency, add Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu), Herba Taxilli (sang ji sheng) and Cortex Eucommiae (du zhong) to nourish the kidney and liver

Avoid sexual intercourse and anger, and food or drinks with acrid and hot in nature, such as wine vinegar

Cinnamonvine Pill (shu yu wan)

Initially recorded in Essentials from the Golden Cabinet (jin gui yao lüe). Composed by Rhizoma Dioscoreae (shan yao) 22.5 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 7.5 g, Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) 7.5 g, Radix Rehmanniae Recens (gan di huang) 7.5 g, Massa Medicata Fermentata (shen qu) 7.5 g, Semen Sojae Germinatum (da dou huang juan) 7.5 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 21 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 5.3 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 4.5 g, Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) 4.5 g, Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) 4.5 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 4.5 g, Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren) 4.5 g, Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) 3.8 g, Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) 3.8 g, Poria (fu ling) 3.8 g, Colla Corii Asini (e jiao) 5.3 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) 2.3 g, Radix Ampelopsis (bai lian) 1.5 g, Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 4.5 g, Fructus Jujubae (da zao) 30 pieces. Grind the ingredients into powder, mix with honey and make into pills, take 6 g each time with warm boiled water or yellow wine, 2 times a day

Boost qi and harmonize the nutrient aspect, regulate the spleen and stomach, supplement deficiency and dispel wind. Indicated for the treatment of deficiency-consumption (xu¯ láo) due to qi and blood deficiency, and insufficiency of the spleen and lung, dizziness, gastric cavity pain, less eating, emaciation, heavy body, weak breathing, pain in limb, numbness of the limbs, bì syndrome, menstrual block, and menstrual irregularities

For soreness and weakness of the waist and knees due to kidney deficiency, add Radix Dipsaci (chuan xu duan) and Herba Taxilli (sang ji sheng) to supplement the kidney; for pattern of deficiency fire flaming upward after serious illness, add Radix Pseudostellariae (tai zi shen), dry-fried Fructus Gardeniae (chao zhi zi) and Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) to nourish yin and clear deficiency heat; for pattern of lung qi insufficiency, change Radix Ampelopsis (bai lian) into Rhizoma Bletillae (bai ji) to supplement the lung and dissolve phlegm, and add Radix Pseudostellariae (tai zi shen) to boost qi and nourish yin; for weakness of the lower limbs due to damp-heat pouring downward, combine with Wonderfully Effective Four Powder (si miao san)

Oily food should be avoided in the period of taking this pill. And it is not suitable for patients with common cold, and not used together with Radix et Rhizoma Veratri Nigri (li lu), Faeces Trogopterori (wu ling zhi) and Fructus Gleditsiae (zao jia)

576 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 29.10 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Supplement both Qi and Blood Name of Formula Eight-Gem Decoction (ba zhen tang)

Efficacy Analysis Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui)

Sweet and slightly warm in nature, greatly supplement qi, and supplement the spleen

Poria Alba (bai fu ling)

Sweet and bland in nature, fortify the spleen, and percolate dampness

Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao)

Bitter, sour, and slightly cold in nature, nourish the blood, and harmonize the nutrient aspect

Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong)

Invigorate blood and move qi, which can reduce the stagnation caused by other medicinals that supplement and boost

Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao)

Boost qi and harmonize the center, and harmonize the actions of all medicinals

Sweet and slightly warm in nature, supplement the blood, and enrich yin Bitter, sweet, and warm in nature, supplement qi, and fortify the spleen Sweet, acrid, and warm in nature,supplement the blood, and invigorate blood Boost qi and supplement the blood

Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang)

Rock of Mount Tai FetusQuieting Powder (tai shan pan shi san)

Fructus Jujubae (da zao)

Regulate and harmonize qi and blood, both as assistant and envoy medicinals

Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen)

Sweet and slightly warm in nature, greatly supplement qi, and supplement the spleen

Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu)

Bitter, sweet, and warm in nature, supplement qi, and fortify the spleen

Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) Radix Astragali (huang qi) Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang)

Boost qi and harmonize the center, and harmonize the actions of all medicinals Sweet and slightly warm in nature, supplement qi and raise yang, and nourish the blood Specialize in nourishing and supplementing the nutrient-blood

Combine with Radix Astragali (huang qi) to strengthen the effects of supplementing qi and fortify the spleen, and lift the fetus and prevent early miscarriage Supplement the blood and nourish the liver and kidney, enrich and nourish original qi of the fetus, consolidate the chong and ren mai, and calm the fetus

Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao)

Sour and cold in nature, nourish the blood and soften the liver, and harmonize the nutrient aspect

Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui)

Acrid and warm in nature, mainly act on the blood aspect, and supplement the blood

Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong)

Acrid and warm in nature, invigorate blood, and move qi

Radix Dipsaci (chuan xu duan)

Supplement the liver and kidney, regulate the vessels, and calm the fetus

Fructus Oryzae Glutinosae (nuo mi)

Supplement and nourish the spleen and stomach to boost the fetus

Radix Scutellariae (huang qin)

Bitter and cold in nature, clear heat, and calm the fetus

Fructus Amomi (sha ren)

Awaken the spleen with its aromatic property, rectify qi and harmonize the stomach, and calm the fetus

Boost qi and fortify the spleen, nourish the blood and calm the fetus

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TABLE 29.10 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Supplement both Qi and Blood (cont.) Name of Formula Cinnamonvine Pill (shu yu wan)

Efficacy Analysis Rhizoma Dioscoreae (shan yao)

Sweet and neutral in nature, supplement the spleen and stomach, boost qi, strengthen the muscles, and specialize in supplementing deficiency and dispelling wind

Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen)

Sweet and slightly warm in nature, greatly supplement qi, supplement the spleen and boost the lung

Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) Poria (fu ling)

Sweet and warm in nature, fortify the spleen and boost qi Sweet, bland and neutral in nature, fortify the spleen and harmonize the stomach

Boost qi and warm yang, fortify the spleen and harmonize the stomach

Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang)

Acrid and hot in nature, warm the center and dissipate cold, restore yang to unblock the vessels, and warm the lung

Radix Rehmanniae Recens (gan di huang)

Sweet and cold in nature, nourish yin, and promote fluid production

Radix Paeoniae (shao yao)

Sour and slightly cold in nature, nourish the blood, regulate menstruation, and retain yin

Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui)

Sweet and warm in nature, supplement the blood, and invigorate blood

Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong)

Acrid and warm in nature, invigorate blood and move qi, dispel wind and relieve pain

Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong)

Sweet and slightly cold in nature, nourish yin, and promote fluid production

Colla Corii Asini (e jiao)

Sweet and neutral in nature, supplement the blood, and enrich yin

Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi)

Acrid, sweet, and warm in nature, expel wind, assist yang to transform qi

Radix Bupleuri (chai hu)

Acrid, bitter, and slightly cold in nature, release the exterior, abate heat, and raise yang

Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng)

Acrid, sweet, and slightly warm in nature, dispel wind, and release the exterior

Radix Ampelopsis (bai lian)

Bitter and slightly cold in nature, clear heat and resolve toxins and dissipate masses

Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren)

Bitter and slightly warm in nature, direct qi downward

Radix Platycodonis (jie geng)

Bitter, acrid, and neutral in nature, diffuse the lung, and dispel phlegm

Semen Sojae Germinatum (da dou huang juan)

Sweet and neutral in nature, specialize in discharging water-dampness

Massa Medicata Fermentata (shen qu)

Sweet, acrid, and warm in nature, promote digestion and harmonize the stomach, and fortify the spleen

Fructus Jujubae (da zao)

Supplement the center and boost qi, nourish the blood, and calm the mind

Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao)

Boost qi and harmonize the center, and harmonize the actions of all medicinals

Nourish yin and enrich yin in order to assist Rhizoma Dioscoreae (shan yao) to supplement deficiency

Act on the exterior with ascending and dissipating effects, dispel wind and clear heat Ascend or descend qi movement

Boost qi and harmonize the nutrient aspect, regulate the spleen and stomach, supplement deficiency and dispel wind

578 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

2. Attached formulas (Table 29.11)

TABLE 29.11 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Supplement both Qi and Blood Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Perfect Major Supplementation Decoction (shi quan da bu tang)

Warm and Initially recorded in Transmission of Believable supplement qi and Applicable Formulas (chuan xin shi yong fang). blood Composed by Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 6 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 9 g, Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) 9 g, Poria Alba (bai fu ling) 9 g, Radix Astragali (huang qi) 12 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 6 g, dry Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (gan shu di huang) 12 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 9 g, Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) 3 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 3 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) three pieces, and Fructus Jujubae (da zao) two pieces. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Efficacy

Indication

Ginseng Supporting and Nourishing Decoction (ren shen yang rong tang)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Diseases, Patterns, and Formulas Related to the Unification of the Three Etiologies (san yin ji yi bing Zheng fang lun). Composed by Radix Astragali (huang qi) 30 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 30 g, Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) 30 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 30 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (ju pi) 30 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 30 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 30 g, Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) 90 g, Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 22 g, Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi) 22 g, Poria (fu ling) 22 g, Radix Polygalae (yuan zhi) 15 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) three pieces, and Fructus Jujubae (da zao) two pieces. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Boost qi and supplement the blood, nourish the heart and calm the mind

Indicated for the treatment of heartspleen qi and blood deficiency, with lassitude, lack of strength, less eating, distaste for food, palpitation, forgetfulness, restless sleep, spontaneous sweating due to deficiency heat, dry throat and lips, emaciation, parch blight skin, cough and shortness of breath, even panting when moving, or chills and fever, and opening of sore prolonged after ulceration of sores and ulcers due to qi and blood insufficiency

Original-QiRegulating Powder (tiao yuan san)

Initially recorded in Essential book for Safeguarding Child (huo you xin shu). Composed by Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 30 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 30 g, Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 30 g, Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) 30 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 30 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 30 g, Poria (fu ling) 30 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 30 g, Rhizoma Dioscoreae (huai shan yao) 15 g, Sclerotium Poriae Pararadicis (fu shen) 7.5 g, Radix Astragali Praeparata cum Melle (zhi huang qi) 7.5 g, and Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (shi chang pu) 6 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Fortify the spleen and nourish the heart, supplement and boost qi and blood

Indicated for the treatment of five types of developmental delay and five kinds of flaccidity with a pattern of heart-spleen qi and blood deficiency, lingual retardation, sluggishness, mental retardation, hair growth retardation, sparse and sallow hair, flaccid limbs, muscle relaxation, angular salivation, weakness of suck and mastication, or waggling tongue, poor appetite, constipation, pale and plump tongue with slight coating, thready and moderate pulse, and pale finger venules

LactationPromoting Elixir (tong ru dan)

Initially recorded in Fu Qing-zhu’s [Treatise on] Gynecology (fu qing zhu nü ke). Composed by Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 30 g, raw Radix Astragali (sheng huang qi) 30 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 60 g, Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) 15 g, Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) 0.9 g, and Caulis Clematidis Armandii (chuan mu tong) 0.9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Supplement qi and nourish the blood, and promote lactation

Indicated for the treatment of inhibited lactation due to qi and blood deficiency after childbirth

Indicated for the treatment of qi and blood deficiency, with sallow complexion, lassitude, less eating, dizziness, fatigue, shortness of breath, palpitation, spontaneous sweating, night sweating, no warm of the four limbs, pale tongue, thready and weak pulse; female uterine bleeding, menstrual irregularities, unclosed sores and ulcers

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TABLE 29.11 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Supplement both Qi and Blood (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Stablilizing the Root and Stopping Profuse Uterine Bleeding Decoction (gu ben zhi beng tang)

Initially recorded in Fu Qing-zhu’s [Treatise on] Gynecology (fu qing zhu nü ke). Composed by Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 30 g, dry-fried Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (chao bai zhu) 30 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 9 g, raw Radix Astragali (sheng huang qi) 9 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 15 g, and Rhizoma Zingiberis Praeparatum (pao jiang) 6 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Supplement qi and nourish the blood, stabilize the root and stop profuse uterine bleeding

Indicated for the treatment of female profuse uterine bleeding with a pattern of qi and blood deficiency, accompanied by blurred vision, fainting, unconsciousness, surging and large and deficient pulse which is forceless when heavily pressing

Chinese Angelica and Peony Decoction (dang gui shao yao tang)

Initially recorded in Important Formulas Worth a Thousand Gold Pieces for Emergency (bei ji qian jin yao fang). Composed by Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 9 g, Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 6 g, Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) 6 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 6 g, Fructus Jujubae (da zao) 10 pieces, and Radix Rehmanniae (di huang) 6 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Regulate and supplement qi and blood, move stagnation and dissolve stasis

Indicated for the treatment of no desire to eating due to deficiency after childbirth

Safe Pregnancy Without Worry Powder (bao chan wu you san)

Initially recorded in Supplemental Discussion on Formulas of Supplement to ‘The Inner Classic’ (zeng bu nei jing shi yi fang lun). Composed by Semen Cuscutae (tu si zi) 5 g, Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) 4 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 5 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 5 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 1.5 gg, Spica Schizonepetae (jing jie sui) 2.5 g, Radix Astragali Praeparata cum Melle (zhi huang qi) 2.5 g, dry-fried Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis with ginger juice (jiang hou po) 2 g, Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao) 2 g, Folium Artemisiae Argyi (ai ye) 1.5 g, Bulbus Fritillaria (bei mu) 5 g, Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo) 1.5 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 1.5 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Boost qi and nourish the blood, rectify qi and calm the fetus and promote delivery

Indicated for the treatment of threatened miscarriage, spotting with lumbar aching and abdominal pain; or fixed pubic cartilage in labor, malposition of the fetus, and retention of dead fetus in the uterus (late stage, close to or during delivery)

Major Supplementation Astragalus Decoction (da bu huang qi tang)

Initially recorded in Secret Formulas of the Wei Family (wei shi jia cang fang). Composed by Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 6 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 9 g, Poria Alba (bai fu ling) 9 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 6 g, dry Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (gan shu di huang) 12 g, Radix Astragali (huang qi) 12 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 3 g, Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) 3 g, Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 30 g, Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu) 30 g, Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi) 30 g, and Herba Cistanches (rou cong rong) 90 g. Grind the ingredients into crude powder; use15 g each time, add Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) five pieces and Fructus Jujubae (da zao) one piece, and decoct with water for oral use

Regulate qi and nourish the blood

Indicated for the treatment of spontaneous sweating due to weakness, with lassitude, lack of strength, sallow complexion, dizziness, spontaneous sweating, night sweating, pale tongue with thin and white coating, floating and deficient pulse

(Continued )

580 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 29.11 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Supplement both Qi and Blood (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Pill for Breeding Precious Infant (yu lin zhu)

Initially recorded in The Complete Works of [Zhang] Jing-yue (jing yue quan shu). Composed by Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 60 g, dry-fried Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (chao bai zhu) 60 g, Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) 60 g, Cornu Cervi Degelatinatum (lu jiao shuang) 60 g, Poria (fu ling) 60 g, Cortex Eucommiae (du zhong) 60 g, Pericarpium Zanthoxyli (hua jiao) 60 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 30 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 30 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 120 g, Semen Cuscutae (tu si zi) 120 g, and Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 120 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, make into pills, take orally, 9 g each time, 2 times a day; or decrease the dosage according to the original proportion and decoct with water for oral use

Boost qi and nourish the blood, supplement the kidney and essence

Indicated for the treatment of qi and blood deficiency and liverkidney insufficiency, with menstrual irregularities which is terminated or continued, or with turbidity, waist soreness, abdominal pain, distaste for food, emaciation, prolonged infertility after married, or male infertility, pale tongue and weak pulse

Cyperus and Fritillaria Supporting and Nourishing Decoction (xiang bei yang rong tang)

Initially recorded in Golden Mirror of the Medical Tradition (yi zong jin jian). Composed by Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 30 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 30 g, Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 30 g, Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) 30 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 30 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 30 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 30 g, Poria (fu ling) 30 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 3 g, Bulbus Fritillaria (bei mu) 3 g, dryfried Rhizoma Cyperi (chao xiang fu) 3 g, Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) 1.5 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) three pieces, and Fructus Jujubae (da zao) two pieces. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Supplement and boost qi and blood, rectify qi and dissolve phlegm

Indicated for the treatment of scrofula with a pattern of qi and blood deficiency, qi stagnation and phlegm coagulation, accompanied by hard lymph nodes with pain and no heat, difficulty in ulceration and elimination, difficulty in closure after ulceration, pale tongue and weak pulse

Supplemented Sage Cure Decoction (jia wei sheng yu tang)

Supplement qi and Initially recorded in Golden Mirror of the Medical nourish the blood, Tradition (yi zong jin jian). Composed by Radix et and calm the fetus Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 15 g, Radix Astragali (huang qi) 9 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 9 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 15 g, Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 15 g, Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) 12 g, salt-fried Cortex Eucommiae (yan du zhong) 10 g, Radix Dipsaci (chuan xu duan) 10 g, Fructus Amomi (sha ren) 6 g, Herba Taxilli (sang ji sheng) 10 g, and salt-fried Semen Cuscutae (yan tu si zi) 15 g. Decoct the ingredients with water, and take decoction at a long interval before and after meals

Indicated for the treatment of blood deficiency after childbirth, with fatigue, night sweating, sleepiness, lack of strength, and cough with phlegm

Ginseng SpleenRestoring Pill (ren shen gui pi wan)

Initially recorded in The Complete Works of [Zhang] Jing-yue (jing yue quan shu). Composed by Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 80 g, honey-prepared Radix Astragali (mi zhi huang qi) 80 g, dry-fried Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae with bran (fu chao bai zhu) 160 g, Poria (fu ling) 160 g, Arillus Longan (long yan rou) 160 g, dry-fried Semen Ziziphi Spinosae (chao suan zao ren) 80 g, Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) 40 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 40 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 160 g, prepared Radix Polygalae (zhi yuan zhi) 160 g. Grind the ingredients into powder; make into pills with honey, 9 g each pill, take one pill each time, 2 times a day

Boost qi and supplement the blood, fortify the spleen and nourish the heart

Indicated for the treatment of qi and blood insufficiency, with palpitation, insomnia, less eating, lack of strength, sallow complexion, and light-colored menses in small amounts

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TABLE 29.11 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Supplement both Qi and Blood (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Eight-Gem MotherBenefiting Pill (ba zhen yi mu wan)

Initially recorded in Chinese Pharmacopoeia (zhong hua ren min gong he guo yao dian). Composed by Herba Leonuri (yi mu cao) 200 g, Radix Codonopsis (dang shen) 50 g, dry-fried Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (chao bai zhu) 50 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 50 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 100 g, Poria (fu ling) 50 g, winefried Radix Paeoniae Alba (jiu chao bai shao) 50 g, Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 100 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 25 g. Grind the ingredients into fine powder; make into pills with honey, 9 g each pill, take one pill each time, 2 times a day

Boost qi and nourish the blood, invigorate blood and regulate menstruation

Indicated for the treatment of menstrual irregularities due to qi and blood deficiency, with delayed menstruation, small quantity of menses, menostaxis, and lack of strength

Original-QiRegulating Kidney Qi Pill (tiao yuan shen qi wan)

Initially recorded in Orthodox Lineage of External Medicine (wai ke zheng zong). Composed by Radix Rehmanniae (di huang) 120 g, Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu) 60 g, Rhizoma Dioscoreae (shan yao) 60 g, Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi) 60 g, Poria (fu ling) 60 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 30 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 30 g, Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie) 30 g, Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) 30 g, Os Draconis (long gu) 30 g, Cortex Lycii (di gu pi) 30 g, Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) 9 g, Fructus Amomi (sha ren) 9 g, Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai) 15 g and Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu) 15 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, melt Colla Cornus Cervi (lu jiao jiao) 120 g with aged wine, add Mel (feng mi) 120 g, decoct together until it can be dropped as bead, then make into pills as size of phoenix tree seed, take 80 pills each time with warm wine on an empty stomach

Supplement kidney qi and nourish the blood, enrich yin and subdue fire

Indicated for the treatment of kidney qi deficiency and malnutrition of the bones due to excessive sexual intercourse or fear damaging the kidney, with hard fixed bone tumor, purple or no purple local skin, gradual emaciation, malnutrition of qi and blood, withering of the skin, even alternative chills and fever, distaste for food, difficulty in movement, and weakness of the feet and legs

Fetus Original-Qi Decoction (tai yuan yin)

Initially recorded in The Complete Works of [Zhang] Jing-yue (jing yue quan shu). Composed by Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 3–9 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 6 g, Cortex Eucommiae (du zhong) 6 g, Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) 6 g, Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 6–9 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 4.5 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 3 g, and Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 2.1 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Supplement qi and nourish the blood, consolidate the kidney and calm the fetus

Indicated for the treatment of qi and blood deficiency and insecurity of fetus qi, with restless fetus during pregnancy, lumbar aching with bearing down and distention, fatigue, lack of strength, pale tongue, thready and slippery pulse

NutrientNourishing Decoction for Injury (die da yang ying tang)

Initially recorded in Lin Ru-gao’s Experience on Bonesetting (lin ru gao zheng gu jing yan). Composed by Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 6 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 4 g, Radix et Rhizoma Notoginseng (san qi) 4 g, Rhizoma Dioscoreae (huai shan yao) 15 g, Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 15 g, Fructus Lycii (gou qi zi) 15 g, Radix Codonopsis (dang shen) 3 g, Fructus Amomi (sha ren) 3 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 3 g, Radix Dipsaci (xu duan) 9 g, Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) 9 g, Fructus Chaenomelis (mu gua) 9 g, and Rhizoma Drynariae (gu sui bu) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Supplement and nourish qi and blood, fortify the spleen and boost the kidney

Indicated for the treatment of internal traumatic injury or bone fracture in midanaphase, with injury from fall, fractures, healing slowly, lassitude, lack of strength, sallow complexion, soreness and weakness of the waist and knees, less eating, thin and unformed stool, pale tongue with thin and white coating, thready and weak pulse

582 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

3. Formula differentiation (Table 29.12)

TABLE 29.12 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Supplement both Qi and Blood Name of Formula

Similarity

Differences

Eight-Gem Decoction (ba zhen tang)

All are the formulas that can boost qi and supplement the blood. Perfect Major Supplementation Decoction (shi quan da bu tang) and Ginseng Supporting and Nourishing Decoction (ren shen yang rong tang) are both the modified formulas of Eight-Gem Decoction (ba zhen tang), and can treat pattern of both qi and blood deficiency

It is the basic formula that can treat pattern of both qi and blood deficiency with shortness of breath, lack of strength, dizziness, palpitation, pale tongue, thready and weak pulse

Both can calm the fetus and treat early miscarriage (within 12 weeks of pregnancy)

Select Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) and Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) to combine; its effects of supplementing qi and nourishing the blood are stronger than that of Safe Pregnancy Without Worry Powder (bao chan wu you san). It is mainly used for the treatment of patients with early miscarriage and habitual miscarriage (slippery fetus)

Perfect Major Supplementation Decoction (shi quan da bu tang)

Ginseng Supporting and Nourishing Decoction (ren shen yang rong tang)

Rock of Mount Tai FetusQuieting Powder (tai shan pan shi san)

Safe Pregnancy Without Worry Powder (bao chan wu you san)

It is Eight-Gem Decoction (ba zhen tang) plus Radix Astragali (huang qi) and Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui), which can strengthen the effects of supplementing qi and warming yang so as to promote yang arise and yin grow. It is mainly used for the treatment of patients with both qi and blood deficiency which is partial to cold It is Perfect Major Supplementation Decoction (shi quan da bu tang) plus Radix Polygalae (yuan zhi), Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi) and Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) and minus Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong), which can strengthen the effects of tranquilizing the heart and calming the mind. Without Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong), it has no acrid and scurrying property so as to quietly nourish the blood

Its effect of supplementing qi and blood is inferior to Rock of Mount Tai Fetus-Quieting Powder (tai shan pan shi san), but it has the effects of rectifying qi and promoting delivery, mainly used for the treatment of difficult labor/delivery, and can calm the fetus before delivery and promote delivery in labor

SECTION 4  FORMULAS THAT SUPPLEMENT YIN Outline Formulas that supplement yin are suitable for the treatment of yin deficiency, with emaciation, dizziness and tinnitus, tidal fever and flushed cheeks, vexing heat in the five centers (chest, palms, and soles), night sweating and insomnia, waist soreness and seminal emission, cough and expectoration of blood, dry mouth and throat, red tongue with slight coating, thready and rapid pulse. Formulas in this section are usually composed of herbs that supplement yin, such as Radix Glehniae (sha shen), Radix Asparagi (tian dong), Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong), Rhizoma Polygonati Odorati (yu zhu), Caulis Dendrobii (shi hu), Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu), Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang), Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang), Plastrum Testudinis (gui ban), and Carapax Trionycis (bie jia). As the growth of yin depends on yang conversion, yin deficiency often leads to internal heat for water failing to restrain blazing fire, or yin deficiency affecting the blood leads to blood deficiency, or malnutrition of the liver leads to qi constraint, or no mutual generation between metal and water leads to lung dryness. Formulas in this category often combine with herbs that warm yang and fortify the spleen, herbs that clear heat and subdue fire, herbs that supplement essence and blood, herbs that soothe the liver and rectify qi, or herbs that moisten dryness and calm the lung. The representative formulas are Six-Ingredient Rehmannia Pill (liu wei di huang wan), Left-Restoring Pill (zuo gui wan), Major Yin-Supplementing Pill (da bu yin wan), Effective Integration Decoction (yi guan jian), Lung-Supplementing Donkey-Hide Gelatin Decoction (bu fei e jiao tang) and Dendrobium Pill for Night Vision (shi hu ye guang wan).

Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 1. Primary formulas and analysis (Tables 29.13 and 29.14)

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TABLE 29.13 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Supplement Yin Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy and Indication

Six-Ingredient Rehmannia Pill (liu wei di huang wan)

Initially recorded in Key to Diagnosis and Treatment of Children’s Diseases (xiao er yao zheng zhi jue). Composed by Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 24 g, Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu) 12 g, dry Rhizoma Dioscoreae (gan shan yao) 12 g, Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie) 9 g, Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi) 9 g, and Poria Alba (bai fu ling) 9 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, mix with honey and make into pills as size of phoenix tree seed, and take 9 g each time with warm boiled water on an empty stomach, 2–3 times a day; or decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Enrich yin and supplement the kidney. Indicated for the treatment of kidney yin deficiency, with soreness and weakness of the waist and knees, dizziness and blurred vision, tinnitus and deafness, night sweating and seminal emission, wasting-thirst (xia¯o kĕ), steaming bone fever, tidal fever, feverish sensation over the palm and sole, dry tongue and sore throat, looseness of teeth, heel pain, non-closure of fontanels in infants, red tongue with slight coating, deep and thready and rapid pulse

For steaming bone fever or tidal fever due to yin deficiency and exuberant fire, add Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai) and Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu) to strengthen the effects of clearing heat and subduing fire; for uterine bleeding due to yin deficiency and blood heat, combine with Double Supreme Pill (er zhi wan) to cool the blood and stanch bleeding; for dizziness due to yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity, add Concha Haliotidis (shi jue ming) and Plastrum Testudinis (gui ban) to calm the liver and subdue yang; for soreness and weakness of the waist and knees due to malnutrition of kidney, add Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (huai niu xi) and Herba Taxilli (sang ji sheng) to tonify the kidney and strengthen the bone; for seminal emission or spontaneous seminal emission due to kidney deficiency, add Fructus Rubi (fu pen zi) and calcined Concha Ostreae (duan mu li) to arrest emission with astringents; for dry and hard feces due to yin deficiency and intestinal dryness, add Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen) and Fructus Cannabis (huo ma ren) to moisten the intestines to promote defecation; for poor appetite and abdominal distention due to spleen deficiency without transportation, add Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) and Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) to avoid stagnated qi affecting the spleen

Its use is prohibited in patients with deficiencycold of the spleen and stomach. And it is not suitable for patients with less eating, thin and unformed stool due to spleen deficiency

Left-Restoring Pill (zuo gui wan)

Initially recorded in The Complete Works of [Zhang] Jing-yue (jing yue quan shu). Composed by Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 240 g, Radix Cyathulae (chuan niu xi) 120 g, Fructus Lycii (gou qi zi) 120 g, dry-fried Rhizoma Dioscoreae (chao huai shan yao) 120 g, Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu) 120 g, Semen Cuscutae (tu si zi) 120 g, Colla Cornus Cervi (lu jiao jiao) 120 g, and Colla Testudinis Plastri (gui ban jiao) 120 g. Grind the ingredients into fine powder, mix with honey and make into pills as size of phoenix tree seed, and take 9 g each time with bland salty soup, 2–3 times a day; or decrease the dosage according to the original proportion and decoct with water for oral use

Enrich yin and supplement the kidney, supplement essence and boost marrow. Indicated for the treatment of kidney yin insufficiency, with soreness and weakness of the waist and legs, dizziness, deafness and insomnia, seminal emission or spontaneous seminal emission, spontaneous sweating, night sweating, dry mouth and tongue, red tongue with slight coating, and thready pulse

For seminal emission or spontaneous seminal emission due to kidney failing to storing essence, change Radix Cyathulae (chuan niu xi) into Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (huai niu xi); for steaming bone fever or tidal fever, and feverish sensation over the palm and sole due to kidney yin insufficiency and deficiency fire flaming upward, remove Fructus Lycii (gou qi zi) and Colla Cornus Cervi (lu jiao jiao), and add Fructus Ligustri Lucidi (nü zhen zi), Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen) and Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) to nourish yin and clear heat and subdue fire; for dry cough with scanty phlegm due to fire scorching the lung, add Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) and Bulbus Lilii (bai he) to moisten the lung and relieve cough; for night fever and steaming bone fever, add Cortex Lycii (di gu pi) to clear deficiency-heat; for dry and hard feces, remove Semen Cuscutae (tu si zi) and add Herba Cistanches (rou cong rong) to moisten the intestines to promote defecation; for profuse sweating, add Radix Astragali (huang qi) and Fructus Tritici Levis (fu xiao mai) to boost qi to consolidate the exterior

Its use is cautious in patients with thin and unformed stool due to spleen deficiency. If patients want to take it for a long time, it is better to combine with herbs that awaken the spleen and assist transportation

Modified Clinical Application

Caution for Use

(Continued )

584 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 29.13 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Supplement Yin (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy and Indication

Major YinSupplementing Pill (da bu yin wan)

Initially recorded in Teachings of [Zhu] Dan-xi (dan xi xin fa). Composed by dry-fried Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (chao huang bai) 120 g, dry-fried Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (chao zhi mu) 120 g, Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 180 g and Plastrum Testudinis (gui ban) 180 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, mix with honey and Medulla Spinalis Suillus (zhu ji sui), mix with Mel (feng mi) and make into pills as size of phoenix tree seed, and take 9 g each time with warm boiled water on an empty stomach, 2–3 times a day; or decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Enrich yin and subdue fire. Indicated for the treatment of vigorous fire due to yin deficiency, with steaming bone fever, tidal fever, night sweating, seminal emission, cough and expectoration of blood, vexation and irascibility, foot and knee pain with hot sensation or flaccidity, or wasting-thirst (xia¯o kĕ) with rapid hungering, red tongue with slight coating, rapid and forceful chi pulse

For more evident steaming bone fever or tidal fever, add Cortex Lycii (di gu pi) and Radix Stellariae (yin chai hu) to abate heat and eliminate steaming fever; for expectoration of blood or spitting of blood in large amounts, add Herba Agrimoniae (xian he cao), Herba Ecliptae (han lian cao) and Rhizoma Imperatae (bai mao gen) to cool the blood and stanch bleeding; for inhibited coughing up phlegm due to dryness-heat in the lung, add Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) and Bulbus Fritillaria (bei mu) to moisten the lung and dissolve phlegm; for wasting-thirst (xia¯o kĕ) due to exuberant fire scorching body fluids, add Radix Trichosanthis (tian hua fen) and Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) to clear heat and promote fluid production; for foot and knee pain with hot sensation, add Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (huai niu xi) and Herba Taxilli (sang ji sheng) to supplement the kidney and strengthen the sinews and bones; for more evident night sweating, add Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu) and calcined Os Draconis (duan long gu) to astringe sweating and consolidate the exterior; for more severe seminal emission, add Fructus Rosae Laevigatae (jin ying zi), Semen Euryales (qian shi), and Fructus Tribuli (ji li) to arrest emission with astringents

It is not suitable for patients with excess pattern of fire-heat, or less eating, thin and unformed stool due to weakness of the spleen and stomach

Effective Integration Decoction (yi guan jian)

Initially recorded in Supplement to “Classified Case Records of Famous Physicians” (xu ming yi lei an). Composed by Radix Glehniae (sha shen) 9 g, Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) 9 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 9 g, Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 18–30 g, Fructus Lycii (gou qi zi) 9–18 g, and Fructus Toosendan (chuan lian zi) 4.5 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Enrich yin and soothe the liver. Indicated for the treatment of yin deficiency and liver constraint, with pain in the chest, stomach cavity and rib-side, acid swallowing, dry throat and mouth, red tongue with scanty fluid, thready and weak pulse, or deficient and wiry pulse; or shàn qì (hernia, ) with abdominal mass

For more evident rib-side pain due to qi stagnation, add Cortex Albiziae (he huan pi) and Flos Rosae Rugosae (mei gui hua) to assist to soothe the liver and rectify qi; for more evident abdominal pain due to hyperactivity of liver overrestricting the spleen, add Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) to relax spasm and relieve pain; for conglomerations in rib-side due to liver constraint and collaterals stagnation, add Carapax Trionycis (bie jia) and Concha Ostreae (mu li) to soften hardness and dissipate masses; for deficient restlessness and insomnia due to disturbance of deficiency-heat inside the body, add Semen Ziziphi Spinosae (suan zao ren) and Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu) to clear heart heat and calm the mind; for dizziness due to yin deficiency and hyperactivity of liver, add Concha Haliotidis (shi jue ming) and Rhizoma Gastrodiae (tian ma) to calm the liver and subdue yang

Because many herbs in this formula are greasy, it is not suitable for patients with liver constraint, spleen deficiency and dampness retention

Modified Clinical Application

Caution for Use

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TABLE 29.13 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Supplement Yin (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy and Indication

LungSupplementing DonkeyHide Gelatin Decoction (bu fei e jiao tang)

Initially recorded in Key to Diagnosis and Treatment of Children’s Diseases (xiao er yao zheng zhi jue). Composed by Colla Corii Asini (e jiao) 9 g, Fructus Arctii (niu bang zi) 3 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 3 g, Fructus Aristolochiae (ma dou ling) 6 g, Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren) 6 g, and Fructus Oryzae Glutinosae (nuo mi) 6 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Nourish yin and supplement the lung, clear heat and stanch bleeding. Indicated for the treatment of lung heat due to yin deficiency, with cough and panting, dry throat, incomplete expectoration, or bloody-stained phlegm, red tongue with slight coating, thready and rapid pulse

For dry throat and mouth, red tongue with scanty fluid due to more evident yin deficiency, add Radix Adenophorae seu Glehniae (sha shen) and Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) to strengthen the effects of nourishing yin and moistening the lung; for sore throat due to exuberant lung heat, add Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) and Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen) to diffuse the lung and relieve sore-throat; for yellow and sticky phlegm due to exuberant phlegmheat, add Bulbus Fritillaria (bei mu) and Herba Houttuyniae (yu xing cao) to assist the effects of clearing lung heat and dissolving phlegm; for expectoration of blood in large amounts due to dryness damaging the lung collaterals, add Rhizoma Imperatae (bai mao gen), Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) and Herba Agrimoniae (xian he cao) to cool the blood and stanch bleeding

Its use is prohibited in patients with exterior cold and phlegmturbidity in interior. And it is also not suitable for patients with lung deficiency and no heat

StomachBoosting Decoction (yi wei tang)

Initially recorded in Systematic Differentiation of Warm Diseases (wen bing tiao bian). Composed by Radix Adenophorae seu Glehniae (sha shen) 9 g, Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) 15 g, Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 15 g, Rhizoma Polygonati Odorati (yu zhu) 4.5 g, and Crystal Sugar (bing tang) 3 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Nourish yin and boost the stomach. Indicated for the treatment of stomach yin deficiency, with scorching hot and dull pain in the stomach cavity, hunger but undesired for eating, dry mouth and throat, constipation, or retching, hiccup, red tongue with scanty fluid, thready and rapid pulse

For profuse sweating and shortness of breath, accompanied by qi deficiency, add Radix Codonopsis (dang shen) and Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi) or PulseEngendering Powder (sheng mai san) to boost qi and astringe sweating; for distention in the stomach cavity and abdomen after food, add Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) and Massa Medicata Fermentata (shen qu) to rectify qi and promote digestion

It is not suitable for patients with thin and unformed stool due to yang deficiency or deficiencycold of the spleen and stomach

Double Supreme Pill (er zhi wan)

Initially recorded in Exquisite Formulas for Fostering Longevity (fu shou jing fang). Composed by Fructus Ligustri Lucidi (nü zhen zi) 15 g and Herba Ecliptae (mo han lian) 15 g. Grind Fructus Ligustri Lucidi (nü zhen zi) into fine powder; decoct Herba Ecliptae (mo han lian) with appropriate amount of water twice and concentrate the decoction, add Mel (feng mi) 60 g, the above powder and appropriate amount of water, make into water pills as size of phoenix tree seed, and then dry. Take 9 g each time with warm boiled water, 2 times a day; or decide the dosage according to the original proportion and directly decoct with water for oral use

Supplement the kidney and nourish the liver, enrich yin and stanch bleeding. Indicated for the treatment of liver-kidney yin deficiency, with dizziness, tinnitus, bitter taste in the mouth, dry throat, blurred vision, insomnia, profuse dreaming, soreness and weakness of the waist and knees, flaccid lower limbs, seminal emission, premature graying of hair, menses in large amounts, red tongue with slight coating, thready pulse or thready and rapid pulse

For vexing heat in the five centers (chest, palms, and soles) due to more evident yin deficiency, add Radix Adenophorae seu Glehniae (sha shen) and Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) to nourish yin and promote fluid production; for vexation and irascibility due to vigorous liver fire, add Radix et Rhizoma Gentianae (long dan cao) and Spica Prunellae (xia ku cao) to clear and drain liver fire; for female menses in large amounts due to exuberant blood heat, add Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) and Herba Agrimoniae (xian he cao) to cool the blood and stanch bleeding

Its use is cautious in patients with thin and unformed stool due to deficiencycold of the spleen and stomach. And It is also not suitable for patients with common cold accompanied by fever. During taking this formula, food that is not easy to digest should be avoided

Modified Clinical Application

Caution for Use

(Continued )

586 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 29.13 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Supplement Yin (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy and Indication

Dendrobium Pill for Night Vision (shi hu ye guang wan)

Initially recorded in Empirical Formulas from the Auspicious Bamboo Hall (rui zhu tang jing yan fang). Composed by Radix Asparagi (tian dong) 30 g, Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) 30 g, Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 30 g, Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 30 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 30 g, Poria Alba (bai fu ling) 30 g, dry Rhizoma Dioscoreae (gan shan yao) 30 g, Fructus Lycii (gou qi zi) 21 g, Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (niu xi) 21 g, Caulis Dendrobii (shi hu) 21 g, Semen Cassiae (cao jue ming) 21 g, Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren) 21 g, Flos Chrysanthemi (ju hua) 21 g, Semen Cuscutae (tu si zi) 21 g, Cornu Saigae Tataricae (ling yang jiao) 21 g, Herba Cistanches (rou cong rong) 15 g, Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi) 15 g, Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 15 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 15 g, Semen Astragali Complanati (sha yuan ji li) 15 g, Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 15 g, Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao) 15 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 15 g, Cornu Rhinocerotis (xi jiao) 15 g and Semen Celosiae (qing xiang zi) 15 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, mix with honey and make into pills, 10 g each pill, and take one pill each time with bland salt soup, 2 times a day

Nourish and supplement the liver and kidney, clear heat and improve vision. Indicated for the treatment of liverkidney insufficiency and deficiency fire flaming upward, with mydriasis, blurred vision, photophobia and lacrimation, dizziness, soreness and weakness of the waist and knees, and internal visual obstruction (cataracts)

Modified Clinical Application If decoct this formula with water for oral use, modify it according to severity of the primary and secondary of yin deficiency and internal heat. For greasy coating, add Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) and Fructus Amomi (sha ren) to rectify qi and harmonize the stomach and dissolve phlegm; for vexing heat in the five centers (chest, palms, and soles) due to kidney yin deficiency, add Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi) and Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu) to enrich yin and supplement the kidney; for cough with phlegm, and dizziness due to windphlegm harassing the upper body, add Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) and Rhizoma Gastrodiae (tian ma) to dissolve phlegm and extinguish wind; for dizziness due to ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, add Concha Margaritiferae Usta (zhen zhu mu) and Rhizoma Gastrodiae (tian ma)

Caution for Use For internal visual obstruction (cataracts) often has a long course, treatment by taking this formula should be for a long-term in order to get effect. As it is partial to cool and greasy in nature, its use should be prohibited in patients with yang deficiency and interior cold, and be cautious in patients with thin and unformed stool due to spleen deficiency

Formulas That Supplement and Boost Chapter | 29

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TABLE 29.14 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Supplement Yin Name of Formula Six-Ingredient Rehmannia Pill (liu wei di huang wan)

Efficacy Analysis Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang)

Sweet and slightly warm in nature, supplement essence and boost marrow, enrich yin and supplement the kidney

Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu)

Sour, astringent, slightly warm in nature, supplement and nourish the liver and kidney, and arrest essence

Rhizoma Dioscoreae (shan yao) Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie)

Left-Restoring Pill (zuo gui wan)

Major Yin-Supplementing Pill (da bu yin wan)

Sweet and neutral in nature, supplement the spleen and kidney, not only nourish spleen yin, but also consolidate kidney essence Sweet, bland, and cold in nature, drain dampness and direct the turbid downward, and restrain the greasiness from Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang)

Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi)

Bitter, acrid, slightly cold in nature, clear and discharge ministerial fire, and restrain the warm from Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu)

Poria Alba (bai fu ling)

Sweet, bland, and neutral in nature, fortify the spleen and percolate dampness, combine with Rhizoma Dioscoreae (shan yao) to supplement the spleen and promote transportation

Nourish and supplement the liver, spleen and kidney, simultaneously supplement with three medicinals that pertain to yin “Three discharging medicinals”, discharge damp-turbidity and subdue ministerial fire, and reduce the stagnation from herbs that supplement

Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu)

Sour, astringent, slightly warm in nature, supplement and nourish the liver and kidney, consolidate and astringe essential qi

Rhizoma Dioscoreae (shan yao)

Sweet and neutral in nature, supplement the spleen and boost yin, nourish the kidney and consolidate essence

Colla Testudinis Plastri (gui ban jiao)

Enrich yin and supplement marrow

Colla Cornus Cervi (lu jiao jiao)

Supplement and boost essence and blood, warm the kidney and strengthen yang, “seek yin within yang”

Fructus Lycii (gou qi zi)

Sweet and neutral in nature, supplement the liver and kidney, and boost essence and blood

Semen Cuscutae (tu si zi)

Acrid, sweet, and neutral in nature, supplement the liver and kidney, boost essence and marrow

Radix Cyathulae (chuan niu xi)

Bitter, sweet, sour, and neutral in nature, boost the liver and kidney, and strengthen the sinews and bones

Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) Plastrum Testudinis (gui ban) Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai)

Sweet and slightly warm in nature, Supplement yin enrich and supplement kidney yin, and stabilize the root, nourish water supplement essence and boost marrow to inhibit fire, as the Enrich yin and subdue yang, supplement chief medicinals the kidney and fortify the bones Descending and discharging with its bitter and cold in nature, specialize in discharging kidney and bladder fire

Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu) Medulla Spinalis Suillus (zhu ji sui)

Bitter, cold, and moistening in nature, clear and discharge lung, stomach and kidney fire, and nourish the above three yin

Mel (feng mi)

Enrich yin and supplement the kidney

Sweet and slightly warm in nature, nourish kidney yin and boost essence and marrow, as the chief medicinal

Supplement marrow and nourish yin Supplement the center and moisten dryness

Enrich yin and supplement the kidney, supplement essence and boost marrow

Enrich yin and subdue fire

Strengthen the effects of enriching and supplementing kidney yin, as the assistant medicinals (Continued )

588 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 29.14 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Supplement Yin (cont.) Name of Formula Effective Integration Decoction (yi guan jian)

Lung-Supplementing Donkey-Hide Gelatin Decoction (bu fei e jiao tang)

Efficacy Analysis Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang)

Sweet, bitter, and cold in nature, nourish yin-blood of the liver and kidney, moisten and nourish the liver (nourish water to moisten wood), as the chief medicinal

Fructus Lycii (gou qi zi)

Sweet and neutral in nature, supplement and nourish the liver and kidney

Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui)

Sweet, acrid, and warm in nature, supplement the blood and nourish the liver, and invigorate blood

Radix Glehniae (sha shen) Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong)

Sweet, slightly bitter, and slightly cold in nature, enrich and nourish lung yin and stomach yin, nourish lung yin in order to cool the lung (metal) to restrict the liver (wood), nourish stomach yin in order to fortify the spleen (bank up earth) to nourish the liver (nourish wood)

Fructus Toosendan (chuan lian zi)

Bitter and cold in nature, soothe the liver and discharge heat, rectify qi and relieve pain

Colla Corii Asini (e jiao)

Sweet, neutral, and greasy in nature, specialize in enrich yin and moistening dryness, nourish the blood and stanch bleeding, as the chief medicinal

Fructus Aristolochiae (ma dou ling)

Cold in nature, clear lung heat, dissolve phlegm and relieve cough

Fructus Arctii (niu bang zi) Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren) Fructus Oryzae Glutinosae (nuo mi) Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) Stomach-Boosting Decoction (yi wei tang)

Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) Radix Adenophorae seu Glehniae (sha shen) Rhizoma Polygonati Odorati (yu zhu)

Double Supreme Pill (er zhi wan)

Both can diffuse lung qi; Fructus Arctii (niu bang zi) can resolve toxins and relieve sore throat; Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren) can relieve cough and calm panting

Nourish yin and supplement the lung, clear heat and stanch bleeding

Supplement the spleen and tranquilize the lung, both as the assistant and envoy medicinals

Harmonize the actions of all medicinals Sweet and cold in nature, nourish yin and clear heat, promote fluid production and moisten dryness, boost the stomach with their sweet and cool properties, both as the chief medicinals Assist Nourish yin and promote fluid production, and strengthen the effects of boosting the stomach and nourishing yin, both as the deputy medicinals

Crystal Sugar (bing tang)

Nourish the lung and stomach, and harmonize the actions of all medicinals, as the assistant and envoy medicinal

Fructus Ligustri Lucidi (nü zhen zi)

Sweet, bitter, and cool in nature, specialize in nourishing and supplementing liver yin and kidney yin, calm the five viscera, strengthen the waist and knees, improve vision and hearing, and blacken the hair

Herba Ecliptae (mo han lian)

Enrich yin and soothe the liver

Sweet, sour, and cold in nature, supplement and nourish liver yin and kidney yin, cool the blood and stanch bleeding, combine with Fructus Ligustri Lucidi (nü zhen zi) shows the medicinal nature is partial to neutral without greasiness; as the formula that can even supplement the liver and kidney

Nourish yin and boost the stomach

Supplement the kidney and nourish the liver, enrich yin and stanch bleeding

Formulas That Supplement and Boost Chapter | 29

589

TABLE 29.14 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Supplement Yin (cont.) Name of Formula Dendrobium Pill for Night Vision (shi hu ye guang wan)

Efficacy Analysis Caulis Dendrobii (shi hu)

Clear heat and promote fluid production, enrich yin and improve vision

Radix Asparagi (tian dong)

Enrich yin and moisten dryness, nourish yin and promote fluid production

Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang)

Mutual generation between lung (metal) and kidney (water)

Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang)

Supplement the kidney and promote essence production, nourish the blood and enrich yin

Herba Cistanches (rou cong rong)

Supplement kidney yang, and boost essence and blood

Semen Cuscutae (tu si zi)

Supplement and boost the liver and kidney, consolidate essence, and improve vision

Fructus Lycii (gou qi zi) Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen)

Enrich and nourish the liver and kidney, boost essence and improve vision Supplement qi, supplement the spleen and boost the lung, and nourish the blood

Poria Alba (fu ling)

Fortify the spleen and harmonize the stomach

Rhizoma Dioscoreae (shan yao)

Supplement the spleen and nourish the stomach, and boost the lung

Semen Astragali Complanati (sha yuan ji li)

Calm the liver, invigorate blood and dispel wind, and improve vision

Flos Chrysanthemi (ju hua) Semen Celosiae (qing xiang zi)

Scatter and dissipate wind and heat, clear liver heat and improve vision Clear liver heat and drain fire, and remove nebula to improve vision

Semen Cassiae (cao jue ming)

Clear liver heat and improve vision

Promote fluid production and supplement the kidney, enrich yin and nourish the blood, all as the chief medicinals Supplement the liver and kidney, boost essence and improve vision Supplement the spleen, fortify the lung, and promote qi-blood production Scatter wind and dissipate heat, clear liver heat and improve vision

Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) Cornu Rhinocerotis (xi jiao)

Cold in nature, cool the blood, and clear heat

Cornu Saigae Tataricae (ling yang jiao) Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao) Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren)

Invigorate blood and move qi, and dispel wind Dispel wind and release the exterior Rectify qi and loosen the center, move stagnation and relieve distention Direct qi downward

Move qi and invigorate blood, and free flow of qi movement

Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi) Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (niu xi)

Sour and astringent in nature, warm the kidney, consolidate essence and promote fluid production Supplement and boost the liver and kidney, invigorate blood and dispel stasis, and guide heat downward

Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao)

Supplement the spleen and boost qi, and harmonize the actions of all medicinals

Nourish and supplement the liver and kidney, clear heat and improve vision

590 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

2. Attached formulas (Table 29.15) TABLE 29.15 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Supplement Yin Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Anemarrhena, Phellodendron and Rehmannia Pill (zhi bai di huang wan)

Initially recorded in Investigations of Medical Formulas (yi fang kao). Composed by Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu) 6 g, Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai) 6 g, Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 12 g, Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu) 12 g, dry Rhizoma Dioscoreae (gan shan yao) 12 g, Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie) 9 g, Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi) 9 g, and Poria Alba (bai fu ling) 9 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, mix with honey and make into pills as size of phoenix tree seed, and take 6 g each time, 2–3 times a day

Enrich yin and subdue fire

Indicated for the treatment of vigorous fire due to yin deficiency, with steaming bone fever, tidal fever, deficient restlessness, night sweating, aching pain of the waist and back, and seminal emission

Lycium Berry, Chrysanthemum and Rehmannia Pill (qi ju di huang wan)

Initially recorded in The Complete Book on Measles (ma zhen quan shu). Composed by Flos Chrysanthemi (ju hua) 9 g, Fructus Lycii (gou qi zi) 9 g, Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 24 g, Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu) 12 g, dry Rhizoma Dioscoreae (gan shan yao) 12 g, Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie) 9 g, Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi) 9 g, and Poria Alba (bai fu ling) 9 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, mix with honey and make into pills as size of phoenix tree seed, and take 9 g each time, 2–3 times a day

Nourish the kidney and liver to improve vision

Indicated for the treatment of liverkidney yin deficiency, with dim eyesight, blurred vision, or dry eyes, lacrimation when encountering wind

Ophiopogon, Schisandra and Rehmannia Pill (mai wei di huang wan)

Initially recorded in Complete Records of Ancient and Modern Medical Works of the Grand Compendium of Books (gu jin tu shu ji cheng yi bu quan lu). Composed by Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) 15 g, Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi) 15 g, Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 24 g, Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu) 24 g, Rhizoma Dioscoreae (huai shan yao) 12 g, Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie) 6 g, Sclerotium Poriae Pararadicis (fu shen) 12 g, and Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi) 6 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, mix with honey and make into pills as size of phoenix tree seed, and take 15 g each time, 2–3 times a day

Nourish and supplement the lung and kidney

Indicated for the treatment of lungkidney yin deficiency, with deficient restlessness, consumptive fever, cough and expectoration of blood, tidal fever and night sweating

Qi-Restraining Pill (du qi wan)

Initially recorded in Symptoms, Causes, Pulses, and Treatment (zheng yin mai zhi). Composed by Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi) 6 g, Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 24 g, Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu) 12 g, dry Rhizoma Dioscoreae (gan shan yao) 12 g, Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie) 9 g, Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi) 9 g, and Poria Alba (bai fu ling) 9 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, mix with honey and make into pills as size of phoenix tree seed, and take 9 g each time, 2–3 times a day

Nourish the kidney to improve qi reception

Indicated for the treatment of lungkidney deficiency, with cough and panting, hiccup, spontaneous seminal emission and low back pain

Deafness LeftBenefiting Loadstone Pill (er long zuo ci wan)

Initially recorded in Revised and Expanded Treatise on Warm-Heat Diseases (chong ding guang wen re lun). Composed by Magnetitum (ci shi) 90 g, Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (shi chang pu) 45 g, Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi) 15 g, Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 24 g, Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu) 12 g, dry Rhizoma Dioscoreae (gan shan yao) 12 g, Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie) 9 g, Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi) 9 g, and Poria Alba (bai fu ling) 9 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, mix with honey and make into pills as size of phoenix tree seed, and take 9 g each time, 2–3 times a day

Enrich yin and boost the kidney, subdue yang and unblock the orifices

Indicated for the treatment of liverkidney yin depletion and deficient yang harassing the upper body, with dizziness, deafness and tinnitus

Formulas That Supplement and Boost Chapter | 29

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TABLE 29.15 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Supplement Yin (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Water-Nourishing and Liver-Clearing Decoction (zi shui qing gan yin)

Initially recorded in Xitang Externally contracted Syndromes (xi tang gan zheng). Composed by Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 24 g, Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu) 12 g, dry Rhizoma Dioscoreae (gan shan yao) 12 g, Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi) 9 g, Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie) 9 g, Poria Alba (bai fu ling) 9 g, Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) 6 g, Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) 6 g, Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi) 6 g, Semen Ziziphi Spinosae (suan zao ren) 6 g and main part of Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui shen) 6 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Nourish the kidney and supplement the liver, clear and discharge liver heat

Indicated for the treatment of yin deficiency and liver constraint, with distending pain in the rib-side, gastric cavity pain, dry throat and mouth, red tongue with slight coating, deficient and weak pulse, or thready and rapid pulse

Eyesight-Improving Rehmannia Pill (ming mu di huang wan)

Initially recorded in Secrets from the Orchid Chamber (lan shi mi cang). Composed by Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 120 g, Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 15 g, Rhizoma Dioscoreae (huai shan yao) 15 g, Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu) 15 g, Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi) 15 g, Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) 15 g, Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi) 15 g, main part of Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui shen) 15 g, Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie) 7.5 g, and Poria (fu ling) 7.5 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, make into pills, and take 6–9 g each time with bland salt soup, 2 times a day

Enrich yin and supplement the kidney, boost essence and improve vision

Indicated for the treatment of blurred vision due to liver-kidney yin deficiency, with night blindness, progressively contracted pupil, dizziness, tinnitus, insomnia, profuse dreaming, red tongue with slight coating, thready and rapid pulse

Restoring the Kidney Bolus (gui shen wan)

Initially recorded in The Complete Works of [Zhang] Jing-yue (jing yue quan shu). Composed by Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 240 g, Rhizoma Dioscoreae (huai shan yao) 120 g, Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu) 120 g, Poria (fu ling) 120 g, Fructus Lycii (gou qi zi) 120 g, dry-fried Cortex Eucommiae (chao du zhong) 120 g, Semen Cuscutae (tu si zi) 120 g and Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 90 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, make into pills, and take 9 g each time with salt water or bland salt soup, 2 times a day; or decrease the dosage according to the original proportion and decoct with water for oral use

Enrich yin and supplement the kidney

Indicated for the treatment of kidney yin deficiency, with insufficiency of essence and blood, waist soreness, flaccid feet, toilworn complexion, seminal emission, impotence, deficient restlessness, dry mouth and throat, dry and hard stool, red tongue, thready and rapid pulse or thready and wiry pulse

Major OriginalQi Tonifying Decoction (da bu yuan jian)

Initially recorded in The Complete Works of [Zhang] Jing-yue (jing yue quan shu). Composed by Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 3–6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 3–6 g, Cortex Eucommiae (du zhong) 6 g, Rhizoma Dioscoreae (huai shan yao) 6 g, Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 6–9 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 6–9 g, Fructus Lycii (gou qi zi) 6–9 g, and Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu) 3 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Cultivate and supplement kidney qi

Indicated for the treatment of kidney qi deficiency, with dizziness, cowardice, poor appetite, less eating, lusterless and toilworn complexion, soreness and weakness of the waist and knees, weak and forceless pulse

Gate-Freeing and Kidney-Nourishing Pill (tong guan zi shen wan)

Initially recorded in Secrets from the Orchid Chamber (lan shi mi cang). Composed by Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai) 30 g, Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu) 30 g, and Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) 1.5 g. Grind the ingredients into fine powder, mix with boiled water and make into pills as size of phoenix tree seed. Take 9 g each time, 2 times a day

Clear heat and enrich yin, unblock the ischuria and promote urination

Indicated for the treatment of dribbling urinary block with a pattern of heat in the lower jiao, with urinary stoppage, distending pain in the lower abdomen, difficult and painful urination, no thirst, red tongue and rapid pulse (Continued )

592 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 29.15 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Supplement Yin (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Heaven, Human, and Earth MarrowRetaining Elixir (san cai feng sui dan)

Initially recorded in Illumination of Medicine (yi xue fa ming). Composed by Radix Asparagi (tian dong) 15 g, Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 15 g, Fructus Amomi (sha ren) 45 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 15 g, Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai) 90 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 22.5 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, make into pills, and before meal, take 9 g each time with Desert Cistanche Wine [steep Herba Cistanches (rou cong rong) 15 g in wine of 300ml for 24 h, then decoct the wine to boil 3–4 times], 3 times a day; or decrease the dosage according to the original proportion and decoct with water for oral use

Nourish the kidney and supplement essence, drain fire and consolidate yin

Indicated for the treatment of kidney yin deficiency and frenetic stirring of ministerial fire, with dizziness, soreness and weakness of the waist and knees, nocturnal emission, vexing heat in the five centers (chest, palms, and soles), dry mouth and throat, red tongue with slight coating, thready and rapid pulse

Yin-Preserving Decoction (bao yin jian)

Initially recorded in The Complete Works of [Zhang] Jing-yue (jing yue quan shu). Composed by Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 6 g, Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 6 g, Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) 6 g, Rhizoma Dioscoreae (huai shan yao) 4.5 g, Radix Dipsaci (xu duan) 4.5 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 4.5 g, Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai) 4.5 g and raw Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (sheng gan cao) 3 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Enrich yin and clear heat

Indicated for the treatment of yin deficiency and internal heat, with turbid leukorrhea, with bloody discharge, unceasing bloody stool, profuse uterine bleeding, blood strangury, or too early menstruation, red tongue, and slippery pulse

Rehmannia and Lycium Root-Bark Decoction (liang di tang)

Initially recorded in Fu Qing-zhu’s [Treatise on] Gynecology (fu qing zhu nü ke). Composed by Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 30 g, wine-fried Radix Paeoniae Alba (jiu chao bai shao) 15 g, Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen) 30 g, Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) 15 g, Cortex Lycii (di gu pi) 9 g and Colla Corii Asini (e jiao) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Enrich the kidney and nourish yin, clear heat and regulate menstruation

Indicated for the treatment of kidney yin insufficiency and intense deficiency-heat in interior, with early menstruation, red thick menses in small amounts, tidal fever, night sweating, dry mouth and throat, red tongue slight coating, thready and rapid and forceless pulse

Modified Initial Yin Decoction (jia jian yi yin jian)

Initially recorded in The Complete Works of [Zhang] Jing-yue (jing yue quan shu). Composed by Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 6 g, Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 9–15 g, Cortex Lycii (di gu pi) 3 g, Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) 6 g, Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) 6 g, Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu) 3 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 1.5–2.1 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Consolidate the kidney and stanch bleeding, enrich yin and clear heat

Indicated for the treatment of disorder of menstruation with a pattern of yin deficiency with heat, accompanied by menstrual irregularities, uterine bleeding or intermenstrual bleeding in small amounts, thick blood in bright red color, disordered menstrual cycle, dizziness, waist soreness, restless sleep, vexing heat in the five centers (chest, palms, and soles), fatigue, lack of strength, difficulty in defecation, yellow urine, red tongue with slight coating, thready and rapid pulse

Yin-Consolidating Decoction (gu yin jian)

Initially recorded in The Complete Works of [Zhang] Jing-yue (jing yue quan shu). Composed by Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 10 g, Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 9–15 g, dry-fried Rhizoma Dioscoreae (chao huai shan yao) 6 g, Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu) 4.5 g, dry-fried Radix Polygalae (chao yuan zhi) 2.1 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 3–6 g, Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi) 6 g and Semen Cuscutae (tu si zi) 6–9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Enrich and nourish the liver and kidney, consolidate and astringe yin fluid

Indicated for the treatment of slipping pattern due to yin deficiency, with whitish and turbid leukorrhea, menostaxis, seminal emission, waist soreness, back pain, dizziness, palpitation, insomnia, vexing heat in the five centers (chest, palms, and soles), red tongue, thready and rapid pulse

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TABLE 29.15 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Supplement Yin (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Decoction for Conception with Nourishing KidneyEssence (yang jing zhong yu tang)

Initially recorded in Fu Qing-zhu’s [Treatise on] Gynecology (fu qing zhu nü ke). Composed by Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 30 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 15 g, dry-fried Radix Paeoniae Alba (chao bai shao) 15 g, and Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu) 15 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Supplement the kidney and nourish the blood

Indicated for the treatment of yin and essence deficiency, kidney and blood deficiency, with infertility for a long time, menstrual block, or lightcolored menses in small amounts, emaciation, sallow complexion, pale tongue, thready and weak pulse

Rehmannia, Figwort, and Chrysanthemum Decoction (di shen ju hua tang)

Initially recorded in Ancient and Modern Famous Formulas (gu jin ming fang). Composed by Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 60 g, Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao) 10–30 g, Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen) 60 g, Flos Chrysanthemi (ju hua) 60 g, Rhizoma Cimicifugae (sheng ma) 0.5–5 g, and Mel (feng mi) 60 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Supplement yin and clear heat and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of toothache due to yin deficiency and stomach heat

Chinese Angelica, Peony and Rehmannia Decoction (gui shao di huang tang)

Initially recorded in Symptoms, Causes, Pulses, and Treatment (zheng yin mai zhi). Composed by Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 9 g, main part of Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui shen) 9 g, Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) 9 g, Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi) 6 g, Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu) 6 g, Fructus Lycii (gou qi zi) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 6 g, Cortex Lycii (di gu pi) 5 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 3 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Enrich yin and nourish the blood, clear heat and relieve vexation

Indicated for the treatment of kidney yin and blood deficiency, with cough, dry throat, scanty phlegm, vexing heat in the five centers (chest, palms, and soles), steaming bone fever, tidal fever, spontaneous sweating, night sweating, red tongue slight coating, thready and rapid pulse, or wiry and rapid pulse

Scene-Staying Variant Pill (jia jian zhu jing wan)

Initially recorded in Categorized Collection of Medical Formulas (yi fang lei ju). Composed by dry-fried Semen Plantaginis (chao che qian zi) 90 g, Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 150 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 150 g, Fructus Broussonetiae (chu shi zi) 30 g, Pericarpium Zanthoxyli (hua jiao) 30 g, Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi) 60 g, Fructus Lycii (gou qi zi) 60 g, and Semen Cuscutae (tu si zi) 250 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, make into pills, and take 9 g each time with salt soup, 2 times a day; or decrease the dosage according to the original proportion and decoct with water for oral use

Supplement the liver and boost the kidney and improve vision

Indicated for the treatment of liverkidney qi deficiency, with blurred vision, insufficiency of blood, two eyes gradually become dim, soreness and weakness of the waist and knees, dizziness and tinnitus, pale tongue, thready and weak pulse

Genuine-QiPreserving Decoction (bao zhen tang)

Initially recorded in Divine Book of Ten Medicinal Formulas (shi yao shen shu). Composed by Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 9 g, Radix Rehmanniae (di huang) 9 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 9 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 9 g, Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 9 g, Radix Astragali (huang qi) 9 g, Poria Alba (bai fu ling) 4.5 g, Radix Asparagi (tian dong) 6 g, Poria Rubra (chi fu ling) 4.5 g, Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) 6 g, Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao) 6 g, Cortex Lycii (di gu pi) 6 g, Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) 6 g, dryfried Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis with ginger juice (jiang hou po) 4.5 g, Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai) 6 g, Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) 6 g, Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu) 6 g, Fructus Jujubae (da zao) five pieces, Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) three pieces, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 4.5 g, Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi) 6 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 4.5 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Boost qi and nourish yin, and relieve fever and jaundice

Indicated for the treatment of deficiency-consumption (xu lao) with a pattern of qi and blood depletion, and yin deficiency resulting in vigorous fire, with steaming bone fever, tidal fever, and night sweating

(Continued )

594 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 29.15 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Supplement Yin (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Sea-Treasury Rehmannia Powder (hai zang di huang san)

Initially recorded in Yan’s Treatise on Formulas for Children (yan shi xiao er fang lun). Composed by Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 9 g, Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 9 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 9 g, Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 3 g, Caulis Akebiae (mu tong) 4.5 g, Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen) 1.5 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 4.5 g, Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 3 g, Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo) 3 g, Periostracum Cicadae (chan tui) 3 g, Herba Equiseti Hiemalis (mu zei) 3 g, Flos Eriocauli (gu jing cao) 3 g, Fructus Tribuli (ji li) 3 g, Semen Astragali Complanati (sha yuan ji li) 3 g, Cornu Bubali (shui niu jiao) 15 g, and prepared Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (zhi da huang) 3 g. Make into powders, take 3–5 g each time after meals, 3 times a day; or decrease the dosage according to the original proportion and decoct with water for oral use

Enrich yin and clear liver heat, dispel wind and remove nebula

Indicated for the treatment of keratitis or interstitial keratitis with a pattern of liver-kidney deficiency and vigorous fire due to yin deficiency, accompanied by eyeball pain, photophobia, lacrimation, blurred vision, circumcorneal infection, or conjunctiva being red and turbid, deep and turbid black part of the eye with thickening of swelling, gradually involved in whole black part of the eye from periphery, unhealing for a long time, dry mouth and throat, red tongue with scanty fluid, thready and rapid pulse

Three-Kernel and Five-Seed Decoction (san ren wu zi tang)

Initially recorded in Formulas to Aid the Living (ji sheng fang). Composed by equal parts of Semen Platycladi (bai zi ren), Semen Coicis (yi yi ren), Semen Ziziphi Spinosae (suan zao ren), Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi), Semen Cuscutae (tu si zi), Fructus Lycii (gou qi zi), Fructus Rubi (fu pen zi), Semen Plantaginis (che qian zi), Herba Cistanches (rou cong rong), Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang), Poria (fu ling), Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui), and Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum (chen xiang). Grind the ingredients into powder, mix with honey and make into pills, and take 10 g each time with salt soup; or decoct the ingredients with each 10 g with water and Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum (chen xiang) 1.5 g for oral use

Tonify the kidney and supplement essence, supplement the heart and nourish the blood

Indicated for the treatment of blurred vision and night blindness with a pattern of kidney qi deficiency and heart blood depletion, accompanied by visual deterioration, dim eyesight, loss of vision, night blindness, sluggishness of vision, insomnia, yellow, dry and withered hair, walk retardation, retarded dentition, vexation and agitation, night sweating, red tongue with slight coating, and thready pulse

Two Yin Decoction (er yin jian)

Initially recorded in The Complete Works of [Zhang] Jing-yue (jing yue quan shu). Composed by Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 6–9 g, Semen Ziziphi Spinosae (suan zao ren) 6–9 g, Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) 6–9 g, Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen) 4.5 g, Poria (fu ling) 4.5 g, Caulis Akebiae (mu tong) 4.5 g, Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 3–6 g, raw Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (sheng gan cao) 3 g, and appropriate amount of Medulla Junci (deng xin cao). Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Clear heart heat and drain fire, nourish yin and calm the mind

Indicated for the treatment of heat in the heart channel, and water failing to restrain blazing fire, with fright, mania, psychosis, lots of speaking or smiling, palpitation, unrestful sleep, red tongue, thready and rapid pulse or thready and wiry pulse

Asparagus and Ophiopogon Decoction (er dong tang)

Initially recorded in Medical Revelations (yi xue xin wu). Composed by Radix Asparagi (tian dong) 6 g, Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) 9 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 3 g, Radix Trichosanthis (tian hua fen) 3 g, Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu) 3 g, Folium Nelumbinis (he ye) 3 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 2 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 2 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Nourish yin and clear lung heat, promote fluid production and quench thirst

Indicated for the treatment of wastingthirst (xia¯o kĕ) with a pattern of qi and yin damage, and lung yin deficiency, accompanied by thirst, profuse drinking, dry mouth and throat, insomnia, profuse dreaming, poor appetite, lassitude, lack of strength, red tongue, thready and rapid pulse

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TABLE 29.15 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Supplement Yin (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Great Creation Pill with Placenta Hominis (he che da zao wan)

Initially recorded in Exquisite Formulas for Fostering Longevity (fu shou jing fang). Composed by Placenta Hominis (zi he che) 60 g, Plastrum Testudinis (gui ban) 60 g, Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai) 45 g, Cortex Eucommiae (du zhong) 45 g, Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (niu xi) 36 g, Radix Asparagi (tian dong) 36 g, Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) 36 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 30 g, and Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 75 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, make into pills, and take 9 g each time, 2 times a day; or decrease the dosage according to the original proportion and decoct with water for oral use

Enrich yin and clear heat, supplement and boost the liver and kidney

Indicated for the treatment of lung-kidney yin deficiency and insufficiency of essence and blood, with cough with little phlegm, tidal fever, night sweating, nocturnal emission, emaciation, soreness and weakness of the waist and knees, tinnitus and forgetfulness, premature graying of hair, dry mouth and throat, red tongue with slight coating, thready and rapid pulse

Moonlight Pill (yue hua wan)

Initially recorded in Medical Revelations (yi xue xin wu). Composed by Radix Adenophorae seu Glehniae (sha shen) 30 g, Radix Stemonae (bai bu) 30 g, Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae (chuan bei mu) 30 g, Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) 30 g, Radix Asparagi (tian dong) 30 g, Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 30 g, Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 30 g, Colla Corii Asini (e jiao) 30 g, Rhizoma Dioscoreae (huai shan yao) 30 g, Folium Mori (sang ye) 60 g, Flos Chrysanthemi (ju hua) 60 g, Poria (fu ling) 15 g, Jecur Lutrae (shui ta gan) 15 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Notoginseng (san qi) 15 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, make into pills, and take 15 g each time, 3 times a day; or decrease the dosage according to the original proportion and decoct with water for oral use

Enrich yin and moisten the lung, relieve cough and stanch bleeding

Indicated for the treatment of lung consumption with a pattern of lungkidney yin deficiency, accompanied by tidal fever, night sweating, vexing heat in the five centers (chest, palms, and soles), emaciation, dry cough without phlegm, or coughing of blood-stained phlegm, dry mouth and throat, red tongue with scanty fluid, thready and rapid pulse

Yin-Enriching and Fire-Subduing Decoction (zi yin jiang huo tang)

Initially recorded in Introduction to Medicine (yi xue ru men). Composed by Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 3 g, Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 3 g, Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) 3 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 3 g, Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu) 1.8 g, Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) 1.5 g, Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai) 1.8 g, Radix Polygalae (yuan zhi) 1.8 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 1.8 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 1.5 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 1.8 g, and Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) three pieces. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Nourish yin and subdue fire

Indicated for the treatment of lung consumption with a pattern of yin deficiency resulting in vigorous fire, accompanied by emaciation, steaming bone fever, tidal fever, night sweating, seminal emission, dry mouth and throat, cough with little blood-stained phlegm, red tongue with slight coating, deep and rapid pulse

Left-Restoring Beverage (zuo gui yin)

Initially recorded in The Complete Works of [Zhang] Jing-yue (jing yue quan shu). Composed by Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 9–30 g, Fructus Lycii (gou qi zi) 6 g, Rhizoma Dioscoreae (shan yao) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 3 g, Poria (fu ling) 4.5 g, and Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu) 3–6 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for taking at a long interval before and after meals

Supplement and boost kidney yin

Indicated for the treatment of kidney yin insufficiency, with waist soreness, seminal emission, night sweating, dry mouth and throat, thirst with desire to drink, red tip of tongue, thready and rapid pulse

StomachNourishing and Humor-Increasing Decoction (yang wei zeng ye tang)

Initially recorded in Pediatrics in Chinese Medicine (zhong yi er ke xue). Composed by Caulis Dendrobii (shi hu) 12 g, Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) 12 g, Fructus Mume (wu mei) 12 g, Radix Glehniae (sha shen) 15 g, Rhizoma Polygonati Odorati (yu zhu) 10 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 5 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Nourish the stomach and enrich yin

Indicated for the treatment of stomach yin insufficiency, with infant’s anorexia, dry mouth with profuse drinking and no preference to eating, dry skin, dry and hard stool, peeled coating, or red tongue with scanty fluid, and thready pulse (Continued )

596 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 29.15 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Supplement Yin (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Hidden Tiger Pill (hu qian wan)

Initially recorded in Teachings of [Zhu] Dan-xi (dan xi xin fa). Composed by Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai) 240 g, Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu) 60 g, liquid-fried Carapax et Plastrum Testudinis (zhi gui jia) 120 g, Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 60 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 60 g, Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) 60 g, Herba Cynomorii (suo yang) 45 g, liquid-fried Os Tigris (zhi hu gu) [substituted by Os Felinus (mao gu)] 30 g, and Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) 15 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, make into pills, and take 10 g each time with bland salt soup, 2 times a day; or decrease the dosage according to the original proportion and decoct with water for oral use

Enrich yin and subdue fire, and strengthen the sinew and bone

Indicated for the treatment of liverkidney insufficiency, yin deficiency and internal heat, with soreness and weakness of the waist and knees, flaccid sinews and bones, emaciated legs and feet, forceless walking gait, or dizziness, tinnitus, seminal emission, enuresis, red tongue with slight coating, thready and weak pulse

Peony and Licorice Decoction (shao yao gan cao tang)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Cold Damage (shang han lun). Composed by Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) 12 g and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 12 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Nourish the blood and soften the liver, relax spasm and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of malnutrition of the sinews due to yinblood depletion, with spasm of the legs and feet, slight aversion to windcold, spontaneous sweating, vexation, frequent micturition, floating pulse; or abdominal pain due to disharmony of the liver and spleen

Upper-Nether Mutual-Supplying Decoction (shang xia xiang zi tang)

Initially recorded in Secret Records in a Stone Room (shi shi mi lu). Composed by Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 30 g, Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu) 15 g, Rhizoma Polygonati Odorati (yu zhu) 15 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 9 g, Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen) 9 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 15 g, Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) 30 g, Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi) 6 g, Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (niu xi) 15 g, Radix Glehniae (bei sha shen) 15 g, and Semen Plantaginis (che qian zi) 3 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Nourish yin and clear heat, consolidate Chong Vessel and stanch bleeding

Indicated for the treatment of more evident dry mouth and tongue, and inability to eat or drink after profuse uterine bleeding

Liver-Regulating Decoction (tiao gan tang)

Initially recorded in Fu Qing-zhu’s (Treatise on) Gynecology (fu qing zhu nü ke). Composed by dryfried Rhizoma Dioscoreae (chao huai shan yao) 15 g, Colla Corii Asini (e jiao) 9 g, dry-fried Radix Paeoniae Alba (chao bai shao) 9 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 9 g, Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu) 9 g, Radix Morindae Officinalis (ba ji tian) 3 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 3 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Supplement and boost kidney water (kidney yin), calm the liver and regulate qi

Indicated for the treatment of painful menstruation with a pattern of liverkidney yin deficiency, accompanied by dull pain in the lower abdomen during or after menstruation, relief with pressure, menses in small amounts, aching pain of the waist and back, dizziness and tinnitus, pale tongue with thin coating, deep and thready pulse

Sweet Dew Beverage (gan lu yin)

Initially recorded in Yan’s Treatise on Formulas for Children (yan shi xiao er fang lun). Composed by Radix Rehmanniae (di huang) 9 g, Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 9 g, Herba Artemisiae Scopariae (yin chen) 9 g, dry-fried Fructus Aurantii with bran (fu chao zhi qiao) 6 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 9 g, Folium Eriobotryae (pi pa ye) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 6 g, Caulis Dendrobii (shi hu) 9 g, Radix Asparagi (tian dong) 9 g, and Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) 9 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, decoct 6 g each time with water and take decoction after meals or at bedtime, 2 times a day

Clear heat and nourish yin, move qi and drain dampness

Indicated for the treatment of infantile accumulated heat leading to swelling and pain of the throat, sore in mouth and tongue, gingival swelling or ulceration or bleeding, lots of eating but emaciation, or gingival atrophy with heart heat

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3. Formula differentiation (Table 29.16)

TABLE 29.16 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Supplement Yin Name of Formula

Similarity

Differences

Six-Ingredient Rehmannia Pill (liu wei di huang wan)

Both can enrich yin and supplement the kidney, and are used for the treatment of kidney yin deficiency

Besides supplementing kidney yin, it also can subdue ministerial fire, and more suitable for the treatment of patients with pattern of kidney yin deficiency complicated by frenetic stirring of deficiency fire

Both are the formulas that purely supplement, and can be used for the treatment of kidney yin insufficiency

It can enrich yin and supplement essence with pure sweet medicinals, the effect of supplementing and boosting the liver and kidney is moderate, and it is more suitable for the treatment of patients with mild pattern of kidney yin insufficiency

Both can be used for the treatment of cough with blood-stained due to lung yin insufficiency

It is partial to nourishing yin and supplementing the lung, clearing heat and stanching bleeding, and more suitable for the treatment of cough and panting with blood-stained phlegm due to lung yin insufficiency

Both can soothe the liver and rectify qi, and are mainly used for the treatment of rib-side pain due to liver constraint

It puts the effect of enriching and nourishing liver-kidney yin in an important position, and is indicated for the treatment of rib-side pain due to yin deficiency and qi stagnation, accompanied by dry throat and mouth, acid swallowing, and bitter taste in the mouth

All six are the supplemented formulas from SixIngredient Rehmannia Pill (liu wei di huang wan), all have the effects of enriching yin and supplementing the kidney, and can be used for the treatment of yin deficiency syndrome

It is Six-Ingredient Rehmannia Pill (liu wei di huang wan) plus Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu) and Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai), which is partial to enriching yin and subduing fire, and more suitable for the treatment of steaming bone fever, tidal fever, seminal emission, and night sweating due to yin deficiency resulting in vigorous fire

Left-Restoring Pill (zuo gui wan)

Left-Restoring Beverage (zuo gui yin) Left-Restoring Pill (zuo gui wan)

Lung-Supplementing Donkey-Hide Gelatin Decoction (bu fei e jiao tang) Lily Bulb MetalSecuring Decoction (bai he gu jin tang) Effective Integration Decoction (yi guan jian) Free Wanderer Powder (xiao yao san)

Anemarrhena, Phellodendron and Rehmannia Pill (zhi bai di huang wan) Lycium Berry, Chrysanthemum and Rehmannia Pill (qi ju di huang wan) Qi-Restraining Pill (du qi wan)

It can strengthen the kidney to govern water with pure sweet medicinals, and supplement without purgation. Its effect of enriching and supplementing kidney yin is stronger than that of Six-Ingredient Rehmannia Pill (liu wei di huang wan). It is more suitable for the treatment of patients with pattern of deficiency of kidney yin, essence, and marrow

Besides herbs that enrich yin, medicinals that are the products with love of flesh and blood, and herbs that assist yang are selected to combine. Its effect of supplementing is fierce, and it is more suitable for the treatment of patients with severe pattern of kidney yin depletion

It is partial to nourishing the kidney, enriching yin and moistening the lung, and also can relieve cough and dissolve phlegm, and more suitable for the treatment of cough with blood-stained phlegm due to lung-kidney yin depletion and deficiency fire flaming upward

It pays equal attention to effects of soothing the liver, nourishing the blood and fortifying the spleen, and is indicated for the treatment of rib-side pain due to liver constraint and blood deficiency and spleen deficiency, often accompanied by headache, dizziness, fatigue, and less eating

It is Six-Ingredient Rehmannia Pill (liu wei di huang wan) plus Flos Chrysanthemi (ju hua) and Fructus Lycii (gou qi zi), which is partial to nourishing the liver and improving vision, and more suitable for the treatment of dim eyesight or blurred vision due to liver-kidney yin deficiency It is Six-Ingredient Rehmannia Pill (liu wei di huang wan) plus Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi), which has the effects of improving qi reception and astringing the lung and also can supplement kidney yin, and more suitable for the treatment of deficiencytype panting due to failure of the kidney to receive qi (sent down from the lung)

Ophiopogon, Schisandra and Rehmannia Pill (mai wei di huang wan)

It is Six-Ingredient Rehmannia Pill (liu wei di huang wan) plus Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) and Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi), which is partial to nourishing the kidney and astringing the lung, and more suitable for the treatment of panting and cough due to lung-kidney yin deficiency

Water-Nourishing and Liver-Clearing Decoction (zi shui qing gan yin)

It is Six-Ingredient Rehmannia Pill (liu wei di huang wan) plus Radix Bupleuri (chai hu), Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao), Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi), Semen Ziziphi Spinosae (suan zao ren), and main part of Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui shen), which is partial to enriching yin and nourishing the blood, soothing the liver and clearing heat, and more suitable for the treatment of distending pain in the rib-side and gastric cavity pain due to yin deficiency and liver constraint (Continued )

598 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 29.16 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Supplement Yin (cont.) Name of Formula

Similarity

Differences

Lung-Supplementing Donkey-Hide Gelatin Decoction (bu fei e jiao tang)

Both can be used for the treatment of cough with blood-stained phlegm due to lung yin insufficiency

Its effects of nourishing yin and supplementing the lung are moderate and less than that of Moonlight Pill (yue hua wan). It also can clear lung heat and resolve toxins, and is more suitable for the treatment of cough with blood-stained phlegm due to lung heat with not evident yin deficiency

Both use Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang), Plastrum Testudinis (gui ban), Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu) and Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai), and can enrich yin and subdue fire

Select Medulla Spinalis Suillus (zhu ji sui) and Mel (feng mi) to combine; it is partial to nourishing and supplementing essence and blood and subdue deficiency fire

Moonlight Pill (yue hua wan) Major YinSupplementing Pill (da bu yin wan) Hidden Tiger Pill (hu qian wan)

Its effect of nourishing and supplementing yin is strong; it also can supplement the kidney, and is quite suitable for the treatment of lung consumption with chronic cough due to lung-kidney yin deficiency

Select Herba Cynomorii (suo yang), Os Tigris (hu gu) and Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) to combine; it is partial to supplementing the liver and kidney and strengthening the sinews and bones, and more suitable for the treatment of flaccidity diseases due to liver-kidney insufficiency, yin deficiency and internal heat

SECTION 5  FORMULAS THAT SUPPLEMENT YANG Outline Formulas that supplement yang are suitable for the treatment of kidney yang deficiency pattern, with pallid complexion, cold body or cold limbs, aching pain of the waist and knees, flaccidity of the lower limbs, difficulty in micturition, or frequent micturition, dribble of urine, cramping sensation of the lower abdomen, male yang wĕi (impotence) and premature ejaculation, female infertility due to uterus cold, pale tongue with white coating, deep and thready pulse which is more evident in chi pulse. Formulas in this section are often composed of herbs that supplement yang and warm the kidney, such as Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi), Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui), Radix Morindae Officinalis (ba ji tian), Rhizoma Curculiginis (xian mao), Herba Cistanches (rou cong rong), Herba Epimedii (yin yang huo), and Colla Cornus Cervi (lu jiao jiao). Since raising of yang depends on assistance from yin in yang deficiency pattern, stagnation and accumulation of water-dampness is often caused by yang qi weakness and qi failing to promote water transformation. Yang deficiency and insecurity of qi and essence often lead to frequent micturition, seminal emission and slipping diarrhea, so formulas in this category often combine with herbs that supplement yin, herbs that promote urination, and herbs that consolidate and astringe [essence]. The representative formulas are Kidney Qi Pill (shen qi wan), Ten Supplements Pill (shi bu wan), and Right-Restoring Pill (you gui wan).

Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 1. Primary formulas and analysis (Tables 29.17 and 29.18)

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TABLE 29.17 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Supplement Yang Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Kidney Qi Pill (shen qi wan)

Ten Supplements Pill (shi bu wan)

Caution for Use

Efficacy and Indication

Modified Clinical Application

Initially recorded in Essentials from the Golden Cabinet (jin gui yao lüe). Composed by Radix Rehmanniae Recens (gan di huang) [substituted by Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang)] 24 g, Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu) 12 g, Poria (fu ling) 9 g, Rhizoma Dioscoreae (shan yao) 12 g, Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie) 9 g, Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi) 9 g, Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) 3 g, and Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) 3 g. Grind the ingredients into fine powder, mix with honey and make into pills as size of phoenix tree seed, and take 6–9 g each time withwarm boiled water or bland salty soup, 2 times a day; or decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Supplement the kidney and assist yang. Indicated for the treatment of kidney yang insufficiency, with low back pain, weak legs, cold sensation of the halfbody under waist, spasms of the lower abdomen, difficulty in micturition, or profuse urine which is more evident at night, yang wĕi (impotence) and premature ejaculation, pale and plump tongue, deep and thready chi pulse, or deep, weak and slow pulse; or phlegm rheum, edema, wasting-thirst (xia¯o kĕ), weak foot due to dampness, bladder colic and pregnant dysuria

Radix Rehmanniae Recens (gan di huang) in this formula is usually replaced by Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) in today’s clinic. For more evident aversion to cold and cold limbs, change Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) into Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) and increase the dosage of Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) and Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) to strengthen the effects of warming and supplementing kidney yang; complicated by cough and panting due to phlegm rheum, add Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang), Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin) and Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) to warm the lung and dissolve rheum (fluid retention); for profuse urine at night, add Radix Morindae Officinalis (ba ji tian), Fructus Rosae Laevigatae (jin ying zi), Fructus Alpiniae Oxyphyllae (yi zhi ren), and Semen Euryales (qian shi) to assist the effects of warming yang and arresting enuresis; for yang wĕi (impotence) due to decline of kidney yang, add Herba Epimedii (yin yang huo), Radix Morindae Officinalis (ba ji tian) and Semen Allii Tuberosi (jiu cai zi) to strengthen yang and relieve impotence

Avoid cold, uncooked and greasy food during the medication. Its use is prohibited in pregnant women and patients with dry throat and mouth, red tongue with slight coating due to kidney yin insufficiency and deficiency fire flaming upward. And it is not suitable for patients with kidney yang deficiency and normal urination

Initially recorded in Formulas to Aid the Living (ji sheng fang). Composed by blastfried Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (pao fu zi) 9 g, Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi) 9 g, Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) 3 g, Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu) 9 g, Rhizoma Dioscoreae (huai shan yao) 9 g, Cornu Cervi Pantotrichum (lu rong) 3 g, Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi) 9 g, Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 9 g, Poria Alba (bai fu ling) 6 g, and Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie) 6 g. Grind the ingredients into fine powder, mix with honey and make into pills as size of phoenix tree seed, and take 9 g each time with salt soup on an empty stomach

Supplement kidney yang, and boost essence and blood. Indicated for the treatment of kidney yang deficiency, essence and blood insufficiency, with blackish complexion, cold feet, swollen feet, tinnitus and deafness, thin or emaciated limbs, flaccid feet and knees, difficulty in micturition, and pain of the waist and back

If as a decoction, for shortness of breath and panting, aggravated when moving, add Fructus Psoraleae (bu gu zhi), Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum (chen xiang), Haematitum (dai zhe shi) and Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) to boosting kidney qi and relieve panting; for yang wĕi (impotence), add Radix Morindae Officinalis (ba ji tian) and Herba Epimedii (yin yang huo) to supplement the kidney and strengthen yang; for seminal emission, add Fructus Psoraleae (bu gu zhi) and calcined Concha Ostreae (duan mu li) to supplement the kidney and consolidate essence and arrest emission

It is not suitable for patients with dry mouth and throat, tidal fever, reddish complexion, hot and reddish urine, red tongue with slight coating, thready and rapid pulse due to kidney yin insufficiency and deficiency fire flaming upward

(Continued )

600 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 29.17 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Supplement Yang (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Right-Restoring Pill (you gui wan)

Initially recorded in The Complete Works of [Zhang] Jing-yue (jing yue quan shu). Composed by Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 240 g, Rhizoma Dioscoreae (huai shan yao) 120 g, Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu) 90 g, Fructus Lycii (gou qi zi) 120 g, Colla Cornus Cervi (lu jiao jiao) 120 g, Cortex Eucommiae (du zhong) 120 g, Semen Cuscutae (tu si zi) 120 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 90 g, Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) 60–120 g, and Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (zhi fu zi) 60–180 g. Grind the ingredients into fine powder, mix with honey and make into pills as size of phoenix tree seed, and take 6–9 g each time with warm boiled water; or decrease the dosage according to the original proportion and decoct with water for oral use

Efficacy and Indication

Modified Clinical Application

Warm and supplement kidney yang, supplement essence and boost marrow. Indicated for the treatment of kidney yang insufficiency and decline of mìng mén (gate of vitality), accompanied by weakness of qi and fatigue in the aged or after prolonged illness, aversion to cold, cold limbs, soreness and weakness of the waist and knees, yang wĕi (impotence), seminal emission, or infertility due to decline of yang, or less eating, soft stool (a type of “loose stool”), or enuresis, pale tongue with white coating, deep and slow pulse

For less eating, thin and unformed stool due to fire failing to warm the spleen, remove Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) and add Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) and Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) to warm the center and fortify the spleen to assist transportation; for lienteric diarrhea (diarrhea with undigested food) and kidney diarrhea due to decline of mìng mén (gate of vitality), add Semen Myristicae (rou dou kou) and Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi) to astringe the intestines and arrest diarrhea; for more evident weakness of qi and fatigue, add Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) to greatly supplement original qi; for spontaneous seminal emission or abnormal vaginal discharge due to yang deficiency, add Fructus Psoraleae (bu gu zhi), Semen Euryales (qian shi), and Fructus Rosae Laevigatae (jin ying zi) to supplement the kidney and consolidate essence; for yang wĕi (impotence), add Testes et Penis Callorhini (hai gou shen), Radix Morindae Officinalis (ba ji tian), and Herba Cistanches (rou cong rong) to warm the kidney and strengthen yang; for cold pain of the waist and knees, add Semen Trigonellae (hu lu ba) and Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (huai niu xi) to warm the kidney and strengthen the sinews and relieve pain

Caution for Use Avoid cold and uncooked food during the medication. As this formula is to purely supplement but not purge or discharge, it is not suitable for patients with kidney deficiency accompanied by turbid and greasy coating due to dampturbidity in interior

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TABLE 29.18 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Supplement Yang Name of Formula Kidney Qi Pill (shen qi wan)

Efficacy Analysis Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang)

An essential herb that can supplement the kidney and boost yin blood, which is sweet and slightly warm in nature, enrich and supplement kidney yin, supplement essence and boost marrow, as the chief medicinal

Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu)

Sour, astringent, and slightly warm in nature, supplement the liver and kidney, astringe essential qi

Rhizoma Dioscoreae (shan yao)

Sweet and neutral in nature, fortify the spleen and consolidate kidney essence

Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi)

Acrid, sweet, and extremely hot in nature, supplement fire and assist yang, dissipate cold and relieve pain

Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi)

Acrid, sweet, and warm in nature, warm and unblock the channels, and assist yang to transform qi

Poria (fu ling)

Ten Supplements Pill (shi bu wan)

Combine with Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) to strengthen the effects of supplementing the kidney and boosting marrow Warm the kidney and assist yang, stir up and activate kidney qi

Sweet, bland, and neutral in nature, fortify the spleen and boost the kidney

Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie)

Sweet, bland, and cold in nature, drain dampness and discharge heat, and restrain the greasiness from Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang)

Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi)

Bitter, acrid, slightly cold in nature, clear and discharge ministerial fire

Cornu Cervi Pantotrichum (lu rong)

Sweet, salty, and warm in nature, strengthen primordial yang (kidney yang), boost essence and marrow, strengthen the sinews and bones, and supplement deficiency

Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang)

Acrid, sweet, and extremely hot in nature, chief medicinal for aiming at the mìng mén (gate of vitality), fiercely supplement kidney yang, dispel and dissipate cold

Combine with each other, warm the kidney without damage to essence; the effects of Cornu Cervi Pantotrichum (lu rong) on warming and supplementing and strengthening yang are stronger

Supplement kidney yin and boost essence and blood

Supplement the kidney and boost essence, promote essence transform into qi, and seek yang within yin

Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu)

Supplement the kidney and astringe essential qi

Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi)

Astringe and consolidate essence, boost qi and supplement the kidney

Rhizoma Dioscoreae (huai shan yao) Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui)

Fortify the spleen and consolidate kidney essence Warm yang and boost fire, return fire to its source, and assist Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) to boost source of fire for eliminating abundance of yin

Poria Alba (bai fu ling) Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie) Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi)

Supplement the kidney and assist yang

Supplement kidney yang, and boost essence and blood

Drain dampness and discharge turbidity, and avoid the stagnation from herbs that nourish and supplement Subdue ministerial fire in order to avoid hyperactivity of the assisted yang (Continued )

602 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 29.18 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Supplement Yang (cont.) Name of Formula Right-Restoring Pill (you gui wan)

Efficacy Analysis Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui)

Acrid, sweet, and extremely hot in nature, fiercely supplement kidney yang, dispel and dissipate cold

Colla Cornus Cervi (lu jiao jiao)

Sweet, salty, and warm in nature, warm kidney yang and boost essence and blood

Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu)

Supplement kidney yin and boost essence and blood

Fructus Lycii (gou qi zi)

Enrich and nourish the liver and kidney, and boost essence

Rhizoma Dioscoreae (huai shan yao)

Fortify the spleen and consolidate kidney essence

Cortex Eucommiae (du zhong) Semen Cuscutae (tu si zi) Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui)

Acrid, sweet, and extremely hot in nature, supplement fire and assist yang, and return fire to its source

Supplement the liver and kidney, and astringe essential qi

Enrich yin and boost the kidney, supplement essence and boost marrow, nourish the liver and supplement the spleen

Warm and supplement kidney yang, supplement essence and boost marrow

Supplement the liver and kidney, and strengthen the waist and knees Nourish the blood and supplement the liver, combine with herbs that supplement the kidney to strengthen the effects of supplementing essence and blood

2. Attached formulas (Table 29.19) TABLE 29.19 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Supplement Yang Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Supplemented Kidney Qi Pill (jia wei shen qi wan)

Initially recorded in Formulas to Aid the Living (ji sheng fang). Composed by blast-fried Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (pao fu zi) 15 g, Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) 15 g, Poria Alba (bai fu ling) 30 g, Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu) 30 g, Rhizoma Dioscoreae (huai shan yao) 30 g, Semen Plantaginis (che qian zi) 30 g, Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi) 30 g, Radix Cyathulae (chuan niu xi) 30 g, and Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 15 g. Grind the ingredients into fine powder, mix with honey and make into pills as size of phoenix tree seed, and take 9 g each time

Warm and supplement kidney yang, promote urination, and relieve edema

Indicated for the treatment of kidney yang insufficiency and internal stagnation of water-dampness, with heavy waist, edema of the feet, and difficulty in micturition

KidneySupplementing Rehmannia Pill (bu shen di huang wan)

Initially recorded in Golden Mirror of the Medical Tradition (yi zong jin jian). Composed by Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu) 15 g, Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 15 g, Cornu Cervi Pantotrichum (lu rong) 12 g, Radix Cyathulae (chuan niu xi) 12 g, Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi) 9 g, Poria (fu ling) 9 g, and Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie) 6 g. Rasp and bake the ingredients into powder, mix with honey and make into pills as as size of hemp seed, and take 15–25 g each time with warm salt soup or wine on an empty stomach

Supplement the kidney and boost marrow

Indicated for the treatment of innate deficiency and kidney qi weakness and marrow exhaustion, with large fontanel, misclosure of cephalic suture, lingual retardation, walk retardation, and retarded dentition

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TABLE 29.19 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Supplement Yang (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Four-Ingredient Yang-Returning Beverage (si wei hui yang yin)

Initially recorded in The Complete Works of [Zhang] Jing-yue (jing yue quan shu). Composed by Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 30–60 g, Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (zhi fu zi) 6–9 g, blast-fried Rhizoma Zingiberis (pao gan jiang) 6–9 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 3–6 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Supplement qi and restore yang to rescue from desertion

Indicated for the treatment of kidney yang desertion and patients in emergency, with aversion to cold, reversal cold of the limbs, cold sweating, and faint breathing

Right-Restoring Beverage (you gui yin)

Initially recorded in The Complete Works of [Zhang] Jing-yue (jing yue quan shu). Composed by Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 9–30 g, Fructus Lycii (gou qi zi) 6 g, Rhizoma Dioscoreae (huai shan yao) 6 g, Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu) 3 g, Cortex Eucommiae (du zhong) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 3–6 g, Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) 3–6 g, and Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (zhi fu zi) 3–9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Warm and supplement kidney yang, supplement essence and enrich the blood

Indicated for the treatment of kidney yang insufficiency, with frightening (due to deficiency of vital qi), fatigue, abdominal pain, waist soreness, no warm of the hands and feet, yang wĕi (impotence), seminal emission, loose stool, frequent micturition, pale tongue with thin coating, deficient and thready pulse; or syndrome of true cold with false heat due to exuberant yin repelling yang

Fetus Longevity Pill (shou tai wan)

Initially recorded in Records of Chinese Medicine with Reference to Western Medicine (yi xue zhong zhong can xi lu). Composed by dry-fried Semen Cuscutae (chao tu si zi) 120 g, Herba Taxilli (sang ji sheng) 60 g, Radix Dipsaci (chuan xu duan) 60 g, and Colla Corii Asini (e jiao) 60 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, make into pills, and take 6 g each time, 2 times a day; or decrease the dosage according to the original proportion and decoct with water for oral use

Supplement the kidney and calm the fetus

Indicated for the treatment of habitual miscarriage (“slippery fetus”; huá ta¯i) due to kidney deficiency, with vaginal bleeding during pregnancy with light-colored blood, soreness and bearing-down of the waist, dizziness and tinnitus, soreness and weakness of the legs, pale tongue with thin coating, deep and thready and slippery pulse

Earth-Warming Decoction for Promoting Reproduction (wen tu yu lin tang)

Initially recorded in Fu Qing-zhu’s [Treatise on] Gynecology (fu qing zhu nü ke). Composed by Fructus Rubi (fu pen zi) 30 g, Radix Morindae Officinalis (ba ji tian) 30 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 15 g, Rhizoma Dioscoreae (huai shan yao) 15 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 9 g, and Massa Medicata Fermentata (shen qu) 3 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Supplement the kidney and assist yang, fortify the spleen and boost the stomach

Indicated for the treatment of spleenkidney yang deficiency, with sterility for a long time, irregular menstruation, light-colored menses in small amounts, or menstrual block, fatigue and anorexia, aversion to cold, waist soreness, coldness of the abdomen, thin and unformed stool, pale tongue with thin coating, deep and thready and slow pulse

KidneySupplementing and Penetrating VesselSecuring Pill (bu shen gu chong wan)

Initially recorded in A New Book of Pediatrics (you you xin shu). Composed by Semen Cuscutae (tu si zi) 240 g, Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 150 g, Radix Dipsaci (chuan xu duan) 90 g, Radix Morindae Officinalis (ba ji tian) 90 g, Cortex Eucommiae (du zhong) 90 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 90 g, Cornu Cervi Degelatinatum (lu jiao shuang) 90 g, Fructus Lycii (gou qi zi) 90 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 90 g, Colla Corii Asini (e jiao) 120 g, Radix Codonopsis (dang shen) 120 g, Fructus Jujubae (da zao) 30 pieces, and Fructus Amomi (sha ren) 15 g. Grind the ingredients into power, make into pills as size of broomcorn millet fruit, and take 10–15 pills each time, 3 times a day; or decrease the dosage according to the original proportion and decoct with water for oral use

Supplement the kidney and fortify the spleen, and regulate the chong and ren mai

Indicated for the treatment of habitual miscarriage (“slippery fetus”; huá ta¯i) due to kidney qi insufficiency, with repeated pregnancy and abortion, even abortion at regular period, soreness and weakness of the waist and knees after pregnancy, dizziness, tinnitus, frequent urination at night, fatigue and lack of strength, less eating, dim complexion, pale tongue with thin and white coating, thready and slippery pulse, deep and weak chi pulse

(Continued )

604 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 29.19 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Supplement Yang (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

WaistStrengthening and Kidney-Fortifying Decoction (zhuang yao jian shen tang)

Initially recorded in Traumatology in Chinese Medicine (zhong yi shang ke xue). Composed by Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 12 g, Cortex Eucommiae (du zhong) 12 g, Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu) 9 g, Semen Cuscutae (tu si zi) 9 g, Fructus Lycii (gou qi zi) 9 g, Fructus Psoraleae (bu gu zhi) 9 g, Herba Cistanches (rou cong rong) 9 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 9 g, Flos Carthami (hong hua) 6 g, Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo) 6 g, and Radix Angelicae Pubescentis (du huo) 6 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Regulate the liver and kidney, and strengthen the sinew and bone

Indicated for the treatment of bone fracture and sinew injury, with after various kinds of fractures and sinew injuries, soreness and weakness of the waist and knees, dizziness, tinnitus, prolonged disunion of fracture, lusterless complexion, cold body or cold limbs, pale and tender tongue with white and glossy coating, deep and thready pulse which is more evident in chi pulse

KidneySupplementing and SinewStrengthening Decoction (bu shen zhuang jin tang)

Initially recorded in Essentials of Orthopedics and Traumatology (shang ke bu yao). Composed by Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 9 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 9 g, Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (niu xi) 9 g, Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu) 9 g, Poria (fu ling) 9 g, Cortex Eucommiae (du zhong) 9 g, Radix Dipsaci (chuan xu duan) 9 g, Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) 9 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride (qing pi) 9 g, and Cortex Acanthopanacis (wu jia pi) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Supplement and boost the liver and kidney, strengthen the sinew and the bone

Indicated for the treatment of habitual dislocation of joint due to liver-kidney depletion and malnutrition of the sinews and bones, with habitual dislocation, soreness and weakness of the waist and knees, weakness of the four limbs, astasia, dizziness and tinnitus, pale tongue with thin and white coating, and thready pulse

Supporting and Nourishing, and KidneyStrengthening Decoction (yang rong zhuang shen tang)

Initially recorded in Fu Qing-zhu’s [Treatise on] Gynecology (fu qing zhu nü ke). Composed by Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 6 g, Radix Angelicae Pubescentis (du huo) 2.5 g, Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 1.5 g, Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) 2.5 g, Cortex Eucommiae (du zhong) 2.5 g, Radix Dipsaci (chuan xu duan) 2.5 g, Herba Taxilli (sang ji sheng) 2.5 g, and Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) three pieces. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Dispel wind and dissipate cold, and supplement the kidney

Indicated for the treatment of externally contracted wind-cold after childbirth, with low back pain and inability to move around

Procreation Elixir (zan yu dan)

Initially recorded in The Complete Works of [Zhang] Jing-yue (jing yue quan shu). Composed by Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 250 g, dryfried Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (chao bai zhu) 250 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 180 g, Fructus Lycii (gou qi zi) 180 g, dry-fried Cortex Eucommiae (chao du zhong) 120 g, Rhizoma Curculiginis (xian mao) 120 g, Radix Morindae Officinalis (ba ji tian) 120 g, Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu) 120 g, Herba Epimedii (yin yang huo) 120 g, Herba Cistanches (rou cong rong) 120 g, Semen Allii Tuberosi (jiu cai zi) 120 g, Fructus Cnidii (she chuang zi) 60 g, Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (zhi fu zi) 60 g, and Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) 60 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, make into pills, and take 9 g each time, 2 times a day; or decrease the dosage of each herb according to the original proportion and decoct with water for oral use

Supplement the kidney and strengthen yang

Indicated for the treatment of kidney yang insufficiency, seminal cold, coldness of genitals and infertility due to decline of mìng mén fire, with aversion to cold, cold limbs, soreness and weakness of the waist and knees, hyposexuality, fatigue and lassitude, pallid complexion, dizziness and tinnitus, pale and plump tongue with thin and white coating, deep and thready and forceless pulse

Womb-Warming Decoction (wen bao yin)

Initially recorded in Fu Qing-zhu’s [Treatise on] Gynecology (fu qing zhu nü ke). Composed by Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 9 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 30 g, Radix Morindae Officinalis (ba ji tian) 30 g, Fructus Psoraleae (bu gu zhi) 6 g, Semen Cuscutae (tu si zi) 9 g, Rhizoma Dioscoreae (shan yao) 9 g, Semen Euryales (qian shi) 9 g, Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) 6 g, and Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (zhi fu zi) 0.9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Warm and supplement kidney yang, nourish essence, and boost qi

Indicated for the treatment of female sterility due to uterus cold, and delayed menstruation

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TABLE 29.19 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Supplement Yang (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Kidney-Boosting and MenstruationRegulating Decoction (yi shen tiao jing tang)

Initially recorded in Gyniatrics of Traditional Chinese Medicine (zhong yi fu ke zhi liao xue). Composed by Cortex Eucommiae (du zhong) 9 g, Radix Dipsaci (chuan xu duan) 9 g, Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 9 g, dry-fried Radix Paeoniae Alba (chao bai shao) 9 g, Folium Artemisiae Argyi Praeparatus (jiao ai ye) 9 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 6 g, Herba Leonuri (yi mu cao) 12 g, Radix Morindae Officinalis (ba ji tian) 9 g, and Radix Linderae (wu yao) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Warm the kidney and regulate menstruation

Indicated for the treatment of female kidney deficiency, with lightcolored menses in large amounts, abdominal pain and waist soreness after menstruation, weakness of the limbs, lack of strength, deep and wiry and forceless pulse

SinewStrengthening and Bone-Reuniting Elixir (zhuang jin xu gu dan)

Initially recorded in The Great Compendium of Traumatology (shang ke da cheng). Composed by Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 120 g, Rhizoma Drynariae (gu sui bu) 90 g, Radix Astragali (huang qi) 90 g, Eupolyphaga seu Steleophaga (tu bie chong) 90 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 60 g, Fructus Psoraleae (bu gu zhi) 60 g, Semen Cuscutae (tu si zi) 60 g, Radix Codonopsis (dang shen) 60 g, Herba Artemisiae Anomalae (liu ji nu) 60 g, Radix Dipsaci (chuan xu duan) 45 g, Cortex Acanthopanacis (wu jia pi) 45 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 30 g, Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) 30 g, Cortex Eucommiae (du zhong) 30 g, Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) 30 g, Radix et Rhizoma Notoginseng (san qi) 30 g, Os Pardi (bao gu) [or Herba Speranskiae Tuberculatae (tou gu cao)] 30 g, and Fructus Chaenomelis (mu gua) 30 g. Grind the ingredients into fine powder, make into water pills, and take 12 pills each time, 2 times a day; or decrease the dosage according to the original proportion and decoct with water for oral use

Strengthen the sinew and reunite the bone

Indicated for the treatment of bone fractures and dislocations and soft tissue injury in middle or later stage, with fracture history, malposition of joint, sinew injury with pain, sallow complexion, dizziness and lack of strength, pale tongue with thin and white coating, and thready pulse

3. Formula differentiation (Table 29.20) TABLE 29.20 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Supplement Yang Name of Formula

Similarity

Differences

Supplemented Kidney Qi Pill (jia wei shen qi wan)

Both are the supplemented formulas from Kidney Qi Pill (shen qi wan), and can be used for the treatment of kidney yang deficiency

It is Kidney Qi Pill (shen qi wan) plus Semen Plantaginis (che qian zi) and Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (niu xi). Decrease the dosage of Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) and increase the dosage of Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) is in order to focus on warming yang and promoting urination. Its effect of supplementing the kidney is poor, and suitable for the treatment of edema with a pattern of yang deficiency and no evident kidney deficiency

Ten Supplements Pill (shi bu wan)

Right-Restoring Pill (you gui wan)

Right-Restoring Beverage (you gui yin)

It is Kidney Qi Pill (shen qi wan) plus Cornu Cervi Pantotrichum (lu rong) and Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi). Increase the dosage of Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) to focus on supplementing kidney yang and boost essence and blood. It is suitable for the treatment of kidney yang deficiency, essence and blood insufficiency Both are the formulas that can warm and supplement kidney yang, and can be used for the treatment of kidney yang insufficiency

It is a common formula that can treat decline of mìng mén (gate of vitality). Based on Right-Restoring Beverage (you gui yin), add Colla Cornus Cervi (lu jiao jiao), Semen Cuscutae (tu si zi) and Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) is in order to focus on warming and supplementing kidney yang. So it is suitable for the treatment of more evident kidney yang deficiency Its effect of warming and supplementing kidney yang is less than that of RightRestoring Pill (you gui wan). It is suitable for the treatment of kidney yang insufficiency

606 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

SECTION 6  FORMULAS THAT SUPPLEMENT BOTH YIN AND YANG Outline Formulas that supplement both yin and yang are suitable for the treatment of yin and yang deficiency, with dizziness, soreness and weakness of the waist and knees, yang wĕi (impotence) and seminal emission, aversion to cold and cold limbs, spontaneous sweating or night sweating, and afternoon tidal fever. Formulas in this section are usually composed of herbs that supplement yin, such as Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang), Plastrum Testudinis (gui ban), Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu), Radix Polygoni Multiflori (he shou wu), Fructus Lycii (gou qi zi) and herbs that supplement yang, such as Herba Cistanches (rou cong rong), Radix Morindae Officinalis (ba ji tian), Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui), Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi), and Colla Cornus Cervi (lu jiao jiao). Formulas in this category are the integrated application of yin reinforcing medicinals and yang reinforcing medicinals. When using them in clinic, doctors should distinguish the severity of primary and secondary syndromes, and appropriately regulate the dose proportion of herbs that supplement yin and herbs that supplement yang according to the patients’ degree of both yin and yang deficiency. The representative formulas are Rehmannia Drink (di huang yin zi), Tortoise Shell and Deer Horn Two Immortals Glue (gui lu er xian jiao) and Seven Treasures Beard-Blackening Elixir (qi bao mei ran dan).

Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 1. Primary formulas and analysis (Tables 29.21 and 29.22)

TABLE 29.21 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Supplement Both Yin and Yang Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Rehmannia Drink (di huang yin zi)

Initially recorded in Formulas from the Discussion Illuminating the Yellow Emperor’s Basic Questions (huang di su wen xuan ming lun fang). Composed by Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 18 g, Radix Morindae Officinalis (ba ji tian) 9 g, Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu) 9 g, Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) 6 g, Herba Cistanches (rou cong rong) 9 g, Caulis Dendrobii (shi hu) 9 g, Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) 6 g, Poria Alba (bai fu ling) 6 g, Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi) 6 g, Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) 6 g, Radix Polygalae (yuan zhi) 6 g, and Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (shi chang pu) 6 g. Decoct the ingredients with water, Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) five pieces, Fructus Jujubae (da zao) one piece and 5–7 leaves of Herba Menthae (bo he) for oral use

Efficacy and Indication Enrich kidney yin, supplement kidney yang, dissolve phlegm and open the orifices. Indicated for the treatment of mute paraplegia (yīn féi), with stiffen of the tongue and inability to speak, invalid feet and inability to walk, dry mouth but no desire to drink, cold feet and reddish complexion, deep and thready and weak pulse

Modified Clinical Application For paraplegia due to kidney deficiency, remove herbs that diffuse and opne the orifices, such as Radix Polygalae (yuan zhi) and Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (shi chang pu); for mute paraplegia with a pattern of yin deficiency predominating over exuberant phlegmfire, remove the warm and dry herbs, such as Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) and Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui), and add Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae (chuan bei mu), Succus Bambusae (zhu li), Arisaema cum Bile (dan nan xing), and Concretio Silicea Bambusae (tian zhu huang) to clear heat and dissolve phlegm; complicated by fatigue and lassitude due to qi deficiency, add Radix Astragali (huang qi) and Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) to boost qi and suuplement deficiency

Caution for Use Its use is prohibited in patients with mute paraplegia complicated by fire flaming upward and ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang due to this formula is partial to warming and supplementing

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TABLE 29.21 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Supplement Both Yin and Yang (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Tortoise Shell and Deer Horn Two Immortals Glue (gui lu er xian jiao)

Initially recorded in Convenience of Medicine (yi bian). Composed by Cornu Cervi (lu jiao) 5000 g, Plastrum Testudinis (gui ban) 2500 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 450 g, and Fructus Lycii (gou qi zi) 900 g. Decoct the ingredients into glue, take 4.5 g at the first time, then gradually increase the dosage to 9 g

Enrich yin and supplement essence, boost qi and strengthen yang. Indicated for the treatment of kidney depletion and essence and blood insufficiency, with soreness and weakness of the waist and knees, emaciation, dim vision, hair loss and looseness of teeth, yang wĕi (impotence) and seminal emission, and infertility or sterility for a long time

For deficient yang with upper manifestation, such as dizziness, add Flos Chrysanthemi (ju hua) and Rhizoma Gastrodiae (tian ma) to extinguish wind and relieve dizziness; for seminal emission or spontaneous seminal emission, add Fructus Rosae Laevigatae (jin ying zi) and Semen Astragali Complanati (sha yuan ji li) to supplement the kidney and consolidate essence; for more evident soreness and weakness of the waist and knees, add Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (huai niu xi) and Cortex Eucommiae (du zhong) to supplement the kidney and strengthen the bones; for impotence, add Herba Epimedii (yin yang huo) and Testes et Penis Callorhini (hai gou shen) to warm the kidney and strengthen yang

It is not suitable for patients with less eating, thin and unformed stool due to weakness of the spleen and stomach

Seven Treasures BeardBlackening Elixir (qi bao mei ran dan)

Initially recorded in The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica (ben cao gang mu). Composed by Radix Polygoni Multiflori (he shou wu) 500 g, Radix Polygoni Angulati (bai he shou wu) 500 g, Poria Alba (bai fu ling) 500 g, Poria Rubra (chi fu ling) 500 g, Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (niu xi) 250 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 250 g, Fructus Lycii (gou qi zi) 250 g, Semen Cuscutae (tu si zi) 250 g, and Fructus Psoraleae (bu gu zhi) 120 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, mix with honey and make into pills as size of phoenix tree seed, and take 9 g each time, 2 times a day

Supplement and boost the liver and kidney, blacken the hair and strengthen the bones. Indicated for the treatment of liver-kidney insufficiency, with premature graying of hair, hair loss and looseness of teeth, soreness and weakness of the waist and knees, nocturnal emission, spontaneous seminal emission, and infertility due to kidney deficiency

For soreness and weakness of the waist and knees, and more evident aversion to cold, add Radix Morindae Officinalis (ba ji tian), Rhizoma Curculiginis (xian mao) and Herba Epimedii (yin yang huo) to strengthen the effects of warming the kidney and strengthening yang; for lusterless complexion and dizziness, add Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) and Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) to strengthen the effects of enriching yin and supplementing the blood; for severe seminal emission, add Semen Astragali Complanati (sha yuan ji li), Semen Euryales (qian shi), calcined Os Draconis (duan long gu), and calcined Concha Ostreae (duan mu li) to supplement the kidney and consolidate essence

It is not suitable for patients with less eating, thin and unformed stool due to weakness of the spleen and stomach due to its greasiness. During the dispensing, avoid using ironware

Efficacy and Indication

Modified Clinical Application

Caution for Use

TABLE 29.22 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Supplement Both Yin and Yang Name of Formula Rehmannia Drink (di huang yin zi)

Efficacy Analysis Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang)

Sweet and slightly warm in nature, supplement kidney yin, supplement essence and boost marrow

Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu)

Sour, astringent, and slightly warm in nature, supplement the kidney and boost essence

Herba Cistanches (rou cong rong) Radix Morindae Officinalis (ba ji tian) Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi) Caulis Dendrobii (shi hu) Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (shi chang pu) Radix Polygalae (yuan zhi) Poria Alba (bai fu ling) Herba Menthae (bo he) Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) Fructus Jujubae (da zao) Tortoise Shell and Deer Horn Two Immortals Glue (gui lu er xian jiao)

Seven Treasures BeardBlackening Elixir (qi bao mei ran dan)

Cornu Cervi (lu jiao)

Sweet and warm in nature, supplement the kidney and assist yang

Supplement both yin and yang, boost the kidney and supplement essence, all as the chief medicinals

Warm kidney qi, contain and astringe floating yang, return fire to its source, combine with the chief medicinals to strengthen the effect of warming and supplementing kidney yang

Enrich yin and astringe body fluids, nourish yin to match with yang, combine with the chief medicinals to strengthen the effects of supplementing kidney yin and boosting kidney essence

Restore interaction between the heart and the kidney, open the orifices and dissolve phlegm

Light, clearing, scattering, and dispersing in nature, assist the effects of resolving constraint and opening the orifices Regulate and harmonize yin and yang, and harmonize qi and blood Sweet, salty, and warm in nature, unblock du mai and supplement yang, boost essence and supplement the blood

Fiercely supplement both yin and yang, boost essence and supplement marrow, and nourish yin-blood

Plastrum Testudinis (gui ban)

Sweet, salty, and cold in nature, unblock ren mai and nourish yin, nourish and supplement yin-blood

Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen)

Greatly supplement original qi, fortify and supplement the spleen and stomach to assist the source of qi and blood production

Fructus Lycii (gou qi zi)

Boost the liver and kidney, supplement essence and blood, and assist the effects of Cornu Cervi (lu jiao) and Plastrum Testudinis (gui ban)

Radix Polygoni Multiflori (he shou wu) Radix Polygoni Angulati (bai he shou wu) Poria Rubra (chi fu ling) Poria Alba (bai fu ling) Fructus Lycii (gou qi zi) Semen Cuscutae (tu si zi)

Enrich kidney yin, supplement kidney yang, dissolve phlegm, and open the orifices

Enrich yin and supplement essence, boost qi and strengthen yang

Supplement the liver and kidney, boost essence and blood, blacken hair, and strengthen the sinews and bones, both as the chief medicinals

Supplement the spleen and boost qi, tranquilize the heart and calm the mind

Supplement and boost the liver and kidney, and boost essence and blood

Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui)

Sweet, acrid, and warm in nature, supplement the blood and nourish the liver

Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (niu xi) Fructus Psoraleae (bu gu zhi)

Supplement the liver and kidney, strengthen the sinews and bones, and invigorate the blood vessels Supplement the kidney and warm yang, consolidate essence and arrest emission, and “seek yin within yang”

Supplement and boost the liver and kidney, blacken the hair and strengthen the bones

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2. Attached formulas (Table 29.23)

TABLE 29.23 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Supplement Both Yin and Yang Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Matchless Cinnamonvine Pill (wu bi shan yao wan)

Initially recorded in Important Formulas Worth a Thousand Gold Pieces for Emergency (bei ji qian jin yao fang). Composed by Rhizoma Dioscoreae (huai shan yao) 60 g, Herba Cistanches (rou cong rong) 120 g, Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi) 180 g, Semen Cuscutae (tu si zi) 90 g, Cortex Eucommiae (du zhong) 90 g, Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie) 30 g, Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (niu xi) 30 g, Radix Rehmanniae (di huang) 30 g, Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu) 30 g, Poria (fu ling) 30 g, Radix Morindae Officinalis (ba ji tian) 30 g, and Halloysitum Rubrum (chi shi zhi) 30 g. Decrease the dosage according to the original proportion, and decoct with water for oral use; or mix with honey and make into pills, 9 g each pill, take one pill each time, 2–3 times a day

Warm and supplement kidney qi, consolidate essence and reduce urination

Indicated for the treatment of kidney qi deficiency, with soreness and weakness of the waist and knees, no warm of the four limbs, cold bì with bone pain, or vexing heat, steaming bone fever, night sweating, seminal emission, frequent or urgent micturition, dizziness, tinnitus and deafness, or clear and cold leukorrhea, pale tongue with white coating, deep and thready pulse

Youth-Restoring Elixir (huan shao dan)

Initially recorded in Medical Formulas Collected and Analyzed (yi fang ji jie). Composed by Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 100 g, Rhizoma Dioscoreae (shan yao) 75 g, wine-steeped Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (jiu jin niu xi) 75 g, winesteeped Fructus Lycii (jiu jin gou qi zi) 75 g, Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu) 50 g, Poria (fu ling) 50 g, ginger juice-fried Cortex Eucommiae (jiang zhi chao du zhong) 50 g, Radix Polygalae (yuan zhi) 50 g, Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi) 50 g, wine-steamed Fructus Broussonetiae (jiu zheng chu shi zi) 50 g, dry-fried Fructus Foeniculi (chao xiao hui xiang) 50 g, wine-steeped Radix Morindae Officinalis (jiu jin ba ji tian) 50 g, wine-steeped Herba Cistanches (jiu jin rou cong rong) 50 g, and Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (shi chang pu) 25 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, mix with pulp of Chinese date and honey, and make into pills as size of phoenix tree seed. Take 50 pills each time with salt soup or wine, 2 times a day

Warm and supplement the spleen and kidney

Indicated for the treatment of spleen-kidney deficiency-cold and qi-blood insufficiency, with no desire to eat, fever and night sweating, seminal emission and whitish and turbid urine, emaciation, flaccid feet, loosening and pain of teeth

Two Immortals Decoction (er xian tang)

Initially recorded in Clinical Handbook on Chinese Medicinal Formulas (zhong yi fang ji lin chuang shou ce). Composed by Rhizoma Curculiginis (xian mao) 9–15 g, Herba Epimedii (yin yang huo) 9–15 g, Radix Morindae Officinalis (ba ji tian) 9 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 9 g, Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu) 4.5–9 g and Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai) 4.5–9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for twice oral use, one dose a day

Supplement the kidney and drain fire, and regulate the chong and ren mai

Indicated for the treatment of deficiency of both kidney yin and yang, with dizziness, headache, weariness, lack of strength, soreness and weakness of the waist and legs, muscular twitching, paroxysmal flushing, or occasional hot flashes, aversion to cold, vexation, spontaneous sweating, pale tongue, deep and thready pulse

Five-Seed Progeny Pill (wu zi yan zong wan)

Initially recorded in Numerous Miraculous Prescriptions for Health Cultivation (she sheng zhong miao fang). Composed by Fructus Lycii (gou qi zi) 240 g, Semen Cuscutae (tu si zi) 240 g, Fructus Rubi (fu pen zi) 120 g, Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi) 60 g, and Semen Plantaginis (che qian zi) 60 g. Grind the ingredients into fine powder, mix with honey and make into pills as size of phoenix tree seed. Take 90 pills with warm boiled water or tasteless salt soup on an empty stomach and 50 pills at bedtime. If in winter, take with warm wine

Supplement essence and boost marrow, supplement the kidney and consolidate essence

Indicated for the treatment of kidney deficiency and essence depletion, with yang wĕi (impotence) and infertility, seminal emission and premature ejaculation, low back pain, and dribble of urine

(Continued )

610 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 29.23 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Supplement Both Yin and Yang (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Walk-Fortifying Hidden Tiger Pill (jian bu hu qian wan)

Initially recorded in Essentials of Orthopedics and Traumatology (shang ke bu yao). Composed by Colla Testudinis Plastri (gui ban jiao) [dry-fried with powder of Concha Meretricis seu Cyclinae (hai ge fen) until becomes pearls] 60 g, Colla Cornus Cervi (lu jiao jiao) [processed as the same to Colla Testudinis Plastri (gui ban jiao)] 60 g, liquid-fried Os Tigris (zhi hu gu) [substituted by Os Felinus (mao gu)] 60 g, Herba Cynomorii (suo yang) 60 g, Radix Polygoni Multiflori (he shou wu) 60 g, Radix Cyathulae (chuan niu xi) 60 g, Cortex Eucommiae (du zhong) 60 g, Radix et Rhizoma Clematidis (wei ling xian) 60 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 60 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 30 g, Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai) 30 g, Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo) 30 g, Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) 30 g, Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) 45 g, Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 60 g, dry-fried Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (chao bai zhu) 30 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 30 g, Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 15 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 15 g. Grind the ingredients into fine powder, mix with honey and make into pills, take in 9 g doses with bland salt soup on an empty stomach. If in winter, take with yellow rice wine

Enrich and nourish the liver and kidney, and reunite the bones and sinews

Indicated for the treatment of blood deficiency and qi weakness, with injury from falling down, soreness and weakness of the sinews and bones, pain of the waist, knees, and legs, lack of strength, and difficulty in walking; pattern of kidney qi deficiency, with flaccid bones and muscles, yang wĕi (impotence) and cold-damp scrotum

Walk-Fortifying Pill (jian bu wan)

Initially recorded in Chinese Pharmacopoeia (zhong hua ren min gong he guo yao dian). Composed by salt-fried Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (yan zhi huang bai) 40 g, salt-fried Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (yan zhi zhi mu) 20 g, Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 20 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 10 g, wine-fried Radix Paeoniae Alba (jiu chao bai shao) 15 g, Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (niu xi) 35 g, Os Pardi (bao gu) [substituted by Os Felinus (mao gu)] 10 g, vinegar-fried Carapax et Plastrum Testudinis (cu zhi gui jia) 40 g, salt-fried Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (yan zhi chen pi) 7.5 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) 5 g, Herba Cynomorii (suo yang) 10 g, and Musculus Ovis (yang rou) 320 g. Wash Musculus Ovis (yang rou) clean, remove tendons, aponeurosis and greases, and boil out it with yellow wine 40 g and water, mix with other medicinals, dry, and grind into fine powder; mix each 100 g with Fructus Oryzae Glutinosae (nuo mi) 5–10 g and appropriate amount of water, make into paste pills, then dry. Take orally, 9 g each time, 2 times a day

Supplement the liver and kidney, and strengthen the sinews and bones

Indicated for the treatment of liverkidney insufficiency, accompanied by soreness and weakness of the waist and knees, weak or flaccid lower limbs, gait difficulty, numbness of the muscles, and dry and lusterless skin

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3. Formula differentiation (Table 29.24) TABLE 29.24 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Supplement Both Yin and Yang Name of Formula

Similarity

Differences

Rehmannia Drink (di huang yin zi)

Both are the formulas that can supplement yin and yang, and can be used for the treatment of yin and yang deficiency

Its effects of enriching yin and warming yang, dissolving phlegm and opening the orifices are stronger than that of Tortoise Shell and Deer Horn Two Immortals Glue (gui lu er xian jiao)

Both are the formulas that can supplement both yin and yang, and can treat kidney yin and kidney yang deficiency

It selects Cortex Eucommiae (du zhong), Fructus Foeniculi (xiao hui xiang), Rhizoma Dioscoreae (huai shan yao) and Fructus Lycii (gou qi zi) to substitute Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi), Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui), Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) and Caulis Dendrobii (shi hu), so its effects of warming and supplementing kidney yang, nourishing and supplementing kidney yin are less than that of Rehmannia Drink (di huang yin zi). It also can supplement the spleen

Tortoise Shell and Deer Horn Two Immortals Glue (gui lu er xian jiao)

Youth-Restoring Elixir (huan shao dan)

Rehmannia Drink (di huang yin zi)

It is a formula that purely supplements. The products with love of flesh and blood, such as Cornu Cervi (lu jiao) and Plastrum Testudinis (gui ban), and herbs that greatly supplement original qi, such as Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) are selected to combine, so its effects of supplementing essence and nourishing the blood are far stronger than that of Rehmannia Drink (di huang yin zi)

It is partial to supplementing kidney yin and kidney yang, and also can open the orifices and dissolve phlegm

SECTION 7  FORMULAS THAT CONCURRENTLY SUPPLEMENT QI, BLOOD, YIN AND YANG Outline Formulas that concurrently supplement qi, blood, yin and yang are suitable for the treatment of all qi, blood, yin and yang deficiency, with shortness of breath, lack of strength, fatigue and less eating, palpitation, insomnia, soreness and weakness of waist and knees, dizziness, pale tongue with slight coating, deficient and thready pulse. Formulas in this section are usually composed of herbs that supplement qi such Radix Astragali (huang qi) and Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen), herbs that supplement the blood, such as Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) and Colla Corii Asini (e jiao), herbs that supplement yang, such as Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) and Colla Cornus Cervi (lu jiao jiao), and herbs that supplement yin, such as Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) and Colla Testudinis Plastri (gui ban jiao). The representative formulas are HoneyFried Licorice Decoction (zhi gan cao tang) and Heavens-Supplementing and Great Creation Pill (bu tian da zao wan).

Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 1. Primary formulas and analysis (Tables 29.25 and 29.26)

612 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 29.25 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Supplement Both Yin and Yang Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage Efficacy and Indication

Modified Clinical Application

Caution for Use

Honey-Fried Licorice Decoction (zhi gan cao tang)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Cold Damage (shang han lun). Composed by Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 12 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 6 g, Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 50 g, Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) 9 g, Colla Corii Asini (e jiao) 6 g, Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) 10 g, Fructus Cannabis (huo ma ren) 10 g and Fructus Jujubae (da zao) 10 pieces. Melt Colla Corii Asini (e jiao), take it after mixing with water, and decoct the other herbs with equal amounts of wine and water for oral use, 3 times a day

Boost qi and nourish the blood, unblock yang and restore pulse, enrich yin and supplement the lung. Indicated for the treatment of yin-blood insufficiency and yang qi weakness, with irregularly/ regularly intermittent pulse, palpitation, emaciation, weak breathing, mirror-like tongue with slight coating, or dry and thin tongue; or lung wĕi (atrophy) and deficiencyconsumption (xu lao), with cough, profuse saliva, emaciation, shortness of breath, deficient restlessness, insomnia, spontaneous sweating, night sweating, dry throat and tongue, dry and hard stool, deficient and rapid pulse

For more evident yin deficiency, mirror-like and flaccid tongue, change Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) into Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) to strengthen the effects of nourishing and supplementing yin-blood; for palpitation, or severe palpitation, add Semen Ziziphi Spinosae (suan zao ren) and Semen Platycladi (bai zi ren) to nourish the heart and relieve palpitation; or add Dens Draconis (long chi) and Magnetitum (ci shi) to strengthen the effects of calming the mind; for more evident yin damage and lung dryness in lung wĕi or deficiency-consumption (xu lao), remove Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi), Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) and wine

Its use is cautious in patients with yin deficiency and internal heat. And it is not suitable for patients with loose stool and chest lumpy stiffness due to middle jiao deficiency and dampness obstruction

HeavensSupplementing and Great Creation Pill (bu tian da zao wan)

Initially recorded in Medical Revelations (yi xue xin wu). Composed by Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 60 g, Radix Astragali Praeparata cum Melle (zhi huang qi) 90 g, dry-fried Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (chao bai zhu) 90 g, wine-fried Radix Angelicae Sinensis (jiu dang gui) 45 g, dry-fried Semen Ziziphi Spinosae (chao suan zao ren) 45 g, dry-fried Radix Polygalae (chao yuan zhi) 45 g, wine-fried Radix Paeoniae Alba (jiu chao bai shao) 45 g, Rhizoma Dioscoreae (shan yao) 45 g, Poria (fu ling) 45 g, Fructus Lycii (gou qi zi) 120 g, Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 120 g, Placenta Hominis (zi he che) 60 g, Colla Cornus Cervi (lu jiao jiao) 500 g and Colla Testudinis Plastri (gui ban jiao) 240 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, mix with honey and make into pills, take 12 g each time, 2 times a day; or decrease the dosage according to the original proportion, decoct with water for oral use

Warm and nourish essential qi, cultivate and supplement yin and yang. Indicated for the treatment of consumptive diseases of the five viscera, with shortness of breath, lack of strength, less eating and fatigue, palpitation, insomnia, soreness and weakness of the waist and knees, and dizziness

For yin deficiency and internal heat, add Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi); for yang deficiency and internal cold, add Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui); for more evident qi deficiency, add Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) and honey-prepared Radix Astragali (mi zhi huang qi); for steaming bone fever, add Cortex Lycii (di gu pi) and Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu); for failing to transport and transform due to weakness of the spleen and stomach, add Fructus Amomi (sha ren) and Fructus Amomi Kravanh (bai dou kou) to harmonize the stomach and awaken the spleen

It is not suitable for patients with externally contracted febrile diseases

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TABLE 29.26 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Supplement Both Yin and Yang Name of Formula Honey-Fried Licorice Decoction (zhi gan cao tang)

Heavens-Supplementing and Great Creation Pill (bu tian da zao wan)

Efficacy Analysis Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao)

Enrich yin and nourish the blood, supplement the insufficiency of the five viscera due to internal damage, unblock the blood vessels and boost qi, as the chief medicinal Sweet and neutral in nature, supplement the spleen and boost qi and nourish the heart

Combine with the chief medicinal to supplement qi, blood, yin and yang

Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong)

Sweet and slightly cold in nature, enrich and nourish heart yin

Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen)

Acrid, sweet, and warm in nature, warm and unblock heart yang Sweet and slightly warm in nature, supplement the center and boost qi

Colla Corii Asini (e jiao) Fructus Cannabis (huo ma ren)

Sweet and neutral in nature, enrich yin and nourish the blood

Fructus Jujubae (da zao)

Sweet and warm in nature, boost qi and nourish the blood

Boost qi and nourish the blood, unblock yang and restore pulse, enrich yin and supplement the lung

Sweet and neutral in nature, enrich yin and moisten the dryness

Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang)

Acrid and warm in nature, combine with Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) to warm and unblock yang qi, with Fructus Jujubae (da zao) to boost the spleen and stomach

Placenta Hominis (zi he che)

Sweet, salty, and warm in nature, supplement qi and nourish the blood and boost essence, as the chief medicinal

Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen)

Sweet and slightly warm in nature, greatly supplement qi and the center

Colla Cornus Cervi (lu jiao jiao)

Sweet, salty, and warm in nature, warm yang and supplement the blood and boost essence

Colla Testudinis Plastri (gui ban jiao)

Salty, sweet, and cool in nature, enrich yin and nourish the blood

Radix Astragali (huang qi)

Fortify the spleen and supplement the center and boost qi

Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu)

Fortify the spleen and supplement qi

Poria (fu ling)

Fortify the spleen and percolate dampness

Rhizoma Dioscoreae (shan yao)

Supplement the spleen and nourish the stomach

Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang)

Supplement the blood and nourish yin and boost marrow

Fructus Lycii (gou qi zi)

Nourish the liver and kidney and boost essence

Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui)

Supplement the blood and invigorate blood

Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao)

Nourish the blood and astringe yin and soften the liver

Semen Ziziphi Spinosae (suan zao ren)

Sweet, sour, and neutral in nature, nourish the heart and boost the liver and calm the mind

Radix Polygalae (yuan zhi)

Bitter, acrid, and warm in nature, restore interaction between the heart and the kidney, and calm the mind

Supplement qi and fortify the spleen, and combine with Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) to assist the source of qi and blood production Supplement the kidney and nourish the blood, boost essence and supplement marrow Combine with Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) to nourish yin and supplement the blood

Warm and nourish essential qi, cultivate and supplement yin and yang

614 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

2. Attached formulas (Table 29.27)

TABLE 29.27 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Supplement Both Yin and Yang Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Astragalus and Turtle Shell Powder (huang qi bie jia san)

Initially recorded in Precious Mirror of Health (wei sheng bao jian). Composed by Radix Astragali (huang qi) 15 g, Radix Asparagi (tian dong) 15 g, Carapax Trionycis (bie jia) 15 g, Cortex Lycii (di gu pi) 9 g, Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae (qin jiao) 9 g, Poria (fu ling) 9 g, Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Asteris (zi wan) 7.5 g, Rhizoma Pinelliae Praeparatum (fa ban xia) 7.5 g, Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) 7.5 g, Cortex Mori (sang bai pi) 7.5 g, Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 7.5 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 7.5 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 1.5 g, Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) 1.5 g and Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) 1.5 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, use 30 g each time, add Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) three pieces, and decoct with water for oral use

Supplement yin and yang, boost qi and blood, and clear overstrained fever

Indicated for the treatment of deficiency of qi, blood, yin and yang, with vexing heat in the five centers (chest, palms, and soles), general fatigue, cough and dry throat, steaming bone fever, spontaneous sweating or night sweating, less eating, and tidal fever at 4–5 o’clock in the afternoon

Pulse-Restoring Variant Decoction (jia jian fu mai tang)

Initially recorded in Systematic Differentiation of Warm Diseases (wen bing tiao bian). Composed by Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 18 g, Radix Rehmanniae Recens (gan di huang) 18 g, raw Radix Paeoniae Alba (sheng bai shao) 18 g, Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) 15 g, Colla Corii Asini (e jiao) 9 g and Fructus Cannabis (ma ren) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Enrich yin and nourish the blood, promote fluid production and moisten dryness

Indicated for the treatment of yin-fluid depletion in later stage of warm febrile disease due to pathogenic heat lingering, general fever and reddish complexion, dry mouth and tongue, deficient and large pulse, feverish feeling in palms and soles more than that in dorsum of foot

3. Formula differentiation (Table 29.28)

TABLE 29.28 Differentiation between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Supplement Both Yin and Yang Name of Formula

Similarity

Differences

Honey-Fried Licorice Decoction (zhi gan cao tang)

Both have a certain effect of calming the mind, and can be used for the treatment of palpitation

It is indicated for the treatment of palpitation caused by deficiencyconsumption (xu lao) with insufficiency of qi, blood, yin and yang, and failing to nourish the heart. So its indications include irregularly intermittent or regularly intermittent pulse, and palpitation with sensitive heart throbbing

Spleen-Restoring Decoction (gui pi tang)

Honey-Fried Licorice Decoction (zhi gan cao tang) Pulse-Engendering Powder (sheng mai san)

It is used for the treatment of palpitation caused by deficiency of heart-spleen qi and blood, and failing to nourish the heart spirit. So its indications also include shortness of breath, lack of strength, insomnia and forgetfulness, deficient and forceless pulse Both can supplement both qi and yin, and can be used for the treatment of cough due to lung deficiency

It can supplement qi, blood, yin and yang, and its effects of supplementing and boosting are stronger than that of Pulse-Engendering Powder (sheng mai san). It is indicated for the treatment of cough due to lung consumption (tuberculosis of lung) It is partial to boosting qi and nourishing yin, but these effects are less than that of Honey-Fried Licorice Decoction (zhi gan cao tang). It also has the effects of astringing the lung and relieving cough, and is suitable for the treatment of chronic cough due to deficiency of both lung qi and lung yin

Chapter 30

Formulas That Consolidate and Astringe Chapter Outline Section 1 Formulas That Consolidate the Exterior and Arrest Sweating Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas Section 2 Formulas That Astringe the Lung and Relieve Cough Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas Section 3 Formulas That Astringe the Intestines From Desertion Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas

616 616 616 618 618 618

Section 4 Formulas That Arrest Enuresis and Emission With Astringents Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas Section 5 Formulas That Stop Profuse Uterine Bleeding and Arrest Vaginal Discharge Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas

623 623 624 628 628 628

620 620 620

ABSTRACT Formulas that are mainly composed of herbs that astringe, have the effects of consolidating and astringing, and are used for the treatment of dissipation and efflux of qi, blood, essence, and body fluids, are called “Formulas That Consolidate and Astringe.” They are divided into five categories as formulas that consolidate the exterior and arrest sweating, astringe the lung and relieve cough, astringe the intestines from desertion, arrest enuresis and emission with astringents, and stop profuse uterine bleeding and arrest vaginal discharge. Keywords: formulas that consolidate the exterior and arrest sweating; formulas that astringe the lung and relieve cough; formulas that astringe the intestines from desertion; formulas that arrest enuresis and emission with astringents; formulas that stop profuse uterine bleeding and arrest vaginal discharge

Formulas that are mainly composed of herbs that astringe, have the effects of consolidating and astringing, and are used for the treatment of dissipation and efflux of qi, blood, essence, and body fluids, are called “Formulas That Consolidate and Astringe.” The therapeutic method of these formulas is set up according to “when there is dissipation, treat it with contraction” in The Yellow Emperor’s Inner Classic (huang di nei jing), which belongs to “astringency can rescue from desertion” category of the 10 formula types (refer to dispersing formula, unblocking formula, supplementing formula, purgative formula, light formula, heavy formula, astringent formula, lubricating formula, drying formula, and moistening formula). Formulas that consolidate and astringe are aiming at the dissipation or efflux pattern induced by internal deficiency of healthy qi. Their symptoms include spontaneous sweating, night sweating, chronic cough without end, unceasing diarrhea and dysentery, seminal emission, spontaneous seminal emission, urinary incontinence, profuse uterine bleeding, and abnormal vaginal discharge. According to the difference of the etiological factors and locations of dissipation and efflux of qi, blood, essence, and body fluids, formulas in this chapter are divided into five categories as formulas that consolidate the exterior and arrest sweating, astringe the lung and relieve cough, astringe the intestines from desertion, arrest enuresis and emission with astringents, and stop profuse uterine bleeding and arrest vaginal discharge. As the dissipation or efflux patterns are often caused by healthy qi depletion, when using the formulas that consolidate and astringe, herbs that supplement and boost should be appropriately combined according to different degrees of damaged Essentials of Chinese Materia Medica and Medical Formulas. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812722-3.00030-0 Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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616 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

qi, blood, essence, and body fluids to treat the root and branch simultaneously. For significant dripping sweating, urinary incontinence, or profuse uterine bleeding (bēng zhōng) due to extreme deficiency of original qi and yang collapse approaching desertion, these conditions cannot be treated by simple formulas that consolidate and astringe, but need to combine large dose of herbs that restore yang to rescue from desertion, such as Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) and Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) for urgent use. Formulas that consolidate and astringe are suitable for patients with health qi deficiency but no pathogen. If external pathogen isn’t released, the interior excess pattern still exists; formulas that consolidate and astringe are not suitable for early application to avoid the risk of “bandits to stay behind closed doors.” If the diseases or patterns belong to pathogen excess, such as sweating in febrile disease, cough due to phlegm rheum, seminal emission or spontaneous seminal emission due to fire harassing, diarrhea due to improper dietary disorders or with damp-heat pattern, heat dysentery in the initial stage, and profuse uterine bleeding and abnormal vaginal discharge due to blood heat or with excess heat pattern or blood stasis pattern, these all are not the indications of formulas in this category.

SECTION 1  FORMULAS THAT CONSOLIDATE THE EXTERIOR AND ARREST SWEATING Outline Formulas that consolidate the exterior and arrest sweating are suitable for the treatment of spontaneous sweating and night sweating caused by the exterior deficiency and weakened defensive qi, loose striae and interstices, or no subduing of heart yang and yin-fluid failing to keep in the interior. Formulas in Section 1 are often composed of herbs that consolidate the exterior and arrest sweating, such as Radix et Rhizoma Ephedrae (ma huang gen), Fructus Tritici Levis (fu xiao mai), calcined Os Draconis (duan long gu), and calcined Concha Ostreae (duan mu li). Sweating syndrome is usually caused by lung-spleen qi deficiency and insecurity of the exterior qi, or failure of heart yang to subdue and yin-fluid leakage. So formulas in Section 1 often combined with herbs that boost the lung and supplement the spleen, and subdue yang and astringe fluid. The representative formula is Oyster Shell Powder (mu li san).

Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 1. Primary formulas and analysis (Tables 30.1 and 30.2) TABLE 30.1 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Consolidate the Exterior and Arrest Sweating Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy and Indications

Oyster Shell Powder (mu li san)

Initially recorded in Beneficial Formulas from the Taiping Imperial Pharmacy (tai ping hui min he ji ju fang). Composed of Radix Astragali (huang qi) 12 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ephedrae (ma huang gen) 12 g, and calcined Concha Ostreae (duan mu li) 12 g. Grind the ingredients into crude powder, take 9 g each time with decoction of Fructus Tritici Aestivi (xiao mai) 30 g; or directly decoct the ingredients with water and Fructus Tritici Aestivi (xiao mai) 30 g for oral use

Astringe yin and arrest sweating, boost qi, and consolidate the exterior. Indicated for the treatment of spontaneous sweating and night sweating due to weakness, with spontaneous sweating aggravated at night, prolonged without ceasing, palpitation, fright, shortness of breath, vexation and fatigue, light red tongue, thready and weak pulse

Modified Clinical Applications For sweating, aversion to cold and cold limbs due to more evident yang deficiency, add Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) and Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) to warm yang and supplement deficiency; for shortness of breath, fatigue, and spontaneous sweating due to more evident qi deficiency, increase the dosage of Radix Astragali (huang qi) and add Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) and Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) to supplement and boost the spleen and lung, boost qi and consolidate the exterior; complicated by tidal fever, feverish sensation over the palm and sole, and red tongue with slight coating due to yin deficiency, add Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang), Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) and Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi) to enrich yin and clear heat and arrest sweating; for more evident night sweating, increase the dosage of calcined Concha Ostreae (duan mu li), or add Radix Oryzae Glutinosae (nuo dao gen xu) and Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu) or Os Draconis (long gu) to astringe fluid and arrest sweating

Caution for Use It is not suitable for patients with night sweating due to yin deficiency resulting in vigorous fire, and desertion sweating (sweating due to desertion) with yang collapse

Formulas That Consolidate and Astringe Chapter | 30

617

TABLE 30.2 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Consolidate the Exterior and Arrest Sweating Name of Formula Oyster Shell Powder (mu li san)

Efficacy Analysis calcined Concha Ostreae (duan mu li)

Radix Astragali (huang qi)

Salty, astringent, and slightly cold in nature, astringe yin and subdue yang, and astringe and arrest sweating, as the chief medicinal Sweet and slightly warm in nature, boost qi and strengthen defensive qi, consolidate the exterior, and arrest sweating, as the deputy medicinal

Combine with each other, treat the root and branch simultaneously, and specialize in arresting sweating

Radix et Rhizoma Ephedrae (ma huang gen)

Sweet, astringent, and neutral in nature, and specialize in astringing and arresting sweating

Fructus Tritici Aestivi (xiao mai)

Sweet and cool in nature, specially act on the heart channel, nourish heart yin and boost heart qi, and relieve deficiency-heat

Astringe yin and arrest sweating, boost qi, and consolidate the exterior

2. Attached formulas (Table 30.3) TABLE 30.3 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Consolidate the Exterior and Arrest Sweating Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indications

Master Sun's Oyster Shell Powder (sun shi mu li san)

Initially recorded in Important Formulas Worth a Thousand Gold Pieces for Emergency (bei ji qian jin yao fang). Composed of Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 90 g, Concha Ostreae (mu li) 90 g, and Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 90 g. Grind the ingredients into powder; take 1.5 g each time orally with wine, 2 times a day

Consolidate the exterior and astringe sweating

Indicated for the treatment of night sweating, with sweating just when sleeping, and headache due to the exterior deficiency and wind attacking the exterior

Compound Astragalus SweatingArresting Granule (fu qi zhi han ke li)

Initially recorded in Chinese Pharmacopoeia (zhong hua ren min gong he guo yao dian). Composed of Radix Astragali (huang qi) 330 g, Radix Codonopsis (dang shen) 400 g, dry-fried Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae with bran (fu chao bai zhu) 160 g, prepared Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (zhi wu wei zi) 80 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ephedrae (ma huang gen) 160 g, and calcined Concha Ostreae (duan mu li) 500 g. Decoct the ingredients with water, concentrate the decoction and add sucrose 600 g and appropriate amount of dextrin, make into granules, take 40 g each time, 2 times a day

Boost qi, consolidate the exterior, and arrest sweating

Indicated for the treatment of profuse sweating due to qi deficiency, with spontaneous sweating, aversion to wind, shortness of breath, lassitude, and lack of strength

3. Formula differentiation (Table 30.4) TABLE 30.4 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Consolidate the Exterior and Arrest Sweating Name of Formula Oyster Shell Powder (mu li san) Jade WindBarrier Powder (yu ping feng san)

Similarities

Differences

Both can boost qi and consolidate the exterior, and arrest sweating, and be used for the treatment of spontaneous sweating due to qi deficiency and insecurity of defensive qi

It can focus on both astringing and supplementing, and put the effects of astringing yin and subduing yang in an important position. Its effect of astringing and arresting sweating is strong. It is commonly used for the treatment of spontaneous sweating and night sweating due to insecurity of defensive qi complicated by failure of heart yang to subdue It can focus on supplementing qi, and consolidate the exterior through supplementing. Its effect of supplementing deficiency is strong. Radix Astragali (huang qi) and Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) are used together in this formula in order to dissipate within supplementing. It is often used for the treatment of spontaneous sweating due to qi deficiency and insecurity of defensive qi, or the weak with susceptibility to wind pathogen

618 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

SECTION 2  FORMULAS THAT ASTRINGE THE LUNG AND RELIEVE COUGH Outline Formulas that astringe the lung and relieve cough are suitable for the treatment of chronic cough, panting, spontaneous sweating, deficient and rapid pulse due to lung deficiency, and damage to both qi and yin. Formulas in Section 2 are mainly composed of herbs that astringe the lung and relieve cough, such as Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi), Pericarpium Papaveris (ying su qiao), and Fructus Mume (wu mei), and often combined with herbs that supplement qi and nourish yin, such as Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) and Colla Corii Asini (e jiao), and herbs that dissolve phlegm and relieve cough, such as Bulbus Fritillaria (bei mu) and Radix Platycodonis (jie geng). As chronic cough without ending can lead to qi and body fluid consumption; or lung failing to diffuse and govern descent may cause fluid accumulation transforming into phlegm; or deficiency fire produced in the interior can scorch the lung collaterals, formulas in this category often combine herbs that enrich yin and boost qi, diffuse and purify lung qi, moisten the lung and clear heat, and dissolve phlegm and stanch bleeding. The representative formula is Nine Immortals Powder (jiu xian san).

Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 1. Primary formulas and analysis (Tables 30.5 and 30.6)

TABLE 30.5 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Astringe the Lung and Relieve Cough Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy and Indications

Nine Immortals Powder (jiu xian san)

Initially recorded in Orthodox Transmission of Medicine (yi xue zheng zhuan). Composed of Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 12 g, Flos Farfarae (kuan dong hua) 12 g, Cortex Mori (sang bai pi) 12 g, Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) 12 g, Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi) 12 g, Colla Corii Asini (e jiao) 12 g, Fructus Mume (wu mei) 12 g, Bulbus Fritillaria (bei mu) 6 g, and Pericarpium Papaveris (ying su qiao) 9 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, take 9 g each time with warm boiled water; or decoct with water for oral use

Astringe the lung and relieve cough, boost qi and nourish yin. Indicated for the treatment of chronic cough damaging the lung and deficiency of both qi and yin, with cough prolonging without end, even panting and spontaneous sweating, scanty and sticky phlegm, deficient and rapid pulse

Modified Clinical Applications For fatigue, lack of strength, and shortness of breath due to more evident qi deficiency, add Radix Astragali (huang qi), Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong), and Radix Panacis Quinquefolii (xi yang shen) to supplement qi and nourish yin; for panting and cough with exhalation more than inhalation due to lung-kidney deficiency, add Gecko (ge jie) and Semen Juglandis (he tao ren) to supplement the lung and kidney and improve qi reception; for dry mouth and throat, and red tongue with dry coating due to more evident yin deficiency, add Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) and Radix Adenophorae seu Glehniae (sha shen) to nourish yin and moisten dryness; for blood-stained phlegm due to dryness-heat damaging the lung, add Rhizoma Bletillae (bai ji), Rhizoma Imperatae (bai mao gen), and Herba Agrimoniae (xian he cao) cool the blood and stanch bleeding

Caution for Use Its use is prohibited in patients with excessive phlegm in the lung or no releasing of external pathogen. As this formula contains Pericarpium Papaveris (ying su qiao), it should not be taken too much or for a long time

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TABLE 30.6 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Astringe the Lung and Relieve Cough Name of Formula

Efficacy Analysis

Nine Immortals Powder (jiu xian san)

Pericarpium Papaveris (ying su qiao) Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi) Fructus Mume (wu mei)

Sour and astringent in nature, specialize in astringing lung qi, and relieve cough, as the chief medicinal Assist Sour and astringent in nature, astring the lung and relieve cough, nourish yin, and moisten the lung

Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen)

Sweet and slightly warm in nature, boost qi, and promote fluid production

Supplement and boost lung qi and lung yin, both as the deputy medicinals

Colla Corii Asini (e jiao)

Sweet and neutral in nature, enrich yin, and nourish the blood

Flos Farfarae (kuan dong hua)

Dissolve phlegm and relieve cough, direct qi downward, and calm panting

Cortex Mori (sang bai pi)

Relieve cough and calm panting, and clear lung heat

Bulbus Fritillaria (bei mu)

Clear heat and dissolve phlegm, and relieve cough

Radix Platycodonis (jie geng)

Diffuse lung qi, dissolve phlegm and relieve cough, and guide the effects of other herbs to the lung channel

Astringe the lung and relieve cough, boost qi, and nourish yin

2. Attached formulas (Table 30.7) TABLE 30.7 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Astringe the Lung and Relieve Cough Name of Formula Red Tangerine Peel PhlegmTransforming Pill (ju hong hua tan wan)

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indications

Initially recorded in Chinese Pharmacopoeia (zhong hua ren min gong he guo yao dian). Composed of Exocarpium Citri Grandis (hua ju hong) 75 g, dry-fried Semen Armeniacae Amarum (chao ku xing ren) 100 g, Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae (chuan bei mu) 75 g, Alumen (bai fan) 75 g, Calyx seu Fructus Physalis (jin deng long) 100 g, Pericarpium Papaveris (ying su qiao) 75 g, Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi) 75 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 75 g. Grind the ingredients into fine powder, mix with honey, and make into pills, 9 g each pill, take orally, one pill each time, twice a day

Astringe the lung and dissolve phlegm, relieve cough and calm panting

Indicated for the treatment of cough, expectoration of phlegm, dyspnea with rapid and short breath, fullness and oppression in the chest and diaphragm due to failure of lung qi to astringe and turbid phlegm obstructed in the interior

3. Formula differentiation (Table 30.8) TABLE 30.8 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Astringe the Lung and Relieve Cough Name of Formula Nine Immortals Powder (jiu xian san) Red Tangerine Peel PhlegmTransforming Pill (ju hong hua tan wan)

Similarities

Differences

Both can astringe the lung and dissolve phlegm and relieve cough, and are used for the treatment of cough with phlegm

It also has the effects of boosting qi and nourishing yin through combining Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) and Colla Corii Asini (e jiao). It is more suitable for the treatment of chronic cough with deficiency of lung qi and lung yin, accompanied with scanty and sticky phlegm It has no effect of supplementing and boosting, but puts Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren), Exocarpium Citri Grandis (hua ju hong), and Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae (chuan bei mu) in an important position. Its effects of dissolving phlegm and relieving cough are stronger than that of Nine Immortals Powder (jiu xian san). It is suitable for the treatment of cough with excessive phlegm due to turbid phlegm obstructed in the interior

620 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

SECTION 3  FORMULAS THAT ASTRINGE THE INTESTINES FROM DESERTION Outline Formulas that astringe the intestines from desertion are suitable for the treatment of prolonged diarrhea and dysentery, fecal incontinence, or proctoptoma during defecation due to deficiency-cold of the spleen and kidney. Formulas in Section 3 are mainly composed of herbs that astringe the intestines from desertion, such as Pericarpium Papaveris (ying su qiao), Semen Myristicae (rou dou kou), Fructus Chebulae (he zi), Halloysitum Rubrum (chi shi zhi), Limonitum (yu yu liang), Fructus Mume (wu mei), and Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi). Chronic diarrhea without ceasing is usually caused by deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach that fail to decompose food and drink, or kidney yang insufficiency, fire failing to warm earth (spleen), and the spleen failing to transport (nutrients). Moreover, chronic diarrhea and sinking of qi easily cause qi stagnation. Furthermore, diarrhea and dysentery for a long time also can lead to nutrient-blood depletion; therefore, formulas in this category often combine herbs that warm the kidney and assist yang, herbs that fortify the spleen and boost qi, rectify qi and move stagnation, and enrich yin and nourish the blood. The representative formulas are Enlightened Master VisceraNourishing Decoction (zhen ren yang zang tang), Four Spirits Pill (si shen wan), and Peach Blossom Decoction (tao hua tang).

Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 1. Primary formulas and analysis (Tables 30.9 and 30.10) TABLE 30.9 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Astringe the Intestines From Desertion Name of Formula

Modified Clinical Applications

Caution for Use

Astringe the intestines to rescue from desertion, warm and supplement the spleen and kidney. Indicated for the treatment of chronic diarrhea and dysentery with a pattern of spleen-kidney deficiency-cold, accompanied with fecal incontinence, even proctoptoma, abdominal pain, relief with warm and pressure, or dysentery with red and white feces, or bloody purulent stool with tenesmus, unceasing day and night, no desire to eat or drink, pale tongue with white coating, deep and slow and thready pulse

For rectal prolapse due to sinking of center qi, add Radix Astragali (huang qi), Rhizoma Cimicifugae (sheng ma), and Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) to supplement qi and fortify the spleen and raise yang qi; for excessive cold diarrhea with undigested food in the stool due to more evident deficiency-cold of the spleen-kidney, add blastfried Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (pao fu zi), Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang), and Fructus Psoraleae (bu gu zhi) to warm and supplement the spleen and kidney

It is inadvisable to take for a long time. Its use is prohibited in patients with prolonged diarrhea and dysentery that accumulated heat toxin that has not been cleared

Warm the kidney and spleen, astringe the intestines, and arrest diarrhea. Indicated for the treatment of fifth-watch diarrhea (diarrhea before dawn), with no desire to eat or drink, indigestion, or abdominal pain, waist soreness, cold limbs, fatigue, lack of strength, pale tongue with thin and white coating, deep and slow and forceless pulse

For chronic diarrhea with rectal prolapse due to sinking of center qi, add Radix Astragali (huang qi) and Rhizoma Cimicifugae (sheng ma) to supplement qi and lift the sunken; for more evident cold diarrhea, cold limbs, and aversion to cold due to spleen-kidney yang deficiency, add Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) and Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) to warm yang and supplement the kidney

It is not suitable for the treatment of diarrhea due to dampheat. During medication, avoid raw, cold, and greasy food

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy and Indications

Enlightened Master VisceraNourishing Decoction (zhen ren yang zang tang)

Initially recorded in Beneficial Formulas from the Taiping Imperial Pharmacy (tai ping hui min he ji ju fang). Composed of Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 9 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 6 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 9 g, Semen Myristicae (rou dou kou) 6 g, Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) 3 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 6 g, Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) 15 g, Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) 4.5 g, Fructus Chebulae (he zi) 12 g, and Pericarpium Papaveris (ying su qiao) 15 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Four Spirits Pill (si shen wan)

Initially recorded in Summary of Internal Medicine (nei ke zhai yao). Composed of Semen Myristicae (rou dou kou) 60 g, Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi) 60 g, Fructus Psoraleae (bu gu zhi) 120 g, Fructus Evodiae (wu zhu yu) 30 g, Fructus Jujubae (da zao) 50 pieces and Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 120 g. Decoct Fructus Jujubae (da zao) and Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) with water until water is dry, grind the other herbs into powder, mix jujube flesh with the powder and make into pills, take 6–9 g each time, 3 times a day; or if directly as a decoction, the dosage should be reduced according to the original proportion

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TABLE 30.9 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Astringe the Intestines From Desertion (cont.) Name of Formula Peach Blossom Decoction (tao hua tang)

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy and Indications

Modified Clinical Applications

Caution for Use

Initially recorded in Treatise on Cold Damage (shang han lun). Composed of Halloysitum Rubrum (chi shi zhi) 30 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) 3 g, and Semen Oryzae Sativae (jing mi) 30 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Warm the center and astringe the intestines and arrest dysentery. Indicated for the treatment of deficiency-cold dysentery, with unceasing dysentery, dark-colored and nonbright bloody purulent stool, unhealing for a long time, abdominal pain, relief with warm and pressure, pale tongue with white coating, slow and weak pulse or faint and thready pulse

For chronic dysentery due to deficiency-cold of the spleen-kidney, add Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) and Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen); for abdominal pain, stool containing pus and blood due to disharmony of qi and blood, add Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui), Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao), and Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang)

Half of Halloysitum Rubrum (chi shi zhi) is decocted and half is taken infused can strengthen the effect of astringing

TABLE 30.10 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Astringe the Intestines From Desertion Name of Formula Enlightened Master Viscera-Nourishing Decoction (zhen ren yang zang tang)

Efficacy Analysis Pericarpium Papaveris (ying su qiao)

Sour and astringent in nature, astringe the intestines and arrest dysentery, and rescue from rectal prolapse, as the chief medicinal

Fructus Chebulae (he zi)

Bitter, sour, warm, and astringent in nature, astringe the intestines, and arrest diarrhea

Semen Myristicae (rou dou kou)

Acrid, warm, and astringent in nature, warm the center and dissipate cold, move qi and relieve pain, and combine with Fructus Chebulae (he zi) to assist the chief medicinal to astringe the intestines and arrest diarrhea

Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui)

Acrid, sweet, and extremely hot in nature, warm the kidney and spleen, and dissipate yin-cold

Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen)

Sweet, slightly bitter, and slightly warm in nature, greatly supplement original qi, supplement the spleen, and nourish the blood to treat the root

Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao)

Bitter, sweet, and warm in nature, fortify the spleen, and boost qi in order to treat the root

Supplement the blood and harmonize blood to treat the root

Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang)

Awaken the spleen with aromatic property, move qi and guide out (food) stagnation, combine with Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) and Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) to regulate qi and harmonize blood, and relieve abdominal pain, “Move the blood, stool containing pus will be self-healing; regulate qi, rectal heaviness will be self-removing”

Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao)

Combine with Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) to relax spasm and relieve pain, assist Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) and Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) to boost qi and fortify the center, and harmonize the actions of all medicinals

Astringe the intestines to rescue from desertion, and warm and supplement the spleen and kidney

(Continued)

622 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 30.10 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Astringe the Intestines From Desertion (cont.) Name of Formula Four Spirits Pill (si shen wan)

Peach Blossom Decoction (tao hua tang)

Efficacy Analysis Fructus Psoraleae (bu gu zhi)

Acrid, bitter, and warm in nature, specialize in supplementing mìng mén (gate of vitality) fire to warm the spleen, as the chief medicinal

Semen Myristicae (rou dou kou)

Acrid, warm, and astringent in nature, warm the center and move qi, astringe the intestines, and arrest diarrhea

Fructus Evodiae (wu zhu yu)

Acrid, bitter, and hot in nature, warm the spleen and kidney, and dissipate yin-cold

Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi)

Consolidate and astringe discharge, assist the chief medicinal to astringe the intestines, and arrest diarrhea

Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang)

Acrid and slightly warm in nature, warm the stomach, and dissipate cold

Fructus Jujubae (da zao)

Sweet and warm in nature, fortify the spleen, and boost the stomach

Halloysitum Rubrum (chi shi zhi)

Astringent, heavy, and sour in nature, enter the lower jiao blood aspect to rescue from desertion, astringe the intestines, and arrest dysentery, as the chief medicinal

Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang)

Acrid and warm in nature, warm the spleen and kidney, and dissipate cold, as the deputy medicinal

Semen Oryzae Sativae (jing mi)

Sweet, moderate, and neutral in nature, nourish the stomach, and harmonize the center, as the assistant medicinal

Combine with each other to regulate the spleen and stomach, assist transportation and transformation

Warm the kidney and spleen, astringe the intestines, and arrest diarrhea

Warm the center and astringe the intestines and arrest dysentery

2. Attached formulas (Table 30.11)

TABLE 30.11 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Astringe the Intestines From Desertion Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indications

Halloysite Pill (chi shi zhi wan)

Initially recorded in Book to Safeguard Life Arranged by Categorized Patterns (lei zheng huo ren shu). Composed of Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 60 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 60 g, Halloysitum Rubrum (chi shi zhi) 30 g, and Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) 30 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, mix with honey, and make into pills as size of phoenix tree seed, take 30 pills each time with rice water, 3 times a day

Warm the center and astringe the intestines

Indicated for the treatment of heat dysentery due to cold damage

Halloysite and Limonite Decoction (chi shi zhi yu yu liang tang)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Cold Damage (shang han lun). Composed of Halloysitum Rubrum (chi shi zhi) 30 g and Limonitum (yu yu liang) 30 g. Decoct the ingredients with water, and take the decoction orally, 3 times a day

Astringe the intestines and arrest diarrhea

Indicated for the treatment of diarrhea and dysentery for a long time accompanied with stool incontinence

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3. Formula differentiation (Table 30.12) TABLE 30.12 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Astringe the Intestines From Desertion Name of Formula

Similarities

Differences

Peach Blossom Decoction (tao hua tang)

Halloysitum Rubrum (chi shi zhi) is used in both formulas. They can astringe the intestines and arrest diarrhea, and are used for the treatment of chronic diarrhea and dysentery

Combine with Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) and Semen Oryzae Sativae (jing mi) to warm the center and astringe the intestines. It is more suitable for the treatment of patients with dysentery and diarrhea accompanied with bloody purulent stool, which belongs to deficiency-cold pattern

Both can warm the kidney and spleen, astringe the intestines, and arrest diarrhea, and are used for the treatment of diarrhea due to deficiency-cold of the spleen and kidney, with no desire to eat or drink, fatigue, lack of strength, and cold pain in the abdomen

Select Fructus Psoraleae (bu gu zhi) as the chief medicinal, put warming and supplementing mìng mén (gate of vitality) fire in an important position, mainly warm the kidney, also warm the spleen and astringe the intestines; it is indicated for the treatment of fifth-watch diarrhea due to decline of mìng mén fire

Halloysite and Limonite Decoction (chi shi zhi yu yu liang tang) Four Spirits Pill (si shen wan)

Enlightened Master Viscera-Nourishing Decoction (zhen ren yang zang tang)

Combine with Limonitum (yu yu liang) to strengthen the effect of astringing discharge. It is used for the treatment of diarrhea and dysentery for a long time with stool incontinence

Put Pericarpium Papaveris (ying su qiao) in an important position, mainly astringe and consolidate, also warm and supplement the spleen and kidney; it is used for the treatment of prolonged diarrhea and dysentery with stool incontinence with a pattern of spleen deficiency predominating over deficiency-cold of the spleen and kidney

SECTION 4  FORMULAS THAT ARREST ENURESIS AND EMISSION WITH ASTRINGENTS Outline Formulas that arrest enuresis and emission with astringents are suitable for the treatment of seminal emission or spontaneous seminal emission due to kidney deficiency failing to store, and insecurity of emission pass; or enuresis and frequent micturition due to kidney deficiency failing to contain and astringe; and the urinary bladder being out of control. Formulas in Section 4 are usually composed of herbs that arrest enuresis and emission, such as Semen Astragali Complanati (sha yuan ji li), Oötheca Mantidis (sang piao xiao), Semen Euryales (qian shi), Fructus Rosae Laevigatae (jin ying zi), and Semen Nelumbinis (lian zi). As “the kidney is dominator of storing essence,” “the heart governs the spirit and (conscious) mind,” and is closely related to “the kidney storing the essence;” formulas in this category often combine herbs that supplement the kidney and tranquilize the heart. The representative formulas are Golden Lock Essence-Securing Pill (jin suo gu jing wan), Stream-Reducing Pill (suo quan wan), and Mantis Egg Shell Powder (sang piao xiao san).

624 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 1. Primary formulas and analysis (Tables 30.13 and 30.14)

TABLE 30.13 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Arrest Enuresis and Emission With Astringents Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy and Indications

Golden Lock EssenceSecuring Pill (jin suo gu jing wan)

Initially recorded in Medical Formulas Collected and Analyzed (yi fang ji jie). Composed of Semen Astragali Complanati (sha yuan ji li) 12 g, Semen Euryales (qian shi) 12 g, Stamen Nelumbinis (lian xu) 12 g, calcined Os Draconis (duan long gu) 15 g, and calcined Concha Ostreae (duan mu li) 15 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, paste the powder of Semen Nelumbinis (lian zi), and made into pills, take orally, 9 g each time, 2–3 times a day; or add Semen Nelumbinis (lian zi) 6 g, and decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Supplement the kidney and astringe essence. Indicated for the treatment of seminal emission or spontaneous seminal emission due to kidney deficiency failing to consolidate the essence pass, accompanied with waist soreness, tinnitus, soreness, and weakness of the four limbs, fatigue, and lack of strength, pale tongue with white coating, thready and weak pulse

For cold pain in the waist and knees, aversion to cold, cold limbs, clear urine in large amounts, or frequent micturition due to more evident kidney yang deficiency, add Semen Cuscutae (tu si zi), Fructus Psoraleae (bu gu zhi), and Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) to warm yang and supplement the kidney; for nocturnal emission, soreness and weakness of waist and knees, feverish palms and soles due to kidney yin deficency, add Plastrum Testudinis (gui ban), Fructus Ligustri Lucidi (nü zhen zi), and Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) to enrich and supplement kidney yin; for insomnia and nocturnal emission due to heart yang kidney yin incoordination, add Semen Ziziphi Spinosae (suan zao ren), Radix Polygalae (yuan zhi), and Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi) to restore interaction between the heart and the kidney; for more evident low back pain due to kidney deficiency and essence depletion, add Cortex Eucommiae (du zhong), Radix Dipsaci (chuan xu duan), and Herba Taxilli (sang ji sheng); for unhealing of seminal emission or spontaneous seminal emission for a long time due to kidney deficiency, add Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi), Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu), and Fructus Rosae Laevigatae (jin ying zi)

Its use is prohibited in patients with seminal emission due to dampheat pouring downward or hyperactivity of heart-fire and liver-fire

StreamReducing Pill (suo quan wan)

Initially recorded in Secret Formulas of the Wei Family (wei shi jia cang fang). Composed of Radix Linderae (wu yao) 9 g and Fructus Alpiniae Oxyphyllae (yi zhi ren) 9 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, decoct Rhizoma Dioscoreae (huai shan yao) with wine into paste, mix them, and make into pills as size of phoenix tree seed, take 6–9 g each time, 2–3 times a day; or add Rhizoma Dioscoreae (huai shan yao) 9 g and decoct with water for oral use

Warm the kidney and dispel cold, reduce urination, and arrest enuresis. Indicated for the treatment of frequent micturition due to deficiencycold of kidney qi, accompanied with urinating frequently, or unceasing enuresis, pale tongue, deep and weak pulse

For aversion to cold, cold limbs, and frequent micturition at night due to kidney yang deficiency, combine with Kidney Qi Pill (shen qi wan) or add Herba Epimedii (yin yang huo), Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu), and Colla Cornus Cervi (lu jiao jiao) to strengthen the effects of warming and supplementing kidney yang and dispelling cold; for frequent micturition and unhealing of enuresis for a long time due to kidney qi deficiency, add Oötheca Mantidis (sang piao xiao), Semen Cuscutae (tu si zi), and Fructus Psoraleae (bu gu zhi) to strengthen the effect of supplementing and boosting kidney qi

It is not suitable for patients with frequent micturition with a pattern of dampheat or yin deficiency

Modified Clinical Applications

Caution for Use

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TABLE 30.13 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Arrest Enuresis and Emission With Astringents (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy and Indications

Mantis Egg Shell Powder (sang piao xiao san)

Initially recorded in Extension of the Materia Medica (ben cao yan yi). Composed of Oötheca Mantidis (sang piao xiao) 9 g, Radix Polygalae (yuan zhi) 6 g, Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (shi chang pu) 6 g, Os Draconis (long gu) 15 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 9 g, Sclerotium Poriae Pararadicis (fu shen) 12 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 9 g, and Carapax et Plastrum Testudinis (gui jia) 15 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, take 6 g each time with ginseng soup at bedtime; or decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Regulate and supplement the heart and kidney, consolidate essence and arrest enuresis and emission. Indicated for the treatment of frequent micturition or seminal emission due to deficiency of both the heart and kidney, accompanied with urinating frequently, or whitish and turbid urine like washing water of ice, or enuresis, spontaneous seminal emission, trance of heart-spirit, forgetfulness, pale tongue with white coating, thready and weak pulse

Modified Clinical Applications

Caution for Use

For frequent micturition and frequent enuresis due to kidney deficiency and bladder deficiencycold, combine with Stream-Reducing Pill (suo quan wan); for seminal emission or spontaneous seminal emission due to kidney deficiency, add Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu), Semen Astragali Complanati (sha yuan ji li), and Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi); for insomnia, forgetfulness and palpitation due to disease involving both the heart and kidney, add Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi) and Semen Ziziphi Spinosae (suan zao ren)

It is not suitable for patients with frequent micturition or urinary incontinence due to lower jiao dampheat or kidney yang weakness

TABLE 30.14 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Arrest Enuresis and Emission With Astringents Name of Formula Golden Lock Essence-Securing Pill (jin suo gu jing wan)

Efficacy Analysis Semen Astragali Complanati (sha yuan ji li)

Sweet and warm in nature, act on the kidney channel, supplement the kidney, and consolidate essence, as the chief medicinal

Stamen Nelumbinis (lian xu)

Sweet, astringent, and neutral in nature, consolidate the kidney, and astringe essence

Semen Euryales (qian shi)

Sweet, astringent and neutral in nature, boost the kidney, and consolidate essence and fortify the spleen

Semen Nelumbinis (lian zi)

Sweet, astringent, and neutral in nature, consolidate essence and boost the kidney, and nourish the heart, and also restore interaction between the heart and the kidney

calcined Concha Ostreae (duan mu li)

Salty, astringent, and slightly cold in nature, astringe and consolidate essence

calcined Os Draconis (duan long gu)

Sweet, astringent, and neutral in nature, astringe and consolidate essence

All three medicinals assist Semen Astragali Complanati (sha yuan ji li) to strengthen the effects of supplementing the kidney and astringing essence

Supplement the kidney and astringe essence

Assist the chief and deputy medicinals to astringe essence and arrest emission

(Continued)

626 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 30.14 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Arrest Enuresis and Emission With Astringents (cont.) Name of Formula Stream-Reducing Pill (suo quan wan)

Mantis Egg Shell Powder (sang piao xiao san)

Efficacy Analysis Fructus Alpiniae Oxyphyllae (yi zhi ren)

Acrid and warm in nature, warm and supplement the spleen and kidney, consolidate and astringe essential qi, reduce urination, and arrest enuresis, as the chief medicinal

Radix Linderae (wu yao)

Acrid and warm in nature, regulate qi and dissipate cold (bladder cold and kidney cold), and arrest frequent micturition

Rhizoma Dioscoreae (huai shan yao)

Sweet and neutral in nature, supplement the kidney and fortify the spleen, and consolidate and astringe essential qi

Oötheca Mantidis (sang piao xiao)

Sweet and salty in nature, act on the kidney channel, specialize in astringing, supplement the kidney and astringe essence, and arrest enuresis, as the chief medicinal

Os Draconis (long gu)

Sweet and neutral in nature, astringe essence, and arrest enuresis and emission, tranquilize the heart, and calm the mind

Oötheca Mantidis (sang piao xiao) combining with Os Draconis (long gu) to strengthen the effects of astringing essence and arresting enuresis and emission, and with Carapax et Plastrum Testudinis (gui jia) to strengthen the effects of supplementing the kidney and boosting essence

Carapax et Plastrum Testudinis (gui jia)

Salty, sweet, and neutral in nature, enrich yin and subdue yang, supplement and boost the heart and kidney

Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen)

Sweet and slightly warm in nature, greatly supplement original qi

Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui)

Sweet, acrid, and warm in nature, supplement and nourish nutrient-blood

Sclerotium Poriae Pararadicis (fu shen)

Sweet, bland, and neutral in nature, tranquilize the heart, and calm the mind

Radix Polygalae (yuan zhi)

Bitter, acrid, and warm in nature, calm the mind and benefit the mental ability, and restore interaction between the heart and the kidney

Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (shi chang pu)

Combine with each other to supplement both qi and blood

Acrid, bitter, and warm in nature, open the heart orifice and benefit the mental ability (heart)

Warm the kidney and dispel cold, reduce urination, and arrest enuresis

Regulate and supplement the heart and kidney, consolidate essence, and arrest enuresis and emission

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2. Attached formulas (Table 30.15)

TABLE 30.15 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Arrest Enuresis and Emission With Astringents Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indications

Dodder Seed Powder (tu si zi san)

Initially recorded in Formulas from Benevolent Sages Compiled during the Taiping Era (tai ping sheng hui fang). Composed of Semen Cuscutae (tu si zi) 22.5 g, Cornu Cervi Pantotrichum (lu rong) 60 g, Herba Cistanches (rou cong rong) 30 g, Oötheca Mantidis (sang piao xiao) 30 g, calcined Concha Ostreae (duan mu li) 30 g, Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi) 30 g, and liquid-fried Endothelium Corneum Gigeriae Galli (zhi ji nei jin) 60 g. Grind the ingredients into fine powder, take 6 g each time with warm wine before food; or decrease the dosage of each medicinal according the proportion of the original formula, and decoct with water for oral use

Warm the kidney and astringe essence and reduce urination

Indicated for the treatment of kidney yang deficiency failing to consolidate and astringe, with soreness and weakness of the waist and knees, enuresis, frequent micturition, seminal emission or spontaneous seminal emission, unceasing whitish and turbid urine, or clear and thin leukorrhea, aversion to cold, relief with warm, fatigue, lack of strength, pallid complexion, pale tongue, deficient and weak pulse

Land and Water Two Immortals Elixir (shui lu er xian dan)

Initially recorded in Hong’s Collected Proven Formulas (hong shi ji yan fang). Composed of Semen Euryales (qian shi) 12 g and Fructus Rosae Laevigatae (jin ying zi) 12 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, make into pills as size of phoenix tree seed, and take 6 g each time

Supplement the kidney and astringe essence

Indicated for the treatment of seminal emission, whitish and turbid urine, frequent micturition, or leukorrhea with a pattern of kidney deficiency failing to astringe

3. Formula differentiation (Table 30.16)

TABLE 30.16 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Arrest Enuresis and Emission With Astringents Name of Formula Mantis Egg Shell Powder (sang piao xiao san) Golden Lock EssenceSecuring Pill (jin suo gu jing wan) Mantis Egg Shell Powder (sang piao xiao san) StreamReducing Pill (suo quan wan)

Similarities

Differences

Both can astringe essence and arrest emission, supplement the kidney, and consolidate essence, and are used for the treatment of seminal emission or spontaneous seminal emission due to kidney deficiency failing to consolidate the essence pass

It mainly focuses on regulating and supplementing the heart and kidney, supplementing and boosting qi and blood, enriching yin and subduing yang, and is more suitable for the treatment of frequent micturition, enuresis, and spontaneous seminal emission due to deficiency of both the heart and kidney

Both can treat frequent micturition or enuresis, and have the effect of consolidating and astringing and arresting enuresis

Select Oötheca Mantidis (sang piao xiao) to combine with Plastrum Testudinis (gui ban), Os Draconis (long gu), Sclerotium Poriae Pararadicis (fu shen), and Radix Polygalae (yuan zhi) is partial to regulating and supplementing the heart and kidney; it is suitable for the treatment of enuresis with a pattern of heart-kidney deficiency

It mainly focuses on consolidating the kidney and astringing essence and arresting emission, and can specialize in treating seminal emission or spontaneous seminal emission due to kidney deficiency and insecurity of the essence pass, accompanied with waist soreness, tinnitus, fatigue, lack of strength, pale tongue, and thready and weak pulse

Select Fructus Alpiniae Oxyphyllae (yi zhi ren) to combine with Radix Linderae (wu yao) is to focus on warming the kidney and dispelling cold; it is more suitable for the treatment of enuresis due to kidney qi deficiency-cold

628 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

SECTION 5  FORMULAS THAT STOP PROFUSE UTERINE BLEEDING AND ARREST VAGINAL DISCHARGE Outline Formulas that stop profuse uterine bleeding and arrest vaginal discharge are suitable for the treatment of female flooding (profuse uterine bleeding; bēng zhōng), spotting (prolonged scanty uterine bleeding of variable intervals; lòu xià), or leukorrhea (abnormal vaginal discharge) continuing for a long time without ceasing. Formulas in Section 5 are usually composed of herbs that stop profuse uterine bleeding and arrest vaginal discharge, such as calcined Os Draconis (duan long gu), calcined Concha Ostreae (duan mu li), Cortex Ailanthi (chun gen pi), Endoconcha Sepiae (hai piao xiao), Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu), Semen Euryales (qian shi), Semen Ginkgo (bai guo), Radix et Rhizoma Rubiae (qian cao), and Galla Chinensis (wu bei zi). As flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding; bēng lòu) is often caused by spleen deficiency failing to contain blood and insecurity of the chong and ren mai, or yin deficiency and fire harassing, and forcing blood to frenetically move, or static blood obstructing the uterus and yin-blood failing to keep within the vessels, formulas that treat flooding and spotting usually combine herbs that boost qi and supplement the spleen, such as Radix Astragali (huang qi) and Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu); herbs that enrich yin and clear heat, such as Plastrum Testudinis (gui ban), Radix Scutellariae (huang qin), and Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai); and/or herbs that invigorate blood and dissolve stasis, such as Olibanum (ru xiang), Myrrha (mo yao), Radix et Rhizoma Rubiae (qian cao), and Faeces Trogopterori (wu ling zhi). Abnormal vaginal discharge is often caused by the spleen failing to transport (nutrients) and damp-turbidity pouring downward. Moreover, accumulated dampness is easily transformed into heat, or wood (liver) constraint can attack the spleen. Therefore, abnormal vaginal discharge is often complicated by damp-heat or liver constraint. Formulas that arrest vaginal discharge often combine herbs that fortify the spleen and dispel dampness, such as Rhizoma Dioscoreae (shan yao), Semen Euryales (qian shi), and Semen Plantaginis (che qian zi), and/or herbs that clear heat and soothe the liver. The representative formulas are Discharge-Ceasing Decoction (wan dai tang), Menses-Securing Pill (gu jing wan), Penetrating Vessel-Securing Decoction (gu chong tang), and Yellow-Transforming Decoction (yi huang tang).

Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 1. Primary formulas and analysis (Tables 30.17 and 30.18)

TABLE 30.17 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Stop Profuse Uterine Bleeding and Arrest Vaginal Discharge Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

MensesSecuring Pill (gu jing wan)

Initially recorded in Teachings of [Zhu] Dan-xi (dan xi xin fa). Composed of dry-fried Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (chao huang bai) 15 g, dry-fried Radix Scutellariae (chao huang qin) 15 g, Cortex Ailanthi (chun gen pi) 12 g, dry-fried Radix Paeoniae Alba (chao bai shao) 15 g, liquid-fried Plastrum Testudinis (zhi gui ban) 15 g, and Rhizoma Cyperi (xiang fu) 9 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, paste with wine and make into paste pills, and take orally, 6 g each time; or directly decoct with water for oral use

Efficacy and Indications

Modified Clinical Applications

Enrich yin and clear heat, secure menses, and stanch bleeding. Indicated for the treatment of flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding) due to yin deficiency and blood heat, accompanied with postterm menstruation without ceasing, crimson or purple-black-colored and thick blood in large amounts, feverish sensation over the palm and sole, soreness, and weakness of the waist and knees, or pain in the lower abdomen, red tongue, wiry and rapid pulse

For not evident deficiency-heat, remove Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai), and add Fructus Ligustri Lucidi (nü zhen zi) and Herba Ecliptae (han lian cao) to cool the blood and stanch bleeding; for bleeding for a long time, add Os Draconis (long gu), Concha Ostreae (mu li), Endoconcha Sepiae (hai piao xiao), and Radix et Rhizoma Rubiae (qian cao) to stanch bleeding

Caution for Use Its use is prohibited in patients with flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding) with deficiencycold pattern

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TABLE 30.17 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Stop Profuse Uterine Bleeding and Arrest Vaginal Discharge (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

DischargeCeasing Decoction (wan dai tang)

Caution for Use

Efficacy and Indications

Modified Clinical Applications

Initially recorded in Fu Qingzhu’s [Treatise on] Gynecology (fu qing zhu nü ke). Composed of dry-fried Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (chao bai zhu) 30 g, dry-fried Rhizoma Dioscoreae (chao huai shan yao) 30 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 6 g, dry-fried Radix Paeoniae Alba (chao bai shao) 15 g, wine-fried Semen Plantaginis (jiu chao che qian zi) 9 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 3 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 2 g, Spica Schizonepetae (jing jie sui) 2 g, and Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) 2 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Supplement the spleen and soothe the liver, remove dampness, and arrest vaginal discharge. Indicated for the treatment of abnormal vaginal discharge with a pattern of spleen deficiency and liver constraint complicated by damp-turbidity, accompanied with whitish, clear, and odorless leukorrhea, lassitude of the limbs, thin and unformed stool, pale tongue with white coating, moderate pulse or soggy and weak pulse

For prolonged abnormal vaginal discharge with soreness and pain of the waist and knees due to kidney qi depletion, add Semen Cuscutae (tu si zi), Cortex Eucommiae (du zhong), and Radix Dipsaci (chuan xu duan) to supplement and boost the liver and kidney; for chest and hypochondrium pain due to binding constraint of liver qi, add Rhizoma Cyperi (xiang fu), Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride (qing pi), and Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) to move qi and relieve pain; for pain in the lower abdomen due to cold-damp congealing in the liver channel, add Fructus Foeniculi (xiao hui xiang), Rhizoma Zingiberis Praeparatum (pao jiang), or Radix Linderae (wu yao) to warm the center and dissipate cold; for clear, whitish leukorrhea in large amounts due to deficiencycold in the kidney channel, add Cornu Cervi Degelatinatum (lu jiao shuang) and Radix Morindae Officinalis (ba ji tian) to warm and supplement kidney yang to assist in arresting vaginal discharge

It is not suitable for patients with abnormal vaginal discharge due to heat accumulation in the liver channel or damp-heat pouring downward

Penetrating VesselSecuring Decoction (gu chong tang)

Initially recorded in Records of Chinese Medicine with Reference to Western Medicine (yi xue zhong zhong can xi lu). Composed of dry-fried Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (chao bai zhu) 30 g, raw Radix Astragali (sheng huang qi) 18 g, calcined Os Draconis (duan long gu) 24 g, calcined Concha Ostreae (duan mu li) 24 g, Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu) 24 g, Endoconcha Sepiae (hai piao xiao) 12 g, Radix et Rhizoma Rubiae (qian cao) 9 g, raw Radix Paeoniae Alba (sheng bai shao) 12 g, Petiolus Trachycarpi Carbonisatus (zong lü tan) 6 g, and Galla Chinensis (wu bei zi) 1.5 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Boost qi and fortify the spleen, and consolidate the chong mai to contain blood. Indicated for the treatment of profuse uterine bleeding due to spleen qi weakness and insecurity of the chong mai, with profuse uterine bleeding or profuse menstruation, light-colored and thin menses, pallid complexion, palpitation, shortness of breath, soreness and weakness of the waist and knees, weak limbs, pale tongue, thready and weak pulse

For pale complexion, fatigue, lack of strength, cold limbs, and faint pulse due to deficient and weak yang qi verging on desertion, increase the dosage of Radix Astragali (huang qi), and add blast-fried Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (pao fu zi) and Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) or directly combine with Ginseng and Aconite Decoction (shen fu tang) to boost qi and consolidate yang; for unceasing bleeding, less eating, more evident lassitude, and lack of strength due to qi deficiency and qi sinking, add Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen), Rhizoma Cimicifugae (sheng ma), and Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) to supplement qi and raise yang

Its use is prohibited in patients with flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding) due to blood heat

YellowTransforming Decoction (yi huang tang)

Initially recorded in Fu Qingzhu’s [Treatise on] Gynecology (fu qing zhu nü ke). Composed of dry-fried Rhizoma Dioscoreae (chao huai shan yao) 30 g, dry-fried Semen Euryales (chao qian shi) 30 g, Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai) 6 g, wine-fried Semen Plantaginis (jiu chao che qian zi) 3 g, and Semen Ginkgo (bai guo) 12 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Supplement the spleen and boost the kidney, clear heat, dispel dampness, astringe and arrest vaginal discharge. Indicated for the treatment of abnormal vaginal discharge due to spleen-kidney deficiency and by damp-heat, with yellowish and whitish, thick, and fishy leukorrhea, less eating, soreness and weakness of the waist and knees, thin, yellow and greasy coating, soggy and slippery pulse

For yellowish, thick, and fishy leukorrhea, red tongue with yellow and greasy coating, slippery and rapid pulse due to damp-heat and exuberance of pathogens, decrease the dosage of Rhizoma Dioscoreae (huai shan yao) and Semen Euryales (qian shi), and increase the dosage of Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai) and Semen Plantaginis (che qian zi), or add Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) and Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi)

Its use is cautious in patients with abnormal vaginal discharge with colddamp pattern

630 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 30.18 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Stop Profuse Uterine Bleeding and Arrest Vaginal Discharge Name of Formula Menses-Securing Pill (gu jing wan)

Efficacy Analysis Plastrum Testudinis (gui ban)

Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai)

Discharge-Ceasing Decoction (wan dai tang)

Sour, bitter, and slightly cold in nature, astringe yin, and boost the blood to nourish the liver

Supplement both the liver and kidney, both as the chief medicinals

Clear heat and drain fire to stanch bleeding Drain fire and strengthen renal yin, assist Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) to clear heat, and help Plastrum Testudinis (gui ban) to subdue fire

Cortex Ailanthi (chun gen pi)

Bitter, astringent, and cool in nature, astringe and stanch bleeding

Rhizoma Cyperi (xiang fu)

Acrid, bitter, and slightly warm in nature, rectify qi, regulate menstruation, and restrain the cold and cool of other herbs

Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu)

Put both in an important position, as the chief medicinals, supplement the spleen, and dispel damp-turbidity

Rhizoma Dioscoreae (huai shan yao) Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu)

Supplement the center and boost qi, and assist the chief medicinals to supplement the spleen Dry dampness and activate the spleen to strengthen the effects of dispelling dampness and removing turbidity Soften the liver and rectify the spleen, “the liver is free activated and the spleen is naturally strengthened”

Semen Plantaginis (che qian zi)

Drain dampness and clear heat, and promote damp-turbidity out from urination

Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi)

Rectify qi and dry dampness, move qi, and remove dampness

Spica Schizonepetae (jing jie sui)

Acrid and dispersing in nature, combine with Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) to raise clear yang of the spleen and stomach, with Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) to soothe the liver and resolve constraint

Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao)

Harmonize the actions of all medicinals

Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu)

Put both in an important position, supplement qi and fortify the spleen, “a vigorous spleen can govern control of the blood,” both as the chief medicinals

Radix Astragali (huang qi) Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu) Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) Os Draconis (long gu) Concha Ostreae (mu li) Petiolus Trachycarpi Carbonisatus (zong lü tan) Galla Chinensis (wu bei zi)

Enrich yin and clear heat, secure menses, and stanch bleeding

Consolidate the kidney and arrest vaginal discharge

Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao)

Radix Bupleuri (chai hu)

Penetrating VesselSecuring Decoction (gu chong tang)

Salty, sweet, and neutral in nature, enrich and nourish the liver and kidney, subdue yang, and restrain fire

Sour and astringent in nature, supplement and boost the liver and kidney, nourish the blood and astringe yin, strengthen the effect of supplementing and astringing of the chief medicinals, and both as the deputy medicinals Both use the calcined one, the effect of astringing is stronger; assist the chief medicinals to astringe and consolidate

Both astringent in nature, specialize in astringing, and stanching bleeding

Endoconcha Sepiae (hai piao xiao)

Stanch bleeding with astringency, astringe essence, and arrest vaginal discharge

Radix et Rhizoma Rubiae (qian cao)

Cool the blood, dispel stasis, and stanch bleeding

Supplement the spleen and soothe the liver, remove dampness, and arrest vaginal discharge

Boost qi and fortify the spleen, and consolidate the chong mai to contain blood

Formulas That Consolidate and Astringe Chapter | 30

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TABLE 30.18 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Stop Profuse Uterine Bleeding and Arrest Vaginal Discharge (cont.) Name of Formula Yellow-Transforming Decoction (yi huang tang)

Efficacy Analysis Rhizoma Dioscoreae (huai shan yao) Semen Euryales (qian shi)

Put both in an important position, supplement the spleen and boost the kidney, consolidate essence and arrest vaginal discharge, and specialize in supplementing deficiency of the ren mai, both as the chief medicinals

Semen Ginkgo (bai guo)

Bitter, astringent in nature, and astringe and arrest vaginal discharge

Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai)

Clear heat and dry dampness

Semen Plantaginis (che qian zi)

Clear heat and drain dampness

Supplement the spleen and boost the kidney, clear heat and dispel dampness, and astringe and arrest vaginal discharge

2. Attached formulas (Table 30.19)

TABLE 30.19 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Stop Profuse Uterine Bleeding and Arrest Vaginal Discharge Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indications

SpiritRousing Elixir (zhen ling dan)

Initially recorded in Beneficial Formulas from the Taiping Imperial Pharmacy (tai ping hui min he ji ju fang). Composed of Limonitum (yu yu liang) 120 g, Fluoritum (zi shi ying) 120 g, Halloysitum Rubrum (chi shi zhi) 120 g, Olibanum (ru xiang) 60 g, Haematitum (dai zhe shi) 120 g, Faeces Trogopterori (wu ling zhi) 60 g, Myrrha (mo yao) 60 g, and Cinnabaris (zhu sha) 30 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, paste the powder of Fructus Oryzae Glutinosae (nuo mi) and make into pills, and take 6 g each time; or directly decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Stanch bleeding and dissolve stasis

Indicated for the treatment of flooding and spotting due to deficiency-cold of the chong and ren mai and static blood obstructing the uterus, with unceasing bleeding, purple or purpleblack-colored blood with clots, pain in the lower abdomen which refuses pressure, relief with discharging of clots, purple-dusky tongue, deep and thready and wiry pulse

Penetrating VesselCalming Decoction (an chong tang)

Initially recorded in Records of Chinese Medicine with Reference to Western Medicine (yi xue zhong zhong can xi lu). Composed of dry-fried Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (chao bai zhu) 30 g, raw Radix Astragali (sheng huang qi) 18 g, calcined Os Draconis (duan long gu) 24 g, calcined Concha Ostreae (duan mu li) 24 g, raw Radix Paeoniae Alba (sheng bai shao) 12 g, Endoconcha Sepiae (hai piao xiao) 12 g, Radix et Rhizoma Rubiae (qian cao) 9 g, and appropriate amount of Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) and Radix Dipsaci (chuan xu duan). Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Supplement qi and nourish the blood, consolidate essence, and calm the chong mai

Indicated for the treatment of spleen deficiency and qi weakness, and insecurity of the chong and ren mai, with light-colored, thin menses in large amounts, prolonged menstruation, or spotting without clots, bearing-down of the lower abdomen, less eating, fatigue, shortness of breath, unwillingness to speak, lusterless complexion, pale tongue with thin coating, thready and weak pulse

Astringing and Arresting Vaginal Discharge Decoction (shou se zhi dai tang)

Initially recorded in Treatment Strategies and Formulas in Chinese Medicine (zhong yi zhi fa yu fang ji). Composed of Rhizoma Dioscoreae (huai shan yao) 15 g, Flos Celosiae Cristatae Alba (bai ji guan hua) 15 g, Semen Euryales (qian shi) 15 g, Semen Cuscutae (tu si zi) 12 g, Cortex Eucommiae (du zhong) 12 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 12 g, Radix Dipsaci (xu duan) 12 g, and Cortex Ailanthi (chun gen pi) 30 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Supplement the kidney, consolidate the chong mai, astringe and arrest vaginal discharge

Indicated for the treatment of female leucorrhea continuing for a long time without ceasing due to deficiency of the chong and ren mai, and kidney qi insecurity

DischargeClearing Decoction (qing dai tang)

Initially recorded in Records of Chinese Medicine with Reference to Western Medicine (yi xue zhong zhong can xi lu). Composed of raw Rhizoma Dioscoreae (sheng shan yao) 30 g, raw Os Draconis (sheng long gu) 18 g, raw Concha Ostreae (sheng mu li) 18 g, Endoconcha Sepiae (hai piao xiao) 12 g and Radix et Rhizoma Rubiae (qian cao) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Astringe and arrest vaginal discharge

Indicated for the treatment of female leucorrhea with red and white discharge, or clear and thin leucorrhea in large amounts with unceasing or noninterruption, waist soreness, lack of strength, pale tongue with white coating, deep and thready pulse

632 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

3. Formula differentiation (Table 30.20) TABLE 30.20 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Stop Profuse Uterine Bleeding and Arrest Vaginal Discharge Name of Formula Menses-Securing Pill (gu jing wan)

Similarities

Differences

Both can be used for the treatment of profuse menstruation, flooding, and spotting (uterine bleeding)

It is more suitable for the treatment of flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding) due to yin deficiency resulting in vigorous fire, fire-heat forcing the blood of the chong and ren mai to frenetically move. It mainly focuses on enriching yin and clearing heat to treat the root, and also can astringe and arrest bleeding

Penetrating Vessel-Securing Decoction (gu chong tang) YellowTransforming Decoction (yi huang tang) Astringing and Arresting Vaginal Discharge Decoction (shou se zhi dai tang) DischargeClearing Decoction (qing dai tang)

It is more suitable for the treatment of profuse uterine bleeding due to spleen qi deficiency, failure of qi to contain blood (i.e., keep it within the vessels), and insecurity of the chong mai. It can supplement qi to contain blood to treat the root, and also consolidate and astringe to stanch bleeding to treat the branch. Its effect of stanching bleeding is strong All three formulas put Rhizoma Dioscoreae (huai shan yao) in an important position to supplement the kidney, consolidate, and astringe, and can be used for the treatment of leukorrhea (abnormal vaginal discharge)

Combine with herbs that clear heat and dispel dampness, such as Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai) and Semen Plantaginis (che qian zi); it is indicated for the treatment of yellow leukorrhea with a pattern of spleen-kidney weakness and damp-heat pouring downward Combine with herbs that supplement the kidney and fortify the spleen and herbs that astringe and arrest vaginal discharge; it is indicated for the treatment of female leukorrhea continuing for a long time without ceasing caused by deficiency of the chong and ren mai, kidney qi insecurity, and the spleen failing to transport (nutrients)

Combine with Os Draconis (long gu), Concha Ostreae (mu li), and medicinals that dissolve stasis, such as Endoconcha Sepiae (hai piao xiao) and Radix et Rhizoma Rubiae (qian cao); it is indicated for the treatment of leucorrhea with red and white discharge with a pattern of incontinence complicated by blood stasis and stagnation

Chapter 31

Formulas That Calm the Mind Chapter Outline Section 1 Formulas That Calm the Mind With Heavy Sedatives Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas Section 2 Formulas That Nourish the Heart and Calm the Mind Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas

634 634 634

Section 3 Formulas That Restore Interaction Between the Heart and the Kidney Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas

643 643 644

638 638 638

ABSTRACT Formulas that are mainly composed of herbs that calm the mind, have the effects of tranquilizing the spirit and stabilizing the mind, and used for the treatment of diseases and syndromes of (conscious) mind restlessness are called “Formulas That Calm the Mind.” They are divided into following three categories: formulas that calm the mind with heavy sedatives, formulas that nourish the heart and calm the mind, and formulas that restore interaction between the heart and the kidney. Keywords: formulas that calm the mind with heavy sedatives; formulas that nourish the heart and calm the mind; formulas that restore interaction between the heart and the kidney; tranquilize the heart and calm the mind; calm the mind with heavy sedatives; nourish the blood and calm the mind; restore interaction between the heart and the kidney

Formulas that are mainly composed of herbs that calm the mind, have the effects of tranquilizing the spirit and stabilizing the mind, and used for the treatment of diseases and syndromes of (conscious) mind restlessness are called “Formulas That Calm the Mind.” Formulas that calm the mind are suitable for the treatment of restless mind syndrome, with palpitation, severe palpitation, insomnia, forgetfulness, vexation and agitation, fright, and mania. As the heart stores the spirit, the liver stores the ethereal soul, and the kidney stores the will, these indicated syndromes are mainly caused by abnormal exuberance or debilitation of yin or yang of the heart, liver, and kidney, or their mutual functional disorder. The basic mechanisms of these diseases are suffering from external panic and mind becoming restless, or hyperactivity of heart yang and liver yang harassing the heart-spirit, or constrained anger damaging the liver and liver constraint transforming into fire which is internally harassing the heart-spirit, or excessive thought and contemplation (lǜ) quietly consuming yin-blood and yin-blood insufficiency which is leading to malnutrition of the heart-spirit, or failure of the heart and kidney to interact and hyperactivity of heart fire. Restless mind pattern can be divided into excess pattern or deficiency pattern. A pattern with fright, mania, irascibility, vexation, and agitation as the primary may belong to excess pattern, which should be treated with calming the mind with heavy sedatives according to the therapeutic principle “when there is fright, treat it by calming” in The Yellow Emperor’s Inner Classic (huang di nei jing). A pattern with palpitation, forgetfulness, deficient restlessness, and insomnia as the primary may belong to deficiency pattern, which should be treated with supplementing and nourishing, as well as calming the mind according to the therapeutic principle “when there is deficiency, treat it with supplementation” and “when there is detriment, treat it by boosting” in The Yellow Emperor’s Inner Classic (huang di nei jing). A pattern with vexation, insomnia, profuse dreaming, and seminal emission may belong to noninteraction between the heart and the kidney, and discordance between water and fire, which should be treated with restoring interaction between the heart and the kidney. Therefore, formulas in Essentials of Chinese Materia Medica and Medical Formulas. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812722-3.00031-2 Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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this chapter are divided into following three categories: (1) formulas that calm the mind with heavy sedatives, (2) formulas that nourish the heart and calm the mind, and (3) formulas that restore interaction between the heart and the kidney. The syndrome of restless mind is usually a complex pattern with deficiency-excess, so “calm the mind with heavy sedatives” and “nourish the heart and calm the mind” often combined together to treat deficiency and excess at the same time. In addition, mania, agitation, and delirious speech due to fire-heat should be treated with the methods of clearing heat and draining fire; depressive psychosis and mania due to phlegm should be treated with the methods of dispelling phlegm; mania due to blood stasis should be treated with the methods of invigorating blood and dispelling stasis; mania due to yangming fu excess should be treated with purgative method; consumptive disease complicated by restless mind should be treated with supplementing and boosting methods. All these treatment principles should also refer to the other related chapters and sections mutually. Most of the formulas that calm the mind with heavy sedatives are composed of metal, stone, and shell medicinals, which are easy to injury stomach qi and not suitable for long-term application. Patients with weakness of the spleen and stomach should be treated with combination of herbs that fortify the spleen and harmonize the stomach. As metal and stone medicinals are usually hard, they should be broken into pieces and decocted first. In addition, some formulas in this chapter contain poisonous medicinals, such as Cinnabaris (zhu sha), which cannot be taken orally for a long time.

SECTION 1  FORMULAS THAT CALM THE MIND WITH HEAVY SEDATIVES Outline Formulas that calm the mind with heavy sedatives are suitable for the treatment of restless (conscious) mind due to yang hyperactivity or vigorous fire of the heart and liver harassing the heart spirit, discomposed heart-spirit, insomnia and profuse dreaming, palpitation or severe palpitation. According to the principle of “heavy medicinals can eliminate timidity,” formulas in this section are usually composed of metal and stone medicinals that calm the mind, such as Cinnabaris (zhu sha), Magnetitum (ci shi) and Concha Margaritiferae Usta (zhen zhu mu). As yang hyperactivity with profuse heat is easy to consume or damage yin-blood, formulas that calm the mind with heavy sedatives often combined with Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) to clear heart heat and drain fire, Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) and Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) to enrich yin and nourish the blood to balance yang. The representative formulas are Cinnabar Spirit-Calming Pill (zhu sha an shen wan); Loadstones and Cinnabar Pill (ci zhu wan); Cinnamon Twig, Licorice, Dragon Bone, and Oyster Shell Decoction (gui zhi gan cao long gu mu li tang); and Mother-of-Pearl Pill (zhen zhu mu wan).

Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 1. Primary formulas and analysis (Tables 31.1 and 31.2) TABLE 31.1 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Calm the Mind With Heavy Sedatives Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy and Indications

Cinnabar SpiritCalming Pill (zhu sha an shen wan)

Initially recorded in Clarifying Doubts About Damage From Internal and External Causes (nei wai shang bian huo lun). Composed of Cinnabaris (zhu sha) 15 g, Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 18 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 16 g, Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 8 g, and Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 8 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, mix with honey, and make into pills, and take orally, 6–9 g each time

Tranquilize the heart and calm the mind, drain fire, and nourish yin. Indicated for the treatment of exuberance of heart fire and yinblood insufficiency, with discomposed heart-spirit, insomnia and profuse dreaming, palpitation or severe palpitation, red tongue, thready and rapid pulse

Modified Clinical Applications For more evident vexing heat in the chest and insomnia due to exuberant heart fire, add Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi) and Plumula Nelumbinis (lian zi xin) to strengthen the effects of clearing heart heat and relieving vexation; for mind in disorder and inquietude of soul and spirit, complicated by panic and easier to be frightened, add Os Draconis (long gu), Concha Ostreae (mu li), and Magnetitum (ci shi) to assist the effects of suppressing fright and calming the mind; for more evident insomnia, add Semen Ziziphi Spinosae (suan zao ren) and Semen Platycladi (bai zi ren) to strengthen the effects of tranquilizing the heart and calming the mind

Caution for Use It contains the poisonous Cinnabaris (zhu sha) and is not suitable for long-term use or overdose. Its use is cautious in patients with weakness of the spleen and stomach. It is also not suited to combine with iodides and bromides to avoid iatrogenic enteritis

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TABLE 31.1 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Calm the Mind With Heavy Sedatives (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy and Indications

Modified Clinical Applications

Caution for Use

Cinnamon Twig, Licorice, Dragon Bone, and Oyster Shell Decoction (gui zhi gan cao long gu mu li tang)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Cold Damage (shang han lun). Composed of Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 18 g, Concha Ostreae (mu li) 18 g, and Os Draconis (long gu) 18 g. Decoct the aforementioned medicinal with water for oral use

Supplement and boost heart yang, suppress fright, and calm the mind. Indicated for the treatment of heart yang insufficiency, with vexation and agitation, palpitation, restlessness, fatigue, lack of strength, pale tongue with white coating, deep and thready pulse

For more evident yang deficiency with cold body and cold limbs, add Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) and Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) to strengthen the effects of boosting qi and assisting yang; complicated by spontaneous sweating and aversion to wind, add Radix Astragali (huang qi), Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao), and Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) to boost qi and consolidate the exterior, nourish yin, and astringe nutrient qi

Its use is prohibited in patients with preference for cold and aversion to heat

Loadstones and Cinnabar Pill (ci zhu wan)

Initially recorded in Important Formulas Worth A Thousand Gold Pieces for Emergency (bei ji qian jin yao fang). Composed of Magnetitum (ci shi) 60 g, Cinnabaris (zhu sha) 30 g, and Massa Medicata Fermentata (shen qu) 120 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, mix with Mel (feng mi), and make into pills as size of phoenix tree seed, and take orally, 2 g each time

Calm the mind with heavy sedatives, and improve hearing and vision. Indicated for the treatment of noninteraction between the heart and the kidney, with blurred vision, tinnitus and deafness, palpitation, and insomnia; or for the treatment of epilepsy

For restless mind complicated by dizziness, dry eyes, and photophobia, add Six-Ingredient Rehmannia Pill (liu wei di huang wan) to enrich and nourish the liver and kidney; for epilepsy with excessive phlegm, add prepared Rhizoma Pinelliae (zhi ban xia), Arisaema cum Bile (dan nan xing), and Concretio Silicea Bambusae (tian zhu huang) to extinguish wind and dissolve phlegm; complicated by thirst and red tongue due to yin deficiency resulting in vigorous fire, add medicinals that enrich yin and subdue fire, such as Anemarrhena, Phellodendron, and Rehmannia Pill (zhi bai di huang wan)

It contains Magnetitum (ci shi) and Cinnabaris (zhu sha), which are heavy in nature; its dose should be not too large

Mother-ofPearl Pill (zhen zhu mu wan)

Initially recorded in Experiential Formulas for Universal Relief (pu ji ben shi fang). Composed of Concha Margaritiferae Usta (zhen zhu mu) 22.5 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 45 g, Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 45 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 30 g, Semen Ziziphi Spinosae (suan zao ren) 30 g, Semen Platycladi (bai zi ren) 30 g, Cornu Rhinocerotis (xi jiao) [substituted by Cornu Bubali (shui niu jiao)] 15 g, Sclerotium Poriae Pararadicis (fu shen) 15 g, Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum (chen xiang) 15 g, and Dens Draconis (long chi) 15 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, mix with honey, and make into pills as size of phoenix tree seed, and take 6 g each time with decoction of Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (jin yin hua) and Herba Menthae (bo he); or as a decoction

Tranquilize the heart and calm the mind, calm the liver and subdue yang, enrich yin and nourish the blood. Indicated for the treatment of mind inquietude due to yang hyperactivity and yin-blood insufficiency, with less sleep at night, sometimes palpitations due to fright, dizziness, thready and wiry pulse

For yang hyperactivity transforming into wind and harassing in interior and rushing upward, complicated by thirst, vexation and agitation, headache, and red eyes, add Spica Prunellae (xia ku cao), Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu), and Flos Chrysanthemi (ju hua) to clear heat and calm the liver and extinguish wind; for yang hyperactivity transforming into wind and ascending counterflow of qi and blood with more evident vertigo, remove Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) and Cornu Rhinocerotis (xi jiao), and add Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (huai niu xi), Rhizoma Gastrodiae (tian ma), and Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis (gou teng) to harmonize qi and blood, calm the liver, and extinguish wind

It is not suitable for patients with palpitations (due to fright) and less sleep caused by simple phlegmheat or phlegmfire

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TABLE 31.2 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Calm the Mind With Heavy Sedatives Name of Formula Cinnabar Spirit-Calming Pill (zhu sha an shen wan)

Cinnamon Twig, Licorice, Dragon Bone, and Oyster Shell Decoction (gui zhi gan cao long gu mu li tang)

Loadstones and Cinnabar Pill (ci zhu wan)

Efficacy Analysis Cinnabaris (zhu sha)

Sweet, cold, and heavy in nature, calm the mind with heavy nature, clear and drain heart fire, as the chief medicinal

Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian)

Bitter and cold in nature, assist the chief medicinal to clear heart heat, and drain fire to relieve vexing heat

Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang)

Sweet, bitter, and cold in nature, enrich yin, and clear heat

Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui)

Sweet, acrid, and warm in nature, supplement and nourish heart blood

Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao)

Its dosage is large. Besides harmonizing the center and actions of all medicinals, it can prevent Cinnabaris (zhu sha) to affect the stomach

Concha Ostreae (muli) Os Draconis (long gu)

Heavy, descending, and sinking in nature, subdue and astringe the consumed or discharged heart qi, tranquilize the heart and calm the mind to relieve vexation and agitation, both as the chief medicinals

Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi)

The combination of acrid and sweet medicinals support yang; warm heart yang

Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao)

Boost qi and harmonize the center, assist Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) to warm and supplement heart yang, and harmonize the center and actions of all medicinals

Magnetitum (ci shi)

Salty and cold in nature, act on the kidney channel, boost yin and subdue yang, suppress fright and calm the mind, as the chief medicinal

Supplement insufficiency and suppress yang hyperactivity

Combine with each other, suppress floating yang, promote heart-kidney interaction, inhibit heart fire harassing the upper body, tranquilize the mind, and improve hearing and vision

Cinnabaris (zhu sha)

Sweet, cold, and heavy in nature, calm the mind with heavy nature, clear heart heat, and stabilize the mind

Massa Medicata Fermentata (shen qu)

Fortify the stomach and harmonize the center to assist transportation and transformation of the stone medicinals, and prevent the stone medicinals from damaging stomach

Mel (feng mi)

Supplement the center and boost the stomach, moderate the actions of all medicinals

Tranquilize the heart and calm the mind, drain fire and nourish yin

Supplement and boost heart yang, suppress fright and calm the mind

Calm the mind with heavy sedatives, and improve hearing and vision

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TABLE 31.2 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Calm the Mind With Heavy Sedatives (cont.) Name of Formula Mother-of-Pearl Pill (zhen zhu mu wan)

Efficacy Analysis Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen)

Sweet, slightly bitter, and slightly warm in nature, supplement qi, and nourish the blood

Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui)

Sweet, acrid, and warm in nature, supplement the blood, and invigorate blood

Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) Concha Margaritiferae Usta (zhen zhu mu) Dens Draconis (long chi)

Sweet and slightly warm in nature, supplement the blood, and enrich yin

Semen Ziziphi Spinosae (suan zao ren)

Nourish the heart and supplement the liver, tranquilize the heart, and calm the mind

Semen Platycladi (bai zi ren) Sclerotium Poriae Pararadicis (fu shen)

Nourish the heart and calm the mind

Cornu Rhinocerotis (xi jiao) Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum (chen xiang)

Bitter and cold in nature, suppress fright, and clear residual heat from yang hyperactivity Acrid, bitter, and sinking in nature, contain or control floating yang

Cinnabaris (zhu sha)

Sweet, cold, and heavy in nature, calm the mind with heavy nature, clear and drain heart fire

Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (jin yin hua) Herba Menthae (bohe)

Calm the liver and subdue yang, and calm the mind Suppress fright, calm the mind, clear heat, and relieve vexation

Nourish the blood and enrich yin, boost qi, and engender blood

Calm the liver and subdue yang, tranquilize the heart, and calm the mind, both as the chief medicinals Tranquilize the spirit and stabilize the mind

Tranquilize the heart and calm the mind

Cool and cold in nature, clear heart heat and liver heat

Tranquilize the heart and calm the mind, calm the liver and subdue yang, enrich yin and nourish the blood

Strengthen the effects of calming the liver and suppress fright and calm the mind

2. Attached formulas (Table 31.3) TABLE 31.3 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Calm the Mind With Heavy Sedatives Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indications

Iron Flakes Beverage (sheng tie luo yin)

Initially recorded in Medical Revelations (yi xue xin wu). Composed of Radix Asparagi (tian dong) 9 g, Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) 9 g, Bulbus Fritillaria (bei mu) 9 g, Arisaema cum Bile (dan nan xing) 3 g, Exocarpium Citri Rubrum (ju hong) 3 g, Radix Polygalae (yuan zhi) 3 g, Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (shi chang pu) 3 g, Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao) 3 g, Poria (fu ling) 3 g, Sclerotium Poriae Pararadicis (fu shen) 3 g, Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen) 4.5 g, Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis (gou teng) 4.5 g, Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae (dan shen) 4.5 g, Cinnabaris (zhu sha) 1 g, and Frusta Ferri (sheng tie luo) 30 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Tranquilize the heart and calm the mind, clear heat, and clear up phlegm

Indicated for the treatment of depressive psychosis and mania due to phlegm-fire harassing the upper body, with mania, restlessness, subject to changing mood, failing to distinguish the relative or stranger, crimson tongue with yellow and greasy coating, wiry and rapid pulse

LiverDraining and SpiritCalming Pill (xie gan an shen wan)

Initially recorded in Chinese Pharmacopoeia (zhong hua ren min gong he guo yao dian). Composed of Radix et Rhizoma Gentianae (long dan) 9 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 9 g, Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi) 9 g, Concha Margaritiferae Usta (zhen zhu mu) 60 g, Concha Ostreae (mu li) 15 g, Os Draconis (long gu) 15 g, Semen Platycladi (bai zi ren) 9 g, dry-fried Semen Ziziphi Spinosae (chao suan zao ren) 15 g, prepared Radix Polygalae (zhi yuan zhi) 9 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 9 g, Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 9 g, Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) 9 g, Fructus Tribuli (ji li) 9 g, Poria (fu ling) 9 g, Semen Plantaginis (che qian zi) 9 g, Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie) 9 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 3 g. Grind the ingredients into powder and make into water pills, and take 6 g each time, 2 times a day

Clear liver heat and drain fire, calm the mind with heavy sedatives

Indicated for the treatment of insomnia, profuse dreaming, and vexation caused by exuberance of liver fire and heart-spirit inquietude

638 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

3. Formula differentiation (Table 31.4) TABLE 31.4 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Calm the Mind With Heavy Sedatives Name of Formula Cinnabar Spirit-Calming Pill (zhu sha an shen wan) Loadstones and Cinnabar Pill (ci zhu wan)

Similarity

Differences

Both select the heavy medicinal Cinnabaris (zhu sha) to calm the mind, and can be used for the treatment of palpitation and insomnia

It is good at tranquilizing the heart and draining fire, nourishing the blood and enriching yin, and indicated for the treatment of palpitation and insomnia caused by heart fire hyperactivity and yin-blood insufficiency

It is good at calming the mind with heavy sedatives and restoring interaction between the heart and the kidney, and indicated for the treatment of palpitation, insomnia, tinnitus, and blurred vision due to kidney yin insufficiency, hyperactivity of heart yang, and noninteraction between the heart and the kidney

SECTION 2  FORMULAS THAT NOURISH THE HEART AND CALM THE MIND Outline Formulas that nourish the heart and calm the mind are suitable for the treatment of restless (conscious) mind due to qi and blood depletion, and malnutrition of spirit, deficient restlessness and less sleep, palpitation and forgetfulness, tender tongue with slight coating, thready and weak pulse. Formulas in this section are often composed of herbs that nourish the heart and calm the mind, such as Semen Ziziphi Spinosae (suan zao ren), Semen Platycladi (bai zi ren), and Sclerotium Poriae Pararadicis (fu shen), combining herbs that supplement and nourish, such as Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen), Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang), Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui), and Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong). The representative formulas are Celestial Emperor Heart-Supplementing Elixir (tian wang bu xin dan), Heart-Nourishing Decoction (yang xin tang), Sour Jujube Decoction (suan zao ren tang), and Licorice, Wheat, and Jujube Decoction (gan mai da zao tang).

Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 1. Primary formulas and analysis (Tables 31.5 and 31.6) TABLE 31.5 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Nourish the Heart and Calm the Mind Name of Formula Sour Jujube Decoction (suan zao ren tang)

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy and Indications

Initially recorded in Essentials From the Golden Cabinet (jin gui yao lüe). Composed of dry-fried Semen Ziziphi Spinosae (chao suan zao ren) 30 g, Poria (fu ling) 6 g, Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu) 9 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 6 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 3 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Clear heat and relieve vexation, nourish the blood, and calm the mind. Indicated for the treatment of liver blood insufficiency and deficiency-heat harassing the spirit, with insomnia and palpitation, deficient restlessness, dizziness, dry throat and mouth, red tongue, wiry and thready pulse

Modified Clinical Applications

Caution for Use

For night sweating due to deficiency-heat forcing fluid releasing out, add Concha Ostreae (mu li), Fructus Tritici Levis (fu xiao mai), and Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi); for palpitation and easier to be frightened due to heartgallbladder qi deficiency, add Dens Draconis (long chi) and Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen); for more evident vexation, agitation, and restlessness due to deficiency fire harassing the interior, add Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao), Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi), and Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang)

Its use is cautious in patients with excess (heat) pathogen, constraint fire, or vexation, agitation, and insomnia due to hyperactivity of liver yang

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TABLE 31.5 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Nourish the Heart and Calm the Mind (cont.) Name of Formula

Modified Clinical Applications

Caution for Use

Supplement the heart and calm the mind, enrich yin, and clear heat. Indicated for the treatment of yin depletion and internal heat, restlessness in mind (heart-spirit), with deficient restlessness and less sleep, palpitation, fatigue, nocturnal emission and forgetfulness, dry and hard stool, sore in mouth and tongue, red tongue with slight coating, thready and rapid pulse

For not more evident deficiency-heat, remove Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen), Radix Asparagi (tian dong), and Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong); for more severe insomnia, add Dens Draconis (long chi), Magnetitum (ci shi), and Caulis Polygoni Multiflori (ye jiao teng) to strengthen the effects of calming the mind with heavy sedatives; for palpitation or severe palpitation, add Arillus Longan (long yan rou) and Caulis Polygoni Multiflori (ye jiao teng) to strengthen the effects of nourishing the heart and calming the mind; for more evident (spontaneous) seminal emission due to insecurity of essence pass, add Fructus Rosae Laevigatae (jin ying zi), Semen Euryales (qian shi), and calcined Concha Ostreae (duan mu li) to consolidate the kidney and astringe essence

Avoid acrid and pungent food during the medication. Its use is cautious in patients with less eating and loose stool due to weakness of the spleen and stomach

Supplement and boost qi and blood, nourish the heart, and calm the mind. Indicated for the treatment of qi and blood insufficiency, and restlessness of heart spirit, with mental confusion, palpitation, easier to be frightened, insomnia, forgetfulness, pale tongue, and thready pulse

Complicated by vexation and thirst, and feverish feeling in palms and soles, add Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang), Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong), and Fructus Lycii (gou qi zi) to strengthen the effects of enriching yin and nourishing the blood; for easier to be sad and verging on crying, worrit, and depression, add Cortex Albiziae (he huan pi), Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao), and Radix Curcumae (yu jin) to soften the liver and resolve constraint

It is not suitable for patients with exterior excess pattern and exuberance of pathogen

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy and Indications

Celestial Emperor HeartSupplementing Elixir (tian wang bu xin dan)

Initially recorded in Corrections and Annotations to Fine Formulas for Women (jiao zhu fu ren liang fang). Composed of Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 120 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 15 g, Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae (dan shen) 15 g, Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen) 15 g, Radix Polygalae (yuan zhi) 15 g, Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) 15 g, Poria Alba (bai fu ling) 15 g, Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi) 30 g, main part of Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui shen) 30 g, Radix Asparagi (tian dong) 30 g, Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) 30 g, Semen Platycladi (bai zi ren) 30 g, and Semen Ziziphi Spinosae (suan zao ren) 30 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, mix with honey, make into pills, coat with Cinnabaris (zhu sha), and take orally, 9 g each time

HeartNourishing Decoction (yang xin tang)

Initially recorded in [Yang] Ren-zhai’s Direct Guidance on Formulas (ren zhai zhi zhi fang). Composed of Radix Astragali Praeparata cum Melle (zhi huang qi) 15 g, Poria Alba (bai fu ling) 15 g, Sclerotium Poriae Pararadicis (fu shen) 15 g, Rhizoma Pinelliae Fermentata (ban xia qu) 15 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 15 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 15 g, Radix Polygalae (yuan zhi) 8 g, Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) 8 g, Semen Platycladi (bai zi ren) 8 g, dry-fried Semen Ziziphi Spinosae (chao suan zao ren) 8 g, Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi) 8 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 8 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 12 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, decoct 9 g powder each time with water, Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 5 pieces and Fructus Jujubae (da zao) 2 pieces for oral use before meals

(Continued)

640 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 31.5 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Nourish the Heart and Calm the Mind (cont.) Name of Formula Licorice, Wheat, and Jujube Decoction (gan mai da zao tang)

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy and Indications

Initially recorded in Essentials From the Golden Cabinet (jin gui yao lüe). Composed of Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 9 g, Fructus Tritici Aestivi (xiao mai) 30 g, and Fructus Jujubae (da zao) 10 pieces. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Nourish the heart and calm the mind, soften the liver, and relax spasm. Indicated for the treatment of visceral agitation due to damage of heart yin and disharmony of liver qi, with absentmindedness, frequent sadness verging on crying, inability to self-control, restless heart-spirit, restless sleep, even disorderly words and deeds, frequent yawn, light red tongue with slight coating, thready, weak, and rapid pulse

Modified Clinical Applications

Caution for Use

For vexation, insomnia, red tongue with slight coating due to more evident heart yin deficiency, add Bulbus Lilii (bai he) and Semen Platycladi (bai zi ren); for restless sleep, thready and wiry pulse due to liver blood deficiency, add Semen Ziziphi Spinosae (suan zao ren), Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui), and Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao)

It is not suitable for patients with depressive psychosis and mania due to internal exuberance of phlegm-fire

TABLE 31.6 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Nourish the Heart and Calm the Mind Name of Formula Sour Jujube Decoction (suan zao ren tang)

Efficacy Analysis Semen Ziziphi Spinosae (suan zao ren)

Sweet, sour, and moistening in nature, nourish the blood and supplement the liver, tranquilize the heart and calm the mind, as the chief medicinal

Poria (fu ling)

Tranquilize the heart and calm the mind

Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu)

Bitter, sweet, and cold in nature, nourish yin and moisten dryness, clear heat and relieve vexation

Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao)

Acrid and dispersing in nature, regulate liver blood, and soothe liver qi Harmonize the center and relax spasm, and harmonize the actions of all medicinals

Clear heat and relieve vexation, nourish the blood and calm the mind

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TABLE 31.6 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Nourish the Heart and Calm the Mind (cont.) Name of Formula Celestial Emperor Heart-Supplementing Elixir (tian wang bu xin dan)

Efficacy Analysis Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) Radix Asparagi (tian dong) Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) Semen Ziziphi Spinosae(suan zao ren) Semen Platycladi (bai zi ren)

Sweet and cold in nature, enrich yin, promote fluid production, and clear heat

Sweet and neutral in nature, nourish the heart, and calm the mind

Combine with each other, assist the chief medicinal to enrich yin and supplement the blood to nourish the heart and calm the mind

Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui)

Supplement heart blood

Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen)

Supplement qi; vigorous qi promoting yin-blood production to tranquilize heart-spirit

Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis(wu wei zi)

Sour and sweet in nature, astringe yin to nourish heart-spirit

Poria Alba (bai fu ling)

Heart-Nourishing Decoction (yang xin tang)

Sweet and cold in nature, enrich yin and nourish the blood, and clear deficiency heat, as the chief medicinal

Nourish the heart and calm the mind, and restore interaction between the heart and the kidney

Radix Polygalae (yuan zhi) Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen) Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae (dan shen) Cinnabaris (zhu sha)

Enrich yin and subdue fire to inhibit deficiency fire flaming upward Nourish heart blood and invigorate blood to remove stagnation from the herbs that supplement

Radix Platycodonis (jie geng)

Guide the effects ofother herbs to the heart channel, as the envoy medicinal

Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen)

Sweet and slightly warm in nature, supplement the spleen and boost qi, both as the chief medicinals

Radix Astragali (huang qi) Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) Sclerotium Poriae Pararadicis (fu shen) Poria Alba (bai fu ling) Semen Ziziphi Spinosae(suan zao ren) Semen Platycladi (bai zi ren) Radix Polygalae (yuan zhi) Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis(wu wei zi)

Tranquilize the heart and calm the mind, and treat the branch

Supplement the blood and nourish the heart, combine with the chief medicinals to cultivate the root of qi and blood insufficiency Nourish the heart and calm the mind to treat the branch of mind inquietude

Supplement the heart and calm the mind and relieve palpitation

Rhizoma Pinelliae Fermentata(ban xia qu)

Harmonize the stomach and promote digestion, combine with Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) and Radix Astragali (huang qi) to assist the source of qi and blood production

Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui)

Return fire to its source, and enhearten qi and blood production to strengthen the effects of warming and nourishing

Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong)

Regulate the liver and harmonize the blood

Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao)

Supplement the heart and calm the mind, enrich yin, and clear heat

Supplement and boost qi and blood, nourish the heart, and calm the mind

Harmonize the actions of all medicinals, combine with Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) and Fructus Jujubae (da zao) to strengthen the effects of harmonizing the center and boosting the spleen, regulating and harmonizing qi and blood

(Continued)

642 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 31.6 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Nourish the Heart and Calm the Mind (cont.) Name of Formula Licorice, Wheat, and Jujube Decoction (gan mai da zao tang)

Efficacy Analysis Fructus Tritici Aestivi (xiao mai)

Sweet and cool in nature, supplement the heart and nourish the liver, boost yin and relieve vexation, tranquilize the heart and calm the mind, as the chief medicinals

Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao)

Sweet and neutral in nature, supplement and nourish heart qi, harmonize the center and relax spasm, as the deputy medicinal

Fructus Jujubae (da zao)

Sweet, warm, and moistening in nature, boost qi and harmonize the center, moisten dryness and relax spasm, as the assistant medicinal

Nourish the heart and calm the mind, soften the liver and relax spasm

2. Attached formulas (Table 31.7) TABLE 31.7 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Nourish the Heart and Calm the Mind Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indications

Biota Seed HeartNourishing Pill (bai zi yang xin wan)

Initially recorded in A Compilation of Benevolent Formulas (ti ren hui bian). Composed of Semen Platycladi (bai zi ren) 12 g, Fructus Lycii (gou qi zi) 9 g, Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) 5 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 5 g, Sclerotium Poriae Pararadicis (fu shen) 5 g, Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (shi chang pu) 5 g, Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen) 6 g, Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 6 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 6 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, mix with honey, and make into pills as size of phoenix tree seed, coat with Cinnabaris (zhu sha), and take orally, 9 g each time

Nourish the heart and clam the mind, enrich yin, and supplement the kidney

Indicated for the treatment of restless mind due to yin-blood depletion and noninteraction between the heart and the kidney, with absentmindedness, palpitations due to fright, severe palpitation, profuse dreaming at night, forgetfulness, night sweating, red tongue with slight coating, thready and rapid pulse

Sage Confucius Pillow Elixir (kong sheng zhen zhong dan)

Initially recorded in Important Formulas Worth A Thousand Gold Pieces for Emergency (bei ji qian jin yao fang). Composed of equal parts of Plastrum Testudinis (gui ban), Os Draconis (long gu), Radix Polygalae (yuan zhi), and Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (shi chang pu). Grind the ingredients into powder, mix with wine, and make into pills, and take orally, 3 g each time; or mix with honey and make into pills, and take 6 g each time orally with yellow wine

Supplement the kidney and tranquilize the heart, benefit the mental ability, and calm the mind

Indicated for the treatment of forgetfulness, insomnia, and restlessness of heart-spirit due to heart-kidney insufficiency

SpiritTranquillizing MindStabilizing Pill (an shen ding zhi wan)

Initially recorded in Medical Revelations (yi xue xin wu). Composed of Poria (fu ling) 30 g, Sclerotium Poriae Pararadicis (fu shen) 30 g, Radix Polygalae (yuan zhi) 30 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 30 g, Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (shi chang pu) 15 g, and Dens Draconis (long chi) 15 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, mix with honey, and make into pills as size of phoenix tree seed, coat with Cinnabaris (zhu sha), and take orally, 6 g each time

Calm and stabilize the mind, boost qi, and suppress fright

Indicated for the treatment of heart-gallbladder qi deficiency and inquietude of heart-spirit, with discomposed spirit, insomnia, fright in a dream, palpitation, timidity, pale tongue, thready and weak pulse; or for the treatment of epilepsy and seminal emission

MindStabilizing Minor Pill (ding zhi xiao wan)

Initially recorded in Important Formulas Worth A Thousand Gold Pieces for Emergency (bei ji qian jin yao fang). Composed of Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 9 g, Poria (fu ling) 9 g, Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (shi chang pu) 6 g, and Radix Polygalae (yuan zhi) 6 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, mix with honey, and make into pills as size of phoenix tree seed, and take orally, 3 g each time, 3 times a day

Calm and stabilize the mind, boost qi, and supplement the heart

Indicated for the treatment of deficient timidness of the heart and gallbladder, with mental confusion, restlessness of heart spirit, palpitation, forgetfulness, profuse nightmare, easier to be timid and afraid, or mania and dizziness

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3. Formula differentiation (Table 31.8) TABLE 31.8 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Nourish the Heart and Calm the Mind Name of Formula

Similarity

Differences

Sour Jujube Decoction (suan zao ren tang)

Both can enrich yin and nourish the blood and calm the mind, and are mainly used for the treatment of deficient restlessness and insomnia due to yin-blood insufficiency and deficiency-heat harassing the interior

Put Semen Ziziphi Spinosae (suan zao ren) in an important position and combine with Poria (fu ling) and Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong). It can nourish the liver and tranquilize the heart-spirit, and indicated for the treatment of liver blood insufficiency

Both select Semen Ziziphi Spinosae (suan zao ren), Radix Polygalae (yuan zhi), Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui), and Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) to combine, can tranquilize the heart and calm the mind, and are used for the treatment of insomnia

Put several herbs that enrich yin in an important position to supplement heart-kidney yin. It is indicated for the treatment of restless mind due to heart-kidney yin depletion and internal heat

All three formulas can calm the mind and tranquilize the heart, and are used for the treatment of deficient restlessness and insomnia caused by yin-blood depletion

Put Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) in an important position, and combine with several herbs that enrich yin and clear heat, such as Radix Asparagi (tian dong), Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong), and Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen) to nourish and supplement heart-kidney yin, and mainly supplement the heart. It is indicated for the treatment of restless mind mainly due to yin deficiency and internal heat

Celestial Emperor HeartSupplementing Elixir (tian wang bu xin dan)

Celestial Emperor HeartSupplementing Elixir (tian wang bu xin dan) Spleen-Restoring Decoction (gui pi tang)

Celestial Emperor HeartSupplementing Elixir (tian wang bu xin dan)

Put Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) in an important position and combine with herbs that enrich yin and clear heat, such as Radix Asparagi (tian dong), Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong), and Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen). It is indicated for the treatment of kidney yin depletion and blood deficiency, and deficiency fire harassing the interior

Put herbs that supplement and boost in an important position to supplement and nourish qi-blood of the heart and spleen. It is indicated for the treatment of restless mind due to both qi and blood deficiency of the heart and spleen

Biota Seed HeartNourishing Pill (bai zi yang xin wan)

Put Semen Platycladi (bai zi ren) and Fructus Lycii (gou qi zi) in an important position, and combine with Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) and Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui); its effect of enriching yin is weak, it is suitable for patients with mild heart and kidney deficiency

Sage Confucius Pillow Elixir (kong sheng zhen zhong dan)

Select herbs that tranquilize the heart, benefit the mental ability, and restore interaction between the heart and the kidney, such as Radix Polygalae (yuan zhi) and Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (shi chang pu) to combine; it is indicated for the treatment of forgetfulness and insomnia due to failure of the heart and kidney to interact

SECTION 3  FORMULAS THAT RESTORE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE HEART AND THE KIDNEY Outline Formulas that restore interaction between the heart and the kidney are suitable for the treatment of restless (conscious) mind due to failure of the heart and the kidney to interact, or discoordination between water and fire with deficient restlessness and insomnia, or profuse dreaming at night, palpitation and forgetfulness, seminal emission or premature ejaculation, red tongue with slight coating, thready and rapid pulse. Formulas in this section are often composed of herbs that clear heart heat and subdue fire, such as Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian), Plumula Nelumbinis (lian zi xin), and Cinnabaris (zhu sha), combining with herbs that nourish the kidney and boost yin, such as Plastrum Testudinis (gui ban) and Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang). Some herbs that regulate the heart and kidney, such as Radix Polygalae (yuan zhi), Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (shi chang pu), Semen Nelumbinis (lian zi), and Semen Platycladi (bai zi ren) can often be selected as a combination. As disharmonization between the heart and the kidney is usually related to disorder of the middle jiao or disorderly san

644 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

jiao, formulas in this category often combined with herbs that harmonize the center and dissolve phlegm, such as Poria (fu ling) and Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia), or herbs that promote qi movement to raise or descend, such as Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum (chen xiang) and Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui). The representative formulas are Grand Communication Pill (jiao tai wan) and Coptis and Donkey-Hide Gelatin Decoction (huang lian e jiao tang).

Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 1. Primary formulas and analysis (Tables 31.9 and 31.10) TABLE 31.9 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Restore Interaction Between the Heart and the Kidney Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy and Indications

Modified Clinical Applications

Caution for Use

Grand Communication Pill (jiao tai wan)

Initially recorded in Han’s Clear View of Medicine (han shi yi tong). Composed of Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 18 g and Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) 3 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, mix with honey, and make into pills, take orally on an empty stomach

Restore interaction between the heart and the kidney. Indicated for the treatment of water and fire failing to counteract each other (heart and kidney disharmony), and hyperactivity of heart fire, with severe palpitation with inquietude, or restless sleep at night, sore in mouth and tongue

If complicated by dry mouth and tongue, red tongue with slight coating due to heart yin insufficiency, add Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) and Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong); if complicated by cold in the waist, knees, and feet due to kidney yang insufficiency, increase the dosage of Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui)

Its use is cautious in patients with urinary incontinence due to kidney deficiency or spontaneous seminal emission with deficiency-cold pattern

Coptis and DonkeyHide Gelatin Decoction (huang lian e jiao tang)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Cold Damage (shang han lun). Composed of Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 12 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 6 g, Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) 6 g, Vitellus Galli (ji zi huang) 2 pieces, and Colla Corii Asini (e jiao) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Enrich yin and subdue fire, relieve vexation, and calm the mind. Indicated for the treatment of insomnia due to yin deficiency resulting in vigorous fire and noninteraction between the heart and the kidney, with vexation and insomnia, dry mouth and throat, soreness and weakness of the waist and knees, or seminal emission, red tip of tongue, thready and rapid pulse

For more evident vexation and insomnia, add Semen Ziziphi Spinosae (suan zao ren) and Semen Platycladi (bai zi ren) to tranquilize the heart and calm the mind; for dry mouth and throat due to severe yin deficiency and internal heat, add Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) and Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) to nourish yin and clear heat; for overnight sleeplessness or slightly sleeping with profuse dreaming, add Sclerotium Poriae Pararadicis (fu shen), Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (shi chang pu), and Radix Polygalae (yuan zhi) to restore interaction between the heart and the kidney, tranquilize the heart, and calm the mind

Its use is prohibited in patients with palpitation, vexation, and insomnia due to yang deficiency and decline of fire

TABLE 31.10 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Restore Interaction Between the Heart and the Kidney Name of Formula Grand Communication Pill (jiao tai wan)

Efficacy Analysis Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian)

Bitter and cold in nature, act on the shaoyin heart channel, subdue heart fire, and inhibit fire flaming upward, as the chief medicinal Use the cold and hot medicinals simultaneously; coordination between water and fire

Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui)

Acrid and hot in nature, act on the shaoyin kidney channel, warm the kidney (viscus of water) and inhibit water moistening downward

Restore interaction between the heart and the kidney

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TABLE 31.10 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Restore Interaction Between the Heart and the Kidney (cont.) Name of Formula

Efficacy Analysis

Coptis and DonkeyHide Gelatin Decoction (huang lian e jiao tang)

Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) Colla Corii Asini (ejiao)

Radix Paeoniae (shao yao)

Bitter and cold in nature, subdue Enrich yin and supplement the kidney, clear heart heat heart fire and subdue fire, both as Sweet and neutral in nature, the chief medicinals enrich yin, and moisten dryness Sour and cold in nature, nourish the blood, and astringe yin, combine with Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) to prevent from damaging yin when draining fire, unobstruct to expel pathogen when astringing yin, and combine with Colla Corii Asini (e jiao) to strengthen the effect of boosting water

Radix Scutellariae (huang qin)

Clear heat and drain fire, combine with Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) to strengthen the effect of clearing fire

Vitellus Galli (ji zi huang)

Nourish the heart and calm the center, combine with Colla Corii Asini (e jiao) to strengthen the effects of enriching yin and nourishing the blood

Enrich yin and subdue fire, relieve vexation, and calm the mind

2. Attached formulas (Table 31.11) TABLE 31.11 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Restore Interaction Between the Heart and the Kidney Name of Formula Rosefinch Pill (zhu que wan)

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indications

Initially recorded in Selected Formulas From the Praiseworthy Studio (shi zhai bai yi xuan fang). Composed of Sclerotium Poriae Pararadicis (fu shen) 60 g and Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum (chen xiang) 15 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, mix with honey, and make into pills as size of small bean, and take orally, 6 g each time

Supplement the heart and calm the mind, and restore interaction between the heart and the kidney

Indicated for the treatment of inquietude of the (conscious) mind and forgetfulness due to heart fire failing to descend and kidney water failing to ascend, with disconcertedness, absentmindedness, unhappiness, forgetfulness, palpitation, or severe palpitation

3. Formula differentiation (Table 31.12) TABLE 31.12 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Restore Interaction Between the Heart and the Kidney Name of Formula Coptis and DonkeyHide Gelatin Decoction (huang lian e jiao tang) Grand Communication Pill (jiao tai wan)

Similarities

Differences

Both can subdue fire and calm the mind, and are used for the treatment of vexation and insomnia

Put Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) in an important position, and combine with Radix Scutellariae (huang qin), Radix Paeoniae (shao yao), Vitellus Galli (ji zi huang), and Colla Corii Asini (e jiao); it is more suitable for the treatment of insomnia due to more evident heart-kidney insufficiency and yin deficiency resulting in vigorous fire

Put Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) in an important position, and combine with Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui); it is more suitable for the treatment of insomnia due to failure of the heart and the kidney to interact

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Chapter 32

Formulas that Open the Orifices Chapter Outline Section 1 Formulas that Open the Orifices (Resuscitate) with Cool Medicinals Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas

648 648 648

Section 2 Formulas that Open the Orifices (Resuscitate) with Warm Medicinals Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas

654 654 654

ABSTRACT Formulas that are mainly composed of herbs that open the orifices (resuscitate) with aromatic property, have the effects of opening the orifices (resuscitating) and awakening the mind, and used for the treatment of orifice obstruction syndrome with loss of consciousness are called “Formulas that Open the Orifices”, which are divided into two categories, cool formula for resuscitation and warm formula for resuscitation. Keywords: formulas that open the orifices (resuscitate) with cool medicinals; formulas that open the orifices (resuscitate) with warm medicinals; clear heat and open the orifices (resuscitate)

Formulas that are mainly composed of herbs that open the orifices (resuscitate) with aromatic property, have the effects of opening the orifices (resuscitating) and awakening the mind, and used for the treatment of orifice obstruction syndrome with loss of consciousness are called “Formulas that Open the Orifices”. Orifice obstruction syndrome with loss of consciousness is often caused by exuberance and obstruction of pathogenic qi confusing the heart orifices. It divides into heat block pattern and cold block pattern according to the difference of contracted pathogens and clinical manifestations. Heat block pattern is caused by warm pathogens and heat toxin invading the pericardium, and should be treated with clearing heat and opening the orifices (resuscitate). Cold block pattern is caused by cold damp and phlegm-turbidity or filthy turbidity confusing the heart orifices, and should be treated with warming and unblocking, as well as opening the orifices (resuscitate). Therefore, formulas in this chapter are usually divided into two categories, (1) cold formula for resuscitation and (2) warm formula for resuscitation. Orifice obstruction, usually refers to blockade of the heart orifices, which should be treated with unblocking gates and opening blockage in order to recover normality of heart controlling mental and emotional activities. So formulas in this category are composed of aromatic herbs that open the orifices. Patients with heat block should be treated with clearing heat, resolving toxins, opening the orifices, and awakening the mind. Patients with cold block should be treated with moving qi, removing turbidity, warming and unblocking, as well as opening the orifices. In addition, blockade syndrome is related with internal obstruction of turbid phlegm and liver wind harassing the interior, so herbs that dispel phlegm and/or calm the liver should be selected to appropriately combine. When applying formulas that open the orifices, first, the blockade syndrome and desertion disease should be distinguished. Patients with blockade syndrome, such as loss of consciousness, lockjaw, hands gripping tightly, inhibited micturition, and defecation, excess and forceful pulse can be treated with formulas in this category. However, patients with desertion disease accompanied by sweating, cold limbs, feeble breathing, hand and urinary incontinence, open mouth and closed eyes, weak or deficient, and forceless pulse or faint pulse verging on expiry are not suitable for formulas in this category. Second, the cold or heat property of the blockade syndrome should be distinguished and cold formula or warm

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formula for resuscitation should be correctly selected. Patients with yangming bowel excess syndrome complicated by pathogen invading the pericardium should be treated with purgation by cold herbs first and/or combination of opening the orifices and purging according to the importance and urgency of pathogenic condition. Many herbs in the formulas that open the orifices are fragrant and acrid in flavor, dispersing in nature and easy to consume or damage healthy qi; therefore medication should be discontinued, as soon as achieving effect and they are not suitable for long-term oral application. Application of the formulas in this category should be cautious or prohibited in patients with pregnancy. Formulas in this chapter are usually made into pills or powder and unfavorable to be decocted with water in order to avoid loss of medicinal potency and decrease therapeutic effect.

SECTION 1  FORMULAS THAT OPEN THE ORIFICES (RESUSCITATE) WITH COOL MEDICINALS Outline Formulas that open the orifices (resuscitate) with cool medicinals are suitable for the treatment of heat block syndrome due to inward invasion of the pericardium by warm-heat (seasonal prevalent febrile pathogens) or heat-toxicity and phlegm-heat clouding the heart orifices with high fever, vexation and agitation, unconsciousness, delirious speech, and even convulsive syncope. For sudden fainting and unconsciousness with a pattern of heat block caused by wind-strike, phlegm syncope, external injury of the brain and contraction by filthy turbid pathogen, formulas in this category also can be selected to apply. Formulas that open the orifices (resuscitate) with cool medicinals are usually composed of herbs that open the orifices (resuscitate) with aromatic property, such as Moschus (she xiang), Calculus Bovis (niu huang), Borneolum Syntheticum (bing pian), Benzoinum (an xi xiang), Radix Curcumae (yu jin), and Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (shi chang pu), often combining herbs that clear heat, such as Cornu Bubali (shui niu jiao), Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian), Radix Scutellariae (huang qin), and Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao), or herbs that clear heat and eliminate phlegm, or herbs that tranquilize the mind and extinguish wind. The representative formulas are Peaceful Palace Bovine Bezoar Pill (an gong niu huang wan), Purple Snow Elixir (zi xue dan), Supreme Jewel Elixir (zhi bao dan), Marching Powder (xing jun san), and Bovine Bezoar Heart-Clearing Pill (niu huang qing xin wan).

Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 1. Primary formulas and analysis (Tables 32.1 and 32.2)

TABLE 32.1 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Open the Orifices (Resuscitate) with Cool Medicinals Name of Formula Peaceful Palace Bovine Bezoar Pill (an gong niu huang wan)

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy and Indication

Initially recorded in Systematic Differentiation of Warm Diseases (wen bing tiao bian). Composed by Calculus Bovis (niu huang) 30 g, Radix Curcumae (yu jin) 30 g, Cornu Rhinocerotis (xi jiao) [substituted by Cornu Bubali (shui niu jiao)] 30 g, Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 30 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 30 g, Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi) 30 g, Cinnabaris (zhu sha) 30 g, Realgar (xiong huang) 30 g, Borneolum Syntheticum (bing pian) 7.5 g, Moschus (she xiang) 7.5 g, and Margarita (zhen zhu) 15 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, mix with Mel (feng mi) and make into pills, and coat with edible sheet of gold

Clear heat and open the orifices (resuscitate), eliminate phlegm, and resolve toxins. Indicated for the treatment of warm febrile disease with a pattern of inward invasion of the pericardium by pathogenic heat, with high fever, vexation and agitation, loss of consciousness, delirious speech, dry mouth and tongue, red or crimson tongue, and rapid pulse; or apoplectic coma and infantile convulsion with a pattern of pathogenic heat internal block

Modified Clinical Application If pathogen invading the pericardium, complicated by bowel excess, with loss of consciousness, shortened tongue, constipation, thirst not relieved by drinking, dissolve Peaceful Palace Bovine Bezoar Pill (an gong niu huang wan) two pills and mix with Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 9 g for oral use. Take a half first, if unconsciousness, take again

Caution for Use Discontinue medication as soon as getting effected. It is not suitable for overdose or long-term use. Its use is prohibited in patients with cold block pattern and desertion disease, and cautious in pregnant women

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TABLE 32.1 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Open the Orifices (Resuscitate) with Cool Medicinals (cont.) Name of Formula

Modified Clinical Application

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy and Indication

Caution for Use

Supreme Jewel Elixir (zhi bao dan)

Initially recorded in Beneficial Formulas from the Taiping Imperial Pharmacy (tai ping hui min he ji ju fang). Composed by Cornu Rhinocerotis (xi jiao) [substituted by Cornu Bubali (shui niu jiao)] 30 g, raw Carapax Eretmochelydis (sheng dai mao) 30 g, Succinum (hu po) 30 g, Cinnabaris (zhu sha) 30 g, Realgar (xiong huang) 30 g, Calculus Bovis (niu huang) 0.3 g, Borneolum Syntheticum (he cheng long nao) 0.3 g, Moschus (she xiang) 0.3 g, Benzoinum (an xi xiang) 30 g, and Edible sheet of gold 50 pieces. Grind the ingredients into powder, make into pills, and take orally, 3 g each time, twice daily. Dosage for children to be reduced accordingly

Clear heat and open the orifices (resuscitate), remove turbidity and resolve toxins. Indicated for the treatment of summer heat-strike (heatstroke), wind-strike, and warm disease with a pattern of phlegm-heat internally blocking the pericardium, accompanied by loss of consciousness, delirious speech, general fever, vexation and agitation, rough breathing due to phlegmatic abundance, red tongue with yellow, dirty and greasy coating, slippery, and rapid pulse, and infantile convulsion due to internal blockage of phlegm-heat

If pathogenic condition is serious and healthy qi is weak, add Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen); for heat block pattern with excess pulse, mix with Succus Rhizomatis Zingiberis (sheng jiang zhi) to harmonize the center, dispel phlegm and arrest vomiting, and urina hominis to enrich yin, subdue fire and move stasis

Its use is prohibited in patients with exuberant heat damaging yin, and cautious in pregnant women

Purple Snow Elixir (zi xue dan)

Initially recorded in Arcane Essentials from the Imperial Library (wai tai mi yao). Composed by Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao) 144 g, Glauberitum (han shui shi) 144 g, Talcum (hua shi) 144 g, Magnetitum (ci shi) 144 g, Cornu Bubali (shui niu jiao) 9 g, Cornu Saigae Tataricae (ling yang jiao) 4.5 g, Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum (chen xiang) 15 g, Radix Aristolochiae (qing mu xiang) 15 g, Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen) 48 g, Rhizoma Cimicifugae (sheng ma) 48 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 24 g, Flos Caryophylli (ding xiang) 3 g, Natrii Sulfas (mang xiao) 480 g, Nitrum (xiao shi) 96 g, Moschus (she xiang) 1.5 g and Cinnabaris (zhu sha) 9 g. Make the ingredients into paste; take orally, 1.5–3.0 g each time. Dosage for children to be reduced accordingly

Clear heat and open the orifices (resuscitate), extinguish wind and arrest convulsion. Indicated for the treatment of warm febrile disease with a pattern of inward invasion of the pericardium by pathogenic heat and exuberant heat stirring wind, with high fever, vexation and agitation, loss of consciousness, delirious speech, convulsive syncope, macules and papules, hematemesis and epistaxis, thirst with a desire to drink, parched lips and dry front teeth, reddish urine and constipation, crimson tongue with dry and yellow coating, rapid and forceful pulse or wiry and rapid pulse; or infantile convulsion due to exuberant heat

For heat entering nutrientblood, combine with Nutrient Aspect HeatClearing Decoction (qing ying tang); generating macules, combine with Rhinoceros Horn and Rehmannia Decoction (xi jiao di huang tang); for depressive psychosis and mania, combine with Palace-Clearing Decoction (qing gong tang); for convulsive syncope, combine with Three Shells PulseRestoring Decoction (san jia fu mai tang); accompanied by deficiency of both qi and yin, take it with PulseEngendering Powder (sheng mai san)

Discontinue medication as soon as getting effect. Its use is prohibited in pregnant women or patients with desertion disease, internal stirring of endogenous wind, infantile chronic convulsion

Marching Powder (xing jun san)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Sudden Turmoil (huo luan lun). Composed by Calculus Bovis (niu huang) 3 g, Moschus (she xiang) 3 g, Margarita (zhen zhu) 3 g, Borneolum Syntheticum (bing pian) 3 g, Borax (peng sha) 3 g, Realgar (xiong huang) 24 g, Nitrum (xiao shi) 0.9 g, and Edible sheet of gold 20 pieces. Grind the ingredients into powder, take orally, 0.3–0.9 g each time, or put in eyes for wind-heat nebula or snuff for keeping away from seasonal epidemic

Clear heat and open the orifices (resuscitate), dispel filth and resolve toxins. Indicated for the treatment of Sha tympany (acute filthyattack disease) due to summer heat-filth confusing the heart orifices, with vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, discomfort verging on intolerableness, dizziness, and unconsciousness; or sore in mouth and sore throat

For evident abdominal distention, but inhibited diarrhea, combine with three substances decoction with Officinal Magnolia Bark (hou po san wu tang) to move qi and promote defecation; for inhibited vomiting and diarrhea, greatly pain in the epigastrium and abdomen, mix with decoction of Lignum Santali Albi (tan xiang) and Radix Linderae (wu yao) to move qi and relieve pain

Because Realgar (xiong huang) is poisonous, this formula is not suitable for long-term use or overdosage. And its use is cautious in pregnant women

(Continued)

650 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 32.1 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Open the Orifices (Resuscitate) with Cool Medicinals (cont.) Name of Formula Bovine Bezoar Heart-Clearing Pill (niu huang qing xin wan)

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy and Indication

Initially recorded in Teachings on the Treatment of Pox from a Family Lineage of Doctors (dou zhen shi yi xin fa). Composed by Cinnabaris (zhu sha) 4.5 g, Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 15 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 9 g, Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi) 9 g, Radix Curcumae (yu jin) 6 g, and Calculus Bovis (niu huang) 0.75 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, mix with snow-water and flour and make into paste pills as size of broomcorn millet fruit, and take 7–8 pills each time

Clear heat and resolve toxins, open the orifices (resuscitate) and calm the mind. Indicated for the treatment of warmheat internally invading the pericardium, accompanied by general fever, loss of consciousness, delirious speech, vexation and agitation, and restlessness, red tongue with yellow coating, and rapid pulse; or infantile febrile convulsion, and windstrike with orifice obstruction due to heat blocking the pericardium

Modified Clinical Application For common cold due to wind-heat, or warm febrile disease with fever, aversion to cold, headache and thirst, combine with Lonicera and Forsythia Powder (yin qiao san); for jaundice or biliary tract pain due to liver-gallbladder dampfire, with fever, add Herba Artemisiae Scopariae (yin chen), Herba Lysimachiae (jin qian cao), Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu), and Herba Taraxaci (pu gong ying)

Caution for Use Its use is prohibited in pregnant women and patients with externallycontracted febrile disease, and cautious in allergic patients. And it is not suitable for overdose or longterm use

TABLE 32.2 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Open the Orifices (Resuscitate) With Cool Medicinals Name of Formula Peaceful Palace Bovine Bezoar Pill (an gong niu huang wan)

Efficacy Analysis Calculus Bovis (niu huang)

Moschus (she xiang)

Bitter and cool in nature, fragrant in flavor, clear heart heat and resolve toxins, and eliminate phlegm to open the orifices Fragrant in flavor, moving and fleeing in nature, unobstruct the twelve channels, unblock the orifices of the whole body, as an essential medicinal of opening the orifices and awakening the mind

Clear heart heat and open the orifices (resuscitate), and dispel filth with aromatic property, both as the chief medicinals

Cornu Bubali (shui niu jiao)

Salty and cold in nature, clear heart heat and cool the blood and resolve toxins

Borneolum Syntheticum (bing pian)

Fragrant in flavor, moving and fleeing in nature, specialize in unblocking all the orifices, and disperse fire from constraint

Margarita (zhen zhu)

Specialize in clearing heart-liver heat, suppress fright, and clear up phlegm

Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian)

Bitter and cold in nature, discharge fire, and resolve toxins

Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi) Radix Curcumae (yu jin)

Fragrant in flavor and diffusing in nature, move qi, and resolve constraint

Realgar (xiong huang)

Clear up phlegm and resolve toxins

Cinnabaris (zhu sha)

Tranquilize the heart and calm the mind, and cool the heart

Edible sheet of gold

Tranquilize the heart and calm the mind

Mel (feng mi)

Harmonize the stomach and regulate the center

Clear heat and open the orifices (resuscitate), eliminate phlegm and resolve toxins

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TABLE 32.2 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Open the Orifices (Resuscitate) With Cool Medicinals (cont.) Name of Formula Supreme Jewel Elixir (zhi bao dan)

Purple Snow Elixir (zi xue dan)

Efficacy Analysis Cornu Bubali (shui niu jiao)

Salty and cold in nature, clear heart heat and cool the blood, and resolve toxins

Moschus (she xiang)

Fragrant in flavor, moving and fleeing in nature, unobstruct the 12 channels, as an essential medicinal of opening the orifices

Benzoinum (an xi xiang)

Fragrant in flavor, open the orifices (resuscitate), act on the heart channel, dispel filth, and remove turbidity

Borneolum Syntheticum (he cheng long nao)

Acrid and fragrant in flavor, open the orifices (resuscitate), clear heat, and dispel filth

Calculus Bovis (niu huang)

Bitter and cool in nature, specialize in eliminating phlegm to open the orifices

Carapax Eretmochelydis (dai mao)

Cold in nature, tranquilize the heart and calm the mind, clear heat and resolve toxins, extinguish wind, and arrest convulsion

Cinnabaris (zhu sha)

Calm the mind with heavy sedatives, clear, and discharge heart fire

Succinum (hu po)

Suppress fright and calm the mind

Realgar (xiong huang)

Clear up phlegm and resolve toxins

Edible sheet of gold

Tranquilize the heart and calm the mind and arrest convulsion, combine with Cinnabaris (zhu sha) and Succinum (hu po) to strengthen the effect of calming the mind with heavy sedatives

Cornu Bubali (shui niu jiao)

Clear heart-liver heat-fire, and vent pathogenic heat from the pericardium

Cornu Saigae Tataricae (ling yang jiao)

Salty and cold in nature, specialize in cooling the liver and extinguishing wind Open the orifices and awaken the mind

Moschus (she xiang) Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao) Glauberitum (han shui shi) Talcum (hua shi) Nitrum (xiao shi) Natrii Sulfas (mang xiao) Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen) Rhizoma Cimicifugae (sheng ma) Radix Aristolochiae (qing mu xiang) Flos Caryophylli (ding xiang) Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum(chen xiang) Cinnabaris (zhu sha) Magnetitum (ci shi) Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhigan cao)

Clear heart heat and open the orifices, both as the chief medicinals

Clear heat and open the orifices (resuscitate), remove turbidity, and resolve toxins

Clear heat, open the orifices (resuscitate) and extinguish wind, all as the chief medicinals

Acrid and extremely cold in nature, clear heat, and drain fire, relieve vexation and quench thirst Sweet, bland and cold in nature, clear heat and promote defecation and urination, and guide heat downward Drain heat and promote defecation Enrich yin and clear heat and cool the blood Clear heat and resolve toxins and vent pathogen

Clear heat and open the orifices (resuscitate), extinguish wind, and arrest convulsion

Acrid, warm and fragrant in nature, move qi and unblock the orifices (resuscitate), and combine with Moschus (she xiang) to strengthen the effects of opening the orifices and awakening the mind Calm the mind, clear heart heat, and resolve toxins Calm the mind, subdue, and tranquilize liver yang

Harmonize the actions of all medicinals (Continued)

652 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 32.2 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Open the Orifices (Resuscitate) With Cool Medicinals (cont.) Name of Formula

Efficacy Analysis

Marching Powder (xing jun san)

Moschus (she xiang) Borneolum Syntheticum (bing pian)

Bovine Bezoar HeartClearing Pill (niu huang qing xin wan)

Fragrant in flavor, moving and fleeing in nature, vent the orifices (resuscitate) and open the obstruction, dispel filth and remove turbidity, relieve pain, and clear heat

Calculus Bovis (niu huang)

Clear heat and resolve toxins, and eliminate phlegm to open the orifices (resuscitate)

Realgar (xiong huang)

Dispel filth and resolve toxins

Margarita (zhen zhu)

Tranquilize the heart, calm the mind, clear heat, and dispel phlegm

Nitrum (xiao shi)

Dredge the bowels and discharge heat

Borax (peng sha)

Clear heat and dissolve phlegm

Edible sheet of gold

Calm the mind with heavy sedatives

Calculus Bovis (niu huang)

Clear heart heat and resolve toxins, and eliminate phlegm to open the orifices (resuscitate), as the chief medicinal

Cinnabaris (zhu sha)

Tranquilize the heart and calm the mind, clear heat, and resolve toxins

Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) Radix Scutellariae (huang qin)

Bitter and cold in nature, clear heat and drain fire and resolve toxins, and relieve vexation

Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi) Radix Curcumae (yu jin)

Clear heat and open the orifices (resuscitate), dispel filth and resolve toxins

Clear heat and resolve toxins, open the orifices (resuscitate), and calm the mind

Move qi and resolve constraint, open the orifices (resuscitate), and clear heart heat

2. Attached formulas (Table 32.3) TABLE 32.3 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Open the Orifices (Resuscitate) With Cool Medicinals Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Children′s Return-of-Spring Elixir (xiao er hui chun dan)

Initially recorded in Elucidations of Medicinals from Jing Xiu Hall (jing xiu tang yao shuo). Composed by Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae (chuan bei mu) 40 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 40 g, Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) 40 g, Fructus Amomi Kravanh (bai dou kou) 40 g, Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao) 40 g, Rhizoma Pinelliae Praeparatum (fa ban xia) 40 g, Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum (chen xiang) 40 g, Concretio Silicea Bambusae (tian zhu huang) 40 g, Bombyx Batryticatus (bai jiang can) 40 g, Scorpio (quan xie) 40 g, Lignum Santali Albi (tan xiang) 40 g, Calculus Bovis (niu huang) 12 g, Moschus (she xiang) 12 g, Arisaema cum Bile (dan nan xing) 60 g, Ramulus Uncariae cum Uncis (gou teng) 240 g, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 60 g, Rhizoma Gastrodiae (tian ma) 40 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 25 g, and appropriate amount of Cinnabaris (zhu sha). Grind the ingredients into powder and make into pills, 0.09 g each pill; take 1 pill each time orally for children under the age of one, two pills for children with 1–2 years old

Open the orifices (resuscitate) and arrest convulsion, clear heat, and dissolve phlegm

Indicated for the treatment of acute infantile convulsion with a pattern of phlegmheat confusing the heart orifices, accompanied by fever, vexation, and agitation, unconsciousness, convulsion, or regurgitation, vomiting, night crying, or vomiting of milk, cough with phlegm, wheezing and panting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea

DragonEmbracing Pill (bao long wan)

Initially recorded in Key to Diagnosis and Treatment of Children’s Diseases (xiao er yao zheng zhi jue). Composed by Concretio Silicea Bambusae (tian zhu huang) 30 g, Realgar (xiong huang) 3 g, Cinnabaris (zhu sha) 15 g, Moschus (she xiang) 15 g, and Rhizoma Arisaematis (tian nan xing) 120 g. Grind the ingredients into fine powder, mix with decoction of Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao), make into pills as size of Chinese honeylocust seed, and take 0.3–1.0 g each time orally after dissolving with warm boiled water

Clear heat and dissolve phlegm, open the orifices (resuscitate), and calm the mind

Indicated for the treatment of acute infantile convulsion with a pattern of phlegmheat blocking the orifices, accompanied by general fever, lethargy, and rough breathing due to phlegmatic abundance, convulsion, and tic

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TABLE 32.3 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Open the Orifices (Resuscitate) With Cool Medicinals (cont.) Name of Formula Rhinoceros Horn and Succinum Supreme Jewel Elixir (xi po zhi bao dan)

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Initially recorded in Revised and Expanded Treatise on Warm-Heat Diseases (chong ding guang wen re lun). Composed by Cornu Rhinocerotis (xi jiao) [substituted by Cornu Bubali (shui niu jiao)] 9 g, Succinum (hu po) 10 g, Moschus (she xiang) 3 g, Squama Manitis (chuan shan jia) 3 g, Cinnabaris (zhu sha) 3 g, Sanguis Draconis (xue jie) 8 g, Carapax Eretmochelydis (dai mao) 12 g, Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (shi chang pu) 15 g, Venenum Bufonis (chan su) 1 g, and Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) 6 g. Grind the ingredients into fine powder, mix with pig heart blood, and make into pills, coat with sheet of gold; take orally, 1 g for 1–3 times a day

Clear heat and resolve toxins, dissolve stasis, and open the orifices (resuscitate)

Indicated for the treatment of inward invasion of pathogenic heat, toxin, and stasis confusing the heart, with warm toxin, seasonal epidemic, pathogen invading the blood aspect, fainting like dead body, fixed eyes and mouth, the deeper the heat, the severer the reversal coldness, and cold limbs

3. Formula differentiation (Table 32.4) TABLE 32.4 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Open the Orifices (Resuscitate) With Cool Medicinals Name of Formula

Similarities

Differences

Dragon-Embracing Pill (bao long wan)

Both are composed if Arisaema cum Bile (dan nan xing), Cinnabaris (zhu sha), Moschus (she xiang), and Concretio Silicea Bambusae (tian zhu huang), have the effects of clearing heat, dissolving phlegm, and opening the orifices, and can be used for the treatment of acute infantile convulsion due to internal blockage of phlegm-heat

Its composition is simpler than Children′s Return-of-Spring Elixir (xiao er hui chun dan). It is good at clearing heat and dissolving phlegm, opening the orifices and awakening the mind

Both can clear heat and open the orifices, extinguish wind and arrest convulsion, and be used for the treatment of high fever, vexation and agitation, unconsciousness, and convulsion, red tongue with excess pulse

It is indicated for the treatment of warm febrile disease with a pattern of heat blocking the pericardium and excessive heat generating wind. Select Cornu Bubali (shui niu jiao), Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao), Glauberitum (han shui shi), Talcum (hua shi), Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen), and Rhizoma Cimicifugae (sheng ma) to combine. It is good at clearing heat and resolving toxins

Children′s Returnof-Spring Elixir (xiao er hui chun dan)

Purple Snow Elixir (zi xue dan)

As an effective medical formula, it is indicated for the treatment of acute infantile convulsion due to externally-contracted seasonal pathogen, phlegm-heat confusing the heart orifices, which shows the pathogenesis characteristics of “heat, phlegm, wind, and fright”. Select herbs that clear heat and eliminate phlegm, such as Calculus Bovis (niu huang), Concretio Silicea Bambusae (tian zhu huang), Arisaema cum Bile (dan nan xing), Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae (chuan bei mu), and Rhizoma Pinelliae Praeparatum (fa ban xia) to combine. It is good at arresting convulsion and dissolving phlegm

Children′s Returnof-Spring Elixir (xiao er hui chun dan)

Peaceful Palace Bovine Bezoar Pill (an gong niu huang wan) Purple Snow Elixir (zi xue dan)

Supreme Jewel Elixir (zhi bao dan)

It has several medicinal values that can clear heart heat and open the orifices, extinguish wind, and arrest convulsion, rectify qi, and dissolve phlegm and clear heat. The effects of clearing heat, dissolving phlegm, and opening the orifices are strong. It is more suitable for the treatment of acute infantile convulsion complicated by disharmony of the intestine and stomach

All three formulas are called “Three-formula Resuscitating with Cool”, mainly composed of herbs that open the orifices with aromatic property and herbs that clear heat and cool the blood and resolve toxins, and are the commonly-used formulas that clear heat and open the orifices for treating heat blocking the pericardium

Its medicinal property is the coolest one among them, and it is good at clearing heat and resolving toxins, and suitable for the treatment of more evident high fever due to excessive pathogenic heat Its effects of clearing heat and resolving toxins are not as good as Peaceful Palace Bovine Bezoar Pill (an gong niu huang wan), and effects of removing turbidity and opening the orifices are not as good as Supreme Jewel Elixir (zhi bao dan), however, it is good at extinguishing wind and arresting convulsion and suitable for the treatment of high fever and convulsion due to excessive heat generating wind It is good at opening the orifices with aromatic property, removing turbidity and dispelling filth, and suitable for the treatment of more evident unconsciousness due to abnormal exuberance of filthy turbidity and mild pathogenic heat (Continued)

654 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 32.4 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Open the Orifices (Resuscitate) With Cool Medicinals (cont.) Name of Formula

Similarities

Differences

Peaceful Palace Bovine Bezoar Pill (an gong niu huang wan)

Both are the formulas that open the orifices with cool medicines can clear heart heat and open the orifices (resuscitate), and are used for the treatment of unconsciousness, delirious speech, and acute infantile convulsion due to heat invading the pericardium

It is the augmented formula from Bovine Bezoar Heart-Clearing Pill (niu huang qing xin wan). Its effects of clearing heat and resolving toxins, and opening the orifices with aromatic property are strong. It is often used as a first-aid medicine for severe syndrome due to inward invasion of warm febrile pathogens, phlegm-heat confusing the clear orifices

Bovine Bezoar Heart-Clearing Pill (niu huang qing xin wan)

Its effects of clearing heart heat and opening the orifices are less than that of Peaceful Palace Bovine Bezoar Pill (an gong niu huang wan). It is more suitable for the treatment of unconsciousness due to heat block

SECTION 2  FORMULAS THAT OPEN THE ORIFICES (RESUSCITATE) WITH WARM MEDICINALS Outline Formulas that open the orifices (resuscitate) with warm medicinals are suitable for the treatment of cold block syndrome due to cold-dampness, phlegm-turbidity, or filthy turbid pathogen blocking or obstructing the body’s orifices, with sudden fainting, unconsciousness, or coma without speech, lockjaw, whitish complexion and blue lips, white coating, and slow pulse. For sudden fainting and unconsciousness with a pattern of cold block caused by wind-strike, cold-strike, qi constraint, phlegm syncope, or attack of noxious factor, formulas in this category also can be selected to apply. Formulas that open the orifices (resuscitate) with warm medicinals are usually composed of herbs that open the orifices (resuscitate) with acrid-warm and aromatic properties, such as Styrax (su he xiang), Moschus (she xiang), and Benzoinum (an xi xiang), often combining herbs that warm the interior and dissipate cold and herbs that warm and unblock, as well as move qi, such as Flos Caryophylli (ding xiang), Fructus Piperis Longi (bi ba), Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum (chen xiang), Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang), Lignum Santali Albi (tan xiang), and Rhizoma Cyperi (xiang fu). The representative formulas are Storax Pill (su he xiang wan) and Purple Gold Troche (zi jin ding).

Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 1. Primary formulas and analysis (Tables 32.5 and 32.6)

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TABLE 32.5 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Open the Orifices (Resuscitate) with Warm Medicinals Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy and Indication

Modified Clinical Application

Storax Pill (su he xiang wan)

Initially recorded in Beneficial Formulas from the Taiping Imperial Pharmacy (tai ping hui min he ji ju fang). Composed by Styrax (su he xiang) 30 g, Olibanum (ru xiang) 30 g, Borneolum Syntheticum (bing pian) 30 g, Pulvis Cornus Bubali Concentratus (shui niu jiao nong suo fen) 120 g, Moschus (she xiang) 60 g, Benzoinum (an xi xiang) 60 g, Lignum Santali Albi (tan xiang) 60 g, Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum (chen xiang) 60 g, Flos Caryophylli (ding xiang) 60 g, Rhizoma Cyperi (xiang fu) 60 g, Radix Aristolochiae (qing mu xiang) 60 g, Fructus Piperis Longi (bi ba) 60 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 60 g, Fructus Chebulae (he zi) 60 g, and Cinnabaris (zhu sha) 60 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, make into pills, and take orally, 8 g each time. For patients with coma, use nasal feeding

Move qi and open the orifices (resuscitate), warm the center and relieve pain. Indicated for the treatment of cold block syndrome, with sudden fainting, lockjaw, loss of consciousness, white coating, and slow pulse; or sudden pain in the epigastrium and abdomen, even fainting; or cold block syndrome caused by wind-strike, qi constraint, and contracted seasonal epidemic miasmic toxin or pestilential pathogens

For wind-strike with exuberant phlegm, take it with Succus Rhizomatis Zingiberis (sheng jiang zhi) and Succus Bambusae (dan zhu li); for epilepsy with a pattern of phlegm confounding the heart orifices, take it with the decoction of Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (shi chang pu) and Radix Curcumae (yu jin)

Its use is to make pregnant women cautious due to its contain of acrid and aromatic herbs with moving and fleeing property, and prohibited in patients with heat block syndrome and desertion disease

Purple Gold Troche (zi jin ding)

Initially recorded in Wan’s Secret Transmission of His Enlightening Treatise on Teachings (wan shi mi chuan pian yu xin shu). Composed by Pseudobulbus Cremastrae seu Pleiones (shan ci gu) 90 g, Radix Knoxiae (hong da ji) 45 g, Semen Euphorbiae Pulveratum (qian jin zi shuang) 30 g, Galla Chinensis (wu bei zi) 90 g, Moschus (she xiang) 9 g, Realgar (xiong huang) 30 g, and Cinnabaris (zhu sha) 30 g. Make the ingredients into tablets, powder or capsules, take orally, 0.6–1.0 g each time, twice daily; or mix with vinegar and apply externally

Dissolve phlegm to open the orifices (resuscitate), dispel filth, and resolve toxins, abate swelling, and relieve pain. Indicated for the treatment of summer heat-strike (heatstroke) and seasonal epidemic, with distention, oppression, and pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, and infantile phlegm syncope. If applied externally, indicated for the treatment of furuncle, swollen boils, insect bite, nameless swelling with toxins, and erysipelas or throat wind (acute throat troubles)

For seasonal epidemic or cholera with vomiting and diarrhea, grind it with Succus Rhizomatis Zingiberis (sheng jiang zhi) for oral use in order to eliminate phlegm and lower qi; for exuberant phlegm pattern or depressive psychosis, mania, or epilepsy, grind it with the decoction of Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (shi chang pu) for oral use in order to remove turbidity and open the orifices

Overdose or long-term use should be avoid due to the poison of Radix Knoxiae (hong da ji) and Semen Euphorbiae Pulveratum (qian jin zi shuang). Dose for children should be reduced accordingly. Its use is prohibited during pregnancy, to the old, and the weak

Caution for Use

656 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 32.6 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Open the Orifices (Resuscitate) With Warm Medicinals Name of Formula Storax Pill (su he xiang wan)

Efficacy Analysis Styrax (su he xiang)

Benzoinum (an xi xiang) Moschus (she xiang) Borneolum Syntheticum (bing pian) Rhizoma Cyperi (xiang fu) Radix Aristolochiae (qing mu xiang) Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum (chen xiang)

Purple Gold Troche (zi jin ding)

Acrid, warm, moving and fleeing in nature, open the orifices (resuscitate), and dispel filth Open the orifices (resuscitate) and awaken the mind, dispel filth, and eliminate phlegm, move qi, and invigorate blood Open the orifices (resuscitate) and dispel filth, unblock the collaterals and dissipate Open the orifices (resuscitate), dispel filth, and turbidity Specialize in rectifying qi and resolving constraint, and mainly treat all kinds of qi diseases Move qi and relieve pain Direct qi downward and warm the center

Open the orifices (resuscitate) with aromatic property, unblock the obstruction and awaken the mind, dispel filth, and remove turbidity, all as the chief medicinals Fragrant, acrid, dispersing, warming and unblocking in nature, dissipate cold and relieve pain, move qi and resolve constraint, invigorate blood, and dissolve stasis, all as the deputy medicinals

Lignum Santali Albi (tan xiang)

Move qi and harmonize the stomach, and relieve pain

Olibanum (ru xiang)

Rectify qi, invigorate blood, and relieve pain

Flos Caryophylli (ding xiang)

Warm the center and direct counterflow downward and relieve pain

Fructus Piperis Longi (bi ba)

Acrid and hot in nature, warm the center, dissipate cold, and relieve pain

Pulvis Cornus Bubali Concentratus (shui niu jiao nong suo fen)

Clear heart heat and resolve toxins, and vent pathogenic heat from the pericardium

Cinnabaris (zhu sha)

Calm the mind with heavy sedatives in order to assist the effect of calming the mind

Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu)

Supplement qi and fortify the spleen, dry dampness, and remove turbidity

Fructus Chebulae (he zi)

Astringing in nature, prevent from dispersing too much by acrid medicinals, avoid qi consumption, and healthy qi damaged

Pseudobulbus Cremastrae seu Pleiones (shan ci gu)

Acrid, cold and slightly poisonous in nature, dissolve phlegm, resolve toxins, relieve swelling, and dissipate masses

Moschus (she xiang)

Open the orifices (resuscitate) with aromatic property, dispel filth and resolve toxins, dissipate stasis, and relieve pain

Semen Euphorbiae Pulveratum (qian jin zi shuang)

Acrid and warm in nature, expel water by drastic purgation, break up blood stasis and resolve masses, kill worms, and resolve toxins

Radix Knoxiae (hong da ji)

Bitter and acrid in nature, expel water by drastic purgation, relieve swelling, and dissipate masses

Galla Chinensis (wu bei zi)

Dissolve phlegm and resolve toxins

Realgar (xiong huang)

Dispel filth and resolve toxins

Cinnabaris (zhu sha)

Calm the mind with heavy sedatives

Dissolve phlegm and resolve toxins, open the orifices, and dispel filth, both as the chief medicinals

Move qi and open the orifices (resuscitate), warm the center and relieve pain

Dissolve phlegm to open the orifices (resuscitate), dispel filth and resolve toxins, abate swelling, and relieve pain

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2. Attached formulas (Table 32.7) TABLE 32.7 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Open the Orifices (Resuscitate) With Warm Medicinals Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Storax Pill for Coronary Disease (guan xin su he xiang wan)

Initially recorded in Chinese Pharmacopoeia (zhong hua ren min gong he guo yao dian). Composed by Styrax (su he xiang) 60 g, Borneolum Syntheticum (bing pian) 105 g, Olibanum (ru xiang) 105 g, Lignum Santali Albi (tan xiang) 210 g, and Radix Aristolochiae (qing mu xiang) 210 g. Make into pills, and take orally, 1 g each time, 1–3 times a day

Open the orifices (resuscitate) with aromatics, move qi and invigorate blood, loosen the chest, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of heart stroke (angina pectoris) with chest oppression and breath holding due to phlegm-turbidity, qi stagnation and blood stasis

3. Formula differentiation (Table 32.8) TABLE 32.8 Differentiation between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Open the Orifices (Resuscitate) With Warm Medicinals Name of Formula

Similarity

Differences

Purple Gold Troche (zi jin ding)

Both use Moschus (she xiang) and Realgar (xiong huang), and are indicated for the treatment of abdominal distention and vomiting and diarrhea due to contracted filthy pathogen

It is composed of several herbs with fierce property. Its effects of resolving toxins, dispelling filth and dissolving phlegm are stronger than that of Marching Powder (xing jun san), but effect of opening the orifices is poor, so it is more suitable for the treatment of seasonal epidemic in summer with exuberant pathogens and toxins

Marching Powder (xing jun san)

Its medicinal property is partial to cold, effects of clearing heart heat and opening the orifices (resuscitating) is stronger than that of Purple Gold Troche (zi jin ding). It is more suitable for the treatment of unconsciousness due to summerheat-filth obstructing the orifices

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Chapter 33

Formulas That Rectify Qi Chapter Outline Section 1 Formulas That Move Qi Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas

660 660 660

Section 2 Formulas That Direct Qi Downward Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas

674 674 674

ABSTRACT Formulas that are mainly composed of herbs that rectify qi, have the effect of moving qi or directing qi downward, and used for the treatment of qi stagnation or qi counterflow are called “Formulas That Rectify Qi,” which are divided into two categories: formulas that move qi and formulas that direct qi downward. Keywords: formulas that move qi; formulas that direct qi downward; move qi and resolve constraint; soothe the liver and resolve constraint; direct counterflow downward and dissolve phlegm; direct qi downward and calm panting

Formulas that are mainly composed of herbs that rectify qi, have the effect of moving qi or directing qi downward, and used for the treatment of qi stagnation or qi counterflow are called “Formulas That Rectify Qi.” Its therapeutic method is set up according to “When there is inactivity, treat it by moving” and “Adverse rising treated by inhibition” in The Yellow Emperor’s Inner Classic (huang di nei jing), which belongs to one of the eight (medicinal treatment) methods: dispersing. Ascent–descent disorder of the qi mechanism is usually divided into four categories as qi deficiency, qi sinking, qi stagnation, and qi counterflow. Formulas for qi deficiency and qi sinking have been introduced in the chapter “Formulas that Supplement and Boost.” Formulas in this chapter are mainly suitable for patients with qi stagnation or qi counterflow. Qi stagnation, that is obstruction of the qi movement, usually manifests as constraint and stagnation of liver qi or spleenstomach qi stagnation, which should be treated with moving qi to regulate. Qi counterflow, that is ascending counterflow of the qi movement, usually manifests as ascending counterflow of lung qi and/or stomach qi, which should be treated with directing qi downward to calm. Formulas in this chapter are divided into two categories: (1) formulas that move qi and (2) formulas that direct qi downward. When applying formulas that rectify qi, first, deficiency or excess of syndrome should be distinguished. Qi stagnation with excess pattern should be treated with moving qi, but if supplementing qi is incorrectly applied, qi stagnation will be aggravated. Qi deficiency should be treated with supplementing, but if moving qi is incorrectly used, qi deficiency will become worse. Second, whether there are accompanied symptoms and signs should be distinguished. If qi stagnation accompanied by qi counterflow, which pattern is more evident should be drawn a clear distinction, and it should be treated with moving qi combined with directing qi downward. In addition, formulas that rectify qi usually contain herbs with acrid, warm, fragrant and dry property, are easy to consume qi and damage essence, and assist heat and generate fire. Therefore, they should not be overdosed, or appropriately combined with herbs that boost qi and nourish yin to restrict adverse effect. Application of formulas in this category should be cautious in the old, the weak, pregnant women, female in menstruation, or patients with hemorrhagic tendency, or vigorous fire due to yin deficiency.

Essentials of Chinese Materia Medica and Medical Formulas. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812722-3.00033-6 Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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660 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

SECTION 1  FORMULAS THAT MOVE QI Outline Formulas that move qi have the effect of smoothing and regulating qi movement, are suitable for the treatment of constraint and stagnation of the qi mechanism. There are several kinds of qi stagnation, such as stagnation of spleen qi and stomach qi, constraint and stagnation of liver qi, which are very common. The main symptoms of spleen-stomach qi stagnation are distending pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen, belching and acid regurgitation, nausea and vomiting, less eating, and disorder of defecation, which are often treated with formulas that are composed of herbs that move qi and relieve middle-jiao stiffness, such as Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi), Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po), Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao), Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang), and Fructus Amomi (sha ren). The main symptoms of liver constraint and qi stagnation are distending pain in the chest, ribside or lesser abdomen, hernia pain, or menstrual irregularities and painful menstruation, which are often treated with herbs that soothe the liver and rectify qi, such as Rhizoma Cyperi (xiang fu), Radix Bupleuri (chai hu), Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride (qing pi), Radix Curcumae (yu jin), Fructus Toosendan (chuan lian zi), and Radix Linderae (wu yao). Since constraint and stagnation of the qi mechanism usually interacts with inhibited blood movement, dampness obstruction and phlegm accumulation, retention of food and difficulty in digestion as both cause and effect; qi constraint without movement is easy to transform into heat and generate fire; liver constraint for a long time is easy to consume yin-blood; and formation of qi stagnation is usually due to congealing cold; formulas in this category are often combined with herbs that invigorate blood and dispel stasis, herbs that dispel dampness and dissolve phlegm, herbs that promote digestion and harmonize the center, herbs that clear heat and drain fire, herbs that enrich yin and nourish blood, and herbs that warm the interior and dissipate cold. The representative formulas are Constraint-Resolving Pill (yue ju wan), Bupleurum Liver-Soothing Powder (chai hu shu gan san), Four Milled Ingredients Decoction (si mo tang), Trichosanthes, Chinese Chive, and White Wine Decoction (gua lou xie bai bai jiu tang), Immature Bitter Orange and Glomus-Dispersing Pill (zhi shi xiao pi wan), Pinellia and Officinal Magnolia Bark Decoction (ban xia hou po tang), Officinal Magnolia Bark Center-Warming Decoction (hou po wen zhong tang), Top-Quality Linderae Powder (tian tai wu yao san), and Supplemented Linderae Powder (jia wei wu yao tang).

Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 1. Primary formulas and analysis (Tables 33.1 and 33.2)

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TABLE 33.1 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Move Qi Name of Formula

Source, Composition and Usage

Efficacy and Indication

Modified Clinical Application

Caution for Use

ConstraintResolving Pill (yue ju wan)

Initially recorded in Teachings of [Zhu] Dan-xi (dan xi xin fa). Composed by Rhizoma Cyperi (xiang fu) 6 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 6 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu) 6 g, Massa Medicata Fermentata (shen qu) 6 g, and Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi) 6 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, and make into water pills as size of mung bean, and take orally, 6–9 g each time

Move qi and resolve constraint. Indicated for the treatment of six constraints syndrome caused by qi constraint, with pĭ and oppression in the chest and diaphragm, distention and fullness or pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen, fetid eructation and acid regurgitation, nausea and vomiting, and nondispersion of food

For more evident qi constraint, increase the dosage of Rhizoma Cyperi (xiang fu); for distending pain in the ribside due to liver constraint, add Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride (qing pi) and Fructus Toosendan (chuan lian zi) to soothe liver and move qi; for distention and fullness in the stomach cavity and abdomen due to stagnation of spleen qi and stomach qi, add Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang), Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao), and Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po) to relieve center stiffness and move qi; for stabbing pain in the ribside and dark purple tongue due to blood stagnation, increase the dosage of Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) and add Flos Carthami (hong hua) and Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao) to assist the effects of invigorating blood and dispelling stasis; for white and greasy coating due to more evident damp constraint, increase the dosage of Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu) and add Poria (fu ling) and Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie) to assist the effects of fortifying the spleen and dispelling dampness; for nausea and anorexia, stomach cavity pĭ and acid eructation due to food stagnation, increase the dosage of Massa Medicata Fermentata (shen qu) and add Fructus Crataegi (shan zha) and Fructus Hordei Germinatus (mai ya) to assist the effects of promoting digestion and resolving (food) stagnation; for vexation, thirst, red tongue with yellow coating due to fire constraint, increase the dosage of Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi) and add Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) and Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) to clear heat and discharge fire; for cough, expectoration of phlegm, greasy coating, and slippery pulse due to phlegm constraint, add Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia), Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi), and Fructus Trichosanthis (gua lou) to dry dampness and dissolve phlegm

Its use is prohibited in patients with blood deficiency and yindepletion. And it is inadvisable to combine with sulfonamides and macrolides in order to avoid increasing the renal toxicity

(Continued)

662 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 33.1 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Move Qi (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition and Usage

Bupleurum Liver-Soothing Powder (chai hu shu gan san)

Efficacy and Indication

Modified Clinical Application

Caution for Use

Initially recorded in United Decree of Medicine (yi xue tong zhi). Composed by Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 6 g, Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) 6 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 5 g, Rhizoma Cyperi (xiang fu) 5 g, Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao) 5 g, Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) 5 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 3 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use or make into pills and take orally, 6–9 g each time, 3 times a day

Soothe the liver and resolve constraint, move qi and relieve pain. Indicated for the treatment of liver constraint and qi stagnation, with pain in the ribside, chest oppression, frequent sighing, depressed emotion, or irascibility, distention and fullness in the stomach cavity and abdomen, and wiry pulse

For more evident ribside pain, stasis spots, or purple macules in the tongue due to qi constraint and blood stagnation, add Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui), Radix Curcumae (yu jin), and Radix Linderae (wu yao) to move qi and invigorate blood and relieve pain; for bitter taste in the mouth and red tongue due to liver constraint transforming into fire, add Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi), Radix Scutellariae (huang qin), and Fructus Toosendan (chuan lian zi) to clear liver and discharge fire; complicated by ribside pain, dry mouth, red tongue with slight coating due to liver yin insufficiency, add Fructus Lycii (gou qi zi), Radix Adenophorae seu Glehniae (sha shen), and Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) to enrich yin and soften the liver

This formula is partial to acrid, fragrant and dry in nature, and easy to consume qi and damage yin, so it is not suitable for longterm use. And its use is cautious in pregnant women

Four Milled Ingredients Decoction (si mo tang)

Initially recorded in Formulas to Aid the Living (ji sheng fang). Composed by Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 6 g, Semen Arecae (bing lang) 9 g, Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum (chen xiang) 6 g, and Radix Linderae (wu yao) 6 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Move qi and direct counterflow downward, and relieve chest stiffness and dissipate mass. Indicated for the treatment of liver constraint and qi counterflow, with distention and oppression in the chest and diaphragm, abnormal rising of qi and panting, epigastric lumpy stiffness and fullness, no desire to eat, white coating, and wiry pulse

For strong person with qi excess, complicated by more evident qi stagnation, intense anger and sudden syncope, distending pain in the epigastrium and abdomen, remove Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) and add Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) and Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi) to strengthen the effects of moving qi and breaking up stagnation; for constipation, abdominal fullness or pain, and wiry pulse, add Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi) and Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) to promote defecation and remove stagnation

The breaking up and descending effects of this formula are fierce, its use is cautious in patients with fatigue and weak pulse due to healthy qi depletion

Toosendan Powder (jin ling zi san)

Initially recorded in Formulas From Benevolent Sages Compiled During the Taiping Era (tai ping sheng hui fang). Composed by Fructus Toosendan (chuan lian zi) 9 g and Rhizoma Corydalis (yan huo suo) 9 g. Grind the ingredients into fine powder, and take 9 g each time after mixing with wine

Soothe the liver and clear heat, invigorate blood and relieve pain. Indicated for the treatment of liver constraint transforming into fire, with various kinds of pain in the stomach cavity, abdomen and lateral thorax, intermittent attack, bitter taste in the mouth, red tongue with yellow coating, wiry and rapid pulse

Complicated by red tongue with slight coating due to liver yin insufficiency, add Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) and Fructus Lycii (gou qi zi) to nourish yin and soften the liver; for female painful menstruation due to qi constraint and blood stagnation, add Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui), Herba Leonuri (yi mu cao), and Rhizoma Cyperi (xiang fu) to invigorate blood and regulate menstruation and relieve pain; for colic in the lesser abdomen due to qi stagnation, add Radix Linderae (wu yao), Semen Citri Reticulatae (ju he), and Semen Litchi (li zhi he) to move qi and dissipate masses and relieve pain

Its use is cautious in pregnant women

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TABLE 33.1 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Move Qi (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition and Usage

Trichosanthes, Chinese Chive, and White Wine Decoction (gua lou xie bai bai jiu tang)

Officinal Magnolia Bark CenterWarming Decoction (hou po wen zhong tang)

Efficacy and Indication

Modified Clinical Application

Caution for Use

Initially recorded in Essentials From the Golden Cabinet (jin gui yao lüe). Composed by Fructus Trichosanthis (gua lou) 24 g, Bulbus Allii Macrostemi (xie bai) 12 g, and appropriate amount of distillate spirit. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Unblock yang and dissipate masses, move qi and dispel phlegm. Indicated for the treatment of chest bì (pectoral stuffiness pain) due to phlegm obstruction and qi stagnation, with oppression and pain in the chest, even chest pain radiating to back, panting and expectoration, shortness of breath, white and greasy coating, deep and wiry or tight pulse

For aversion to cold and cold limbs due to yang deficiency and cold obstruction, add Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang), Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi), and Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) to assist the effects of warming yang and dissipating cold; for chest oppression and pain, thick and greasy coating due to more phlegm-turbidity, add Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (shi chang pu), Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia), and Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po) to dry dampness and dissolving phlegm; for fullness and distention in the chest due to more evident qi stagnation, or complicated by qi rushing up, add Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po), Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi), and Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) to lower qi and relieve fullness; complicated by dark red tongue due to blood stasis or stasis macules in the tongue, add Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae (dan shen), Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao), and Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) to invigorate blood and dispel stasis

Using this formula alone is not suitable for the patients with chest bì (pectoral stuffiness pain) due to yang deficiency and qi weakness

Initially recorded in Clarifying Doubts About Damage From Internal and External Causes (nei wai shang bian huo lun). Composed by dry-fried Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis with ginger juice (jiang hou po) 9 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 5 g, Poria (fu ling) 5 g, Semen Alpiniae Katsumadai (cao dou kou) 5 g, Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) 5 g, and Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) 2 g. Decoct the ingredients with Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 3 pieces and water for oral use

Move qi and relieve fullness, warm the center and remove dampness. Indicated for the treatment of colddamp and qi stagnation in the middle jiao, with distention and fullness or pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen, no desire to eat or drink, lassitude of limbs, lack of strength, white and greasy coating, deep and wiry pulse

For heavy body and edema of limbs due to exuberant dampness, add Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie) and Pericarpium Arecae (da fu pi) to strengthen the effects of lowering qi and promoting urination; for more evident pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen due to suddenly contracted pathogenic cold, add Rhizoma Alpiniae Officinarum (gao liang jiang) and Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) to strengthen the effects of warming the center and dissipating cold and relieving pain; for fetid eructation and greasy coating due to eating and drinking without temperance complicated by dyspeptic retention, add Massa Medicata Fermentata (shen qu) and Fructus Crataegi (shan zha) to promote digestion and guide out (food) stagnation; complicated by distending pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen involving the ribside and acid regurgitation due to constraint and stagnation of liver qi, add Rhizoma Cyperi (xiang fu) and Endoconcha Sepiae (hai piao xiao) to soothe the liver and relieve hyperacidity; complicated by nausea and vomiting due to ascending counterflow of stomach qi, add Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) and ginger juice-fried Caulis Bambusae in Taenia (jiang zhu ru) to harmonize the stomach and direct counterflow downward

This formula is partial to warm dryness, and not suitable for the patients with stomach yin insufficiency or no transportation due to qi deficiency in order to avoid consuming qi and yin. And its use is prohibited in patients with qi stagnation transforming into heat

(Continued)

664 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 33.1 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Move Qi (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition and Usage

Pinellia and Officinal Magnolia Bark Decoction (ban xia hou po tang)

Efficacy and Indication

Modified Clinical Application

Caution for Use

Initially recorded in Essentials From the Golden Cabinet (jin gui yao lüe). Composed by Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) 12 g, Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po) 9 g, Poria (fu ling) 12 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 9 g, and Folium Perillae (zi su ye) 6 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Move qi and dissipate masses, direct counterflow downward and dissolve phlegm. Indicated for the treatment of plum-stone qi (globus hystericus) with a pattern of binding of phlegm and qi, accompanied by feeling of the throat obstructed by something, which cannot be expectorated or spit out or swallowed, fullness and oppression in the chest and diaphragm, or cough or vomiting, white and moist coating, or white and greasy coating, wiry and slippery pulse

For more evident qi constraint, add Rhizoma Cyperi (xiang fu) and Radix Curcumae (yu jin) to strengthen the effects of moving qi and resolving constraint; for ribside pain due to constraint and stagnation of liver qi, add Fructus Toosendan (chuan lian zi) and Rhizoma Corydalis (yan huo suo) to soothe the liver and dissipate masses and relieve pain; for sore throat due to dryness in the lung channel, add Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen) and Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) to moisten dryness and relieve sore throat; for vexation and insomnia due to constraint and stagnation of phlegm and qi transforming into heat, add Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi), Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) and Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao) to clear heat and relieve vexation

Its use is prohibited in patients with exuberant fire and consumption of yin. And it is inadvisable to combine with aspirin in order to avoid aggravating damage of gastric mucosa

LiverWarming Decoction (nuan gan jian)

Initially recorded in The Complete Works of [Zhang] Jing-yue (jing yue quan shu). Composed by Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 6–9 g, Fructus Lycii (gou qi zi) 9 g, Fructus Foeniculi (xiao hui xiang) 6 g, Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) 3–6 g, Radix Linderae (wu yao) 6 g, Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum (chen xiang) 3 g, and Poria (fu ling) 6 g. Decoct the ingredients with Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 3 pieces and water for oral use

Warm and supplement the liver and kidney, move qi and relieve pain. Indicated for the treatment of deficiencycold of the liver and kidney, with cold pain of the testis, or pain in the lesser abdomen, aversion to cold and preference to warm, pale tongue with white coating, deep and slow pulse.

For pudendum cold due to more evident lower jiao cold, add Fructus Evodiae (wu zhu yu) and Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) to strengthen the effects of warming the kidney and dispelling cold; for distending pain in the ribside and abdomen due to cold stagnated in the liver and spleen, add Rhizoma Cyperi (xiang fu) and Rhizoma Alpiniae Officinarum (gao liang jiang) to move qi and dissipate cold and relieve pain; for pain and distention in the testicles due to more evident qi stagnation, add Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride (qing pi) and Semen Citri Reticulatae (ju he) to soothe the liver and dissipate masses and relieve pain

Its use is prohibited in patients with red swelling and hot pain of the scrotum due to hernia and heat accumulation

Supplemented Linderae Powder (jia wei wu yao tang)

Initially recorded in Fine Formulas of Wonderful Efficacy (qi xiao liang fang). Composed by Radix Linderae (wu yao) 10 g, Fructus Amomi (sha ren) 10 g, Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) 10 g, Rhizoma Corydalis (yan huo suo) 10 g, dry-fried Rhizoma Cyperi (chao xiang fu) 10 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 5 g, and Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 3 pieces. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Move qi and invigorate blood, regulate menstruation and relieve pain. Indicated for the treatment of painful menstruation with a pattern of qi stagnation and blood stasis, accompanied by distending pain in the lesser abdomen before or in the early days of menstruation, more distention than pain, or involving distending pain in the chest, ribside and breast, pale tongue with thin and white coating, wiry and tight pulse

Complicated by more evident pain due to blood stasis, with scanty menstruation, dark menstrual blood with coagulated clots, add Pollen Typhae (pu huang) and Faeces Trogopterori (wu ling zhi) or Semen Persicae (tao ren) and Flos Carthami (hong hua) to dispel stasis and relieve pain; complicated by more evident cold pattern, with lesser abdomen preferring to warm, and aversion to cold, add Fructus Evodiae (wu zhu yu) and Fructus Foeniculi (xiao hui xiang) to warm the channel and dissipate cold and relieve pain

This formula is partial to moving and dispersing in nature, and not suitable for patients with continuous painful menstruation due to deficiency impairment of the chong and ren mai

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TABLE 33.1 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Move Qi (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition and Usage

Immature Bitter Orange and GlomusDispersing Pill (zhi shi xiao pi wan)

Top-Quality Linderae Powder (tian tai wu yao san)

Efficacy and Indication

Modified Clinical Application

Caution for Use

Initially recorded in Secrets From the Orchid Chamber (lan shi mi cang). Composed by dry Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (gan sheng jiang) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 6 g, Fructus Hordei Germinatus Fermentata (mai ya qu) 6 g, Poria Alba (bai fu ling) 6 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 6 g, Rhizoma Pinelliae Fermentata (ban xia qu) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 9 g, liquid-fried Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (zhi hou po) 12 g, Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi) 12 g, and Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 6 g. Grind the ingredients into fine powder and make into water pills or flour and water paste pill as size of phoenix tree seed, and take 6–9 g each time with warm boiled water after meals, 2 times a day; or decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Move qi and disperse pĭ, fortify the spleen and harmonize the stomach. Indicated for the treatment of spleen deficiency and qi stagnation and binding of cold and heat, with epigastric lumpy stiffness and fullness, no desire to eat or drink, fatigue and lack of strength, disharmony of stool, slight yellow and greasy coating, and wiry pulse

For abdominal pain and preference to warm due to pathogenic cold, decrease the dosage of Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) and increase the dosage of Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang), or add Rhizoma Alpiniae Officinarum (gao liang jiang) and Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) to warm the center and dissipate cold; for more evident qi stagnation, add Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) and Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) to move qi and relieve pain; for nondispersion of food, add Fructus Crataegi (shan zha) and Massa Medicata Fermentata (shen qu) to promote digestion and harmonize the stomach; for diarrhea due to spleen deficiency, increase the dosage of Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) and Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) to strengthen the effects of fortifying the spleen and boosting qi; for more evident abdominal distention and distention due to qi stagnation, add Pericarpium Arecae (da fu pi) and Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) to strengthen the effects of moving qi and dispersing distention

This formula is partial to moving and dispersing; its use is cautious in patients with pĭ and fullness with a pattern of more deficiency and less excess

Initially recorded in Comprehensive Recording of Divine Assistance (sheng ji zong lu). Composed by Radix Linderae (wu yao) 15 g, Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) 15 g, dry-fried Fructus Foeniculi (chao xiao hui xiang) 15 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride (qing pi) 15 g, dry-fried Rhizoma Alpiniae Officinarum (chao gao liang jiang) 15 g, Semen Arecae (bing lang) 9 g, Fructus Toosendan (chuan lian zi) 15 g, and dry-fried Fructus Crotonis (chao ba dou) 12 g [broken and dryfried with Fructus Toosendan (chuan lian zi) and bran until bran becomes black]. Except Fructus Crotonis (ba dou), grind the other herbs into powder, make into pills, and take 3–5 g each time orally after mixing with warm wine before meals; or decoct with water for oral use

Move qi and soothe the liver, dissipate cold and relieve pain. Indicated for the treatment of intestinal hernia caused by congealing cold and qi stagnation in the liver channel, with pain in the lower abdomen, pain involving the testicles, accompanied by partial bearing down, swelling, and distension; pale tongue with white coating; deep and wiry pulse; or female painful menstruation, conglomerations, and gatherings (movable lower abdominal masses) due to qi stagnation and cold congealing

For more evident pain, take it with dry-fried Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (chao sheng jiang) and hot wine; for pain, partially bearing down, swelling, and distention in the testicles, add Semen Litchi (li zhi he) and Semen Citri Reticulatae (ju he) to move qi and dissipate masses and relieve pain; for cold pain in the lower body, preference to warm and aversion to cold due to exuberance of cold, add Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) and Fructus Evodiae (wu zhu yu) to dissipate cold and relieve pain; for painful menstruation, add Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui), Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong), and Rhizoma Cyperi (xiang fu) to invigorate blood and regulate menstruation; for conglomerations and gatherings (movable lower abdominal masses), add Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi) and Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po) to break stagnant qi and resolve masses

This formula is partial to warm and dispersing in nature, its use should be prohibited in patients with hernia pain with a pattern of liver-kidney yin deficiency complicated by internal heat.

(Continued)

666 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 33.1 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Move Qi (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition and Usage

Tangerine Seed Pill (ju he wan)

Initially recorded in Formulas to Aid the Living (ji sheng fang). Composed by Semen Citri Reticulatae (ju he) 9 g, Sargassum (hai zao) 9 g, Thallus Laminariae (kun bu) 9 g, Fructus Toosendan (chuan lian zi) 9 g, Semen Persicae (tao ren) 9 g, Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po) 6 g, Caulis Akebiae (mu tong) 6 g, Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi) 6 g, Rhizoma Corydalis (yan huo suo) 6 g, Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) 6 g, and Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) 6 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, mix with wine and flour, and make into paste pills as size of phoenix tree seed, and take orally, 9 g each time

Efficacy and Indication

Modified Clinical Application

Caution for Use

Move qi and invigorate blood, soften hardness and dissipate masses, expel cold and dispel dampness. Indicated for the treatment of hernia, with swelling and distention and partial bearing down of the testis, or hardness of the testis like stone, or pain involving the navel and abdomen, even scrotal swelling, frequent effusion of yellow water, or carbuncle formed and ulcerated

For pudendum cold and pain due to more evident cold, add Fructus Foeniculi (xiao hui xiang) and Fructus Evodiae (wu zhu yu) to strengthen the effects of dissipating cold and relieving pain; for more evident hematoma due to congealing and stagnation in blood aspect, add Rhizoma Sparganii (san leng) and Rhizoma Curcumae (e zhu) to dispel stasis and relieve pain; for red swelling, itching, and pain in the scrotum due to cold-damp transforming into heat, add Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui), Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai), Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae (tu fu ling), and Semen Plantaginis (che qian zi) to clear damp-heat

This formula is partial to breaking up and dispersing in nature, and not suitable for the patients with hernia pain and testicle swelling due to deficiencycold of the liver and kidney

TABLE 33.2 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Move Qi Name of Formula Constraint-Resolving Pill (yue ju wan)

Bupleurum Liver-Soothing Powder (chai hu shu gan san)

Efficacy Analysis Rhizoma Cyperi (xiang fu)

Acrid in nature, move qi and resolve constraint to treat qi constraint, as the chief medicinal

Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong)

Invigorate blood and move qi to treat blood stagnation, and strengthen the effect of Rhizoma Cyperi (xiang fu)

Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu)

Fragrant in flavor, activate the spleen and remove dampness to treat damp constraint

Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi)

Bitter and cold in nature, clear heat and drain fire to treat fire constraint

Massa Medicata Fermentata (shen qu)

Promote digestion and harmonize the stomach to treat food stagnation

Radix Bupleuri (chai hu)

Bitter, acrid, and slightly cold in nature, soothe the liver and resolve constraint, as the chief medicinal

Rhizoma Cyperi (xiang fu)

Slightly bitter, acrid, and neutral in nature, soothe the liver and rectify qi, move qi and relieve pain

Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi)

Acrid and warm in nature, move qi and invigorate blood, resolve constraint and relieve pain Rectify qi and move stagnation and harmonize the stomach, if dry-fried with vinegar, act on the liver channel, move qi

Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao)

Move qi and relieve pain to soothe the liver and rectify the spleen

Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao)

Nourish the blood and soften the liver, relax spasm and relieve pain, both as the assistant medicinals Harmonize the actions of all medicinals, also as the envoy medicinal

Move qi and resolve constraint

Soothe the liver and resolve constraint, move qi, and relieve pain

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TABLE 33.2 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Move Qi (cont.) Name of Formula Four Milled Ingredients Decoction (si mo tang)

Toosendan Powder (jin ling zi san)

Trichosanthes, Chinese Chive, and White Wine Decoction (gua lou xie bai bai jiu tang)

Officinal Magnolia Bark Center-Warming Decoction (hou po wen zhong tang)

Efficacy Analysis Radix Linderae (wu yao)

Acrid, fragrant, and warm in nature, soothe liver constraint and move spleen-stomach qi stagnation, as the chief medicinal

Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum (chen xiang)

Acrid and dispersing in nature, lower qi and direct counterflow downward, as the deputy medicinal

Semen Arecae (bing lang)

Acrid, bitter, and descending in nature, break stagnant qi and guide out (food) stagnation, lower qi and direct counterflow downward to eliminate distention, as the assistant medicinal

Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen)

Boost qi and reinforce healthy qi, resolve constraint and stagnation without damage to healthy qi

Fructus Toosendan (chuan lian zi)

Bitter and cold in nature, soothe the liver and move qi, clear and drain liver fire, and relieve pain, as the chief medicinal

Rhizoma Corydalis (yan huo suo)

Bitter, acrid, and warm in nature, move qi and invigorate blood, specialize in relieving pain, as the deputy and assistant medicinal

Fructus Trichosanthis (gua lou)

Sweet and cold in nature, clear up phlegm and dissipate masses, rectify qi and relieve chest stiffness, as the chief medicinal

Bulbus Allii Macrostemi (xie bai)

Acrid and warm in nature, unblock yang and dissipate masses, move qi and relieve pain, as the deputy medicinal

Distillate spirit

Acrid and warm in nature, strengthen the effects of moving qi and unblocking yang

Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po)

Bitter, acrid, and warm in nature, move qi and disperse distention, as the chief medicinal

Semen Alpiniae Katsumadai (cao dou kou)

Acrid, warm, and dry in nature, dry dampness and move qi, warm the center and dissipate cold

Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) Poria (fu ling)

Pinellia and Officinal Magnolia Bark Decoction (ban xia hou po tang)

Move qi and relieve the center stiffness and dissipate cold, assist Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po) to move qi and dry dampness, both as the deputy medicinals

Both acrid and warm in nature, warm the center and dissipate cold Fortify the spleen and percolate dampness and harmonize the center

Warm the center and remove dampness, both as the assistant medicinals

Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao)

Harmonize the actions of all medicinals, also as the envoy medicinal

Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia)

Dissolve phlegm and dissipate masses, direct counterflow downward and harmonize the stomach, as the chief medicinal

Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po)

Move qi and resolve constraint, lower qi and eliminate fullness, as the deputy medicinal

Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang)

Acrid and warm in nature, dissipate masses and direct counterflow downward and disperse phlegm, assist Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) to dissolve phlegm and dissipate masses, and resolve toxins from Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia)

Poria (fu ling)

Percolate dampness and fortify the spleen

Folium Perillae (zi su ye)

Fragrant in flavor, scattering in nature, assist Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po) to move qi and dissipate masses, guide the effects of other herbs to ascend

Move qi and direct counterflow downward and relieve chest stiffness to dissipate mass Soothe the liver and clear heat, invigorate blood, and relieve pain Unblock yang and dissipate masses, move qi and dispel phlegm

Move qi and relieve fullness, warm the center and remove dampness

Move qi and dissipate masses, direct counterflow downward and dissolve phlegm

(Continued)

668 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 33.2 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Move Qi (cont.) Name of Formula Liver-Warming Decoction (nuan gan jian)

Efficacy Analysis Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) Fructus Foeniculi (xiao hui xiang) Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum (chen xiang)

Supplemented Linderae Powder (jia wei wu yao tang)

Warm the kidney and liver, both as the chief medicinals

Acrid and warm in nature, warm the kidney and move qi

Radix Linderae (wu yao)

Acrid and hot in nature, warm the liver and move qi, dissipate cold and relieve pain

Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui)

Sweet and warm in nature, nourish the blood, and harmonize blood

Fructus Lycii (gou qi zi)

Sweet and neutral in nature, supplement and nourish the liver and kidney

Poria (fu ling)

Sweet and bland in nature, fortify the spleen, percolate dampness

Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang)

Warm the interior and dissipate cold, combine with Poria (fu ling) as the assistant medicinals

Rhizoma Cyperi (xiang fu)

Soothe the liver and rectify qi, regulate menstruation and relieve pain, as the chief medicinal

Radix Linderae (wu yao)

Acrid and warm in nature, normalize qi and smooth the center, specialize in treating distending pain in the lesser abdomen

Rhizoma Corydalis (yan huo suo)

Move qi and invigorate blood, regulate menstruation, and relieve pain

Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) Fructus Amomi (sha ren)

Move qi and regulate the center, disperse distention and relieve pain, both as the assistant medicinals

Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang)

Immature Bitter Orange and Glomus-Dispersing Pill (zhi shi xiao pi wan)

Acrid, sweet, and extremely hot in nature, warm the liver and kidney, dissipate cold and unblock the vessels Acrid and warm in nature, warm the liver and dissipate cold, move qi and relieve pain

Harmonize the actions of all medicinals, relax spasm and relieve pain, combine with Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) as the envoy medicinals

Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi)

Bitter, acrid, and slightly cold in nature, move qi and disintegrate abdominal lumps (pĭ), as the chief medicinal

Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po) Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian)

Bitter, acrid, and warm in nature, lower qi and eliminate fullness, and strengthen the effect of Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi) Acrid medicinals Bitter and cold in nature, clear heat, and open and bitter dry dampness medicinals promote Acrid and warm in nature, dissipate descent, clear heat masses, eliminate pĭ, direct counterflow and warm the center, downward and harmonize the stomach combination of cold Warm the center and dissipate cold and warm herbs

Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) Poria Alba (bai fu ling) Fructus Hordei GerminatusFermentata (mai ya qu) Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle(zhi gan cao)

Move qi and invigorate blood, regulate menstruation, and relieve pain

Warm the stomach and harmonize the center

Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao)

Rhizoma Pinelliae Fermentata(ban xia qu)

Warm and supplement the liver and kidney, move qi and relieve pain

Fortify the spleen and boost qi, remove dampness and harmonize the center to promote transportation of the spleen As the assistant medicinals Promote digestion and harmonize the stomach

Harmonize the actions of all medicinals, harmonize the center, as the envoy medicinal

Move qi and disperse pĭ, fortify the spleen and harmonize the stomach

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TABLE 33.2 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Move Qi (cont.) Name of Formula Top-Quality Linderae Powder (tian tai wu yao san)

Efficacy Analysis Radix Linderae (wu yao) Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride (qing pi) Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) Fructus Foeniculi (hui xiang)

Tangerine Seed Pill (ju he wan)

Acrid and warm in nature, soothe the liver and move qi, dissipate cold and relieve pain, as the chief medicinal Soothe liver and move qi

Rectify qi and relieve pain Warm the liver and dissipate cold

Acrid and fragrant in flavor, and warm in nature, combine each other to strengthen the effects of moving qi and dissipating cold, all as the deputy medicinals

Rhizoma Alpiniae Officinarum (gao liang jiang)

Dissipate cold and relieve pain

Semen Arecae (bing lang)

Lower qi and remove stagnation, and break up hardness in the lower jiao

Fructus Toosendan (chuan lian zi)

Rectify qi and relieve pain, bitter and cold in nature, and inhibit the acrid and hot nature of Fructus Crotonis (ba dou)

Fructus Crotonis (ba dou)

Dredge the cold accumulation and dissipate masses, combine with Fructus Toosendan (chuan lian zi) as the assistant medicinals

Semen Citri Reticulatae (ju he) Fructus Toosendan (chuan lian zi) Semen Persicae (tao ren)

Bitter, acrid, and neutral in nature, act on the liver channel, move qi, dissipate masses and relieve pain, as the chief medicinal Act on the jueyin qi aspect, assist the chief medicinal to move qi and soothe the liver

Sargassum (hai zao) Thallus Laminariae (kun bu)

Act on the jueyin blood aspect, assist the chief medicinal to invigorate blood and relieve pain Assist the chief medicinal to soften hardness and dissipate masses

Rhizoma Corydalis (yan huo suo)

Acrid, bitter, and warm in nature, invigorate blood and dissipate blood stasis

Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang)

Acrid, bitter, and warm in nature, move qi and dissipate masses

Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po)

Bitter, acrid, and warm in nature, lower qi and eliminate dampness

Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi)

Move qi and break up hardness

Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui)

Warm the liver and kidney and dissipate cold, inhibit the cold nature of Caulis Akebiae (mu tong) and Fructus Toosendan (chuan lian zi)

Caulis Akebiae (mu tong)

Move qi and soothe the liver, dissipate cold and relieve pain

Unblock the vessels and drain dampness

Move qi and invigorate blood, soften hardness and dissipate masses, expel cold and dispel dampness

670 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

2. Attached formulas (Table 33.3) TABLE 33.3 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Move Qi Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Trichosanthes, Chinese Chive, and Pinellia Decoction (gua lou xie bai ban xia tang)

Initially recorded in Essentials From the Golden Cabinet (jin gui yao lüe). Composed by Fructus Trichosanthis (gua lou) 24 g, Bulbus Allii Macrostemi (xie bai) 9 g, Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) 12 g, and appropriate amount of distillate spirit. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Unblock yang and dissipate masses, dispel phlegm and relieve chest stiffness

Indicated for the treatment of chest bì (pectoral stuffiness pain), with fullness and pain in the chest involving the back, back pain involving the chest, and inability to sleep peacefully

Immature Bitter Orange, Chinese Chive, and Cinnamon Twig Decoction (zhi shi xie bai gui zhi tang)

Initially recorded in Essentials From the Golden Cabinet (jin gui yao lüe). Composed by Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi) 12 g, Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po) 12 g, Bulbus Allii Macrostemi (xie bai) 9 g, Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) 6 g, and Fructus Trichosanthis (gua lou) 24 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Unblock yang and dissipate masses, lower qi and dispel phlegm

Indicated for the treatment of chest bì (pectoral stuffiness pain), with fullness and pain in the chest due to qi stagnation, pĭ below the heart, qi rushing up to the chest, white and greasy coating, deep and wiry and tight pulse

Costus Root Qi-Normalizing Powder (mu xiang shun qi san)

Initially recorded in Standards for Diagnosis and Treatment (zheng zhi zhun sheng). Composed by Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) 6 g, Rhizoma Cyperi (xiang fu) 6 g, Semen Arecae (bing lang) 6 g, vinegar-fried Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride (cu chao qing pi) 6 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 6 g, dry-fried Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis with ginger juice (jiang hou po) 6 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu) 6 g, dry-fried Fructus Aurantii with bran (fu chao zhi qiao) 6 g, Fructus Amomi (sha ren) 6 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 3 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, add Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 3 pieces and decoct with water for oral use before meals

Normalize qi and resolve constraint, harmonize the stomach and remove dampness

Indicated for the treatment of distention and oppression in the chest and diaphragm, vomiting and abdominal pain due to qi constraint, or inhibited defecation

Corydalis Rhizome Powder (yan hu suo san)

Initially recorded in Formulas to Aid the Living (ji sheng fang). Composed by Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 15 g, Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao) 15 g, Rhizoma Corydalis (yan huo suo) 15 g, Pollen Typhae (pu huang) 15 g, Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) 15 g, Rhizoma Curcumae Longae (jiang huang) 9 g, Olibanum (ru xiang) 9 g, Myrrha (mo yao) 9 g, Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) 9 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 8 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, select 12 g each time and add Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 7 pieces, and decoct with water for oral use

Move qi and invigorate blood, regulate menstruation, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of pain in the epigastrium and abdomen in female (or virgin) or pain involving the waist, ribside or back (backbone) due to damage from the seven emotions and disharmony of qi and blood, stabbing pain in the upper or lower, menstrual irregularities, or all pain due to qi stagnation and blood stasis

Five Milled Ingredients Drink (wu mo yin zi)

Initially recorded in Convenience of Medicine (yi bian). Composed by Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) 6 g, Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum (chen xiang) 6 g, Semen Arecae (bing lang) 6 g, Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi) 6 g, and Radix Linderae (wu yao) 6 g. Grind the ingredients with distillate spirit to obtain juice for oral use

Move qi and direct counterflow downward, and relieve chest stiffness to dissipate mass

Indicated for the treatment of distending pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen due to binding constraint of the seven emotions, or qi syncope caused by violent anger or other factors

Formulas That Rectify Qi Chapter | 33

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TABLE 33.3 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Move Qi (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Six Milled Ingredients Decoction (liu mo tang)

Initially recorded in Effective Formulas From Generations of Physicians (shi yi de xiao fang). Composed by Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum (chen xiang) 6 g, Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) 6 g, Semen Arecae (bing lang) 6 g, Radix Linderae (wu yao) 6 g, Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao) 6 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 6 g. Grind each herb with water to obtain thick juice, mix together, and decoct for oral use

Move qi and direct counterflow downward, promote defecation and guide out (food) stagnation

Indicated for the treatment of abdominal distention due to qi stagnation, pĭ and fullness in the ribside and abdomen, or abdominal pain, constipation, less eating, thin and greasy coating, and wiry pulse

Qi-Transporting Pill (yun qi wan)

Initially recorded in Beneficial Formulas From the Taiping Imperial Pharmacy (tai ping hui min he ji ju fang). Composed by Flos Caryophylli (ding xiang) 6 g, Lignum Santali Albi (tan xiang) 6 g, Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) 6 g, Fructus Amomi Kravanh (bai dou kou) 6 g, Folium Agastachis (huo xiang ye) 24 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 24 g, and Fructus Amomi (sha ren) 12 g. Grind the ingredients into powder and take orally, 3 g each time

Move qi and remove dampness, direct qi downward, and harmonize the stomach

Indicated for the treatment of deficiency pĭ in the chest and diaphragm, indigestion, stabbing pain in the epigastrium and abdomen, distention and fullness, choking, vomiting, and nausea

Lesser Galangal and Cyperus Pill (liang fu wan)

Initially recorded in A Collection of Fine Formulas From Various Sources (liang fang ji ye). Composed by Rhizoma Alpiniae Officinarum (gao liang jiang) 9 g and Rhizoma Cyperi (xiang fu) 9 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, mix with rice water and Succus Rhizomatis Zingiberis (sheng jiang zhi) and salt, and make into pills for oral use

Move qi and soothe the liver, dispel cold, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of qi stagnation and cold congealing, with pain in the chest, stomach cavity and ribside, aversion to cold and preference to heat, or female painful menstruation

Qi-Guiding Decoction (dao qi tang)

Initially recorded in Shen’s Books on Respecting Life (shen shi zun sheng shu). Composed by Fructus Toosendan (chuan lian zi) 12 g, Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) 9 g, Fructus Foeniculi (xiao hui xiang) 6 g, and Fructus Evodiae (wu zhu yu) 3 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Move qi and soothe the liver, dissipate cold, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of pain from cold hernia

Linderae Decoction (wu yao tang)

Initially recorded in Secrets From the Orchid Chamber (lan shi mi cang). Composed by Radix Linderae (wu yao) 30 g, Rhizoma Cyperi (xiang fu) 60 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 15 g, Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) 15 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 15 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Invigorate blood and stanch bleeding, move qi, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of premenstrual or menstrual abdominal pain due to blood stasis complicated by adverse-rising qi blocking the interior, accompanied by profuse uterine bleeding and bloody urine

Qi-Correcting Heavenly Fragrance Powder (zheng qi tian xiang san)

Initially recorded in The Grand Compendium of Medicine (yi xue gang mu). Composed by Radix Linderae (wu yao) 6 g, Rhizoma Cyperi (xiang fu) 24 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 3 g, Folium Perillae (zi su ye) 3 g, and Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) 3 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, and orally, 9 g each time

Move qi and warm the center, regulate menstruation, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of female pain due to disharmony of various qi, such as qi rushing up to the chest, or pain in the ribside, or masses with stabbing pain in the abdomen, menstrual irregularities, or vertigo and vomiting, and alternating chills and fever

Six-Seven Decoction (si qi tang)

Initially recorded in Beneficial Formulas From the Taiping Imperial Pharmacy (tai ping hui min he ji ju fang). Composed by Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) 12 g, Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po) 9 g, Poria (fu ling) 12 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 9 g, Folium Perillae (zi su ye) 6 g, and Fructus Jujubae (da zao) 1 piece. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Move qi and dissipate masses, dissolve phlegm, and direct counterflow downward

Indicated for the treatment of phlegmdrool accumulation syndrome, such as plum-stone qi (globus hystericus) due to qi constraint of the seven emotions, or pĭ and fullness in the middle-third portion of the stomach cavity due to qi stagnation, or abnormal rising of qi and panting with rapid respiration due to exuberance and obstruction of phlegmdrool, or vomiting and nausea due to phlegm-rheum binding in the middle jiao (Continued)

672 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 33.3 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Move Qi (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Immature Bitter Orange and Atractylodes Macrocephala Decoction (zhi zhu tang)

Initially recorded in Clarifying Doubts about Damage From Internal and External Causes (nei wai shang bian huo lun). Composed by Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi) 12 g and Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 6 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Move qi and disperse pĭ

Indicated for the treatment of qi stagnation and water retention, with stiffness under the heart, and hardened mass like a plate, or pain in the stomach cavity, difficulty in micturition, light red tongue with greasy coating, and deep pulse

Immature Bitter Orange and Atractylodes Macrocephala Pill (zhi zhu wan)

Initially recorded in Clarifying Doubts about Damage From Internal and External Causes (nei wai shang bian huo lun). Composed by Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 60 g and Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi) 30 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, mix with cooked rice, coat with Folium Nelumbinis (he ye) and make into pills as size of phoenix tree seed, and take 50 pills each time orally at any time

Fortify the spleen and rectify qi, promote digestion, and disperse pĭ

Indicated for the treatment of indigestion and retention of food due to spleen deficiency and qi stagnation, accompanied by pĭ and fullness in the chest and stomach cavity, no desire to eat or drink, pale tongue with white coating, and weak pulse

DiaphragmActivating Powder (qi ge san)

Initially recorded in Medical Revelations (yi xue xin wu). Composed by Radix Adenophorae seu Glehniae (sha shen) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae (dan shen) 9 g, Poria (fu ling) 3 g, Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae (chuan bei mu) 4.5 g, Radix Curcumae (yu jin) 1.5 g, Pericarpium Amomi (sha ren qiao) 1.2 g, Folium Nelumbinis Basis (he ye di) 4.5 g, and wheat bran 1.5 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Rectify qi and resolve constraint, moisten dryness, and dissolve phlegm

Indicated for the treatment of dysphagia due to long-term depression, qi stagnation and failing to distribute fluids, with difficulty in swallowing, slight relief with belching, dry vomiting or vomiting of phlegm-drool, or accompanied by difficult and hard defecation, dry mouth and throat, gradual emaciation, red tongue with white coating, thready and wiry pulse

Herba Aristolochiae Powder (tian xian teng san)

Initially recorded in The Complete Compendium of Fine Formulas for Women (fu ren da quan liang fang). Composed by dry-fried Herba Aristolochiae (chao tian xian teng) 150 g. Grind the ingredient into fine powder; take orally, 6 g each time, 2 times a day

Rectify qi and move stagnation, remove dampness, and relieve swelling

Indicated for the treatment of unceasing postpartum abdominal pain and all abdominal pain due to qi stagnation and blood stasis

Powder for Promoting Lactation like Pouring Spring (xia ru yong quan san)

Initially recorded in Formulas From the Imperial Institute of Medicine in Qing Dynasty (qing tai yi yuan pei fang). Composed by Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) 15 g, Squama Manitis (chuan shan jia) 15 g, Semen Vaccariae (wang bu liu xing) 15 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride (qing pi) 10 g, Radix Rhapontici (lou lu) 10 g, Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi) 10 g, Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) 10 g, Medulla Tetrapanacis (tong cao) 10 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 10 g, Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 10 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 10 g, Radix Trichosanthis (tian hua fen) 10 g, Radix et Rhizoma Gentianae (long dan) 10 g, Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae (dan shen) 10 g, Rhizoma Curcumae (e zhu) 10 g, and Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi) 10 g. Grind the ingredients into crude powder, and decoct 30 g each time with water for oral use

Soothe the liver and resolve constraint, nourish blood and invigorate blood, unblock the collaterals, and promote lactation

Indicated for the treatment of less or no milk secretion due to liver constraint and qi stagnation and lactation inhibited after childbirth or in lactation, with distention, hardness, and pain in the breast, chest oppression and ribside distention, depressed emotion and poor appetite

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TABLE 33.3 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Move Qi (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

ConstraintResolving Powder (kai yu san)

Initially recorded in Profound Decree in Fairyland (dong tian ao zhi). Composed by Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) 15 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 6 g, Radix Curcumae (yu jin) 6 g, Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) 3 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 2.4 g, Scorpio (quan xie) 2 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 9 g, Poria (fu ling) 9 g, Rhizoma Cyperi (xiang fu) 9 g, Semen Sinapis (bai jie zi) 9 g, and Herba Begoniae Fimbristipulatae (zi bei tian kui) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Soothe the liver and resolve constraint, dissolve phlegm, and dissipate masses

Indicated for the treatment of scrofula due to binding constraint of liver and gallbladder

Lignum Aquilariae Powder (chen xiang san)

Initially recorded in Appendices to the “Essentials From the Golden Cabinet” (jin gui yi). Composed by Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum (chen xiang) 15 g, Folium Pyrrosiae (shi wei) 15 g, Talcum (hua shi) 15 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 15 g, Semen Vaccariae (wang bu liu xing) 15 g, Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) 9 g, Fructus Malvae (dong kui zi) 9 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 6 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 6 g. Grind the ingredients into crude powder and take 6 g each time after mixing with decoction of Hordeum Vulgare (da mai)

Rectify qi and relieve strangury and promote urination

Indicated for the treatment of qi strangury or dribbling urinary block due to liver constraint and qi stagnation, with urinary retention or difficult and incomplete urination after anger, distention and fullness and pain in the chest, ribside, and lower abdomen, vexation and irascibility, light red tongue with thin and slightly yellow coating, and wiry pulse

3. Formula differentiation (Table 33.4) TABLE 33.4 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Move Qi Name of Formula

Similarity

Differences

Tangerine Seed Pill (ju he wan)

Both have the effects of moving qi and relieving pain, and can be used for the treatment of pain from hernia

It can also soften hardness and dissipate masses, and indicated for the treatment of hernia due to cold-damp invading the liver channel, qi and blood stagnation in the liver channel, characterized by testicular swelling, stiffness, and pain

All three are on the basis of composition of Fructus Trichosanthis (gua lou) and Bulbus Allii Macrostemi (xie bai), have the effects of unblocking yang and dissipating masses, moving qi and dispelling phlegm, and are used for the treatment of chest bì (pectoral stuffiness pain) due to hypofunction of yang qi in the chest and phlegm obstruction and qi stagnation

Its effects are less strong. It is a basic formula that can unblock yang and dissipate masses as well as move qi and dispel phlegm, and more suitable for the treatment of chest bì (pectoral stuffiness pain) with mild phlegm-turbidity and qi stagnation

Top-Quality Linderae Powder (tian tai wu yao san) Trichosanthes, Chinese Chive, and White Wine Decoction (gua lou xie bai bai jiu tang) Trichosanthes, Chinese Chive, and Pinellia Decoction (gua lou xie bai ban xia tang) Immature Bitter Orange, Chinese Chive and Cinnamon Twig Decoction (zhi shi xie bai gui zhi tang)

It specializes in moving qi and dissipating cold, and is good at moving qi to relieve pain, and is more suitable for the treatment of intestinal hernia with a pattern of cold congealing and qi stagnation, characterized by lower abdominal pain involving testicles, sensation of bearing down and swelling

Select Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) to combine. The effects of dispelling phlegm and dissipating masses are strong. It is more suitable for the treatment of chest bì (pectoral stuffiness pain) with more evident phlegm-turbidity, accompanied by chest pain involving the back, and inability to sleep peacefully Remove the Distillate spirit, and select Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi), Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po), and Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) to combine. Its effects of unblocking yang and dissipating masses are strong. It is good at lowering qi and directing counterflow downward, moving qi and eliminating fullness, and suitable for the treatment of chest bì (pectoral stuffiness pain) due to more evident qi stagnation, accompanied by the main symptoms of chest fullness and pain, and upward reversal of qi (from the costal region) disturbing the heart (Continued)

674 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 33.4 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Move Qi (cont.) Name of Formula

Similarity

Differences

Corydalis Rhizome Powder (yan hu suo san)

Both have the effects of moving qi, invigorating blood, and relieving pain

There are more medicinals that act on the blood aspect in this formula. Its effects of invigorating blood and relieving pain are strong. It selects Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) with warm in nature to combine, and is more suitable for the treatment of pain due to qi stagnation and blood stasis with a cold pattern

Toosendan Powder (jin ling zi san) Linderae Decoction (wu yao tang) Qi-Correcting Heavenly Fragrance Powder (zheng qi tian xiang san) Supplemented Linderae Powder (jia wei wu yao tang)

There are just two medicinals in this formula. Its effect is less strong, and its nature is partial to cold-cool, so it is more suitable for the treatment of pain due to qi constraint and blood stagnation with a heat pattern All three have the effects of moving qi and relieving pain, and can treat painful menstruation

It can move qi and harmonize blood and relieve pain, and is more suitable for the treatment of painful menstruation due to liver constraint and disharmony of qi and blood It can move qi and regulate menstruation and relieve pain, and also warm the center and harmonize the stomach, and is more suitable for the treatment of painful menstruation caused by cold congealing in the liver channel and inhibited qi movement, or abdominal pain due to cold stagnation in the liver and spleen It can move qi, invigorate blood, and relieve pain, and is more suitable for the treatment of painful menstruation caused by liver constraint and qi stagnation, and inhibited blood movement

SECTION 2  FORMULAS THAT DIRECT QI DOWNWARD Outline Formulas that direct qi downward have the effects of directing qi downward to calm panting or directing counterflow downward to arrest vomiting, are suitable for the treatment of ascending counterflow of lung qi or stomach qi. The primary symptoms of ascending counterflow of lung qi are cough and panting, which are often treated with formulas that are mainly composed of herbs that direct qi downward and dispel phlegm, relieve cough, and calm panting, such as Fructus Perillae (zi su zi), Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren), Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum (chen xiang), and Flos Farfarae (kuan dong hua). The primary symptoms of ascending counterflow of stomach qi are vomiting, belching and hiccup, which are treated with formulas that are composed of herbs that direct counterflow downward, harmonize the stomach, and arrest vomiting, such as Flos Inulae (xuan fu hua), Haematitum (dai zhe shi), Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia), Caulis Bambusae in Taenia (zhu ru), Flos Caryophylli (ding xiang), and Calyx Kaki (shi di). Since qi counterflow has the differences of cold, heat, deficiency, excess or accompanied syndrome, formulas in this category are often combined with herbs that clear heat, herbs that warm the interior, herbs that dispel phlegm, or herbs that supplement deficiency, respectively in order to treat the root and branch simultaneously. The representative formulas are Perilla Fruit Qi-Descending Decoction (su zi jiang qi tang), Arrest Wheezing Decoction (ding chuan tang), Inula and Hematite Decoction (xuan fu dai zhe tang), Tangerine Peel and Bamboo Shavings Decoction (ju pi zhu ru tang), and Clove and Persimmon Decoction (ding xiang shi di san).

Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 1. Primary formulas and analysis (Tables 33.5 and 33.6)

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TABLE 33.5 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Direct Qi Downward Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Perilla Fruit Qi-Descending Decoction (su zi jiang qi tang)

Clove and Persimmon Decoction (ding xiang shi di san)

Efficacy and Indication

Modified Clinical Application

Caution for Use

Initially recorded in Beneficial Formulas From the Taiping Imperial Pharmacy (tai ping hui min he ji ju fang). Composed by Fructus Perillae (zi su zi) 9 g, Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) 9 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 6 g, Radix Peucedani (qian hu) 6 g, Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po) 6 g [fried with Succus Rhizomatis Zingiberis (sheng jiang zhi) 6 g], Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) 3 g, Folium Perillae (zi su ye) 6 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 2 pieces, and Fructus Jujubae (da zao) 1 piece. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use at any time

Direct qi downward and calm panting, dispel phlegm, and relieve cough. Indicated for the treatment of cough and panting with a pattern of upper excess and lower deficiency, accompanied by exuberant phlegmdrool, panting, cough, shortness of breath, fullness and oppression in the chest and diaphragm, or low back pain, flaccid feet, or edema of limbs, white and glossy coating, or white and greasy coating, wiry and slippery pulse

For panting and cough and difficulty in sleeping due to obstruction and exuberance of phlegm-drool and qi counterflow, add Semen Lepidii (ting li zi) and Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum (chen xiang) to strengthen the effects of directing qi downward and calm panting; complicated by qi deficiency, add Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) to boost qi; complicated by exterior pattern, add Herba Ephedrae (ma huang) and Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren) to diffuse the lung and calm panting, and scatter and dissipate external pathogen; for more evident kidney yang deficiency, add Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) and Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum (chen xiang) to strengthen the effect of warming the kidney to improve qi reception

Its use is prohibited in patients with cough and panting due to lung-kidney yin deficiency, lung-heat, and exuberance of phlegm. And it is inadvisable to combine with aspirin in order to avoid damage to digestive tract

Initially recorded in Symptoms, Causes, Pulses, and Treatment (zheng yin mai zhi). Composed by Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 3 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 6 g, Flos Caryophylli (ding xiang) 6 g, and Calyx Kaki (shi di) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Direct counterflow downward and relieve hiccup, warm the center and supplement deficiency. Indicated for the treatment of hiccup with a pattern of deficiency-cold, accompanied by unceasing hiccup, pĭ and oppression in the chest and stomach cavity, pale tongue with white coating, deep and slow pulse

For white and greasy coating due to qi stagnation and phlegm obstruction, add Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) and Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) to rectify qi and dissolve phlegm; for white and glossy coating due to middle-jiao cold and retention of fluid, add Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) and Poria (fu ling) to warm and remove phlegm-rheum; for no stomach qi deficiency, remove Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen); for more evident stomach cold, add Fructus Evodiae (wu zhu yu) and Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) to strengthen the effects of warming the center and dispelling cold; complicated by distention and fullness in the chest and stomach cavity, add Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) and Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) to rectify qi and eliminate fullness

This formula is partial to warm and heat, and not suitable for patients with hiccup due to stomach heat

(Continued)

676 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 33.5 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Direct Qi Downward (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Inula and Hematite Decoction (xuan fu dai zhe tang)

Efficacy and Indication

Modified Clinical Application

Caution for Use

Initially recorded in Treatise on Cold Damage (shang han lun). Composed by Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 6 g, Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) 9 g, Flos Inulae (xuan fu hua) 9 g, Haematitum (dai zhe shi) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 6 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 10 g, and Fructus Jujubae (da zao) 4 pieces. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Direct counterflow downward and dissolve phlegm, boost qi and harmonize the stomach. Indicated for the treatment of stomach deficiency and phlegm obstruction and qi counterflow, with epigastric fullness and rigidity, belching, or regurgitation and vomiting, saliva spitting, pale tongue with white and glossy coating, wiry and deficient pulse

For no evident stomach qi deficiency, remove Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) and Fructus Jujubae (da zao), and increase the dosage of Haematitum (dai zhe shi) to strengthen the effects of directing counterflow downward with heavy property; for profuse phlegm, add Poria (fu ling) and Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) to assist the effects of dissolving phlegm and harmonizing the stomach

Since Haematitum (dai zhe shi) is cold, descending and heavy in nature, which is easy to affect the digestion, formula dosage for patients with stomach deficiency should be small

Tangerine Peel and Bamboo Shavings Decoction (ju pi zhu ru tang)

Initially recorded in Essentials From the Golden Cabinet (jin gui yao lüe). Composed by Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (ju pi) 12 g, Caulis Bambusae in Taenia (zhu ru) 12 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 3 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 9 g, Fructus Jujubae (da zao) 5 pieces, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 6 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Direct counterflow downward and relieve hiccup, boost qi and clear heat. Indicated for the treatment of hiccup due to stomach deficiency and stomach heat, with hiccup or belching, deficient restlessness and weak breathing, dry mouth, red and tender tongue, deficient and rapid pulse

For dry mouth, red tongue with slight coating due to stomach yin insufficiency, add Caulis Dendrobii (shi hu) and Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) to enrich yin and nourish the stomach; for thirst with desire to drink, red tongue with yellow coating due to more evident stomach heat, add Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) to clear and discharge stomach heat; for more evident hiccup without evident qi deficiency, remove Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen), Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao), and Fructus Jujubae (da zao), add Folium Eriobotryae (pi pa ye) and Calyx Kaki (shi di) to direct counterflow downward and relieve hiccup

Its use is prohibited in patients with vomiting and hiccup due to excess heat or deficiency-cold

Arrest Wheezing Decoction (ding chuan tang)

Initially recorded in Numerous Miraculous Prescriptions for Health Cultivation (she sheng zhong miao fang). Composed by Semen Ginkgo (bai guo) 9 g, Herba Ephedrae (ma huang) 9 g, Fructus Perillae (zi su zi) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 3 g, Flos Farfarae (kuan dong hua) 9 g, Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren) 9 g, Cortex Mori (sang bai pi) 9 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 6 g, and Rhizoma Pinelliae Praeparatum (fa ban xia) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Diffuse the lung and direct qi downward, clear heat and dissolve phlegm. Indicated for the treatment of wheezing and panting due to wind-cold fettering the exterior and phlegmheat accumulated in the interior, with wheezing, panting, cough, excessive phlegm, breath lessness, yellow and thick phlegm, slight aversion to windcold, yellow and greasy coating, slippery and rapid pulse

For no exterior pattern, decrease the dosage of Herba Ephedrae (ma huang) or use honey-fried Herba Ephedrae (zhi ma huang) to diffuse the lung and relieve panting without dispersing; for difficulty in expectoration of thick phlegm, add Fructus Trichosanthis (gua lou) and Arisaema cum Bile (dan nan xing) to strengthen the effects of clearing heat and dissolving phlegm; for more evident chest oppression, add Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao) and Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po) to rectify qi and relieve chest stiffness; for more evident lung-heat, add raw Gypsum Fibrosum (sheng shi gao), Rhizoma Fagopyri Dibotryis (jin qiao mai), and Herba Houttuyniae (yu xing cao) to strengthen the effect of clearing lung-heat

Its use is prohibited in patients with chronic wheezing and panting due to lung-kidney yin deficiency. It is inadvisable to combine with cardiotonic agents or monoamine oxidase inhibitors

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TABLE 33.6 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Direct Qi Downward Name of Formula Perilla Fruit Qi-Descending Decoction (su zi jiang qi tang)

Efficacy Analysis Fructus Perillae (zi su zi)

Acrid, warm, and not dry in nature, direct upward reversal oflung qi, eliminate stagnated phlegm-drool, as the chief medicinal

Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia)

Acrid, warm, and dry in nature, direct counterflow downward and dispel phlegm, as the deputy medicinal

Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po)

Acrid, warm, bitter, and descending in nature, direct counterflow downward and calm panting, relieve chest stiffness and fullness

Radix Peucedani (qian hu)

Acrid, bitter, and slightly cold in nature, specialize in directing qi downward and dispelling phlegm, and also diffuse lung qi

Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui)

Acrid and hot in nature, warm the kidney and improve qi reception

Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui)

Acrid, sweet, warm, and moistening in nature, nourish the blood and supplement deficiency to assist Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) to warm and supplement kidney qi

Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) Folium Perillae (zi su ye) Fructus Jujubae (da zao) Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) Clove and Persimmon Decoction (ding xiang shi di san)

Inula and Hematite Decoction (xuan fu dai zhe tang)

Diffuse the lung and dissipate cold

Harmonize the center and boost qi Harmonize the actions of all medicinals, as the assistant and envoy medicinal

Flos Caryophylli (ding xiang)

Acrid, warm, and fragrant in nature, warm the center and dissipate cold, direct counterflow downward and relieve hiccup

Calyx Kaki (shi di)

Bitter in nature, specialize in directing stomach qi, combine with Flos Caryophylli (ding xiang) as the chief medicinals

Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang)

Acrid and warm in nature, warm the stomach and direct counterflow downward, as the deputy medicinal

Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen)

Sweet and warm in nature, boost qi and supplement deficiency and nourish the stomach, as the assistant medicinal

Flos Inulae (xuan fu hua)

Bitter, acrid, salty, slightly warm, and descending in nature, specialize in lowering qi and dispersing phlegm, directing counterflow downward and relieving belching, as the chief medicinal

Haematitum (dai zhe shi)

Bitter, cold, and heavy in nature, specialize in containing and astringing counterflow qi of the lung and stomach

Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang)

Dispel phlegm and dissipate masses, direct counterflow downward and harmonize the stomach Harmonize the stomach and direct counterflow downward to arrest vomiting, diffuse and dissipate water pathogen to assist the effect of dispelling phlegm

Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) Fructus Jujubae (da zao) Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao)

Direct qi downward and calm panting, dispel phlegm and relieve cough

Direct counterflow downward and relieve hiccup, warm the center and supplement deficiency

Direct counterflow downward and dissolve phlegm, boost qi and harmonize the stomach

Sweet and warm in nature, fortify the spleen and nourish the stomach to treat the root of center deficiency and qi weakness, all as the assistant medicinals

Harmonize the actions of all medicinals, as the envoy medicinal (Continued)

678 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 33.6 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Direct Qi Downward (cont.) Name of Formula Tangerine Peel and Bamboo Shavings Decoction (ju pi zhu ru tang)

Arrest Wheezing Decoction (ding chuan tang)

Efficacy Analysis Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (ju pi)

Acrid, bitter, and warm in nature, move qi and harmonize the stomach

Caulis Bambusae in Taenia (zhu ru)

Sweet and slightly cold in nature, clear heat and harmonize the stomach

Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang)

Harmonize the stomach and arrest vomiting, and assist the chief medicinals to direct counterflow downward and relieve hiccup

Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) Fructus Jujubae (da zao) Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao)

Boost qi and supplement the center, combine with Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (ju pi) as the deputy medicinals Boost qi and supplement the spleen and nourish the stomach, combine with Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) to restore deficient stomach qi, combine with Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) to harmonize the spleen and stomach Harmonize the actions of all medicinals, as the envoy medicinal

Herba Ephedrae (ma huang)

Acrid and warm in nature, scatter and dissipate wind-cold to release the exterior, diffuse lung qi to relieve panting

Semen Ginkgo (bai guo)

Sweet, bitter, astringent, and neutral in nature, astringe the lung and relieve panting

Cortex Mori (sang bai pi) Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren) Fructus Perillae (zi su zi)

Drain the lung and relieve panting

Rhizoma Pinelliae Praeparatum (fa ban xia)

Acrid and slightly warm in nature, dry dampness and dissolve phlegm

Flos Farfarae (kuan dong hua)

Acrid, slightly bitter, and warm in nature, lower qi, relieve cough and dissolve phlegm

Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao)

Harmonize the actions of all medicinals, harmonize the center and relieve cough, as the assistant and envoy medicinal

Clear heat and dissolve phlegm

Direct counterflow downward, relieve hiccup, and harmonize the stomach and clear heat, both as the chief medicinals

Disperse phlegm-heat accumulated in interior, both as the deputy medicinals

Bitter and slightly warm in nature, relieve cough and calm panting Acrid and warm in nature, direct qi downward and dissolve phlegm and relieve panting

Direct qi downward and relieve panting, dissolve phlegm and resolve cough, all as the assistant medicinals

Direct counterflow downward and relieve hiccup, boost qi and clear heat

Diffuse the lung and direct qi downward, clear heat and dissolve phlegm

2. Attached formulas (Table 33.7) TABLE 33.7 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Direct Qi Downward Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Clove Powder (ding xiang san)

Initially recorded in Central Treasury Classic (zhong zang jing). Composed by Flos Caryophylli (ding xiang) 3 g, Calyx Kaki (shi di) 3 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 1.5 g, and Rhizoma Alpiniae Officinarum (gao liang jiang) 1.5 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, infuse it with boiling water, and take it orally

Direct counterflow downward and relieve hiccup, warm the center and dissipate cold

Indicated for the treatment of cold damage with cough, hiccough and sweating, or chronic disease with hiccup due to cold

Master Yan's Tangerine Peel and Bamboo Shavings Decoction (yan shi ju pi zhu ru tang)

Initially recorded in Formulas to Aid the Living (ji sheng fang). Composed by Poria Rubra (chi fu ling) 30 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (ju pi) 30 g, Folium Eriobotryae (pi pa ye) 30 g, Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) 30 g, Caulis Bambusae in Taenia (zhu ru) 30 g, Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) 30 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 15 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 15 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Direct counterflow downward and arrest vomiting, harmonize the stomach, and clear heat

Indicated for the treatment of excessive thirst, vomiting, and no desire to eat due to stomach heat

Formulas That Rectify Qi Chapter | 33

679

TABLE 33.7 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Direct Qi Downward (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Newly Prepared Tangerine Peel and Bamboo Shavings Decoction (xin zhi ju pi zhu ru tang)

Initially recorded in Systematic Differentiation of Warm Diseases (wen bing tiao bian). Composed by Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (ju pi) 9 g, Caulis Bambusae in Taenia (zhu ru) 9 g, Calyx Kaki (shi di) 9 g, and appropriate amount of Succus Rhizomatis Zingiberis (sheng jiang zhi). Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Rectify qi and direct counterflow downward, clear heat, and relieve hiccup

Indicated for the treatment of hiccup due to stomach heat but no deficiency of stomach qi

Bamboo Shavings Decoction (zhu ru tang)

Initially recorded in Experiential Formulas for Universal Relief (pu ji ben shi fang). Composed by Radix Puerariae Lobatae (ge gen) 15 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 9 g, Rhizoma Pinelliae Praeparatum (jiang ban xia) 9 g, Caulis Bambusae in Taenia (zhu ru) 9 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 3 pieces, and Fructus Jujubae (da zao) 1 piece. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Clear heat and resolve alcohol toxins, harmonize the stomach, and arrest vomiting

Indicated for the treatment of vomiting due to stomach heat or vomiting due to drinking too much wine

VomitingStopping Pill (ding tu wan)

Initially recorded in A New Book of Pediatrics (you you xin shu). Composed by Flos Caryophylli (ding xiang) 15 g, tail of Scorpio (quan xie) 5 g, cooked Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) 5 g. Decoct the flesh of common jujube and mix with the medicinals, make into pills as size of broomcorn millet fruit, and take 7–10 pills each time, 2 times a day

Calm the mind and suppress fright, harmonize the stomach, direct counterflow downward, and arrest vomiting

Indicated for the treatment of vomiting caused by fright, with vomiting of clear drool in infant after being frightened, restless sleep at night, frequent terrified crying, timid and weak mind, pale tongue with thin and white coating, slippery pulse, and blue finger venules

Original QiRestoring and Qi-Unblocking Powder (fu yuan tong qi san)

Initially recorded in The Secret Transmission Formulas of External Medicine (mi chuan wai ke fang). Composed by Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) 30 g, Fructus Foeniculi (xiao hui xiang) 30 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride (qing pi) 30 g, blastfried Squama Manitis (chuan shan jia) 30 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 30 g, Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi) 30 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 30 g, Radix Rhapontici (lou lu) 30 g, and Bulbus Fritillaria (bei mu) 30 g. Grind the ingredients into fine powder and take 6 g each time after mixing with hot wine, 2 times a day, or directly decoct with water after discounting dose according to the original proportion

Move qi and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of pain due to qi stagnation after injury from fall, with distention and fullness in the chest and abdomen, vexation and irascibility, pale tongue with thin and white coating, wiry and forceful pulse

Four SeaMedicinal Pill for Relieving Depression (si hai shu yu wan)

Initially recorded in The Complete Compendium of Sores (yang yi da quan). Composed by Radix Aristolochiae (qing mu xiang) 15 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 9 g, powder of Concha Meretricis seu Cyclinae (hai ge fen) 9 g, Laminaria Japonica (hai dai) 60 g, Sargassum (hai zao) 60 g, Thallus Laminariae (kun bu) 60 g, and Endoconcha Sepiae (hai piao xiao) 60 g. Grind the ingredients into fine powder, make into pills and take orally, 9 g each time, 3 times a day

Move qi and dissolve phlegm, dissipate masses, and disperse goiter

Indicated for the treatment of qi goiter caused by constraint of liver qi and spleen qi, with qi stagnation at Adam’s apple like masses, which become larger or smaller along with anger or joys, even hinder eating or drinking

Unaccompanied Sage Powder (du sheng san)

Initially recorded in Essence of External Medicine (wai ke jing yao). Composed by Ginger-prepared Rhizoma Cyperi (jiang zhi xiang fu) 12 g. Decoct the herb with water for oral use

Rectify qi and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of pain due to blood stasis and qi stagnation after injury from falling down, with local distending pain, vexation and irascibility, glumness, pale tongue with thin and white coating, wiry and forceful pulse

Linderae Qi-Balancing Powder (wu yao shun qi san)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Diseases, Patterns, and Formulas Related to the Unification of the Three Etiologies (san yin ji yi bing zheng fang lun). Composed by Radix Linderae (wu yao) 60 g, Herba Ephedrae (ma huang) 60 g, Exocarpium Citri Rubrum (ju hong) 60 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 30 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 30 g, Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao) 30 g, Bombyx Batryticatus (bai jiang can) 30 g, Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi) 30 g, Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) 30 g, and Rhizoma Zingiberis Praeparatum (pao jiang) 15 g. Grind the ingredients into crude powder, select 6 g each time and add Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 3 pieces and Herba Menthae (bo he) 7 leaves, and decoct with water for oral use, or directly decoct with water after discounting dose according to the original proportion

Move qi and invigorate blood, dispel wind, and arrest convulsion

Indicated for the treatment of sinew injury complicated by wind-strike, with general stubborn numbness, joint pain, gait difficulty, unsmooth speech, wiry mouth and eye, aggravated when encountering wind-cold, breathlessness and wheezy phlegm in the throat, pale tongue with thin and white coating, and floating pulse

680 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

3. Formula differentiation (Table 33.8) TABLE 33.8 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Direct Qi Downward Name of Formula

Similarity

Differences

Clove and Persimmon Decoction (ding xiang shi di san)

Both use Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) to supplement the center and boost qi and Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) to harmonize the stomach and arrest vomiting, have the effects of directing counterflow downward and arresting vomiting, boosting qi and nourishing the stomach, and are used for the treatment of stomach deficiency and qi counterflow

It mainly focuses on warming the stomach and directing counterflow downward, and is indicated for the treatment of hiccup with a pattern of deficiency-cold of stomach qi.

Both have the effects of directing qi downward and calming panting, and can be used for the treatment of cough and panting

Select Herba Ephedrae (ma huang) to diffuse the lung and Semen Ginkgo (bai guo) to astringe the lung, and combine with herbs that clear heat and dissolve phlegm, direct qi downward, and relieve panting. It is indicated for the treatment of wheezing and panting due to wind-cold fettering the exterior and phlegm-heat accumulated in interior

Inula and Hematite Decoction (xuan fu dai zhe tang)

Tangerine Peel and Bamboo Shavings Decoction (ju pi zhu ru tang) Arrest Wheezing Decoction (ding chuan tang)

Perilla Fruit QiDescending Decoction (su zi jiang qi tang)

Four Milled Ingredients Decoction (si mo tang)

Evodia Decoction (wu zhu yu tang)

It mainly focuses on clearing heat and directing counterflow downward, and is indicated for the treatment of hiccup with a pattern of stomach deficiency with heat

Mainly select Fructus Perillae (zi su zi) to direct qi downward and disperse phlegm, combine with herbs that lower qi and dispel phlegm, warm the kidney and improve qi reception. It is indicated for the treatment of cough and panting with a pattern of excess in the upper part and deficiency in the lower but preponderance of excess in the upper Both can soothe the liver and resolve constraint, and are used for the treatment of fullness and oppression in the chest and diaphragm due to constrained liver qi

Bupleurum LiverSoothing Powder (chai hu shu gan san)

Clove and Persimmon Decoction (ding xiang shi di san)

It mainly focuses on directing counterflow downward and dissolving phlegm, and is indicated for the treatment of epigastric fullness and rigidity, complicated by belching due to stomach deficiency and phlegm obstruction, and qi counterflow without descending

Select Radix Linderae (wu yao) to combine with Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum (chen xiang) and Semen Arecae (bing lang). It lays stress on moving qi and directing qi downward, and is more suitable for the treatment of panting with rapid respiration, distention, and oppression in the chest and diaphragm due to liver qi constraint and stagnation, and counterflow qi ascent Select Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) to combine with Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) to soothe the liver, and soften the liver. It lays stress on soothing the liver and rectifying qi, and is indicated for the treatment of distending pain in the chest, stomach cavity, and ribside due to qi constraint of the liver and spleen

Both select Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) and Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) to combine, have the effects of warming the center and dissipating cold, directing counterflow downward, and relieving hiccup or arresting vomiting

Its main symptom is hiccup, which is caused by deficiency-cold of the stomach and qi counterflow or qi rushing up. It focuses on directing counterflow downward. Flos Caryophylli (ding xiang) and Calyx Kaki (shi di) are selected as the chief medicinals in this formula, which belongs to a directing-qi-downward formula. Its main symptoms are belching, saliva spitting, and parietal headache, which is caused by deficiency-cold of the liver and stomach, and ascending counterflow of turbid yin. It focuses on dispelling cold. Fructus Evodiae (wu zhu yu) is selected as the chief medicinal to warm the liver and stomach, dissipate cold and direct the turbid downward in this formula, which belongs to a formula that warms the center and dispel cold

Chapter 34

Formulas That Rectify Blood Chapter Outline Section 1 Formulas That Invigorate Blood and Dispel Stasis Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas

682 682 682

Section 2 Formulas That Stanch Bleeding Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas

702 702 702

ABSTRACT Formulas that are mainly composed of herbs that rectify blood, have the effect of invigorating blood and dissolving blood or stanching bleeding, and used for the treatment of blood stasis or bleeding are called “Formulas That Rectify Blood,” which are divided into two categories: formulas that invigorate blood and dispel stasis and formulas that stanch bleeding. Keywords: formulas that invigorate blood and dispel stasis; formulas that stanch bleeding; invigorate blood and dispel stasis; cool the blood and stanch bleeding; dissolve stasis to promote regeneration

Formulas that are mainly composed of herbs that rectify blood, have the effect of invigorating blood and dissolving blood or stanching bleeding, and used for the treatment of blood stasis or bleeding are called “Formulas That Rectify Blood.” Its therapeutic method belongs to one of the eight (medicinal treatment) methods: dispersing. Blood is an important substance that nourishes the body. Under normal conditions, blood flows in vessels around without stopping, enters into the five zang organs (the five viscera) and the six fu organs (the six bowels), nourishes and moistens the four limbs and all bones of the human body. Its meaning is exactly what is called “blood governs moistening” in The Classic of Difficult Issues (nan jing) and “blood serves the body, no valuable one is more than it” in The Spiritual Pivot (ling shu). Blood is governed by the heart, stored in the liver, and controlled by the spleen (kept within the vessels). If some factors inhibit blood movement, blood could be stagnated and accumulated in the interior. If blood fails to circulate in the vessels and frenetically moves out of the vessels, or depletion and insufficiency of blood, they can lead to blood stasis or bleeding or blood deficiency. Blood stasis should be treated with methods of invigorating blood and dispelling stasis. Blood bleeding should be treated with method of stanching bleeding and blood deficiency should be treated with method of supplementing blood. As formulas that supplement the blood have been introduced in Chapter 29, formulas in this chapter are divided into two categories: (1) formulas that invigorate blood and dispel stasis and (2) formulas that stanch bleeding. When applying formulas that rectify blood, first, the causes of static blood or bleeding should be distinguished. The distinction between the root and the branch, as well as the moderate conditions and urgent conditions should also be clear. In urgent conditions, treat the branch; in moderate conditions, treat the root; or treat the root and the branch simultaneously with both attack and supplementation. Second, fiercely or for a long time expelling stasis are easy to consume blood and damage to healthy qi, which should be avoided. Herbs that nourish the blood and boost qi are often combined to dispel stasis without damaging healthy qi. Those fierce formulas that expel stasis cannot be used orally for long-term but should be temporary, and should be discontinue as soon as achieving effect. Third, stanching bleeding may cause stasis and should be prevented. The appropriate amount of herbs that invigorate blood and dispel stasis can be selected to combine with formulas that stanch bleeding or herbs that have both properties of stanching bleeding and invigorating blood and dispelling stasis can be selected to avoid leaving stasis. If bleeding is due to static blood obstructing in the interior and blood failing to circulate in the vessels, it should be first treated with methods of dispelling stasis. In addition, formulas that invigorate blood and dispel stasis can promote blood movement. Their nature is partially to breaking up and discharging, as well as easy to cause bleeding and damage fetus, so their use should be cautious or prohibited in female with profuse menstruation or in menstruation or in pregnancy. Essentials of Chinese Materia Medica and Medical Formulas. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812722-3.00034-8 Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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682 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

SECTION 1  FORMULAS THAT INVIGORATE BLOOD AND DISPEL STASIS Outline Formulas that invigorate blood and dispel stasis have the effects of smoothing blood movement and eliminating blood stasis, are suitable for the treatment of various syndromes or diseases with blood stasis, such as painful menstruation, menstrual block, concretions and accumulations (fixed abdominal masses of definite shape), postpartum inhibited lochia, hemiplegia (half-body paralysis), and external injury pain due to stasis. Their clinical manifestations are characterized by stabbing pain, fixed pain, aggravated at night, purple-dusky tongue or with stasis macules and spots, masses formed in the body with pain which refuses pressure, feeling of hardness when pressure, fixed location and definite shape, choppy pulse (a.k.a. rough pulse) or wiry pulse. Formulas in this category are usually composed of herbs that invigorate blood and dissolve stasis, such as Semen Persicae (tao ren), Flos Carthami (hong hua), Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong), Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao), and Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae (dan shen). As qi is the commander of blood and qi movement can promote blood movement, herbs that rectify qi are often combined to strengthen the effects of invigorating blood and dispelling stasis. In addition, other corresponding herbs should be combined according to the following nature of disease: cold, heat, deficiency, and excess. For example, patients with blood stasis are partial to cold, herbs that warm the channel and dissipate cold should be combined in order to move blood by warm; blood stasis transforms into heat and location of disease is in the lower, herbs that clear up static heat should be combined in order to make static blood descend and pathogen out; patients with healthy qi deficiency are complicated by blood stasis, herbs that boost qi and nourish the blood should be combined in order to dispel pathogen without damage to healthy qi. Pregnant women with blood stasis and concretions (fixed abdominal masses of definite shape) should use small dosage of herbs that invigorate blood to dispel stasis without damage to fetus. The representative formulas are Peach Kernel Qi-Guiding Decoction (tao he cheng qi tang), Blood Mansion Stasis-Expelling Decoction (xue fu zhu yu tang), Yang-Supplementing and Five-Returning Decoction (bu yang huan wu tang), Original Qi-Restoring and Blood-Moving Decoction (fu yuan huo xue tang), Rhubarb and Eupolyphaga Pill (da huang zhe chong wan), Engendering and Transforming Decoction (sheng hua tang), and Channel-Warming Decoction (wen jing tang).

Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 1. Primary formulas and analysis (Tables 34.1 and 34.2) TABLE 34.1 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Invigorate Blood and Dispel Stasis Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy and Indications

Peach Kernel Qi-Guiding Decoction (tao he cheng qi tang)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Cold Damage (shang han lun). Composed of Semen Persicae (tao ren) 12 g, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 12 g, Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 6 g, and Natrii Sulfas (mang xiao) 6 g. Decoct the four aforementioned medicinals with water for oral use. Take Natrii Sulfas (mang xiao) after mixing with water

Expel blood stasis and drain heat. Indicated for the treatment of lower jiao blood amassment syndrome, accompanied with acute spasm of lower abdomen, normal micturition, fever at night, even delirious speech, vexation, and agitation like mania; or for the treatment of menstrual block and painful menstruation due to blood stasis, with deep and excess and choppy pulse

Modified Clinical Applications For injury from fall, accompanied with pain due to stasis and stagnation, add Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao), carda part of Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui wei), Flos Carthami (hong hua), and Lignum Sappan (su mu) to invigorate blood, dispel stasis, and relieve pain; for menstrual irregularities with severe stasis and stagnation, add Rhizoma Corydalis (yan huo suo) and Faeces Trogopterori (wu ling zhi) to regulate menstruation and relieve pain; for menstrual block, add Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (niu xi), Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui), and Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) to move blood and unblock the menstruation; for inhibited lochia, add Faeces Trogopterori (wu ling zhi) and Pollen Typhae (pu huang) to dispel stasis and dissipate masses; for headache, distention of head, reddish complexion, red eyes, hematemesis, and epistaxis due to stagnated heat in the upper body, add Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (niu xi), Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang), Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi), and Rhizoma Imperatae (bai mao gen) to clear heat and cool the blood, and guide out heat downward

Caution for Use As its effects of breaking up blood and expelling stasis are strong, its use should be prohibited in pregnant women, and cautious in patients with weakness

Formulas That Rectify Blood Chapter | 34

683

TABLE 34.1 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Invigorate Blood and Dispel Stasis (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy and Indications

Blood Mansion Stasis-Expelling Decoction (xue fu zhu yu tang)

Initially recorded in Correction of Errors in Medical Works (yi lin gai cuo). Composed of Semen Persicae (tao ren) 12 g, Flos Carthami (hong hua) 9 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 9 g, Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 9 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 5 g, Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao) 6 g, Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (niu xi) 9 g, Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) 5 g, Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) 3 g, Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao) 6 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 3 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Invigorate blood and dispel stasis, move qi, and relieve pain. Indicated for the treatment of blood stasis in the chest, with chest pain, chronic headache, stabbing and fixed pain, or hiccup for a long time, or vexation and oppression due to internal heat, or palpitation, insomnia, irritability and irascibility, tidal fever after dusk, dark lips, or dusky eyes, dark red tongue with stasis macules, choppy or wiry and tight pulse

For abdominal masses caused by blood stasis, add Rhizoma Sparganii (san leng), Rhizoma Curcumae (e zhu), Radix Curcumae (yu jin), Eupolyphaga seu Steleophaga (tu bie chong), and Hirudo (shui zhi) to break up blood stasis and resolve masses; for more evident blood stasis and pain in the chest, add Olibanum (ru xiang) and Myrrha (mo yao) to invigorate blood and relieve pain; if complicated by more evident blue-purple swelling, add Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride (qing pi) and Rhizoma Cyperi (xiang fu) to move qi and relieve pain; for more evident blood stasis transforming heat, increase the dosage of Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) and Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao), and add Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi) to cool the blood and relieve heat; for blood stasis and pain in the head, add Moschus (she xiang) and old green onion to disperse (with acrid in nature) and open the orifices and relieve pain

As its effects of invigorating blood and dispelling stasis are strong, its use should be prohibited in pregnant women to avoid early miscarriage

Salvia Beverage (dan shen yin)

Initially recorded in Summary Verses of PostClassical Formulas (shi fang ge kuo). Composed of Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae (dan shen) 30 g, Lignum Santali Albi (tan xiang) 5 g, and Fructus Amomi (sha ren) 5 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Invigorate blood and dispel stasis, move qi, and relieve pain. Indicated for the treatment of various pains in the heart and the stomach due to blood stasis and qi stagnation

For more evident pain due to severe blood stasis, add Radix Curcumae (yu jin) and Olibanum (ru xiang) to assist the effects of dispelling stasis and regulating qi and relieving pain; for pain in the hypochondrium and lower abdomen, add Rhizoma Corydalis (yan huo suo) and Fructus Toosendan (chuan lian zi) to invigorate blood and soothe the liver and relieve pain; if complicated by lack of strength and less eating due to qi deficiency, add Radix Astragali (huang qi) and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) to boost qi and supplement deficiency

This formula is partial to cold in nature, its use should be cautious in patients with a pattern of qi-blood stasis and stagnation combining cold

Original QiRestoring and Blood-Moving Decoction (fu yuan huo xue tang)

Initially recorded in Illumination of Medicine (yi xue fa ming). Composed of Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) 15 g, Radix Trichosanthis (tian hua fen) 9 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 9 g, Flos Carthami (hong hua) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 6 g, Squama Manitis (chuan shan jia) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 30 g, and Semen Persicae (tao ren) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Invigorate blood and dispel stasis, soothe the liver, and unblock the collaterals. Indicated for the treatment of stagnation of blood stasis due to injury from fall, accompanied with stagnated swelling in the rib-side, and unbearable pain

For more evident qi stagnation and swelling, add Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride (qing pi), Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong), Radix Curcumae (yu jin), Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang), and Rhizoma Cyperi (xiang fu) to strengthen the effects of moving qi and relieving pain; for more evident blood stasis and pain, add Radix et Rhizoma Notoginseng (san qi) powder to dissolve stasis and relieve pain; for blood stasis obstruction transforming into heat, accompanied with dry and hard stool, add Natrii Sulfas (mang xiao) to promote defecation and discharge heat; for restless sleep due to heat harassing the heart spirit, add Caulis Polygoni Multiflori (ye jiao teng) and Cortex Albiziae (he huan pi) to tranquilize the heart and calm the mind

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women. As dosage of Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) is larger, after taking it, if pain is relieved with mild diarrhea, it should be stopped to use or decreased the dose

Modified Clinical Applications

Caution for Use

(Continued)

684 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 34.1 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Invigorate Blood and Dispel Stasis (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy and Indications

YangSupplementing and FiveReturning Decoction (bu yang huan wu tang)

Initially recorded in Correction of Errors in Medical Works (yi lin gai cuo). Composed of Radix Astragali (huang qi) 120 g, carda part of Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui wei) 6 g, Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao) 5 g, Pheretima (di long) 3 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 3 g, Flos Carthami (hong hua) 3 g, and Semen Persicae (tao ren) 3 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use. Radix Astragali (huang qi) should be put in an important position and its dosage is best to start from 30 to 120 g

Supplement qi, invigorate blood, and unblock the collaterals. Indicated for the treatment of wind-strike due to qi deficiency and blood stasis, with hemiplegia (half-body paralysis), wry mouth and eye, sluggish speech, sialorrhea, frequent micturition or enuresis, black tongue with white coating, and moderate pulse

For hemiplegia (half-body paralysis) at the first time, add Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) to dispel wind; for hemiplegia is partial to the upper limbs, add Ramulus Mori (sang zhi) and Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) to guide the medicinal effects to the upper, warm the channels, and unblock the collaterals; partial to the lower limbs, add Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (niu xi) and Cortex Eucommiae (du zhong) to guide the medicinal effects to the lower, supplement and boost the liver and kidney; for cold limbs and aversion to cold due to pathogen cold, add Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (zhi fu zi) to warm the channels and dissipate cold; for lack of strength and less eating due to weakness of the spleen and the stomach, add Radix Codonopsis (dang shen) and Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) to supplement qi and fortify the spleen; for profuse phlegm, add prepared Rhizoma Pinelliae (zhi ban xia) and Concretio Silicea Bambusae (tian zhu huang) to dissolve phlegm; for sluggish speech due to tongue orifice blocking, add Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (shi chang pu), Radix Curcumae (yu jin), and Radix Polygalae (yuan zhi) to open the orifices and dissolve phlegm

Its use is prohibited in patients with wind-strike due to windphlegm-heat stagnation and blocking the brain collaterals

ChannelWarming Decoction (wen jing tang)

Initially recorded in Essentials From the Golden Cabinet (jin gui yao lüe). Composed of Fructus Evodiae (wu zhu yu) 9 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 6 g, Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) 6 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 6 g, Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) 6 g, Colla Corii Asini (e jiao) 6 g, Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi) 6 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 6 g, Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) 6 g, and Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Warm the channel and dissipate cold, nourish the blood, and dispel stasis. Indicated for the treatment of deficiency-cold of the chong and ren mai and stagnation of blood stasis, accompanied with prolonged scanty uterine bleeding, early menstruation or delayed menstruation, or frequent menstruation in a month, or suppressed menstruation without menstruating again, or painful menstruation, cold pain in the lower abdomen, dry lips and mouth, fever at dusk, vexing heat in the palms; for the treatment of female failing to be impregnated for a long time

For delayed menstruation, menstrual block, and cold pain in the lower abdomen due to more evident cold; increase the dosage of Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) and Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui), and add Fructus Foeniculi (xiao hui xiang) to strengthen the effects of warming the channels and dissipating cold; for more evident deficiency with early menstruation or frequent menstruation in a month or vaginal dripping leading to dizziness, palpitation, insomnia, lusterless complexion, pale tongue, and thready pulse, increase the dosage of Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) and Colla Corii Asini (e jiao), and add Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) and Fructus Jujubae (da zao) to assist the effects of nourishing the blood and enriching yin; for severe blood stasis, increase the dosage of Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) and Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong), and add Pollen Typhae (pu huang), Olibanum (ru xiang) and Myrrha (mo yao) to dissolve stasis and relieve pain; for more evident qi deficiency, add Radix Astragali (huang qi) and Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) to boost qi and fortify the spleen

During the medication, avoid eating anything raw or cold. If patients with uterine bleeding take this formula orally, increased bleeding within short time may occur, which is normal. But its use should be cautious in patients with stagnated heat or yin deficiency

Modified Clinical Applications

Caution for Use

Formulas That Rectify Blood Chapter | 34

685

TABLE 34.1 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Invigorate Blood and Dispel Stasis (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy and Indications

Effective ChannelActivating Elixir (huo luo xiao ling dan)

Initially recorded in Records of Chinese Medicine With Reference to Western Medicine (yi xue zhong zhong can xi lu). Composed of Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 15 g, Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae (dan shen) 15 g, Olibanum (ru xiang) 15 g, and Myrrha (mo yao) 15 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use; or grind the aforementioned ingredients into fine powder, divide into four portions, take one portion each time after mixing with warm wine

Invigorate blood and dispel stasis, unblock the collaterals, and relieve pain. Indicated for the treatment of qi and blood stagnation, accompanied with pain in the epigastrium and abdomen, or pain in the leg and arm, or stagnated swelling due to injury from fall, or internal or external sores and ulcers, concretions and conglomerations (zhe¯ng jia˘ ), accumulations and gatherings (jī jù)

For leg pain, add Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (niu xi) to invigorate blood and dispel stasis and guide the effects downward; for brachialgia, add Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao) to guide the medicinal effects upward; for female abdominal pain due to blood stasis, add raw Semen Persicae (sheng tao ren) and Faeces Trogopterori (wu ling zhi) to assist the effects of dispelling stasis and relieving pain; for sore pain combining skin redness and swelling with a yang pattern, add Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (jin yin hua), Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu), and Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao) to clear heat and resolve toxins; for sore pain combining skin whiteness and stiffness with a yin pattern, add Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui), Colla Cornus Cervi (lu jiao jiao), or Cornu Cervi Degelatinatum (lu jiao shuang) to warm yang and nourish the blood and dissipate cold; for sore ulcerated but slow regeneration of flesh, add raw Radix Astragali (sheng huang qi), Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu), and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) to reinforce healthy qi and close sore and engender flesh; for internal abscess in viscera, add Radix et Rhizoma Notoginseng (san qi) and Fructus Arctii (niu bang zi) to move blood, vent, and dissipate abscesses

Its use is cautious in pregnant women. After taking it orally, few patients may appear pain intensified in the affected area or involved in surrounding area, which belongs to present reaction, its use can be continued

SevenThousandths of a Tael Powder (qi li san)

Initially recorded in A Collection of Fine Formulas From Various Sources (liang fang ji ye). Composed of Cinnabaris (zhu sha) 4 g, Moschus (she xiang) 0.4 g, Borneolum Syntheticum (bing pian) 0.4 g, Olibanum (ru xiang) 5 g, Flos Carthami (hong hua) 5 g, Myrrha (mo yao) 5 g, Sanguis Draconis (xue jie) 30 g, and Catechu (er cha) 7.5 g. Grind the aforementioned ingredients into fine powder and store in an airtight container; take 0.22–1.5 g each time after mixing with yellow wine or warm boiled water; or an appropriate amount after mixing with wine is externally applied on the injury area

Invigorate blood and dissipate blood stasis, relieve pain, and stanch bleeding. Indicated for the treatment of swelling pain with static blood due to injury from falling down or broken sinews and bone fracture, or bleeding from knife injury, or sore swelling and pain with blood stasis caused by all nameless toxins, burn, and scald

For broken sinews and bone fracture with more evident stasis and pain, add Radix et Rhizoma Notoginseng (san qi), Eupolyphaga seu Steleophaga (tu bie chong), Pyritum (zi ran tong), and Herba Sambuci Williamsii (jie gu mu) to strengthen the effects of invigorating blood and stanching bleeding, reuniting bone and relieving pain

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women. Its medicinal nature is fierce, if for oral use, the dose should not be too large. It is inadvisable to combine with sodium bromide, sodium iodide, and ferrous sulfate

Modified Clinical Applications

Caution for Use

(Continued)

686 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 34.1 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Invigorate Blood and Dispel Stasis (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy and Indications

Engendering and Transforming Decoction (sheng hua tang)

Initially recorded in Fu Qing-zhu’s [Treatise on] Gynecology (fu qing zhu nü ke). Composed of Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 24 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 9 g, Semen Persicae (tao ren) 6 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis Praeparatum (pao jiang) 2 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 2 g. Decoct the ingredients with water after adding appropriate amount of yellow wine for oral use

Dissolve stasis to promote regeneration, warm the channel, and relieve pain. Indicated for the treatment of postpartum abdominal pain due to blood stasis, accompanied with inhibited lochia, cold pain in the lower abdomen, slow, thready and wiry pulse

If lochia is discharged completely and mild abdominal pain is accompanied, change Semen Persicae (tao ren) into Fructus Crataegi (shan zha); for cold pain in the lower abdomen due to more evident cold; add Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) and Fructus Evodiae (wu zhu yu) to warm the channels and dissipate cold; for severe abdominal pain due to more evident stasis and stagnation, add Pollen Typhae (pu huang), Faeces Trogopterori (wu ling zhi), Rhizoma Corydalis (yan hu suo), and Herba Leonuri (yi mu cao) to dispel stasis and relieve pain; for more evident qi stagnation, add Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang), Rhizoma Cyperi (xiang fu), and Radix Linderae (wu yao) to rectify qi and relieve pain; for intrapartum blood loss in large amounts, accompanied with lusterless complexion and more evident thready pulse, add Fructus Jujubae (da zao) to boost qi and nourish the blood; if complicated by distending pain in the breast due to qi stagnation, add Rhizoma Cyperi (xiang fu) to soothe the liver and rectify qi; if complicated by inhibited lactation, add Semen Vaccariae (wang bu liu xing) to unblock the channels and promote lactation

It is not suitable for puerperae accompanied with inhibited lochia and with a pattern of stagnated heat

Rhubarb and Eupolyphaga Pill (da huang zhe chong wan)

Initially recorded in Essentials From the Golden Cabinet (jin gui yao lüe). Composed of Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 300 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 60 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 90 g, Semen Persicae (tao ren) 60 g, Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren) 60 g, Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) 120 g, Radix Rehmanniae Recens (gan di huang) 300 g, Resina Toxicodendri (gan qi) 30 g, Tabanus (meng chong) 60 g, Hirudo (shui zhi) 60 g, Larva Holotrichiae (qi cao) 60 g, and Eupolyphaga seu Steleophaga (zhe chong) 30 g. Grind the ingredients into powder and mix with Mel (feng mi), and take 3–6 g each time, 1–3 times a day; or after discounting dose according to the original proportion, decoct them with water for oral use

Invigorate blood and resolve masses, dispel stasis, and promote regeneration. Indicated for the treatment of blood emaciation (emaciation due to chronic blood stasis) with a pattern of healthy qi deficiency and internal stagnation of static blood, accompanied with emaciation, abdominal fullness and anorexia, squamous and dry skin, blackish eyelids, or tidal fever, female amenorrhea, purpledusky tongue, or stasis macules in the margin of tongue, slow and choppy pulse

If complicated by lack of strength, less eating, and loose stool due to spleen deficiency, combine with Four Gentlemen Decoction (si jun zi tang) or Center-Supplementing and Qi-Boosting Decoction (bu zhong yi qi tang) to boost qi and supplement the center; complicated by sallow complexion, dizziness, palpitation, mental fatigue, and lack of strength due to qi and blood deficiency, combine with Spleen-Restoring Decoction (gui pi tang), Eight-Gem Decoction (ba zhen tang), or Perfect Major Supplementation Decoction (shi quan da bu tang) to supplement and boost qi and blood; for female concretions and conglomerations(zhe¯ng jia˘ ) accompanied with cold pain in the lower abdomen, abdominal pain during menstruation or with blood clots, combine with Channel-Warming Decoction (wen jing tang) Lower Abdominal StasisExpelling Decoction (shao fu zhu yu tang), or Engendering and Transforming Decoction (sheng hua tang) to warm the channels and invigorate blood; for masses below the costal region accompanied with distending pain in the chest and hypochondrium, combine with Frigid Extremities Powder (si ni san), Free Wanderer Powder (xiao yao san), or Expelling Stasis Below the Diaphragm Decoction (ge xia zhu yu tang) to soothe the liver and rectify qi, invigorate blood, and relieve pain

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women and patients with hemorrhagic tendency or skin hypersensitivity. At the beginning after taking orally, a small number of patients may appear mild diarrhea, which may disappear within a week

Modified Clinical Applications

Caution for Use

Formulas That Rectify Blood Chapter | 34

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TABLE 34.1 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Invigorate Blood and Dispel Stasis (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy and Indications

Cinnamon Twig and Poria Pill (gui zhi fu ling wan)

Initially recorded in Essentials From the Golden Cabinet (jin gui yao lüe). Composed of Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) 6 g, Poria (fu ling) 6 g, Semen Persicae (tao ren) 6 g, Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi) 6 g, and Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) 6 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, mix with Mel (feng mi), and make into pills, and take in 6 g doses before meals, 2 times a day

Invigorate blood, dissolve stasis, and gradually resolve masses. Indicated for the treatment of static blood obstructing the uterus, accompanied with abdominal pain which refuses pressure, or vaginal dripping with purple dusky blood (prolonged scanty uterine bleeding of variable intervals), or restless fetus, purple-dusky tongue with stasis spots, deep and choppy pulse

Modified Clinical Applications For more evident static blood obstructing, add Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae (dan shen) and Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) to invigorate blood and dispel stasis; for intense pain, add Rhizoma Corydalis (yan hu suo), Olibanum (ru xiang), and Myrrha (mo yao) to invigorate blood and relieve pain; for more bleeding, add Radix et Rhizoma Rubiae (qian cao) and Pollen Typhae (pu huang) to invigorate blood and stanch bleeding; for qi stagnation, add Rhizoma Cyperi (xiang fu) and Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) to rectify qi and move stagnation

Caution for Use Its use is cautious in pregnant women, and dosage should be strictly controlled to avoid dispelling blood stasis too much and damaging yin-blood

TABLE 34.2 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Invigorate Blood and Dispel Stasis Name of Formula Peach Kernel Qi-Guiding Decoction (tao he cheng qi tang)

Efficacy Analysis Semen Persicae (tao ren)

Bitter, sweet, and neutral in nature, invigorate blood, and break up stasis

Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang)

Bitter and cold in nature, dispel blood stasis, and discharge heat

Natrii Sulfas (mang xiao)

Salty, bitter, and cold in nature, discharge heat, and soften hardness, and assist Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang)

Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi)

Acrid, sweet, and warm in nature, unblock the vessels, assist Semen Persicae (tao ren) to invigorate blood and dispel stasis, and restrain other herbs’ cold and cool properties

Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) Blood Mansion Stasis-Expelling Decoction (xue fu zhu yu tang)

Treat blood stasis and heat simultaneously, both as the chief medicinals

Protect the stomach and calm the center, and alleviate the fierce of all medicinals, as the assistant or envoy medicinal

Semen Persicae (tao ren)

Bitter, sweet, and neutral in nature, break up blood, and move stagnation and moisten

Flos Carthami (hong hua)

Acrid and warm in nature, invigorate blood and dispel stasis

Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao) Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (niu xi) Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao)

Expel blood stasis and drain heat

Combine with each other, both as the chief medicinals

Both assist the chief medicinals to invigorate blood and dispel stasis Invigorate blood and unblock the channels, dispel stasis, and relieve pain, and guide the blood to move downward Nourish the blood and invigorate blood, and combine with herbs that invigorate blood to dispel stasis without damage to yin-blood

Invigorate blood and dispel stasis, move qi, and relieve pain

Relieve chest stiffness and move qi, and Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) can guide the effects of all other medicinals to act at the upper Rectify qi and move stagnation to move blood

Radix Bupleuri (chai hu)

Soothe the liver and resolve constraint, and raise the clear yang

Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao)

Harmonize the actions of all medicinals, and as the envoy medicinal (Continued)

688 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 34.2 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Invigorate Blood and Dispel Stasis (cont.) Name of Formula Salvia Beverage (dan shen yin)

Efficacy Analysis Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae (dan shen)

Bitter and slightly cold in nature, invigorate blood and dissolve stasis, and relieve pain without damage to qi and blood, as the chief medicinal

Lignum Santali Albi (tan xiang)

Acrid and warm in nature, rectify qi and regulate the center, dissipate cold, and relieve pain

Fructus Amomi (sha ren) Original Qi-Restoring and Blood-Moving Decoction (fu yuan huo xue tang)

Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang)

Use the wine-prepared Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (jiu zhi da huang) to clear up the stagnated blood, guide the static blood to move downward, and weed through the old to new

Radix Bupleuri (chai hu)

Soothe the liver and move qi, and guide the effects of other herbs to the liver channel and both rib-sides

Semen Persicae (tao ren) Flos Carthami (hong hua)

One governs ascending and the other governs descending; combine with each other to attack and dissipate the stasis and stagnation below the rib-side, both as the chief medicinals

Invigorate blood and dissipate stasis, relieve swelling, and stop pain

Squama Manitis (chuan shan jia)

Break up blood stasis and unblock the collaterals, relieve swelling, and dissipate massed

Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui)

Sweet, acrid, and warm in nature, supplement and invigorate blood, and relieve pain

Radix Trichosanthis (tian hua fen)

Enter the blood aspect to assist the other herbs to disperse blood stasis and dissipate masses, and also clear heat and relieve swelling

Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) Yang-Supplementing and Five-Returning Decoction (bu yang huan wu tang)

Acrid and warm in nature, move qi and warm the center, remove dampness and fortify the spleen

Move qi to promote blood movement and relieve pain, both as the deputy medicinals

Radix Astragali (huang qi)

Invigorate blood and dispel stasis, move qi, and relieve pain

Invigorate blood and dispel stasis, soothe the liver, and unblock the collaterals

Relax spasm and relieve pain, harmonize the actions of all medicinals, and as the envoy medicinal Supplement and boost the original qi to make qi vigorous and promote blood movement, dispel stasis, and unblock the collaterals and treat wĕi (atrophy), and as the chief medicinal

carda part of Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui wei)

Sweet, acrid, and warm in nature, invigorate blood, and dispel stasis without damage to blood, and as the deputy medicinal

Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao)

Act on the liver channel and blood aspect, dissipate blood stasis, and relieve pain

Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong)

Acrid and warm in nature, invigorate blood and move qi, unblock the collaterals, and relieve pain

Semen Persicae (tao ren)

Invigorate blood, break up blood, and dispel stasis

Flos Carthami (hong hua)

Acrid and warm in nature, invigorate blood and unblock the channels, dispel blood stasis, and relieve pain

Pheretima (di long)

Unblock the channels and quicken the collaterals to promote the efficacy to fully act

Cooperate with the carda part of Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui wei) to invigorate blood and dispel stasis, and all as the assistant medicinals

Supplement qi and invigorate blood and unblock the collaterals

Formulas That Rectify Blood Chapter | 34

689

TABLE 34.2 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Invigorate Blood and Dispel Stasis (cont.) Name of Formula Channel-Warming Decoction (wen jing tang)

Efficacy Analysis Fructus Evodiae (wu zhu yu)

Specialize in moving qi and relieving pain

Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi)

Specialize in warming and unblocking the vessels

Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong)

Assist other medicinals to invigorate blood and dissipate stasis, and clear deficiency-heat in blood aspect

Colla Corii Asini (e jiao)

Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong)

Sweet and neutral in nature, nourish the blood and stanch bleeding, enrich yin, and moisten dryness Sour, bitter and slightly cold in nature, nourish the blood and astringe yin, soften the liver and relieve pain Sweet and slightly cold in nature, nourish yin, and clear heat

Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen)

Boost qi and fortify the spleen to assist the source of qi and blood production

Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia)

Dissipate masses, unblock and descend the stomach qi, combine with Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) to fortify the spleen and harmonize the stomach to assist the effects of dispelling stasis and regulate menstruation

Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao)

Nourish the blood and regulate the liver, enrich yin and moisten dryness, and clear deficiency-heat

Sweet, acrid, and warm in nature, invigorate and nourish the blood, and relieve pain

Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae (dan shen)

Invigorate blood and dissolve stasis, unblock the collaterals, and relieve pain

Myrrha (mo yao)

Strengthen the effects of invigorating blood and moving qi, relieving swelling, and stopping pain

Sanguis Draconis (xue jie)

Enter the blood aspect, invigorate blood and dissipate stasis and relieve pain, astringe and stanch bleeding, and as the chief medicinal

Flos Carthami (hong hua)

Acrid and warm in nature, invigorate blood and dispel stasis, and relieve pain

Olibanum (ru xiang)

Acrid and bitter in nature, dispel stasis and move qi, relieve swelling, and stop pain

Myrrha (mo yao) Moschus (she xiang) Borneolum Syntheticum (bing pian)

Warm the channel and dissipate cold, nourish the blood, and dispel stasis

Boost qi and fortify the spleen, harmonize the actions of all medicinals, and as the envoy medicinal

Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui)

Olibanum (ru xiang)

Seven-Thousandths of a Tael Powder (qi li san)

Invigorate blood and dispel stasis, nourish the blood, and regulate the menstruation

Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi)

Radix Paeoniae (shao yao)

Effective Channel-Activating Elixir (huo luo xiao ling dan)

Warm the channels and dissipate cold and unblock the vessels, both as the chief medicinals

Acrid and fragrant and scurrying in nature, strengthen the effects of invigorating blood and unblocking the collaterals, dissipating stasis, and relieving pain

Catechu (er cha)

Cool and astringent in nature, strengthen the effects of astringing and stanching bleeding, and treat sore with swelling

Cinnabaris (zhu sha)

After injury from fall, arrest convulsion and calm the mind, and as the envoy medicinal

Invigorate blood and dispel stasis, unblock the collaterals, and relieve pain

Invigorate blood and dissipate blood stasis, relieve pain, and stanch bleeding

(Continued)

690 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 34.2 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Invigorate Blood and Dispel Stasis (cont.) Name of Formula Engendering and Transforming Decoction (sheng hua tang)

Rhubarb and Eupolyphaga Pill (da huang zhe chong wan)

Efficacy Analysis Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui)

Supplement the blood and invigorate blood, and dissolve stasis to promote regeneration, and as the chief medicinal

Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong)

Acrid, dispersing, warming and unblocking in nature, invigorate blood, and move qi, and as the deputy medicinal

Semen Persicae (tao ren)

Bitter, sweet, and neutral in nature, invigorate blood, and dispel stasis

Rhizoma Zingiberis Praeparatum (pao jiang)

Bitter, astringent, and warm in nature, warm the channels and dissipate cold, warm the center, and relieve pain

Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao)

Harmonize the center and relax spasm, harmonize the actions of all medicinals, and as the assistant and envoy medicinal

Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang)

Bitter and cold in nature, eliminate accumulation by drastic purgation, invigorate blood, and dispel stasis

Eupolyphaga seu Steleophaga (zhe chong)

Bitter, sweet, and neutral in nature, invigorate blood, and dispel stasis

Resina Toxicodendri (gan qi)

Acrid and warm in nature, break up stasis, and disperse accumulation

Larva Holotrichiae (qi cao)

Salty and slightly warm in nature, break up stasis and dissipate masses, and relieve pain

Hirudo (shui zhi)

Salty, bitter, and neutral in nature, break up blood, and expel stasis

Tabanus (meng chong)

Bitter and slightly cold in nature, break up blood stasis, and resolve masses

Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren)

Open and diffuse lung qi, moisten the intestines to promote defecation, and promote qi movement

Radix Paeoniae (shao yao)

Cinnamon Twig and Poria Pill (gui zhi fu ling wan)

Salty and cold in nature, break up blood, and expel stasis

Semen Persicae (tao ren)

Radix Rehmanniae Recens (gan di huang)

Enrich yin and nourish the blood

Assist the chief medicinals to invigorate blood and unblock the collaterals, break up blood and expel blood stasis, and all as the deputy medicinals Nourish the blood and moisten dryness, clear stagnated heat, as the assistant medicinals

Radix Scutellariae (huang qin)

Bitter and cold in nature, clear heat (stagnated heat)

Mel (feng mi)

Supplement and moderate the center

Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao)

Boost qi and moderate the center, harmonize the actions of all medicinals, and as the envoy medicinal

Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi)

Acrid, sweet, and warm in nature, warm and unblock the vessels to move stasis and stagnation, and as the chief medicinal

Semen Persicae (tao ren) Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi)

Bitter, sweet, and neutral in nature, invigorate blood and dispel stasis, and assist the chief medicinal to dissolve stasis and resolve masses Bitter and slightly cold in nature, invigorate blood and dissipate stasis, cool the blood to clear stagnated heat, and Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) can relax spasm, and relieve pain

Radix Paeoniae (shao yao)

Dissolve stasis to promote regeneration, warm the channel, and relieve pain

Poria (fu ling)

Sweet, bland, and neutral in nature, percolate dampness and dispel phlegm to resolve masses, fortify the spleen, and boost the stomach to reinforce healthy qi

Mel (feng mi)

Sweet, moderate, and moistening in nature, and moderate the breaking and discharging effect, and as the envoy medicinal

Invigorate blood and resolve masses, dispel stasis, and promote regeneration

Invigorate blood and dissolve stasis, and gradually resolve masses

Formulas That Rectify Blood Chapter | 34

691

2. Attached formulas (Table 34.3) TABLE 34.3 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Invigorate Blood and Dispel Stasis Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indications

Discharging Blood Stasis Decoction (xia yu xue tang)

Initially recorded in Essentials From the Golden Cabinet (jin gui yao lüe). Composed of Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 9 g, Semen Persicae (tao ren) 9 g, and Eupolyphaga seu Steleophaga (zhe chong) 9 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, mix with honey, and make into 4 pills, decoct 1 pill with wine 1,000 mL until 800 mL left, and take in a single dose. Static blood like pig liver will be discharged

Drain heat and expel stasis

Indicated for the treatment of blood stasis transforming into heat, and stagnated heat accumulating in interior, with postpartum stabbing pain in the lower abdomen which refuses pressure, feeling of hard masses by pressure, or inhibited lochia, dry mouth and tongue, dry and hard stool, even dry, scaly skin, purple-red tongue with stasis macules and spots, yellow and dry coating, deep, choppy and forceful pulse; or menstrual disorders due to blood stasis

OrificesUnblocking and BloodInvigorating Decoction (tong qiao huo xue tang)

Initially recorded in Correction of Errors in Medical Works (yi lin gai cuo). Composed of Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao) 3 g, Semen Persicae (tao ren) 6 g, Flos Carthami (hong hua) 9 g, old Spring Onion 6 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 9 g, Fructus Jujubae (da zao) 5 pieces, Moschus (she xiang) 0.15 g, and appropriate amount of yellow wine. Take Moschus (she xiang) after mixing with water, and decoct the other ingredients with water for oral use

Invigorate blood and unblock the orifices

Indicated for the treatment of blood stasis obstructing in the head and face, with headache, dizziness, or deafness for several years, or hair loss, blue-purple complexion, or rosacea, or vitiligo, or female blood emaciation (emaciation due to chronic blood stasis), infantile malnutrition with accumulation, wasting, large abdomen with bluish tendons, tidal fever, dark tongue with stasis macules or spots

Expelling Stasis Below the Diaphragm Decoction (ge xia zhu yu tang)

Initially recorded in Correction of Errors in Medical Works (yi lin gai cuo). Composed of dry-fried Faeces Trogopterori (chao wu ling zhi) 6 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 6 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 9 g, Semen Persicae (tao ren) 9 g, Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi) 6 g, Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao) 6 g, Radix Linderae (wu yao) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 9 g, Rhizoma Corydalis (yan huo suo) 3 g, Rhizoma Cyperi (xiang fu) 5 g, Flos Carthami (hong hua) 9 g, and Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao) 5 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Invigorate blood and dispel stasis, move qi, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of blood stasis below the diaphragm, with palpable abdominal masses in the abdomen, fixed pain, or bearing-down of the abdomen when lies down, or infantile abdominal masses, large abdomen with bluish tendons, dark-red tongue with stasis macules, and wiry pulse

Lower Abdominal Stasis-Expelling Decoction (shao fu zhu yu tang)

Initially recorded in Correction of Errors in Medical Works (yi lin gai cuo). Composed of dry-fried Fructus Foeniculi (chao xiao hui xiang) 1.5 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) 3 g, Rhizoma Corydalis (yan huo suo) 3 g, Myrrha (mo yao) 3 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 9 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 3 g, Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) 3 g, Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao) 6 g, Pollen Typhae (pu huang) 9 g, and dry-fried Faeces Trogopterori (chao wu ling zhi) 6 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Invigorate blood and dispel stasis, warm the channel, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of cold congealing and blood stasis in the lower abdomen, with pain, distention and fullness in the lower abdomen, or palpable abdominal masses, or waist soreness and lower abdominal distention during menstruation, or menstruating 3–5 times a month with dark menses or clots, or uterine bleeding complicated by lower abdominal pain, or failing to be impregnated for a long time, cool hypogastrium, no warm of the four limbs, dark tongue with white coating, and deep, wiry, and choppy pulse (Continued)

692 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 34.3 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Invigorate Blood and Dispel Stasis (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indications

Epiglottis Stasis-Expelling Decoction (hui yan zhu yu tang)

Initially recorded in Correction of Errors in Medical Works (yi lin gai cuo). Composed of Semen Persicae (tao ren) 9 g, Flos Carthami (hong hua) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 8 g, Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) 8 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 12 g, Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen) 8 g, Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 12 g, Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) 6 g, Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao) 10 g, and Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao) 10 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Move qi and invigorate blood, dissolve phlegm, and relieve hoarseness

Indicated for the treatment of chronic hoarseness due to qi stagnation and blood stasis and phlegm coagulation, with hoarseness for a long time, exertion in speech, discomfort of the throat, foreign body sensation, chest oppression, dark tongue, or nodules or polyps and sticky phlegm in the throat

Generalized Pain Stasis-Expelling Decoction (shen tong zhu yu tang)

Initially recorded in Correction of Errors in Medical Works (yi lin gai cuo). Composed of Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae (qin jiao) 3 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 6 g, Semen Persicae (tao ren) 9 g, Flos Carthami (hong hua) 9 g, Myrrha (mo yao) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 6 g, Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo) 3 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 9 g, dry-fried Faeces Trogopterori (chao wu ling zhi) 6 g, Rhizoma Cyperi (xiang fu) 3 g, Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (niu xi) 9 g, and Pheretima (di long) 6 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Invigorate blood and move qi, dispel stasis and unblock the collaterals, diffuse bì, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of painful arthralgia due to stagnation of blood, with shoulder pain, brachialgia, low back pain, leg pain, or ache all over, pain like stabbing, and no recovery for a long time

Resistance Decoction (di dang tang)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Cold Damage (shang han lun). Composed of Hirudo (shui zhi) 6 g, Semen Persicae (tao ren) 5 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Break up blood and discharge blood stasis

Indicated for the treatment of lower jiao blood amassment syndrome, with stiffness and fullness in the lower abdomen, normal micturition, forgetfulness, like mania or abalienatio mentis, black stool but easiness in defecation, deep and excess pulse, and female menstrual block, stiffness and fullness in the lower abdomen which refuses pressure

Resistance Pill (di dang wan)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Cold Damage (shang han lun). Composed of Hirudo (shui zhi) 4 g, Tabanus (meng chong) 4 g, Semen Persicae (tao ren) 6 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Break up blood and expel stasis

Indicated for the treatment of lower jiao blood amassment syndrome, with abdominal fullness, normal micturition, deep and knotted pulse

Master Wang's Channel-Warming Decoction (wang shi wen jing tang)

Initially recorded in The Complete Compendium of Fine Formulas for Women (fu ren da quan liang fang). Composed of Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 3 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 3 g, Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) 3 g, vinegar-fried Rhizoma Curcumae (cu chao e zhu) 3 g, Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi) 3 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 3 g, Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (niu xi) 3 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 3 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Warm the channel and supplement deficiency, dissolve stasis, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of menstrual irregularities due to deficiency-cold of the sea of blood, and abdominal pain due to blood and qi congealing and stagnation, deep and tight pulse

Pinch Powder (shou nian san)

Initially recorded in Selected Formulas From the Praiseworthy Studio (shi zhai bai yi xuan fang). Composed of equal amounts of Fructus Tsaoko (cao guo), Rhizoma Corydalis (yan huo suo), Faeces Trogopterori (wu ling zhi), and Myrrha (mo yao). Grind the ingredients into fine powder, and take in 9 g doses with warm wine

Invigorate blood and dispel stasis, move qi, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of pain in the epigastrium and abdomen caused by qi and blood congealing and stagnation

Formulas That Rectify Blood Chapter | 34

693

TABLE 34.3 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Invigorate Blood and Dispel Stasis (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indications

Mugwort and Cyperus Palace Warming Pill (ai fu nuan gong wan)

Initially recorded in [Yang] Ren-zhai’s Direct Guidance on Formulas (ren zhai zhi zhi fang). Composed of Folium Artemisiae Argyi (ai ye) 6 g, Rhizoma Cyperi (xiang fu) 12 g, Fructus Evodiae (wu zhu yu) 6 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 6 g, Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) 6 g, Radix Astragali (huang qi) 6 g, Radix Dipsaci (xu duan) 5 g, Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 6 g, Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) 5 g, and Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 6 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, mix with rice vinegar, flour, and water, and make into paste pills as size of phoenix tree seed, and take in 6 g doses

Warm the uterus and channel, nourish the blood, and invigorate blood

Indicated for the treatment of female deficiency-cold of the uterus, with leukorrhagia, sallow complexion, pain in the four limbs, lassitude and lack of strength, less eating, menoxenia, frequent abdominal pain, and failing to be impregnated for a long time

Formula for Exfetation (gong wai yun fang)

Initially recorded in Gynecology in Chinese Medicine (zhong yi fu ke xue). Composed of Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae (dan shen) 15 g, Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao) 15 g, Semen Persicae (tao ren) 9 g (Formula I for Exfetation), Rhizoma Sparganii (san leng) 1.5–6 g, and Rhizoma Curcumae (e zhu) 1.5–6 g (Formula II for Exfetation). Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Invigorate blood and dispel stasis, disperse blood, stasis and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of ectopic pregnancy with a pattern of blood stasis and qi stagnation, accompanied with breakage of extra-uterine pregnancy, sudden intense abdominal pain from the hypogastric region, even involving the whole abdomen, profuse menstruation, inhibited metrostaxis with dark-red blood

Dream-Awaking Decoction for Madness (dian kuang meng xing tang)

Initially recorded in Correction of Errors in Medical Works (yi lin gai cuo). Composed of Semen Persicae (tao ren) 24 g, Rhizoma Cyperi (xiang fu) 6 g, Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) 6 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride (qing pi) 6 g, Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) 9 g, Caulis Akebiae (mu tong) 9 g, Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao) 9 g, Pericarpium Arecae (da fu pi) 9 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 9 g, Cortex Mori (sang bai pi) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 9 g, and Fructus Perillae (zi su zi) 12 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Dispel stasis and eliminate phlegm, regulate and smooth qi and blood

Indicated for the treatment of madness with a pattern of qi and blood stasis and stagnation, and binding of phlegm-heat, with mental mania, abnormal happy and smile, talkativeness, disorderly speech, even singing at higher place and walking without clothes, headache, palpitation and vexation, dark and sluggish complexion, purple-dusky tongue with stasis macules, blood-stagnated sublingual vein, thin and yellow and dry coating, wiry and thready pulse or thready and choppy pulse

Decoction for Opening Pylorus (tong you tang)

Initially recorded in Secrets From the Orchid Chamber (lan shi mi cang). Composed of Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 20 g, Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 20 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 20 g, Radix Polygoni Multiflori (he shou wu) 30 g, Semen Persicae (tao ren) 15 g, Flos Carthami (hong hua) 15 g, Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis (gou teng) 15 g, Hirudo (shui zhi) 10 g, Rhizoma Gastrodiae (tian ma) 10 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 3 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Enrich yin and nourish the blood, break up masses, and move stasis

Indicated for the treatment of dysphagia with a pattern of blood stasis accumulating in the interior, with pain in the chest and diaphragm, blockage when swallowing, vomiting again after swallowing, even difficulty in drinking water, hard stool like goat feces, or expectoration like red bean juice, emaciation, dry and withered muscle and skin, red or blue-purple tongue, wiry, thready, and choppy pulse

Stasis-Unblocking Decoction (tong yu jian)

Initially recorded in The Complete Works of [Zhang] Jing-yue (jing yue quan shu). Composed of carda part of Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui wei) 15 g, Fructus Crataegi (shan zha) 6 g, Rhizoma Cyperi (xiang fu) 6 g, Flos Carthami (hong hua) 6 g, Radix Linderae (wu yao) 6 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride (qing pi) 4.5 g, Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) 2 g, and Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie) 4.5 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Invigorate blood and dispel stasis, move qi, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of female qi stagnation and blood retention, with menoxenia, abdominal pain which refuses pressure, dusky menses, even including clots, accompanied with distending pain in the chest and abdomen, vexation, and irascibility, dusky tongue with thin and white coating, wiry and excess and forceful pulse

(Continued)

694 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 34.3 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Invigorate Blood and Dispel Stasis (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indications

Heat-Clearing and BloodRegulating Decoction (qing re tiao xue tang)

Initially recorded in Ancient and Modern Mirror of Medicine (gu jin yi jian). Composed of Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi) 9 g, Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 9 g, Rhizoma Cyperi (xiang fu) 9 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 9 g, Semen Persicae (tao ren) 9 g, Rhizoma Corydalis (yan huo suo) 9 g, Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) 9 g, Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 6 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 6 g, Flos Carthami (hong hua) 6 g, and Rhizoma Curcumae (e zhu) 3 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Clear heat and cool the blood, dispel stasis, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of painful menstruation with a pattern of damp-heat stasis and obstruction, accompanied with dysmenorrhea, pain in the lower abdomen before or during menstruation, burning sensation, or pain involving the waist and sacrum, or lower abdominal pain in normal time, aggravated before menstruation, dusky-red thick menses in large amounts or long menstrual period, or menses including mucus, red tongue with yellow coating, slippery and rapid pulse

Peach Kernel and Carthamus Decoction (tao ren hong hua jian)

Initially recorded in [Chen] Su-an’s Case Records (su an yi an). Composed of Semen Persicae (tao ren) 9 g, Flos Carthami (hong hua) 9 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 9 g, Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 9 g, Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao) 9 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 9 g, prepared Rhizoma Cyperi (zhi xiang fu) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae (dan shen) 9 g, Squama Manitis (chuan shan jia) 9 g, Rhizoma Corydalis (yan huo suo) 9 g, and Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride (qing pi) 6 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Invigorate blood and dissolve stasis, dispel pain, and dissipate masses

Indicated for the treatment of prostate cancer with a pattern of inhibited blood movement, accompanied with micturition with a bit urine, or sometimes unobstructed urinating, sometimes blocked urinating, distention and fullness and pain in the lower abdomen, pain in the waist, back, and perineum, difficulty in walking, vexation, agitation and restlessness, purple-dusky tongue with stasis spots, choppy pulse or thready and rapid pulse

Treating-Prostatitis Decoction (qian lie xian tang)

Initially recorded in TCM External Medicine (zhong yi wai ke xue). Composed of Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae (dan shen) 10 g, Herba Lycopi (ze lan) 10 g, Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao) 10 g, Semen Persicae (tao ren) 10 g, Semen Vaccariae (wang bu liu xing) 10 g, Flos Carthami (hong hua) 4.5 g, Olibanum (ru xiang) 4.5 g, Myrrha (mo yao) 4.5 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride (qing pi) 6 g, Fructus Toosendan (chuan lian zi) 6 g, Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi) 6 g, Fructus Foeniculi (xiao hui xiang) 3 g, Herba Patriniae (bai jiang cao) 20 g, and Herba Taraxaci (pu gong ying) 20 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Invigorate blood and dissolve stasis, move qi, and remove food stagnation

Indicated for the treatment of chronic prostatitis with a pattern of qi stagnation and blood stasis, accompanied with long course, bearing-down, distention, discomfort, and pain in the lower abdomen, perineum, testicles, waist, and sacrum, sensation of endless micturition, dusky tongue with stasis macules, white coating or thin and yellow coating, deep and choppy pulse

Succinum BlackDragon Elixir (hu po hei long dan)

Initially recorded in Orthodox Lineage of External Medicine (wai ke zheng zong). Composed of Succinum (hu po) 30 g, Sanguis Draconis (xue jie) 60 g, Pine-Soot Ink (jing mo) 15 g, Faeces Trogopterori (wu ling zhi) 15 g, Sargassum (hai zao) 15 g, Laminaria Japonica (hai dai) 15 g, Rhizoma Arisaematis (tian nan xing) 15 g, Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) 9 g, and Moschus (she xiang) 3 g. Grind the ingredients into fine powder, mix with honey, and make into pills, coat with sheet of gold, 3 g each pill, and take in 1 pill dose, 1–2 times a day

Break up stasis and relieve swelling, dissolve phlegm, and soften hardness

Indicated for the treatment of cancer with a pattern of binding of phlegm and blood stasis, symptoms including hard tumors with abnormal protrusion, skin with bluish tendons, swift progression, general fever without abatement, less eating, emaciation, lusterless complexion, dusky tongue with thick coating, and choppy pulse

Formulas That Rectify Blood Chapter | 34

695

TABLE 34.3 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Invigorate Blood and Dispel Stasis (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indications

Blood-Activating and StasisDissipating Decoction (huo xue san yu tang)

Invigorate blood Initially recorded in Orthodox Lineage of External and dissipate Medicine (wai ke zheng zong). Composed of blood stasis Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 3 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 3 g, Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao) 3 g, Lignum Sappan (su mu) 3 g, Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi) 3 g, Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao) 3 g, Semen Trichosanthis (gua lou ren) 3 g, Semen Persicae (tao ren) 3 g, Semen Arecae (bing lang) 2 g, and wine-fried Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (jiu chao da huang) 6 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Formula I for Extremity Injury (zhi shang yi fang)

Initially recorded in Traumatology (wai shang ke xue). Composed of Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 12 g, Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao) 12 g, Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 12 g, Semen Persicae (tao ren) 10 g, Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai) 10 g, Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 10 g, Caulis Akebiae (mu tong) 10 g, Flos Carthami (hong hua) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 6 g, and Olibanum (ru xiang) 5 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Move qi and invigorate blood, dispel stasis, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of injury from falling down, pain and swelling with blood stasis, bone fracture of the four limbs, or contused wound of soft tissues in the initial stage

Formula II for Extremity Injury (zhi shang er fang)

Initially recorded in Traumatology (wai shang ke xue). Composed of Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 12 g, Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao) 12 g, Radix Dipsaci (xu duan) 12 g, Radix et Rhizoma Clematidis (wei ling xian) 12 g, Rhizoma Drynariae (gu sui bu) 12 g, Cortex Acanthopanacis (wu jia pi) 12 g, raw Semen Coicis (sheng yi yi ren) 30 g, and Herba Taxilli (sang ji sheng) 30 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Dispel stasis to promote regeneration and relax the sinews, and quicken the collaterals

Indicated for the treatment of damage to the four limbs, or injury from falling down in the middle and later stage, accompanied with muscular spasms and pain

Formula III for Extremity Injury (zhi shang san fang)

Initially recorded in Traumatology (wai shang ke xue). Composed of Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 12 g, Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) 12 g, Radix Dipsaci (xu duan) 12 g, Rhizoma Drynariae (gu sui bu) 12 g, Radix et Rhizoma Clematidis (wei ling xian) 12 g, Fructus Chaenomelis (mu gua) 12 g, Radix Trichosanthis (tian hua fen) 12 g, Radix Astragali (huang qi) 15 g, Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 15 g, Pyritum (zi ran tong) 10 g, and Eupolyphaga seu Steleophaga (tu bie chong) 10 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Supplement and boost qi and blood, promote healing of fracture

Indicated for the treatment of limb bone fracture in the later stage, with fracture without recovery for a long time, dull pain in the broken place, difficulty in joint motion, and cold limbs

Bone-Reuniting Elixir (jie gu dan)

Initially recorded in Traumatology in Chinese Medicine (zhong yi wai shang ke xue). Composed of Sanguis Draconis (xue jie) 4.8 g, Realgar (xiong huang) 12 g, Flos Carthami (hong hua) 12 g, Catechu (er cha) 0.72 g, Cinnabaris (zhu sha) 3.6 g, Olibanum (ru xiang) 3.6 g, carda part of Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui wei) 30 g, Myrrha (mo yao) 4.2 g, Moschus (she xiang) 0.09 g, and Borneolum Syntheticum (bing pian) 0.36 g. Grind the ingredients into fine powder, and take in 2–3 g doses, 2 times a day

Invigorate blood and relieve pain, and reunite the bones

Indicated for the treatment of injury from falling down with broken sinew and bone fracture, accompanied with local pain and swelling and distention, dysfunction, malformation, abnormal movement or elastic fixation, blue-purple skin with stasis macules

Indicated for the treatment of stomachache or enteralgia, abdominal pain, and dry feces due to static blood entering the intestines and stomach after injury from falling down (deep abscess with blood stasis), or postpartum persistent flow of lochia, or pain due to blood stasis after menstruation; also for the treatment of we˘ i zho¯ng toxin (acute pyogenic popliteal lymphadenitis) with local swelling and pain and slight hardness, and difficulty in flexing

(Continued)

696 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 34.3 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Invigorate Blood and Dispel Stasis (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indications

Ginseng PurpleGold Elixir (ren shen zi jin dan)

Initially recorded in Golden Mirror of the Medical Tradition (yi zong jin jian). Composed of Cortex Acanthopanacis (wu jia pi) 60 g, Myrrha (mo yao) 60 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 30 g, Sanguis Draconis (xue jie) 30 g, Rhizoma Drynariae (gu sui bu) 30 g, Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi) 30 g, Flos Caryophylli (ding xiang) 30 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 24 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 9 g, and Poria (fu ling) 6 g. Grind the ingredients into fine powder, make into pills, and take in 9 g doses with bland yellow wine, apply once respectively in the morning and evening

Supplement qi and fortify the spleen, harmonize blood, and relax the sinews

Indicated for the treatment of injury from falling down in the later stage, with history of injury from fall, local fracture, sinew injury, lassitude and lack of strength, sallow complexion, pale tongue with thin and white coating, thready and choppy pulse

Blood-Moving and PainRelieving Decoction (huo xue zhi tong tang)

Initially recorded in The Great Compendium of Traumatology (shang ke da cheng). Composed of Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 6 g, Lignum Sappan (su mu) 6 g, Herba Centellae (ji xue cao) 6 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 2 g, Flos Carthami (hong hua) 1.5 g, Olibanum (ru xiang) 3 g, Myrrha (mo yao) 3 g, Radix et Rhizoma Notoginseng (san qi) 3 g, dry-fried Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chao chi shao) 3 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 3 g, Caulis Kadsurae (wu xiang xue teng) 9 g, and Eupolyphaga seu Steleophaga (tu bie chong) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Invigorate blood and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of injury from falling down with blood stasis, redness and swelling, and pain

Qi-Balancing and Blood-Moving Decoction (shun qi huo xue tang)

Initially recorded in The Great Compendium of Traumatology (shang ke da cheng). Composed of Caulis Perillae (zi su geng) 3 g, Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po) 3 g, Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao) 3 g, Rhizoma Cyperi (xiang fu) 3 g, dry-fried Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chao chi shao) 3 g, carda part of Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui wei) 6 g, Lignum Sappan (su mu) 6 g, Flos Carthami (hong hua) 1.5 g, Fructus Amomi (sha ren) 1.5 g, Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) 1.2 g, and Semen Persicae (tao ren) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Move qi and invigorate blood, dispel stasis, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of contusions in the chest and abdomen, with history of contusion, distention and fullness and pain, depressed emotion or in low spirits, dusky tongue with thin and white coating, wiry and choppy pulse

Three-Yellow Treasures Wax Pill (san huang bao la wan)

Initially recorded in Golden Mirror of the Medical Tradition (yi zong jin jian). Composed of Realgar (xiong huang) 60 g, Herba Artemisiae Anomalae (liu ji nu) 90 g, Concretio Silicea Bambusae (tian zhu huang) 90 g, Radix Euphorbiae Pekinensis (jing da ji) 90 g, Sanguis Draconis (xue jie) 90 g, carda part of Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui wei) 45 g, Cinnabaris (zhu sha) 30 g, Catechu (er cha) 30 g, Olibanum (ru xiang) 9 g, Succinum (hu po) 9 g, Calomelas (qing fen) 9 g, Hydrargyrum (shui yin) 9 g, and Moschus (she xiang) 9 g. Mix with unbleached beeswax 750 g and make into pills, and take in 3 g doses with wine without lime for severe injury or 1 g doses for mild injury

Invigorate blood and dispel stasis, dispel phlegm, resolve toxins, and open the orifices (resuscitate)

Indicated for the treatment of all injury from falling down and tetanus, or female postpartum lochiorrhea, blood stasis obstructing the heart, phlegm confounding the heart orifices, and dying, or with sudden convulsion of the limbs, opisthotonos, lock jaw, dusky tongue with white coating, and wiry pulse

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TABLE 34.3 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Invigorate Blood and Dispel Stasis (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indications

Great Red Pill (da hong wan)

Initially recorded in Secret Formulary Bestowed by Immortals for Treating Injuries and Mending Fractures (xian shou li shang xu duan mi fang). Composed of Radix Aconiti (chuan wu) 710 g, Semen Phaseoli (chi xiao dou) 540 g, Radix Polygoni Multiflori (he shou wu) 500 g, Rhizoma Drynariae (gu sui bu) 500 g, Rhizoma Arisaematis (tian nan xing) 500 g, Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) 500 g, Rhizoma et Radix Araliae Cordatae (tu dang gui) 300 g, Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (niu xi) 300 g, Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin) 250 g, calcined Pyritum (duan zi ran tong) 120 g, and Ramulus Mori Carbonisatus (qing sang tan) 2,500 g. Boil with vinegar, mix with flour and water, and make into paste pills as size of phoenix tree seed, coat with Cinnabaris (zhu sha), and take in 30 g doses with warm wine or vinegar

Strengthen the sinews and consolidate the bone, nourish the blood, and engender strength

Indicated for the treatment of broken sinews and bone fracture with a pattern of static blood stagnation and retention, accompanied with injury from falling down, broken bones and sinews, pain, cold limbs, light dusky tongue with thin and white coating, thready and choppy pulse

SinewStrengthening and Blood-Nourishing Decoction (zhuang jin yang xue tang)

Initially recorded in Essentials of Orthopedics and Traumatology (shang ke bu yao). Composed of Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 9 g, Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) 9 g, Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (niu xi) 9 g, Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi) 9 g, Radix Dipsaci (chuan xu duan) 12 g, Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 12 g, Cortex Eucommiae (du zhong) 6 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 6 g, and Flos Carthami (hong hua) 5 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Invigorate blood and relax the sinews

Indicated for the treatment of damage to sinews and collaterals, and bone injury with a pattern of blood deficiency complicated by blood stasis, symptoms including stabbing pain in local skin, blue-purple swelling with blood stasis, pale lips and nails, dusky tongue with stasis macules, thin and white coating, and choppy pulse

Ledebouriella, Chuanxiong, and Chinese Angelica Decoction (fang feng xiong gui tang)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Blood Syndromes (xue zheng lun). Composed of Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 15 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 9 g, Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 9 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 3 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 3 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Invigorate blood and dispel stasis, dispel wind, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of stagnation of blood stasis caused by injury from falling down, complicated by externally contracted wind-cold, with history of injury from fall, local blue-purple swelling, more evident stabbing pain, light dusky tongue with thin and white coating, choppy pulse

Qi-Resuscitating Decoction (su qi tang)

Initially recorded in Records of Syndrome Differentiations (bian zheng lu). Composed of Myrrha (mo yao) 3 g, Olibanum (ru xiang) 3 g, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 3 g, Sanguis Caprinus (shan yang xue) 1.5 g, Folium Perillae (zi su ye) 9 g, Herba Schizonepetae (jing jie) 9 g, Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi) 9 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 15 g, Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) 15 g, Flos Rhododendri Mollis (nao yang hua) 15 g, and Semen Persicae (tao ren) 14 pills. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Invigorate blood and move qi, unblock the pass, and release the orifices

Indicated for the treatment of falling into a coma due to falling down from higher place, with history of falling down, unconsciousness, broken bones, and injury of tendons and muscles

(Continued)

698 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 34.3 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Invigorate Blood and Dispel Stasis (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indications

Striving for Life Elixir (duo ming dan)

Initially recorded in Essentials of Orthopedics and Traumatology (shang ke bu yao). Composed of carda part of Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui wei) 90 g, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 90 g, Semen Persicae (tao ren) 90 g, Sanguis Draconis (xue jie) 15 g, Catechu (er cha) 15 g, Flos Carthami (hong hua) 15 g, Eupolyphaga seu Steleophaga (tu bie chong) 45 g, Olibanum (ru xiang) 30 g, Myrrha (mo yao) 30 g, Rhizoma Drynariae (gu sui bu) 30 g, calcined Pyritum (duan zi ran tong) 60 g, Cinnabaris (zhu sha) 15 g, and Moschus (she xiang) 1.5 g. Mix with thermalized Colla Corii Bovis (huang ming jiao) and make into pills, coat with Cinnabaris (zhu sha), and take in 1 pill dose with old wine

Dispel stasis and release the orifices

Indicated for the treatment of brain concussion and bone fracture in the initial and middle stages, with history of internal damage of head, swelling with blood stasis, coma, or history of fracture, local stabbing pain, blue swelling with blood stasis, dusky tongue with thin and white coating, and choppy pulse

Pill for Hyperosteogeny (gu zhi zeng sheng wan)

Initially recorded in External Medicine Science (wai ke ke xue). Composed of Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 15,000 g, Caulis Spatholobi (ji xue teng) 10,000 g, Rhizoma Drynariae (gu sui bu) 10,000 g, Herba Cistanches (rou cong rong) 10,000 g, Herba Pyrolae (lu xian cao) 10,000 g, Herba Epimedii (yin yang huo) 10,000 g, and Semen Raphani (lai fu zi) 5,000 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, make into pills, and take in 2.5 g doses (2 pills), 2 or 3 times a day

Supplement the kidney and strengthen the bone, invigorate blood and relieve pain, rectify qi, and harmonize the center

Indicated for the treatment of hyperostosis with various patterns, accompanied with soreness or stabbing pain, soreness and weakness of the waist and knees, pale tongue with thin and white coating, deficient and choppy pulse

SinewSupplementing Pill (bu jin wan)

Initially recorded in Golden Mirror of the Medical Tradition (yi zong jin jian). Composed of Fructus Cnidii (she chuang zi) 30 g, Cortex Acanthopanacis (wu jia pi) 30 g, Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum (chen xiang) 30 g, Flos Caryophylli (ding xiang) 30 g, Radix Cyathulae (chuan niu xi) 30 g, Poria from Yunnan of China (yun ling) 30 g, Stamen Nelumbinis (lian xu) 30 g, Semen Cuscutae (tu si zi) 30 g, Herba Cistanches (rou cong rong) 30 g, Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi) 30 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 30 g, Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 30 g, Fructus Chaenomelis (mu gua) 30 g, Rhizoma Dioscoreae (huai shan yao) 24 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 9 g, and Radix Aucklandiae (guang mu xiang) 9 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, mix with honey, make into pills, 9 g each pill, and take in one pill dose with medicine wine

Invigorate blood and dispel stasis, relax the sinews, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of injury from fall, sudden sprain, and contusion, with muscular spasm, wrenched tendons, dislocation, blue swelling and pain, dusky tongue with stasis macules, thin and white coating, and choppy pulse

Blood-Moving and LiverSoothing Decoction (huo xue shu gan tang)

Initially recorded in Formulas From Henan Institute for Bonesetting (he nan zheng gu yan jiu suo fang). Composed of Semen Persicae (tao ren) 9 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 9 g, carda part of Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui wei) 9 g, Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao) 9 g, Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po) 9 g, Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao) 9 g, Semen Arecae (bing lang) 6 g, Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) 6 g, Flos Carthami (hong hua) 6 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 6 g, wine-fried Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (jiu da huang) 6 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 6 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Invigorate blood and dispel stasis, rectify qi, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of stagnation of blood stasis caused by injury from falling down, with history of injury from fall, local swelling with blood stasis and stabbing pain, blue stasis macules, distending pain in the chest and rib-side, lassitude, dusky tongue with thin and white coating, wiry and choppy pulse

Formulas That Rectify Blood Chapter | 34

699

TABLE 34.3 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Invigorate Blood and Dispel Stasis (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indications

Intracalvarium Stasis-Dispersing Decoction (lu nei xiao yu tang)

Invigorate blood Initially recorded in TCM Orthopedics and Traumatology (zhong yi gu shang ke xue). Composed and move qi and relieve pain of Moschus (she xiang) 6 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 6 g, Sanguis Draconis (xue jie) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae (dan shen) 15 g, Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao) 9 g, Semen Persicae (tao ren) 9 g, Flos Carthami (hong hua) 9 g, Olibanum (ru xiang) 9 g, Myrrha (mo yao) 9 g, Rhizoma Sparganii (san leng) 9 g, Rhizoma Cyperi (xiang fu) 9 g, and Eupolyphaga seu Steleophaga (tu bie chong) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

LossySupplementing and SinewReuniting Pill (bu shun xu jin wan)

Initially recorded in Golden Mirror of the Medical Tradition (yi zong jin jian). Composed of Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 9 g, dry-fried Radix Paeoniae Alba (chao bai shao) 9 g, Rhizoma Drynariae (gu sui bu) 9 g, calcined Pyritum (duan zi ran tong) 9 g, Flos Carthami (hong hua) 9 g, Sanguis Draconis (xue jie) 9 g, Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 9 g, Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi) 15 g, Radix Aucklandiae (guang mu xiang) 15 g, wine-fried Radix Angelicae Sinensis (jiu dang gui) 15 g, Cinnabaris (zhu sha) 15 g, Olibanum (ru xiang) 15 g, Myrrha (mo yao) 15 g, Flos Caryophylli (ding xiang) 3 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 30 g, Os Pardi (bao gu) [substituted by Os Felinus (mao gu)] 60 g, and ancient copper coin 3 pieces. Grind the ingredients into powder, mix with honey, and make into pills, and take in 9 g doses

Reunite the bones and sinews, relieve swelling and pain, reinforce healthy qi, and calm the mind

Indicated for the treatment of bone fracture in the initial stage, with history of injury from fall, broken bones and sinews, and unceasing pain, local blue swelling with blood stasis, dusky tongue with thin and white coating, choppy and thready pulse

Chinese Angelica, Peony, and Carthamus Powder (gui shao hong hua san)

Initially recorded in A Close Examination of the Precious Classic on Ophthalmology (shen shi yao han). Composed of Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi) 5 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 5 g, Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 6 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 6 g, Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi) 6 g, Flos Carthami (hong hua) 3 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 3 g, Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 3 g, Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 12 g, and Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao) 10 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Cool the blood and dissipate blood stasis

Indicated for the treatment of pink eye (acute conjunctivitis) caused by exuberant pathogenic heat obstruction, and static blood congealing and stagnation, with thick and hard eyelids, particles in palpebral conjunctiva, more evident redness, heaviness and bearing-down of the eyelids, difficulty in opening, stabbing pain and scorching hot in the eyes, xenophthalmia and photophobia, eye discharge and dacryorrhea, drooping pannus (trachomatous pannus), red tongue with yellow coating, and rapid pulse

Rhubarb and Chinese Angelica Powder (da huang dang gui san)

Initially recorded in Golden Mirror of the Medical Tradition (yi zong jin jian). Composed of Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 30 g, Herba Equiseti Hiemalis (mu zei) 30 g, wine-fried Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (jiu da huang) 30 g, Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi) 15 g, Lignum Sappan (su mu) 15 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 3 g, Flos Carthami (hong hua) 24 g, and Flos Chrysanthemi (ju hua) 9 g. Grind the aforementioned ingredients into fine powder, and take in 6 g doses with green tea, 2 times a day; or discount dose according to the original proportion and decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Clear heat and dissolve stasis

Indicated for the treatment of hyphema and vitreous hemorrhage with a pattern of heat accumulation in blood aspect, accompanied with inching and stabbing pain in the eyes, chemosis and hyperemia of the bulbar conjunctiva, scorching hot pain, hyphema and vitreous hemorrhage, thirst but no desire to drink, crimson tongue with yellow and dry coating, rapid and forceful pulse

Indicated for the treatment of external injury of intracalvarium, with history of head injury, stabbing pain, swelling with blood stasis, or unconsciousness, dusky tongue with thin and white coating, and choppy pulse

700 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

3. Formula differentiation (Table 34.4) TABLE 34.4 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Invigorate Blood and Dispel Stasis Name of Formula

Similarities

Differences

Sudden Smile Powder (shi xiao san)

Both select Faeces Trogopterori (wu ling zhi) as a combination, can invigorate blood and dispel stasis and relieve pain, and are used for the treatment of pain in the epigastrium and abdomen due to blood stasis

Sudden Smile Powder (shi xiao san) specializes in dispelling stasis and dissipating masses, and is used for the treatment of simple pain due to blood stasis

Both select Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae (dan shen) as a combination, and are used for the treatment of blood stasis and qi stagnation

Salvia Beverage (dan shen yin) selects Lignum Santali Albi (tan xiang) and Fructus Amomi (sha ren) to assist; its effects of moving qi and relieving pain are better, and moving qi doesn’t damage the yin. It is an effective formula used for the treatment of pain in the epigastrium and abdomen, concretions and conglomerations (zhe¯ng jia˘), accumulations and gatherings (jı¯ jù) caused by blood stasis, swelling, and pain with blood stasis due to injury from fall

Pinch Powder (shou nian san)

Salvia Beverage (dan shen yin)

Effective ChannelActivating Elixir (huo luo xiao ling dan)

Blood Mansion Stasis-Expelling Decoction (xue fu zhu yu tang)

OrificesUnblocking and Blood-Invigorating Decoction (tong qiao huo xue tang) Expelling Stasis Below the Diaphragm Decoction (ge xia zhu yu tang)

Pinch Powder (shou nian san) selects Rhizoma Corydalis (yan huo suo), Myrrha (mo yao), and Fructus Tsaoko (cao guo) as a combination, has more better effects of invigorating blood and relieving pain than that of Sudden Smile Powder (shi xiao san), also can warm and dissipate, so it is more suitable for the treatment of pain due to blood stasis stagnation complicated by cold patterns

Effective Channel-Activating Elixir (huo luo xiao ling dan) selects Olibanum (ru xiang), Myrrha (mo yao), and Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) as a combination, has the effects of invigorating blood and dispelling stasis and relieving pain are strong, and dispelling stasis doesn’t damage the blood. It is a commonly used formula indicated for the treatment of pain in the heart and the stomach caused by blood stasis and qi stagnation All are the formulas that invigorate blood and dissolve stasis which created by Wang Qing-ren, usually called “five stasis-dispelling decoctions.” All select Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong), or select Semen Persicae (tao ren) and Flos Carthami (hong hua) to combineas a combination, or are the modified formulas based on Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao) and Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui), have the effects of invigorating blood and dispelling stasis, and are used for the treatment of syndromes canused by static blood

Blood Mansion Stasis-Expelling Decoction (xue fu zhu yu tang) selects Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao), Radix Platycodonis (jie geng), and Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) to move qi and relieve chest stiffness, and Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (niu xi) to guide blood downward; its effects of diffusing and unblocking qi stagnation in the chest and hypochondrium, and guiding blood downward are better. It is indicated for the treatment of blood stasis obstruction in the chest Orifices-Unblocking and Blood-Invigorating Decoction (tong qiao huo xue tang) selects Moschus (she xiang), old green onion and Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) to unblock yang and open the orifices; its effects of warming and unblocking with acrid and fragrant medicinals are better and partial to invigorating blood and opening the orifices. It is indicated for the treatment of blood stasis in the head and face Expelling Stasis Below the Diaphragm Decoction (ge xia zhu yu tang) selects Rhizoma Cyperi (xiang fu), Radix Linderae (wu yao), and Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao) as a combination; its effects of moving qi and relieving pain are stronger, and it is good at removing blood stasis below the diaphragm

Lower Abdominal Stasis-Expelling Decoction (shao fu zhu yu tang)

Lower Abdominal Stasis-Expelling Decoction (shao fu zhu yu tang) selects herbs that warm and unblock with acrid and heat in nature, such as Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang), Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui), and Fructus Foeniculi (xiao hui xiang), are partial to warming the channels and dissipating cold and relieving pain, and more suitable for the treatment of lower abdominal pain, menstrual irregularities, and painful menstruation due to cold congealing and blood stasis

Generalized Pain Stasis-Expelling Decoction (shen tong zhu yu tang)

Generalized Pain Stasis-Expelling Decoction (shen tong zhu yu tang) selects Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae (qin jiao), Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo), and Pheretima (di long) as a combination, and specializes in invigorating blood and unblocking the collaterals, diffusing bì, and relieving pain, and is more suitable for the treatment of painful limb bì syndrome or joint pain caused by blood stasis obstructing the channels and collaterals

Formulas That Rectify Blood Chapter | 34

701

TABLE 34.4 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Invigorate Blood and Dispel Stasis (cont.) Name of Formula

Similarities

Differences

Original QiRestoring and Blood-Moving Decoction (fu yuan huo xue tang)

Both are the formulas that treat both qi and blood, can invigorate blood and dissolve stasis, soothe the liver, and rectify qi. And dispelling stasis is primary and rectifying qi is complementary. Both are the essential formulas for treating static blood and pain in the chest and rib-side

Original Qi-Restoring and Blood-Moving Decoction (fu yuan huo xue tang) has stronger effects of dispelling stasis and relieving pain than that of Blood Mansion Stasis-Expelling Decoction (xue fu zhu yu tang). It is indicated for the treatment of static blood retention below the costal region due to injury from falling down

Both have the effects of invigorating blood and moving qi, and relieving swelling and pain, and are used for the treatment of swelling and pain due to blood stasis and qi stagnation after injury from fall

Original Qi-Restoring and Blood-Moving Decoction (fu yuan huo xue tang) is good at invigorating blood and dispelling stasis, soothing the liver, and unblocking the collaterals, and indicated for the treatment of static blood retention below the hypochondrium, accompanied with unendurable pain

Both select Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) and Semen Persicae (tao ren) as a combination, have the effects of breaking up blood and dispelling stasis, and are used for the treatment of lower jiao blood amassment syndrome due to binding of blood stasis and heat

Peach Kernel Qi-Guiding Decoction (tao he cheng qi tang) selects Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) to warm and unblock the blood vessels, and is more suitable for the treatment of acute spasm of lower abdomen with fever at night due to blood stasis accumulation but not severe in the initial stage, and menstrual block

Blood Mansion Stasis-Expelling Decoction (xue fu zhu yu tang) Original QiRestoring and Blood-Moving Decoction (fu yuan huo xue tang) Seven-Thousandths of a Tael Powder (qi li san)

Peach Kernel QiGuiding Decoction (tao he cheng qi tang) Resistance Decoction (di dang tang)

Discharging Blood Stasis Decoction (xia yu xue tang)

Rhubarb and Eupolyphaga Pill (da huang zhe chong wan)

Turtle Shell Decocted Pill (bie jie jian wan)

Blood Mansion Stasis-Expelling Decoction (xue fu zhu yu tang) has stronger effects of invigorating blood and dispelling stasis, and is more suitable for the treatment of static blood obstruction in the chest with a pattern of blood stasis and qi stagnation

This formula is good at invigorating blood and dissipating blood stasis, stanching bleeding, and engendering flesh, and more suitable for the treatment of swelling and pain with blood stasis due to external injury or bleeding from knife injury. It can be applied externally and also decocted with water for oral use

Resistance Decoction (di dang tang) selects Hirudo (shui zhi) and Tabanus (meng chong) as a combination; its effect of breaking up blood is stronger than that of the other two formulas. It is indicated for the treatment of stiffness and fullness in the lower abdomen with madness due to static blood accumulation for a long time leading to severe blood amassment Discharging Blood Stasis Decoction (xia yu xue tang) selects Eupolyphaga seu Steleophaga (zhe chong) to combine, specializes in discharging blood stasis, and is mainly used for the treatment of female abdominal pain (which refuses pressure) with feeling of hard masses by pressure due to dry blood (blood stasis) retention below the umbilicus, and menstrual disorders due to blood stasis

Both have the effects of invigorating blood and dissolving stasis, and are used for the treatment of concretions and conglomerations (zhe¯ng jia˘) with a pattern of static blood retention in interior

Rhubarb and Eupolyphaga Pill (da huang zhe chong wan) has stronger effect of dispelling stasis than that of Turtle Shell Decocted Pill (bie jie jian wan), and also can clear stagnated heat, nourish yin-blood, and moisten dryness accumulation, and is indicated for the treatment of blood emaciation (emaciation due to chronic blood stasis) with five kinds of strain, extreme deficiency, and static blood retention in the interior Turtle Shell Decocted Pill (bie jie jian wan) is more partial to softening hard masses and resolving concretions, and also can dispel dampness and dissolve phlegm. It is indicated for the treatment of malaria with splenomegaly (a.k.a. mother-of-malaria) and concretions and conglomerations (zhe¯ng jia˘) caused by contention between cold, heat, phlegm, dampness, qi, and blood

702 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

SECTION 2  FORMULAS THAT STANCH BLEEDING Outline Formulas that stanch bleeding are suitable for the treatment of bleeding from different parts of the body due to blood oozing from the vessels, such as spitting of blood, nosebleed, coughing of blood, expectoration of blood, bloody urine, bloody stool, flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding), and traumatic bleeding. The bleeding syndrome is quite complicated due to different causes, such as cold, heat, deficiency, and excess; different parts, such as upper, lower, internal, or external body; and different pathogenic conditions, such as mildness, severity, chronicity, or urgency. Therefore, treatments of stanching bleeding are correspondingly different. For patients with bleeding due to blood-heat, cooling the blood and stanching bleeding should be applied; for bleeding due to yang deficiency and failing to control the blood, warming yang and boosting qi and containing blood (i.e., keep it within the vessels) should be used; for blood stasis obstruction damaging the collaterals, dissolving stasis and stanching bleeding should be applied; for bleeding due to insecurity of the chong and ren mai, regulating and containing the chong and ren mai should be used; for patients with chronic bleeding and chronicity pattern, mainly treating the root should be applied; for patients with hemorrhea and urgency pattern, controlling bleeding with astringents should be used to treat the branch; for bleeding due to external injury, the external application of drug should be combined to astringe wound and stanch bleeding. Formulas that stanch bleeding are usually composed of Cacumen Platycladi (ce bai ye), Herba Cirsii (xiao ji), Rhizoma Imperatae (bai mao gen), Flos Sophorae (huai hua), and Radix Sanguisorbae (di yu) for heat pattern, or Rhizoma Zingiberis Praeparatum (pao jiang), Folium Artemisiae Argyi (ai ye), and Terra Flava Usta (zao xin tu) for cold pattern, or Radix et Rhizoma Notoginseng (san qi) and Pollen Typhae (pu huang) for blood stasis pattern. The representative formulas are Ten Charred Substances Powder (shi hui san), Field Thistle Drink (xiao ji yin zi), Blood-Expectorating Formula (ke xue fang), Raw Four Pill (si sheng wan), Arborvitae Decoction (bai ye tang), Pagoda Tree Flower Powder (huai hua san), and Yellow Earth Decoction (huang tu tang).

Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 1. Primary formulas and analysis (Tables 34.5 and 34.6)

TABLE 34.5 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Stanch Bleeding Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Raw Four Pill (si sheng wan)

Initially recorded in Secret Formulas of the Yang Family (yang shi jia cang fang). Composed of raw Cacumen Platycladi (sheng ce bai ye) 15 g, Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 15 g, raw Folium Nelumbinis (sheng he ye) 9 g, and raw Folium Artemisiae Argyi (sheng ai ye) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Efficacy and Indications Cool the blood and stanch bleeding. Indicated for the treatment of spitting of bright red blood and nosebleed due to blood heat, with dry mouth and throat, red or crimson tongue, wiry and rapid pulse

Modified Clinical Applications

Caution for Use

For profuse bleeding, add Rhizoma Imperatae (bai mao gen), Herba Agrimoniae (xian he cao), and Radix et Rhizoma Rubiae (qian cao) to strengthen the effect of stanching bleeding; for more evident fire-heat, add Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang), Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi), and Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (niu xi) to subdue fire and guide blood downward; for dry mouth and throat due to more evident fluid consumption, add Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen) and Radix Trichosanthis (tian hua fen) to clear heat and promote fluid production

Its use is prohibited in patients with deficiency-cold bleeding

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TABLE 34.5 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Stanch Bleeding (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Ten Charred Substances Powder (shi hui san)

Initially recorded in Divine Book of Ten Medicinal Formulas (shi yao shen shu). Composed of Herba Cirsii Japonici (da ji) 9 g, Herba Cirsii (xiao ji) 9 g, Folium Nelumbinis (he ye) 9 g, Cacumen Platycladi (ce bai ye) 9 g, Rhizoma Imperatae (bai mao gen) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Rubiae (qian cao) 9 g, Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 9 g, Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi) 9 g, and Petiolus Trachycarpi (zong lü pi) 9 g. Burn the herbs until charred with their property retained, grind into powder, and take in 9–15 g doses after mixing with Pine-Soot Ink (jing mo) grinded with appropriate amount of Succus Rhizomatis Nelumbinis (ou zhi) or Succus Raphanus sativus (luo bo zhi); or decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Arborvitae Decoction (bai ye tang)

Initially recorded in Essentials From the Golden Cabinet (jin gui yao lüe). Composed of Cacumen Platycladi (ce bai ye) 9 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) 9 g, and Folium Artemisiae Argyi (ai ye) 3 g. Decoct the ingredients with 500 mL water and 100 mL liquor from horse feces for oral use

Modified Clinical Applications

Caution for Use

Cool the blood and stanch bleeding. Indicated for the treatment of bleeding from the upper body due to blood heat, with spitting of blood, expectoration of blood, coughing of blood and nosebleed in bright red color, sudden bleeding due to intense fire-heat, red tongue, and rapid pulse

For upward rushing of fire and more evident blood heat, use the decoction, increase the dosage of Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) and Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi), or add Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (niu xi) and Hematitum (dai zhe shi) to guide blood and heat downward; for nosebleed, use the powder to blow the nose; for bleeding from knife injury, spread the powder on the wound

Herbs in this formula should be stir-baked into black on outside and brown in inside, and cannot be taken orally for a long time. Its use is not suitable for patients with chronic deficiency-cold bleeding

Warm the center and stanch bleeding. Indicated for the treatment of spitting of blood with a pattern of lower jiao deficiency-cold, accompanied with unceasing spitting of dusky and clear blood, pallid or sallow complexion, pale tongue with white coating, deficient and weak and forceless pulse

For bleeding in large amounts, add Colla Corii Asini (e jiao), Radix et Rhizoma Notoginseng (san qi), and Rhizoma Bletillae (bai ji) to strengthen the effect of stanching bleeding; for more evident qi deficiency, add Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) and Radix Astragali (huang qi) to fortify the spleen and boost qi and contain blood (i.e., keep it within the vessels); for bleeding from peptic ulcers with stuffy pain in the abdomen, add Endoconcha Sepiae (hai piao xiao) and Rhizoma Corydalis (yan huo suo) to relieve hyperacidity and pain

Its use is prohibited in patients with bleeding due to yin deficiency and blood heat

Efficacy and Indications

(Continued)

704 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 34.5 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Stanch Bleeding (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

BloodExpectorating Formula (ke xue fang)

Initially recorded in Teachings of [Zhu] Dan-xi (dan xi xin fa). Composed of Indigo Naturalis (qing dai) 6 g, Semen Trichosanthis (gua lou ren) 9 g, Ova Notarchi (hai fen) 9 g, Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi) 9 g, and Fructus Chebulae (he zi) 6 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Pagoda Tree Flower Powder (huai hua san)

Initially recorded in Experiential Formulas for Universal Relief (pu ji ben shi fang). Composed of dry-fried Flos Sophorae (chao huai hua) 12 g, Cacumen Platycladi (ce bai ye) 12 g, Spica Schizonepetae (jing jie sui) 6 g, and Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao) 6 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use; or grind into powder, and take in 6 g doses with rice water

Modified Clinical Applications

Caution for Use

Clear liver heat and tranquilize the lung, cool the blood, and stanch bleeding. Indicated for the treatment of coughing of blood with a pattern of liver fire invading the lung, accompanied with cough with yellow and thick phlegm, or bloodstained phlegm, incomplete expectoration, pain in the chest and hypochondrium, vexation and irascibility, bitter taste in the mouth, constipation, red tongue with yellow coating, wiry and rapid pulse

For scanty phlegm and difficulty in expectoration, and red tongue with less coating due to fire-heat damage yin, add Radix Adenophorae seu Glehniae (sha shen) and Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) to clear lung heat and nourish yin; for coughing of blood in large amount, add Herba Agrimoniae (xian he cao), Rhizoma Imperatae (bai mao gen), and Cacumen Platycladi (ce bai ye) to cool the blood and stanch bleeding; for more evident cough with excessive phlegm, add Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren), Bulbus Fritillaria (bei mu), and Arisaema cum Bile (dan nan xing) to strengthen the effects of clearing lung heat and dissolving phlegm and relieving cough; for constipation due to fluid consumption, add Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen) and Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) to nourish yin and promote fluid production to promote defecation

This formula is cold-cool, descending and discharging in nature, its use is not suitable for patients with yin deficiency of the lung and kidney, and loose stool due to spleen deficiency

Clear intestine heat and stanch bleeding, scatter wind, and rectify qi. Indicated for the treatment of bloody stool due to wind-heat-damp toxin obstruction in the intestines, with bleeding before or after defecation, or blood-stained stool, bright red or dusky muddy blood, red tongue with yellow and greasy coating, rapid or slippery pulse

For burning pain in anus due to more evident large intestine heat, add Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) and Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai) to clear intestine heat; for bloody dusky muddy stool, combine with Rice Bean and Chinese Angelica Powder (chi xiao dou dang gui san) [Essentials from the Golden Cabinet (jin gui yao lüe)]; for bloody stool with large amounts of blood, add Radix Scutellariae Carbonisatum (huang qin tan), Radix Sanguisorbae Carbonisatum (di yu tan), and Petiolus Trachycarpi Carbonisatus (zong lü tan) to strengthen the effects of cooling the blood and stanching bleeding; for blood deficiency due to chronic bloody stool, add Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) and Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) to nourish and harmonize blood

It is not suitable for long-term oral use. And its single use is not suitable for patients with chronic bloody stool and healthy qi depletion

Efficacy and Indications

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TABLE 34.5 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Stanch Bleeding (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Field Thistle Drink (xiao ji yin zi)

Initially recorded in Detailed Explanation of the Jade Pivot (yu ji wei yi). Composed of Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 30 g, Herba Cirsii (xiao ji) 15 g, Talcum (hua shi) 5 g, Caulis Akebiae (mu tong) 6 g, dryfried Pollen Typhae (chao pu huang) 9 g, Nodus Nelumbinis Rhizomatis (ou jie) 9 g, Herba Lophatheri (dan zhu ye) 9 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 6 g, Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi) 9 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 6 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Yellow Earth Decoction (huang tu tang)

Initially recorded in Essentials From the Golden Cabinet (jin gui yao lüe). Composed of Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 9 g, Radix Rehmanniae Recens (gan di huang) 9 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 9 g, blast-fried Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (pao fu zi) 9 g, Colla Corii Asini (e jiao) 9 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 9 g, and Terra Flava Usta (zao xin tu) 30 g. First decoct Terra Flava Usta (zao xin tu) with water, use the decoction to decoct other medicinals; and Colla Corii Asini (e jiao) should be melted in decoction for oral use

Modified Clinical Applications

Caution for Use

Cool the blood and stanch bleeding, promote urination, and relieve strangury. Indicated for the treatment of blood strangury and bloody urine with a pattern of heat accumulation in the lower jiao, accompanied with frequent urination, difficult and painful urination with burning sensation, reddish or bloody urine, red tongue with yellow coating, and rapid pulse

For more evident heat strangury, add Herba Polygoni Avicularis (bian xu) and Herba Dianthi (qu mai) to assist the effects of clearing heat and relieving strangury; for bleeding in large amounts, add Herba Cirsii Japonici (da ji) and Rhizoma Imperatae (bai mao gen) to strengthen the effects of cooling the blood and stanching bleeding; for more evident pain in the urethra due to static blood obstruction, add small amount of Succinum (hu po) and Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (niu xi) to dissolve stasis and relieve pain; for calculus, add Herba Lysimachiae (jin qian cao), Spora Lygodii (hai jin sha), and Folium Pyrrosiae (shi wei); complicated by lipoiduria, add Rhizoma Dioscoreae Hypoglaucae (bi xie) to separate the clear and the turbid

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women. It is also not suitable for long-term oral use

Warm yang and fortify the spleen, nourish the blood, and stanch bleeding. Indicated for the treatment of spleen failing to control blood and spleen yang insufficiency, with bloody stool, or spitting of blood, nosebleed, female flooding and spotting (uterine bleeding), light dusky blood, no warm of the four limbs, sallow complexion, pale tongue with white coating, and deep, thready, and forceless pulse

For more evident qi deficiency, add Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) and Radix Astragali (huang qi) to boost qi and contain blood (i.e., keep it within the vessels); for bleeding in large amounts, add Radix et Rhizoma Notoginseng (san qi), Rhizoma Bletillae (bai ji), and Folium Artemisiae Argyi (ai ye) to strengthen the effect of stanching bleeding; for more evident deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach, add Rhizoma Zingiberis Praeparatum Carbonisatum (pao jiang tan) to warm the center and stanch bleeding; for poor appetite, change Colla Corii Asini (e jiao) into Colla Corii Asini Pilula (e jiao zhu) to reduce the greasy property; for loose stool, change Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) into Radix Scutellariae Carbonisatum (huang qin tan) to reduce the bitter-cold property

Its use is not suitable for patients with bleeding due to yin deficiency and blood heat

Efficacy and Indications

706 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 34.6 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Stanch Bleeding Name of Formula Raw Four Pill (si sheng wan)

Efficacy Analysis Raw Cacumen Platycladi (sheng ce bai ye) Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) Raw Folium Nelumbinis (sheng he ye) Raw Folium Artemisiae Argyi (sheng ai ye)

Ten Charred Substances Powder (shi hui san)

Herba Cirsii Japonici (da ji) Herba Cirsii (xiao ji)

Bitter, astringent, and slightly cold in nature, cool the blood and stanch bleeding, and as the chief medicinal Bitter, sweet, and cold in nature, clear heat and cool the blood, nourish yin and promote fluid production, strengthen the effects of the chief medicinal, prevent pathogenic heat from damaging yin, and as the deputy medicinal Bitter, astringent, and neutral in nature, clear heat and cool the blood, dissipate stasis, and stanch bleeding

Cool the blood and stanch bleeding

Acrid and warm in nature, stanch bleeding, and avoid stasis causing by too much cold-cool nature Sweet and cool in nature, specialize in cooling the blood and stanching bleeding, furthermore, dispel stasis, and as the chief medicinal

Folium Nelumbinis (he ye) Cacumen Platycladi (ce bai ye)

Cool the blood and stanch bleeding, and all as the deputy medicinals

Rhizoma Imperatae (bai mao gen) Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi)

Bitter and cold in nature, clear heat, and drain fire

Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang)

Arborvitae Decoction (bai ye tang)

Blood-Expectorating Formula (ke xue fang)

Guide pathogenic heat out from micturition; subdue fire-heat to assist the effect of stanching bleeding, and all as the assistant medicinals

Petiolus Trachycarpi (zong lüpi)

Bitter and astringent in nature, astringe and stanch bleeding

Radix et Rhizoma Rubiae (qian cao) Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi)

Combine with Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) to cool the blood and stanch bleeding, invigorate blood and dispel stasis, “stanching bleeding without causing stasis left,” and also as the assistant medicinals

Cacumen Platycladi (ce bai ye)

Bitter, astringent, and cold in nature, “bitter medicinals promote descent,” astringe and stanch bleeding

Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang)

Acrid and hot in nature, warm the center and assist yang, elevate yang qi to contain blood (i.e., keep it within the vessels)

Folium Artemisiae Argyi (ai ye)

Acrid, bitter, and warm in nature, warm the channels, and stanch bleeding

Liquor from horse feces

Slightly warm in nature, specialize in guiding blood downward, and stanch bleeding

Indigo Naturalis (qing dai)

Salty and cold in nature, act on the liver and lung channels, clear liver heat and drain fire, cool the blood, and stanch bleeding

Clear liver heat and cool the blood and stanch bleeding, both as the chief medicinals

Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi)

Bitter and cold in nature, act on the heart, liver and lung channels, clear heat and cool the blood, drain fire, and relieve vexation

Semen Trichosanthis (gua lou ren)

Sweet and cold in nature, clear heat and dissolve phlegm, moisten the lung, and relieve cough

Ova Notarchi (hai fen)

Clear lung heat and subdue fire, soften hardness, and dissolve phlegm

Fructus Chebulae (he zi)

Bitter, astringent, and neutral in nature, clear and descend, astringe the lung, dissolve phlegm and relieve cough, and as the assistant medicinal

Cool the blood and stanch bleeding

Warm the center and stanch bleeding

Clear liver heat and tranquilize the lung, cool the blood, and stanch bleeding

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TABLE 34.6 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Stanch Bleeding (cont.) Name of Formula Pagoda Tree Flower Powder (huai hua san)

Field Thistle Drink (xiao ji yin zi)

Efficacy Analysis Flos Sophorae (huai hua)

Bitter and slightly cold in nature, specialize in clearing large intestine damp-heat, cool the blood and stanch bleeding, and as the chief medicinal

Cacumen Platycladi (ce bai ye)

Bitter and slightly cold in nature, clear heat and stanch bleeding, and as the deputy medicinal

Spica Schizonepetae (jing jie sui)

Acrid and dispersing in nature, scatter wind, slightly warm in nature without dryness, enter the blood aspect and stanch

Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao)

Move qi and relieve intestine spasm to regulate qi and blood, and the assistant and envoy medicinal

Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang)

Bitter, sweet, and cold in nature, cool the blood and stanch bleeding, nourish yin and clear heat, and as the chief medicinal

Herba Cirsii (xiao ji) Pollen Typhae (pu huang) dus Nelumbinis Rhizomatis (ou jie)

Sweet and cool in nature, enter the blood aspect, clear heat and cool the blood and stanch bleeding, promote urination, and relieve strangury Cool the blood and stanch bleeding, and dissipate blood stasis

Talcum (hua shi) Herba Lophatheri (dan zhu ye)

Cold in nature, clear heat and promote urination, and relieve strangury

Caulis Akebiae (mu tong)

Yellow Earth Decoction (huang tu tang)

Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi)

Bitter and cold in nature, clear and discharge sanjiao fire, and guide heat out from micturition

Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui)

Nourish the blood and harmonize blood, and prevent the cold-cool medicinals from causing stagnated blood

Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao)

Relax spasm and relieve pain, harmonize the actions of all medicinals, and as the envoy medicinal

Terra Flava Usta (zao xin tu)

Acrid, warm, and astringent in nature, warm the center and stanch bleeding, and as the chief medicinal

Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) Radix Rehmanniae Recens (gan di huang) Colla Corii Asini (e jiao)

Clear intestine heat and stanch bleeding, scatter wind, and rectify qi

Warm yang and fortify the spleen, and assist Terra Flava Usta (zao xin tu) to strengthen the spleen to control the blood (keep it within the vessels), and both as the deputy medicinals

Sweet in nature, enrich yin and nourish the blood, and stanch bleeding

Radix Scutellariae (huang qin)

Bitter and cold in nature, restrain the warm, and dryness nature of Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) and Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi)

Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao)

Harmonize the actions of all medicinals, and as the envoy medicinal

Cool the blood and stanch bleeding, promote urination, and relieve strangury

Warm yang and fortify the spleen, nourish the blood, and stanch bleeding

708 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

2. Attached formulas (Table 34.7) TABLE 34.7 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Stanch Bleeding Name of Formula Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indications

ChannelSupplementing and VesselSupplementing Decoction (bu luo bu guan tang)

Initially recorded in Records of Chinese Medicine with Reference to Western Medicine (yi xue zhong zhong can xi lu). Composed of raw Os Draconis (sheng long gu) 30 g, raw Concha Ostreae (sheng mu li) 30 g, Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu) 30 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Notoginseng (san qi) 6 g. Grind the ingredients into fine powder and decoct with water for oral use

Supplement the lung and boost the stomach, astringe, and stanch bleeding

Indicated for the treatment of coughing of blood and spitting of blood without recovery for a long time after receiving frequent treatment, with faint and hollow pulse

Sophora Pill (huai jiao wan)

Initially recorded in Beneficial Formulas From the Taiping Imperial Pharmacy (tai ping hui min he ji ju fang). Composed of dry-fried Fructus Sophorae (chao huai jiao) 500 g, Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 250 g, Radix Sanguisorbae (di yu) 250 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 250 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 250 g, and Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao) 250 g. Grind the aforementioned ingredients into powder, mix with wine, and make into paste pills as size of phoenix tree seed, and take in 9 g doses; or discount dose according to the original proportion and decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Clear intestine heat and stanch bleeding, scatter wind, and benefit qi

Indicated for the treatment of discharging fresh blood stool, hemorrhoids, and prolapse of the rectum with a pattern of wind pathogen and heat toxin or dampheat

Sanguisorba Powder (di yu san)

Initially recorded in Beneficial Formulas from the Taiping Imperial Pharmacy (tai ping hui min he ji ju fang). Composed of Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao) 180 g, Poria (fu ling) 180 g, Radix Sanguisorbae (di yu) 250 g, Radix Puerariae Lobatae (ge gen) 250 g, Pericarpium Papaveris (ying su qiao) 360 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 90 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 120 g, and Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) 60 g. Grind the aforementioned ingredients into fine powder, and take in 6 g doses with warm boiled water; for infant, take in 1.5–3 g doses

Clear and remove damp-heat, cool the blood, and stanch bleeding

Indicated for the treatment of intestinal damp-heat, with red colored bloody stool, incomplete defecation, or thin, unformed stool, or abdominal pain, bitter taste in the mouth, red tongue with yellow and greasy coating, soggy and rapid pulse

Indian Madder Root Powder (qian gen san)

Initially recorded in The Complete Works of [Zhang] Jing-yue (jing yue quan shu). Composed of Radix et Rhizoma Rubiae (qian cao) 10 g, Cacumen Platycladi (ce bai ye) 10 g, Colla Corii Asini (e jiao) 10 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 6 g, Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 12 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 3 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Enrich yin and subdue fire, tranquilize the collaterals, and stanch bleeding

Indicated for the treatment of various bleeding with a pattern of vigorous fire due to yin deficiency, accompanied by dermatorrhagia with blue-purple macules or spots, intermittent attacks, or with nosebleed, bleeding from gum, or profuse menstruation, flushed cheeks, vexation and thirst, feverish palms and soles, or tidal fever, night sweating, red tongue with less coating, thready and rapid pulse

BloodTranquilizing Decoction (ning xue tang)

Initially recorded in TCM Ophthalmology (zhong yi yan ke xue). Composed of Herba Agrimoniae (xian he cao) 30 g, Herba Ecliptae (mo han lian) 30 g, Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 20 g, Rhizoma Imperatae (bai mao gen) 15 g, Rhizoma Bletillae (bai ji) 15 g, Radix Ampelopsis (bai lian) 15 g, Colla Corii Asini (e jiao) 10 g, Cacumen Platycladi Carbonisatum (ce bai ye tan) 10 g, Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) 10 g, and charred Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi tan) 8 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Enrich yin and cool the blood, stanch bleeding, and dissolve stasis

Indicated for the treatment of fog moving before eye (vitreous opacity), with feeling of fly-wing like shadow before eye, slow or sudden diminution of vision, punctiform, floccose, or conglomerate vitreous opacity, or fundus oculi with hemorrhagic lesions, dizziness and tinnitus, vexation and less sleep, dry mouth and throat, red tongue with less coating, wiry, thready and rapid pulse

Formulas That Rectify Blood Chapter | 34

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TABLE 34.7 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Stanch Bleeding (cont.) Name of Formula Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indications

Stasis-Expelling and BleedingStanching Decoction (zhu yu zhi xue tang)

Initially recorded in Fu Qing-zhu’s [Treatise on] Gynecology (fu qing zhu nü ke). Composed of winefried Radix Rehmanniae (jiu chao sheng di huang) 30 g, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 30 g, vinegar-fried Plastrum Testudinis (cu zhi gui ban) 9 g, Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao) 9 g, Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi) 3 g, carda part of Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui wei) 15 g, Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao) 15 g, and Semen Persicae (tao ren) 10 pills. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Dispel stasis and stanch bleeding

Indicated for the treatment of bleeding and menstrual irregularities caused by blood stasis, with intermenstrual bleeding, purple-dusky colored blood with clots, pain in the lower abdomen which refuses pressure, depressed emotion, purple-dusky tongue with stasis spots, choppy and forceful pulse

Pill for Ulcer (kui yang wan)

Initially recorded in New Traditional Chinese Medicine (xin zhong yi). Composed of Rhizoma Bletillae (bai ji) powder 12 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) powder 18 g, and Mel (feng mi) 30 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use; or make the aforementioned ingredients into three pills, and take in 1–2 pills doses

Boost the stomach, astringe, and stanch bleeding

Indicated for the treatment of bleeding from peptic ulcers with a pattern of stomach deficiency complicated by blood stasis, with spitting of blood and bloody stool for a long time, recurrent attacks, black tarry stool, or burning pain in the stomach cavity, and acid regurgitation

Indigo Naturalis and Clam Shell Powder (dai ge san)

Initially recorded in Elucidations of Medicine (yi shuo). Composed of equal parts of Indigo Naturalis (qing dai) and Pulvis Conchae Anodontae (bang fen). Grind the ingredients into fine powder, wrap 6 g each time and decoct with water for oral use, or mix 6 g with Oleum Sesami (ma you) and take orally

Clear liver heat and dissolve phlegm

Indicated for the treatment of liver fire invading the lung and scorching fluid into phlegm, with cough, excessive yellow and thick phlegm, or yellow and white phlegm, and pain in the chest and rib-side

Yunnan White Drug-Powder (yun nan bai yao)

Initially recorded in TCM External Medicine (zhong yi wai ke xue). Composed of Radix et Rhizoma Notoginseng (san qi) powder. For oral use, 0.5 g each time, take once every 4 h; for external application, directly sprinkle it on the bleeding area

Invigorate blood and stanch bleeding, dispel stasis, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of swelling and pain due to static blood stagnation, with local dusky-red swelling and pain with stagnated blood due to injury from falling down; or bone fracture, or visceral bleeding, purple-dusky tongue with thin and white coating, and choppy pulse

3. Formula differentiation (Table 34.8) TABLE 34.8 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Stanch Bleeding Name of Formula

Similarities

Differences

Raw Four Pill (si sheng wan)

Both are the formulas that cool the blood and stanch bleeding, and used for the treatment of bleeding from superior part due to blood heat

Use four raw medicinals containing acrid and warm herbs to prevent cold-cool congealing from producing stasis. It is a formula that treats the root and the branch simultaneously

Both are used for the treatment of bloody stool, flooding, and spotting (uterine bleeding) due to spleen failing to control the blood

Select Terra Flava Usta (zao xin tu), Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi), and Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) as the principle herbs, combined with Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang), Colla Corii Asini (e jiao), and Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) to warm yang and fortify the spleen to contain blood (i.e., keep it within the vessels), enrich yin, and nourish the blood to stanch bleeding. It is suitable for the treatment of bleeding due to spleen yang insufficiency and failing to control blood

Ten Charred Substances Powder (shi hui san) Yellow Earth Decoction (huang tu tang)

Spleen-Restoring Decoction (gui pi tang)

Herbs in this formula are stir-baked into black on outside and brown in inside with their property retained, which is meant to treat the branch

Select Radix Astragali (huang qi) and Arillus Longan (long yan rou) to combine with Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen), Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu), Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui), Sclerotium Poriae Pararadicis (fu shen), Semen Ziziphi Spinosae (suan zao ren), and Radix Polygalae (yuan zhi) to supplement qi and fortify the spleen, nourish the heart, and calm the mind. It is suitable for the treatment of bleeding due to spleen qi insufficiency and failure of qi to contain blood (i.e., keep it within the vessels)

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Chapter 35

Formulas That Expel and Calm the Wind Chapter Outline Section 1 Formulas That Scatter and Dissipate External Wind Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas

712 712 712

Section 2 Formulas That Calm and Extinguish Internal Wind Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas

722 722 722

Abstract Formulas that are mainly composed of herbs with acrid taste that have dispersing and wind-dispelling effect or herbs that extinguish wind and arrest convulsion, have the effect of scattering and dissipating external wind or calming down internal wind, and used for the treatment of wind diseases or wind syndromes are called “Formulas That Expel and Calm the Wind,” which are divided into two categories: formulas that scatter and dissipate external wind and formulas that calm and extinguish internal wind. Keywords: formulas that scatter and dissipate external wind; formulas that calm and extinguish internal wind; dispel wind and dissolve phlegm; scatter wind and nourish the blood; dispel wind and eliminate dampness

Formulas that are mainly composed of herbs with acrid taste that have dispersing and wind-dispelling effect or herbs that extinguish wind and arrest convulsion, have the effect of scattering and dissipating external wind or calming down internal wind, and used for the treatment of wind diseases or wind syndromes are called “Formulas That Expel and Calm the Wind.” Wind diseases or syndromes are complex. Pathogen wind is the first pathogenic factor among the externally contracted six pathogenic factors, which is easy to move and change. The Yellow Emperor’s Inner Classic (huang di nei jing) points out that “All wind with shaking and vertigo is ascribed to the liver” and “All sudden muscular spasm and rigidity is ascribed to wind.” Generally speaking, wind diseases or syndromes are divided into two categories: (1) external wind patterns and (2) internal wind patterns. External wind refers to the outside pathogenic wind invading human fleshy exterior, channels and collaterals, sinews and bones, and joints, which may cause the symptoms, such as headache, aversion to cold, itch of skin, numbness of limbs, spasm and pain of sinews and bones, inconvenient flexing and stretching of joints, or wry eye and mouth. As pathogen wind often combines pathogen cold, pathogen dampness and pathogen heat to cause diseases, wind patterns can be distinguished into wind-heat, wind-cold, and wind-damp pattern. Others such as pathogen wind with toxic pathogens can invade the body from the damaged skin area and cause tetanus (a.k.a. lockjaw), also belongs to the category of external wind pattern. Internal wind refers to the functional disorder of internal zang-fu organs leading to wind diseases or syndromes, which often include the symptoms, such as vertigo or dizziness, tremor, tic of limbs, foot wĕi (atrophy), sluggish speech, or sudden fainting, unconsciousness, wry mouth and eye, and hemiplegia (half-body paralysis). The pathogeneses are usually related with the liver, and include liver wind harassing the upper body, excessive heat generating wind, liver yang transforming into wind, stirring wind due to yin deficiency and blood deficiency generating wind. These are so-called “wind generating from interior” and “internal stirring of liver wind.” For the treatment, external wind pattern should be scattered and dissipated; internal wind pattern should be extinguished and calmed down. Therefore, formulas in this chapter can be divided into two categories: (1) formulas that scatter and dissipate external wind and (2) formulas that calm and extinguish internal wind. Essentials of Chinese Materia Medica and Medical Formulas. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812722-3.00035-X Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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712 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

When applying formulas that expel and calm the wind, first, the external or internal property of wind diseases or syndromes should be clearly differentiated in order to establish the therapeutic method of scattering and dissipating or calming and extinguishing, respectively. Second, the complicated pathogenic factors and the deficiency or excess of pathogenic condition should be distinguished in order to combine other herbs specifically. In addition, external wind can stir internal wind and internal wind can be complicated by external wind. Therefore, before treatment, the primary and secondary sequence, the mildness and severity, and the chronicity and urgency should be clearly differentiated.

SECTION 1  FORMULAS THAT SCATTER AND DISSIPATE EXTERNAL WIND Outline Formulas that scatter and dissipate external wind are suitable for the treatment of external wind patterns caused by pathogen wind invading fleshy interstitial space, channels and collaterals, sinews and bones, and joints. Formulas in this section are usually composed of herbs that dispel wind with acrid flavor, such as Herba Schizonepetae (jing jie), Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng), Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo), Radix Angelicae Pubescentis (du huo), Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong), Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi), and Rhizoma Typhonii (bai fu zi). Due to the differences of strongness or weakness of patients’ physical constitution, mildness or severity of contracting pathogen, and accompanied symptoms and signs, formulas that scatter and dissipate external wind often combine herbs that dissipate cold, herbs that clear heat, herbs that dispel dampness, herbs that expel phlegm, herbs that resolve toxins, herbs that arrest convulsion, or herbs that unblock the collaterals. According to the theory of “to treat wind diseases, blood pattern should be treated first; if blood movement is normal, wind pattern will disappear automatically,” so formulas in this section are also often combined with herbs that invigorate blood. The representative formulas are Tea-Mix and Chuanxiong Powder (chuan xiong cha tiao san), Large Gentian Decoction (da qin jiao tang), Wind-Dispersing Powder (xiao feng san), True Jade Powder (yu zhen san), Symmetry-Correcting Powder (qian zheng san), and Minor Channel-Activating Elixir (xiao huo luo dan).

Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 1. Primary formulas and analysis (Tables 35.1 and 35.2)

TABLE 35.1 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Scatter and Dissipate External Wind Name of Formula SymmetryCorrecting Powder (qian zheng san)

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy and Indication

Modified Clinical Application Caution for Use

Initially recorded in Secret Formulas of the Yang Family (yang shi jia cang fang). Composed of Rhizoma Typhonii (bai fu zi) 9 g, Bombyx Batryticatus (bai jiang can) 9 g, and Scorpio (quan xie) 9 g. Grind the ingredients into fine powder, take in 3 g doses after mixing with hot wine at any time

Dispel wind and dissolve phlegm, unblock the collaterals, and arrest convulsion. Indicated for the treatment of wry mouth and eye due to wind-phlegm obstructing the cephalofacial collaterals

For pathogen wind attacking the upper body, accompanied with headache and aversion to cold, add Herba Schizonepetae (jing jie), Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) and Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi) to scatter wind and dissipate pathogen; for more evident pathogen wind invading the collaterals, accompanied with facial muscular twitching, add Scolopendra (wu gong), Pheretima (di long) and Rhizoma Gastrodiae (tian ma) to dispel wind, and unblock the collaterals

It is not suitable for patients with wry mouth and eye due to qi deficiency and blood stasis or internal stirring of liver wind. Its dose is not too large due to Rhizoma Typhonii (bai fu zi) and Scorpio (quan xie) are poisonous

Formulas That Expel and Calm the Wind Chapter | 35

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TABLE 35.1 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Scatter and Dissipate External Wind (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy and Indication

Modified Clinical Application Caution for Use

Tea-Mix and Chuanxiong Powder (chuan xiong cha tiao san)

Initially recorded in Beneficial Formulas from the Taiping Imperial Pharmacy (tai ping hui min he ji ju fang). Composed of Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 12 g, Herba Schizonepetae (jing jie) 12 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 6 g, Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo) 6 g, Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin) 3 g, Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 4.5 g, and Folium Menthae (bo he ye) 12 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use with green tea after meals; or grind into fine powder, and take in 6 g doses

Scatter wind and relieve pain. Indicated for the treatment of headache due to externally contracted pathogenic wind, accompanied with hemilateral headache (migraine), or general headache, or parietal headache, aversion to cold, fever, dizziness, nasal obstruction, thin and white coating, and floating pulse

For headache due to more evident wind-cold, increase the dosage of Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) and add Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) and Folium Perillae (zi su ye) to dissipate cold and dispel wind; for headache with more evident fever, remove Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo) and Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin), and add Fructus Viticis (man jing zi) and Flos Chrysanthemi (ju hua) to scatter and dissipate wind-heat; for chronic headache with pathogen deeply invading the collaterals, add Bombyx Batryticatus (bai jiang can), Scorpio (quan xie), Semen Persicae (tao ren) and Flos Carthami (hong hua) to dispel wind, unblock the collaterals, invigorate blood and relieve pain

It is not suitable for patients with headache due to qi deficiency, blood deficiency or yin deficiency, and yang hyperactivity. Long-term use of its decoction is inadvisable

WindDispersing Powder (xiao feng san)

Initially recorded in Orthodox Lineage of External Medicine (wai ke zheng zong). Composed of Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 3 g, Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 3 g, Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 3 g, Periostracum Cicadae (chan tui) 3 g, Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu) 3 g, Radix Sophorae Flavescentis (ku shen) 3 g, Semen Sesami Nigrum (hei zhi ma) 3 g, Herba Schizonepetae (jing jie) 3 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu) 3 g, Fructus Arctii (niu bang zi) 3 g, Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao) 3 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 1.5 g, and Caulis Akebiae (mu tong) 1.5 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Scatter wind and nourish the blood, clear heat and eliminate dampness. Indicated for the treatment of rubella and eczema caused by windtoxin damp-heat, with red rashes, or cloud-like spots in all over the skin, itching, clear exudate out from skin after scratching, white or yellow coating, floating and rapid and forceful pulse

For abnormal exuberance of wind-heat with general fever and thirst, add Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (jin yin hua) and Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao) to clear heat and resolve toxins; for abnormal exuberance of damp-heat with pĭ and fullness in the chest and stomach cavity, heavy body and lack of strength, yellow and thick and greasy coating, add Fructus Kochiae (di fu zi), Semen Plantaginis (che qian zi) and Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi) to clear heat and drain dampness; for vexing heat in the five centers (chest, palms, and soles) and red or crimson tongue due to more evident heat in blood aspect, add Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao), Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi), and Radix Arnebiae (zi cao) to clear heat and relieve vexation; for damp-heat has been vent through the exterior, accompanied with more evident itching, appropriately add Cortex Dictamni (bai xian pi), Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao), and Radix Arnebiae (zi cao) to cool the blood and resolve toxins

It is not suitable for patients with blood deficiency generating wind. During the medication, avoid eating pungent food, strong tea, fish and wine, and smoking

(Continued)

714 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 35.1 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Scatter and Dissipate External Wind (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy and Indication

Modified Clinical Application Caution for Use

Minor ChannelActivating Elixir (xiao huo luo dan)

Initially recorded in Beneficial Formulas from the Taiping Imperial Pharmacy (tai ping hui min he ji ju fang). Composed of Radix Aconiti Praeparata (zhi chuan wu) 180 g, Radix Aconiti Kusnezoffii Praeparata (zhi cao wu) 180 g, Pheretima (di long) 180 g, Rhizoma Arisaematis (tian nan xing) 180 g, Olibanum (ru xiang) 66 g, and Myrrha (mo yao) 66 g. Grind the ingredients into fine powder, mix with honey and make into pills, 3 g each pill, take in 1 pill dose after mixing with old wine, 2 times a day; or decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Dispel wind and eliminate dampness, dissolve phlegm and unblock the collaterals, invigorate blood, and relieve pain. Indicated for the treatment of bì syndrome with a pattern of wind-cold-damp, accompanied with painful limbs and sinews, numbness and spasm, inconvenient flexing and stretching, transmigrated and unfixed pain; also for the treatment of windstrike with numbness of the hands and feet, lasting for a long time, heavy sensation of the waist and legs or pain in the legs and arms due to damp-phlegm and stagnated blood striking the channels and collaterals

For transmigrated and unfixed pain due to domination of wind, add Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) and Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae (qin jiao) dispel wind and relieve pain; for heavy sensation and pain of the waist and legs due to domination of dampness, add Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu), Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae (fang ji) and Semen Coicis (yi yi ren) to drain dampness and relieve pain; for more evident cold pain in the limbs and joints due to domination of cold, add Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui), and increase the dosage of Radix Aconiti (chuan wu) and Radix Aconiti Kusnezoffii (cao wu) to dissipate cold and stop pain

This formula is partial to warm and dry in nature, and has a fierce effect, and is not suitable for pregnant women, the weak, and patients with yin deficiency accompanied with fever. In this formula, Radix Aconiti (chuan wu) and Radix Aconiti Kusnezoffii (cao wu) are strongly poisonous, after using it, the possible side effects should be observed

Large Gentian Decoction (da qin jiao tang)

Initially recorded in Collection of Writings on the Mechanism of Disease, Suitability of Qi, and the Safeguarding of Life as Discussed in the “Basic Questions” (su wen bing ji qi yi bao ming ji). Composed of Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae (qin jiao) 90 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 60 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 60 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 60 g, Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) 60 g, Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin) 15 g, Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo) 30 g, Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 30 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 30 g, Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao) 60 g, Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi) 30 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 30 g, Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 30 g, Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 30 g, Poria Alba (bai fu ling) 30 g, and Radix Angelicae Pubescentis (du huo) 60 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Dispel wind and clear heat, nourish the blood, and invigorate blood. Indicated for the treatment of wind initially striking the channels and collaterals, with wry mouth and eye, aphasia with stiff tongue, inability of hands and feet to movement, or accompanied with aversion to cold, fever, joint pain, white or yellow coating, floating and tight pulse or wiry and thready pulse

For no fever, remove herbs that clear heat, such as Radix Scutellariae (huang qin), Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao) and Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) in order to exclusively dispel wind and nourish the blood and unblock the collaterals; if complicated by epigastric lumpy stiffness, add Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi)

It is not suitable for patients with stirring of wind due to liver-kidney yin depletion and yang hyperactivity caused by internal wind

Formulas That Expel and Calm the Wind Chapter | 35

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TABLE 35.1 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Scatter and Dissipate External Wind (cont.) Name of Formula True Jade Powder (yu zhen san)

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy and Indication

Modified Clinical Application Caution for Use

Initially recorded in Orthodox Lineage of External Medicine (wai ke zheng zong). Composed of Rhizoma Arisaematis (tian nan xing) 6 g, Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 6 g, Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi) 6 g, Rhizoma Gastrodiae (tian ma) 6 g, Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo) 6 g, and Rhizoma Typhonii (bai fu zi) 6 g. Grind the ingredients into fine powder, and take in 6 g doses with a small cup of hot wine, 3 times a day; or apply appropriate amount of powder on the afflicted part

Dispel wind and dissolve phlegm, suppress tremors and arrest convulsion. Indicated for the treatment of tetanus (a.k.a. lockjaw) due to wind-toxin and stagnation of phlegm, accompanied with trismus, orthotonos, opisthotonos, wiry and tight pulse

For tetanus with spasm of muscles and vessels, and convulsion, often combine with Spasm-Relieving Powder (zhi jing san) [Scolopendra (wu gong) and Scorpio (quan xie)] or add Pheretima (di long) and Bombyx Batryticatus (bai jiang can) to strengthen the effect of arresting convulsion

This formula is partial to warm and dry in nature, and not suitable for patients with fluid consumption and qi desertion, or profuse bleeding. Its use is prohibited in pregnant women. Avoid taking over dose due to Rhizoma Typhonii (bai fu zi) and raw Rhizoma Arisaematis (tian nan xing) are poisonous

TABLE 35.2 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Scatter and Dissipate External Wind Name of Formula Symmetry-Correcting Powder (qian zheng san)

Tea-Mix and Chuanxiong Powder (chuan xiong cha tiao san)

Efficacy Analysis Rhizoma Typhonii (bai fu zi)

Acrid and dispersing in nature, dispel wind and dissolve phlegm, specialize in dispelling head wind, as the chief medicinal

Scorpio (quan xie) Bombyx Batryticatus (bai jiang can)

Both dispel wind and arrest convulsion; Scorpio (quan xie) is good at dispelling wind and arresting convulsion; Bombyx Batryticatus (bai jiang can) is partial to dispelling wind-phlegm and unblock the collaterals; both as the deputy medicinals

Hot wine

Diffuse and unblock the blood and vessels, and assist the effects of other herbs to the afflicted part

Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong)

Acrid, fragrant, and scurrying in nature, specialize in dispelling wind and relieving pain, good at treating shaoyang or jueyin headache, as the chief medicinal

Folium Menthae (bo he ye)

Light and ascending in nature, scatter wind and dissipate pathogen, and clear the head and eye heat with large dosage

Herba Schizonepetae (jing jie)

Acrid and warm in nature, scatter wind and release the exterior, combine with Folium Menthae (bo he ye) to assist the chief medicinal to relieve headache, both as the deputy medicinals

Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo)

Specialize in treating headache in the taiyang channel

Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi)

Specialize in treating headache in the yangming channel

Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin)

Dissipate cold and relieve pain, and specialize in treating headache in the jueyin channel

Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng)

Acrid, dispersing, and ascending in nature, scatter wind-pathogen from the upper body

Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao)

Harmonize the actions of all medicinals

Green Tea

Dispel wind and dissolve phlegm, unblock the collaterals and arrest convulsion

Scatter wind and relieve pain

Bitter and cold in nature, not only clear the head and eye heat, but also inhibit the nature of febrile dryness, ascending and dispersing (Continued)

716 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 35.2 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Scatter and Dissipate External Wind (cont.) Name of Formula Wind-Dispersing Powder (xiao feng san)

Efficacy Analysis Herba Schizonepetae (jing jie) Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) Periostracum Cicadae (chan tui)

Both acrid and slightly warm in nature, scatter wind and relieve itching, vent pathogen through the exterior, both as the chief medicinals Both cold in nature, scatter and dissipate wind-heat

Fructus Arctii (niu bang zi) Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu)

Acrid, bitter, and warm in nature, dispel wind, and eliminate dampness

Radix Sophorae Flavescentis (ku shen)

Bitter and cold in nature, clear heat, and dry dampness

Caulis Akebiae (mu tong)

Bitter and cold in nature, percolate, and drain damp-heat

Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao) Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu)

Minor Channel- Activating Elixir (xiao huo luo dan)

Both cold in nature, clear heat, and drain fire

Combine with each other, scatter and dissipate wind-heat and eliminate dampness, all as the deputy medicinals

Combine with each other, scatter wind and nourish the blood and clear heat, all as the assistant medicinals

Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang)

Nourish the blood and invigorate blood, enrich yin and moisten dryness, supplement the damaged yin-blood, and inhibit the warm dryness of other herbs

Semen Sesami Nigrum (hei zhi ma)

Nourish the blood and scatter wind and relieve itching

Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao)

Clear heat and resolve toxins, and harmonize the actions of all medicinals, as the envoy medicinal

Radix Aconiti Praeparata (zhi chuan wu)

Both acrid and hot in nature, dispel wind and eliminate dampness, warm and unblock the channels and collaterals, specialize in relieving pain, both as the chief medicinals

Radix Aconiti Kusnezoffii Praeparata (zhi cao wu) Rhizoma Arisaematis (tian nan xing) Olibanum (ru xiang) Myrrha (mo yao)

Dispel wind and dry dampness and dissolve phlegm to remove wind-damp obstinate phlegm from the channels and collaterals, as the deputy medicinal Move qi and invigorate blood, unblock the collaterals, and relieve pain

Pheretima (di long)

Scurrying in nature, specialize in unblocking the channels, and quickening the collaterals

Old wine

Assist the effects of other medicinals, and guide the effects of other herbs to the afflicted part, as the envoy medicinal

Scatter wind and nourish the blood, clear heat, and eliminate dampness

Dispel wind and eliminate dampness, dissolve phlegm and unblock the collaterals, invigorate blood, and relieve pain

Formulas That Expel and Calm the Wind Chapter | 35

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TABLE 35.2 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Scatter and Dissipate External Wind (cont.) Name of Formula Large Gentian Decoction (da qin jiao tang)

Efficacy Analysis Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae (qin jiao)

Dispel wind and clear heat, unblock the channels, and quicken the collaterals, as the chief medicinal

Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo)

Both acrid and warm in nature, scatter and dissipate wind from the taiyang channel

Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi)

Acrid and warm in nature, scatter and dissipate wind from the yangming channel

Radix Angelicae Pubescentis (du huo) Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin)

Both acrid and warm in nature, remove wind from the shaoying channel

Combine with each other, dispel wind and dissipate pathogen, all as the deputy medicinals

Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) Poria Alba (bai fu ling) Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao) Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) True Jade Powder (yu zhen san)

Nourish the blood and soften the sinews in order to avoid damaging yin-blood while dispelling

Combine with Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) to invigorate blood and unblock the collaterals

Boost qi and fortify the spleen in order to promote the transformation of qi and blood

Combine with each other, nourish the blood and invigorate blood, and clear heat, all as the assistant medicinals

Both cold in nature, clear heat

Harmonize the actions of all medicinals, and as the envoy medicinal

Rhizoma Arisaematis (tian nan xing)

Dispel wind and dissolve phlegm, arrest convulsion, resolve convulsion, as an essential medicinal for treating tetanus, as the chief medicinal

Rhizoma Typhonii (bai fu zi)

Be partial to dispelling wind and arrest convulsion, and assist the chief medicinal, as the deputy medicinal

Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo) Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng)

Scatter and dissipate pathogenic wind from the channels and collaterals, or guide pathogen out

Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi) Rhizoma Gastrodiae (tian ma) Hot wine

Dispel wind and clear heat, nourish the blood and invigorate blood

Extinguish wind and resolve convulsion

Combine with each other, dispel wind and arrest convulsion, all as the assistant medicinals

Unblock the channels and collaterals, move qi and blood, as the envoy medicinal

Dispel wind and dissolve phlegm, suppress tremors, and arrest convulsion

718 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

2. Attached formulas (Table 35.3)

TABLE 35.3 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Scatter and Dissipate External Wind Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Tea-Mix and Chrysanthemum Powder (ju hua cha tiao san)

Initially recorded in Medical Formulas Collected and Analyzed (yi fang ji jie). Composed of Flos Chrysanthemi (ju hua) 6 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 12 g, Bombyx Batryticatus (bai jiang can) 3 g, Herba Schizonepetae (jing jie) 12 g, Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin) 3 g, Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 6 g, Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 4.5 g, and Folium Menthae (bo he ye) 12 g. Grind the ingredients into fine powder, and take in 6 g doses

Scatter wind and relieve pain, and clear head-eye heat

Indicated for the treatment of wind-heat harassing the upper body, with migraine or general headache, parietal headache, and dizziness

Xanthium Fruit Powder (cang er zi san)

Initially recorded in Revised Yan’s Formulas to Aid the Living (chong ding yan shi ji sheng fang). Composed of Flos Magnoliae (xin yi) 6 g, Fructus Xanthii (cang er zi) 5 g, Radix Angelicae Citriodorae (xiang bai zhi) 9 g, and Folium Menthae (bo he ye) 3 g. Grind the ingredients into fine powder, and take in 6 g doses

Scatter wind and relieve pain, and unblock the nasal orifices

Indicated for the treatment of sinusitis with a pattern of pathogen wind attacking the upper body, accompanied with nasal obstruction, thick nasal discharge, anosmia, and frontal headache

Small Emergency Decoction (xiao xu ming tang)

Initially recorded in Important Formulas Worth a Thousand Gold Pieces for Emergency (bei ji qian jin yao fang). Composed of Herba Ephedrae (ma huang) 9 g, Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae (fang ji) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 9 g, Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) 9 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 9 g, Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 9 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 9 g, Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 10 g, Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) 10 g, and Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 6 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Disperse with acrid and warm in nature, reinforce healthy qi and dispel wind

Indicated for the treatment of wind striking the channels and collaterals, with wry mouth and eye, sluggish speech, spasms of the sinews, hemiplegia, aversion to cold and fever; or painful bì syndrome due to wind-damp

Chuanxiong, Angelica Root, and Gypsum Decoction (xiong zhi shi gao tang)

Initially recorded in Golden Mirror of the Medical Tradition (yi zong jin jian). Composed of Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 10 g, Rhizoma Ligustici (gao ben) 10 g, Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi) 12 g, Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao) 30 g, Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo) 15 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Scatter wind and clear heat

Indicated for the treatment of headache and dizziness due to wind-fire harassing the upper body, with attack when head wind is exuberant, lasting for a long time, red tongue, thin and yellow coating, floating and rapid pulse

Chinese Angelica Drink (dang gui yin zi)

Initially recorded in Formulas to Aid the Living (ji sheng fang). Composed of Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 9 g, Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) 9 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 9 g, Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 9 g, Fructus Tribuli (bai ji li) 9 g, Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 9 g, Spica Schizonepetae (jing jie sui) 9 g, Radix Polygoni Multiflori (he shou wu) 6 g, Radix Astragali (huang qi) 6 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 3 g. Grind the ingredients into crude powder, decoct 12 g each time with water and Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 5 pieces for oral use

Nourish the blood and invigorate blood, dispel wind, and relieve itching

Indicated for the treatment of blood deficiency with heat and pathogen wind invading the exterior, with scabies, or swelling or itching, or reddish measles with itching

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TABLE 35.3 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Scatter and Dissipate External Wind (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Major ChannelActivating Elixir (da huo luo dan)

Initially recorded in Medical Standards of the Han Dynasty (lan tai gui fan). Composed of Multibanded Krati (jin qian bai hua she) 60 g, Zaocys (wu shao she) 60 g, Radix et Rhizoma Clematidis (wei ling xian) 60 g, Radix Aconiti Kusnezoffii (cao wu) 60 g, Rhizoma Gastrodiae (tian ma) 60 g, Scorpio (quan xie) 60 g, Radix Polygoni Multiflori (he shou wu) 60 g, liquidfried Plastrum Testudinis (zhi gui ban) 60 g, Herba Ephedrae (ma huang) 60 g, Rhizoma Cyrtomii (guan zhong) 60 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 60 g, Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo) 60 g, Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) 60 g, Herba Agastachis (huo xiang) 60 g, Radix Linderae (wu yao) 60 g, Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 60 g, Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 60 g, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 60 g, Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) 60 g, Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum (chen xiang) 60 g, Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin) 30 g, Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao) 30 g, Myrrha (mo yao) 30 g, Flos Caryophylli (ding xiang) 30 g, Olibanum (ru xiang) 30 g, Bombyx Batryticatus (bai jiang can) 30 g, Rhizoma Arisaematis (tian nan xing) 30 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride (qing pi) 30 g, Rhizoma Drynariae (gu sui bu) 30 g, Fructus Amomi Kravanh (bai dou kou) 30 g, Benzoinum (an xi xiang) 30 g, Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) 30 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 30 g, Poria (fu ling) 30 g, Rhizoma Cyperi (xiang fu) 30 g, Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen) 30 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 30 g, Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 75 g, Radix Puerariae Lobatae (ge gen) 45 g, liquid-fried Os Tigris (zhi hu gu) [substituted by Os Felinus (mao gu)] 45 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 45 g, Sanguis Draconis (xue jie) 21 g, liquidfried Pheretima (zhi di long) 15 g, Cornu Rhinocerotis (xi jiao) [substituted by Cornu Bubali (shui niu jiao)] 15 g, Moschus (she xiang) 15 g, Colophonium (song xiang) 15 g, Calculus Bovis (niu huang) 4 g, Borneolum Syntheticum (bing pian) 4 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 90 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, mix with honey and make into pills as size of longan hardcore, take in 1 pill dose after mixing with old wine

Reinforce healthy qi and dispel wind, quicken the collaterals, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of paralysis due to wind-strike, wĕi (atrophy) and bì syndrome, phlegm syncope, tendon spasm and pain, or muscular spasm and pain in the later stage of injury from falling down with a pattern of healthy qi deficiency and pathogen excess

Five-Tiger Powder to Pursue Wind (wu hu zhui feng san)

Initially recorded in Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine (zhong yi za zhi). Composed of Periostracum Cicadae (chan tui) 30 g, Rhizoma Arisaematis (tian nan xing) 6 g, Rhizoma Gastrodiae (tian ma) 6 g, Scorpio (quan xie) 5 g, Bombyx Batryticatus (bai jiang can) 5 g, and Cinnabaris (zhu sha) 1.5 g Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Dispel wind and relieve convulsion and pain

Indicated for the treatment of tetanus (a.k.a. lockjaw), with trismus, convulsion of the hands and feet, and opisthotonos

WindEliminating Boosting Decoction (chu feng yi sun tang)

Initially recorded in Revealing the Mystery of the Origin of Eye Diseases (yuan ji qi wei). Composed of Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 3 g, Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) 3 g, Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 3 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 3 g, Rhizoma Ligustici (gao ben) 2.1 g, Radix Peucedani (qian hu) 2.1 g, and Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 2.1 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Nourish the blood and dispel wind, invigorate blood and unblock the collaterals

Indicated for the treatment of ruptured wound of eyeball, or white of the eye (sclera), or dark of the eye (cornea and iris), or prolapse of eyeball tissue, with intense pain, photophobia, lacrimation, and sudden descending of vision

Four Substances WindDispersing Powder (si wu xiao feng san)

Initially recorded in Golden Mirror of the Medical Tradition (yi zong jin jian). Composed of Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 9 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 6 g, Herba Schizonepetae (jing jie) 4.5 g, Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 4.5 g, Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao) 3 g, Herba Menthae (bo he) 3 g, Cortex Dictamni (bai xian pi) 3 g, Periostracum Cicadae (chan tui) 3 g, Radix Angelicae Pubescentis (du huo) 2.1 g, and Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) 2.1 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Scatter wind, clear heat, cool the blood, and nourish the blood

Indicated for the treatment of rubella and urticaria due to usual blood deficiency and wind-heat invading the exterior, with general skin wandering wind, bright red urticaria with itching, usual dizziness and lack of strength, pale and tender tongue, thin and yellow coating, thready and rapid pulse (Continued)

720 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 35.3 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Scatter and Dissipate External Wind (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

ChannelRelaxing Pill (shu luo wan)

Initially recorded in Beijing Collected Writings on Chinese Traditional Patent Formulation (bei jing shi zhong yao cheng fang xuan ji). Composed of Radix Cyathulae (chuan niu xi) 30 g, Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) 30 g, Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu) 30 g, Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie) 30 g, Rhizoma Ligustici (gao ben) 30 g, prepared Semen Strychni (zhi ma qian zi) 30 g, Rhizoma Cibotii (gou ji) 30 g, dry-fried Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (chao bai zhu) 30 g, Rhizoma Homalomenae (qian nian jian) 30 g, Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae (tu fu ling) 30 g, Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 60 g, Semen Sojae Nigrum (hei da dou) 240 g, Semen Sesami Nigrum (hei zhi ma) 120 g, Radix Aconiti Praeparata (zhi chuan wu) 120 g, Radix Aconiti Kusnezoffii Praeparata (zhi cao wu) 120 g, liquid-fried Squama Manitis (zhi chuan shan jia) 15 g, Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi) 15 g, Cortex Eucommiae (du zhong) 15 g, Radix Schizophragmatis Integrifoliae (zuan di feng) 15 g, Scorpio (quan xie) 15 g, Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po) 15 g, Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis (gou teng) 15 g, Flos Carthami (hong hua) 15 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 15 g, Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) 15 g, Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo) 15 g, Radix Angelicae Pubescentis (du huo) 15 g, Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) 15 g, Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae (qin jiao) 15 g, Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) 15 g, and Scolopendra (wu gong) 3 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, mix with honey and make into pills, 6 g each pill, take 1 pill dose each time with warm boiled water, 2–3 a day

Dispel wind and eliminate dampness, relax the sinews, and quicken the collaterals

Indicated for the treatment of painful bì syndrome due to various sinew injuries, accompanied with pain in the sinews, aggravated when encountering wind-cold, relieved by warm, aversion to cold, cold limbs, pale tongue with thin and white coating, floating and tight pulse

Wind-Scattering ChannelActivating Pill (san feng huo luo wan)

Initially recorded in Beijing Standard of Chinese Patent Medicine (bei jing shi zhong cheng yao gui fan). Composed of Radix et Rhizoma Clematidis (wei ling xian) 15,000 g, Radix Codonopsis (dang shen) 30,000 g, Poria (fu ling) 900 g, Caulis Piperis Kadsurae (hai feng teng) 900 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 900 g, and Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (niu xi) 900 g. Grind the ingredients into powder and make into pills, take in 18 g doses, 2 times a day

Relax the sinews and quicken the collaterals, dispel wind, and eliminate dampness

Indicated for the treatment of wind-cold-damp bì syndrome, with pain in the waist and legs, numbness of the hands and feet, spasm of the sinews, or windstrike with paralysis, hemiplegia, difficulty in walking, wry mouth and eye, pale tongue with white coating, moderate and soggy pulse

Eight Immortals Free Wanderer Powder (ba xian xiao yao san)

Initially recorded in Golden Mirror of the Medical Tradition (yi zong jin jian). Composed of Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 3 g, Herba Schizonepetae (jing jie) 3 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 3 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 3 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 6 g, Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai) 6 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu) 10 g, Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi) 10 g, Pericarpium Zanthoxyli (hua jiao) 10 g, and Radix Sophorae Flavescentis (ku shen) 15 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Dispel wind and dissipate cold, invigorate blood and unblock the collaterals

Indicated for the treatment of pain with blood stasis after injury, accompanied with local swelling, distention and pain after injury from fall, local bluecolored skin; or wind-cold-damp invading, with aching pain in the sinews and bones, aggravated when encountering cold, relieved by warm, pale tongue (or) with stasis macules, thin and white coating, and choppy pulse

Wind-Dispelling and UpperClearing Powder (qu feng shang qing san)

Initially recorded in A Close Examination of the Precious Classic on Ophthalmology (shen shi yao han). Composed of winefried Radix Scutellariae (jiu huang qin) 60 g, Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi) 45 g, Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo) 30 g, Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 30 g, Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) 30 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 36 g, Herba Schizonepetae (jing jie) 24 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 15 g. Grind the ingredients into crude powder; decoct 12 g each time with water for oral use

Dispel wind and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of pain in the supraorbital bone due to externally contracted pathogen wind, with sudden forehead pain, aggravated by pressure, normal vision, aversion to wind, light red tongue with thin and white coating, and floating pulse

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TABLE 35.3 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Scatter and Dissipate External Wind (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

WindDispersing Powder from the Imperial Pharmacy (he ji ju xiao feng san)

Initially recorded in Beneficial Formulas from the Taiping Imperial Pharmacy (tai ping hui min he ji ju fang). Composed of Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 6 g, Spica Schizonepetae (jing jie sui) 6 g, dry-fried Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (chao gan cao) 6 g, Poria (fu ling) 6 g, Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo) 6 g, Bombyx Batryticatus (bai jiang can) 6 g, Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 6 g, Folium Agastachis (huo xiang ye) 6 g, Periostracum Cicadae (chan tui) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 6 g, Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po) 6 g, and Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 6 g. Grind the ingredients into fine powder, and take in 6 g doses

Dispel wind and relieve itching, move qi, and eliminate dampness

Indicated for the treatment of wind-damp urticaria, with refractory numbness and itch of skin, or scalp swelling and itching, pain in the supraorbital bone, dizziness verging on fainting, nausea due to phlegm counterflow

Spasm-Relieving Powder (zhi jing san)

Initially recorded in Chinese medical formulas (fang ji xue). Composed of equal parts of Scorpio (quan xie) and Scolopendra (wu gong). Grind the ingredients into powder; take in 1–1.5 g doses, 2 times a day

Dispel wind and arrest convulsion

Indicated for the treatment of convulsive syncope and tic of limbs (for refractory headache and joint pain, it can relieve pain)

3. Formula differentiation (Table 35.4) TABLE 35.4 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Scatter and Dissipate External Wind Name of Formula Tea-Mix and Chrysanthemum Powder (ju hua cha tiao san)

Similarity

Differences

Both have the effects of scattering wind and relieving pain, and are indicated for the treatment of headache due to externally contracted pathogen wind

It is from Tea-Mix and Chuanxiong Powder (chuan xiong cha tiao san) with adding Flos Chrysanthemi (ju hua), Bombyx Batryticatus (bai jiang can), and Periostracum Cicadae (chan tui), can scatter and dissipate wind-heat, and clear head-eye heat, and is more suitable for the treatment of headache and dizziness with a wind-heat pattern

Tea-Mix and Chuanxiong Powder (chuan xiong cha tiao san) Small Emergency Decoction (xiao xu ming tang)

It is partial to scattering wind, and more suitable for the treatment of externally contracted headache or recurrent headache due to pathogen wind invading

Both are composed of herbs that dispel wind with acrid flavor and dispersing effect, and used for the treatment of wind initially striking the channels and collaterals

Large Gentian Decoction (da qin jiao tang)

SymmetryCorrecting Powder (qian zheng san) Spasm-Relieving Powder (zhi jing san)

Combine with Herba Ephedrae (ma huang) and Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) to dissipate wind-cold, with Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen), Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi), and Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) to warm yang and boost qi. It is good at dispelling wind and dissipating cold, boosting qi, and warming yang Combine with Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui), Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong), Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) and Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) to nourish the blood and invigorate blood, soften and nourish the sinews, with Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang), Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao) and Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) to clear accumulated heat. It is good at scattering wind and clearing heat, nourishing the blood, and invigorating blood

Both have the effects of dispelling wind and arresting convulsion, and are indicated for the treatment of windphlegm obstructing the channels and collaterals

Its effects of dispelling wind and dissolving phlegm are stronger than that of Spasm-Relieving Powder (zhi jing san). It is good at treating wry mouth and eye caused by wind-phlegm obstructing the head and face channels and collaterals Its effects of extinguishing wind and arresting convulsion are stronger than that of Symmetry-Correcting Powder (qian zheng san). It is indicated for the treatment of convulsive syncope, and also can treat headache and joint pain caused by wind-phlegm obstructing the general channels and collaterals (Continued)

722 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 35.4 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Scatter and Dissipate External Wind (cont.) Name of Formula Major ChannelActivating Elixir (da huo luo dan)

Minor ChannelActivating Elixir (xiao huo luo dan) Chinese Angelica Drink (dang gui yin zi)

WindDispersing Powder (xiao feng san)

Similarity

Differences

Both have the effects of dispelling wind, quickening the collaterals and relieving pain, and are indicated for the treatment of paralysis due to wind-strike, numbness of limbs, inconvenient flexing and stretching of joints, joint pain, and bì syndrome

Select herbs that dispel wind, warm the interior, eliminate dampness, and invigorate blood to combine with herbs that supplement qi, nourish the blood, enrich yin, and assist yang. It treats the root and branch simultaneously, and is suitable for the treatment of excess of pathogen and deficiency of healthy qi

Both contain herbs that dispel wind and vent pathogen through the exterior such as Herba Schizonepetae (jing jie) and Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) and herbs that nourish the blood and reinforce healthy qi, such as Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui), Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao), have the effects of dispelling wind and relieving itching, and are used for the treatment of rubella and eczema with itch of skin

Combine with Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao), Radix Polygoni Multiflori (he shou wu), and Radix Astragali (huang qi) to lay stress on nourishing the blood, boosting qi, and dispelling wind. It is suitable for the treatment of rubella accompanied with itching for a long time with a pattern of qi and blood insufficiency

Select herbs that dispel wind, dissipate cold, and eliminate dampness to combine with herbs that dissolve phlegm and invigorate blood. It is aimed at dispelling pathogen, and more suitable for the treatment of excess of pathogen but no evident deficiency of healthy qi

Combine with Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao), Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu), Radix Sophorae Flavescentis (ku shen), Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu), and Caulis Akebiae (mu tong) to lay stress on clearing heat and dispelling dampness. It is more suitable for the treatment of rubella and eczema with a more severe damp-heat pattern

SECTION 2  FORMULAS THAT CALM AND EXTINGUISH INTERNAL WIND Outline Formulas that calm and extinguish internal wind are suitable for the treatment of internal wind patterns, where the liver is the main zang-fu organ for pathological condition that is so-called “All wind with shaking and vertigo is ascribed to the liver” in The Yellow Emperor’s Inner Classic (huang di nei jing). Internal wind patterns have different pathogeneses and clinical manifestations and therefore their treatments are different. For exuberance of pathogenic heat producing wind, symptoms of high fever without abatement, convulsion, and convulsive syncope usually occur. For hyperactivity of liver yang and internal stirring of liver wind, symptoms of vertigo, scorching pain in the head, reddish complexion like drunk, even sudden fainting, unconsciousness, wry mouth and eye, and hemiplegia (half-body paralysis) usually occur. These internal wind patterns belong to excess patterns, and are often treated with formulas composed of herbs that calm the liver and extinguish wind, such as Cornu Saigae Tataricae (ling yang jiao), Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis (gou teng), Rhizoma Gastrodiae (tian ma), Haliotidis (shi jue ming), Concha Haematitum (dai zhe shi), Os Draconis (long gu), and Concha Ostreae (mu li). Exuberance of yang-heat is easy to damage or consume yin-fluid, which condense fluids to phlegm that may harass heart spirit, so herbs that clear heat, herbs that enrich yin, herbs that dissolve phlegm and herbs that calm the mind are often combined. The representative formulas are Antelope Horn and Uncaria Decoction (ling jiao gou teng tang), Liver-Sedating and Wind-Extinguishing Decoction (zhen gan xi feng tang). and Gastrodia and Uncaria Beverage (tian ma gou teng yin). For yin-blood deficiency generating wind and deficiency-wind stirring internally in the later stage of warm disease, symptoms of spasms/hypertonicity of the sinews and wriggling of the extremities usually occur. These wind patterns belong to deficiency patterns of internal wind, which should be treated with methods of enriching yin, nourishing the blood and extinguishing wind and therefore formulas are composed of herbs that supplement and boost, such as Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang), Colla Corii Asini (e jiao), Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao), Vitellus Galli (ji zi huang), Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong), and Plastrum Testudinis (gui ban), and combined with herbs that calm the liver and subdue yang or herbs that clear heat and dissolve phlegm. The representative formulas are Major Wind-Stabilizing Pill (da ding feng zhu) and Donkey-Hide Gelatin and Egg Yolk Decoction (e jiao ji zi huang tang).

Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 1. Primary formulas and analysis (Tables 35.5 and 35.6)

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TABLE 35.5 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Calm and Extinguish Internal Wind Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy and Indication

Gastrodia and Uncaria Beverage (tian ma gou teng yin)

Initially recorded in Neologism of Diagnosis and Treatment of Miscellaneous Chinese Internal Diseases (zhong yi nei ke za bing zheng zhi xin yi). Composed of Rhizoma Gastrodiae (tian ma) 9 g, Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis (gou teng) 12 g, Concha Haliotidis (shi jue ming) 18 g, Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi) 9 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 9 g, Radix Cyathulae (chuan niu xi) 12 g, Cortex Eucommiae (du zhong) 9 g, Herba Leonuri (yi mu cao) 9 g, Herba Taxilli (sang ji sheng) 9 g, Caulis Polygoni Multiflori (ye jiao teng) 9 g, and Sclerotium Poriae Pararadicis (fu shen) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Calm the liver and extinguish wind, clear heat and invigorate blood, supplement and boost the liver and kidney. Indicated for the treatment of hyperactivity of liver yang and liver wind harassing the upper body, with headache, vertigo, insomnia, red tongue with yellow coating, and wiry pulse

For dry and red tongue, thready and rapid pulse due to more evident yin deficiency of the liver and kidney, remove Herba Leonuri (yi mu cao) and add Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) to enrich yin and clear heat; for more evident dizziness and headache due to ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, add Concha Margaritiferae Usta (zhen zhu mu) and Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) to calm the liver and subdue yang; complicated by dry and hard stool due to dryness-heat of the stomach and intestines, add Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) to clear heat and promote defecation

It is not suitable for patients with headache due to excess fire in the liver channel or damp-heat in the liver channel

Major WindStabilizing Pill (da ding feng zhu)

Initially recorded in Systematic Differentiation of Warm Diseases (wen bing tiao bian). Composed of raw Radix Paeoniae Alba (sheng bai shao) 18 g, Colla Corii Asini (e jiao) 9 g, raw Plastrum Testudinis (sheng gui ban) 12 g, Radix Rehmanniae Recens (gan di huang) 18 g, Fructus Cannabis (huo ma ren) 6 g, Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi) 6 g, raw Concha Ostreae (sheng mu li) 12 g, Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) 18 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 12 g, Vitellus Galli (ji zi huang) 2 pieces, raw Carapax Trionycis (sheng bie jia) 12 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Enrich yin and extinguish wind. Indicated for the treatment of stirring of wind due to yin deficiency, with mental fatigue, convulsion, deficient and weak pulse, crimson tongue with slight coating, and frequently verging on desertion in the later stage of warm disease

If complicated by shortness of breath or panting due to qi deficiency, add Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) to supplement qi and relieve panting; for spontaneous sweating due to yang floating and yin not keeping in the interior, add Os Draconis (long gu) and Fructus Tritici Levis (fu xiao mai) to astringe and arrest sweating; for palpitation due to heart qi deficiency, add Sclerotium Poriae Pararadicis (fu shen), Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) and Fructus Tritici Aestivi (xiao mai) to tranquilize the heart and releive palpitation

It is not suitable for patients with yin depletion and exuberant pathogenic heat

Antelope Horn and Uncaria Decoction (ling jiao gou teng tang)

Initially recorded in Popular Guide to the “Treatise on Cold Damage” (tong su shang han lun). Composed of Cornu Saigae Tataricae (ling yang jiao) 4.5 g, Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis (gou teng) 9 g, Folium Mori (sang ye) 6 g, Flos Chrysanthemi (ju hua) 9 g, Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 15 g, raw Radix Paeoniae Alba (sheng bai shao) 9 g, Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae (chuan bei mu) 12 g, Caulis Phyllostachydis in Taeniam (dan zhu ru) 15 g, Sclerotium Poriae Pararadicis (fu shen) 9 g, and raw Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (sheng gan cao) 3 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Cool the liver and extinguish wind, increase fluids, and relax the sinews. Indicated for the treatment of liver heat producing wind, with high fever without abatement, vexation and oppression, agitation, convulsion of the hands and feet, convulsive syncope, even loss of consciousness, crimson and dry tongue, or prickly tongue, wiry and rapid pulse

For loss of consciousness due to heat internal block, add Purple Snow Elixir (zi xue dan); for parched lips and dry throat due to more evident damage to yin, add Radix Asparagi (tian dong), Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong), Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen), and Caulis Dendrobii (shi hu); for high fever and excessive thirst due to more evident pathogenic heat in qi aspect, add Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao) and Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu); for macules and hematemesis and epistaxis due to more evident pathogenic heat in nutrient and blood aspects, add Cornu Rhinocerotis (xi jiao) [substituted by Cornu Bubali (shui niu jiao)], Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi) and Radix Arnebiae (zi cao); for frequent convulsion due to stirring of wind, add Scorpio (quan xie), Periostracum Cicadae (chan tui) and Bombyx Batryticatus (bai jiang can); forunconsciousness with wheezy phlegm due to stirring of wind and rushing of phlegm, add Concretio Silicea Bambusae (tian zhu huang) or Peaceful Palace Bovine Bezoar Pill (an gong niu huang wan)

It is not suitable for patients with internal stirring of deficient wind in the later stage of warm disease

Modified Clinical Application

Caution for Use

(Continued)

724 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 35.5 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Calm and Extinguish Internal Wind (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy and Indication

Modified Clinical Application

Caution for Use

LiverSedating and WindExtinguishing Decoction (zhen gan xi feng tang)

Initially recorded in Records of Chinese Medicine with Reference to Western Medicine (yi xue zhong zhong can xi lu). Composed of Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (huai niu xi) 30 g, Haematitum (dai zhe shi) 30 g, raw Os Draconis (sheng long gu) 15 g, raw Concha Ostreae (sheng mu li) 15 g, raw Plastrum Testudinis (sheng gui ban) 15 g, raw Radix Paeoniae Alba (sheng bai shao) 15 g, Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen) 15 g, Radix Asparagi (tian dong) 15 g, Fructus Toosendan (chuan lian zi) 6 g, raw Fructus Hordei Germinatus (sheng mai ya) 6 g, Herba Artemisiae Scopariae (yin chen) 6 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 4.5 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Tranquilize the liver and extinguish wind, enrich yin, and subdue yang. Indicated for the treatment of windlike strike (stroke) due to ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang and ascending counterflow of qi and blood, with dizziness, eye distention, tinnitus, hot pain in the head, vexing heat in the center, drunklike complexion, or frequent belching, or gradual inconvenience of the limbs, gradual wryness of mouth, even vertigo and fainting, regain consciousness after some time, or inability to recover after waking, wiry and long and forceful pulse

If complicated by chest oppression with phlegm due to phlegm-heat, add Arisaema cum Bile (dan nan xing) and Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae (chuan bei mu); for more evident headache and fever due to upward rushing of liver heat, add Spica Prunellae (xia ku cao) and Flos Chrysanthemi (ju hua); complicated by stomach heat and heat in the heart, add raw Gypsum Fibrosum (sheng shi gao); for deficient pulse by heavy pressure due to more evident kidney (water) depletion, add Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) and Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu); for soft stool (a type of “loose stool”), remove Haematitum (dai zhe shi) and raw Plastrum Testudinis (sheng gui ban), and add Halloysitum Rubrum (chi shi zhi)

It is not suitable for wind-stike patients with a pattern of qi deficiency and blood stasis. And its use is cautious in patients with weakness of the spleen and stomach

Donkey-Hide Gelatin and Egg Yolk Decoction (e jiao ji zi huang tang)

Initially recorded in Popular Guide to the “Treatise on Cold Damage” (tong su shang han lun). Composed of Colla Corii Asini (e jiao) 6 g, raw Radix Paeoniae Alba (sheng bai shao) 9 g, Concha Haliotidis (shi jue ming) 15 g, Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis (gou teng) 6 g, Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 12 g, dry-fried Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (chao gan cao) 1.8 g, raw Concha Ostreae (sheng mu li) 12 g, Caulis Trachelospermi (luo shi teng) 9 g, Sclerotium Poriae Pararadicis (fu shen) 12 g, and Vitellus Galli (ji zi huang) 2 pieces. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Enrich yin and nourish the blood, soften the liver, and extinguish wind. Indicated for the treatment of heat damaging yinblood and internal stirring of deficient wind, with spasms/ hypertonicity of the sinews, convulsive limbs, or dizziness, crimson tongue with slight coating, thready and rapid pulse

If complicated by mental fatigue due to deficiency of both qi and yin, add Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) and Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) to boost qi and enrich yin; for sweating due to yin deficiency and yang floating, add Os Draconis (long gu) and Fructus Tritici Levis (fu xiao mai) to astringe and arrest sweating

Its use is prohibited in patients with spasm and convulsion due to pathogenic heat accumulated in interior

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TABLE 35.6 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Calm and Extinguish Internal Wind Name of Formula Gastrodia and Uncaria Beverage (tian ma gou teng yin)

Efficacy Analysis Rhizoma Gastrodiae (tian ma)

Sweet and neutral in nature, act on the liver channel, calm liver yang and extinguish liver wind, and specialize in treating vertigo

Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis (gou teng)

Sweet and cool in nature, clear liver heat and extinguish wind and arrest convulsion

Concha Haliotidis (shi jue ming)

Salty and cold in nature, act on the liver channel, calm the liver, and subdue yang

Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi)

Bitter and cold in nature, clear heat and drain fire, and inhibit liver heat to harass the upper body, both as the deputy medicinals

Herba Leonuri (yi mu cao)

Bitter, acrid, and slightly cold in nature, invigorate blood, and promote urination

Radix Cyathulae (chuan niu xi)

Bitter, sweet, sour, and neutral in nature, guide proper downward flow of blood in order to benefit the calming or subduing of liver yang

Cortex Eucommiae (du zhong) Herba Taxilli (sang ji sheng) Caulis Polygoni Multiflori (ye jiao teng)

Major Wind-Stabilizing Pill (da ding feng zhu)

Calm the liver and extinguish wind, both as the chief medicinals

Both sweet in nature, supplement and boost the liver and kidney

Sclerotium Poriae Pararadicis (fu shen)

Sweet and neutral in nature, nourish the blood, and calm the mind Sweet and neutral in nature, tranquilize the heart, and calm the mind

Radix Rehmanniae Recens (gan di huang)

Sweet, bitter, and cold in nature, nourish the blood, and enrich yin

Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong)

Sweet, slightly bitter, and slightly cold in nature, nourish yin, and promote fluid

Raw Radix Paeoniae Alba (sheng bai shao)

Bitter, sour, and slightly cold in nature, nourish the blood, and retain yin with astringency

Raw Plastrum Testudinis (sheng gui ban) Raw Carapax Trionycis (sheng bie jia)

Colla Corii Asini (e jiao) Vitellus Galli (ji zi huang) Fructus Cannabis (huo ma ren) Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi) Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao)

Enrich yin and nourish the fluid, soften the liver, and relax the spasm to extinguish the internal wind, all as the chief medicinals

Salty and slightly cold in nature, enrich yin and subdue yang, calm the liver, and extinguish wind

Raw Concha Ostreae (sheng mu li) Sweet and neutral in nature, enrich yin and moisten dryness, nourish the blood, and extinguish wind

Combine with each other, calm and stabilize the mind, nourish and invigorate blood, supplement and boost the liver and kidney, all as the assistant medicinals

Calm the liver and extinguish wind, clear heat and invigorate blood, supplement and boost the liver and kidney

Combine with each other, enrich yin and nourish the blood and extinguish wind, all as the deputy medicinals

Enrich yin and extinguish wind

Sweet and neutral in nature, nourish yin, and moisten dryness Sour, sweet, and warm in nature, astringe yin and promote fluid production, combine with Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao), “the combination of sour and sweet medicinals boost yin,” which can strengthen the effects of enriching yin and extinguishing wind Harmonize the actions of all medicinals, and as the envoy medicinal (Continued)

726 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 35.6 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Calm and Extinguish Internal Wind (cont.) Name of Formula Antelope Horn and Uncaria Decoction (ling jiao gou teng tang)

Efficacy Analysis Cornu Saigae Tataricae (ling yang jiao)

Salty and cold in nature, clear heat and cool the liver, and extinguish wind

Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis (gou teng)

Sweet and cool in nature, clear heat and calm the liver, extinguish wind, and arrest convulsion

Folium Mori (sang ye) Flos Chrysanthemi (ju hua)

Sweet, bitter, and cold in nature, clear heat, and enrich yin

raw Radix Paeoniae Alba (sheng bai shao)

Combine with Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao), “the combination of sour and sweet medicinals boost yin”

Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae (chuan bei mu)

Liver-Sedating and WindExtinguishing Decoction (zhen gan xi feng tang)

Sweet, bitter, and cold in nature, clear heat and calm the liver, and assist the chief medicinals to strengthen the effects of cooling the liver and extinguish wind, both as the deputy medicinals

Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang)

Caulis Phyllostachydis in Taeniam (dan zhu ru)

Calm the liver and extinguish wind, both as the chief medicinals

Sweet and slightly cold in nature, clear heat, and dissolve phlegm

Combine with each other, clear heat, enrich yin, dissolve phlegm, and calm the mind, all as the assistant medicinals

Sclerotium Poriae Pararadicis (fu shen)

Sweet and neutral in nature, calm the liver and tranquilize the heart, and calm the mind

Raw Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (sheng gan cao)

Harmonize the actions of all medicinals, and as the envoy medicinal

Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (huai niu xi)

Bitter, sweet, sour, and neutral in nature, guide proper downward flow of blood, supplement and boost the liver and kidney

Haematitum (dai zhe shi) Raw Plastrum Testudinis (sheng gui ban)

Bitter and cold in nature, tranquilize the liver, and direct counterflow downward Nourish and supplement the liver and kidney, calm the liver, and subdue yang

Raw Radix Paeoniae Alba (sheng bai shao) Raw Os Draconis (sheng long gu) Raw Concha Ostreae (sheng mu li) Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen) Radix Asparagi (tian dong)

Enrich yin and subdue yang, tranquilize the liver, and extinguish wind

Enrich yin and clear heat

Cool the liver and extinguish wind, increase fluids and relax the sinews

Calm the ascended qi and blood, both as the chief medicinals

Enrich yin and subdue yang, extinguish wind and clear deficiencyheat, all as the deputy medicinals

Herba Artemisiae Scopariae (yin chen)

Bitter, acrid, and slightly cold in nature, clear liver heat, and soothe the liver

Clear and drain liver yang and soothe the liver, all as the assistant medicinals

Fructus Toosendan (chuan lian zi)

Bitter and cold in nature, clear and drain ministerial fire

raw Fructus Hordei Germinatus (sheng mai ya)

Sweet and neutral in nature, soothe the liver, and harmonize the stomach

Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao)

Harmonize the actions of all medicinals, combine with Fructus Hordei Germinatus (mai ya) to harmonize the stomach and regulate the center, and as the envoy medicinal

Tranquilize the liver and extinguish wind, enrich yin, and subdue yang

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TABLE 35.6 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Calm and Extinguish Internal Wind (cont.) Name of Formula Donkey-Hide Gelatin and Egg Yolk Decoction (e jiao ji zi huang tang)

Efficacy Analysis Colla Corii Asini (e jiao)

Sweet and neutral in nature, supplement blood, and nourish yin

Vitellus Galli (ji zi huang)

Sweet and neutral in nature, enrich yin and nourish the blood, and extinguish wind

Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang)

Cool the blood, enrich yin, clear heat, and promote fluid production

Raw Radix Paeoniae Alba (sheng bai shao)

Sour and slightly cold in nature, nourish the blood, and astringe yin and soften the liver

Dry-fried Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (chao gan cao) Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis (gou teng)

Sweet and neutral in nature, relax spasm, and combine with Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) to resolve convulsion

Concha Haliotidis (shi jue ming)

Calm the liver and subdue yang, extinguish wind, and arrest convulsion

Raw Concha Ostreae (sheng mu li)

Enrich yinblood and extinguish wind, both as the chief medicinals Soften the liver and extinguish wind, “the combination of sour and sweet medicinals boost yin,” all as the deputy medicinals

Enrich yin and nourish the blood, soften the liver, and extinguish wind

Calm the liver and extinguish wind, all as the assistant medicinals

Sclerotium Poriae Pararadicis (fu shen)

Calm the liver, calm the mind, and unblock the collaterals

Caulis Trachelospermi (luo shi teng)

Relax the sinews and unblock the collaterals, and as the envoy medicinal

2. Attached formulas (Table 35.7) TABLE 35.7 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Calm and Extinguish Internal Wind Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Uncaria Beverage (gou teng yin)

Initially recorded in Golden Mirror of the Medical Tradition (yi zong jin jian). Composed of Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis (gou teng) (added later) 9 g, Cornu Saigae Tataricae (ling yang jiao) 0.3 g, Scorpio (quan xie) 1 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 3 g, Rhizoma Gastrodiae (tian ma) 6 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 2 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Clear heat and extinguish wind, boost qi, and resolve convulsion

Indicated for the treatment of convulsion in infants due to liver heat producing wind, with palpitations due to fright and fireheat, lock-jaw, convulsion of the hands and feet, and upward-looking eyes

Down Sweeping Decoction (jian ling tang)

Initially recorded in Records of Chinese Medicine with Reference to Western Medicine (yi xue zhong zhong can xi lu). Composed of raw Rhizoma Dioscoreae (sheng huai shan yao) 30 g, Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (huai niu xi) 30 g, Haematitum (dai zhe shi) 24 g, raw Os Draconis (sheng long gu) 18 g, raw Concha Ostreae (sheng mu li) 18 g, Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 18 g, raw Radix Paeoniae Alba (sheng bai shao) 12 g, and Semen Platycladi (bai zi ren) 12 g. Decoct the ingredients with thick rust water for oral use

Tranquilize the liver and extinguish wind, enrich yin, and calm the mind

Indicated for the treatment of ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, with dizziness, tinnitus, distention of the eyes, palpitation, forgetfulness, vexation and agitation, inquietude, insomnia and profuse dreaming, wiry and hard and long pulse

Minor WindStabilizing Pill (xiao ding feng zhu)

Initially recorded in Systematic Differentiation of Warm Diseases (wen bing tiao bian). Composed of Vitellus Galli (ji zi huang) 15 g, Colla Corii Asini (e jiao) 6 g, raw Plastrum Testudinis (sheng gui ban) 18 g, urina hominis 15 mL, and Mytilussiccus (dan cai) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Enrich yin and extinguish wind, calm surging, and direct counterflow downward

Indicated for the treatment of liver-kidney yin deficiency, stirring of wind and qi counterflow, with syncope, hiccup, thready and wiry pulse due to lingering retention of warm pathogens in the lower jiao (Continued)

728 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 35.7 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Calm and Extinguish Internal Wind (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Three Shells PulseRestoring Decoction (san jia fu mai tang)

Initially recorded in Systematic Differentiation of Warm Diseases (wen bing tiao bian). Composed of Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 18 g, Radix Rehmanniae Recens (gan di huang) 18 g, raw Radix Paeoniae Alba (sheng bai shao) 18 g, Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) 15 g, Colla Corii Asini (e jiao) 9 g, raw Concha Ostreae (sheng mu li) 15 g, raw Carapax Trionycis (sheng bie jia) 24 g, raw Plastrum Testudinis (sheng gui ban) 30 g, and Fructus Cannabis (huo ma ren) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Enrich yin and restore pulse, subdue yang, and extinguish wind

Indicated for the treatment of convulsive syncope due to yin deficiency and stirring of wind, with convulsion, syncope, thready and hasty pulse (irregular-rapid), empty sensation in heart, even precordial pain due to retention of warm pathogens in the lower jiao

DesertionRescuing Decoction (jiu ni tang)

Initially recorded in Systematic Differentiation of Warm Diseases (wen bing tiao bian). Composed of Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 18 g, Radix Rehmanniae Recens (gan di huang) 18 g, Raw Radix Paeoniae Alba (sheng bai shao) 18 g, Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) 15 g, Colla Corii Asini (e jiao) 9 g, raw Os Draconis (sheng long gu) 12 g, and raw Concha Ostreae (sheng mu li) 24 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Enrich yin and subdue yang, and restore pulse to rescue from counterflow [desertion]

Indicated for the treatment of restlessness of heart spirit due to yin deficiency and yang floating, with palpitation, stiffness of the tongue, unconsciousness and spontaneous sweating due to warm disease misused herbs that disperse and body fluids consumed

Antelope Horn Decoction (ling yang jiao tang)

Initially recorded in The Refined in Medicine Remembered (yi chun sheng yi). Composed of Cornu Saigae Tataricae (ling yang jiao) 6 g, Flos Chrysanthemi (ju hua) 6 g, raw Concha Haliotidis (sheng shi jue ming) 24 g, Plastrum Testudinis (gui ban) 24 g, Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 18 g, Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) 3 g, Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) 3 g, Herba Menthae (bo he) 3 g, Periostracum Cicadae (chan tui) 3 g, Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi) 4.5 g, Spica Prunellae (xia ku cao) 4.5 g, and Fructus Jujubae (da zao) 10 pieces. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Clear heat and calm the liver, enrich and nourish the liver and kidney

Indicated for the treatment of ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, with intense headache as splitting, spasms/convulsion of the sinews, and pain involving the eyeball

Succinum DragonEmbracing Pill (hu po bao long wan)

Initially recorded in Standards for Diagnosis and Treatment (zheng zhi zhun sheng). Composed of Succinum (hu po) 6 g, Bombyx Batryticatus (bai jiang can) 6 g, Arisaema cum Bile (dan nan xing) 48 g, Realgar (xiong huang) 9 g, Cinnabaris (zhu sha) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 9 g, Poria (fu ling) 9 g, Concretio Silicea Bambusae (tian zhu huang) 15 g, Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis (gou teng) 45 g, Calculus Bovis (niu huang) 1.5 g, Moschus (she xiang) 3 g, and unpeeled Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (fen gan cao) 250 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, make into pills, coat with sheet of gold, 1.5 g each pill, and take in 1 pill dose for 1-year-old infant and 0.5 pill dose for infant below 1-year-old, 1–2 pills consecutively

Suppress fright and calm the mind, calm the liver and extinguish wind, clear heat, and dissolve phlegm

Indicated for the treatment of infantile convulsion due to blazing of wind and fire and intense phlegmheat, with panic, restlessness, tremor and convulsion of the four limbs, vexation and agitation, preference for embracing by mother’s arms, and crying at night after being terrified suddenly, even convulsive syncope, cloudiness of consciousness, phlegm panting, breath lessness, green stool, red tongue with yellow and greasy coating, rapid or slippery-rapid pulse, purple finger venules

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3. Formula differentiation (Table 35.8) TABLE 35.8 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Calm and Extinguish Internal Wind Name of Formula

Similarity

Differences

Down Sweeping Decoction (jian ling tang)

Both can tranquilize the liver, extinguish wind, enrich yin and subdue yang, and are used for the treatment of liver-kidney yin depletion, and ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang

Its effects of tranquilizing the heart and calming the mind are slightly stronger than that of Liver-Sedating and Wind-Extinguishing Decoction (zhen gan xi feng tang). It is suitable for the treatment of ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang with insomnia, profuse dreaming, restlessness of heart spirit, but no counterflow or disorder of qi and blood

Both have the effects of enriching yin and extinguishing wind, and are indicated for the treatment of wriggle of the hands and feet or convulsion due to yin damaged in warm diseases and internal stirring of yin deficiency

It is the Major Wind-Stabilizing Pill (da ding feng zhu) minus Vitellus Galli (ji zi huang) and Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi), and good at enriching yin and subduing yang, nourishing the blood, and restoring pulse. Its effect of extinguishing wind is slightly less than that of Major Wind-Stabilizing Pill (da ding feng zhu), and it is more suitable for patients with thready and hasty pulse, and empty sensation in heart

Liver-Sedating and WindExtinguishing Decoction (zhen gan xi feng tang)

Three Shells PulseRestoring Decoction (san jia fu mai tang)

Major Wind-Stabilizing Pill (da ding feng zhu)

Donkey-Hide Gelatin and Egg Yolk Decoction (e jiao ji zi huang tang) Three Shells PulseRestoring Decoction (san jia fu mai tang)

Both have the effects of enriching yin and subduing yang, and are used for the treatment of consumption of body fluids in warm diseases

Uncaria Beverage (gou teng yin)

It combines with Concha Ostreae (mu li), Plastrum Testudinis (gui ban) and Carapax Trionycis (bie jia), and has more significant effects of strengthening renal yin and subduing yang, and is suitable for the treatment of yin-fluids depletion in later stage of warm diseases, with thready and hasty pulse, and empty sensation in heart It combines with Os Draconis (long gu) and Concha Ostreae (mu li) in order to subdue heart yang and calm the mind, and is suitable for the treatment of yin consumption in warm diseases, with stiffness of the tongue, loss of consciousness, spontaneous sweating, and palpitation

Both can enrich yin and extinguish wind

Minor Wind- Stabilizing Pill (xiao ding feng zhu) Antelope Horn and Uncaria Decoction (ling jiao gou teng tang)

It is the Three Shells Pulse-Restoring Decoction (san jia fu mai tang) plus Vitellus Galli (ji zi huang) and Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi), has stronger effects of enriching yin and extinguishing wind, also can astringe, and suitable for the treatment of severe stirring of wind due to yin deficiency, accompanied by deficient and weak pulse, even verging on missing pulse It is partial to clearing and descending, and suitable for the treatment of mild stirring of wind due to yin deficiency, accompanied with spasms/ hypertonicity of the sinews, dizziness, and crimson tongue with slight coating

Desertion-Rescuing Decoction (jiu ni tang) Major Wind-Stabilizing Pill (da ding feng zhu)

Its effects of tranquilizing, subduing, clearing, and descending are stronger than that of Down Sweeping Decoction (jian ling tang). It is more suitable for the treatment of yang hyperactivity transforming into wind, and counterflow or disorder of qi and blood with hot pain in the brain, drunk complexion, even wind-strike with loss of consciousness or fainting

Its effects of enriching yin and extinguishing wind are stronger. It combines with Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi), which is sour in flavor and can astringe. It is more suitable for the treatment of deficient and weak vessel qi, even verging on missing pulse Its effects of enriching yin and extinguishing wind are weaker, but it has the effects of calming surging and directing counterflow downward, and is suitable for the treatment of kidney yin insufficiency and counterflow of liver yang with faint, low, short and incessant hiccup, thready and wiry pulse

Both select Cornu Saigae Tataricae (ling yang jiao) and Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis (gou teng) to combine, and can clear heat and extinguish wind and arrest convulsion

Its effect of clearing heat outweighs that of Uncaria Beverage (gou teng yin). It is more suitable for the treatment of convulsion with high fever Its effect of arresting convulsion is slightly stronger than that of Antelope Horn and Uncaria Decoction (ling jiao gou teng tang). It also has the effects of reinforcing healthy qi and dispelling pathogen, and is suitable for the treatment of convulsion in infants due to liver heat generating wind

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Chapter 36

Formulas That Treat Dryness Syndrome Chapter Outline Section 1 Formulas That Relieve External Dryness by Light Diffusion Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas

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Section 2 Formulas That Nourish and Moisten Internal Dryness Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas

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ABSTRACT Formulas that are mainly composed of herbs that disperse and diffuse with acrid and light in nature or herbs that nourish and moisten with sweetcool in nature, have the effects of relieving external dryness by light diffusion or enriching yin and moistening dryness, and are used for the treatment of dryness patterns/syndromes are called “Formulas That Treat Dryness Syndrome.” Formulas that treat dryness syndrome can be divided into two categories: formulas that relieve external dryness by light diffusion and formulas that nourish and moisten internal dryness. Keywords: formulas that relieve external dryness by light diffusion; formulas that nourish and moisten internal dryness; clear dryness and moisten the lung; diffuse cool dryness with light medicinal; diffuse warm dryness with light medicinal

Formulas that are mainly composed of herbs that disperse and diffuse with acrid and light in nature or herbs that nourish and moisten with sweet-cool in nature, have the effects of relieving external dryness by light diffusion or enriching yin and moistening dryness, and are used for the treatment of dryness patterns/syndromes are called “Formulas That Treat Dryness Syndrome.” Formulas that treat dryness syndrome are suitable for the treatment of dryness patterns/syndromes caused by contracted external pathogens or consumption of zang-fu fluids. Dryness syndromes are divided into (1) external dryness syndrome and (2) internal dryness syndrome. Either cool dryness or warm dryness caused by contracted pathogenic dryness in autumn belongs to external dryness syndrome. Xu Rong-zhai pointed out that “patients contacted by cool and wind-pathogens in the late autumn usually suffer from wind dryness, and it belongs to cool dryness which is milder compared to that in severe winter; patients exposed under the sun in autumn after long-term sunny day without rain and contacted by sun pathogens usually suffer from warm dryness, and it belongs to dryness-heat, which is severer compared to that in late spring” in Popular Guide to the “Treatise on Cold Damage” (tong su shang han lun). Internal dryness is caused by insufficiency or consumption of body fluids and zang-fu failing to be moistened. It often involves the lung, stomach, kidney, and large intestine. According to the therapeutic principle of “when there is dryness, treat it by moistening” in The Yellow Emperor’s Inner Classic (huang di nei jing), dryness syndrome should be treated by moistening method. External dryness syndrome should be treated by dispelling pathogen to vent through the exterior with light medicinals. Cool dryness syndrome should be treated by moistening with acrid-bitter-warm medicinals. Warm dryness syndrome should be treated by moistening with acrid-cool-sweet medicinals. Internal dryness syndrome should be treated by enriching, nourishing, and moistening to restore body fluids with sweet-cool medicinals. Therefore, formulas that treat dryness syndrome can be divided into two categories: (1) formulas that relieve external dryness by light diffusion and (2) formulas that nourish and moisten internal dryness. Essentials of Chinese Materia Medica and Medical Formulas. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812722-3.00036-1 Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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732 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

About the location of disease, generally speaking, the upper dryness is often located in the lung; the middle dryness is usually located in the stomach; and the lower dryness is usually located in the kidney and large intestine. But there are mutual relations between the body interior and exterior, between zang organs and fu organs, between the internal dryness and external dryness, and between the upper dryness and lower dryness. They are often complicated in clinic, and the treatment should be adjusted according to the corresponding syndromes. For example, externally contracted warm dryness not only has the exterior pattern like fever and headache, but also is complicated by the upper dryness pattern like dry pharynx, xeromycteria, and cough with scanty phlegm, and it should be treated with both relieving dryness-heat by light diffusion and cooling-moistening the lung. However, the upper dryness pattern with dry throat with pain, dry cough with scanty phlegm, or blood-stained phlegm is usually related to kidney yin insufficiency and deficiency fire flaming upward; so, the treatment should nourish yin and moisten the lung, and treat the metal (lung) and water (kidney) simultaneously. Formulas that treat dryness syndrome are usually composed of herbs with sweet-cool and moistening in nature, and easy to promote generation of dampness and obstruction of qi, which affect the transportation and transformation of the spleen-stomach, so patients with usual profuse dampness, loose stool due to spleen deficiency, qi stagnation and abundant phlegm should be cautious to use. Pathogenic dryness is quite easy to transform into heat and consume body fluids and qi, so when applying formulas that treat dryness syndrome, herbs that clear heat and drain fire, or herbs that boost qi and promote fluid production are selected to combine occasionally. Herbs with acrid-fragrant in nature and effect of consuming fluids or herbs with bitter-cold in nature and easily transforming into dryness are not advised to combine to avoid great consumption of fluids.

SECTION 1  FORMULAS THAT RELIEVE EXTERNAL DRYNESS BY LIGHT DIFFUSION Outline Formulas that relieve external dryness by light diffusion are suitable for the treatment of externally contracted cool dryness or warm dryness syndrome. The nature of cool dryness is similar to wind-cold, so cool dryness is also called “secondary cold” or “slight cold.” Cool dryness syndrome is caused by contraction of external dryness in the late autumn with cool climate, and lung qi failing to diffuse. Its clinical symptoms include headache, aversion to cold, cough with thin phlegm, nasal obstruction and dry pharynx, thin and white coating. The treatment of warming and moistening by light diffusion should be applied, so it is often treated with formulas mainly composed of herbs that warm and moisten with bitter-acrid in nature, such as Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren) and Folium Perillae (zi su ye), combining with herbs that rectify the lung and dissolve phlegm and relieve cough. The representative formula is Apricot Kernel and Perilla Powder (xing su san). Warm dryness syndrome is caused by dryness-heat in the early autumn or long-term sunny day without rain, dryness-heat damaging the lung and lung qi failing to purify. Its clinical symptoms include headache, general fever, dry cough with scanty phlegm, or panting with qi counterflow, thirst, dryness in the nasal cavity, red tip and margin of tongue, thin and white coating with lack of fluids, or thin and yellow coating. It should be treated by moistening the lung by light diffusion with formulas that mainly composed of herbs that moisten with acrid-cool-sweet in nature, such as Folium Mori (sang ye), Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren), Semen Sojae Praeparatum (dan dou chi), and Radix Adenophorae seu Glehniae (sha shen). If dryness-heat is more evident, herbs that clear heat and moisten dryness with sweet-cold in nature, such as Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao) and Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) can be combined. The representative formulas are Mulberry Leaf and Apricot Kernel Decoction (sang xing tang) and Dryness-Clearing and Lung-Rescuing Decoction (qing zao jiu fei tang).

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Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 1. Primary formulas and analysis (Tables 36.1 and 36.2) TABLE 36.1 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Relieve External Dryness by Light Diffusion Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Mulberry Leaf and Apricot Kernel Decoction (sang xing tang)

Caution for Use

Efficacy and Indication

Modified Clinical Application

Initially recorded in Systematic Differentiation of Warm Diseases (wen bing tiao bian). Composed by Folium Mori (sang ye) 3 g, Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren) 4.5 g, Radix Adenophorae seu Glehniae (sha shen) 6 g, Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii (zhe bei mu) 3 g, Semen Sojae Praeparatum (xiang dou chi) 3 g, Cortex Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi pi) 3 g, and Pericarpium Pyri (li pi) 3 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Diffuse warm dryness with light medicinal, and relieve cough with cool-moistening medicinal. Indicated for the treatment of externally contracted warm dryness, with headache, mild general fever, thirst, dry pharynx, xeromycteria, dry cough without phlegm or with scanty stick phlegm, red tongue with thin, white and dry coating, floating and rapid pulse, and large pulse in the fight hand

For severe general fever due to contacted warm dryness, add Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (jin yin hua) and Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao); for more evident cough due to lung qi counterflow, add Radix Stemonae (bai bu) and Folium Eriobotryae (pi pa ye); for coughing of blood due to pathogen damaging the superficial venules and lymph vessels in the lung, add Rhizoma Imperatae (bai mao gen) and Rhizoma Bletillae (bai ji).

The time of decocting should not be too long

Apricot Kernel and Perilla Powder (xing su san)

Initially recorded in Systematic Differentiation of Warm Diseases (wen bing tiao bian). Composed by Folium Perillae (zi su ye) 6 g, Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) 6 g, Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao) 6 g, Radix Peucedani (qian hu) 6 g, Poria (fu ling) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 6 g, Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) 6 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 6 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (ju pi) 6 g, Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren) 6 g, and Fructus Jujubae (da zao) 2 pieces. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Diffuse cool dryness with light medicinal, relieve cough, and dissolve phlegm. Indicated for the treatment of externally contracted cool dryness, with mild headache, aversion to cold, absence of sweating, cough with thin phlegm, nasal obstruction, dry pharynx, white coating, and wiry pulse

For absence of sweating, body pain, and wiry or tight pulse due to wind-cold blocking the exterior, add Herba Schizonepetae (jing jie) and Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng); for less phlegm, remove Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) and Poria (fu ling); for unceasing cough after sweating, remove Folium Perillae (zi su ye), add Caulis Perillae (zi su geng) or Fructus Perillae (zi su zi); complicated by diarrhea and abdominal fullness due to dampness obstruction in the middle jiao, add Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu) and Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po); for headache and supraorbital bone pain due to pathogen damaging the yangming channel, add Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi)

Its use is not suitable for patients with externally contracted warm dryness

DrynessClearing and Lung-Rescuing Decoction (qing zao jiu fei tang)

Initially recorded in Precepts for Physicians (yi men fa lü). Composed by frosted Folium Mori (shuang sang ye) 9 g, Gypsum Fibrosum Praeparatum (duan shi gao) 8 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 3 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 2 g, Semen Sesami Nigrum (hei zhi ma) 3 g, Colla Corii Asini (e jiao) 3 g, Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) 4 g, Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren) 2 g, and Folium Eriobotryae (pi pa ye) 3 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Clear dryness and moisten the lung. Indicated for the treatment of severe drynessheat damaging the lung, with headache, general fever, dry cough without phlegm, panting with qi counterflow, dry throat, xeromycteria, chest fullness, and ribside pain, vexation, thirst, dry tongue without coating, deficient, large, and rapid pulse

For profuse phlegm and difficulty in expectoration due to dryness-heat scorching the fluids into phlegm, add Bulbus Fritillaria (bei mu) and Fructus Trichosanthis (gua lou); for more evident general fever due to exuberant dryness-heat, add Cornu Saigae Tataricae (ling yang jiao); for cough and dyspnea and expectoration of blood due to dryness-heat stirring the blood, remove Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) and add Cornu Bubali (shui niu jiao), Rhizoma Bletillae (bai ji), and Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang)

Its use is not suitable for patients with spleen deficiency, phlegmdamp, fullness, and oppression in the chest and diaphragm

734 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 36.2 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Relieve External Dryness by Light Diffusion Name of Formula Mulberry Leaf and Apricot Kernel Decoction (sang xing tang)

Apricot Kernel and Perilla Powder (xing su san)

Efficacy Analysis Folium Mori (sang ye) Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren) Semen Sojae Praeparatum (xiang dou chi)

Bitter and warm in nature, diffuse lung qi, moisten dryness and relieve cough

Diffuse warm dryness and relieve cough, both as the chief medicinals

Vent and disperse with acrid-cool nature, and assist Folium Mori (sang ye) to diffuse dryness-heat

Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii (zhe bei mu)

Clear heat and dissolve phlegm, and assist Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren) to relieve cough and dissolve phlegm

Radix Adenophorae seu Glehniae (sha shen)

Nourish yin and promote fluid production, moisten the lung and relieve cough

Cortex Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi pi)

Light in nature and act on the upper jiao, clear and discharge lung heat

Pericarpium Pyri (li pi)

Clear heat and moisten dryness, relieve cough, and dissolve phlegm

Folium Perillae (zi su ye)

Release the exterior, scatter pathogen, and diffuse lung qi

Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren)

Purify and descend lung qi, moisten dryness and relieve cough

Radix Peucedani (qian hu)

Direct qi downward and dissolve phlegm, scatter wind and dissipate pathogen

Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao) Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (ju pi) Poria (fu ling) Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang)

Dryness-Clearing and Lung-Rescuing Decoction (qing zao jiu fei tang)

Sweet, bitter, and cold in nature, diffuse the lung and clear heat to relieve warm

Diffuse and descend lung qi, both as the chief medicinals

Assist Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren) and Folium Perillae (zi su ye) to rectify the lung and dissolve phlegm

Dry dampness and dissolve phlegm, rectify qi and move stagnation

Harmonize nutrient and defensive aspects to benefit for releasing the exterior, and nourish the spleen to move body fluids in order to strengthen the effect of moistening dryness

Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao)

Harmonize the actions of all medicinals, combine with Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) to diffuse the lung and relieve sore throat

Folium Mori (sang ye)

Light and cold in nature, relieve dryness-heat by light diffusion, and vent pathogen out, as the chief medicinal

Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) Semen Sesami Nigrum (hei zhi ma) Colla Corii Asini (e jiao) Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren) Folium Eriobotryae (pi pa ye) Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao)

Diffuse cool dryness with light medicinal, relieve cough, and dissolve phlegm

Percolate dampness and fortify the spleen to eliminate the source of phlegm production

Fructus Jujubae (da zao)

Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao)

Diffuse warm dryness with light medicinal, and relieve cough with coolmoistening medicinal

Acrid, sweet, and cold in nature, clear and discharge lung heat Sweet and cold in nature, nourish yin and moisten the lung Combine with Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) to Boost qi and promote fluid production, “bank up earth (spleen) to generate metal (lung)” Nourish yin and moisten the lung

Bitter medicinals promote descent and both descend lung qi

Harmonize the actions of all medicinals, and as the envoy medicinal

Clear dryness and moisten the lung

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2. Attached formulas (Table 36.3) TABLE 36.3 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Relieve External Dryness by Light Diffusion Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Forsythia and Peppermint Decoction (qiao he tang)

Initially recorded in Systematic Differentiation of Warm Diseases (wen bing tiao bian). Composed by Herba Menthae (bo he) 4.5 g, Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao) 4.5 g, raw Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (sheng gan cao) 3 g, Cortex Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi pi) 4.5 g, Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) 9 g, and Testa Glycinis (lü dou pi) 6 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Clear qi aspect dryness-heat in the upper jiao

Indicated for the treatment of dysfunction of the clear orifices due to dryness transforming into fire, accompanied by tinnitus, red eyes, and sore throat

Glehnia and Ophiopogonis Decoction (sha shen mai dong tang)

Initially recorded in Systematic Differentiation of Warm Diseases (wen bing tiao bian). Composed by Radix Adenophorae seu Glehniae (sha shen) 9 g, Rhizoma Polygonati Odorati (yu zhu) 6 g, raw Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (sheng gan cao) 3 g, Folium Mori (sang ye) 4.5 g, Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) 9 g, raw Semen Lablab Album (sheng bai bian dou) 4.5 g, and Radix Trichosanthis (tian hua fen) 4.5 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Clear and nourish the lung and stomach, promote fluid production, and moisten dryness

Indicated for the treatment of lung-stomach yin damaging, or dryness damaging lungstomach yin with fever or cough

3. Formula differentiation (Table 36.4) TABLE 36.4 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Relieve External Dryness by Light Diffusion Name of Formula

Similarity

Differences

Mulberry Leaf and Apricot Kernel Decoction (sang xing tang)

Both can relieve external dryness by light diffusion and are used for the treatment of external dryness with cough

It treats externally contracted warm dryness caused by dryness invading lung-wei, lung qi failing to purify, and body fluids damaged. It selects Folium Mori (sang ye) from herbs that release the exterior with acrid-cool in nature and Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren) as the chief medicinals, and combines with herbs that clear heat, moisten the lung, and relieve cough, which aims to relieve warm dryness by light diffusion and cooly moisten the lung

Apricot Kernel and Perilla Powder (xing su san)

Dryness-Clearing and Lung-Rescuing Decoction (qing zao jiu fei tang) Mulberry Leaf and Apricot Kernel Decoction (sang xing tang)

Forsythia and Peppermint Decoction (qiao he tang) Mulberry Leaf and Apricot Kernel Decoction (sang xing tang)

It treats externally contracted cool dryness caused by pathogenic dryness fettering the lung, lung qi failing to diffuse and purify, internal obstruction of phlegm-damp. It selects herbs that release the exterior with acrid-warm in nature, such as Folium Perillae (zi su ye) and Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren) as the chief medicinals, and combines with herbs that diffuse the lung and relieve cough, which aim to relieve cool dryness by light diffusion, rectify the lung and dissolve phlegm Both select Folium Mori (sang ye) and Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren) to relieve warm dryness by light diffusion, descend lung qi with bitter medicinals, and are used for the treatment of warm dryness damaging the lung

It is composed of herbs that clear heat with acrid-cold in nature and herbs that boost qi and nourish yin. Its effects of clearing dryness and boosting the lung are strong, and it is suitable for the treatment of severe warm dryness caused by more evident drynessheat and damage of both qi and yin, with general fever, cough and panting, vexation and thirst, deficient, large and rapid pulse

Both can be used for the treatment of upper dryness (syndrome)

It is partial to treating dysfunction of the clear orifices caused by dryness transforming into fire, with main symptoms of tinnitus, red eyes, and sore throat in clinic.

It is composed of herbs that release the exterior with acrid-cool in nature and herbs that moisten with sweet-cool in nature. Its effects of clearing dryness and moistening the lung are weaker than that of Dryness-Clearing and Lung-Rescuing Decoction (qing zao jiu fei tang). It is suitable for the treatment of mild warm dryness caused by dryness damaging lung-wei and body fluids scorched, with headache, slight fever, mild cough, and xeromycteria

It is partial to treating warm dryness damaging the lung with main symptoms of lungwei in clinic. It selects Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren), Radix Adenophorae seu Glehniae (sha shen), and Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii (zhe bei mu) to moisten the lung and relieve cough

736 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

SECTION 2  FORMULAS THAT NOURISH AND MOISTEN INTERNAL DRYNESS Outline Formulas that nourish and moisten internal dryness are suitable for the treatment of internal dryness pattern (syndrome) caused by damage or consumption of zang-fu fluids. Its clinical symptoms include dry cough with scanty phlegm, dry pharynx and xeromycteria, dry mouth and thirst, belching, less eating, wasting-thirst (xia¯o kĕ), and constipation. The commonly used formulas are usually composed of herbs that promote fluid production and nourish the body fluids, such as Radix Adenophorae seu Glehniae (sha shen), Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong), Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang), and Caulis Dendrobii (shi hu). Due to yin consumption leading to internal heat and dryness that damage qi and fluids, doctors often select herbs that clear heat and drain fire, such as Radix Trichosanthis (tian hua fen), Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen), and Radix Asparagi (tian dong), and herbs that fortify the spleen and boost qi, such as Rhizoma Dioscoreae (huai shan yao), Radix Astragali (huang qi), and Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) to combine. The representative formulas are Yin-Nourishing and Lung-Clearing Decoction (yang yin qing fei tang), Ophiopogon Decoction (mai men dong tang), Lily Bulb Metal-Securing Decoction (bai he gu jin tang), and Jade Humor Decoction (yu ye tang).

Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 1. Primary formulas and analysis (Tables 36.5 and 36.6) TABLE 36.5 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Nourish and Moisten Internal Dryness Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

YinNourishing and LungClearing Decoction (yang yin qing fei tang)

Ophiopogon Decoction (mai men dong tang)

Cautions for Use

Efficacy and Indication

Modified Clinical Application

Initially recorded in Jade Key to the Secluded Chamber (zhong lou yu yao). Composed by Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 6 g, Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) 4 g, raw Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (sheng gan cao) 2 g, Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen) 5 g, Bulbus Fritillaria (bei mu) 3 g, Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi) 3 g, Herba Menthae (bo he) 2 g, and dry-fried Radix Paeoniae Alba (chao bai shao) 3 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Nourish yin and clear lung-heat, resolve toxins, and relieve sore-throat. Indicated for the treatment of diphtheria with a pattern of yin deficiency and lung dryness, accompanied by white curd-like substance in the throat, which is difficult to remove, sore pain in the throat, fever or no fever in initial stage, dryness in the nasal cavity, dry lips, cough or no cough, breath with sound which seems to wheeze, rapid and forceless pulse, or thready and rapid pulse

For the weak, add Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) and (or) Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang); for more evident heat, add Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao) and remove Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao); for more evident dryness, add Radix Asparagi (tian dong) and Poria (fu ling). In the local of the throat, apply the Insufflating Medicinal Powder from Jade Key to the Secluded Chamber (Zhòng Lóu Yù Yào): Fructus Canarii Carbonisatum (qing guo tan) 6 g, Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai) 3 g, Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae (chuan bei mu) 3 g, Borneolum Syntheticum (bing pian) 1.5 g, Herba Menthae (bo he) 3 g, Membrana Folliculatis Ovi (feng huang yi) 1.5 g, and Catechu (er cha) 3 g. Grind the ingredients into fine powder and mix evenly

During the medication, avoid taking herbs or food with acrid, fragrant and dry in nature

Initially recorded in Essentials From the Golden Cabinet (jin gui yao lüe). Composed by Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) 70 g, Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) 10 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 6 g, Semen Oryzae Sativae (jing mi) 5 g, and Fructus Jujubae (da zao) 4 pieces. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Enrich and nourish the lung and stomach, direct counterflow downward and harmonize the center. Indicated for the treatment of deficiency-heat lung wĕi (atrophy), with cough and panting, throat discomfort, incomplete expectoration, or spitting spittle, dry mouth and throat; stomach yin insufficiency with vomiting, less eating, hiccup, thirst, dry pharynx, red tongue with slight coating, deficient and rapid pulse

For more evident yin damaged in lung wĕi (atrophy), add Radix Glehniae (sha shen) and Rhizoma Polygonati Odorati (yu zhu) to strengthen the effects of enriching yin and nourishing body fluids; for scorching hot and pain in the stomach cavity due to stomach yin insufficiency, add Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao), Caulis Dendrobii (shi hu), and Fructus Toosendan (chuan lian zi) to nourish yin and boost the stomach, relax spasm and relieve pain

It is not suitable for patients with deficiency-cold of the lung and spleen

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TABLE 36.5 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Nourish and Moisten Internal Dryness (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Lily Bulb MetalSecuring Decoction (bai he gu jin tang)

Cautions for Use

Efficacy and Indication

Modified Clinical Application

Initially recorded in The Remaining Texts From the Shen Studio (shen zhai yi shu). Composed by Bulbus Lilii (bai he) 4.5 g, Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 9 g, Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 9 g, main part of Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui shen) 9 g, Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) 3 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 3 g, Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) 2 g, Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen) 2 g, Bulbus Fritillaria (bei mu) 4.5 g, and Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) 4.5 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Nourish yin and moisten the lung, dissolve phlegm, and relieve cough. Indicated for the treatment of coughing of blood with a pattern of lung-kidney yin deficiency and deficiency fire flaming upward, accompanied by coughing of blood-stained phlegm, dry throat with pain, feverish feeling in palms and soles, steaming bone fever, night sweating, red tongue with slight coating, thready and rapid pulse

For severe coughing of blood due to more evident injury of the lung collaterals, remove Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) and add Rhizoma Imperatae (bai mao gen), Rhizoma Bletillae (bai ji), and Nodus Nelumbinis Rhizomatis (ou jie) to cool the blood and stanch bleeding; for chronic cough with scanty phlegm and panting with rapid and short breath, add Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi), Fructus Mume (wu mei), and Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) to direct qi downward and relieve cough, improve qi reception, and relieve panting

Since this formula is sweet, cold and greasy in nature, and not suitable for patients with thin, unformed stool, and less eating due to deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach

Jade Humor Decoction (yu ye tang)

Initially recorded in Records of Chinese Medicine With Reference to Western Medicine (yi xue zhong zhong can xi lu). Composed by raw Rhizoma Dioscoreae (sheng huai shan yao) 30 g, raw Radix Astragali (sheng huang qi) 15 g, Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu) 18 g, raw Endothelium Corneum Gigeriae Galli (sheng ji nei jin) 6 g, Radix Puerariae Lobatae (ge gen) 4.5 g, Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi) 9 g, and Radix Trichosanthis (tian hua fen) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Boost qi and promote fluid production, and moisten dryness to quench thirst. Indicated for the treatment of wasting-thirst (xia¯o kĕ) due to qi failing to distribute fluid, kidney deficiency, and stomach dryness, accompanied by dry mouth, thirst with a desire to drink, but drink without remission, frequent micturition, large amounts of urine, or turbid urine, fatigue and shortness of breath, tender, red and dry tongue, deficient, thready, and forceless pulse

For fatigue and lack of strength, deficient and thready pulse due to more evident qi deficiency, add Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) or Radix Panacis Quinquefolii (xi yang shen) to boost qi and promote fluid production; for frequent micturition, add Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu) and Semen Cuscutae (tu si zi) to strengthen the effects of consolidating the kidney and reducing urination; for vexing heat and thirst with a desire to drink due to more evident internal heat, add Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao) and Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) to strengthen the effect of clearing heat

During the medication, avoid eating sweet food

Fine Jade Paste (qiong yu gao)

Initially recorded in Hong’s Collection of Empirical Formulas (hongs hi ji yan fang). Composed by Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 750 g, Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 8000 g, Poria Alba (bai fu ling) 1500 g, and Mel (feng mi) 5000 g. If as a decoction, the dosage should be reduced according to the original proportion. Decoct Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) juice, add Mel (feng mi) and fine powder of Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) and Poria (fu ling), mix evenly and put into a porcelain jar in storage. Take 6–9 g each time, 2 times a day

Enrich yin and moisten the lung, boost qi, and supplement the spleen. Indicated for the treatment of lung consumption (tuberculosis) due to yin deficiency and lung dryness, with dry cough, dry pharynx, expectoration of blood, emaciation, shortness of breath, and lack of strength

For coughing of profuse blood due to more evident injury of lung collaterals caused by deficiency fire, add Rhizoma Bletillae (bai ji), Rhizoma Imperatae (bai mao gen), and Colla Corii Asini (e jiao); for more evident cough due to ascending counterflow of lung qi, add Radix Stemonae (bai bu), Cortex Mori (sang bai pi) and Radix et Rhizoma Asteris (zi wan); for incomplete expectoration due to deficiency fire scorching fluid into phlegm, add Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae (chuan bei mu) and Pericarpium Trichosanthis (gua lou pi)

It is not suitable for patients with cough and expectoration of blood due to external contraction or complicated by exterior pattern

(Continued )

738 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 36.5 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Nourish and Moisten Internal Dryness (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy and Indication

Modified Clinical Application

Cautions for Use

HumorIncreasing Decoction (zeng ye tang)

Initially recorded in Systematic Differentiation of Warm Diseases (wen bing tiao bian). Composed by Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen) 30 g, Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) 24 g, and Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 24 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Increase body fluids and moisten dryness. Indicated for the treatment of fluid consumption and intestinal dryness, with yangming warm disease, deficiency of body fluids constipation, thirst, red and dry tongue, thready and rapid pulse, or deep and forceless pulse

For more evident fluid consumption and dryness-heat leading to constipation, but defecation is still inhibited after taking Humor-Increasing Decoction (zeng ye tang), add raw Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (sheng da huang) and Natrii Sulfas (mang xiao) to clear heat and purge; for mirror-like tongue, dry mouth and lips due to stomach yin insufficiency, add Radix Adenophorae seu Glehniae (sha shen) and Caulis Dendrobii (shi hu) to nourish yin and promote fluid production

This formula is cold-cool, sweet, and moistening in nature and its use is prohibited in patients with constipation due to kidney yang insufficiency or spleen qi depletion

TABLE 36.6 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Nourish and Moisten Internal Dryness Name of Formula Yin-Nourishing and Lung-Clearing Decoction (yang yin qing fei tang)

Efficacy Analysis Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong)

Sweet and cold in nature, act on the kidney channel, enrich yin and strengthen governor of water, clear heat and cool the blood, as the chief medicinal Sweet, slightly bitter, and slightly cold in nature, nourish yin and moisten the lung and clear heat

Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen)

Sweet, bitter, salty, and slightly cold in nature, enrich yin and resolve toxins, and relieve sore-throat

Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi)

Bitter, acrid, and slightly cold in nature, cool the blood and dissipate blood stasis and relieve swelling

Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao)

Bitter, sour, and slightly cold in nature, astringe yin and harmonize the nutrient aspect and discharge heat

Bulbus Fritillaria (bei mu)

Bitter and cold in nature, clear heat and moisten the lung and dissipate masses

Herba Menthae (bo he)

Acrid and cool in nature, scatter pathogen and relieve sore throat, and clear heat

raw Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (sheng gan cao)

Clear heat and resolve toxins, harmonize the actions of all medicinals, and as the assistant-envoy medicinal

Both as the deputy medicinals

Ophiopogon Decoction (mai men dong tang)

Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong)

Sweet and cold in nature, clear and moisten, nourish lung-stomach yin and clear lung-stomach deficiency-heat, as the chief medicinal

Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia)

Direct counterflow downward and lower qi, and dissolve phlegm-drool, as the deputy medicinal; combine with the chief medicinal to inhibit its greasiness

Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen)

Boost qi and promote fluid production to supplement the lung and stomach qi

Semen Oryzae Sativae (jing mi) Fructus Jujubae (da zao)

Boost qi and nourish the stomach, combine with Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) to boost the stomach and promote fluid production, all as the assistant medicinals

Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao)

Moisten the lung and relieve sore throat, harmonize the actions of all medicinals, and as the envoy medicinal

Nourish yin and clear lung heat, resolve toxins and relieve sore throat

Enrich and nourish the lung and stomach, direct counterflow downward and harmonize the center

Formulas That Treat Dryness Syndrome Chapter | 36

TABLE 36.6 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Nourish and Moisten Internal Dryness (cont.) Name of Formula Lily Bulb Metal-Securing Decoction (bai he gu jin tang)

Efficacy Analysis Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) Bulbus Lilii (bai he)

Sweet, bitter, and cold in nature, clear heat and cool the blood, nourish yin, and promote fluid production Sweet and slightly warm in nature, supplement the blood and nourish kidney yin

Enrich and supplement kidney yin, and nourish lung yin, both as the chief medicinals

Bulbus Fritillaria (bei mu)

Enrich and nourish lung yin, moisten the Nourish the kidney and lung and relieve cough moisten the lung, Salty and cold in nature, assist the chief and all as the medicinals to nourish the kidney, and deputy medicinals subdue deficiency fire Clear heat and moisten the lung, dissolve phlegm and relieve cough

Radix Platycodonis (jie geng)

Guide the effects to the upper, dissolve phlegm and dissipate masses

main part of Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui shen)

Supplement the blood and astringe the lung and relieve cough

Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen)

Nourish yin and moisten the lung, dissolve phlegm and relieve cough

Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao)

Jade Humor Decoction (yu ye tang)

Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao)

Combine with Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) to relieve sore-throat, harmonize the actions of all medicinals, and as the envoy medicinal

Radix Astragali (huang qi)

Supplement the spleen and consolidate the kidney, raise the clear and astringe discharge, not only ascend the clear yang to transform and transport body fluids, but also contain and astringe kidney qi to store essence, both as the chief medicinals

Rhizoma Dioscoreae (shan yao) Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu) Radix Trichosanthis (tian hua fen)

Fine Jade Paste (qiong yu gao)

Radix Puerariae Lobatae (ge gen)

Assist Radix Astragali (huang qi) to ascend the clear yang of the spleen and stomach, and transport fluid to quench thirst

Endothelium Corneum Gigeriae Galli(ji nei jin)

Promote the transportation of the spleen, and transform water and grain (food and drinks) into body fluids, and reduce urination

Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi)

Sour and astringing in nature, consolidate the kidney and promote fluid production

Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang)

Enrich yin, strengthen governor of water, promote fluid production, nourish body fluids, clear deficiency fire that flames upward, cool the blood and stanch bleeding, as the chief medicinal

Mel (feng mi)

Supplement the center and moisten the lung, as the deputy medicinal

Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) Poria Alba (bai fu ling) Humor-Increasing Decoction (zeng ye tang)

Enrich yin and clear heat, promote fluid production and nourish body fluids, and moisten dryness to quench thirst, both as the deputy medicinals

Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen) Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong)

Boost qi and fortify the spleen, bank up earth (spleen) to generate metal (lung), and remove phlegm-drool, both as the assistant medicinals Bitter, salty, and cold in nature, enrich yin and moisten dryness, strengthen governor of water for restraining fire, as the chief medicinal Sweet and cold in nature, clear heat and nourish yin, strengthen governor of water and promote fluid production to strengthen the effects of enriching yin and moistening dryness, both as the deputy medicinals

Boost qi and promote fluid production, and moisten dryness to quench thirst

Enrich yin and moisten the lung, boost qi, and supplement the spleen

Increase body fluids and moisten dryness

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2. Attached formulas (Table 36.7)

TABLE 36.7 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Nourish and Moisten Internal Dryness Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Five Juice Beverage (wu zhi yin)

Initially recorded in Systematic Differentiation of Warm Diseases (wen bing tiao bian). Composed by appropriate amount of Succus Fructus Pyri (li zi zhi), Cormus Eleocharitis (bi qi), fresh Succus Rhizoma Phragmitis (xian lu gen zhi), Succus Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong zhi), and Succus Rhizomatis Nelumbinis (ou zhi). Mix evenly and take orally when it becomes cool; if the patient is not tolerant to cool, steam the ingredients in a container, and take orally when it is warm

Nourish yin with sweet-cold medicinals, clear heat, and moisten dryness

Indicated for the treatment of lung-stomach fluid consumption, with warm disease, dry pharynx, thirst, and incomplete expectoration of white spittle

Five-Juice CenterCalming Decoction (wu zhi an zhong yin)

Initially recorded in Newly-Supplemented Versified Prescriptions (xin zeng tang tou ge jue). Composed by Succus Allii Tuberosi (jiu cai zhi) 10 g, Lac Vaccae (niu ru) 100 g, Succus Rhizomatis Zingiberis (sheng jiang zhi) 3 g, Succus Fructus Pyri (li zi zhi) 30 g, and Succus Rhizomatis Nelumbinis (ou zhi) 30 g. Mix evenly and take small amounts frequently

Nourish the stomach and promote fluid production, harmonize the center, and direct counterflow downward

Indicated for the treatment of dysphagia with a pattern of fluid consumption and heat accumulation, accompanied by obstruction of swallowing with pain, solid diet is swallowed with difficulty except soup, dry mouth and pharynx, emaciation, dry and hard stool, red and dry tongue, wiry, thready and rapid pulse

Jade Spring Pill (yu quan wan)

Initially recorded in Restoration of Health From the Myriad Diseases (wan bing hui chun). Composed by Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 15 g, Radix Puerariae Lobatae (ge gen) 15 g, Radix Trichosanthis (tian hua fen) 15 g, Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu) 15 g, Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) 15 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 15 g, Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi) 15 g, Succus Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di zhi) 15 g, Semen Nelumbinis (lian zi) 15 g, Fructus Mume (wu mei) 15 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 15 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 15 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, mix with Mel (feng mi), add human milk, Lac Vaccae (niu ru), Succus Culmus Sacchari Sinensis (gan zhe zhi), Succus Fructus Pyri (li zi zhi), and Succus Rhizomatis Nelumbinis (ou zhi), and make into pills as size of marble. Take one pill each time; or as a decoction, the dosage should be reduced according to the original proportion

Boost qi and nourish yin, and promote fluid production to quench thirst

Indicated for the treatment of wasting-thirst (xia¯o kĕ) of the upper jiao due to lung-heat and fluid consumption, and damage to both qi and yin, with thirst, polydipsia, dry mouth and tongue, frequent micturition, large amounts of urine, vexing heat, profuse sweating, emaciation, red tip and margin of the tongue, thin and yellow coating, surging and rapid pulse

3. Formula differentiation (Table 36.8) TABLE 36.8 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Nourish and Moisten Internal Dryness Name of Formula Humor-Increasing Decoction (zeng ye tang) Five Juice Beverage (wu zhi yin)

Similarity

Differences

Both have the effects of promoting fluid production and increasing body fluids

It can increase body fluids and moisten dryness, and is indicated for the treatment of fluid consumption and intestinal dryness, yangming warm disease, and fluid insufficiency with constipation. It treats syndrome in the lower jiao. Five kinds of juice are sweet and cold in nature, can clear heat and promote fluid production, nourish the fluid and moisten dryness, and can be indicated for the treatment of fluid consumption in warm disease, with thirst and expectoration of sticking spittle due to lungstomach fluid consumption. It treats syndrome in the upper jiao

Chapter 37

Formulas That Dispel Dampness Chapter Outline Section 1 Formulas That Remove Dampness and Harmonize the Stomach Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas Section 2 Formulas That Clear Heat and Dispel Dampness Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas Section 3 Formulas That Promote Urination and Percolate Dampness Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas

742 742 742 747 747 748

Section 4 Formulas That Warm and Dissolve Water-Dampness Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas Section 5 Formulas That Dispel Wind and Overcome Dampness Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas

768 768 769 775 775 775

761 761 762

ABSTRACT Formulas that are mainly composed of herbs that dispel dampness, have the effect of removing dampness and promoting urination, relieving strangury and directing the turbid downward, and used for the treatment of water-dampness syndromes or diseases are called “Formulas That Dispel Dampness.” Formulas that dispel dampness are divided into five categories: formulas that remove dampness and harmonize the stomach, clear heat and dispel dampness, promote urination and percolate dampness, warm and dissolve water-dampness, and dispel wind and overcome dampness. Keywords: formulas that remove dampness and harmonize the stomach; formulas that clear heat and dispel dampness; formulas that promote urination and percolate dampness; formulas that warm and dissolve water-dampness; formulas that dispel wind and overcome dampness

Formulas that are mainly composed of herbs that dispel dampness, have the effect of removing dampness and promoting urination, relieving strangury and directing the turbid downward, and used for the treatment of water-dampness syndromes or diseases are called “Formulas That Dispel Dampness.” The therapeutic method of these formulas is set up according to “Those restricted by pathogenic dampness should be dried with bitter medicinals and discharged with bland medicinals” and “Flush the bladder to restore normal bladder qi transformation (medicinal treatment principle)” in The Yellow Emperor’s Inner Classic (huang di nei jing), which belongs to one of the eight (medicinal treatment) methods: dispersing. Dampness is different to water but both belong to the same kind. Dampness is the commence of water, and water is the extreme of dampness. Syndromes or disease caused by pathogenic dampness can be divided into external and internal dampness pattern, both of which are often complicated. If pathogenic dampness locates in the exterior or in the upper body, it can be treated by slightly inducing sweating to disperse. If pathogenic dampness locates in the interior or in the lower body, it can be treated with fragrant medicinals to dry or with sweet and bland medicinals to percolate and drain it. For exuberant water-dampness obstruction with a pattern of both body and qi excess, it can be treated through expelling by purgation. For transformation of dampness into cold, it can be treated through warming yang and removing dampness. For transformation of dampness into heat, it can be treated through clearing heat and dispelling dampness. For turbid strangury

Essentials of Chinese Materia Medica and Medical Formulas. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812722-3.00037-3 Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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and leukorrhea due to damp-turbidity pouring downward, they can be treated through raising the clear and directing the turbid downward. Therefore, formulas that dispel dampness are divided into five categories: (1) formulas that remove dampness and harmonize the stomach, (2) formulas that clear heat and dispel dampness, (3) formulas that promote urination and percolate dampness, (4) formulas that warm and dissolve water-dampness, and (5) formulas that dispel wind and overcome dampness. Among the five categories, formulas that are used for external dampness through inducing sweating have been introduced in Chapter 22 and formulas that used for exuberant water-dampness obstruction through expelling water by purgation have been introduced in Chapter 23. Water-dampness syndromes or diseases are closely related to malfunction of the lung, spleen, and kidney. Therefore, formulas that dispel dampness are often combined with herbs that diffuse and govern descent of lung qi, herbs that fortify the spleen and assist transportation, or herbs that warm the kidney and transform qi. In addition, sanjiao qi obstruction can cause failure in removing and ditching, and lead to difficult micturition, so smooth qi movement of the sanjiao, and assist the bladder qi transformation (function of the urinary bladder) can be in favor of dispelling and eliminating waterdampness. Dampness belongs to yin pathogen and it is heavy, turbid, sticky, and greasy in nature, and easy to obstruct qi movement. Moreover, blocking of qi movement can further cause pathogenic dampness failure to be transported and transformed, so formulas that dispel dampness are also often combined with herbs that rectify qi to promote qi transformation and remove dampness. Formulas that dispel dampness are usually composed of herbs that are warm and dry and fragrant in nature or herbs that percolate and drain dampness and are bland in nature, and easy to consume and damage yin fluid (body fluids). The herbs with acrid-fragrant nature easily consume qi, and the herbs that dry, percolate, and drain with bitter nature are a hindrance to fetus original qi. Therefore, the use of formulas that dispel dampness should be cautious in patients with yin blood insufficiency at all time or physically weak constitution after illness, or pregnant women with edema.

SECTION 1  FORMULAS THAT REMOVE DAMPNESS AND HARMONIZE THE STOMACH Outline Formulas that remove dampness and harmonize the stomach are suitable for the treatment of spleen and stomach disharmony caused by internal exuberance of damp-turbidity, with pĭ and fullness in the stomach cavity and abdomen, belching and acid swallowing, vomiting and diarrhea, less eating, and weariness. They are usually composed of herbs that dry dampness with bitter and warm natures or herbs that remove dampness with fragrant nature, such as Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu), Herba Agastachis (huo xiang), Fructus Amomi Kravanh (bai dou kou), and Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi). Internal exuberance of damp-turbidity is easy to obstruct qi movement or complicated by external pathogens, such as wind and cold, so formulas in this category are often combined with herbs that move qi, release the exterior, or harmonize the center. The representative formulas are Stomach-Calming Powder (ping wei san) and Agastache Qi-Correcting Powder (huo xiang zheng qi san).

Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 1. Primary formulas and analysis (Tables 37.1 and 37.2)

Formulas That Dispel Dampness Chapter | 37

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TABLE 37.1 Efficacy and Applications of Common Formulas That Remove Dampness and Harmonize the Stomach Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Agastache Qi-Correcting Powder (huo xiang zheng qi san)

StomachCalming Powder (ping wei san)

Caution for Use

Efficacy and Indications

Modified Clinical Applications

Initially recorded in Beneficial Formulas from the Taiping Imperial Pharmacy (tai ping hui min he ji ju fang). Composed of Pericarpium Arecae (da fu pi) 30 g, Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi) 30 g, Folium Perillae (zi su ye) 30 g, Poria (fu ling) 30 g, Rhizoma Pinelliae Fermentata (ban xia qu) 60 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 60 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 60 g, Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po) 60 g, Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) 60 g, Herba Agastachis (huo xiang) 90 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 75 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, and take in 6 g doses with decoctiong of Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 3 pieces and Fructus Jujubae (da zao) 1 piece; or add Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 3 pieces and Fructus Jujubae (da zao) 1 piece and decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Release the exterior and remove dampness, rectify qi, and harmonize the center. Indicated for the treatment of externally contracted wind-cold, internal damage and dampness stagnation, cholera and vomiting and diarrhea, fever and aversion to cold, headache, fullness and oppression in the chest and diaphragm, pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen, white and greasy coating, floating or soggy and moderate pulse; or malignant malaria

For more evident exterior cold with aversion to cold and absence of sweating, add Herba Moslae (xiang ru) or increase the dosage of Folium Perillae (zi su ye) and Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi) to strengthen the effects of releasing the exterior and dissipating cold; for more evident interior dampness with white, thick, and greasy coating, change Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu) into Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) to strengthen the effect of removing dampness; for yellow coating due to internal dampness transforming into heat, add Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) and Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi); for distending pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen due to qi stagnation, add Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) and Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum (chen xiang) to strengthen the effects of moving qi and relieving pain; complicated by acid swallowing and vomiting the rotten food due to retention of food and drink, remove Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) and Chinese date, and add Massa Medicata Fermentata (shen qu) and Semen Raphani (lai fu zi) to promote digestion and resolve [food] stagnation; for diarrhea and scanty urine due to dampness pouring the intestine, add Semen Coicis (yi yi ren) and Semen Plantaginis (che qian zi) to drain dampness and arrest diarrhea

This formula is acrid, fragrant, warm and dry in nature, its use is prohibited in patients with vigorous fire due to yin deficiency. It is also not suitable for patients with cholera with a pattern of damp-heat

Initially recorded in Beneficial Formulas from the Taiping Imperial Pharmacy (tai ping hui min he ji ju fang). Composed of Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu) 15 g, Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po) 9 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 9 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 4 g. Grind the ingredients into fine powder, and take in 4–6 g doses with decoction of Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 2 pieces and Fructus Jujubae (da zao) 2 pieces; or decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Dry dampness and fortify the spleen, move qi and harmonize the stomach. Indicated for the treatment of dampness stagnating in the spleen and stomach, with distention and fullness in the stomach cavity and abdomen, no desire to eat or drink, bland taste in the mouth, vomiting and nausea, belching and acid swallowing, heaviness of the limbs, laziness and somnolence, diarrhea, white, greasy and thick coating, and moderate pulse

For yellow and greasy coating due to dampness transforming into heat, add Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) and Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) to clear heat and dry dampness; for more evident cold-damp with cold body and limbs, add Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang), Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) and Fructus Evodiae (wu zhu yu) to warm and dissipate cold-damp; complicated by difficulty in digestion, abdominal distention and constipation due to dyspeptic retention, add Semen Raphani (lai fu zi) and Semen Arecae Praepareta (jiao bing lang) to promote digestion and resolve [food] stagnation; for more evident diarrhea due to exuberance of pathogenic dampness, add Poria (fu ling) and Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie) to drain dampness and arrest diarrhea

There are herbs with acrid, bitter, warm, and dry in nature in this formula, so it is not suitable for patients with yin-fluid insufficiency or spleenstomach weakness or pregnant women

744 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 37.2 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Remove Dampness and Harmonize the Stomach Name of Formula Agastache Qi-Correcting Powder (huo xiang zheng qi san)

Efficacy Analysis Herba Agastachis (huo xiang) Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) Poria (fu ling) Rhizoma Pinelliae Fermentata(ban xia qu) Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) Folium Perillae (zi su ye) Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi) Pericarpium Arecae (da fu pi) Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po) Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) Fructus Jujubae (da zao)

Stomach-Calming Powder (ping wei san)

Acrid, fragrant, and warm in nature, dissipate exterior cold and remove internal stagnation of spleen-stomach dampness, dispel filth, and arrest vomiting, and as the chief medicinal Fortify the spleen and transport dampness to arrest diarrhea

Rectify qi and dry dampness, harmonize the stomach, and direct counterflow downward to arrest vomiting Acrid and warm in nature, disperse, assist Herba Agastachis (huo xiang) to dissipate wind-cold; Folium Perillae (zi su ye) also can awaken the spleen and loosen the center, move qi, and arrest vomiting; Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi) also can dry dampness and remove turbidity Move qi and remove dampness, smooth the center, and move stagnation

Release the exterior and remove dampness, rectify qi, and harmonize the center

Diffuse the lung and promote diaphragm function, assist to release the exterior, and remove dampness Regulate the spleen and stomach and harmonize nutrient and defensive aspects

Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao)

Harmonize the actions of all medicinals, and assist Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) and Fructus Jujubae (da zao) to harmonize the center, and as the envoy medicinal

Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu)

Acrid, fragrant, bitter, and warm in nature, dry dampness and activate the spleen, and as the chief medicinal

Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po) Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) Fructus Jujubae (da zao)

Acrid, warm, and dispersing in nature, move qi and eliminate fullness, and dry dampness, and as the deputy medicinal Acrid and warm in nature, rectify qi and harmonize the stomach, dry dampness and awaken the spleen, and assist the chief and deputy medicinals to dry dampness, and move qi

Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang)

Both warm in nature, regulate and harmonize the spleen and stomach

Sweet and neutral in nature, boost qi and supplement the center, and harmonize the actions of all medicinals, and as the envoy medicinal

Dry dampness and fortify the spleen, move qi, and harmonize the stomach

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2. Attached formulas (Table 37.3)

TABLE 37.3 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Remove Dampness and Harmonize the Stomach Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indications

Priceless Qi-Rectifying Powder (bu huan jin zheng qi san)

Initially recorded in Simple Formulas (yi jian fang). Composed of Herba Agastachis (huo xiang) 10 g, Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po) 10 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 10 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu) 10 g, Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) 10 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 10 g. Add Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 3 pieces, and decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Release the exterior and remove dampness, harmonize the stomach, and arrest vomiting

Indicated for the treatment of internal stagnation of dampturbidity complicated by exterior cold pattern, with vomiting, abdominal distention, aversion to cold, fever, or cholera with vomiting and diarrhea, or no acclimatization, white and greasy coating

BupleurumCalming Decoction (chai ping tang)

Initially recorded in The Complete Works of [Zhang] Jingyue (jing yue quan shu). Composed of Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 6 g, Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) 6 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 6 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 6 g, Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po) 6 g, and Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu) 6 g. Add Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 2 pieces and Fructus Jujubae (da zao) 2 pieces, and decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Harmonize shaoyang, dispel dampness, and harmonize the stomach

Indicated for the treatment of dampness malaria, accompanied with general pain, heavy sensation of the hand and feet, more cold less heat, and soggy pulse

One QiRectifying Variant Powder (yi jia jian zheng qi san)

Initially recorded in Systematic Differentiation of Warm Diseases (wen bing tiao bian). Composed of Herba Agastachis (huo xiang) 6 g, Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po) 9 g, Cutis Poriae (fu ling pi) 6 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 3 g, Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren) 6 g, Massa Medicata Fermentata (shen qu) 4.5 g, Herba Artemisiae Scopariae (mian yin chen) 6 g, and Pericarpium Arecae (da fu pi) 3 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Drain dampness and remove turbidity, rectify qi, and harmonize the center

Indicated for the treatment of dampness obstruction and qi stagnation, with distention in the stomach cavity and abdomen, and incomplete due to damp constraint of the sanjiao, disorder of ascending and descending

Two QiRectifying Variant Powder (er jia jian zheng qi san)

Initially recorded in Systematic Differentiation of Warm Diseases (wen bing tiao bian). Composed of Herba Agastachis (huo xiang) 9 g, Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po) 6 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 6 g, Cutis Poriae (fu ling pi) 9 g, Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae (fang ji) 9 g, Semen Sojae Germinatum (da dou huang juan) 6 g, Medulla Tetrapanacis (tong cao) 4.5 g, and Semen Coicis (yi yi ren) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Remove turbidity with fragrant medicinals, drain dampness, and unblock the collaterals

Indicated for the treatment of dampness obstructing the middle jiao and channels and collaterals, with oppression in the stomach cavity, loose stool, body pain, and white coating due to damp constraint of the sanjiao

Three QiRectifying Variant Powder (san jia jian zheng qi san)

Initially recorded in Systematic Differentiation of Warm Diseases (wen bing tiao bian). Composed of Herba Agastachis (huo xiang) 9 g, Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po) 6 g, Cutis Poriae (fu ling pi) 9 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 4.5 g, Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren) 9 g, and Talcum (hua shi) 15 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Clear heat and drain dampness, diffuse and smooth qi movement

Indicated for the treatment of damp constraint transforming into heat, with oppression in the chest and stomach cavity, and yellow coating due to failure of qi movement to diffuse and brewing heat (Continued )

746 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 37.3 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Remove Dampness and Harmonize the Stomach (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indications

Four QiRectifying Variant Powder (si jia jian zheng qi san)

Initially recorded in Systematic Differentiation of Warm Diseases (wen bing tiao bian). Composed of Herba Agastachis (huo xiang) 9 g, Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po) 6 g, Poria (fu ling) 9 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 4.5 g, Fructus Tsaoko (cao guo) 3 g, Fructus Crataegi (shan zha) 15 g, and Massa Medicata Fermentata (shen qu) 6 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Dispel dampness and activate the spleen, promote digestion, and harmonize the stomach

Indicated for the treatment of dampness obstructing the spleen and stomach complicated by dyspeptic retention, with white and glossy coating, and moderate right pulse due to turbid dampness fixing in interior and pathogen obstructing in qi aspect

Five QiRectifying Variant Powder (wu jia jian zheng qi san)

Initially recorded in Systematic Differentiation of Warm Diseases (wen bing tiao bian). Composed of Herba Agastachis (huo xiang) 6 g, Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po) 6 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 4.5 g, Poria (fu ling) 9 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu) 6 g, Pericarpium Arecae (da fu pi) 4.5 g, and Fructus Setariae Germinatus (gu ya) 3 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Dry dampness and fortify the spleen, move qi, and remove turbidity

Indicated for the treatment of cold-damp obstructing in the middle jiao, with oppression in the stomach cavity and diarrhea due to turbid damp fixing in interior

Six Harmony Decoction (liu he tang)

Initially recorded in Beneficial Formulas from the Taiping Imperial Pharmacy (tai ping hui min he ji ju fang). Composed of Fructus Amomi (sha ren) 5 g, Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) 5 g, Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren) 5 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 5 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 5 g, Poria Rubra (chi fu ling) 10 g, Folium Agastachis (huo xiang ye) 10 g, Semen Lablab Album (bai bian dou) 10 g, Fructus Chaenomelis (mu gua) 10 g, Herba Moslae (xiang ru) 15 g, and Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po) 15 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Dispel summer heat and remove dampness, fortify the spleen, and harmonize the stomach

Indicated for the treatment of dampness damaging the spleen and stomach, and summer heatdamp invading the exterior, with cholera, vomiting and diarrhea, fatigue and somnolence, pĭ and fullness in the chest and diaphragm, white and glossy coating

Pure Yang QiRectifying Pill (chun yang zheng qi wan)

Initially recorded in Chinese traditional patent formulation of Combinations (zhong yao cheng fang pei ben). Composed of Herba Agastachis (huo xiang) 30 g, Rhizoma Pinelliae Praeparatum (fa ban xia) 30 g, Radix Aristolochiae (qing mu xiang) 30 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 30 g, Flos Caryophylli (ding xiang) 30 g, Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) 30 g, dry-fried Rhizoma Atractylodis (chao cang zhu) 30 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 30 g, and Poria (fu ling) 30 g. Grind the ingredients into fine powder, add Red Wonder Pellet (hong ling dan)12 g, mix evenly, then decoct Pericarpium Zanthoxyli (hua jiao) 15 g with water, use this decoction and the above powder to make water pills, and take in 3 g doses with boiled water, 2 times a day

Dispel summer heat and dissipate cold, remove dampness, and harmonize the center

Indicated for the treatment of vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain due to contracting cold in summer, with diarrhea, abdominal pain and spasms, reversal cold of the hands and feet, nausea and vomiting, oppression in the stomach cavity, less eating, heavy body, light red tongue with white and greasy coating, and soggy pulse

Agastache, Magnolia, Pinellia, and Poria Decoction (huo po xia ling tang)

Initially recorded in Bases of Medicine (yi yuan). Composed of Herba Agastachis (huo xiang) 6 g, Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) 4.5 g, Poria Rubra (chi fu ling) 9 g, Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren) 9 g, raw Semen Coicis (sheng yi yi ren) 12 g, Fructus Amomi Kravanh (bai dou kou) 3 g, Medulla Tetrapanacis (tong cao) 3 g, Polyporus (zhu ling) 9 g, Semen Sojae Praeparatum (dan dou chi) 9 g, Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie) 4.5 g, and Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po) 3 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Rectify qi and remove dampness, release the exterior, and harmonize the center

Indicated for the treatment of damp-warm in the initial stage complicated by exterior pattern, with fever and aversion to cold, lassitude, chest oppression, greasy taste in the mouth, thin and white coating, soggy and moderate pulse

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3. Formula differentiation (Table 37.4)

TABLE 37.4 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Remove Dampness and Harmonize the Stomach Name of Formula

Similarity

Differences

Priceless Qi-Rectifying Powder (bu huan jin zheng qi san)

Both are the formulas modified from the Stomach-Calming Powder (ping wei san), and can be used for the treatment of dampness syndrome

It is composed of Stomach-Calming Powder (ping wei san) plus Herba Agastachis (huo xiang) and Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia), and has the effects of drying dampness and harmonizing the stomach, directing counterflow downward, and arresting vomiting. It also can release the exterior, and is suitable for the treatment of pathogenic dampness obstructing in the middle jiao complicated by exterior cold

Bupleurum-Calming Decoction (chai ping tang)

Six Harmony Decoction (liu he tang)

Agastache Qi-Correcting Powder (huo xiang zheng qi san)

It is the combined formula of Stomach-Calming Powder (ping wei san) and Minor Bupleurum Decoction (xiao chai hu tang), and has the effects of harmonizing shaoyang, drying dampness and dissolving phlegm and harmonizing the stomach, and is used for the treatment of dampness malaria caused by usual excessive phlegm-damp, contracting external pathogen, and phlegm-damp obstructing the shaoyang channel, accompanied with more chills and less fever Both contain Herba Agastachis (huo xiang), Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po), Poria (fu ling), Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao), Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang), and Fructus Jujubae (da zao), can release the exterior and dissipate cold, remove dampness and harmonize the center, and are suitable for the treatment of cholera with vomiting and diarrhea due to external cold and internal dampness

It increases the dosage of Herba Moslae (xiang ru) and selects Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen), Fructus Chaenomelis (mu gua) and Semen Lablab Album (bai bian dou) to combine, and is good at dispelling summer heat and releasing the exterior, supplementing the spleen and removing dampness, and suitable for the treatment of cholera with vomiting and diarrhea caused by summer heat-damp damaging the spleen and stomach (usual weakness of the spleen and stomach), and no separation of the clear and the turbid It selects Herba Agastachis (huo xiang) as the chief medicinal, and combines with Folium Perillae (zi su ye), Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi), Radix Platycodonis (jie geng), and Pericarpium Arecae (da fu pi), and is good at releasing the exterior and dissipating cold, rectifying qi and fortifying the spleen, and especially suitable for the treatment of cholera with vomiting and diarrhea caused by externally contracted wind-cold, dampness obstructing qi movement, accompanied with chills and fever, body pain, and more evident abdominal distention and vomiting and diarrhea

SECTION 2  FORMULAS THAT CLEAR HEAT AND DISPEL DAMPNESS Outline Formulas that clear heat and dispel dampness are suitable for the treatment of damp-warm (dampness prevalent diseases), jaundice, cholera, heat strangury, dysentery, diarrhea, and wĕi (atrophy) bì syndrome caused by externally contracted dampheat or internal exuberance of damp-heat and damp-heat pouring downward. Formulas in this category are usually composed of herbs that clear heat and drain dampness, such as Herba Artemisiae Scopariae (yin chen), Talcum (hua shi), and Semen Coicis (yi yi ren), or herbs that clear heat and dry dampness, such as Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian), Radix Scutellariae (huang qin), and Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai). pathogenic dampness is easy to obstruct qi movement, formulas that clear heat and dispel dampness are often combined with Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren), Radix Platycodonis (jie geng), Fructus Amomi Kravanh (bai dou kou), Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po), and Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) to smooth qi movement. The representative formulas are Three Kernels Decoction (san ren tang), Sweet Dew Toxin-Removing Elixir (gan lu xiao du dan), Virgate Wormwood Decoction (yin chen hao tang), Coptis and Officinal Magnolia Bark Beverage (lian po yin), Two Mysterious Powder (er miao san), and Eight Corrections Powder (ba zheng san).

748 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 1. Primary formulas and analysis (Tables 37.5 and 37.6)

TABLE 37.5 Efficacy and Applications of Common Formulas That Clear Heat and Dispel Dampness Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Three Kernels Decoction (san ren tang)

Caution for Use

Efficacy and Indications

Modified Clinical Applications

Initially recorded in Systematic Differentiation of Warm Diseases (wen bing tiao bian). Composed of Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren) 15 g, Talcum (hua shi) 18 g, Medulla Tetrapanacis (tong cao) 6 g, Fructus Amomi Kravanh (bai dou kou) 6 g, Folium Phyllostachydis Henonis (zhu ye) 6 g, Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po) 6 g, Semen Coicis (yi yi ren) 18 g, and Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) 10 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Diffuse and smooth qi movement, clear heat, and drain dampness. Indicated for the treatment of damp-warm disease with a pattern of dampness predominating over heat, accompanied with headache, aversion to cold, heavy body with pain, light yellowish complexion, chest oppression without hungering, afternoon general fever, white tongue, no thirst, wiry and thready and soggy pulse

For damp-warm in the initial stage with evident symptoms in the wei aspect, add Herba Agastachis (huo xiang) and Herba Eupatorii (pei lan); for latent dampness in the pleurodiaphragmatic interspace (membrane-source; mó yuán) with alternating chills and fever, add Herba Artemisiae Annuae (qing hao) and Fructus Tsaoko (cao guo); for complicated by filthy turbidity with nausea and vomiting, add Herba Eupatorii (pei lan) and Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (shi chang pu); for preponderance of heat with yellow and greasy coating, add Radix Scutellariae (huang qin)

It is not suitable for patients with preponderance of heat over dampness accompanied with red tongue with yellow and greasy coating

Sweet Dew ToxinRemoving Elixir (gan lu xiao du dan)

Initially recorded in The Secret Transmission of Medical Effectiveness (yi xiao mi chuan). Composed of Talcum (hua shi) 450 g, Herba Artemisiae Scopariae (mian yin chen) 330 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 300 g, Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (shi chang pu) 180 g, Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae (chuan bei mu) 150 g, Caulis Akebiae (mu tong) 150 g, Herba Agastachis (huo xiang) 120 g, Rhizoma Belamcandae (she gan) 120 g, Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao) 120 g, Herba Menthae (bo he) 120 g, and Fructus Amomi Kravanh (bai dou kou) 120 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, and take in 9 g doses

Drain dampness and remove turbidity, clear heat, and resolve toxins. Indicated for the treatment of seasonal epidemic damp-warm with a pattern of both preponderance of heat and dampness, accompanied with general fever, fatigue, chest oppression, abdominal distention, soreness of the limbs, swelling of the throat and cheeks, scanty and reddish urine, irregular stool, white and greasy, or thick and greasy coating, or dry yellow coating, or diarrhea, turbid strangury, and jaundice

For more evident swelling and pain in the throat and cheeks, add Radix et Rhizoma Sophorae Tonkinensis (shan dou gen), Radix Isatidis (ban lan gen), and Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi) to strengthen the effects of resolving toxins and relieving sore-throat; for more evident jaundice, add Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi) and Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) to strengthen the effects of promoting gallbladder function and relieving jaundice

It is not suitable for patients with yin deficiency

Coptis and Officinal Magnolia Bark Beverage (lian po yin)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Sudden Turmoil (huo luan lun). Composed of prepared Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (zhi hou po) 6 g, Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 3 g, Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (shi chang pu) 3 g, Semen Sojae Praeparatum (xiang dou chi) 9 g, Fructus Gardeniae Praeparatus (jiao zhi zi) 9 g, prepared Rhizoma Pinelliae (zhi ban xia) 3 g, and Rhizoma Phragmitis (lu gen) 60 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Clear heat and remove dampness, rectify qi, and harmonize the center. Indicated for the treatment of damp-heat cholera, with vomiting and diarrhea, pĭ and oppression in the chest and stomach cavity, vexation and irritability, scanty and reddish urine, yellow and greasy coating, slippery and rapid pulse

For more evident diarrhea, add Semen Coicis (yi yi ren), Poria (fu ling), and Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie) to drain dampness and arrest diarrhea; for diarrhea with rectal heaviness due to damp-heat damaging qi and blood of the intestines, add Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) and Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) to harmonize qi and blood

Its use is prohibited in patients with cold-damp cholera

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TABLE 37.5 Efficacy and Applications of Common Formulas That Clear Heat and Dispel Dampness (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Virgate Wormwood Decoction (yin chen hao tang)

Eight Corrections Powder (ba zheng san)

Caution for Use

Efficacy and Indications

Modified Clinical Applications

Initially recorded in Treatise on Cold Damage (shang han lun). Composed of Herba Artemisiae Scopariae (yin chen) 18 g, Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi) 9 g and Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Clear heat, drain dampness, and relieve jaundice. Indicated for the treatment of dampheat jaundice, with bright orange skin and eyes, general fever, absence of sweating or only head sweating, thirst with desire to drink, nausea and vomiting, mild fullness in the abdomen, scanty and reddish urine, red tongue with yellow and greasy coating, slippery and rapid pulse or deep and excess pulse

For nausea and vomiting, less eating and poor appetite, and digestion complicated by dyspeptic retention, add Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) and Massa Medicata Fermentata (shen qu) to harmonize the stomach and promote digestion; complicated by dysfunction of shaoyang with alternating chills and fever, add Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) and Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) to harmonize shaoyang; for distention and fullness and pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen, add Radix Curcumae (yu jin) and Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi) to move qi and activate the spleen and relieve pain; for preponderance of dampness over heat with less eating, scanty urine and loose stool, but mild fever and thirst, add Poria (fu ling) and Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie) to percolate and drain dampness; for preponderance of heat over dampness with red tongue and yellow and dry coating, add Radix et Rhizoma Gentianae (long dan), Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati (hu zhang), and Herba Taraxaci (pu gong ying) to clear and drain the liver-gallbladder heat; for more evident pain in the hypochondrium due to liver failing to govern the free flow of qi, add Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) and Fructus Toosendan (chuan lian zi) to soothe the liver and rectify qi

It is not suitable for patients with cold-damp jaundice. It should be cautiuosly used in pregnant women

Initially recorded in Beneficial Formulas from the Taiping Imperial Pharmacy (tai ping hui min he ji ju fang). Composed of Semen Plantaginis (che qian zi) 9 g, Herba Dianthi (qu mai) 9 g, Herba Polygoni Avicularis (bian xu) 9 g, Talcum (hua shi) 9 g, Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 9 g, Caulis Akebiae (mu tong) 9 g, and roasted Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (wei da huang) 9 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, and take in 6–10 g doses with decoction of Medulla Junci (deng xin cao); or as a decoction, add Medulla Junci (deng xin cao), the dosage should be reduced according to the original proportion

Clear heat and discharge fire, promote urination, and relieve strangury. Indicated for the treatment of dampheat strangury, with frequent and (or) urgent micturition, turbid and reddish urine, difficult, dribbling, and painful urination, even painful urination and urine retention, spasmodic fullness in the lesser abdomen, dry mouth and throat, yellow and greasy coating, and slippery and rapid pulse

For constipation and abdominal distention, change roasted Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (wei da huang) into raw Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (sheng da huang) and add Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi) to unblock the bowels and discharge heat; if complicated by alternating chills and fever, bitter taste in the mouth, vomiting and nausea, combine with Minor Bupleurum Decoction (xiao chai hu tang) to harmonize shaoyang; for bloody urine due to heat damaging the superficial venules of the bladder, add Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang), Herba Cirsii (xiao ji), Rhizoma Imperatae (bai mao gen), and Herba Ecliptae (han lian cao) to cool the blood and stanch bleeding; for stony strangury with difficult and painful urination due to damp-heat accumulation, add Spora Lygodii (hai jin sha), Folium Pyrrosiae (shi wei), and Herba Lysimachiae (jin qian cao) to expel stones and relieve strangury; for more evident turbid urine (chylous strangury), add Rhizoma Dioscoreae Hypoglaucae (bi xie) and Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (shi chang pu) to raise the clear and drain the turbid downward

This formula is bitter and cold in nature and has the dredging effect, and not suitable for pregnant women and patients with weakness of the stomach

(Continued )

750 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 37.5 Efficacy and Applications of Common Formulas That Clear Heat and Dispel Dampness (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Two Mysterious Powder (er miao san)

Buffalo Horn Powder (niu jiao san)

Caution for Use

Efficacy and Indications

Modified Clinical Applications

Initially recorded in Teachings of [Zhu] Dan-xi (dan xi xin fa). Composed of Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai) 15 g and Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu) 15 g. Grind the ingredients into powder and take in 3–5 g doses; or make into pills and take in 5 g doses; or decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Clear heat and dry dampness. Indicated for the treatment of dampheat pouring downward, with painful sinews and bones, or flaccid and forceless feet, or red swelling and hot pain of the feet and knees, or eczema in the lower body, scanty and reddish urine, or damp-heat leukorrhea, and yellow and greasy coating

According to the mildness or severeness of dampness and heat, regulate the dosage of Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai) and Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu); for painful sinews and bones, red swelling and hot pain of the feet and knees as the main symptoms, add Herba Siegesbeckiae (xi xian cao), Fructus Chaenomelis (mu gua), Caulis Lonicerae Japonicae (ren dong teng), and Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati (hu zhang) to clear heat and dispel dampness and unblock collaterals; for flaccid sinews and bones due to dampheat, add Herba Siegesbeckiae (xi xian cao), Fructus Chaenomelis (mu gua), and Rhizoma Dioscoreae Hypoglaucae (bi xie) to dispel damp-heat and strengthen the sinews and bones; for weak foot due to damp-heat, add Semen Coicis (yi yi ren), Fructus Chaenomelis (mu gua), and Semen Arecae (bing lang) to percolate dampness and direct the turbid downward; for eczema as the main symptom, add Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (jin yin hua), Semen Phaseoli (chi xiao dou), Radix Sophorae Flavescentis (ku shen), Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae (tu fu ling), and Fructus Kochiae (di fu zi) to clear heat and dispel dampness and resolve toxins; for damp-heat leukorrhea as the main symptom, add Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae (tu fu ling), Herba Patriniae (bai jiang cao), and Cortex Ailanthi (chun gen pi) to clear heat and drain dampness and arrest vaginal discharge

It is not suitable for patients with wĕi (atrophy) due to liver-kidney depletion, and lung-heat leading to fluid consumption

Initially recorded in Miraculous and Skillful Complete Formulas (shen qiao wan quan fang). Composed of Cornu Bubali (shui niu jiao) 30 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 90 g, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 90 g, Semen Vaccariae (wang bu liu xing) 30 g, Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao) 45 g, Pollen Typhae (pu huang) 30 g, Folium Pyrrosiae (shi wei) 30 g, Caulis Akebiae (mu tong) 45 g, Fructus Malvae (dong kui zi) 45 g, Talcum (hua shi) 30 g, and Semen Plantaginis (che qian zi) 60 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, and take in 10 g doses; or as a decoction, the dosage should be reduced

Relieve strangury and expel stones, cool the blood and stanch bleeding. Indicated for the treatment of stony strangury and blood strangury due to dampheat accumulation, with urinating containing stone or broken blood streak and blood clots, difficult and dribbling urination, spasmodic pain and oppression in the lesser abdomen, red tongue with yellow or greasy coating, and rapid pulse

For stony strangury as the main symptom, add Herba Lysimachiae (jin qian cao) and Spora Lygodii (hai jin sha) to strengthen the effects of relieving strangury and expelling stones; for bloody strangury as the main symptom, decrease the dosage of Fructus Malvae (dong kui zi) and add Herba Cirsii (xiao ji), Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang), and Nodus Nelumbinis Rhizomatis (ou jie) to cool the blood and stanch bleeding; for thirst and slight coating due to yin deficiency resulting in vigorous fire, add Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu) and Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai) to enrich yin and subdue fire

Its use is prohibited in patients with strangury due to overstrain accompanied with qi deficiency

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751

TABLE 37.5 Efficacy and Applications of Common Formulas That Clear Heat and Dispel Dampness (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Chinese Angelica PainAlleviating Decoction (dang gui nian tong tang)

Initially recorded in Secrets from the Orchid Chamber (lan shi mi cang). Composed of Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 4.5 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 6 g, Radix Sophorae Flavescentis (ku shen) 6 g, Rhizoma Cimicifugae (sheng ma) 6 g, Radix Puerariae Lobatae (ge gen) 6 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu) 6 g, Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 9 g, Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu) 9 g, Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie) 9 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 9 g, Polyporus (zhu ling) 9 g, main part of Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui shen) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 15 g, Herba Artemisiae Scopariae (yin chen) 15 g, and Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo) 15 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Efficacy and Indications

Modified Clinical Applications

Drain dampness and clear heat, scatter wind, and relieve pain. Indicated for the treatment of winddamp-heat bì syndrome, with excessive pain in the limbs and joints, heavy shoulder and back, or all over body pain, or weak foot with swelling and pain, sore in the feet and knees, white, greasy and light yellow coating, and wiry and rapid or soggy and rapid pulse

Complicated by more evident pain of the limbs and joints due to collaterals obstruction, add Ramulus Mori (sang zhi), Rhizoma Curcumae Longae (jiang huang), and Cortex Erythrinae (hai tong pi) to dispel wind and invigorate blood, unblock the collaterals and relieve pain; for more evident heavy feet and knees with swelling and pain due to dampness retention in the joints, add Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae (fang ji), Fructus Chaenomelis (mu gua) and Radix et Rhizoma Clematidis (wei ling xian) to assist the effects of dispelling dampness and diffusing bì and relieving swelling; for sores in the feet and knees with scorching pain, add Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (jin yin hua), Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao), and Flos Chrysanthemi Indici (ye ju hua) to clear heat and resolve toxins

Caution for Use Its use is prohibited in patients with cold-damp bì syndrome

TABLE 37.6 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Clear Heat and Dispel Dampness Name of Formula Three Kernels Decoction (san ren tang)

Efficacy Analysis Talcum (hua shi)

Sweet, bland, and cold in nature, clear heat and drain dampness, and resolve summer heat, as the chief medicinal

Semen Coicis (yi yi ren)

Percolate and drain dampness with bland nature, and guide damp-heat out from the lower jiao

Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren)

Bitter and slightly warm in nature, diffuse lung qi in the upper jiao to promote qi transformation, and remove dampness

Fructus Amomi Kravanh (bai dou kou)

Aromatic in nature, remove dampness, move qi and relieve chest stiffness, and promote spleen qi to assist the effect of dispelling dampness

Medulla Tetrapanacis (tong cao)

Bland and slightly cold in nature, clear heat and promote urination, and drain dampness

Folium Phyllostachydis Henonis (zhu ye)

Sweet, acrid, bland, and cold in nature, clear heat and drain dampness, and combine with Medulla Tetrapanacis (tong cao) to assist the chief medicinal to drain dampness and clear heat

Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia)

Acrid and warm in nature, eliminate dampness, and disperse pĭ

Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po)

Bitter, acrid, and warm in nature, move qi and relieve abdominal fullness, remove dampness, and harmonize the stomach

Clear damp-heat from the sanjiao, and all as the deputy medicinals

Diffuse and smooth qi movement, clear heat, and drain dampness

(Continued )

752 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 37.6 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Clear Heat and Dispel Dampness (cont.) Name of Formula

Efficacy Analysis

Sweet Dew ToxinRemoving Elixir (gan lu xiao du dan)

Talcum (hua shi) Herba Artemisiae Scopariae (mian yin chen) Radix Scutellariae (huang qin)

Bland and cold in nature, promote urination and percolate dampness, clear heat, and resolve summer heat Clear damp-heat and relieve jaundice Clear heat and dry dampness, drain fire, and resolve toxins

Lay stress on both clearing heat and draining dampness, all three as the chief medicinals

Fructus Amomi Kravanh (bai dou kou) Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (shi chang pu) Herba Agastachis (huo xiang)

Move qi and remove dampness, promote the function of the spleen and harmonize the center, promote qi movement and move dampness, assist the chief medicinals to strengthen the effect of dispelling dampness, and combine with each other as the deputy medicinals

Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao) Herba Menthae (bo he) Rhizoma Belamcandae (she gan)

Drain dampness and remove turbidity, clear heat, and resolve toxins

Clear heat and resolve toxins, vent pathogen and dissipate masses, relieve swelling and promote the function of the throat, and assist the chief medicinals to strengthen the effect of resolving toxins

Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae (chuan bei mu)

Coptis and Officinal Magnolia Bark Beverage (lian po yin)

Caulis Akebiae (mu tong)

Clear heat and relieve strangury, and assist the chief medicinals to guide damp-heat out from urination

Rhizoma Phragmitis (lu gen)

Clear heat and arrest vomiting and relieve vexation, as the chief medicinal

prepared Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (zhi hou po)

Diffuse and promote qi movement, drain dampness, and move stagnation

Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) prepared Rhizoma Pinelliae (zhi ban xia) Fructus Gardeniae Praeparatus (jiao zhi zi)

Virgate Wormwood Decoction (yin chen hao tang)

Bitter and cold in nature, clear heat and dry dampness, prepared with ginger to strengthen the effects of harmonizing the stomach and arresting vomiting

Both as the deputy medicinals

Acrid and dry in nature, direct counterflow downward and arrest vomiting, combine with Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po) to dry dampness and harmonize the stomach, and relieve fullness Bitter and cold in nature, clear heat and drain dampness, and assist the chief medicinal to clear heat and dispel dampness

Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (shi chang pu)

Aromatic in nature, remove dampness, and awaken the spleen

Semen Sojae Praeparatum (xiang dou chi)

Diffuse constraint and relieve vexation, and combine with Fructus Gardeniae Praeparatus (jiao zhi zi) to clear accumulated heat and relieve vexation

Herba Artemisiae Scopariae (yin chen)

Bitter, cold, descending, and discharging in nature, clear liver-gallbladder damp-heat and spleen-stomach damp-heat, as the chief medicinal Bitter and cold in nature, discharge heat and subdue fire, clear sanjiao damp-heat, and combine with Herba Artemisiae Scopariae (yin chen) to guide damp-heat out from urination, as the deputy medicinal

Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi)

Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang)

Discharge heat and expel stasis, promote defecation, and combine with Herba Artemisiae Scopariae (yin chen) to guide damp-heat, stasis, and stagnation out through the large intestine

Clear heat and remove dampness, rectify qi, and harmonize the center

Clear heat, drain dampness, and relieve jaundice

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TABLE 37.6 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Clear Heat and Dispel Dampness (cont.) Name of Formula Eight Corrections Powder (ba zheng san)

Efficacy Analysis Talcum (hua shi)

Caulis Akebiae (mu tong) Herba Polygoni Avicularis (bian xu) Herba Dianthi (qu mai) Semen Plantaginis (che qian zi) Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi)

Two Mysterious Powder (er miao san)

Clear heart-fire and drain damp-heat, unblock the orifice for urination, and guide damp-heat out from urination

Both as the chief medicinals

All three, as the essential medicinals that clear heat, promote urination and relieve strangury, combine with the chief medicinals to strengthen the effects of promoting urination and relieving strangury, as the deputy medicinals Clear heat and discharge fire, and clear sanjiao damp-heat

roasted Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (wei da huang)

Clear up pathogenic heat, and dredge the bowels, combine with other herbs to guide damp-heat out from urination and defecation

Medulla Junci (deng xin cao)

Strengthen the effects of promoting urination and relieving strangury

Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao)

Harmonize the actions of all medicinals, relax spasms, and relieve pain when urinating

Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai)

Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu) Buffalo Horn Powder (niu jiao san)

Clear heat and drain dampness, smooth the orifice for urination, promote urination, and relieve strangury

Cornu Bubali (shui niu jiao)

Cold and bitter in nature, clear heat, and dry dampness; sinking and descending in nature, clear and discharge damp-heat (in the lower jiao), as the chief medicinal Acrid, bitter, and warm in nature, fortify the spleen and assist transportation to treat the root of dampness-producing; and use the aromatic, bitter, and dryness natures to treat the branch of dampness-obstructing, as the deputy medicinal Clear heart-heat and lung-heat, clear heat from the qi aspect, cool the blood, and stanch bleeding

Fructus Malvae (dong kui zi)

Clear heat and drain dampness, relieve strangury and smooth the orifice, and expel stones

Radix Scutellariae (huang qin)

Bitter and cold in nature, clear heat, and discharge fire

Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang)

Bitter and cold in nature, expel stasis, and dredge the bowels

Caulis Akebiae (mu tong) Folium Pyrrosiae (shi wei) Talcum (hua shi)

Promote urination and relieve strangury

Clear heat and discharge fire, promote urination, and relieve strangury

Clear heat and dry dampness

Clear heat and cool the blood, relieve strangury, and expel stones, both as the chief medicinals

Assist the chief medicinals to discharge fire and relieve strangury, all as the deputy medicinals

Relieve strangury and expel stones, cool the blood, and stanch bleeding

Semen Plantaginis (che qian zi) Pollen Typhae (pu huang) Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao) Semen Vaccariae (wang bu liu xing)

Cool the blood and dissipate blood stasis Invigorate blood and unblock the orifice, assist Fructus Malvae (dong kui zi) and Talcum (hua shi) to relieve strangury and promote the function of the orifice

(Continued )

754 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 37.6 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Clear Heat and Dispel Dampness (cont.) Name of Formula

Efficacy Analysis

Chinese Angelica PainAlleviating Decoction (dang gui nian tong tang)

Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo) Herba Artemisiae Scopariae (yin chen)

Dispel wind and overcome dampness, eliminate wind-damp from the sinews and bones, promote the function of the joints, and relieve pain of the shoulder and back

Polyporus (zhu ling)

Clear heat and drain dampness, and promote the function of yang qi

Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie)

Sweet, bland, and neutral in nature, promote urination, and percolate dampness

Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) Radix Sophorae Flavescentis (ku shen) Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu)

Bitter and cold in nature, clear heat, and dry dampness

Dispel in exterior and clear in interior, both as the chief medicinals Assist the chief medicinals to clear heat and dispel dampness, all as the deputy medicinals

Boost qi and fortify the spleen and dry dampness (eliminate the internal and external dampness)

Radix Puerariae Lobatae (ge gen) Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) Rhizoma Cimicifugae (sheng ma) Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) main part of Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui shen) Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu) Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao)

Raise yang and scatter wind and dissipate dampness, and assist the effects of Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo) to dispel wind-damp

Drain dampness and clear heat, scatter wind, and relieve pain

Boost qi and nourish the blood, reinforce healthy qi and dispel pathogen to avoid excessively scattering, dissipating, and percolating to damage qi and blood Clear heat and moisten dryness, and reduce the disadvantage of bitter and dryness damaging yin Assist Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) and Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) to boost qi and fortify the spleen, and harmonize the actions of all medicinals

2. Attached formulas (Table 37.7)

TABLE 37.7 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Clear Heat and Dispel Dampness Name of Formula Cocculi Decoction (mu fang ji tang)

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indications

Initially recorded in Essentials from the Golden Cabinet (jin gui yao lüe). Composed of Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 12 g, Radix Cocculi Trilobi (mu fang ji) 9 g, Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao) 30 g, and Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) 6 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Move water and dissipate masses, supplement deficiency, and clear heat

Indicated for the treatment of rheum (fluid retention) transforming into heat due to qi deficiency, with panting, fullness, chest oppression, epigastric lumpy stiffness, excessive thirst, blackish complexion, yellow and greasy coating, and deep and tight pulse; or unhealed through vomit induction or purgation

Formulas That Dispel Dampness Chapter | 37

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TABLE 37.7 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Clear Heat and Dispel Dampness (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indications

Gardenia and Phellodendron Bark Decoction (zhi zi bai pi tang)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Cold Damage (shang han lun). Composed of Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 3 g, and Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai) 6 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Clear heat and drain dampness

Indicated for the treatment of damp-heat jaundice, or general fever and yellowing due to cold damage

Virgate Wormwood Frigid Extremities Decoction (yin chen si ni tang)

Initially recorded in Precious Mirror of Health (wei sheng bao jian). Composed of Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 6 g, blast-fried Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (pao fu zi) 9 g, and Herba Artemisiae Scopariae (yin chen) 18 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use while it becomes cool

Warm the interior and assist yang, drain dampness, and relieve jaundice

Indicated for the treatment of yin jaundice, with dark yellow and cold skin, back chills, no warmth of the hands and feet, heavy body, mental fatigue, less eating, and tight and thready pulse or deep, thready and forceless pulse

Scutellaria and Talcum Decoction (huang qin hua shi tang)

Initially recorded in Systematic Differentiation of Warm Diseases (wen bing tiao bian). Composed of Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 9 g, Talcum (hua shi) 9 g, Cutis Poriae (fu ling pi) 9 g, Pericarpium Arecae (da fu pi) 6 g, Fructus Amomi Kravanh (bai dou kou) 3 g, Medulla Tetrapanacis (tong cao) 3 g, and Polyporus (zhu ling) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Clear heat and drain dampness

Indicated for the treatment of damp-warmth diseases (dampness prevalent diseases) caused by damp-heat accumulated in the middle jiao, with fever, body pain, fever relieved after sweating, but fever again, thirst but no excessive thirst, or no thirst, pale tongue with yellow and glossy coating, and moderate pulse

Silkworm Droppings Decoction (can shi tang)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Sudden Turmoil (huo luan lun). Composed of Faeces Bombycis (can sha) 15 g, Semen Coicis (yi yi ren) 12 g, Semen Sojae Germinatum (da dou huang juan) 12 g, aged Fructus Chaenomelis (chen mu gua) 9 g, Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 9 g, prepared Rhizoma Pinelliae (zhi ban xia) 3 g, wine-fried Radix Scutellariae (jiu chao huang qin) 3 g, Medulla Tetrapanacis (tong cao) 3 g, Fructus Gardeniae Praeparatus (jiao zhi zi) 4.5 g, and aged Fructus Evodiae (wu zhu yu) 1 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Clear heat and drain dampness, raise the clear, and direct the turbid downward

Indicated for the treatment of cholera with vomiting and diarrhea, abdominal pain, cramp, thirst, vexation and agitation, yellow-thick and dry tongue coating, and soggy and rapid pulse

Three Mysterious Pill (san miao wan)

Initially recorded in Orthodox Transmission of Medicine (yi xue zheng zhuan). Composed of Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai) 120 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu) 180 g, and Radix Cyathulae (chuan niu xi) 60 g. Grind the ingredients into fine powder, paste into pills with wheat flour as size of phoenix tree seed, and take 50–70 pills as a dose

Clear heat and dry dampness

Indicated for the treatment of damp-heat pouring downward (lower jiao), with numbness of feet, or fire-cauterizing–like heat

Four Mysterious Pill (si miao wan)

Initially recorded in Convenient Reader on Established Formulas (cheng fang bian du). Composed of Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai) 240 g, Semen Coicis (yi yi ren) 240 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu) 120 g, and Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (huai niu xi) 120 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, make into water pills, and take in 6–9 g doses

Clear heat and drain dampness

Indicated for the treatment of damp-heat pouring downward (lower jiao), with numbness, wĕi (atrophy), and sore pain of both feet

Five Stranguries Powder (wu lin san)

Initially recorded in Beneficial Formulas from the Taiping Imperial Pharmacy (tai ping hui min he ji ju fang). Composed of Poria Rubra (chi fu ling) 18 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 15 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 15 g, Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao) 60 g, and Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi) 60 g. Grind the ingredients into fine powder, and take in 6 g doses

Clear heat and cool the blood, promote urination, and relieve strangury

Indicated for the treatment of blood strangury due to heat constraint, with difficult and painful urination, or bean-juice– like urine, or stony urine

(Continued )

756 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 37.7 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Clear Heat and Dispel Dampness (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indications

Folium Pyrrosiae Powder (shi wei san)

Initially recorded in Experiential Formulas for Universal Relief (pu ji ben shi fang). Composed of Folium Pyrrosiae (shi wei) 6 g, Caulis Akebiae (mu tong) 4.5 g, Semen Plantaginis (che qian zi) 9 g, Herba Dianthi (qu mai) 6 g, Talcum (hua shi) 9 g, Cortex Ulmi Pumilae (yu bai pi) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 3 g, Fructus Malvae (dong kui zi) 6 g, and Poria Rubra (chi fu ling) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Promote urination and relieve strangury, and lubricate the orifices to expel stones

Indicated for the treatment of stony strangury, accompanied with dull pain in the abdomen, pain in the penis, and urinating with stones

Supplemented Five Stranguries Powder (jia wei wu lin san)

Initially recorded in Golden Mirror of the Medical Tradition (yi zong jin jian). Composed of Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 15 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 15 g, Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi) 60 g, Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie) 15 g, Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao) 60 g, Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) 15 g, Caulis Akebiae (mu tong) 15 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 15 g, Semen Plantaginis (che qian zi) 15 g, Talcum (hua shi) 15 g, and Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 15 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, and decoct 15 g with water for oral use

Clear heat and drain dampness and relieve strangury

Indicated for the treatment of heat strangury due to damp-heat accumulation, with inhibited dripping discharge of urine, scanty and reddish urine, difficult and painful urination, thirst but no desire to drink, vexation, red tongue with yellow and greasy coating, and slippery and rapid pulse

Supplemented Two Mysterious Pill (jia wei er miao wan)

Initially recorded in The Grand Compendium of Medicine (yi xue ji cheng). Composed of Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae (fang ji) 6 g, dry-fried Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (chao huang bai) 15 g, dryfried Rhizoma Atractylodis (chao cang zhu) 15 g, carda part of Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui wei) 6 g, Rhizoma Dioscoreae Hypoglaucae (bi xie) 6 g, Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (niu xi) 6 g, Semen Coicis (yi yi ren) 6 g, and Plastrum Testudinis (gui ban) 6 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, paste into pills with wine, take in 6 g doses with decoction of ginger; or as a decoction, the dosage should be reduced according to the original proportion

Clear heat and drain dampness, supplement the kidney, and unblock the channels

Indicated for the treatment of internal exuberance of damp-heat, combining flaccidity syndrome due to deficiency-fire

Middle Fullness Separating and Dispersing Pill (zhong man fen xiao wan)

Drain heat and eliminate Initially recorded in Secrets from the Orchid Chamber dampness, move qi, and (lan shi mi cang). Composed of Radix et Rhizoma fortify the spleen Ginseng (ren shen) 3 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 3 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 3 g, Polyporus (zhu ling) 3 g, Rhizoma Curcumae Longae (jiang huang) 3 g, Poria (fu ling) 6 g, dry Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (gan sheng jiang) 6 g, Fructus Amomi (sha ren) 6 g, Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie) 9 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 9 g, Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu) 12 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 36 g, Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 15 g, Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) 15 g, Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi) 15 g, and dry-fried Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis with ginger juice (jiang hou po) 30 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, make into pills, and take in 15 g doses after meals, 3 times a day; or as a decoction, the dosage should be reduced according to the original proportion

Indicated for the treatment of damp-heat abdominal distention (tympanites), accompanied with large abdomen with distention and fullness, taut, and urgent sensation in the stomach cavity and abdomen, vexing heat, bitter taste in the mouth, thirst but no desire to drink, reddish urine, difficult urination, or yellowish face and eyes, poor appetite, red tip and margin of the tongue, yellow-greasy or gray-black and moist coating, wiry and rapid pulse

Formulas That Dispel Dampness Chapter | 37

757

TABLE 37.7 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Clear Heat and Dispel Dampness (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indications

Ephedra, Forsythia, and Rice Bean Decoction (ma huang lian qiao chi xiao dou tang)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Cold Damage (shang han lun). Composed of Semen Phaseoli (chi xiao dou) 30 g, Cortex Mori (sang bai pi) 30 g, Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren) 15 g, Herba Ephedrae (ma huang) 6 g, Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao) 6 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 6 g, and Fructus Jujubae (da zao) 12 pieces. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Scatter wind and diffuse the lung, clear heat, and drain dampness

Indicated for the treatment of edema due to wind and water pathogens attacking the exterior, with edema begun from eyelid to total body, more evident in the head and face, bright skin color, depressed skin when pressing but regained with removing of hands, scanty and reddish urine, fever, sore throat, nasal obstruction, cough, pale tongue with thin and yellow coating, and floating pulse

Painful Obstruction Resolving Decoction (xuan bi tang)

Initially recorded in Systematic Differentiation of Warm Diseases (wen bing tiao bian). Composed of Talcum (hua shi) 15 g, Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae (fang ji) 15 g, Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren) 15 g, Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao) 9 g, Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi) 9 g, Semen Coicis (yi yi ren) 15 g, Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) 9 g, Faeces Bombycis (can sha) 9 g, and Semen Phaseoli (chi xiao dou) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Clear heat and dispel dampness, unblock the collaterals, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of damp-heat accumulated in the channels and collaterals, with shivering, intense heat, vexing pain in the joints, sallow complexion, and gray and sluggish tongue

Gentian Pill (qin jiao wan)

Initially recorded in Formulas from Benevolent Sages Compiled during the Taiping Era (tai ping sheng hui fang). Composed of Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae (qin jiao) 60 g, Radix Sophorae Flavescentis (ku shen) 60 g, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 60 g, Radix Astragali (huang qi) 60 g, Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 45 g, Radix Rhapontici (lou lu) 45 g, Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 45 g, and Zaocys (wu shao she) 120 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, mix with honey and make into pills as size of phoenix tree seed, and take 30 pills each time with warm wine after meals

Clear heat and eliminate damoness, dispel wind, and relieve itching

Indicated for the treatment of scabies with dry itching and falling of scurf when scratching caused by wind-damp and heat toxin invading the exterior, or purulent skin diseases, chronic eczema, neurodermitis, pruritus of skin, lupus vulgaris, and discoid lupus erythematosus

Supplemented Five Substances Powder with Poria (jia wei wu ling san)

Initially recorded in Golden Mirror of the Medical Tradition (yi zong jin jian). Composed of Fructus Gardeniae Praeparatus (jiao zhi zi) 15 g, Poria (fu ling) 15 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 10 g, Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) 15 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 15 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 10 g, Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 15 g, Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie) 15 g, salt-fried Semen Plantaginis (yan che qian zi) 15 g, Caulis Clematidis Armandii (chuan mu tong) 10 g, and Talcum (hua shi) 15 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Clear heat and drain dampness and relieve strangury

Indicated for the treatment of bladder damp-heat, with frequent, urgent, scorching, difficult and painful urination, or turbid urine, or bloody urine, or stony urine, fever, thirst, distending pain in the lower abdomen, red tongue with yellow and greasy coating, and slippery and rapid pulse

Brain-Draining Decoction (xie nao tang)

Initially recorded in A Close Examination of the Precious Classic on Ophthalmology (shen shi yao han). Composed of equal parts of Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng), Semen Plantaginis (che qian zi), Caulis Akebiae (mu tong), Fructus Leonuri (chong wei zi), Poria (fu ling), prepared Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (shu da huang), Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen), Natrii Sulfas Exsiccatus (xuan ming fen), Radix Platycodonis (jie geng), and wine-fried Radix Scutellariae (jiu huang qin). Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Clear heat and drain dampness, dredge the bowels, and promote defecation

Indicated for the treatment of falcon-like fixed eyes due to internal blazing of excess heat accumulated in the sanjiao, accompanied with protrusion of both eyeballs, fire-like reddening of the white of the eye (hyperemia of the conjunctiva), like the eyes of falcon (are fixed and difficult in turning), vexation and agitation and irascibility, constipation, yellow and turbid urine, red tongue with yellow and greasy coating, and wiry pulse (Continued )

758 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 37.7 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Clear Heat and Dispel Dampness (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indications

Yin-Enriching DampnessEliminating Decoction (zi yin chu shi tang)

Initially recorded in Orthodox Lineage of External Medicine (wai ke zheng zong). Composed of Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 12 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 12 g, Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) 12 g, Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 12 g, Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) 9 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 9 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 9 g, Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu) 9 g, Bulbus Fritillaria (bei mu) 9 g, Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie) 6 g, Cortex Lycii (di gu pi) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 6 g, and Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) 2 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Enrich yin and eliminate dampness, dissolve phlegm, and unblock the collaterals

Indicated for the treatment of testicular phlegm (tuberculosis of the epididymis) with a pattern of yin deficiency and internal heat, accompanied with swelled epididymis with adhesions of scrotum skin, dark red color, afternoon tidal fever, night sweating, fatigue, flushed cheeks, red tongue with thin and yellow coating, and thready and rapid pulse

DampnessEliminating Decoction (chu shi tang)

Initially recorded in Compilation of Ophthalmology (yan ke zuan yao). Composed of Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao) 9 g, Talcum (hua shi) 9 g, Semen Plantaginis (che qian zi) 9 g, Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao) 9 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 9 g, Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 9 g, Caulis Akebiae (mu tong) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 9 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 9 g, Poria (fu ling) 9 g, Herba Schizonepetae (jing jie) 9 g, and Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Clear heat and drain dampness, dispel wind, and relieve itching

Indicated for the treatment of damp-heat external ophthalmopathy and eczema palpebrae, with erosion and effusion, red ulceration of palpebral margin (marginal blepharitis), urtication, poor appetite and digestion, yellow and greasy coating, and slippery and rapid pulse

Hypoglaucae Root DampnessPercolating Decoction (bi xie shen shi tang)

Initially recorded in Experience Gained in Treating External Sores (yang ke xin de ji). Composed of Rhizoma Dioscoreae Hypoglaucae (bi xie) 15 g, Semen Coicis (yi yi ren) 15 g, Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai) 6 g, Poria Rubra (chi fu ling) 10 g, Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi) 10 g, Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie) 10 g, Talcum (hua shi) 10 g, and Medulla Tetrapanacis (tong cao) 10 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Clear heat and drain dampness, cool the blood, and resolve toxins

Indicated for the treatment of erysipelas and eczema in the lower limbs due to damp-heat pouring downward, with flushing of skin, sore pain, itching, erosion and effusion, chest oppression, poor appetite and digestion, thin and unformed stool, reddish urine, yellow and greasy coating, and slippery and rapid pulse

Stopping Morbid Vaginal Discharge Decoction (zhi dai fang)

Initially recorded in “You’re Welcome” Formulas from the Shibu Studio (shi bu zhai bu xie fang). Composed of Polyporus (zhu ling) 15 g, Poria (fu ling) 15 g, salt-fried Semen Plantaginis (yan che qian zi) 15 g, Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie) 15 g, Herba Artemisiae Scopariae (yin chen) 15 g, Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao) 15 g, Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi) 12 g, Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai) 15 g, Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi) 10 g, Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (niu xi) 15 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Clear heat and drain dampness and arrest vaginal discharge

Indicated for the treatment of yellow leukorrhea due to damp-heat pouring downward (nonspecific vaginitis)

Toxin-Dissolving DampnessEliminating Decoction (hua du chu shi tang)

Initially recorded in Experience Gained in Treating External Sores (yang ke xin de ji). Composed of carda part of Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui wei) 10 g, Herba Lycopi (ze lan) 10 g, Semen Coicis (yi yi ren) 10 g, Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi) 10 g, Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao) 15 g, Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (jin yin hua) 10 g, Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao) 10 g, and Medulla Tetrapanacis (tong cao) 10 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Dry dampness and resolve toxins

Indicated for the treatment of damp-heat pouring downward, with frequent, difficult and painful urination, or fishy and rottened stool, or yellow and foul leukorrhea, eczema in pudendum with itching, or sores in lower limbs with ulceration and effusion

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TABLE 37.7 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Clear Heat and Dispel Dampness (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indications

Light Yellow Sophora Root Decoction (ku shen tang)

Initially recorded in Chinese Medicine Dictionary (zhong yi da ci dian). Composed of Radix Sophorae Flavescentis (ku shen) 50 g, Fructus Cnidii (she chuang zi) 50 g, Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi) 30 g, Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (jin yin hua) 30 g, Flos Chrysanthemi Indici (ye ju hua) 30 g, Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai) 30 g, Fructus Kochiae (di fu zi) 50 g, and Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (shi chang pu) 30 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for externally washing

Clear heat and dry dampness and relieve itching

Indicated for the treatment of scabies, favus, leprosy, sores, and ulcers

Hypoglaucae Root ToxinDissolving Decoction (bi xie hua du tang)

Initially recorded in Experience Gained in Treating External Sores (yang ke xin de ji). Composed of Rhizoma Dioscoreae Hypoglaucae (bi xie) 10 g, carda part of Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui wei) 10 g, Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi) 10 g, Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (niu xi) 10 g, Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae (fang ji) 10 g, Fructus Chaenomelis (mu gua) 10 g, Semen Coicis (yi yi ren) 10 g, and Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae (qin jiao) 10 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Clear heat and drain dampness, relieve carbuncle, and expel pus

Indicated for the treatment of sores, ulcers, and carbuncles with swelling due to stagnation of damp-heat, accompanied with local red swelling and abnormal protrusion of the skin, scorching hot and pain, thick and yellow pus, general fever, chest oppression, vomiting and nausea, white and greasy coating, or yellow and greasy coating, and soggy and rapid pulse

Center-Clearing Decoction (qing zhong tang)

Initially recorded in Golden Mirror of the Medical Tradition (yi zong jin jian). Composed of Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 4.5 g, Rhizoma Pinelliae Praeparatum (jiang ban xia) 3 g, Poria (fu ling) 4.5 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 2 g, Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi) 6 g, Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 6 g, and Fructus Amomi Rotundus (dou kou) 2 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use on an empty stomach

Clear heat and remove dampness, rectify qi, and harmonize the stomach

Indicated for the treatment of damp-heat obstructing in the middle jiao, with gastric cavity pain, epigastric upset, dry mouth, bitter taste in the mouth, thirst without desire to drink, nausea, poor appetite and digestion, and yellow and greasy coating

3. Formula differentiation (Table 37.8)

TABLE 37.8 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Clear Heat and Dispel Dampness Name of Formula

Similarities

Differences

Virgate Wormwood Decoction (yin chen hao tang)

Both are used for the treatment of yang jaundice caused by damp-heat accumulated in interior

It uses Herba Artemisiae Scopariae (yin chen) to combine with Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi) and Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) to emphasize on both clearing heat and draining dampness, and is more suitable for the treatment of jaundice with overabundance of both damp and heat

Gardenia and Phellodendron Bark Decoction (zhi zi bai pi tang)

It uses Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi) to combine with Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai) to emphasize on clearing heat, and is more suitable for the treatment of damp-heat jaundice with preponderance of heat over dampness (Continued )

760 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 37.8 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Clear Heat and Dispel Dampness (cont.) Name of Formula

Similarities

Differences

Eight Corrections Powder (ba zheng san)

Both have the effects of promoting urination, relieving strangury and clearing heat, and are used for the treatment of strangury

It combines many herbs that clear heat and drain dampness such as Talcum (hua shi), Caulis Akebiae (mu tong), Herba Polygoni Avicularis (bian xu), Herba Dianthi (qu mai), and Semen Plantaginis (che qian zi), and the effects of promoting urination and relieving strangury are more significant. It also combines Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang), which has the properties of descending and discharging and can guide the effects to the lower jiao. It is the major formula for the treatment of heat strangury

Red-Guiding Powder (dao chi san)

It just uses Caulis Akebiae (mu tong) and Folium Phyllostachydis Henonis (zhu ye) to clear heat and relieve strangury, and the effects are weak, but they all have the effects of clearing heart heat. It also combines Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) which not only can clear heart-fire, promote small intestine function, but also doesn’t damage yin while promoting urination. It is suitable for the treatment of oral ulcer (aphtha), hot and difficult and painful urination due to excessive heat in the heart channel or heart-fire moving downward to the small intestine, or mild heat strangury (especially for accompanied with body fluid insufficiency)

Field Thistle Drink (xiao ji yin zi)

It combines herbs that cool the blood and stanch bleeding and herbs that promote urination and relieve strangury, such as Herba Cirsii (xiao ji), Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang), Nodus Nelumbinis Rhizomatis (ou jie), and Pollen Typhae (pu huang), and is more suitable for the treatment of blood strangury caused by bladder-heat scorching and damaging the blood collaterals

Five Stranguries Powder (wu lin san)

It puts Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi) and Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao) in an important position and has the effects of clearing heat and cooling the blood, and is more suitable for the treatment of blood stangury

Three Mysterious Pill (san miao wan)

Both are the augmented formulas from Two Mysterious Powder (er miao san)

Four Mysterious Pill (si miao wan)

Painful Obstruction Resolving Decoction (xuan bi tang)

Chinese Angelica PainAlleviating Decoction (dang gui nian tong tang)

It is the Two Mysterious Powder (er miao san) plus Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (niu xi), which can supplement the liver and kidney, strengthen the sinews and bones, and guide the effects downward, so is specific for the treatment of numbness, flaccidity, and weakness of both feet due to damp-heat in the lower jiao It is the Three Mysterious Pill (san miao wan) plus Semen Coicis (yi yi ren), which can percolate dampness and fortify the spleen, relax the sinews, and relieve spasms; so is more suitable for the treatment of flaccidity syndrome due to damp-heat pouring downward

Both have the effects of clearing heat and draining dampness, unblocking bì and relieving pain, and are commonly used for the treatment of wind-dampheat bì syndrome

It only combines small amounts of herbs that dispel wind, such as Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae (fang ji), so the effect of clearing damp-heat is emphasized. It is more suitable for the treatment of bì syndrome with exuberance of dampheat pathogens Among the herbs that clear heat and drain dampness, it combines many herbs that dispel wind and overcome dampness such as Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo), Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng), Rhizoma Cimicifugae (sheng ma), Radix Puerariae Lobatae (ge gen), and Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu), and is more suitable for the treatment of bì syndrome with exuberance of winddamp-heat pathogens

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TABLE 37.8 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Clear Heat and Dispel Dampness (cont.) Name of Formula

Similarities

Differences

Coptis and Officinal Magnolia Bark Beverage (lian po yin)

Both have Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian), Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi), and Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia), the effects of clearing heat and draining dampness, raising the clear and directing the turbid downward, and are indicated for the treatment of damp-heat cholera with vomiting and diarrhea

It combines Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po), Rhizoma Phragmitis (lu gen), Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (shi chang pu), and Semen Sojae Praeparatum (dan dou chi), and is more partial to moving qi and harmonizing the stomach and arresting vomiting

Both have the effects of clearing heat and draining dampness, and are used for the treatment of damp-warm pathogens lingering in qi aspect

It puts Talcum (hua shi), Herba Artemisiae Scopariae (yin chen), and Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) in an important position, and combines Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao), Rhizoma Belamcandae (she gan), and Bulbus Fritillaria (bei mu) to dissipate masses and relieve swelling, so the effects of draining dampness and removing turbidity, and clearing heat and resolving toxins are both emphasized. It is suitable for the treatment of damp-heat and epidemic toxin pervading in qi aspect

Silkworm Droppings Decoction (can shi tang)

Sweet Dew Toxin-Removing Elixir (gan lu xiao du dan)

Three Kernels Decoction (san ren tang)

Scutellaria and Talcum Decoction (huang qin hua shi tang)

Agastache, Magnolia, Pinellia, and Poria Decoction (huo po xia ling tang)

It combines Semen Coicis (yi yi ren), Fructus Chaenomelis (mu gua), Semen Sojae Germinatum (da dou huang juan), and Medulla Tetrapanacis (tong cao), and is more partial to draining dampness and relaxing the sinews and arresting diarrhea

It uses Talcum (hua shi) as the chief medicinal, and combines “three kernels,” Medulla Tetrapanacis (tong cao) and Folium Phyllostachydis Henonis (zhu ye) to clear damp-heat, so the effects of removing dampness and rectifying qi combining clearing heat are emphasized. It is suitable for the treatment of damp-warmth in the initial stage or summer heat-warmth complicated by dampness with a pattern of more dampness and less heat Both have the effects of removing dampness and clearing heat, and are used for the treatment of damp-warm (dampness prevalent diseases)

Its effect of clearing heat is stronger than that of Agastache, Magnolia, Pinellia, and Poria Decoction (huo po xia ling tang). It combines the effect of clearing heat with draining dampness, and is suitable for the treatment of both evident dampness and heat pattern Its effect of clearing heat is not as good as that of Scutellaria and Talcum Decoction (huang qin hua shi tang). It is partial to removing dampness with aromatic medicinals and releasing the exterior and more suitable for the treatment of damp-warm in the initial stage with preponderance of dampness, mild fever, and more evident exterior pattern

SECTION 3  FORMULAS THAT PROMOTE URINATION AND PERCOLATE DAMPNESS Outline Formulas that promote urination and percolate dampness are suitable for the treatment of edema, dribbling urinary block, stranguria with turbid urine, and diarrhea caused by exuberant water-dampness obstruction. Formulas in this category are usually composed of herbs that promote urination and percolate dampness, such as Poria (fu ling), Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie), and Polyporus (zhu ling). The syndrome (or pattern) of exuberant water-dampness obstruction is often complicated by various kinds of accompanied symptoms and signs, such as disturbance of qi transformation of bladder, accumulation of water with heat (obstructing the waterways), qi deficiency and wind invasion (leading to damp constraint in the fleshy exterior), or damp abundance due to spleen deficiency (leading to congestion and stagnation of the qi mechanism). Therefore, formulas in this category are often combined with herbs that warm yang and transform qi, clear heat, dispel wind, fortify the spleen, or rectify qi. The representative formulas are Five Substances Powder with Poria (wu ling san), Polyporus Decoction (zhu ling tang), Stephania Root and Astragalus Decoction (fang ji huang qi tang), and Five-Peel Powder (wu pi san).

762 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 1. Primary formulas and analysis (Tables 37.9 and 37.10)

TABLE 37.9 Efficacy and Applications of Common Formulas That Promote Urination and Percolate Dampness Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy and Indications

Modified Clinical Applications

Caution for Use

Five Substances Powder with Poria (wu ling san)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Cold Damage (shang han lun). Composed of Polyporus (zhu ling) 9 g, Poria (fu ling) 9 g, Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie) 15 g, Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) 6 g, and Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 9 g. Grind the ingredients into powder and take in 6–9 g doses; or directly decoct them with water for oral use

Promote urination and percolate dampness, warm yang, and transform qi. Indicated for the treatment of taiyang water amassment syndrome, with difficulty in micturition, headache, fever, excessive thirst with desire to drink, vomiting after drinking water, white coating and floating pulse; edema caused by internal stagnation of water-dampness, with diarrhea and difficulty in micturition; internal stagnation of phlegm- rheum, with palpitation below the umbilicus, spitting of saliva, dizziness, or shortness of breath and cough

For more evident edema due to stagnation and exuberance of water-dampness, add Pericarpium Arecae (da fu pi) and Cortex Mori (sang bai pi), or Five-Peel Powder (wu pi san) to strengthen the effects of promoting urination and relieving edema; for cholera with vomiting and diarrhea, add Herba Agastachis (huo xiang) and Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) to harmonize the stomach and arrest vomiting and diarrhea; if exterior pattern is not released, complicated by more evident aversion to cold and headache, add Herba Ephedrae (ma huang) and Folium Perillae (zi su ye) to strengthen the effects of releasing the exterior and diffusing the lung; for edema with low back pain, flaccidity of feet and knees and aversion to cold due to kidney yang insufficiency, change Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) into Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) or add Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) to warm and strengthen kidney yang

This formula is not suitable for long-term usage because it is partial to percolating and promoting fluid out;it should be cautiuosly used in the weak or patients with spleen-kidney qi deficiency, or it combines with formulas that supplement and nourish

Stephania Root and Astragalus Decoction (fang ji huang qi tang)

Initially recorded in Essentials from the Golden Cabinet (jin gui yao lüe). Composed of Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae (fang ji) 12 g, Radix Astragali (huang qi) 15 g, dry-fried Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (chao gan cao) 6 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 9 g, and appropriate amount of Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) and Fructus Jujubae (da zao). Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use and wait for slightly sweating

Boost qi and dispel wind, fortify the spleen, and promote urination. Indicated for the treatment of wind edema and wind-damp with a pattern of qi deficiency, with sweating, aversion to wind, heavy body (or) with edema and pain, difficulty in micturition, pale tongue with white coating and floating pulse; or used for the treatment of wind-damp with exterior deficiency

For panting due to failure of lung qi to diffuse, add Herba Ephedrae (ma huang) and Folium Perillae (zi su ye) to diffuse the lung; complicated by abdominal pain due to liver-spleen disharmony, add Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) to regulate the liver; for qi counterflow and upsurging due to failure of middle-warmer yang, add Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) to calm surging and direct counterflow downward; for cold pain in the waist and knees due to deficiencycold of the liver and kidney, add Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) and Cortex Eucommiae (du zhong) to supplement the kidney and warm yang; for more evident general edema caused by wind pathogens, add Cutis Poriae (fu ling pi) and Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie) to strengthen the effects of promoting urination and relieving edema; for heavy limbs and joints with pain due to more evident winddamp, add Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae (qin jiao), Radix Angelicae Pubescentis (du huo), and Fructus Chaenomelis (mu gua) to strengthen the effects of dispelling wind and eliminating dampness; complicated by aversion to cold, add Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) and Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin) to warm the channels and dissipate cold and relieve pain

It is not suitable for the treatment of edema and fullness with an excess pattern due to windwater blocking the exterior and internal stagnation of waterdampness. Its use is prohibited in patients with sweating and aversion to wind due to disharmony between nutrient and defense qi

Formulas That Dispel Dampness Chapter | 37

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TABLE 37.9 Efficacy and Applications of Common Formulas That Promote Urination and Percolate Dampness (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy and Indications

Modified Clinical Applications

Caution for Use

Polyporus Decoction (zhu ling tang)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Cold Damage (shang han lun). Composed of Polyporus (zhu ling) 9 g, Poria (fu ling) 9 g, Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie) 9 g, Colla Corii Asini (e jiao) 9 g, and Talcum (hua shi) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use. Colla Corii Asini (e jiao) is melted in decoction

Promote urination and percolate dampness, clear heat, and nourish yin. Indicated for the treatment of accumulation of water with heat, with difficulty in micturition, fever, thirst with desire to drink, or vexation with sleeplessness, or complicated by cough, vomiting and nausea, dysentery and diarrhea, red tongue with white coating, or slightly yellow coating, thready and rapid pulse; or heat strangury, blood strangury with difficult and painful urination, and fullness and pain in the lower abdomen

For blood strangury and bloody urine due to heat damaging the blood collaterals, add Herba Cirsii (xiao ji), Herba Cirsii Japonici (da ji), and Rhizoma Imperatae (bai mao gen) to cool the blood and stanch bleeding; for heat strangury with more evident difficult and painful urination, add Herba Dianthi (qu mai), Semen Plantaginis (che qian zi) and Herba Polygoni Avicularis (bian xu) to strengthen the effects of clearing heat, promoting urination, and relieving strangury

Its use is prohibited in patients with scanty urine accompanied with yang deficiency. And it is not suitable for the treatment of heat stangury with more evident body fluid depletion

Five-Peel Powder (wu pi san)

Initially recorded in Central Treasury Classic (zhong zang jing). Composed of Cortex Zingiberis Rhizomatis (sheng jiang pi) 9 g, Cortex Mori (sang bai pi) 9 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 9 g, Pericarpium Arecae (da fu pi) 9 g, and Cutis Poriae (fu ling pi) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Promote urination and relieve edema, move qi, and dispel dampness. Indicated for the treatment of skin edema due to water stagnation and qi stagnation, with edema of the head, face, and four limbs, distention and fullness in the epigastrium and abdomen, panting with counterflow qi ascent and shortness of breath, difficulty in micturition, or edema during pregnancy, white and greasy coating, deep and moderate pulse

For fatigue and less eating due to spleen deficiency, add Radix Astragali (huang qi) and Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) to boost qi and fortify the spleen; for edema due to more evident retention of fluid in the body, add Polyporus (zhu ling) and Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie) to strengthen the effects of promoting urination and relieving edema; for panting with shortness of breath and counterflow qi ascent caused by lung failing to diffuse and govern descent, add Herba Ephedrae (ma huang) and Semen Lepidii (ting li zi) to diffuse the lung and direct qi downward

Its medicinal nature is mild, the effect of promoting urination is not strong, and it is advisable to combine with other formulas for therapy

TABLE 37.10 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Promote Urination and Percolate Dampness Name of Formula Five Substances Powder with Poria (wu ling san)

Efficacy Analysis Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie) Poria (fu ling)

Polyporus (zhu ling)

Sweet and bland in nature, act on the kidney and bladder channels, promote urination and percolate dampness, as the chief medicinal Bland in nature, percolate, and drain dampness, and assist the chief medicinal to promote urination and percolate dampness, both as the deputy medicinals

Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu)

Supplement qi and fortify the spleen to transport and transform water-dampness, and combine with Poria (fu ling) to fortify the spleen and control water

Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi)

Warm yang and transform qi to assist the effect of promoting urination, as the assistant medicinal

Promote urination and percolate dampness, warm yang, and transform qi

(Continued )

764 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 37.10 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Promote Urination and Percolate Dampness (cont.) Name of Formula Stephania Root and Astragalus Decoction (fang ji huang qi tang)

Efficacy Analysis Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae (fang ji)

Dispel wind, overcome dampness, and relieve pain

Radix Astragali (huang qi)

Boost qi, supplement deficiency, and consolidate the exterior Supplement qi, fortity the spleen and dispel dampness, and assist Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae (fang ji) to dispel dampness and move water, as the deputy medicinal

Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang)

Polyporus Decoction (zhu ling tang)

Assist Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae (fang ji) to dispel wind-damp

Fructus Jujubae (da zao)

Assist Radix Astragali (huang qi) and Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) to supplement spleen qi

Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao)

Boost qi and harmonize the center, and harmonize the actions of all medicinals

Polyporus (zhu ling)

Act on the kidney and bladder channels, percolate dampness, and promote urination, as the chief medicinal

Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie)

Talcum (hua shi)

Assist the chief medicinal to promote urination and percolate dampess; Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie) also can discharge heat, Poria (fu ling) is good at fortifying the spleen, both as the deputy medicinals Clear heat and promote urination

Colla Corii Asini (e jiao)

Enrich yin and stanch bleeding, boost the damaged yin, and prevent medicinals with percolating and draining properties to damage yin-blood

Poria (fu ling)

Five-Peel Powder (wu pi san)

Dispel wind and eliminate dampness without damage to healthy qi, boost qi, and consolidate the exterior without pathogens lingering, both as the chief medicinals

Cutis Poriae (fu ling pi) Pericarpium Arecae (da fu pi) Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi)

Sweet, bland, and neutral in nature, move skin water-dampness to fortify the spleen and percolate dampness, promote urination and relieve edema, as the chief medicinal Move qi and relieve distention, promote Both as the urination, and relieve edema deputy Rectify qi and harmonize the stomach, awaken medicinals the spleen, and remove dampness

Cortex Zingiberis Rhizomatis (sheng jiang pi)

Dissipate fluid retention in the skin to relieve edema

Cortex Mori (sang bai pi)

Purify and descend lung qi to free and regulate the waterways

Boost qi and dispel wind, fortify the spleen, and promote urination

Promote urination and percolate dampness, clear heat, and nourish yin

Promote urination and relieve edema, move qi, and dispel dampness

2. Attached formulas (Table 37.11) TABLE 37.11 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Promote Urination and Percolate Dampness Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indications

Atractylodes Macrocephalae Powder (bai zhu san)

Initially recorded in Life-Saving Formulas for Clearing Up Doubts (quan sheng zhi mi fang). Composed of Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 60 g, Poria (fu ling) 15 g, Pericarpium Arecae (da fu pi) 15 g, Cortex Zingiberis Rhizomatis (sheng jiang pi) 15 g, and Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 15 g. Grind the ingredients into crude powder, select 6 g each time and decoct with water for oral use; or directly as a decoction, the dosage should be reduced according to the original proportion

Fortify the spleen and promote urination

Indicated for the treatment of edema during pregnancy and polyhydramnios due to spleen deficiency and dampness stagnation, with pregnancy for several months, edema all over the body, depressed when pressing, fatigue and lack of strength, less eating, thin and unformed stool, pale and enlarged tongue with white and greasy coating, and thready and moderate pulse

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TABLE 37.11 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Promote Urination and Percolate Dampness (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indications

Five Substances Powder with Poria Plus Virgate Wormwood (yin chen wu ling san)

Initially recorded in Essentials from the Golden Cabinet (jin gui yao lüe). Composed of Herba Artemisiae Scopariae (yin chen) powder 10 g and Five Substances Powder with Poria (wu ling san) 5 g. Take in 6 g doses

Drain dampness and relieve jaundice

Indicated for the treatment of damp-heat jaundice with a pattern of preponderance of dampness over heat, accompanied with difficulty in micturition

Four Substances Powder with Poria (si ling san)

Initially recorded in A Handbook on Famous Physicians of the Ming Dynasty (ming yi zhi zhang). Composed of Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 9 g, Poria (fu ling) 9 g, Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie) 9 g, and Polyporus (zhu ling) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Percolate dampness and promote urination

Indicated for the treatment of internal stagnation of fluiddampness, with reddish and scanty urine, thin and unformed stool, or diarrhea

Stomach-Calming Poria Decoction (wei ling tang)

Initially recorded in Teachings of [Zhu] Dan-xi (dan xi xin fa). Composed of Five Substances Powder with Poria (wu ling san) 3 g and Stomach-Calming Powder (ping wei san) 3 g. Add appropriate amount of Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) and Fructus Jujubae (da zao) and decoct with water for oral use on an empty stomach

Dispel dampness and harmonize the stomach

Indicated for the treatment of internal stagnation of fluiddampness and qi stagnation, with undigested food in the stool, protracted diarrhea, edema, abdominal distention, and difficulty in micturition

Dampness-Eliminating Stomach-Calming Poria Decoction (chu shi wei ling tang)

Initially recorded in Golden Mirror of the Medical Tradition (yi zong jin jian). Composed of Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu) 9 g, dry-fried Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis with ginger juice (jiang hou po) 9 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 9 g, Polyporus (zhu ling) 9 g, Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie) 9 g, Poria Rubra (chi fu ling) 9 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 9 g, Talcum (hua shi) 9 g, Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 9 g, Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi) 9 g, Caulis Akebiae (mu tong) 9 g, Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) 3 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 3 g, and Medulla Junci (deng xin cao) 165 cm. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use on an empty stomach

Fortify the spleen and drain dampness, harmonize the center, and clear heat

Indicated for the treatment of serpiginous belt eruption (herpes zoster) with a pattern of exuberant dampness, accompanied with blisters of different sizes in yellow-white color, ulceration and effusion, and pain; or eczema, or oxhide lichen (neurodermatitis) with a pattern of damp-cold

Stephania Root and Poria Decoction (fang ji fu ling tang)

Initially recorded in Essentials from the Golden Cabinet (jin gui yao lüe). Composed of Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae (fang ji) 9 g, Radix Astragali (huang qi) 9 g, Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) 9 g, Poria (fu ling) 18 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 6 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Promote urination and relieve edema, boost qi, and unblock yang

Indicated for the treatment of skin edema with a pattern of defensive yang insufficiency, accompanied with edema of the four limbs, and slightly moving of the muscle due to pathogenic water under the skin

Spleen-Fortifying Urination-Promote Decoction (jian pi li shui tang)

Initially recorded in Essential Teachings on Childbirth (tai chan xin fa). Composed of Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 3 g, Poria (fu ling) 3 g, dry-fried Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae with bran (fu chao bai zhu) 6 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 6 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 14 g, Pericarpium Arecae (da fu pi) 14 g, Folium Perillae (zi su ye) 14 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 14 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 0.9 g. Add Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 1 piece and decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Fortify the spleen and promote urination

Indicated for the treatment of chronic diarrhea and asthenia facial edema in pregnant women due to deficiency of spleen-qi and stomach-qi

(Continued )

766 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 37.11 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Promote Urination and Percolate Dampness (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indications

Atractylodes Macrocephalae Decoction (bai zhu tang)

Initially recorded in Jifeng Formulas for Universal Relief (ji feng pu ji fang). Composed of Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 12 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 12 g, Cortex Mori (sang bai pi) 9 g, and Poria (fu ling) 9 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, and take in 6 g doses at any time

Drain dampness and fortify the spleen

Indicated for the treatment of stagnation of dampness and spleen deficiency, with infantile anemogenous gastropathy, chronic diarrhea and dysentery, abdominal distention, and marked emaciation

Aquilaria Wood Powder (chen xiang san)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Diseases, Patterns, and Formulas Related to the Unification of the Three Etiologies (san yin ji yi bing Zheng fang lun). Composed of Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum (chen xiang) 15 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 7.5 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 15 g, Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) 23 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 7.5 g, Folium Pyrrosiae (shi wei) 15 g, Talcum (hua shi) 15 g, Fructus Malvae Verticillatae (dong kui guo) 23 g, and dry-fried Semen Vaccariae (chao wang bu liu xing) 15 g. Grind the ingredients into fine powder, take in 6 g doses with beverage of barley on an empty stomach

Regulate qi movement and promote urination

Indicated for the treatment of qi strangury due to internal depression and qi without soothing, and yin stagnated by yang, with dribbling urinary block, difficult or stagnated urination, dripping without end, and distention and fullness in the lower abdomen

Five-Peel Beverage (wu pi yin)

Initially recorded in Complete Treatise on Measles for Saving Lives (ma ke huo ren quan shu). Composed of equal parts of Pericarpium Arecae (da fu pi), Cutis Poriae (fu ling pi), Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi), Cortex Acanthopanacis (wu jia pi), and Cortex Zingiberis Rhizomatis (sheng jiang pi). Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Move qi and remove dampness, promote urination, and relieve edema

Indicated for the treatment of anasarca, distention and fullness in the chest and abdomen, difficulty in micturition, and edema during pregnancy

Fortifying and Stabilizing Decoction (jian gu tang)

Initially recorded in Fu Qing-zhu’s [Treatise on] Gynecology (fu qing zhu nü ke). Composed of Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 15 g, Poria (fu ling) 9 g, dry-fried Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae with bran (fu chao bai zhu) 30 g, Radix Morindae Officinalis (ba ji tian) 15 g, and dry-fried Semen Coicis (chao yi yi ren) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Supplement the spleen and percolate dampness

Indicated for the treatment of female menstrual diarrhea due to spleen deficiency and exuberant dampness

Yang-Raising and Dampness-Eliminating Decoction (sheng yang chu shi tang)

Initially recorded in Secrets from the Orchid Chamber (lan shi mi cang). Composed of Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu) 3 g, Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) 1.5 g, Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo) 1.5 g, Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 1.5 g, Rhizoma Cimicifugae (sheng ma) 1.5 g, Massa Medicata Fermentata (shen qu) 1.5 g, Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie) 1.5 g, Polyporus (zhu ling) 1.5 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 0.9 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 0.9 g, and Fructus Hordei Germinatus (mai ya) 0.9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Raise yang and eliminate dampness, fortify the spleen, and arrest diarrhea

Indicated for the treatment of diarrhea, with number of defecation ranging from three to five a day, even more than 10 times, or diarrhea due to internal damage caused by infantile dyspepsia, water-like stool, or more bubbles in the stool, accompanied with sallow complexion, fatigue, poor appetite and digestion, rugitus, pale tongue with white and greasy coating, and soggy or thready and forceless pulse

Cyprinus Carpio Decoction (li yu tang)

Initially recorded in Important Formulas Worth a Thousand Gold Pieces (qian jin yao fang). Composed of Cyprinus carpio (li yu) 1000 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 15 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 9 g, Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) 9 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 9 g, and Poria (fu ling) 12 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Promote urination and relieve edema

Indicated for the treatment of edema during pregnancy, with enlarged abdomen, polyhydramnios, swelling and fullness all over the body, difficulty in micturition, heavy body and aversion to cold, and vertigo when getting up

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TABLE 37.11 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Promote Urination and Percolate Dampness (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indications

Lung-Clearing Beverage (qing fei yin)

Initially recorded in Collected Supplement to Pattern Identifications and Treatments (zheng zhi hui bu). Composed of equal parts of Radix Scutellariae (huang qin), Cortex Mori (sang bai pi), Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong), salt-fried Semen Plantaginis (yan che qian zi), Caulis Clematidis Armandii (chuan mu tong) and Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi) and Poria (fu ling). Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Clear lung-heat and promote urination

Indicated for the treatment of strangury with a pattern of dryness of the lung and spleen, thirst due to lung-heat, and urinary retention

Spring Alisma Rhizome Decoction (chun ze tang)

Initially recorded in Effective Formulas from Generations of Physicians (shi yi de xiao fang). Composed of Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 10 g, Polyporus (zhu ling) 12 g, Poria (fu ling) 15 g, Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie) 20 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 10 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Boost qi and fortify the spleen, promote urination and percolate dampness

Indicated for the treatment of excessive thirst and drinking lots of water due to summer heat damage, or cold damage and warm febrile without releasing of the exterior and interior, with polydipsia with a desire to drink, vomiting after drink water, or difficulty in micturition, or inhibited urination in small amounts, even dribbling urinary block, fatigue, lack of strength, poor appetite, lusterless complexion, dyspnea with rapid and short breath, pale tongue with white coating, and weak pulse

3. Formula differentiation (Table 37.12)

TABLE 37.12 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Promote Urination and Percolate Dampness Name of Formula

Similarity

Differences

Four Substances Powder with Poria (si ling san)

All are the modified formulas from Five Substances Powder with Poria (wu ling san), can fortify the spleen and promote urination and percolate dampness, and are used for the treatment of difficulty in micturition caused by the spleen failing to transport (nutrients) and internal stagnation of water-dampness

It is the Five Substances Powder with Poria (wu ling san) minus Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi), which emphasizes on fortifying the spleen and percolate dampness, and is suitable for the treatment of diarrhea due to failure/loss of spleen transportation and prevalence of dampness

Stomach-Calming Poria Decoction (wei ling tang)

Five Substances Powder with Poria Plus Virgate Wormwood (yin chen wu ling san) Spring Alisma Rhizome Decoction (chun ze tang)

It is the combined formula from Five Substances Powder with Poria (wu ling san) and Stomach-Calming Powder (ping wei san), has the effects of drying dampness and harmonizing the center, moving qi, and promoting urination, and is suitable for the treatment of edema, diarrhea, abdominal distention, and thick and greasy coating caused by internal exuberance of waterdampness obstructing qi movement It is the Five Substances Powder with Poria (wu ling san) with double dosage of Herba Artemisiae Scopariae (yin chen) has the effects of draining dampness and clearing heat and relieving jaundice, and is suitable for the treatment of jaundice with preponderance of dampness over heat It is the Five Substances Powder with Poria (wu ling san) minus Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) and plus Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen), therefore, has the quite strong effects of boosting qi and supplementing the spleen, and is more suitable for the treatment of stagnation and accumulation of water-dampness complicated by spleen deficiency with fatigue, lack of strength, thirst, and diarrhea (Continued )

768 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 37.12 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Promote Urination and Percolate Dampness (cont.) Name of Formula

Similarity

Differences

Polyporus Decoction (zhu ling tang)

Both as the commonly used formulas that promote urination and percolate dampness, contain Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie), Polyporus (zhu ling) and Poria (fu ling), and can be used for the treatment of difficulty in micturition, fever, and thirst

It combines Talcum (hua shi) to clear heat and drain dampness, and combines Colla Corii Asini (e jiao) to enrich yin and moisten dryness, which form the formula that promote urination and nourish yin, and can be indicated for the treatment of retention and accumulation of water-dampness with a pattern of interior heat and yin deficiency due to pathogens invading the interior and transforming heat, accumulation of water with heat, and scorching body fluid

Five Substances Powder with Poria (wu ling san)

Stephania Root and Astragalus Decoction (fang ji huang qi tang)

Both contain Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae (fang ji), Radix Astragali (huang qi), and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao), and have the effects of boosting qi, promoting urination and Stephania Root and Poria relieving edema, and are the commonly used formulas that Decoction treat edema with a pattern of (fang ji fu ling tang) qi deficiency

It combines Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) to warm yang and transform qi and release residual pathogens in the taiyang channel, and combines Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) to fortify the spleen and dry dampness, which form the formula that warm yang and transform qi and promote urination, and can be indicated for the treatment of water amassment syndrome and phlegm rheum caused by bladder disturbance of qi transformation, and internal exuberance of water-dampness It selects Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae (fang ji) to combine with Radix Astragali (huang qi) as the chief medicinals and combines Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) to boost qi and fortify the spleen and promote urination. Its effects of boosting qi and supplementing deficiency and consolidating the exterior are good, and it is suitable for the treatment of wind edema with exterior deficiency, floating pulse, heavy body, sweating, and aversion to wind It selects Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae (fang ji) to combine with Poria (fu ling) as the chief medicinals and combines Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) to warm yang and transform qi, and emphasizes on fortifying the spleen and promoting urination and relieving edema, and is suitable for the treatment of skin edema due to yang qi insufficiency and water overflowing, with more evident edema and finger submerged while pressing

SECTION 4  FORMULAS THAT WARM AND DISSOLVE WATER-DAMPNESS Outline Formulas that warm and dissolve water-dampness are suitable for the treatment of phlegm rheum, edema, bì syndrome, and weak foot with a pattern of cold-damp due to yang deficiency and qi failing to promote water transformation, or caused by conversion of dampness into old. Formulas in this category are usually composed of herbs that warm yang, such as Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) and Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi), and herbs that drain dampness, such as Poria (fu ling), Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie), and Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu). The formation of cold-damp (syndrome) is involved in yang deficiency and internal cold, failure of the spleen (deficiency) to transport (nutrients) or fluid retention with qi obstruction. Therefore, formulas in this category are often combined with herbs that warm yang and dispel cold, fortify the spleen and boost qi, or rectify qi and move stagnation. The representative formulas are Poria, Cinnamon Twig, Atractylodes Macrocephala, and Licorice Decoction (ling gui zhu gan tang), Licorice, Dried Ginger, Poria, and Atractylodes Macrocephala Decoction (gan cao gan jiang fu ling bai zhu tang), True Warrior Decoction (zhen wu tang), and Spleen-Strengthening Powder (shi pi san).

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Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 1. Primary formulas and analysis (Tables 37.13 and 37.14)

TABLE 37.13 Efficacy and Applications of Common Formulas That Warm and Dissolve Water-dampness Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy and Indications

Modified Clinical Applications

Caution for Use

Poria, Cinnamon Twig, Atractylodes Macrocephala, and Licorice Decoction (ling gui zhu gan tang)

Initially recorded in Essentials from the Golden Cabinet (jin gui yao lüe). Composed of Poria (fu ling) 12 g, Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) 9 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 6 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 6 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Warm and remove phlegmrheum, fortify the spleen and drain dampness. Indicated for the treatment of phlegm rheum with a pattern of middle-warmer yang (splenogastric yang) insufficiency, accompanied with fullness and discomfort in the chest and hypochondrium, dizziness, palpitation, or shortness of breath and cough, white and glossy coating, and wiry and slippery pulse

For cough and dyspnea with expectoration of phlegm due to phlegm rheum invading the lung, add Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) and Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi); for fatigue and lack of strength due to spleen deficiency, add Radix Codonopsis (dang shen) and Radix Astragali (huang qi)

Its use is prohibited in patients with phlegm rheum complicated by heat or vigorous fire due to yin deficiency

Licorice, Dried Ginger, Poria, and Atractylodes Macrocephala Decoction (gan cao gan jiang fu ling bai zhu tang) [aka Kidney Fixity Decoction (shen zhuo tang)]

Initially recorded in Essentials from the Golden Cabinet (jin gui yao lüe). Composed of Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 6 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) 12 g, Poria (fu ling) 12 g, and Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 6 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Dispel cold and eliminate dampness. Indicated for the treatment of kidney fixed bì due to cold-damp invading the lower, with heavy body, cold pain in the waist, heavy waist, like carrying 5000 copper coins, but drinking and eating as before, no thirst, and normal micturition

For cold pain in the waist, add Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) and Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin) to strengthen the effects of dissipating cold and relieving pain; for kidney fixed bì lasting for a long time with soreness and weakness of the waist and knees, add Herba Taxilli (sang ji sheng), Cortex Eucommiae (du zhong), and Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (niu xi) to supplement the kidney and strengthen the waist

It should be cautiuosly used in patients with yin deficiency or phlegm-heat

True Warrior Decoction (zhen wu tang)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Cold Damage (shang han lun). Composed of Poria (fu ling) 9 g, Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) 9 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 6 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 9 g, and blast-fried Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (pao fu zi) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use while it is warm

Warm yang and promote urination. Indicated for the treatment of internal retention of fluid with a pattern of spleen-kidney yang deficiency, accompanied with difficulty in micturition, heavy limbs with pain, even edema of the limbs and body, abdominal pain, dysentery or diarrhea, white coating, no thirst, deep pulse; or taiyang syndrome with continuous fever after sweating, palpitation, dizziness, muscular twitching, feeling as if falling down

For cough, add Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi), Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin) and Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang); for difficulty in micturition, remove Poria (fu ling); for dysentery and diarrhea, remove Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) and add Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang); for vomiting, remove Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) and increase the dosage of Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang), or add Fructus Evodiae (wu zhu yu) and Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia)

Its use is prohibited in patients with difficulty in micturition and edema caused by internal stagnation of damp-heat

(Continued )

770 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 37.13 Efficacy and Applications of Common Formulas That Warm and Dissolve Water-dampness (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy and Indications

Modified Clinical Applications

Caution for Use

SpleenStrengthening Powder (shi pi san)

Initially recorded in Revised Yan’s Formulas to Aid the Living (chong ding yan shi ji sheng fang). Composed of ginger-prepared Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (jiang hou po) 6 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 6 g, Fructus Chaenomelis (mu gua) 6 g, Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) 6 g, Fructus Tsaoko (cao guo) 6 g, Semen Arecae (bing lang) 6 g, blast-fried Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (pao fu zi) 6 g, Poria Alba (bai fu ling) 6 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 3 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 5 pieces, and Fructus Jujubae (da zao) 1 piece. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Warm yang and fortify the spleen, move qi, and promote urination. Indicated for the treatment of yin edema with a pattern of spleen-kidney yang deficiency and fluid retention and qi stagnation, accompanied with more evident edema in the lower body, distention and fullness in the chest and abdomen, no warm of the hands and feet, no thirst, thin and unformed stool, white and greasy coating, and deep and slow pulse

For scanty urine and more evident edema, add Polyporus (zhu ling), Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie) and Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) to transform qi and move water, or combine with Five Substances Powder with Poria (wu ling san); for edema with more evident distention and fullness, combine with Five-Peel Beverage (wu pi yin); for fatigue, less eating, thin and unformed stool due to spleen-lung qi deficiency, remove Semen Arecae (bing lang) and add Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) and Radix Astragali (huang qi) to strengthen the effects of boosting qi and fortifying the spleen; for constipation, add Semen Pharbitidis (qian niu zi) to promote urination and defecation

Its use is prohibited in patients with yang edema

Cock’s Crow Powder (ji ming san)

Initially recorded in Doctor Zhu’s Effective Medical Formulas Arranged by Category (lei bian zhu shi ji yan yi fang). Composed of Semen Arecae (bing lang) 15 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 9 g, Fructus Chaenomelis (mu gua) 9 g, Fructus Evodiae (wu zhu yu) 3 g, Folium Perillae (zi su ye) 3 g, Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) 5 g, and Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 5 g. Grind the ingredients into crude powder, and decoct 6 g each time with water for oral use

Warm and dissolve colddamp, move qi, and direct the turbid downward. Indicated for the treatment of weak foot due to cold-damp, with edema of the feet and legs heavy body, lack of strength, numbness, cold pain, aversion to cold, fever, or spasm, qi rushing up to the chest, even chest oppression and nausea; or multiple metastatic abscesses with a pattern of wind-damp, unbearable pain in the feet, and edema of the sinews

For contracted wind due to exterior deficiency, complicated by spontaneous sweating, aversion to wind, floating and moderate pulse, add Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) and Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi); for yang deficiency and cold-damp with body pain, cold limbs, deep and slow pulse, add Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) and Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi); for colddamp beriberi attacking heart, spasms, chest oppression, and more evident nausea, add Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum (chen xiang) and Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia)

It is not suitable for the treatment of damp-heat (syndrome). It should be cautiuosly used in pregnant women

Hypoglaucae Root Turbidity-Clearing Beverage (bi xie fen qing yin)

Initially recorded in Teachings of [Zhu] Dan-xi (dan xi xin fa). Composed of Fructus Alpiniae Oxyphyllae (yi zhi ren) 9 g, Rhizoma Dioscoreae Hypoglaucae (bi xie) 9 g, Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (shi chang pu) 9 g, Radix Linderae (wu yao) 9 g, and a little salt. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Warm kidney qi, raise the clear, and remove turbidity. Indicated for the treatment of whitish and turbid urine with a pattern of lower jiao deficiency-cold, accompanied with frequent micturition, white turbid urine like ricewater or even like paste

For qi deficiency with fatigue and lack of strength, add Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) and Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu); for yang deficiency with cold body and limbs, add Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi), Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui), and Colla Cornus Cervi (lu jiao jiao)

It is not suitable for the treatment of damp-heat in the lower jiao or heat without dampness

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TABLE 37.14 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Warm and Dissolve Water-dampness Name of Formula Poria, Cinnamon Twig, Atractylodes Macrocephala, and Licorice Decoction (ling gui zhu gan tang)

Efficacy Analysis Poria (fu ling) Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao)

Licorice, Dried Ginger, Poria, and Atractylodes Macrocephala Decoction (gan cao gan jiang fu ling bai zhu tang)

Fortify the spleen and dry dampness, and combine with Poria (fu ling) to strengthen the effect of fortifying the spleen and dissolving rheum

Poria (fu ling)

Bland in nature, percolate and drain dampness, and combine with Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) to remove both cold and dampness, as the deputy medicinal

Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu)

Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang)

Fortify the spleen and dry dampness; combine with Poria (fu ling) to assist the effect of eliminating dampness

Dispel cold and eliminate dampness

Harmonize the actions of all medicinals, and strengthen the effect of supplementing the spleen and promoting transportation Extremely acrid and hot in nature, warm the kidney and assist yang to transform qi and move water, warm the spleen, and restrain yin to transport water-dampness, as the chief medicinal Supplement qi and fortify the spleen, promote urination, and percolate dampness, both as the deputy medicinals Warm yang, dissipate cold, assist the deputy medicinals to dissipate fluid retention, harmonize the stomach, and arrest vomiting

Radix Paeoniae (shao yao)

Relax spasms and relieve abdominal pain, astringe yin and relax the sinews, promote urination, and restrain the dryness-heat of Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) to damage yin

Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi)

Warm kidney yang to assist the effect of transforming qi to promote urination

Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) Poria (fu ling)

Warm spleen yang to assist the effect of transporting and transforming to control water

Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu)

Fortify the spleen and percolate dampness, promote urination, and relieve edema, both as the deputy medicinals

Fructus Chaenomelis (mu gua)

Eliminate dampness and harmonize the center

Warm yang and promote urination

Reinforce yang and restrain yin, both as the chief medicinals

Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po) Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang)

Warm and remove phlegm-rheu m, fortify the spleen, and drain dampness

Combine with acrid and sweet Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) to support yang, and harmonize the actions of all medicinals Dissipate cold and unblock bì, warm the center, and dissolve rheum, as the chief medicinal

Poria (fu ling)

Spleen- Strengthening Powder (shi pi san)

Warm yang and transform qi, and combine with Poria (fu ling) to warm and remove phlegm-rheum, as the deputy medicinal

Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang)

Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) True Warrior Decoction (zhen wu tang)

Fortify the spleen and promote urination, percolate dampness, and dissolve rheum (fluid retention), as the chief medicinal

Move qi and promote urination, promote qi transformation to remove dampness, and promote qi movement to relieve distention

Warm yang and fortify the spleen, move qi, and promote urination

Semen Arecae (bing lang) Fructus Tsaoko (cao guo) Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao)

Warm the center and dry dampness Combine with Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) and Fructus Jujubae (da zao) to boost the spleen and harmonize the center, and harmonize the actions of all medicinals

(Continued )

772 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 37.14 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Warm and Dissolve Water-dampness (cont.) Name of Formula Cock’s Crow Powder (ji ming san)

Hypoglaucae Root TurbidityClearing Beverage (bi xie fen qing yin)

Efficacy Analysis Semen Arecae (bing lang)

Acrid, bitter, warm, descending, and sinking in nature, move qi and expel dampness, as the chief medicinal

Fructus Evodiae (wu zhu yu)

Dissipate cold, direct the turbid downward, warm the center, and arrest vomiting

Fructus Chaenomelis (mu gua)

Relax the sinews and quicken the collaterals, harmonize the stomach, and remove dampness

Folium Perillae(zi su ye)

Remove dampness and scatter wind-cold

Both as the deputy medicinals Promote qi movement to dissipate obstruction

Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang)

Warm the stomach and dissipate cold and direct counterflow downward, and combine with Cortex Zingiberis Rhizomatis (sheng jiang pi) to dissipate dampness and relieve edema

Rhizoma Dioscoreae Hypoglaucae (bi xie) Fructus Alpiniae Oxyphyllae(yi zhi ren)

Drain dampness, raise the clear, and remove turbidity, as the chief medicinal Supplement the kidney and assist yang, consolidate essence, and reduce urination, as the deputy medicinal

Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (shi chang pu)

Fragrant in nature, remove turbidity, assist the chief medicinal to dispel dampness, warm the intestine, stomach, and bladder

Radix Linderae (wu yao)

Warm kidney qi to assist the effects of benefiting wisdom and warming the kidney, and move qi and dissipate cold

Diffuse lung qi Rectify qi and awaken the spleen

Warm and dissolve cold-damp, move qi, and direct the turbid downward

Warm kidney qi, raise the clear, and remove turbidity

2. Attached formulas (Table 37.15)

TABLE 37.15 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Warm and Dissolve Water-dampness Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indications

Poria, Cinnamon Twig, and Licorice Decoction (fu ling gui zhi gan cao tang)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Cold Damage (shang han lun). Composed of Poria (fu ling) 15 g, Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) 120 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 60 g, and Fructus Jujubae (da zao) 15 pieces. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Warm yang and promote urination

Indicated for the treatment of dashing piggy syndrome due to heart yang insufficiency and internal stagnation of phlegm-rheum; subumbilical throbbing after sweating, and sensation like a dashing piggy

Aconite Decoction (fu zi tang)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Cold Damage (shang han lun). Composed of blast-fried Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (pao fu zi) 15 g, Poria (fu ling) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 6 g, Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) 9 g, and Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 12 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Warm the channels and assist yang, dispel cold, and remove dampness

Indicated for the treatment of yang deficiency and cold-damp syndrome, with pain in the bones and joints, aversion to cold, cold limbs, white and glossy coating, and deep and faint pulse

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TABLE 37.15 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Warm and Dissolve Water-dampness (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indications

Master Cheng's Hypoglaucae Root Turbidity-Clearing Beverage (cheng shi bi xie fen qing yin)

Initially recorded in Medical Revelations (yi xue xin wu). Composed of Rhizoma Dioscoreae Hypoglaucae (bi xie) 6 g, dry-fried Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (chao huang bai) 1.5 g, Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (shi chang pu) 1.5 g, Poria (fu ling) 3 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 3 g, Plumula Nelumbinis (lian zi xin) 2 g, Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae (dan shen) 4.5 g, and Semen Plantaginis (che qian zi) 4.5 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Clear heat and drain dampness, raise the clear, and direct the turbid downward

Indicated for the treatment of whitish and turbid urine, and chylous strangury due to damp-heat in the lower jiao, with dribble of urine, turbid urine, and yellow and greasy coating

Decoction for Chylous Strangury (gao lin tang)

Initially recorded in Records of Chinese Medicine with Reference to Western Medicine (yi xue zhong zhong can xi lu). Composed of raw Rhizoma Dioscoreae (sheng shan yao) 30 g, raw Semen Euryales (sheng qian shi) 18 g, raw Os Draconis (sheng long gu) 18 g, raw Concha Ostreae (sheng mu li) 18 g, Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 18 g, Radix Codonopsis (dang shen) 9 g, and raw Radix Paeoniae Alba (sheng bai shao) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Boost qi and supplement deficiency, consolidate the kidney, and contain essence

Indicated for the treatment of chronic chylous strangury, with turbid urine, difficult and painful urination, dizziness, lack of strength, soreness and weakness of the waist and knees, pale tongue with greasy coating, and thready and weak and forceless pulse

3. Formula differentiation (Table 37.16)

TABLE 37.16 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Warm and Dissolve Water-dampness Name of Formula

Similarities

Differences

Poria, Cinnamon Twig, Atractylodes Macrocephala, and Licorice Decoction (ling gui zhu gan tang)

Both contain Poria (fu ling), Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi), and Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) and have the effects of warming yang and dissolving rheum (fluid retention), and can be used for the treatment of phlegm rheum (syndrome)

It selects Poria (fu ling) as the chief medicinal and combines with Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) to warm yang and dissolve rheum (fluid retention). Four herbs in this formula all act on the spleen and stomach channels (the middle jiao), and are indicated for the treatment of fullness and discomfort in the chest and hypochondrium, giddiness, and palpitation caused by rheum retention in the middle jiao

Five Substances Powder with Poria (wu ling san)

It selects Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie) as the chief medicinal and combines with Poria (fu ling) and Polyporus (zhu ling) to guide the effects to the lower jiao, can mainly promote urination and percolate dampness, and is indicated for the treatment of throbbing below the navel, dizziness, and saliva spitting due to rheum stagnation in the lower jiao (Continued )

774 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 37.16 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Warm and Dissolve Water-dampness (cont.) Name of Formula

Similarities

Differences

Poria, Cinnamon Twig, Atractylodes Macrocephala, and Licorice Decoction (ling gui zhu gan tang)

Both contain Poria (fu ling), Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu), and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao), and can be used for the treatment of dampness syndrome or cold-damp (syndrome)

It puts Poria (fu ling) in an important position as the chief medicinal, and combines with Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi), Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu), and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) to lay stress on promoting urination and percolating dampness, warming yang, and fortifying the spleen, and is a representative formula for treating phlegm rheum (syndrome)

Licorice, Dried Ginger, Poria, and Atractylodes MacrocephalaDecoction (gan cao gan jiang fu ling bai zhu tang)

Aconite Decoction (fu zi tang)

It puts Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) in an important position as the chief medicinal, and combines with Poria (fu ling), Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu), and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) to warm the center and dispel cold, percolate dampness and fortify the spleen, and is a commonly used formula for the treatment of kidney-fixed bì due to cold-damp Both contain Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi), Poria (fu ling), Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu), and Radix Paeoniae (shao yao), and are used for the treatment of water-dampness overflowing due to yang deficiency

True Warrior Decoction (zhen wu tang)

Spleen-Strengthening Powder (shi pi san)

True Warrior Decoction (zhen wu tang)

It puts Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) and Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) in an important position, and combines with Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) to lay stress on warming and supplementing spleen yang to dispel cold-damp, and is indicated for the treatment of bì syndrome caused by yang deficiency and internal exuberance of cold-damp It halves the dosage of Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) and Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu), combines with Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) to warm and dissipate fluid retention, lays stress on warming and supplementing kidney yang and dispel fluid retention, and is indicated for the treatment of water-dampness overflowing due to yang deficiency

Both can be used for the treatment of edema due to yang deficiency, and have the effects of warming and supplementing the spleen and kidney, promoting urination, and percolating dampness

It selects Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) and Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) as the chief medicinals, which have stronger effects of warming the spleen and assisting yang, combines with herbs that move qi, and remove food stagnation, such as Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang), Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po), and Fructus Tsaoko (cao guo), and is indicated for the treatment of edema due to spleen-kidney yang deficiency complicated by qi stagnation with distention and fullness in the chest and abdomen It selects Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) as the chief medicinal and combines with Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) and Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang), which is partial to warming the kidney, warming yang, and promoting urination. It also can astringe yin and soften the sinews, relax spasm, and relieve pain, and is indicated for the treatment of difficulty in micturition and edema due to kidney yang insufficiency and internal retention of water-dampness

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SECTION 5  FORMULAS THAT DISPEL WIND AND OVERCOME DAMPNESS Outline Formulas that dispel wind and overcome dampness are suitable for the treatment of head and body pain, low back and knee pain, inconvenient flexing and stretching, and spasms of the joints caused by externally contracted wind-damp. Formulas in this category are usually composed of herbs that dispel wind-damp, such as Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo), Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae (qin jiao), and Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng). Diseases or syndromes caused by wind-damp are often involved in different positions, such as fleshy exterior, channels and collaterals, joints, and (or) zang-fu organs. After contraction of pathogens, healthy qi (a.k.a. right qi) insufficiency or deficiency-excess complex may exist. If wind-cold-damp pathogens linger for a long time, damage to qi and blood may occur. Therefore, formulas in this category are often combined with herbs that unblock the collaterals and relieve pain, herbs that supplement and boost the liver and kidney, or herbs that boost qi, and nourish the blood. The representative formulas are Notopterygium Dampness-Drying Decoction (qiang huo sheng shi tang) and Pubescent Angelica and Mistletoe Decoction (du huo ji sheng tang).

Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 1. Primary formulas and analysis (Tables 37.17 and 37.18)

TABLE 37.17 Efficacy and Applications of Common Formulas That Dispel Wind and Overcome Dampness Name of Formula Notopterygium Dampness-Drying Decoction (qiang huo sheng shi tang)

Source, Composition, and Usage Initially recorded in Clarifying Doubts about Damage from Internal and External Causes (nei wai shang bian huo lun). Composed of Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo) 6 g, Radix Angelicae Pubescentis (du huo) 6 g, Rhizoma Ligustici (gao ben) 3 g, Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 3 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 3 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 3 g, and Fructus Viticis (man jing zi) 2 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Efficacy and Indications Dispel wind and overcome dampness and relieve pain. Indicated for the treatment of wind-damp exterior pattern, with headache, heavy body, pain in the shoulder and back with inability to turn back, or heavy pain in the waist and spine with difficulty in turning, white coating, and floating pulse

Modified Clinical Applications For heavy and cold waist due to more evident cold-damp, add wine-washed Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae (fang ji), Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi), and Radix Aconiti (chuan wu) to dissipate cold and relieve pain; for soreness and pain of the limbs due to more evident pathogenic dampness, add Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu) and Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin) to dispel dampness and unblock the collaterals; complicated by red swelling and heat pain of the joints due to damp-heat, add Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai), Caulis Lonicerae Japonicae (ren dong teng), and Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae (qin jiao) to clear heat and unblock the collaterals

Caution for Use After administration, patient should be hidden from wind and cold and wait for mild sweating. it should be cautiuosly used in patients with usual yin deficiency

(Continued )

776 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 37.17 Efficacy and Applications of Common Formulas That Dispel Wind and Overcome Dampness (cont.) Name of Formula Pubescent Angelica and Mistletoe Decoction (du huo ji sheng tang)

Source, Composition, and Usage Initially recorded in Important Formulas Worth a Thousand Gold Pieces for Emergency (bei ji qian jin yao fang). Composed of Radix Angelicae Pubescentis (du huo) 9 g, Herba Taxilli (sang ji sheng) 6 g, Cortex Eucommiae (du zhong) 6 g, Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (niu xi) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin) 6 g, Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae (qin jiao) 6 g, Poria (fu ling) 6 g, Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) 6 g, Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 6 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 6 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 6 g, Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) 6 g, and Radix Rehmanniae (di huang) 6 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Efficacy and Indications Dispel wind-damp, relieve painful bì syndrome, boost the liver and kidney, and supplement qi and blood. Indicated for the treatment of bì syndrome with a pattern of liverkidney depletion and insufficiency of qi and blood, accompanied with pain in the waist and knees, difficulty in flexing and extending, or numbness and insensitivity of the limbs and joints, aversion to cold, preference to warm, palpitation, shortness of breath, pale tongue with white coating, and thready and weak pulse

Modified Clinical Applications For intense pain in the waist and leg joints, appropriately add Radix Aconiti Praeparata (zhi chuan wu), Radix Aconiti Kusnezoffii Praeparata (zhi cao wu), Agkistrodon (bai hua she), Pheretima (di long) or Flos Carthami (hong hua) to assist the effects of removing wind and unblocking the collaterals, invigorating blood and relieving pain; for heavy and cold pain in the waist and legs due to more evident cold, add Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi), and Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) to warm yang and dissipate cold; for more evident exuberance of dampness, remove Radix Rehmanniae (di huang) and appropriately add Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae (fang ji), Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu) and Semen Coicis (yi yi ren) to dispel dampness and relieve swelling

Caution for Use It is not suitable for the treatment of damp-heat excess pattern

TABLE 37.18 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Dispel Wind and Overcome Dampness Name of Formula Notopterygium Dampness-Drying Decoction (qiang huo sheng shi tang)

Efficacy Analysis Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo)

Specialize in dispelling the upper wind-damp

Disperse the upper and lower pathogenic wind-damp, promote the function of joints and relieve pain of bì, both as the chief medicinals

Radix Angelicae Pubescentis (du huo)

Specialize in dispelling the lower wind-damp

Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng)

Acrid and slightly warm in nature, dissipate wind, and overcome dampness to relieve general pain

Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong)

Scatter and dissipate pathogenic wind, invigorate blood, and move qi to relieve pain in the head and body

Rhizoma Ligustici (gao ben)

Scatter and dissipate pathogenic wind-cold-damp in the taiyang channel, guide effects to the top of the head, and relieve headache

Fructus Viticis (man jing zi)

Light and floating in nature, dissipate pathogen of the head, and face

Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao)

Moderate the acrid and dispersing nature of other herbs, and harmonize the actions of all medicinals, as the assistant and envoy medicinal

Dispel wind and overcome dampness and relieve pain

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TABLE 37.18 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Dispel Wind and Overcome Dampness (cont.) Name of Formula

Efficacy Analysis

Pubescent Angelica and Mistletoe Decoction (du huo ji sheng tang)

Radix Angelicae Pubescentis (du huo)

Acrid, bitter, and slightly warm in nature, specialize in dispelling pathogenic wind-cold-damp hidden in sinews and bones, and guide effects downward and relieve pain of the waist, knees, legs, and feet, as the chief medicinal

Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin)

Specialize in removing wind-cold-damp in the yin channels, and eliminate lingering dampness in the collaterals and channels

Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae (qin jiao)

Dispel wind-damp, relax the sinews, and promote the function of joints

Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui)

Warm the channel and dissipate cold to unblock the blood vessels

Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng)

Dispel general wind and overcome dampness

Herba Taxilli (sang ji sheng) Cortex Eucommiae (du zhong) Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (niu xi)

Assist the chief medicinal to dispel wind and overcome dampness, all as the deputy medicinals Dispel wind-damp, relieve painful bì syndrome, boost the liver and kidney, and supplement qi and blood

Supplement and boost the liver and kidney, dispel wind-damp, and strengthen the sinews and bones Invigorate blood to unblock the limbs and joints, sinews, and vessels

Radix Rehmanniae (di huang) Radix Paeoniae (shao yao)

Nourish the blood, supplement the blood, and harmonize blood

Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui)

Combine with Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (niu xi) and Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) to invigorate blood and unblock the vessels, which implies “to treat wind syndrome should first treat blood syndrome; blood moves and wind syndrome will disappear”

Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) Poria (fu ling)

Boost qi and fortify the spleen to supplement qi and blood, and nourish the channels of sinew and bone

Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao)

Combine with Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) to relax the sinews, and harmonize the actions of all medicinals, as the envoy medicinal

2. Attached formulas (Table 37.19) TABLE 37.19 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Dispel Wind and Overcome Dampness Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indications

Three Impediments Decoction (san bi tang)

Initially recorded in The Complete Compendium of Fine Formulas for Women (fu ren da quan liang fang). Composed of Radix Dipsaci (xu duan) 5 g, Cortex Eucommiae (du zhong) 5 g, Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 5 g, Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) 5 g, Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin) 5 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 5 g, Poria Alba (bai fu ling) 5 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 5 g, Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) 5 g, Radix Astragali (huang qi) 5 g, Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (niu xi) 5 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 5 g, Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae (qin jiao) 3 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 3 g, Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 3 g, Radix Angelicae Pubescentis (du huo) 3 g, and Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 3 pieces. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Boost qi and nourish the blood, dispel wind, and overcome dampness

Indicated for the treatment of bì syndrome due to liverkidney depletion and qi and blood insufficiency, with spasms, and numbness and pain of the hands and feet

(Continued )

778 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 37.19 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Dispel Wind and Overcome Dampness (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indications

Eliminating Painful Obstruction Decoction (juan bi tang)

Initially recorded in Secret Formulas of the Yang Family (yang shi jia cang fang). Composed of wine-fried Radix Angelicae Sinensis (jiu dang gui) 45 g, Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo) 45 g, Rhizoma Curcumae Longae (jiang huang) 45 g, Radix Astragali Praeparata cum Melle (zhi huang qi) 45 g, Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) 45 g, Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 45 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 15 g. Grind the ingredients into crude powder, select 15 g and add Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 5 pieces and Fructus Jujubae (da zao) 3 pieces to be decocted with water for oral use

Dispel wind, overcome dampness, boost qi and harmonize the nutrient aspect, unblock the collaterals, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of windcold-damp pathogens obstructing the channels and collaterals, with vexing pain in the body, spasms of the nape and back, pain in the shoulder, arm and elbow, difficulty in lifting or moving, and numbness of the hands and feet

Ledebouriella Decoction (fang feng tang)

Initially recorded in Comprehensive Recording of Divine Assistance (sheng ji zong lu). Composed of Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 10 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 10 g, Poria Rubra (chi fu ling) 10 g, dry-fried Semen Armeniacae Amarum (chao ku xing ren) 10 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 10 g, Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae (qin jiao) 10 g, Radix Puerariae Lobatae (ge gen) 10 g, Herba Ephedrae (ma huang) 6 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 6 g, Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) 3 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 3 g, and Fructus Jujubae (da zao) 3 pieces. Decoct the ingredients with equal amounts of wine and water for oral use

Dispel wind and unblock the collaterals, dissipate cold, and eliminate dampness

Indicated for the treatment of migratory bì (wind bì) syndrome, with unfixed pain in all over bones and joints, difficulty in flexing and extending, accompanied with fever, aversion to cold, absence of sweating, light red tongue with white coating, and floating pulse or floating and moderate pulse

Aconite Main Root Decoction (wu tou tang)

Initially recorded in Essentials from the Golden Cabinet (jin gui yao lüe). Composed of Herba Ephedrae (ma huang) 9 g, Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) 9 g, Radix Astragali (huang qi) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 9 g, Radix Aconiti (chuan wu) 6 g, and Mel (feng mi) (decocted first) 50 g. Decoct the ingredients with water and honey for oral use

Warm the channels and dispel dampness, dissipate cold, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of painful bì (cold bì) syndrome, with intense pain in the limbs or joints, difficulty in flexing and stretching, aversion to cold, preference to heat, thin and white coating, and deep and wiry pulse

Coicis Decoction (yi yi ren tang)

Initially recorded in Categorized Patterns with Clear-cut Treatments (lei zheng zhi cai). Composed of Semen Coicis (yi yi ren) 12 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu) 12 g, Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo) 12 g, Radix Angelicae Pubescentis (du huo) 12 g, Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 9 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 9 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 9 g, Herba Ephedrae (ma huang) 6 g, Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) 6 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 6 g, Radix Aconiti Praeparata (zhi chuan wu) 3 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 3 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Eliminate dampness and unblock the collaterals, dispel wind, and dissipate cold

Indicated for the treatment of fixed bì (dampness bì) syndrome, with soreness and heavy sensation, general swelling and distention of the limbs or joints, white and greasy coating, and soggy and moderate pulse

Formulas That Dispel Dampness Chapter | 37

779

TABLE 37.19 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Dispel Wind and Overcome Dampness (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indications

Notopterygium Wind-Eliminating Decoction (qiang huo sheng feng tang)

Initially recorded in Revealing the Mystery of the Origin of Eye Diseases (yuan ji qi wei). Composed of Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 1.5 g, Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao) 1.2 g, Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo) 1.2 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 1.2 g, Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi) 1.2 g, Radix Angelicae Pubescentis (du huo) 1.2 g, Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 1.2 g, Radix Peucedani (qian hu) 1.2 g, Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) 1.2 g, Herba Menthae (bo he) 1.2 g, Herba Schizonepetae (jing jie) 0.9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 0.9 g, Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) 2.1 g, and Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 1.5 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Dispel wind and overcome dampness

Indicated for the treatment of windheat harassing the upper body, with a lot of secretion in the eye, blurred in eyesight, intolerance of light, red vessels crossing white eye (angular conjunctivitis), headache, nasal obstruction, distention sensation with tears, heavy sensation of the head, and soreness of the supraorbital bone, and clustered stars nebula (herpes simplex keratitis)

DampnessEliminating Pain-Relieving Decoction (chu shi juan tong tang)

Initially recorded in Standards for Diagnosis and Treatment (zheng zhi zhun sheng). Composed of Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu) 6 g, Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo) 4.5 g, Poria (fu ling) 4.5 g, Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie) 4.5 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 4.5 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 3 g and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 1.2 g. Decoct the ingredients with water, and take orally after mixing with Succus Rhizomatis Zingiberis (sheng jiang zhi) 20 mL and Succus Bambusae (zhu li) 20 mL

Eliminate dampness and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of wind-damp invading the exterior, with heavy sensation and soreness of the whole body bone and joints, and attack in cloudy day

3. Formula differentiation (Table 37.20) TABLE 37.20 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Dispel Wind and Overcome Dampness Name of Formula

Similarity

Differences

Nine Ingredients Notopterygium Decoction (jiu wei qiang huo tang)

Both select Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo), Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng), Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong), and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) in combination, can dispel wind and eliminate dampness and relieve pain, and are used for the treatment of head and body pain due to wind-damp in the exterior

It selects Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin), Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi), Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu), Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang), and Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) to combine. The effects of inducing sweating and releasing the exterior are strong. It also can clear interior heat, and is indicated for the treatment of exterior wind-cold-damp complicated by interior accumulated heat

Notopterygium Dampness-Drying Decoction (qiang huo sheng shi tang)

It selects Radix Angelicae Pubescentis (du huo), Rhizoma Ligustici (gao ben), and Fructus Viticis (man jing zi) to combine, and is good at dispelling wind-damp all over the body, but the effect of inducing sweating is slightly mild. It is indicated for the treatment of bì syndrome with wind-damp in the exterior (Continued )

780 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 37.20 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Dispel Wind and Overcome Dampness (cont.) Name of Formula

Similarity

Differences

Pubescent Angelica and Mistletoe Decoction (du huo ji sheng tang)

Both have the effects of dispelling winddamp, relieving painful bì syndrome, boosting the liver and kidney and supplementing qi and blood, and are used for the treatment of bì syndrome

It is partial to supplementing and boosting the liver and kidney, so is good at treating waist and leg pain. It can supplement deficiency and support weakness, and strengthen the bones and sinews, and is suitable for the treatment of chronic bì syndrome with a pattern of qi and blood deficiency, and liver-kidney deficiency

Three Impediments Decoction (san bi tang)

It is the Pubescent Angelica and Mistletoe Decoction (du huo ji sheng tang) minus Herba Taxilli (sang ji sheng) and with Radix Astragali (huang qi), Radix Dipsaci (xu duan), and Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang). It combines with Radix Astragali (huang qi) and has the effects of supplementing qi and diffusing bì syndrome, so is good at treating spasms of the hands and feet, numbness, and pain

Chapter 38

Formulas That Dispel Phlegm Chapter Outline Section 1 Formulas That Dry Dampness and Dissolve Phlegm Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas Section 2 Formulas That Clear Heat and Dissolve Phlegm Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas Section 3 Formulas That Moisten Dryness and Dissolve Phlegm Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas

782 782 782 790 790 790

Section 4 Formulas That Warm and Dissolve Cold-phlegm Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas Section 5 Formulas That Expel or Calm the Wind and Dissolve Phlegm Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas

799 799 799 802 802 802

796 796 796

ABSTRACT Formulas that are mainly composed of herbs that dispel phlegm, have the effects of eliminating phlegm-drool, and used for the treatment of phlegm pattern (syndrome) are called “Formulas That Dispel Phlegm,” which are divided into five categories: formulas that dry dampness and dissolve phlegm, formulas that clear heat and dissolve phlegm, formulas that moisten dryness and dissolve phlegm, formulas that warm and dissolve cold-phlegm, and formulas that expel or calm the wind and dissolve phlegm. Keywords: formulas that dry dampness and dissolve phlegm; formulas that clear heat and dissolve phlegm; formulas that moisten dryness and dissolve phlegm; formulas that warm and dissolve cold-phlegm; formulas that expel or calm the wind and dissolve phlegm

Formulas that are mainly composed of herbs that dispel phlegm, have the effects of eliminating phlegm-drool, and used for the treatment of phlegm pattern (syndrome) are called “Formulas That Dispel Phlegm.” Its therapeutic method belongs to “dispersing” method of the eight [medicinal treatment] methods. Phlegm, as one of the body’s pathological products, can stagnate in the zang-fu organs, collaterals and channels and limbs to cause diseases. Wang Ang (a respected doctor in Qing dynasty) pointed out that “phlegm in the lung can cause coughing, in the stomach can cause vomiting, in the head can cause dizziness, in the heart can cause palpitation, in the back can cause cold, in the hypochondrium can cause distention, and its changes are innumerable” in Medical Formulas Collected and Analyzed (yi fang ji jie). Phlegm due to internal damage is usually caused by functional disorder of zang-fu organs, especially the disorder of lung, spleen, and kidney functions, which are just so-called “the lung is the container that holds phlegm,” “the spleen is the source of phlegm production” and “the kidney is the foundation of phlegm formation.” Phlegm due to external cause is usually caused by six pathogenic factors or eating and drinking without temperance. Phlegm syndrome can be divided into damp-phlegm, heat-phlegm, dryness-phlegm, cold-phlegm, and wind-phlegm. Therefore, formulas in this chapter are divided into five categories: (1) formulas that dry dampness and dissolve phlegm, (2) formulas that clear heat and dissolve phlegm, (3) formulas that moisten dryness and dissolve phlegm, (4) formulas that warm and dissolve cold-phlegm, and (5) formulas that expel or calm the wind and dissolve phlegm.

Essentials of Chinese Materia Medica and Medical Formulas. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812722-3.00038-5 Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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Phlegm is generated from dampness and dampness is mainly from the spleen and kidney. Zhang Jing-yue pointed out that “diseases of the five zang organs can generate phlegm, but all are due to the spleen and kidney (functional disorder)” in The Complete Works of [Zhang] Jing-yue (jing yue quan shu). So formulas that dispel phlegm are often combined with herbs that fortify the spleen and dispel dampness or herbs that boost the kidney. Because phlegm can follow qi to ascend and descend, qi stagnation can cause phlegm gathering, qi normalizing may promote phlegm-eliminating. As Pang Anchang (a famous doctor in Northern Song dynasty) said: “the doctors who are good at treating phlegm syndrome, don’t treat phlegm but treat qi; when qi is normalized, the body fluids will follow qi to become normal.” Thus, formulas that dispel phlegm are also combined with herbs that rectify qi. As for scrofula and phlegm node caused by phlegm flowing in collaterals and channels, muscle and interstitial space, formulas that dispel phlegm can often combine herbs that soften hardness and dissipate masses, and modify according to cold and heat, deficiency, and excess. When apply formulas that dispel phlegm, the property of phlegm syndrome should be differentiated. Select the corresponding formulas based on the syndrome differences of cold, heat, dryness, and dampness. For patients with coughing of phlegm with blood, formulas that are acrid, warm, and fierce in nature are not suitable. Patients with unreleased exterior pathogen or with excessive phlegm should be cautious in using formulas that moisten in order to avoid stagnation of pathogens.

SECTION 1  FORMULAS THAT DRY DAMPNESS AND DISSOLVE PHLEGM Outline Formulas that dry dampness and dissolve phlegm are suitable for the treatment of damp-phlegm pattern (syndrome) with cough, excessive white phlegm expectorated easily, pĭ and oppression in the chest and stomach cavity, vomiting and nausea, dizziness, heavy limbs and body, less eating, greasy taste in the mouth, white and greasy coating, or white glossy coating, slippery pulse or moderate and slippery pulse caused by the spleen failing to transport [nutrients] and internal stagnation of water-dampness. Formulas in this category are usually composed of herbs that dry dampness and dissolve phlegm, such as Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia), Exocarpium Citri Rubrum (ju hong), and Rhizoma Arisaematis (tian nan xing). Because the formation of damp-phlegm is usually caused by failure of the spleen to transport [nutrients], effective treatment of phlegm syndrome should first treat qi. Therefore, formulas in this category are often combined with herbs that fortify the spleen and dry dampness or herbs that move qi, such as Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu), Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi), Poria (fu ling), and Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi). The representative formulas are Two Matured Substances Decoction (er chen tang), Gallbladder-Warming Decoction (wen dan tang), and Poria Pill (fu ling wan).

Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 1. Primary formulas and analysis (Tables 38.1 and 38.2)

Formulas That Dispel Phlegm Chapter | 38

783

TABLE 38.1 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Dry Dampness and Dissolve Phlegm Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Two Matured Substances Decoction (er chen tang)

Initially recorded in Beneficial Formulas from the Taiping Imperial Pharmacy (tai ping hui min he ji ju fang). Composed by Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) 15 g, Exocarpium Citri Rubrum (ju hong) 15 g, Poria Alba (bai fu ling) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 5 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 3 g and Fructus Mume (wu mei) 1 piece. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Dry dampness and dissolve phlegm, rectify qi, and harmonize the center. Indicated for the treatment of damp-phlegm, with cough, excessive, and white phlegm expectorated easily, pı˘ and oppression in the chest and diaphragm, nausea and vomiting, lassitude, no desire to drink and eat, or dizziness, palpitation, white and greasy coating, and slippery pulse

For white and thin phlegm due to lung deficiency, add Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang), Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin), and Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi) to warm the lung and dissolve phlegm; for yellow and thick phlegm due to lung heat, add Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii (zhe bei mu) and Fructus Trichosanthis (gua lou) to clear heat and dissolve phlegm; for cough with excessive phlegm complicated by aversion to wind and fever, add Folium Perillae (zi su ye), Radix Peucedani (qian hu) and Herba Schizonepetae (jing jie) to release the exterior and dissolve phlegm; for dizziness, white and greasy coating due to wind-phlegm harassing the upper body, add Rhizoma Gastrodiae (tian ma), Rhizoma Typhonii (bai fu zi) and Bombyx Batryticatus (bai jiang can) to extinguish wind and dissolve phlegm

This formula is partial to warm and dryness in nature, its use is cautious in patients with drynessphlegm and prohibited in patients with yin deficiency and internal heat or tendency of hematemesis

Poria Pill (fu ling wan) [aka PhlegmTreating Poria Pill (zhi tan fu ling wan)]

Initially recorded in Life-Saving Formulas for Clearing Up Doubts (quan sheng zhi mi fang). Composed by Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) 60 g, Poria (fu ling) 30 g, Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao) 15 g and Mirabilitum (po xiao) 7.5 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, mix with Succus Rhizomatis Zingiberis (sheng jiang zhi), and make into pills as size of phoenix tree seed. Take 30 pills each time orally with decoction of Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang)

Dry dampness and move qi, soften hardness, and disperse phlegm. Indicated for the treatment of phlegm retention in the middlethird portion of the stomach cavity (zho¯ng wa˘n) and flowing in the collaterals and channels, with pain in both arms and difficulty in raising, or numbness of both hands, or edema of the four limbs, white and greasy coating, wiry, and slippery pulse

For cough with excessive phlegm, fullness, and oppression in the chest and diaphragm due to internal stagnation of phlegm-damp, add Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi), Rhizoma Curcumae Longae (jiang huang) and Caulis Spatholobi (ji xue teng) to invigorate blood and unblock the collaterals; for convulsion of the arms, appropriately add Scorpio (quan xie) and Bombyx Batryticatus (bai jiang can) to extinguish wind and arrest convulsion; for coughing of sticky and thick phlegm, add Pumex (hai fu shi), and Fructus Trichosanthis (gua lou) to moisten dryness and dissolve phlegm

Discontinue medication as soon as getting effect because this formula not only has a strong effect of dissolving phlegm, but also can expel phlegm accumulation. Its use is cautious in the weak patients

Efficacy and Indication

Modified Clinical Application

Caution for Use

(Continued )

784 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 38.1 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Dry Dampness and Dissolve Phlegm (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

GallbladderWarming Decoction (wen dan tang)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Diseases, Patterns, and Formulas Related to the Unification of the Three Etiologies (san yin ji yi bing Zheng fang lun). Composed by Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) 9 g, Caulis Bambusae in Taenia (zhu ru) 9 g, Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi) 9 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 12 g, Poria (fu ling) 5 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 5 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 5 pieces and Fructus Jujubae (da zao) 1 piece. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Efficacy and Indication Rectify qi and dissolve phlegm, clear gallbladder heat and harmonize the stomach. Indicated for the treatment of gallbladderstomach disharmony and phlegm-heat harassing the interior, with deficient restlessness, insomnia, palpitations due to fright, inquietude, or vomiting, hiccup, epilepsy, yellowish and greasy coating, wiry, and slippery pulse

Modified Clinical Application For more evident deficient restlessness and insomnia, increase the dosage of Poria (fu ling) and add Semen Ziziphi Spinosae (suan zao ren), Radix Polygalae (yuan zhi) and Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (shi chang pu); for bitter taste in the mouth, vexation, yellow, and greasy coating, slippery and rapid pulse due to more evident pathogenic heat, add Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian); complicated by fluctuant chills and fever, chest lumpy stiffness, abdominal distention, yellowish or reddish urine, yellow and greasy coating due to damp-heat lingering in the sanjiao, add Herba Agastachis (huo xiang), Herba Artemisiae Scopariae (yin chen) and Medulla Tetrapanacis (tong cao); for dizziness, vomiting, and nausea due to phlegm-turbidity obstructing in the middle jiao and counterflow of liver-stomach qi, add Flos Chrysanthemi (ju hua) and Bombyx Batryticatus (bai jiang can); for epilepsy with a pattern of phlegmturbidity obstructing and liver wind harassing the upper body, add Alumen (bai fan), Radix Curcumae (yu jin), and Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (shi chang pu) to clear up phlegm and open the orifices, or add Scorpio (quan xie) and Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis (gou teng) to extinguish wind and arrest convulsion

Caution for Use Its use is prohibited in patients with yin deficiency and dryness-phlegm. And it is not suitable for the treatment of deficient restlessness caused by heart-liver blood deficiency

Formulas That Dispel Phlegm Chapter | 38

TABLE 38.2 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Dry Dampness and Dissolve Phlegm Name of Formula Two Matured Substances Decoction (er chen tang)

Efficacy Analysis Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia)

Dry dampness, dissolve phlegm, direct counterflow downward, harmonize the stomach and arrest vomiting, as the chief medicinal

Exocarpium Citri Rubrum (ju hong)

Rectify qi and dry dampness, harmonize the stomach and dissolve phlegm, as the deputy medicinal Drain dampness and fortify the spleen to strengthen the effect of dispersing phlegm Direct counterflow downward and harmonize the stomach, warm and remove phlegm-rheum, and restrain the toxicity of Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia)

Poria Alba (bai fu ling) Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) Fructus Mume (wu mei) Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) Poria Pill (fu ling wan) [aka Phlegm-Treating Poria Pill (zhi tan fu ling wan)]

Harmonize the actions of all medicinals, boost qi and fortify the spleen, as the envoy medicinal

Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia)

Acrid, bitter and warm in nature, dry dampness and dissolve phlegm, as the chief medicinal

Poria (fu ling)

Fortify the spleen and percolate dampness, and reduce the source of phlegm production, as the deputy medicinal

Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao) Mirabilitum (po xiao) Succus Rhizomatis Zingiberis (sheng jiang zhi)

Gallbladder-Warming Decoction (wen dan tang)

Sour and astringing in nature, avoid damage to yin by herbs with warm and dryness in nature

Rectify qi and loosen the center to promote qi function and disperse phlegm Soften hardness, moisten and descend, clear up latent phlegm from the middle epigastrium

Dry dampness and dissolve phlegm, harmonize the stomach and direct counterflow downward, as the chief medicinal

Caulis Bambusae in Taenia (zhu ru)

Clear heat and dissolve phlegm, relieve vexation and arrest vomiting, as the deputy medicinal

Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi)

Lower qi and dissolve phlegm, resolve masses and disperse , assist the deputy medicinal to clear heat and dissolve phlegm

Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi)

Rectify qi, harmonize the stomach, dry dampness, dissolve phlegm, assist the chief medicinal to dissolve phlegm and rectify qi

Poria (fu ling)

Fortify the spleen and drain dampness to disperse phlegm, tranquilize the heart and calm the mind

Fructus Jujubae (da zao) Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao)

Dry dampness and move qi, soften hardness and disperse phlegm

Restrain the toxicity of Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) and assist it to dissolve phlegm and dissipate masses

Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia)

Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang)

Dry dampness and dissolve phlegm, rectify qi and harmonize the center

Harmonize the stomach and dissolve phlegm, and restrain the toxicity of Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) Harmonize the spleen and stomach Boost qi and harmonize the center, combine with Poria (fu ling) to fortify the spleen to eliminate the source of phlegm production, and harmonize the actions of all medicinals

Rectify qi and dissolve phlegm, clear gallbladder heat and harmonize the stomach

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786 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

2. Attached formulas (Table 38.3) TABLE 38.3 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Dry Dampness and Dissolve Phlegm Name of Formula

Source, Composition and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

PhlegmExpelling Decoction (dao tan tang)

Initially recorded in Revised Yan’s Formulas to Aid the Living (chong ding yan shi ji sheng fang). Composed by Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) 9 g, Rhizoma Arisaematis (tian nan xing) 6 g, Exocarpium Citri Rubrum (ju hong) 6g, Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi) 6 g, Poria Rubra (chi fu ling) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 3 g, and Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 3 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Dry dampness and dissolve phlegm, move qi and resolve constraint

Indicated for the treatment of phlegm obstructing and qi stagnation, with excessive phlegm-drool, pĭ and fullness in the chest and diaphragm, distending pain in the ribside, headache, vomiting, dyspnea with rapid respiration, coughing of phlegm, sticky and thick saliva, restless sleep and sitting, and no desire to eat

Metal Water Six Gentlemen Decoction (jin shui liu jun jian)

Initially recorded in The Complete Works of [Zhang] Jing-yue (jing yue quan shu). Composed by Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 6 g, Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 9–15 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 5 g, Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) 6 g, Poria (fu ling) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 3 g, and Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 3–7 pieces. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Enrich and nourish the lung and kidney, dispel dampness, and dissolve phlegm

Indicated for the treatment of lung-kidney yin deficiency with phlegm, accompanied by cough, vomiting, nausea, dyspnea, excessive phlegm with salty taste, or dry throat and mouth, salty taste in the mouth, lack of strength, soreness of the waist, red tongue, white and glossy or thin and greasy coating, slippery, and forceless pulse

Two Matured Substances Decoction for Dispersing Stagnation (kai yu er chen tang)

Initially recorded in Wan’s Gynecology (wan shi nü ke). Composed by Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 9 g, Poria (fu ling) 9 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu) 9 g, Rhizoma Cyperi (xiang fu) 9 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 9 g, Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) 6 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride (qing pi) 6 g, Rhizoma Curcumae (e zhu) 6 g, Semen Arecae (bing lang) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 5 g, Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) 5 g, and Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 3 pieces. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Rectify qi and dissolve phlegm, broken stasis, and disperse accumulation

Indicated for the treatment of menstrual block due to phlegm-damp-stasis binding, with depression, vexation, agitation, irascibility, distending pain in the chest and ribside, distention in the lower abdomen, or masses in the uterus, white and sticky leukorrhea in large amount, pĭ and oppression in the chest and stomach cavity, obesity, purple dark tongue, white and greasy coating, thready and soggy or deep and slippery pulse

Master Wei's GallbladderWarming Decoction (wei shi wen dan tang)

Initially recorded in Effective Formulas from Generations of Physicians (shi yi de xiao fang). Composed by Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) 6 g, Caulis Bambusae in Taenia (zhu ru) 6 g, Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi) 6 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 3 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 3 g and Poria (fu ling) 5 g. Grind the ingredients into crude powder, decoct 9 g each time with water, add Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 5 pieces, and take orally

Rectify qi and dissolve phlegm, boost qi and nourish the heart

Indicated for the treatment of insomnia with deficient restlessness after illness caused by phlegm-heat harassing the interior and heart qi insufficiency, or for the treatment of palpitations due to fright, spontaneous sweating, and susceptible to be frightened

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TABLE 38.3 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Dry Dampness and Dissolve Phlegm (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Ten-Ingredient GallbladderWarming Decoction (shi wei wen dan tang)

Initially recorded in Effective Formulas from Generations of Physicians (shi yi de xiao fang). Composed by Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) 6 g, Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi) 6 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 6 g, Poria (fu ling) 5 g, dry-fried Semen Ziziphi Spinosae (chao suan zao ren) 3g, Radix Polygalae (yuan zhi) 3 g, Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi) 3 g, Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 3 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 3 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 2 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 5 pieces and Fructus Jujubae (da zao) 1 piece. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Rectify qi and dissolve phlegm, nourish the heart, and calm the mind

Indicated for the treatment of heartgallbladder qi deficiency with harassing phlegm, accompanied by timidity, susceptible to be frightened, palpitations due to fright, insomnia, profuse nightmare, shortness of breath, spontaneous sweating, tinnitus and dizziness, edema of the four limbs, no appetite, vexation and oppression in the chest, restless sleep and sitting, pale tongue with greasy coating, deep, and moderate pulse

Coptis GallbladderWarming Decoction (huang lian wen dan tang)

Initially recorded in Systematic Differentiation of the Six Etiologies (liu yin tiao bian). Composed by Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) 9 g, Caulis Bambusae in Taenia (zhu ru) 9 g, Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi) 9 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 12 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 5 g, Poria (fu ling) 5 g, and Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 3 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Rectify qi, dissolve phlegm, clear heat, and harmonize the stomach

Indicated for the treatment of insomnia, dizziness, deficient restlessness, desire to vomit, bitter taste in the mouth, yellow and greasy coating, slippery, and rapid pulse caused by phlegm-heat harassing the interior

Phlegm-Flushing Decoction (di tan tang)

Initially recorded in Fine Formulas of Wonderful Efficacy (qi xiao liang fang). Composed by Rhizoma Arisaematis praeparatum (zhi tian nan xing) 8 g, prepared Rhizoma Pinelliae (zhi ban xia) 8 g, dry-fried Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (chao zhi shi) 6 g, Poria (fu ling) 6 g, Exocarpium Citri Rubrum (ju hong) 5 g, Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (shi chang pu) 3 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 3 g, Caulis Bambusae in Taenia (zhu ru) 2 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 1.5 g, and Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 5 pieces. Decoct the ingredients with water and take orally after meals

Clear up phlegm and open the orifices

Indicated for the treatment of stroke caused by phlegm confounding the heart orifices, with stiff tongue, and difficulty in speaking

Two Matured Substances Decoction with Ephedra and Apricot Kernel (ma xing er chen tang)

Initially recorded in Pediatrics in Chinese Medicine (zhong yi er ke xue). Composed by Herba Ephedrae (ma huang) 3 g, Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren) 9 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 7 pieces, Fructus Mume (wu mei) 1 piece, Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) 15 g, Exocarpium Citri Rubrum (ju hong) 15 g, Poria (fu ling) 9 g and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 5 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Diffuse the lung and direct qi downward, fortify the spleen and dry dampness

Indicated for the treatment of phlegmdamp cough due to internal damage, with cough, excessive white and thin phlegm, oppression in the chest, poor appetite and digestion, fatigue and lack of strength, pale tongue with white and glossy coating, and slippery coating

(Continued )

788 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 38.3 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Dry Dampness and Dissolve Phlegm (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Cimicifuga Decoction (sheng ma tang)

Initially recorded in Precious Mirror of Health (wei sheng bao jian). Composed by Rhizoma Cimicifugae (sheng ma) 30 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu) 30 g and Folium Nelumbinis (he ye) 15 g. Grind the ingredients into crude powder, and decoct 15 g each time with water for oral use

Eliminate dampness and dissolve phlegm

Indicated for the treatment of thunder head wind (a type of headache) due to upward rushing of damp-phlegm, accompanied by thundery headache, or node generated on the head and face with pain, aversion to cold, fever, spasms of the four limbs

Atractylodis and Cyperus PhlegmExpelling Pill (cang fu dao tan wan)

Initially recorded in Ye Tian-shi’s Secret Formulas for the Diagnosis and Treatment on Gynecology (ye tian shi nü ke zheng zhi mi fang). Composed by dry-fried Rhizoma Atractylodis with bran (fu chao cang zhu) 10 g, vinegar-prepared Rhizoma Cyperi (cu xiang fu) 12 g, Poria (fu ling) 15 g, Rhizoma Pinelliae Praeparatum (jiang ban xia) 12 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 10 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 10 g, Rhizoma Arisaematis praeparatum (zhi tian nan xing) 12 g, dry-fried Fructus Aurantii with bran (fu chao zhi qiao) 12 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 3 pieces and dry-fried Medicated Leaven with bran (fu chao shen qu) 12 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, mix with Succus Rhizomatis Zingiberis (sheng jiang zhi) and Massa Medicata Fermentata (shen qu), make into pills as size of phoenix tree seed, and take orally with decoction of Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang)

Dry dampness and dissolve phlegm, move stagnation, and regulate menstruation

Indicated for the treatment of menstruation with an interval of several months in obese woman with a pattern of phlegmatic abundance and qi deficiency; or menstrual block in obese woman with a pattern of phlegmatic abundance; or obesity, excessive phlegm and leukorrhea with a pattern of qi deficiency

Qi-Normalizing and PhlegmExpelling Decoction (shun qi dao tan tang)

Initially recorded in Categorized Patterns with Clear-cut Treatments (lei zheng zhi cai). Composed by Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) 9 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 6 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 6 g, Arisaema cum Bile (dan nan xing) 6 g, Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi) 6 g, Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) 6 g, Rhizoma Cyperi (xiang fu) 6 g, Poria (fu ling) 12 g and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 3 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Dissolve phlegm and induce resuscitation, rectify qi and resolve constraint

Indicated for the treatment of depressive psychosis with a pattern of binding constraint of phlegm and qi, accompanied by depression, being reticent and dementia, incoherent speech, or muttering, subject to changing mood, regardless of the dirty or the clean, no desire to eat, light red tongue with white, and greasy coating, wiry, and slippery pulse

Danxi Treating Damp-phlegm Decoction (dan xi zhi shi tan fang)

Initially recorded in Teachings of [Zhu] Dan-xi (dan xi xin fa). Composed by dryfried Rhizoma Atractylodis with bran (fu chao cang zhu) 10 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 10 g, Rhizoma Pinelliae Praeparatum (jiang ban xia) 10 g, Poria (fu ling) 15 g, Pulvis Talci (hua shi fen) 10 g, vinegar-prepared Rhizoma Cyperi (cu xiang fu) 12 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 15 g, and Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 10 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Eliminate phlegm and dampness, invigorate blood, and regulate menstruation

Indicated for the treatment of menstrual irregularities caused by phlegm-damp obstructing

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3. Formula differentiation (Table 38.4) TABLE 38.4 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Dry Dampness and Dissolve Phlegm Name of Formula

Similarity

Differences

Phlegm-Expelling Decoction (dao tan tang)

All three are the modified formulas from Two Matured Substances Decoction (er chen tang), and have the effects of drying dampness, and dissolving phlegm

Its effects of drying dampness and dissolving phlegm are stronger than that of Two Matured Substances Decoction (er chen tang). It is good at dispelling phlegm and moving qi, and mainly used for the treatment of retention and obstruction of damp-phlegm with qi stagnation, accompanied by excessive phlegm-drool, pĭ and fullness in the chest and diaphragm, or dizziness and phlegm syncope due to liver wind with phlegm

Metal Water Six Gentlemen Decoction (jin shui liu jun jian)

It is the Two Matured Substances Decoction (er chen tang) plus Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) and Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui), also can nourish and supplement the lung and kidney, and mainly used for the treatment of panting, cough and excessive phlegm with a pattern of lung-kidney yin deficiency

Poria Pill (fu ling wan)

It selects Mirabilitum (po xiao) to soften hardness and disperse phlegm, push the old and clear up the filth, and can be used for the treatment of pain in both arms and even edema caused by phlegm retention in the middle-third portion of the stomach cavity (zho¯ng wa˘n) and flowing in the collaterals and channels of the limbs

Phlegm-Expelling Decoction (dao tan tang)

Both are the modified formulas from Two Matured Substances Decoction (er chen tang), and have the effects of drying dampness and dissolving phlegm

Phlegm-Flushing Decoction (di tan tang)

GallbladderWarming Decoction (wen dan tang)

It is the Two Matured Substances Decoction (er chen tang) minus Fructus Mume (wu mei) and add Arisaema cum Bile (dan nan xing) and Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi). Its effects of dispelling phlegm and moving qi are stronger than that of Two Matured Substances Decoction (er chen tang). It is indicated for the treatment of phlegm syncope, or cough, dyspnea with rapid and short breath, and excessive phlegm-drool caused by obstinate phlegm conglutination It is the Phlegm-Expelling Decoction (dao tan tang) plus Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (shi chang pu), Caulis Bambusae in Taenia (zhu ru) and Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen), have more effects of clearing up phlegm and opening the orifices, boosting qi and reinforcing healthy qi than Phlegm-Expelling Decoction (dao tan tang), and is the commonlyused formula for the treatment of apoplexy with a pattern of phlegm confounding the heart orifices

All three can be used for the treatment of deficient restlessness and insomnia

It is indicated for the treatment of insomnia caused by gallbladder-stomach disharmony and phlegm-heat harassing the interior. Its medication is emphasized on rectifying qi and dissolving phlegm, clearing the gallbladder, and harmonizing the stomach

Sour Jujube Decoction (suan zao ren tang)

It is indicated for the treatment of insomnia caused by heart-liver blood deficiency and yin deficiency generating internal heat. Its medication is emphasized on nourishing the blood and calming the mind, clearing heat, and relieving vexation

Ten-Ingredient GallbladderWarming Decoction (shi wei wen dan tang)

It is the Gallbladder-Warming Decoction (wen dan tang) minus Caulis Bambusae in Taenia (zhu ru) and plus herbs that boost qi and nourish the blood, supplement the heart and calm the mind, such as Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen), Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang), Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi), Semen Ziziphi Spinosae (suan zao ren), and Radix Polygalae (yuan zhi), and suitable for the treatment of timidity and inquietude of the (conscious) mind caused by turbid phlegm harassing the interior and insufficiency of qi and blood

790 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

SECTION 2  FORMULAS THAT CLEAR HEAT AND DISSOLVE PHLEGM Outline Formulas that clear heat and dissolve phlegm are suitable for the treatment of heat-phlegm pattern (syndrome) with coughing of yellow phlegm, sticky phlegm and difficulty in expectoration, chest oppression, vexing heat, red tongue, yellow and greasy coating, slippery and rapid pulse due to internal exuberance of fire-heat that concentrates fluid into phlegm, or palpitations due to fright, depressive psychosis, mania, and scrofula caused by binding constraint of phlegm-fire. Formulas in this category are usually composed of herbs that clear heat and dissolve phlegm, such as Fructus Trichosanthis (gua lou), Arisaema cum Bile (dan nan xing), Caulis Bambusae in Taenia (zhu ru), Bulbus Fritillaria (bei mu), and Lapis Chloriti (qing meng shi), and combined with herbs that rectify qi or herbs that clear heat. For phlegm coagulation and stagnation in the collaterals and channels leading to scrofula, phlegm nodule, or goiter, formulas in this category are often combined with herbs that soften hardness and dissipate masses. For some ultimate difficult cases, such as excess heat and chronic dry phlegm as well as bonding and hiding of phlegm-fire that is difficulty to eliminate, opening the way to downward move phlegm-fire should be applied. Herbs that purge with bitter and cold in nature are often selected to combine. The representative formulas are Minor Chest-Draining Decoction (xiao xian xiong tang), Reducing Scrofula Pill (xiao luo wan), Qi-Clearing and Phlegm-Transforming Pill (qing qi hua tan wan), and Phlegm-Removing Pill (gun tan wan).

Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 1. Primary formulas and analysis (Tables 38.5 and 38.6)

TABLE 38.5 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Clear Heat and Dissolve Phlegm Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Minor ChestDraining Decoction (xiao xian xiong tang)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Cold Damage (shang han lun). Composed by Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 6 g, Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) 12 g, and Fructus Trichosanthis (gua lou) 30 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Efficacy and Indication Clear heat and clear up phlegm, relieve chest stiffness, and dissipate masses. Indicated for the treatment of binding of phlegm and heat, with epigastric lumpy stiffness and fullness, pain while pressing, or coughing of yellow phlegm, vexing heat in the chest and stomach cavity, yellow and greasy coating, slippery, and rapid pulse

Modified Clinical Application For constipation due to binding and stagnation of dryness and heat, add Natrii Sulfas Exsiccatus (xuan ming fen) and Semen Raphani (lai fu zi); for more evident pĭ and oppression in the chest and stomach cavity due to phlegm coagulation and qi stagnation, add Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi) and Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po); for coughing of excessive yellow phlegm due to more evident phlegm-heat, add Arisaema cum Bile (dan nan xing), Bulbus Fritillaria (bei mu) and Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu); for more evident vexation due to phlegm-heat harassing the heart, add Folium Phyllostachydis Henonis (zhu ye), and Medulla Junci (deng xin cao)

Caution for Use Its use is prohibited in patients with deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach

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TABLE 38.5 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Clear Heat and Dissolve Phlegm (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

PhlegmRemoving Pill (gun tan wan)

Initially recorded in Detailed Explanation of the Jade Pivot (yu ji wei yi). Composed by Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 240 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 240 g, Lapis Chloriti (qing meng shi) 30 g and Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum (chen xiang) 15 g. Grind the ingredients into powder and make into water pills, and take in 6–9 g doses

Discharge fire and expel phlegm. Indicated for the treatment of excess heat and obstinate phlegm, with mania, palpitations due to fright, or severe palpitation, coma, or cough and panting, thick phlegm, or pĭ and oppression in the chest and stomach cavity, or dizziness and tinnitus, or nodule around the neck, or wriggling of the mouth and eyes, or insomnia, or sudden nondescript pain in the joint, or choking and discomfort, constipation, yellow and thick coating, slippery, rapid, and forceful pulse

For more evident constipation due to stomach-intestine dryness-heat, add Semen Trichosanthis (gua lou ren) or Natrii Sulfas (mang xiao); for feverish dysphoria and insomnia due to phlegmturbidity harassing the heart, add Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian), Arisaema cum Bile (dan nan xing), Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (shi chang pu), and Radix Polygalae (yuan zhi); for acute infantile convulsion with bluish complexion and muscular spasms due to phlegm-fire stirring liver wind, add Cornu Saigae Tataricae (ling yang jiao), Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis (gou teng), and Bombyx Batryticatus (bai jiang can)

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women and patients with deficiency body or deficiency-cold convulsion

Reducing Scrofula Pill (xiao luo wan)

Initially recorded in Medical Revelations (yi xue xin wu). Composed by Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen) 120 g, calcined Concha Ostreae (duan mu li) 120 g, and Bulbus Fritillaria (bei mu) 120 g. Grind the ingredients into powder and make into honey pills, and take in 9 g doses

Clear, moisten and dissolve phlegm, soften hardness, and dissipate masses. Indicated for the treatment of scrofula and phlegm node due to coagulation of phlegm and fire, with beaded nodule around the neck and nape without dispersion for a long time, no redness and no heat, no pain while pressing, or accompanied by tidal fever, night sweating, red tongue, wiry and slippery, or wiry and thready pulse

For large and hard masses, increase the dosage of raw Concha Ostreae (sheng mu li) and appropriately add Sargassum (hai zao), Thallus Laminariae (kun bu), and Spica Prunellae (xia ku cao); for cough with phlegm in large amount due to phlegm retention in the lung, add powder of Concha Meretricis seu Cyclinae (hai ge fen) and Fructus Trichosanthis (gua lou); for more evident tidal fever and night sweating due to yin deficiency, add Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu) and Cortex Lycii (di gu pi); complicated by fullness and oppression in the ribside due to constraint and stagnation of liver qi, add Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride (qing pi), Rhizoma Cyperi (xiang fu) and Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi); for red eyes and bitter taste in the mouth due to liver fire flaming upward, add Flos Chrysanthemi (ju hua), and Spica Prunellae (xia ku cao)

In this formula, raw Concha Ostreae (sheng mu li) should be applied and Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii (zhe bei mu) is the best one to choose. During the medication, it is advisable to eat light diet and avoid anger

Efficacy and Indication

Modified Clinical Application

Caution for Use

(Continued )

792 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 38.5 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Clear Heat and Dissolve Phlegm (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Qi-Clearing and PhlegmTransforming Pill (qing qi hua tan wan)

Initially recorded in Investigations of Medical Formulas (yi fang kao). Composed by Semen Trichosanthis (gua lou ren) 9 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 9 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 9 g, Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren) 9 g, Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi) 9 g, Poria (fu ling) 9 g, Arisaema cum Bile (dan nan xing) 6 g, and prepared Rhizoma Pinelliae (zhi ban xia) 12 g. Grind the ingredieints into powder, mix with Succus Rhizomatis Zingiberis (sheng jiang zhi) and make into pills, and take in 6 g doses; or decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Efficacy and Indication Clear heat and dissolve phlegm, rectify qi, and relieve cough. Indicated for the treatment of heat-phlegm, with cough, yellow phlegm, incomplete expectoration, pĭ and fullness in the chest and diaphragm, scanty and reddish urine, red tongue with yellow and greasy coating, slippery, and rapid pulse

Modified Clinical Application For fever and excessive thirst due to exuberant lung heat, add Herba Houttuyniae (yu xing cao), Rhizoma Paridis (zao xiu) and Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao) to clear and discharge lung heat; for thick phlegm and difficulty in expectoration due to binding of phlegm and heat, add Radix Trichosanthis (tian hua fen), Radix Adenophorae seu Glehniae (sha shen) and Pumex (hai fu shi) to clear and dissolve phlegm-heat; complicated by constipation due to lung heat and bowel excess, increase the dosage of Semen Trichosanthis (gua lou ren) and add Natrii Sulfas Exsiccatus (xuan ming fen) or Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) to discharge heat and promote defecation

Caution for Use Its use is prohibited in patients with cold-phlegm or damp-phlegm due to spleen deficiency

TABLE 38.6 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Clear Heat and Dissolve Phlegm Name of Formula Minor Chest-Draining Decoction (xiao xian xiong tang)

Efficacy Analysis Fructus Trichosanthis (gua lou)

Sweet, cold and moistening in nature, clear heat and clear up phlegm, relieve chest stiffness and dissipate masses, moisten dryness and the intestines, as the chief medicinal

Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian)

Drain heat and subdue fire, clear heart heat and relieve vexation, assist the chief medicinal to drain heat

Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) Phlegm-Removing Pill (gun tan wan)

Dissolve phlegm and direct counterflow downward, resolve masses and disperse

(Acrid medicinal) open and (bitter medicinal) promote descent, both as the deputy medicinals

Lapis Chloriti (qing meng shi)

Heavy in nature, expel the old accumulated, latent obstinate phlegm, as the chief medicinal

Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang)

Clear up excess heat to open the way for descending phlegm-fire and expel accumulated phlegm from the intestines

Radix Scutellariae (huang qin)

Specialize in clearing upper jiao heat, and assist Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) to drain fire

Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum (chen xiang)

Sinking and descending in nature, strengthen the effect of expelling phlegm, regulate the center and delight the spleen, and restrain Lapis Chloriti (qing meng shi) to affect the stomach

Clear heat and clear up phlegm, relieve chest stiffness and dissipate masses

Discharge fire and expel phlegm

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TABLE 38.6 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Clear Heat and Dissolve Phlegm (cont.) Name of Formula Reducing Scrofula Pill (xiao luo wan)

Qi-Clearing and PhlegmTransforming Pill (qing qi hua tan wan)

Efficacy Analysis Bulbus Fritillaria (bei mu)

Bitter and slightly cold in nature, clear heat and dissolve phlegm, disperse scrofula and dissipate masses, as the chief medicinal

calcined Concha Ostreae (duan mu li)

Salty, neutral and slightly cold in nature, soften hardness and dissipate masses, and assist the chief medicinal to clear and disperse scrofula due to phlegm-heat and binding constraint

Soften hardness, dissipate masses, both as the deputy medicinals

Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen)

Bitter, salty and cold in nature, soften hardness and dissipate masses, nourish and moisten and clear heat

Arisaema cum Bile (dan nan xing)

Bitter and cool in nature, clear heat and subdue fire and dissolve phlegm, as the chief medicinal

prepared Rhizoma Pinelliae (zhi ban xia) Semen Trichosanthis (gua lou ren)

Clear, moisten and dissolve phlegm, soften hardness and dissipate masses

Dissolve phlegm and direct counterflow downward, clear up phlegm and relieve chest stiffness, both as the deputy medicinals

Radix Scutellariae (huang qin)

Bitter and cold in nature, clear and drain lung fire

Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren)

Direct lung qi downward, relieve cough and calm panting

Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi)

Move qi and disperse phlegm, dissipate masses and eliminate

Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi)

Rectify qi and move stagnation, dry dampness and dissolve phlegm

Poria (fu ling)

Drain dampness and fortify the spleen

Succus Rhizomatis Zingiberis (sheng jiang zhi)

Dissolve phlegm and harmonize the stomach, resolve the toxicity of prepared Rhizoma Pinelliae (zhi ban xia) and Arisaema cum Bile (dan nan xing), as the envoy medicinal

Drain lung fire and dispel phlegm and dissipate masses, all as the assistant medicinals

Clear heat and dissolve phlegm, rectify qi and relieve cough

2. Attached formulas (Table 38.7)

TABLE 38.7 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Clear Heat and Dissolve Phlegm Name of Formula Lung-Clearing Fire-Subduing Decoction (qing jin jiang huo tang)

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Initially recorded in Ancient and Modern Mirror of Medicine (gu jin yi jian). Composed by Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 6 g, Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren) 6 g, Poria (fu ling) 4 g, Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) 4 g, Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) 4 g, Bulbus Fritillaria (bei mu) 4 g, Radix Peucedani (qian hu) 4 g, Semen Trichosanthis (gua lou ren) 4 g, dry-fried Radix Scutellariae (chao huang qin) 4 g, dry-fried Fructus Aurantii (chao zhi qiao) 4 g, Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao) 4 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 1.5 g and Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 3 pieces. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Clear heat and dissolve phlegm, rectify qi, and relieve cough

Indicated for the treatment of lung-stomach fire from constraint and phlegm coagulation, with cough, fullness in the chest, scanty and sticky phlegm, reddish complexion, vexation, yellow coating, and rapid pulse

(Continued )

794 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 38.7 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Clear Heat and Dissolve Phlegm (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Lung-Clearing PhlegmTransforming Decoction (qing jin hua tan tang)

Initially recorded in United Decree of Medicine (yi xue tong zhi). Composed by Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 8 g, Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi) 8 g, Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) 10 g, Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) 5 g, Cortex Mori (sang bai pi) 5 g, Bulbus Fritillaria (bei mu) 5 g, Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu) 5 g, Semen Trichosanthis (gua lou ren) 5 g, Poria (fu ling) 5 g, Exocarpium Citri Rubrum (ju hong) 5 g and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 3 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Clear lung heat and dissolve phlegm

Indicated for the treatment of cough due to fire, with dry and sore throat, reddish complexion, heated air out from the nose, coughing of yellow and thick phlegm but difficulty in expectoration, or blood-stained or fishy phlegm

Bupleurum ChestDraining Decoction (chai hu xian xiong tang)

Initially recorded in Revised Popular Guide to “Treatise on Cold Damage” (chong ding tong su shang han lun). Composed by Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) 3 g, Rhizoma Pinelliae Praeparatum (jiang ban xia) 9 g, Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 2.5 g, Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) 3 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 4.5 g, Semen Trichosanthis (gua lou ren) 15 g, Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi) 4.5 g, and Succus Rhizomatis Zingiberis (sheng jiang zhi) 4 drops. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Clear heat and dissolve phlegm and harmonize shaoyang

Indicated for the treatment of shaoyang syndrome with a pattern of binding of phlegm and heat, accompanied by shaoyang syndrome, pĭ and fullness in the chest and diaphragm, pain while pressing, bitter taste in the mouth, yellow coating, wiry, and rapid pulse

Bamboo Sap PhlegmExpelling Pill (zhu li da tan wan)

Initially recorded in Wondrous Lantern for Peering into the Origin and Development of Miscellaneous Diseases (za bing yuan liu xi zhu). Composed by Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 240 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 240 g, Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum (chen xiang) 15 g, Lapis Chloriti (qing meng shi) 30 g, Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) 9 g, Poria (fu ling) 9 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 9 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 9 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, mix with Succus Rhizomatis Zingiberis (sheng jiang zhi) 3 spoons and appropriate amount of Succus Bambusae (zhu li) and make into pills as size of red bean, and take in doses of 100 pills

Discharge fire and expel phlegm, reinforce healthy qi, and dispel pathogen

Indicated for the treatment of obstinate phlegm due to spleen deficiency, with phlegm-drool coagulation and accumulation in the chest and diaphragm, difficulty in expectoration, dizziness, accumulated masses in the abdomen, deficient body, and deficient pulse

Two Matured Substances Pill for Dissolving Hardness (hua jian er chen wan)

Initially recorded in Golden Mirror of the Medical Tradition (yi zong jin jian). Composed by Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 30 g, prepared Rhizoma Pinelliae (zhi ban xia) 30 g, dry-fried Bombyx Batryticatus (chao bai jiang can) 60 g, Poria (fu ling) 45 g, raw Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (sheng gan cao) 9 g, and Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 9 g. Grind the ingredients into powder and make into pills, and take in 6 g doses, 3 times a day

Clear heat and dissolve phlegm and dissipate masses

Indicated for the treatment of binding of phlegm and heat, with phlegm node in eyelid (chalazion), the bigger as size of Chinese date, the smaller as size of bean, moving while pushing, normal skin color, hardness and swelling and no pain, white and moist coating, and slippery pulse

ClearingTranquilizing Powder (qing ning san)

Initially recorded in The Grand Compendium of Pediatrics (you you ji cheng). Composed by equal parts of Cortex Mori (sang bai pi), Semen Descurainiae (ting li zi), Poria (fu ling), Semen Plantaginis (che qian zi) and Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi), and halved Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao). Grind the ingredients into powder, decoct 1.5 g each time with appropriate amount of Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) and Fructus Jujubae (da zao) for oral use

Clear heat and dissolve phlegm, diffuse the lung and relieve cough

Indicated for the treatment of infantile fright and even convulsion and cough caused by heat accumulation in the heart and lung

Supplemented Two Matured Substances Decoction (jia wei er chen tang)

Initially recorded in Orthodox Lineage of External Medicine (wai ke zheng zong). Composed by Poria (fu ling) 10 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 10 g, Rhizoma Pinelliae Praeparatum (jiang ban xia) 10 g, Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 5 g, Herba Menthae (bo he) 5 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 10 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 5 g, and Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 3 pieces. Decoct the ingredients with water, and take at a long interval before and after meals

Clear heat and dissolve phlegm

Indicated for the treatment of sublingual cyst, with sublingual glossy and soft knot/swelling like a small bottle gourd, distention sensation, affecting eating and speech, and accompanied by numbness and pain

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TABLE 38.7 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Clear Heat and Dissolve Phlegm (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Mulberry Root Bark Decoction (sang bai pi tang)

Initially recorded in The Complete Works of [Zhang] Jing-yue (jing yue quan shu). Composed by Cortex Mori (sang bai pi) 15 g, Rhizoma Pinelliae Praeparatum (jiang ban xia) 10 g, Fructus Perillae (zi su zi) 10 g, Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren) 10 g, Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii (zhe bei mu) 10 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 10 g, Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 10 g, Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi) 10 g, and Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 3 pieces. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Clear fire and clear up phlegm, relieve cough and calm panting

Indicated for the treatment of phlegm-heat obstructing in the lung with panting, cough and excessive phlegm; or whooping cough (nonproductive; without expectoration)

General PainEasing Pill (jiang jun ding tong wan)

Initially recorded in A Close Examination of the Precious Classic on Ophthalmology (shen shi yao han). Composed by Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 20 g, Bombyx Batryticatus (bai jiang can) 15 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 15 g, Rhizoma Gastrodiae (tian ma) 15 g, Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) 15 g, Lapis Chloriti (qing meng shi) 6 g, Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi) 6 g, Herba Menthae (bo he) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 60 g, and Rhizoma Pinelliae Praeparatum (fa ban xia) 30 g. Grind the ingredients into fine powder, make into water pills as size of mung bean, and take in 6 g doses after meals and before retiring

Drain fire and expel phlegm, calm the liver, and extinguish wind

Indicated for the treatment of intense distending pain of the head and eyes, even hardened eyeball, pain in the top of the head, photophobia, impaired vision, ciliary congestion, or conjunctiva being red and turbid, swelling of the eyelid, mydriasis, dizziness when moving, nausea, and vomiting of phlegm-drool

Pinellia Decoction (ban xia tang)

Initially recorded in Comprehensive Recording of Divine Assistance (sheng ji zong lu). Composed by Rhizoma Pinelliae Praeparatum (fa ban xia) 60 g, Herba Ephedrae (ma huang) 1 g, Herba Asari Forbesii (du heng) 1 g, Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) 1 g, Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi) 1 g, Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin) 1 g, dry-fried Semen Armeniacae Amarum (chao ku xing ren) 1 g, dry-fried Fructus Mume (chao wu mei) 1 g, Usnea Diffracta (song luo) 15 g, and Herba Lophatheri (dan zhu ye) 90 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, decoct 15 g each time with water and Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 1 piece for oral use

Lower qi and eliminate heat

Indicated for the treatment of liver deficiency with excess heat, depression and anger, abnormal essence-spirit, afraid to sleep alone, blurred vision, qi counterflow, fullness, and stuffiness in the chest

3. Formula differentiation (Table 38.8) TABLE 38.8 Differentiation between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Clear Heat and Dissolve Phlegm Name of Formula

Similarity

Differences

Minor Chest-Draining Decoction (xiao xian xiong tang)

Both have the effects of clearing heat and dissolving phlegm, and can be used for the treatment of phlegmheat

Its effects of dissolving phlegm and dissipating masses are stronger than that of Qi-Clearing and Phlegm-Transforming Pill (qing qi hua tan wan). It is indicated for the treatment of binding of phlegm and heat in the chest and stomach cavity with main symptom of pı˘ and pain of the chest and stomach cavity

Qi-Clearing and Phlegm- Transforming Pill (qing qi hua tan wan)

Its effects of subduing fire and dissolving phlegm is stronger than that of Minor Chest-Draining Decoction (xiao xian xiong tang). It is indicated for the treatment of phlegm-heat and counterflow of lung qi with main symptoms of cough and expectoration of yellow phlegm (Continued )

796 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 38.8 Differentiation between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Clear Heat and Dissolve Phlegm (cont.) Name of Formula

Similarity

Differences

Major Chest Draining Decoction (da xian xiong tang)

All three can be used for the treatment of chest bind syndrome with excess heat

It is suitable for the treatment of binding of phlegm and heat in the epigastrium, involving the chest and abdomen, with severe and acute condition. Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang), Radix Kansui (gan sui), and Natrii Sulfas (mang xiao) are selected to combine in order to discharge heat and expel water and break up masses

Minor Chest-Draining Decoction (xiao xian xiong tang)

It is suitable for the treatment of binding of phlegm and heat in the epigastrium, with local location of disease, mild and moderate condition. Fructus Trichosanthis (gua lou) is selected to combine with Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) and Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) in order to emphasize the effects of clearing heat and clearing up phlegm and dissipating masses

Bupleurum ChestDraining Decoction (chai hu xian xiong tang)

It is the Minor Bupleurum Decoction (xiao chai hu tang) minus Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen), Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) and Fructus Jujubae (da zao) and plus Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi) and Radix Platycodonis (jie geng), have the effects of harmonizing shaoyang, clearing heat and clearing up phlegm, relieving chest stiffness and dissipate mass. Compared to Major Chest Draining Decoction (da xian xiong tang), it has the effect of harmonizing shaoyang and stronger effects of moving qi and dispersing phlegm, and is more suitable for the treatment of combination of shaoyang and chest bind syndrome caused by pathogen invading the shaoyang channel and binding of phlegm and heat

Bamboo Sap PhlegmExpelling Pill (zhu li da tan wan)

Both have the effects of draining fire and expelling phlegm, and can be used for the treatment of obstinate phlegm

Phlegm-Removing Pill (gun tan wan)

It is the Phlegm-Removing Pill (gun tan wan) combining Six Gentlemen Decoction (liu jun zi tang) plus Succus Rhizomatis Zingiberis (sheng jiang zhi) and Succus Bambusae (zhu li). It also can boost qi and fortify the spleen, harmonize the stomach and dissolve phlegm. As a formula that dispels pathogen and reinforces healthy qi, is suitable for the treatment of phlegm-drool coagulation in the chest and diaphragm complicated by qi deficiency of the spleen and stomach It is a formula that singlely attacks pathogen, so not suitable for the treatment of obstinate phlegm with healthy qi deficiency

SECTION 3  FORMULAS THAT MOISTEN DRYNESS AND DISSOLVE PHLEGM Outline Formulas that moisten dryness and dissolve phlegm are suitable for the treatment of dryness-phlegm pattern (syndrome) with cough, scanty phlegm, or thick and sticky phlegm, incomplete expectoration, even cough with blood-flecked phlegm, dry throat, hoarse voice, dry tongue with scanty fluid, and choppy pulse (a.k.a. rough pulse) caused by externally-contracted dryness-heat damaging lung yin, or yin deficiency resulting in vigorous fire which (deficiency fire) concentrates fluid into phlegm. Formulas in this category are mainly composed of herbs that moisten dryness and dissolve phlegm, such as Bulbus Fritillaria (bei mu) and Fructus Trichosanthis (gua lou), and combined with herbs that moisten dryness and nourish yin or herbs that diffuse the lung and rectify qi. The representative formula is Fritillaria and Trichosanthes Powder (bei mu gua lou san).

Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 1. Primary formulas and analysis (Tables 38.9 and 38.10)

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TABLE 38.9 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Moisten Dryness and Dissolve Phlegm Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Fritillaria and Trichosanthes Powder (bei mu gua lou san)

Initially recorded in Medical Revelations (yi xue xin wu). Composed by Bulbus Fritillaria (bei mu) 12 g, Fructus Trichosanthis (gua lou) 9 g, Radix Trichosanthis (tian hua fen) 3 g, Poria (fu ling) 3 g, Exocarpium Citri Rubrum (ju hong) 3 g and Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) 3 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, and decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Efficacy and Indication

Modified Clinical Application

Moisten the lung and clear heat, rectify qi and dissolve phlegm. Indicated for the treatment of dryness-phlegm, with productive cough, sticky and thick phlegm, difficulty in expectoration, or dry and sore throat, or dry throat and mouth, panting with counterflow qi ascent, red tongue with white, and dry coating

Complicated by pathogenic wind invading the lung with cough, itch of the throat and mild aversion to wind-cold, add Radix Peucedani (qian hu), and Herba Schizonepetae (jing jie); for cough damaging the lung collaterals with coughing of blood-stained phlegm, add Radix et Rhizoma Rubiae (qian cao) and Herba Agrimoniae (xian he cao); for cough and hoarseness due to damage to lung yin, add Radix Adenophorae seu Glehniae (sha shen) and Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong); for evident dry and sore throat due to pathogenic fire scorching upward, add Radix et Rhizoma Sophorae Tonkinensis (shan dou gen) and Lasiosphaera seu Calvatia (ma bo); for cough with short breath due to ascending counterflow of lung qi, add Fructus Aristolochiae (ma dou ling), Folium Eriobotryae (pi pa ye) and Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren)

Caution for Use This formula is not suitable for the patients with dampphlegm or cold-phlegm

TABLE 38.10 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Moisten Dryness and Dissolve Phlegm Name of Formula Fritillaria and Trichosanthes Powder (bei mu gua lou san)

Efficacy Analysis Bulbus Fritillaria (bei mu)

Bitter, sweet and slightly cold in nature, clear heat, moisten the lung, dissolve phlegm and relieve cough, as the chief medicinal

Fructus Trichosanthis (gua lou)

Clear lung heat and dissolve phlegm, promote qi function and relieve chest stiffness, as the deputy medicinal

Radix Trichosanthis (tian hua fen)

Clear heat and promote fluid production, moisten dryness and dissolve phlegm

Poria (fu ling)

Dispel dampness and disperse phlegm

Exocarpium Citri Rubrum (ju hong)

Rectify qi and dissolve phlegm

Radix Platycodonis (jie geng)

Diffuse lung qi, relieve cough and dissolve phlegm, as the assistant and envoy medicinal

Moisten the lung and dissolve phlegm, as the assistant medicinals

Moisten the lung and clear heat, rectify qi and dissolve phlegm

798 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

2. Attached formulas (Table 38.11)

TABLE 38.11 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Moisten Dryness and Dissolve Phlegm Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Platycodon and Apricot Kernel Decoction (jie geng xing ren jian)

Initially recorded in The Complete Works of [Zhang] Jing-yue (jing yue quan shu). Composed by Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) 3 g, Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (jin yin hua) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 3 g, Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren) 3 g, Colla Corii Asini (e jiao) 6 g, Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao) 6 g, Spica Prunellae (xia ku cao) 6 g, Bulbus Lilii (bai he) 6 g, Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) 6 g, Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao) 4.5 g, Bulbus Fritillaria (bei mu) 9 g, and Caulis Sargentodoxae (da xue teng) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Moisten the lung and dissolve phlegm and expel pus, nourish yin, and clear heat

Indicated for the treatment of lung abscess on the recovery stage with deficient healthy qi leading to lingering of pathogen, accompanied by cough, expectoration of bloody pus (small amount) or bloodstained phlegm for a long time, tidal fever, vexation, dry mouth and throat, night sweating, red tongue, deficient and rapid pulse; or dull pain in the chest and diaphragm going to form abscess

3. Formula differentiation (Table 38.12)

TABLE 38.12 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Moisten Dryness and Dissolve Phlegm Name of Formula

Similarity

Differences

Fritillaria and Trichosanthes Powder (bei mu gua lou san)

Both can be used for the treatment of lung dryness with heat, and expectoration of sticky and thick phlegm

It emphasizes on moistening dryness and dissolving phlegm, and is indicated for the treatment of more evident drynessphlegm in the lung with main symptoms of cough and difficulty in expectoration of sticky phlegm, white and dry coating

Qi-Clearing and PhlegmTransforming Pill (qing qi hua tan wan) Fritillaria and Trichosanthes Powder (bei mu gua lou san)

It emphasizes on clearing heat and dissolving phlegm, and is indicated for the treatment of more evident heat-phlegm in the lung with main symptoms of cough, yellow and thick phlegm, red tongue, yellow, and greasy coating All three can clear and moisten lungdryness to relieve cough, and are used for the treatment of cough with dryness-heat damaging the lung

It emphasizes on moistening the lung and dispelling phlegm, and is indicated for the treatment of dryness-phlegm with cough, scanty and sticky phlegm, difficulty in expectoration, dry throat and mouth, and dry coating. Its location of disease is the lung

Mulberry Leaf and Apricot Kernel Decoction (sang xing tang)

It is partial to diffusing pathogenic warm and dryness with light medicinals in order to dissolve phlegm and relieve cough. Its effects of diffusing and dissipating are stronger than clearing and moistening and dissolving phlegm. It is more suitable for the treatment of lung dryness and fluid consumption with mild syndrome caused by warm-dryness invading the exterior, with general fever (not obvious), dry cough or scanty and sticky phlegm, floating, and rapid pulse

Dryness-Clearing and Lung-Rescuing Decoction (qing zao jiu fei tang)

It emphasizes on clearing dryness and moistening the lung, relieving cough, and calming panting, and also can nourish yin and boost qi. It is more suitable for the treatment of warmdryness damaging the lung with severe syndrome, with general fever, vexation, thirst, dry cough and absence of phlegm, qi counterflow and panting, red tongue with scanty coating, deficient, and rapid pulse

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SECTION 4  FORMULAS THAT WARM AND DISSOLVE COLD-PHLEGM Outline Formulas that warm and dissolve cold-phlegm are suitable for the treatment of cold-phlegm pattern (syndrome) with coughing of white and thin phlegm, aggravated when encountering cold, white and glossy coating, and deep-slow-slippery pulse caused by spleen yang deficiency, lung cold, and fluid retention. Formulas in this category are mainly composed of herbs that warm the lung and dissolve phlegm, such as Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) and Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin). Cold fluid-retention is usually caused by spleen yang insufficiency. Cold-phlegm obstructing the lung leads to qi counterflow, cough, and panting. Patients with internal retention of phlegm-rheum, weakened defensive qi, susceptible to contract exterior pathogen, and stirring the internal rheum, are easy to fall ill (this syndrome). Therefore, formulas in this category are often combined with herbs that fortify the spleen and percolate dampness, herbs that warm the interior and dispel cold, herbs that release the exterior and dissipate cold, or herbs that relieve cough and calm panting. The representative formulas are Poria, Licorice, Schisandra, Dried Ginger and Asarum Decoction (ling gan wu wei jiang xin tang), and Three-Seed Filial Devotion Decoction (san zi yang qin tang).

Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 1. Primary formulas and analysis (Tables 38.13 and 38.14)

TABLE 38.13 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Warm and Dissolve Cold-Phlegm Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy and Indication

Modified Clinical Application

Poria, Licorice, Schisandra, Dried Ginger, and Asarum Decoction (ling gan wu wei jiang xin tang)

Initially recorded in Essentials from the Golden Cabinet (jin gui yao lüe). Composed by Poria (fu ling) 12 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 9 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin) 6 g and Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi) 6 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Warm the lung and dissolve phlegm. Indicated for the treatment of cold-phlegm or cold fluid-retention, with cough, excessive white and thin phlegm, or bland taste in the mouth, spitting of clear drool, chest oppression, panting, pale and enlarged tongue, white and glossy coating, deep and slow pulse, or wiry and slippery pulse

For cough with excessive phlegm, Its use is prohibited in or vomiting due to ascending patients with phlegmcounterflow of stomach qi, add heat and damage to yin Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po), Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) and Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) to dissolve phlegm, direct counterflow downward, and arrest vomiting; for phlegm obstructing the lung with cough and short breath, add Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren), Radix et Rhizoma Asteris (zi wan) and Fructus Perillae (zi su zi) to direct qi downward, dissolve phlegm and relieve cough; for distention and fullness in the chest and stomach cavity due to qi stagnation of the lung and spleen, add Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po) and Herba Inulae (jin fei cao) to move qi and relieve distention; for qi rushing up due to kidney yang insufficiency, add Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) and Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum (chen xiang) to calm surging and direct counterflow downward

Caution for Use

(Continued )

800 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 38.13 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Warm and Dissolve Cold-Phlegm (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Three-Seed Filial Devotion Decoction (san zi yang qin tang)

Initially recorded in Han’s Clear View of Medicine (han shi yi tong). Composed by Semen Sinapis (bai jie zi) 6 g, Fructus Perillae (zi su zi) 9 g and Semen Raphani (lai fu zi) 9 g. Pound the ingredients into pieces, and decoct with water for frequent oral use

Efficacy and Indication

Modified Clinical Application

Caution for Use

Lower qi and calm panting, dissolve phlegm, and promote digestion. Indicated for the treatment of cold-phlegm with food retention, accompanied by cough and panting, excessive white phlegm, pĭ and fullness in the chest and diaphragm, less eating and difficulty in digestion, white and greasy coating, and slippery pulse

For excessive thin phlegm, nausea and vomiting due to stomach qi failing to descend, add Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia), Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) and Fructus Amomi (sha ren) to direct qi downward and dissolve phlegm; for chest fullness and short breath, severe cough and panting due to ascending counterflow of lung qi, add Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren) and Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po) to direct qi downward and relieve panting; for contraction of wind-cold with exterior pattern, add Radix Peucedani (qian hu) and Folium Perillae (zi su ye) to release the exterior; for food accumulation with distention in the stomach cavity after meals, greasy and curd-like coating, add Massa Medicata Fermentata (shen qu), Fructus Hordei Germinatus (mai ya), and Semen Arecae Praepareta (jiao bing lang) to promote digestion

It is partial to warm and dryness and easy to damage healthy qi, and not suitable for long-term oral use. When symptoms are alleviated, regulate, and supplement the spleen and stomach should be applied

TABLE 38.14 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Warm and Dissolve Cold-Phlegm Name of Formula Poria, Licorice, Schisandra, Dried Ginger, and Asarum Decoction (ling gan wu wei jiang xin tang)

Three-Seed Filial Devotion Decoction (san zi yang qin tang)

Efficacy Analysis Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin)

Acrid and hot in nature, warm the lung and dissipate cold, warm and activate spleen yang, as the chief medicinal Warm the lung and dissipate cold and dissolve rheum (fluid retention) to strengthen the effects of the chief medicinal

Poria (fu ling) Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi)

Fortify the spleen and percolate dampness

Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao)

Harmonize the center and the actions of all medicinals, as the envoy medicinal

Fructus Perillae (zi su zi)

Lowe qi and disperse phlegm, relieve cough and calm panting, as the chief medicinal

Semen Sinapis (bai jie zi) Semen Raphani (lai fu zi)

Promote qi function and eliminate phlegm Direct qi downward and dispel phlegm, move stagnation and promote digestion

Astringe the lung and relieve cough, as the assistant medicinal

Disperse phlegm; promote digestion, both as the deputy medicinals

Warm the lung and dissolve phlegm

Lower qi and calm panting, dissolve phlegm and promote digestion

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2. Attached formulas (Table 38.15)

TABLE 38.15 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Warm and Dissolve Cold-Phlegm Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Pill for Cold Wheezing (leng xiao wan)

Initially recorded in Comprehensive Medicine According to Master Zhang (zhang shi yi tong). Composed by Herba Ephedrae (ma huang) 30 g, Radix Aconiti (chuan wu) 30 g, Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin) 30 g, Pericarpium Zanthoxyli (hua jiao) 30 g, Alumen (bai fan) 30 g, Fructus Gleditsiae Abnormalis (zhu ya zao) 30 g, Rhizoma Pinelliae Fermentata (ban xia qu) 30 g,old Arisaema cum Bile (chen dan nan xing) 30 g, Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren) 30 g, raw Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (sheng gan cao) 30 g, Radix et Rhizoma Asteris (zi wan) 60 g and Flos Farfarae (kuan dong hua) 60 g. Grind the ingredients into fine powder, mix with Succus Rhizomatis Zingiberis (sheng jiang zhi) and make into pills, and take in 6 g doses with decoction of Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) before going to sleep

Warm the lung and dissipate cold, clear up phlegm, and relieve panting

Indicated for the treatment of wheezing and panting due to pathogenic cold invading the back and cold-phlegm obstructing the lung, with panting and cough when encountering cold, obstinate phlegm coagulation, pĭ and fullness in the chest and diaphragm, propped breathing, and incapability of supination

3. Formula differentiation (Table 38.16) TABLE 38.16 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Warm and Dissolve Cold-Phlegm Name of Formula

Similarity

Differences

Poria, Licorice, Schisandra, Dried Ginger, and Asarum Decoction (ling gan wu wei jiang xin tang)

Both contain Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang), Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin) and Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi), have the effects of warming the lung and dissolving rheum (fluid retention), and can be used for the treatment of cough with white and thin phlegm caused by internal stagnation of cold fluid-retention

It is the Minor Green Dragon Decoction (xiao qing long tang) minus Herba Ephedrae (ma huang), Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi), Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) and Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia), and plus Poria (fu ling). Its effects focus on warming the lung and dissolving rheum (fluid retention). But it has no effect of releasing the exterior

Both contain Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin), have the effects of warming the lung and dispelling phlegm, and can be used for the treatment of cough due to cold-phlegm

It is indicated for the treatment of cold-phlegm with wheezing and panting with excess pattern of cold of both the interior and exterior. It selects Herba Ephedrae (ma huang) and Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin) to dissipate exterior cold, Pericarpium Zanthoxyli (hua jiao) and Radix Aconiti (chuan wu) to warm interior cold, Fructus Gleditsiae (zao jia) and Arisaema cum Bile (dan nan xing) to dissolve obstinate phlegm, Alumen (bai fan) and Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) to dry dampness and dissolve phlegm, Radix et Rhizoma Asteris (zi wan), Flos Farfarae (kuan dong hua), and Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren) to direct counterflow lung qi downward, relieve cough, and dissolve phlegm. The medicinal nature is fierce

Minor Green Dragon Decoction (xiao qing long tang) Pill for Cold Wheezing (leng xiao wan)

Poria, Licorice, Schisandra, Dried Ginger and Asarum Decoction (ling gan wu wei jiang xin tang)

Besides warming the lung and dissolving rheum (fluid retention), it can dissipate wind-cold, and is suitable for the treatment of external contraction of wind-cold with retention of fluid in the body

Its effects focus on warming the lung, dissipating cold and dissolving rheum (fluid retention), and it is more suitable for the treatment of cough and panting with excessive white and thin phlegm caused by internal stagnation of cold fluid-retention

(Continued )

802 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 38.16 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Warm and Dissolve Cold-Phlegm (cont.) Name of Formula

Similarity

Differences

Three-Seed Filial Devotion Decoction (san zi yang qin tang)

Both can dissolve phlegm and rectify qi, and can be used for the treatment of cough with excessive white phlegm, pĭ and discomfort in the chest and diaphragm, white and greasy coating, and slippery pulse

It is suitable for the treatment of phlegm obstruction and qi stagnation with cough, qi counterflow, excessive phlegm, chest lumpy stiffness, and poor appetite due to indigestion leading to phlegm production and lung failing to diffuse and govern descent

Two Matured Substances Decoction (er chen tang)

It is indicated for the treatment of damp-phlegm with cough and excessive phlegm, pĭ and oppression in the chest and diaphragm, no desire to eat, or dizziness due to functional disharmony of the spleen and lung

SECTION 5  FORMULAS THAT EXPEL OR CALM THE WIND AND DISSOLVE PHLEGM Outline Formulas that expel or calm the wind and dissolve phlegm are suitable for the treatment of wind-phlegm pattern (syndrome). Pathogenic wind can be divided into “internal wind” and “external wind,” so there are different types of wind-phlegm syndrome. External wind complicated by phlegm, with cough and itching of the throat caused by externally contracting pathogenic wind and lung qi failing to diffuse, should be treated with methods of scattering wind and dissolving phlegm and by formulas that are usually composed of herbs that scatter and dissipate external wind, such as Herba Schizonepetae (jing jie) and Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) and herbs that relieve and dissolve phlegm, such as Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren), Radix Stemonae (bai bu), Radix et Rhizoma Asteris (zi wan), and Rhizoma et Radix Cynanchi Stauntonii (bai qian). The representative formula is Cough-Stopping Powder (zhi sou san). Internal wind complicated by phlegm with dizziness, headache, even fainting, and loss of consciousness caused by internal stagnation of phlegm-turbidity and liver wind harassing the upper body, should be treated with methods of extinguishing wind and dissolving phlegm and by formulas that are composed of herbs that dissolve phlegm, such as Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia), Rhizoma Arisaematis (tian nan xing), Bulbus Fritillaria (bei mu), and Concretio Silicea Bambusae (tian zhu huang), combining with herbs that calm and extinguish internal wind, such as Rhizoma Gastrodiae (tian ma) and Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis (gou teng). The representative formulas are Cough-Stopping Powder (zhi sou san), Pinellia, Atractylodes Macrocephala and Gastrodia Decoction (ban xia bai zhu tian ma tang), and Convulsion-Settling Pill (ding xian wan).

Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 1. Primary formulas and analysis (Tables 38.17 and 38.18) TABLE 38.17 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas that Expel or Calm the Wind and Dissolve Phlegm Name of Formula CoughStopping Powder (zhi sou san)

Source, Composition, and Usage Initially recorded in Medical Revelations (yi xue xin wu). Composed by dry-fried Radix Platycodonis (chao jie geng) 1000 g, Herba Schizonepetae (jing jie) 1000 g, Radix et Rhizoma Asteris (zi wan) 1000 g, Radix Stemonae (bai bu) 1000 g, Rhizoma et Radix Cynanchi Stauntonii (bai qian) 1000 g, dry-fried Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (chao gan cao) 360 g and Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 500 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, and take in 9 g doses; or decrease the dosage according to the original proportion and directly decoct with water for oral use

Efficacy and Indication Relieve cough and dissolve phlegm, scatter wind and diffuse the lung. Indicated for the treatment of windphlegm cough, with cough and itch of the throat, incomplete expectoration, or mild aversion to wind and fever, thin, and white coating

Modified Clinical Application For wind-heat invading the exterior with fever, add Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (jin yin hua) and Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao); for wind-cold exterior pattern with aversion to cold, add Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) and Folium Perillae (zi su ye); for excessive phlegm, add Bulbus Fritillaria (bei mu) and Fructus Trichosanthis (gua lou); for cough with yellow phlegm due to lung heat, add raw Gypsum Fibrosum (sheng shi gao), Cortex Mori (sang bai pi), and Arisaema cum Bile (dan nan xing)

Caution for Use It is not suitable for the patients with initial external contraction and more evident exterior pattern. And its use is cautious in patients with yin deficiency and over-strained cough

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TABLE 38.17 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas that Expel or Calm the Wind and Dissolve Phlegm (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy and Indication

Modified Clinical Application

Caution for Use

Pinellia, Atractylodes Macrocephala, and Gastrodia Decoction (ban xia bai zhu tian ma tang)

Initially recorded in Medical Revelations (yi xue xin wu). Composed by Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) 9 g, Rhizoma Gastrodiae (tian ma) 6 g, Poria (fu ling) 6 g, Exocarpium Citri Rubrum (ju hong) 6 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 18 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 3 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 3 pieces and Fructus Jujubae (da zao) 2 pieces. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Dry dampness and dissolve phlegm, calm the liver, and extinguish wind. Indicated for the treatment of windphlegm harassing the upper body, with dizziness, headache, chest oppression, nausea and vomiting, white and greasy coating, wiry, and slippery pulse

For more evident wind-phlegm with severe dizziness, add Bombyx Batryticatus (bai jiang can), and Arisaema cum Bile (dan nan xing); for pathogenic wind harassing the upper body with severe headache, add Fructus Viticis (man jing zi) and Flos Chrysanthemi (ju hua); for heat in the liver channel with red eyes and bitter taste in the mouth, add Flos Chrysanthemi (ju hua), and Spica Prunellae (xia ku cao)

It is not suitable for the patients with dizziness, headache, or hypertensive disease due to yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity and insufficiency of qi and blood

ConvulsionSettling Pill (ding xian wan)

Initially recorded in Medical Revelations (yi xue xin wu). Composed by Rhizoma Gastrodiae (tian ma) 30 g, Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae (chuan bei mu) 30 g, Arisaema cum Bile (dan nan xing) 15 g, Poria (fu ling) 30 g, Sclerotium Poriae Pararadicis (fu shen) 30 g, Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (shi chang pu) 15 g, Rhizoma Pinelliae Praeparatum (jiang ban xia) 30 g, Scorpio (quan xie) 15 g, Bombyx Batryticatus (bai jiang can) 15 g, Succinum (hu po) 15 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 20 g, Radix Polygalae (yuan zhi) 20 g, Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) 60 g, Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae (dan shen) 60 g, and Cinnabaris (zhu sha) 9 g. Grind the ingredients into fine powder, add Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 120 g and decoct with water into paste, then add Succus Bambusae (zhu li) 100 mL and Succus Rhizomatis Zingiberis (sheng jiang zhi) 50 mL, mix evenly, make into small pills, and take in 9 g doses

Eliminate phlegm to open the orifices (resuscitate), extinguish wind, and arrest convulsion. Indicated for the treatment of windphlegm epilepsy, with unexpected attack, vertiginous falling to the ground, even convulsion, wry eye and mouth, phlegmdrool flowing, or crying or producing a sound like oink, wiry and slippery pulse; or for the treatment of mania

Complicated by constipation due to heat in the stomach and intestines, add Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) and Natrii Sulfas (mang xiao) to drain heat and promote defecation; for more evident liver wind with frequent convulsion, add Cornu Saigae Tataricae (ling yang jiao) and Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis (gou teng) to clear heat and extinguish wind; for chronic epilepsy with frequent attack, add small amounts of Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) to regulate and supplement healthy qi

It is not suitable for the patients with epilepsy due to spleen deficiency and qi weakness, and yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity

804 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 38.18 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Expel or Calm the Wind and Dissolve Phlegm Name of Formula Cough-Stopping Powder (zhi sou san)

Efficacy Analysis Radix et Rhizoma Asteris (zi wan) Radix Stemonae (bai bu) Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) Rhizoma et Radix Cynanchi Stauntonii (bai qian) Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) Herba Schizonepetae (jing jie) Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao)

Pinellia, Atractylodes Macrocephala, and Gastrodia Decoction (ban xia bai zhu tian ma tang)

Convulsion-Settling Pill (ding xian wan)

Bitter, warm and moistening in nature, lower qi and dissolve phlegm, regulate the lung and relieve cough, as the chief medicinals Assist the chief medicinals Diffuse lung qi and dissolve to regulate lung qi and phlegm dissolve phlegm and relieve cough, both as the Direct qi downward and dissolve phlegm to relieve cough deputy medicinals Rectify qi and dissolve phlegm Scatter wind and release the exterior Combine with Herba Schizonepetae (jing jie) to relieve sore-throat and relieve cough, and harmonize medicinals

Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) Rhizoma Gastrodiae (tian ma) Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu)

Dry dampness and dissolve phlegm, direct counterflow downward and harmonize the stomach

Poria (fu ling) Exocarpium Citri Rubrum (ju hong) Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao)

Fortify the spleen and drain dampness

Succus Bambusae (zhu li) Arisaema cum Bile (dan nan xing) Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi)

Sweet, cold and lubricating in nature, clear heat and dissolve phlegm, arrest convulsion and open the orifices

Poria (fu ling) Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae (chuan bei mu)

Drain dampness and dissolve phlegm

Calm the liver and subdue yang to extinguish liver wind Dry dampness and fortify the spleen

Rectify qi and dissolve phlegm

Bombyx Batryticatus (bai jiang can) Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (shi chang pu) Radix Polygalae (yuan zhi) Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae (dan shen) Cinnabaris (zhu sha) Sclerotium Poriae Pararadicis (fu shen) Succinum (hu po) Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao)

Dissolve phlegm and extinguish wind to relieve dizziness, both as the deputy medicinals Dispel dampness and dissolve phlegm, all as the deputy medicinals

Fortify the spleen, and harmonize the actions of all medicinals, as the assistant and envoy medicinal

Clear fire and clear up phlegm, extinguish wind and arrest epilepsy Dry dampness and dissolve phlegm Rectify qi and dissolve phlegm Moisten dryness and dissolve phlegm

Rhizoma Gastrodiae (tian ma) Scorpio (quan xie)

Relieve cough and dissolve phlegm, scatter wind and diffuse the lung

Extinguish wind and unblock the collaterals, calm the liver and arrest convulsion Open the heart orifices (resuscitate) and dissolve phlegm-turbidity

Enrich yin and clear heat, invigorate blood and promote the function of the orifices

Clear heart heat and tranquilize the mind, suppress fright and arrest epilepsy

Dry dampness and dissolve phlegm, calm the liver and extinguish wind

Eliminate phlegm to open the orifices (resuscitate), both as the chief medicinals Combine with Succus Rhizomatis Zingiberis (sheng jiang zhi) to harmonize the stomach and dissolve phlegm, strengthen the chief medicinals’ effect of dissolving phlegm and extinguishing wind, all as the deputy medicinals

Open the heart orifices (resuscitate), enrich yin, calm the mind and arrest convulsion, all as the assistant medicinals

Supplement deficiency and relax spasms, harmonize the actions of all medicinals, as the assistant and envoy medicinal

Eliminate phlegm to open the orifices (resuscitate), extinguish wind and arrest convulsion

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2. Attached formulas (Table 38.19)

TABLE 38.19 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Expel or Calm the Wind and Dissolve Phlegm Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Master Li's Pinellia, Atractylodes Macrocephala, and Gastrodia Decoction (li shi ban xia bai zhu tian ma tang)

Initially recorded in Treatise on the Spleen and Stomach (pi wei lun). Composed by Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai) 3 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) 3 g, Rhizoma Gastrodiae (tian ma) 6 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu) 6 g, Poria (fu ling) 6 g, Radix Astragali (huang qi) 6 g, Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 6 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 10 g, dry-fried Massa Medicata Fermentata (chao shen qu) 10 g, Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) 15 g, Fructus Hordei Germinatus (mai ya) 15 g and Exocarpium Citri Rubrum (ju hong) 15 g. Grind the ingredients into crude powder, and decoct the powder 50 g with water for oral use

Boost qi and fortify the spleen, dissolve phlegm, and extinguish wind

Indicated for the treatment of phlegm syncope with headache, accompanied by headache, heavy head, or dizziness, vomiting and nausea, chest oppression, excessive phlegm, and less eating

Alisma Rhizome Decoction (ze xie tang)

Initially recorded in Essentials from the Golden Cabinet (jin gui yao lüe). Composed by Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie) 15 g and Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 6 g. Decoct the ingredients with water, and take the decoction orally while warm

Promote urination and eliminate rheum, fortify the spleen, and control water

Indicated for the treatment of fluid retention in the epigastrium, with dizziness, pĭ and fullness in the chest, cough, and dyspnea in semireclining position, pale and enlarged tongue, white and glossy coating, deep, and wiry pulse

Raw Five Pill (wu sheng wan)

Initially recorded in Secret Formulas of the Yang Family (yang shi jia cang fang). Composed by Rhizoma Arisaematis (tian nan xing) 30 g, Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) 30 g, blast-fried Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (pao fu zi) 30 g, Rhizoma Typhonii (bai fu zi) 30 g, Rhizoma Gastrodiae (tian ma) 30 g, Alumen (bai fan) 30 g, and Cinnabaris (zhu sha) 6 g. Except Cinnabaris (zhu sha), grind the ingredients into fine powder, decoct with Succus Rhizomatis Zingiberis (sheng jiang zhi) and make into paste pills as size of phoenix tree seed, coat with Cinnabaris (zhu sha), and take in 6 g doses (30 pills) with decoction of Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) after meals

Disperse wind and dissolve phlegm

Indicated for the treatment of dizziness and vomiting of phlegm-drool

Immortal AphasiaTreating Pill (shen xian jie yu dan)

Initially recorded in Corrections and Annotations to Fine Formulas for Women (jiao zhu fu ren liang fang). Composed by Rhizoma Typhonii (bai fu zi) 30 g, Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (shi chang pu) 30 g, Radix Polygalae (yuan zhi) 30 g, Rhizoma Gastrodiae (tian ma) 30 g, Scorpio (quan xie) 30 g, Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo) 30 g, Arisaema cum Bile (dan nan xing) 30 g, and Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) 15 g. Grind the ingredients into powder and make into flour and water paste pills as size of phoenix tree seed, and take in doses of 20–30 pills with decoction of Herba Menthae (bo he)

Open the orifices and dissolve phlegm, unblock the collaterals, and extinguish wind

Indicated for the treatment of aphasia from apoplexy with a pattern of wind-phlegm obstructing the collaterals, accompanied by wind-strike, sluggish speech, expectoration of turbid phlegm, thick and greasy coating, wiry, and slippery pulse

Inula Powder (jin fei cao san)

Initially recorded in Beneficial Formulas from the Taiping Imperial Pharmacy (tai ping hui min he ji ju fang). Composed by Flos Inulae (xuan fu hua) 90 g, Herba Ephedrae (ma huang) 90 g, Radix Peucedani (qian hu) 90 g, Spica Schizonepetae (jing jie sui) 120 g, dry-fried Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (chao gan cao) 30 g, Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) 30 g and Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao) 30 g. Add Succus Rhizomatis Zingiberis (sheng jiang zhi) 30 g, grind the ingredients into crude powder and take in 9 g doses

Release the exterior and dissipate cold, dispel phlegm, and relieve cough

Indicated for the treatment of wind-cold fettering the exterior and turbid phlegm obstructing the lung, with aversion to cold and fever, fullness and oppression in the chest and diaphragm, excessive phlegm, panting and cough, and difficulty in expectoration of phlegm-drool (Continued )

806 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 38.19 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Expel or Calm the Wind and Dissolve Phlegm (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Alum and Turmeric Root Tuber Pill (bai jin wan)

Initially recorded in Medical Formulas Collected and Analyzed (yi fang ji jie). Composed by Alumen (bai fan) 90 g and Radix Curcumae (yu jin) 210 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, mix with appropriate amount of Herba Menthae (bo he), make into flour and water paste pills as size of phoenix tree seed, and take in doses of 50 pills each time

Dissolve phlegm and open the orifices, clear heat, and cool the liver

Indicated for the treatment of mania due to phlegm confounding the heart orifices, with vexation and agitation, obstruction of phlegm and qi, epilepsy, abalienatio mentis, sudden fainting, and saliva spitting

Miraculous Effective Pill for Five-Epilepsy (wu xian shen ying wan)

Initially recorded in The Complete Works of [Zhang] Jingyue (jing yue quan shu). Composed by Rhizoma Typhonii (bai fu zi) 15 g, Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) 60 g, Arisaema cum Bile (dan nan xing) 30 g, Zaocys (wu shao she) 30 g, Alumen (bai fan) 30 g, Scolopendra (wu gong) 3 g, Scorpio (quan xie) 6 g, Bombyx Batryticatus (bai jiang can) 45 g, Moschus (she xiang) 1 g, Cinnabaris (zhu sha) 7.5 g, Fructus Gleditsiae (zao jia) 60 g, and appropriate amount of Succus Rhizomatis Zingiberis (sheng jiang zhi). Grind the ingredients into powder, make into flour and water paste pills as size of phoenix tree seed, coat with Cinnabaris (zhu sha), and take in doses of 30 pills each time

Extinguish wind and arrest convulsion, dissolve phlegm, and open the orifices

Indicated for the treatment of wind-phlegm epilepsy, with frequent attack of epilepsy, upward-rolling of the eyes, drool foaming at the mouth, convulsion, and loss of consciousness

Heart-Washing Decoction (xi xin tang)

Initially recorded in Records of Syndrome Differentiations (bian zheng lu). Composed by Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 30 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 3 g, Rhizoma Pinelliae (processed with alum) (qing ban xia) 15 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 9 g, Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) 3 g, Sclerotium Poriae Pararadicis (fu shen) 30 g, Semen Ziziphi Spinosae (suan zao ren) 30 g, Massa Medicata Fermentata (shen qu) 9 g and Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (shi chang pu) 3 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Resolve constraint and expel phlegm, fortify the spleen, and unblock yang

Indicated for the treatment of dementia with a pattern of liver constraint and qi stagnation, obstruction, and accumulation of phlegmturbidity, accompanied by uttering not a single word from morning till night, no desire to drink and eat, sudden singing sudden smiling, regardless of cleaning and dirtiness, and not distinguishing close and distant (relatives)

Arisaema and Trichosanthes Qi-Guiding Decoction (xing lou cheng qi tang)

Initially recorded in Clinical Chinese Internal Medicine (lin chuang zhong yi nei ke xue). Composed by Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 6 g, Natrii Sulfas (mang xiao) 6 g, Arisaema cum Bile (dan nan xing) 9 g and Fructus Trichosanthis (gua lou) 15 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Dissolve phlegm and dredge the bowels

Indicated for the treatment of wind-strike with a pattern of phlegm-heat and bowel excess, and wind-phlegm harassing the upper body, accompanied by hemiplegia (half-body paralysis), wry eye and mouth, sluggish speech or aphasia, abdominal distention, constipation, dizziness, expectoration of phlegm, or excessive phlegm, dark red tongue with yellow and greasy coating, wiry, and rapid pulse

AppearanceCorrecting Decoction (zheng rong tang)

Initially recorded in A Close Examination of the Precious Classic on Ophthalmology (shen shi yao han). Composed by equal parts of Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo), Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng), Rhizoma Typhonii (bai fu zi), Arisaema cum Bile (dan nan xing), Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae (qin jiao), Bombyx Batryticatus (bai jiang can), Rhizoma Pinelliae Praeparatum (fa ban xia), Fructus Chaenomelis (mu gua), Sclerotium Poriae Pararadicis (fu shen), Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang), and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao). Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Dispel wind and dissolve phlegm, relax the sinews, and quicken the collaterals

Indicated for the treatment of wind-phlegm obstructing the collaterals, with wry appearance, or sudden onset with anorthopia, blephar numbness, ptosis, looking squarely but strabismus, wry mouth and eye, nausea and vomiting, dizziness, pale tongue with white, thick, and greasy coating, wiry, and slippery pulse

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3. Formula differentiation (Table 38.20)

TABLE 38.20 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Expel or Calm the Wind and Dissolve Phlegm Name of Formula

Similarity

Differences

Pinellia, Atractylodes Macrocephala, and Gastrodia Decoction (ban xia bai zhu tian ma tang)

Both have the effects of fortifying the spleen, drying dampness and dispelling phlegm, and can be used for the treatment of headache, dizziness, nausea and vomiting, and chest oppression

It is the Pinellia, Atractylodes Macrocephala and Gastrodia Decoction (ban xia bai zhu tian ma tang) from Treatise on the Spleen and Stomach (pi wei lun) minus Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai), Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang), Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu), Radix Astragali (huang qi), Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen), Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie), dry-fried Massa Medicata Fermentata (chao shen qu), Fructus Hordei Germinatus (mai ya) and plus Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao), Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang), and Fructus Jujubae (da zao). It is good at extinguishing wind and dissolving phlegm, and effects of boosting qi and fortifying the spleen, removing dampness, and promoting digestion are insufficient. It is a formula for treating dizziness and headache due to wind-phlegm harassing the upper body

Master Li's Pinellia, Atractylodes Macrocephala, and Gastrodia Decoction (li shi ban xia bai zhu tian ma tang) Inula Powder (jin fei cao san)

Its effects of supplementing qi and fortifying the spleen, drying dampness, promoting digestion, and harmonizing the stomach are stronger than that of Pinellia, Atractylodes Macrocephala, and Gastrodia Decoction (ban xia bai zhu tian ma tang) from Medical Revelations (yi xue xin wu). It also can dissolve phlegm and extinguish wind, and is a special formula for treating headache due to qi deficiency and phlegm syncope Both have the effects of scattering wind and venting the exterior, dispelling phlegm and relieve cough, and can be used for the treatment of externally-contracted cough

Cough-Stopping Powder (zhi sou san)

Convulsion-Settling Pill (ding xian wan) Miraculous Effective Pill for Five-Epilepsy (wu xian shen ying wan)

Its effects of scattering wind and venting the exterior are weaker than that of Inula Powder (jin fei cao san). It is mainly used for the treatment of unceasing cough and incomplete expectoration of phlegm after exterior pathogen has been released Both have the effects of dissolving phlegm and extinguishing wind, and can be indicated for the treatment of wind-phlegm epilepsy

Alum and Turmeric Root Tuber Pill (bai jin wan) Phlegm-Flushing Decoction (di tan tang)

Immortal AphasiaTreating Pill (shen xian jie yu dan)

Its effects of releasing the exterior and dissipating cold are stronger than that of Cough-Stopping Powder (zhi sou san). It is suitable for the treatment of cough and panting with excessive phlegm caused by wind-cold fettering the exterior and turbid phlegm obstructing the lung

It has the effects of clearing heat and dissolving phlegm, releasing the orifices, and tranquilizing the mind It has stronger effects of dispelling wind and dissolving phlegm, warming, and dissipating and unblocking the collaterals

It has the effects of dissolving phlegm and opening the orifices, clearing liver heat, and resolving constraint, and is mainly used for the treatment of mania with a pattern of phlegm confounding the heart orifices Both have the effects of clearing up phlegm and open the orifices, and can be used for the treatment of aphasia with stiff tongue due to turbid phlegm obstructing the collaterals

It mainly can clear up phlegm and open the orifices, has a weaker effect of extinguishing wind, also can boost qi and fortify the spleen, and is indicated for the treatment of phlegm confounding the heart orifices complicated by qi weakness and spleen deficiency It can open the orifices and dissolve phlegm, is good at extinguishing wind and unblocking the collaterals, especially has a stronger effect of dispelling wind, and is indicated for the treatment of wind-phlegm obstructing the collaterals complicated by external wind pattern

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Chapter 39

Formulas That Remove Food Stagnation and Accumulation Chapter Outline Section 1 Formulas That Promote Digestion and Guide Out [Food] Stagnation Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas

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Section 2 Formulas That Resolve Masses and Remove Accumulation Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas

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ABSTRACT Formulas that are mainly composed of herbs that promote digestion and remove accumulation, have the effects of promoting digestion and activating the spleen, softening hardness and dissipating masses, removing accumulation and guiding out [food] stagnation, dispersing goiter and scrofula, and indicated for the treatment of food accumulation syndrome are called “Formulas That Remove Food Stagnation and Accumulation,” which are divided into two categories: formulas that promote digestion and guide out [food] stagnation and formulas that resolve masses and remove accumulation. Keywords: formulas that promote digestion and guide out [food] stagnation; formulas that resolve masses and remove accumulation; promote digestion and harmonize the stomach; move qi and guide out [food] stagnation

Formulas that are mainly composed of herbs that promote digestion and remove accumulation, have the effects of promoting digestion and activating the spleen, softening hardness and dissipating masses, removing accumulation and guiding out [food] stagnation, dispersing goiter and scrofula, and indicated for the treatment of food accumulation syndrome are called “Formulas That Remove Food Stagnation and Accumulation.” Its therapeutic method belongs to “dispersing” method of the eight [medicinal treatment] methods. The medicinal treatment “dispersing” method is applied extensively. Cheng Zhong-ling pointed out that “Dispersing is to remove the obstruction (congestion), which should not occur in zang-fu organs, collaterals and channels, and muscles, but suddenly occurs, and must be dispersed and dissipated in order to become normal” in Medical Revelations (yi xue xin wu). Therefore, according to the principles of “hardness is whittled away” and “there is binding, treat it with dissipation” in The Yellow Emperor’s Inner Classic (huang di nei jing), this method is suitable for the treatment of accumulation and stagnation (dyspeptic disease), and abdominal mass caused by obstruction of qi, blood, phlegm, dampness, food, and worms. This chapter mainly focuses on the introduction of treatment and formulas for internal stagnation of food accumulation, goiter and scrofula, concretions (fixed lower abdominal masses of definite shape; zhēng) and accumulations (fixed abdominal masses of definite shape; jī) in the stomach cavity and abdomen, other aspects are introduced in those chapters, such as formulas that rectify qi, formulas that rectify blood, formulas that dispel dampness, formulas that expel and calm the wind, and formulas that expel parasites. According to the different indications, formulas in this chapter are divided into two categories: (1) formulas that promote digestion and guide out [food] stagnation and (2) formulas that resolve masses and remove accumulation.

Essentials of Chinese Materia Medica and Medical Formulas. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812722-3.00039-7 Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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810 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

Both formulas that remove food stagnation and accumulation and formulas that drain downward (purge) can eliminate accumulation and stagnation (dyspeptic disease), but there are differences between them in clinical application. Formulas that drain downward (purge) are used to purge, expel, and clear accumulation and stagnation with excess pathogen, such as retained food, dry stool, cold accumulation, retention of fluid in the body, static blood, and accumulated phlegm according to the principle of “pathogen in the lower requiring dredging” in The Yellow Emperor’s Inner Classic (huang di nei jing), and suitable for the treatment of acute or suddenly-formed syndromes with excess pattern of body and qi, which need to be treated quickly. Formulas that remove food stagnation and accumulation belong to the formulas that moderately dissipate, which can gradually disperse and slowly dissipate the stasis of qi and blood, accumulations and gatherings (abdominal masses; jī jù), and pĭ masses, and are suitable for the treatment of comparatively-mild diseases and syndromes with long course, invasion of pathogen for a long time, or combination of deficiency and excess. Because concretions (fixed lower abdominal masses of definite shape; zhēng) and accumulations (fixed abdominal masses of definite shape; jī), goiter and scrofula need time to be dispersed or dissipated, if purgation is selected to get rapid effect, accumulations may not be removed, healthy qi will be damaged, and syndromes of concretions and accumulation may be increased. Conversely, acute or severe accumulation and stagnation with excess pathogen should be purged. In this case, if purgation is not used enough and formulas that moderately disperse or dissipate are selected to use, the pathogenic condition would not be able to be removed and disease can be delayed. When applying formulas that remove food stagnation and accumulation, differentiation of cold or heat, deficiency or excess, chief or accompanied symptoms and signs should be considered, and appropriate combination of herbs should be adopted. Because dyspeptic retention can cause obstruction of qi movement that also can lead to indigestion, so formulas that promote digestion and remove [food] stagnation are often combined with herbs that rectify qi to move qi and disperse accumulation. If food stagnation and accumulation are complicated with weakness of the spleen and stomach as well as insufficiency of qi and blood, herbs that supplement and boost qi need to be combined in order to dispel pathogen with both dispersing and supplementation as well as without damage to healthy qi. Many formulas in this chapter have the effect of drastic purgation, doctors or patients should obey the principle of discontinuing medication as soon as getting effect.

SECTION 1  FORMULAS THAT PROMOTE DIGESTION AND GUIDE OUT [FOOD] STAGNATION Outline Formulas that promote digestion and guide out [food] stagnation are suitable for the treatment of pĭ and oppression in the stomach cavity, fetid eructation and acid regurgitation, aversion to food (anorexia) and vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea caused by food accumulation and stagnation. Formulas in this category are commonly composed of herbs that promote digestion, such as Fructus Crataegi (shan zha), Massa Medicata Fermentata (shen qu), Fructus Setariae Germinatus (gu ya), Fructus Hordei Germinatus (mai ya), Endothelium Corneum Gigeriae Galli (ji nei jin), and Semen Raphani (lai fu zi). If difficulty in digestion is caused by food accumulation and complicated by long-term weakness of the spleen and stomach, formulas in this category are usually combined with herbs that boost qi and fortify the spleen, such as Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen), Poria (fu ling), and Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu). Food accumulation can obstruct qi movement, or generate dampness and accumulated-heat, so formulas in this category are often combined with herbs that move qi, herbs that remove dampness and herbs that clear heat. For more evident food accumulation and stagnation with symptoms of constipation and the bowel qi being obstructed, herbs that drain downwards should be appropriately combined to purge accumulation and remove stagnation. The representative formulas are Harmony-Preserving Pill (bao he wan), Immature Bitter Orange Stagnation-Moving Pill (zhi shi dao zhi wan), Costus Root and Areca Pill (mu xiang bing lang wan), and Spleen-Fortifying Pill (jian pi wan).

Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 1. Primary formulas and analysis (Tables 39.1 and 39.2)

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TABLE 39.1 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Promote Digestion and Guide out [Food] Stagnation Efficacy and Indication

Modified Clinical Application

Caution for Use

Initially recorded in Teachings of [Zhu] Dan-xi (dan xi xin fa). Composed by Fructus Crataegi (shan zha) 18 g, Massa Medicata Fermentata (shen qu) 6 g, Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) 9 g, Poria (fu ling) 9 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 6 g, Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao) 6 g, and Semen Raphani (lai fu zi) 6 g. Grind the ingredients into powder and make into water pills, and take in 6–9 g doses each time

Promote digestion and harmonize the stomach. Indicated for the treatment of food accumulation syndrome, with pĭ and fullness and distending pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen, fetid eructation and acid regurgitation, anorexia and vomiting, or thin and unformed stool, thick and greasy coating, and slippery coating

For more evident dyspeptic retention with distending pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen, add Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi) and Semen Arecae (bing lang); for more evident production of heat due to food accumulation with halitosis, yellow and greasy coating, add Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) and Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian); for accumulation and stagnation (dyspeptic disease) with constipation, add Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang); complicated by spleen deficiency with thin and unformed stool, add Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu)

The potency of this formula is moderate; it is suitable for the treatment of food accumulation syndrome with mild pattern, and inadvisable to be used singly in patients with food accumulation due to spleen deficiency

Immature Bitter Orange Stagnation-Moving Pill (zhi shi dao zhi wan)

Initially recorded in Clarifying Doubts about Damage from Internal and External Causes (nei wai shang bian huo lun). Composed by Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 30 g, dry-fried Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (chao zhi shi) 15 g, dryfried Massa Medicata Fermentata (chao shen qu) 15 g, Poria (fu ling) 9 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 9 g, Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 9 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 9 g, and Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie) 6 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, make into water pills, and take in 6–9 g doses each time with warm boiled water after meals

Promote digestion and guide out [food] stagnation, clear heat, and dispel dampness. Indicated for the treatment of food accumulation with a damp-heat pattern, accompanied by distending pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen, dysentery and diarrhea, or constipation, scanty and reddish urine, yellow and greasy coating, deep and slippery and forceful pulse

For more evident distention and fullness and tenesmus, appropriately add Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) and Semen Arecae (bing lang) to rectify qi and guide out [food] stagnation; for dysentery with red and heat feces due to more evident heat toxin, add Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (jin yin hua) and Radix Pulsatillae (bai tou weng); for more evident vomiting, add Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) and Haematitum (dai zhe shi)

Its use is cautious in pregnant women and patients with diarrhea and dysentery but no accumulation and stagnation (dyspeptic disease) or complicated by weakness of the spleen and stomach

Costus Root and Areca Pill (mu xiang bing lang wan)

Initially recorded in Confucians’ Duties to Their Parents (ru men shi qin). Composed by Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) 30 g, Semen Arecae (bing lang) 30 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride (qing pi) 30 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 30 g, Rhizoma Curcumae (e zhu) 30 g, Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 30 g, Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao) 30 g, Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai) 90 g, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 90 g, Rhizoma Cyperi (xiang fu) 120 g, and Semen Pharbitidis (qian niu zi) 120 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, make into water pills, and take in 3–6 g doses each time

Move qi and guide out [food] stagnation, purge accumulation, and drain heat. Indicated for the treatment of indigestion with a pattern of damp-heat, accompanied by pĭ and fullness and distending pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen, constipation, or dysentery with red and white feces, rectal tenesmus, yellow and greasy coating, excess and forceful pulse

For fetid eructation and anorexia due to accumulation of food in the stomach and intestine or indigestion, add Fructus Crataegi (shan zha), Fructus Hordei Germinatus (mai ya), and Endothelium Corneum Gigeriae Galli (ji nei jin) to promote digestion and harmonize the stomach; for abdominal pain and more evident pain due to qi stagnation, add Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po) and Fructus Amomi (sha ren) to move qi and disperse distention

This formula has strong effects of breaking up qi and purging accumulation, it is more suitable for the treatment of more evident accumulation and stagnation with excess pattern, so use should be cautious in old people and the weak

Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

HarmonyPreserving Pill (bao he wan)

(Continued )

812 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 39.1 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Promote Digestion and Guide out [Food] Stagnation (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Spleen-Fortifying Pill (jian pi wan)

Initially recorded in Standards for Diagnosis and Treatment (zheng zhi zhun sheng). Composed by dry-fried Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (chao bai zhu) 75 g, Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) 22 g, wine-fried Rhizoma Coptidis (jiu chao huang lian) 22 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 22 g, Poria Alba (bai fu ling) 60 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 45 g, dry-fried Massa Medicata Fermentata (chao shen qu) 30 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 30 g, Fructus Amomi (sha ren) 30 g, dry-fried Fructus Hordei Germinatus (chao mai ya) 30 g, Fructus Crataegi (shan zha) 30 g, Rhizoma Dioscoreae (huai shan yao) 30 g, and Semen Myristicae (rou dou kou) 30 g. Grind the ingredients into fine powder, make into water pills, and take in 6–9 g doses each time with warm boiled water

Efficacy and Indication

Modified Clinical Application

Caution for Use

Fortify the spleen and harmonize the stomach, promote digestion, and arrest diarrhea. Indicated for the treatment of internal stagnation of food accumulation due to weakness of the spleen and stomach, with less eating, difficulty in digestion, pĭ, and oppression in the stomach cavity and abdomen, thin and unformed stool, greasy and yellowish coating, deficient and weak pulse

According to the degree of spleen deficiency and food accumulation, regulate the dosage of herbs that disperse and herbs that supplement or modify other medicinals; for deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach complicated by dyspeptic retention, remove Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) and add Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) and Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) to warm the center and dispel cold

This formula can fortify the spleen and promote digestion, and inadvisable to be used in patients with indigestion caused by binge overeating, eating and drinking without temperance, but no deficiency of the spleen and stomach

TABLE 39.2 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Promote Digestion and Guide out [Food] Stagnation Name of Formula Harmony-Preserving Pill (bao he wan)

Efficacy Analysis Fructus Crataegi (shan zha)

Sour and sweet in nature, promote digestion, specialize in guiding out stagnation of animal or greasy food, as the chief medicinal

Massa Medicata Fermentata (shen qu)

Promote digestion and harmonize the stomach, specialize in guiding out stagnation of wine, old and decayed food

Semen Raphani (lai fu zi)

Lower qi and promote digestion, specialize in guiding out stagnation of rice or noodles

Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia)

Move qi and resolve [food] stagnation, harmonize the stomach and arrest vomiting

Poria (fu ling)

Percolate dampness and fortify the spleen, harmonize the center and arrest diarrhea

Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao)

Clear heat and dissipate masses

Promote digestion and harmonize the stomach

Formulas That Remove Food Stagnation and Accumulation Chapter | 39

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TABLE 39.2 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Promote Digestion and Guide out [Food] Stagnation (cont.) Name of Formula Immature Bitter Orange Stagnation-Moving Pill (zhi shi dao zhi wan)

Efficacy Analysis Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi) Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) Poria (fu ling) Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie)

Costus Root and Areca Pill (mu xiang bing lang wan)

Purge stagnation and drain heat, as the chief medicinal Move qi, disperse accumulation, as the deputy medicinal

Purge the accumulated heat and resolve qi stagnation to eliminate distention and fullness

Clear heat and dry dampness, and promote the function of intestines to arrest diarrhea or dysentery

Promote urination and percolate dampness, and arrest diarrhea

Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu)

Fortify the spleen and dry dampness, assist Poria (fu ling) and Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie) to dispel dampness, prevent damage to healthy qi by the chief and deputy medicinals and spoiling appetite by the bitter and cold medicinals

Massa Medicata Fermentata (shen qu)

Promote digestion and fortify the spleen and harmonize the stomach

Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang)

Move qi and guide out [food] stagnation, disperse distention and fullness in the stomach cavity and abdomen, relieve abdominal urgency with rectal heaviness, both as the chief medicinals

Semen Arecae (bing lang) Semen Pharbitidis (qian niu zi) Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) Rhizoma Cyperi (xiang fu) Rhizoma Curcumae (e zhu) Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride (qing pi) Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi)

Promote digestion and guide out [food] stagnation, clear heat and dispel dampness

Purge accumulation and guide out [food] stagnation, drain heat and promote defecation, as the deputy medicinals

Soothe the liver and resolve constraint, break up qi stagnation in blood

Rectify qi and loosen the center, and assist the chief medicinals to move qi and guide out [food] stagnation

Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao) Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian)

Loosen the intestines and lower qi, eliminate the stomach cavity and abdomen

Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai)

Clear heat and dry dampness, and promote the function of intestines to arrest dysentery

Move qi and guide out [food] stagnation, purge accumulation and drain heat

and fullness in

(Continued )

814 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 39.2 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Promote Digestion and Guide out [Food] Stagnation (cont.) Name of Formula Spleen-Fortifying Pill (jian pi wan)

Efficacy Analysis Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) Poria Alba (bai fu ling) Fructus Crataegi (shan zha) Massa Medicata Fermentata (shen qu) Fructus Hordei Germinatus (mai ya) Semen Myristicae (rou dou kou) Rhizoma Dioscoreae (huai shan yao)

Sweet and slightly warm in nature, boost qi and supplement the spleen

Fortify the spleen and percolate dampness to arrest diarrhea

Use large dosage in order to strengthen the effects of fortifying the spleen and percolating dampness, all as the chief medicinals

Promote digestion and harmonize the stomach and resolve [food] stagnation, all as the deputy medicinals, all as the deputy medicinals

Fortify the spleen and arrest diarrhea, both as the deputy medicinals

Fortify the spleen and harmonize the stomach, promote digestion and arrest diarrhea

Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) Fructus Amomi (sha ren)

Rectify qi and promote appetite, awaken the spleen and remove dampness, and disperse , as the assistant medicinals

Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian)

Clear heat and dry dampness, and eliminate the accumulated heat from food accumulation, as the assistant medicinal

Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao)

Supplement the center and boost qi, and harmonize the actions of all medicinals, as the envoy medicinal

2. Attached formulas (Table 39.3) TABLE 39.3 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Promote Digestion and Guide out [Food] Stagnation Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Great Tranquility Pill (da an wan)

Initially recorded in Teachings of [Zhu] Dan-xi (dan xi xin fa). Composed by Fructus Crataegi (shan zha) 180 g, Massa Medicata Fermentata (shen qu) 60 g, Poria (fu ling) 90 g, Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) 90 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 60 g, Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao) 60 g, Semen Raphani (lai fu zi) 60 g, and Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 60g. Grind the ingredients into powder, make into paste pill with porridge, and take orally

Fortify the spleen and promote digestion

Indicated for the treatment of food accumulation complicated by spleen deficiency, with indigestion of drink and food, distending pain and fullness in the stomach cavity and abdomen, and diarrhea

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TABLE 39.3 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Promote Digestion and Guide out [Food] Stagnation (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Spleen-Regulating Powder (tiao pi san)

Initially recorded in Plain-Words on Pediatrics (you ke zhi yan). Composed by dry-fried Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (chao bai zhu) 6 g, dryfried Radix Paeoniae Alba (chao bai shao) 6 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 3 g, Poria (fu ling) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 3 g, Fructus Amomi (sha ren) 2 g, Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) 3 g, Fructus Hordei Germinatus (mai ya) 9 g, and Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) 2 g. Add Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 1 piece and Fructus Jujubae (da zao) 1 piece, and decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Fortify the spleen and warm the center, promote digestion, and guide out [food] stagnation

Indicated for the treatment of infantile diarrhea due to deficiency-cold, with diarrhea due to unhygienic diet or eating and drinking without temperance, or due to indigestion of cold milk, blue-white stool, abdominal pain, no warm of the four limbs, sallow complexion, no thirst, pale enlarged and teeth-marked tongue with white and glossy coating, thready, moderate, and forceless pulse

Children’s Indigestion Powder (yi nian jin)

Initially recorded in Collected Compilation of Nationwide Chinese Patent Medicine and Prescriptions (quan guo zhong yao cheng yao chu fang ji). Composed by black Semen Pharbitidis (hei qian niu zi) 30 g, white Semen Pharbitidis (bai qian niu zi) 30 g, raw Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (sheng da huang) 30 g, Semen Arecae (bing lang) 30 g, Cinnabaris (zhu sha) 15 g, Radix Codonopsis (dang shen) 15 g, and edible sheet of gold 10 pieces. Grind the ingredients into fine powder, take in 0.3 g doses for infant under 1 year old, take in 0.6 g doses for children with 1–3 years old, and take in 1 g doses for children with 4–6 years old, 1 or 2 times a day. Discontinue medication as soon as getting effect

Promote digestion and guide out [food] stagnation, dispel phlegm, and promote defecation

Indicated for the treatment of infantile accumulation and stagnation in the stomach and intestines due to indigestion of milk and food, with infantile abdominal distention, constipation, panting and cough due to overabundant phlegm, less eating, fright, and restlessness, red tongue with yellow and thick coating, slippery and excess pulse

Round Cardamom Powder (bai dou kou san)

Initially recorded in Fine Formulas of Wonderful Efficacy (qi xiao liang fang). Composed by Fructus Amomi Kravanh (bai dou kou) 1.5 g, Semen Myristicae (rou dou kou) 0.5 g, Rhizoma Alpiniae Officinarum (gao liang jiang) 0.5 g, Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) 0.5 g, Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) 15 g, Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) 15 g, dry-fried Fructus Aurantii with bran (fu chao zhi qiao) 15 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 15 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 15 g, Flos Caryophylli (ding xiang) 15 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 15 g. Grind the ingredients into fine powder, and take in 6 g doses with decoction of Fructus Chaenomelis (mu gua) and Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) before meals

Warm the stomach and promote digestion, move qi and loosen the center

Indicated for the treatment of accumulations and gatherings (abdominal masses), with distending and fullness in the epigastrium and abdomen, indigestion, pain due to qi stagnation, diarrhea, frequent belching, acid regurgitation, and reversal cold of the hands and feet

(Continued )

816 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 39.3 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Promote Digestion and Guide out [Food] Stagnation (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Flower-of-Kudzuvine Hangover-Sobering Decoction (ge hua jie cheng tang)

Initially recorded in Differentiation of Damage from Internal and External Causes (nei wai shang bian). Composed by Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) 1.5 g, Poria (fu ling) 4.5 g, Polyporus (zhu ling) 4.5 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 4.5 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 4.5 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 6 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) 6 g, Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie) 6 g, scorch-fried Massa Medicata Fermentata (jiao shen qu) 6 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride (qing pi) 1 g, Fructus Amomi (sha ren) 15 g, Fructus Amomi Kravanh (bai dou kou) 15 g, and Flos Puerariae Lobatae (ge hua) 15 g. Grind the ingredients into fine powder, mix evenly, and take in 9 g doses with warm boiled water; or decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Disperse wine-damp separately, rectify qi and fortify the spleen

Indicated for the treatment of vomiting and counterflow phlegm due to excessive drinking, with vexation, pĭ and blockage sensation in the chest and diaphragm, trembling of the hands and feet, less eating, difficulty in micturition, or sore in mouth and tongue, toothache, and diarrhea caused by alcoholic dyspepsia, or hypochondrium retention of fluid

Malnutrition-Eliminating Spleen-Rectifying Decoction (xiao gan li pi tang)

Initially recorded in Golden Mirror of the Medical Tradition (yi zong jin jian). Composed by Fructus Ulmi Macrocarpae Praeparata (wu yi) 6 g, Rhizoma Sparganii (san leng) 6 g, Rhizoma Curcumae (e zhu) 9 g, dry-fried Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride with bran (fu chao qing pi) 9 g, Fructus Quisqualis (shi jun zi) 5 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 6 g, Aloe (lu hui) 5 g, Semen Arecae (bing lang) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 3 g, Rhizoma Picrorhizae (hu huang lian) 5 g, Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 5 g, dry-fried Fructus Hordei Germinatus (chao mai ya) 10 g, and dryfried Medicated Leaven with bran (fu chao shen qu) 10 g. Add appropriate amount of Medulla Junci (deng xin cao), and decoct the ingredients with water for oral use, 2 times a day

Fortify the spleen, boost qi and remove dampness, kill worms, promote digestion and guide out [food] stagnation

Indicated for the treatment of infantile malnutrition involving the spleen, with sallow complexion, wasting or emaciation, general fever, drowsiness, epigastric fullness and rigidity, unwillingness to eat milk and food, preference to cold when sleep, preference to eat earth, hardness and pain in the abdomen, enlarged head and thin neck, occasional vomiting and diarrhea, dry mouth and excessive thirst, fishy and sticky stool

Infantile StagnationReducing Pill (xiao ru wan)

Initially recorded in Hundred Questions on Infant and Children (ying tong bai wen). Composed by vinegar-prepared Rhizoma Cyperi (cu xiang fu) 30 g, dry-fried Fructus Hordei Germinatus (chao mai ya) 30 g, scorch-fried Massa Medicata Fermentata (jiao shen qu) 30 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 15 g, dry-fried Fructus Amomi (chao sha ren) 30 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 15 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, make into pills as size of broomcorn millet fruit (or mung bean for children over 7 years old), and take in doses of 30 pills with decoction of Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) after meals

Warm the center and promote the function of diaphragm, arrest vomiting and promote digestion of milk

Indicated for the treatment of infantile improper dietary disorders, with indigestion, vomiting, and deep pulse

Formulas That Remove Food Stagnation and Accumulation Chapter | 39

817

TABLE 39.3 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Promote Digestion and Guide out [Food] Stagnation (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Accumulation-Dispersing Pill (xiao ji wan)

Initially recorded in Comprehensive Recording of Divine Assistance (sheng ji zong lu). Composed by Semen Pharbitidis (qian niu zi) 30 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride (qing pi) 30 g, Flos Caryophylli (ding xiang) 30 g, Semen Arecae (bing lang) 10 g, Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum (chen xiang) 30 g, Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) 30 g, Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) 15 g, Sai Ammoniacus (nao sha) 30 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) 15 g, and Fructus Crotonis (ba dou) 10 pills. Grind the ingredients into powder, mix with honey, make into pills as size of garden pea, and take in doses of 1–2 pills with decoction of Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (ju pi) after meals and before retiring

Relieve chest stiffness and promote the function of diaphragm, and promote digestion

Indicated for the treatment of accumulation and stagnation (dyspeptic disease)

Costus Root StagnationMoving Pill (mu xiang dao zhi wan)

Initially recorded in Orthodox Transmission of Medicine (yi xue zheng zhuan). Composed by Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 30 g, Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi) 15 g, dry-fried Massa Medicata Fermentata (chao shen qu) 15 g, Poria (fu ling) 9 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 9 g, Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 9 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 9 g, Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) 6 g, Semen Arecae (bing lang) 6 g, and Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie) 6 g. Grind the ingredients into fine powder, make into pills as size of phoenix tree seed, and take in doses of 70–80 pills at a long interval before and after meals

Clear heat and dispel dampness, guide out [food] stagnation and disperse pĭ

Indicated for the treatment of damp-heat indigestion, with internal stagnation of drink and food, indigestion, pĭ and fullness in the stomach cavity and abdomen, restlessness, no desire to drink and eat, and dysfunction of defecation

3. Formula differentiation (Table 39.4)

TABLE 39.4 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Promote Digestion and Guide out [Food] Stagnation Name of Formula

Similarity

Differences

Harmony-Preserving Pill (bao he wan)

Both can promote digestion and resolve [food] stagnation, and are used for the treatment of food accumulation syndrome

It is a commonly-used formula for the treatment of all food accumulation syndromes with mild pattern

Both are the formulas that treat the flowing by promoting its flow, can guide out [food] stagnation and clear heat, and are used for the treatment of damp-heat accumulation and stagnation (dyspeptic disease) with constipation or dysentery

Its effects of moving qi and purging accumulation are moderate and effects of clearing heat and draining dampness are good. It is suitable for the treatment of mild food accumulation with a pattern of damp-heat

Great Tranquility Pill (da an wan)

Immature Bitter Orange Stagnation-Moving Pill (zhi shi dao zhi wan) Costus Root and Areca Pill (mu xiang bing lang wan)

It is the Harmony-Preserving Pill (bao he wan) plus Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) and decrease the dosage of other medicinals, and suitable for the treatment of food accumulation complicated by spleen deficiency, especially for the treatment of infantile food accumulation

Its effects of moving qi and purging accumulation are stronger and effect of dispelling dampness is weak. It is suitable for the treatment of severe accumulation and stagnation (dyspeptic disease) with more evident distending pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen

818 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

SECTION 2  FORMULAS THAT RESOLVE MASSES AND REMOVE ACCUMULATION Outline Formulas that resolve masses and remove accumulation are suitable for the treatment of concretions (fixed lower abdominal masses of definite shape; zhēng) and accumulations (fixed abdominal masses of definite shape; jī) in the stomach cavity and abdomen, abdominal mass, goiter and scrofula. Concretions, accumulations, and abdominal mass are usually caused by contention between cold, heat, phlegm, food, qi and blood, and no dispersing for a long time. The clinical manifestations include concretions and accumulations in the abdomen or stomach cavity, pĭ masses in the hypochondrium, oppression and discomfort in the stomach cavity, distending pain, less eating, and emaciation. Goiter and scrofula are usually caused by qi stagnation, blood stasis, and phlegm coagulation. The clinical manifestations include masses in the neck and nape or armpit and groin, accompanied by swelling or pain, and stiffness sensation when palpating. Because these symptoms usually form the pattern of obstruction of qi movement, internal stagnation of blood stasis, or accumulation and obstruction of phlegm-damp, formulas in this category are often combined with herbs that rectify qi and move stagnation, herbs that invigorate blood and dissipate blood stasis, herbs that soften hardness and dissipate masses, or herbs that dissolve phlegm and percolate dampness, such as Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi), Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride (qing pi), Rhizoma Sparganii (san leng), Semen Persicae (tao ren), Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia), Carapax Trionycis (bie jia), Thallus Laminariae (kun bu), and Poria (fu ling). The representative formulas are Sargassum Jade Flask Decoction (hai zao yu hu tang), Scrofula Internal-Dispersing Pill (nei xiao luo li wan), and Turtle Shell Decocted Pill (bie jie jian wan).

Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 1. Primary formulas and analysis (Tables 39.5 and 39.6)

TABLE 39.5 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Resolve Masses and Remove Accumulation Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Sargassum Jade Flask Decoction (hai zao yu hu tang)

Initially recorded in Orthodox Lineage of External Medicine (wai ke zheng zong). Composed by Sargassum (hai zao) 3 g, Bulbus Fritillaria (bei mu) 3 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 3 g, Thallus Laminariae (kun bu) 3 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride (qing pi) 3 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 3 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 3 g, prepared Rhizoma Pinelliae (zhi ban xia) 3 g, Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao) 3 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 3 g, Radix Angelicae Pubescentis (du huo) 3 g, and Laminaria Japonica (hai dai) 1.5 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Efficacy and Indication

Modified Clinical Application

Caution for Use

Dissolve phlegm and soften hardness, disperse goiter and dissipate masses. Indicated for the treatment of goiter with a pattern of qi stagnation and phlegm coagulation, accompanied by goiter generating in the initial stage, or swelling or stiffness, and no change of skin color

For more evident hard masses, add Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao), Nidus Vespae (feng fang), and Concha Ostreae (mu li) to strengthen the effects of softening hardness and dissipating masses; for yin deficiency and internal heat with dry throat and slight coating, add Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen) and Radix Trichosanthis (tian hua fen) to clear heat, enrich yin, and promote fluid production; for internal accumulation of heat toxin with red tongue and yellow coating, add Caulis Lonicerae Japonicae (ren dong teng) and Pseudobulbus Cremastrae seu Pleiones (shan ci gu) to clear heat and resolve toxins; for internal obstruction of phlegm-damp with thick and greasy coating, add Poria (fu ling) and Rhizoma Arisaematis (tian nan xing) to dry dampness and dissolve phlegm; for spleen deficiency with less eating, add Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) and Radix Codonopsis (dang shen) to fortify the spleen

It use is in the initial stage, if there is no inefficiency after long-term use of 3–6 months, operation should be considered. During medication, avoid greasy food, meat or fish, and suppressing passion

Formulas That Remove Food Stagnation and Accumulation Chapter | 39

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TABLE 39.5 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Resolve Masses and Remove Accumulation (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Scrofula InternalDispersing Pill (nei xiao luo li wan)

Turtle Shell Decocted Pill (bie jie jian wan)

Efficacy and Indication

Modified Clinical Application

Caution for Use

Initially recorded in Enlightments of Medicine (yi xue qi meng). Composed by Spica Prunellae (xia ku cao) 240 g, Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen) 240 g, roasted Halitum (wei qing yan) 150 g, Radix Trichosanthis (tian hua fen) 30 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 30 g, Radix Ampelopsis (bai lian) 30 g,wine-washed Radix Angelicae Sinensis (jiu xi dang gui) 30 g, Sargassum (hai zao) 30 g, dry-fried Fructus Aurantii (chao zhi qiao) 30 g, Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) 30 g, Bulbus Fritillaria (bei mu) 30 g, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 30 g, Folium Menthae (bo he ye) 30 g, Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao) 30 g, Ova Notarchi (hai fen) 30 g, Nitrum (xiao shi) 30 g, and Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 30 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, make into pills as size of simple leaf shrub chaste tree fruit, and take in 6–9 g doses, 2–3 times a day

Soften hardness and dissipate masses, dissolve phlegm and disperse scrofula. Indicated for the treatment of scrofula, phlegm nodule, goiter, with swelling or pain, and no change of skin color caused by qi constraint transforming into fire, phlegm coagulation, and blood stasis and qi stagnation

For more evident phlegm coagulation, blood stasis and qi stagnation with large and hard masses, decrease the dosage of Sargassum (hai zao) and Spica Prunellae (xia ku cao) to soften hardness and dissipate masses; for more evident phlegm-fire, add Fructus Trichosanthis (gua lou) and Arisaema cum Bile (dan nan xing) to clear heat and dissolve phlegm; for vigorous fire due to yin deficiency, add Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu) and Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai) to subdue fire and clear heat; complicated by liver constraint and qi stagnation, add Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) and Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride (qing pi) to soothe the liver and rectify qi

During medication, avoid eating stimulatory food with acrid and peppery flavors

Initially recorded in Essentials from the Golden Cabinet (jin gui yao lüe). Composed by Liquidfried Carapax Trionycis (zhi bie jia) 90 g, Rhizoma Belamcandae (she gan) 22 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 22 g, Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) 45 g, Armadillidium (shu fu chong) 22 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) 22 g, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 22 g, Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) 37 g, Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) 22 g, Semen Lepidii (ting li zi) 7 g, Folium Pyrrosiae (shi wei) 22 g, Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po) 22 g, Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi) 37 g, Herba Dianthi (qu mai) 15 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 7 g, Flos Campsis (ling xiao hua) 22 g, Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) 7 g, Colla Corii Asini (e jiao) 22 g, Nidus Vespae (feng fang) 30 g, Eupolyphaga seu Steleophaga (zhe chong) 37 g, Catharsius (qiang lang) 45 g, Semen Persicae (tao ren) 15 g, and red Mirabilitum (po xiao) 90 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, make into small pills and take in 3 g doses, 3 times a day

Move qi and invigorate blood, dispel dampness and dissolve phlegm, soften hardness, and disperse masses. Indicated for the treatment of malaria with splenomegaly (a.k.a. mother-ofmalaria) and various kinds of concretions and accumulations, with malaria (not being cured for long time), pĭ stiffness and masses below the hypochondrium, or concretions and accumulations in the stomach cavity and abdomen, abdominal pain, emaciation, less eating, intermittent chills and fever, or female menstrual block

For liver constraint and qi stagnation, add Rhizoma Corydalis (yan hu suo) and Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao) to soothe the liver and rectify qi; for scanty urine, add Semen Plantaginis (che qian zi) and Medulla Tetrapanacis (tong cao) to promote urination and percolate dampness; for internal exuberance of damp-heat, add Herba Artemisiae Scopariae (yin chen) and Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi) to clear heat and dispel dampness; for liver-kidney yin deficiency, add Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) and Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) to enrich and supplement the liver and kidney

The potency of this formula is strong; it is inadvisable to take in large doses for a long time. Its use is cautious in patients with concretions and accumulations complicated by healthy qi deficiency, and prohibited in pregnant women

820 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 39.6 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Resolve Masses and Remove Accumulation Name of Formula Sargassum Jade Flask Decoction (hai zao yu hu tang)

Efficacy Analysis Sargassum (hai zao) Thallus Laminariae (kun bu) Laminaria Japonica (hai dai) Bulbus Fritillaria (bei mu) Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride (qing pi)

Salty and cold in nature, disperse phlegm, soften hardness and dissipate masses

Dissolve phlegm and dissipate masses

Acrid, bitter and warm in nature, soothe the liver and rectify qi

Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong)

Scrofula InternalDispersing Pill (nei xiao luo li wan)

Acrid and warm in nature, invigorate blood and harmonize the nutrient aspect

Dissolve phlegm and soften hardness, disperse and dissipate goiter, all as the chief medicinals

Invigorate blood and rectify qi to strengthen the effects of dispersing goiter and dissipating masses, all as the deputy medicinals

Radix Angelicae Pubescentis (du huo)

Diffuse and unblock the collaterals and channels

Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao)

Clear heat and resolve toxins, disperse swelling and dissipate masses

Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao)

Harmonize the actions of all medicinals, as the envoy medicinal

Spica Prunellae (xia ku cao)

Soothe the liver and clear fire, dissipate masses and disperse goiter

Sargassum (hai zao) Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao)

Disperse phlegm, soften hardness and dissipate masses, specialize in treating goiter and scrofula

Radix Platycodonis (jie geng)

Rectify qi and dissolve phlegm and dissipate masses

Bulbus Fritillaria (bei mu) Ova Notarchi (hai fen) Halitum (qing yan)

Salty in nature, soften hardness

Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen) Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) Radix Trichosanthis (tian hua fen)

Sweet and cold in nature, nourish or enrich yin and clear heat

Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao)

Acrid and warm in nature, invigorate blood

Radix Ampelopsis (bai lian) Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) Nitrum (xiao shi) Folium Menthae (bo he ye) Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao)

Both as the chief medicinals

Rectify qi and invigorate blood and dissipate masses, all as the deputy medicinals

Bitter and slightly cold in nature, clear heat and resolve toxins and dissipate masses

Bitter and cold in nature, drain fire and dissipate masses

Dissolve phlegm and soften hardness, disperse goiter and dissipate masses

all as the assistant medicinals

Acrid and cool in nature, resolve constraint and soothe the liver and move qi Clear heat and resolve toxins, harmonize the actions of all medicinals, as the envoy medicinal

Soften hardness and dissipate masses, dissolve phlegm and disperse scrofula

Formulas That Remove Food Stagnation and Accumulation Chapter | 39

TABLE 39.6 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Resolve Masses and Remove Accumulation (cont.) Name of Formula Turtle Shell Decocted Pill (bie jie jian wan)

Efficacy Analysis Liquid-fried Carapax Trionycis (zhi bie jia) red Mirabilitum (chi po xiao) Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang)

Mainly act on the liver channel, soften hardness and remove concretions (combine with rice wine to unblock the blood vessels), as the chief medicinals Break up hardness and dissipate masses, purge accumulation and dispel stasis

Eupolyphaga seu Steleophaga (zhe chong)

Salty and cold in nature, break up blood and expel stasis

Armadillidium (shu fu chong)

Sour and warm in nature, break up blood and promote urination

Catharsius (qiang lang)

Salty, cold and poisonous in nature, break up stasis and relieve swelling

Semen Persicae (tao ren)

Act on the heart and liver channel, invigorate blood and dispel stasis

Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi)

Acrid and bitter in nature, invigorate blood and dissolve stasis

Radix Paeoniae (shao yao)

Act on the liver channel, dissipate blood stasis and relieve pain

Flos Campsis (ling xiao hua)

Invigorate blood and unblock the channels, and dissipate concretions and conglomerations

Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po)

Dry dampness and disperse phlegm, lower qi and relieve abdominal fullness

Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia)

Dry dampness and dissolve phlegm, disperse and dissipate masses

Rhizoma Belamcandae (she gan)

Disperse phlegm, disperse stasis and dissipate masses

Nidus Vespae (feng fang)

Counteract toxic substances and relieve pain

Semen Lepidii (ting li zi)

Dispel phlegm and calm panting, and promote urination

Herba Dianthi (qu mai) Folium Pyrrosiae (shi wei)

Break up blood and expel stasis, move blood stasis in blood aspect to strengthen the effects of dispersing concretions

Resolve constraint and disperse phlegm, resolve binding and stagnation of phlegm in qi aspect

Promote urination and dispel dampness, and guide out pathogen from urination

Radix Bupleuri (chai hu)

Soothe the liver and resolve constraint, and vent pathogen from shaoyang

Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi)

Warm and unblock the blood vessels, guide the effects of other herbs to the location of disease, and guide out malarial pathogen

Radix Scutellariae (huang qin)

Clear heat, combine with Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) to harmonize shaoyang

Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang)

Warm the interior, combine with Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) to regulate cold and heat

Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen)

Supplement qi in order to dispel pathogen without damage to healthy qi

Colla Corii Asini (e jiao)

Supplement and nourish blood, combine with Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) to reinforce healthy qi

Move qi and invigorate blood, dispel dampness and dissolve phlegm, soften hardness and disperse masses

821

822 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

2. Attached formulas (Table 39.7) TABLE 39.7 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Resolve Masses and Remove Accumulation Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Concretions-Dissolving Return-of-Life Elixir (hua zheng hui sheng dan)

Initially recorded in Systematic Differentiation of Warm Diseases (wen bing tiao bian). Composed by Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 180 g, Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) 60 g, Moschus (she xiang) 60 g, Rhizoma Wenyujin Concisum (pian jiang huang) 60 g, Pericarpium Zanthoxyli Carbonisatum (hua jiao tan) 60 g, Tabanus (meng chong) 60 g, Rhizoma Sparganii (san leng) 60 g, Stigma Croci (zang hong hua) 60 g, Fructus Perillae Pulveratum (zi su zi shuang) 60 g, Faeces Trogopterori (wu ling zhi) 60 g, Lignum Dalbergiae Sissoo (jiang zhen xiang) 60 g, Resina Toxicodendri (gan qi) 60 g, Myrrha (mo yao) 60 g, Rhizoma Cyperi (xiang fu) 60 g, Fructus Evodiae (wu zhu yu) 60 g, Rhizoma Corydalis (yan huo suo) 60 g, Hirudo (shui zhi) 60 g, Resina Ferulae (a wei) 60 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 60 g, Olibanum (ru xiang) 60 g, Rhizoma Alpiniae Officinarum (gao liang jiang) 60 g, Folium Artemisiae Argyi Carbonisatum (ai ye tan) 60 g, Flos Caryophylli (ding xiang) 90 g, Lignum Sappan (su mu) 90 g, Semen Persicae (tao ren) 90 g, Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren) 90 g, Fructus Foeniculi Carbonisatum (xiao hui xiang tan) 90 g, carda part of Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui wei) 120 g, Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 120 g, Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) 120 g, Pollen Typhae Carbonisatum (pu huang tan) 30 g, Colla Carapacis Trionycis (bie jia jiao) 480 g, Herba Leonuri (yi mu cao) paste 240 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 240 g. Decoct Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) with rice vinegar, concentrate and dry under the sun, then grind it and other ingredients into powder, mix with Colla Carapacis Trionycis (bie jia jiao), Herba Leonuri (yi mu cao) paste and honey, make into pills, and take in 4.5 g doses with warm boiled water on an empty stomach

Invigorate blood and dispel blood stasis, dissolve masses, and disperse accumulation

Indicated for the treatment of concretions (fixed lower abdominal masses of definite shape; zhēng) caused by pathogenic dryness invading the lower jiao and struggling in blood aspect, or malaria with splenomegaly (a.k.a. mother-ofmalaria) accumulated without dispersing, or female painful menstruation and menstrual block, postpartum abdominal pain due to blood stasis, or injury from fall with pain due to blood stasis and qi stagnation

Goiter-Dispersing Five Sea-Medicinal Beverage (xiao ying wu hai yin)

Initially recorded in Ancient and Modern Mirror of Medicine (gu jin yi jian). Composed by Laminaria Japonica (hai dai) 105 g, Sargassum (hai zao) 105 g, Thallus Laminariae (kun bu) 105 g, powder of Concha Meretricis seu Cyclinae (hai ge fen) 105 g, Endoconcha Sepiae (hai piao xiao) 105 g, Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) 60 g, Rhizoma Sparganii (san leng) 60 g, Rhizoma Curcumae (e zhu) 60 g, Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) 60 g, Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin) 60 g, Rhizoma Cyperi (xiang fu) 60 g, and baked Glandula Thyreoidea Suillus (zhu ye) 7 pieces. Grind the ingredients into fine powder, and take in 2.2 g doses with rice water on an empty stomach

Soften hardness and dissipate masses, move qi and invigorate blood

Indicated for the treatment of adipoma and qi goiter (simple goiter), with mass of neck, no change of skin color, difficulty in dispersing, and not easy to be ulcerated

Formulas That Remove Food Stagnation and Accumulation Chapter | 39

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3. Formula differentiation (Table 39.8) TABLE 39.8 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Resolve Masses and Remove Accumulation Name of Formula

Similarity

Differences

Concretions-Dissolving Return-of-Life Elixir (hua zheng hui sheng dan)

Both are the formulas that invigorate blood and dissolve blood stasis, soften hardness, and dissipate concretions, and can be used for the treatment of malaria with splenomegaly (a.k.a. mother-of-malaria), concretions and accumulations, and masses

It is partial to warming, unblocking, dispersing, and dissipating. Its effects of supplementing and boosting qi and blood are stronger than that of Turtle Shell Decocted Pill (bie jie jian wan). It is quite suitable for the treatment of concretions with hardness without being dissipated for a long time due to struggle between dryness and blood

Turtle Shell Decocted Pill (bie jie jian wan)

Reducing Scrofula Pill (xiao luo wan)

Its effects of softening hardness and dissipating concretions are weaker than that of Concretions-Dissolving Return-of-Life Elixir (hua zheng hui sheng dan). It can regulate both cold and heat, and is suitable for the treatment of malaria with splenomegaly due to struggle between clod, heat, phlegmdamp, and qi-blood Both can soften hardness and dissipate masses and dissolve phlegm, and are used for the treatment of scrofula, phlegm nodule, and goiter

Scrofula Internal-Dispersing Pill (nei xiao luo li wan)

Sargassum Jade Flask Decoction (hai zao yu hu tang)

Goiter-Dispersing Five Sea-Medicinal Beverage (xiao ying wu hai yin)

It lays particular emphasis on enriching yin, clearing heat and dissolving phlegm. Its effects of dispersing and dissipating are weak and it is suitable for the treatment of scrofula in the initial stage with yin deficiency and internal heat, not more evident hardness and masses It is good at softening hardness and dissipating masses, dissolving phlegm and relieving lump. Its effects of dispersing and dissipating are stronger than that of Reducing Scrofula Pill (xiao luo wan). It is suitable for the treatment of scrofula due to phlegm coagulation and blood stasis and qi stagnation for a long time

Both can soften hardness and dissipate masses and disperse goiter, and are used for the treatment of goiter with masses

Herbs that dissolve phlegm and soften hardness are selected to combine with herbs that move qi and invigorate blood. It is more suitable for the treatment of goiter with more evident hard masses Laminaria Japonica (hai dai), Sargassum (hai zao), Thallus Laminariae (kun bu), Concha Meretricis seu Cyclinae (hai ge qiao), and Endoconcha Sepiae (hai piao xiao) are selected to soften hardness and dissipate masses. It lays particular emphasis on softening with salty medicinals, warming and unblocking, moving and dissipating, and is suitable for the treatment of adipoma and qi goiter (simple goiter) with soft masses

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Chapter 40

Formulas That Expel Parasites Chapter Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas

825

ABSTRACT Formulas that are mainly composed of herbs that expel parasites, have the effects of expelling parasites, killing worms, or calm roundworms and indicated for the treatment of human parasitic diseases are called “Formulas That Expel Parasites,” which are mainly suitable for the treatment of roundworms, pinworms, hookworms, and tapeworms in human digestive tract. Keywords: formulas that expel parasites; calm roundworms to relieve pain; kill worms and relieve infantile malnutrition (gān)

Formulas that are mainly composed of herbs that expel parasites, have the effects of expelling parasites, killing worms, or calm roundworms and indicated for the treatment of human parasitic diseases are called “Formulas That Expel Parasites.” Its therapeutic method belongs to “dispersing” method of the eight [medicinal treatment] methods. Due to various kinds of parasites in human body, the treatments are different. Formulas in this chapter are mainly suitable for the treatment of roundworms, pinworms, hookworms, and tapeworms in human digestive tract. The manifestations of parasitic diseases include intermittent umbilical and abdominal pain, capable of eating, sallow complexion, or blue or white complexion, or white macule (facial pityriasis) generated, or red streak formed, or grind teeth in sleep, or epigastric upset, vomiting of clear water, peeled coating, and large or thready pulse. If infantile parasitic diseases linger for a long time, symptoms of emaciation, no desire to eat and drink, lethargy, dry and withered hair, and enlarged abdomen with distending sensation and prominent veins will occur and become infantile malnutrition with accumulation. Formulas that expel parasites are usually composed of herbs that expel parasites, such as Fructus Mume (wu mei), Pericarpium Zanthoxyli (hua jiao), Cortex Meliae (ku lian pi), Semen Arecae (bing lang), Fructus Carpesii (he shi), Omphalia (lei wan), and Fructus Quisqualis (shi jun zi). When formulas are applied to expel parasites specifically, herbs that clear heat, herbs that warm the interior, herbs that promote digestion and guide out [food] stagnation, herbs that drain downward or herbs that supplement and boost can be appropriately selected to combine according to the difference of cold and heat, deficiency and excess of pathogenic condition. The representative formulas are Worm-Expelling Pill (hua chong wan) and Mume Pill (wu mei wan). When applying formulas in this category, the difference of various parasites should be first distinguished in order to select formulas specifically. Since some formulas are poisonous, the applied dosage should be controlled. If overdosage, patients may be poisoned easily or healthy qi will be damaged. Formulas that expel parasites often have the fierce effect of purging and are not suitable for long-term use; moreover their use should be cautious in the old, the weak, and pregnant women. After parasites are expelled, appropriately regulating the stomach and spleen is advisable to the patients with spleen-stomach weakness. Most formulas that expel parasites should be taken orally on an empty stomach avoiding greasy food.

SPECIFIC APPLICATION KNOWLEDGE OF FORMULAS 1. Primary formulas and analysis (Tables 40.1 and 40.2)

Essentials of Chinese Materia Medica and Medical Formulas. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812722-3.00040-3 Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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826 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 40.1 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Expel Parasites Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy and Indication

Modified Clinical Application

Caution for Use

Worm-Expelling Pill (hua chong wan)

Initially recorded in Beneficial Formulas from the Taiping Imperial Pharmacy (tai ping hui min he ji ju fang). Composed by Minium (qian dan) 1500 g, Fructus Carpesii (he shi) 1500 g, Semen Arecae (bing lang) 1500 g, Cortex Meliae (ku lian pi) 1500 g, and Alumen (bai fan) 370 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, make into water pills as size of hemp seed, and take in doses of 5 pills with rice water on an empty stomach for 1 year old infant

Expel parasites. Indicated for the treatment of intestinal worm accumulation syndrome, with abdominal pain when attack, even intense pain, vomiting of clear water or roundworms

For intense abdominal pain and difficulty in defecation due to worm accumulation and bowel qi being obstructed, add decoction of Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang), and take it with this formula

It is not suitable for overdosage or longterm use due to its strong toxicity. Its use is cautious in the weak or the old, and prohibited in pregnant women

Mume Pill (wu mei wan)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Cold Damage (shang han lun). Composed by Fructus Mume (wu mei) 480 g, blast-fried Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (pao fu zi) 180 g, Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin) 180 g, Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) 300 g, Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 480 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 180 g, dry-fried Pericarpium Zanthoxyli (chao hua jiao) 120 g, Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) 180 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 180 g, and Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai) 180 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, mix with honey, and make into pills, and take in 9 g doses with warm boiled water on an empty stomach, 1–3 times a day; or decrease the dosage according to the original proportion and decoct with water for oral use

Calm roundworms to relieve pain. Indicated for the treatment of syncope due to roundworms, with intermittent abdominal pain, vexation and vomiting, even vomiting of ascaris after eating, reversal cold of the hands and feet; or chronic dysentery and diarrhea

For more evident abdominal pain, add Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) and Semen Arecae (bing lang); for more evident vomiting, add Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) and Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang); for no more evident pathogenic cold, decrease the dosage of Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang) and Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi); for no more evident heat accumulation, decrease the dosage of Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) and Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai); desire to strengthen the effect of killing worms, add Fructus Quisqualis (shi jun zi) and Cortex Meliae (ku lian pi)

This formula is not suitable for the treatment of abdominal pain due to roundworms with a pattern of dampheat. If add other insecticides, avoid overdosage to prevent poisoning

Cloth Bag Pill (bu dai wan)

Initially recorded in Essentials of Pocket Formulas for Children (bu yao xiu zhen xiao er fang lun). Composed by Faeces Vespertilionis (ye ming sha) 60 g, dry-fried Fructus Ulmi Macrocarpae Praeparata (chao wu yi) 60 g, Fructus Quisqualis (shi jun zi) 60 g, Poria Alba (bai fu ling) 15 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 15 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 15 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 15 g, and Aloe (lu hui) 15 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, and take in 3 g doses with pork soup on an empty stomach in the morning, once a day

Kill worms and relieve infantile malnutrition (ga¯n), supplement and nourish the spleen and stomach. Indicated for the treatment of infantile malnutrition due to worm accumulation and spleen deficiency, with general fever, yellowish complexion, thin limbs and enlarged abdomen, withered hair, and blurred vision

Complicated by poor appetite and digestion caused by the stomach failing to transform grain, add Massa Medicata Fermentata (shen qu), Fructus Hordei Germinatus (mai ya), and Fructus Crataegi (shan zha); for pallid complexion due to blood deficiency, add Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui)

Four Gentlemen Decoction (si jun zi tang) is combined in this formula, but it belongs to a purging formula, overdosage, and long-term use should be avoided in order to prevent poisoning and damaging healthy qi

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TABLE 40.1 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Expel Parasites (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

ChildhoodMalnutrition Rectifying Pill (fei er wan)

Initially recorded in Beneficial Formulas from the Taiping Imperial Pharmacy (tai ping hui min he ji ju fang). Composed by dry-fried Massa Medicata Fermentata (chao shen qu) 300 g, Semen Myristicae (rou dou kou) 150 g, Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 300 g, Fructus Quisqualis (shi jun zi) 150 g, dry-fried Fructus Hordei Germinatus (chao mai ya) 150 g, Semen Arecae (bing lang) 120 g, and Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) 60 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, add fresh Fel Suillus (zhu dan zhi), and make into small pills (3 g each pill), and take in 3 g doses on an empty stomach. Discount the dosage for infants under 1 year old

Kill worms and disperse accumulation, fortify the spleen, and clear heat. Indicated for the treatment of worm accumulation and spleen deficiency and internal heat, with yellowish complexion, thin body, distention and fullness and pain in the abdomen, fever, bad breath, thin and unformed stool

For fatigue, lack of strength, and less eating due to more evident spleen-stomach qi deficiency, add Radix Codonopsis (dang shen), Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu), and Rhizoma Dioscoreae (huai shan yao); complicated by vexation and agitation and dry mouth due to stomach heat and fluid consumption, add Bulbus Fritillaria (bei mu) and Caulis Dendrobii (shi hu)

It focuses on killing worms and dispersing accumulation, and also can promote digestion and clear heat, but its effects of fortifying the spleen and nourishing the stomach are insufficient, so after medication, pay attention to body conditioning

WoodLumbering Pill (fa mu wan)

Initially recorded in Selected Commentaries to Ancient Formulas from the Crimson Snow Garden (jiang xue yuan gu fang xuan zhu). Composed by Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu) 600 g, Distiller’s yeast 120 g, and Melanteritum (zao fan) 300 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, process with vinegar, and make into pills (8 g each pill), and take in 8 g doses with rice water after meals

Disperse accumulation and dry dampness, drain the liver, and expel worms. Indicated for the treatment of yellowish puffiness (huáng zhŏng) due to worm accumulation and spleen deficiency, with sallow complexion, edema, palpitation, distention, and fullness in the stomach cavity and abdomen, short breath, tired body, and lack of strength

For thin and unformed stool due to spleen deficiency, add Poria (fu ling) and Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu); for more evident short breath due to spleen qi deficiency, add Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) and Radix Astragali (huang qi); for more evident edema due to dampness and water retention, add Pericarpium Arecae (da fu pi), Cutis Poriae (fu ling pi), and Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie)

When taking this formula, avoid drinking tea and eating raw or cold food. Its effects of expelling and killing worms is not strong, when applying to kill worms, it should be combined with other antiparasitic agent

Efficacy and Indication

Modified Clinical Application

Caution for Use

TABLE 40.2 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Expel Parasites Name of Formula Worm-Expelling Pill (hua chong wan)

Efficacy Analysis Minium (qian dan) Alumen (bai fan) Fructus Carpesii (he shi) Cortex Meliae (ku lian pi) Semen Arecae (bing lang)

Strong toxicity in nature, fiercely expel and kill worms in the intestinal tract, as the chief medicinal Both as the deputy medicinals, assist the chief medicinal to strengthen the effects of killing worms

Expel parasites

Kill roundworms and pinworms Kill tapeworms and fasciolopsis buski, disperse accumulation and guide out [food] stagnation, lower qi and promote defecation, and promote worms discharge outside (Continued )

828 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 40.2 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Expel Parasites (cont.) Name of Formula Mume Pill (wu mei wan)

Efficacy Analysis Fructus Mume (wu mei) Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin) Pericarpium Zanthoxyli (hua jiao) Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai) Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang)

Sour in nature, calm roundworms to relieve abdominal pain, as the chief medicinal Acrid and warm in nature, submit roundworms with acrid medicinals, warm the viscera and dispel cold with warm medicinals, both as the deputy medicinals Bitter and cold in nature, discharge roundworms with bitter medicinals, clear and drain accumulated-heat with cold medicinals, both as the deputy medicinals

Calm roundworms to relieve pain

Acrid and hot in nature, warm and restore spleen-kidney yang and dissipate cold in order to calm roundworms in the intestines and avoid worms harassing upward

Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi)

Cloth Bag Pill (bu dai wan)

Childhood-Malnutrition Rectifying Pill (fei er wan)

Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen)

Powerfully supplement qi to reinforce healthy qi

Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui)

Sweet, acrid and warm in nature, supplement and invigorate blood

Fructus Quisqualis (shi jun zi) Fructus Ulmi Macrocarpae Praeparata (wu yi)

Kill worms, expel roundworms, and boost the stomach and spleen Kill worms and relieve infantile malnutrition ( ), and promote digestion

Kill worms and relieve infantile malnutrition ( ), boost and nourish the spleen-stomach, both as the chief medicinals

Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen)

Powerfully supplement qi

Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu)

Fortify the spleen and boost qi

Poria Alba (bai fu ling) Faeces Vespertilionis (ye ming sha)

Supplement qi and fortify the spleen, promote transportation and transformation to assist the source of qi and blood production, all as the deputy medicinals

Fortify the spleen and harmonize the stomach Clear liver heat to improve vision, and assist the chief medicinals to dissipate accumulation and relieve infantile malnutrition

Aloe (lu hui)

Discharge heat and promote defecation, and kill worms

Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao)

Harmonize the actions of all medicinals, and supplement the center, as the envoy medicinal

Fructus Quisqualis (shi jun zi) Semen Arecae (bing lang) Semen Myristicae (rou dou kou) Massa Medicata Fermentata (shen qu)

Kill worms and disperse accumulation, fortify the spleen and relieve infantile malnutrition ( ), as the chief medicinal Guide out [food] stagnation to relieve abdominal distention and fullness, assist the chief medicinal to kill worms and disperse accumulation

Fructus Hordei Germinatus (mai ya) Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian)

Supplement and nourish qi and blood, both as the paradoxical assistant medicinals

Consolidate the intestines and arrest diarrhea Assist the chief medicinal to fortify the spleen, Promote digestion and guide out [food] stagnation, fortify the stomach and harmonize the center Clear and discharge heat accumulated in the interior, dry dampness and arrest diarrhea

Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang)

Move qi and disperse distention, and assist Semen Arecae (bing lang) to guide out [food] stagnation

Fel Suillus (zhu dan zhi)

Assist Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) to strengthen the effect of clearing internal heat

Kill worms and relieve infantile malnutrition ( ), supplement and nourish the spleen and stomach

Kill worms and disperse accumulation, fortify the spleen and clear heat

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TABLE 40.2 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Expel Parasites (cont.) Name of Formula Wood-Lumbering Pill (fa mu wan)

Efficacy Analysis Melanteritum (zao fan)

Kill worms and promote digestion, remove damp-turbidity and promote urination to relieve edema, as the chief medicinal

Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu)

Dry dampness and fortify the spleen, and promote transportation and transformation, as the deputy medicinal

Distiller's yeast

Promote digestion and harmonize the stomach, and restrain Melanteritum (zao fan) to damage the stomach, as the envoy medicinal

Disperse accumulation and dry dampness, drain the liver and expel worms

2. Attached formulas (Table 40.3) TABLE 40.3 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Expel Parasites Name of Formula

Source, Composition and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Toosendan Fruit WormsKilling Pill (lian pi sha chong wan)

Initially recorded in Illustrated Reference of Medicines (yao wu tu kao). Composed by Cortex Meliae (ku lian pi) 6 g, Radix Sophorae Flavescentis (ku shen) 6 g, Fructus Cnidii (she chuang zi) 3 g, and Fructus Gleditsiae (da zao jiao) 2 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, mix with honey, and make into pills as size of Chinese date, and put it into anus or vagina

Kill worms

Indicated for the treatment of enterobiasis, with more evident itch of anus or perineal position

Master Wan's Childhood-Malnutrition Rectifying Pill (wan shi fei er wan)

Initially recorded in Summary of Multiple Birth (guang si ji yao). Composed by Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 15 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 15 g, Exocarpium Citri Rubrum (ju hong) 15 g, Poria Alba (bai fu ling) 12 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 10 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride (qing pi) 12 g, Fructus Amomi (sha ren) 13.5 g, Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) 11.5 g, Rhizoma Dioscoreae (shan yao) 15 g, Semen Nelumbinis (lian zi) 15 g, Fructus Quisqualis (shi jun zi) 12 g, Fructus Crataegi (shan zha) 12 g, and Massa Medicata Fermentata (shen qu) 12 g. Grind the ingredients into fine powder, thoroughly cook appropriate amount of Semen Oryzae Sativae (jing mi) packaged by raw Folium Nelumbinis (he ye), pound the rice, then make the rice, and powder into paste pills as size of hemp fruit, and take in 16 g doses

Fortify the spleen and move qi, promote digestion, and expel parasites

Indicated for the treatment of infantile weakness of the spleen and stomach with less eating and emaciation; or usual eusthenia, with emaciation caused by indigestion and food accumulation; or emaciation after invalidism

Center-Regulating Roundworms-Calming Decoction (li zhong an hui tang)

Initially recorded in Restoration of Health from the Myriad Diseases (wan bing hui chun). Composed by Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 2 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 3 g, Poria (fu ling) 3 g, Pericarpium Zanthoxyli (hua jiao) 8 g, Fructus Mume (wu mei) 9 g, and dry-fried Rhizoma Zingiberis (chao gan jiang) 1.5 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use; or grind the herbs into powder, mix with honey, and make into pills, and take in 5 g doses on an empty stomach in the morning, noon and evening

Warm the center and calm roundworms

Indicated for the treatment of abdominal pain due to roundworms with a pattern of failure of middlewarmer yang and deficiencycold of the spleen and stomach, accompanied by paroxysmal abdominal pain, loose stool, clear urine, vomiting of ascaris or defecation with roundworms discharged, no warm of the four limbs, thin and white coating, deficient and moderate pulse

(Continued )

830 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 40.3 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Expel Parasites (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Picrorhizae and Mume Roundworms-Calming Decoction (lian mei an hui tang)

Initially recorded in Popular Guide to the “Treatise on Cold Damage” (tong su shang han lun). Composed by Rhizoma Picrorhizae (hu huang lian) 3 g, Pericarpium Zanthoxyli (hua jiao) 1.5 g, Omphalia (lei wan) 10 g, Fructus Mume (wu mei) 5 g, raw Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai) 2.5 g, and Semen Arecae (bing lang) 10 g. Decoct the ingredients with water 3 times, and take it twice on an empty stomach in the morning and once in the afternoon

Clear heat and calm roundworms

Indicated for the treatment of stirring of roundworms due to heat harassing, with paroxysmal abdominal pain, no desire to drink or eat, vomiting of ascaris after eating, even vexation and agitation, reversal counterflow cold of the limbs, reddish complexion, dry mouth, red tongue, and rapid pulse

Rangooncreeper Powder (shi jun zi san)

Initially recorded in Comprehensive Recording of Divine Assistance (sheng ji zong lu). Composed by Fructus Quisqualis (shi jun zi) 90 g, Aloe (lu hui) 90 g, Cortex Meliae (ku lian pi) 90 g, Semen Arecae (bing lang) 90 g, Fructus Ulmi Macrocarpae Praeparata (wu yi) 90 g, Flos Caryophylli (ding xiang) 60 g, Semen Myristicae (rou dou kou) 60 g, Radix Sophorae Flavescentis (ku shen) 60 g, and a little Calomelas (qing fen). Grind the ingredients into crude powder, and decoct 6 g each time with water for oral use

Expel roundworms and kill worms, and regulate the spleen and stomach

Indicated for the treatment of ascariasis, with intermittent umbilical and abdominal pain, or no desire to eat, or paroxia, irregular stool or diarrhea, or constipation, or roundworms discharged, white macules on the face, blue macules on the white of the eye (sclera), rice-like white spots on the inside of lips, even emaciation, enlarged abdomen with prominent veins, peeled or greasy coating, red tip of the tongue, wiry and slippery pulse

Pumpkin Seed Powder and Areca Decoction (nan gua zi fen bing lang jian)

Initially recorded in Empirical Formula (jing yan fang). Composed by Semen Cucurbitae (nan gua zi) 60–120 g and Semen Arecae (bing lang) 60–100 g. Decoct Semen Arecae (bing lang) with water, and completely take decoction with powder of Semen Cucurbitae (nan gua zi). After half an hour, take appropriate amount of formulas that drain downward

Expel and kill tapeworms

Indicated for the treatment of taeniasis, with dull pain in the abdomen, abdominal distention, even nausea, vomiting, or accompanied by itch of anus

Roundworms-Expelling Decoction (qu hui tang)

Initially recorded in Empirical Formula (jing yan fang). Composed by Fructus Mume (wu mei) 12 g, Rhizoma Picrorhizae (hu huang lian) 3 g, Omphalia (lei wan) 6 g, Semen Arecae (bing lang) 9 g, Fructus Quisqualis (shi jun zi) 6 g, Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao) 5 g, and Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Expel and kill roundworms

Indicated for the treatment of abdominal pain due to worm accumulation, with vexation and agitation, irascibility, dry mouth and tongue, wiry and thready and rapid pulse

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3. Formula differentiation (Table 40.4) TABLE 40.4 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Expel Parasites Name of Formula

Similarity

Differences

Picrorhizae and Mume Roundworms-Calming Decoction (lian mei an hui tang)

All three have the effects of calming roundworms and expelling parasites, and can be used for the treatment of ascariasis

It has the effects of clearing and discharging liver-stomach heat, and also can expel roundworms, and is suitable for the treatment of abdominal pain, vomiting of ascaris after eating, vexation and agitation, and reddish complexion caused by excessive heat of the liver-stomach stirring roundworms. It is good at clearing heat and killing roundworms

Center-Regulating Roundworms-Calming Decoction (li zhong an hui tang)

It has the effects of warming the center and dispelling cold, and also can expel roundworms, and is indicated for the treatment of roundwormharassing syndrome due to middle jiao deficiency-cold. It mainly focuses on warming the center and calming roundworms

Mume Pill (wu mei wan)

In this formula, herbs with sour, bitter and acrid in nature exist simultaneously, and herbs with cold or heat in nature combine each other, it can treat with both attack and supplementation, not only calm roundworms and relieve pain, but also warm the kidney and spleen and supplement deficiency, and is more suitable for the treatment of severe syncope due to roundworms caused by stomach heat and intestine cold, cold and heat in complexity

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Chapter 41

Formulas That Induce Vomit Chapter Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas

834

ABSTRACT Formulas that are mainly composed of herbs that induce vomit, have the effect of vomiting phlegmatic saliva, retained food and poisons and indicated for the treatment of phlegm-drool syndrome, food accumulation syndrome, and poisons in the stomach are called “Formulas That Induce Vomit.” Keywords: formulas that induce vomit; vomit induction; induce vomiting of phlegm-drool

Formulas that are mainly composed of herbs that induce vomit, have the effect of vomiting phlegmatic saliva, retained food and poisons and indicated for the treatment of phlegm-drool syndrome, food accumulation syndrome, and poisons in the stomach are called “Formulas That Induce Vomit.” The therapeutic method of these formulas is set up according to “Relieve disease in the upper body by emetic therapy (vomit induction)” in The Yellow Emperor’s Inner Classic (huang di nei jing), which belongs to one of the eight [medicinal treatment] methods: vomit induction. The effects of formulas that induce vomit are to induce phlegm-drool, retained food or poisons stagnated in the throat, chest, and diaphragm or stomach cavity out from the mouth by vomiting. Formulas that induce vomit are often used for the treatment of food retention in the stomach cavity, poisons still staying in the stomach, phlegm-drool obstruction of stroke, mania or throat bì (pharyngitis), and dry cholera with incapability of vomiting and diarrhea but in urgent need of vomiting due to pathogenic condition. For stroke, mania or throat bì with short of breath caused by exuberance and accumulation of phlegm-drool obstructing the throat, applying formulas that induce vomit can unblock the isthmus of fauces and eliminate phlegm-drool, and usually take a favorable turn for the syndromes. For distention and fullness in the chest and hypochondrium due to food retention in the stomach cavity, applying formulas that induce vomit can dispel or eliminate retained food. For eating poisons by mistake with poisons still in the stomach, formulas in this category are also applicable. Formulas that induce vomit are fierce in nature and easy to damage stomach qi, and medication should be discontinued as soon as getting effect. Their use should be cautious in the old, the weak, pregnant women, or postpartum. If patients don’t vomit after administration, finger stimulating the throat can be used, or drinking more hot water can assist vomit induction. After taking formulas that induce vomit, patients should pay attention to wind-cold in order to prevent external contraction due to body deficiency after vomiting. For unceasing vomiting after taking formulas, ginger juice, cold porridge, or cold boiled water can be selected to arrest vomiting. Meanwhile, regulation of the spleen and stomach should be emphasized. Patients can take rice water to nourish themselves, and should avoid eating greasy and not easily digested food to prevent stomach from damage.

Essentials of Chinese Materia Medica and Medical Formulas. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812722-3.00041-5 Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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834 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

SPECIFIC APPLICATION KNOWLEDGE OF FORMULAS 1. Primary formulas and analysis (Tables 41.1 and 41.2)

TABLE 41.1 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Induce Vomit Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy and Indication

Modified Clinical Application

Emergency Drool-Thinning Powder (jiu ji xi xian san)

Initially recorded in The Revised Zhenghe Classified Materia Medica from Historical Classics for Preemergency (chong xiu zheng he jing shi zheng lei bei yong ben cao). Composed by Fructus Gleditsiae Abnormalis (zhu ya zao) 15 g and Alumen (bai fan) 30 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, and take in 1.5–4.5 g doses with warm boiled water

Induce vomit. Indicated for the treatment of wind-strike block due to exuberant phlegmdrool obstruction, with phlegm sounds (wheezy phlegm) in the throat, qi block, blurred vision with restlessness, or fainting, or wry angle of mouth, slippery-excess and forceful pulse; or throat bì (pharyngitis)

For wind-strike, add Radix et Rhizoma Veratri Nigri (li lu) to induce vomiting of windphlegm; for throat bì, add Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) to resolve toxins; to strengthen the effects of dissolving phlegm and dissipating masses, add Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia)

Its use is prohibited in wind-strike desertion, or yin exhaustion and yang collapse, and floating yang syndrome with phlegm obstruction. Dosage should be light and appropriate amount of phlegm is expectorated for the degree

Melon Stalk Powder (gua di san)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Cold Damage (shang han lun). Composed by Pedicellus Melo (gua di) 1 g, Semen Phaseoli (chi xiao dou) 1 g, and Semen Sojae Praeparatum (dan dou chi) 9 g. Grind Pedicellus Melo (gua di) and Semen Phaseoli (chi xiao dou) into fine powder, mix evenly, and take in 1–3 g doses with decoction of Semen Sojae Praeparatum (dan dou chi) 9 g. If used as an emetic for emergency, after taking, tickle the throat to induce vomiting with a clean feather. After taking, if vomiting is unceasing, take Moschus (she xiang) 0.1–0.15 g or powder of Flos Caryophylli (ding xiang) 0.3–0.6 g after mixing with boiled water

Induce vomiting of phlegm and food. Indicated for the treatment of phlegmdrool and retained food obstructing in the chest and stomach cavity, with pĭ, and stiffness in the chest, feeling of vexation, restlessness, adverse qi rushing upward to the throat and being unable to breathe freely, faint and floating pulse

For severe phlegmdamp, add Alumen (bai fan) to assist the effect of inducing phlegmdamp; for phlegm-drool obstruction, appropriately add Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (shi chang pu), Radix Curcumae (yu jin), and Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) to open the orifices (resuscitate) and dissolve phlegm; for exuberant wind-phlegm, add Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) and Radix et Rhizoma Veratri Nigri (li lu) to induce vomiting of wind-phlegm

Its use is cautious in the old, the weak, pregnant women, postpartum, and patients with history of blood-spitting and prohibited in patients with retained food or poisons passed into the intestines or phlegm-drool not in the chest and diaphragm. Pedicellus Melo (gua di) is bitter, cold, and poisonous in nature, and easy to damage healthy qi; its dosage should be no too large; treatment should be discontinued as soon as getting effect. After vomiting, eat a little rice water to nourish the stomach

Ginseng Rhizome Beverage (shen lu yin)

Initially recorded in Further Discourses on the Acquisition of Knowledge through Profound Study (ge zhi yu lun). Composed by Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen lu) 15 g. Decoct it with water for oral use

Induce vomiting of phlegm-drool. Indicated for the treatment of exuberant phlegm-drool obstructing in the chest and diaphragm due to qi deficiency, with excessive phlegm, breathlessness, fullness, and oppression in the chest and diaphragm, desire to vomit, deficient, and weak pulse

To strengthen the effect of dissolving phlegm, add Succus Bambusae (zhu li)

It is a formula that treats the branch for patients with phlegm accumulation and breathlessness, who still need to be treated with diffusing the lung and dissolving phlegm after vomiting. For exuberant phlegm-drool with extreme deficiency, apply it separately is inadvisable since it has no tonic effect

Caution for Use

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TABLE 41.1 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Induce Vomit (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy and Indication

Modified Clinical Application

Salt Soup VomitingStimulating Formula (yan tang tan tu fang)

Initially recorded in Essentials from the Golden Cabinet (jin gui yao lüe). Composed by Natrii Chloridum (shi yan) 30 g and Water 600 mL. Mix boiled water with salt to saturated salt soup, and take in 2–3 bowls of soup, then tickle the throat to induce vomiting with a clean feather or finger

Induce vomiting of retained food. Indicated for the treatment of retained food, filthy turbidity, and poisons stagnating in the upperthird portion of the stomach cavity, with pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen involving the chest, pĭ, and oppression; or dry cholera, distending pain in the stomach cavity and abdomen, desire to vomit but no vomiting, desire diarrhea but no diarrhea; or eating poisons by mistake with poisons still retained in the stomach

For food syncope, add Succus Rhizomatis Zingiberis (sheng jiang zhi) to eliminate phlegm and resuscitate by its pungent nature; for dry cholera, add Succus Rhizomatis Zingiberis (sheng jiang zhi) and Urina hominis to dispel phlegm and subdue fire; for dribbling urinary block, add Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) to assist the lung to govern diffusion and dispersion in order to free and regulate the waterways

Caution for Use After taking, if patients have no vomiting, tickle the throat to induce vomiting with fingers or a clean tail feather. Be sure to make vomiting is usually best

TABLE 41.2 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Induce Vomit Name of Formula

Efficacy Analysis

Emergency DroolThinning Powder (jiu ji xi xian san)

Alumen (bai fan)

Melon Stalk Powder (gua di san)

Fructus Gleditsiae Abnormalis (zhu ya zao) Pedicellus Melo (gua di) Semen Phaseoli (chi xiao dou)

Sour and cold in nature, with emetic and purgative effects, dissolve and thin obstinate phlegm, open the blockage and induce vomiting, as the chief medicinal Acrid, warm and salty in nature, open the orifices, dissolve phlegm, soften hardness, clear up turbid phlegm Extremely bitter and cold in nature, specialize in inducing vomiting of phlegm-drool and retained food, as the chief medicinal

Induce vomit

Induce vomiting of phlegm and food

Semen Sojae Praeparatum (dan dou chi)

Sour and neutral in nature, dispel dampness and relieve vexation and fullness, as the deputy medicinal Light and diffusing in nature, diffuse and resolve pathogenic qi from the chest to benefit the effect of inducing vomit

Ginseng Rhizome Beverage (shen lu yin)

Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen lu)

Sweet, bitter, warm and moderate in nature, induce vomiting of exuberant and accumulated phlegm-drool with deficiency of the root and excess of the branch

Induce vomiting of phlegmdrool

Salt Soup VomitingStimulating Formula (yan tang tan tu fang)

Natrii Chloridum (shi yan)

Salty in nature, with emetic and purgative effects, induce vomit, extremely salty flavor can induce vomiting of retained food and poisons to benefit qi movement and relieve distending pain

Induce vomiting of retained food

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2. Attached formulas (Table 41.3) TABLE 41.3 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Induce Vomit Name of Formula Three Sages Powder (san sheng san)

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Initially recorded in Confucians’ Duties to Their Parents (ru men shi qin). Composed by Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 90 g, Radix et Rhizoma Veratri Nigri (li lu) 90 g, and Pedicellus Melo (gua di) 90 g. Grind the ingredients into crude powder, and decoct 15 g of powder each time with water for oral use until vomiting. It is not necessary to take the entire decoction

Induce vomiting of wind-phlegm (anemogenous phlegm)

Indicated for the treatment of windstrike block, with loss of voice, oppression and confusion, wry eye and mouth, or unconsciousness, trismus, floating, and slippery and excess pulse

3. Formula differentiation (Table 41.4) TABLE 41.4 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Induce Vomit Name of Formula

Similarity

Differences

Salt Soup VomitingStimulating Formula (yan tang tan tu fang)

Both have the effect of inducing vomiting of retained food, and can be used for the treatment of food retention and poisons stagnating in the stomach cavity

Its medicinal nature is mild and dispensing is convenient and fast. It is more suitable for the treatment of dry cholera with incapability of vomiting and diarrhea, abdominal pain, or retained food, food syncope (crapulent syncope) and qi syncope (syncope resulting from disturbance of qi movement)

Melon Stalk Powder (gua di san)

Emergency Drool-Thinning Powder (jiu ji xi xian san)

Ginseng Rhizome Beverage (shen lu yin)

It has stronger effect of inducing vomit than that of Salt Soup Vomiting-Stimulating Formula (yan tang tan tu fang), and is more suitable for the treatment of phlegm and food accumulation and obstruction with pĭ and oppression in the chest and diaphragm Both have the effect of inducing vomiting of phlegm-drool, and can be used for the treatment of exuberance and accumulation of phlegm-drool

Its effect of inducing vomit is weaker and opening the orifices (resuscitating) is stronger than that of Ginseng Rhizome Beverage (shen lu yin). It also has the effect of thinning drool, and is more suitable for the treatment of wind-strike block and throat bì (pharyngitis) with exuberance and accumulation of phlegm-drool, and qi block or qi obstruction Its medicinal nature is moderate. It not only can induce vomiting of phlegm-drool but also can reinforce healthy qi, and gives consideration to both healthy qi and pathogenic qi, and is more suitable for the treatment of exuberance and accumulation of phlegm-drool in the weak patients

Chapter 42

Formulas That Treat Abscess and Ulcer Chapter Outline Section 1 Formulas That Dissipate Masses and Resolve Abscess Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas Section 2 Formulas That Strengthen Vital Qi and Drain Pus Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas

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Section 3 Formulas That Supplement Deficiency and Close Sore Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas

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ABSTRACT Formulas that have the effects of resolving toxins and relieve swelling, dissipate masses and dispersing abscess (carbuncle), strengthening vital qi and expelling pus, engendering flesh and closing sore, and are indicated for the treatment of abscess, carbuncle, sores, and ulcers are called “Formulas That Treat Abscess and Ulcer,” which are divided into three categories: formulas that dissipate masses and resolve abscess, formulas that strengthen vital qi and drain pus, and formulas that supplement deficiency and close sore. Keywords: formulas that treat abscess and ulcer; formulas that dissipate masses and resolve abscess; formulas that strengthen vital qi and drain pus; formulas that supplement deficiency and close sore; expel pus; treat sore by draining pus

Formulas that have the effects of resolving toxins and relieve swelling, dissipate masses and dispersing abscess (carbuncle), strengthening vital qi and expelling pus, engendering flesh and closing sore, and are indicated for the treatment of abscess, carbuncle, sores, and ulcers are called “Formulas That Treat Abscess and Ulcer.” Its therapeutic method belongs to “dispersing” method of the eight [medicinal treatment] methods. The causes of abscess, carbuncle, sores, and ulcers include internal cause, such as internal damage by excessive seven emotions or partiality for acrid and hot food, and external cause, such as externally-contracted six pathogenic factors, or burn due to hot liquid or fire, injury from fall, injury by metallic tools or insect and animal biting. These etiological factors often cause channel obstruction and disharmony of qi and blood, which linger for a long time and further cause stasis accumulation transforming into heat and even rotten flesh transforming into pus. In addition, pathogenic cold, dampness, and phlegm (engendered in the interior) flowing and pouring in the channels and muscles, or attaching in the sinew-membranes (jīn mó) and joints, coagulating and not dissipating, also can cause abscess (carbuncle) and ulcers. Formulas in this category are suitable for the treatment of abscesses and ulcers generated in the viscera and bowels or in the body surface. Internal abscess usually includes lung abscess with symptoms of cough, chest pain, and expectoration of fishy and turbid phlegm, as well as intestinal abscess with symptoms of painful lower abdominal mass, pain when pressing, and preference for bending right foot. The pathogeneses of internal abscess are disharmony between nutrient and defense qi, obstruction and blockage of the collaterals and channels that transform into heat, then exuberance of heat causing flesh rottenness and suppuration. The therapeutic methods mainly focus on clearing heat and resolving toxins, expelling stasis and pus, dissipating masses and relieving swelling. By doing these, initial ulcers can easily be healed. The representative

Essentials of Chinese Materia Medica and Medical Formulas. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812722-3.00042-7 Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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838 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

formulas are Phragmites Stem Decoction (wei jing tang), Rhubarb and Moutan Decoction (da huang mu dan tang), and Coix, Aconite, and Patrinia Powder (yi yi fu zi bai jiang san). External abscess (carbuncle over the body surface) usually includes carbuncle, cellulitis, deep-rooted boil, sore, erysipelas, multiple abscesses, goiter, and scrofula. The external abscess with yang pattern often shows symptoms of local prominent swelling, contracted root, redness of the skin, and scorching hot sensation. The external abscess with yin pattern shows symptoms of flat shape, hardness or softness, surface loosening scope, and no change of skin color. According to developmental process, abscess has three phases: initial phase, pus-forming phase, and ulcerated phase. Three treatment principles like sore-resolving method, promoting eruption of sore by strengthening vital qi, and supplementing therapy for treating sore can be applied respectively. Sore-resolving method is usually selected to treat abscesses and ulcers at the initial stage with pus not yet formed. This method can dissipate toxins and relieve swelling, prevent pus formation and avoid operation. The representative formulas are Immortal Formula Life-Giving Beverage (xian fang huo ming yin) and Harmonious Yang Decoction (yang he tang). Promoting eruption of sore by strengthening vital qi is usually selected to treat abscesses and ulcers at the middle stage with exuberance of pathogens and inward invasion of toxins, or pus formed but with difficulty in ulceration due to deficiency of healthy qi and invasion of pathogens, accompanied by flat and collapsing sore and diffuse root. This method can promote internal toxin to vent out, and promote ulceration and closing. Promoting eruption of sore by strengthening vital qi can be divided into two methods: (1) interior-strengthening vital qi to treat sore and (2) supplementing-strengthening vital qi to treat sore. The first method mainly focuses on dispersing, dissipating, and draining pus, and combines reinforcing of healthy qi. The second method focuses on both reinforcing healthy qi and draining pus. The representative formulas are Pus-Expelling Powder (tou nong san) and Vital-Qi-Strengthening and Toxin-Expelling Powder (tuo li xiao du san). Supplementing therapy for treating sore is usually selected to treat abscesses and ulcers at the later stage with deficiency of both qi and blood, or insufficiency of the spleen and stomach or liver and kidney, accompanied by clear and thin pus, opening of sore without closing for a long time, pale tongue with slight coating, and lusterless complexion. This method can supplement qi and blood, and promote the ulcerated area to engender flesh and close sore easily. But in clinic, selecting formulas correctly also should be based on pattern differentiation of yin and yang as well as qi and blood. The representative formulas are Interior-Supplementing Astragalus Decoction (nei bu huang qi tang) and Original-Qi-Preserving Great-Achievement Decoction (bao yuan da cheng tang). Therefore, according to the different effects, formulas that treat abscess and ulcer can be divided into three categories: (1) formulas that dissipate masses and resolve abscess, (2) formulas that strengthen vital qi and drain pus, and (3) formulas that supplement deficiency and close sore. When applying formulas that treat abscess and ulcer in clinic, the location of abscess and ulcer should be distinguished. Body surface’s abscess and ulcer should be drawn clear distinctions between yin pattern and yang pattern, deficiency or excess of healthy qi, favorable pattern and unfavorable pattern of tendency. Cross-reference between the local symptoms of body surface and general physical condition is important to note. Specific location and pus formed or unformed of abscesses and ulcers in the viscera should be differentiated. Meanwhile, the internal therapy and external therapy should be applied flexibly. When applying the internal therapy, external therapy should be combined as far as possible in order to improve curative effect. For some dangerous large ulcers, the external therapy especially should be applied, moreover the modification of formulas following syndrome should be applied according to the changes of pathogenic condition. For abscess and ulcer with exuberance of toxin, resolving toxins should be emphasized in order to avoid residual toxins lingering. For formed pus, expelling pus needs to be applied. For slow formation of pus, promoting eruption of pus should be applied in order to expel toxin and avoid inward invasion. In addition, for abscess and ulcer in the body surface with intense fire toxin, warming and supplementing methods should be prohibited in order to avoid aggravating illness.

SECTION 1  FORMULAS THAT DISSIPATE MASSES AND RESOLVE ABSCESS Outline Formulas that dissipate masses and resolve abscess are suitable for the treatment of carbuncles and ulcers at the initial stage with pus not yet formed and exuberance of pathogens. According to the different location and nature of disease, abscesses and ulcers at the initial stage can be divided into yin, yang, cold, and heat pattern (syndrome). In clinic, abscesses and ulcers with yang pattern often include local red swelling and hot pain, accompanied by fever, thirst or constipation, yellow urine, red tongue with yellow coating, slippery and rapid and forceful pulse. Abscesses and ulcers with yin pattern usually include diffuse swelling and hardening, no red and hot sensation, dull pain, accompanied by fatigue, aversion to cold, white coating, and moderate pulse. The cause and pathogeneses of initial carbuncles and ulcers are quite different including obstruction and accumulation of heat toxin or pathogenic cold coagulation, which may also complicate with interior excess, exterior pathogen, dampness toxin, phlegm-turbidity, qi stagnation or blood stasis. Therefore, formulas in this category are often composed of herbs that clear heat and resolve toxins or herbs that warm the interior and dissipate cold. On the basis of accompanied symptoms and signs, herbs that release the exterior and dissipate pathogen, herbs that regulate the interior and resolve toxins,

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herbs that dispel dampness and dissolve phlegm, herbs that move qi and disperse stagnation, or herbs that invigorate blood and dissolve stasis are often selected to combine. The representative formulas are Immortal Formula Life-Giving Beverage (xian fang huo ming yin), Rhubarb and Moutan Decoction (da huang mu dan tang) and Harmonious Yang Decoction (yang he tang).

Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 1. Primary formulas and analysis (Tables 42.1 and 42.2) TABLE 42.1 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Dissipate Masses and Resolve Abscess Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Four Wonderfully Effective Heroes Decoction (si miao yong an tang)

Immortal Formula Life-Giving Beverage (xian fang huo ming yin)

Caution for Use

Efficacy and Indication

Modified Clinical Application

Initially recorded in New Compilation of Proven Formulas (yan fang xin bian). Composed by Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (jin yin hua) 30 g, Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen) 30 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 15 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 6 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Clear heat and resolve toxins, invigorate blood and relieve pain. Indicated for the treatment of sloughing deep-rooted abscess (digital gangrene) due to intense heat toxin, with dark red affected limb with mild swelling and scorching hot sensation, intense pain, ulcerated, putrefactive odor, even toes sloughed, spread to dorsum of foot, vexing heat, thirst, red tongue, and rapid pulse

For evident swelling and distention in the affected area, scorching pain and dark redness of the skin color due to exuberant heat toxin, add Radix Ilicis Pubescentis (mao dong qing) and Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae (dan shen) to clear heat, resolve toxins, invigorate blood and relieve swelling; for intense pain due to blood stasis and qi stagnation, add Olibanum (ru xiang) and Myrrha (mo yao) to invigorate blood and move qi and relieve pain; for scorching hot, excessive thirst, and dry skin due to heat toxin damaging yin, add Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi) and Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) to clear heat, promote fluid production, and enrich yin; for intense pain in the affected limb which is alleviated in the daytime and worsened at night, purple darkness and ulceration and rot of the local skin, filthy odour, and no fresh wound surface due to more evident damp-heat, add Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie), Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae (fang ji), and Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai) to drain dampness and clear heat

This formula is cold and moistening in nature, its use is cautious in patients with weakness of the spleen and stomach. And it is also not suitable for the treatment of sloughing deep-rooted abscess (digital gangrene) with a pattern of cold-damp and depletion of qi and blood

Initially recorded in Corrections and Annotations to Fine Formulas for Women (jiao zhu fu ren liang fang). Composed by Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi) 6 g, Bulbus Fritillaria (bei mu) 6 g, Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 6 g, Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao) 6g, carda part of Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui wei) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 6 g, dry-fried Spina Gleditsiae (chao zao jiao ci) 6 g, liquid-fried Squama Manitis (zhi chuan shan jia) 6 g, Radix Trichosanthis (tian hua fen) 6 g, Olibanum (ru xiang) 6 g, Myrrha (mo yao) 6 g, Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (jin yin hua) 25 g, and Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Clear heat and resolve toxins, relieve swelling and promote suppuration, invigorate blood and relieve pain. Indicated for the treatment of abscesses and ulcers with swelling and toxins in the initial stage due to heat toxin obstruction, with red swelling and sore pain, or general fever and chills, thin and yellow coating, rapid and forceful pulse

For mild pain due to no evident stasis and stagnation of sores and abscesses, remove Olibanum (ru xiang) and Myrrha (mo yao); for more evident local redswelling and hot pain, bitter taste in the mouth, red tongue with yellowish coating, and rapid pulse due to exuberant heat toxin, add Herba Taraxaci (pu gong ying), Herba Violae (zi hua di ding), Flos Chrysanthemi Indici (ye ju hua), and Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao); for head abscesses and sores, add Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong); for abscesses in the neck, add Radix Platycodonis (jie geng); for abscesses in the chest, add Pericarpium Trichosanthis (gua lou pi); for abscesses in the hypochondrium, add Radix Bupleuri (chai hu); for abscesses in the waist and spine, add Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae (qin jiao); for abscesses in the upper extremities, add Rhizoma Curcumae Longae (jiang huang); for abscesses in the lower extremities, add Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (niu xi)

It can be used for both oral use and external application, and is not suitable for the treatment of sores and ulcers after ulceration or with continuously-dripping pus. Its use is cautious in patients with usual deficiency of the spleen and stomach and insufficiency of qi and blood, and prohibited in patients with dorsal furuncle (Continued)

840 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 42.1 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Dissipate Masses and Resolve Abscess (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy and Indication

Modified Clinical Application

Caution for Use

Five Ingredients ToxinRemoving Beverage (wu wei xiao du yin)

Initially recorded in Golden Mirror of the Medical Tradition (yi zong jin jian). Composed by Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (jin yin hua) 30 g, Flos Chrysanthemi Indici (ye ju hua) 12 g, Herba Taraxaci (pu gong ying) 12 g, Herba Violae (zi hua di ding) 12 g, and Radix Semiaquilegiae (tian kui zi) 12 g. Decoct the ingredients with water, and take the decoction with 1 or 2 spoons of wine

Clear heat and resolve toxins, disperse and dissipate boils. Indicated for the treatment of abscess (carbuncle) and boil (furuncle) caused by fire toxin accumulation, with red swelling and hot pain in the affected area, or fever and aversion to cold; or various furunculosis with millet-like sores, hardness and deep root, nail-like shape, red tongue, yellow coating, and rapid pulse

For more evident local red swelling, bitter taste in the mouth and red tongue due to exuberant heat toxin, add Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao) and Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian); for more evident swelling due to accumulation and obstruction of heat toxin, add Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) and Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi); for the treatment of mammary abscess, add Fructus Trichosanthis (gua lou), Bulbus Fritillaria (bei mu), and Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride (qing pi)

Because this formula is cold and cool in nature, its use is cautious in patients with usual weakness of the spleen and stomach, and prohibited in patients with dorsal furuncle

Harmonious Yang Decoction (yang he tang)

Initially recorded in LifeSaving Manual of Diagnosis and Treatment of External Diseases (wai ke zheng zhi quan sheng ji). Composed by Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 30 g, Semen Sinapis (bai jie zi) 6 g, Colla Cornus Cervi (lu jiao jiao) 9 g, Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) 3 g, charred Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang tan) 2 g, Herba Ephedrae (ma huang) 2 g, and raw Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (sheng gan cao) 3 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Warm yang and supplement the blood, dissipate cold, and unblock the stagnation. Indicated for the treatment of dorsal furuncle (deeprooted abscess) caused by yang deficiency and blood insufficiency, cold congealing and phlegm stagnation, with diffuse swelling and headlessness, aching pain, no fever, no change of the skin color, no thirst, pale tongue with white coating, deep and thready pulse or deep and slow pulse; or suppurative osteomyelitis (over Huantiao point), sloughing deep-rooted abscess (digital gangrene), multiple abscesses, phlegm nodule and crane-like arthropathy

When applying this formula, Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) should be put in an important position in order to strengthen the effects of supplementing the blood and consolidating the root; the dosage of Herba Ephedrae (ma huang) should be less in order to avoid overconsumption of healthy qi by acrid medicinals; if no Colla Cornus Cervi (lu jiao jiao), select Cornu Cervi (lu jiao) to substitute; for aversion to cold and cold limbs due to yang deficiency and cold exuberance, add Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) to warm yang and dissipate cold

Its use is prohibited in patients with abscesses and ulcers with yang pattern, or yin deficiency and internal heat, or dorsal furuncle with ulceration

Rhinoceros Bezoar Pill (xi huang wan)

Initially recorded in LifeSaving Manual of Diagnosis and Treatment of External Diseases (wai ke zheng zhi quan sheng ji). Composed by Calculus Bovis (xi huang) 15 g, Moschus (she xiang) 75 g, Olibanum (ru xiang) 500 g, Myrrha (mo yao) 500 g, and yellow rice 500 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, make into water pills, dry in the shade, and take in 9 g doses with aged wine on the point of bedtime

Resolve toxins and disperse abscess, dissolve stasis, and dissipate masses. Indicated for the treatment of breast cancer, swelling of inguinal gland, phlegm nodule, scrofula, multiple abscesses, and small intestinal abscess caused by fire constraint and phlegm coagulation, blood stasis and qi stagnation

For breast cancer in the advanced stage with lack of strength and emaciation, lusterless complexion and deficient pulse, add Radix Astragali (huang qi), Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu), and Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui); for scrofula in the initial stage with hardness sensation when pressing and no change of the skin color, add Free Wanderer Powder (xiao yao san); for multiple abscesses in the initial stage or pus-formed stage, add Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian), Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao), and Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (jin yin hua)

It is not suitable for decocting. Its use is cautious in patients with ulcerated pus or continuously-dripping pus due to qi and blood deficiency, and prohibited in pregnant women or patients with vigorous fire due to yin deficiency

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TABLE 42.1 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Dissipate Masses and Resolve Abscess (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Arctium FleshReleasing Decoction (niu bang jie ji tang)

Caution for Use

Efficacy and Indication

Modified Clinical Application

Initially recorded in Experience Gained in Treating External Sores (yang ke xin de ji). Composed by Fructus Arctii (niu bang zi) 12 g, Herba Menthae (bo he) 6 g, Herba Schizonepetae (jing jie) 6 g, Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao) 9 g, Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi) 9 g, Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi) 9 g, Caulis Dendrobii (shi hu) 12 g, Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen) 9 g, and Spica Prunellae (xia ku cao) 12 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Scatter wind and clear heat, cool the blood and relieve swelling. Indicated for the treatment of abscesses and sores caused by pathogenic wind and heat toxin attacking the upper body, with phlegm-toxin in the neck and nape, and toothache due to wind-heat complicated by exterior heat pattern; or carbuncle over the body surface with local red swelling and hot pain, heat predominating over cold, scanty sweating, thirst, yellowish urine, white or yellowish coating, floating and rapid pulse

For fever and excessive thirst due to exuberance of pathogenic fire heat, add Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) and raw Gypsum Fibrosum (sheng shi gao); for constipation due to dryness-heat of the stomach and intestines, add Semen Trichosanthis (gua lou ren) and Semen Raphani (lai fu zi); for abscesses and ulcers with pus formed and hard masses, add Squama Manitis (chuan shan jia), Spina Gleditsiae (zao jiao ci), Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae (dan shen), and Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao)

This formula is not suitable for the treatment of abscesses and ulcers with yin pattern (syndrome)

Small Gold Pill (xiao jin dan)

Initially recorded in LifeSaving Manual of Diagnosis and Treatment of External Diseases (wai ke zheng zhi quan sheng ji). Composed by Resina Liquidambaris (feng xiang zhi) 150 g, Radix Aconiti Kusnezoffii Praeparata (zhi cao wu) 150 g, Faeces Trogopterori (wu ling zhi) 150 g, Pheretima (di long) 150 g, Semen Momordicae (mu bie zi) 150 g, Olibanum (ru xiang) 75 g, Myrrha (mo yao) 75 g, main part of Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui shen) 75 g, Moschus (she xiang) 30 g, and Charcoal 12 g. Add starch, make into 250 paste pills, dry in the shade, and take in doses of 2–5 pills, twice a day; dose of infants should be discounted

Dissolve phlegm and dispel phlegm, eliminate dampness and unblock the collaterals, relieve swelling, and dissipate masses. Indicated for the treatment of multiple abscesses, phlegm nodule, scrofula, breast cancer, swelling of inguinal gland, and suppurative osteomyelitis (over Huantiao acupoint) caused by cold, damp, phlegm, and static blood obstructing in the collaterals and channels, with swelling and pain, but no change of the skin color in the initial stage

When applying the formula, it is often combined with Harmonious Yang Decoction (yang he tang) or used in alternation. For infantile multiple abscesses with no change of the skin color, after operation dissections, add Original-Qi-Preserving Decoction (bao yuan tang) [Raw Radix Astragali (sheng huang qi) and raw Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (sheng gan cao) are used and the dosage of Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) is incresed to 3 g] and Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 2 g (decocted separately)

Effects of this formula are fierce and it is easy to damage healthy qi, its use is cautious in patients with healthy qi deficiency and weakness, and prohibited in pregnant women

Coix, Aconite and Patrinia Powder (yi yi fu zi bai jiang san)

Initially recorded in Essentials from the Golden Cabinet (jin gui yao lüe). Composed by Semen Coicis (yi yi ren) 30 g, Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) 6 g, and Herba Patriniae (bai jiang cao) 15 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Evacuate pus and relieve swelling. Indicated for the treatment of intestinal abscess accompanied by pus formed with a pattern of toxins agglomerating and yang damaging, with no general fever, dry and scaly skin, urgent sensation in the skin of abdominal wall, feeling soft in the abdomen while pressing, as if it is swelling and distention, and rapid pulse

For blood stasis, add Semen Persicae (tao ren) and Squama Manitis (chuan shan jia); for severe pus toxin, add Semen Benincasae (dong gua zi) and Herba Violae (zi hua di ding); for blood deficiency, add Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui), Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang), and Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao); for qi deficiency, add raw Radix Astragali (sheng huang qi) and Rhizoma Polygonati (huang jing)

It is not suitable for the treatment of intestinal abscess caused by damp-heat stagnation but without yang qi damaged

(Continued)

842 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 42.1 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Dissipate Masses and Resolve Abscess (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Phragmites Stem Decoction (wei jing tang)

Rhubarb and Moutan Decoction (da huang mu dan tang)

Caution for Use

Efficacy and Indication

Modified Clinical Application

Initially recorded in Important Formulas Worth a Thousand Gold Pieces for Emergency (bei ji qian jin yao fang). Composed by Rhizoma Phragmitis (lu gen) 60 g, Semen Coicis (yi yi ren) 30 g, Semen Benincasae (dong gua zi) 24 g, and Semen Persicae (tao ren) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Clear lung heat and dissolve phlegm, expel stasis, and evacuate pus. Indicated for the treatment of lung abscess due to phlegm-heat and static blood obstructing and agglomerating in the lung, with mild fever, cough, excessive phlegm, even expectoration of fishy, and purulent phlegm, dull pain in the chest, pain increasing while coughing, red tongue, yellow and greasy coating, slippery and rapid pulse

For lung abscess without pus formed but with more evident heat toxin obstructing the lung, accompanied by fullness and pain in the chest, cough and short breath, expectoration of green yellow turbid phlegm, add Herba Houttuyniae (yu xing cao), Herba Taraxaci (pu gong ying), Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (jin yin hua), and Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao); for pusformed lung abscess with phlegm-heat accumulated in the lung, accompanied by expectoration of abundant fishy purulent phlegm or blood, add Bulbus Fritillaria (bei mu), Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao); for febrile diseases in the later stage with residual heat (that has not been cleared), accompanied by cough with excessive phlegm, add Pericarpium Trichosanthis (gua lou pi) and Folium Eriobotryae (pi pa ye)

This formula is slippery and draining in nature, and has the effects of invigorating blood and dispelling stasis, its use should be cautious in pregnant women

Initially recorded in Essentials from the Golden Cabinet (jin gui yao lüe). Composed by Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 18 g, Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi) 9 g, Semen Persicae (tao ren) 12 g, Semen Benincasae (dong gua zi) 30 g, and Natrii Sulfas (mang xiao) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Drain heat and break up stasis, dissipate masses, and relieve swelling. Indicated for the treatment of intestinal abscess in the initial stage due to constraint and stagnation of dampheat, with pain in the right lower abdomen which refuses pressure, even local swelling and abdominal mass, or flexed right leg without extension, intense pain while stretching, or fever and aversion to cold at intervals, spontaneous sweating, yellow and greasy coating, slippery and rapid pulse

For exuberance and accumulation of heat toxin with fever, bitter taste in the mouth, red tongue, yellow and greasy coating, wiry and slippery and rapid pulse, add Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (jin yin hua), Herba Taraxaci (pu gong ying), Caulis Sargentodoxae (da xue teng), and Herba Patriniae (bai jiang cao); for qi stagnation of the liver and spleen with distending pain in the abdomen, add Radix Bupleuri (chai hu), Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi), Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride (qing pi), Semen Arecae (bing lang), and Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang)

It is not suitable for the treatment of severe acute suppurative or gangrenous appendicitis, infantile acute appendicitis, appendicitis (during pregnancy) complicated by peritonitis, or lung abscess with stagnation of cold-damp. Its use is cautious in the old, the weak

TABLE 42.2 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Dissipate Masses and Resolve Abscess Name of Formula Four Wonderfully Effective Heroes Decoction (si miao yong an tang)

Efficacy Analysis Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (jin yin hua) Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen) Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao)

Sweet and cold in nature, specialize in clearing heat and resolving toxins, as the chief medicinal Bitter, sweet, salty, cold and moistening in nature, clear heat and cool the blood, discharge fire and resolve toxins, enrich and nourish yin-fluid, dissipate masses and soften hardness, as the deputy medicinal Nourish the blood and invigorate blood, combine with the deputy medicinal to nourish the blood and enrich yin to engender flesh Assist to clear heat and resolve toxins, and harmonize the actions of all medicinals

Clear heat and resolve toxins, invigorate blood and relieve pain

Formulas That Treat Abscess and Ulcer Chapter | 42

843

TABLE 42.2 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Dissipate Masses and Resolve Abscess (cont.) Name of Formula Immortal Formula LifeGiving Beverage (xian fang huo ming yin)

Efficacy Analysis Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (jin yin hua) carda part of Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui wei) Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao) Olibanum (ru xiang)

Dissipate blood stasis and relieve swelling and relieve pain

Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi)

Rectify qi and move stagnation in order to assist the effects of relieving swelling or pain

Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) Squama Manitis (chuan shan jia) Spina Gleditsiae (zao jiao ci) Bulbus Fritillaria (bei mu) Radix Trichosanthis (tian hua fen) Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (jin yin hua) Herba Taraxaci (pu gong ying) Herba Violae (zi hua di ding) Flos Chrysanthemi Indici (ye ju hua) Radix Semiaquilegiae (tian kui zi) Harmonious Yang Decoction (yang he tang)

Invigorate blood and unblock the stagnation and harmonize the nutrient aspect

Myrrha (mo yao)

Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi)

Five Ingredients ToxinRemoving Beverage (wu wei xiao du yin)

Sweet and cold in nature, specialize in clearing heat and resolving toxins, disperse abscess and dissipate masses with its aromatic and dispersing nature, as the chief medicinal

Acrid and dispersing in nature, scatter wind and vent pathogen, dissipate masses and relieve swelling Scurrying, moving and dispersing in nature, unblock the collaterals and channels, drain pus and promote suppuration, resolve toxins and relieve swelling, and guide the effects to the affected area Clear heat and dissolve phlegm and dissipate masses, and disperse swelling toxin from the interior

Sweet and cold in nature, specialize in clearing heat toxin from the qi and blood aspects, diffuse and vent pathogen to disperse and dissipate abscess and furuncle, as the chief medicinal Clear heat and resolve toxins, Strengthen the effects disperse abscess and dissipate masses of the chief medicinal, both as the deputy Clear heat and resolve toxins, cool medicinals the blood and dissipate abscess

Clear heat and resolve toxins, disperse and dissipate boils

Clear heat and resolve toxins, expel pus and relieve pain to treat abscesses and sores and furunculosis, as the assistant and envoy medicinals Warm and supplement nutrient-blood, supplement essence and boost marrow

Colla Cornus Cervi (lu jiao jiao)

Nourish the blood and assist yang, strengthen the sinews and bones

charred Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang tan)

Dissipate masses and relieve swelling, resolve toxins and expel pus, all as the assistant medicinals

Clear heat and resolve toxins, relieve swelling and promote suppuration, invigorate blood and relieve pain

Clear heat and resolve toxins, and harmonize the actions of all medicinals

Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang)

Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui)

Regulate qi and blood, and dispel stagnation, all as the deputy medicinals

Boost essence and blood, and assist yang, both as the chief medicinals

Warm yang and dissipate cold, and unblock the blood vessels, both as the deputy medicinals

Herba Ephedrae (ma huang)

Acrid, warm, diffusing and dissipating in nature, activate yang qi and open the striae and interstices to dissipate the congealing cold

Semen Sinapis (bai jie zi)

Specialize in dispersing phlegm, dissipate masses and disperse swelling

Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao)

Resolve toxins and harmonize the actions of all medicinals, as the envoy medicinal

Warm yang and supplement the blood, dissipate cold and unblock the stagnation

(Continued)

844 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 42.2 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Dissipate Masses and Resolve Abscess (cont.) Name of Formula Rhinoceros Bezoar Pill (xi huang wan)

Efficacy Analysis Calculus Bovis (xi huang) Moschus (she xiang) Olibanum (ru xiang) Myrrha (mo yao)

Arctium Flesh-Releasing Decoction (niu bang jie ji tang)

Bitter, cold and aromatic in nature, specialize in clearing heat and resolve toxins, dissolve phlegm and dissipate masses, as the chief medicinal Acrid, aromatic and scurrying in nature, invigorate blood and dissipate masses, unblock the channels and quicken the collaterals, as the deputy medicinal Invigorate blood, dissipate stasis, and relieve swelling and pain

Yellow rice

Regulate and nourish stomach qi in order to avoid damage to healthy qi while attacking pathogen

Fructus Arctii (niu bang zi)

Acrid, bitter and cold in nature, scatter and dissipate wind-heat, resolve toxins and disperse swelling, as the chief medicinal

Herba Menthae (bo he) Herba Schizonepetae (jing jie) Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao)

Acrid and dispersing in nature, scatter wind and vent pathogen and release the exterior Clear heat and resolve toxins, dissipate masses and disperse abscess

Spica Prunellae (xia ku cao) Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi)

Resolve toxins and disperse abscess, dissolve stasis and dissipate masses

Clear heat and discharge fire, cool the blood and dissipate static blood

Scatter wind and clear heat, cool the blood and relieve swelling

Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi)

Small Gold Pill (xiao jin dan)

Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen)

Sweet, bitter, salty and slightly cold in nature, enrich yin and cool the blood, resolve toxins and disperse abscess

Caulis Dendrobii (shi hu)

Sweet and slightly cold in nature, enrich yin and clear heat

Semen Momordicae (mu bie zi)

Dispel wind and eliminate dampness, resolve and dissipate phlegm-toxin, as the chief medicinal

Radix Aconiti Kusnezoffii Praeparata (zhi cao wu)

Warm the channels and relieve pain, dispel wind and eliminate dampness, combine with the chief medicinal to resolve and dissipate congealing cold, as the deputy medicinal

Faeces Trogopterori (wu ling zhi)

Invigorate blood and relieve pain and dissolve stasis

Pheretima (di long)

Unblock the collaterals

Moschus (she xiang)

Invigorate blood, relieve swelling and relieve pain

Olibanum (ru xiang)

Invigorate blood and move qi and relieve pain, relieve swelling and engender flesh

Myrrha (mo yao)

Dissipate blood stasis and relieve pain, relieve swelling and engender flesh

Resina Liquidambaris (feng xiang zhi)

Invigorate blood and relieve pain, resolve toxins and engender flesh

main part of Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui shen)

Invigorate blood and supplement the blood in order to break up static blood without damage to blood

Charcoal

Black in color, act on the blood aspect, relieve swelling and dissolve phlegm

Specialize in dissipating static blood and removing stagnation and unblocking the collaterals

Invigorate blood and relieve pain, regulate qi and disperse abscess

Dissolve phlegm and dispel phlegm, eliminate dampness and unblock the collaterals, relieve swelling and dissipate masses

Formulas That Treat Abscess and Ulcer Chapter | 42

845

TABLE 42.2 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Dissipate Masses and Resolve Abscess (cont.) Name of Formula Coix, Aconite and Patrinia Powder (yi yi fu zi bai jiang san)

Efficacy Analysis Semen Coicis (yi yi ren)

Sweet, bland and cold in nature, clear heat and drain dampness, expel pus and relieve swelling, as the chief medicinal

Herba Patriniae (bai jiang cao)

Acrid, cold and slightly cold in nature, drain heat and resolve toxins, dissipate masses and evacuate pus, specialize in treating intestinal abscess with heat toxin pattern, as the deputy medicinal Acrid and hot in nature, warm and assist yang qi, move the constraint and stagnated qi in order to promote the effects of relieving swelling and expelling pus, and promote fu-organs transporting qi, as the assistant medicinal

Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) Phragmites Stem Decoction (wei jing tang)

Rhubarb and Moutan Decoction (da huang mu dan tang)

Rhizoma Phragmitis (lu gen)

Sweet, cold, floating and diffusing in nature, clear lung heat, diffuse the lung and dissolve phlegm and expel pus, as the chief medicinal

Semen Benincasae (dong gua zi)

Clear up phlegm and expel pus, clear heat and drain dampness, as the deputy medicinal

Semen Persicae (tao ren) Semen Coicis (yi yi ren)

Invigorate blood and move stagnation, dissipate stasis and disperse abscess, moisten the intestines and promote defecation Clear lung heat to expel pus, drain dampness and dispel pathogen, “seek the root when treating disease”

Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang)

Bitter, cold, descending and discharging in nature, discharge fire, resolve toxins, clear up heat toxin and invigorate blood

Semen Persicae (tao ren)

Break up blood and dissipate stasis

Drain heat and expel stasis, both as the chief medicinals

Natrii Sulfas (mang xiao)

Clear heat and drastically purge, soften hardness and dissipate masses

Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi)

Cool the blood and dissipate static blood, relieve swelling, assist the chief medicinals to invigorate blood and unblock stagnation

Semen Benincasae (dong gua zi)

Clear damp-heat from the intestines, expel pus and dissipate masses and disperse abscess, as the assistant medicinal

Evacuate pus and relieve swelling

Clear lung heat and dissolve phlegm, expel stasis and evacuate pus

Drain heat and break up stasis, dissipate masses and relieve swelling

2. Attached formulas (Table 42.3) TABLE 42.3 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Dissipate Masses and Resolve Abscess Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Forsythia ToxinResolving Powder from Life-Saving Manual of Cold Damage (shang han quan sheng ji lian qiao bai du san)

Initially recorded in Life-Saving Manual of Cold Damage (shang han quan sheng ji). Composed by Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao) 15 g, Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi) 9 g, Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo) 8 g, Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen) 12 g, Herba Menthae (bo he) 6 g, Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 6 g, Radix Bupleuri (chai hu) 6 g, Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) 4.5 g, Rhizoma Cimicifugae (sheng ma) 4.5 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 6 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 9 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 9 g, Radix Paeoniae (shao yao) 9 g, Fructus Arctii (niu bang zi) 9 g, and Flos Carthami (hong hua) 3 g. Decoct the earlier mentioned ingredients with water for oral use

Scatter and dissipate windheat, clear heat and resolve toxins, disperse and dissipate abscess and swelling

Indicated for the treatment of suppurative parotitis (suppurative infectious cheek) with stiffness and swelling under the ear caused by not thoroughly sweating when suffering from cold damage and pathogens agglomerating

Platycodon Decoction (jie geng tang)

Initially recorded in Treatise on Formulas for the ‘Essentials from the Golden Cabinet’ (jin gui yao lüe fang lun). Composed by Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) 30 g and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 60 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use while decoction is warm

Diffuse the lung and relieve cough, dispel phlegm, and expel pus

Indicated for the treatment of lung abscess, with cough and chest pain, chilly shiver, rapid pulse, dry throat but no thirst, expectoration of turbid and fishy phlegm, and spitting of porridge-like pus (Continued)

846 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 42.3 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Dissipate Masses and Resolve Abscess (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

PainRelieving Like Spirit Decoction (zhi tong ru shen tang)

Initially recorded in Golden Mirror of the Medical Tradition (yi zong jin jian). Composed by Semen Persicae (tao ren) (peel and tip removed) (added later) 3 g, Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae (qin jiao) (young plant removed) 3 g, Semen Gleditsiae Sinensis (zao jiao zi) (charred with its property retained) (added later) 3 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu) (steeped in washing water of ice and dry-fried) 2 g, Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 2 g, carda part of Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui wei) (washed in wine) 0.9 g, wine-fried Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (jiu chao huang bai) 1.5 g, Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie) 0.9 g, Semen Arecae (bing lang) (added later) 0.3 g, and Prepared Rhubarb Root and Rhizome (shu da huang) 3 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use on an empty stomach while decoction is warm

Eliminate dampness and clear heat and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of hemorrhoids accompanied by swelling and distention and itching

CenterHarmonizing Decoction (zhong he tang)

Initially recorded in Standards for Diagnosis and Treatment (zheng zhi zhun sheng). Composed by Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 6 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 6 g, Radix Astragali (huang qi) 5 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 5 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 5 g, Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi) 5 g, Poria (fu ling) 3 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 3 g, dry-fried Spina Gleditsiae (chao zao jiao ci) 3 g, Olibanum (ru xiang) 3 g, Myrrha (mo yao) 3 g, Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (jin yin hua) 3 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 3 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Supplement qi and drain pus, harmonize blood, disperse and dissipate

Indicated for the treatment of abscesses and ulcers accompanied by nonulceration like ulceration, diffuse swelling and slight pain, light redness of the skin, and no fever with a pattern of original qi insufficiency

IntestinesClearing Beverage (qing chang yin)

Initially recorded in Records of Syndrome Differentiations (bian zheng lu). Composed by Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (jin yin hua) 90 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 60 g, Radix Sanguisorbae (di yu) 30 g, Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) 30 g, Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen) 30 g, raw Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (sheng gan cao) 9 g, Semen Coicis (yi yi ren) 15 g, and Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 6 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Invigorate blood and resolve toxins, enrich yin, and discharge fire

Indicated for the treatment of acute appendicitis (intestinal abscess) with a pattern of heat toxin damaging yin

AwakeningDispersing Pill (xing xiao wan)

Initially recorded in Life-Saving Manual of Diagnosis and Treatment of External Diseases (wai ke zheng zhi quan sheng ji). Composed by Olibanum (ru xiang) 30 g, Myrrha (mo yao) 30 g, Moschus (she xiang) 4.5 g, and Realgar (xiong huang) 15 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, make into pills, and take in 9 g doses with aged wine

Invigorate blood and dissipate masses, resolve toxins and disperse abscess

Indicated for the treatment of all abscesses (carbuncles) with red swelling and toxin, accompanied by red swelling and hot pain due to abscess toxin, red tongue, and rapid pulse

Trichosanthes Powder (gua lou san)

Initially recorded in A Collection of Empirical Formulas for Flatabscesses of the Back (ji yan bei ju fang). Composed by Fructus Trichosanthis (gua lou) 30 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 15 g, Myrrha (mo yao) 6 g, Olibanum (ru xiang) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 6 g, and 2 bowls of yellow rice wine. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Regulate the nutrient aspect and dissolve phlegm, dissipate masses and relieve swelling

Indicated for the treatment of acute mastitis, mammary deeprooted abscess (carbuncle), mammary consumption (equivalent to tuberculosis of the breast), and breast malignant tumors

GoiterDispersing Powder (xiao ying san)

Initially recorded in Standards for Diagnosis and Treatment (zheng zhi zhun sheng). Composed by Sargassum (hai zao) (washed in wine) 30 g, Laminaria Japonica (hai dai) (washed in wine) 30 g, Thallus Eckloniae (kun bu) (washed in wine) 30 g, Hippocampus (hai ma) (stir-fried with wine) 30 g, calcined Concha Meretricis seu Cyclinae (duan hai ge qiao) 30 g, calcined Fossilia Spiriferis (duan shi yan) 30 g, and Endoconcha Sepiae (hai piao xiao) 30 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, and take it with green tea

Dissolve phlegm and soften hardness, dissipate masses and disperse goiter

Indicated for the treatment of qi goiter (simple goiter), with diffuse swelling in the neck, feeling of softness without pain if pressing, and change of the abovementioned symptoms following the joy and anger

Formulas That Treat Abscess and Ulcer Chapter | 42

847

TABLE 42.3 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Dissipate Masses and Resolve Abscess (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

AppendixClearingRemoving Decoction (lan wei qing hua tang)

Initially recorded in New Acute Abdomen Science (xin ji fu zheng xue). Composed by Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 18 g, Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (jin yin hua) 30 g, Semen Persicae (tao ren) 12 g, Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi) 9 g, Herba Taraxaci (pu gong ying) 30 g, Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao) 12 g, Fructus Toosendan (chuan lian zi) 5 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 5 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Clear heat and resolve toxins, move qi, and invigorate blood

Indicated for the treatment of acute appendicitis with accumulated heat, or abscess in the initial stage, or mild peritonitis, accompanied by low grade fever, or afternoon fever, dry mouth, thirst, abdominal pain, constipation, yellowish and reddish urine

Appendix StasisDissolving Decoction (lan wei hua yu tang)

Initially recorded in New Acute Abdomen Science (xin ji fu zheng xue). Composed by Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 18 g, Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi) 9 g, Semen Persicae (tao ren) 12 g, Rhizoma Corydalis (yan huo suo) 8 g, Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) 8 g, Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (jin yin hua) 15 g, and Fructus Toosendan (chuan lian zi) 15 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Move qi and invigorate blood, clear heat, and resolve toxins

Indicated for the treatment of acute appendicitis in the initial stage with blood stasis and qi stagnation, accompanied by fever (not high), distention and oppression in the stomach cavity and abdomen, abdominal pain, or lumps, localized pressing pain in the right lower abdomen, rebound tenderness; or after inflammatory resolution, no evident fever, distention and oppression in the stomach cavity and abdomen, belching, poor appetite, and digestion

AppendixClearingResolving Decoction (lan wei qing jie tang)

Initially recorded in New Acute Abdomen Science (xin ji fu zheng xue). Composed by Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 18 g, Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi) 9 g, Semen Persicae (tao ren) 12 g, Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (jin yin hua) 60 g, Herba Taraxaci (pu gong ying) 30 g, Fructus Toosendan (chuan lian zi) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 9 g, and Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Clear heat and resolve toxins, drain downward and dissipate masses, move qi and invigorate blood

Indicated for the treatment of acute appendicitis with exuberance of heat toxin, accompanied by fever, aversion to cold, reddish complexion, red eyes, dry lips and tongue, thirst and desire to drink, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain which refuses pressure, rebound tenderness, constipation, reddish and difficult or painful urination, red tongue, yellow and greasy or yellow and dry coating, surging, large, slippery, and rapid pulse

Plum Blossom SoreDispelling Pill (mei hua dian she dan)

Initially recorded in Chinese Pharmacopoeia (zhong hua ren min gong he guo yao dian). Composed by Cinnabaris (zhu sha) 6 g, Realgar (xiong huang) 6 g, Borax (peng sha) 6 g, Sanguis Draconis (xue jie) 6 g, Myrrha (mo yao) 6 g, Semen Lepidii (ting li zi) 6 g, Olibanum (ru xiang) 3 g, Bufo (chan chu) 3 g, Calculus Bovis (niu huang) 3 g, Borneolum Syntheticum (bing pian) 3 g, Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum (chen xiang) 3 g, Margarita (zhen zhu) 1.8 g, and Fel Ursi (xiong dan) 1.8 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, make into pills and coat with sheet of gold as size of phoenix tree seed, and take in doses of 3 pills, 1–2 times a day; for external use, dissolve it with vinegar and apply on the affected area

Clear heat and resolve toxins, relieve swelling, and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of exuberance and accumulation of heat toxin, with furuncles and abscesses with swelling and toxin in the initial stage, sore throat, sore pain in the gums, sore in mouth and tongue, thirst, coprostasis, red tongue with dry and yellowish coating, slippery and rapid pulse

(Continued)

848 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 42.3 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Dissipate Masses and Resolve Abscess (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Five Spirits Decoction (wu shen tang)

Initially recorded in Records of Syndrome Differentiations (bian zheng lu). Composed by Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (jin yin hua) 45 g, Poria (fu ling) 15 g, Semen Plantaginis (che qian zi) 15 g, Herba Violae (zi hua di ding) 15 g, and Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (niu xi) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Clear heat and resolve toxins, and drain damp-heat

Indicated for the treatment of carbuncle of leg, wĕi zhōng toxin (acute pyogenic popliteal lymphadenitis), and erysipelas of the lower limbs with a pattern of accumulated damp-heat, accompanied by local red swelling and hot pain, general fever, reddish urine, difficult and painful urination, vexation, thirst, red tongue, yellow and greasy coating, and rapid pulse

Toad Venom Pill (chan su wan)

Initially recorded in Orthodox Lineage of External Medicine (wai ke zheng zong). Composed by Bufo (chan chu) 6 g, Realgar (xiong huang) 6 g, Calomelas (qing fen) 1.5 g, Alumen Dehydratum (ku fan) 3 g, calcined Glauberitum (duan han shui shi) 3 g, Mineralium Viridianum (tong lü) 3 g, Olibanum (ru xiang) 3 g, Myrrha (mo yao) 3 g, Chalcanthitum (dan fan) 3 g, Moschus (she xiang) 3 g, Eulota (wo niu) 21 pieces, and Cinnabaris (zhu sha) 9 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, make into pills as size of mung bean, and take in doses of 3 pills, cover with quilt until sweating, and then stop to take. If symptoms are severe, take it again

Resolve toxins and relieve swelling, invigorate blood and relieve pain

Indicated for the treatment of furuncles (boils), carbuncle of the back (phlegmon of the dorsum), cerebral carbuncle, mammary abscess, boneattaching deep-rooted abscess (suppurative osteomyelitis), carbuncle of the buttocks and legs, and all ulcers

3. Formula differentiation (Table 42.4) TABLE 42.4 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Dissipate Masses and Resolve Abscess Name of Formula IntestinesClearing Beverage (qing chang yin) Rhubarb and Moutan Decoction (da huang mu dan tang) Rhinoceros Bezoar Pill (xi huang wan) AwakeningDispersing Pill (xing xiao wan) Toad Venom Pill (chan su wan)

Similarity

Differences

Both have the effects of clearing heat and dispelling stasis and dispersing abscess, and can be used for the treatment of intestinal abscess

It is good at clearing heat and resolving toxins and enriching yin, and more suitable for the treatment of recurrent intestinal abscess with exuberant heat toxin damaging yin, accompanied by dry mouth, red tongue, and scanty fluid

Both have the effects of resolving toxins and dissipating masses, invigorating blood and relieving swelling, and can be used for the treatment of boils, sores, and carbuncle-abscess

Its effects of clearing heat and resolving toxins are strong, and it also can dissolve phlegm and dissipate masses, disperse blood stasis and relieve swelling, and is more suitable for the treatment of breast cancer caused by internal constraint of qi and fire, and internal accumulation of phlegm and stasis

It is good at purging and breaking up blood stasis and more suitable for the treatment of intestinal abscess in the initial stage with a pattern of damp-heat stagnation, accompanied by abdominal swelling and masses, constipation or difficult and incomplete defecation

It is partial to warm and dryness in nature, and the effects of clearing heat and dissolving phlegm are decreased but resolving toxins and dispersing abscess are increased. It is more suitable for the treatment of abscesses and ulcers with red swelling and pain but no ulceration It uses poisonous medicinals to treat poisoning, and the effects of resolving toxins, dispersing and dissipating, dispelling blood stasis are strong. It is suitable for the treatment of various carbuncles-abscesses

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TABLE 42.4 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Dissipate Masses and Resolve Abscess (cont.) Name of Formula Harmonious Yang Decoction (yang he tang) CenterHarmonizing Decoction (zhong he tang) Small Gold Pill (xiao jin dan)

Harmonious Yang Decoction (yang he tang) Immortal Formula Life-Giving Beverage (xian fang huo ming yin) Forsythia ToxinResolving Powder from Life-Saving Manual of Cold Damage (shang han quan sheng ji lian qiao bai du san) Four Wonderfully Effective Heroes Decoction (si miao yong an tang) Immortal Formula Life-Giving Beverage (xian fang huo ming yin) Five Ingredients ToxinRemoving Beverage (wu wei xiao du yin)

Similarity

Differences

Both have the effects of supplementing and boosting, and can be used for the treatment of carbuncle-abscess with yin pattern

It combines warming yang and supplementing the blood with dissolving phlegm and dissipating masses, and is indicated for the treatment of dorsal furuncle caused by yang deficiency and blood depletion, cold congealing, and phlegm stagnation

Both can be used for the treatment of external carbuncleabscess in the initial stage with yin pattern

It is partial for dissolving phlegm and dispelling stasis, eliminating dampness and unblocking the collaterals, dispersing and dissipating, focuses on dispelling pathogen, and is suitable for the treatment of carbuncle-abscess caused by binding of cold-damp, phlegm, and stasis and blockage of collaterals and channels

Both can clear heat and resolve toxins, disperse and dissipate abscesses, and sores, and are used for the treatment of abscesses and sores with local red swelling and hot pain, floating and rapid pulse caused by heat toxin accumulation and qi stagnation and blood stasis

Its effects of invigorating blood and relieving pain, dispersing swelling and promoting suppuration are stronger than that of Forsythia Toxin-Resolving Powder (lian qiao bai du san) (ii). It is indicated for the treatment of abscesses and sores in the initial stage with a pattern of heat toxin accumulation and blood stasis and qi stagnation

All three formulas have the effects of clearing heat and resolving toxins, and can be used for the treatment of sores and ulcers with yang pattern

It is just composed of four medicinals but with large dosage and has a concentrated effect. Patients need to take this formula continuously. It also has the effect of reinforcing healthy qi, and indicated for the treatment of sloughing deep-rooted abscess (digital gangrene) with a pattern of intense heat toxin and stasis obstructing the channels and yin-blood damaged

It combines supplementing qi and draining pus and expressing toxin with invigorating blood and dispersing and dissipating, and is indicated for the treatment of abscesses and ulcers with a pattern of original qi insufficiency and half-yin-half-yang

It focuses on warming yang and supplementing the blood, and is suitable for the treatment of dorsal furuncle caused by yang deficiency and cold congealing, nutrient-blood deficiency and stagnation, and turbid phlegm obstruction

Its effects of clearing heat and venting pathogen are stronger than that of Immortal Formula LifeGiving Beverage (xian fang huo ming yin). It is indicated for the treatment of suppurative parotitis (suppurative infectious cheek) caused by wind-heat and pathogenic toxin upward attacking the head and face

Its effects of clearing heat and resolving toxins are less than that of Five Ingredients ToxinRemoving Beverage (wu wei xiao du yin) or Four Wonderfully Effective Heroes Decoction (si miao yong an tang). But it has strong effects of invigorating blood and relieving pain, dispersing swelling, and promoting suppuration, and is an essential formula that indicated for the treatment of abscess and sores in the initial stage with accumulated heat toxin and stagnation of qi and blood It emphasizes on clearing heat and resolving toxins, which effects are strongest among three formulas. It also can relieve swelling and dissipate masses, and is good at clearing and resolving boil toxins (furuncles), and mainly used for the treatment of hard furuncle

(Continued)

850 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 42.4 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Dissipate Masses and Resolve Abscess (cont.) Name of Formula Immortal Formula Life-Giving Beverage (xian fang huo ming yin)

Similarity

Differences

Both have the effects of clearing heat and resolving toxins and relieve swelling

It can be used for the treatment of various swelling toxins with a pattern of yang pattern (syndrome). Besides clearing heat and resolving toxins, it also combines with the effects of moving qi and invigorating blood, dissipating masses, and relieving swelling, and is more suitable for the treatment of abscesses and sores in the initial stage

Universal Relief ToxinRemoving Beverage (pu ji xiao du yin) Four Wonderfully Effective Heroes Decoction (si miao yong an tang) Five Spirits Decoction (wu shen tang) Coix, Aconite, and Patrinia Powder (yi yi fu zi bai jiang san) Rhubarb and Moutan Decoction (da huang mu dan tang)

It is indicated for the treatment of fever with swollen head (swollen-head infection) caused by swelling toxins invading the head and face. It focuses on clearing heat and resolving toxins, scattering wind, and dissipating pathogen, and also can raise yang and dissipate fire, and disperse accumulated heat

Both have the effects of clearing heat and resolving toxins, and can be used for the treatment of abscesses (carbuncles) and sores with swelling and toxins

It focuses on clearing heat and resolving toxins, also can invigorate blood and nourish yin, and is more suitable for the treatment of sloughing deep-rooted abscess (digital gangrene) caused by exuberant heat toxin and static blood obstructing the channels and damaging yin-blood

Both have the effects of relieving swelling, dissipating masses, and expelling pus, and can be used for the treatment of intestinal abscess

It selects Semen Coicis (yi yi ren) and Herba Patriniae (bai jiang cao) to combine with Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) in order to dispel dampness, clear heat, warm and dissipate at equal pace, specializes in dispersing abscess and expelling pus, warming yang and dissipating masses, and is more suitable for the treatment of intestinal abscess with pus formed due to toxins agglomerating and yang damaging

During clearing heat and resolving toxins, it can drain pathogenic damp-heat downward. It is more suitable for the treatment of carbuncles and erysipelas caused by contention between pathogenic toxin and damp-heat

It selects Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) and Natrii Sulfas (mang xiao) to combine with Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi), Semen Persicae (tao ren), and Semen Benincasae (dong gua zi) in order to drain heat and break up stasis at equal pace, and is more suitable for the treatment of intesinal abscess in the initial stage with a pattern of damp-heat stagnation

SECTION 2  FORMULAS THAT STRENGTHEN VITAL QI AND DRAIN PUS Outline Formulas that strengthen vital qi and drain pus are suitable for the treatment of abscesses and sores at the middle stage with inability to expel toxin due to deficiency of healthy qi and exuberance of pathogens or pus formed but with difficulty in ulceration due to deficiency of healthy qi and invasion of pathogens, accompanied by swelling and distention of sores and abscesses, scorching hot and intense pain, difficulty in liquefaction and suppuration, or ulceration but thin and scanty pus. Formulas in this category are mainly composed of herbs that drain pus and promot suppuration, such as Spina Gleditsiae (zao jiao ci), Squama Manitis (chuan shan jia), and Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi). At this stage, the main cause is insufficiency of healthy qi and inability to expel toxin. So formulas in this category are often combined with herbs that supplement and boost qi and blood, such as Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui), Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen), and Radix Astragali (huang qi). The representative formulas are Vital-Qi-Strengthening and Toxin-Expelling Powder (tuo li xiao du san), and Pus-Expelling Powder (tou nong san).

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Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 1. Primary formulas and analysis (Tables 42.5 and 42.6)

TABLE 42.5 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Strengthen Vital Qi and Drain Pus Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Pus-Expelling Powder (tou nong san)

Vital-QiStrengthening and ToxinExpelling Powder (tuo li xiao du san)

Caution for Use

Efficacy and Indication

Modified Clinical Application

Initially recorded in Orthodox Lineage of External Medicine (wai ke zheng zong). Composed by raw Radix Astragali (sheng huang qi) 12 g, dry-fried Squama Manitis (chao chuan shan jia) 6 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 9 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 9 g, and Spina Gleditsiae (zao jiao ci) 6 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use, or add appropriate amount of wine and take orally

Boost qi and nourish the blood, express toxin and promote suppuration. Indicated for the treatment of abscesses and sores with pus formed but difficulty in ulceration due to qi and blood insufficiency, accompanied by pus formed in the sores and abscesses, not easy to be ulcerated outward, diffuse swelling and headlessness, or aching distention and headlessness, or aching distention and hot pain

For not easy to be ulcerated pus outward due to qi and blood deficiency, add Radix Codonopsis (dang shen) and Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu); for clear and thin pus due to yang deficiency and more evident cold, add Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) and Cornu Cervi (lu jiao) to warm yang and express toxin

Its use is prohibited in patients with abscesses and ulcers in the initial stage without formed pus. So it should not be used too early

Initially recorded in Orthodox Lineage of External Medicine (wai ke zheng zong). Composed by Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 3 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 3 g, Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) 3 g, Radix Astragali (huang qi) 3 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 3 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 3 g, Poria (fu ling) 3 g, Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (jin yin hua) 3 g, Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi) 2 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 2 g, Spina Gleditsiae (zao jiao ci) 2 g, and Radix Platycodonis (jie geng) 2 g. Decoct the ingredients with water, and take it at a long interval before and after meals

Supplement and boost qi and blood, promote eruption of sore by strengthening vital qi, and resolve toxins. Indicated for the treatment of abscesses and ulcers with exuberance of pathogens and healthy qi deficiency failing to express toxin, accompanied by flat or sunken abscesses and ulcers, slow suppuration; or pus formed but difficulty in ulceration, slough is not easily removed and new flesh is not easy to generate; or thin and scanty pus after ulceration, general fever, fatigue, lusterless complexion, rapid and forceless pulse

For mammary abscess with difficulty in draining pus and toxin, add Semen Vaccariae (wang bu liu xing) and Fructus Liquidambaris (lu lu tong) to invigorate blood and vent pustoxin; for whitish complexion, short breath, and fatigue due to spleen qi deficiency, remove Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi) and double the dosage of Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) to supplement qi and fortify the spleen; for flat and sunken sores, less eating, bland taste in the mouth, vomiting and nausea, and diarrhea due to failure of middle-warmer yang, add Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) and Rhizoma Zingiberis Praeparatum (pao jiang) to supplement middle-warmer yang and warm the stomach; for clear and thin pus after ulceration due to yang qi deficiency, add Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) to supplement fire and assist yang; for less eating, swelling and hardness of sores due to disharmony of center qi, combine with Two Matured Substances Decoction (er chen tang) and modify to harmonize center qi; for unendurable pain after abscesses and sores after ulceration due to nutrient-blood deficiency and stagnation, add Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang), Olibanum (ru xiang) and Myrrha (mo yao) to supplement the blood and invigorate blood to relieve pain

This formula is not suitable for the treatment of sores and ulcers in the initial stage with excess pattern and heat pattern

852 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 42.6 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Strengthen Vital Qi and Drain Pus Name of Formula

Efficacy Analysis

Pus-Expelling Powder (tou nong san)

Radix Astragali (huang qi)

Sweet and slightly warm in nature, powerfully supplement original qi to express toxin and expel pus, “sage medicinal for treating sores”, as the chief medicinal

Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui)

Acrid and warm in nature, nourish the blood and invigorate blood

Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) Squama Manitis (chuan shan jia) Spina Gleditsiae (zao jiao ci)

Vital-Qi- Strengthening and Toxin-Expelling Powder (tuo li xiao du san)

Invigorate blood, move qi, dissolve stasis and unblock the collaterals

Combine with the chief medicinal to supplement and boost qi and blood, reinforce healthy qi to express toxin, activate blood to promote granulation and drain pus, both as the deputy medicinals

Specialize in dispersing, dissipating and venting pathogen, directly act on the affected area, soften hardness and promote suppuration

Wine

Diffuse and unblock the blood vessels, assist the effects of other medicinals

Radix Astragali (huang qi)

Sweet and slightly warm in nature, supplement qi

Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen)

Sweet, slightly bitter and slightly warm in nature, greatly supplement original qi, and supplement the spleen

Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu)

Bitter, sweet and warm in nature, fortify the spleen and boost qi

Boost qi and nourish the blood, express toxin and promote suppuration

Fortify the spleen and boost qi in order to express toxin and expel pus, all as the chief medicinals

Poria (fu ling)

Sweet, bland and neutral in nature, fortify the spleen and harmonize the stomach

Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao)

Sweet and neutral in nature, supplement the spleen and boost qi, and resolve toxins

Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui)

Sweet, acrid and warm in nature, supplement the blood and invigorate blood

Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong)

Acrid and warm in nature, invigorate blood and move qi

Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao)

Bitter and sour in nature, nourish the blood and retain yin with astringency

Spina Gleditsiae (zao jiao ci)

Acrid and warm in nature, relieve swelling and express toxin and expel pus

Radix Platycodonis (jie geng)

Bitter and acrid in nature, dispel phlegm and expel pus

Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi)

Acrid and warm in nature, relieve swelling and expel pus

Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (jin yin hua)

Clear heat and resolve toxins, disperse abscess and dissipate swelling in order to discharge toxins following expelling pus

Nourish the blood and harmonize blood, unblock the channels and express toxin

Drain pus and promote suppuration

Supplement and boost qi and blood, promote eruption of sore by strengthening vital qi, and resolve toxins

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2. Attached formulas (Table 42.7)

TABLE 42.7 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Strengthen Vital Qi and Drain Pus Name of Formula

Source, Composition, & Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Vital-QiStrengthening Pus-Expelling Decoction (tuo li tou nong tang)

Initially recorded in Golden Mirror of the Medical Tradition (yi zong jin jian). Composed by Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 3 g, dry-fried Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (chao bai zhu) 3 g, dry-fried Squama Manitis (chao chuan shan jia) 3 g, Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi) 3 g, Rhizoma Cimicifugae (sheng ma) 1.5 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 1.5 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 6 g, raw Radix Astragali (sheng huang qi) 9 g, Spina Gleditsiae (zao jiao ci) 4.5 g, and dry-fried Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride (chao qing pi) 1.5 g. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Boost qi and supplement the blood, promote eruption of sore by strengthening vital qi, and drain pus

Indicated for the treatment of carbuncle-abscess formed but no ulceration

Master Cheng’s Pus-Expelling Powder (cheng shi tou nong san)

Initially recorded in Medical Revelations (yi xue xin wu). Composed by Radix Astragali (huang qi) 3 g, Spina Gleditsiae (zao jiao ci) 3 g, Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi) 3 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 3 g, Fructus Arctii (niu bang zi) 3 g, Squama Manitis (chuan shan jia) 3 g, Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (jin yin hua) 1.5 g, and Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 1.5 g. Decoct the ingredients with equal amounts of wine and water for oral use

Reinforce healthy qi and dispel pathogen, express toxin and promote perforation of pus

Indicated for the treatment of abscess toxin with pus formed in the interior but no ulceration

3. Formula differentiation (Table 42.8) TABLE 42.8 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Strengthen Vital Qi and Drain Pus Name of Formula

Similarity

Differences

Pus-Expelling Powder (tou nong san)

Both have the effects of reinforcing healthy qi and dispelling pathogen, and focus on supplementing and nourishing qi and blood, expressing toxin and expelling pus, and can be used for the treatment of abscesses and ulcers with pus formed but difficulty in ulceration

It combines Radix Astragali (huang qi) with Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) to boost qi and harmonize the blood, and supplement both qi and blood in order to strengthen the effects of reinforcing healthy qi and expressing toxin, and is more suitable for the treatment of sores and abscesses with pus formed and lack of strength to ulcerate due to body deficiency

Vital-QiStrengthening PusExpelling Decoction (tuo li tou nong tang)

It selects Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen), Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu), Rhizoma Cimicifugae (sheng ma), Radix Astragali (huang qi), and Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) to combine. Its effects of supplementing qi and fortifying the spleen are stronger. It is indicated for the treatment of carbuncle-abscess with pus formed but no ulceration due to qi and blood deficiency and failing to express toxin out

SECTION 3  FORMULAS THAT SUPPLEMENT DEFICIENCY AND CLOSE SORE Outline Formulas that supplement deficiency and close sore are suitable for the treatment of ulcerated abscesses and sores with pathogenic toxin eliminated and opening of sore without closing for a long time due to deficiency of healthy qi, accompanied by clear and thin pus, on-going unclosed sore, no new tissue generated, lusterless complexion, fatigue, and deficient pulse. Formulas in this category are usually composed of herbs that boost and supplement qi, such as Radix Astragali (huang qi) and Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen), and herbs that close sore and engender flesh, such as Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu), Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi), and Galla Chinensis (wu bei zi), which can promote healing of sore sooner through reinforcing healthy qi. The representative formulas are Interior-Supplementing Astragalus Decoction (nei bu huang qi tang) and Original-Qi-Preserving Great-Achievement Decoction (bao yuan da cheng tang).

854 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas 1. Primary formulas and analysis (Tables 42.9 and 42.10)

TABLE 42.9 Efficacy and Application of Common Formulas That Supplement Deficiency and Close Sore Modified Clinical Application

Caution for Use

Warm and supplement qi and blood, engender flesh and close sore. Indicated for the treatment of ulcerated carbuncle-abscess with a pattern of qi and blood deficiency, accompanied by pain in the ulcerated area, or opening of sore not closed for a long time, clear and thin pus, fatigue, less eating, poor appetite, unwillingness to speak, spontaneous sweating, dry mouth, occasional fever without abatement for long-term, pale tongue, thin coating, thready and weak pulse

For severe pain in the ulcerated area of carbuncleabscess, add Olibanum (ru xiang) and Myrrha (mo yao); for swelling and hardness, add Squama Manitis (chuan shan jia) and Spina Gleditsiae (zao jiao ci)

This formula is not suitable for the treatment of sores and abscesses in the initial stage with exuberant heat toxin

Warm and supplement qi and blood, close sore, and engender flesh. Indicated for the treatment of ulcerated sores and ulcers with a pattern of sore without closing due to healthy qi deficiency, accompanied by excessive ichor, light red flesh, timidity, somnolence, fatigue, cold feet and cool body, thin and unformed stool or constipation, chest lumpy stiffness (or not), poor appetite, pale tongue with less fluid, deficient and thready pulse

For clear and thin pus due to yang deficiency and essence depletion, add Cornu Cervi Pantotrichum (lu rong) or Cornu Cervi Degelatinatum (lu jiao shuang)

This formula is quite acrid, warm, dry, and dissipating in nature, and not suitable for long-term use. When taking it, discontinue until the hands and feet become warm and flesh becomes red

Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy and Indication

InteriorSupplementing Astragalus Decoction (nei bu huang qi tang)

Initially recorded in Elaboration on External Medicine (wai ke fa hui). Composed by Radix Astragali (huang qi) 9 g, Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 9 g, Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) 9 g, Poria (fu ling) 9 g, dry-fried Radix Paeoniae Alba (chao bai shao) 6 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 3 g, Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) 6 g, dry-fried Radix Polygalae (chao yuan zhi) 6 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 6 g, and Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 6 g. Add Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) 3 pieces and Fructus Jujubae (da zao) 1 piece, decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Original-QiPreserving GreatAchievement Decoction (bao yuan da cheng tang)

Initially recorded in Orthodox Lineage of External Medicine (wai ke zheng zong). Composed by Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 6 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 6 g, Radix Astragali (huang qi) 6 g, Poria (fu ling) 3 g, Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) 3 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 3 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 3 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 3 g, Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) 3 g, Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu) 3 g, Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi) 3 g, Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) 2 g, Fructus Amomi (sha ren) 2 g, roasted Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (wei sheng jiang) 3 pieces, and Fructus Jujubae (da zao) 3 pieces. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

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TABLE 42.10 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Supplement Deficiency and Close Sore Name of Formula Interior-Supplementing Astragalus Decoction (nei bu huang qi tang)

Efficacy Analysis Radix Astragali (huang qi)

Sweet and slightly warm in nature, supplement spleen-lung qi, engender flesh and close sore, as the chief medicinal

Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen)

Greatly supplement original qi, supplement the spleen and boost the lung

Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang) Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong) Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) Radix Polygalae (yuan zhi) Poria (fu ling) Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang) Fructus Jujubae (da zao) Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao)

Assist yang and dissipate cold, unblock qi and blood Enrich and nourish yin-blood

Supplement original qi to promote eruption of sore, warm yang to activate qi and blood, boost qi and nourish the blood to promote putridity-eliminating and flesh-engendering, all as the deputy medicinals

Invigorate blood and nourish the blood, move stagnation and unblock the collaterals

Enrich yin and supplement the blood, and astringe yin to match yang Bitter, acrid and warm in nature, diffuse, discharge, unblock, scatter and drain accumulation and stagnation Fortify the spleen and direct the turbid downward Regulate and supplement the spleen and stomach, assist the chief medicinal to boost the center and promote transportation and transformation

Invigorate blood and move stagnation, nourish the blood and fortify the spleen, all as the assistant medicinals

Warm and supplement qi and blood, engender flesh and close sore

Boost qi and harmonize the center, harmonize the actions of all medicinals, as the assistant and envoy medicinal

(Continued)

856 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 42.10 Efficacy Analysis for Common Formulas That Supplement Deficiency and Close Sore (cont.) Name of Formula

Efficacy Analysis

Original-Qi- Preserving Great-Achievement Decoction (bao yuan da cheng tang)

Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen)

Greatly supplement original qi, and supplement the spleen

Radix Astragali (huang qi)

Supplement spleen qi, engender flesh and close sore

Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu)

Bitter, sweet and warm in nature, fortify the spleen and boost qi

Poria (fu ling) Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) Fructus Jujubae (da zao)

Sweet, bland and neutral in nature, fortify the spleen and harmonize the stomach Sweet and neutral in nature, supplement the spleen and boost qi, and resolve toxins Sweet and warm in nature, supplement the center and boost qi, and nourish the blood

Greatly supplement original qi, assist to generate the source of qi and blood production (the spleen and stomach), contain body fluids and engender flesh, all as the chief medicinals

Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) Roasted Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (wei sheng jiang) Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui)

Supplement fire and assist yang and dissipate cold

Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao)

Nourish the blood and retain yin with astringency

Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu)

Sour, astringent and slightly warm in nature, boost qi and blood

Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi)

Sour, sweet and warm in nature, combine with Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu) to astringe qi and yin to close sore

Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi)

Bitter, acrid and warm in nature, rectify qi and fortify the spleen

Fructus Amomi (sha ren)

Warm in nature, warm the spleen and rectify qi

Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang)

Acrid, bitter and warm in nature, move qi and fortify the spleen

Acrid and warm in nature, harmonize the stomach and dissipate cold Supplement the blood and invigorate blood

Warm and activate the middle-warmer yang, dispel and dissipate congealing cold

Warm and supplement qi and blood, close sore and engender flesh

Nourish the blood and boost yin to promote flesh-engendering

Rectify qi and awaken the spleen in order to avoid qi stagnation caused by greatly supplementing

2. Attached formulas (Table 42.11) TABLE 42.11 Introduction to Attached Formulas That Supplement Deficiency and Close Sore Name of Formula Magic Effective Vital-QiStrengthening Powder (shen gong nei tuo san)

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy

Indication

Initially recorded in Orthodox Lineage of External Medicine (wai ke zheng zong). Composed by Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 6 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu) 4.5 g, Radix Astragali (huang qi) 4.5 g, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 4.5 g, Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao) 3 g, Poria (fu ling) 3 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao) 1.5 g, Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) 1.5 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 3 g, Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) 3 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 3 g, dry-fried Squama Manitis (chao chuan shan jia) 2.5 g, roasted Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (wei sheng jiang) 3 pieces, and Fructus Jujubae (da zao) 2 pieces. Decoct the ingredients with water for oral use

Boost qi and nourish the blood, warm the channels, and promote eruption of sore by strengthening vital qi

Indicated for the treatment of carbuncleabscess with a pattern of qi deficiency failing to express toxin out, accompanied by chronic carbuncleabscess, no swelling and protuberance, inability to rot and ulcerate, cool body, pale tongue with white coating, and thready pulse

Formulas That Treat Abscess and Ulcer Chapter | 42

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3. Formula differentiation (Table 42.12)

TABLE 42.12 Differentiation Between Similar Efficacy Formulas That Supplement Deficiency and Close Sore Name of Formula

Similarity

Differences

Interior-Supplementing Astragalus Decoction (nei bu huang qi tang)

Both have the effects of warming and supplementing qi and blood, expressing toxin and expelling pus, engendering flesh and closing sore, and can be used for the treatment of ulcerated sores and abscesses with difficulty in closing due to deficiencycold of qi and blood

It is the modified Perfect Major Supplementation Decoction (shi quan da bu tang) and emphasizes on supplementing both qi and blood in order to strengthen the effects of engendering flesh and closing sore. It is a representative formula for treating abscesses and ulcers, and more suitable for the treatment of carbuncle-abscess, sores and ulcer in the later stage with qi and blood depletion and inability to engender flesh and close sore

Original-Qi-Preserving Great-Achievement Decoction (bao yuan da cheng tang)

It is the Four Gentlemen Decoction (si jun zi tang) plus Radix Astragali (huang qi), Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao), Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui), Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi), and roasted Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (wei sheng jiang). It can warm and supplement at equal pace, but mainly can elevate original qi (primordial yang). It also combines with sour and astringent medicinals, and is more suitable for the treatment of ulcerated abscesses and sores with usual deficiency of original qi, insufficiency of qi and blood and inability to close sore and engender flesh

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Chapter 43

Attached Formulas That are Used Externally Chapter Outline Specific Application Knowledge of Formulas

860

ABSTRACT Formulas that are used externally, through applying, scrubbing, washing, putting medicine in eyes or dropping medicine in nose, are belonged to “Attached Formulas That are Used Externally.” They are mainly suitable for the treatment of local diseases of body surface, such as skin disease, carbuncle-abscess with swelling and toxin, sores and ulcers, burn due to hot liquid or fire, injury from fall, bone fracture with static blood and swelling, and diseases of eye, ear, mouth, and nose. Keywords: carbuncle-abscess; dry dampness and relieve itching; close sore and engender flesh; draw out toxin; remove putridity

Formulas that are used externally, through applying, scrubbing, washing, putting medicine in eyes, or dropping medicine in nose, are belonged to this category. They are mainly suitable for the treatment of local diseases of body surface, such as skin disease, carbuncle-abscess with swelling and toxin, sores and ulcers, burn due to hot liquid or fire, injury from fall, bone fracture with static blood and swelling, and diseases of eye, ear, mouth, and nose. For all kinds of tinea or eczema on skin surface mainly complicated by itching, those externally-washed formulas, such as Calamine Wash Formula (lu gan shi xi ji), Soak Formula for Goose-web Wind (e zhang feng jin pao fang), and Compound Formula Golden Larch Bark Tincture (fu fang tu jin pi ding) are often applied. For oncotic ulcer in the initial stage with yang pattern, accompanied by red swelling and hot pain, it should be treated with methods of draining and dispersing with optional formulas, such as Golden Yellow Powder (jin huang san) and Four Yellows Powder (si huang san). For ulcer with slough removed and pus nearly healed, it should be treated with methods of resolving toxins, astringing and closing the opening and engendering flesh with representative formulas, such as Granulation-Promoting Powder (sheng ji san), Eight Treasures Elixir (ba bao dan), and Granulation-Promoting Red Jade Ointment (sheng ji yu hong gao). For ulcer with suppurative emboli or slough or pus, and without flesh engendered, it should be treated with methods of discharging pus and eliminating putridity with formulas, such as Nine-To-One Powder (jiu yi dan) and Five-To-Five Powder (wu wu dan). For sore and ulcer with abnormal tissues, or stiffness, or projecting ulcer polyp, or slough not taken off, it should be treated with methods of both eliminating putridity and healing ulcer polyp with formulas, such as Three-Shot Gun Drug Stick (san pin yi tiao qiang) and Red Wonder Pellet (hong ling dan). For hemorrhoids complicated by bleeding, it should be treated with methods of corroding hemorrhoids, breaking up masses and dissipating stasis, stanching bleeding, and eliminating inflammation with formulas, such as Hemorrhoid-Necrotizing Insertion (ku zhi ding), Hemorrhoid-Necrotizing Powder (ku zhi san), and Hemorrhoid Injection (xiao zhi ling zhu she ye). For oncotic ulcer with yin pattern, no change of local skin color, diffuse and headless swelling, it should be treated with methods of warming yang and dispelling cold, invigorating blood and dispersing swelling with optional formulas, such as Yin-Toxin Internal Expelling Powder (yin du nei xiao san), Yang-Harmonizing Coagulation-Resolving Ointment (yang he jie ning gao), Cinnamon Musk Powder (gui she san), and Clove and Cassia Bark Powder (ding gui san). For injury from fall, it also can be treated with methods of externally-fumigating and washing to promote wound healing with the representative formulas, such as Wash Formula for

Essentials of Chinese Materia Medica and Medical Formulas. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812722-3.00043-9 Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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860 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

Lower Limb Injury (xia zhi sun shang xi fang), Wash Formula for Upper Limb Injury (shang zhi sun shang xi fang), and Panchrest Ointment (wan ying gao). When using formulas in this category, the Yin or Yang pattern (syndrome) should be distinguished first. Patients with sores and ulcers, carbuncle-abscess, burn or bone fracture should go to the hospital to receive treatment under the guidance of doctor and are inadvisable to self-apply these externally-used formulas in order to avoid misusing and delaying pathogenic condition. Meanwhile, some formulas have stronger toxicities, which are for external use only. They should be used according to the approved dosage and strictly prohibited taking orally. Some formulas are not suitable for infants, pregnant women, female during lactation, the old, the weak or patients with skin hypersensitivity or other special contraindications. Some cannot be combined with western medicine in order to keep the efficacy and safety.

SPECIFIC APPLICATION KNOWLEDGE OF FORMULAS (TABLE 43.1) TABLE 43.1 Efficacy and Application of Attached Formulas That are Used Externally Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy and Indication

Caution for Use

Worth a Thousand Gold Powder (qian jin san)

Initially recorded in TCM External Medicine (zhong yi wai ke xue). Composed by Olibanum (ru xiang) 15 g, Myrrha (mo yao) 15 g, Calomelas (qing fen) 15 g, Cinnabaris (zhu sha) 15 g, calcined Arsenolitum (duan pi shi) 6 g, dryfried Galla Chinensis (chao wu bei zi) 15 g, Halloysitum Rubrum (chi shi zhi) 15 g, calcined Realgar (duan xiong huang) 15 g, and Pyritum Globuloforme (she han shi) 15 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, and put it into the affected area

Eliminate putridity and close sore. Indicated for the treatment of sores and ulcers

It is not suitable for overdose or long-term use. And its use is cautious in patients with liver and kidney insufficiency

Chinese Asafetida MassDispersing Ointment (a wei xiao pi gao)

Initially recorded in The Complete Works of [Zhang] Jingyue (jing yue quan shu). Composed by Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo) 15 g, Radix Angelicae Pubescentis (du huo) 15 g, Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen) 15 g, Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) 15 g, Rhizoma Anemones Raddeanae (liang tou jian) 15 g, Rhizoma Gastrodiae (tian ma) 15 g, Squama Manitis (chuan shan jia) 15 g, Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao) 15 g, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 15 g, Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 15 g, Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi) 15 g, Semen Momordicae (mu bie zi) 10 pieces, Flos Carthami (hong hua) 15 g, Ramulus Sophorae Japonicae (huai zhi) 15 g, Ramulus Salicis (liu zhi) 15 g, Ramulus Persicae (tao zhi) 15 g, Oleum Sesami (ma you) 1120 g, and appropriate amount of Crinis Hominis (ren tou fa). Make into ointment and apply it on the affected area

Dispel wind and invigorate blood, relieve swelling and pain, disperse stuffiness, and dissipate masses. Indicated for the treatment of cervical malignancy with cachexia, with pain in the abdomen and stomach cavity, concretions and conglomerations (zhēng jia˘) and masses, or lump in the neck, hardness like stone, not to move when pushed, no change of the skin color, emaciation, haggard complexion, white or yellow coating, wiry, and slow pulse

Effects of this formula are fierce; its use is prohibited in pregnant women

Calamine Wash Formula (lu gan shi xi ji)

Initially recorded in External Injury Science (wai shang ke xue). Composed by Calamina (lu gan shi) powder 15 g, Zinc Oxide 5 g and Glycerol 5 mL. Mix the ingredients evenly with cool boiled water until 100 mL, and apply it on the affected area, 5–6 times a day

Dry dampness and relieve itching. Indicated for the treatment of various skin diseases, with itch of skin and skin drying

Shake it evenly before use. It is not suitable for patients with excessive fluid effusion

Powder for Sweeping Away (yi sao guang)

Initially recorded in Experience Gained in Treating External Sores (yang ke xin de ji). Composed by Radix Sophorae Flavescentis (ku shen) 500 g, Massa Fumi Oleosa (yan jiao) 500 g, Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai) 500 g, Alumen Dehydratum (ku fan) 90 g, Semen Momordicae (mu bie zi) 90 g, Semen Hydnocarpi (da feng zi) 90 g, Pericarpium Zanthoxyli Bungeani (hua jiao) 90 g, Camphora (zhang nao) 90 g, Fructus Cnidii (she chuang zi) 90 g, Sulfur (liu huang) 90 g, Alumen (ming fan) 90 g, Hydrargyrum (shui yin) 90 g, Calomelas (qing fen) 90 g and Arsenicum (bai pi) 15 g. Grind the ingredients into fine powder, add lard stearin 1120 g and melt, mix evenly and make into pills as size of longan, store in ceramic bottle, and apply it on the sores

Dry dampness and resolve toxins, kill worms, and relieve itching. Indicated for the treatment of white bald-scalp sore (tinea alba), scabies, and seborrhea dermatitis due to pathogenic dampness immersion, with more evident itch of skin, moist local area, even fluid effusion, and mild pain

Its use is prohibited in patients with damaged skin

Attached Formulas That are Used Externally

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TABLE 43.1 Efficacy and Application of Attached Formulas That are Used Externally (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy and Indication

Caution for Use

Soak Formula for Goose-web Wind (e zhang feng jin pao fang)

Initially recorded in Teaching Materials of TCM External Medicine (zhong yi wai ke xue jiang yi). Composed by Semen Hydnocarpi (da feng zi) 9 g, Pericarpium Zanthoxyli (hua jiao) 9 g, fresh Flos Impatientis (feng xian hua) 9 g, Fructus Gleditsiae (zao jia) 15 g, Cortex Pseudolaricis (tu jing pi) 1.5 g, Cortex Lycii (di gu pi) 6 g, Herba Pogostemonis (guang huo xiang) 18 g, Alumen (bai fan) 12 g and rice vinegar 1000 g. Soak the ingredients in rice vinegar for 24 h and decoct until boiling; when it becomes warm, pour into a plastic bag, then soak the hands or feet in the bag (with bag mouth bundled up) for 6–12 h, 24 h later, boil the decoction and soak again as the same method, continuing for 3–4 days

Kill worms and relieve itching. Indicated for the treatment of goose-web wind (tinea manuum) and tinea of feet and hands (tinea manus and pedis), with itch of the hand and foot, rhagades of hand and foot, pale tongue, thin and white coating, and moderate pulse

It is inadvisable to use potash or soapsuds wash the skin in seven days after soaking, and should be under moratorium on the use for patients with rhagades. Its use is best in dog-days

Litharge Powder (mi tuo seng san)

Initially recorded in Orthodox Lineage of External Medicine (wai ke zheng zong). Composed by Realgar (xiong huang) 6 g, Sulfur (liu huang) 6 g, Fructus Cnidii (she chuang zi) 6 g, Lithargyrum (mi tuo seng) 3 g, Realgar from Shimen of China (shi huang) 3 g, and Calomelas (qing fen) 1.5 g. Grind the ingredients into fine powder, directly sprinkle it on the affected area or mix with vinegar, and then apply it

Dispel wind and kill worms. Indicated for the treatment of vitiligo, purple and white patch wind (tinea versicolor), sweat stain and body odor, with white or purple local skin, or off-odor emitted from the armpit

Its use is prohibited in entering the mouth and eyes

GranulationPromoting Powder (sheng ji san)

Initially recorded in External Injury Science (wai shang ke xue). Composed by Calamina (lu gan shi) 15 g, Stalactitum (zhong ru shi) 9 g, Succinum (hu po) 9 g, Talcum (hua shi) 30 g, Cinnabaris (zhu sha) 3 g, and Borneolum Syntheticum (bing pian) 0.3 g. Grind the ingredients into fine powder, put it into the opening of sores, and then cover with plaster or ointment

Promote granulation and close sore. Indicated for the treatment of ulcerated carbuncle-abscess, sores, and ulcers, with ichor near drained away, no healing of opening of sore for a long time, and no new flesh engendered

Its use is prohibited in patients with carbuncle-abscess, sores, and ulcers in the initial stage

Golden Yellow Powder (jin huang san) [aka Golden Yellow Powder as Wishes (ru yi jin huang san)]

Initially recorded in Orthodox Lineage of External Medicine (wai ke zheng zong). Composed by Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 2500 g, Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai) 2500 g, Rhizoma Curcumae Longae (jiang huang) 2500 g, Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi) 2500 g, raw Rhizoma Arisaematis (sheng tian nan xing) 1000 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 1000 g, raw Rhizoma Atractylodis (sheng cang zhu) 1000 g, Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po) 1000 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 1000 g, and Radix Trichosanthis (tian hua fen) 5000 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, select 15 g each time, mix evenly with appropriate amount of tea (or vinegar, honey, sesame oil, fistular onion juice), and apply on the affected area

Clear heat and eliminate dampness, resolve toxins, and expel pus, invigorate blood and dissipate stasis, relieve swelling and pain. Indicated for the treatment of sores and ulcers with swelling in the initial stage due to intense damp-heat and fire toxin, accumulation and stagnation of qi and blood, with local red swelling and hot pain, no pus or going to form pus, red tongue, thin and yellow coating, and rapid pulse

Generally, it has no toxic and sideeffect, and its use should be cautious in patients with allergy, and prohibited in patients with ulcerated carbuncle-abscess, sores and ulcers, and dorsal furuncle

Four Yellows Powder (si huang san)

Initially recorded in TCM External Medicine (zhong yi wai ke xue). Composed by Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 30 g, Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai) 30 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 30 g, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 30 g, Olibanum (ru xiang) 30 g, and Myrrha (mo yao) 30 g. Grind the ingredients into fine powder, use appropriate amount, and mix evenly with water or honeysuckle flower distillate, then apply on the sores; or mix evenly with Vaseline into oil paste according to the proportion of 1:4 and then apply

Clear heat and resolve toxins and invigorate blood. Indicated for the treatment of sores and ulcers with yang pattern, accompanied by local red swelling and hot pain, red tongue, and rapid pulse

It is not suitable for patients with local ulceration

(Continued)

862 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 43.1 Efficacy and Application of Attached Formulas That are Used Externally (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy and Indication

Caution for Use

Three Yellows Wash Formula (san huang xi ji)

Initially recorded in External Injury Science (wai shang ke xue). Composed by equal parts of Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang), Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai), Radix Scutellariae (huang qin), and Radix Sophorae Flavescentis (ku shen). Grind the ingredient into fine powder, use 10–15 g powder each time, add distilled water 100 mL, and phenol 1 mL, then dip the solution with cotton swab and apply the affected area, 4–5 times a day

Clear heat and resolve toxins, dry dampness, and relieve itching. Indicated for the treatment of acute skin diseases or furuncles (boils) due to dampheat, with scorching swelling, and itch of skin, or blistering, and yellow fluid effusion

Shake it evenly before applying externally since it has sediment

Indigo Naturalis Powder (qing dai san)

Initially recorded in Teaching Materials of TCM External Medicine (zhong yi wai ke xue jiang yi). Composed by Indigo Naturalis (qing dai) 60 g, Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai) 60 g, Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao), 120 g and Talcum (hua shi) 120 g. Grind the ingredients into fine powder, mix evenly, directly rub it with the hands or mix with Oleum Sesami (ma you) and apply it on the affected area

Eliminate dampness and relieve itching, clear heat and resolve toxins. Indicated for the treatment of skin diseases due to damp-heat, with scorching swelling, itch and pain of skin, and fluid effusion

Discontinue medication after the local affected skin is dry and forms a scab

Coptis Ointment (huang lian gao)

Initially recorded in Orthodox Lineage of External Medicine (wai ke zheng zong). Composed by Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 9 g, Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai) 6 g, Rhizoma Curcumae Longae (jiang huang) 9 g, carda part of Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui wei) 15 g, Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 30 g, Oleum Sesami (ma you) 360 g, and yellow wax 120 g. Make the ingredients into ointment and apply 10–30 g on the affected area each time, 1–2 times a day

Clear heat and resolve toxins, invigorate blood, and relieve swelling, moisten dryness, and engender flesh. Indicated for the treatment of furuncles, eczema, and burn due to hot liquid or fire due to heat toxin accumulation and fluid inadequacy, with skin drying, itching, and pain

It is not suitable for patients with skin diseases accompanied by fluid effusion due to damp toxin immersion

Grand Yi Ointment (tai yi gao)

Initially recorded in Medical Revelations (yi xue xin wu). Composed by Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) 4.5 g, Calomelas (qing fen) 4.5 g, Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi) 15 g, Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen) 15 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 15 g, Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao) 15 g, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 15 g, Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 15 g, Semen Momordicae (mu bie zi) 15 g, Olibanum (ru xiang) 6 g, Myrrha (mo yao) 6 g, Resina Ferulae (a wei) 3 g, Crinis Carbonisatus (xue yu tan) 5 g, Minium (qian dan) 195 g, and Oleum Sesami (ma you) 2500 g. Make into ointment, use appropriate amount and melt by fire insulation, spread on the paper, then apply it on the affected area following the size of sore opening

Clear heat and relieve swelling, resolve toxins, and engender flesh. Indicated for the treatment of various ulcerated or nonulcerated sores and ulcers, with local red swelling and scorching pain

Its use is prohibited in patients with sores and ulcers with yin pattern

Compound Formula Golden Larch Bark Tincture (fu fang tu jin pi ding)

Initially recorded in Teaching Materials of TCM External Medicine (zhong yi wai ke xue jiang yi). Composed by 10% of Cortex Pseudolaricis (tu jing pi) Tincture 40 mL, Benzoic acid 12 g, and Salicylic acid 6 g. Add 75% of alcohol until 100 mL, and make into tinctures, and apply it on the affected area

Kill worms and relieve itching. Indicated for the treatment of goose-web wind (tinea manuum) and foot damp qi (tinea pedis), with rough palm, shape like goose webbed claws, itching, blebbing, or rottenness and blistering in interphalangeal skin of toes, or scaling, incessant itching, recurrent attacks without healing

Its use is prohibited in patients with chapped skin of hand and dry beriberi

Attached Formulas That are Used Externally

Chapter | 43

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TABLE 43.1 Efficacy and Application of Attached Formulas That are Used Externally (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy and Indication

Caution for Use

Four Yellows Ointment (si huang gao)

Initially recorded in Collected Clinical Experience of Zhu Ren-kang (zhu ren kang lin chuang jing yan ji). Composed by Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 30 g, Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 30 g, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 30 g, Folium Hibisci Mutabilis (fu rong ye) 30 g, Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai) 30 g, and Herba Lycopi (ze lan) 30 g. Grind the ingredients into fine powder, mix with Oleum Sesami (ma you) 500 mL and melted yellow wax 125 g, heat by fire insulation, make into ointment, spread it evenly on the carbasus, apply on the swollen area, then fix with adhesive tape

Clear heat and resolve toxins and relieve swelling. Indicated for the treatment of all swelling toxin, and carbuncle with red swelling and hot pain

Its use is cautious in patients with allergic constitution

GranulationPromoting Red Jade Ointment (sheng ji yu hong gao)

Initially recorded in Orthodox Lineage of External Medicine (wai ke zheng zong). Composed by Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 60 g, Cera Chinensis (chong bai la) 60 g, Calomelas (qing fen) 12 g, Sanguis Draconis (xue jie) 12 g, Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi) 15 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 36 g, Radix Arnebiae (zi cao) 6 g, and Oleum Sesami (ma you) 500 g. Make into ointment, spread it evenly on the carbasus, and then apply on the affected area

Invigorate blood and eliminate putridity, remove toxin, and relieve pain, moisten the skin, and engender flesh. Indicated for the treatment of all ulcerated sores and ulcers with pus and slough, accompanied by red swelling and hot pain in the affected area, incessant pain, no closing of sore opening for a long time, and difficulty in promoting granulation

During medication, avoid eating mordacious, or pungent food

White Jade Ointment (bai yu gao)

Initially recorded in Empirical Formula (jing yan fang). Composed by Gypsum Fibrosum Praeparatum (duan shi gao) and Calamina (lu gan shi) with the proportion of 9:1. Make into ointment, spread appropriate amount evenly on the carbasus and then apply on the affected area; or mix with other medicine powder that engenders flesh to apply

Moisten the skin and promote granulation and close sore. Indicated for the treatment of sores and ulcers due to damp-heat, with moist and rotten wound surface, no new flesh engendered, healed ulcer and removed slough, but no closing of sore opening

It is not suitable for the treatment of burn and scald, acute eczema without damp-heat pattern

Eight Treasures Elixir (ba bao dan)

Initially recorded in The Complete Compendium of Sores (yang yi da quan). Composed by Margarita (zhen zhu) 3 g, Calamina (lu gan shi) 9 g, Calculus Bovis (niu huang) 1.5 g, Corium Elephantis (xiang pi) 4.5 g, Succinum (hu po) 4.5 g, Os Draconis (long gu) 4.5 g, Calomelas (qing fen) 4.5 g, and Borneolum Syntheticum (bing pian) 0.9 g. Grind the ingredients into fine powder, and apply it on the affected area

Promote granulation and close sore. Indicated for the treatment of ulcers with ichor near drained away and difficulty in healing of opening of sore

It is not suitable for large area or longterm use. Its use is prohibited in pregnant women

Onion and Chinese Angelica SwellingRemoving Formula (cong gui ta zhong fang)

Initially recorded in Golden Mirror of the Medical Tradition (yi zong jin jian). Composed by Radix Angelicae Pubescentis (du huo) 9 g, Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi) 9 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 9 g, and onion bulbs 7 pieces. Decoct the ingredients with water, use cotton to dip the decoction, and wash the affected area

Dredge the striae and interstice, free, and regulate the blood vessels. Indicated for the treatment of carbuncle-abscess, sores, and ulcers in the initial stage or prostatitis

It is not suitable for patients with ulcerated sores and carbuncles

Reverse Powder (dian dao san)

Initially recorded in Golden Mirror of the Medical Tradition (yi zong jin jian). Composed by Sulfur (liu huang) 7.5 g and Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 7.5 g. Grind the ingredients into fine powder, add lime water 100 mL and mix evenly, and then apply on the affected area, 3–4 times a day

Clear heat and dissipate stasis. Indicated for the treatment of rosacea and acne, with flushing of local skin, itch, and greasiness of skin

It is poisonous, and only for external use, not for oral administration

(Continued)

864 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 43.1 Efficacy and Application of Attached Formulas That are Used Externally (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy and Indication

Caution for Use

Yang-Toxin Internal Expelling Powder (yang du nei xiao san)

Initially recorded in Secrets-Enlightening on Herbal Medicinals (yao lian qi mi). Composed by Moschus (she xiang) 6 g, Borneolum Syntheticum (bing pian) 6 g, Indigo Naturalis (qing dai) 6 g, Rhizoma Bletillae (bai ji) 12 g, Rhizoma Arisaematis (tian nan xing) 12 g, Rhizoma Curcumae Longae (jiang huang) 12 g, dry-fried Squama Manitis (chao chuan shan jia) 12 g, Mineralium Viridianum (tong lü) 12 g, Camphora (zhang nao) 12 g, Calomelas (qing fen) 9 g, and Chalcanthitum (dan fan) 9 g. Grind the ingredients into fine powder, use appropriate amount, and mix with plaster and apply on the affected area

Invigorate blood and relieve pain, relieve swelling and dissolve phlegm, remove toxin, and promote granulation. Indicated for the treatment of sores and ulcers with yang pattern, accompanied by protruded and swollen sores with hard and deep base, red swelling and hot pain, fever, and aversion to cold, thirst and constipation

It is not suitable for large area or longterm use. Its use is prohibited in pregnant women

Burning Fumigation Formula (shen deng zhao fa fang)

Initially recorded in Golden Mirror of the Medical Tradition (yi zong jin jian). Composed by Cinnabaris (zhu sha) 6 g, Realgar (xiong huang) 6 g, Sanguis Draconis (xue jie) 6 g, Myrrha (mo yao) 6 g, and Moschus (she xiang) 1.2 g. Grind the ingredients into fine powder, use 0.9 g each time, roll it with cotton paper, and entwist to strip as long as 20 cm, soak in Oleum Sesami (ma you), then ignite it, and fumigate the affected area

Invigorate blood and relieve swelling, remove toxin, and relieve pain. Indicated for the treatment of mild carbuncleabscess with yang pattern, accompanied by comparatively mild red swelling and hot pain in the local skin

Its use is prohibited in patients with mercury allergy

Jade Dew Powder (yu lu san)

Initially recorded in Teaching Materials of TCM External Medicine (zhong yi wai ke xue jiang yi). Composed by appropriate amount of Folium Hibisci Mutabilis (fu rong ye). Grind it into fine powder, mix with Vaseline according to the proportion of 1:4, and then apply it on the affected area

Cool the blood, clear heat, and It is for external relieve swelling. Indicated for use, not for oral the treatment of sores and ulcers administration with yang pattern, accompanied by red swelling and pain in the local skin, and burning sensation

Borneol and Borax Powder (bing peng san)

Initially recorded in Orthodox Lineage of External Medicine (wai ke zheng zong). Composed by Borneolum Syntheticum (bing pian) 50 g, Cinnabaris (zhu sha) 60 g, calcined Borax (duan peng sha) 500 g, and Natrii Sulfas Exsiccatus (xuan ming fen) 500 g. Grind the ingredients into fine powder, blow 0.5 g powder to the affected area each time, 3 times a day

Clear heat and resolve toxins, and relieve swelling and pain. Indicated for the treatment of throat disease with pain caused by heat toxin accumulated in the throat, with sore-throat, swelling and pain of the gums, sore in the mouth and tongue, foul breath, constipation, red tongue, yellow coating, slippery, and rapid pulse

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women or patients with deficiency fire flaming upward

Platycladi and Phellodendron Powder (shuang bai san)

Initially recorded in Teaching Materials of TCM Orthopedics and Traumatology (zhong yi shang ke xue jiang yi). Composed by Cacumen Platycladi (ce bai ye) 1000 g, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 1000 g, Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai) 500 g, Herba Menthae (bo he) 500 g, and Herba Lycopi (ze lan) 500 g. Grind the ingredients into fine powder, mix with appropriate amount of boiled water or honey or sesame oil, and apply on the affected area; or soak it in alcohol (according to the proportion of 1:50) for 5 days, filter and obtain the infusum of Platycladi and Phellodendron Powder (shuang bai san), and then apply it externally

Clear heat and resolve toxins, invigorate blood, and dispel stasis, and relieve swelling and pain. Indicated for the treatment of injury from fall with red swelling and pain of the sinews and muscles, or sores and ulcers in the initial stage with red swelling and hot pain, or inflammation of abdominal cavity with lump or phlebitis with a pattern of yang heat

Its use should be cautious in patients with allergy

Attached Formulas That are Used Externally

Chapter | 43

865

TABLE 43.1 Efficacy and Application of Attached Formulas That are Used Externally (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy and Indication

Caution for Use

Tin-Like Powder (xi lei san)

Initially recorded in Appendices to the “Essentials from the Golden Cabinet” (jin gui yi). Composed by Indigo Naturalis (qing dai) 1.8 g, Borneolum Syntheticum (bing pian) 0.1 g, Calculus Bovis (niu huang) 0.2 g, Unguis Hominis Carbonisatus (ren zhi jia tan) 0.2 g, Margarita (zhen zhu) 0.9 g, Ebur (xiang ya) filings 0.9 g, and Uroctea Carbonisatus (bi qian tan) 20 pieces. Grind the ingredients into fine powder, bottle it and seal up, 0.3 g each bottle. Take orally, 0.3–0.6 g each time, 2 times a day; or blow it to the affected area, 1–2 times a day; or as an enema, 0.6–0.9 g each time, add in physiological saline for retention enema, once every night

Clear heat and resolve toxins, remove putridity, and promote granulation. Indicated for the treatment of pharyngitis with erosion, swelling and pain of the tongue and lips, oral ulcer, red swelling of the mouth mucous membrane, and ulcerative gingivitis caused by heat toxin

It is inadvisable to take too much orally. During medication, avoid eating pungent and fishy food. For external use, the affected area should be washed clean or sterilized

Three-Shot Gun Drug Stick (san pin yi tiao qiang)

Initially recorded in Orthodox Lineage of External Medicine (wai ke zheng zong). Composed by white Arsenicum Sublimatum (pi shuang) 45 g, Alumen (ming fan) 60 g, Realgar (xiong huang) 7.2 g, and Olibanum (ru xiang) 3.6 g. Grind Alumen (ming fan) and Arsenicum Sublimatum (pi shuang) into fine powder, put into a gallipot, calcine until no blue smoke and white smoke occurs for a while, place for 24 h, take out, grind again, add Realgar (xiong huang), and Olibanum (ru xiang), then grind into fine powder, mix with thick rice paste, twist into thready strips, dry in the shade, and insert it into the affected area

Eliminate and erode putridity. Indicated for the treatment of scrofula, hemorrhoids, anal fistula, furuncles (boils), carbuncle of the back, and cerebral carbuncle with slough but difficult to diminish, or sinus tract and fistula

It is extremely poisonous, and only for external use, not for oral use. A maximum dose applied on the local affected area must be not more than 0.8 g

White Downborne Powder (bai jiang dan)

Initially recorded in Golden Mirror of the Medical Tradition (yi zong jin jian). Composed by Cinnabaris (zhu sha) 6 g, Realgar (xiong huang) 6 g, Hydrargyrum (shui yin) 30 g, Borax (peng sha) 15 g, Nitrum (xiao shi) 45 g, Natrii Chloridum (shi yan) 45 g, Alumen (bai fan) 45 g and Fructus Gleditsiae (zao jia) 45 g. Make into ointment, use 0.15–0.18 g for big sore each time, 0.03–0.06 g for small sore each time, mix with clear water, and apply on the top of sore; or mix with rice paste and make into strips, insert it into the opening of sore, and cover with plaster

Draw out toxin and relieve swelling, remove putridity, and promote granulation. Indicated for the treatment of ulcers with pus and stasis (dispersing hard) or fistula formed, oncotic ulcer with pus formed but difficulty in suppuration, or warts, nevus and scrofula without evident effects after external application

It contains mercuric chloride, which has rank poison, so it is only for external use, not for oral use. Furthermore, dosage should not be too large

Pearl and Bovine Bezoar Powder (zhu huang san)

Initially recorded in Experience Gained in Treating External Sores (yang ke xin de ji). Composed by Calculus Bovis (xi huang) 0.3 g, Margarita (zhen zhu) 0.9 g, Borax (peng sha) 0.45 g, Moschus (she xiang) 0.9 g, Realgar (xiong huang) 3 g, Catechu (er cha) 3 g, Cinnabaris (zhu sha) 3 g, Stalactitum (zhong ru shi) 3 g, Borneolum Syntheticum (bing pian) 0.6 g, and Sedimentum Urinae Hominis (ren zhong bai) 4.5 g. Grind the ingredients into fine powder, and blow a little powder into the throat, 3–5 times a day

Clear heat and resolve toxins, scatter wind and relieve sore-throat. Indicated for the treatment of throat-moth (tonsillitis) caused by windheat invading the exterior and heat in the lung channel, with sore-throat, aggravated when swallowing or coughing, dry throat with burning sensation, red swelling of the laryngeal nucleus, fever, headache, nasal obstruction, red tip and margins of the tongue, thin and white or slight yellow coating, floating, and rapid pulse

During medication, avoid eating pungent, greasy, and thick taste food

(Continued)

866 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 43.1 Efficacy and Application of Attached Formulas That are Used Externally (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy and Indication

Caution for Use

Red Wonder Pellet (hong ling dan)

Initially recorded in TCM External Medicine (zhong yi wai ke xue). Composed by Realgar (xiong huang) 18 g, Olibanum (ru xiang) 18 g, Myrrha (mo yao) 18 g, Nitrum (xiao shi) 18 g, Lapis Chloriti (qing meng shi) 9 g, Borneolum Syntheticum (bing pian) 9 g, calcined Borax (duan peng sha) 30 g, Cinnabaris (zhu sha) 60 g, and Moschus (she xiang) 3 g. Grind the ingredients into fine powder, make into ointment, and apply on the affected area

Invigorate blood and relieve pain, relieve swelling and dissolve phlegm. Indicated for the treatment of carbuncle-abscess without ulceration or carcinoma of penis, with carbuncle-abscess, red swelling and hot pain, protruding over the skin, or papule and irregular hard tubercle in the glans of penis, serous and hematoid effusion with cacosmia, red tongue with yellow and greasy coating, wiry or slippery pulse

Its use is prohibited in patients with carbuncle-abscess with yin pattern, or ulcerated carbuncleabscess and carcinoma of penis in the later stage with suppuration

Clove and Cassia Bark Powder (ding gui san)

Initially recorded in Learning-Inherited Collection of External Medicine (wai ke chuan xin ji). Composed by Flos Caryophylli (ding xiang) 9 g and Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) 30 g. Grind the ingredients into fine powder, dust it on the plaster or oil paste, and apply on the affected area

Warm the channels and invigorate blood, dissipate cold and relieve pain. Indicated for the treatment of carbuncles and ulcers with yin pattern or diarrhea caused by cold-damp obstructing the collaterals, with cold pain in the head, or cold-damp painful bì syndrome, or multiple metastatic abscess of accessory bone, cold pain in the abdomen and diarrhea, no thirst, pale tongue with white coating, deep and thready or deep and slow pulse

It is not suitable for applying on the burst skin of the affected area

Black-Tiger Elixir (hei hu dan)

Initially recorded in Great Preciousness of Health (wei sheng hong bao). Composed by Fructus Caryophylli (mu ding xiang) 3 g, Flos Caryophylli (gong ding xiang) 3 g, Moschus (she xiang) 3 g, Borneolum Syntheticum (bing pian) 3 g, Scorpio (quan xie) 4 g, Scolopendra (wu gong) 6 g, Bombyx Batryticatus (jiang can) 2 g, Araneus Ventricosus (zhi zhu) 2 g, Squama Manitis (chuan shan jia) 9 g, and Magnetitum (ci shi) 4.5 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, make into elixirs, apply a little on the top of sore, and cover with Grand Yi Ointment (tai yi gao), change dressings, once per 2 days

Relieve swelling and discharge pus. Indicated for the treatment of carbuncle-abscess or flowing phlegm (tuberculosis of bone and joint) caused by yang deficiency and cold congealing, and binding of phlegm and stasis, with ulceration, incomplete pus and slough like rotted cotton, diffuse swelling, no change of the skin color, no warm of the four limbs, pale tongue with thin and white coating, and moderate pulse

Its use is prohibited in patients with carbuncle-abscess with yang pattern

Chinese Nutgall Decoction (wu bei zi tang)

Initially recorded in Essential Selections for External Sores (yang ke xuan cui). Composed by Galla Chinensis (wu bei zi) 30 g, Mirabilitum (po xiao) 30 g, Herba Taxilli (sang ji sheng) 30 g, Receptaculum Nelumbinis (lian fang) 30 g, and Herba Schizonepetae (jing jie) 30 g. Decoct the ingredients with water, fumigate and wash the affected area, once a day

Relieve swelling and pain, astringe and stanch bleeding. Indicated for the treatment of hemorrhoids and prolapse of anus, with prolapse of rectum from anus, accompanied by bleeding, constipation, pale tongue with thin and white coating, and thready pulse

Its use is prohibited in patients with hemorrhoids with a pattern of damp-heat obstructing in the intestines

Head-Biting Plaster (yao tou gao)

Initially recorded in Life-Saving Manual of Diagnosis and Treatment of External Diseases (wai ke zheng zhi quan sheng ji). Composed by Mineralium Viridianum (tong lü) 3 g, Colophonium (song xiang) 3 g, Olibanum (ru xiang) 3 g, Myrrha (mo yao) 3 g, Semen Ricini (bi ma zi) 3 g, Semen Momordicae (mu bie zi) 3 g, Fructus Crotonis (ba dou) 6 g, Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren) 3 g, and white Arsenicum Sublimatum (pi shuang) 0.3 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, make into pills as size of mung bean, and put one pill each time on the plaster, then paste on the center of sores and ulcers

Erode. Indicated for the treatment of sores and ulcers with pus formed, but incapability of spontaneous ulceration for a long time

Its use is prohibited in entering the mouth and eyes

Attached Formulas That are Used Externally

Chapter | 43

867

TABLE 43.1 Efficacy and Application of Attached Formulas That are Used Externally (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy and Indication

Caution for Use

Litharge Ointment (tuo seng gao)

Initially recorded in Golden Mirror of the Medical Tradition (yi zong jin jian). Composed by Lithargyrum (mi tuo seng) 600 g, Oleum Sesami (ma you) 480 g, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 240 g, Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao) 60 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 60 g, Halloysitum Rubrum (chi shi zhi) 60 g, Fuligo Plantae (bai cao shuang) 60 g, Silver dregs 30 g, Oleum Seminis Verniciae Fordii (tong you) 960 g, Olibanum (ru xiang) 15 g, Myrrha (mo yao) 15 g, Sanguis Draconis (xue jie) 15 g, and Catechu (er cha) 15 g. Grind the ingredients into powder, make into ointment, and apply externally, once a day

Draw out toxin and promote granulation, remove toxin and stanch bleeding. Indicated for the treatment of trauma and local infection, with local wound, bleeding, or pain due to infection, red tongue with thin and yellow coating, and rapid pulse

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women, and cautious in patients with qi and blood depletion

Yang-Returning Jade Dragon Ointment (hui yang yu long gao)

Initially recorded in Orthodox Lineage of External Medicine (wai ke zheng zong). Composed by dry-fried Radix Aconiti Kusnezoffii (chao cao wu) 90 g, roasted Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (wei sheng jiang) 60 g, Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao) 30 g, Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi) 30 g, roasted Rhizoma Arisaematis (wei tian nan xing) 30 g and Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) 15 g. Grind the ingredients into fine powder, mix with hot wine and apply on the affected area, or dust it on the plaster and paste on the affected area

Warm the channels and invigorate blood, dissipate cold, and dissolve phlegm. Indicated for the treatment of sores and ulcers with yin pattern, accompanied by local pain without scorching hot sensation, no red color of the skin, pale tongue with white coating, deep and thready pulse

It is not suitable for the treatment of deep muscle abscess and joint cyst with yang pattern

Hemorrhoid Injection (xiao zhi ling zhu she ye)

Initially recorded in TCM External Medicine (zhong yi wai ke xue). Composed by Galla Chinensis (wu bei zi) 0.25 g, Alumen (ming fan) 4 g, Sodium Citrate 1.5 g, Low molecular dextran 10 mL, Glycerol 10 mL, Chlorobutanol 0.3 g, and Distilled Water 100 mL. Make into sterilized injection, dilute with 1% of procaine into the concentration of 1:1, inject into the zone of superior hemorrhoidal artery, and cave-like vein; or dilute with 1% of procaine into the concentration of 2:1, inject into the mucous membrane underlayer, and lamina propria of hemorrhoidal zone

Astringe discharge and stanch bleeding. Indicated for the treatment of various internal hemorrhoids and hemangiomas, with internal hemorrhoid, protruding bright red or bluepurple hemorrhoid with prolapse from anus when defecating, turning back after defecation, accompanied by bleeding and no pain; or various cutaneous hemangiomas with blue-purple color and varix

Its use is usually prohibited in patients with external hemorrhoids

HemorrhoidNecrotizing Powder (ku zhi san)

Initially recorded in Investigations of Thirteen Formulas for External Medicine (wai ke shi san fang kao). Composed by white Arsenicum Sublimatum (pi shuang) 60 g, Alumen (bai fan) 60 g, Borax (peng sha) 6 g, Sulfur (liu huang) 6 g, and Realgar (xiong huang) 6 g. Grind the ingredients into fine powder, put it into sand container, seal up its mouth with paper, after calcining and cooling, keep it in a dry and cool place for about 2 months until fire toxin is eliminated, then grind into powder, and apply a little powder on the affected area

Eliminate putridity and heal the wound, draw out toxin and necrotize hemorrhoids. Indicated for the treatment of hemorrhoids in various stages, with hemorrhoid upon the dentate line, bloody stool, or pain

Arsenicum Sublimatum (pi shuang) is poisonous, use this powder should be cautious. Dosage should be not too large, and long-term use is also inadvisable

HemorrhoidNecrotizing Insertion (ku zhi ding)

Initially recorded in TCM External Medicine (zhong yi wai ke xue). Composed by red Arsenicum Sublimatum (pi shuang) 0.3 g, Alumen (ming fan) 0.6 g, Cinnabaris (zhu sha) 0.3 g, Realgar (xiong huang) 0.4 g, and Myrrha (mo yao) 0.6 g. Mix evenly with glutinous rice flour 4 g, twist into iron nail-like lozenges, and insert it into hemorrhoids

Break up masses and dissipate stasis, necrotize hemorrhoids, astringe, and resolve toxins. Indicated for the treatment of internal hemorrhoid (or in mixed hemorrhoid), accompanied by bloody stool, or pain, and hemorrhoid upon the dentate line; or for the treatment of anal fistula

It has rank poison, is only for external use, not for oral use. Its use is prohibited in patients with acute diseases, severe chronic diseases, acute inflammation of anus and rectum, diarrhea, dysentery, or bleeding constitution (Continued)

868 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 43.1 Efficacy and Application of Attached Formulas That are Used Externally (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy and Indication

Caution for Use

Sappan Wood Decoction (su mu jian)

Initially recorded in Concise Bonesetting (jian ming zheng gu). Composed by Lignum Sappan (su mu) 30 g, Herba Agrimoniae (xian he cao) 30 g, Folium Artemisiae Argyi (ai ye) 30 g, Herba Lycopodii (shen jin cao) 30 g, Caulis Spatholobi (ji xue teng) 30 g, Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo) 9 g, Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai) 9 g, and Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (niu xi) 9 g. Decoct the ingredients with water, then fumigate, and wash the affected area

Unblock the channels and quicken the collaterals, soothe, and promote the function of the joints. Indicated for the treatment of injury from fall in the later stage with stiffness of joint due to qi stagnation and blood stasis, with history of wound, stiffness of joint, inconvenient flexing and stretching, pain with swelling and blue color skin, dark tongue, thin and white coating, and choppy pulse (a.k.a. rough pulse)

Its use is cautious in patients with weak constitution

Nine-To-One Powder (jiu yi dan)

Initially recorded in Golden Mirror of the Medical Tradition (yi zong jin jian). Composed by Gypsum Fibrosum Praeparatum (duan shi gao) and Hydrargyrum Oxydatum Crudum (sheng yao) according to the proportion of 9:1. Grind the ingredients into extremelyfine powder, apply it into the opening of sore or use medicated thread dip the powder and insert into the sore, and cover with plaster or ointment, and change dressings, 1–2 times a day

Draw out toxin and discharge pus, eliminate putridity and promote granulation. Indicated for the treatment of ulcerated carbuncle-abscess, sores and ulcers, with diffuse swelling, incomplete discharging of pus, incessant sloughing and suppuration, or new flesh engendered but with slow growth and incessant pain

It is only for external use. Its use is cautious when applying on the affected area near mouth or eyes, and prohibited when applying on the affected area with thin muscle and inability to suppurate or just thick pus or in patients with mercury allergy

Eight-To-Two Powder (ba er dan)

Initially recorded in Empirical Formula (jing yan fang). Composed by Gypsum Fibrosum Praeparatum (duan shi gao) and Hydrargyrum Oxydatum Crudum (sheng yao) according to the proportion of 8:2. Grind the ingredients into extremely-fine powder, apply it into the opening of sore or use medicated thread dip the powder and insert into the sore, and cover with plaster or ointment, and change dressings, 1–2 times a day

Discharge pus and eliminate putridity. Indicated for the treatment of various ulcers with unfinished suppuration and slough

It is only for external use. Its use is cautious when applying on the affected area near mouth or eyes, and prohibited when applying on the affected area with thin muscle and inability to suppurate or just thick pus or in patients with mercury allergy

Five-To-Five Powder (wu wu dan)

Initially recorded in Empirical Formula (jing yan fang). Composed by Gypsum Fibrosum Praeparatum (duan shi gao) and Hydrargyrum Oxydatum Crudum (sheng yao) according to the proportion of 5:5. Grind the ingredients into extremely-fine powder, apply it into the opening of sore or use medicated thread dip the powder and insert into the sore, and cover with plaster or ointment, and change dressings, 1–2 times a day

Discharge pus and eliminate putridity. Indicated for the treatment of flowing phlegm (tuberculosis of bone and joint), bone-attaching deeprooted abscess (suppurative osteomyelitis), and scrofula

It is only for external use. Its use is cautious when applying on the affected area near mouth or eyes, and prohibited when applying on the affected area with thin muscle and inability to suppurate or just thick pus or in patients with mercury allergy

Nine Yellows Pellet (jiu huang dan)

Initially recorded in Secrets-Enlightening on Herbal Medicinals (yao lian qi mi). Composed by Olibanum (ru xiang) 6 g, Myrrha (mo yao) 6 g, Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae (chuan bei mu) 6 g, Borax (peng sha) 6 g, Realgar (xiong huang) 6 g, Hydrargyrum Oxydatum Crudum (sheng yao) 9 g, Cinnabaris (zhu sha) 3 g, Borneolum Syntheticum (bing pian) 0.9 g, and Gypsum Fibrosum Praeparatum (duan shi gao) 18 g. Grind the ingredients into extremely-fine powder; dust it on the opening of sore, then cover with plaster, once a day

Draw out toxin and discharge pus, dispel stasis and remove putridity. Indicated for the treatment of ulcerated carbuncle-abscess, with incomplete intermittent suppuration, difficulty in sloughremoving, no warm of the four limbs, no thirst, pale tongue with thin and white coating, thread, and moderate pulse

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women and patients with carbuncle-abscess with yang pattern

Attached Formulas That are Used Externally

Chapter | 43

869

TABLE 43.1 Efficacy and Application of Attached Formulas That are Used Externally (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy and Indication

Caution for Use

Cinnamon Musk Powder (gui she san)

Initially recorded in Secrets-Enlightening on Herbal Medicinals (yao lian qi mi). Composed by Herba Ephedrae (ma huang) 15 g, Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin) 15 g, Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) 30 g, Flos Caryophylli (ding xiang) 30 g, Fructus Gleditsiae Abnormalis (zhu ya zao) 9 g, raw Rhizoma Pinelliae (sheng ban xia) 24 g, Rhizoma Arisaematis (tian nan xing) 24 g, Moschus (she xiang) 1.8 g, and Borneolum Syntheticum (bing pian) 1.2 g. Grind the ingredients into extremely-fine powder, dust it on the plaster, and paste on the affected area

Warm and dissolve phlegmdamp, and relieve swelling and pain. Indicated for the treatment of sores and ulcers with yin pattern and no ulceration, or breast lump (hyperplasia of the mammary gland), with local diffuse and headless swelling, no change of the skin color, aching pain and no heat in the affected area, greasy coating, and soggy pulse

Its use is prohibited in patients with sores and ulcers with yang pattern

YangHarmonizing CoagulationResolving Ointment (yang he jie ning gao)

Initially recorded in Life-Saving Manual of Diagnosis and Treatment of External Diseases (wai ke zheng zhi quan sheng ji). Composed by fresh Folium Arctii Lappae (niu bang ye) and Radix Arctii Lappae (niu bang gen) and Caulis Arctii Lappae (niu bang geng) 1500 g, fresh Caulis Impatientis (feng xian tou gu cao) 120 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 120 g, Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) 60 g, Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) 60 g, Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) 60 g, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 60 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 60 g, Radix Aconiti (chuan wu) 60 g, Radix Aconiti Kusnezoffii (cao wu) 60 g, Pheretima (di long) 60 g, Bombyx Batryticatus (jiang can) 60 g, Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao) 60 g, Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi) 60 g, Radix Ampelopsis (bai lian) 60 g, Rhizoma Bletillae (bai ji) 60 g, Olibanum (ru xiang) 60 g, Myrrha (mo yao) 60 g, Radix Dipsaci (xu duan) 30 g, Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 30 g, Herba Schizonepetae (jing jie) 30 g, Faeces Trogopterori (wu ling zhi) 30 g, Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) 30 g, Fructus Citri (xiang yuan) 30 g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi) 30 g, Styrax Seu Resina Liquidambaris (su he you) 120 g, Moschus (she xiang) 30 g, and Vegetable Oil 5000 g. Make into ointment, spread, and paste on the affected area

Warm the channels and harmonize yang, dispel wind, and dissipate cold, regulate qi and invigorate blood, dissolve phlegm and unblock the collaterals. Indicated for the treatment of dorsal furuncle, multiple metastatic abscess, scrofula, and phlegm nodule (superficial nodule) caused by wind-cold and phlegm coagulation and stasis obstruction of qi and blood, with no change of the local skin, obscure boundary, diffuse and headless swelling, no scorching hot sensation, pale tongue with greasy coating, and soggy pulse

Its use is prohibited in the affected area with red swelling and hot pain

Yin-Toxin Internal Expelling Powder (yin du nei xiao san)

Initially recorded in Orthodox Lineage of External Medicine (wai ke zheng zong). Composed by Camphora (zhang nao) 12 g, Calomelas (qing fen) 9 g, Realgar (xiong huang) 9 g, Radix Aconiti (chuan wu) 9 g, Resina Ferulae (a wei) 9 g, dry-fried Squama Manitis (chao chuan shan jia) 9 g, Moschus (she xiang) 6 g, Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) 3 g, Fructus Piperis (hu jiao) 3 g, Fructus Gleditsiae Abnormalis (zhu ya zao) 6 g, prepared Olibanum (zhi ru xiang) 6 g, Myrrha (mo yao) 6 g, Rhizoma Alpiniae Officinarum (gao liang jiang) 3 g, and Flos Caryophylli (ding xiang) 3 g. Grind the ingredients into extremely-fine powder, dust it on the plaster, and paste on the affected area

Warm the channels and dissipate cold, promote suppuration and dissolve phlegm. Indicated for the treatment of sores and ulcers caused by cold coagulation and phlegm stagnation, with flat and sunken swelling, diffuse and headless swelling, scattered and diffuse base, no change of the skin color, local pain, and alleviated when encountering warm

It is not suitable for large area or longterm use. Its use is prohibited in pregnant women

(Continued)

870 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 43.1 Efficacy and Application of Attached Formulas That are Used Externally (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy and Indication

Caution for Use

Resetting Bone Powder (bo gu san)

Initially recorded in Teaching Materials of TCM Orthopedics and Traumatology (zhong yi shang ke xue jiang yi). Composed by Semen Persicae (tao ren) 240 g, Herba Asari Insignis (jin er huan) 240 g, Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 240 g, Flos Carthami (hong hua) 240 g, Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi) 460 g, raw Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (sheng da huang) 460 g, Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai) 460 g, Radix Scutellariae (huang qin) 460 g, Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 460 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 460 g, Herba Taraxaci (pu gong ying), 460 g, Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao) 460 g, Pyritum (zi ran tong) 460 g, Eupolyphaga seu Steleophaga (tu bie chong) 460 g, carda part of Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui wei) 9600 g, Herba Menthae (bo he) 9600 g, Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi) 9600 g, Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (jin yin hua) 9600 g, Moschus (she xiang) 9600 g, Herba Speranskiae Tuberculatae (tou gu cao) 9600 g, Radix Crotonis Crassifolii (ji gu xiang) 9600 g, Cacumen Platycladi (ce bai ye) 1440 g, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 1440 g, and Rhizoma Drynariae (gu sui bu) 1440 g. Make into ointment, and apply on the affected area, once a day

Relieve swelling and pain, dissipate stasis and reunion of fractured bones. Indicated for the treatment of bone fracture in the initial and middle stages, sprain, and contusion of soft tissues, accompanied by pain, swelling due to blood stasis, red tongue, thin and yellow coating, and rapid pulse

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women, and cautious in patients with weak constitution

Bone-Reuniting Powder for External Applyment (wai fu jie gu san)

Initially recorded in Teaching Materials of TCM Orthopedics and Traumatology (zhong yi shang ke xue jiang yi). Composed by equal parts of Rhizoma Drynariae (gu sui bu), Sanguis Draconis (xue jie), Borax (peng sha), Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui), Olibanum (ru xiang), Myrrha (mo yao), Radix Dipsaci (xu duan), Pyritum (zi ran tong), Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang), and Eupolyphaga seu Steleophaga (tu bie chong). Grind the ingredients into fine powder, mix with Mel (feng mi), and apply on the affected area

Relieve swelling and pain, and reunion of fractured tendons and bones. Indicated for the treatment of closed fracture, dislocation, sprain, and contusion, with local swelling and distention and pain, limited motor function, malformation, abnormal movement, or elastic fixation, blue-purple skin with stasis macules but no damage to skin

For displacement fracture, first reset and fix, then apply this formula. And it is not suitable for applying on the damaged skin of the affected area

Wash Formula for Upper Limb Injury (shang zhi sun shang xi fang)

Initially recorded in Teaching Materials of TCM Orthopedics and Traumatology (zhong yi shang ke xue jiang yi). Composed by Herba Lycopodii (shen jin cao) 15 g, Herba Speranskiae Tuberculatae (tou gu cao) 15 g, Herba Schizonepetae (jing jie) 9 g, Flos Carthami (hong hua) 9 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 9 g, Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 9 g, Herba Artemisiae Anomalae (liu ji nu) 9 g, Lignum Sappan (su mu) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Clematidis (wei ling xian) 9 g, Rhizoma Homalomenae (qian nian jian) 12 g, and Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) 12 g. Decoct the ingredients with water, then fumigate, and wash the affected limb

Invigorate blood and relax the sinews. Indicated for the treatment of contracture of sinews and muscles after fracture of upper limb, dislocation, sprain, and contusion, with local swelling and distention, pain and malformation of the upper limb, motor dysfunction, or abnormal movement, or elastic fixation, and blue-purple skin with stasis macules

It is not suitable for washing the local damaged skin of the affected area

Wash Formula for Lower Limb Injury (xia zhi sun shang xi fang)

Initially recorded in Teaching Materials of TCM Orthopedics and Traumatology (zhong yi shang ke xue jiang yi). Composed by Herba Lycopodii (shen jin cao) 15 g, Herba Speranskiae Tuberculatae (tou gu cao) 15 g, Cortex Acanthopanacis (wu jia pi) 12 g, Rhizoma Sparganii (san leng) 12 g, Rhizoma Curcumae (e zhu) 12 g, Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae (qin jiao) 12 g, Cortex Erythrinae (hai tong pi) 12 g, Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (niu xi) 10 g, Fructus Chaenomelis (mu gua) 10 g, Flos Carthami (hong hua) 10 g, and Lignum Sappan (su mu) 10 g. Decoct the ingredients with water, then fumigate, and wash the affected limb

Invigorate blood and relax the sinews. Indicated for the treatment of lower limb wound with spasms and pain, accompanied by local swelling and distention and pain of the lower limb, malformation, motor dysfunction, or abnormal movement, or elastic fixation, and blue-purple skin with stasis macules

It is not suitable for washing the local damaged skin of the affected area

Attached Formulas That are Used Externally

Chapter | 43

871

TABLE 43.1 Efficacy and Application of Attached Formulas That are Used Externally (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy and Indication

Caution for Use

Catholicon Ointment (wan ling gao)

Initially recorded in Golden Mirror of the Medical Tradition (yi zong jin jian). Composed by Herba Lycopodii (shen jin cao) 30 g, Herba Speranskiae Tuberculatae (tou gu cao) 30 g, Radix Caryophylli (ding xiang gen) 30 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 30 g, Flos Carthami (hong hua) 30 g, Pyritum (zi ran tong) 30 g, Os Pardi (bao gu) [substituted by Os Felinus (mao gu)] 30 g, Myrrha (mo yao) 30 g, Sanguis Draconis (xue jie) 30 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 24 g, Cortex Acanthopanacis (wu jia pi) 24 g, Radix Cyathulae (chuan niu xi) 24 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Ianceae (mao zhu) 24 g, Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (shi chang pu) 24 g, Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang) 9 g, Fructus Cnidii (she chuang zi) 9 g, Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae (qin jiao) 9 g, Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) 9 g, Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia) 9 g, Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) 9 g, Caulis Dendrobii (shi hu) 9 g, Moschus (she xiang) 6 g, Rhizoma Dioscoreae Hypoglaucae (bi xie) 9 g, Cornu Cervi Pantotrichum (lu rong) 9 g, vinegar-quenched Circular coin with a square hole 1 pieces, Oleum Sesami (ma you) 5000 g, and Minium (qian dan) 2500 g. Make into ointment, bake for a while, and paste on the affected area, once a day.

Dissipate stasis and resolve toxins, relax the sinews, and relieve pain, dispel cold, and unblock the collaterals. Indicated for the treatment of cold-damp pain in the later stage of injury from fall, with numbness and pain of local muscles and joints in the later stage of wounds, heavy limbs, aggravated if encountered windcold, alleviated if encountered warm, light dark tongue, white and greasy coating, and moderate pulse

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women

Panchrest Ointment (wan ying gao)

Initially recorded in Teaching Materials of TCM Orthopedics and Traumatology (zhong yi shang ke xue jiang yi). Composed by Flos Carthami (hong hua) 60 g, Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi) 60 g, Rhizoma Curcumae (e zhu) 60 g, Crinis Carbonisatus (xue yu tan) 60 g, Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) 60 g, Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo) 60 g, Herba Ephedrae (ma huang) 60 g, Radix Angelicae Pubescentis (du huo) 60 g, Radix et Rhizoma Clematidis (wei ling xian) 60 g, Radix Aconiti (chuan wu) 60 g, Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae (qin jiao) 60 g, Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 60 g, Bombyx Batryticatus (jiang can) 60 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 60 g, Radix Aconiti Kusnezoffii (cao wu) 60 g, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 60 g, Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi) 60 g, Rhizoma Sparganii (san leng) 60 g, Rhizoma Alpiniae Officinarum (gao liang jiang) 60 g, Semen Persicae (tao ren) 60 g, Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao) 60 g, Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi) 60 g, Scorpio (quan xie) 60 g, Cortex Acanthopanacis (wu jia pi) 60 g, Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 120 g, Rhizoma Cyperi (xiang fu) 120 g, and Radix Linderae (wu yao) 120 g. Use Oleum Sesami (ma you) 7500 g to deep-fry the ingredients, remove dregs, mix with Minium (qian dan) powder 3000 g, make into ointment, then add Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) powder 15 g, Styrax Seu Resina Liquidambaris (su he you) 15 g, and TCM spices 100 g, spread and paste on the affected area, once a day

Invigorate blood and dispel stasis, warm the channels and unblock the collaterals. Indicated for the treatment of injury from fall, with wound, sprain, and contusion of the waist due to weight-bearing, pain of the sinews and bones, qi-stagnant pain in the chest and abdomen, distention and cold pain in the abdomen, pale tongue with thin and white coating, wiry, and choppy pulse (a.k.a. rough pulse)

During medication, avoid eating raw, cold, and greasy food. Its use is prohibited in the ulcerated affected area and cautious in women during menstruation and lactation

Plaster for Injury from Fall (die da gao)

Initially recorded in Teaching Materials of TCM Orthopedics and Traumatology (zhong yi shang ke xue jiang yi). Composed by Olibanum (ru xiang) 150 g, Myrrha (mo yao) 150 g, Sanguis Draconis (xue jie) 90 g, Borneolum Syntheticum (bing pian) 90 g, Camphora (zhang nao) 90 g, Oleum Sesami (ma you) 10,000 g, Radix et Rhizoma Notoginseng (san qi) 17,500 g, and Minium (qian dan) 5000 g. Make into ointment, bake for a while, and paste on the affected area, once a day

Invigorate blood and dispel stasis, and relieve swelling and pain. Indicated for the treatment of bone fracture with sinew injury, swelling and distension and pain due to injury from fall, accompanied by local stasis swelling, dark tongue with stasis macules, thin and white coating, and choppy pulse

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women or patients with weak constitution

(Continued)

872 PART | II  Chinese Medical Formulas

TABLE 43.1 Efficacy and Application of Attached Formulas That are Used Externally (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy and Indication

Caution for Use

Erythrina Bark Decoction (hai tong pi tang)

Initially recorded in Golden Mirror of the Medical Tradition (yi zong jin jian). Composed by Cortex Erythrinae (hai tong pi) 6 g, Herba Speranskiae Tuberculatae (tou gu cao) 6 g, Olibanum (ru xiang) 6 g, Myrrha (mo yao) 6 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 5 g, Pericarpium Zanthoxyli (hua jiao) 9 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 2 g, Flos Carthami (hong hua) 2 g, Radix et Rhizoma Clematidis (wei ling xian) 2 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 2 g, Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 2 g, and Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi) 2 g. Grind the ingredients into fine powder, put it into a cloth bag, then decoct with water, fumigate, and wash the affected area

Invigorate blood and dissipate stasis, unblock the collaterals, and relieve pain. Indicated for the treatment of all injuries from fall, with sinew injury, bone fracture, incessant stabbing pain, aggravated when encountering cold, alleviated if encountered warm, weariness, and heavy body

It also can be taken half orally, and another half can be used for fumigating and washing the affected area

Corium Elephatis Plaster (xiang pi gao)

Initially recorded in Essentials of Orthopedics and Traumatology (shang ke bu yao). Composed by first group of medicinals [Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) 90 g, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) 30 g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui) 30 g, Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang) 30 g, Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian) 9 g, Flos Carthami (hong hua) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 15 g, Herba Schizonepetae (jing jie) 9 g, Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) 9 g, Rhizoma Bletillae (bai ji) 9 g, and Radix Ampelopsis (bai lian) 9 g] and second group of medicinals [Eupolyphaga seu Steleophaga (tu bie chong) 30 g, Sanguis Draconis (xue jie) 15 g, Corium Elephantis (xiang pi) 15 g, Os Draconis (long gu) 9 g, Endoconcha Sepiae (hai piao xiao) 9 g, Margarita (zhen zhu) 6 g, Olibanum (ru xiang) 15 g, Myrrha (mo yao) 15 g, and Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen) 6 g]. Use Oleum Sesami (ma you) 500 g to deep-fry the first group of medicinals [except Rhizoma Bletillae (bai ji) and Radix Ampelopsis (bai lian)], remove dregs, add yellow wax 90 g, white wax 90 g, and powder of Rhizoma Bletillae (bai ji) and Radix Ampelopsis (bai lian), make into ointment; grind the second group of medicinals into fine powder, then pour into the ointment, and then spread and apply externally

Invigorate blood and promote granulation, and reunion of fractured tendons and bones. Indicated for the treatment of injury from fall and ruptured bone, open injury, and various ulcers with slough healed and infection controlled and no evident purulent secretions

It is not suitable for the treatment of wound surface with large amounts of secretions and infection not controlled

SinewsRelaxing PainRelieving Liquid (shu jin zhi tong shui)

Initially recorded in Lin Ru-gao’s Experience on Bonesetting (lin ru gao zheng gu jing yan). Composed by Rhizoma Sparganii (san leng) 18 g, carda part of Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui wei) 18 g, Radix et Rhizoma Notoginseng (san qi) powder 18 g, Flos Carthami (hong hua) 30 g, Camphora (zhang nao) 30 g, raw Radix Aconiti Kusnezoffii (sheng cao wu) 12 g, Fructus Chaenomelis (mu gua) 12 g, raw Radix Aconiti (sheng chuan wu) 12 g, Cortex Acanthopanacis (wu jia pi) 12 g, and Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (huai niu xi) 12 g. Soak the ingredients into 70% of alcohol 1500 mL or kaoliang liquor 1000 mL, and apply it on the affected area with this lotion, 2–3 times a day

Dispel wind and relieve pain and relax the sinews. Invigorate blood. Indicated for the treatment of injury from fall with local swelling and pain, with history of wound, local swelling and pain, stasis swelling with dark skin color, thin and white coating, and choppy pulse

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women or patients with weak constitution. It should be stored in a shady place for later use

Bonesetting Formula for Ironing (zheng gu tang yao)

Initially recorded in Teaching Materials of TCM Orthopedics and Traumatology (zhong yi shang ke xue jiang yi). Composed by Herba Schizonepetae (jing jie) 12 g, Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng) 12 g, Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo) 12 g, Radix Angelicae Pubescentis (du huo) 12 g, Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi) 12 g, Herba Speranskiae Tuberculatae (tou gu cao) 12 g, Cortex Erythrinae (hai tong pi) 12 g, Pericarpium Zanthoxyli (hua jiao) 12 g, Ramulus Mori (sang zhi) 12 g, and Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae (fang ji) 12 g. Grind the ingredients into crude powder, put it into a cloth bag, bundle up the bag mouth, decoct with water until boiling, and then iron the local affected area

Invigorate blood and relax the sinews. Indicated for the treatment of various pain in the affected area of trauma in the later stage, with various wounds, pain in the afflicted part, limitation of motion, spasms of the sinews and muscles, aggravated if encountered cold, alleviated if encountered warm, pale tongue with thin and white coating, and tight pulse

Its use is prohibited in patients with weak constitution

Attached Formulas That are Used Externally

Chapter | 43

873

TABLE 43.1 Efficacy and Application of Attached Formulas That are Used Externally (cont.) Name of Formula

Source, Composition, and Usage

Efficacy and Indication

Caution for Use

BlackRemovingDispersing Powder (hei tui xiao)

Initially recorded in Teaching Materials of TCM External Medicine (zhong yi wai ke xue jiang yi). Composed by raw Radix Aconiti (sheng chuan wu) 15 g, raw Radix Aconiti Kusnezoffii (sheng cao wu) 15 g, raw Rhizoma Arisaematis (sheng tian nan xing) 15 g, raw Rhizoma Pinelliae (sheng ban xia) 15 g, Flos Caryophylli (gong ding xiang) 15 g, Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui) 15 g, prepared Olibanum (zhi ru xiang) 15 g, prepared Myrrha (zhi mo yao) 15 g, prepared Radix et Rhizoma Nardostachyos (zhi gan song) 9 g, Sai Ammoniacus (nao sha) 9 g, Borneolum Syntheticum (bing pian) 6 g, and Moschus (she xiang) 6 g. Grind the ingredients except Borneolum Syntheticum (bing pian) and Moschus (she xiang) into powder, add the powder of Borneolum Syntheticum (bing pian), and Moschus (she xiang), mix evenly, put into a bottle, and seal up the bottle; when using, dust it on the plaster or oil paste and apply on the affected area

Move qi and invigorate blood, dispel wind, and expel cold, relieve swelling and promote suppuration, relax the sinews and quicken the collaterals. Indicated for the treatment of oncotic ulcer with yin pattern or half-yin half-yang, accompanied by no change of the skin color, obscure boundary, diffuse and headless swelling, aching pain, and no scorching hot sensation in the local area

Its use is prohibited in entering the mouth and eyes

StasisDissipating Injury-Healing Decoction (san yu he shang tang)

Initially recorded in Golden Mirror of the Medical Tradition (yi zong jin jian). Composed by Semen Strychni (ma qian zi) 15 g, raw Rhizoma Pinelliae (sheng ban xia) 15 g, Flos Carthami (hong hua) 15 g, Rhizoma Drynariae (gu sui bu) 9 g, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao) 9 g, and Radix Allii Fistulosi Fibrosa (cong xu) 30 g. Decoct the ingredients with water 1000 mL until boiling, add vinegar 60 g, decoct until boiling again and again, then fumigate and wash the affected area, over 10 times a day

Invigorate blood and dispel stasis, relax the sinews, and heal the wound. Indicated for the treatment of injuries due to bump with a pattern of stagnated blood accumulation, accompanied by history of bump, sinew and bone injury, incessant pain, dark tongue with stasis macules, thin coating, wiry and choppy pulse (a.k.a. rough pulse)

Its use is prohibited in pregnant women or patients with weak constitution. Don’t take it orally because Semen Strychni (ma qian zi) and raw Rhizoma Pinelliae (sheng ban xia) are poisonous

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Appendix 1

Introduction to Medicinal Selection for Common Diseases and Syndromes The former text shows the clinical application of Chinese materia medica and medical formulas in different chapters according to their effectiveness. Here, this appendix introduces the representative herbs or formulas, in accordance with common diseases and syndromes (patterns) in order to strengthen the basic skill of learners to proficiently use the methods of pattern differentiation and treatment or precisely select herbs to form a formula (Table 44.1). TABLE 44.1 Introduction to Medicinal Selection for Common Diseases and Syndromes Common Diseases and Syndromes (Patterns) Common cold

Available Chinese Materia Medica

Available Formulas

Exterior cold pattern

Herba Ephedrae (ma huang), Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi), Folium Perillae (zi su ye), Herba Schizonepetae (jing jie), Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng), Herba Moslae (xiang ru), Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo), Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi), Rhizoma Ligustici (gao ben), Fructus Xanthii (cang er zi), Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin), Flos Magnoliae (xin yi), Bulbus Allii Fistulosi (cong bai), Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang), and Semen Sojae Praeparatum (dan dou chi)

Ephedra decoction (ma huang tang), cinnamon twig decoction (gui zhi tang), and scallion and fermented soybean decoction (cong chi tang)

Exterior heat pattern

Herba Menthae (bo he), Fructus Arctii (niu bang zi), Periostracum Cicadae (chan tui), Folium Mori (sang ye), Radix Bupleuri (chai hu), Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao), Flos Chrysanthemi (ju hua), Fructus Viticis (man jing zi), Radix Puerariae Lobatae (ge gen), Rhizoma Cimicifugae (sheng ma), Herba Spirodelae (fu ping), and Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (jin yin hua)

Lonicera and forsythia powder (yin qiao san) and mulberry leaf and chrysanthemum beverage (sang ju yin)

Exterior pattern due to summer heatdamp

Herba Pogostemonis (guang huo xiang), Herba Eupatorii (pei lan), Folium Perillae (zi su ye), Pericarpium Arecae (da fu pi), Herba Moslae (xiang ru), Semen Lablab Album (bai bian dou), and Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po)

Mosla powder (xiang ru san)

Exterior pattern due to summer heat

Newly-supplemented mosla Herba Artemisiae Annuae (qing hao), Talcum (hua shi), Flos Lonicerae beverage (xin jia xiang ru yin) Japonicae (jin yin hua), or Honeysuckle Flower Distillate, Herba Moslae (xiang ru), Medulla Tetrapanacis (tong cao), Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao), Semen Lablab Album (bai bian dou), Semen Phaseoli Radiati (lü dou), Folium Nelumbinis (he ye), Exocarpium Citrulli (xi gua pi), and Herba Lophatheri (dan zhu ye)

Excess heat in qi aspect

Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao), Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi), Glauberitum (han shui shi), Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu), Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian), Rhizoma Phragmitis (lu gen), Radix Trichosanthis (tian hua fen), Folium Phyllostachydis Henonis (zhu ye), Herba Commelinae (ya zhi cao), Radix Scutellariae (huang qin), and Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai)

Coptis toxin-resolving decoction (huang lian jie du tang) and gypsum decoction (shi gao tang)

(Continued ) Essentials of Chinese Materia Medica and Medical Formulas. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812722-3.00045-2 Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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876 Appendix 1

TABLE 44.1 Introduction to Medicinal Selection for Common Diseases and Syndromes (cont.) Common Diseases and Syndromes (Patterns)

Available Chinese Materia Medica

Available Formulas

Excess heat in nutrient or blood aspect (including heat entering the pericardium)

Cornu Bubali (shui niu jiao), Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang), Plumula Nelumbinis (lian zi xin), Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen), Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi), Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao), Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae (dan shen), and Folium Pleioblasti (zhu ye xin)

Nutrient aspect heat-clearing decoction (qing ying tang) and rhinoceros horn and Rehmannia decoction (xi jiao di huang tang)

Macules due to warm toxin

Cornu Bubali (shui niu jiao), Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen), Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang), Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao), Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi), Folium Isatidis (da qing ye), Radix Isatidis (ban lan gen), Indigo Naturalis (qing dai), Cornu Saigae Tataricae (ling yang jiao), Rhizoma Cimicifugae (sheng ma), Radix Arnebiae (zi cao), and Stigma Croci (fan hong hua)

Epidemic-clearing toxinresolving beverage (qing wen bai du yin), miraculous pill of rhinoceros horn (shen xi dan), and maculesdissolving decoction (hua ban tang)

Dampness prevalent diseases or summer febrile prevalent diseases

Fructus Amomi Kravanh (bai dou kou), Semen Coicis (yi yi ren), Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren), Herba Pogostemonis (guang huo xiang), Herba Eupatorii (pei lan), Herba Artemisiae Annuae (qing hao), Radix Scutellariae (huang qin), Talcum (hua shi), Medulla Tetrapanacis (tong cao), Herba Moslae (xiang ru), Herba Artemisiae Scopariae (yin chen), Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po), Semen Sojae Germinatum (da dou huang juan), Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian), Semen Phaseoli Radiati (lü dou), Folium Nelumbinis (he ye), and Honeysuckle Flower Distillate (jin yin hua lu)

Three kernels decoction (san ren tang) and sweet dew toxin-removing elixir (gan lu xiao du dan)

Fever due to warm pathogens or steaming bone fever

Herba Artemisiae Annuae (qing hao), Radix et Rhizoma Cynanchi Atrati (bai wei), Cortex Lycii (di gu pi), Radix Stellariae (yin chai hu), Rhizoma Picrorhizae (hu huang lian), Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen), Herba Ecliptae (mo han lian), Carapax et Plastrum Testudinis (gui jia), Carapax Trionycis (bie jia), Fructus Ligustri Lucidi (nü zhen zi), Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae (qin jiao), Concha Ostreae (mu li), Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie), Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang), Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi), Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang), Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu), and Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai)

Sweet wormwood and turtle shell decoction (qing hao bie jia tang) and bone-clearing Powder (qing gu san)

Cough

Cold-phlegm obstructing the lung

Semen Sinapis (bai jie zi), Fructus Perillae (zi su zi), Semen Raphani (lai fu zi), Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang), Semen Gleditsiae Sinensis (zao jiao zi), Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia), Rhizoma Arisaematis (tian nan xing), and Semen Ginkgo (bai guo)

Three-seed filial devotion decoction (san zi yang qin tang), minor green dragon decoction (xiao qing long tang)

Damp-phlegm obstructing the lung

Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia), Rhizoma Arisaematis (tian nan xing), Rhizoma et Radix Cynanchi Stauntonii (bai qian), Flos Inulae (xuan fu hua), Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (ju pi), Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao), Poria (fu ling), Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu), Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po), Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu), Fructus Citri (xiang yuan), Fructus Citri Sarcodactylis (fo shou), and Radix Platycodonis (jie geng)

Two matured substances decoction (er chen tang), gallbladder-warming decoction (wen dan tang)

Heat-phlegm obstructing the lung

Fructus Trichosanthis (gua lou), Bulbus Fritillaria (bei mu), Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu), Indigo Naturalis (qing dai), Concha Meretricis seu Cyclinae (hai ge qiao), Arisaema cum Bile (dan nan xing), Caulis Bambusae in Taenia (zhu ru), Succus Bambusae (zhu li), Concha Arcae (wa leng zi), Semen Benincasae (dong gua zi), Folium Pyrrosiae (shi wei), Pumex (hai fu shi), Semen Plantaginis (che qian zi), Rhizoma Phragmitis (lu gen), Radix Trichosanthis (tian hua fen), Folium Illics Purpureae (si ji qing), Radix Peucedani (qian hu), and Herba Paederiae (ji shi teng)

Fritillaria and trichosanthes powder (bei mu gua lou san) and qi-clearing and phlegmtransforming pill (qing qi hua tan wan)

Drynessphlegm obstructing the lung

Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu), Bulbus Fritillaria (bei mu), Folium Mori (sang ye), Radix Adenophorae seu Glehniae (sha shen), Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren), Radix Trichosanthis (tian hua fen), Colla Corii Asini (e jiao), Bulbus Lilii (bai he), Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong), Radix Asparagi (tian dong), Rhizoma Polygonati Odorati (yu zhu), Radix Stemonae (bai bu), Radix et Rhizoma Asteris (zi wan), Flos Farfarae (kuan dong hua), Pericarpium Pyri (li pi), and Cormus Eleocharitis (bi qi)

Glehnia and ophiopogonis decoction (sha shen mai dong tang) and coughstopping powder (zhi sou san)

Appendix 1

877

TABLE 44.1 Introduction to Medicinal Selection for Common Diseases and Syndromes (cont.) Common Diseases and Syndromes (Patterns)

Available Chinese Materia Medica

Available Formulas

Hiccup

Flos Caryophylli (ding xiang), Calyx Kaki (shi di), Semen Canavaliae (dao dou), Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum (chen xiang), Fructus Piperis Longi (bi ba), and Fructus Litseae (bi cheng qie)

Clove and persimmon decoction (ding xiang shi di san)

Lung consumption (tuberculosis of lung)

Bulbus Lilii (bai he), Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang), Radix Asparagi (tian dong), Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong), Colla Corii Asini (e jiao), Radix Panacis Quinquefolii (xi yang shen), Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu), Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi), Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae (chuan bei mu), Radix Stemonae (bai bu), Radix Adenophorae seu Glehniae (sha shen), Radix et Rhizoma Asteris (zi wan), Flos Farfarae (kuan dong hua), Cordyceps (dong chong xia cao), Fructus Lycii (gou qi zi), Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai), Carapax et Plastrum Testudinis (gui jia), Carapax Trionycis (bie jia), Herba Agrimoniae (xian he cao), Rhizoma Bletillae (bai ji), Radix et Rhizoma Notoginseng (san qi), Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi), Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi), Folium Callicarpae Pedunculatae (zi zhu ye), Crinis Carbonisatus (xue yu tan), and Ophicalcitum (hua rui shi)

Moonlight pill (yue hua wan), lily bulb metalsecuring decoction (bai he gu jin tang), and nine immortals powder (jiu xian san)

Panting syndrome

Lung heat obstructing and trapping

Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao), Herba Ephedrae (ma huang), Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren), Radix Scutellariae (huang qin), Cortex Mori (sang bai pi), Cortex Lycii (di gu pi), Semen Descurainiae (ting li zi), Fructus Arctii (niu bang zi), Radix Peucedani (qian hu), Pheretima (di long), Herba Houttuyniae (yu xing cao), Fructus Aristolochiae (ma dou ling), Folium Eriobotryae (pi pa ye), Rhizoma Fagopyri Dibotryis (jin qiao mai), Fructus Trichosanthis (gua lou), Concha Meretricis seu Cyclinae (hai ge qiao), Flos Inulae (xuan fu hua), Rhizoma et Radix Cynanchi Stauntonii (bai qian), and Cornu Saigae Tataricae (ling yang jiao)

White-draining powder (xie bai san) and ephedra, apricot kernel, gypsum, and licorice decoction (ma xing shi gan tang)

Cold fluid retention in the lung

Herba Ephedrae (ma huang), Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang), Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin), Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi), Fructus Perillae (zi su zi), Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum (chen xiang), Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi), Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po), Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui), and Magnetitum (ci shi)

Minor green dragon decoction (xiao qing long tang)

Turbid phlegm obstructing the lung

Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi), Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia), Poria (fu ling), Fructus Perillae (zi su zi), Semen Sinapis (bai jie zi), Semen Raphani (lai fu zi), Flos Inulae (xuan fu hua), Fructus Gleditsiae (zao jia), and Rhizoma et Radix Cynanchi Stauntonii (bai qian)

Two matured substances decoction (er chen tang) and three-seed filial devotion decoction (san zi yang qin tang)

Lung-kidneydeficiencytype panting

Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen), Gecko (ge jie), Cordyceps (dong chong xia cao), Semen Juglandis (he tao ren), Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi), Fructus Psoraleae (bu gu zhi), Placenta Hominis (zi he che), Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu), Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum (chen xiang), Magnetitum (ci shi), Stalactitum (zhong ru shi), Fructus Chebulae (he zi), and Sulfur (liu huang)

Ginseng and gecko powder (ren shen ge jie san) and galenite elixir (hei xi dan)

Cold pathogens invading the stomach

Rhizoma Alpiniae Officinarum (gao liang jiang), Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang), Fructus Evodiae (wu zhu yu), Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang), Fructus Foeniculi (xiao hui xiang), Fructus Piperis (hu jiao), Radix Linderae (wu yao), Flos Caryophylli (ding xiang), Fructus Amomi (sha ren), Fructus Piperis Longi (bi ba), Fructus Litseae (bi cheng qie), and Fructus Amomi Kravanh (bai dou kou)

Lesser galangal and cyperus pill (liang fu wan), evodia decoction (wu zhu yu tang)

Deficiencycold of the spleen and stomach

Radix Astragali (huang qi), Radix Codonopsis (dang shen), Poria (fu ling), Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu), Rhizoma Dioscoreae (shan yao), Semen Lablab Album (bai bian dou), Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang), Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi), Mel (feng mi), Fructus Jujubae (da zao), and Saccharum Granorum (yi tang)

Astragalus center-fortifying decoction (huang qi jian zhong tang) and four gentlemen decoction (si jun zi tang)

Stagnation of liver qi and stomach qi

Rhizoma Cyperi (xiang fu), Radix Aristolochiae (qing mu xiang), Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia), Fructus Evodiae (wu zhu yu), Fructus Citri Sarcodactylis (fo shou), Fructus Citri (xiang yuan), Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang), and Radix Linderae (wu yao)

Supplemented linderae powder (jia wei wu yao tang) and linderae decoction (wu yao tang)

Pain in the stomach cavity

(Continued )

878 Appendix 1

TABLE 44.1 Introduction to Medicinal Selection for Common Diseases and Syndromes (cont.) Common Diseases and Syndromes (Patterns) Pĭ syndrome

Vomiting

Diarrhea

Available Chinese Materia Medica

Available Formulas

Qi stagnation in the spleen and stomach

Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (ju pi), Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi), Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao), Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang), Caulis Perillae (zi su geng), Radix Linderae (wu yao) Fructus Amomi (sha ren), Fructus Amomi Kravanh (bai dou kou), Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po), Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum (chen xiang), Lignum Santali Albi (tan xiang), Lignum Dalbergiae Odoriferae (jiang xiang), Calyx Kaki (shi di), Pericarpium Arecae (da fu pi), Semen Arecae (bing lang), Radix et Rhizoma Nardostachyos (gan song), and Bulbus Allii Macrostemi (xie bai)

Qi-transporting pill (yun qi wan) and costus root and areca pill (mu xiang bing lang wan)

Dampness stagnation damaging the center

Herba Pogostemonis (guang huo xiang), Herba Eupatorii (pei lan), Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu), Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po), Fructus Amomi Kravanh (bai dou kou), Fructus Amomi (sha ren), Semen Lablab Album (bai bian dou), Semen Alpiniae Katsumadai (cao dou kou), Herba Moslae (xiang ru), Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi), and Pericarpium Arecae (da fu pi)

Stomach-calming powder (ping wei san) and priceless qi-rectifying powder (bu huan jin zheng qi san)

Vomiting due to stomach cold

Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia), Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang), Fructus Evodiae (wu zhu yu), Fructus Amomi (sha ren), Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang), Flos Caryophylli (ding xiang), Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (ju pi), Calyx Kaki (shi di), Semen Canavaliae (dao dou), Terra Flava Usta (zao xin tu), Flos Inulae (xuan fu hua), Herba Pogostemonis (guang huo xiang), Herba Eupatorii (pei lan), and Haematitum (dai zhe shi)

Minor pinellia decoction (xiao ban xia tang), evodia decoction (wu zhu yu tang), and clove and persimmon decoction (ding xiang shi di san)

Vomiting due to stomach heat

Caulis Bambusae in Taenia (zhu ru), Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian), Rhizoma Phragmitis (lu gen), Folium Eriobotryae (pi pa ye), Radix Scutellariae (huang qin), raw Gypsum Fibrosum (sheng shi gao), Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi), Herba Pogostemonis (guang huo xiang), and Herba Eupatorii (pei lan)

Bamboo shavings decoction (zhu ru tang)

Summerheat-damp accumulation

Radix Puerariae Lobatae (ge gen), Radix Scutellariae (huang qin), Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian), Poria (fu ling), Caulis Akebiae (mu tong), Semen Plantaginis (che qian zi), Herba Pogostemonis (guang huo xiang), Herba Moslae (xiang ru), Semen Lablab Album (bai bian dou), Folium Nelumbinis (he ye), Herba Andrographis (chuan xin lian), Herba Euphorbiae Humifusae (di jin cao), Rhizoma Bistortae (quan shen), and Herba Paederiae (ji shi teng)

Pueraria, scutellaria, and coptis decoction (ge gen huang qin huang lian tang) and mosla powder (xiang ru san)

Food retention in the stomach and intestines

Fructus Crataegi (shan zha), Massa Medicata Fermentata (shen qu), Semen Raphani (lai fu zi), Herba Paederiae (ji shi teng), Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi), Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao), Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride (qing pi), and Semen Arecae (bing lang)

Harmony-preserving pill (bao he wan) and great tranquility pill (da an wan)

Weakness of the spleen and stomach

Radix Codonopsis (dang shen), Poria (fu ling), Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu), Semen Lablab Album (bai bian dou), Rhizoma Dioscoreae (shan yao), Semen Nelumbinis (lian zi), Semen Euryales (qian shi), Semen Coicis (yi yi ren), Fructus Amomi (sha ren), Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu), and Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po)

Ginseng, poria, and atractylodes macrocephalae powder (shen ling bai zhu san)

Spleenkidney yang deficiency

Fructus Psoraleae (bu gu zhi), Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi), Semen Myristicae (rou dou kou), Fructus Evodiae (wu zhu yu), Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang), Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu), Semen Cuscutae (tu si zi), Rhizoma Curculiginis (xian mao), Fructus Alpiniae Oxyphyllae (yi zhi ren), Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi), Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui), and Semen Trigonellae (hu lu ba)

Four spirits pill (si shen wan)

Pericarpium Papaveris (ying su qiao), Fructus Mume (wu mei), Galla Chinensis (wu bei zi), Fructus Chebulae (he zi), Halloysitum Rubrum (chi shi zhi), Limonitum (yu yu liang), Semen Myristicae (rou dou kou), Semen Cuscutae (tu si zi), Fructus Rosae Laevigatae (jin ying zi), Pericarpium Granati (shi liu pi), Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi), Cortex Ailanthi (chun gen pi), Semen Euryales (qian shi), and Terra Flava Usta (zao xin tu)

Peach blossom decoction (tao hua tang), halloysitum rubrum (chi shi zhi), and enlightened master visceranourishing decoction (zhen ren yang zang tang)

Chronic diarrhea and dysentery

Appendix 1

879

TABLE 44.1 Introduction to Medicinal Selection for Common Diseases and Syndromes (cont.) Common Diseases and Syndromes (Patterns) Dysentery

Abdominal pain

Constipation

Available Chinese Materia Medica

Available Formulas

Damp-heat obstruction and stagnation

Radix Scutellariae (huang qin), Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai), Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian), Berberidis Radix (san ke zhen), Radix et Rhizoma Thalictri Baicalensis (ma wei lian), Radix Sophorae Flavescentis (ku shen), Herba Paederiae (ji shi teng), Cortex Ailanthi (chun gen pi), Rhizoma Bistortae (quan shen), Herba Portulacae (ma chi xian), Rhizoma Picrorhizae (hu huang lian), Herba Euphorbiae Humifusae (di jin cao), and Herba Andrographis (chuan xin lian)

Peony decoction (shao yao tang), immature bitter orange stagnation-moving pill (zhi shi dao zhi wan), pueraria, scutellaria, and coptis decoction (ge gen huang qin huang lian tang)

Epidemic toxin accumulation

Radix Pulsatillae (bai tou weng), Cortex Fraxini (qin pi), Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian), Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai), Fructus Bruceae (ya dan zi), Radix Sanguisorbae (di yu), Herba Portulacae (ma chi xian), Flos Lonicerae Japonicae Carbonisatum (jin yin hua tan), Fructus Crataegi Carbonisatum (shan zha tan), and Flos Celosiae Cristatae (ji guan hua)

Pulsatilla decoction (bai tou weng tang)

Internal obstruction of cold pathogens

Rhizoma Alpiniae Officinarum (gao liang jiang), Fructus Evodiae (wu zhu yu), Fructus Piperis Longi (bi ba), Fructus Litseae (bi cheng qie), Radix Linderae (wu yao), Fructus Foeniculi (xiao hui xiang), Flos Caryophylli (ding xiang), Fructus Piperis (hu jiao), Pericarpium Zanthoxyli (hua jiao), Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi), Lignum Santali Albi (tan xiang), and Semen Alpiniae Katsumadai (cao dou kou)

Lesser galangal and cyperus pill (liang fu wan) and major center-fortifying decoction (da jian zhong tang)

Deficiencycold of the spleen and kidney

Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang), Radix Paeoniae (shao yao), Fructus Alpiniae Oxyphyllae (yi zhi ren), Radix Linderae (wu yao), Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi), Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi), Mel (feng mi), Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui), and Saccharum Granorum (yi tang)

Minor Center-Fortifying Decoction (xiao jian zhong tang), and Stream-Reducing Pill (suo quan wan)

Heat accumulation and intestinal dryness

Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang), Natrii Sulfas (mang xiao), Folium Sennae (fan xie ye), Aloe (lu hui), Semen Pharbitidis (qian niu zi), and Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi)

Stomach-Regulating and Purgative Decoction (tiao wei cheng qi tang)

Fluid exhaustion and intestinal dryness

Fructus Cannabis (huo ma ren), Semen Pruni (yu li ren), Mel (feng mi), Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren), Semen Persicae (tao ren), Semen Platycladi (bai zi ren), Semen Pini Koraiensis (song zi ren), Semen Trichosanthis (gua lou zi), Semen Cassiae (jue ming zi), Fructus Malvae Vertillatae (dong kui zi), Fructus Perillae (zi su zi), Radix Asparagi (tian dong), Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong), Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu), and Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen)

Cannabis Fruit Pill (ma zi ren wan) and Five Kernels Pill (wu ren wan)

Essence and blood depletion

Fructus Mori (sang shen), Semen Sesami Nigrum (hei zhi ma), Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui), raw Radix Polygoni Multiflori (sheng he shou wu), Semen Juglandis (he tao ren), Herba Cynomorii (suo yang), and Herba Cistanches (rou cong rong)

Fluid-Replenishing Decoction (ji chuan jian)

Qi stagnation and intestinal dryness

Semen Arecae (bing lang), Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi), Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang), Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po), and Semen Pruni (yu li ren)

Five Milled Ingredients Drink (wu mo yin zi)

Yang deficiency and congealing cold

Fructus Crotonis (ba dou), Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang), Sulfur (liu huang), Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia), Herba Cistanches (rou cong rong), and Herba Cynomorii (suo yang)

Pinellia and Sulfur Pill (ban liu wan)

Fructus Quisqualis (shi jun zi), Cortex Meliae (ku lian pi), Fructus Ulmi Macrocarpae Praeparata (wu yi), Fructus Toosendan (chuan lian zi), Fructus Carpesii (he shi), Semen Torreyae (fei zi), Semen Arecae (bing lang), Omphalia (lei wan), Pericarpium Zanthoxyli (hua jiao), Fructus Mume (wu mei), Semen Pharbitidis (qian niu zi), Pericarpium Granati (shi liu pi), Herba Polygoni Avicularis (bian xu), and Radix Stemonae (bai bu)

Mume Pill (wu mei wan), Worm-Expelling Pill (hua chong wan), and Rangooncreeper Powder (shi jun zi san)

Ascariasis and enterobiasis

(Continued )

880 Appendix 1

TABLE 44.1 Introduction to Medicinal Selection for Common Diseases and Syndromes (cont.) Common Diseases and Syndromes (Patterns)

Available Chinese Materia Medica

Available Formulas

Cestodiasis

Semen Arecae (bing lang), Semen Cucurbitae (nan gua zi), Omphalia (lei wan), Herba et Gemma Agrimoniae (he cao ya), Rhizoma Cyrtomii (guan zhong), Fructus Crataegi (shan zha), Resina Toxicodendri (gan qi), and Realgar (xiong huang)

Worm-Expelling Pill (hua chong wan)

Ancylostomiasis

Semen Torreyae (fei zi), Omphalia (lei wan), Semen Arecae (bing lang), Radix Stemonae (bai bu), Fructus Carpesii (he shi), Rhizoma Cyrtomii (guan zhong), and Bulbus Allii (da suan)

Worm-Expelling Pill (hua chong wan)

Liver constraint and qi stagnation

Radix Bupleuri (chai hu), Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao), Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride (qing pi), Radix Curcumae (yu jin), Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong), Rhizoma Cyperi (xiang fu), Radix Linderae (wu yao), Radix Aristolochiae (qing mu xiang), Fructus Tribuli (bai ji li), Rhizoma Corydalis (yan hu suo), Fructus Citri (xiang yuan), Fructus Citri Sarcodactylis (fo shou), Fructus Toosendan (chuan lian zi), Semen Litchi (li zhi he), Semen Aesculi (suo luo zi), Fructus Akebiae (ba yue zha), Flos Rosae Rugosae (mei gui hua), Flos Mume (lü e mei), Aspongopus (jiu xiang chong), Folium Citri Reticulatae (ju ye), and Semen Citri Reticulatae (ju he)

Bupleurum Liver-Soothing Powder (chai hu shu gan san) and Toosendan Powder (jin ling zi san)

Stagnation of liver qi and stomach qi

Fructus Citri Sarcodactylis (fo shou), Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao), Fructus Citri (xiang yuan), Radix Aristolochiae (qing mu xiang), Flos Mume (lü e mei), Radix et Rhizoma Nardostachyos (gan song), Flos Rosae Rugosae (mei gui hua), Semen Aesculi (suo luo zi), and Fructus Akebiae (ba yue zha)

Bupleurum Liver-Soothing Powder (chai hu shu gan san)

Static blood obstruction and stagnation

Rhizoma Corydalis (yan hu suo), Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong), Radix Curcumae (yu jin), Rhizoma Curcumae Longae (jiang huang), Faeces Trogopterori (wu ling zhi), Rhizoma Sparganii (san leng), Rhizoma Curcumae (e zhu), Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae (dan shen), Flos Carthami (hong hua), Flos Inulae (xuan fu hua), Radix et Rhizoma Rubiae (qian cao), and Carapax Trionycis (bie jia)

Expelling Stasis Below the Diaphragm Decoction (ge xia zhu yu tang) and Pinch Powder (shou nian san)

Damp-heat accumulation and steaming (yang jaundice)

Herba Artemisiae Scopariae (yin chen), Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi), Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang), Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian), Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai), Herba Lysimachiae (jin qian cao), Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati (hu zhang), Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae (qin jiao), Radix Sophorae Flavescentis (ku shen), Cortex Dictamni (bai xian pi), Fel Suillus (zhu dan zhi), Folium Isatidis (da qing ye), Radix Isatidis (ban lan gen), Herba Sedi (chui pen cao), Radix et Rhizoma Gentianae (long dan cao), Herba Hyperici Japonici (di er cao), Herba Taraxaci (pu gong ying), Radix Bupleuri (chai hu), Radix Scutellariae (huang qin), Radix Curcumae (yu jin), Herba Phyllanthi Urinariae (zhen zhu cao), Fructus Silybi (shui fei ji), Fel Ursi (xiong dan), and Herba Lobeliae Chinensis (ban bian lian)

Virgate Wormwood Decoction (yin chen hao tang) and Gardenia and Phellodendron Bark Decoction (zhi zi bai pi tang)

Cold-damp obstruction (yin jaundice)

Herba Artemisiae Scopariae (yin chen), Poria (fu ling), Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu), Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie), Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi), Polyporus (zhu ling), Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi), Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang), and Herba Lysimachiae (jin qian cao)

Five Substances Powder with Poria Plus Virgate Wormwood (yin chen wu ling san) and Virgate Wormwood Frigid Extremities Decoction (yin chen si ni tang)

Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae (dan shen), Flos Carthami (hong hua), Semen Persicae (tao ren), Radix Curcumae (yu jin), Olibanum (ru xiang), Myrrha (mo yao), Rhizoma Sparganii (san leng), Rhizoma Curcumae (e zhu), Carapax Trionycis (bie jia), raw Concha Ostreae (sheng mu li), Thallus Eckloniae (kun bu), Endothelium Corneum Gigeriae Galli (ji nei jin), Fructus Crataegi (shan zha), Resina Toxicodendri (gan qi), Squama Manitis (chuan shan jia), Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang), Eupolyphaga seu Steleophaga (tu bie chong), Hirudo (shui zhi), Tabanus (meng chong), Moschus (she xiang), Flos Campsis (ling xiao hua), Pseudobulbus Cremastrae seu Pleiones (shan ci gu), and Rhizoma Dioscoreae Bulbiferae (huang yao zi)

Rhubarb and Eupolyphaga Pill (da huang zhe chong wan), Effective ChannelActivating Elixir (huo luo xiao ling dan), Discharging Blood Stasis Decoction (xia yu xue tang), and Resistance Decoction (di dang tang)

Rib-side pain

Jaundice

Concretions and conglomerations, or accumulations and gatherings

Appendix 1

881

TABLE 44.1 Introduction to Medicinal Selection for Common Diseases and Syndromes (cont.) Common Diseases and Syndromes (Patterns)

Available Chinese Materia Medica

Available Formulas

Plum-stone qi (globus hystericus)

Folium Perillae (zi su ye), Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia), Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po), Poria (fu ling), Radix Bupleuri (chai hu), Radix Curcumae (yu jin), Flos Mume (lü e mei), Flos Inulae (xuan fu hua), Fructus Akebiae (ba yue zha), Fructus Trichosanthis (gua lou), and Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii (zhe bei mu)

Pinellia and Officinal Magnolia Bark Decoction (ban xia hou po tang)

Vertigo

Ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang

Cornu Saigae Tataricae (ling yang jiao), Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis (gou teng), Rhizoma Gastrodiae (tian ma), Concha Haliotidis (shi jue ming), Concha Margaritiferae Usta (zhen zhu mu), Magnetitum (ci shi), Haematitum (dai zhe shi), Fructus Tribuli (bai ji li), raw Os Draconis (sheng long gu), raw Concha Ostreae (sheng mu li), Folium Apocyni Veneti (luo bu ma ye), Fluoritum (zi shi ying), Concha Mauritiae (zi bei chi), Flos Chrysanthemi (ju hua), Folium Mori (sang ye), Spica Prunellae (xia ku cao), Semen Celosiae (qing xiang zi), Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao), and Carapax Eretmochelydis (dai mao)

Gastrodia and Uncaria Beverage (tian ma gou teng yin) and Liver-Sedating and Wind-Extinguishing Decoction (zhen gan xi feng tang)

Liver-kidney yin deficiency

Carapax et Plastrum Testudinis (gui jia), Carapax Trionycis (bie jia), Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (niu xi), Cortex Eucommiae (du zhong), Herba Taxilli (sang ji sheng), Fructus Ligustri Lucidi (nü zhen zi), Herba Ecliptae (mo han lian), Fructus Lycii (gou qi zi), Semen Astragali Complanati (sha yuan zi), Semen Cuscutae (tu si zi), Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen), Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang), Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang), and Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu)

Left-Restoring Pill (zuo gui wan)

Phlegmturbidity obstructing the center

Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia), Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu), Rhizoma Gastrodiae (tian ma), Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi), Poria (fu ling), Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang), Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi), and Caulis Bambusae in Taenia (zhu ru)

Pinellia, atractylodes macrocephala and gastrodia decoction (ban xia bai zhu tian ma tang) and gallbladder-warming decoction (wen dan tang)

Excess pattern of liver wind

Cornu Saigae Tataricae (ling yang jiao), Calculus Bovis (niu huang), Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis (gou teng), Rhizoma Gastrodiae (tian ma), Pheretima (di long), Bombyx Batryticatus (jiang can), Scorpio (quan xie), Scolopendra (wu gong), Carapax Eretmochelydis (dai mao), Fluoritum (zi shi ying), Flos Chrysanthemi (ju hua), Indigo Naturalis (qing dai), Rhizoma Paridis (zao xiu), Cornu Bubali (shui niu jiao), Radix et Rhizoma Gentianae (long dan cao), and Fel Ursi (xiong dan)

Uncaria beverage (gou teng yin) and antelope horn decoction (ling yang jiao tang)

Deficiency pattern of liver wind

Carapax et Plastrum Testudinis (gui jia), Carapax Trionycis (bie jia), Colla Corii Asini (e jiao), Concha Ostreae (mu li), Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao), Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang), Vitellus Galli (ji zi huang), Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong), Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi), and Rhizoma Gastrodiae (tian ma)

Major wind-stabilizing pill (da ding feng zhu) and three shells pulse-restoring decoction (san jia fu mai tang)

Wind-phlegm block and obstruction

Rhizoma Typhonii (bai fu zi), Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia), Rhizoma Arisaematis (tian nan xing), Fructus Gleditsiae (zao jia), Radix Polygalae (yuan zhi), Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (shi chang pu), Succus Rhizomatis Zingiberis (sheng jiang zhi), Rhizoma Gastrodiae (tian ma), Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis (gou teng), Scorpio (quan xie), Scolopendra (wu gong), and Bombyx Batryticatus (jiang can)

Convulsion-settling pill (ding xian wan)

Phlegm-fire obstructing the orifices

Calculus Bovis (niu huang), Concretio Silicea Bambusae (tian zhu huang), Succus Bambusae (zhu li), Caulis Bambusae in Taenia (zhu ru), Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi), Arisaema cum Bile (dan nan xing), Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii (zhe bei mu), Calculus Macacae Mulattae (hou zao), Lapis Chloriti (qing meng shi), Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum (chen xiang), Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang), Radix Scutellariae (huang qin), Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (shi chang pu), Radix Curcumae (yu jin), Alumen (bai fan), Rhizoma Gastrodiae (tian ma), Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis (gou teng), Cornu Saigae Tataricae (ling yang jiao), Bombyx Batryticatus (jiang can), and Pheretima (di long)

Phlegm-flushing decoction (di tan tang) and qinormalizing and phlegmexpelling decoction (shun qi dao tan tang)

Convulsion

Epileptic syndrome

(Continued )

882 Appendix 1

TABLE 44.1 Introduction to Medicinal Selection for Common Diseases and Syndromes (cont.) Common Diseases and Syndromes (Patterns)

Available Chinese Materia Medica

Available Formulas

Tetanus (i.e., lockjaw)

Rhizoma Typhonii (bai fu zi), Rhizoma Gastrodiae (tian ma), Rhizoma Arisaematis (tian nan xing), Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng), Periostracum Cicadae (chan tui), Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi), Bombyx Batryticatus (jiang can), Scorpio (quan xie), Scolopendra (wu gong), and Gekko Swinhonis (bi hu)

True jade powder (yu zhen san) and five-tiger powder to pursue wind (wu hu zhui feng san)

Windstrike block (wind-strike involving the zang-fu organs)

Cold block

Moschus (she xiang), Styrax (su he xiang), Benzoinum (an xi xiang), Fructus Gleditsiae (zao jia), Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin), Camphora (zhang nao), Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (shi chang pu), and Succus Rhizomatis Zingiberis (sheng jiang zhi)

Storax pill (su he xiang wan)

Heat block

Moschus (she xiang), Borneolum Syntheticum (bing pian), Calculus Bovis (niu huang), Cornu Saigae Tataricae (ling yang jiao), Succus Bambusae (zhu li), Lapis Chloriti (qing meng shi), Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang), Radix Curcumae (yu jin), Alumen (bai fan), and Calculus Macacae Mulattae (hou zao)

Supreme jewel elixir (zhi bao dan)

Wind striking the channels and collaterals

Deficiency of channels and collaterals, wind-phlegm obstructing the collaterals

Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo), Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae (qin jiao), Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng), Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong), Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui), Pheretima (di long), Radix Astragali (huang qi), Scorpio (quan xie), Scolopendra (wu gong), Rhizoma Typhonii (bai fu zi), Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia), Rhizoma Arisaematis (tian nan xing), Fructus Gleditsiae (zao jia), Radix Polygalae (yuan zhi), Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (shi chang pu), and Succus Rhizomatis Zingiberis (sheng jiang zhi)

Yang-supplementing and five-returning decoction (bu yang huan wu tang) and large gentian decoction (da qin jiao tang)

Liver yang transforming into wind, phlegm, and static blood obstructing the collaterals

Os Draconis (long gu), Concha Ostreae (mu li), Carapax et Plastrum Testudinis (gui jia), Haematitum (dai zhe shi), Rhizoma Gastrodiae (tian ma), Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis (gou teng), Flos Chrysanthemi (ju hua), Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao), Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (niu xi), Concha Haliotidis (shi jue ming), Cornu Saigae Tataricae (ling yang jiao), Calculus Bovis (niu huang), Concretio Silicea Bambusae (tian zhu huang), Succus Bambusae (zhu li), Caulis Bambusae in Taenia (zhu ru), Arisaema cum Bile (dan nan xing), Calculus Macacae Mulattae (hou zao), Lapis Chloriti (qing meng shi), Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum (chen xiang), Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang), Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (shi chang pu), Radix Curcumae (yu jin), and Alumen (bai fan)

Phlegm-flushing decoction (di tan tang) and gastrodia and uncaria beverage (tian ma gou teng yin)

Wind-strike desertion (wind-strike involving the zang-fu organs)

Yang collapse

Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi), Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen), Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang), Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui), Bulbus Allii Fistulosi (cong bai), Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu), Os Draconis (long gu), and Concha Ostreae (mu li)

Ginseng and aconite decoction (shen fu tang)

Yin collapse

Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen), Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong), Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi), and Radix Panacis Quinquefolii (xi yang shen)

Pulse-engendering powder (sheng mai san)

Constraint syndrome

Liver qi constraint

Radix Bupleuri (chai hu), Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao), Rhizoma Cyperi (xiang fu), Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong), Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao), Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride (qing pi), Radix Curcumae (yu jin), Cortex Albiziae (he huan pi), Flos Albiziae (he huan hua), Radix Polygalae (yuan zhi), and Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (shi chang pu)

Bupleurum liver-soothing powder (chai hu shu gan san)

Qi constraint transforming into fire

Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi), Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi), Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao), Radix Bupleuri (chai hu), Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui), Radix et Rhizoma Gentianae (long dan cao), Fructus Toosendan (chuan lian zi), Rhizoma Corydalis (yan hu suo), Radix Curcumae (yu jin), Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (shi chang pu), and Radix Polygalae (yuan zhi)

Free wanderer powder with moutain and gardenia (dan zhi xiao yao san)

Heartliver blood deficiency

Semen Ziziphi Spinosae (suan zao ren), Semen Platycladi (bai zi ren), Cortex Albiziae (he huan pi), Flos Albiziae (he huan hua), Arillus Longan (long yan rou), Sclerotium Poriae Pararadicis (fu shen), Radix Curcumae (yu jin), Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (shi chang pu), Radix Polygalae (yuan zhi), Fructus Tritici Aestivi (xiao mai), Fructus Jujubae (da zao), and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao)

Spleen-restoring decoction (gui pi tang), and licorice, wheat and jujube decoction (gan mai da zao tang)

Appendix 1

883

TABLE 44.1 Introduction to Medicinal Selection for Common Diseases and Syndromes (cont.) Common Diseases and Syndromes (Patterns)

Available Chinese Materia Medica

Available Formulas

Depressive psychosis (binding constraint of phlegm and qi)

Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia), Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi), Rhizoma Arisaematis (tian nan xing), Rhizoma Typhonii (bai fu zi), Semen Sinapis (bai jie zi), Fructus Gleditsiae (zao jia), Poria (fu ling), Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po), Radix Polygalae (yuan zhi), Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (shi chang pu), Radix Curcumae (yu jin), Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang), Rhizoma Cyperi (xiang fu), Lignum Santali Albi (tan xiang), Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum (chen xiang), Styrax (su he xiang), Moschus (she xiang), and Benzoinum (an xi xiang)

Qi-normalizing and phlegmexpelling decoction (shun qi dao tan tang) and storax pill (su he xiang wan)

Mania (phlegm-fire harassing the upper body)

Calculus Bovis (niu huang), Succus Bambusae (zhu li), Radix Curcumae (yu jin), Concretio Silicea Bambusae (tian zhu huang), Arisaema cum Bile (dan nan xing), Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii (zhe bei mu), Radix Polygalae (yuan zhi), Alumen (bai fan), Sclerotium Poriae Pararadicis (fu shen), Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (shi chang pu), Caulis Bambusae in Taenia (zhu ru), Lapis Chloriti (qing meng shi), Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae (dan shen), Cinnabaris (zhu sha), Radix Scutellariae (huang qin), Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian), Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi), Moschus (she xiang), Borneolum Syntheticum (bing pian), Margarita (zhen zhu), and Frusta Ferri (sheng tie luo)

Iron flakes beverage (sheng tie luo yin) and peaceful palace bovine bezoar pill (an gong niu huang wan)

Spontaneous sweating

Lung qi insufficiency

Raw Radix Astragali (sheng huang qi), Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu), Fructus Tritici Levis (fu xiao mai), Radix Oryzae Glutinosae (nuo dao gen xu), Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen), Concha Ostreae (mu li), Radix et Rhizoma Ephedrae (ma huang gen), Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi), Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu), Galla Chinensis (wu bei zi), and Cordyceps (dong chong xia cao)

Oyster shell powder (mu li san)

Disharmony between nutrient and defensive qi

Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi), Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao), Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang), Fructus Jujubae (da zao), Os Draconis (long gu), and Concha Ostreae (mu li)

Cinnamon twig decoction plus dragon bone and oyster shell (gui zhi jia long gu mu li tang)

Night sweating (vigorous fire due to yin deficiency)

Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu), Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai), Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang), Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang), Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi), Galla Chinensis (wu bei zi), Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu), Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao), Carapax et Plastrum Testudinis (gui jia), Carapax Trionycis (bie jia), Radix Asparagi (tian dong), Semen Ziziphi Spinosae (suan zao ren), Semen Platycladi (bai zi ren), Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi), Cortex Lycii (di gu pi), Concha Ostreae (mu li), Os Draconis (long gu), Fructus Tritici Levis (fu xiao mai), Radix et Rhizoma Ephedrae (ma huang gen), and Radix Oryzae Glutinosae (nuo dao gen xu)

Anemarrhena, phellodendron and rehmannia pill (zhi bai di huang wan) and oyster shell powder (mu li san)

Coughing of blood (hemoptysis)

Dry-heat damaging the lung

Folium Mori (sang ye), Radix Adenophorae seu Glehniae (sha shen), Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren), Rhizoma Polygonati Odorati (yu zhu), Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong), Bulbus Fritillaria (bei mu), Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi), Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi), Radix Scutellariae (huang qin), Cortex Mori (sang bai pi), Herba Houttuyniae (yu xing cao), Rhizoma Imperatae (bai mao gen), Herba Cirsii Japonici (da ji), Herba Cirsii (xiao ji), Cacumen Platycladi (ce bai ye), Flos Sophorae (huai hua), Nodus Nelumbinis Rhizomatis (ou jie), Radix et Rhizoma Rubiae (qian cao), Herba Agrimoniae (xian he cao), Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang), and Colla Corii Asini (e jiao)

Mulberry leaf and apricot kernel decoction (sang xing tang) and ten charred substances powder (shi hui san)

Liver fire invading the lung

Indigo Naturalis (qing dai), Concha Meretricis seu Cyclinae (hai ge qiao), Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi), Pumex (hai fu shi), Cortex Mori (sang bai pi), Cortex Lycii (di gu pi), Radix Scutellariae (huang qin), Rhizoma Imperatae (bai mao gen), Herba Cirsii Japonici (da ji), Herba Cirsii (xiao ji), Cacumen Platycladi (ce bai ye), Flos Sophorae (huai hua), Nodus Nelumbinis Rhizomatis (ou jie), Radix et Rhizoma Rubiae (qian cao), Crinis Carbonisatus (xue yu tan), Pollen Typhae (pu huang), Herba Agrimoniae (xian he cao), Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang), Folium Callicarpae Pedunculatae (zi zhu ye), Colla Corii Asini (e jiao), Carapax Trionycis (bie jia), and Radix et Rhizoma Cynanchi Atrati (bai wei)

White-draining powder (xie bai san), ten charred substances powder (shi hui san), and bloodexpectorating formula (ke xue fang)

(Continued )

884 Appendix 1

TABLE 44.1 Introduction to Medicinal Selection for Common Diseases and Syndromes (cont.) Common Diseases and Syndromes (Patterns) Nosebleed

Bleeding gums

Bloody stool

Available Chinese Materia Medica

Available Formulas

Pathogenic heat invading the lung

Folium Mori (sang ye), Flos Chrysanthemi (ju hua), Herba Menthae (bo he), Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao), Rhizoma Imperatae (bai mao gen), Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi), Cortex Mori (sang bai pi), Cortex Lycii (di gu pi), Radix Scutellariae (huang qin), Cacumen Platycladi (ce bai ye), Flos Sophorae (huai hua), Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang), Herba Cirsii Japonici (da ji), Herba Cirsii (xiao ji), Nodus Nelumbinis Rhizomatis (ou jie), and fresh Folium Artemisiae Argyi (xian ai ye)

Mulberry leaf and chrysanthemum beverage (sang ju yin), white-draining powder (xie bai san), arborvitae decoction (bai ye tang), and ten charred substances powder (shi hui san)

Intense stomach fire

Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao), Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu), Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian), Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi), Radix Scutellariae (huang qin), Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi), Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (niu xi), Rhizoma Imperatae (bai mao gen), Cacumen Platycladi (ce bai ye), Flos Sophorae (huai hua), Radix Rumicis Japonici (yang ti), Herba Cirsii Japonici (da ji), Herba Cirsii (xiao ji), Nodus Nelumbinis Rhizomatis (ou jie), Radix et Rhizoma Rubiae (qian cao), and Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang)

Jade lady decoction (yu nü jian) and ten charred substances powder (shi hui san)

Liver fire flam- Radix et Rhizoma Gentianae (long dan cao), Radix Bupleuri (chai hu), ing upward Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi), Cortex Lycii (di gu pi), Radix Scutellariae (huang qin), Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian), Radix Curcumae (yu jin), Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi), Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao), Rhizoma Imperatae (bai mao gen), Cacumen Platycladi (ce bai ye), Herba Cirsii Japonici (da ji), Herba Cirsii (xiao ji), Folium Nelumbinis (he ye), Nodus Nelumbinis Rhizomatis (ou jie), Radix et Rhizoma Rubiae (qian cao), Pollen Typhae (pu huang), Flos Sophorae (huai hua), and Herba Ecliptae (mo han lian)

Gentian liver-draining decoction (long dan xie gan tang) and ten charred substances powder (shi hui san)

Intense stomach fire

Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian), Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang), Radix Scutellariae (huang qin), Rhizoma Imperatae (bai mao gen), Herba Cirsii Japonici (da ji), Herba Cirsii (xiao ji), Cacumen Platycladi (ce bai ye), Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi), Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao), Flos Sophorae (huai hua), Radix Sanguisorbae (di yu), Radix Rumicis Japonici (yang ti), Radix et Rhizoma Rubiae (qian cao), Pollen Typhae (pu huang), Folium Callicarpae Pedunculatae (zi zhu ye), and Herba Agrimoniae (xian he cao)

Stomach-heat-clearing powder (qing wei san) and ten charred substances powder (shi hui san)

Vigorous fire due to yin deficiency

Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang), Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong), Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen), Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu), Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai), Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (niu xi), Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi), Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao), Cornu Bubali (shui niu jiao), Herba Cirsii Japonici (da ji), Herba Cirsii (xiao ji), Cacumen Platycladi (ce bai ye), Flos Sophorae (huai hua), Nodus Nelumbinis Rhizomatis (ou jie), Radix Sanguisorbae (di yu), Radix Rumicis Japonici (yang ti), Radix et Rhizoma Rubiae (qian cao), Pollen Typhae (pu huang), Folium Callicarpae Pedunculatae (zi zhu ye), Herba Agrimoniae (xian he cao), and Colla Corii Asini (e jiao)

Indian madder root powder (qian gen san), ten charred substances powder (shi hui san), and field thistle drink (xiao ji yin zi)

Large intestine damp-heat

Radix Sanguisorbae (di yu), Flos Sophorae (huai hua), Fructus Sophorae (huai jiao), Radix Scutellariae (huang qin), Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian), Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai), Radix Saposhnikoviae Carbonisatum (fang feng tan), Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao), Halloysitum Rubrum (chi shi zhi), Radix et Rhizoma Notoginseng (san qi), Ophicalcitum (hua rui shi), Radix et Rhizoma Rubiae (qian cao), and Lignum Dalbergiae Odoriferae (jiang xiang)

Sophora pill (huai jiao wan)

Deficiencycold of the spleen and stomach

Terra Flava Usta (zao xin tu), Radix Codonopsis (dang shen), Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu), Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi), Rhizoma Zingiberis Praeparatum (pao jiang), Colla Cornus Cervi (lu jiao jiao), Folium Artemisiae Argyi (ai ye), Colla Corii Asini (e jiao), Rhizoma Bletillae (bai ji), Endoconcha Sepiae (hai piao xiao), Petiolus Trachycarpi Carbonisatus (zong lü tan), Herba Agrimoniae (xian he cao), Radix et Rhizoma Notoginseng (san qi), and Ophicalcitum (hua rui shi)

Yellow earth decoction (huang tu tang) and bloodtranquilizing decoction (ning xue tang)

Appendix 1

885

TABLE 44.1 Introduction to Medicinal Selection for Common Diseases and Syndromes (cont.) Common Diseases and Syndromes (Patterns) Spitting of blood (hematemesis)

Available Chinese Materia Medica

Available Formulas

Intense stomach heat accumulation

Radix Scutellariae (huang qin), Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian), Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang), Haematitum (dai zhe shi), Caulis Bambusae in Taenia (zhu ru), Rhizoma Imperatae (bai mao gen), Cacumen Platycladi (ce bai ye), Herba Cirsii Japonici (da ji), Herba Cirsii (xiao ji), Flos Sophorae (huai hua), Radix Rumicis Japonici (yang ti), Radix Sanguisorbae (di yu), Folium Nelumbinis (he ye), Radix et Rhizoma Notoginseng (san qi), Radix et Rhizoma Rubiae (qian cao), Pollen Typhae (pu huang), Ophicalcitum (hua rui shi), Lignum Dalbergiae Odoriferae (jiang xiang), Rhizoma Bletillae (bai ji), Herba Agrimoniae (xian he cao), Folium Callicarpae Pedunculatae (zi zhu ye), Petiolus Trachycarpi (zong lü), Crinis Carbonisatus (xue yu tan), and Nodus Nelumbinis Rhizomatis (ou jie)

Heart-draining decoction (xie xin tang) and ten charred substances powder (shi hui san)

Liver fire invading the lung

Radix et Rhizoma Gentianae (long dan cao), Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi), Radix Bupleuri (chai hu), Radix Scutellariae (huang qin), Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian), Radix Curcumae (yu jin), Fructus Toosendan (chuan lian zi), Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi), Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao), Rhizoma Imperatae (bai mao gen), Cacumen Platycladi (ce bai ye), Herba Cirsii Japonici (da ji), Herba Cirsii (xiao ji), Flos Sophorae (huai hua), Radix Sanguisorbae (di yu), Radix Rumicis Japonici (yang ti), Radix et Rhizoma Notoginseng (san qi), Radix et Rhizoma Rubiae (qian cao), Pollen Typhae (pu huang), Ophicalcitum (hua rui shi), Lignum Dalbergiae Odoriferae (jiang xiang), Rhizoma Bletillae (bai ji), Herba Agrimoniae (xian he cao), Folium Callicarpae Pedunculatae (zi zhu ye), Petiolus Trachycarpi (zong lü), Crinis Carbonisatus (xue yu tan), and Nodus Nelumbinis Rhizomatis (ou jie) Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen), Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu), Radix Astragali (huang qi), Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi), Terra Flava Usta (zao xin tu), Colla Cornus Cervi (lu jiao jiao), Rhizoma Zingiberis Praeparatum (pao jiang), Folium Artemisiae Argyi (ai ye), Colla Corii Asini (e jiao), Herba Agrimoniae (xian he cao), Petiolus Trachycarpi Carbonisatus (zong lü tan), and Nodus Nelumbinis Rhizomatis (ou jie) Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang), Cornu Bubali (shui niu jiao), Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao), Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi), Radix Arnebiae (zi cao), Rhizoma Imperatae (bai mao gen), Cacumen Platycladi (ce bai ye), Herba Cirsii Japonici (da ji), Herba Cirsii (xiao ji), Flos Sophorae (huai hua), Radix Sanguisorbae (di yu), Radix Rumicis Japonici (yang ti), Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang), and Radix et Rhizoma Rubiae (qian cao) Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang), Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen), Fructus Ligustri Lucidi (nü zhen zi), Herba Ecliptae (mo han lian), Petiolus Trachycarpi Carbonisatus (zong lü tan), Nodus Nelumbinis Rhizomatis (ou jie), Pollen Typhae (pu huang), Radix et Rhizoma Rubiae (qian cao), and Folium Callicarpae Pedunculatae (zi zhu ye) Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen), Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu), Radix Astragali (huang qi), Folium Callicarpae Pedunculatae (zi zhu ye), Herba Agrimoniae (xian he cao), Petiolus Trachycarpi Carbonisatus (zong lü tan), Nodus Nelumbinis Rhizomatis (ou jie), and Radix et Rhizoma Rubiae (qian cao) Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen), Radix Astragali (huang qi), Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu), Poria (fu ling), Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao), Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui), Arillus Longan (long yan rou), Semen Ziziphi Spinosae (suan zao ren), Semen Platycladi (bai zi ren), Radix Polygalae (yuan zhi), Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (shi chang pu), and Carapax et Plastrum Testudinis (gui jia) Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang), Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu), Rhizoma Dioscoreae (shan yao), Fructus Lycii (gou qi zi), Rhizoma Polygonati (huang jing), Fructus Psoraleae (bu gu zhi), Colla Corii Asini (e jiao), Semen Cuscutae (tu si zi), Placenta Hominis (zi he che), Colla Cornus Cervi (lu jiao jiao), Semen Ziziphi Spinosae (suan zao ren), Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi), Radix Polygalae (yuan zhi), Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (shi chang pu), and Carapax et Plastrum Testudinis (gui jia)

Gentian liver-draining decoction (long dan xie gan tang) and ten charred substances powder (shi hui san)

Qi failing to contain blood or blood loss due to yang deficiency Purpura

Bleeding due to blood-heat

Vigorous fire due to yin deficiency

Qi failing to contain blood

Forgetfulness

Deficiency of both the heart and spleen

Kidney essence depletion

Yellow earth decoction (huang tu tang) and spleenrestoring decoction (gui pi tang)

Ten charred substances powder (shi hui san)

Indian madder root powder (qian gen san) and double supreme pill (er zhi wan)

Center-supplementing and qi-boosting decoction (bu zhong yi qi tang)

Spleen-restoring decoction (gui pi tang)

Left-restoring pill (zuo gui wan) and sage confucius pillow elixir (kong sheng zhen zhong dan)

(Continued )

886 Appendix 1

TABLE 44.1 Introduction to Medicinal Selection for Common Diseases and Syndromes (cont.) Common Diseases and Syndromes (Patterns) Chest bì

Palpitation

Available Chinese Materia Medica

Available Formulas

Blood-stasis obstruction

Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae (dan shen), Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong), Semen Persicae (tao ren), Pollen Typhae (pu huang), Flos Carthami (hong hua), Lignum Sappan (su mu), Radix et Rhizoma Notoginseng (san qi), Lignum Dalbergiae Odoriferae (jiang xiang), Radix seu Herba Pimpinelae (yang hong shan), Fructus Crataegi (shan zha), Faeces Trogopterori (wu ling zhi), Herba Leonuri (yi mu cao), Radix Curcumae (yu jin), and Fructus Hippophae (sha ji)

Blood mansion stasisexpelling decoction (xue fu zhu yu tang), expelling stasis below the diaphragm decoction (ge xia zhu yu tang), and sudden smile powder (shi xiao san)

Qi stagnation and blood stasis

Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong), Fructus Hippophae (sha ji), Rhizoma Corydalis (yan hu suo), Radix Curcumae (yu jin), Rhizoma Curcumae Longae (jiang huang), Lignum Dalbergiae Odoriferae (jiang xiang), Lignum Santali Albi (tan xiang), Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae (dan shen), Flos Carthami (hong hua), Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (ju pi), Radix Aristolochiae (qing mu xiang), Rhizoma Curcumae (e zhu), and Rhizoma Sparganii (san leng)

salvia beverage (dan shen yin) and corydalis rhizome powder (yan hu suo san)

Phlegmturbidity obstruction

Fructus Trichosanthis (gua lou), Bulbus Allii Macrostemi (xie bai), Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia), Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi), Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi), Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (ju pi), and Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang)

Trichosanthes, Chinese chive, and pinellia decoction (gua lou xie bai ban xia tang), immature bitter orange and Chinese chive, and cinnamon twig decoction (zhi shi xie bai gui zhi tang)

Yin cold coagulation and stagnation

Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi), Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi), Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang), Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi), Rhizoma Alpiniae Officinarum (gao liang jiang), Fructus Piperis Longi (bi ba), Lignum Santali Albi (tan xiang), Rhizoma Corydalis (yan hu suo), Styrax (su he xiang), Moschus (she xiang), and Borneolum Syntheticum (bing pian)

Lesser galangal and cyperus Pill (liang fu wan)

Deficiency of both qi and yin

Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen), Radix Astragali (huang qi), Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu), Poria (fu ling), Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao), Fructus Crataegi (shan zha), Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui), Rhizoma Corydalis (yan hu suo), Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong), Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi), Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang), Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae (dan shen), Flos Carthami (hong hua), and Lignum Dalbergiae Odoriferae (jiang xiang)

Pulse-engendering powder (sheng mai san)

Heart yang hypoactivity

Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi), Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen), Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao), Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi), Os Draconis (long gu), Concha Ostreae (mu li), Concha Margaritiferae Usta (zhen zhu mu), Concha Mauritiae (zi bei chi), and Succinum (hu po)

Cinnamon twig, licorice, dragon bone, and oyster shell decoction (gui zhi gan cao long gu mu li tang)

Water pathogen attacking the heart

Poria (fu ling), Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi), Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu), Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie), Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao), Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi), Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang), Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao), Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang), Semen Descurainiae (ting li zi), Os Draconis (long gu), and Concha Ostreae (mu li)

Poria, cinnamon twig, atractylodes macrocephala, and licorice decoction (ling gui zhu gan tang) and true warrior decoction (zhen wu tang)

Vigorous fire due to yin deficiency

Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang), Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen), Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong), Radix Asparagi (tian dong), Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi), Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu), Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai), Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui), Semen Ziziphi Spinosae (suan zao ren), Semen Platycladi (bai zi ren), Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae (dan shen), Radix Polygalae (yuan zhi), Cinnabaris (zhu sha), Os Draconis (long gu), Concha Ostreae (mu li), and Concha Margaritiferae Usta (zhen zhu mu)

Celestial emperor heartsupplementing elixir (tian wang bu xin dan) and cinnabar spirit-calming pill (zhu sha an shen wan)

Appendix 1

887

TABLE 44.1 Introduction to Medicinal Selection for Common Diseases and Syndromes (cont.) Common Diseases and Syndromes (Patterns) Palpitation

Insomnia

Available Chinese Materia Medica

Available Formulas

Heartgallbladder qi deficiency

Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen), Poria (fu ling), Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu), Radix Polygalae (yuan zhi), Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (shi chang pu), Faeces Trogopterori (wu ling zhi), Magnetitum (ci shi), Cinnabaris (zhu sha), Concha Margaritiferae Usta (zhen zhu mu), Dens Draconis (long chi), Os Draconis (long gu), Concha Ostreae (mu li), and Concha Mauritiae (zi bei chi)

Spirit-tranquillizing mindstabilizing pill (an shen ding zhi wan)

Deficiency of both the heart and spleen

Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen), Radix Astragali (huang qi), Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu), Poria (fu ling), Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle (zhi gan cao), Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui), Arillus Longan (long yan rou), Semen Ziziphi Spinosae (suan zao ren), Semen Platycladi (bai zi ren), Ganoderma (ling zhi), Herba Sedi Aizoon (jing tian san qi), and Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi)

Spleen-restoring decoction (gui pi tang) and honey-fried licorice decoction (zhi gan cao tang)

Heart blood stasis obstruction

Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae (dan shen), Semen Persicae (tao ren), Flos Carthami (hong hua), Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao), Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong), Rhizoma Corydalis (yan hu suo), Radix Curcumae (yu jin), Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui), Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi), Os Draconis (long gu), Concha Ostreae (mu li)

Peach kernel and carthamus decoction (tao ren hong hua jian) and cinnamon twig, licorice, dragon bone, and oyster shell decoction (gui zhi gan cao long gu mu li tang)

Liver constraint transforming into fire

Radix et Rhizoma Gentianae (long dan cao), Radix Bupleuri (chai hu), Radix Scutellariae (huang qin), Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi), Radix Curcumae (yu jin), Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao), Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie), Semen Plantaginis (che qian zi), Cinnabaris (zhu sha), Magnetitum (ci shi), Os Draconis (long gu), Concha Ostreae (mu li), Concha Margaritiferae Usta (zhen zhu mu), Cortex Albiziae (he huan pi), Flos Albiziae (he huan hua), and Caulis Polygoni Multiflori (ye jiao teng)

Gentian liver-draining decoction (long dan xie gan tang)

Phlegm-heat harassing the interior

Radix Scutellariae (huang qin), Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian), Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi), Radix Curcumae (yu jin), Arisaema cum Bile (dan nan xing), Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii (zhe bei mu), Poria (fu ling), Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (ju pi), Caulis Bambusae in Taenia (zhu ru), Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia), Concha Margaritiferae Usta (zhen zhu mu), Os Draconis (long gu), Concha Ostreae (mu li), Cinnabaris (zhu sha), and Magnetitum (ci shi)

Coptis gallbladder-warming decoction (huang lian wen dan tang) and loadstones and cinnabar pill (ci zhu wan)

Vigorous fire due to yin deficiency

Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang), Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen), Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong), Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui), Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi), Colla Corii Asini (e jiao), Vitellus Galli (ji zi huang), Radix Curcumae (yu jin), Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian), Cinnabaris (zhu sha), Magnetitum (ci shi), Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae (dan shen), Semen Ziziphi Spinosae (suan zao ren), Concha Ostreae (mu li), Carapax et Plastrum Testudinis (gui jia), Semen Platycladi (bai zi ren), Flos Albiziae (he huan hua), and Caulis Polygoni Multiflori (ye jiao teng)

Loadstones and cinnabar pill (ci zhu wan) and coptis and donkey-hide gelatin decoction (huang lian e jiao tang)

Deficiency of both the heart and spleen

Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen), Radix Astragali (huang qi), Rhizoma Spleen-restoring decoction (gui pi tang) Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu), Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao), Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui), Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang), Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao), Colla Corii Asini (e jiao), Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi), Semen Platycladi (bai zi ren), Semen Ziziphi Spinosae (suan zao ren), Arillus Longan (long yan rou), Flos Albiziae (he huan hua), Caulis Polygoni Multiflori (ye jiao teng), Os Draconis (long gu), and Concha Ostreae (mu li)

Heartgallbladder qi deficiency

Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen), Poria (fu ling), Sclerotium Poriae Pararadicis (fu shen), Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (shi chang pu), Radix Polygalae (yuan zhi), Semen Ziziphi Spinosae (suan zao ren), Os Draconis (long gu), and Concha Ostreae (mu li)

Spirit-tranquilizing mindstabilizing pill (an shen ding zhi wan) and sour jujube decoction (suan zao ren tang) (Continued )

888 Appendix 1

TABLE 44.1 Introduction to Medicinal Selection for Common Diseases and Syndromes (cont.) Common Diseases and Syndromes (Patterns) Edema

Strangury

Available Chinese Materia Medica

Available Formulas

Lung failing to diffuse and govern descent

Herba Ephedrae (ma huang), Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren), Herba Spirodelae (fu ping), Cortex Mori (sang bai pi), Semen Descurainiae (ting li zi), Semen Arecae (bing lang), Cortex Zingiberis Rhizomatis (sheng jiang pi), Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi), and Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae (fang ji)

Ephedra decoction (ma huang tang)

Spleen deficiency leading to excessive dampness

Poria (fu ling), Radix Astragali (huang qi), Radix Codonopsis (dang shen), Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu), Semen Coicis (yi yi ren), Semen Phaseoli (chi xiao dou), Polyporus (zhu ling), Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie), Pericarpium Arecae (da fu pi), Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu), Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po), Fructus Lagenariae (hu lu), Stigma Maydis (yu mi xu), Herba Euphoribiae Helioscopiae (ze qi), and Herba Capsellae (ji cai)

Ginseng, poria, and atractylodes macrocephalae powder (shen ling bai zhu san)

Spleenkidney yang deficiency

Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi), Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui), Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang), Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi), Poria (fu ling), Radix Astragali (huang qi), Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu), Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie), and Semen Plantaginis (che qian zi)

True warrior decoction (zhen wu tang) and five substances powder with poria (wu ling san)

Damp-heat accumulation and obstruction

Semen Plantaginis (che qian zi), Talcum (hua shi), Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie), Polyporus (zhu ling), Caulis Akebiae (mu tong), Medulla Tetrapanacis (tong cao), Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae (fang ji), Rhizoma Dioscoreae Hypoglaucae (bi xie), Exocarpium Benincasae (dong gua pi), Semen Descurainiae (ting li zi), Cortex Mori (sang bai pi), Semen Zanthoxyli (jiao mu), Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang), Medulla Junci (deng xin cao), Rhizoma Imperatae (bai mao gen), Herba Lobeliae Chinensis (ban bian lian), Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi), Herba Lophatheri (dan zhu ye), Herba Leonuri (yi mu cao), Herba Euphoribiae Helioscopiae (ze qi), Semen Phaseoli (chi xiao dou), and Fructus Malvae Vertillatae (dong kui zi)

Eight corrections powder (ba zheng san) and dredging and piercing drink (shu zao yin zi)

Yang excess edema

Radix Kansui (gan sui), Herba Cirsii Japonici (da ji), Flos Genkwa (yuan hua), Semen Descurainiae (ting li zi), Folium Sennae (fan xie ye), Radix Phytolaccae (shang lu), Cortex Sapii Sebiferi Radicis (wu jiu gen pi), Semen Pharbitidis (qian niu zi), Semen Euphorbiae (qian jin zi), and Fructus Crotonis (ba dou)

Ten jujubes decoction (shi zao tang)

Heat strangury

Semen Plantaginis (che qian zi), Caulis Akebiae (mu tong), Herba Polygoni Avicularis (bian xu), Rhizoma Dioscoreae Hypoglaucae (bi xie), Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao), Herba Lophatheri (dan zhu ye), Medulla Junci (deng xin cao), Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai), Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi), Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae (tu fu ling), Fructus Kochiae (di fu zi), Radix et Rhizoma Gentianae (long dan cao), Radix Sophorae Flavescentis (ku shen), Herba Commelinae (ya zhi cao), Herba Dianthi (qu mai), Folium Pyrrosiae (shi wei), Herba Cirsii Japonici (da ji), Herba Cirsii (xiao ji), Folium Illics Purpureae (si ji qing), Herba Ecliptae (mo han lian), Radix et Rhizoma Cynanchi Atrati (bai wei), Succinum (hu po), Rhizoma Imperatae (bai mao gen), Herba Taraxaci (pu gong ying), Talcum (hua shi), Spora Lygodii (hai jin sha), Fructus Malvae Vertillatae (dong kui zi), Endothelium Corneum Gigeriae Galli (ji nei jin), Herba Lysimachiae (jin qian cao), Radix Boehmeriae (zhu ma gen), Herba Andrographis (chuan xin lian), Herba Hedyotis Diffusae (bai hua she she cao), and Gryllotalpa (lou gu)

Eight corrections powder (ba zheng san)

Blood strangury

Herba Cirsii (xiao ji), Nodus Nelumbinis Rhizomatis (ou jie), Pollen Typhae (pu huang), Folium Pyrrosiae (shi wei), Herba Dianthi (qu mai), Caulis Akebiae (mu tong), Succinum (hu po), Herba Ecliptae (mo han lian), Rhizoma Imperatae (bai mao gen), Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang), Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (niu xi), Colla Corii Asini (e jiao), Cacumen Platycladi (ce bai ye), Crinis Carbonisatus (xue yu tan), Radix et Rhizoma Rubiae (qian cao), Radix et Rhizoma Cynanchi Atrati (bai wei), and Herba Euphorbiae Humifusae (di jin cao)

Field thistle drink (xiao ji yin zi)

Stony strangury

Talcum (hua shi), Spora Lygodii (hai jin sha), Fructus Malvae Vertillatae (dong kui zi), Herba Lysimachiae (jin qian cao), Otolthum Pseudosciaenae Croceae (yu nao shi), Endothelium Corneum Gigeriae Galli (ji nei jin), and Herba Polygoni Avicularis (bian xu)

Folium pyrrosiae powder (shi wei san)

Appendix 1

889

TABLE 44.1 Introduction to Medicinal Selection for Common Diseases and Syndromes (cont.) Common Diseases and Syndromes (Patterns)

Available Chinese Materia Medica

Available Formulas

Damp-heat pouring downward

Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai), Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu), Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (niu xi), Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae (fang ji), Rhizoma Dioscoreae Hypoglaucae (bi xie), Talcum (hua shi), Semen Coicis (yi yi ren), Fructus Chaenomelis (mu gua), Semen Arecae (bing lang), and Caulis Akebiae (mu tong)

Supplemented two mysterious pill (jia wei er miao wan)

Cold-damp pouring downward

Semen Coicis (yi yi ren), Fructus Chaenomelis (mu gua), Semen Phaseoli (chi xiao dou), Faeces Bombycis (can sha), Fructus Evodiae (wu zhu yu), Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang), Folium Perillae (zi su ye), Semen Trigonellae (hu lu ba), and Semen Arecae (bing lang)

Cock’s crow powder (ji ming san)

Turbid urine

Rhizoma Dioscoreae Hypoglaucae (bi xie), Semen Euryales (qian shi), Semen Nelumbinis (lian zi), Semen Ginkgo (bai guo), Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (shi chang pu), Fructus Alpiniae Oxyphyllae (yi zhi ren), O"theca Mantidis (sang piao xiao), Semen Cuscutae (tu si zi), and Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae (tu fu ling)

Hypoglaucae root turbidityclearing beverage (bi xie fen qing yin)

Seminal emission

Cornu Cervi Pantotrichum (lu rong), Radix Morindae Officinalis (ba ji tian), Herba Epimedii (yin yang huo), Herba Cynomorii (suo yang), Herba Cistanches (rou cong rong), Semen Allii Tuberosi (jiu cai zi), Fructus Rosae Laevigatae (jin ying zi), Semen Cuscutae (tu si zi), Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu), Semen Astragali Complanati (sha yuan zi), Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi), Os Draconis (long gu), Concha Ostreae (mu li), Semen Euryales (qian shi), Semen Nelumbinis (lian zi), Stamen Nelumbinis (lian xu), O"theca Mantidis (sang piao xiao), Fructus Rubi (fu pen zi), Corium Erinacei (ci wei pi), Rhizoma Dioscoreae (shan yao), and Fructus Psoraleae (bu gu zhi)

Golden lock essencesecuring pill (jin suo gu jing wan), dodder seed powder (tu si zi san), and land and water two immortals elixir (shui lu er xian dan)

Enuresis

Fructus Alpiniae Oxyphyllae (yi zhi ren), Fructus Psoraleae (bu gu zhi), Semen Cuscutae (tu si zi), Cornu Cervi Pantotrichum (lu rong), Radix Morindae Officinalis (ba ji tian), Herba Epimedii (yin yang huo), Rhizoma Curculiginis (xian mao), Rhizoma Dioscoreae (shan yao), Radix Linderae (wu yao), O"theca Mantidis (sang piao xiao), Fructus Rosae Laevigatae (jin ying zi), Fructus Rubi (fu pen zi), Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu), Os Draconis (long gu), Concha Ostreae (mu li), Corium Erinacei (ci wei pi), Endothelium Corneum Gigeriae Galli (ji nei jin), and Semen Ginkgo (bai guo)

Stream-reducing pill (suo quan wan), dodder seed powder (tu si zi san), and matchless cinnamonvine pill (wu bi shan yao wan)

Yang wĕi (impotence)

Cornu Cervi Pantotrichum (lu rong), Testes et Penis Callorhini (hai gou shen), Testis et Penis Canis (huang gou shen), Placenta Hominis (zi he che), Herba Epimedii (yin yang huo), Rhizoma Curculiginis (xian mao), Radix Morindae Officinalis (ba ji tian), Herba Cistanches (rou cong rong), Herba Cynomorii (suo yang), Fructus Lycii (gou qi zi), Semen Cuscutae (tu si zi), Cordyceps (dong chong xia cao), Fructus Cnidii (she chuang zi), Actinolitum (yang qi shi), Aspongopus (jiu xiang chong), Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi), Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui), Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen), and Flos Caryophylli (ding xiang)

Procreation elixir (zan yu dan) and dodder seed powder (tu si zi san)

Wĕi (atrophy)

Damp-heat immersion

Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai), Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu), Rhizoma Dioscoreae Hypoglaucae (bi xie), Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae (fang ji), Caulis Akebiae (mu tong), Semen Coicis (yi yi ren), Faeces Bombycis (can sha), Fructus Chaenomelis (mu gua), Cortex Periplocae (xiang jia pi), Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu), Rhizoma Dioscoreae Nipponicae (chuan shan long), Radix Cyathulae (chuan niu xi), and Cortex Dictamni (bai xian pi)

Two mysterious powder (er miao san), three mysterious pill (san miao wan), four mysterious pill (si miao wan), and supplemented two mysterious pill (jia wei er miao wan)

Liver-kidney depletion

Os Tigris (hu gu) [substituted by Os Felinus (mao gu)], Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (huai niu xi), Herba Cynomorii (suo yang), Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui), Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao), Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang), Carapax et Plastrum Testudinis (gui jia), Colla Cornus Cervi (lu jiao jiao), Fructus Lycii (gou qi zi), Fructus Psoraleae (bu gu zhi), Caulis Spatholobi (ji xue teng), Radix Morindae Officinalis (ba ji tian), Herba Epimedii (yin yang huo), and Rhizoma Drynariae (gu sui bu)

Hidden tiger pill (hu qian wan)

Weak foot due to dampness

(Continued )

TABLE 44.1 Introduction to Medicinal Selection for Common Diseases and Syndromes (cont.) Common Diseases and Syndromes (Patterns) Bì syndrome

Deficiencyconsumption (xū láo)

Available Chinese Materia Medica

Available Formulas

Wind-colddamp bì syndrome

Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo), Radix Angelicae Pubescentis (du huo), Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng), Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi), Herba Ephedrae (ma huang), Ramulus Mori (sang zhi), Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin), Rhizoma Ligustici (gao ben), Caulis Piperis Kadsurae (hai feng teng), Lignum Pini Nodi (song jie), Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong), Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui), Olibanum (ru xiang), Myrrha (mo yao), Rhizoma Curcumae Longae (jiang huang), Radix Aconiti (chuan wu), Radix Aconiti Kusnezoffii (cao wu), Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui), Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi), Faeces Bombycis (can sha), Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae (qin jiao), Fructus Chaenomelis (mu gua), Herba Lycopodii (shen jin cao), Herba Erodii Stephaniani (lao guan cao), Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu), Folium Clerodendri (chou wu tong ye), Radix Schizophragmatis Integrifoliae (zuan di feng), Radix et Rhizoma Cynanchi Paniculati (xu chang qing), Radix et Rhizoma Clematidis (wei ling xian), Herba Aristolochiae Mollissimae (xun gu feng), Fructus Liquidambaris (lu lu tong), Resina Liquidambaris (feng xiang zhi), Herba Saussureae Lanicepsis (xue lian hua), Radix Aconiti Brachypodi (xue shang yi zhi hao), Caulis Erycibes (ding gong teng), Radix Tripterygii Wilfordii (lei gong teng), Agkistrodon (qi she), Bungarus Parvus (jin qian bai hua she), and Zaocys (wu shao she)

Coicis decoction (yi yi ren tang), minor channelactivating elixir (xiao huo luo dan)

Wind-dampheat bì syndrome

Caulis Lonicerae Japonicae (ren dong teng), Caulis Trachelospermi (luo shi teng), Rhizoma Dioscoreae Nipponicae (chuan shan long), Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu), Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai), Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (niu xi), Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae (qin jiao), Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae (fang ji), Cortex Dictamni (bai xian pi), Ramulus Mori (sang zhi), Pheretima (di long), Fructus Chaenomelis (mu gua), Semen Coicis (yi yi ren), Semen Phaseoli (chi xiao dou), Rhizoma Dioscoreae Hypoglaucae (bi xie), Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao), Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi), prepared Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (shu da huang), and Caulis Akebiae (mu tong)

Painful obstruction resolving decoction (xuan bi tang)

Wind-damp obstinate bì syndrome

Bungarus Parvus (jin qian bai hua she), Zaocys (wu shao she), Scorpio (quan xie), Scolopendra (wu gong), Pheretima (di long), Squama Manitis (chuan shan jia), Radix Aconiti (chuan wu), Radix Aconiti Kusnezoffii (cao wu), Radix et Rhizoma Clematidis (wei ling xian), Olibanum (ru xiang), Myrrha (mo yao), Semen Strychni (ma qian zi), Caulis Erycibes (ding gong teng), Radix Tripterygii Wilfordii (lei gong teng), and Radix Tripterygium Hypoglaucum (kun ming shan hai tang)

Minor channel-activating elixir (xiao huo luo dan)

Liver-kidney insufficiency

Herba Taxilli (sang ji sheng), Cortex Acanthopanacis (wu jia pi), Rhizoma Homalomenae (qian nian jian), Herba Pyrolae (lu xian cao), Folium Photiniae (shi nan ye), Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (niu xi), Cortex Eucommiae (du zhong), Radix Dipsaci (xu duan), Rhizoma Cibotii (gou ji), Herba Epimedii (yin yang huo), Rhizoma Curculiginis (xian mao), Radix Morindae Officinalis (ba ji tian), Cornu Cervi Pantotrichum (lu rong), Herba Cynomorii (suo yang), Herba Cistanches (rou cong rong), Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi), and Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui)

Pubescent angelica and mistletoe decoction (du huo ji sheng tang)

Lung qi deficiency

Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen), Radix Astragali (huang qi), Radix Codonopsis (dang shen), Rhizoma Dioscoreae (shan yao), Radix Pseudostellariae (tai zi shen), and Radix Panacis Quinquefolii (xi yang shen)

Lung-Supplementing decoction (bu fei tang)

Spleen qi deficiency

Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen), Radix Codonopsis (dang shen), Radix Astragali (huang qi), Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu), Poria (fu ling), Rhizoma Dioscoreae (shan yao), Rhizoma Polygonati (huang jing), Semen Lablab Album (bai bian dou), Semen Nelumbinis (lian zi), Semen Euryales (qian shi), Arillus Longan (long yan rou), Semen Coicis (yi yi ren), Fructus Jujubae (da zao), Saccharum Granorum (yi tang), and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao)

Four gentlemen decoction (si jun zi tang)

Essence and blood depletion

Cornu Cervi Pantotrichum (lu rong), Colla Cornus Cervi (lu jiao jiao), Herba Epimedii (yin yang huo), Radix Morindae Officinalis (ba ji tian), Testes et Penis Callorhini (hai gou shen), Testis et Penis Canis (huang gou shen), Hippocampus (hai ma), Herba Cistanches (rou cong rong), Herba Cynomorii (suo yang), Gecko (ge jie), Cordyceps (dong chong xia cao), Placenta Hominis (zi he che), Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang), Radix Polygoni Multiflori (he shou wu), Rhizoma Polygonati (huang jing), Fructus Lycii (gou qi zi), and Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu)

Tortoise shell and deer horn two immortals glue (gui lu er xian jiao)

TABLE 44.1 Introduction to Medicinal Selection for Common Diseases and Syndromes (cont.) Common Diseases and Syndromes (Patterns) Deficiencyconsumption (xū láo)

Lumbar pain

Available Chinese Materia Medica

Available Formulas

Kidney yang deficiency

Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi), Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui), Cornu Cervi Pantotrichum (lu rong), Colla Cornus Cervi (lu jiao jiao), Herba Epimedii (yin yang huo), Cornu Cervi Degelatinatum (lu jiao shuang), Rhizoma Curculiginis (xian mao), Fructus Psoraleae (bu gu zhi), Fructus Alpiniae Oxyphyllae (yi zhi ren), Testes et Penis Callorhini (hai gou shen), Hippocampus (hai ma), Herba Cistanches (rou cong rong), Herba Cynomorii (suo yang), Semen Cuscutae (tu si zi), Semen Astragali Complanati (sha yuan zi), Cortex Eucommiae (du zhong), Radix Dipsaci (xu duan), Semen Allii Tuberosi (jiu cai zi), Actinolitum (yang qi shi), Semen Trigonellae (hu lu ba), Semen Juglandis (he tao ren), Gecko (ge jie), Cordyceps (dong chong xia cao), and Placenta Hominis (zi he che)

Right-restoring pill (you gui wan), right-restoring beverage (you gui yin)

Sinking of center qi

Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen), Radix Astragali (huang qi), Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu), Rhizoma Cimicifugae (sheng ma), Radix Bupleuri (chai hu), Radix Puerariae Lobatae (ge gen), and Radix Platycodonis (jie geng)

Center-supplementing and qi-boosting decoction (bu zhong yi qi tang)

Heartliver blood deficiency

Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang), Radix Polygoni Multiflori (he shou wu), Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui), Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao), Colla Corii Asini (e jiao), Fructus Mori (sang shen), Arillus Longan (long yan rou), Fructus Jujubae (da zao), Caulis Spatholobi (ji xue teng), Fructus Lycii (gou qi zi), Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu), Colla Cornus Cervi (lu jiao jiao), Placenta Hominis (zi he che), Semen Sesami Nigrum (hei zhi ma), Radix Codonopsis (dang shen), Radix Astragali (huang qi), Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen), Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui), and Melanteritum (zao fan)

Blood-cooling four substances decoction (liang xue si wu tang), spleen-restoring decoction (gui pi tang), and liversupplementing decoction (bu gan tang)

Lung-stomach yin deficiency

Radix Glehniae (bei sha shen), Radix Adenophorae (nan sha shen), Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong), Radix Asparagi (tian dong), Caulis Dendrobii (shi hu), Rhizoma Polygonati Odorati (yu zhu), Rhizoma Polygonati (huang jing), Rhizoma Phragmitis (lu gen), Radix Trichosanthis (tian hua fen), Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu), Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang), Radix Panacis Quinquefolii (xi yang shen), Radix Pseudostellariae (tai zi shen), Rhizoma Imperatae (bai mao gen), and Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi)

Glehnia and ophiopogonis decoction (sha shen mai dong tang)

Liver-kidney yin deficiency

Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang), Radix Polygoni Multiflori (he shou wu), Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao), Colla Corii Asini (e jiao), Radix Asparagi (tian dong), Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen), Caulis Dendrobii (shi hu), Fructus Lycii (gou qi zi), Herba Ecliptae (mo han lian), Fructus Ligustri Lucidi (nü zhen zi), Fructus Mori (sang shen), Carapax Trionycis (bie jia), Carapax et Plastrum Testudinis (gui jia), Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu), Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai), Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu), Semen Cuscutae (tu si zi), Semen Astragali Complanati (sha yuan zi), Cortex Eucommiae (du zhong), Radix Dipsaci (xu duan), Herba Taxilli (sang ji sheng), Cortex Acanthopanacis (wu jia pi), Rhizoma Cibotii (gou ji), Rhizoma Homalomenae (qian nian jian), Folium Photiniae (shi nan ye), and Herba Pyrolae (lu xian cao)

Double supreme pill (er zhi wan), major yinsupplementing pill (da bu yin wan), and left-restoring pill (zuo gui wan)

Cold-damp

Herba Ephedrae (ma huang), Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi), Radix Angelicae Pubescentis (du huo), Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo), Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu), Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu), Poria (fu ling), Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang), Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin), Radix Aconiti (chuan wu), Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi), Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui), Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong), Radix et Rhizoma Clematidis (wei ling xian), and Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (huai niu xi)

Licorice, dried ginger, poria, and atractylodes macrocephala decoction (gan cao gan jiang fu ling bai zhu tang)

Damp-heat

Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai), Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu), Radix Cyathulae (chuan niu xi), Semen Coicis (yi yi ren), Faeces Bombycis (can sha), Fructus Chaenomelis (mu gua), Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae (qin jiao), Caulis Clematidis Armandii (chuan mu tong), Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae (fang ji), Cortex Dictamni (bai xian pi), and Cortex Fraxini (qin pi)

Four mysterious pill (si miao wan)

(Continued )

892 Appendix 1

TABLE 44.1 Introduction to Medicinal Selection for Common Diseases and Syndromes (cont.) Common Diseases and Syndromes (Patterns) Lumbar pain

Xiāo kĕ (wastingthirst)

Malaria

Headache

Available Chinese Materia Medica

Available Formulas

Kidney deficiency

Cortex Acanthopanacis (wu jia pi), Herba Taxilli (sang ji sheng), Rhizoma Cibotii (gou ji), Cortex Eucommiae (du zhong), Radix Dipsaci (xu duan), Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (huai niu xi), Semen Cuscutae (tu si zi), Herba Cynomorii (suo yang), Herba Cistanches (rou cong rong), Herba Epimedii (yin yang huo), Fructus Psoraleae (bu gu zhi), Cornu Cervi Pantotrichum (lu rong), Radix Morindae Officinalis (ba ji tian), Rhizoma Curculiginis (xian mao), Testes et Penis Callorhini (hai gou shen), Hippocampus (hai ma), Semen Astragali Complanati (sha yuan zi), Semen Allii Tuberosi (jiu cai zi), Actinolitum (yang qi shi), Semen Juglandis (he tao ren), Cordyceps (dong chong xia cao), Placenta Hominis (zi he che), Rhizoma Polygonati (huang jing), Fructus Lycii (gou qi zi), Herba Ecliptae (mo han lian), and Fructus Ligustri Lucidi (nü zhen zi)

Right-restoring pill (you gui wan), left-restoring pill (zuo gui wan), and double supreme pill (er zhi wan)

Blood stasis

Radix Cyathulae (chuan niu xi), Semen Persicae (tao ren), Flos Carthami (hong hua), Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong), Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui), Rhizoma Corydalis (yan hu suo), Rhizoma Curcumae Longae (jiang huang), Olibanum (ru xiang), Myrrha (mo yao), Faeces Trogopterori (wu ling zhi), Caulis Spatholobi (ji xue teng), Eupolyphaga seu Steleophaga (tu bie chong), Pyritum (zi ran tong), Rhizoma Curcumae (e zhu), Rhizoma Drynariae (gu sui bu), Sanguis Draconis (xue jie), and Herba Artemisiae Anomalae (liu ji nu)

Generalized pain stasisexpelling decoction (shen tong zhu yu tang)

Fluid consumption due to lung heat

Radix Trichosanthis (tian hua fen), Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang), Succus Rhizomatis Nelumbinis (ou zhi), Folium Mori (sang ye), Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong), Radix Asparagi (tian dong), Radix Puerariae Lobatae (ge gen), Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu), Radix Scutellariae (huang qin), Cortex Mori (sang bai pi), Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen), and Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi)

Jade spring pill (yu quan wan) and asparagus and ophiopogon decoction (er dong tang)

Intense stomach heat

Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao), Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu), Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong), Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang), Caulis Dendrobii (shi hu), Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (niu xi), Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen), Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian), Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi), Natrii Sulfas (mang xiao), and Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang)

Jade lady decoction (yu nü jian) and stomach-regulating and purgative decoction (tiao wei cheng qi tang)

Qi and yin insufficiency

Radix Astragali (huang qi), Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen), Rhizoma Polygonati Odorati (yu zhu), Radix Pseudostellariae (tai zi shen), Rhizoma Polygonati (huang jing), Radix Panacis Quinquefolii (xi yang shen), Fructus Lycii (gou qi zi), Fructus Mume (wu mei), Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang), Rhizoma Dioscoreae (shan yao), Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu), Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi), Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu), and Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai)

Jade spring pill (yu quan wan)

Heat malaria

Radix Dichroae (chang shan), Herba Artemisiae Annuae (qing hao), Radix Bupleuri (chai hu), Radix Scutellariae (huang qin), Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu), Semen Arecae (bing lang), Herba Agrimoniae (xian he cao), raw Radix Polygoni Multiflori (sheng he shou wu), and Fructus Bruceae (ya dan zi)

Bupleurum membranesource-opening beverage (chai hu da yuan yin)

Cold malaria

Radix Dichroae (chang shan), Fructus Tsaoko (cao guo), Semen Arecae (bing lang), Herba Artemisiae Annuae (qing hao), Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride (qing pi), Fructus Bruceae (ya dan zi), and Herba Agrimoniae (xian he cao)

Membrane-source-opening beverage (da yuan yin)

Wind-cold

Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng), Herba Schizonepetae (jing jie), Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi), Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin), Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo), Fructus Xanthii (cang er zi), Flos Magnoliae (xin yi), Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong), Radix Angelicae Pubescentis (du huo), Radix Aconiti (chuan wu), Fructus Evodiae (wu zhu yu), Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia), and Rhizoma Ligustici (gao ben)

Tea-mix and chuanxiong powder (chuan xiong cha tiao san)

Wind-heat

Herba Menthae (bo he), Folium Mori (sang ye), Flos Chrysanthemi (ju hua), Fructus Viticis (man jing zi), Rhizoma Cimicifugae (sheng ma), Radix Puerariae Lobatae (ge gen), Flos Eriocauli (gu jing cao), Bombyx Batryticatus (jiang can), and Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong)

Chuanxiong, angelica root, and gypsum decoction (xiong zhi shi gao tang)

Appendix 1

893

TABLE 44.1 Introduction to Medicinal Selection for Common Diseases and Syndromes (cont.) Common Diseases and Syndromes (Patterns) Headache

Available Chinese Materia Medica

Available Formulas

Cold-damp

Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo), Radix Angelicae Pubescentis (du huo), Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia), Rhizoma Ligustici (gao ben), Fructus Viticis (man jing zi), Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng), Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu), Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu), Rhizoma Gastrodiae (tian ma), and Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang)

Notopterygium dampnessdrying decoction (qiang huo sheng shi tang)

Liver-fire

Radix et Rhizoma Gentianae (long dan cao), Radix Scutellariae (huang qin), Radix Bupleuri (chai hu), Spica Prunellae (xia ku cao), Semen Cassiae (jue ming zi), Flos Chrysanthemi (ju hua), Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis (gou teng), and Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (niu xi)

Gentian liver-draining decoction (long dan xie gan tang)

Liver-wind

Concha Haliotidis (shi jue ming), Concha Margaritiferae Usta (zhen zhu mu), Folium Apocyni Veneti (luo bu ma ye), Cornu Saigae Tataricae (ling yang jiao), Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis (gou teng), Flos Chrysanthemi (ju hua), Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao), Rhizoma Gastrodiae (tian ma), Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (niu xi), Scorpio (quan xie), Scolopendra (wu gong), and Bombyx Batryticatus (jiang can)

Gastrodia and uncaria beverage (tian ma gou teng yin)

Phlegmturbidity

Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia), Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu), Rhizoma Gastrodiae (tian ma), Poria (fu ling), Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi), Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang), Rhizoma Arisaematis (tian nan xing), Rhizoma Typhonii (bai fu zi), and Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong)

Pinellia, atractylodes macrocephala, and gastrodia decoction (ban xia bai zhu tian ma tang)

Blood stasis

Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong), Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao), Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui), Flos Carthami (hong hua), Semen Persicae (tao ren), Moschus (she xiang), Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang), Bulbus Allii Fistulosi (cong bai), Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (niu xi), Rhizoma Corydalis (yan hu suo), Scorpio (quan xie), Scolopendra (wu gong), Eupolyphaga seu Steleophaga (tu bie chong), Tabanus (meng chong), and Hirudo (shui zhi)

Orifices-unblocking and blood-invigorating decoction (tong qiao huo xue tang)

Channel envoy: use Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo) and Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) for taiyang headache; use Radix Puerariae Lobatae (ge gen) and Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi) for yangming headache; use Radix Bupleuri (chai hu), Radix Scutellariae (huang qin), and Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong) for shaoyang headache; use Fructus Evodiae (wu zhu yu) and Rhizoma Ligustici (gao ben) for jueyin headache; use Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin) and Radix Angelicae Pubescentis (du huo) for shaoyin headache. Painful menstruation

Yang deficiency and internal cold

Fructus Evodiae (wu zhu yu), Radix Linderae (wu yao), Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui), Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao), Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong), Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen), Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang), Colla Corii Asini (e jiao), Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi), Folium Artemisiae Argyi (ai ye), Fructus Foeniculi (xiao hui xiang), and Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui)

Channel-warming decoction (wen jing tang)

Cold-damp coagulation and stagnation

Fructus Foeniculi (xiao hui xiang), Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang), Rhizoma Corydalis (yan hu suo), Myrrha (mo yao), Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui), Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong), Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui), Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi), Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao), Pollen Typhae (pu huang), Poria (fu ling), Faeces Trogopterori (wu ling zhi), and Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu)

Lower abdominal stasisexpelling decoction (shao fu zhu yu tang)

Weakness of qi and blood

Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen), Radix Astragali (huang qi), Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui), Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong), Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang), Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang), Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao), Rhizoma Cyperi (xiang fu), and Rhizoma Corydalis (yan hu suo)

Eight-gem decoction (ba zhen tang)

Liver-kidney deficiency

Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang), Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui), Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao), Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu), Colla Corii Asini (e jiao), Radix Morindae Officinalis (ba ji tian), Rhizoma Dioscoreae (shan yao), Fructus Lycii (gou qi zi), Arillus Longan (long yan rou), Caulis Spatholobi (ji xue teng), Rhizoma Corydalis (yan hu suo), and Rhizoma Cyperi (xiang fu)

Liver-regulating decoction (tiao gan tang)

(Continued )

894 Appendix 1

TABLE 44.1 Introduction to Medicinal Selection for Common Diseases and Syndromes (cont.) Common Diseases and Syndromes (Patterns) Painful menstruation

Menstrual irregularities

Available Chinese Materia Medica

Available Formulas

Damp-heat pouring downward

Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi), Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian), Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong), Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang), Semen Persicae (tao ren), Flos Carthami (hong hua), Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui), Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao), Rhizoma Cyperi (xiang fu), Rhizoma Curcumae (e zhu), Caulis Sargentodoxae (da xue teng), Herba Patriniae (bai jiang cao), Rhizoma Corydalis (yan hu suo), Radix et Rhizoma Gentianae (long dan cao), Cortex Dictamni (bai xian pi), Radix et Rhizoma Notoginseng (san qi), and Fructus Toosendan (chuan lian zi)

Heat-clearing and bloodregulating decoction (qing re tiao xue tang) and toosendan powder (jin ling zi san)

Qi stagnation and blood stasis

Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui), Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong), Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao), Semen Persicae (tao ren), Flos Carthami (hong hua), Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao), Rhizoma Corydalis (yan hu suo), Faeces Trogopterori (wu ling zhi), Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi), Radix Linderae (wu yao), Rhizoma Cyperi (xiang fu), Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao), Herba Leonuri (yi mu cao), Fructus Toosendan (chuan lian zi), Radix Bupleuri (chai hu), Radix et Rhizoma Notoginseng (san qi), Myrrha (mo yao), and Lignum Sappan (su mu)

Peach kernel and carthamus four substances decoction (tao hong si wu tang), toosendan powder (jin ling zi san), and linderae decoction (wu yao tang)

Liver blood insufficiency

Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui), Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang), Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao), Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong), Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae (dan shen), and Caulis Spatholobi (ji xue teng)

Four substances decoction (si wu tang)

Qi stagnation and blood stasis

Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong), Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui), Herba Leonuri (yi mu cao), Herba Lycopi (ze lan), Semen Persicae (tao ren), Flos Carthami (hong hua), Lignum Sappan (su mu), Flos Campsis (ling xiao hua), Flos Rosae Chinensis (yue ji hua), Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (niu xi), Herba Artemisiae Anomalae (liu ji nu), Faeces Trogopterori (wu ling zhi), Pollen Typhae (pu huang), Rhizoma Corydalis (yan hu suo), Olibanum (ru xiang), Myrrha (mo yao), Squama Manitis (chuan shan jia), Semen Vaccariae (wang bu liu xing), Herba Verbenae (ma bian cao), Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao), Caulis Spatholobi (ji xue teng), Radix et Rhizoma Rubiae (qian cao), Rhizoma Cyperi (xiang fu), Radix Linderae (wu yao), Radix Bupleuri (chai hu), Flos Rosae Rugosae (mei gui hua), Rhizoma Curcumae Longae (jiang huang), Radix Curcumae (yu jin), Fructus Crataegi (shan zha), Resina Toxicodendri (gan qi), Rhizoma Sparganii (san leng), Rhizoma Curcumae (e zhu), Hirudo (shui zhi), Tabanus (meng chong), and Eupolyphaga seu Steleophaga (tu bie chong)

Peach kernel and carthamus four substances decoction (tao hong si wu tang), sudden smile powder (shi xiao san), stasis-unblocking decoction (tong yu jian), effective channel-activating elixir (huo luo xiao ling dan), and formula for exfetation (gong wai yun fang)

Lower jiao deficiencycold

Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui), Fructus Evodiae (wu zhu yu), Fructus Foeniculi (xiao hui xiang), Folium Artemisiae Argyi (ai ye), Radix Linderae (wu yao), Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong), Colla Corii Asini (e jiao), Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui), Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang), and Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao)

Channel-warming decoction (wen jing tang)

Yin deficiency and blood heat

Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang), Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang), Cortex Lycii (di gu pi), Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen), Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong), Colla Corii Asini (e jiao), Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi), Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao), Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi), Radix et Rhizoma Rubiae (qian cao), Fructus Ligustri Lucidi (nü zhen zi), Herba Ecliptae (mo han lian), Cortex Ailanthi (chun gen pi), Radix Dipsaci (chuan xu duan), raw Concha Ostreae (sheng mu li), and Endoconcha Sepiae (hai piao xiao)

Rehmannia and lycium root-bark decoction (liang di tang), double supreme pill (er zhi wan), and modified initial yin decoction (jia jian yi yin jian)

Appendix 1

895

TABLE 44.1 Introduction to Medicinal Selection for Common Diseases and Syndromes (cont.) Common Diseases and Syndromes (Patterns) Flooding and spotting (bēng lòu)

Yin deficiency and blood heat

Flooding and spotting (bēng lòu)

Bleeding due to blood heat

Deficiency of bloth the heart and spleen

Kidney yang insufficiency

Static blood obstructing the collaterals

Menstrual block

Qi stagnation and blood stasis

Liver-kidney insufficiency

Available Chinese Materia Medica

Available Formulas

Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang), Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang), Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao), Rhizoma Dioscoreae (shan yao), Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong), Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi), Fructus Ligustri Lucidi (nü zhen zi), Herba Ecliptae (mo han lian), Colla Corii Asini (e jiao), Radix Scutellariae (huang qin), Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai), Carapax et Plastrum Testudinis (gui jia), Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi), Herba Cirsii Japonici (da ji), Herba Cirsii (xiao ji), Radix Sanguisorbae Carbonisatum (di yu tan), Radix Boehmeriae (zhu ma gen), Radix Rumicis Japonici (yang ti), and Folium Nelumbinis (he ye) Radix Scutellariae (huang qin), Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi), Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang), Cortex Lycii (di gu pi), Radix Sanguisorbae Carbonisatum (di yu tan), Colla Corii Asini (e jiao), Nodus Nelumbinis Rhizomatis (ou jie), Petiolus Trachycarpi Carbonisatus (zong lü tan), Carapax et Plastrum Testudinis (gui jia), Concha Ostreae (mu li), Herba Cirsii Japonici (da ji), Herba Cirsii (xiao ji), Cacumen Platycladi (ce bai ye), Radix Boehmeriae (zhu ma gen), and Radix Rumicis Japonici (yang ti) Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen), Radix Astragali (huang qi), Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang), Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu), Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui), Arillus Longan (long yan rou), Fructus Jujubae (da zao), Rhizoma Cimicifugae (sheng ma), Radix Bupleuri (chai hu), Rhizoma Zingiberis Praeparatum Carbonisatum (pao jiang tan), Herba Schizonepetae (jing jie), Herba Agrimoniae (xian he cao), Terra Flava Usta (zao xin tu), and Folium Callicarpae Pedunculatae (zi zhu ye) Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi), Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui), Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang), Rhizoma Dioscoreae (shan yao), Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu), Fructus Lycii (gou qi zi), Semen Cuscutae (tu si zi), Cortex Eucommiae (du zhong), Colla Cornus Cervi (lu jiao jiao), Placenta Hominis (zi he che), Herba Epimedii (yin yang huo), Folium Artemisiae Argyi (ai ye), Rhizoma Zingiberis Praeparatum Carbonisatum (pao jiang tan), and Colla Corii Asini (e jiao) Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang), Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui), Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong), Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao), Faeces Trogopterori (wu ling zhi), Pollen Typhae (pu huang), Semen Persicae (tao ren), Flos Carthami (hong hua), Herba Leonuri (yi mu cao), Herba Agrimoniae (xian he cao), Radix Sanguisorbae (di yu), Radix et Rhizoma Rubiae (qian cao), Radix et Rhizoma Notoginseng (san qi), and Crinis Carbonisatus (xue yu tan) Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong), Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae (dan shen), Herba Leonuri (yi mu cao), Herba Lycopi (ze lan), Semen Persicae (tao ren), Flos Carthami (hong hua), Lignum Sappan (su mu), Flos Campsis (ling xiao hua), Flos Rosae Chinensis (yue ji hua), Flos Rosae Rugosae (mei gui hua), Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (niu xi), Herba Artemisiae Anomalae (liu ji nu), Faeces Trogopterori (wu ling zhi), Pollen Typhae (pu huang), Rhizoma Corydalis (yan hu suo), Olibanum (ru xiang), Myrrha (mo yao), Squama Manitis (chuan shan jia), Semen Vaccariae (wang bu liu xing), Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao), Fructus Crataegi (shan zha), Caulis Spatholobi (ji xue teng), Radix et Rhizoma Rubiae (qian cao), Rhizoma Curcumae Longae (jiang huang), Radix Curcumae (yu jin), Resina Toxicodendri (gan qi), Rhizoma Sparganii (san leng), Rhizoma Curcumae (e zhu), Hirudo (shui zhi), Tabanus (meng chong), Eupolyphaga seu Steleophaga (tu bie chong), and Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang) Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang), Rhizoma Dioscoreae (shan yao), Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu), Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui), Fructus Lycii (gou qi zi), Cortex Eucommiae (du zhong), Semen Cuscutae (tu si zi), Caulis Spatholobi (ji xue teng), Radix Polygoni Multiflori (he shou wu), Radix Morindae Officinalis (ba ji tian), Rhizoma Curculiginis (xian mao), and Herba Epimedii (yin yang huo)

Modified Initial yin decoction (jia jian yi yin jian) and 10 charred substances powder (shi hui san)

Ten charred substances powder (shi hui san)

Spleen-restoring decoction (gui pi tang) and originalqi-lifting decoction (ju yuan jian)

Right-restoring pill (you gui wan)

Peach kernel and carthamus four substances decoction (tao hong si wu tang) and sudden smile powder (shi xiao san)

Discharging blood stasis decoction (xia yu xue tang) and resistance decoction (di dang tang)

Earth-warming decoction for promoting reproduction (wen tu yu lin tang)

(Continued )

896 Appendix 1

TABLE 44.1 Introduction to Medicinal Selection for Common Diseases and Syndromes (cont.) Common Diseases and Syndromes (Patterns)

Available Chinese Materia Medica

Available Formulas

Leukorrhea

Damp-heat leukorrhea

Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai), Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu), Semen Coicis (yi yi ren), Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (niu xi), Cortex Fraxini (qin pi), Radix Sophorae Flavescentis (ku shen), Sophora Alopecur-oides (ku dou zi), Flos Celosiae Cristatae (ji guan hua), Cortex Ailanthi (chun gen pi), Semen Plantaginis (che qian zi), Radix et Rhizoma Gentianae (long dan cao), Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae (tu fu ling), Rhizoma Dioscoreae (shan yao), Semen Euryales (qian shi), Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu), Poria (fu ling), Semen Lablab Album (bai bian dou), Semen Nelumbinis (lian zi), Os Draconis (long gu), Concha Ostreae (mu li), Endoconcha Sepiae (hai piao xiao), Semen Ginkgo (bai guo), and Radix Ampelopsis (bai lian)

Four mysterious pill (si miao wan) and yellowtransforming decoction (yi huang tang)

Leukorrhea

Cold-damp leukorrhea

Radix Polygoni Multiflori Praeparata cum Succo Glycines Sotae (zhi he shou wu), Cornu Cervi Pantotrichum (lu rong), Fructus Psoraleae (bu gu zhi), Semen Cuscutae (tu si zi), Semen Astragali Complanati (sha yuan zi), Rhizoma Cibotii (gou ji), Fructus Cnidii (she chuang zi), Rhizoma Dioscoreae (shan yao), Semen Euryales (qian shi), Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu), Poria (fu ling), Semen Lablab Album (bai bian dou), Semen Nelumbinis (lian zi), Os Draconis (long gu), Concha Ostreae (mu li), Endoconcha Sepiae (hai piao xiao), Semen Allii Tuberosi (jiu cai zi), Fructus Rosae Laevigatae (jin ying zi), and Radix Ampelopsis (bai lian)

Astringing and arresting vaginal discharge decoction (shou se zhi dai tang), land and water two immortals elixir (shui lu er xian dan), and golden lock essencesecuring pill (jin suo gu jing wan)

Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen), Cornu Cervi Pantotrichum (lu rong), Radix Morindae Officinalis (ba ji tian), Herba Epimedii (yin yang huo), Hippocampus (hai ma), Herba Cistanches (rou cong rong), Colla Cornus Cervi (lu jiao jiao), Herba Cynomorii (suo yang), Placenta Hominis (zi he che), and Fructus Lycii (gou qi zi)

Earth-warming decoction for promoting reproduction (wen tu yu lin tang) and tortoise shell and deer horn two immortals glue (gui lu er xian jiao)

Damp-heat in the liver channel

Radix et Rhizoma Gentianae (long dan cao), Radix Bupleuri (chai hu), Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang), Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi), Radix Scutellariae (huang qin), Caulis Akebiae (mu tong), Semen Plantaginis (che qian zi), Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu), Semen Coicis (yi yi ren), Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai), Rhizoma Dioscoreae Hypoglaucae (bi xie), Poria (fu ling), Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi), Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie), Medulla Tetrapanacis (tong cao), Talcum (hua shi), Radix Sophorae Flavescentis (ku shen), Radix Stemonae (bai bu), Alumen (ming fan), Pericarpium Zanthoxyli (hua jiao), and Fructus Cnidii (she chuang zi)

Gentian liver-draining decoction (long dan xie gan tang) and two mysterious powder (er miao san)

Liver-kidney yin deficiency

Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu), Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai), Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang), Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu), Rhizoma Dioscoreae (shan yao), Poria (fu ling), Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi), Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie), Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui), Radix Polygoni Multiflori (he shou wu), Cortex Dictamni (bai xian pi), Radix Sophorae Flavescentis (ku shen), Fructus Cnidii (she chuang zi), and Radix Stemonae (bai bu)

Anemarrhena, phellodendron, and rehmannia pill (zhi bai di huang wan)

Folium Perillae (zi su ye), Rhizoma Cyperi (xiang fu), Fructus Amomi (sha ren), Herba Pogostemonis (guang huo xiang), Herba Eupatorii (pei lan), Caulis Bambusae in Taenia (zhu ru), Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia), Terra Flava Usta (zao xin tu), Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi), Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu), Radix Astragali (huang qi), Herba Taxilli (sang ji sheng), Semen Cuscutae (tu si zi), Cortex Eucommiae (du zhong), Radix Dipsaci (xu duan), Colla Corii Asini (e jiao), Radix Scutellariae Carbonisatum (huang qin tan), Folium Artemisiae Argyi Carbonisatum (ai ye tan), and Radix Boehmeriae (zhu ma gen)

Cyperus, perilla, scallion, and fermented soybean decoction (xiang su cong chi tang), rock of mount tai fetus-quieting powder (tai shan pan shi san), and safe pregnancy without worry powder (bao chan wu you san)

Infertility

Vaginal itching

Restless fetus

Appendix 1

897

TABLE 44.1 Introduction to Medicinal Selection for Common Diseases and Syndromes (cont.) Common Diseases and Syndromes (Patterns)

Available Chinese Materia Medica

Available Formulas

Postpartum blood stasis obstruction

Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong), Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui), Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae (dan shen), Herba Leonuri (yi mu cao), Herba Lycopi (ze lan), Semen Persicae (tao ren), Flos Carthami (hong hua), Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao), Lignum Sappan (su mu), Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (niu xi), Herba Artemisiae Anomalae (liu ji nu), Pollen Typhae (pu huang), Faeces Trogopterori (wu ling zhi), Rhizoma Corydalis (yan hu suo), Rhizoma Curcumae Longae (jiang huang), Eupolyphaga seu Steleophaga (tu bie chong), Sanguis Draconis (xue jie), Rhizoma Sparganii (san leng), and Rhizoma Curcumae (e zhu)

Engendering and transforming decoction (sheng hua tang) and sudden smile powder (shi xiao san)

Reduced or absent lactation

Squama Manitis (chuan shan jia), Semen Vaccariae (wang bu liu xing), Radix Rhapontici (lou lu), Caulis Akebiae (mu tong), Medulla Tetrapanacis (tong cao), Fructus Malvae Vertillatae (dong kui zi), Fructus Tribuli (bai ji li), raw Fructus Hordei Germinatus (sheng mai ya), and Unguis Suillus (zhu ti jia)

Powder for promoting lactation like pouring spring (xia ru yong quan san)

Breast lump (hyperplasia of the mammary gland)

Liver constraint and phlegm coagulation

Radix Bupleuri (chai hu), Radix Curcumae (yu jin), Rhizoma Cyperi (xiang fu), Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride (qing pi), Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi), Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong), Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao), Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui), Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii (zhe bei mu), Spina Gleditsiae (zao jiao ci), Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia), Semen Sinapis (bai jie zi), Rhizoma Arisaematis (tian nan xing), Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen), Radix Polygalae (yuan zhi), Radix Ranunculi Ternati (mao zhua cao), Pseudobulbus Cremastrae seu Pleiones (shan ci gu), Squama Manitis (chuan shan jia), Spica Prunellae (xia ku cao), Radix Rhapontici (lou lu), Rhizoma Sparganii (san leng), Rhizoma Curcumae (e zhu), Carapax Trionycis (bie jia), Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae (dan shen), and Endothelium Corneum Gigeriae Galli (ji nei jin)

Bupleurum liver-soothing powder (chai hu shu gan san) and free wanderer trichosanthes and fritillaria powder (xiao yao lou bei san)

Disharmony of the chong and ren mai

Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang), Rhizoma Dioscoreae (huai shan yao), Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu), Fructus Lycii (gou qi zi), Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu), Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai), Semen Cuscutae (tu si zi), Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui), Rhizoma Curculiginis (xian mao), Herba Epimedii (yin yang huo), Radix Morindae Officinalis (ba ji tian), Colla Cornus Cervi (lu jiao jiao), Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii (zhe bei mu), Concha Ostreae (mu li), Spica Prunellae (xia ku cao), Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen), and Carapax Trionycis (bie jia)

Right-restoring pill (you gui wan) and reducing scrofula pill (xiao luo wan)

Herba Menthae (bo he), Periostracum Cicadae (chan tui), Fructus Arctii (niu bang zi), Radix Puerariae Lobatae (ge gen), Rhizoma Cimicifugae (sheng ma), Herba Schizonepetae (jing jie), Herba Spirodelae (fu ping), Cacumen Tamaricis (xi he liu), Herba Coriandri Sativi (hu sui), Rhizoma Phragmitis (lu gen), Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis (gou teng), and Radix Arnebiae (zi cao)

Lophatherum, tamarisk, and arctium decoction (zhu ye liu bang tang) and clearingresolving and exteriorventing decoction (qing jie tou biao tang)

Acute infantile convulsion

Periostracum Cicadae (chan tui), Flos Chrysanthemi (ju hua), Rhizoma Paridis (zao xiu), Indigo Naturalis (qing dai), Rhizoma Bistortae (quan shen), Cornu Saigae Tataricae (ling yang jiao), Calculus Bovis (niu huang), Rhizoma Gastrodiae (tian ma), Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis (gou teng), Pheretima (di long), Concha Mauritiae (zi bei chi), Margarita (zhen zhu), Bombyx Batryticatus (jiang can), Scorpio (quan xie), Scolopendra (wu gong), Concretio Silicea Bambusae (tian zhu huang), Succus Bambusae (zhu li), Arisaema cum Bile (dan nan xing), Lapis Chloriti (qing meng shi), and Fel Ursi (xiong dan)

Children's return-of-spring elixir (xiao er hui chun dan) and dragon-embracing pill (bao long wan)

Chronic infantile convulsion

Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen), Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu), Poria (fu ling), Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao), Rhizoma Dioscoreae (shan yao), Radix Astragali (huang qi), Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi), Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui), Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao), Rhizoma Gastrodiae (tian ma), Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis (gou teng), Bombyx Batryticatus (jiang can), Scolopendra (wu gong), and Scorpio (quan xie)

Spasm-relieving powder (zhi jing san) and liver-calming and spleen-regulating decoction (huan gan li pi tang)

Measles

Infantile convulsion

(Continued )

898 Appendix 1

TABLE 44.1 Introduction to Medicinal Selection for Common Diseases and Syndromes (cont.) Common Diseases and Syndromes (Patterns)

Available Chinese Materia Medica

Available Formulas

Food accumulation syndrome

Semen Raphani (lai fu zi), Fructus Hordei Germinatus (mai ya), Massa Medicata Fermentata (shen qu), Fructus Setariae Germinatus (gu ya), Fructus Crataegi (shan zha), Endothelium Corneum Gigeriae Galli (ji nei jin), Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi), Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride (qing pi), Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi), Semen Arecae (bing lang), Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang), Semen Pruni (yu li ren), Aloe (lu hui), Rhizoma Sparganii (san leng), Rhizoma Curcumae (e zhu), Herba Paederiae (ji shi teng), and Radix Cynanchi Wilfordii (ge shan xiao)

Harmony-preserving pill (bao he wan) and great tranquility pill (da an wan)

Infantile malnutrition with accumulation

Rhizoma Picrorhizae (hu huang lian), Radix Stellariae (yin chai hu), Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae (qin jiao), Fructus Quisqualis (shi jun zi), Fructus Ulmi Macrocarpae Praeparata (wu yi), Endothelium Corneum Gigeriae Galli (ji nei jin), Aloe (lu hui), and Herba Paederiae (ji shi teng)

Cloth bag pill (bu dai wan)

Carbuncle and furuncle

Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (jin yin hua), Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao), Herba Taraxaci (pu gong ying), Herba Violae (zi hua di ding), Flos Chrysanthemi Indici (ye ju hua), Herba Begoniae Fimbristipulatae (zi bei tian kui), Rhizoma Paridis (qi ye yi zhi hua), Radix Scutellariae (huang qin), Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian), Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai), Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi), Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao), Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi), Borneolum Syntheticum (bing pian), Calculus Bovis (niu huang), Rhizoma Bistortae (quan shen), Caulis Trachelospermi (luo shi teng), Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang), Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati (hu zhang), Folium Illics Purpureae (si ji qing), Herba Leonuri (yi mu cao), Herba Andrographis (chuan xin lian), Herba Commelinae (ya zhi cao), Rhizoma Fagopyri Dibotryis (jin qiao mai), Semen Phaseoli Radiati (lü dou), Herba Euphorbiae Humifusae (di jin cao), Herba Hedyotis Diffusae (bai hua she she cao), Herba Lobeliae Chinensis (ban bian lian), Pseudobulbus Cremastrae seu Pleiones (shan ci gu), Radix Rhapontici (lou lu), Herba Sedi (chui pen cao), Olibanum (ru xiang), Myrrha (mo yao), Realgar (xiong huang), and Moschus (she xiang)

Five ingredients toxinremoving beverage (wu wei xiao du yin), lonicera and forsythia powder (yin qiao san), and coptis toxinresolving decoction (huang lian jie du tang)

Sores and ulcers without astringing

Sanguis Draconis (xue jie), Catechu (er cha), Minium (qian dan), Calamina (lu gan shi), Corium Elephantis (xiang pi), Olibanum (ru xiang), Myrrha (mo yao), Radix Ampelopsis (bai lian), Radix Sanguisorbae (di yu), Endoconcha Sepiae (hai piao xiao), Gypsum Fibrosum Praeparatum (duan shi gao), Halloysitum Rubrum (chi shi zhi), Crinis Carbonisatus (xue yu tan), Borneolum Syntheticum (bing pian), and Raw Radix Astragali (sheng huang qi)

Seven-thousandths of a tael powder (qi li san)

Pus without ulceration

Arsenicum Sublimatum (pi shuang), Calomelas (qing fen), Hydrargyrum Oxydatum Crudum (sheng yao), Realgar (xiong huang), Colophonium (song xiang), Mylabris (ban mao), Fructus Crotonis (ba dou), Squama Manitis (chuan shan jia), and Spina Gleditsiae (zao jiao ci)

Head-biting plaster (yao tou gao)

Mammary abscess (acute mastitis)

Fructus Trichosanthis (gua lou), Fructus Arctii (niu bang zi), Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi), Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii (zhe bei mu), Herba Taraxaci (pu gong ying), Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (jin yin hua), Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao), Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi), Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao), Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae (dan shen), Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui), Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride (qing pi), Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (ju pi), Folium Citri Reticulatae (ju ye), Fructus Tribuli (bai ji li), Spica Prunellae (xia ku cao), Olibanum (ru xiang), Myrrha (mo yao), Spina Gleditsiae (zao jiao ci), Squama Manitis (chuan shan jia), Radix Bupleuri (chai hu), Radix Scutellariae (huang qin), Fructus Liquidambaris (lu lu tong), Semen Vaccariae (wang bu liu xing), Radix Rhapontici (lou lu), Natrii Sulfas (mang xiao), and Herba Lobeliae Chinensis (ban bian lian)

Trichosanthes powder (gua lou san) and free wanderer trichosanthes and fritillaria powder (xiao yao lou bei san)

Appendix 1

899

TABLE 44.1 Introduction to Medicinal Selection for Common Diseases and Syndromes (cont.) Common Diseases and Syndromes (Patterns)

Available Chinese Materia Medica

Available Formulas

Lung abscess

Rhizoma Phragmitis (lu gen), Semen Persicae (tao ren), Semen Coicis (yi yi ren), Semen Benincasae (dong gua zi), Herba Houttuyniae (yu xing cao), Rhizoma Fagopyri Dibotryis (jin qiao mai), Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (jin yin hua), Cortex Albiziae (he huan pi), Herba Taraxaci (pu gong ying), Herba Hyperici Japonici (di er cao), Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii (zhe bei mu), Fructus Trichosanthis (gua lou), Radix Platycodonis (jie geng), and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao)

Supplemented platycodon decoction (jia wei jie geng tang), platycodon and apricot kernel decoction (jie geng xing ren jian), and fritillaria and trichosanthes powder (bei mu gua lou san)

Intestinal abscess

Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang), Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi), Natrii Sulfas (mang xiao), Semen Benincasae (dong gua zi), Herba Patriniae (bai jiang cao), Caulis Sargentodoxae (da xue teng), Herba Taraxaci (pu gong ying), Semen Trichosanthis (gua lou zi), Radix Sanguisorbae (di yu), Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao), Rhizoma Corydalis (yan hu suo), Semen Persicae (tao ren), Semen Coicis (yi yi ren), and Herba Hyperici Japonici (di er cao)

Rhubarb and moutan decoction (da huang mu dan tang), coix, aconite and patrinia powder (yi yi fu zi bai jiang san), and intestinesclearing beverage (qing chang yin)

Shàn qì (hernia)

Fructus Foeniculi (xiao hui xiang), Fructus Evodiae (wu zhu yu), Fructus Litseae (bi cheng qie), Radix Linderae (wu yao), Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang), Rhizoma Cyperi (xiang fu), Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride (qing pi), Rhizoma Corydalis (yan hu suo), Rhizoma Alpiniae Officinarum (gao liang jiang), Semen Citri Reticulatae (ju he), Fructus Crataegi (shan zha), Semen Litchi (li zhi he), Semen Trigonellae (hu lu ba), Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi), and Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui)

Liver-warming decoction (nuan gan jian) and topquality linderae powder (tian tai wu yao san)

Hemorrhoid

Radix Sanguisorbae (di yu), Fructus Sophorae (huai jiao), Radix Saposhnikoviae Carbonisatum (fang feng tan), Herba Schizonepetae Carbonisatum (jing jie tan), Radix Scutellariae Carbonisatum (huang qin tan), Fructus Aristolochiae (ma dou ling), Herba Equiseti Hiemalis (mu zei), Fel Ursi (xiong dan), Radix Ampelopsis (bai lian), Rhizoma Picrorhizae (hu huang lian), Herba Euphorbiae Humifusae (di jin cao), Corium Erinacei (ci wei pi), Arsenolitum (pi shi), and Natrii Sulfas (mang xiao)

Sophora pill (huai jiao wan) and blood-cooling rehmannia decoction (liang xue di huang tang)

Scrofula and goiter

Spica Prunellae (xia ku cao), Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen), Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii (zhe bei mu), Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae (chuan bei mu), Concha Ostreae (mu li), Pseudobulbus Cremastrae seu Pleiones (shan ci gu), Rhizoma Dioscoreae Bulbiferae (huang yao zi), Concha Meretricis seu Cyclinae (hai ge qiao), Concha Arcae (wa leng zi), Pumex (hai fu shi), Sargassum (hai zao), Thallus Eckloniae (kun bu), Pheretima (di long), Squama Manitis (chuan shan jia), Scorpio (quan xie), Rhizoma Typhonii (bai fu zi), Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao), Scolopendra (wu gong), Gekko Swinhonis (bi hu), Olibanum (ru xiang), Myrrha (mo yao), Calculus Bovis (niu huang), Realgar (xiong huang), Bombyx Batryticatus (jiang can), Rhizoma Fagopyri Dibotryis (jin qiao mai), Moschus (she xiang), Rhizoma Bistortae (quan shen), and Rhizoma Paridis (zao xiu)

Scrofula internal-dispersing pill (nei xiao luo li wan), sargassum jade flask decoction (hai zao yu hu tang), reducing scrofula pill (xiao luo wan), and goiterdispersing five sea-medicinal beverage (xiao ying wu hai yin)

Dorsal furuncle and multiple metastatic abscess

Semen Sinapis (bai jie zi), Cornu Cervi Pantotrichum (lu rong), Cornu Cervi (lu jiao), Radix Polygalae (yuan zhi), Rhizoma Typhonii (bai fu zi), Rhizoma Arisaematis (tian nan xing), Herba Ephedrae (ma huang), Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui), and Radix Astragali (huang qi),

Harmonious yang decoction (yang he tang)

Snake or insect bite

Herba Violae (zi hua di ding), Rhizoma Paridis (zao xiu), Herba Taraxaci (pu gong ying), Herba Scutellariae Barbatae (ban zhi lian), Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi), Scolopendra (wu gong), Herba Lobeliae Chinensis (ban bian lian), Herba Hedyotis Diffusae (bai hua she she cao), Realgar (xiong huang), Herba Andrographis (chuan xin lian), Rhizoma Fagopyri Dibotryis (jin qiao mai), Rhizoma Bistortae (quan shen), Herba Euphorbiae Humifusae (di jin cao), Herba Sedi (chui pen cao), and Faeces Trogopterori (wu ling zhi)

Five ingredients toxinremoving beverage (wu wei xiao du yin)

(Continued )

900 Appendix 1

TABLE 44.1 Introduction to Medicinal Selection for Common Diseases and Syndromes (cont.) Common Diseases and Syndromes (Patterns)

Available Chinese Materia Medica

Available Formulas

Rubella

Herba Schizonepetae (jing jie), Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng), Fructus Tribuli (bai ji li), Bombyx Batryticatus (jiang can), Herba Spirodelae (fu ping), Periostracum Cicadae (chan tui), Periostracum Serpentis (she tui), Fructus Kochiae (di fu zi), Cortex Dictamni (bai xian pi), Radix Sophorae Flavescentis (ku shen), Cortex Zingiberis Rhizomatis (sheng jiang pi), Cutis Poriae (fu ling pi), Cortex Mori (sang bai pi), Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae (fang ji), Lignum Sappan (su mu), Flos Campsis (ling xiao hua), Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi), Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao), Rhizoma Curcumae Longae (jiang huang), raw Radix Polygoni Multiflori (sheng he shou wu), Nidus Vespae (feng fang), Scorpio (quan xie), and Caulis Polygoni Multiflori (shou wu teng)

Eruption-promoting cooling-resolving decoction (tou zhen liang jie tang), wind-dispersing powder (xiao feng san), four substances wind-dispersing powder (si wu xiao feng san), and eight immortals free wanderer powder (ba xian xiao yao san)

Burn due to hot liquid or fire

Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang), Radix Sanguisorbae (di yu), Folium Illics Purpureae (si ji qing), Herba Sedi (chui pen cao), Radix Ampelopsis (bai lian), Radix Rumicis Japonici (yang ti), Cacumen Platycladi (ce bai ye), Folium Callicarpae Pedunculatae (zi zhu ye), and Gypsum Fibrosum Praeparatum (duan shi gao)

White jade ointment (bai yu gao)

Eczema

Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai), Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian), Radix Sophorae Flavescentis (ku shen), Cortex Dictamni (bai xian pi), Folium Illics Purpureae (si ji qing), Herba Hyperici Japonici (di er cao), Herba Paederiae (ji shi teng), Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu), Alumen Dehydratum (ku fan), Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae (tu fu ling), Fructus Kochiae (di fu zi), Cortex Fraxini (qin pi), Radix et Rhizoma Gentianae (long dan cao), Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi), Fructus Malvae Vertillatae (dong kui zi), Rhizoma Dioscoreae Hypoglaucae (bi xie), Pericarpium Zanthoxyli (hua jiao), Fructus Cnidii (she chuang zi), Radix Stemonae (bai bu), and Folium Artemisiae Argyi (ai ye)

Coptis ointment (huang lian gao)

Scabies and tinea

Sulfur (liu huang), Realgar (xiong huang), Calomelas (qing fen), Nidus Vespae (feng fang), Bulbus Allii (da suan), Alumen (ming fan), Cortex Hibisci Syriaci (mu jin pi), Melanteritum (zao fan), Semen Hydnocarpi (da feng zi), Colophonium (song xiang), Radix Sophorae Flavescentis (ku shen), Cortex Dictamni (bai xian pi), Zaocys (wu shao she), Cortex Meliae (ku lian pi), Fructus Kochiae (di fu zi), Bungarus Parvus (jin qian bai hua she), Periostracum Serpentis (she tui), Fructus Toosendan (chuan lian zi), Radix et Rhizoma Veratri Nigri (li lu), Fructus Cnidii (she chuang zi), Camphora (zhang nao), and Pericarpium Granati (shi liu pi)

Powder for sweeping away (yi sao guang)

Numbing wind (leprosy, má fēng)

Semen Hydnocarpi (da feng zi), Radix Sophorae Flavescentis (ku shen), Fructus Xanthii (cang er zi), Bungarus Parvus (jin qian bai hua she), and Zaocys (wu shao she)

Lightyellow sophora root decoction (ku shen tang)

Syphilis

Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae (tu fu ling), Calomelas (qing fen), Semen Hydnocarpi (da feng zi), Hydrargyrum Oxydatum Crudum (sheng yao), and Hydrargyrum (shui yin)

Glabrous greenbrier rhizome mixture (tu fu ling he ji)

Sinew injury

Flos Carthami (hong hua), Semen Persicae (tao ren), Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong), carda part of Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui wei), Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao), Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi), Rhizoma Curcumae Longae (jiang huang), Radix Curcumae (yu jin), Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang), Squama Manitis (chuan shan jia), Radix et Rhizoma Clematidis (wei ling xian), Radix et Rhizoma Notoginseng (san qi), Rhizoma Corydalis (yan hu suo), Lignum Sappan (su mu), Olibanum (ru xiang), Myrrha (mo yao), Pyritum (zi ran tong), Sanguis Draconis (xue jie), Moschus (she xiang), Radix Dipsaci (xu duan), Catechu (er cha), Rhizoma Drynariae (gu sui bu), Eupolyphaga seu Steleophaga (tu bie chong), Herba Artemisiae Anomalae (liu ji nu), Faeces Trogopterori (wu ling zhi), Flos Campsis (ling xiao hua), Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (niu xi), Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati (hu zhang), Lignum Pini Nodi (song jie), and Radix et Rhizoma Cynanchi Paniculati (xu chang qing)

Seven-thousandths of a tael powder (qi li san), peach kernel and carthamus four substances decoction (tao hong si wu tang), bloodengendering and marrowsupplementing decoction (sheng xue bu sui tang), and kidney-supplementing and sinew-strengthening decoction (bu shen zhuang jin tang)

Appendix 1

901

TABLE 44.1 Introduction to Medicinal Selection for Common Diseases and Syndromes (cont.) Common Diseases and Syndromes (Patterns)

Available Chinese Materia Medica

Available Formulas

Bone fracture

Rhizoma Drynariae (gu sui bu), Radix Dipsaci (xu duan), Pyritum (zi ran tong), Eupolyphaga seu Steleophaga (tu bie chong), Sanguis Draconis (xue jie), Lignum Sappan (su mu), Olibanum (ru xiang), Myrrha (mo yao), Catechu (er cha), and Moschus (she xiang)

Seven-thousandths of a tael powder (qi li san)

Blurred vision

Fructus Lycii (gou qi zi), Flos Chrysanthemi (ju hua), Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang), Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang), Semen Cuscutae (tu si zi), Semen Astragali Complanati (sha yuan zi), Fructus Ligustri Lucidi (nü zhen zi), Caulis Dendrobii (shi hu), Semen Sesami Nigrum (hei zhi ma), Folium Mori (sang ye), Flos Buddlejae (mi meng hua), Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao), Concha Haliotidis (shi jue ming), and Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu)

Four-substance and five-seed pill (si wu wu zi wan)

Nasal obstruction and thick rhinorrhea (sinusitis)

Herba Menthae (bo he), Flos Magnoliae (xin yi), Herba Centipedae (e bu shi cao), Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi), Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin), Fructus Xanthii (cang er zi), Herba Houttuyniae (yu xing cao), Radix Scutellariae (huang qin), Borneolum Syntheticum (bing pian), Herba Pogostemonis (guang huo xiang), and Fel Suillus (zhu dan zhi)

Xanthium fruit powder (cang er zi san) and blue cloud powder (bi yun san)

Red eye with nebula

Wind-heat harassing the upper body

Folium Mori (sang ye), Flos Chrysanthemi (ju hua), Periostracum Cicadae (chan tui), Fructus Viticis (man jing zi), Flos Eriocauli (gu jing cao), Fructus Tribuli (bai ji li), Periostracum Serpentis (she tui), and Bombyx Batryticatus (jiang can)

Gardenia wonderconquering decoction (zhi zi sheng qi tang)

Liver-heat attacking the upper body

Semen Celosiae (qing xiang zi), Semen Cassiae (jue ming zi), Flos Buddlejae (mi meng hua), Spica Prunellae (xia ku cao), Faeces Vespertilionis (ye ming sha), Fel Ursi (xiong dan), Radix et Rhizoma Gentianae (long dan cao), Radix Scutellariae (huang qin), Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian), Fructus Sophorae (huai jiao), Semen Plantaginis (che qian zi), Cortex Fraxini (qin pi), Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis (gou teng), Cornu Saigae Tataricae (ling yang jiao), Concha Mauritiae (zi bei chi), Concha Margaritiferae Usta (zhen zhu mu), Concha Haliotidis (shi jue ming), Margarita (zhen zhu), Bombyx Batryticatus (jiang can), Flos Chrysanthemi Indici (ye ju hua), Herba Taraxaci (pu gong ying), Borneolum Syntheticum (bing pian), Calamina (lu gan shi), and Borax (peng sha)

Chrysanthemum and cassia seed powder (ju hua jue ming san)

Toothache due to stomach fire

Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao), Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian), Rhizoma Cimicifugae (sheng ma), Radix et Rhizoma Sophorae Tonkinensis (shan dou gen), Flos Eriocauli (gu jing cao), Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi), Calculus Bovis (niu huang), Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang), Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu), and Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen)

Stomach-heat-clearing powder (qing wei san)

Toothache due to wind chill or insect damage

Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin), Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi), Fructus Piperis Longi (bi ba), Radix et Rhizoma Cynanchi Paniculati (xu chang qing), Pericarpium Zanthoxyli (hua jiao), and Nidus Vespae (feng fang)

Wasps nest powder (feng wo san) [from Restoration of Health from the Myriad Diseases (wan bing hui chun)]

Accumulated heat in the spleen and stomach

Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao), Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu), Radix Scutellariae (huang qin), Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi), Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian), Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi), Herba Eupatorii (pei lan), Radix Trichosanthis (tian hua fen), Herba Pogostemonis (guang huo xiang), Caulis Akebiae (mu tong), Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang), Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang), and Natrii Sulfas (mang xiao)

White tiger decoction (bai hu tang), yellow-draining powder (xie huang san), and stomach-regulating and purgative decoction (tiao wei cheng qi tang)

Deficiency fire flaming upward

Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu), Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai), Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang), Rhizoma Dioscoreae (shan yao), Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu), Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi), Poria (fu ling), Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie), Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen), Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (niu xi), Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong), Herba Pogostemonis (guang huo xiang), and Herba Eupatorii (pei lan)

Anemarrhena, phellodendron, and rehmannia pill (zhi bai di huang wan)

Toothache

Aphtha (oral aphthae)

(Continued )

902 Appendix 1

TABLE 44.1 Introduction to Medicinal Selection for Common Diseases and Syndromes (cont.) Common Diseases and Syndromes (Patterns) Tinnitus and deafness

Throat bì (pharyngitis) and tonsillitis

Available Chinese Materia Medica

Available Formulas

Liver fire attacking the upper body

Radix et Rhizoma Gentianae (long dan cao), Radix Bupleuri (chai hu), Radix Scutellariae (huang qin), Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi), Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin), Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (shi chang pu), Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai), and Concha Ostreae (mu li)

Gentian liver-draining decoction (long dan xie gan tang)

Clear yang failing to ascend

Radix Astragali (huang qi), Rhizoma Cimicifugae (sheng ma), Radix Platycodonis (jie geng), Radix Puerariae Lobatae (ge gen), Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin), and Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (shi chang pu)

Qi-boosting intelligence decoction (yi qi cong ming tang) and centersupplementing and qi-boosting decoction (bu zhong yi qi tang)

Kidney deficiency

Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang), Rhizoma Dioscoreae (shan yao), Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu), Herba Ecliptae (mo han lian), Fructus Ligustri Lucidi (nü zhen zi), Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai), Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi), Rhizoma Drynariae (gu sui bu), Concha Margaritiferae Usta (zhen zhu mu), Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (shi chang pu), Concha Ostreae (mu li), and Magnetitum (ci shi)

Double supreme pill (er zhi wan), deafness leftbenefiting loadstone pill (er long zuo ci wan), and eyesight-improving rehmannia pill (ming mu di huang wan)

Wind-heat invading the upper body

Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (jin yin hua), Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao), Herba Schizonepetae (jing jie), Fructus Arctii (niu bang zi), Herba Menthae (bo he), Periostracum Cicadae (chan tui), Bombyx Batryticatus (jiang can), Calculus Bovis (niu huang), Mirabilitum Praeparatum (xi gua shuang), Borneolum Syntheticum (bing pian), Borax (peng sha), Natrii Sulfas Exsiccatus (xuan ming fen), and Venenum Bufonis (chan su)

Lonicera and forsythia powder (yin qiao san), six promises pill (liu ying wan)

Intense lungstomach fire

Radix Isatidis (ban lan gen), Radix Scutellariae (huang qin), Radix et Rhizoma Sophorae Tonkinensis (shan dou gen), Folium Isatidis (da qing ye), Rhizoma Belamcandae (she gan), Lasiosphaera seu Calvatia (ma bo), Radix Tinosporae (jin guo lan), Semen Sterculiae Lychnophorae (pang da hai), Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen), Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong), Herba Commelinae (ya zhi cao), Calyx seu Fructus Physalis (jin deng long), Semen Oroxyli (mu hu die), Fructus Canarii (qing guo), Rhizoma Fagopyri Dibotryis (jin qiao mai), Flos Chrysanthemi Indici (ye ju hua), Radix Platycodonis (jie geng), raw Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (sheng gan cao), Calculus Bovis (niu huang), Mirabilitum Praeparatum (xi gua shuang), Borneolum Syntheticum (bing pian), Natrii Sulfas Exsiccatus (xuan ming fen), Borax (peng sha), and Venenum Bufonis (chan su)

Throat-clearing diaphragmdisinhibiting decoction (qing yan li ge tang) and lonicera, forsythia, and puffball powder (yin qiao ma bo san)

Lung-kidney yin deficiency

Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen), Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong), Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang), Rhizoma Polygonati Odorati (yu zhu), Bulbus Lilii (bai he), Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi), Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu), Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai), Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang), Rhizoma Dioscoreae (shan yao), Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu), Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (niu xi), Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao), Caulis Dendrobii (shi hu), Radix Platycodonis (jie geng), Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao), and Calyx seu Fructus Physalis (jin deng long)

Lily bulb metal-securing decoction (bai he gu jin tang)

Appendix 2

Introduction to Well-Known Literatures About Chinese Medicinal and Formula Almost every herbal medicines and medical formulas in this book can be found in the existing ancient well-known TCM books or some important modern medical formula writings. To understand these well-known TCM literatures may help the learners easily study Chinese materia medica and formulas. See in the Tables 45.1 and 45.2.

TABLE 45.1 Introduction to Well-Known Literatures About Chinese Medicinal Name of Writings

Date Written

Dynasty and Author

Main Contents

Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (Shén Nóng Bĕn Ca˘o Jīng, )

Before the Eastern Han Dynasty

Anonymous in the Eastern Han or QinHan Dynasty

This book records 365 Chinese herbal medicines, which includes 120 top grade medicinals, 120 medium grade and 125 low grade medicinals. Its contents include the general introduction of medicinals [medicinal theory, such as the chief, deputy, assistant and envoy medicinals, the combination of yin and yang, the seven medicinal relations, the five flavors, the four qi (i.e., the four natures)], and other specific discussion (another name, nature and flavor, habitat, indications and effects)

Collected Commentaries on “Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica” (Shén Nóng Bĕn Ca˘o Jīng Jí Zhù, )

A.D. 494

The Liang Dynasty; compiled by Tao Hong-jing (Style: Tao Tong-ming)

This book is an annotation of Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (Shén Nóng Bĕn Ca˘o Jīng, ) through supplementing the contents, medicinals, and modifying the style. The place of herb production, collection, medicinal processing, and specific clinical application are discussed in this book. The original book has been lost, but its major contents can be seen in Materia Medica Arranged According to Pattern (Zhèng Lèi Bĕn Ca˘o, ).

Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians (Míng Yī Bié Lù, )

A.D. 500

The Northern and Southern Dynasty; written by Tao Hong-jing (Style: Tao Tong-ming)

This book is formed through supplementing the medicinal nature, effects and the new herbs by medical experts in Qin and Han Dynasty based on Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (Shén Nóng Bĕn Ca˘o Jīng, ). The original book has been lost. When Tao Hong-jing (Liang Dynasty) compiled and annotated the book: Collective Commentaries on the Classic of Materia Medica (Bĕn Ca˘o Jīng Jí Zhù, ), he not only recorded 365 medicinals of Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (Shén Nóng Bĕn Ca˘o Jīng, ), but also compiled 365 medicinals from this book, which assists to preserve the basic contents of this book (Continued )

Essentials of Chinese Materia Medica and Medical Formulas. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812722-3.00046-4 Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

903

904 Appendix 2

TABLE 45.1 Introduction to Well-Known Literatures About Chinese Medicinal (cont.) Name of Writings

Date Written

Dynasty and Author

Main Contents

Master Lei’s Discourse on Medicinal Processing (Léi Gōng Páo Zhì Lùn, )

Fifth century

The Liu Song Dynasty; written by Lei Xiao

This book records the basic knowledge about pharmaceutics and the processing methods of 300 medicinals. The original book has been lost, its scattered contents are seen in Materia Medica Arranged According to Pattern (Zhèng Lèi Bĕn Ca˘o, ), Master Lei’s Explanation of the Properties of Processed Medicinals (Léi Gōng Páo Zhì Yào Xìng Jiĕ, ), and The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica (Bĕn Ca˘o Ga¯ng Mù, )

Materia Medica for Dietary Therapy (Shí Liáo Bĕn Ca˘o, )

Seventh century (A.D. 612–713)

The Tang Dynasty; compiled by Meng Shen

This book records 260 medicinals as dietary therapy. Its normal contents of text describes the medicinal effects, contraindication and simple formula, and occasionally discusses the plant morphology, preparation of crude medicinals, and place of production

Supplement to “The Materia Medica” (Bĕn Ca˘o Shí Yí, )

A.D. 720

The Tang Dynasty; written by Chen Cang-qi

This book records 692 medicinals that are not included in Newly Revised Materia Medica (Xīn Xīu Bĕn Ca˘o, ). Each medicinal are described in details from the nature and flavor, effect, indication, usage, another name, plant morphology, habitat, place of production, and textual research for adulterant. It also discusses the category of diseases caused by qi from five orientations, and the medicinal regimen

Four Medical Tantras (Sì Bù Yī Dia˘n, )

End of the eighth century

The Tang Dynasty; written by Yutog Yoindain Goinbo

This book is divided into four parts. The first part introduces the basic knowledge on physiology, pathology, diagnosis, and treatment of traditional Tibetan medicine. The second part introduces human anatomy, embryology, causes of disease, therapeutic principle, natures and flavors, and effects of medicinals. The third part introduces symptoms, etiological factors, treatments of syndromes, and diseases in different departments, and the fourth part discusses pulse diagnosis, urine diagnosis, medicines, and various therapeutic methods

Fleeceflower Root Records (Hé Shǒu Wu¯ Zhuàn, )

About A.D. 812

The Tang Dynasty; written by Li Ao

This book is the earliest monograph of single medicinal, which introduces the origin, plant morphology, effects, and directions of Radix Polygoni Multiflori (he shou wu)

Materia Medica for Food Habit (Shí Xìng Bĕn Ca˘o, )

About A.D. 937–957

The Five Dynasties and Southern Tang Dynasty; written by Chen Shi-liang

This book is a monograph about dietary therapy. The contents about drink and food in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (Shén Nóng Bĕn Ca˘o Jīng, ), Collective Commentaries on the Classic of Materia Medica (Bĕn Ca˘o Jīng Jí Zhù, ), Tang Materia Medica (Táng Bĕn Ca˘o, ), Materia Medica for Dietary Therapy (Shí Liáo Bĕn Ca˘o, ) and Supplement to “The Materia Medica” (Bĕn Ca˘o Shí Yí, ) are collected, and the dietitcian’s formulas and methods of nourishing zang-fu organs in five seasons are attached. It is a book combining Chinese materia medica and medical formulas

Materia Medica of Sichuan (Shu˘ Bĕn Ca˘o, )

A.D. 938–964

The Five Dynasties; written by Han Baosheng

This book is formed through supplementing the contents based on Newly Revised Materia Medica (Xīn Xīu Bĕn Ca˘o, ). Its explanation about medicinal figures is more detailed than that in previous book. Its supplemented contents contain medicinal nature, effect, the seven medicinal relations, (mutual) restraint, medicinal processing, identification of the good or bad, and 14 new medicinals

Materia Medica of the Kaibao Era (Ka¯i Ba˘o Bĕn Ca˘o, )

A.D. 973

The Song Dynasty; written by Ma Zhi

Newly Detailedly Confirmed Materia Medica of the Kaibao Era (Ka¯i Ba˘o Xīn Xiáng Dìng Bĕn Ca˘o, ) [revised by Liu Han and Ma Zhi (Song Dynasty)] and Revised and Expanded Materia Medica of the Kaibao Era (Ka¯i Ba˘o Xīn Xiáng Dìng Bĕn Ca˘o, ) (proofread by Li Fang, Wang You, and Hu Meng) are abbreviated Materia Medica of the Kaibao Era (Ka¯i Ba˘o Bĕn Ca˘o, ). The whole book record 984 medicinals. Among them, 134 medicinals are newly described. The author also made correction of the errors during compiling and making private copies of Newly Revised Materia Medica (Xīn Xīu Bĕn Ca˘o, )

Appendix 2

905

TABLE 45.1 Introduction to Well-Known Literatures About Chinese Medicinal (cont.) Name of Writings

Date Written

Dynasty and Author

Main Contents

Materia Medica from the [Southern] Seaboard Area (Ha˘i Yào Bĕn Ca˘o,

Beginning of the tenth century

The Tang Dynasty; written by Li Xun

The existed contents of this book include 124 medicinals, 16 medicinals are newly described. This book quotes the data about medicinals from the southern part of China and aboard from more than 50 literatures, and make a descriptive record on plant morphology, identity of the good and bad, nature and flavor, indication, attached formulas, methods of oral use, pharmaceutical methods, contraindication, (mutual) restraint and inhibition

Ri Hua-zi’s Materia Medica (Rì Huá Zı˘ Bĕn Ca˘o, )

About tenth century

The Five Dynasties; written by Ri Hua-zi

The original book has been scattered and lost. The scattered contents can be found in the related books. It collects various materia medica and the former medication, and classifies according to cold, warm, nature and flavor, flower, fruit, insect or animal. It mainly discusses the medicinal nature and flavor, effect and indication, medicinal processing, and identification of the good and bad

Materia Medica of the Jiayou Era (Jia¯ Yòu Bĕn Ca˘o, )

A.D. 1057– 1060

The Song Dynasty; compiled by Zhang Yu-xi, Lin Yi, Zhang Dong, Su Song, Qin Zong-gu, Zhu Youzhang

Its full name is Supplements and Annotations to Shen Nong’s Materia Medica of the Jiayou Era (Jia¯ Yòu Bĕn Ca˘o, ). The whole book records 1083 medicinals and quotes 50 literatures, such as Materia Medica of Sichuan (Shu˘ Bĕn Ca˘o, ), Materia Medica for Dietary Therapy (Shí Liáo Bĕn Ca˘o, ), and Ri Hua-zi’s Materia Medica (Rì Huá Zı˘ Bĕn Ca˘o, ), and describes the medicinal nature, combination, dietary therapy and experience of folk medication and medicinal differentiation

Illustrated Classic of Materia Medica (Tú Jīng Bĕn Ca˘o, ) [Also known as (Bĕn Ca˘o Tú Jīng, ) in Chinese]

A.D. 1061

The Northern Song Dynasty; compiled by Su Song

This book is formed through collecting the national various prefectural herbal medicine figures and explanation, referring various schools of Chinese medicine and arranging. It records 780 medicinals, includes 103 new increased medicinals, and attaches 933 materia medica figures. It accurately records the medicinal place of production, plant morphology, collected seasons, methods of processing, methods of identification, and medicinal nature, and attaches the simple formula and folk medication experience. The pictures and its accompanying essay are both excellent

Classified Materia Medica from Historical Classics for Emergency (Jīng Shı˘ Zhèng Lèi Bèi Jí Bĕn Ca˘o, )

A.D. 1082

The Song Dynasty; compiled by Tang Shen-wei (Style: Tang Shen-yuan)

This book records 1748 medicinals. Each medicinal is first introduced with illustration from Illustrated Classic of Materia Medica (Tú Jīng Bĕn Ca˘o, ), then the normal text from Materia Medica of the Jiayou Era (Jia¯ Yòu Bĕn Ca˘o, ) and the explanation from Illustrated Classic of Materia Medica (Tú Jīng Bĕn Ca˘o, ), and finally attached with the additional medicinal data by Tang Shen-wei

Extension of the Materia Medica (Bĕn Ca˘o Ya˘n Yì, )

A.D. 1116

The Song Dynasty; compiled by Kou Zong-shi

This book differentiates, analyzes, and discusses the 470 medicinals in detail that haven’t been fully explained in Supplements and Annotations to Shen Nong’s Materia Medica of the Jiayou Era (Jia¯ Yòu Bĕn Ca˘o, ). The book also introduces many methods to differentiate true or false, good or bad of the medicinal, and extends the scope of medicinal application through some actual cases

Pouch of Pearls (Zhēn Zhu¯ Náng, )

A.D. 1186

The Yuan Dynasty; written by Zhang Yuan-su

This book records 90 medicinals. Each medicinal is briefly introduced from natures and flavors, toxicity, ascending and descending, yin and yang, and effects. At the end of this book, the correspondence between heaven and humankind is briefly listed

The Revised Zhenghe Classified Materia Medica from Historical Classics for Emergency (Chóng Xiu¯ Zhèng Hé Jīng Shı˘ Zhèng Lèi Bèi Jí Bĕn Ca˘o,

A.D. 1249

The Song Dynasty; supplemented by Zhang Cun-hui

This book is the renewed, revised and published Classified Materia Medica from Historical Classics for Emergency (Jīng Shı˘ Zhèng Lèi Bèi Jí Bĕn Ca˘o, ) by the Northern Song dynasty in 1116. After it was published again by Zhang Cun-hui in 1249, the contents of Extension of the Materia Medica (Bĕn Ca˘o Ya˘n Yì, ) were supplemented in it

)

) (Continued )

906 Appendix 2

TABLE 45.1 Introduction to Well-Known Literatures About Chinese Medicinal (cont.) Name of Writings

Date Written

Dynasty and Author

Main Contents

Materia Medica for Decoctions (Ta¯ng Yè Bĕn Ca˘o, )

A.D. 1289

The Yuan Dynasty; compiled by Wang Hao-gu (Styles: Wang Jin-zhi, Wang Haizang)

The volume 1 is the part of the general introduction of medicinal nature, the volume 2 and 3 discuss medicinals respectively, which can be divided into nine parts, such as grass, wood, fruit, vegetable, grain, jade, poultry, animal, and insect, and include 238 medicinals. The medicinal in this book is described and organized according to the characteristics of three yin channels or three yang channels that medicinals act, combining medicinals’ yin and yang properties, as well as tastes, ascending and descending, floating and sinking. The discussion from various schools is quoted and attached

Principles of Correct Diet (Yı˘n Shàn Zhèng Yào, )

A.D. 1330

The Yuan Dynasty; compiled by Hu Sihui and Pu Lan-xi

This book introduces the properties and actions of many foods from the perspective of nutrition and treatment, and the culinary art of diet. It records more Mongolian dietary health habits, category of food and drinks

Supplement to the ‘Extension of the Materia Medica’ (Bĕn Ca˘o Ya˘n Yì Bu˘ Yí, )

A.D. 1347

The Yuan Dynasty; written by Zhu Zhenheng (Styles: Zhu Dan-xi, Zhu Yan-xiu)

Based on Extension of the Materia Medica (Bĕn Ca˘o Ya˘n Yì, ), the author of this book pointed out its deficiency and supplemented his opinions to compatibility and incompatibility of medicinals and the main points of using some medicinals, and discussed 153 medicinals

Household Materia Medica (Rì Yòng Bĕn Ca˘o, )

A.D. 1350

The Yuan Dynasty; written by Wu Rui

This book collects over 540 medicinals related with drink and food from contents of Chinese materia medica, including updated many medicinals. They are divided into eight categories. Their natures and flavors, effects and indications are briefly introduced

Elaboration on Materia Medica (Bĕn Ca˘o Fa¯ Huī, )

A.D. 1384

The Yuan Dynasty; compiled by Xu Yanchun

This book records 270 medicinals. Each medicinal is introduced from natures and flavors, effects and indications. Its contents are recorded from literatures written by doctors in Jin and Yuan Dynasties

Materia Medica for Famine Relief (Jiù Hua¯ng Bĕn Ca˘o, )

About A.D. 1403–1406

The Ming Dynasty; written by Zhu Xiao

This book has both excellent pictures and text, records 414 medicinals that are edible plants, including newly described 276 medicinals. The medicinals are divided into five parts: grass, wood, rice, grain, vegetable, and fruit. Place of production, plant morphology, nature and flavor, toxicity, cooking, and edible methods are introduced in brief

Materia Medica of South Yunnan (Dia¯n Nán Bĕn Ca˘o, )

A.D. 1436

The Ming Dynasty; compiled by Lan Mao

This book records numerous habitually-used medicinals and medication experience of different minorities in Yunnan Province (China), and combines some theories of Han medicinals. Medical formulas are often attached at the end of medicinals. In addition, over 100 single formulas are attached in the end of this book. The original book includes the pictures of materia medica

Essentials of Materia Medica Distinctions (Bĕn Ca˘o Pı˘n Huì Jīng Yào, )

A.D. 1505

The Ming Dynasty; compiled by Liu Wen-tai

This book records 1815 medicinals (including 48 new medicinals) and 1358 color pictures of materia medica (including 366 new pictures). These medicinals are divided into 10 categories: jade, grass, wood, human, animal, fowl, insect and fish, fruit, rice and grain, and vegetable. The contents include plant morphology, place of production, collecting seasons, identification, nature and flavor, effect and indication, combination of medicinals, processing, and contraindication

Enlightening Primer of Materia Medica (Bĕn Ca˘o Méng Quán, )

A.D. 1525

The Ming Dynasty; written by Chen Jiamo (Styles: Chen Yancai, Chen Yue-ming)

The normal text of this book records 448 medicinals and the appendix includes 388 medicinals and 559 pictures. Each medicinal is introduced according to flavor, yin-yang and ascending-descending, toxicity, channel entry, place of production, morphology, processing, effect, indication, and combination of medicinals. The contents of genuine regional medicinals, collecting seasons, wildly grown or home plant, the best medication part, storage or preservation, identification of the true or false and the good or bad medicinals, and methods of processing are discussed as the special subjects

Appendix 2

907

TABLE 45.1 Introduction to Well-Known Literatures About Chinese Medicinal (cont.) Name of Writings

Date Written

Dynasty and Author

Main Contents

The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica (Bĕn Ca˘o Ga¯ng Mù, )

A.D. 1590

The Ming Dynasty; written by Li Shizhen (Li Dong-bi, Li Bin-hu)

Various preface routines of bencaology are recorded in the volume 1 and 2 of this book. In volume 3 and 4, the medicinals is introduced mainly based on the pattern or syndrome. From volume 5 to the end, 1892 medicinals (including 374 new medicinals) are introduced and divided into 62 categories. Over 10,000 medical formulas and 1,000 illustrations are recorded. Each medicinal is introduced from name-explanation, collection and analyses, errors-correction, procession, flavor, indication, invention, and attached formulas

The Orthodox Materia Medica (Bĕn Ca˘o Zhèng, ) [Vol. 48–49 of The Complete Works of [Zhang] Jing-yue]

A.D. 1624

The Ming Dynasty; written by Zhang Jie-bin (Style: Zhang Jing-yue)

According to the style of The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica (Bĕn Ca˘o Ga¯ng Mù, ), this book specially selects 300 common used medicinals to introduce another name, nature and thick or thin flavor, yin and yang, major effects and mechanisms, scope of clinical application, and precautions. The book is divided into 14 categories

Treasury of Words on the Materia Medica (Bĕn Ca˘o Huì Yán, )

A.D. 1624

The Ming Dynasty; written by Ni Zhu-mo

This book records 581 medicinals that are divided into 14 categories following the categorization pattern of The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica (Bĕn Ca˘o Ga¯ng Mù, ). Each medicinal is introduced from flavor, yin and yang, channel entry, place of production, plant morphology, and medicinal discussion of various schools

Treatise of Xuan Qi Relief and Corrections (Xua¯n Qí Jiù Zhèng Lùn, )

A.D. 1644

The Ming Dynasty; written by Xiao Jing

This book systematically discusses physiology, pathology, treatments, and medical formulas, four diagnostic methods, medicinal nature, author’s case reports, mirror of medicine, and mirror of diseases

Essentials of Materia Medica (Bĕn Ca˘o Bèi Yào, )

A.D. 1664

The Qing Dynasty; written by Wang Ang (Style: Wang Ren-an)

This book mainly draws the materials from The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica (Bĕn Ca˘o Ga¯ng Mù, ) and Commentary on ‘Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica’ (Shén Nóng Bĕn Ca˘o Jīng Shu¯, ). Its contents include outline of medicinal nature and 470 medicinals that are divided into eight categories: grass, wood, fruit, grain and vegetable, metal-stone-water-earth, birds and beasts, scalesfishes-insects, and human. It also generally summarizes the nature and flavor and usage of each medicinal and 400 pictures are attached

Revised and Expanded ‘Essentials of Materia Medica’ (Zēng Dìng Beˇn Caˇo Bèi Yào, )

A.D. 1694

The Qing Dynasty; written by Wang Ang

This book records over 470 medicinals. This book is the different published version of Essentials of Materia Medica (Bĕn Ca˘o Bèi Yào, )

Food as Materia Medica (Shí Wù Bĕn Ca˘o, )

Seventeenth century

The Ming Dynasty; compiled by Lu He

This book was published in seventeenth century. Its contents are the same of parts 3–4 of the Simple Words on the Materia Medica (Bĕn Ca˘o Yuē Yán, ) written by Xue Ji in the Ming Dynasty.

Essentials of Raw Herbal Materia Medica Properties (Shēng Ca˘o Yào Xìng Bèi Yào, )

Beginning of the 18th century

The Qing Dynasty; compiled by He Jian

This book records mostly herbs, which includes 301 medicinals. Each medicinal is introduced from medicinal nature, flavor, effect and indication. Plant morphology and another name of few medicinals are also discussed

Thoroughly Revised Materia Medica (Bĕn Ca˘o Cóng Xīn, )

A.D. 1751

The Qing Dynasty; written by Wu Yi-luo (Style: Wu Zuncheng)

This book records 720 medicinals and is formed based on the Essentials of Materia Medica (Bĕn Ca˘o Bèi Yào, ), in which half contents are reserved and half are revised. Some medicinals that were not recorded in The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica (Bĕn Ca˘o Ga¯ng Mù, ) are supplemented in this book. Its classification of medicinals refers to that of The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica (Bĕn Ca˘o Ga¯ng Mù, ) (Continued )

908 Appendix 2

TABLE 45.1 Introduction to Well-Known Literatures About Chinese Medicinal (cont.) Name of Writings

Date Written

Dynasty and Author

Main Contents

Supplement to “The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica” (Bĕn Ca˘o Ga¯ng Mù Shí Yí, )

A.D. 1765

The Qing Dynasty; written by Zhao Xue-min (Styles: Zhao Shu-xuan, Zhao Yi-ji)

This book records 921 medicinals, including 205 in appendix. Among them, 716 medicinals that were not recorded in The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica (Bĕn Ca˘o Ga¯ng Mù, ) are newly described. These medicinals are divided into 18 categories. Some folk empirical formulas, treatments, and the imported Western medicine data are also collected in this book

Renewed Materia Medica (Bĕn Ca˘o Zài Xīn, )

A.D. 1820

The Qing Dynasty; compiled by Ye Gui

This book records Discourse on Medicinal Processing (Páo Zhì Lùn, ) and General Meaning of Medicinal Properties (Yào Xìng Zŏng Yì, ) before normal text, then records 609 medicinals. The classification arrangement and contents of medicinals are the same with that of Thoroughly Revised Materia Medica (Bĕn Ca˘o Cóng Xīn, ). Only a part named “The Mixed” is added. In this part, several medicinals are included

A.D. 1840

The Qing Dynasty; written by Dimar Tenzing Phuntsog

This book is a monograph of Tibet pharmacy, and records 2294 medicinals. There are several same medicinals with different names or one medicinal with several species; so in fact, it records only 1220 medicinals, which are introduced from the origin, habitat, texture, and medicinal parts

Illustrated Reference of Botanical Nomenclature (Zhí Wù Míng Shí Tú Ka˘o, )

A.D. 1848

The Qing Dynasty; written by Wu Qi-jun

This book records 1714 medicinals, including 519 newly described medicinals and 1805 attached pictures of drawing. Its contents are introduced by literature reference, place of production, plant morphology, color, nature and flavor, and application. The pictures of drawing and their accompanying text are both excellent

Properties of Medicinal Herbs by Category (Fēn Lèi Ca˘o Yào Xìng, )

A.D. 1906

Anonymous in the Qing Dynasty

The book records over 430 medicinals. Each medicinal is introduced by another name, effect, indication, flavor and toxicity, or processing method, and oral usage

Records of Medicinal Harvest in Lingnan (Líng Nán Ca˘i Yào Lù, )

A.D. 1932

The Republic of China; compiled by Xiao Bu-dan

This book records 487 raw medicinal herbs in Lingnan area. Herbs are classified according to the tone of the first word of the medicinal name. Each medicinal is briefly introduced by nature and flavor, effect, and application

Illustrated Reference of Medicines (Yào Wù Tú Kaˇo, )

A.D. 1935

The Republic of China; compiled by Yang Hua-ting

The whole book records 291 Chinese medicinals and over 200 drawings. Each medicinal is introduced by place of production, plant morphology, indication, textual research, processing and dosage. Moreover, 17 Western medicines are collected

New Reference of Prepared Medicines (Yı˘n Piàn Xīn Ca¯n, )

A.D. 1935

The Republic of China; written by Wang Yi-ren

This book is a monograph of decoction pieces and records 680 medicinals and 36 medicinals in appendix with different species, different medicinal parts, or different processing. Each medicinal is introduced by appearance, color, nature and flavor, effect, dosage, usage, and contraindication

Scientific Folk Medicinals (Kē Xué De Mín Jia¯n Yào Ca˘o, )

A.D. 1951

The People’s Republic of China; written by Zhu Zhong-de

This book records 110 folk medicinal herbs, which are divided into 16 categories according to effects, such as plant bactericide, medicinals for stopping malaria, and parasiticide. Each medicinal is introduced by family and genus, plant morphology, ingredient, indication, usage and dosage

Records of Chinese Medicinals (Zhōng Yào Zhì, )

A.D. 1959

The People’s Republic of China; compiled by Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Beijing Medical College

Each medicinal in this book is introduced by Chinese name, Chinese character Pinyin, extent of usage, source, history, the original plant, collection and processing, materia medica, production and marketing, chemical constituents, identification of materia medica, nature and flavor, effect, pharmacologic actions, clinical applications, appended notes, and reference documents

Jing Zhu Materia Medica (Jīng Zhu¯ Bĕn Ca˘o,

)

Appendix 2

909

TABLE 45.1 Introduction to Well-Known Literatures About Chinese Medicinal (cont.) Name of Writings

Date Written

Dynasty and Author

Main Contents

Handbook of Chinese Medicinal Substances (Zhōng Yào Cái Shǒu Cè, )

A.D. 1959

The People’s Republic of China; compiled by Bureau of Drug Policy & Administration of Ministry of Public Health of China

This book records 517 commonly-used Chinese medicinals, which are divided into 12 categories: root and rhizome, seed and fruit, grass, leaf, flower, bark, vine and wood, resina, animal, mineral, the processed, and others. Each medicinal is introduced from name, place of production, season of collection, processing, nature identification, quality, effect and usage, and storage. Over 200 illustrations are attached

Guangxi Chinese Materia Medica (Guaˇng Xī Zhōng Yào Zhì, )

A.D. 1959 (First volume); A.D. 1963 (Second volume)

The People’s Republic of China; compiled by Health Department of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region

The first volume records 204 Chinese medicinals and second volume records 186, which are classified according to root, rhizome, bark, stem, leaf, flower, fruit, seed, entire plants, spore and fruit hair, fungus, animal, and mineral. Each medicinal is introduced by name, another name, origin, place of production, plant morphology, collection, specification, appearance of materia medica, packaging and storage, processing, nature and flavor, channel entry, effect and usage, dosage, contraindication, and appended notes. Illustrations are attached

Commonly Used Folk Medicinals in Zhejiang (Zhè Jia¯ng Mín Jia¯n Cháng Yòng Zhōng Ca˘o Yào, )

A.D. 1969– 1972 (First to Third volume)

The People’s Republic of China; compiled by Zhejiang Provincial Health Bureau

The first and second volumes record 100 commonly-used Chinese herbal medicines, and the third volume records 173. Each medicinal is introduced by place of production, plant morphology, habitat, collection, effect and indication. Line drawings are attached

Handbook of Chinese Medicinal Herbs in Xinjiang (Xīn Jia¯ng Zhōng Ca˘o Yào Shǒu Cè, )

A.D. 1970

The People’s Republic of China; compiled by Ministry of Health of the Xinjiang Army Logistics

The whole book introduces the general knowledge about recognizing medicinals, collecting medicinals, processing and medication, and records over 300 Chinese herbal medicines that are wildly grown or cultivated in Xinjiang (uygur autonomous region) (China)

Handbook of Chinese Medicinal Herbs Commonly Used in Northeast China (Dōng Beˇi Cháng Yòng Zhōng Ca˘o Yào Shǒu Cè, )

A.D. 1970

The People’s Republic of China; compiled by Ministry of Health of the Shenyang Army Logistics

This book introduces over 300 Chinese herbal medicines and 480 formulas for preventing and treating 70 commonly encountered diseases. Each medicinal is introduced by nature and flavor, effect and indication, and recognition characteristic. There are 304 illustrations attached

Shaanxi Chinese Materia Medica (Shaˇan Xī Zhōng Ca˘o Yào, )

A.D. 1971

The People’s Republic of China; compiled by Health Bureau and Commercial Bureau of Shaanxi Province

This book records 576 medicinals and attaches 512 illustrations, which are divided into 16 categories according to medicinal effect. Each medicinal is introduced by another name, plant morphology, habitat and place of production, collecting and processing, nature and flavor, effect, indication, usage, caution, and appended notes. Moreover, 705 commonly-used formulas are selected and compiled in this book

Compilation of Nation-wide Chinese Medicinal Herbs (Quán Guó Zhōng Ca˘o Yào Huì Bia¯n, )

A.D. 1975

The People’s Republic of China; compiled by collective

This book records over 2000 Chinese herbal medicines, which are introduced by rectification of name, another name, source, plant morphology, habitat, cultivation, collection and processing, chemistry, pharmacology, nature and flavor, indication and usage, attached formulas, preparation and appended notes

910 Appendix 2

TABLE 45.2 Introduction to Well-Known Literatures About Formula Name of Writings

Date Written

Dynasty and Author

Main Contents

Central Treasury Classic (Zhōng Zàng Jīng, )

Second century (Eastern Han)

The Eastern Han Dynasty; written by Hua Tuo (note: surname pronounced Huà and not Huá)

This book mainly discusses patterns, pulse, deficiency-excess and cold-heat of zang-fu organs, methods of judging life or death, reverse and due syndromes, and introduces therapeutic formulas. Six chapters of Methods of Overseeing the Viscera (Nèi Zhào Faˇ, ) are attached in this book

Emergency Formulas to Keep Up One’s Sleeve (Zhŏu Hòu Bèi Jí Fa¯ng, )

Fourth century (A.D. 281–341)

The Eastern Jin Dynasty; written by Ge Hong (Styles: Ge Zhi- chuan, Bao Pu-zi)

The whole book has 73 chapters and mainly introduces the therapeutic formulas and medicinals, acupuncture and moxibustion, and external treatment for various acute diseases and syndromes or chronic diseases and syndromes with acute attack, and briefly records the cause and symptoms of individual disease

Important Formulas Worth a Thousand Gold Pieces (Qia¯n Jīn Yào Fa¯ng, )

Seventh century (A.D. 652)

The Tang Dynasty; written by Sun Simiao

This book includes general introduction of medicine, materia medica and the pharmaceutics, gynecological diseases, pediatric diseases, diseases about seven facial orifices, various wind pattens, weak foot, cold damage, internal miscellaneous diseases, wasting-thirst (xia¯o kĕ), strangury, boils and carbuncleabscess, anus fistula, toxins-resolving and intermingling treatment, acupoints and indications of acupuncture, and moxibustion

Supplement to “Important Formulas Worth a Thousand Gold Pieces” (Qia¯n Jīn Yì Fa¯ng, )

A.D. 682

The Tang Dynasty; written by Sun Simiao

This book is divided into general introduction and specific discussion. The former includes the season of collection, herb name, place of production, and usage. The later includes materia medica, obstetric and gynecologic diseases, cold damage, disease of infancy, health preserving, inedia, tonification, windstrike, miscellaneous diseases, sores and carbuncles, complexion and pulse, acupuncture, and moxibustion

Arcane Essentials from the Imperial Library (Wài Tái Mì Yào, )

A.D. 752

The Tang Dynasty; written by Wang Tao

The whole book includes 1,104 sections and records over 6,000 medical formulas. Its contents are introduced in different volumes, such as cold damage, epidemic diseases, warm diseases, malaria, and cholera as one volume, internal miscellaneous diseases: precordial pain, phlegm rheum, and cough as one volume, various diseases of eye, ear, nose, and tooth as one volume, goiter and carbuncle-abscess as one volume, dysentery, hemorrhoid, and vulva diseases as one volume, attack of noxious factor, incised wound, and malignant diseases as one volume, collecting medicinals, pills and powder, and facial diseases as one volume, gynecological diseases, diseases of infancy, etc

Formulas from Benevolent Sages Compiled during the Taiping Era (Tài Píng Shèng Huì Fa¯ng, ) aka Formulas from Benevolent Sages (Shèng Huì Fa¯ng, )

A.D. 992

The Song Dynasty; written by Wang Huai-yin

This book records over 10,000 medical formulas and preserves some lost texts of ancient classical medical works. Its contents are introduced in different volumes, such as diagnostic methods and prescribing and medication methods as one volume, various diseases of the five zang organs (including eye, mouth, tooth, and throat) as one volume, external diseases, gynecological diseases, diseases of infancy, taking medicine and pellet, dietotherapy and formulas that supplement and boost, acupuncture and moxibustion, etc

Universal Formulas for Relief (Bó Jì Fa¯ng,

A.D. 1047

The Song Dynasty; compiled by Wang Yan

The original book is lost. Today’s edition is collected from The Yongle Canon (Yǒng Lè Dà Diaˇn, ) when compiling Complete Library in the Four Branches of Literature (Sì Kù Quán Shu¯, ). Its contents include 29 chapters, such as cold damage, wind pattern, overstrain syndrome, blood syndrome, sanjiao patterns and treatment, patterns and treatment of the five viscera, various qi patterns, various accumulation patterns, diseases of the eye, tooth, and hair, fetus and childbirth, menstruation, sores, pellet, methods of processing, etc Before each chapter, there is a short discussion to summarize the characteristic and therapeutic principles for each chapter’s diseases and syndromes

)

Appendix 2

911

TABLE 45.2 Introduction to Well-Known Literatures About Formula (cont.) Name of Writings

Date Written

Dynasty and Author

Main Contents

Beneficial Formulas from the Taiping Imperial Pharmacy (Tài Píng Huì Mín Hé Jì Jú Fa¯ng, ) aka Formulas from the Imperial Pharmacy (Hé Jì Jú Fa¯ng, )

A.D. 1078

The Song Dynasty; compiled by Imperial Medical Bureau, revised by Chen Shi-wen

This book is a combination of patent medicines and prescriptions compiled by the Imperial Medical Bureau in Song Dynasty, and records 788 medical formulas with the indications, combination, and specific methods of processing, which are categorized into 14 sections: various wind patterns, cold damage, various qi disorders, phlegm rheum, various deficiency patterns, obstinate cold patterns, accumulated heat, diarrhea and dysentery, disease of the eye, diseases of throat, mouth and teeth, miscellaneous diseases, swollen sores, wound and fracture, gynecological diseases, and disease of infancy

Life-Saving Formulas for Clearing Up Doubts (Quán Shēng Zhıˇ Mí Fa¯ng )

Beginning of the twelveth century

The Song Dynasty; compiled by Wang Kuang

The original edition is lost. The four volumes currently published are formed through rearranging the collection from The Yongle Canon (Yǒng Lè Dà Diaˇn, ) when compiling Complete Library in the Four Branches of Literature (Sì Kù Quán Shu¯, ). Its contents mainly include pulse diagnosis methods, 20 kinds of internal diseases, discussion on several gynecological diseases, and medical formulas

Yan’s Treatise on Formulas for Children (Yán Shì Xia˘o Ér Fa¯ng Lùn, )

A.D. 1119

The Song Dynasty; compiled by Yan Xiao-zhong

This book is attached to the Key to Diagnosis and Treatment of Children’s Diseases (Xia˘o Ér Yào Zhèng Zhí Jué, )

Experiential Formulas for Universal Relief (Pu˘ Jì Bĕn Shì Fa¯ng, ) aka (Bĕn Shì Fa¯ng, ) or (Lèi Zhèng Pu˘ Jì Bĕn Shì Fa¯ng, ) in Chinese

A.D. 1132

The Song Dynasty; written by Xu Shuwei (Styles: Xu Zhike, Xu Xue-shi)

Formulas in this book are divided into 23 categories as formulas for wind-strike, diseases of the liver-gallbladder, sinews and bones, formulas for diseases of the heart, small intestines, spleen and stomach, formulas for diseases in the lung and kidney channels, and formulas for headache and dizziness. This book records therapeutic formulas, acupuncture, and moxibustion and it includes 300 formulas in total

Hong’s Collected Proven Formulas (Hóng Shì Jí Yàn Fa¯ng, )

A.D. 1170

The Southern-Song Dynasty; compiled by Hong Zun

Its contents mainly include 167 formulas and moxibustion for treating clinical diseases and syndromes

Formulas from the Discussion Illuminating the Yellow Emperor’s Basic Questions (Huáng Dì Sù Wèn Xuán Míng Lùn Fa¯ng, ) or An Elucidation of Formulas (Xua¯n Míng Lùn Fa¯ng, )

A.D. 1172

The Jin Dynasty; written by Liu Wan-su (Styles: Liu Shouzhen, Tong Xuan-chu, Liu He-jian)

This book analyzes some syndromes in Basic Questions (Sù Wèn, ) and provides with medical formulas, which reflects the Liu’s therapeutic methods that are partial to subduing fire and boosting yin with cold-cool medicinals

Transmission of Believable Applicable Formulas (Chuán Xìn Shì Yòng Fa¯ng, )

A.D. 1180

The Song Dynasty; written by Wu Yankui

Its contents include TCM case reports of over 30 kinds of diseases and syndromes, such as various wind patterns, common cold, summer heat-strike (heatstroke), precordial pain, and folk empirical effective formulas. The name of those who formed on the medical formulas and the records of therapeutic experience are attached

Origins of Medicine (Yī Xué Qı˘ Yuán, )

A.D. 1186

The Jin Dynasty; compiled by Zhang Yuan-su (Style: Zhang Jie-gu)

Based on the theory of The Inner Classic (Nèi Jīng, ) and referred to various schools of Chinese medicine, the book introduces the hand and foot yangming channels, pulses and symptoms of the zang-fu organs, circuit and qi, indicated diseases, and medication

Selected Formulas from the Praiseworthy Studio (Shì Zha¯i Ba˘i Yī Xua˘n Fa¯ng, )

A.D. 1196

The Song Dynasty; compiled by Wang Qiu

This book focuses on introducing the treatments of different diseases and syndromes with selected 1046 medical formulas. Each formula is introduced from the source of origin, treatments and patterns, composition, medicinal processing, and contraindication of oral taking (Continued )

912 Appendix 2

TABLE 45.2 Introduction to Well-Known Literatures About Formula (cont.) Name of Writings

Date Written

Dynasty and Author

Main Contents

A Collection of Empirical Formulas for Flat-abscesses of the Back (Jí Yàn Bèi Ju¯ Fa¯ng, )

A.D. 1196

The Song Dynasty; written by Li Xun

This book introduces the differentiation between principal syndrome and accompanied symptoms and signs, diagnosis and treatment of flat-abscesses of the back, and various empirical formulas

Secret Formulas of the Wei Family (Wèi Shì Jia¯ Cáng Fa¯ng, )

A.D. 1227

The Song Dynasty; compiled by Wei Xian

This book includes 41 kinds of formulas on the aspect of windstrike, all qi disorders, heart qi, head-wind and headache, cold damage, latent summer heat, malaria, kidney qi, phlegm rheum, supplementing and boosting, etc. Each formula is introduced without discussion. Most of them are pill, powder, paste, pellet, and medicinal wine. These formulations are rarely seen in various books

The Song Dynasty; written by Chen Ziming

The book is a famous book of TCM in Song dynasty. Referred to the books about gynecology and obstetrics before the Song Dynasty, its contents include patterns and treatment based on etiology of menstruation-regulation, numerous diseases, childbearing request, prenatal influence, pregnancy, puerperium care, dystocia, and postpartum diseases

The Complete Compendium A.D. 1237 of Fine Formulas for Women (Fù Rén Dà Quán Liáng Fa¯ng, )

Formulas to Aid the Living (Jì Shēng Fa¯ng, )

A.D. 1253

The Song Dynasty; written by Yan Yonghe (Style: Yan Zi-li)

Its contents include 79 chapters about internal, external, and gynecological diseases, including wind-strike, cold-strike, and summer heat-strike (heatstroke). Manifestations of disease in each chapter are first introduced and then formulas are recorded. Over 450 formulas are introduced. Those selected formulas were tested by the author and useful in clinic

[Yang] Ren-zhai’s Direct Guidance on Formulas (Rén Zha¯i Zhí Zhı˘ Fa¯ng, )

A.D. 1264

The Southern Song Dynasty; written by Yang Shi-ying (Styles: Yang Ren-zhai, Yang Deng-fu)

This book is a comprehensive clinical medicine book that focuses on discussing patterns and treatments of internal miscellaneous diseases. Formulas are explained according to patterns and with reference to experience handed from the family. As for “the attached and supplemented,” it was added by Zhu Chong-zheng in Ming Dynasty

Doctor Zhu’s Effective Medical Formulas Arranged by Category (Lèi Bia¯n Zhu¯ Shì Jí Yàn Yī Fa¯ng, )

A.D. 1266

The Southern Song Dynasty; compiled by Zhu Zuo

This book collected over 1000 formulas and simple formulas that commonly-used by doctors in Song dynasty. According to the indicated diseases, formulas are divided into 15 sections: various wind patterns, cold damage, various qi patterns, spleen-stomach diseases, phlegm rheum, accumulations and gatherings (jī jù), jaundice, consumptive disease, headache, disease of female, disease of infancy, carbuncle-abscess, depletion-supplementing, poisoning and the supplement. Short discussion as guiding principle is first introduced before each volume

[Li] Dong-yuan’s Proven Formulas (Dōng Yuán Shì Xiào Fa¯ng, )

A.D. 1266

The Southern Song Dynasty; written by Li Gao (Style: Li Dongyuan)

This book introduces medicinals and various diseases and syndromes, including improper diet and overtiredness, epigastric lumpy stiffness, abdominal flatulence, abdominal distention, regurgitation, and diseases of woman, infant, eye, nose, ear, and tooth. It includes medical formulas, medical thesis, case reports and medical notes as an integrated one, and emphasizes the usage of formulas in spleen-stomach diseases, which reflects the theory of spleen-stomach school and formula characteristic

Jifeng Formulas for Universal Relief (Jī Fēng Pu˘ Jì Fa¯ng, )

Exact date unknown

The Song Dynasty; compiled by Zhang Rui or Sun Zhao-cun?

Its contents mainly include medial methods, processing methods, therapeutic formulas for various diseases and syndromes, preparation methods of pellet, and folk commonlyused empirical formulas for emergency

Secrets from the Orchid Chamber (Lán Shì Mì Cáng, )

Exact date unknown; published around 1276 (Yuan)

The Jin Dynasty; written by Li Gao (Style: Li Dong-yuan)

This book introduces 21 kinds of diseases and syndromes, such as improper diet and overtiredness, abdominal flatulence and distention, epigastric and abdominal lumpy stiffness, gastric cavity pain, diseases of eye, ear, and nose, internal oculopathy, diseases of mouth, tooth and throat, diseases of women, sores and ulcers. Formulas in this book are usually formed by Li Gao, and reflect the medical theory that the spleen and stomach are the source of production

Appendix 2

913

TABLE 45.2 Introduction to Well-Known Literatures About Formula (cont.) Name of Writings

Date Written

Dynasty and Author

Main Contents

Discussion on Formulas of Supplement to ‘The Inner Classic’ (Nèi Jīng Shí Yí Fa¯ng Lùn, )

Exact date unknown

The Song Dynasty; compiled by Luo Long-ji

The author selected 62 kinds of diseases and syndromes from The Inner Classic (Nèi Jīng, ) to annotate and confirmed formulas for them. Subsequently, 88 diseases and syndromes were supplemented with same style by Liu Yu-de and Zhu Lian in Ming Dynasty, compiled as 4 volumes, and named as Supplemental Discussion on Formulas of Supplement to “The Inner Classic” (Zēng Buˇ Nèi Jīng Shí Yí Fa¯ng Lùn, )

Miraculous and Skillful Complete Formulas (Shén Qiaˇo Wàn Quán Fa¯ng, )

Exact date unknown

The Song Dynasty; compiled by Liu Yuan-bin (Style: Liu Zi-yi)

Seven or eight out of 10 formulas recorded in this book are collected from Formulas from Benevolent Sages Compiled during the Taiping Era (Tài Píng Shèng Huì Fa¯ng, )

Supplemental Discussion on Formulas of Supplement to “The Inner Classic” (Zēng Buˇ Nèi Jīng Shí Yí Fa¯ng Lùn, )

Exact date unknown

Compiled by Luo Long-ji (Song Dynasty), supplemented by Liu Yu-de, Zhu Lian-zeng (Ming Dynasty)

This book is formed through supplementing 88 kinds of diseases and syndromes based on the Discussion on Formulas of Supplement to “The Inner Classic” (Nèi Jīng Shí Yí Fa¯ng Lùn, ). It is the same compiling style as the Discussion on Formulas of Supplement to “The Inner Classic”

Illumination of Medicine (Yī Xué Fa¯ Míng, )

Exact date unknown

The Jin Dynasty; compiled by Li Gao

This book includes over 20 theses about internal miscellaneous diseases and medication principles, such as medication methods with breathing in the four seasons for block of diaphragm and throat, 10 formula types of materia medica, wind-strike and injury by fall from height, vomiting, cough and panting, discussion for improper diet and overtiredness, and plus-minus methods of medication in the four seasons. Combining pattern differentiation and treatment, this book further explains the thought of treatise on the spleen and stomach advocated by the author

Essential book for Safeguarding Child (Huó Yòu Xīn Shu¯, )

A.D. 1294

The Yuan Dynasty; compiled by Zeng Shi-rong

This book is a pediatrics book, which includes 75 pediatric verses, 43 chapters of experience gained from pediatric diseases and syndromes, and several empirical pediatric formulas

Hard-won Knowledge (Cıˇ Shì Nán Zhī, )

A.D. 1308

The Yuan Dynasty; written by Wang Hao-gu

The author collected the medical discussion of his teacher Li Gao to compile this book. Its contents include basic theory of channels and collaterals, the zang-fu organs, pathology and source of the disease, and clinical pattern differentiation and treatments. Specifically, patterns and treatments of cold damage and six-channel are introduced quite in detail

Empirical Formulas from the Auspicious Bamboo Hall (Ruì Zhú Táng Jīng Yàn Fa¯ng, )

A.D. 1326

The Yuan Dynasty; compiled by Sha Tu Mu Su

This book introduces 15 chapters: various wind patterns, heart qi pain, hernia, dyspeptic disease, phlegm rheum, panting and cough, tonification, head and face, mouth, eye, ear and nose, hair and tooth, throat, miscellaneous treatments, swollen sores, gynecology, and infant. It also records over 310 medical formulas that come from various prescription books and empirical effective formulas from collection and reports

Direct Investigation of Cold Damage (Sha¯ng Hán Zhí Gé, )

A.D. 1328

The Yuan Dynasty; compiled by Ge Yong [formerly inscribed by Liu Wan-su (Jin Dynasty)]

The first volume introduces “stems and branches” matching the zang-fu organs, etiology, indicated diseases of circuit and qi, and pulse diagnosis. The second volume discusses transmission, patterns and treatments of cold damage, and six-channel. The last volume introduces 34 medical formulas, such as Ephedra Decoction (ma huang tang), Cinnamon Twig Decoction (gui zhi tang), Original Qi Boosting Powder (yi yuan san), Diaphragm-Cooling Powder (liang ge san), and Coptis Toxin-Resolving Decoction (huang lian jie du tang)

Formulas from Royal Drug Museum (Yù Yào Yuàn Fa¯ng, )

A.D. 1338

The Yuan Dynasty; revised by Xu Guozhen

Its contents include formulas for treating wind pattern, cold damage, all qi disorders, phlegm rheum, consumptive disease, accumulated heat, diarrhea and dysentery, miscellaneous diseases, diseases of the throat, mouth and tooth, formulas for washing face, swollen sores, wound, fracture, bonesetting, gynecological diseases, and diseases of infancy. It records 1068 medical formulas. Many of them are not recorded in general prescription books. It is really a secret royal formula book (Continued )

914 Appendix 2

TABLE 45.2 Introduction to Well-Known Literatures About Formula (cont.) Name of Writings

Date Written

Dynasty and Author

Main Contents

Effective Formulas from Generations of Physicians (Shì Yī Dé Xiào Fa¯ng, )

A.D. 1345

The Yuan Dynasty; written by Wei Yi-lin (Style: Wei Da-zhai)

The author compiled this book according to the medical formulas inherited from five generations of his family. It introduces pulse, patterns and treatments of internal, external, gynecological, and pediatric diseases, diseases of the five sense organs, and diseases of traumatology, respectively

Patterns and Treatment Based on Pulse and Etiology (Mài Yīn Zhèng Zhì, )

Exact date unknown

The Yuan Dynasty; written by Zhu Zhenheng

This book introduces 70 chapters of various clinical diseases and syndromes. Each disease or syndrome is introduced in order by pulse diagnosis, etiology, syndromes, and treatments

The Secret Transmission Formulas of External Medicine (Mì Chuán Wài Kē Fa¯ng, )

A.D. 1395

The Ming Dynasty; exact author unknown; recorded by Zhao Yi-zhen

This book mainly introduces the treatments for sores and ulcers, carbuncles-abscesses, furuncles, and haemorrhoids. Twentyfour illustrations are attached. Position, appearance and brief diagnostic method of various carbuncles-abscesses are explained according to the illustration. This book records 375 formulas

Formulas for Universal Relief (Pu˘ Jì Fa¯ng, )

A.D. 1406

The Ming Dynasty; compiled by Zhu Di, Teng Shuo, Liu Chun

It is the largest formula book in China history, and records 61,739 medical formulas. The author collected the medical references and other related references before the Ming Dynasty to classify and categorize the formulas. Its contents include general introduction, the zang-fu organs and body stature, cold damage and miscellaneous diseases, external medicine, gynecology, pediatrics, acupuncture and moxibustion, and materia medica

Categorized Collection of Medical Formulas (Yī Fa¯ng Lèi Jù, )

A.D. 1443

The Ming Dynasty; compiled by Jin Limeng (Korea)

The book introduced hundreds of diseases involving in internal medicine, external medicine, gynecology, pediatrics, ophthalmology and otorhinolaryngology. It is a comprehensive reference book of medical formulas before the Ming Dynasty, including a great quantity of ancient lost books. Most of their contents are recorded from original text, so it has very high value on academy and clinical practice

Six Texts on Cold Damage (Sha¯ng Hán Liù Shu¯, )

A.D. 1445

The Ming Dynasty; written by Tao Hua (Style: Tao Jie-an)

This book is a book about cold damage and includes six volumes, which is influenced greatly by Book to Safeguard Life from Nanyang (Nán Yáng Huó Rén Shu¯, ). Contents in these six books are largely overlapped. The six books are (1) Talk on Cold Damage (Sha¯ng Hán Suǒ Yán, ): Tao Hua’s essay and records when he studied cold damage; (2) The True Secret Household on Cold Damage (Sha¯ng Hán Jia¯ Mì De Beˇn, ): intensively expounding patterns and treatments of several cold damage syndromes, wind-warmth, damp-warmth and wind-damp; (3) Treatments like Car-killing Thump on Cold Damage (Sha¯ng Hán Sha¯ Chē Chuí Faˇ, ): discussing disease-dispelling, pharmaceutical and medicinal-remedying methods, and listing 37 secret and empirical formulas; (4) A Golden Compendium for Cold Damage (Sha¯ng Hán Yì Tí Jīn, ): the irradiative outline reader on cold damage; (5) River-cutting-off Net on Cold Damage (Sha¯ng Hán Jié Jia¯ng Waˇng, ): mainly introducing principles about patterndifferentiating, disease-recognizing, etiology-distinguishing, and medication on cold damage; and (6) Supplement to “Concise Supplementary Exposition on Cold Damage” (Sha¯ng Hán Míng Lı˘ Xù Lùn, )

Life-Saving Manual of Cold Damage (Sha¯ng Hán Quán Shēng Jí, )

A.D. 1445

The Ming Dynasty; exact author unknown; revised by Zhu Ying-bi

This book outlines the beginning and ending of the six channels, cases of six-channel syndromes, and compatibility and incompatibility of treatment for cold damage, and introduces various syndromes of cold damage in detail. Besides formulas of Zhang Zhong-jing, it includes some empirical formulas of later generations with introduction of formula modification following the syndrome

Appendix 2

915

TABLE 45.2 Introduction to Well-Known Literatures About Formula (cont.) Name of Writings

Date Written

Dynasty and Author

Main Contents

Han’s Clear View of Medicine (Hán Shì Yī Tōng, )

A.D. 1522

The Ming Dynasty; written by Han Mao

The first volume includes five chapters: introduction, treatment with six therapeutic methods, verse on pulse diagnosis, formulas, and household case records. The second volume includes four chapters: case reports of medicine-practicing, medicinal naturejudging, verse on formulas, and no medicine for the same kind. Han created many commonly-used effective formulas such as Three-Seed Filial Devotion Decoction (san zi yang qin tang), and recorded the preparation methods of Rhizoma Pinelliae Fermentata (ban xia qu) and Colla Carnis Bovis (xia tian gao)

Reflections of Universal Love: The Complete Book on Pox (Bó Ài Xīn Jiàn, ) aka (Dòu Zhĕn Bó Ài Xīn Jiàn, ) or (Dòu Zhĕn Quán Shu¯ Bó Ài Xīn Jiàn, ) in Chinese

A.D. 1525

The Ming Dynasty; written by Wei Zhi

This book is a monograph of pox. The author thought that pox is based on qi and blood; so to treat pox one should first reinforce healthy qi and restrain pathogen. There are favorable, unfavorable, and dangerous patterns on its treatment based on syndrome differentiation; and its treatments are given priority to warming and supplementing. The Original-Qi-Preserving Decoction (bao yuan tang) is the chief formula for treating pox

Elaboration on External Medicine (Wài Kē Fa¯ Huī, )

A.D. 1528

The Ming Dynasty; written by Xue Ji (Styles: Xue Xin-fu, Xue Li-zhai)

This book briefly expounds therapeutic principles and formulas for 31 kinds of external diseases, such as oncotic ulcer, ulcer, carbuncle of the back, cerebral carbuncle, lung abscess, lung wĕi (atrophy), scrofula, throat sore, and syphilitic lesions

Summary of Internal Medicine (Nèi Kē Zha¯i Yào, )

About A.D. 1529

The Ming Dynasty; written by Xue Ji (Styles: Xue Xin-fu, Xue Li-zhai)

The whole book mainly introduces 21 kinds of diseases and syndromes on deficiency of internal zang-fu organs and 209 effective case reports

Exquisite Formulas for Fostering Longevity (Fú Shòu Jīng Fa¯ng, )

A.D. 1530

The Ming Dynasty; edit by Wu Min

This book is formed through selecting and compiling effective medical formulas (including established formulas) from clinical practices. Formulas in this book are divided into 30 categories as various deficiency, medicinal wine, phlegm, and eyes, etc

United Decree of Medicine (Yī Xué Tǒng Zhıˇ, )

A.D. 1534

The Ming Dynasty; compiled by Ye Wenling

This book mainly expounds pulse, different clinical diseases and syndromes, therapeutic formulas, commonly-used medicinals, and medicinal nature

A Compilation of Benevolent Formulas (Tı˘ Rén Huì Bia¯n, )

A.D. 1549

The Ming Dynasty; compiled by Peng Yong-guang

Its contents include five parts: verse on pulse diagnosis with grand simplicity, circuit and qi, Shuhe verse on pulse diagnosis, pathogenic condition of 12 channels and collaterals and zangfu organs, medicinal nature, and essential proven formulas. Formulas selected in “essential proven formulas” are the effective ones that Peng Yong-guang used privately

Wan’s Gynecology (Wàn Shì Nǚ Kē, )

A.D. 1549

The Ming Dynasty; compiled by Wan Quan (Style: Wan Mi)

This book is divided into three volumes. Volume I is the general introduction and gynecological miscellaneous diseases. Volume II introduces various diseases of the antenatal. Volume III introduces various diseases of postpartum

Numerous Miraculous Prescriptions for Health Cultivation (Shè Shēng Zhòng Miào Fa¯ng, )

A.D. 1550

The Ming Dynasty; written by Zhang Shi-che

This book is divided into 47 sections, such as various diseases with same treatment, dangerous diseases, supplementing and nourishing, various wind patterns, cold damage, and common cold, which listed with effective established formulas. Furthermore, the author compiled Fine Formulas for Emergency (Jí Jiù Liáng Fa¯ng, ) (two volumes) and Numerous Miraculous Prescriptions for Health Cultivation (Shè Shēng Zhòng Miào Fa¯ng, ), which both are countermarked together and published

The Complete Compendium of Ancient and Modern Medical Works (Gu˘ Jīn Yī Tŏng Dà Quán, )

A.D. 1556

The Ming Dynasty; compiled by Xu Chun-fu

This book includes medical thesis of various schools, channel and acupoints, acupuncture and moxibustion, patterns and treatment of disease in clinical different clinical practices, commonly-used formulas, and health cultivation

(Continued )

916 Appendix 2

TABLE 45.2 Introduction to Well-Known Literatures About Formula (cont.) Name of Writings

Date Written

Dynasty and Author

Main Contents

Essentials of Treatise on Pocket Formulas for Children (Bu˘ Yào Xiù Zhēn Xia˘o Ér Fa¯ng Lùn, )

A.D. 1574

The Ming Dynasty; compiled by Zhuang Ying-qi, rectified by Zhu Da-nian, Meng Ji-kong

The book is formed through revising and supplementing Treatise on Pocket Formulas for Children (Xiù Zhēn Xia˘o Ér Fa¯ng Lùn, ). Its contents include pediatric pulse diagnosis, inspection, treatise on formulas for various pediatric diseases, and moxibustion in pediatrics

Investigations of Medical Formulas (Yī Fa¯ng Ka˘o, )

A.D. 1584

The Ming Dynasty; compiled by Wu Kun

This book includes over 700 commonly-used medical formulas with analysis and explanation. Formulas are divided into 44 categories according to diseases: wind-strike, cold damage, common cold, summer heat, dampness, pestilence, and swollenhead infection

Six Essentials of Medicine (Yī Xué Liù Yào, )

A.D. 1585

The Ming Dynasty; compiled by Zhang San-xi

The author selected the related contents from The Inner Classic (Nèi Jīng, ), The Classic of Difficult Issues (Nàn Jīng, ), Treatise on Cold Damage (Sha¯ng Hán Lùn, ), and other ancient medical books and compile this book. Its contents include six parts: the four diagnostic methods, consideration of channels and collaterals, disease mechanism, selections of materia medica, collection of therapeutic methods, circuit and qi. In this book author listed his own viewpoint first and then followed the viewpoint of the ancient Chinese medicine doctors

Restoration of Health from the Myriad Diseases (Wàn Bìng Huí Chu¯n, )

A.D. 1587

The Ming Dynasty; written by Gong Tingxian (Styles: Gong Zi-cai, Gong Yun-lin)

The author referred to The Inner Classic (Nèi Jīng, ), The Classic of Difficult Issues (Nàn Jīng, ) and medical books of the ancient Chinese medicine doctors, such as the four outstanding doctors in Jin-Yuan dynasty, to compile this book with his own viewpoint. It focuses on expounding patterns and treatments of diseases and syndromes in different clinical practices with case reports

Ancient and Modern Mirror of Medicine (Gu˘ Jīn Yī Jiàn, )

Exact date unknown

The Ming Dynasty; compiled by Gong Xin-zuan; continuously compiled by Gong Ting-xian; revised by Wang Ken-tang

In this book, the author collected from medical books, such as The Inner Classic (Nèi Jīng, ), The Classic of Difficult Issues (Nàn Jīng, ), books of the four outstanding doctors in Jin-Yuan dynasty, folk empirical formulas, external therapy, acupuncture and moxibustion, to discuss the diseases and syndromes in combination with his own opinion. Its contents include theories of verse on pulse, pathogenesis, medicinal nature, circuit and qi, and patterns and treatment of diseases in internal medicine, gynecology, pediatrics, ear, nose, mouth, tooth, and eye

Convenience of Medicine (Yī Biàn, )

A.D. 1587

The Ming Dynasty; compiled by Wang San-cai

The whole book selected 226 commonly-used effective formulas. After revised and published by Zhang Shou-kong and Yao Xue-yan in the Ming Dynasty, another 428 formulas were collected and added according to the similar style, and then it is named as Two Collections of Convenience of Medicine (Yī Biàn Èr Jí, )

Extensive Notes on Medicine from Xian Xing Studio (Xia¯n Xı˘ng Zha¯i Yī Xué Gua˘ng Bı˘ Jì, )

A.D. 1613

The Ming Dynasty; written by Miao Xi-yong

This book includes the author’s own clinical experience, proved effective cases, effective formulas, commonly-used medicinals, and successful treatment methods of (medicinal) processing

Essential Selections for External Sores (Yáng Kē Xua˘n Cuì, ) aka (Yáng Kē Mì Zhı˘, ) in Chinese

A.D. 1628

The Ming Dynasty; compiled by Chen Wen-zhi

This author refinedly selected various schools of surgical medicine in the past dynasties, combining with his own clinical experience to compile this book. Its contents include patterns and treatment of various diseases and syndromes in surgery, dermatology, ophthalmology and otorhinolaryngology, and traumatology, which are categorized into 111 chapters

Appendix 2

917

TABLE 45.2 Introduction to Well-Known Literatures About Formula (cont.) Name of Writings

Date Written

Dynasty and Author

Main Contents

Corrections and Annotations to Fine Formulas for Women (Jiào Zhù Fù Rén Liáng Fa¯ng, ) aka (Jiào Zhù Fù Rén Dà Quán Liáng Fa¯ng, ) or (Jiào Zhù Fù Rén Liáng Fa¯ng Dà Quán, ) in Chinese

Exact date unknown

The Ming Dynasty; compiled by Xue Ji (Styles: Xue Xin-fu, Xue Li-zhai)

This book is formed though supplementing and deleting partial contents on The Complete Compendium of Fine Formulas for Women (Fù Rén Dà Quán Liáng Fa¯ng, ), and attaching the comments and therapeutic experience after each chapter

The Remaining Texts from the Shen Studio (Shèn Zha¯i Yí Shu¯, )

Exact date unknown

The Ming Dynasty; written by Zhou Zhi-gan

This book mainly expounds yin-yang and zang-fu organs, harmful hyperactivity and corresponding inhibition, qi circuit and channels and collaterals, inspection of the complexion and pulse diagnosis, pattern differentiation and treatment, original mechanisms, medication weighing, teachings of medicinal processing, explanation of the ancient classics, explanation of ancient formulas, ancient and modern famous formulas, and patterns and treatments of diseases and syndromes in different clinical practices (mainly focused on internal miscellaneous diseases)

Renduan Records of Pox (Dòu Zheˇn Rén Dua¯n Lù, )

Exact date unknown

The Ming Dynasty; written by Xu Qian

This book includes general introduction of pox, differentiation of pox appearance and color, recuperative medical care by stages, complicated symptoms of pox, therapeutic formulas and medicinals and medicinal nature, and verses and different versions of pox. The contents are comparatively brief and detailed

A Handbook on Famous Physicians of the Ming Dynasty (Míng Yī Zhı˘ Zha˘ng, )

Exact date unknown

The Ming Dynasty; compiled by Huangfu Zhong; revised by Wang Ken-tang

The author selected verses to combine with discussion in this book, which contents mainly include verse on pathogenesis, general transcription on channels and collaterals, Gong Yun-lin’s “verses on medicinal properties,” verses, discussion and pulse of diseases and syndromes in different clinical practices. The established formulas were also attached

Investigations of Thirteen Formulas for External Medicine (Wài Kē Shí Sa¯n Fa¯ng Kaˇo, )

Exact date unknown

The Ming Dynasty; written by Zhang Jue-ren

This book records method of preparation, usage and indications of 13 formulas in TCM surgery medicine, including Ninth Day Pill for Monthly Ninth Day (Zhong jiu wan), Golden Centipede Pill (jin gong wan), Three Fragrant Substances Pill (san xiang wan), Flesh-Transforming Paste (hua rou gao), Medicated Threads, Spongilla Paste (zi xiao gao), Thousand Hammering Paper (qian chui zhi), Tai Sui Ink (tai sui mo), Needle-Substituting Powder (dai zhen san), Decoction for Fumigating and Washing (xun xi tang), Minium Powder (tian ran san), Numbing-Cooling Paste (ma liang gao) and Toxins-Resolving Paste (jie du gao)

Discussion on Ancient and Modern Famous Physicians’ Formulas (Guˇ Jīn Míng Yī Fa¯ng Lùn, )

A.D. 1675

The Qing Dynasty; compiled by Luo Mei

This author selected and collected over 130 commonly-used and self-established formulas before Qing Dynasty to compile this formula book. Except of the formula, the author attached the comments from excellent physicians in Ming and Qing Dynasty to the formula analysis

Medical Formulas Collected and Analyzed (Yī Fa¯ng Jí Jiĕ, )

A.D. 1682

The Qing Dynasty; written by Wang Ang (Style: Wang Ren-an)

According to different effects, formulas in this book are divided into 21 categories: supplementing and nourishing, exteriorreleasing, vomiting-inducing, interior-purging, the exterior and interior, harmonizing, qi-rectifying, blood-rectifying, wind-dispelling, cold-dispelling, summer heat-clearing, dampdraining, dryness-moistening, fire-draining, phlegm-eliminating, digestion-promoting, astringing, worms-killing, vision-improving, carbuncle and ulcer, and disorders during menstruation and childbirth. Besides introducing each formula’s name, indication and anagraph as well as theories of various schools are recorded to clarify the formula connotation (Continued )

918 Appendix 2

TABLE 45.2 Introduction to Well-Known Literatures About Formula (cont.) Name of Writings

Date Written

Dynasty and Author

Main Contents

Records of Syndrome Differentiations (Biàn Zhèng Lù, )

About A.D. 1687

The Qing Dynasty; written by Chen Shi-duo

The book includes patterns and treatment of various diseases in departments of internal medicine, surgery, pediatrics, and gynecology, which are divided into 126 sections, such as cold damage, cold-strike and wind-strike, and over 700 patterns. Each pattern is introduced by symptom, etiology, principles and methods, formulas, and combination of medicinals

Versified Prescriptions (Ta¯ng Tóu Gē Jué, )

A.D. 1694

The Qing Dynasty; written by Wang Ang (Style: Wang Ren-an)

This book includes over 300 selected commonly-used medical formulas. More than 200 formulas are compiled and expressed as seven words verses. Formulas in this book are divided into 20 categories as supplementing and boosting, exterior-releasing, interior-purging, and vomiting-inducing. Each formula is attached with brief annotations, which facilitate the students to recite

Profound Decree in Fairyland (Dòng Tia¯n Ào Zhıˇ, ) aka Secret Record on External Medicine (Wài Kē Mì Lù, )

A.D. 1694

The Qing Dynasty; written by Chen Shi-duo

This book mainly introduces therapeutic methods of over 150 diseases and syndromes in departments of surgical medicine, skin, incision, injury from fall, insect-animal bite injury, and the therapeutic formulas of various schools for surgery

Comprehensive Medicine According to Master Zhang (Zha¯ng Shì Yī Tōng, )

A.D. 1695

The Qing Dynasty; written by Zhang Lu

This book mainly focuses on expounding patterns and treatment of diseases in different clinical practices, and is attached with cases, formulas and formula analysis

Symptoms, Causes, Pulses, and Treatment (Zhèng Yīn Mài Zhì, )

A.D. 1706

The Qing Dynasty; compiled by Qin Jing-ming

This book introduces various diseases and syndromes, mainly including internal miscellaneous diseases. The author advocates differentiating syndrome first, then checks causes and examines pulse manifestation, and finally decides principle of treatment

Complete Records of Ancient and Modern Medical Works of the Grand Compendium of Books (Gu˘ Jīn Tú Shu¯ Jí Chéng Yī Bù Quán Lù,

A.D. 1723

The Qing Dynasty; compiled by Jiang Ting-xi

This book is one part of Ancient and Modern Medical Works of the Grand Compendium of Books (Gu˘ Jīn Tú Shu¯ Jí Chéng, ). Its contents are collected and recorded from over 120 medical literatures from The Inner Classic (Nèi Jīng, ) to the early Qing Dynasty, including annotations of ancient classic medical works, syndrome and treatment of diseases in different departments, medical art, and profile of medical doctors

Xitang Externally-contracted Syndromes (Xī Táng Gaˇn Zhèng, )

About A.D. 1725

The Qing Dynasty; compiled by Dong Fei-weng

This book expounds the externally-contracted seasonal pathogens first, and then lists 10 primary syndromes in externally-contracted diseases, 27 transmuted patterns in externally-contracted syndromes, and finally 14 accompanied syndromes in externally-contracted diseases

Plain-Words on Pediatrics (Yòu Kē Zhí Yán, ) aka (Yòu Yòu Zhı˘ Zha˘ng Jí Chéng, ) in Chinese

A.D. 1726

The Qing Dynasty; compiled by Meng He

Its contents include variola, rash of measles, pediatric miscellaneous diseases, and their formulas and treatment

Selected Commentaries to Ancient Formulas from the Crimson Snow Garden (Jiàng Xuĕ Yuán Gu˘ Fa¯ng Xua˘n Zhù, )

A.D. 1732

The Qing Dynasty; written by Wang Zi-jie (Style: Wang Jin-san)

This book selects and records formulas of ancient doctors, and annotates the connotation of famous formula, ingredients, and combination

Inner Treatise on Folk Medicine (Chuàn Ya˘ Nèi Bia¯n, ), Outer Treatise on Folk Medicine (Chuàn Ya˘ Wài Bia¯n, )

A.D. 1759

The Qing Dynasty; compiled by Zhao Xue-min (Style: Zhao Shu-xuan)

It is compiled in order to arrange the academic experience of the famous doctor Zong Bai-yun by editing the contents. Various simple, efficacious, convenient, and inexpensive therapeutic methods and effective formulas are recorded in this book

)

Appendix 2

919

TABLE 45.2 Introduction to Well-Known Literatures About Formula (cont.) Name of Writings

Date Written

Dynasty and Author

Main Contents

The Complete Compendium A.D. 1760 of Sores (Yáng Yī Dà Quán, )

The Qing Dynasty; compiled by Gu Shicheng

Its contents include collection of the essentials of The Inner Classic (Nèi Jīng, ), pulse diagnosis, description of internal tissues, and various general external syndromes. Both the picture and its accompanying text are both excellent

Effective Use of Established Formulas (Chéng Fa¯ng Qiè Yòng, )

A.D. 1761

The Qing Dynasty; written by Wu Yi-luo (Style: Wu Zuncheng)

Its contents include general introduction of formula-forming and formulas from The Inner Classic (Nèi Jīng, ). It is divided into 24 sections, such as qi-regulating, bloodrectifying, supplementing and nourishing, astringing and consolidating. Each formula is introduced from indication, composition, combination and analysis. Some formulas are given references

Medical Standards of the Han Dynasty (Lán Tái Guı˘ Fàn, )

A.D. 1764

The Qing Dynasty; written by Xu Dachun (Styles: Xu Lingtai, Xu Da-ye)

This book records 96 formulas that used universally, then expounds patterns and treatment of commonly encountered diseases according to the order of internal miscellaneous disease, seasonal disease, disease of ophthalmology and otorhinolaryngology, gynecological disease, and pediatric disease, respectively

Appendices to the “Essentials from the Golden Cabinet” (Jīn Guì Yì, )

A.D. 1768

The Qing Dynasty; compiled by You Yi (Styles: You Zai-jing, You Zhuo-wu)

This book is compiled in order to supplement the book: the Personal Standards for the “Essentials from the Golden Cabinet” (Jīn Guì Yào Lüè Xīn Dia˘n, ) written by You Yi. It expounds 48 internal miscellaneous diseases and their syndromes and treatment in detail

Six Texts on Medicinal Essentials Decree of Gynecology (Yī Lǜe Liù Shu¯ Nǚ Kē Zhıˇ Yào, )

A.D. 1771

The Qing Dynasty; written by Chen Master Xue Yan

This book expounds the diseases of menstruation, leukorrhea, fetus and childbirth in gynecology, and the patterns and treatment. The formulas recorded are very useful in practice

Wondrous Lantern for Peering into the Origin and Development of Miscellaneous Diseases (Zá Bìng Yuán Liú Xī Zhú, )

A.D. 1773

The Qing Dynasty; compiled by Shen Jin-ao (Styles: Shen Qian-lu, Shen Ji-men)

This book is an important part of the Shen’s Books on Respecting Life (Shĕn Shì Zu¯n Shēng Shu¯, ). Volume I records Compendium and Categorization of Pulse Manifestation (Mài Xiàng Tŏng Lèi, ) and Poetry of Diseases Indicated by Pulse Conditions (Zhu¯ Mài Zhuˇ Bìng Shī, ). The whole contents mainly focus on introducing miscellaneous diseases. Each disease is attached with da˘o yı˘n (Chinese therapeutic setting up exercises, ) besides to the introduction of formulas and treatment

Shen’s Books on Respecting Life (Shĕn Shì Zu¯n Shēng Shu¯, )

A.D. 1773

The Qing Dynasty; compiled by Shen Jin-ao (Styles: Shen Qian-lu, Shen Ji-men)

It includes seven different chapters: Compendium and Categorization of Pulse Manifestation (Mài Xiàng Tŏng Lèi, ), Poetry of Diseases Indicated by Pulse Conditions (Zhu¯ Mài Zhuˇ Bìng Shī, ), Wondrous Lantern for Peering into the Origin and Development of Miscellaneous Diseases (Zá Bìng Yuán Liú Xī Zhú, ), The Grand Compendium of Treatise on Cold Damage (Ga¯ng Mù Sha¯ng Hán Lùn, ), Jade Ruler of Gynecology (Fù Kē Yù Chı˘, ), Interpretation of Doubts on Pediatrics (Yòu Kē Shì Mí, ), and Essential Medicinals Arranged by Formulas (Yào Yào Fēn Jì, ). This book discusses medical principles, diagnostic methods, clinical patterns and treatment of internal, pediatric and gynecological diseases. Besides to formulas and medicinals, breathing exercise therapy is also emphasized

Popular Guide to the ‘Treatise on Cold Damage’ (Tōng Sú Sha¯ng Hán Lùn, )

A.D. 1776

The Qing Dynasty; written by Yu Genchu (Style: Yu Zhaoyuan)

This book includes 12 volumes that clarifies the patterns and treatment of cold damage, which are combined with the author’s clinical experience and ancient and modern related books together (Continued )

920 Appendix 2

TABLE 45.2 Introduction to Well-Known Literatures About Formula (cont.) Name of Writings

Date Written

Dynasty and Author

Main Contents

Achievements in the Treatment of Epidemic Rashes (Yì Zhĕn Yī Dé, )

A.D. 1794

The Qing Dynasty; written by Yu Lin (Style: Yu Shi-yu)

This book is emphasized on expounding patterns and treatment of epidemic rashes. The author was good at treating epidemic rashes and warm diseases with Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao), and established some effective formulas, such as EpidemicClearing Toxin-Resolving Beverage (qing wen bai du yin), which enrich and develop the treatment for epidemic rashes to a certain extent. As to pathogenesis, more diseases indicated by circulation and qi are discussed in this book

Summary Verses of Postclassical Formulas (Shí Fa¯ng Gē Kuò, )

A.D. 1801

The Qing Dynasty; written by Chen Nian-zu (Styles: Chen Xiu-yuan, Chen Shenxiu, Chen Liang-you)

In this book, the author selected and collected 108 post-Tang and Song nonclassical formulas, which are divided into 12 categories: dispersing, unblocking, supplementing, purgative, light, heavy, lubricating, astringent, drying, moistening, cold and heat, clarified them and formula analysis with poetry or verses, and cited discussion of famous doctors, such as Li Zhong-zi and Ke Yun-bo. The selected formulas are useful in practice

Elucidations of Medicinals from Jing Xiu Hall (Jìng Xiu¯ Táng Yào Shuō, )

A.D. 1804

The Qing Dynasty; compiled by Qian Shu-tian

This book is the general catalog of pill, powder, paste and pellet self-made by Jing Xiu Hall. Below formula name, indications are listed. Some formulas are attached with medicinals’ modification or regimen. Each formula has no medicinal composition

Experience Gained in Treating External Sores (Yáng Kē Xīn Dé Jí, )

A.D. 1806

The Qing Dynasty; written by Gao Bingjun

This book records the author’s clinical experience from treating various surgical diseases. Syndrome differentiation is specially emphasized and the household formulas of paste, pellet, pill, and powder are attached at the end of text

The Secret Transmission of Medical Efficacy (Yī Xiào Mì Chuán, )

A.D. 1831

Originally inscribed by Ye Gui (Qing Dynasty); revised by Wu Jin-shou

This book includes three volumes. The former two volumes focus on differentiating and analyzing cold damage and various patterns of cold damage, combine expounding various warm diseases, and are supplemented with Treatise on Warm-Heat Diseases (Wēn Rè Lùn, ). The third volume introduces principles of yin-yang ascending-descending, and essentials of judging pattern by pulse-taking. Eighty formulas are attached at the end of text

A Collection of Fine Formulas from Various Sources (Liáng Fa¯ng Jí Yè, ) aka (Liáng Fa¯ng Jí Yè Hé Bì, ) in Chinese

A.D. 1842

The Qing Dynasty; compiled by Xie Yuan-qing

This book is a compilation of empirical folk formulas, categorized into 32 sections, such as head and face, ears and eyes, mouth, nose, teeth, and tongue, etc. About 400 essential formulas are selected and collected in this book

Great Preciousness of Health (Wèi Shēng Hóng Ba˘o, )

A.D. 1844

The Qing Dynasty; compiled by Zhu Bu-zhai

Its contents include the established formulas, simple formulas, and empirical formulas in internal medicine, surgical medicine, pediatrics, convulsion, gynecology, and traumatology, and various external therapies

New Compilation of Proven Formulas (Yàn Fa¯ng Xīn Bia¯n, )

A.D. 1846

The Qing Dynasty; written by Bao Xiang-ao (Style: Bao Yun-shao)

The medical formulas are selected mainly from the convenient and effective formulas with features of the folk conventional, rare medicinals, and easy available medicines. Its contents include 99 sections, such as internal miscellaneous diseases, gynecological diseases, pediatric diseases, surgical diseases, emergency and seasonal syndromes

Zizhen Collection of Experience on Laryngology (Jīng Yàn Hóu Kē Zıˇ Zhēn Jí, )

A.D. 1860

The Qing Dynasty; written by Dou Shi & Zhu Xiang-yu

This book records patterns and treatment and descriptions of 72 kinds of throat diseases, such as throat-locking wind (acute laryngemphraxis), and 20 clinical treatments including external treatments, such as knifing, needling, cauterizing and fumigating for throat diseases, and some empirical medical formulas

Treatise on Sudden Turmoil (Huò Luàn Lùn, )

A.D. 1862

The Qing Dynasty; compiled by Wang Shi- xiong (Styles: Wang Meng- ying, Wang Qian-zhai)

This book expounds pathogenic condition of cholera, the methods of prevention and treatment, clinical case reports concerned with cholera, and commonly-used medicinals and formulas from ancient famous doctors and Wang Shi-xiong

Appendix 2

921

TABLE 45.2 Introduction to Well-Known Literatures About Formula (cont.) Name of Writings

Date Written

Dynasty and Author

Main Contents

The Refined in Medicine Remembered (Yī Chún Shèng Yì, )

A.D. 1863

The Qing Dynasty; compiled by Fei Boxiong

This book collects and records Fei’s therapeutic experience during his practices, which are categorized into many sections, such as wind-strike, cold-strike, three qi autumndryness, fire syndrome, deficiency-consumption (xu¯ láo), anuria and vomiting, cough, phlegm rheum, and malaria. Each section is introduced by general introduction of etiology, disease mechanism and therapeutic principles, then self-made medical formulas, and finally the well-established formulas

Systematic Differentiation of the Six Etiologies (Liù Yīn Tiáo Biàn, )

A.D. 1868

The Qing Dynasty; written by Lu Tingzhen

The author took the six etiologies, such as wind, cold, summer heat, dampness, dryness, and fire as the key link to discuss various diseases and syndromes, such as spring warmth, summer heat damage, summer heat-strike, heat-strike, latent summer heat, autumn-dryness, winter-warmth, warm toxin, dampness damage, sudden contracted wind-cold, wind damage, and windwarmth in this book, respectively

The Grand Compendium of Medicine (Yī Xué Jí Chéng, )

A.D. 1873

The Qing Dynasty; compiled by Liu Shi-lian

The author collected medical discussion of doctors through the history, patterns and treatment in different clinical departments, and case reports to compile this book. The first volume is the general introduction of TCM, including yin-yang, zang-fu organs, and diagnostic methods. The second and third volumes introduce cold damage, pestilence, internal miscellaneous diseases, gynecological and obstetric diseases, diseases of infancy and sores. The fourth volume introduces case reports, illustrations of 14 channels and channel point verses, and the Cheng Zhong-ling’s medical eight (medicinal treatment) methods

Empirical Formula (Jīng Yàn Fa¯ng, )

A.D. 1878

The Qing Dynasty; written by He Jinshen

This book explains four empirical formulas, such as Cai Songting’s Miraculous Effective Formula for Difficult Labor (cai song ting nan chan shen xiao fang), Pinellia and Fritillaria Powder for Malaria (nüe ji ban bei san), and Five Fragrant Subtances Pill (wu xiang wan).

Compilation of Ophthalmology (Yaˇn Kē Zuaˇn Yào, )

A.D. 1879

The Qing Dynasty; written by Huang Yan

This book is compiled with verse style. Its contents include ophthalmologic treatise of scholars in the past, secret transmissions of teachers and friends, and the author’s therapeutic experience

Exploration on the Subtleties of Treatment Strategies for Diphtheria (Bái Hóu Zhì Faˇ Jué Wēi, )

A.D. 1891

The Qing Dynasty; written by Nai Xiu-zi

The author combined the treatment experience of doctors Zheng Mei-jian and Zhang Shao-xiu with his personal experience to compile this book. In this book, the author affirmed treatment of diphtheria with formulas that release the exterior, and highly praised the method of nourishing yin and clearing lung heat. Many empirical formulas are introduced in this book

The Great Compendium of Traumatology (Sha¯ng Kē Dà Chéng, )

A.D. 1891

The Qing Dynasty; written by Zhao Zhuquan

The book records the application of touching, bonesetting, lifting, holding, massaging, and tui na manipulation in treating injuries in detail. In this book, the section of “skillful method of bonesetting to joint of bones by hand” is especially expounded in detail. It also records over 40 empirical medical formulas for treating injuries

Convenient Reader on Established Formulas (Chéng Fa¯ng Biàn Dú, )

A.D. 1904

The Qing Dynasty; compiled by Zhang Bing-cheng

There are over 290 established formulas that are commonly used in ancient and modern times in this book. Formulas are divided into 21 categories as supplementing and nourishing, exteriorreleasing and interior-purging. Each formula is compiled as seven character verse, and explained from etiology and formula analysis in detail. It can be one of the basic reading materials for students (Continued )

922 Appendix 2

TABLE 45.2 Introduction to Well-Known Literatures About Formula (cont.) Name of Writings

Date Written

Dynasty and Author

Main Contents

Revised and Expanded Treatise on Warm-Heat Diseases (Chóng Dìng Gua˘ng Wēn Rè Lùn, )

A.D. 1907

The Qing Dynasty; compiled by He Lian-chen (Style: He Bing-yuan)

The original work is Treatise on Widespread Warm Pestilence (Gua˘ng Wēn Yì Lùn, ) written by Dai Tian-zhang. It was renamed as Treatise on Widespread Warm-Heat Diseases (Gua˘ng Wēn Rè Lùn, ) after deletion, revision, and supplement by Lu Mao-xiu. Then it was again supplemented, deleted, and revised by He Lian-chen. Finally, it was named as Revised and Expanded Treatise on Warm-Heat Diseases (Chóng Dìng Gua˘ng Wēn Rè Lùn, )

Revised Popular Guide to ‘Treatise on Cold Damage’ (Chóng Dìng Tōng Sú Sha¯ng Hán Lùn, )

Exact date unknown

The Qing Dynasty; written by Yu Genchu (Style: Yu Zhaoyuan); revised by Xu Rong-zhai

This book is a relatively practical proposal for diagnosis and treatment in cold damage and damp-heat diseases, including inspection methods for cold damage, treatments for cold damage, health-nursing methods during or after cold damage

Learning-Inherited Collection of External Medicine (Wài Kē Chuán Xīn Jí, )

Exact date unknown

The Qing Dynasty; compiled by Ma Pei-zhi

This book records the author’s over 200 formulas for application in surgical medicine. Formulas are not categorized and introduced briefly

The Complete Book on Measles (Má Zheˇn Quán Shu¯, )

Exact date unknown

Formerly inscribed by Huan Shou (Yuan Dynasty); in fact, compiled by people in Qing Dynasty

Most contents in this book are compiled from Complete Book of Measles to Safeguard Life (Má Kē Huó Rén Quán Shu¯, ). This book expounds symptoms and sings, and patterns and treatment. It is attached with therapeutic formulas

Records of Chinese Medicine with Reference to Western Medicine (Yī Xué Zhōng Zhōng Ca¯n Xī Lù, )

A.D. 19181934

The Republic of China; written by Zhang Xi-chun (Style: Zhang Shou-fu)

This book clarifies medical principles combining the theories of Chinese medicine and Western medicine and the author’s medical experience. It also records a large number of cases and formulas and Zhang Xi-chun’s comment articles

A Summary of Externallycontracted Syndromes (Ga˘n Zhèng Jí Yào, )

A.D. 1920

The Republic of China; compiled by Yan Hong-zhi

Its contents include the following three parts: (1) discussion about pattern differentiation and treatment from the experts on cold damage and warm disease in Ming and Qing dynasties; (2) diagnostic methods, patterns and treatment of diseases and syndromes that target cold damage and warm disease as primary; and (3) formulas for external contraction that divided into eight categories: exterior-releasing, vomiting-inducing, interior-purging, harmonizing, opening and venting, heatclearing, cold-dispelling, and supplementing-boosting

Outline of the Patterns and Treatment of Throat Granular Disorder (Hóu Sha¯ Zhèng Zhì Gài Yào, )

A.D. 1927

The Qing Dynasty; compiled by Ding Gan-ren; revised by Ding Zhong-ying

This book systematically discusses the name, etiology, pathogenesis, pattern differentiation and treatment of scarlatina, which has an important guiding significance for later ages to treat the infectious diseases of respiratory tract, such as scarlet fever

Secrets-Enlightening on Herbal Medicinals (Yào Liaˇn Qıˇ Mì, )

A.D. 1931

The Republic of China; compiled by Xu Ban-long

This book specially expounds the refining methods of pellet, powder, and paste used in surgery

Neologism of Diagnosis and Treatment of Miscellaneous Chinese Internal Diseases (Zhōng Yī Nèi Kē Zá Bìng Zhèng Zhì Xīn Yì, )

A.D. 1958

The People’s Republic of China; compiled by Hu Guang-ci

This book includes seven chapters including patterns and treatment of nervous system, patterns and treatment of circulatory system and patterns and treatment of respiratory system, and expounds definition of internal miscellaneous disease, pathogeny, pattern (syndrome) and treatment, respectively

Formulas from the Imperial Institute of Medicine in Qing Dynasty (Qīng Tài Yī Yuàn Pèi Fa¯ng, )

A.D. 1959

The People’s Republic of China; compiled by Hebei Academy of Traiditonal Chinese Medicine

The whole book is categorized into 16 sections, such as windphlegm, cough with phlegm, cold damage and summer heatwarmth, and records 425 formulas. Each formula is introduced from indication, composition and method of preparation

Appendix 2

923

TABLE 45.2 Introduction to Well-Known Literatures About Formula (cont.) Name of Writings

Date Written

Dynasty and Author

Main Contents

Concise Gynecology in Chinese Medicine (Jiaˇn Míng Zhōng Yī Fù Kē Xué, )

A.D. 1959

The People’s Republic of China; compiled by Nanjing College of TCM

This book is divided into two parts: general introduction and specific discussion. The general introduction includes gynecological elementary knowledge and brief history of gynecology. The specific discussion expounds many diseases and syndromes including menstruation-irregulation, leukorrhea, pregnancy and procreation, the antenatal, the parturient, postpartum, breast disease, and miscellaneous disease

Chinese Traditional Patent Formulation of Combinations (Zhōng Yào Chéng Fa¯ng Pèi Beˇn, )

A.D. 1959

The People’s Republic of China; compiled by Suzhou Health Bureau

The whole book is divided into nine parts: pill, powder, paste, pellet, medicinal wine, gelatin, flower distillate, plaster (for external application), and others. It also records 363 established formulas in internal medicine, surgery, gynecology, pediatrics, and ophthalmology and otorhinolaryngology

Teaching Materials of TCM External Medicine (Zhōng Yī Wài Kē Xué Jiaˇng Yì, )

A.D. 1960

The People’s Republic of China; compiled by Shanghai College of TCM

This book expounds etiology, diagnosis and treatment of 116 kinds of diseases and syndromes in surgery

Teaching Materials of TCM Orthopedics and Traumatology (Zhōng Yī Sha¯ng Kē Xué Jiaˇng Yì, )

A.D. 1960

The People’s Republic of China; compiled by Shanghai College of TCM

This book outlines the etiology, pathogenesis, patterns and treatment of diseases in traumatology, manipulation of reduction and treatment of practice, and introduces the etiology, pattern differentiation and treatment of 42 kinds of common diseases and syndromes in traumatology, respectively. It is attached with 156 commonly-used traumatological formulas for oral use and external treatment at the end of text

Beijing Collected Writings on Chinese Traditional Patent Formulation (Beˇi Jīng Shì Zhōng Yào Chéng Fa¯ng Xuaˇn Jí, )

A.D. 1961

The People’s Republic of China; compiled by Beijing Public Health Bureau

This book introduces the methods of preparation for dosage forms of eight patent medicines, such as pill, powder, and paste, and general information of storage. Over 690 Chinese patent medicines are recorded in this book

Collected Compilation of Nationwide Chinese Patent Medicine and Prescriptions (Quán Guó Zhōng Yào Chéng Yào Chuˇ Fa¯ng Jí, )

A.D. 1962

The People’s Republic of China; compiled by China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences

This book is formed through collecting and compiling the representative or universal Chinese patent medicine from 25 large and middle-sized cities in China. It collects over 2000 patent medical formulas. Its contents include Chinese medicinal processing, name of each Chinese patent medicine, region of production, effect, indication, formula, method of preparation, and contraindication

Treatment Strategies and Formulas in Chinese Medicine (Zhōng Yī Zhì Faˇ Yuˇ Fa¯ng Jì, )

A.D. 1975

The People’s Republic of China; compiled by Chengdu College of TCM

The general introduction of this book includes common treatments and elementary knowledge of Chinese medical formulas. The specific discussion expounds 68 treatments of viscera (heart, liver, spleen, stomach, lung, and kidney) diseases, 263 primary formulas, and 205 modified formulas

Lin Ru-gao’s Experience on Bonesetting (Lín Rú Ga¯o Zhèng Guˇ Jīng Yàn, )

A.D. 1977

The People’s Republic of China; compiled by Zhang An-zhen

Its contents include bone fracture, dislocation, soft tissue injury, internal damage and treatment of practice. Over 100 empirical formulas passed down in the Lin’s family are attached at the end of text

New Acute Abdomen Science (Xīn Jí Fù Zhèng Xué, )

A.D. 1978

The People’s Republic of China; compiled by Tianjin Nankai Hospital & Zunyi Medical College

This book mainly expounds etiology, pathology, diagnosis and treatment by traditional Chinese and Western medicine, prevention and nursing for acute abdomen condition

(Continued )

924 Appendix 2

TABLE 45.2 Introduction to Well-Known Literatures About Formula (cont.) Name of Writings

Date Written

Dynasty and Author

Main Contents

Revised Yan’s Formulas to Aid the Living (Chóng Dìng Yán Shì Jì Shēng Fa¯ng, )

A.D. 1980

Compiled by Zhejiang Institute of TCM & Huzhou TCM Hospital (originally written by Yan Yonghe)

This book is a compilation edition of Formulas to Aid the Living (Jì Shēng Fa¯ng, ) and Supplement to ‘Formulas to Aid the Living’ (Jì Shēng Xù Fa¯ng, ) written by Yan Yonghe through arranging and editing. The whole book records 85 medical theses and over 520 medical formulas

TCM Otorhinolaryngology (Zhōng Yī Ĕr Bí Hóu Kē Xué, )

A.D. 1988

The People’s Republic of China; compiled by Tan Jing-hua

The whole book is divided into six chapters: (1) the brief developing history of TCM ear, nose, throat, mouth and tooth; (2) otology; (3) rhinology; (4) laryngology; (5) dentology; and (6) common tumors of ear, nose, throat, and mouth. Each chapter is introduced from purpose and requirement, self-study class hour, self-study guidance, review test problems, and references

Clinical Chinese Internal Medicine (Lín Chuáng Zhōng Yī Nèi Kē Xué, )

A.D. 1994

The People’s Republic of China; compiled by Wang Yong-yan

The whole book systematically expounds the origin and development of TCM internal medicine, and introduces etiology, pathogenesis, patterns and treatment, differential diagnosis, and prognosis of 150 kinds of internal diseases and syndromes

Appendix 3

Introduction to Intricate TCM Terminologies of Diseases and Syndromes In this book, many of the terms, expressions, designations, and symbols that are commonly used in traditional medicine may be difficult to understand for international students of TCM. Intricate terminologies are presented here and explained with brief words that may help students in understanding Chinese materia medica and medical formulas in depth. See in the Table 46. TABLE 46 Introduction to Intricate TCM Terminologies of Diseases and Syndromes Name of Terminology

Explanation

Accumulations and gatherings

It refers to abdominal masses; jī jù, . Accumulations refer to the fixed abdominal masses of definite shape, combining fixed distending pain, or stabbing pain; jī, ; gatherings refer to the movable abdominal masses of indefinite shape, combining uncertainties, scurrying, and unfixed distending pain; jù, .

Anuria and vomiting

Anuria and vomiting (gua¯n gé, ) is characterized by the main symptoms of vomiting and urinary retention or obstruction of urine and stool both manifested, but it must have the symptom of scanty urine or urinary retention first, and then followed by vomiting. The patients have the chronic disease history of kidney diseases, such as edema, strangury, and dribbling urinary block

Bì syndrome

Bì syndrome (bì zhèng, ) is characterized by soreness of the limbs, joints, and muscles, with heavy sensation, numbness, even nonsmooth movement, arthrophyma, or combining burning sensation

Block syndrome

Block syndrome (bì zhèng, ): a syndrome in TCM. It refers to excessive syndrome of stroke caused by the internal occlusion of pathogenic excessiveness. Its manifestations are characterized by sudden falling in a swoon, unconsciousness with lockjaw and clenched fists, constipation and dysuria, rigidity and convulsion of limbs, etc. Heat manifestations belong to yang excess syndrome of stroke; it is advisable to follow the therapeutic principles of removing heat from the liver and expelling wind, including resuscitation with medicinals of pungent flavor and cool nature. Cold manifestations belong to yin excess syndrome of stroke; it is advisable to follow the therapeutic principles of eliminating phlegm and expelling wind, including resuscitation with medicinals of pungent in flavor and warm in nature

Blood aspect syndrome (pattern)

Blood aspect syndrome (pattern) (xué fe¯n zhèng, ): a syndrome and symptom in TCM. It is one of the syndromes in analyzing and differentiating the development of an epidemic febrile disease by studying the condition of four systems (wei, qi, ying and xue). It refers to a disorder mostly found at a critical stage of epidemic febrile disease and caused by heat pathogen deeply attacking to lead to exhaustion of blood and bleeding. Clinically, it is characterized by deep red tongue and bleeding as main manifestations. It is advisable to follow such therapeutic principle as removing heat from blood

Center qi

Center qi (zhōng qì, ) or called “middle qi”: a term in TCM. (1) It refers to middle jiao qi, that is, qi in the stomach and the spleen, whose physiological function is receiving, digesting and transforming water and foodstuff, ascending clarity, descending turbidity, and controlling all the blood of the body. (2) It refers to the spleen qi whose function is fixing the internal organs at their original locations and preventing prolapse of the rectum and uterus and ptosis of other internal organs (Continued )

Essentials of Chinese Materia Medica and Medical Formulas. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812722-3.00047-6 Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

925

926 Appendix 3

TABLE 46 Introduction to Intricate TCM Terminologies of Diseases and Syndromes (cont.) Name of Terminology

Explanation

Concretions and conglomerations

Concretions and conglomerations refer to the lower abdominal masses; zhe¯ng jia˘, . Concretions refer to the fixed lower abdominal masses of definite shape; zhe¯ng, ; conglomerations refer to the movable lower abdominal masses of indefinite shape; jia˘,

Counterflow cold of the four limbs

Counterflow cold of the four limbs refers to the cold distal extremities with cold moving proximally past elbows and knees; sì zhī nì lĕng,

Deficiencyconsumption

Deficiency-consumption (xu¯ láo, or ) is a generic name to a variety of chronic weakness diseases that have developed to severe stage, which is characterized by the syndrome of zang-fu organs deficiency with lack of strength, mental fatigue, lassitude, emaciation, sallow complexion, tender tongue, and weak pulse. And it has a long course, and slowing development, and is lingering without recovery

Desertion disease

Or called “prostration syndrome (tuō zhèng, )”: a disease and syndrome in TCM. (1) It refers to the critical pathologic syndrome caused by the sudden worsened condition, the seven exhaustion of yang-qi and the departure of yin and yang. Its manifestations are characterized by cold limbs, excessive sweating, unconsciousness and lying with listlessness, pale complexion, faint and thready pulse verging on expiry, etc. It is advisable to follow the therapeutic principles of inducing emergency treatment of the depletion of yang and consolidating primordial qi. (2) It refers to apoplectic prostration syndrome. Its manifestations are characterized by unconsciousness with the mouth open, eyes closed, hands relaxed, incontinence of urine and snoring, etc

Exterior pathogen

Exterior pathogen (biaˇo xié, ): a term in TCM. It refers to the pathogen which invades the superficial portion of the body mainly from the skin. Most of the diseases caused by thereby belong to the exterior syndrome

Exterior syndrome

Exterior syndrome (biaˇo zhèng, ) or called “exterior pattern”: a syndrome in TCM. It is caused by the invasion of exopathogen in the muscles and skin, the affection of the defensive function by pathogen, the struggle between the health qi, and pathogenic factor. Its manifestations are marked by headache, chills, fever, stuffy nose, cough, white coating of the tongue, and floating pulse, etc. It is advisable to follow the therapeutic principle of relieving exterior syndrome

Infantile malnutrition with accumulation

Infantile malnutrition with accumulation (ga¯n jī, ): a disease in TCM. It refers to the deficiency of spleenyang and malnutrition due to feeding improperly. The symptoms in the early stage are yellow face, and thin body, good appetite, dry or loose stool, restlessness, profuse sweating, grinding teeth in sleeping, and liking to lie on the abdomen. All these are caused by food stagnation. It is advisable to regulate the spleen and stomach

Interior syndrome

Interior syndrome (lǐ zhèng, ) or called “interior pattern”: a syndrome in TCM. It is one of the eight principle syndromes serving as guidelines in diagnosis. It refers to the syndrome located deeply in the interior of the body. All the syndromes except exterior one are classified as interior syndrome, such as those not belonging to exterior one or half exterior and half interior syndromes. It is mainly caused by further development of exterior syndrome, invasion of pathogenic factors from the exterior into the interior, or direct invasion of zang-fu organs by exopathogens, or dysfunction of zang-fu organs. It is classified into interior cold, interior heat, interior deficiency, and interior excess

Intestinal wind (i.e., bloody stool)

Intestinal wind (i.e., bloody stool) (cháng fe¯ng, ): a disease in TCM. (1) It refers to hemorrhoid bleeding. (2) It generally refers to hematochezia caused by the injury of zang-fu organs due to overstrain, derangement of qi and blood, and attacks of wind, cold, heat, toxicity in large intestine. (3) It is wind-type dysentery. (4) It refers to hemafecia before discharging feces with blood mostly in bright red

Isthmus of fauces

Isthmus of fauces (hóu gua¯n, ) refers to the constricted aperture between the cavity of the mouth and the pharynx, “throat pass” in Chinese

Membrane-source

Membrane-source refers to the pleurodiaphragmatic interspace, mó yuán,

Pattern

Pattern (zhèng, or zhèng xíng, ): a term in TCM. It is used for more specific TCM pathomechanisms, for example, qi and blood deficiency, kidney yang deficiency, liver qi stagnation, etc

Phlegm or Sputum

In TCM, phlegm (tán, ) refers to the pathogenic factor or substance expectorated from lung or throat; sputum (tán, ) just refers to the substance expectorated from the lung or throat

Phlegm rheum

Phlegm rheum (tán yǐn, ): a disease in TCM. (1) It is a general term for diseases due to fluid retention. It is caused by dysfunction of the lung, spleen, and kidney, and accumulation of excessive fluids in the body and retention or exudation in a part of the body. In general, the thicker dampness is called phlegm while the thinner, rheum (fluid). It is advisable to follow the therapeutic principle of regulating with warm medicinals. (2) One of the four kinds of fluid retention (phlegm rheum, pleural rheum, subcutaneous rheum, and thoracic rheum). It refers to fluid retention in the stomach and intestines. Its symptoms are characterized by emaciating, decreased diet, borborygmus, and loose stool. It is advisable to follow the therapeutic principle of warming yang to dispel the excessive fluid

Appendix 3

927

TABLE 46 Introduction to Intricate TCM Terminologies of Diseases and Syndromes (cont.) Name of Terminology

Explanation

Pĭ syndrome

Pĭ syndrome refers to pĭ zhèng, , the localized sensation of blockage occurring in the chest or abdomen with or without palpable lumps, painless upon pressure. So pĭ ( ) also refers to the chest or abdominal mass (of the category of jī jù)—see “accumulations and gatherings” (jī jù, ) for definition

Reversal cold of the hands and feet

Reversal cold of the hands and feet (shǒu zú jué leˇng, moving proximally to the elbows and knees

Sanjiao

Sanjiao (sa¯n jia¯o, ): a term in TCM. (1) It is one of the six fu-organs also called solitary hollow organ. It is the largest one outside all the viscera and bowels within the body cavity consisting of the upper jiao, middle jiao, and lower jiao. Its function is to control the qi activities and to make the passage of water unblocked. (2) It refers to a guideline to differentiate syndromes for treating epidemic febrile diseases. (3) A term of the massage site. It is used to treat pain with cold in the stomach and the abdomen. It refers to the site between Zongjin acupoint and Tianheshui acupoint, the palmar surface on the middle of the fourth finger and of the middle finger and on the end of the phalanx

Sinew-membranes

In TCM, sinew-membranes refer to jīn mó, , the tough and tenacious part of the muscles: what attaches to the joints is sinew; what covers the tendons is membrane. But in Western medicine, it refers to fascia (Beware: not the same as the TCM concept of sinew-membranes)

Steaming bone fever

Steaming bone fever (guˇ zhe¯ng, or guˇ zhe¯ng fa¯ rè, ): a syndrome in TCM. It is one of five hectic fevers. It describes the coming of heat from marrow. It is mainly caused by insufficiency of kidney-essence, hyperactivity of fire due to yin deficiency. It is manifested by tidal fever, flushing of zygomatic region, shallow breathing, vexation, and insomnia, etc. It is advisable to adopt such therapeutic principles as tonifying the kidney and supplementing kidney essence, nourishing yin to eliminate heat

Strangury

Strangury (lín zhèng, ): a disease in TCM. It refers to morbid conditions of frequent, urgent, painful, and dripping urination. At first, it is usually caused by accumulation of damp-heat in the urinary bladder. It is also caused by the sinking of center qi or disturbance of qi transformation due to deficiency of the kidney in the patient incurable for a long time or the old and weak. According to different causes and syndromes of the disease, strangury may be classified into several types, such as qi strangury, heat strangury, blood strangury, stony strangury, chylous strangury, strangury due to overstrain, and sand strangury

Supplementation within outward dispersion

Supplementation within outward dispersion (fa¯ zhōng yǒu buˇ, ): a term in TCM. It refers to the addition of tonics to medicinals that combined medicinals that release the exterior

Syndrome

Syndrome (zhèng, or zhèng hòu, ): a term in TCM. It is used for more broader categories of disease description, especially when a person’s name or a decoction name is borrowed, as in: Cushing’s Syndrome, bì syndrome, Ma Huang Tang Syndrome, etc

Vent and discharge

Vent and discharge (tòu xiè, ): it refers to the use of acrid-cool medicinals to promote sweating combined with bitter-cold medicinals to discharge interior heat

Wasting-thirst

Wasting-thirst (xia¯o kĕ, ): (1) a disease and syndrome in TCM. Generally, it refers to a syndrome characterized by drinking and eating excessively and polyuria. It is mainly caused by overtaking fat and sugar, improper diet, or imbalance of emotions; overwork which leads to dryness-heat in zang-fu organs and hyperactivity of fire due to deficiency of yin. It is advisable to follow such therapeutic principles as nourishing yin, moistening dryness and lowering fire. This disease can be divided into three kinds: wasting-thirst of the lower jiao, wasting-thirst of the middle jiao and wasting-thirst of the upper jiao. (2) A symptom in TCM. It refers to thirst

Weak foot

Weak foot (jiaˇo qì bìng, ): a disease in TCM. It is due to external attack of pathogenic dampness and heat, impairment of internal viscera due to improper diet, accumulation in foot of heat produced by stagnancy of dampness. It is manifested by numbness of legs and feet, aching pain, weakness and asthenia or red and swollen leg, fever and even such symptoms as numbness of lower abdomen, vomiting with anorexia, palpitation, paraphasia, etc. It should be treated by removing obstruction and eliminating pathogenic dampness

Wei aspect syndrome (pattern)

Wei aspect syndrome (pattern) (wèi fe¯n zhèng, ) or called “Weifen syndrome”: a syndrome in TCM. It is one of the four syndromes in differentiation of the development of an epidemic febrile disease by studying the condition of the wei, qi, ying, and xue systems. And it refers to the pathological changes of dysfunction of wei-qi due to the initial invasion of the body surface by pathogenic warm. It can be seen in the initial epidemic febrile disease. The clinical manifestations vary with the different causes. But the essential point of differentiation of symptoms and signs is that fever and chills occur at the same time. It is advisable to follow such a therapeutic principle as relieving exterior syndrome

) refers to the cold hands and feet with cold

(Continued )

928 Appendix 3

TABLE 46 Introduction to Intricate TCM Terminologies of Diseases and Syndromes (cont.) Name of Terminology

Explanation

Wind-phlegm

Wind-phlegm (fe¯ng tán, or fe¯ng tán zhèng, ): a syndrome in TCM. (1) It is a secondary phlegm syndrome caused by affection of wind pathogen or wind and heat pathogen. (2) It is a disease in the liver channel manifested as pale complexion, dizziness, headache, distending pain in hypochondriac region, constipation, irritability, phlegm with abundant droplet, and wiry pulse. The principle of its treatment is expelling wind and resolving phlegm

Wind-strike

Wind-strike (zhòng fe¯ng, ) or called “stroke (apoplexy)”: (1) a disease in TCM. It refers to a disease characterized by sudden syncope with coma, unconsciousness accompanied by wry mouth, hemiplegia, dysphasia, or chiefly by wry mouth and hemiplegia without occurrence of syncope with coma, etc. It is mainly caused by such predisposing causes as deficiency of blood and qi, imbalance of yin and yang of the heart, liver and kidney in combination with grief and rage, or immoderate drinking and overeating, or sexual strain, or attack by exopathogens, which lead to obstruction of flow of blood and qi, failure of blood and qi to nourish muscles and tendons, or deficiency of yin fluid in the lower part of the body, sudden hyperactivity of the liver yang, up-stirring of the liver due to hyperactivity of yang, bleeding resulting from reversed flow of qi, retention of phlegm and pathogenic fire which transversely cross channels and, in turn, lead to invasion of the seven orifices by phlegm, excess in the upper part of the body and deficiency in the lower, and dissociation of yin and yang. Stroke of channels by pathogenic wind should be treated by expelling wind, nourishing blood and dredging channels; stroke of zang-fu organs, that is, excess syndrome of stroke should be treated by inducing resuscitation; and to prostration syndrome of stroke emergency treatment of collapse should be given. (2) A syndrome in TCM. It is a syndrome of febrile disease. It refers to exterior syndrome of deficiency due to affection of febrile disease. It is characterized by rigidity and pain of the nape with fever, aversion to wind, sweating, sound from nose, retching, floating, and moderate pulse, etc. It is mainly caused by usual debility, failure of wei qi to protect the body against diseases, affection by wind cold, struggle between healthy qi and pathogenic factors, and disharmony between ying and wei qi. It should be treated by expelling pathogenic factors from muscles and skin, dispelling wind, and harmonize ying and wei levels

References

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Pharmaceutical-Pinyin Names Reference of Chinese Materia Medica

A

Actinolitum (yang qi shi), 353, 538, 889, 891, 892 Agkistrodon (qi she), 106, 115, 539, 776, 890 Aloe (lu hui), 10, 92, 450, 507, 509, 816, 826, 828, 830, 879, 898 Alumen (bai fan), 403, 619, 784, 801, 805, 806, 826, 827, 834, 835, 861, 865, 867, 881–883 Alumen Dehydratum (ku fan), 409, 848, 860, 900 Apostichopus (hai shen), 357 Arillus Longan (long yan rou), 363, 365, 472, 567, 569, 570, 572, 580, 639, 709, 882, 885, 887, 890, 891, 893, 895 Arisaema cum Bile (dan nan xing), 264, 606, 635, 637, 652, 653, 676, 704, 724, 728, 788–793, 801–806, 819, 876, 881–883, 887, 897 Armillariella (mi huan jun), 319 Arsenolitum (pi shi), 412, 416, 860, 899 Aspongopus (jiu xiang chong), 180, 880, 889

B

Benzoinum (an xi xiang), 324, 648, 649, 651, 654–656, 719, 882, 883 Berberidis Radix (san ke zhen), 49, 879 Bombyx Batryticatus (jiang can), 317, 440, 490–492, 494, 652, 679, 712, 713, 715, 718, 719, 721, 723, 728, 783, 784, 791, 794, 795, 803, 804, 806, 866, 869, 871, 881, 882, 892, 893, 897, 899, 900, 902 Borax (peng sha), 414, 649, 652, 847, 865, 867, 868, 870, 901, 902 Borneolum (tian ran bing pian), 325 Borneolum Syntheticum (bing pian), 323, 326, 428, 494, 495, 507, 648–652, 655–657, 685, 689, 695, 719, 736, 847, 861, 863–865, 868, 869, 871, 873, 882, 883, 886, 898, 901, 902 Bubula (niu rou), 364 Bulbus Allii (da suan), 407, 880, 900 Bulbus Allii Fistulosi (cong bai), 21, 423, 427, 428, 432, 434, 439–442, 537, 538, 875, 882, 893 Bulbus Allii Macrostemi (xie bai), 179, 472, 530, 663, 667, 670, 673, 878, 886 Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae (chuan bei mu), 267, 279, 494, 502, 595, 606, 619, 652, 653, 672, 723, 724, 726, 736, 737, 748, 752, 803, 804, 868, 877, 899

Bulbus Fritillariae Hupehensis (hu bei bei mu), 277 Bulbus Fritillariae Pallidiflorae (yi bei mu), 277 Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii (zhe bei mu), 268, 279, 440, 733–735, 783, 791, 795, 881, 883, 887, 897–899 Bulbus Fritillariae Ussuriensis (ping bei mu), 267 Bulbus Lilii (bai he), 368, 559, 583, 640, 737, 739, 798, 876, 877, 902 Bungarus Parvus (jin qian bai hua she), 112, 115, 890, 900

C

Cacumen Platycladi (ce bai ye), 208, 430, 432, 487, 489, 491, 559, 702–704, 706–708, 864, 870, 883–885, 888, 895, 900 Cacumen Tamaricis (xi he liu), 22, 435, 897 Calamina (lu gan shi), 413, 860, 861, 863, 898, 901 Calculus Bovis (niu huang), 11, 79, 314, 494, 495, 648–653, 719, 728, 840, 844, 847, 863, 865, 881–883, 897–899, 902 Calculus Bovis Artifactus (ren gong niu huang), 79 Calculus Bovis Sativus (ti wai pei yu niu huang), 318 Calomelas (qing fen), 10, 412, 458–460, 696, 830, 848, 860–864, 869, 898, 900 Calyx Kaki (shi di), 181 Calyx seu Fructus Physalis (jin deng long), 64, 619, 902 Camphora (zhang nao), 405, 860, 864, 869, 871, 872, 882, 900 Carapax Eretmochelydis (dai mao), 308, 649, 651, 653, 881 Carapax et Plastrum Testudinis (gui jia), 11, 375, 379, 488, 596, 610, 625, 626, 876, 877, 881–883, 885, 887, 889, 891, 895 Carapax Trionycis (bie jia), 4, 6, 11, 375, 379, 473, 502, 511–515, 546, 558, 582, 584, 614, 729, 818, 819, 821, 876, 877, 880, 881, 883, 891, 897 Caro Canis (gou rou), 358 Caro Caprinus seu Ovillus (yang rou), 358 Caro Passeris (que), 357 Catechu (er cha), 249, 685, 689, 695, 696, 698, 736, 865, 867, 898, 900, 901 Caulis Akebiae (mu tong), 146, 435, 436, 467, 500–502, 505, 509, 551, 552, 594, 666, 669,

693, 695, 705, 707, 713, 716, 722, 748, 750, 752, 753, 756–758, 760, 765, 878, 888–890, 896, 897, 901 Caulis Aristolochiae Manshuriensis (guan mu tong), 150 Caulis Bambusae in Taenia (zhu ru), 2, 269, 280, 460, 467, 544, 550, 575, 663, 674, 676, 678, 679, 784–787, 789, 790, 876, 878, 881–883, 885, 887, 896 Caulis Clematidis Armandii (chuan mu tong), 150, 578, 757, 767, 891 Caulis Dendrobii (shi hu), 370, 455, 483, 499, 500, 503, 524, 525, 582, 586, 589, 595, 596, 606, 608, 611, 676, 723, 736, 738, 827, 841, 844, 871, 891, 892, 901, 902 Caulis Erycibes (ding gong teng), 110, 890 Caulis et Folium Stauntoniae Chinensis (ye mu gua), 122 Caulis Fibraufeae (huang teng), 78 Caulis Kadsurae Interioris (dian ji xue teng), 243 Caulis Lonicerae Japonicae (ren dong teng), 72, 750, 775, 818, 890 Caulis Mahoniae (gong lao mu), 51 Caulis Marsdeniae Tenacissimae (tong guan teng), 289 Caulis Perillae (zi su geng), 23, 696, 733, 878 Caulis Piperis Kadsurae (hai feng teng), 109, 122, 720, 890 Caulis Polygoni Multiflori (shou wu teng), 300, 900 Caulis Sargentodoxae (da xue teng), 61, 798, 842, 894, 899 Caulis Sinomenii (qing feng teng), 110 Caulis Spatholobi (ji xue teng), 240, 539, 572, 698, 783, 868, 889, 891–895 Caulis Trachelospermi (luo shi teng), 119, 122, 724, 727, 890, 898 Cera Chinensis (chong bai la), 217, 863 Cera Flava (feng la), 414 Chalcanthitum (dan fan), 10, 399, 848, 864 Chorion Ovi Galli (ji zi ke), 223 Cinnabaris (zhu sha), 3, 294, 298, 450, 521, 522, 631, 634–639, 641–643, 648–653, 655, 656, 685, 689, 695–699, 719, 728, 803–806, 815, 847, 848, 860, 861, 864–868, 883, 886, 887 Colla Apidis (feng jiao), 377 Colla Carapacis et Plastri Testudinis (gui jia jiao), 11, 376

931

932

Pharmaceutical-Pinyin Names Reference of Chinese Materia Medica

Colla Carapacis Trionycis (bie jia jiao), 377, 822 Colla Carnis Bovis (xia tian gao), 364, 915 Colla Corii Asini (e jiao), 1, 11, 362, 366, 440, 488, 489, 500, 508–510, 512, 567–570, 572–575, 577, 585, 588, 592, 595, 596, 603, 611–614, 618, 619, 644, 645, 684, 689, 703, 705, 707–709, 722–725, 727, 728, 733, 734, 737, 763, 764, 768, 798, 819, 821, 876, 877, 881, 883–885, 887, 888, 891, 893–896 Colla Cornus Cervi (lu jiao jiao), 11, 344, 568, 581, 583, 587, 598, 600, 602, 605, 606, 610–613, 624, 685, 770, 840, 843, 884, 885, 889–891, 895–897 Colla Piscis (yu biao), 217 Colophonium (song xiang), 416, 719, 866, 898, 900 Concha Arcae (wa leng zi), 1, 275, 503, 529, 876, 899 Concha Haliotidis (shi jue ming), 3, 306, 311, 434, 583, 584, 723–725, 727, 728, 881, 882, 893, 901 Concha Margaritiferae Usta (zhen zhu mu), 307, 311, 586, 634, 635, 637, 723, 881, 886, 887, 893, 901, 902 Concha Mauritiae (zi bei chi), 307, 881, 886, 887, 897, 901 Concha Meretricis seu Cyclinae (hai ge qiao), 3, 7, 11, 274, 610, 679, 791, 822, 823, 846, 876, 877, 883, 899 Concha Ostreae (mu li), 3, 4, 6, 7, 11, 307, 312, 427, 470, 471, 473, 475, 488, 534, 535, 558, 559, 583, 584, 599, 607, 616, 617, 624, 625, 627–639, 708, 722–729, 773, 791, 793, 818, 876, 880–883, 886, 887, 889, 894–897, 899, 902 Concretio Silicea Bambusae (tian zhu huang), 270, 280, 606, 635, 652, 653, 684, 696, 723, 728, 802, 881–883, 897 Corallium Japonicum (shan hu), 297 Cordyceps (dong chong xia cao), 351, 360, 877, 883, 889–892 Coriolus (yun zhi), 156 Corium Erinacei (ci wei pi), 393, 889, 899 Cormus Eleocharitis (bi qi), 278, 740, 876 Cornu Bubali (shui niu jiao), 83, 483, 486–490, 494, 497–500, 523, 594, 635, 648–651, 653, 719, 723, 733, 750, 753, 876, 881, 884, 885 Cornu Caprinus (shan yang jiao), 313 Cornu Cervi (lu jiao), 343, 344, 359, 580, 599, 601–603, 605, 607, 608, 611, 627, 629, 685, 840, 851, 854, 871, 889–892, 896, 899 Cornu Cervi Degelatinatum (lu jiao shuang), 344, 580, 603, 629, 685, 854, 891 Cornu Cervi Pantotrichum (lu rong), 343, 359, 599, 601, 602, 605, 627, 854, 871, 889–892, 896, 899 Cornu Saigae Tataricae (ling yang jiao), 11, 313, 319, 418, 483, 486, 494, 495, 497, 586, 589, 649, 651, 722, 723, 726–729, 733, 791, 803, 876, 877, 881, 882, 893, 897, 901 Cortex Acanthopanacis (wu jia pi), 123, 127, 145, 572, 604, 605, 695, 696, 698, 766, 870–872, 890–892 Cortex Ailanthi (chun gen pi), 394, 628, 630, 631, 878, 879, 894, 896

Cortex Albiziae (he huan pi), 301, 584, 639, 683, 882, 887, 899 Cortex Cinnamomi (rou gui), 5, 9, 10, 161, 168, 388, 452, 504, 506, 520, 521, 529, 532, 534–538, 546–549, 557, 562, 565, 568, 572, 578, 579, 582, 591, 598–604, 606, 608, 611, 612, 614, 620, 621, 639, 641, 644, 645, 663–666, 670, 674, 677, 685, 686, 691–693, 700, 714, 718–721, 743, 746, 762, 770, 776–778, 815, 817, 822, 840, 841, 843, 851, 854, 855, 860, 862, 866, 867, 869, 871–873, 877–879, 882, 888–891, 893–895, 897, 899 Cortex Dictamni (bai xian pi), 48, 713, 719, 880, 889–891, 894, 896, 900 Cortex Erythrinae (hai tong pi), 119, 540, 751, 870, 872 Cortex Eucommiae (du zhong), 2, 346, 455, 539, 572, 575, 580, 581, 591, 595, 600, 602–605, 607, 609–611, 624, 629, 631, 684, 697, 720, 723, 725, 762, 769, 776, 777, 881, 890–892, 895, 896 Cortex Fraxini (qin pi), 47, 51, 504, 506, 508, 579, 891, 896, 900, 901 Cortex Hibisci Syriaci (mu jin pi), 408, 900 Cortex Ilicis Rotundae (jiu bi ying), 76 Cortex Illicii (di feng pi), 112, 408 Cortex Illicii Lanceolati Radicis (mang cao), 408 Cortex Lycii (di gu pi), 87, 437, 488, 502, 503, 505, 507, 508, 511, 512, 514, 515, 581, 583, 584, 592, 593, 612, 614, 758, 791, 861, 876, 877, 883, 884, 894, 895 Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po), 2, 3, 6, 135, 423, 427, 448, 450–452, 455, 456, 460–462, 467–470, 477, 483, 518, 519, 529, 547–549, 552, 564, 579, 593, 660, 661, 663–671, 673, 675–677, 696, 698, 720, 721, 733, 743–748, 751, 752, 756, 761, 765, 770, 771, 774, 790, 799, 800, 811, 819, 821, 861, 875–879, 881, 883, 888 Cortex Meliae (ku lian pi), 198, 529, 825–830, 879, 900 Cortex Mori (sang bai pi), 883, 884, 888, 892, 900 Cortex Moutan (mu dan pi), 10, 82, 431, 432, 435, 466, 473, 475, 476, 486–490, 492, 494, 497–499, 503, 504, 506, 510, 512, 513, 523, 546, 568, 581, 583, 586, 587, 590, 591, 593, 599, 601, 602, 612, 682–684, 687, 689–692, 694, 695, 697–699, 703, 706, 709, 713, 720, 723, 728, 736, 738, 748, 758, 759, 819, 821, 839, 841, 844, 845, 847, 850, 870, 876, 877, 882–885, 890, 892, 894–896, 898–902 Cortex Periplocae (xiang jia pi), 141, 145, 889 Cortex Phellodendri Amurensis (guan huang bai), 50 Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (huang bai), 2, 6, 46, 51, 437, 488–490, 495–497, 500, 504, 506–509, 513, 514, 525, 544, 545, 558, 563, 564, 581, 583, 584, 587, 590–593, 595–598, 609, 610, 628–632, 666, 695, 704, 720, 736, 747, 750, 753, 755, 756, 759, 773, 775, 805, 807, 811, 813, 819, 826, 839, 846, 860–864, 870, 876, 877, 879, 880, 883, 884, 886–892, 895–898, 900–902

Cortex Pseudolaricis (tu jing pi), 406, 861, 862 Cortex Syingae Amurensis (bao ma zi pi), 278 Cortex Zingiberis Rhizomatis (sheng jiang pi), 23, 763–766, 772, 888, 900 Crinis Carbonisatus (xue yu tan), 4, 220, 224, 568, 862, 871, 877, 883, 885, 888, 895, 898 Cryototympana (zha chan), 318 Cutis Bufonis (chan pi), 408 Cutis Poriae (fu ling pi), 143, 551, 552, 745, 755, 762–764, 766, 827, 900

D

Dens Draconis (long chi), 296, 612, 635, 637–639, 642, 887

E

Endoconcha Sepiae (hai piao xiao), 6, 392, 396, 503, 529, 628–632, 663, 679, 703, 822, 823, 846, 872, 884, 894, 896, 898 Endothelium Corneum Gigeriae Galli (ji nei jin), 190, 627, 737, 739, 810, 811, 880, 888, 889, 897, 898 Epimedii Wushanensis Follum (wu shan yin yang huo), 356 Eupolyphaga seu Steleophaga (tu bie chong), 2, 246, 251, 605, 683, 685, 695, 696, 698, 699, 870, 872, 880, 892–895, 897, 900, 901 Exocarpium Benincasae (dong gua pi), 140, 888 Exocarpium Citri Grandis (hua ju hong), 172, 619 Exocarpium Citri Rubrum (ju hong), 182, 422, 432, 518, 637, 679, 782, 783, 785–787, 794, 797, 803–805, 829

F

Faeces Bombycis (can sha), 107, 115, 755, 757, 889–891 Faeces Trogopterori (wu ling zhi), 9, 232, 330, 340, 468, 489, 575, 628, 631, 664, 682, 685, 686, 691, 692, 694, 700, 822, 841, 844, 869, 880, 886, 887, 892–895, 897, 899, 900 Faeces Vespertilionis (ye ming sha), 43, 826, 828, 901 Fel Ursi (xiong dan), 70, 847, 880, 881, 897, 899, 901 Fellis Suis (zhu dan), 43, 276 Fibroferritum (huang fan), 409 Flos Abelmoschi Manihot (huang shu kui hua), 155 Flos Albiziae (he huan hua), 301, 882, 887 Flos Arecae (bing lang hua), 203 Flos Bombacis (mu mian hua), 143 Flos Buddlejae (mi meng hua), 42, 436, 437, 901 Flos Camelliae Japonicae (shan cha hua), 211 Flos Campsis (ling xiao hua), 242, 819, 821, 889, 894, 895, 900 Flos Carthami (hong hua), 2, 10, 237, 244, 489, 495, 499, 539, 540, 568, 571–573, 604, 661, 664, 682–685, 687–689, 691–700, 713, 720, 776, 845, 860, 870–873, 880, 886, 887, 892–895, 897, 900

Pharmaceutical-Pinyin Names Reference of Chinese Materia Medica

Flos Caryophylli (ding xiang), 9, 163, 494, 532, 649, 651, 654–656, 671, 674, 675, 677–680, 696, 698, 699, 719, 746, 815, 817, 822, 830, 834, 866, 869, 873, 877–879, 889 Flos Celosiae Cristatae (ji guan hua), 221, 879, 896 Flos Chrysanthemi (ju hua), 6, 27, 33, 57, 80, 429, 431, 433, 435–438, 491, 497, 499, 502, 509, 586, 589, 590, 593, 595, 597, 607, 635, 699, 713, 718, 721, 723, 724, 726, 728, 751, 759, 784, 791, 803, 839, 840, 843, 875, 881, 882, 884, 892, 893, 897, 898, 901, 902 Flos Chrysanthemi Indici (ye ju hua), 57, 80, 491, 751, 759, 839, 840, 843, 898, 901, 902 Flos Citri Aurantii Amarae (dai dai hua), 184 Flos Citri Sarcodactylis (fo shou hua), 184 Flos Daturae (yang jin hua), 287 Flos Eriobotryae (pi pa hua), 290 Flos Eriocauli (gu jing cao), 31, 436, 502, 594, 892, 901 Flos Farfarae (kuan dong hua), 2, 283, 291, 428, 429, 618, 619, 676, 678, 801, 876, 877 Flos Genkwa (yuan hua), 4, 9, 10, 97, 101, 334, 457–460, 888 Flos Gomphrenae (qian ri hong), 310, 882, 887 Flos Inulae (xuan fu hua), 2, 11, 261, 265, 418, 550, 674, 676, 677, 805, 876–878, 880, 881 Flos Lablab Albus (bian dou hua), 340, 519, 522, 523 Flos Lonicerae (shan yin hua), 72 Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (jin yin hua), 2, 53, 79, 429–433, 435, 436, 438–440, 444, 467, 486, 490, 491, 493–495, 499, 502, 504, 519, 522, 523, 546, 635, 637, 685, 713, 733, 750, 751, 758, 759, 798, 802, 811, 839, 840, 842, 844, 846–848, 851–853, 870, 875, 879, 898, 899, 902 Flos Loropetali Chinensis (ji mu), 221 Flos Magnoliae (xin yi), 20, 134, 428, 718, 875, 892, 901 Flos Magnoliae Officinalis (hou po hua), 134 Flos Mume (lü e mei), 177, 880, 881 Flos Puerariae Lobatae (ge hua), 32, 816 Flos Rhododendri Mollis (nao yang hua), 114, 697 Flos Rosae Chinensis (yue ji hua), 2, 241, 894, 895 Flos Rosae Rugosae (mei gui hua), 177, 584, 880, 894, 895 Flos Sophorae (huai hua), 487, 702, 707, 883–885 Flos Wikstroemiae Chamaedaphnes (huang yuan hua), 99 Fluoritum (zi shi ying), 353, 631, 881 Folium Apocyni Veneti (luo bu ma ye), 309, 881, 893 Folium Artemisiae Argyi (ai ye), 2, 548, 568, 570, 573, 579, 693, 702, 703, 705, 706, 868, 884, 885, 893–895, 900 Folium Callicarpae Pedunculatae (zi zhu ye), 219, 877, 883–885, 895, 900 Folium Citri Reticulatae (ju ye), 182, 880, 898 Folium Clerodendri (chou wu tong ye), 118, 890 Folium Cordylines Fruticosae (tie shu ye), 217 Folium Crataegi (shan zha ye), 235

Folium Dichroae (shu qi), 399 Folium Elaegni Pungentis (hu tui zi ye), 288 Folium Eriobotryae (pi pa ye), 2, 3, 284, 431, 596, 676, 678, 733, 734, 797, 842, 877, 878 Folium et Cacumen Murrayae (jiu li xiang), 183 Folium Eucommiae (du zhong ye), 357 Folium Ginkgo (yin xing ye), 234 Folium Ginseng (ren shen ye), 340 Folium Hibisci Mutabilis (mu fu rong ye), 415, 863, 864 Folium Ilicis Cornutae (gou gu ye), 376 Folium Illics Purpureae (si ji qing), 71, 876, 888, 898, 900 Folium Isatidis (da qing ye), 2, 54, 79, 432, 497, 876, 880, 902 Folium Microci Paniculatae (bu zha ye), 193 Folium Mori (sang ye), 6, 26, 33, 429, 431, 433, 435, 438, 466, 491, 499, 502, 568, 595, 723, 726, 732–735, 875, 876, 881, 883, 884, 892, 901 Folium Nelumbinis (he ye), 395, 494, 522–524, 594, 672, 702, 703, 706, 788, 829, 875, 876, 878, 884, 885, 895 Folium Perillae (zi su ye), 2, 6, 15, 422, 423, 425, 427, 428, 432, 439–441, 443, 445, 558, 664, 667, 671, 675, 677, 697, 713, 732–735, 743, 744, 747, 762, 765, 770, 772, 783, 800, 802, 875, 881, 889, 896 Folium Photiniae (shi nan ye), 126, 890, 891 Folium Phyllostachydis Henonis (zhu ye), 39, 430, 433, 438, 440, 482–484, 486, 488, 491, 493–495, 497–499, 501, 505, 508, 520, 524–526, 748, 751, 760, 761, 790, 875 Folium Polygoni Tinctorii (liao da qing ye), 73 Folium Pyrrosiae (shi wei), 3, 148, 673, 705, 749, 750, 753, 756, 766, 819, 821, 876, 888 Folium Raphani (lai fu ye), 192 Folium Rhododendri Daurici (man shan hong), 288 Folium Sauropi (long li ye), 278 Folium Sennae (fan xie ye), 10, 11, 91, 879, 888 Folium seu Cortex Nerii Indici (jia zhu tao), 143 Folium Viticis Negundo (mu jing ye), 289 Fructus Akebiae (ba yue zha), 178, 880, 881 Fructus Alpiniae Oxyphyllae (yi zhi ren), 349, 359, 599, 624, 626, 627, 770, 772, 878, 879, 889, 891 Fructus Amomi (sha ren), 1, 11, 361, 440, 452, 529, 530, 557, 558, 560, 562, 563, 565, 566, 574–576, 580, 581, 586, 592, 603, 612, 660, 664, 668, 670, 671, 683, 688, 696, 700, 746, 756, 800, 811, 812, 814–816, 829, 854, 856, 877, 878, 896 Fructus Amomi Kravanh (bai dou kou), 2, 11, 132, 135, 432, 477, 503, 557, 563, 612, 652, 671, 719, 742, 746–748, 751, 752, 755, 815, 816, 876–878 Fructus Anethi (shi luo zi), 184 Fructus Anisi Stellati (ba jiao hui xiang), 163 Fructus Arctii (niu bang zi), 3, 25, 32, 429, 430, 432, 433, 435, 436, 438, 440, 483, 490–494, 496, 499, 585, 588, 685, 713, 716, 841, 844, 845, 853, 877, 897, 898, 902 Fructus Aristolochiae (ma dou ling), 284, 496, 585, 588, 797, 877, 899

933

Fructus Aurantii (zhi qiao), 423, 432, 435–437, 439, 441–444, 450, 455, 456, 460, 461, 467, 469, 470, 472, 477, 489, 496, 504, 547, 548, 557, 558, 576, 587, 589, 652, 660–662, 666, 671, 676, 679, 683, 687, 691, 692, 695, 696, 698, 700, 704, 707–709, 733, 734, 758, 779, 783, 785, 798, 811, 813, 819, 820, 830, 876, 878, 880, 882, 884, 894 Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (zhi shi), 2, 6, 7, 10, 172, 448–451, 454–456, 461, 462, 472, 474, 476, 477, 483, 485, 495, 504, 549, 550, 552, 553, 662, 663, 665, 666, 668–670, 672, 673, 714, 749, 756, 782, 784–790, 792–796, 811, 813, 817, 818, 842, 878, 879, 881, 886, 897, 898 Fructus Broussonetiae (chu shi zi), 372, 437, 593, 609 Fructus Bruceae (ya dan zi), 66, 879, 892 Fructus Canarii (qing guo), 63, 736, 902 Fructus Cannabis (huo ma ren), 94, 95, 454–457, 583, 612–614, 723, 725, 728, 879 Fructus Capsici Annui (la jiao), 165 Fructus Caricae (fan mu gua), 193 Fructus Carotae (nan he shi), 202 Fructus Carpesii (he shi), 201, 825–827, 879, 880 Fructus Caryophylli (mu ding xiang), 167, 866 Fructus Chaenomelis (mu gua), 6, 107, 115, 563, 571, 581, 605, 695, 698, 746, 747, 750, 751, 755, 759, 761, 762, 770–772, 806, 815, 870, 872, 889–891 Fructus Chebulae (he zi), 387, 542, 558, 620, 621, 655, 656, 704, 706, 877, 878 Fructus Choerospondiatis (guang zao), 183 Fructus Citri (xiang yuan), 869, 876, 877, 880 Fructus Citri Sarcodactylis (fo shou), 176, 876, 877, 880 Fructus Citrulli (xi gua), 43 Fructus Cnidii (she chuang zi), 404, 410, 604, 698, 759, 829, 860, 861, 871, 889, 896, 900 Fructus Corni (shan zhu yu), 6, 390, 396, 558, 575, 579, 581–584, 586, 587, 590–593, 595, 596, 599–604, 606, 608, 609, 616, 624, 625, 628–630, 708, 724, 737, 853, 854, 856, 877, 881–883, 885, 889–893, 895–897, 901, 902 Fructus Crataegi (shan zha), 188, 194, 195, 473, 504, 544, 548, 557, 563, 661, 663, 665, 686, 693, 746, 810–812, 814, 826, 829, 878–880, 886, 894, 895, 898, 899 Fructus Crotonis (ba dou), 2, 9, 10, 98, 101, 452, 453, 546, 665, 669, 817, 866, 879, 888, 898 Fructus Elaegni Pungentis (hu tui zi), 290 Fructus Evodiae (wu zhu yu), 162, 168, 396, 458, 473, 477, 503, 506, 507, 528–530, 532, 535, 542, 548, 568, 620, 622, 664–666, 671, 675, 680, 684, 686, 689, 693, 743, 755, 769, 770, 772, 822, 877–879, 889, 892–894, 899 Fructus Foeniculi (xiao hui xiang), 458–460, 529, 538, 540, 611, 629, 664, 666, 668, 671, 679, 684, 694, 700, 877, 879, 893, 894, 899 Fructus Forsythiae (lian qiao), 53, 79, 430–440, 444, 467, 483, 486–499, 502, 504, 509, 519, 523, 546, 550, 551, 637, 664, 685, 699, 713, 733, 735, 736, 748, 751, 752, 757, 758, 761,

934

Pharmaceutical-Pinyin Names Reference of Chinese Materia Medica

798, 802, 811, 812, 814, 818–820, 839–842, 844, 845, 875, 884, 888, 898, 902 Fructus Galangae (hong dou kou), 167 Fructus Gardeniae (zhi zi), 3, 5, 6, 40, 44, 157, 211, 224, 430, 432, 434, 436, 437, 466, 467, 472, 473, 475, 476, 483–485, 487, 488, 490–503, 505, 507–509, 520, 545, 546, 550, 551, 575, 591, 597, 629, 634, 637, 638, 648, 650, 652, 661, 662, 664, 666, 699, 702–708, 713, 723, 725, 733–735, 743, 748, 749, 752, 753, 755–761, 765, 767, 794, 795, 819, 841, 844, 845, 870, 871, 875, 877, 878, 880, 882–885, 887, 888, 892, 894–896, 898, 901, 902 Fructus Gardeniae Cruda (sheng zhi zi), 44 Fructus Gardeniae Praeparatus (jiao zhi zi), 44, 211, 432, 434, 748, 752, 755, 757 Fructus Gleditsiae (zao jia), 261, 325, 575, 801, 806, 829, 834, 835, 861, 865, 869, 877, 881–883 Fructus Gleditsiae Abnormalis (zhu ya zao), 325, 801, 834, 835, 869 Fructus Hippophae (sha ji), 337, 886 Fructus Hordei Germinatus (mai ya), 196, 504, 661, 726, 766, 800, 805, 807, 808, 810, 811, 814, 815, 826, 828, 898 Fructus Jujubae (da zao), 6, 335, 423, 424, 426–429, 432, 435, 436, 438, 440–443, 458–462, 468, 470, 477–479, 489, 507, 508, 510, 528–530, 532, 539–542, 550, 552, 553, 557, 559–561, 564, 565, 569, 570, 574–580, 593, 603, 606, 608, 612, 613, 620, 622, 639–642, 671, 675–679, 684, 686, 691, 728, 733, 734, 738, 743–745, 747, 762, 764, 765, 770–772, 778, 784, 785, 787, 796, 800, 803, 807, 815, 854–856, 877, 882, 883, 891 Fructus Kochiae (di fu zi), 147, 410, 572, 713, 750, 759, 888, 900 Fructus Lagenariae (hu lu), 140, 888 Fructus Leonuri (chong wei zi), 242, 757 Fructus Ligustri Lucidi (nü zhen zi), 2, 373, 503, 583, 585, 588, 624, 628, 876, 881, 885, 891, 892, 894, 895, 901, 902 Fructus Liquidambaris (lu lu tong), 112, 851, 890, 898 Fructus Litseae (bi cheng qie), 166, 877, 879, 899 Fructus Lycii (gou qi zi), 1, 2, 6, 372, 455, 472, 567, 571, 572, 581, 583, 584, 586–591, 593–595, 597, 600, 602–604, 606–609, 611–613, 639, 642, 643, 662, 664, 668, 877, 881, 885, 889–893, 895–897, 901 Fructus Malvae Verticillatae (dong kui guo), 144, 766 Fructus Malvae Vertillatae (dong kui zi), 10, 148, 879, 888, 897, 900 Fructus Momordicae (luo han guo), 272 Fructus Mori (sang shen), 374, 879, 891 Fructus Mume (wu mei), 2, 3, 5, 6, 385, 529, 563, 595, 618–620, 737, 740, 783, 785, 787, 789, 795, 825, 826, 828–830, 878, 879, 892 Fructus Nelumbinis (shi lian zi), 303, 507, 508 Fructus Oryzae Germinatus (dao ya), 189 Fructus Oryzae Glutinosae (nuo mi), 341, 575, 576, 585, 588, 610, 631

Fructus Perillae (zi su zi), 3, 7, 264, 282, 422, 423, 426, 674–678, 680, 693, 733, 795, 799, 800, 822, 876, 877, 879 Fructus Perillae Albus (bai su zi), 264 Fructus Persicae Immaturus (bi tao gan), 223 Fructus Phyllanthi (yu gan zi), 84 Fructus Piperis (hu jiao), 869, 877, 879 Fructus Piperis Longi (bi bo), 166, 654–656, 877, 879, 886, 901 Fructus Podophylli (xiao ye lian), 243 Fructus Polygoni Orientalis (shui hong hua zi), 255 Fructus Psoraleae (bu gu zhi), 348, 359, 538, 599, 600, 604, 605, 607, 608, 620, 622–624, 877, 878, 885, 889, 891, 892, 896 Fructus Pyri (li), 279 Fructus Quisqualis (shi jun zi), 198, 816, 825–830, 879, 898 Fructus Rosae Laevigatae (jin ying zi), 391, 584, 599, 600, 607, 624, 625, 627, 639, 878, 889, 896 Fructus Rubi (fu pen zi), 2, 390, 572, 583, 594, 603, 609, 889 Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wu wei zi), 1, 6, 385, 389, 424, 425, 428, 472, 512, 513, 524, 525, 534–537, 539, 558, 560, 564, 565, 571, 578, 579, 582, 585, 586, 589–594, 596, 597, 599–601, 605, 606, 608, 609, 616–620, 622, 624, 625, 627, 638, 639, 641, 696, 723, 725, 729, 737–740, 769, 783, 787, 788, 799–801, 853, 854, 856, 877, 878, 881–883, 885–887, 889, 891, 892, 895, 902 Fructus Schisandrae Sphenantherae (nan wu wei zi), 389 Fructus Setariae Germinatus (gu ya), 190, 746, 810, 898 Fructus Silybi (shui fei ji), 74, 880 Fructus Sophorae (huai jiao), 210, 455, 489, 708, 884, 889, 901 Fructus Terminaliae Billericae (mao he zi), 74 Fructus Terminaliae Chebulae Immaturus (xi qing guo), 75 Fructus Toosendan (chuan lian zi), 175, 467, 477, 491, 502, 503, 538, 550, 553, 584, 588, 660–662, 664–667, 669, 671, 683, 694, 724, 726, 736, 749, 847, 879, 880, 882, 885, 894, 900 Fructus Tribuli (ji li), 309, 509, 572, 584, 594, 637 Fructus Trichosanthis (gua lou), 2, 9, 105, 113, 160, 268, 280, 431, 466, 475, 496, 661, 663, 667, 670, 673, 676, 733, 783, 790–792, 796, 797, 802, 806, 819, 840, 846, 876, 877, 881, 886, 898, 899 Fructus Tritici Aestivi (xiao mai), 384, 616, 617, 640, 642, 723, 882 Fructus Tritici Levis (fu xiao mai), 383, 513, 529, 559, 583, 616, 638, 723, 724, 883 Fructus Tsaoko (cao guo), 133, 439, 466–471, 692, 700, 746, 748, 770, 771, 774, 892 Fructus Ulmi Macrocarpae Praeparata (wu yi), 202, 440, 816, 826, 828, 830, 879, 898 Fructus Viticis (man jing zi), 27, 428, 436, 437, 509, 558, 563, 713, 775, 776, 779, 803, 875, 892, 893, 901

Fructus Xanthii (cang er zi), 19, 188, 195, 718, 875, 892, 900, 901 Frusta Ferri (sheng tie lou), 310, 637, 883 Funiculus Umbilicalis (qi dai), 356

G

Galla Chinensis (wu bei zi), 6, 386, 389, 628–630, 655, 656, 853, 860, 866, 867, 878, 883 Gallus Nigroris (wu gu ji), 378 Ganoderma (ling zhi), 299, 887 Gaster Suillus (zhu du), 341 Gecko (ge jie), 350, 360, 559, 561, 618, 877, 890, 891 Gekko Swinhonis (bi hu), 318, 882, 889 Glauberitum (han shui shi), 437, 520, 521, 649, 651, 653, 875 Gryllotalpa (lou gu), 2, 888 Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao), 5, 11, 296, 422, 424, 426, 428, 429, 431–435, 438, 482–485, 491, 495, 497, 498, 500, 501, 503, 505, 506, 510, 520–522, 524, 526, 544–547, 550, 551, 593, 648, 649, 651, 653, 713, 714, 716–718, 721–723, 732, 734, 737, 754, 792, 793, 862, 875, 877, 884, 892, 901, 920 Gypsum Fibrosum Praeparatum (duan shi gao), 412, 416, 733, 863, 868, 898, 900

H

Haematitum (dai zhe shi), 7, 11, 308, 312, 599, 631, 674, 676, 677, 722, 724, 726, 727, 811, 878, 881, 882, 885 Halitum (da qing yan), 84, 819, 820 Halloysitum Rubrum (chi shi zhi), 6, 9, 161, 388, 418, 564, 609, 620–623, 631, 724, 860, 867, 878, 884, 898 Herba Abri (ji gu cao), 154 Herba Achilleae Alpinae (shi cao), 77 Herba Adonidis cum Radice (fu shou cao), 303 Herba Agrimoniae (xian he cao), 204, 219, 224, 568, 584, 585, 618, 702, 704, 708, 797, 868, 877, 883–885, 892, 895 Herba Ajugae Ciliatae (jin gu cao), 74 Herba Ajugae Decumbentis (bai mao xia ku cao), 76 Herba Andrographis (chuan xin lian), 54, 504, 878, 879, 888, 898, 899 Herba Ardisiae Japonicae (ai di cha), 286 Herba Aristolochiae (tian xian teng), 108, 179, 672, 890 Herba Aristolochiae Mollissimae (xun gu feng), 108, 890 Herba Artemisiae Annuae (qing hao), 11, 86, 188, 195, 466–469, 471, 488, 502, 511–515, 748, 875, 876, 892 Herba Artemisiae Anomalae (liu ji nu), 250, 605, 696, 870, 892, 894, 895, 897, 900 Herba Artemisiae Scopariae (yin chen), 152, 157, 466, 467, 488, 492, 502, 503, 546, 550, 596, 650, 724, 726, 745, 747–749, 751, 752, 754, 755, 758, 759, 761, 765, 767, 784, 819, 876, 880 Herba Capsellae (ji cai), 142, 888 Herba Centellae (ji xue cao), 156, 696

Pharmaceutical-Pinyin Names Reference of Chinese Materia Medica

Herba Centipedae (e bu shi cao), 21, 428, 901 Herba Chelidonii (bai qu cai), 185 Herba Cichorii (ju ju), 155 Herba Cirsii (xiao ji), 207, 211, 487, 501, 559, 702, 703, 705–707, 749, 750, 760, 763, 883–885, 888, 895 Herba Cirsii Japonici (da ji), 207, 211, 703, 705, 706, 763, 883–885, 888, 895 Herba Cirsii Japonici Carbonisatus (da ji tan), 210 Herba Cissampelotis (ya hu nu), 250 Herba Cistanches (rou cong rong), 347, 454–456, 461, 579, 589, 592, 594, 598, 600, 604, 606, 608, 609, 627, 698, 879, 889–892, 896 Herba Clinopodii (duan xue liu), 223 Herba Commelinae (ya zhi cao), 40, 875, 888, 898, 902 Herba Conyzae Blizii (jin long dan cao), 278 Herba Coriandri Sativi (hu sui), 22, 897 Herba Corydalis Bungeanae (ku di ding), 77 Herba Cynomorii (suo yang), 348, 455, 596, 598, 610, 879, 889–892, 896 Herba Dendrobii Officinalis (tie pi shi hu), 376 Herba Desmodii Styracifolii (guang jin qian cao), 155 Herba Dianthi (qu mai), 147, 705, 749, 753, 756, 760, 763, 819, 821, 888 Herba Dichondrae Repentis (xiao jin qian cao), 156 Herba Ecliptae (mo han lian), 373, 501, 503, 512, 584, 585, 588, 628, 708, 749, 876, 881, 884, 885, 888, 891, 892, 894, 895, 902 Herba Ephedrae (ma huang), 2, 9, 14, 24, 384, 422, 424–426, 428, 429, 431–433, 435, 438, 444, 445, 509, 540, 541, 544–551, 675, 676, 678–680, 718, 719, 721, 757, 762, 763, 778, 787, 795, 801, 805, 840, 843, 869, 871, 875, 877, 888, 889, 899 Herba Epimedii (yin yang huo), 345, 598, 599, 604, 607, 609, 624, 698, 889–892, 895–897 Herba Equiseti Hiemalis (mu zei), 30, 436, 437, 496, 502, 509, 572, 594, 699, 899 Herba Erigerontis (deng zhan xi xin), 235 Herba Erodii Stephaniani (lao guan cao), 120, 890 Herba et Gemma Agrimoniae (he cao ya), 200, 204, 880 Herba Eupatorii (pei lan), 130, 135, 289, 520, 748, 875, 876, 878, 896, 901 Herba Eupatorii Lindleyani (ye ma zhui), 289 Herba Euphorbiae Humifusae (di jin cao), 67, 878, 879, 888, 898, 899 Herba Euphoribiae Helioscopiae (ze qi), 141, 888 Herba Euporbiae Hirtae (fei yang cao), 78 Herba Gei Chinensis (lan bu zheng), 339 Herba Genderussae Vulgaris (xiao bo gu), 217 Herba Glechomae (lian qian cao), 155 Herba Hedyotis Diffusae (bai hua she she cao), 69, 888, 898, 899 Herba Houttuyniae (yu xing cao), 60, 559, 585, 676, 792, 842, 877, 883, 899, 901 Herba Hydrocotyles Sibthorpoidis (jiang xi jin qian cao), 156

Herba Hyperici Japonici (di er cao), 153, 880, 899, 900 Herba Hyperici Perforati (guan ye jin si tao), 183 Herba Hyperici Perforati (guan ye lian qiao), 223 Herba Inulae (jin fei cao), 264, 799 Herba Laggerae Pterodontae (chou ling dan cao), 75 Herba Lagotidis Brevitubae (hong lian), 78 Herba Lamiophlomis (du yi wei), 217 Herba Leonuri (yi mu cao), 2, 238, 244, 245, 581, 605, 662, 686, 723, 725, 822, 886, 888, 894, 895, 897, 898 Herba Lobeliae Chinensis (ban bian lian), 68, 880, 888, 898, 899 Herba Lophatheri (dan zhu ye), 39, 432, 434, 435, 705, 707, 795, 875, 888 Herba Lycopi (ze lan), 239, 244, 245, 694, 758, 863, 864, 894, 895, 897 Herba Lycopodii (shen jin cao), 108, 868, 870, 871, 890 Herba Lygodii Japonici (hai jin sha teng), 151 Herba Lysimachiae (jin qian cao), 9, 152, 157, 520, 550, 650, 705, 749, 750, 880, 888 Herba Lysionoti Pauciflori (shi diao lan), 264 Herba Menthae (bo he), 6, 11, 25, 32, 429–434, 436, 438–440, 442, 444, 445, 473, 474, 483, 490–496, 499, 509, 546, 549–551, 606, 608, 635, 637, 679, 719, 728, 735, 736, 738, 748, 752, 779, 794, 795, 805, 806, 841, 844, 845, 864, 870, 875, 884, 892, 897, 901, 902 Herba Moslae (xiang ru), 11, 16, 135, 518, 519, 743, 746, 747, 875, 876, 878 Herba Orostachyis Fimbriati (wa song), 210 Herba Paederiae (ji shi teng), 191, 876, 878, 879, 898, 900 Herba Patriniae (bai jiang cao), 61, 694, 750, 841, 842, 845, 850, 894, 899 Herba Phyllanthi Urinariae (zhen zhu cao), 154, 880 Herba Picriae Fel-terrae (ku xuan shen), 77 Herba Plantaginis (che qian cao), 2, 150 Herba Pogostemonis (guang huo xiang), 130, 135, 861, 875, 876, 878, 896, 901 Herba Polygalae Japonicae (gua zi jin), 278 Herba Polygoni Avicularis (bian xu), 147, 705, 749, 753, 760, 763, 879, 888 Herba Portulacae (ma chi xian), 4, 66, 504, 879 Herba Potentillae Chinensis (wei ling cai), 67 Herba Potentillae Discoloris (fan bai cao), 68 Herba Pyrolae (lu xian cao), 126, 698, 890, 891 Herba Rabdosiae Rubescentis (dong ling cao), 77 Herba Ranunculi Japonici (mao gen), 415 Herba Sarcandrae (zhong jie feng), 84 Herba Saururi (san bai cao), 143 Herba Saussureae Involucratae (tian shan xue lian), 127 Herba Saussureae Lanicepsis (xue lian hua), 125, 890 Herba Schizonepetae (jing jie), 2, 6, 17, 23, 24, 422, 431, 435–438, 440, 441, 444, 445, 489, 491, 494, 509, 542, 546, 549–551, 697, 712, 713, 715, 716, 718–720, 722, 733, 758, 779, 783, 797, 802, 804, 841, 844, 866, 869, 870, 872, 875, 892, 895, 897, 899, 900, 902

935

Herba Schizonepetae Carbonisatum (jing jie tan), 23, 899 Herba Scutellariae Barbatae (ban zhi lian), 75, 899 Herba Sedi (chui pen cao), 153, 880, 898–900 Herba Sedi Aizoon (jing tian san qi), 216, 887 Herba Selaginellae (juan bai), 243 Herba Senecionis Scandentis (qian li guang), 70 Herba Siegesbeckiae (xi xian cao), 118, 750 Herba Siphonostegiae (bei liu ji nu), 250 Herba Solidaginis (yi zhi huang hua), 73 Herba Speranskiae Tuberculatae (tou gu cao), 114, 605, 870–872 Herba Spirodelae (fu ping), 29, 875, 888, 897, 900 Herba Swertiae Mileensis (qing ye dan), 156 Herba Taraxaci (pu gong ying), 56, 490–492, 551, 553, 650, 694, 749, 839, 840, 842, 843, 847, 870, 880, 888, 898, 899, 901 Herba Taxilli (sang ji sheng), 124, 127, 441, 575, 580, 583, 584, 603, 604, 624, 695, 723, 725, 769, 776, 777, 780, 866, 881, 890–892, 896 Herba Thlaspis Arvensis (xi ming), 43 Herba Violae (zi hua di ding), 2, 57, 492, 494, 499, 839–841, 843, 848, 898, 899 Herba Visci (hu ji sheng), 127 Herba Xanthii (cang er cao), 24 Hippocampus (hai ma), 354, 846, 890–892, 896 Hirudo (shui zhi), 10, 253, 683, 686, 690, 692, 693, 701, 822, 880, 893–895 Hydrargyri Oxydum Rubrum (hong fen), 415 Hydrargyrum (shui yin), 9, 10, 409, 696, 860, 865, 868, 898, 900 Hydrargyrum Oxydatum Crudum (sheng yao), 412, 868, 898, 900

I

Indigo Naturalis (qing dai), 7, 55, 79, 428, 487, 500, 521, 522, 704, 706, 709, 862, 864, 865, 876, 881, 883, 897 Inflorescentia Imperatae (bai mao hua), 210

L

Lacca (zi cao rong), 84 Lapis Chloriti (qing meng shi), 275, 790–792, 794, 795, 866, 881–883, 897 Lasiosphaera seu Calvatia (ma bo), 63, 430, 432, 490, 491, 493, 797, 902 Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum (chen xiang), 11, 174, 538, 594, 599, 635, 637, 644, 645, 649, 651, 652, 654–656, 662, 664, 667, 668, 670, 671, 673–675, 680, 698, 719, 743, 766, 770, 791, 792, 794, 799, 817, 847, 871, 877, 881–883 Lignum Dalbergiae Odoriferae (jiang xiang), 215, 878, 884–886 Lignum Pini Nodi (song jie), 109, 890, 900 Lignum Santali Albi (tan xiang), 174, 649, 652, 654–657, 671, 683, 688, 700, 878, 879, 883, 886 Lignum Sappan (su mu), 248, 251, 682, 695, 696, 699, 822, 868, 870, 886, 894, 895, 897, 900, 901

936

Pharmaceutical-Pinyin Names Reference of Chinese Materia Medica

Limonitum (yu yu liang), 388, 620, 622, 623, 631, 878 Lithargyrum (mi tuo seng), 9, 203, 415, 861, 867 Luodian Borneolum (ai pian), 325

M

Magnetitum (ci shi), 3, 7, 11, 295, 298, 312, 590, 612, 634–636, 639, 649, 651, 866, 877, 881, 887, 902 Margarita (zhen zhu), 297, 311, 494, 648–650, 652, 847, 863, 865, 872, 883, 897, 901 Massa Medicata Fermentata (jian shen qu), 192 Massa Medicata Fermentata (shen qu), 195, 477, 504, 525, 548, 574, 575, 577, 585, 603, 635, 636, 661, 663, 665, 666, 743, 745, 746, 749, 766, 788, 800, 806, 810–814, 826, 828, 829, 878, 898 Medulla Junci (deng xin cao), 6, 149, 436, 494, 501, 521–523, 594, 749, 753, 765, 790, 816, 888 Medulla Spinalis Bovis seu Bubali (niu sui), 357 Medulla Stachyuri; Medulla Helwingiae (xiao tong cao), 151 Medulla Tetrapanacis (tong cao), 146, 467, 520, 540–542, 565, 672, 745, 746, 748, 751, 755, 758, 761, 784, 819, 875, 876, 888, 896, 897 Mel (feng mi), 6, 11, 338, 456, 491, 493, 540, 541, 565, 581, 584, 585, 587, 593, 598, 635, 636, 648, 650, 686, 687, 690, 709, 737, 739, 740, 770, 870, 877, 879 Melanteritum (zao fan) or (lü fan), 403, 827, 829, 891, 900 Membrana Follicularis Ovi (feng huang yi), 378 Micaelapis Aureus (jin meng shi), 276 Minium (qian dan), 413, 470, 471, 826, 827, 862, 871, 898 Mirabilitum Praeparatum (xi gua shuang), 43, 902 Moschus (she xiang), 10, 507, 535–537, 648–652, 654–657, 683, 685, 689, 691, 694–696, 698–700, 719, 728, 806, 822, 834, 840, 841, 844, 848, 864–866, 869–871, 873, 880, 882, 883, 886, 893, 898–901 Mylabris (ban mao), 2, 10, 254, 898 Myrrha (mo yao), 232, 628, 631, 670, 683–685, 687, 689, 691, 692, 694–700, 714, 716, 719, 822, 839–841, 843, 844, 846–848, 851, 854, 860–862, 864, 866–873, 880, 890, 892–895, 898–901

N

Natrii Sulfas (mang xiao), 6, 9–11, 91, 93, 252, 402, 448–455, 461–463, 483, 488, 490, 491, 546, 549–551, 649, 651, 682, 683, 687, 738, 791, 796, 803, 806, 842, 845, 850, 879, 892, 898, 899, 901 Natrii Sulfas Exsiccatus (xuan ming fen), 92, 252, 402, 437, 495, 757, 790, 792, 864, 902 Nidus Collocaliae Esculentae (yan wo), 378 Nidus Vespae (feng fang), 407, 818, 819, 821, 900, 901 Nodus Nelumbinis Rhizomatis (ou jie), 220, 431, 440, 488, 491, 705, 737, 750, 760, 883–885, 888, 895 Nux Prinsepiae (rui ren), 31

O

Oleum Seminis Verniciae Fordii (tong you), 399, 867 Olibanum (ru xiang), 231, 628, 631, 655–657, 670, 683–685, 687, 689, 694–700, 714, 716, 719, 822, 839–841, 843, 844, 846–848, 851, 854, 860–862, 865–873, 880, 890, 892, 894, 895, 898–901 Omphalia (lei wan), 200, 825, 830, 879, 880 Oötheca Mantidis (sang piao xiao), 391, 396, 509, 623–627 Ophicalcitum (hua rui shi), 214, 218, 877, 884, 885 Os Draconis (long gu), 295, 312, 427, 470, 471, 534, 535, 581, 584, 607, 616, 624–632, 634–637, 642, 708, 722–724, 726–729, 773, 863, 872, 881–883, 886–889, 896 Oviductus Ranae (ha ma you), 355 Ovum Galli (ji zi), 378

P

Palvis Fumi Carbonisatus (bai cao shuang), 222 Pedicellus Melo (gua di), 10, 398, 400, 834–836 Pegaeophyti Radix et Rhizoma (gao shan la gen cai), 75 Pericarpium Amomi (sha ren qiao), 134, 672 Pericarpium Amomi Kravanh (bai dou kou qiao), 134 Pericarpium Arecae (da fu pi), 180, 203, 551, 552, 663, 665, 693, 743–747, 755, 762–766, 827, 875, 878, 888 Pericarpium Canavaliae (dao dou ke), 184 Pericarpium Citri Grandis (you pi), 185 Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (chen pi), 1, 9, 170, 185, 423, 425–428, 440, 441, 443, 445, 454, 455, 456–459, 468–470, 472–475, 489, 492, 525, 532, 535, 536, 547–549, 557, 561–566, 580–583, 585, 586, 593, 595, 596, 629, 630, 652, 660–663, 665–667, 670, 671, 673, 675, 676, 679, 687, 693, 696, 698, 721, 742–747, 756, 758, 759, 763–766, 769, 770, 772, 779, 782, 784–788, 791–795, 799, 802–804, 806, 811–816, 818, 820, 839, 843, 846, 854, 856, 861, 869, 877, 878, 881, 883, 893, 896 Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride (qing pi), 2, 171, 185, 423, 458, 459, 468–470, 475, 525, 529, 604, 629, 660, 661, 664, 665, 669, 672, 679, 683, 693, 694, 719, 786, 791, 811, 813, 816–820, 829, 840, 842, 878, 880, 882, 892, 897, 898, 899 Pericarpium Granati (shi liu pi), 6, 387, 878, 879, 900 Pericarpium Papaveris (ying su qiao), 386, 618–621, 623, 708, 878 Pericarpium Trichosanthis (gua lou pi), 277, 280, 440, 467, 502, 737, 839, 842 Pericarpium Zanthoxyli (hua jiao), 165, 296, 428, 437, 458, 528, 529, 531, 580, 593, 720, 746, 801, 822, 825, 826, 828–830, 860, 861, 872, 879, 896, 900, 901 Periostracum Cicadae (chan tui), 26, 32, 432, 435, 437, 439, 491, 494, 499, 594, 713, 716, 719, 721, 723, 728, 875, 882, 897, 900–902

Periostracum Serpentis (she tui), 113, 317, 437, 900, 901 Petiolus Nelmbinis (he geng), 395, 470, 512, 524–526 Petiolus Trachycarpi (zong lü), 222, 706, 885 Petiolus Trachycarpi Carbonisatus (zong lü tan), 4, 219, 224, 488, 569, 629, 630, 704, 884, 885, 895 Pheretima (di long), 2, 315, 486, 539, 684, 688, 692, 700, 712, 714–716, 719, 776, 841, 844, 869, 877, 881, 882, 890, 897, 899 Placenta Hominis (zi he che), 3, 345, 359, 595, 612, 613, 877, 885, 889–892, 895, 896 Plumula Nelumbinis (lian zi xin), 303, 488, 500, 634, 643, 773, 876 Pollen Pini (song hua fen), 222 Pollen Typhae (pu huang), 11, 214, 664, 670, 682, 684, 686, 687, 691, 702, 705, 707, 750, 753, 760, 822, 883–886, 888, 893–895, 897 Polygoni Perfoliati Herba (gang ban gui), 78 Polyporus (zhu ling), 6, 139, 144, 520, 521, 746, 751, 754–756, 758, 761–768, 770, 773, 816, 880, 888 Poria (fu ling), 1, 3, 6, 9, 138, 144, 424, 439, 441–444, 470–475, 488, 495, 508, 518, 520, 521, 530, 532, 535–537, 539, 547–549, 557, 559–567, 572, 575, 577, 578, 580, 581, 591, 594, 595, 599, 601, 602, 604, 609, 612–614, 637, 638, 640, 642–644, 661, 663, 664, 667, 668, 671–673, 675, 676, 687, 690, 696, 708, 719–721, 728, 733, 734, 736, 737, 743, 744, 746–749, 756–759, 761–769, 771–774, 776, 777, 779, 782–788, 792–794, 797, 799–801, 803–805, 810–818, 827, 829, 846, 848, 851, 852, 854–856, 876–878, 880, 881, 883, 885–888, 890, 891, 893, 896, 897, 901 Propolis (feng jiao), 416 Pseudobulbus Cremastrae seu Pleiones (shan ci gu), 69, 475, 655, 656, 818, 880, 897–899 Pulvis Fellis Suis (zhu dan fen), 276 Pulvis Talci (hua shi fen), 150, 788 Pumex (hai fu shi), 274, 783, 792, 876, 883, 899 Pupa Bombycis Batryticatus (jiang yong), 319 Pyritum (zi ran tong), 4, 247, 251, 685, 695, 697–699, 870, 871, 892, 900, 901

Q

Quartz Album (bai shi ying), 297

R

Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (bai zhi), 18, 423, 425, 428, 432, 434, 436, 437, 441, 547–549, 672, 679, 694, 699, 712–715, 717, 718, 720, 733, 743, 744, 747, 759, 779, 795, 839, 840, 843, 846, 850–853, 860–863, 867, 869, 871, 872, 875, 879, 882, 892, 893, 898–901 Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii (qiang huo), 18, 115, 422, 423, 425, 427, 428, 432, 434, 436, 437, 439, 441–445, 457, 467, 495, 496, 507–509, 540, 551, 552, 562, 567, 579, 594, 604, 610, 692, 700, 712–715, 717–721, 751, 754, 760, 766, 775, 776, 778, 779, 805, 806, 845, 860, 868, 871, 872, 875, 882, 890–893

Pharmaceutical-Pinyin Names Reference of Chinese Materia Medica

Rhizoma Ligustici (gao ben), 19, 428, 441, 495, 718–720, 775, 776, 779, 875, 890, 892, 893 Rhizoma Bolbostematis (tu bei mu), 73, 475 Radix Semiaquilegiae (tian kui zi), 73, 840, 843 Rhizoma et Radix Baphicacanthis Cusiae (nan ban lan gen), 73 Rhizoma Osmundae Japonicae (zi qi guan zhong), 74 Radix Ardisiae Crenatae (zhu sha gen), 78 Ramulus et Folium Picrasmae (ku mu), 79 Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang), 2, 81, 85, 365, 423, 425, 427, 430, 435–438, 448, 455, 461–463, 476, 483, 486–490, 492, 494–506, 508, 510–515, 523, 558, 568, 569, 571, 572, 582, 584–586, 588, 589, 591–595, 612–614, 616, 631, 634, 636–639, 641, 643, 644, 672, 682, 683, 687, 692–695, 697, 699, 702, 704–709, 713, 714, 716–719, 721–724, 726–728, 733, 736–739, 749, 750, 756, 757, 760, 773, 777, 779, 819, 820, 839, 860, 862, 871, 872, 876, 877, 881, 883–888, 891–896, 901, 902 Radix Scrophulariae (xuan shen), 9, 77, 81, 85, 430–432, 435, 437, 448, 455, 461–463, 483, 486–488, 491, 492, 494–500, 503, 513, 551, 558, 583, 585, 592–594, 596, 637, 639, 641–643, 649, 651, 653, 664, 692, 702, 704, 719, 723, 724, 726, 736–739, 757, 791, 793, 818–820, 839, 841, 842, 844–846, 860, 862, 876, 879, 881, 884–887, 891, 892, 894, 897, 899, 901, 902 Radix Paeoniae Rubra (chi shao), 82, 365, 432, 435, 436, 448, 450, 460, 466, 486, 489, 494, 496–499, 504, 508, 509, 523, 546, 568, 593, 661, 663, 670, 682–684, 687, 688, 691–696, 698–700, 708, 709, 713, 719, 750, 753, 755–758, 760, 805, 818, 839, 841, 843, 847, 860, 862, 867, 869–871, 876, 882, 884, 885, 887, 890, 893–895, 897–900 Radix Angelicae Pubescentis (du huo), 104, 115, 427, 436, 437, 439, 441, 442, 444, 445, 540, 562, 604, 712, 714, 717, 719, 720, 762, 775–779, 818, 820, 860, 863, 871, 872, 890–893 Radix et Rhizoma Clematidis (wei ling xian), 105, 439, 441, 610, 695, 719, 720, 751, 870–872, 890, 891, 900 Radix Phytolaccae (shang lu), 10, 97, 551, 552, 888 Radix Knoxiae (hong da ji), 100, 334, 655, 656 Radix Rehmanniae (sheng di huang), 2, 81, 85, 365, 423, 425, 427, 430, 435–438, 448, 455, 461–463, 476, 483, 486–490, 492, 494–506, 508, 510–515, 558, 568, 571, 572, 582, 584–586, 588, 589, 591–595, 612–614, 616, 631, 634, 636–639, 641, 643, 644, 672, 682, 683, 687, 692–695, 697, 699, 702, 704–709, 713, 714, 716–719, 721–724, 726–728, 733, 736–739, 749, 750, 756, 757, 760, 773, 777, 779, 819, 820, 839, 860, 862, 871, 872, 876, 877, 881–888, 891–896, 901, 902 Radix Rehmanniae Recens (xian di huang), 85, 365 Radix et Rhizoma Cynanchi Atrati (bai wei), 86, 440, 442, 512, 568, 876, 883, 888

Radix Stellariae (yin chai hu), 87, 88, 502, 511, 512, 514, 568, 584, 876, 898 Rhizoma Picrorhizae (hu huang lian), 88, 512, 514, 515, 816, 830, 876, 879, 898, 899 Radix Tripterygium Hypoglaucum (kun ming shan hai tang), 111, 890 Radix Aconiti Brachypodi (xue shang yi zhi hao), 111, 890 Radix Tinosporae (jin guo lan), 64, 902 Radix Pulsatillae (bai tou weng), 65, 504, 506, 508, 811, 879 Radix Ampelopsis (bai lian), 9, 71, 105, 113, 160, 575, 577, 708, 819, 820, 869, 872, 896, 898–900 Rhizoma Cimicifugae (sheng ma), 28, 33, 428, 432, 434–436, 455, 456, 473, 488, 489, 491, 492, 495, 497, 503, 504, 506, 508, 510, 525, 535, 558, 560, 562, 563, 567, 593, 620, 629, 649, 651, 653, 751, 754, 760, 766, 788, 845, 853, 875, 876, 891, 892, 895, 897, 901, 902 Radix Aconiti Kusnezoffii Praeparata (zhi cao wu), 113, 540, 714, 716, 720, 776, 841, 844 Rhizoma Anemones Raddeanae (liang tou jian), 113, 860 Radix Psammosilenes Tunicoidis (jin tie suo), 114 Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae (qin jiao), 116, 428, 439, 511, 512, 514, 515, 540, 551, 552, 614, 692, 700, 714, 717, 720, 757, 759, 762, 775–778, 806, 839, 846, 870, 871, 876, 880, 882, 890, 891, 898 Ramulus Mori (sang zhi), 117, 439, 684, 751, 872, 890 Radix Tripterygii Wilfordii (lei gong teng), 9, 120, 890 Rhizoma Dioscoreae Nipponicae (chuan shan long), 821, 889, 890 Radix Sanguisorbae (di yu), 208, 211, 455, 487, 488, 504, 702, 708, 846, 879, 884, 885, 895, 898–900 Radix Euphorbiae Fischerianae (lang du), 9, 203 Rhizoma Imperatae (bai mao gen), 209, 212, 430–432, 440, 487, 491, 492, 501, 512, 523, 551, 559, 584, 585, 618, 682, 702–706, 708, 733, 737, 749, 763, 883–885, 888, 891 Radix Boehmeriae (zhu ma gen), 209, 888, 895, 896 Radix Rumicis Japonici (yang ti), 209, 884, 885, 895, 900 Retinervus Luffae Fructus (si gua luo), 121, 467 Rhizoma Smilacis Chinae (ba qia), 122 Rhizoma Atractylodis (cang zhu), 6, 131, 135, 342, 422, 423, 425, 427, 428, 467, 468, 477, 484, 485, 495, 525, 547–549, 629, 630, 650, 661, 666, 670, 713, 714, 716, 720, 722, 733, 742–746, 750, 751, 753–756, 760, 765, 766, 775, 776, 778, 779, 786, 788, 805, 827, 829, 846, 876, 878, 880, 888–891, 893, 896, 900, 901 Rhizoma Corydalis (yan hu suo), 2, 229, 467, 503, 548, 550, 553, 662, 664, 666–670, 682, 683, 686, 691, 692, 694, 700, 703, 819, 822, 847, 880, 882, 886, 887, 892–895, 897, 899, 900 Radix Curcumae (yu jin), 9, 230, 236, 430, 472, 473, 497, 502, 544, 550, 639, 648, 650, 652,

937

655, 662, 664, 672, 683, 684, 749, 784, 806, 834, 880–887, 894, 895, 897, 900 Rhizoma Curcumae Longae (jiang huang), 10, 230, 236, 245, 540, 670, 751, 756, 778, 783, 839, 861, 862, 864, 880, 886, 890, 892, 894, 895, 897, 900 Rhizoma Wenyujin Concisum (pian jiang huang), 231, 822 Rhizoma Bletillae (bai ji), 9, 105, 113, 160, 218, 224, 440, 575, 618, 703, 705, 708, 709, 733, 737, 864, 869, 872, 877, 884, 885 Radix seu Folium Callicarpae Macrophyllae (da ye zi zhu), 216 Rhizoma Panacis Majoris (zhu zi shen), 216, 377 Radix et Rhizoma Notoginseng (san qi), 1, 213, 224, 487, 581, 595, 605, 683, 685, 696, 702, 703, 705, 708, 709, 871, 872, 877 Radix Rumicis Obtusifolii (tu da huang), 210 Radix et Rhizoma Rubiae (qian cao), 213, 218, 431, 628–632, 687, 702, 703, 706, 708, 797, 880, 883–885, 888, 894, 895 Rhizoma Panacis Japonici (zhu jie shen), 215 Radix Gynura (ju ye san qi), 216 Receptaculum Nelumbinis (lian fang), 216, 395, 866 Rhizoma Zingiberis Carbonisatum (jiang tan), 226 Rhizoma Corydalis Decumbentis (xia tian wu), 233 Resina Liquidambaris (feng xiang zhi), 233, 841, 844, 890 Ramulus Persicae (tao zhi), 235, 860 Radix Zanthoxyli (liang mian zhen), 234 Radix Cyathulae (chuan niu xi), 240, 245, 583, 587, 602, 610, 698, 720, 723, 725, 755, 871, 889, 891, 892 Radix Achyranthis Sylvestris (tu niu xi), 243, 245 Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae (han fang ji), 117, 122, 427, 437, 439, 540, 714, 718, 745, 751, 756, 757, 759, 760, 762, 764, 765, 768, 775, 776, 839, 872, 888–891, 900 Radix Cocculi Trilobi (mu fang ji), 122, 754 Rhizoma Cibotii (gou ji), 124, 720, 890–892, 896 Rhizoma Homalomenae (qian nian jian), 125, 720, 870, 890, 891 Radix Sophorae Flavescentis (ku shen), 48, 51, 439, 713, 716, 720, 722, 750, 751, 754, 757, 759, 829, 830, 860, 862, 879, 880, 888, 896, 900 Radix Isatidis (ban lan gen), 55, 79, 431, 491, 492, 496, 499, 748, 876, 880, 902 Radix et Rhizoma Thalictri Baicalensis (ma wei lian), 50, 879 Rhizoma Cyrtomii (guan zhong), 56, 719, 880 Rhizoma Paridis (chong lou), 58, 494, 792, 881, 897–899 Rhizoma Alismatis (ze xie), 6, 139, 144, 244, 455, 456, 467, 472, 473, 475, 500, 502, 505, 508, 509, 512, 520, 521, 551, 552, 562, 563, 567, 581, 583, 587, 590, 591, 599, 601, 602, 609, 637, 661, 663, 693, 720, 743, 746, 748, 749, 751, 754, 756–758, 761–768, 770, 773, 779, 805, 807, 811, 813, 816, 817, 827, 839, 846, 876, 880, 886–888, 896, 901

938

Pharmaceutical-Pinyin Names Reference of Chinese Materia Medica

Radix Glehniae (bei sha shen), 9, 367, 379, 512, 559, 582, 584, 588, 595, 596, 736, 891 Radix Polygoni Multiflori Praeparata cum Succo Glycines Sotae (zhi he shou wu), 3, 363, 896 Radix et Rhizoma Ephedrae (ma huang gen), 383, 384, 513, 558, 559, 616, 617, 883 Radix Oryzae Glutinosae (nuo dao gen xu), 383, 616, 883 Receptaculum Nelumbinis (lian fang), 216, 395, 866 Radix Dichroae (chang shan), 398, 400, 466–469, 471, 546, 892 Realgar (xiong huang), 10, 402, 409, 416, 494, 495, 648–652, 655–657, 695, 696, 728, 846–848, 861, 864–869, 880, 898–900 Radix Liriopes (shan mai dong), 376 Radix Adenophorae (nan sha shen), 368, 379, 483, 503, 512, 565, 585, 588, 595, 618, 662, 672, 704, 732–736, 738, 792, 797, 876, 877, 883, 891 Radix Ophiopogonis (mai dong), 369, 379, 430, 435, 436, 440, 442, 448, 455, 461–463, 482–484, 486–488, 500, 502, 503, 506, 507, 510, 512, 513, 523–525, 537, 539, 558–560, 564, 565, 568, 571, 572, 575, 577, 578, 581–586, 588–590, 592–597, 606, 608, 611–614, 618, 637–639, 641–644, 662, 676, 678, 684, 689, 704, 722–725, 728, 732–740, 767, 794, 797, 798, 803, 804, 819, 846, 854, 855, 876, 877, 879, 881–884, 886, 887, 891, 892, 894, 895, 901, 902 Radix Asparagi (tian dong), 4, 369, 379, 564, 571, 582, 586, 589, 592–596, 614, 637, 639, 641, 643, 723, 724, 726, 876, 877, 879, 883, 886, 891, 892 Rhizoma Polygonati (huang jing), 4, 841, 885, 890–892 Radix Changii (ming dang shen), 371 Rhizoma Bistortae (quan shen), 58, 878, 879, 897–899 Radix Rhapontici (lou lu), 59, 672, 679, 757, 897, 898 Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae (tu fu ling), 59, 666, 720, 750, 888, 889, 896, 900 Rhizoma Fagopyri Dibotryis (jin qiao mai), 60, 676, 877, 898, 899, 902 Radix Patriniae Scabrae (mu tou hui), 74 Rhizoma Menispermi (bei dou gen), 75 Radix Echinopsis (yu zhou lou lu), 75 Rhizoma Dioscoreae Hypoglaucae (bi xie), 149, 705, 749, 750, 756, 758, 759, 770, 772, 773, 871, 888–890, 896, 900 Radix et Rhizoma Sophorae Tonkinensis (shan dou gen), 5, 62, 491, 748, 797, 901, 902 Rhizoma Kaempferiae (shan nai), 182 Radix Inulae (tu mu xiang), 183 Radix Cynanchi Wilfordii (ge shan xiao), 191, 898 Resina Ferulae (a wei), 191, 822, 862, 869 Radix Vladimiriae (chuan mu xiang), 183 Rhizoma Dioscoreae Panthaicae (huang shan yao), 184 Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati (hu zhang), 153, 158, 749, 750, 880, 898, 900

Rhizoma Alpiniae Officinarum (gao liang jiang), 164, 529, 540, 663–665, 669, 671, 678, 815, 822, 869, 871, 877, 879, 886, 899 Rhizoma Acori Calami (zang chang pu), 167 Rhizoma et Radix Valerianae Jatamansi (zhi zhu xiang), 174, 300 Radix Angelicae Decursivae (zi hua qian hu), 277 Radix et Rhizoma Asteris (zi wan), 2, 283, 291, 330, 331, 334–336, 340, 342, 362, 367, 368, 383, 384, 428, 429, 565, 614, 737, 799, 801, 802, 804, 876, 877, 901 Rhizoma Drynariae (gu sui bu), 248, 251, 581, 605, 695–699, 719, 870, 873, 889, 892, 900–902 Ramulus Euonymi (gui jian yu), 255 Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (shi chang pu), 324, 499, 523, 564, 578, 590, 606, 608, 609, 625, 637, 642–644, 648, 653, 655, 663, 684, 748, 749, 752, 759, 761, 770, 772, 773, 784, 787, 789, 791, 803–806, 834, 871, 881–883, 885, 887, 889, 902 Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (shu di huang), 6, 361, 365–366, 455, 473–476, 488, 503, 506, 510, 513, 514, 558, 565, 568–572, 574, 576, 578–584, 586, 589–613, 624, 635, 637, 642, 684, 693, 695, 698, 704, 714, 717, 719–721, 724, 736, 737, 739, 758, 786, 787, 789, 822, 840, 841, 843, 851, 854, 876, 881, 883, 885, 887, 889–897, 901, 902 Radix Paeoniae Alba (bai shao), 9, 362, 365, 452, 454, 462, 473–475, 488, 489, 496, 504, 507, 512, 535, 539, 544, 546, 549, 558, 562, 564, 567–572, 574–581, 591–598, 604, 605, 610, 613, 614, 616, 620, 628–631, 635, 638–640, 662, 673, 680, 693–695, 697, 699, 708, 714, 717, 718, 721–727, 736–739, 748, 756–758, 762, 766, 773, 777, 778, 795, 815, 822, 830, 841, 851–857, 880–883, 886, 887, 889, 891, 893–895, 897, 901, 902 Radix Morindae Officinalis (ba ji tian), 345, 596, 598–600, 603–609, 629, 766, 889, 890, 892–897 Rhizoma Curculiginis (xian mao), 346, 598, 604, 607, 609, 889–893, 895, 897 Radix Dipsaci (xu duan), 347, 572, 575, 576, 580, 581, 592, 603–605, 624, 629, 631, 693, 695, 697, 777, 780, 869, 870, 890–892, 894, 896, 900, 901 Radix Polygalae (yuan zhi), 302, 508, 563, 569, 570, 578, 580, 582, 592, 595, 606, 608, 609, 612, 613, 624–627, 637, 639, 641–644, 684, 709, 784, 787, 789, 791, 803–805, 854, 855, 881–883, 885–887, 897, 899 Radix Hedysari (hong qi), 338, 341 Radix et Rhizoma seu Caulis Acanthopanacis Senticosi (ci wu jia), 335 Rhizoma Panacis Majoris (zhu zi shen), 216, 377 Rhizoma seu Herba Gynostemmatis Pentaphylli (jiao gu lan), 336 Radix et Rhizoma Rhodiolae Crenulatae (hong jing tian), 336 Radix Pseudostellariae (tai zi shen), 332, 342, 558, 575, 890–892

Rhizoma Anemones Altaicae (jiu jie chang pu), 326 Rhizoma Trillii Tschonoskii (tou ding yi ke zhu), 310 Radix Rauvolfiae Verticillatae (luo fu mu), 311 Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis (gou teng), 11, 314, 319, 483, 486, 497, 635, 637, 652, 693, 720, 722–729, 784, 791, 802, 803, 881, 893, 897, 901 Rhizoma Gastrodiae (tian ma), 2, 315, 319, 584, 586, 607, 635, 652, 693, 712, 715, 717, 719, 722, 723, 725, 727, 783, 795, 802–805, 860, 881, 882, 893, 897 Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng Rubra (hong shen), 330, 558 Radix Panacis Quinquefolii (xi yang shen), 11, 331, 342, 418, 497, 524, 525, 558, 618, 737, 877, 882, 890–892 Rhizoma Dioscoreae (shan yao), 1, 121, 149, 184, 273, 333, 379, 473, 485, 500, 532, 557, 560, 563, 565, 566, 571, 575, 577, 578, 581, 583, 586, 587, 589–593, 595, 599–602, 604, 609, 611–613, 624, 626, 628–632, 705, 727, 736, 737, 739, 749, 750, 756, 758, 759, 770, 772, 773, 812, 827, 829, 871, 877, 878, 880, 885, 888–890, 892, 893, 895–897, 899–902 Radix Hedysari Praeparata cum Melle (zhi hong qi), 341 Radix seu Herba Pimpinelae (yang hong shan), 356, 806 Rhizoma et Radix Valerianae Pseudoofficinalis (xie cao), 300 Rhizoma et Radix Cynanchi Stauntonii (bai qian), 7, 262, 265, 280, 802, 804, 876, 877 Radix Ranunculi Ternati (mao zhua cao), 262, 897 Rhizoma Pinelliae Fermentata (ban xia qu), 263, 639, 641, 665, 668, 743, 744, 801, 915 Radix Platycodonis (jie geng), 7, 271, 430–445, 462, 470, 491, 492, 494, 495, 497, 498, 523, 542, 546, 548–551, 557, 560, 563, 565, 567, 575, 577, 578, 580, 585, 614, 618, 639, 641, 664, 672, 679, 683, 687, 692, 700, 733–735, 737, 739, 743, 744, 747, 757, 770, 772, 779, 793–798, 802, 804, 819, 820, 822, 839, 842, 845, 851, 876, 891, 899, 902 Rhizoma Dioscoreae Bulbiferae (huang yao zi), 273, 880, 899 Rhizoma Typhonii Flagelliformis (shui ban xia), 263 Radix Aconiti Coreani (guan bai fu), 263 Radix Elaegni Pungentis (hu tui zi gen), 289 Radix Physochlainae (hua shan shen), 287 Radix Aristolochiae (qing mu xiang), 175, 186, 649, 651, 655–657, 679, 746, 877, 880, 886 Radix Raphani (lai fu), 192 Radix Brassicae Rapae (wu jing), 192 Rhizoma Iridis Tectori (chuan she gan), 193 Radix Dauci Sativae (hu luo bo), 193 Radix et Rhizoma Nardostachyos (gan song), 180, 873, 878, 880 Radix Aucklandiae (mu xiang), 4, 11, 173, 186, 423, 441, 443, 452, 457–460, 473, 500, 504, 506–508, 511, 529, 538, 544, 553, 558, 562, 563, 566, 569, 570, 574, 580, 581,

Pharmaceutical-Pinyin Names Reference of Chinese Materia Medica

620, 621, 652, 654, 660–671, 675, 679, 683, 686, 693, 694, 696, 698, 699, 719, 720, 743, 748, 770, 771, 774, 786, 788, 805, 811–817, 822, 826–829, 842, 847, 854, 856, 869, 871, 877–879, 883, 899 Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (niu xi), 1, 10, 239, 245, 455, 456, 460, 489, 503, 506, 539, 571, 572, 583, 584, 586, 589, 595, 596, 600, 604, 605, 607–610, 635, 682–685, 687, 692, 697, 700, 702, 703, 705, 720, 724, 726, 727, 755, 756, 758–760, 769, 776, 777, 839, 848, 868, 870, 872, 881, 882, 884, 888–897, 900–902 Radix Stemonae (bai bu), 2, 4, 282, 595, 733, 737, 802, 804, 876, 877, 879, 880, 896, 900 Radix Astragali (huang qi), 1, 9, 332, 342, 423, 438, 439, 441, 443, 445, 457, 472, 500, 507, 513, 514, 525, 528, 532, 533, 535, 537, 539, 541, 542, 556–570, 572–576, 578–580, 582, 593, 605, 611–618, 620, 628–631, 635, 639, 641, 683–685, 688, 693, 695, 703, 705, 709, 718, 722, 736, 737, 739, 757, 762–765, 768–770, 777, 778, 780, 805, 807, 827, 840, 841, 846, 850–857, 877, 882, 883, 885–888, 890–899, 902 Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (bai zhu), 3, 10, 333, 342, 422, 423, 426, 427, 436, 441, 455, 472–475, 477, 478, 518, 520, 521, 525, 528–532, 535–538, 546, 551, 556–567, 569–571, 573–581, 583, 593, 600, 603, 604, 610, 612, 613, 616, 617, 620, 621, 628–631, 655, 665, 668, 672, 684, 705, 707, 709, 714, 717, 719, 720, 743, 744, 746, 751, 754, 756, 762–774, 779, 782, 788, 794, 803, 804, 810, 812–818, 826–829, 840, 846, 851–853, 856, 876–878, 881, 883–888, 890–891, 893, 895–897 Radix Scutellariae (huang qin), 5–7, 9, 422, 423, 425, 427, 431, 432, 434–437, 439, 460, 466–471, 476–479, 483, 487–500, 502, 504–509, 511, 513, 514, 544–546, 550–553, 568, 573, 575, 576, 592, 594, 596, 628–630, 637, 644, 645, 648, 650, 652, 661, 662, 664, 676, 678, 686, 690, 698, 699, 705, 707–709, 714, 717–719, 721, 723, 725, 743, 745, 747–758, 761, 767, 778, 779, 791–795, 811, 813, 817, 819, 821, 841, 845, 846, 861–863, 870, 875–881, 883–885, 887, 892, 893, 895, 896, 898, 901, 902 Rhizoma Zingiberis (gan jiang), 5, 226, 424, 425, 428, 441, 452–454, 470–473, 477–479, 509, 528–532, 534–538, 540, 541, 547–549, 557, 564, 566, 575, 577, 596, 599, 600, 610, 620–623, 663, 665, 667, 671, 675, 691, 700, 703, 706, 708, 743, 755, 758, 769–771, 774, 776, 783, 799–801, 805, 807, 812, 816, 817, 819, 821, 826, 828, 877–880, 882, 886, 888, 891, 893 Radix Polygoni Multiflori (he shou wu), 3, 4, 455, 470, 471, 473, 606–608, 610, 693, 697, 718, 719, 722, 890, 891, 895, 896, 904 Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae (dan shen), 9, 237, 473, 486, 487, 564, 572, 637, 639, 641, 663, 672, 682, 683, 685, 687–689, 693, 694, 699, 700, 773, 803,

804, 839, 841, 876, 880, 883, 886, 887, 894, 895, 897, 898 Radix Codonopsis (dang shen), 331, 342, 440, 452, 472, 473, 477, 532, 535, 556, 558, 581, 585, 603, 605, 617, 684, 720, 769, 773, 815, 818, 827, 851, 877, 878, 884, 888, 890, 891 Radix Peucedani (qian hu), 270, 280, 435–437, 439, 441–444, 494, 675, 677, 719, 733, 734, 779, 783, 793, 797, 800, 805, 876, 877 Ren Caprinus (yang shen), 11, 331, 342, 358, 418, 497, 524, 525, 558, 618, 737, 877, 882, 890–892 Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae (fang ji), 117, 122, 427, 439, 540, 714, 718, 745, 751, 756, 757, 759, 760, 762, 764, 765, 768, 775, 776, 839, 872, 888–891, 900 Rhizoma Zingiberis Praeparatum (pao jiang), 225, 226, 568, 569, 579, 629, 679, 686, 690, 702, 705, 851, 884, 885, 895 Radix Rehmanniae Recens (gan di huang), 85, 440, 442, 570, 575, 577, 599, 614, 686, 690, 705, 707, 723, 725, 728 Rhizoma Polygonati Odorati (yu zhu), 2, 370, 438, 440, 442, 582, 585, 588, 595, 596, 735, 736, 876, 883, 891, 892, 902 Radix Linderae (wu yao), 175, 529, 540, 548, 565, 605, 624, 626, 627, 629, 649, 660, 662, 664, 665, 667–671, 679, 680, 686, 691, 693, 700, 719, 770, 871, 877, 878, 880, 889, 893, 894, 899 Rhizoma Curcumae (e zhu), 10, 230, 252, 256, 540, 666, 670, 672, 683, 692–694, 751, 756, 778, 783, 786, 811, 813, 816, 822, 839, 861, 862, 864, 870, 871, 880, 886, 892, 894, 895, 897, 898, 900 Radix Arnebiae (zi cao), 83, 432, 435, 487, 497, 499, 713, 723, 863, 876, 885, 897 Rhizoma Belamcandae (she gan), 62, 428, 429, 493, 748, 752, 761, 819, 821, 902 Rhizoma Typhonii (bai fu zi), 260, 263, 712, 715, 717, 783, 805, 806, 881–883, 893, 899 Resina Toxicodendri (gan qi), 10, 243, 296, 686, 690, 822, 880, 894, 895 Radix et Rhizoma Cynanchi Paniculati (xu chang qing), 114, 890, 900, 901 Radix Puerariae Lobatae (ge gen), 2, 5, 29, 33, 426, 428, 429, 432, 434, 435, 439–443, 445, 494, 504, 525, 544, 545, 562, 563, 566, 679, 708, 719, 737, 739, 740, 751, 754, 760, 778, 875, 878, 891–893, 897, 902 Rhizoma Sparganii (san leng), 9, 10, 91, 252, 256, 666, 683, 693, 699, 816, 818, 822, 870–872, 880, 886, 894, 895, 897, 898 Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (gan cao), 6, 9, 96–99, 101, 113, 265, 272, 334, 422–430, 432–444, 450–454, 458, 460–462, 466–479, 483–485, 488, 489, 491–501, 504–515, 520–525, 528, 531, 534–542, 544–546, 548–553, 556–567, 569–581, 585, 588, 591–596, 603, 610, 612–614, 619, 629, 634–642, 649, 651, 662–668, 670–679, 682–699, 705, 707–709, 713–728, 733–759, 762, 764–766, 768–771, 777–779, 783–788, 793, 794, 796, 798–807, 812, 814, 816, 818–820, 826, 828, 829, 839–843, 845–847,

939

851–856, 861, 863, 870, 872, 873, 882, 885–887, 890, 894, 897, 899, 902 Radix Kansui (gan sui), 9, 10, 96, 101, 334, 449, 451, 457–460, 796, 888 Radix Euphorbiae Pekinensis (jing da ji), 9, 10, 96, 101, 334, 457–459, 696 Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuan xiong), 1, 2, 4–6, 10, 229, 244, 423, 425, 427, 428, 436, 437, 439, 441–444, 472, 473, 495, 496, 507, 509, 529, 540, 546–551, 558, 568–572, 574–582, 586, 589, 595, 605, 629, 638–641, 643, 661–663, 665, 666, 672, 679, 682–684, 686–697, 699, 700, 712–715, 717–721, 758, 765, 775–779, 786, 788, 818, 820, 822, 839, 845, 846, 851–856, 869–872, 880, 882, 886, 887, 890–895, 897, 900 Rhizoma Cyperi (xiang fu), 2, 4, 6, 423, 425, 472, 473, 489, 529, 540, 628–630, 654–656, 660–666, 668, 670, 671, 673, 683, 686, 687, 691–693, 696, 719, 786, 788, 791, 811, 813, 822, 871, 877, 880, 882, 883, 893, 894, 896, 897, 899 Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (ren shen), 1, 6, 9–11, 190, 232, 330, 342, 438, 439, 441–443, 445, 448, 452–455, 461, 462, 466, 468, 470, 471, 477–479, 482–485, 491, 500, 507, 508, 512, 518, 524, 525, 528–539, 542, 556–582, 586, 589, 591–596, 599, 600, 603–621, 625, 626, 629, 630, 635, 637–639, 641–643, 649, 662, 665, 667, 668, 675–678, 680, 684, 689, 692, 696, 698, 699, 703, 705, 709, 718, 719, 721, 723, 727, 728, 733, 734, 736–740, 745–747, 751, 754, 756, 765–767, 770, 772, 774, 776, 777, 786, 787, 789, 794, 796, 803, 805–807, 810, 812, 814–813, 819, 821, 826–829, 841, 846, 850–856, 872, 877, 882, 883, 885–887, 889–893, 895–897 Radix Angelicae Sinensis (dang gui), 1–3, 361, 365, 423, 436, 437, 448, 452–457, 461, 462, 470–476, 489, 494, 495, 500, 502–515, 525, 528, 529, 532, 533, 539–542, 546, 548–550, 558, 560, 563, 564, 567–581, 588, 591, 593–597, 600, 602–605, 607–613, 620–622, 625, 634–643, 664, 665, 668, 670–673, 675, 677, 682–700, 704, 705, 707–709, 713, 714, 716–722, 737, 739, 740, 751, 754–759, 765, 766, 776–778, 786, 788, 789, 818–820, 822, 826, 828, 839–846, 850–857, 862, 863, 867, 869, 871, 872, 879, 882, 885–887, 889–898, 900 Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (da huang), 1, 6, 10, 91, 93, 101, 158, 418, 436, 438, 448–463, 467, 470, 471, 479, 483, 487, 489–496, 501–504, 506–509, 511, 546, 549–553, 594, 648, 652, 662, 671, 682, 683, 686–688, 690–692, 695, 697–699, 701–703, 706, 709, 719, 723, 738, 748–750, 752, 753, 757, 759, 760, 791, 792, 794–796, 803, 806, 811, 813, 815, 817, 819–822, 826, 842, 845, 847, 860–864, 867, 869–870, 872, 880–882, 884, 885, 888, 890, 892, 895, 898–901 Rhizoma Coptidis (huang lian), 1, 46, 51, 52, 88, 427, 437, 467, 473, 477–479, 483, 486, 487, 489–504, 506–511, 513, 514, 518, 519, 524, 525, 544, 545, 547, 550, 562, 563, 567,

940

Pharmaceutical-Pinyin Names Reference of Chinese Materia Medica

584, 586, 589, 594, 610, 622, 634, 636, 643–645, 648, 650, 652, 661, 665, 668, 676, 694, 704, 719, 740, 743, 747, 748, 752, 755–759, 761, 784, 787, 790–792, 794–796, 811–814, 816, 817, 826–828, 834, 840, 861–863, 870, 872, 875, 876, 878–880, 883–885, 887, 892, 894, 898, 900, 901 Radix Saposhnikoviae (fang feng), 3, 17, 422, 423, 425, 427, 428, 432, 435–437, 439–441, 443–445, 467, 473, 474, 491, 494–496, 500, 501, 505, 507, 540, 546, 549–551, 558, 559, 561, 562, 567, 571, 572, 575, 577, 579, 586, 589, 594, 604, 617, 684, 695, 697, 699, 708, 712–722, 733, 751, 754, 757, 758, 765, 766, 770, 775–779, 802, 806, 834–836, 839, 840, 843, 845, 846, 869–872, 875, 882, 884, 890, 892, 893, 900 Rhizoma Phragmitis (lu gen), 3, 38, 212, 430, 431, 433, 438, 466, 467, 483, 491, 499, 502, 520, 551, 559, 748, 752, 761, 842, 845, 875, 876, 878, 891, 897, 899 Radix Bupleuri (chai hu), 2, 4, 28, 33, 88, 432, 434–437, 439, 442, 444, 466–468, 470–476, 483, 487, 489, 491, 492, 495, 496, 502, 505, 508, 509, 515, 549, 550, 552, 553, 558, 560, 562, 563, 567, 575, 577, 591, 593, 597, 614, 620, 629, 630, 660, 662, 666, 672, 673, 680, 683, 687, 688, 692, 693, 698, 700, 719, 720, 728, 745, 749, 758, 766, 779, 794, 819, 821, 839, 842, 845, 875, 880–882, 884, 885, 887, 891–898, 902 Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (zhi mu), 5, 6, 37, 44, 427, 431, 432, 435, 437, 462, 467, 469, 482–485, 494, 495, 497, 498, 500–503, 506, 510–515, 522, 524, 525, 558, 559, 561, 563, 564, 567, 581, 583, 584, 587, 590–598, 609, 610, 612, 635, 638, 640, 685, 713, 716, 722, 723, 737, 739, 740, 750, 751, 754, 756, 758, 790, 791, 794, 819, 875–877, 879, 883, 884, 886, 889, 891, 892, 896, 897, 901, 902 Radix et Rhizoma Gentianae (long dan), 6, 7, 32, 47, 491, 495, 496, 500, 502, 505, 507, 509, 585, 637, 672, 749, 880–882, 884, 885, 887, 888, 893, 894, 896, 900–902 Radix Trichosanthis (tian hua fen), 8, 38, 424, 430–432, 437, 440, 466, 470, 471, 483, 489, 491, 495, 499, 501–503, 512, 584, 594, 672, 683, 688, 695, 702, 735–737, 739, 740, 792, 797, 818–820, 839, 843, 861, 875, 876, 891, 892, 901 Radix Aconiti (chuan wu), 1, 2, 9, 10, 38, 71, 218, 259, 540, 697, 714, 775, 778, 801, 869, 871, 890–892 Radix Aconiti Kusnezoffii (cao wu), 2, 9, 10, 38, 71, 113, 218, 259, 714, 719, 867, 869, 871, 890 Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sheng jiang), 9, 16, 226, 423, 424, 426–429, 435, 436, 438–443, 445, 461, 462, 466, 468, 470, 477, 479, 483, 489, 528–530, 532, 536, 539, 541, 542, 548, 550–553, 559, 561, 562, 564, 565, 569–572, 574–576, 578–580, 593, 595, 604, 606, 608, 610, 612–614, 620, 622, 635, 639, 641, 663–665, 667, 668, 670, 671, 675–680, 684, 689, 691, 700, 713, 718, 721, 733, 734,

743–745, 747, 756, 757, 762, 764–766, 769–772, 774, 777, 778, 780, 783–788, 793–795, 800, 801, 803, 805–807, 815, 816, 826, 840, 843, 854–857, 867, 875–878, 881, 883, 886, 889, 893 Radix et Rhizoma Veratri Nigri (li lu), 9, 10, 20, 48, 81, 82, 237, 330, 331, 340, 362, 367, 368, 399, 575, 834, 836, 900 Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata (fu zi), 2, 3, 5, 10, 11, 38, 71, 168, 218, 259, 423, 438, 445, 452–454, 479, 529, 533–540, 557, 565, 598, 599, 601, 602, 605, 606, 608, 610, 611, 616, 620, 621, 624, 635, 663, 664, 675, 707, 709, 718, 719, 721, 762, 768–771, 774–776, 806, 812, 815, 826, 828, 840, 841, 845, 850, 851, 854, 856, 857, 869, 871, 878–880, 882, 884–886, 888–891, 893, 895, 897, 899 Ramulus Cinnamomi (gui zhi), 15, 24, 168, 422–429, 441, 443, 445, 458, 466, 468, 470–472, 477–479, 485, 528–533, 539–542, 548, 549, 552, 565, 575, 577, 599, 601, 605, 612, 613, 616, 635, 636, 653, 663, 670, 673, 675, 682, 684, 687, 689, 690, 701, 720, 754, 762, 763, 765, 767–774, 778, 783, 799, 801, 819, 821, 826, 828, 869–872, 875, 877, 879, 880, 883, 886–888, 890, 891 Rhizoma Arisaematis (tian nan xing), 2, 3, 16, 23, 259, 265, 266, 475, 652, 694, 697, 714–717, 719, 782, 786–788, 802, 805, 818, 861, 864, 867, 869, 873, 876, 881–883, 893, 897, 899 Rhizoma Pinelliae (ban xia), 2, 3, 9, 16, 23, 105, 113, 160, 259, 263, 265, 266, 423–425, 428, 441, 443, 445, 453, 460, 466–470, 475, 477–479, 483, 484, 529, 530, 532, 535–537, 544, 547–550, 552, 557, 561, 562, 564–566, 586, 599, 614, 635, 639, 641, 644, 652, 653, 661, 663–665, 667, 668, 670, 671, 673–679, 684, 689, 693, 733, 734, 736, 738, 743–749, 751, 752, 755–757, 759, 761, 762, 769, 770, 782–788, 790, 792–796, 799–806, 811, 812, 814, 818–821, 826, 834, 869, 871, 873, 876–879, 881–883, 886, 887, 892, 893, 896, 897, 915 Radix et Rhizoma Asari (xi xin), 1, 9, 20, 24, 399, 423–425, 427, 428, 438, 441, 443–445, 452–454, 495, 529, 539–542, 599, 697, 713–715, 717–719, 762, 769, 775–777, 779, 783, 795, 799–801, 822, 826, 828, 869, 875, 877, 882, 890–893, 901, 902

S

Saccharum Granorum (yi tang), 5, 6, 337, 528–533, 877, 879, 890 Sanguis Draconis (xue jie), 249, 653, 685, 689, 694–696, 698, 699, 719, 847, 863, 864, 867, 870–872, 892, 897, 898, 900, 901 Sargassum (hai zao), 3, 5, 6, 9, 32, 272, 334, 666, 669, 679, 694, 791, 818–820, 822, 823, 846, 899 Sclerotium Poriae Pararadicis (fu shen), 7, 302, 508, 569–571, 578, 590, 625–627, 635, 637–639, 641, 642, 644, 645, 709, 723–727, 803, 804, 806, 882, 883, 887

Scolopendra (wu gong), 316, 319, 712, 715, 720, 721, 806, 866, 881, 882, 890, 893, 897, 899 Scorpio (quan xie), 2, 316, 319, 652, 673, 679, 712, 713, 715, 719–721, 723, 727, 783, 784, 803–806, 866, 871, 881, 882, 890, 893, 897, 899, 900 Semen Abutili (qing ma zi), 77 Semen Aesculi (suo luo zi), 178, 880 Semen Allii Tuberosi (jiu cai zi), 352, 599, 604, 889, 891, 892, 896 Semen Alpiniae Katsumadai (cao dou kou), 133, 663, 667, 878, 879 Semen Arecae (bing lang), 2, 194, 199, 203, 204, 439, 457–459, 467–471, 477, 500, 504, 506, 529, 544, 551, 552, 662, 665, 667, 669–671, 680, 695, 698, 743, 750, 770–772, 786, 800, 811, 813, 815–817, 825–828, 830, 842, 846, 878–880, 888, 889, 892, 898 Semen Arecae Praepareta (jiao bing lang), 194, 743, 800 Semen Armeniacae Amarum (ku xing ren), 3, 4, 6, 188, 195, 281, 422, 424, 426, 427, 429–433, 435, 438, 440, 450, 451, 454–456, 467, 523, 546, 559, 561, 575, 577, 585, 586, 588, 589, 619, 674–676, 678, 686, 690, 704, 732–735, 745–748, 751, 757, 778, 787, 792, 793, 795, 797–802, 822, 866, 876, 877, 879, 883, 888 Semen Armeniacae Dulce (tian xing ren), 289, 523 Semen Astragali Complanati (sha yuan zi), 2, 350, 586, 589, 594, 607, 623–625, 881, 889, 891, 892, 896, 901 Semen Benincasae (dong gua zi), 141, 467, 841, 842, 845, 850, 876, 899 Semen Canavaliae (dao dou), 181, 877, 878 Semen Cassiae (jue ming zi), 8, 41, 44, 311, 436, 437, 508, 586, 589, 879, 893, 901 Semen Castaneae Mollissimae (li zi), 340 Semen Celosiae (qing xiang zi), 42, 586, 589, 881, 901 Semen Citri Reticulatae (ju he), 171, 662, 664–666, 669, 880, 899 Semen Coicis (yi yi ren), 139, 144, 426, 467, 502, 523, 530, 557, 560, 563, 564, 566, 594, 695, 714, 743, 745–748, 750, 751, 755–761, 766, 778, 841, 845, 846, 850, 876, 878, 888–891, 896, 899 Semen Crotonis Pulveratum (ba dou shuang), 98, 100 Semen Cucurbitae (nan gua zi), 199, 830, 880 Semen Cuscutae (tu si zi), 349, 572, 579, 580, 583, 587, 589, 591–594, 596, 600, 602–605, 607–609, 624, 627, 629, 631, 698, 737, 878, 881, 885, 889, 891, 892, 895–897, 901 Semen Entadae Phaseoloidis (ke teng zi), 339 Semen et Flos Viciae Fabae (can dou), 144 Semen Euphorbiae (qian jin zi), 2, 10, 99, 100, 888 Semen Euphorbiae Pulveratum (qian jin zi shuang), 100, 655, 656 Semen Euryales (qian shi), 396, 563, 584, 599, 600, 604, 607, 623–625, 627–629, 631, 639, 773, 878, 889, 890, 896 Semen Fagopyri Esculenti (qiao mai), 193

Pharmaceutical-Pinyin Names Reference of Chinese Materia Medica

Semen Ginkgo (bai guo), 2, 286, 628, 629, 631, 676, 678, 680, 876, 889, 896 Semen Hoveniae (zhi ju zi), 141 Semen Hydnocarpi (da feng zi), 408, 860, 861, 900 Semen Hyoscyami (tian xian zi), 290 Semen Impatientis (ji xing zi), 255 Semen Juglandis (he tao ren), 351, 360, 564, 618, 877, 879, 891, 892 Semen Lablab Album (bai bian dou), 334, 518–520, 532, 557, 560, 563–566, 746–747, 875, 877, 878, 890, 896 Semen Lepidii; Semen Descurainiae (ting li zi), 6, 11, 285, 291, 431, 450, 451, 507, 510, 551, 675, 763, 819, 821, 847 Semen Lini (ya ma zi), 95 Semen Litchi (li zhi he), 176, 662, 665, 880, 899 Semen Melo (tian gua zi), 43, 279 Semen Momordicae (mu bie zi), 405, 410, 841, 844, 860, 862, 866 Semen Myristicae (rou dou kou), 4, 388, 538, 557, 558, 600, 620–622, 812, 814, 815, 827, 828, 830, 878 Semen Nelumbinis (lian zi), 2, 6, 392, 396, 557, 558, 560, 563, 566, 623–625, 643, 740, 829, 878, 889, 890, 896 Semen Nigellae (hei zhong cao zi), 244 Semen Oroxyli (mu hu die), 65, 902 Semen Oryzae Sativae (jing mi), 192, 341, 483–485, 498, 502, 505, 510, 524, 525, 621–623, 636, 638, 829 Semen Persicae (tao ren), 4, 10, 238, 244, 448, 450, 455–457, 460, 466, 468, 473, 523, 539, 540, 568, 571, 573, 664, 666, 669, 682–688, 690–701, 709, 713, 818, 819, 821, 822, 841–843, 845–847, 850, 870, 871, 879, 880, 886, 887, 892–895, 897, 899, 900 Semen Pharbitidis (qian niu zi), 2, 9, 10, 98, 100, 457–460, 770, 811, 813, 815, 817, 879, 888 Semen Phaseoli (chi xiao dou), 72, 143, 188, 195, 432, 451, 552, 697, 750, 757, 834, 835, 875, 876, 888–890, 898 Semen Phaseoli Radiati (lü dou), 72, 432, 875, 876, 898 Semen Pini Koraiensis (song zi ren), 94, 455, 456, 879 Semen Plantaginis (che qian zi), 11, 145, 151, 418, 467, 473, 495, 496, 500–502, 505, 507–509, 520, 572, 593, 594, 596, 602, 605, 609, 628–632, 637, 666, 713, 743, 749, 750, 753, 756–760, 763, 767, 773, 819, 848, 876, 878, 887, 888, 896, 901 Semen Platycladi (bai zi ren), 7, 299, 303, 455, 456, 571, 574, 594, 612, 634, 635, 637–644, 727, 879, 882, 883, 885–887 Semen Pruni (yu li ren), 94, 95, 454–456, 879, 898 Semen Raphani (lai fu zi), 3, 190, 194, 266, 450, 452, 455, 504, 698, 743, 790, 800, 810–812, 814, 841, 876–878, 898

Semen Ricini (bi ma zi), 92, 866 Semen Sesami Nigrum (hei zhi ma), 374, 713, 716, 720, 733, 734, 879, 891, 901 Semen Sinapis (bai jie zi), 260, 266, 459, 673, 800, 840, 843, 876, 877, 883, 897, 899 Semen Sojae Germinatum (da dou huang juan), 32, 575, 577, 745, 755, 761, 876 Semen Sojae Nigrum (hei dou), 76, 377, 489, 720 Semen Sojae Praeparatum (dan dou chi), 30, 427, 430–434, 438–440, 442, 472, 483–485, 499, 544–546, 732–734, 746, 748, 752, 761, 834, 835, 875 Semen Sterculiae Lychnophorae (pang da hai), 271, 902 Semen Strychni (ma qian zi), 2, 10, 247, 410, 873, 890 Semen Strychni Pulveratum (ma qian zi fen), 251 Semen Torreyae (fei zi), 201, 879, 880 Semen Trichosanthis (gua lou zi) or (gua lou ren), 268, 280, 440, 455, 495, 695, 706, 791–794, 841, 879, 899 Semen Trigonellae (hu lu ba), 352, 538, 600, 878, 889, 891, 899 Semen Vaccariae (wang bu liu xing), 241, 672, 673, 686, 694, 750, 753, 766, 851, 894, 895, 897, 898 Semen Zanthoxyli (jiao mu), 167, 551, 552, 888 Semen Ziziphi Spinosae (suan zao ren), 298, 303, 365, 508, 529, 563, 569–571, 574, 580, 584, 591, 594, 597, 612, 613, 624, 625, 634, 635, 637–641, 643, 644, 709, 784, 787, 789, 806, 882, 883, 885–887 Solanum melongena (qie zi), 235 Sophora Alopecur-oides (ku dou zi), 49, 896 Spermodermis Tritici Aestivi (xiao mai fu), 384 Spica Prunellae (xia ku cao), 7, 8, 41, 44, 494, 495, 497, 500, 502, 572, 585, 635, 724, 728, 791, 798, 803, 819, 820, 841, 844, 881, 893, 897–899, 901 Spica Schizonepetae (jing jie sui), 23, 430, 432, 433, 435–437, 579, 629, 630, 704, 707, 718, 721, 805 Spica Schizonepetae Carbonisata (jing jie sui tan), 222 Spina Gleditsiae (zao jiao ci), 406, 432, 495, 839, 841, 843, 846, 850–854, 897, 898 Spora Lygodii (hai jin sha), 148, 157, 501, 550, 705, 749, 750, 888 Squama Manitis (chuan shan jia), 254, 653, 672, 679, 683, 688, 694, 720, 839, 841, 843, 850–854, 856, 860, 864, 866, 869, 880, 890, 894, 895, 897–900 Stalactitum (zhong ru shi), 359, 861, 865, 877 Stamen Nelumbinis (lian xu), 394, 624, 625, 698, 889 Stigma Croci (xi hong hua), 237, 822, 876 Stigma Maydis (yu mi xu), 140, 888 Styrax (su he xiang), 323, 324, 654–657, 869, 871, 882, 883, 886

941

Succinum (hu po), 3, 296, 467, 649, 651, 653, 694, 696, 705, 728, 803, 804, 861, 863, 886, 888 Succus Allii Fistulosi (cong zhi), 217 Succus Bambusae (zhu li), 11, 269, 280, 523, 606, 779, 794, 796, 803, 804, 834, 876, 881–883, 897 Succus Rhizomatis Zingiberis (sheng jiang zhi), 23, 263, 453, 458, 462, 523, 535, 649, 655, 671, 675, 679, 740, 779, 783, 785, 788, 792–794, 796, 801, 803–806, 835, 881, 882 Sulfur (liu huang), 9, 91, 92, 402, 409, 453, 860, 861, 863, 867, 877, 879, 900 Swertiae Herba (dang yao), 50 Syngnathus (hai long), 355

T

Tabanus (meng chong), 4, 10, 253, 686, 690, 692, 701, 822, 880, 893–895 Talcum (hua shi), 3, 11, 146, 150, 460, 501, 502, 520, 521, 523, 546, 550, 551, 649, 651, 653, 673, 705, 707, 745, 748–753, 755–758, 760, 761, 763–766, 768, 861, 862, 875, 876, 888, 889, 896 Terra Flava Usta (zao xin tu), 11, 225, 702, 705, 707, 709, 878, 884, 885, 895, 896 Testa Dolichoris (bian dou yi), 340 Testa Glycinis (lü dou yi), 76, 735 Testes et Penis Callorhini (hai gou shen), 354, 600, 607, 889–892 Testis et Penis Canis (huang gou shen), 358, 889, 890 Thallus Calogllossae Leprieurii (zhe gu cai), 203 Thallus Laminariae; Thallus Eckloniae (kun bu), 273, 666, 669, 679, 791, 818, 820, 822, 823 Tostum Semen Trichosanthis (chao gua lou zi), 277 Tremella Fuciformis (yin er), 376 Turpiniae Folium (shan xiang yuan ye), 73

U

Ultivarietas Oryzae Sativae et Monasci (hong qu), 192

V

Vascular Aurantii (ju luo), 182 Venenum Bufonis (chan su), 10, 404, 494, 653, 902 Vitellus Galli (ji zi huang), 378, 644, 645, 722–725, 727, 729, 881, 887 Vitis Vinifera (pu tao), 364

Z

Zaocys (wu shao she), 106, 115, 719, 757, 806, 890, 900

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English-Pinyin Cross Reference of Chinese Materia Medica Names

A

Acaulescent Pegaeophyton Root (gao shan la gen cai), 75 Aconite Root (fu zi), 2, 3, 5, 10, 11, 38, 71, 168, 218, 259, 423, 438, 445, 452–454, 479, 529, 533–540, 557, 565, 598, 599, 601, 602, 605, 606, 608, 610, 611, 616, 620, 621, 624, 635, 663, 664, 675, 707, 709, 718, 719, 721, 762, 768–771, 774–776, 806, 812, 815, 826, 828, 840, 841, 845, 850, 851, 854, 856, 857, 869, 871, 878–880, 882, 884–886, 888–891, 893, 895, 897, 899 Actinolite (yang qi shi), 353, 538, 889, 891, 892 Adzuki Bean (chi xiao dou), 72, 143, 188, 195, 432, 451, 552, 697, 750, 757, 834, 835, 875, 876, 888–890, 898 Aerial Part of Epimedium (yin yang huo), 345, 598, 599, 604, 607, 609, 624, 698, 889–892, 895–897 Aged Tangerine Peel (chen pi), 1, 9, 170, 185, 423, 425–428, 440, 441, 443, 445, 454–459, 468–470, 472–475, 489, 492, 525, 532, 535, 536, 547–549, 557, 561–566, 580–583, 585, 586, 593, 595, 596, 629, 630, 652, 660–663, 665–667, 670, 671, 673, 675, 676, 679, 687, 693, 696, 698, 721, 742–747, 756, 758, 759, 763–766, 769, 770, 772, 779, 782, 784–788, 791–795, 799, 802–804, 806, 811–816, 818, 820, 839, 843, 846, 854, 856, 861, 869, 877, 878, 881, 883, 893, 896 Agkistrodon (qi she), 106, 115, 539, 776, 890 Ailanthus Bark or Root Bark (chun gen pi), 394, 628, 630, 631, 878, 879, 894, 896 Airpotato Yam (huang yao zi), 273, 880, 899 Aizoon Stonecrop (jing tian san qi), 216, 887 Akebia Fruit (ba yue zha), 178, 880, 881 Akebia Stem (mu tong), 146, 435, 436, 467, 500–502, 505, 509, 551, 552, 594, 666, 669, 693, 695, 705, 707, 713, 716, 722, 748, 750, 752, 753, 756–758, 760, 765, 878, 888–890, 896, 897, 901 Albizia Flower (he huan hua), 301, 882, 887 All-grass of Foxtail-like Sophora (ku dou zi), 49, 896 Aloe (lu hui), 10, 92, 450, 507, 509, 816, 826, 828, 830, 879, 898 Alpine Yarrow Herb (shi cao), 77 Altai Anemone Rhizome (jiu jie chang pu), 326 Alum (bai fan), 403, 619, 784, 801, 805, 806, 826, 827, 834, 835, 861, 865, 867, 881–883

Amber (hu po), 3, 296, 467, 649, 651, 653, 694, 696, 705, 728, 803, 804, 861, 863, 886, 888 American Ginseng (xi yang shen), 11, 331, 342, 418, 497, 524, 525, 558, 618, 737, 877, 882, 890–892 Ampelopsis (bai lian), 9, 71, 105, 113, 160, 575, 577, 708, 819, 820, 869, 872, 896, 898–900 Amur Adonis Herb with Root (fu shou cao), 303 Amur Cork-tree Bark (huang bai), 2, 6, 46, 51, 437, 488–490, 495–497, 500, 504, 506–509, 513, 514, 525, 544, 545, 558, 563, 564, 581, 583, 584, 587, 590–593, 595–598, 609, 610, 628–632, 666, 695, 704, 720, 736, 747, 750, 753, 755, 756, 759, 773, 775, 805, 807, 811, 813, 819, 826, 839, 846, 860–864, 870, 876, 877, 879, 880, 883, 884, 886–892, 895–898, 900–902 Andrographis (chuan xin lian), 54, 504, 878, 879, 888, 898, 899 Angelica Root (bai zhi), 18, 423, 425, 428, 432, 434, 436, 437, 441, 547–549, 672, 679, 694, 699, 712–715, 717, 718, 720, 733, 743, 744, 747, 759, 779, 795, 839, 840, 843, 846, 850–853, 860–863, 867, 869, 871, 872, 875, 879, 882, 892, 893, 898–901 Antelope Horn (ling yang jiao), 11, 313, 319, 418, 483, 486, 494, 495, 497, 586, 589, 649, 651, 722, 723, 726–729, 733, 791, 803, 876, 877, 881, 882, 893, 897, 901 Antifebrile Dichroa Branchlet and Leaf (shu qi), 399 Aquilaria Wood (chen xiang), 11, 174, 538, 594, 599, 635, 637, 644, 645, 649, 651, 652, 654–656, 662, 664, 667, 668, 670, 671, 673–675, 680, 698, 719, 743, 766, 770, 791, 792, 794, 799, 817, 847, 871, 877, 881–883 Arabic Cowry Shell (zi bei chi), 307, 881, 886, 887, 897, 901 Arborvitae Seed (bai zi ren), 7, 299, 303, 455, 456, 571, 574, 594, 612, 634, 635, 637–644, 727, 879, 882, 883, 885–887 Arc Shell (wa leng zi), 1, 275, 503, 529, 876, 899 Areca Flower (bing lang hua), 203 Areca Peel (da fu pi), 180, 203, 551, 552, 663, 665, 693, 743–747, 755, 762–766, 827, 875, 878, 888 Aristolochia Mollissima (xun gu feng), 108, 890

Arnebia Root (zi cao), 83, 432, 435, 487, 497, 499, 713, 723, 863, 876, 885, 897 Aromatic Madder (xiang ru), 11, 16, 135, 518, 519, 743, 746, 747, 875, 876, 878 Arsenolite (pi shi), 412, 416, 860, 899 Artemisia (liu ji nu), 250, 605, 696, 870, 892, 894, 895, 897, 900 Artemisiae Anomale (bei liu ji nu), 250 Ash Bark (qin pi), 47, 51, 504, 506, 508, 579, 891, 896, 900, 901 Asiatic Cornelian Cherry Fruit (shan zhu yu), 6, 390, 396, 558, 575, 579, 581–584, 586, 587, 590–593, 595, 596, 599–604, 606, 608, 609, 616, 624, 625, 628–630, 708, 724, 737, 853, 854, 856, 877, 881–883, 885, 889–893, 895–897, 901, 902 Asiatic Moonseed Rhizome (bei dou gen), 75 Asiatic Pennywort (ji xue cao), 156, 696 Asparagus Tuber (tian dong), 4, 369, 379, 564, 571, 582, 586, 589, 592–596, 614, 637, 639, 641, 643, 723, 724, 726, 876, 877, 879, 883, 886, 891, 892 Astragalus Root (huang qi), 1, 9, 332, 342, 423, 438, 439, 441, 443, 445, 457, 472, 500, 507, 513, 514, 525, 528, 532, 533, 535, 537, 539, 541, 542, 556–570, 572–576, 578–580, 582, 593, 605, 611–618, 620, 628–631, 635, 639, 641, 683–685, 688, 693, 695, 703, 705, 709, 718, 722, 736, 737, 739, 757, 762–765, 768–770, 777, 778, 780, 805, 807, 827, 840, 841, 846, 850–857, 877, 882, 883, 885–888, 890–899, 902 Atractylodes Rhizome (cang zhu), 6, 131, 135, 342, 422, 423, 425, 427, 428, 467, 468, 477, 484, 485, 495, 525, 547–549, 629, 630, 650, 661, 666, 670, 713, 714, 716, 720, 722, 733, 742–746, 750, 751, 753–756, 760, 765, 766, 775, 776, 778, 779, 786, 788, 805, 827, 829, 846, 876, 878, 880, 888–891, 893, 896, 900, 901 Axillary Choerospondias Fruit (guang zao), 183

B

Bamboo Sap (zhu li), 11, 269, 280, 523, 606, 779, 794, 796, 803, 804, 834, 876, 881–883, 897 Bamboo Shavings (zhu ru), 2, 269, 280, 460, 467, 544, 550, 575, 663, 674, 676, 678, 679, 784–787, 789, 790, 876, 878, 881–883, 885, 887, 896 Baphicacanthus Root (nan ban lan gen), 73

943

944

English-Pinyin Cross Reference of Chinese Materia Medica Names

Bat Feces (ye ming sha), 43, 826, 828, 901 Batrachium-like Lawn Pennywort Herb (jiang xi jin qian cao), 156 Bear Gallbladder (xiong dan), 70, 847, 880, 881, 897, 899, 901 Bearded Scutellaria (ban zhi lian), 75, 899 Beautiful Sweetgum Resin (feng xiang zhi), 233, 841, 844, 890 Beauty-berry Leaf (zi zhu ye), 219, 877, 883–885, 895, 900 Beef (niu rou), 364 Beeswax (feng la), 414 Belleric Terminalia Fruit (mao he zi), 74 Belvedere Fruit (di fu zi), 147, 410, 572, 713, 750, 759, 888, 900 Benzoin (an xi xiang), 324, 648, 649, 651, 654–656, 719, 882, 883 Betel Nut (bing lang), 2, 194, 199, 203, 204, 439, 457–459, 467–471, 477, 500, 504, 506, 529, 544, 551, 552, 662, 665, 667, 669–671, 680, 695, 698, 743, 750, 770–772, 786, 800, 811, 813, 815–817, 825–828, 830, 842, 846, 878–880, 888, 889, 892, 898 Big Leaf Beautyberry Root or Leaf (da ye zi zhu), 216 Bile Arisaema (dan nan xing), 264, 606, 635, 637, 652, 653, 676, 704, 724, 728, 788–793, 801–806, 819, 876, 881–883, 887, 897 Bistort Rhizome (quan shen), 58, 878, 879, 897–899 Bistort Rhizome (ren gong niu huang), 79 Bitter Apricot Kernel (ku xing ren), 3, 4, 6, 188, 195, 281, 422, 424, 426, 427, 429–433, 435, 438, 440, 450, 451, 454–456, 467, 523, 546, 559, 561, 575, 577, 585, 586, 588, 589, 619, 674–676, 678, 686, 690, 704, 732–735, 745–748, 751, 757, 778, 787, 792, 793, 795, 797–802, 822, 866, 876, 877, 879, 883, 888 Bitter Orange (zhi qiao), 423, 432, 435–437, 439, 441–444, 450, 455, 456, 460, 461, 467, 469, 470, 472, 477, 489, 496, 504, 547, 548, 557, 558, 576, 587, 589, 652, 660–662, 666, 671, 676, 679, 683, 687, 691, 692, 695, 696, 698, 700, 704, 707–709, 733, 734, 758, 779, 783, 785, 798, 811, 813, 819, 820, 830, 876, 878, 880, 882, 884, 894 Black Cicada (zha chan), 318 Black Cohosh Rhizome (sheng ma), 28, 33, 428, 432, 434–436, 455, 456, 473, 488, 489, 491, 492, 495, 497, 503, 504, 506, 508, 510, 525, 535, 558, 560, 562, 563, 567, 593, 620, 629, 649, 651, 653, 751, 754, 760, 766, 788, 845, 853, 875, 876, 891, 892, 895, 897, 901, 902 Black Cutch (er cha), 249, 685, 689, 695, 696, 698, 736, 865, 867, 898, 900, 901 Black Sesame (hei zhi ma), 374, 713, 716, 720, 733, 734, 879, 891, 901 Black Soybean (hei dou), 76, 377, 489, 720 Blackberry Lily Rhizome (she gan), 62, 428, 429, 493, 748, 752, 761, 819, 821, 902 Black-bone Silky Fowl (wu gu ji), 378 Black-tail Snake (wu shao she), 106, 115, 719, 757, 806, 890, 900

Bletilla Rhizome (bai ji), 9, 105, 113, 160, 218, 224, 440, 575, 618, 703, 705, 708, 709, 733, 737, 864, 869, 872, 877, 884, 885 Blighted Wheat (fu xiao mai), 383, 513, 529, 559, 583, 616, 638, 723, 724, 883 Bliz’s Conyza Herb (jin long dan cao), 278 Blond Magnolia Flower (xin yi), 20, 134, 428, 718, 875, 892, 901 Blush Red Rabdosia (dong ling cao), 77 Boat-fruited Stercurlia Seed (pang da hai), 271, 902 Boor’s Mustard Herb (xi ming), 43 Borax (peng sha), 414, 649, 652, 847, 865, 867, 868, 870, 901, 902 Borneol (bing pian), 323, 326, 428, 494, 495, 507, 648–652, 655–657, 685, 689, 695, 719, 736, 847, 861, 863–865, 868, 869, 871, 873, 882, 883, 886, 898, 901, 902 Bottle Gourd (hu lu), 140, 888 Broad Bean (can dou), 144 Brucea Fruit (ya dan zi), 66, 879, 892 Buckeye Seed (suo luo zi), 178, 880 Buffalo Horn (shui niu jiao), 83, 483, 486–490, 494, 497–500, 523, 594, 635, 648–651, 653, 719, 723, 733, 750, 753, 876, 881, 884, 885 Bunge Corydalis Herb (ku di ding), 77 Bunge Pricklyash Seed (jiao mu), 167, 551, 552, 888 Bupleurum (chai hu), 2, 4, 28, 33, 88, 432, 434–437, 439, 442, 444, 466–468, 470–476, 483, 487, 489, 491, 492, 495, 496, 502, 505, 508, 509, 515, 549, 550, 552, 553, 558, 560, 562, 563, 567, 575, 577, 591, 593, 597, 614, 620, 629, 630, 660, 662, 666, 672, 673, 680, 683, 687, 688, 692, 693, 698, 700, 719, 720, 728, 745, 749, 758, 766, 779, 794, 819, 821, 839, 842, 845, 875, 880–882, 884, 885, 887, 891–898, 902 Bush Redpepper Fruit (la jiao), 165

C

Cablin Patchouli (guang huo xiang), 130, 135, 861, 875, 876, 878, 896, 901 Calamine (lu gan shi), 413, 860, 861, 863, 898, 901 Calcitum (han shui shi), 437, 520, 521, 649, 651, 653, 875 Calomel (qing fen), 10, 412, 458–460, 696, 830, 848, 860–864, 869, 898, 900 Camphor (zhang nao), 405, 860, 864, 869, 871, 872, 882, 900 Cantharis (ban mao), 2, 10, 254, 898 Canton Love-pea Vine (ji gu cao), 154 Cape Jasmine Fruit (zhi zi), 3, 5, 6, 40, 44, 157, 211, 224, 430, 432, 434, 436, 437, 466, 467, 472, 473, 475, 476, 483–485, 487, 488, 490– 503, 505, 507–509, 520, 545, 546, 550, 551, 575, 591, 597, 629, 634, 637, 638, 648, 650, 652, 661, 662, 664, 666, 699, 702–708, 713, 723, 725, 733–735, 743, 748, 749, 752, 753, 755–761, 765, 767, 794, 795, 819, 841, 844, 845, 870, 871, 875, 877, 878, 880, 882–885, 887, 888, 892, 894–896, 898, 901, 902

Caper Euphorbia Seed (qian jin zi), 2, 10, 99, 100, 888 Caper Euphorbia Seed Powder (qian jin zi shuang), 100, 655, 656 Carduus Marianus (shui fei ji), 74, 880 Carpesium Fruit (he shi), 201, 825–827, 879, 880 Carrot (hu luo bo), 193 Cassia Seed (jue ming zi), 8, 41, 44, 311, 436, 437, 508, 586, 589, 879, 893, 901 Cassia Twig (gui zhi), 15, 24, 168, 422–429, 441, 443, 445, 458, 466, 468, 470–472, 477–479, 485, 528–533, 539–542, 548, 549, 552, 565, 575, 577, 599, 601, 605, 612, 613, 616, 635, 636, 653, 663, 670, 673, 675, 682, 684, 687, 689, 690, 701, 720, 754, 762, 763, 765, 767–774, 778, 783, 799, 801, 819, 821, 826, 828, 869–872, 875, 877, 879, 880, 883, 886–888, 890, 891 Castor Seed (bi ma zi), 92, 866 Catclaw Buttercup Root (mao zhua cao), 262, 897 Cattail Pollen (pu huang), 11, 214, 664, 670, 682, 684, 686, 687, 691, 702, 705, 707, 750, 753, 760, 822, 883–886, 888, 893–895, 897 Celandine (bai qu cai), 185 Centipede (wu gong), 316, 319, 712, 715, 720, 721, 806, 866, 881, 882, 890, 893, 897, 899 Cerealose (yi tang), 5, 6, 337, 528–533, 877, 879, 890 Chain Fern (gou ji), 124, 720, 890–892, 896 Chalcanthite (dan fan), 10, 399, 848, 864 Changium Root (ming dang shen), 371 Charred Areca Seed (bing lang tan), 204 Charred Chinese Hawthorn Fruit (shan zha tan), 195 Charred Dried Ginger (jiang tan), 226 Charred Fineleaf Schizonepeta Spike (jing jie sui tan), 222 Charred Fortune Windmillpalm Petiole (zong lü tan), 4, 219, 224, 488, 569, 629, 630, 704, 884, 885, 895 Charred Hair (xue yu tan), 4, 220, 224, 568, 862, 871, 877, 883, 885, 888, 895, 898 Charred Japanese Cirsii (da ji tan), 210 Charred Pagoda Tree Flower (huai hua tan), 212 Charred Rhubarb Root and Rhizome (da huang tan), 93 Charred Schizonepeta (jing jie tan), 23, 899 Cherokee Rose Fruit (jin ying zi), 391, 584, 599, 600, 607, 624, 625, 627, 639, 878, 889, 896 Chicken Gizzard Lining (ji nei jin), 190, 627, 737, 739, 810, 811, 880, 888, 889, 897, 898 Chicory (ju ju), 155 China Greenbrier (ba qia), 122 Chinese Anemone Root (bai tou weng), 65, 504, 506, 508, 811, 879 Chinese Angelica (dang gui), 1–3, 361, 365, 423, 436, 437, 448, 452–457, 461, 462, 470–476, 489, 494, 495, 500, 502–515, 525, 528, 529, 532, 533, 539–542, 546, 548–550, 558, 560, 563, 564, 567–581, 588, 591, 593–597, 600, 602–605, 607–613, 620–622, 625, 634–643,

English-Pinyin Cross Reference of Chinese Materia Medica Names

664, 665, 668, 670–673, 675, 677, 682–700, 704, 705, 707–709, 713, 714, 716–722, 737, 739, 740, 751, 754–759, 765, 766, 776–778, 786, 788, 789, 818–820, 822, 826, 828, 839–846, 850–857, 862, 863, 867, 869, 871, 872, 879, 882, 885–887, 889–898, 900 Chinese Asafoetida (a wei), 191, 822, 862, 869 Chinese Avens Herb (lan bu zheng), 339 Chinese Caterpillar Fungus (dong chong xia cao), 351, 360, 877, 883, 889–892 Chinese Cinquefoil (wei ling cai), 67 Chinese Clematis Root (wei ling xian), 105, 439, 441, 610, 695, 719, 720, 751, 870–872, 890, 891, 900 Chinese Common Valeriana Rhizome (xie cao), 300 Chinese Date (da zao), 6, 335, 423, 424, 426– 429, 432, 435, 436, 438, 440–443, 458–462, 468, 470, 477–479, 489, 507, 508, 510, 528–530, 532, 539–542, 550, 552, 553, 557, 559–561, 564, 565, 569, 570, 574–580, 593, 603, 606, 608, 612, 613, 620, 622, 639–642, 671, 675–679, 684, 686, 691, 728, 733, 734, 738, 743–745, 747, 762, 764, 765, 770–772, 778, 784, 785, 787, 796, 800, 803, 807, 815, 854–856, 877, 882, 883, 891 Chinese Dwarf Cherry Seed (yu li ren), 94, 95, 454–456, 879, 898 Chinese Fevervine (ji shi teng), 191, 876, 878, 879, 898, 900 Chinese Gentian (long dan), 6, 7, 32, 47, 491, 495, 496, 500, 502, 505, 507, 509, 585, 637, 672, 749, 880–882, 884, 885, 887, 888, 893, 894, 896, 900–902 Chinese Hawthorn Fruit (shan zha), 188, 194, 195, 473, 504, 544, 548, 557, 563, 661, 663, 665, 686, 693, 746, 810–812, 814, 826, 829, 878–880, 886, 894, 895, 898, 899 Chinese Hawthorn Leaf (shan zha ye), 235 Chinese Holly Leaf (gou gu ye), 376 Chinese Honeylocust Abnormal Fruit (zhu ya zao), 325, 801, 834, 835, 869 Chinese Honeylocust Fruit (zao jia), 261, 325, 575, 801, 806, 829, 834, 835, 861, 865, 869, 877, 881–883 Chinese Honeylocust Spine (zao jiao ci), 406, 432, 495, 839, 841, 843, 846, 850–854, 897, 898 Chinese Lizardtail Herb (san bai cao), 143 Chinese Lobelia (ban bian lian), 68, 880, 888, 898, 899 Chinese Loropetalum Flower (ji mu), 221 Chinese Lovage Root (gao ben), 19, 428, 441, 495, 718–720, 775, 776, 779, 875, 890, 892 Chinese Magnoliavine Fruit (wu wei zi), 1, 6, 385, 389, 424, 425, 428, 472, 512, 513, 524, 525, 534–537, 539, 558, 560, 564, 565, 571, 578, 579, 582, 585, 586, 589–594, 596, 597, 599–601, 605, 606, 608, 609, 616–620, 622, 624, 625, 627, 638, 639, 641, 696, 723, 725, 729, 737–740, 769, 783, 787, 788, 799–801, 853, 854, 856, 877, 878, 881–883, 885–887, 889, 891, 892, 895, 902 Chinese Mahonia Stem (gong lao mu), 51

Chinese Mole Cricket (lou gu), 2, 888 Chinese Photinia Leaf (shi nan ye), 126, 890, 891 Chinese Quince Fruit (mu gua), 6, 107, 115, 563, 571, 581, 605, 695, 698, 746, 747, 750, 751, 755, 759, 761, 762, 770–772, 806, 815, 870, 872, 889–891 Chinese Raspberry (fu pen zi), 2, 390, 572, 583, 594, 603, 609, 889 Chinese Rose Flower (yue ji hua), 2, 241, 894, 895 Chinese Silkvine Root-bark (xiang jia pi), 141, 145, 889 Chinese Star Anise (ba jiao hui xiang), 163 Chinese Star Jasmine Stem (luo shi teng), 119, 122, 724, 727, 890, 898 Chinese Stauntonvine Stem and Leaf (ye mu gua), 122 Chinese Tamarisk Twig (xi he liu), 22, 435, 897 Chinese Taxillus (sang ji sheng), 124, 127, 441, 575, 580, 583, 584, 603, 604, 624, 695, 723, 725, 769, 776, 777, 780, 866, 881, 890–892, 896 Chinese Waxgourd Peel (dong gua pi), 140, 888 Chinese Waxgourd Seed (dong gua zi), 141, 467, 841, 842, 845, 850, 876, 899 Chinese White Olive (qing guo), 63, 736, 902 Chinese Wolfberry Fruit (gou qi zi), 1, 2, 6, 372, 455, 472, 567, 571, 572, 581, 583, 584, 586–591, 593–595, 597, 600, 602–604, 606–609, 611–613, 639, 642, 643, 662, 664, 668, 877, 881, 885, 889–893, 895–897, 901 Chinese Wolfberry Root-bark (di gu pi), 87, 437, 488, 502, 503, 505, 507, 508, 511, 512, 514, 515, 581, 583, 584, 592, 593, 612, 614, 758, 791, 861, 876, 877, 883, 884, 894, 895 Chinese Woodfrog Oviduct (ha ma you), 355 Chingma Abutilon Seed (qing ma zi), 77 Chlorite Schist (qing meng shi), 275, 790–792, 794, 795, 866, 881–883, 897 Christina Loosestrife (jin qian cao), 9, 152, 157, 520, 550, 650, 705, 749, 750, 880, 888 Chrysanthemum Flower (ju hua), 6, 27, 33, 57, 80, 429, 431, 433, 435–438, 491, 497, 499, 502, 509, 586, 589, 590, 593, 595, 597, 607, 635, 699, 713, 718, 721, 723, 724, 726, 728, 751, 759, 784, 791, 803, 839, 840, 843, 875, 881, 882, 884, 892, 893, 897, 898, 901, 902 Cicada Molting (chan tui), 26, 32, 432, 435, 437, 439, 491, 494, 499, 594, 713, 716, 719, 721, 723, 728, 875, 882, 897, 900–902 Ciliate Bugle Herb (jin gu cao), 74 Cinnabar (zhu sha), 3, 294, 298, 450, 521, 522, 631, 634–639, 641–643, 648–653, 655, 656, 685, 689, 695–699, 719, 728, 803–806, 815, 847, 848, 860, 861, 864–868, 883, 886, 887 Cinnamon Bark (rou gui), 5, 9, 10, 161, 168, 388, 452, 504, 506, 520, 521, 529, 532, 534–538, 546–549, 557, 562, 565, 568, 572, 578, 579, 582, 591, 598–604, 606, 608, 611, 612, 614, 620, 621, 639, 641, 644, 645, 663–666, 670, 674, 677, 685, 686, 691–693, 700, 714, 718–721, 743, 746, 762, 770, 776–778, 815, 817, 822, 840, 841, 843, 851,

945

854, 855, 860, 862, 866, 867, 869, 871–873, 877–879, 882, 888–891, 893–895, 897, 899 Cissampelos (ya hu nu), 250 Citron (xiang yuan), 869, 876, 877, 880 Clam Shell (hai ge qiao), 3, 7, 11, 274, 610, 679, 791, 822, 823, 846, 876, 877, 883, 899 Clematidis Caulis (chuan mu tong), 150, 578, 757, 767, 891 Clerodendron Leaf (chou wu tong ye), 118, 890 Climbing Entada Seed (ke teng zi), 339 Climbing Groundsel (qian li guang), 70 Clinopodii (duan xue liu), 223 Clove Flower (ding xiang), 9, 163, 494, 532, 649, 651, 654–656, 671, 674, 675, 677–680, 696, 698, 699, 719, 746, 815, 817, 822, 830, 834, 866, 869, 873, 877–879, 889 Cluster Mallow Fruit (dong kui guo), 144, 766 Cluster Mallow Seed (dong kui zi), 10, 148, 879, 888, 897, 900 Cnidium Fruit (she chuang zi), 404, 410, 604, 698, 759, 829, 860, 861, 871, 889, 896, 900 Cochinchina Momordica Seed (mu bie zi), 405, 410, 841, 844, 860, 862, 866 Cockscomb (ji guan hua), 221, 879, 896 Codonopsis Root (dang shen), 331, 342, 440, 452, 472, 473, 477, 532, 535, 556, 558, 581, 585, 603, 605, 617, 684, 720, 769, 773, 815, 818, 827, 851, 877, 878, 884, 888, 890, 891 Coix Seed (yi yi ren), 139, 144, 426, 467, 502, 523, 530, 557, 560, 563, 564, 566, 594, 695, 714, 743, 745–748, 750, 751, 755–761, 766, 778, 841, 845, 846, 850, 876, 878, 888–891, 896, 899 Colophony (song xiang), 416, 719, 866, 898, 900 Colored Mistletoe (hu ji sheng), 127 Combined Spicebush Root (wu yao), 175, 529, 540, 548, 565, 605, 624, 626, 627, 629, 649, 660, 662, 664, 665, 667–671, 679, 680, 686, 691, 693, 700, 719, 770, 871, 877, 878, 880, 889, 893, 894, 899 Common Anemarrhena Rhizome (zhi mu), 5, 6, 37, 44, 427, 431, 432, 435, 437, 462, 467, 469, 482–485, 494, 495, 497, 498, 500–503, 506, 510–515, 522, 524, 525, 558, 559, 561, 563, 564, 567, 581, 583, 584, 587, 590–598, 609, 610, 612, 635, 638, 640, 685, 713, 716, 722, 723, 737, 739, 740, 750, 751, 754, 756, 758, 790, 791, 794, 819, 875–877, 879, 883, 884, 886, 889, 891, 892, 896, 897, 901, 902 Common Armillariella Fungus (mi huan jun), 319 Common Aucklandia Root (mu xiang), 4, 11, 173, 186, 423, 441, 443, 452, 457–460, 473, 500, 504, 506–508, 511, 529, 538, 544, 553, 558, 562, 563, 566, 569, 570, 574, 580, 581, 620, 621, 652, 654, 660–671, 675, 679, 683, 686, 693, 694, 696, 698, 699, 719, 720, 743, 748, 770, 771, 774, 786, 788, 805, 811–817, 822, 826–829, 842, 847, 854, 856, 869, 871, 877–879, 883, 899 Common Bombax Flower (mu mian hua), 143 Common Buckwheat Seed (qiao mai), 193 Common Burr Reed Tuber (san leng), 9, 10, 91, 252, 256, 666, 683, 693, 699, 816, 818, 822, 870–872, 880, 886, 894, 895, 897, 898

946

English-Pinyin Cross Reference of Chinese Materia Medica Names

Common Clubmoss (shen jin cao), 108, 868, 870, 871, 890 Common Coltsfoot Flower (kuan dong hua), 2, 283, 291, 428, 429, 618, 619, 676, 678, 801, 876, 877 Common Curculigo Rhizome (xian mao), 346, 598, 604, 607, 609, 889–893, 895, 897 Common Dayflower (ya zhi cao), 40, 875, 888, 898, 902 Common Devilpepper Root (luo fu mu), 311 Common Fenugreek Seed (hu lu ba), 352, 538, 600, 878, 889, 891, 899 Common Fibraurea Stem (huang teng), 78 Common Gendarussa Herb (xiao bo gu), 217 Common Heron’s Bill (lao guan cao), 120, 890 Common Hogfennel Root (zi hua qian hu), 277 Common Leafflower (zhen zhu cao), 154, 880 Common Monkshood Mother Root (chuan wu), 1, 2, 9, 10, 38, 71, 218, 259, 540, 697, 714, 775, 778, 801, 869, 871, 890–892 Common Perilla Fruit (bai su zi), 264 Common Picria Herb (ku xuan shen), 77 Common Pleione Pseudobulb (shan ci gu), 69, 475, 655, 656, 818, 880, 897–899 Common Scouring Rush (mu zei), 30, 436, 437, 496, 502, 509, 572, 594, 699, 899 Common Self-heal Fruit-spike (xia ku cao), 7, 8, 41, 44, 494, 495, 497, 500, 502, 572, 585, 635, 724, 728, 791, 798, 803, 819, 820, 841, 844, 881, 893, 897–899, 901 Common Sinopodophyllum Fruit (xiao ye lian), 243 Common Turmeric Rhizome (jiang huang), 10, 230, 236, 245, 540, 670, 751, 756, 778, 783, 839, 861, 862, 864, 880, 886, 890, 892, 894, 895, 897, 900 Common Vladimiria Root (chuan mu xiang), 183 Common Yam Rhizome (shan yao), 1, 121, 149, 184, 273, 333, 379, 473, 485, 500, 532, 557, 560, 563, 565, 566, 571, 575, 577, 578, 581, 583, 586, 587, 589–593, 595, 599–602, 604, 609, 611–613, 624, 626, 628–632, 705, 727, 736, 737, 739, 749, 750, 756, 758, 759, 770, 772, 773, 812, 827, 829, 871, 877, 878, 880, 885, 888–890, 892, 893, 895–897, 899–902 Concentrated Beef Extract (xia tian gao), 364, 915 Coptis Rhizome (huang lian), 1, 46, 51, 52, 88, 427, 437, 467, 473, 477–479, 483, 486, 487, 489–504, 506–511, 513, 514, 518, 519, 524, 525, 544, 545, 547, 550, 562, 563, 567, 584, 586, 589, 594, 610, 622, 634, 636, 643–645, 648, 650, 652, 661, 665, 668, 676, 694, 704, 719, 740, 743, 747, 748, 752, 755–759, 761, 784, 787, 790–792, 794–796, 811–814, 816, 817, 826–828, 834, 840, 861–863, 870, 872, 875, 876, 878–880, 883–885, 887, 892, 894, 898, 900, 901 Coral Ardisia Root (zhu sha gen), 78 Coriander (hu sui), 22, 897 Coriolous Dersicolor (yun zhi), 156 Cornsilk (yu mi xu), 140, 888

Corydalis Rhizome (yan hu suo), 2, 229, 467, 503, 548, 550, 553, 662, 664, 666–670, 682, 683, 686, 691, 692, 694, 700, 703, 819, 822, 847, 880, 882, 886, 887, 892–895, 897, 899, 900 Cottonrose Hibiscus Leaf (mu fu rong ye), 415, 863, 864 Cow Bezoar (niu huang), 11, 79, 314, 494, 495, 648–653, 719, 728, 840, 844, 847, 863, 865, 881–883, 897–899, 902 Cowherb Seed (wang bu liu xing), 241, 672, 673, 686, 694, 750, 753, 766, 851, 894, 895, 897, 898 Creeping Dichondra Herb (xiao jin qian cao), 156 Croton Seed (ba dou), 2, 9, 10, 98, 101, 452, 453, 546, 665, 669, 817, 866, 879, 888, 898 Cubeb Fruit (bi cheng qie), 166, 877, 879, 899 Cultured Ox Gallstones in Vitro (ti wai pei yu niu huang), 318 Cuttlebone (hai piao xiao), 6, 392, 396, 503, 529, 628–632, 663, 679, 703, 822, 823, 846, 872, 884, 894, 896, 898 Cyathula Root (chuan niu xi), 240, 245, 583, 587, 602, 610, 698, 720, 723, 725, 755, 871, 889, 891, 892 Cynanchum Root and Rhizome (bai qian), 7, 262, 265, 280, 802, 804, 876, 877 Cyrtomii Rhizoma (guan zhong), 56, 719, 880

D

Dahurian Rhododendron Leaf (man shan hong), 288 Dandelion (pu gong ying), 56 Danshen Root (dan shen), 9, 237, 473, 486, 487, 564, 572, 637, 639, 641, 663, 672, 682, 683, 685, 687–689, 693, 694, 699, 700, 773, 803, 804, 839, 841, 876, 880, 883, 886, 887, 894, 895, 897, 898 Datura Flower (yang jin hua), 287 Decumbent Bugle Herb (bai mao xia ku cao), 76 Decumbent Corydalis Rhizome (xia tian wu), 233 Deer Antler (lu jiao), 343, 344, 359, 580, 599, 601–603, 605, 607, 608, 611, 627, 629, 685, 840, 851, 854, 871, 889–892, 896, 899 Deer Antler Glue (lu jiao jiao), 11, 344, 568, 581, 583, 587, 598, 600, 602, 605, 606, 610–613, 624, 685, 770, 840, 843, 884, 885, 889–891, 895–897 Deer Velvet (lu rong), 343, 359, 599, 601, 602, 605, 627, 854, 871, 889–892, 896, 899 Defatted Croton Seed Powder (ba dou shuang), 98, 100 Degelatinated Deer Antler Powder (lu jiao shuang), 344, 580, 603, 629, 685, 854, 891 Dendrobium (shi hu), 370, 455, 483, 499, 500, 503, 524, 525, 582, 586, 589, 595, 596, 606, 608, 611, 676, 723, 736, 738, 827, 841, 844, 871, 891, 892, 901, 902 Descolor Cinquefoil (fan bai cao), 68 Desert Cistanche (rou cong rong), 347, 454–456, 461, 579, 589, 592, 594, 598,

600, 604, 606, 608, 609, 627, 698, 879, 889–892, 896 Dichroa Root (chang shan), 398, 400, 466–469, 471, 546, 892 Dictamnus Root Bark (bai xian pi), 48, 713, 719, 880, 889–891, 894, 896, 900 Difengpi Bark (di feng pi), 112, 408 Dill (shi luo zi), 184 Dodder Seed (tu si zi), 349, 572, 579, 580, 583, 587, 589, 591–594, 596, 600, 602–605, 607–609, 624, 627, 629, 631, 698, 737, 878, 881, 885, 889, 891, 892, 895–897, 901 Dog Meat (gou rou), 358 Dog’s Testes and Penis (huang gou shen), 358, 889, 890 Dogbane Leaf (luo bu ma ye), 309, 881, 893 Donkey-hide Gelatin (e jiao), 1, 11, 362, 366, 440, 488, 489, 500, 508–510, 512, 567–570, 572–575, 577, 585, 588, 592, 595, 596, 603, 611–614, 618, 619, 644, 645, 684, 689, 703, 705, 707–709, 722–725, 727, 728, 733, 734, 737, 763, 764, 768, 798, 819, 821, 876, 877, 881, 883–885, 887, 888, 891, 893–896 Double Teeth Pubescent Angelica Root (du huo), 104, 115, 427, 436, 437, 439, 441, 442, 444, 445, 540, 562, 604, 712, 714, 717, 719, 720, 762, 775–779, 818, 820, 860, 863, 871, 872, 890–893 Dragon Bones (long gu), 295, 312, 427, 470, 471, 534, 535, 581, 584, 607, 616, 624–632, 634–637, 642, 708, 722–724, 726–729, 773, 863, 872, 881–883, 886–889, 896 Dragon Teeth (long chi), 296, 612, 635, 637–639, 642, 887 Dragon’s Blood (xue jie), 249, 653, 685, 689, 694–696, 698, 699, 719, 847, 863, 864, 867, 870–872, 892, 897, 898, 900, 901 Dragon’s Tongue Leaf (long li ye), 278 Dried Alum (ku fan), 409, 848, 860, 900 Dried Ginger Rhizome (gan jiang), 5, 226, 424, 425, 428, 441, 452–454, 470–473, 477–479, 509, 528–532, 534–538, 540, 541, 547–549, 557, 564, 566, 575, 577, 596, 599, 600, 610, 620–623, 663, 665, 667, 671, 675, 691, 700, 703, 706, 708, 743, 755, 758, 769–771, 774, 776, 783, 799–801, 805, 807, 812, 816, 817, 819, 821, 826, 828, 877–880, 882, 886, 888, 891, 893 Dried Lacquer (gan qi), 10, 243, 296, 686, 690, 822, 880, 894, 895 Dried Longan Pulp (long yan rou), 363, 365, 472, 567, 569, 570, 572, 580, 639, 709, 882, 885, 887, 890, 891, 893, 895 Dried Rhemannia (gan di huang), 85, 440, 442, 570, 575, 577, 599, 614, 686, 690, 705, 707, 723, 725, 728 Dry-fried Chinese Hawthorn Fruit (chao shan zha), 195 Dry-fried Germinated Barley (chao mai ya), 196 Dry-fried Grain Sprout (chao gu ya), 196 Dry-fried Medicated Leaven (chao shen qu), 195

English-Pinyin Cross Reference of Chinese Materia Medica Names

Dry-fried Medicated Leaven with bran (fu chao shen qu), 195, 788 Dry-fried Pagoda Tree Flower (chao huai hua), 212 Dry-fried Plantago Seed (chao che qian zi), 151 Dry-fried Trichosanthes Seed (chao gua lou zi), 277 Drynaria Rhizome (gu sui bu), 248, 251, 581, 605, 695–699, 719, 870, 873, 889, 892, 900–902 Duckweed (fu ping), 29, 875, 888, 897, 900 Dutchmans Pipe Vine (tian xian teng), 108, 179, 672, 890 Dutchmanspipe Fruit (ma dou ling), 284, 496, 585, 588, 797, 877, 899 Dwarf Lilyturf Tuber (mai dong), 369, 379, 430, 435, 436, 440, 442, 448, 455, 461–463, 482–484, 486–488, 500, 502, 503, 506, 507, 510, 512, 513, 523–525, 537, 539, 558–560, 564, 565, 568, 571, 572, 575, 577, 578, 581–586, 588–590, 592–597, 606, 608, 611–614, 618, 637–639, 641–644, 662, 676, 678, 684, 689, 704, 722–725, 728, 732–740, 767, 794, 797, 798, 803, 804, 819, 846, 854, 855, 876, 877, 879, 881–884, 886, 887, 891, 892, 894, 895, 901, 902

E

Earth Worm (di long), 2, 315, 486, 539, 684, 688, 692, 700, 712, 714–716, 719, 776, 841, 844, 869, 877, 881, 882, 890, 897, 899 Edible Bird Nest (yan wo), 378 Eggplant (qie zi), 235 Egg-shell (ji zi ke), 223 Eleutherococcus Root Bark (wu jia pi), 123, 127, 145, 572, 604, 605, 695, 696, 698, 766, 870–872, 890–892 Elm Cake (wu yi), 202, 440, 816, 826, 828, 830, 879, 898 Emblic Leafflower Fruit (yu gan zi), 84 Ephedra (ma huang), 2, 9, 14, 24, 384, 422, 424–426, 428, 429, 431–433, 435, 438, 444, 445, 509, 540, 541, 544–551, 675, 676, 678–680, 718, 719, 721, 757, 762, 763, 778, 787, 795, 801, 805, 840, 843, 869, 871, 875, 877, 888, 889, 899 Ephedra Root (ma huang gen), 383, 384, 513, 558, 559, 616, 617, 883 Erythrina Bark (hai tong pi), 119, 540, 751, 870, 872 Euchresta Japonica (shan dou gen), 5, 62, 491, 748, 797, 901, 902 Eucommia Bark (du zhong), 2, 346, 455, 539, 572, 575, 580, 581, 591, 595, 600, 602–605, 607, 609–611, 624, 629, 631, 684, 697, 720, 723, 725, 762, 769, 776, 777, 881, 890–892, 895, 896 Eucommia Leaf (du zhong ye), 357 Euonymi Twig (gui jian yu), 255 Eupatorium (pei lan), 130, 135, 289, 520, 748, 875, 876, 878, 896, 901 Euphorbia Root (jing da ji), 9, 10, 96, 101, 334, 457–459, 696

Euphorb-iae Humifusae (di jin cao), 67, 878, 879, 888, 898, 899 Euryale Seed (qian shi), 396, 563, 584, 599, 600, 604, 607, 623–625, 627–629, 631, 639, 773, 878, 889, 890, 896 Exsiccated Sodium Sulphate (xuan ming fen), 92, 252, 402, 437, 495, 757, 790, 792, 864, 902

F

False Chinese Swertia Herb (dang yao), 50 Feather Cockscomb Seed (qing xiang zi), 42, 586, 589, 881, 901 Fennel (xiao hui xiang), 458–460, 529, 538, 540, 611, 629, 664, 666, 668, 671, 679, 684, 694, 700, 877, 879, 893, 894, 899 Fennel Flower Seed (hei zhong cao zi), 244 Fermented Pinellia Rhizome (ban xia qu), 263, 639, 641, 665, 668, 743, 744, 801, 915 Few-flower Lysionotus Herb (shi diao lan), 264 Fibriferrite (huang fan), 409 Field Mint (bo he), 6, 11, 25, 32, 429–434, 436, 438–440, 442, 444, 445, 473, 474, 483, 490–496, 499, 509, 546, 549–551, 606, 608, 635, 637, 679, 719, 728, 735, 736, 738, 748, 752, 779, 794, 795, 805, 806, 841, 844, 845, 864, 870, 875, 884, 892, 897, 901, 902 Field Thistle (xiao ji), 207, 211, 487, 501, 559, 702, 703, 705–707, 749, 750, 760, 763, 883–885, 888, 895 Figwort Root (xuan shen), 9, 77, 81, 85, 430–432, 435, 437, 448, 455, 461–463, 483, 486–488, 491, 492, 494–500, 503, 513, 551, 558, 583, 585, 592–594, 596, 637, 639, 641–643, 649, 651, 653, 664, 692, 702, 704, 719, 723, 724, 726, 736–739, 757, 791, 793, 818–820, 839, 841, 842, 844–846, 860, 862, 876, 879, 881, 884–887, 891, 892, 894, 897, 899, 901, 902 Figwortflower Picrorhiza Rhizome (hu huang lian), 88, 512, 514, 515, 816, 830, 876, 879, 898, 899 Fimbriate Orostachys Herb (wa song), 210 Fineleaf Schizonepeta Spike (jing jie sui), 23, 430, 432, 433, 435–437, 579, 629, 630, 704, 707, 718, 721, 805 Finger Citron Flower (fo shou hua), 184 Finger Citron Fruit (fo shou), 176, 876, 877, 880 Fish Swim-bladder (yu biao), 217 Fistular Onion Bulb (cong bai), 21, 423, 427, 428, 432, 434, 439–442, 537, 538, 875, 882, 893 Fistular Onion Juice (cong zhi), 217 Fiveleaf Gynostemma Herb or Root (jiao gu lan), 336 Flattened Milkvetch Seed (sha yuan zi), 2, 350, 586, 589, 594, 607, 623–625, 881, 889, 891, 892, 896, 901 Fleeceflower Root (he shou wu), 3, 4, 455, 470, 471, 473, 606–608, 610, 693, 697, 718, 719, 722, 890, 891, 895, 896, 904 Flower of Kudzuvine (ge hua), 32, 816 Fluorite (zi shi ying), 353, 631, 881

947

Flying Squirrel Faeces (wu ling zhi), 9, 232, 330, 340, 468, 489, 575, 628, 631, 664, 682, 685, 686, 691, 692, 694, 700, 822, 841, 844, 869, 880, 886, 887, 892–895, 897, 899, 900 Four Stamen Stephania Root (fang ji), 117, 122, 427, 439, 540, 714, 718, 745, 751, 756, 757, 759, 760, 762, 764, 765, 768, 775, 776, 839, 872, 888–891, 900 Fourleaf Ladybell Root (nan sha shen), 368, 379, 483, 503, 512, 565, 585, 588, 595, 618, 662, 672, 704, 732–736, 738, 792, 797, 876, 877, 883, 891 Fragrant Solomonseal Rhizome (yu zhu), 2, 370, 438, 440, 442, 582, 585, 588, 595, 596, 735, 736, 876, 883, 891, 892, 902 Franchet Groundcherry Fruit (jin deng long), 64, 619, 902 Frankincense (ru xiang), 231, 628, 631, 655–657, 670, 683–685, 687, 689, 694–700, 714, 716, 719, 822, 839–841, 843, 844, 846–848, 851, 854, 860–862, 865–873, 880, 890, 892, 894, 895, 898–901 Fresh Ginger (sheng jiang), 9, 16, 226, 423, 424, 426–429, 435, 436, 438–443, 445, 461, 462, 466, 468, 470, 477, 479, 483, 489, 528–530, 532, 536, 539, 541, 542, 548, 550–553, 559, 561, 562, 564, 565, 569–572, 574–576, 578–580, 593, 595, 604, 606, 608, 610, 612–614, 620, 622, 635, 639, 641, 663–665, 667, 668, 670, 671, 675–680, 684, 689, 691, 700, 713, 718, 721, 733, 734, 743–745, 747, 756, 757, 762, 764–766, 769–772, 774, 777, 778, 780, 783–788, 793–795, 800, 801, 803, 805–807, 815, 816, 826, 840, 843, 854–857, 867, 875–878, 881, 883, 886, 889, 893 Fresh Ginger Peel (sheng jiang pi), 23, 763–766, 772, 888, 900 Fresh Rehmannia (xian di huang), 85, 365 Fruticose Dracaena Leaf (tie shu ye), 217 Funnelid Physochlaina Root (hua shan shen), 287

G

Galanga Resurrection Lily Rhizome (shan nai), 182 Galangal (gao liang jiang), 164, 529, 540, 663–665, 669, 671, 678, 815, 822, 869, 871, 877, 879, 886, 899 Gallnut of Chinese Sumac (wu bei zi), 6, 386, 389, 628–630, 655, 656, 853, 860, 866, 867, 878, 883 Gambir Plant (gou teng), 11, 314, 319, 483, 486, 497, 635, 637, 652, 693, 720, 722–729, 784, 791, 802, 803, 881, 893, 897, 901 Gansui Root (gan sui), 9, 10, 96, 101, 334, 449, 451, 457–460, 796, 888 Garden Balsam Seed (ji xing zi), 255 Garden Burnet Root (di yu), 208, 211, 455, 487, 488, 504, 702, 708, 846, 879, 884, 885, 895, 898–900 Garden Euphorbia Herb (fei yang cao), 78 Garden Radish Leaf (lai fu ye), 192 Garlic Bulb (da suan), 407, 880, 900

948

English-Pinyin Cross Reference of Chinese Materia Medica Names

Gekko Swinhoana (bi hu), 318, 882, 889 Germinated Barley (mai ya), 196, 504, 661, 726, 766, 800, 805, 807, 808, 810, 811, 814, 815, 826, 828, 898 Giant Gecko (ge jie), 350, 360, 559, 561, 618, 877, 890, 891 Giant Knotweed Rhizome (hu zhang), 153, 158, 749, 750, 880, 898, 900 Ginger Juice (sheng jiang zhi), 23, 263, 453, 458, 462, 523, 535, 649, 655, 671, 675, 679, 740, 779, 783, 785, 788, 792–794, 796, 801, 803–806, 835, 881, 882 Ginger Juice-fried Coptis Rhizome (jiang huang lian), 52 Ginkgo Leaf (yin xing ye), 216 Ginkgo Nut (bai guo), 2, 286, 628, 629, 631, 676, 678, 680, 876, 889, 896 Ginseng (ren shen), 1, 6, 9–11, 190, 232, 330, 342, 438, 439, 441–443, 445, 448, 452–455, 461, 462, 466, 468, 470, 471, 477–479, 482–485, 491, 500, 507, 508, 512, 518, 524, 525, 528–539, 542, 556–582, 586, 589, 591–596, 599, 600, 603–621, 625, 626, 629, 630, 635, 637–639, 641–643, 649, 662, 665, 667, 668, 675–678, 680, 684, 689, 692, 696, 698, 699, 703, 705, 709, 718, 719, 721, 723, 727, 728, 733, 734, 736–740, 745–747, 751, 754, 756, 765–767, 770, 772, 774, 776, 777, 786, 787, 789, 794, 796, 803, 805–807, 810, 812, 814–813, 819, 821, 826–829, 841, 846, 850–856, 872, 877, 882, 883, 885–887, 889–893, 895–897 Ginseng Leaf (ren shen ye), 340 Glabrous Greenbrier Rhizome (tu fu ling), 59, 666, 720, 750, 888, 889, 896, 900 Glabrous Sarcandra (zhong jie feng), 84 Glehnia Root (bei sha shen), 9, 367, 379, 512, 559, 582, 584, 588, 595, 596, 736, 891 Globe Thistle Root (yu zhou lou lu), 75 Globeamaranth Flower (qian ri hong), 310, 882, 887 Glossy Ganoderma (ling zhi), 299, 887 Glossy Privet Fruit (nü zhen zi), 2, 373, 503, 583, 585, 588, 624, 628, 876, 881, 885, 891, 892, 894, 895, 901, 902 Glutinous Rice (nuo mi), 341, 575, 576, 585, 588, 610, 631 Glutinous Rice Root (nuo dao gen xu), 383, 616, 883 Goat Horn (shan yang jiao), 313 Goat Kidney (yang shen), 11, 331, 342, 358, 418, 497, 524, 525, 558, 618, 737, 877, 882, 890–892 Golden Larch Bark (tu jing pi), 406, 861, 862 Gradfly (meng chong), 4, 10, 253, 686, 690, 692, 701, 822, 880, 893–895 Grain Sprout (gu ya), 190, 746, 810, 898 Grape (pu tao), 364 Grassleaf Sweetflag Rhizome (shi chang pu), 324, 499, 523, 564, 578, 590, 606, 608, 609, 625, 637, 642–644, 648, 653, 655, 663, 684, 748, 749, 752, 759, 761, 770, 772, 773, 784, 787, 789, 791, 803–806, 834, 871, 881–883, 885, 887, 889, 902 Great Burdock Achene (niu bang zi), 3, 25, 32, 429, 430, 432, 433, 435, 436, 438, 440, 483,

490–494, 496, 499, 585, 588, 685, 713, 716, 841, 844, 845, 853, 877, 897, 898, 902 Green Tangerine Peel (qing pi), 2, 171, 185, 423, 458, 459, 468–470, 475, 525, 529, 604, 629, 660, 661, 664, 665, 669, 672, 679, 683, 693, 694, 719, 786, 791, 811, 813, 816–820, 829, 840, 842, 878, 880, 882, 892, 897–899 Greenvitriol (zao fan) or (lü fan), 403, 827, 829, 891, 900 Grosvenor’s Momordica Fruit (luo han guo), 272 Ground Beetle (tu bie chong), 2, 246, 251, 605, 683, 685, 695, 696, 698, 699, 870, 872, 880, 892–895, 897, 900, 901 Gynura Root (ju ye san qi), 216 Gypsum (shi gao), 5, 11, 296, 422, 424, 426, 428, 429, 431–435, 438, 482–485, 491, 495, 497, 498, 500, 501, 503, 505, 506, 510, 520–522, 524, 526, 544–547, 550, 551, 593, 648, 649, 651, 653, 713, 714, 716–718, 721–723, 732, 734, 737, 754, 792, 793, 862, 875, 877, 884, 892, 901, 920 Gypsum Ustum (duan shi gao), 412, 416, 733, 863, 868, 898, 900

H

Hairy Chestnut Seed (li zi), 340 Hairyvein Agrimonia (xian he cao), 204, 219, 224, 568, 584, 585, 618, 702, 704, 708, 797, 868, 877, 883–885, 892, 895 Hairyvein Agrimonia Herb and Bud (he cao ya), 200, 204, 880 Halite (da qing yan), 84, 819, 820 Hawksbill Turtle (dai mao), 308, 649, 651, 653, 881 Heartleaf Houttuynia (yu xing cao), 60, 559, 585, 676, 792, 842, 877, 883, 899, 901 Hedge Prinsepia Nut (rui ren), 31 Hedgehog Skin (ci wei pi), 393, 889, 899 Hematite (dai zhe shi), 7, 11, 308, 312, 599, 631, 674, 676, 677, 722, 724, 726, 727, 811, 878, 881, 882, 885 Hemp Seed (huo ma ren), 94, 95, 454–457, 583, 612–614, 723, 725, 728, 879 Hempleaf Negundo Chastetree Leaf (mu jing ye), 289 Hen Egg’s Inner Shell Membrane (feng huang yi), 378 Hen’s Egg (ji zi), 378 Hen’s Egg Yolk (ji zi huang), 378, 644, 645, 722–725, 727, 729, 881, 887 Henbane Seed (tian xian zi), 290 Heterophylly False Satarwort Root (tai zi shen), 332, 342, 558, 575, 890–892 Himalayan Teasel Root (xu duan), 347, 572, 575, 576, 580, 581, 592, 603–605, 624, 629, 631, 693, 695, 697, 777, 780, 869, 870, 890–892, 894, 896, 900, 901 Hindu lotus petiole (he geng), 395, 470, 512, 524–526 Hirsute Shiny Bugleweed Herb (ze lan), 239, 244, 245, 694, 758, 863, 864, 894, 895, 897 Hogfennel Root (qian hu), 270, 280, 435–437, 439, 441–444, 494, 675, 677, 719, 733, 734, 779, 783, 793, 797, 800, 805, 876, 877

Homalomena Rhizome (qian nian jian), 125, 720, 870, 890, 891 Honey (feng mi), 6, 11, 338, 456, 491, 493, 540, 541, 565, 581, 584, 585, 587, 593, 598, 635, 636, 648, 650, 686, 687, 690, 709, 737, 739, 740, 770, 870, 877, 879 Honeycomb (feng fang), 407, 818, 819, 821, 900, 901 Honeysuckle Stem (ren dong teng), 72, 750, 775, 818, 890 Human Placenta (zi he che), 3, 345, 359, 595, 612, 613, 877, 885, 889–892, 895, 896 Hupeh Fritillary Bulb (hu bei bei mu), 277 Hyacinth Bean Peel (bian dou yi), 340 Hydnocarpus Seed (da feng zi), 408, 860, 861, 900 Hypoglaucous Collett Yam Rhizome (bi xie), 149, 705, 749, 750, 756, 758, 759, 770, 772, 773, 871, 888–890, 896, 900

I

Ignited Yellow Earth (zao xin tu), 11, 225, 702, 705, 707, 709, 878, 884, 885, 895, 896 Immature Bitter Orange (zhi shi), 2, 6, 7, 10, 172, 448–451, 454–456, 461, 462, 472, 474, 476, 477, 483, 485, 495, 504, 549, 550, 552, 553, 662, 663, 665, 666, 668–670, 672, 673, 714, 749, 756, 782, 784–790, 792–796, 811, 813, 817, 818, 842, 878, 879, 881, 886, 897, 898 Immature Chebula Fruit (xi qing guo), 75 Immature Peach Fruit (bi tao gan), 223 Imperata Rhizome (bai mao gen), 209, 212, 430–432, 440, 487, 491, 492, 501, 512, 523, 551, 559, 584, 585, 618, 682, 702–706, 708, 733, 737, 749, 763, 883–885, 888, 891 Indian Bread with Hostwood (fu shen), 7, 302, 508, 569–571, 578, 590, 625–627, 635, 637–639, 641, 642, 644, 645, 709, 723–727, 803, 804, 806, 882, 883, 887 Indian Madder Root (qian cao), 217, 863 Indian Quassia Wood (ku mu), 79 Indian Trumpet Flower Seed (mu hu die), 65, 902 Indigoplant Leaf (liao da qing ye), 73 Indigowoad Leaf (da qing ye), 2, 54, 79, 432, 497, 876, 880, 902 Insect Wax (chong bai la), 217, 863 Interius Kadura Stem (dian ji xue teng), 243 Inula (jin fei cao), 264, 799 Inula Flower (xuan fu hua), 2, 11, 261, 265, 418, 550, 674, 676, 677, 805, 876–878, 880, 881 Inula Root (tu mu xiang), 183 Isatis Root (ban lan gen), 55, 79, 431, 491, 492, 496, 499, 748, 876, 880, 902

J

Jackinthepulpit Tuber (tian nan xing), 2, 3, 16, 23, 259, 265, 266, 475, 652, 694, 697, 714–717, 719, 782, 786–788, 802, 805, 818, 861, 864, 867, 869, 873, 876, 881–883, 893, 897, 899 Japanese Buttercup Herb (mao gen), 415

English-Pinyin Cross Reference of Chinese Materia Medica Names

Japanese Camellia Flower (shan cha hua), 211 Japanese Climbing Fern Spore (hai jin sha), 148, 157, 501, 550, 705, 749, 750, 888 Japanese Climing Fern Herb (hai jin sha teng), 151 Japanese Dioscorea Rhizome (chuan shan long), 821, 889, 890 Japanese Dock Root (yang ti), 209, 884, 885, 895, 900 Japanese Flowering Fern Rhizome (zi qi guan zhong), 74 Japanese Ginseng (zhu jie shen), 215 Japanese Honeysuckle Flower (jin yin hua), 2, 53, 79, 429–433, 435, 436, 438–440, 444, 467, 486, 490, 491, 493–495, 499, 502, 504, 519, 522, 523, 546, 635, 637, 685, 713, 733, 750, 751, 758, 759, 798, 802, 811, 839, 840, 842, 844, 846–848, 851–853, 870, 875, 879, 898, 899, 902 Japanese Milkwort Herb (gua zi jin), 278 Japanese Pagoda Tree Pod (huai jiao), 210, 455, 489, 708, 884, 889, 901 Japanese St. John’s Wort (di er cao), 153, 880, 899, 900 Japanese Thistle (da ji), 207, 211, 703, 705, 706, 763, 883–885, 888, 895 Japenese Coral (shan hu), 297 Japnese Ardisia (ai di cha), 286 Jatamana Valeriana Rhizome (zhi zhu xiang), 174, 300 Juncus (deng xin cao), 6, 149, 436, 494, 501, 521–523, 594, 749, 753, 765, 790, 816, 888 Juncus (deng zhan xi xin), 235

K

Kadsura Pepper Stem (hai feng teng), 109, 122, 720, 890 Katsumadai (cao dou kou), 133, 663, 667, 878, 879 Kelp (kun bu), 273, 666, 669, 679, 791, 818, 820, 822, 823 Kirilow Rhodiola Root and Rhizome (hong jing tian), 336 Knotgrass (bian xu), 147, 705, 749, 753, 760, 763, 879, 888 Knoxia Root (hong da ji), 100, 334, 655, 656 Korean Monkshood Root (guan bai fu), 263 Kudzuvine Root (ge gen), 2, 5, 29, 33, 426, 428, 429, 432, 434, 435, 439–443, 445, 494, 504, 525, 544, 545, 562, 563, 566, 679, 708, 719, 737, 739, 740, 751, 754, 760, 778, 875, 878, 891–893, 897, 902 Kusnezoff Monkshood Root (cao wu), 2, 9, 10, 38, 71, 113, 218, 259, 714, 719, 867, 869, 871, 890

L

Lalang Grass Inflorescence (bai mao hua), 210 Lamiophlomis (du yi wei), 217 Lanceleaf Anisetree Root-bark (mang cao), 408 Large Leaf Gentian Root (qin jiao), 116, 428, 439, 511, 512, 514, 515, 540, 551, 552, 614, 692, 700, 714, 717, 720, 757, 759, 762, 775–778, 806, 839, 846, 870, 871, 876, 880, 882, 890, 891, 898

Largeleaf Japanese Ginseng Rhizome (zhu zi shen), 216, 377 Largeleaf Japanese Ginseng Rhizome (zhu zi shen), 216, 377 Lead Oxide (qian dan), 413, 470, 471, 826, 827, 862, 871, 898 Leech (shui zhi), 10, 253, 683, 686, 690, 692, 693, 701, 822, 880, 893–895 Leonurus Fruit (chong wei zi), 242, 757 Leprieur Caloglossa (zhe gu cai), 203 Licorice Root (gan cao), 6, 9, 96–99, 101, 113, 265, 272, 334, 422–430, 432–444, 450–454, 458, 460–462, 466–479, 483–485, 488, 489, 491–501, 504–515, 520–525, 528, 531, 534– 542, 544–546, 548–553, 556–567, 569–581, 585, 588, 591–596, 603, 610, 612–614, 619, 629, 634–642, 649, 651, 662–668, 670–679, 682–699, 705, 707–709, 713–728, 733–759, 762, 764–766, 768–771, 777–779, 783–788, 793, 794, 796, 798–807, 812, 814, 816, 818–820, 826, 828, 829, 839–843, 845–847, 851–856, 861, 863, 870, 872, 873, 882, 885–887, 890, 894, 897, 899, 902 Light Yellow Sophora Root (ku shen), 48, 51, 439, 713, 716, 720, 722, 750, 751, 754, 757, 759, 829, 830, 860, 862, 879, 880, 888, 896, 900 Lilac Daphne Flower Bud (yuan hua), 4, 9, 10, 97, 101, 334, 457–460, 888 Lilac Pink (qu mai), 147, 705, 749, 753, 756, 760, 763, 819, 821, 888 Lily Bulb (bai he), 368, 559, 583, 640, 737, 739, 798, 876, 877, 902 Limonite (yu yu liang), 388, 620, 622, 623, 631, 878 Lindley’s Eupatorium Herb (ye ma zhui), 289 Linseed (ya ma zi), 95 Liriope Root Tuber (shan mai dong), 376 Litharge (mi tuo seng), 9, 203, 415, 861, 867 Long Pepper Fruit (bi bo), 166, 654–656, 877, 879, 886, 901 Long Stamen Onion Bulb (xie bai), 179, 472, 530, 663, 667, 670, 673, 878, 886 Long Tube Ground Ivy (lian qian cao), 155 Lophatherum Stem and Leaves (zhu ye), 39, 430, 433, 438, 440, 482–484, 486, 488, 491, 493–495, 497–499, 501, 505, 508, 520, 524–526, 748, 751, 760, 761, 790, 875 Loquat Flower (pi pa hua), 290 Loquat Leaf (pi pa ye), 2, 3, 284, 431, 596, 676, 678, 733, 734, 797, 842, 877, 878 Lotus Leaf (he ye), 395, 494, 522–524, 594, 672, 702, 703, 706, 788, 829, 875, 876, 878, 884, 885, 895 Lotus Plumule (lian zi xin), 303, 488, 500, 634, 643, 773, 876 Lotus Receptacle (lian fang), 216, 395, 866 Lotus Rhizome Node (ou jie), 220, 431, 440, 488, 491, 705, 737, 750, 760, 883–885, 888, 895 Lotus Seed (lian zi), 2, 6, 392, 396, 557, 558, 560, 563, 566, 623–625, 643, 740, 829, 878, 889, 890, 896 Lotus Stamen (lian xu), 394, 624, 625, 698, 889 Lowdaphne Stringbush Flower Bud (huang yuan hua), 99

949

Luffa Vegetable Sponge (si gua luo), 121, 467 Luodian Borneol (ai pian), 325 Lychee Seed (li zhi he), 176, 662, 665, 880, 899

M

Magnetite (ci shi), 3, 7, 11, 295, 298, 312, 590, 612, 634–636, 639, 649, 651, 866, 877, 881, 887, 902 Magnolia Bark (hou po), 2, 3, 6, 135, 423, 427, 448, 450–452, 455, 456, 460–462, 467–470, 477, 483, 518, 519, 529, 547–549, 552, 564, 579, 593, 660, 661, 663–671, 673, 675–677, 696, 698, 720, 721, 733, 743–748, 751, 752, 756, 761, 765, 770, 771, 774, 790, 799, 800, 811, 819, 821, 861, 875–879, 881, 883, 888 Magnolia Flower (hou po hua), 134 Manchurian Dutchmans Pipe Stem (guan mu tong), 150 Manchurian Lilac Bark (bao ma zi pi), 278 Manchurian Wild Ginger (xi xin), 1, 9, 20, 24, 399, 423–425, 427, 428, 438, 441, 443–445, 452–454, 495, 529, 539–542, 599, 697, 713–715, 717–719, 762, 769, 775–777, 779, 783, 795, 799–801, 822, 826, 828, 869, 875, 877, 882, 890–893, 901, 902 Mantis Egg-case (sang piao xiao), 391, 396, 509, 623–627 Manyin Florescent Sweetvetch Root (hong qi), 338, 341 Manyleaf Meadowure Rhizome and Root (ma wei lian), 50, 879 Manyprinckle Acanthopanax (ci wu jia), 335 Medicated Leaven (shen qu), 195, 477, 504, 525, 548, 574, 575, 577, 585, 603, 635, 636, 661, 663, 665, 666, 743, 745, 746, 749, 766, 788, 800, 806, 810–814, 826, 828, 829, 878, 898 Medicinal Dendrobum Herb (tie pi shi hu), 376 Medicinal Evodia Fruit (wu zhu yu), 162, 168, 396, 458, 473, 477, 503, 506, 507, 528–530, 532, 535, 542, 548, 568, 620, 622, 664–666, 671, 675, 680, 684, 686, 689, 693, 743, 755, 769, 770, 772, 822, 877–879, 889, 892–894, 899 Medicinal Evodia Fruit-fried Coptis Rhizome (yu huang lian), 52 Medicinal Fermented Mass (jian shen qu), 192 Medicine Terminalia Fruit (he zi), 387, 542, 558, 620, 621, 655, 656, 704, 706, 877, 878 Melon Seed (tian gua zi), 43, 279 Mercuric Oxide (sheng yao), 412, 868, 898, 900 Mercury (shui yin), 9, 10, 409, 696, 860, 865, 868, 898, 900 Mica Schist (jin meng shi), 276 Mile Swertia (qing ye dan), 156 Morinda Root (ba ji tian), 345, 596, 598–600, 603–609, 629, 766, 889, 890, 892–897 Mother Clove (mu ding xiang), 167, 866 Mother-of-pearl (zhen zhu mu), 307, 311, 586, 634, 635, 637, 723, 881, 886, 887, 893, 901, 902 Motherwort (yi mu cao), 2, 238, 244, 245, 581, 605, 662, 686, 723, 725, 822, 886, 888, 894, 895, 897, 898

950

English-Pinyin Cross Reference of Chinese Materia Medica Names

Mugwort Leaf (ai ye), 2, 548, 568, 570, 573, 579, 693, 702, 703, 705, 706, 868, 884, 885, 893–895, 900 Mulberry Fruit (sang shen), 374, 879, 891 Mulberry Leaf (sang ye), 6, 26, 33, 429, 431, 433, 435, 438, 466, 491, 499, 502, 568, 595, 723, 726, 732–735, 875, 876, 881, 883, 884, 892, 901 Mulberry Twig (sang zhi), 117, 439, 684, 751, 872, 890 Multibanded Krati (jin qian bai hua she), 112, 115, 890, 900 Mung Bean (lü dou), 72, 432, 875, 876, 898 Mung Bean Skin (lü dou yi), 76, 735 Murraya Jasminorage (jiu li xiang), 134 Musk (she xiang), 10, 507, 535–537, 648–652, 654–657, 683, 685, 689, 691, 694–696, 698–700, 719, 728, 806, 822, 834, 840, 841, 844, 848, 864–866, 869–871, 873, 880, 882, 883, 886, 893, 898–901 Muskmelon Fruit Pedicel (gua di), 10, 398, 400, 834–836 Muskroot-like Semiaquilegia Root (tian kui zi), 73, 840, 843 Mutton (yang rou), 358 Myrrh (mo yao), 232, 628, 631, 670, 683–685, 687, 689, 691, 692, 694–700, 714, 716, 719, 822, 839–841, 843, 844, 846–848, 851, 854, 860–862, 864, 866–873, 880, 890, 892–895, 898–901

N

Nardostachys Root (gan song), 180, 873, 878, 880 Natural Borneol (tian ran bing pian), 325 Natural Indigo (qing dai), 7, 55, 79, 428, 487, 500, 521, 522, 704, 706, 709, 862, 864, 865, 876, 881, 883, 897 Notoptetygium Root (qiang huo), 18, 115, 422, 423, 425, 427, 428, 432, 434, 436, 437, 439, 441–445, 457, 467, 495, 496, 507–509, 540, 551, 552, 562, 567, 579, 594, 604, 610, 692, 700, 712–715, 717–721, 751, 754, 760, 766, 775, 776, 778, 779, 805, 806, 845, 860, 868, 871, 872, 875, 882, 890–893 Nutgrass Galingale Rhizome (xiang fu), 2, 4, 6, 423, 425, 472, 473, 489, 529, 540, 628–630, 654–656, 660–666, 668, 670, 671, 673, 683, 686, 687, 691–693, 696, 719, 786, 788, 791, 811, 813, 822, 871, 877, 880, 882, 883, 893, 894, 896, 897, 899 Nutmeg (rou dou kou), 4, 388, 538, 557, 558, 600, 620–622, 812, 814, 815, 827, 828, 830, 878 Nux Vomica Powder (ma qian zi fen), 251 Nux Vomica Seed (ma qian zi), 2, 10, 247, 410, 873, 890

O

Obtuseleaf Dock Root (tu da huang), 210 Obtuseleaf Erycibe Stem (ding gong teng), 110, 890 Old Lotus Fruit (shi lian zi), 303, 507, 508 Oldenlandia (bai hua she she cao), 69, 888, 898, 899

Ophicalcite (hua rui shi), 214, 218, 877, 884, 885 Oriental Arborvitae Leafy Twig (ce bai ye), 208, 430, 432, 487, 489, 491, 559, 702–704, 706–708, 864, 870, 883–885, 888, 895, 900 Orientvine Stem (qing feng teng), 110 Ovateleaf Holly Bark (jiu bi ying), 76 Ox Spinal Cord (niu sui), 357 Oxidized Iron Fillings (sheng tie lou), 310, 637, 883 Oyster Shell (mu li), 3, 4, 6, 7, 11, 307, 312, 427, 470, 471, 473, 475, 488, 534, 535, 558, 559, 583, 584, 599, 607, 616, 617, 624, 625, 627–639, 708, 722–729, 773, 791, 793, 818, 876, 880–883, 886, 887, 889, 894–897, 899, 902

P

Pagoda Tree Flower (huai hua), 487, 702, 707, 883–885 Pale Butterfly Bush Flower (mi meng hua), 42, 436, 437, 901 Pangolin Scales (chuan shan jia), 254, 653, 672, 679, 683, 688, 694, 720, 839, 841, 843, 850–854, 856, 860, 864, 866, 869, 880, 890, 894, 895, 897–900 Paniculate Bolbostemma (tu bei mu), 73, 475 Paniculate Microcos Leaf (bu zha ye), 193 Paniculate Swallowwort Root (xu chang qing), 114, 890, 900, 901 Papaya (fan mu gua), 193 Papermulberry Fruit (chu shi zi), 372, 437, 593, 609 Paris Rhizome (chong lou), 58, 494, 792, 881, 897–899 Patrinia (bai jiang cao), 61, 694, 750, 841, 842, 845, 850, 894, 899 Peach Kernel (tao ren), 4, 10, 238, 244, 448, 450, 455–457, 460, 466, 468, 473, 523, 539, 540, 568, 571, 573, 664, 666, 669, 682–688, 690–701, 709, 713, 818, 819, 821, 822, 841–843, 845–847, 850, 870, 871, 879, 880, 886, 887, 892–895, 897, 899, 900 Peach Twig (tao zhi), 235, 860 Pear (li), 279 Pearl (zhen zhu), 297, 311, 494, 648–650, 652, 847, 863, 865, 872, 883, 897, 901 Pepper Fruit (hu jiao), 869, 877, 879 Pepperweed Seed (ting li zi), 6, 11, 285, 291, 431, 450, 451, 507, 510, 551, 675, 763, 819, 821, 847 Perforate St. John’s wort Herb (guan ye lian qiao), 223 Perilla Fruit (zi su zi), 3, 7, 264, 282, 422, 423, 426, 674–678, 680, 693, 733, 795, 799, 800, 822, 876, 877, 879 Perilla Leaf (zi su ye), 2, 6, 15, 422, 423, 425, 427, 428, 432, 439–441, 443, 445, 558, 664, 667, 671, 675, 677, 697, 713, 732–735, 743, 744, 747, 762, 765, 770, 772, 783, 800, 802, 875, 881, 889, 896 Perilla Stem (zi su geng), 23, 696, 733, 878 Persimmon Calyx (shi di), 181 Pharbitidis Seed (qian niu zi), 2, 9, 10, 98, 100, 457–460, 770, 811, 813, 815, 817, 879, 888 Phellodendron Bark (guan huang bai), 50

Pig Gall (zhu dan), 43, 276 Pig Gall Powder (zhu dan fen), 276 Pig Tripe (zhu du), 341 Pine Nodular Branch (song jie), 109, 890, 900 Pine Nut (song zi ren), 94, 455, 456, 879 Pine Pollen (song hua fen), 222 Pinellia Rhizome (ban xia), 2, 3, 9, 16, 23, 105, 113, 160, 259, 263, 265, 266, 423–425, 428, 441, 443, 445, 453, 460, 466–470, 475, 477–479, 483, 484, 529, 530, 532, 535–537, 544, 547–550, 552, 557, 561, 562, 564–566, 586, 599, 614, 635, 639, 641, 644, 652, 653, 661, 663–665, 667, 668, 670, 671, 673–679, 684, 689, 693, 733, 734, 736, 738, 743–749, 751, 752, 755–757, 759, 761, 762, 769, 770, 782–788, 790, 792–796, 799–806, 811, 812, 814, 818–821, 826, 834, 869, 871, 873, 876–879, 881–883, 886, 887, 892, 893, 896, 897, 915 Pipe Fish (hai long), 355 Pipewort Flower (gu jing cao), 31, 436, 502, 594, 892, 901 Plant Soot (bai cao shuang), 222 Plantago Seed (che qian zi), 11, 145, 151, 418, 467, 473, 495, 496, 500–502, 505, 507–509, 520, 572, 593, 594, 596, 602, 605, 609, 628–632, 637, 666, 713, 743, 749, 750, 753, 756–760, 763, 767, 773, 819, 848, 876, 878, 887, 888, 896, 901 Plantain (che qian cao), 2, 150 Platycodon Root (jie geng), 7, 271, 430–445, 462, 470, 491, 492, 494, 495, 497, 498, 523, 542, 546, 548–551, 557, 560, 563, 565, 567, 575, 577, 578, 580, 585, 614, 618, 639, 641, 664, 672, 679, 683, 687, 692, 700, 733–735, 737, 739, 743, 744, 747, 757, 770, 772, 779, 793–798, 802, 804, 819, 820, 822, 839, 842, 845, 851, 876, 891, 899, 902 Plum Flower (lü e mei), 177, 880, 881 Pokeberry Root (shang lu), 10, 97, 551, 552, 888 Polygonum Perfoliatum (gang ban gui), 78 Polyporus (zhu ling), 6, 139, 144, 520, 521, 746, 751, 754–756, 758, 761–768, 770, 773, 816, 880, 888 Pomegranate Husk (shi liu pi), 6, 387, 878, 879, 900 Poppy Husk (ying su qiao), 386, 618–621, 623, 708, 878 Poria (fu ling), 1, 3, 6, 9, 138, 144, 424, 439, 441–444, 470–475, 488, 495, 508, 518, 520, 521, 530, 532, 535–537, 539, 547–549, 557, 559–567, 572, 575, 577, 578, 580, 581, 591, 594, 595, 599, 601, 602, 604, 609, 612–614, 637, 638, 640, 642–644, 661, 663, 664, 667, 668, 671–673, 675, 676, 687, 690, 696, 708, 719–721, 728, 733, 734, 736, 737, 743, 744, 746–749, 756–759, 761–769, 771–774, 776, 777, 779, 782–788, 792–794, 797, 799–801, 803–805, 810–818, 827, 829, 846, 848, 851, 852, 854–856, 876–878, 880, 881, 883, 885–888, 890, 891, 893, 896, 897, 901 Poria Exodermis (fu ling pi), 143, 551, 552, 745, 755, 762–764, 766, 827, 900 Prepared Dried Ginger (pao jiang), 225, 226, 568, 569, 579, 629, 679, 686, 690, 702, 705, 851, 884, 885, 895

English-Pinyin Cross Reference of Chinese Materia Medica Names

Prepared Fleeceflower Root (zhi he shou wu), 3, 363, 896 Prepared Kusnezoff Monkshood Root (zhi cao wu), 113, 540, 714, 716, 720, 776, 841, 844 Prepared Manyin Florescent Sweetvetch Root (zhi hong qi), 341 Prepared Mirabilite (xi gua shuang), 43, 902 Prepared Rehmannia Root (shu di huang), 6, 361, 365–366, 455, 473–476, 488, 503, 506, 510, 513, 514, 558, 565, 568–572, 574, 576, 578–584, 586, 589–613, 624, 635, 637, 642, 684, 693, 695, 698, 704, 714, 717, 719–721, 724, 736, 737, 739, 758, 786, 787, 789, 822, 840, 841, 843, 851, 854, 876, 881, 883, 885, 887, 889–897, 901, 902 Prepared Rhubarb Root and Rhizome (shu da huang), 93, 757, 846, 890 Prepared Soybean (dan dou chi), 30, 427, 430–434, 438–440, 442, 472, 483–485, 499, 544–546, 732–734, 746, 748, 752, 761, 834, 835, 875 Pricklyash Peel (hua jiao), 165, 296, 428, 437, 458, 528, 529, 531, 580, 593, 720, 746, 801, 822, 825, 826, 828–830, 860, 861, 872, 879, 896, 900, 901 Princes-feather Fruit (shui hong hua zi), 255 Propolis (feng jiao), 416 Pseudoginseng Root (san qi), 1, 213, 224, 487, 581, 595, 605, 683, 685, 696, 702, 703, 705, 708, 709, 871, 872, 877 Psoralea Fruit (bu gu zhi), 348, 359, 538, 599, 600, 604, 605, 607, 608, 620, 622–624, 877, 878, 885, 889, 891, 892, 896 Puffball Fruiting Body (ma bo), 63, 430, 432, 490, 491, 493, 797, 902 Pumice Stone (hai fu shi), 274, 783, 792, 876, 883, 899 Pummelo Peel (hua ju hong), 172, 619 Pummelo Pericarp (you pi), 185 Pumpkin Seed and Husk (nan gua zi), 199, 830, 880 Puncture Vine Caltrop Fruit (ji li), 309, 509, 572, 584, 594, 637 Purple Flower Holly Leaf (si ji qing), 71, 876, 888, 898, 900 Purslane (ma chi xian), 4, 66, 504, 879 Pyrite (zi ran tong), 4, 247, 251, 685, 695, 697–699, 870, 871, 892, 900, 901 Pyrola (lu xian cao), 126, 698, 890, 891 Pyrrosia Leaf (shi wei), 3, 148, 673, 705, 749, 750, 753, 756, 766, 819, 821, 876, 888

Q

Quartz Album (bai shi ying), 297

R

Radde Anemone (liang tou jian), 113, 860 Radish (lai fu), 192 Radish Seed (lai fu zi), 3, 190, 194, 266, 450, 452, 455, 504, 698, 743, 790, 800, 810–812, 814, 841, 876–878, 898 Raisin Tree Seed (zhi ju zi), 141 Ramie Root (zhu ma gen), 209, 888, 895, 896 Rangoon Creeper Fruit (shi jun zi), 198, 816, 825–830, 879, 898

Raw Betel Nut (sheng bing lang), 204 Raw Cape Jasmine Fruit (sheng zhi zi), 44 Raw Chinese Hawthorn Fruit (sheng shan zha), 195 Raw Germinated Barley (sheng mai ya), 196, 724, 726, 897 Raw Medicated Leaven (sheng shen qu), 195 Raw Pagoda Tree Flower (sheng huai hua), 212 Raw Plantago Seed (sheng che qian zi), 151 Realgar (xiong huang), 10, 402, 409, 416, 494, 495, 648–652, 655–657, 695, 696, 728, 846–848, 861, 864–869, 880, 898–900 Red Ginseng (hong shen), 330, 558 Red Halloysite (chi shi zhi), 6, 9, 161, 388, 418, 564, 609, 620–623, 631, 724, 860, 867, 878, 884, 898 Red Monas Rice (hong qu), 192 Red Oxide of Mexcury (hong fen), 415 Red Peony Root (chi shao), 82, 365, 432, 435, 436, 448, 450, 460, 466, 486, 489, 494, 496–499, 504, 508, 509, 523, 546, 568, 593, 661, 663, 670, 682–684, 687, 688, 691–696, 698–700, 708, 709, 713, 719, 750, 753, 755–758, 760, 805, 818, 839, 841, 843, 847, 860, 862, 867, 869–871, 876, 882, 884, 885, 887, 890, 893–895, 897–900 Red Tangerine Peel (ju hong), 182, 422, 432, 518, 637, 679, 782, 783, 785–787, 794, 797, 803–805, 829 Reed Rhizome (lu gen), 3, 38, 212, 430, 431, 433, 438, 466, 467, 483, 491, 499, 502, 520, 551, 559, 748, 752, 761, 842, 845, 875, 876, 878, 891, 897, 899 Rehmannia (sheng di huang), 2, 81, 85, 365, 423, 425, 427, 430, 435–438, 448, 455, 461–463, 476, 483, 486–490, 492, 494–506, 508, 510–515, 558, 568, 571, 572, 582, 584–586, 588, 589, 591–595, 612–614, 616, 631, 634, 636–639, 641, 643, 644, 672, 682, 683, 687, 692–695, 697, 699, 702, 704–709, 713, 714, 716–719, 721–724, 726–728, 733, 736–739, 749, 750, 756, 757, 760, 773, 777, 779, 819, 820, 839, 860, 862, 871, 872, 876, 877, 881–888, 891–896, 901, 902 Rhaponticum Root (lou lu), 59, 672, 679, 757, 897, 898 Rhubarb Root and Rhizome (da huang), 1, 6, 10, 91, 93, 101, 158, 418, 436, 438, 448–463, 467, 470, 471, 479, 483, 487, 489–496, 501–504, 506–509, 511, 546, 549–553, 594, 648, 652, 662, 671, 682, 683, 686–688, 690–692, 695, 697–699, 701–703, 706, 709, 719, 723, 738, 748–750, 752, 753, 757, 759, 760, 791, 792, 794–796, 803, 806, 811, 813, 815, 817, 819–822, 826, 842, 845, 847, 860–864, 867, 869–870, 872, 880–882, 884, 885, 888, 890, 892, 895, 898–901 Rice Fruit (jing mi), 192, 341, 483–485, 498, 502, 505, 510, 524, 525, 621–623, 636, 638, 829 Rice Grain Sprout (dao ya), 189 Rice Paper Plant Pith (tong cao), 146, 467, 520, 540–542, 565, 672, 745, 746, 748, 751, 755, 758, 761, 784, 819, 875, 876, 888, 896, 897 Roof Iris Rhizome (chuan she gan), 193

951

Rose Flower (mei gui hua), 177, 584, 880, 894, 895 Rosewood (jiang xiang), 215, 878, 884–886 Round Cardamon (bai dou kou), 2, 11, 132, 135, 432, 477, 503, 557, 563, 612, 652, 671, 719, 742, 746–748, 751, 752, 755, 815, 816, 876–878 Round Cardamon Husk (bai dou kou qiao), 134

S

Small Centipeda (e bu shi cao), 21, 428, 901 Shrub Chastetree Fruit (man jing zi), 27, 428, 436, 437, 509, 558, 563, 713, 775, 776, 779, 803, 875, 892, 893, 901 Scorch-fried Cape Jasmine Fruit (jiao zhi zi), 44, 211, 432, 434, 748, 752, 755, 757 Sargent Barberry Bark (san ke zhen), 49, 879 Shellac (zi cao rong), 84 Sweet Wormwood (qing hao), 11, 86, 188, 195, 466–469, 471, 488, 502, 511–515, 748, 875, 876, 892 Solidago Decurense (yi zhi huang hua), 73 Sun Spurge (ze qi), 141, 888 Shepherd’s Purse (ji cai), 142, 888 St John’s Wort (guan ye jin si tao), 183 Stink-bug (jiu xiang chong), 180, 880, 889 Sweet-scented Oleander Leaf or Bark (jia zhu tao), 143 Sword Bean (dao dou), 181, 877, 878 Slender Dutchmanspipe Root (qing mu xiang), 175, 186, 649, 651, 655–657, 679, 746, 877, 880, 886 Sandalwood (tan xiang), 174, 649, 652, 654–657, 671, 683, 688, 700, 878, 879, 883, 886 Spicy Ginger Seed (hong dou kou), 167 Snowbell leaf Tickclover (guang jin qian cao), 155 Salt-fried Plantago Seed (yan che qian zi), 151, 757, 758, 767 Scorch-fried Areca Seed (jiao bing lang), 194, 743, 800 Scorch-fried Chinese Hawthorn Fruit (jiao shan zha), 195, 473, 504, 544, 557 Scorch-fried Medicated Leaven (jiao shen qu), 195, 544, 816 Scorch-fried Grain Sprout (jiao gu ya), 196 Seville Orange Flower (dai dai hua), 184 Stachyurus or Japanese Helwingia Pith (xiao tong cao), 151 Stringy Stonecrop (chui pen cao), 153, 880, 898–900 Sunset Abelmoschus (huang shu kui hua), 155 Shell of Sword Bean (dao dou ke), 184 Scabrous Patrinia Root (mu tou hui), 74 Swallow-wort Root (bai wei), 86, 440, 442, 512, 568, 876, 883, 888 Starwort Root (yin chai hu), 87, 88, 502, 511, 512, 514, 568, 584, 876, 898 Silktree Albizia Bark (he huan pi), 301, 584, 639, 683, 882, 887, 899 Sea Horse (hai ma), 354, 846, 890–892, 896 Sea Slug (hai shen), 357 Sargent Gloryvine Stem (da xue teng), 61, 798, 842, 894, 899

952

English-Pinyin Cross Reference of Chinese Materia Medica Names

Scorch-fried Germinated Barley (jiao mai ya), 196 Sichuan Chinaberry Bark (ku lian pi), 198, 529, 825–830, 879, 900 Snow Lotus (xue lian hua), 125, 890 Southern Fangji Root (mu fang ji), 122, 754 Siegesbeckia (xi xian cao), 118, 750 Snake Slough (she tui), 113, 317, 437, 900, 901 Shortstalk Monkshood Root (xue shang yi zhi hao), 111, 890 Shorttube Lagotis Herb (hong lian), 78 Silkworm Feces (can sha), 107, 115, 755, 757, 889–891 Stalactite (zhong ru shi), 359, 861, 865, 877 Siberian Solomon’s Seal Rhizome (huang jing), 4, 841, 885, 890–892 Sulphur (liu huang), 9, 91, 92, 402, 409, 453, 860, 861, 863, 867, 877, 879, 900 Shrub Althea Bark (mu jin pi), 408, 900 Schisandra Sphenanthera (nan wu wei zi), 389 Sinkiang Fritillary Bulb (yi bei mu), 277 Scorpion (quan xie), 2, 316, 319, 652, 673, 679, 712, 713, 715, 719–721, 723, 727, 783, 784, 803–806, 866, 871, 881, 882, 890, 893, 897, 899, 900 Stiff Silkworm (jiang can), 317, 440, 490–492, 494, 652, 679, 712, 713, 715, 718, 719, 721, 723, 728, 783, 784, 791, 794, 795, 803, 804, 806, 866, 869, 871, 881, 882, 892, 893, 897, 899, 900, 902 Snake Slough (she tui), 113, 317, 437, 900, 901 Stiff Silkworm Chrysalis (jiang yong), 319 Spine Date Seed (suan zao ren), 298, 303, 365, 508, 529, 563, 569–571, 574, 580, 584, 591, 594, 597, 612, 613, 624, 625, 634, 635, 637–641, 643, 644, 709, 784, 787, 789, 806, 882, 883, 885–887 Sweet Almond (tian xing ren), 289, 523 Storax (su he xiang), 323, 324, 654–657, 869, 871, 882, 883, 886 Sea-ear Shell (shi jue ming), 3, 306, 311, 434, 583, 584, 723–725, 727, 728, 881, 882, 893, 901 Sea Buckthorn Fruit (sha ji), 337, 886 Songaria Cynomorium (suo yang), 348, 455, 596, 598, 610, 879, 889–892, 896 Sharpleaf Galangal fruit (yi zhi ren), 349, 359, 599, 624, 626, 627, 770, 772, 878, 879, 889, 891 Shiny Prickly-ash (liang mian zhen), 234 Saffron (xi hong hua), 237, 822, 876 Suberect Spatholobus Stem (ji xue teng), 240, 539, 572, 698, 783, 868, 889, 891–895 Spikemoss (juan bai), 243 Sappan Wood (su mu), 248, 251, 682, 695, 696, 699, 822, 868, 870, 886, 894, 895, 897, 900, 901 Sweetgum Fruit (lu lu tong), 112, 851, 890, 898 Snakegourd Fruit (gua lou), 2, 9, 105, 113, 160, 268, 280, 431, 466, 475, 496, 661, 663, 667, 670, 673, 676, 733, 783, 790–792, 796, 797, 802, 806, 819, 840, 846, 876, 877, 881, 886, 898, 899 Safflower (hong hua), 2, 10, 237, 244, 489, 495, 499, 539, 540, 568, 571–573, 604, 661, 664,

682–685, 687–689, 691–700, 713, 720, 776, 845, 860, 870–873, 880, 886, 887, 892–895, 897, 900 Stemona Root (bai bu), 2, 4, 282, 595, 733, 737, 802, 804, 876, 877, 879, 880, 896, 900 Scutellaria Root (huang qin), 5–7, 9, 422, 423, 425, 427, 431, 432, 434–437, 439, 460, 466–471, 476–479, 483, 487–500, 502, 504–509, 511, 513, 514, 544–546, 550–553, 568, 573, 575, 576, 592, 594, 596, 628–630, 637, 644, 645, 648, 650, 652, 661, 662, 664, 676, 678, 686, 690, 698, 699, 705, 707–709, 714, 717–719, 721, 723, 725, 743, 745, 747–758, 761, 767, 778, 779, 791–795, 811, 813, 817, 819, 821, 841, 845, 846, 861–863, 870, 875–881, 883–885, 887, 892, 893, 895, 896, 898, 901, 902 Stephania Tetrandra (han fang ji), 117, 122, 427, 437, 439, 540, 714, 718, 745, 751, 756, 757, 759, 760, 762, 764, 765, 768, 775, 776, 839, 872, 888–891, 900 Salvia Root (dan zhu ye), 39, 432, 434, 435, 705, 707, 795, 875, 888 Seaweed (hai zao), 3, 5, 6, 9, 32, 272, 334, 666, 669, 679, 694, 791, 818–820, 822, 823, 846, 899 Senna Leaf (fan xie ye), 10, 11, 91, 879, 888 Sichuan Lovage Root (chuan xiong), 1, 2, 4–6, 10, 229, 244, 423, 425, 427, 428, 436, 437, 439, 441–444, 472, 473, 495, 496, 507, 509, 529, 540, 546–551, 558, 568–572, 574–582, 586, 589, 595, 605, 629, 638–641, 643, 661–663, 665, 666, 672, 679, 682–684, 686–697, 699, 700, 712–715, 717–721, 758, 765, 775–779, 786, 788, 818, 820, 822, 839, 845, 846, 851–856, 869–872, 880, 882, 886, 887, 890–895, 897, 900 Smoked Plum (wu mei), 2, 3, 5, 6, 385, 529, 563, 595, 618–620, 737, 740, 783, 785, 787, 789, 795, 825, 826, 828–830, 878, 879, 892 Saposhnikovia Root (fang feng), 3, 17, 422, 423, 425, 427, 428, 432, 435–437, 439–441, 443–445, 467, 473, 474, 491, 494–496, 500, 501, 505, 507, 540, 546, 549–551, 558, 559, 561, 562, 567, 571, 572, 575, 577, 579, 586, 589, 594, 604, 617, 684, 695, 697, 699, 708, 712–722, 733, 751, 754, 757, 758, 765, 766, 770, 775–779, 802, 806, 834–836, 839, 840, 843, 845, 846, 869–872, 875, 882, 884, 890, 892, 893, 900 Sodium Sulphate (mang xiao), 6, 9–11, 91, 93, 252, 402, 448–455, 461–463, 483, 488, 490, 491, 546, 549–551, 649, 651, 682, 683, 687, 738, 791, 796, 803, 806, 842, 845, 850, 879, 892, 898, 899, 901 Snakegourd Root (tian hua fen), 8, 38, 424, 430–432, 437, 440, 466, 470, 471, 483, 489, 491, 495, 499, 501–503, 512, 584, 594, 672, 683, 688, 695, 702, 735–737, 739, 740, 792, 797, 818–820, 839, 843, 861, 875, 876, 891, 892, 901 Schizonepeta (jing jie), 2, 6, 17, 23, 24, 422, 431, 435–438, 440, 441, 444, 445, 489, 491, 494, 509, 542, 546, 549–551, 697, 712, 713,

715, 716, 718–720, 722, 733, 758, 779, 783, 797, 802, 804, 841, 844, 866, 869, 870, 872, 875, 892, 895, 897, 899, 900, 902

T

Tabasheer (tian zhu huang), 270, 280, 606, 635, 652, 653, 684, 696, 723, 728, 802, 881–883, 897 Talcum (hua shi), 3, 11, 146, 150, 460, 501, 502, 520, 521, 523, 546, 550, 551, 649, 651, 653, 673, 705, 707, 745, 748–753, 755–758, 760, 761, 763–766, 768, 861, 862, 875, 876, 888, 889, 896 Talcum Powder (hua shi fen), 150, 788 Tall Gastrodis Tuber (tian ma), 2, 315, 319, 584, 586, 607, 635, 652, 693, 712, 715, 717, 719, 722, 723, 725, 727, 783, 795, 802–805, 860, 881, 882, 893, 897 Tangerine Leaf (ju ye), 182, 880, 898 Tangerine Pith (ju luo), 182 Tangerine Seed (ju he), 171, 662, 664–666, 669, 880, 899 Tatarian Aster Root (zi wan), 2, 283, 291, 330, 331, 334–336, 340, 342, 362, 367, 368, 383, 384, 428, 429, 565, 614, 737, 799, 801, 802, 804, 876, 877, 901 Tenacious Condorvine Stem (tong guan teng), 289 Tendrilled Fritillaria Bulb (chuan bei mu), 267, 279, 494, 502, 595, 606, 619, 652, 653, 672, 723, 724, 726, 736, 737, 748, 752, 803, 804, 868, 877, 899 Thellungianae Root or Herb (yang hong shan), 356, 806 Thin-leaf Milkwort Root (yuan zhi), 302, 508, 563, 569, 570, 578, 580, 582, 592, 595, 606, 608, 609, 612, 613, 624–627, 637, 639, 641–644, 684, 709, 784, 787, 789, 791, 803–805, 854, 855, 881–883, 885–887, 897, 899 Thorny Elaeagnus Fruit (hu tui zi), 290 Thorny Elaeagnus Leaf (hu tui zi ye), 288 Thorny Elaeagnus Root (hu tui zi gen), 289 Thunberg Fritillary Bulb (zhe bei mu), 268, 279, 440, 733–735, 783, 791, 795, 881, 883, 887, 897–899 Thunder Ball (lei wan), 200, 825, 830, 879, 880 Tianshan Mountain Snow Lotus (tian shan xue lian), 127 Tibetan Sweetflag Rhizome (zang chang pu), 167 Tinospora Root (jin guo lan), 64, 902 Toad Skin (chan pi), 408 Toad Venom (chan su), 10, 404, 494, 653, 902 Tokyo Violet (zi hua di ding), 2, 57, 492, 494, 499, 839–841, 843, 848, 898, 899 Toosendan Fruit (chuan lian zi), 175, 467, 477, 491, 502, 503, 538, 550, 553, 584, 588, 660– 662, 664–667, 669, 671, 683, 694, 724, 726, 736, 749, 847, 879, 880, 882, 885, 894, 900 Torreya (fei zi), 201, 879, 880 Tortoise Shell (gui jia), 11, 375, 379, 488, 596, 610, 625, 626, 876, 877, 881–883, 885, 887, 889, 891, 895 Tortoise Shell Glue (gui jia jiao), 11, 376

English-Pinyin Cross Reference of Chinese Materia Medica Names

Trachycarpus Stiple Fiber (zong lü), 222, 706, 885 Tree Peony Bark (mu dan pi), 10, 82, 431, 432, 435, 466, 473, 475, 476, 486–490, 492, 494, 497–499, 503, 504, 506, 510, 512, 513, 523, 546, 568, 581, 583, 586, 587, 590, 591, 593, 599, 601, 602, 612, 682–684, 687, 689–692, 694, 695, 697–699, 703, 706, 709, 713, 720, 723, 728, 736, 738, 748, 758, 759, 819, 821, 839, 841, 844, 845, 847, 850, 870, 876, 877, 882–885, 890, 892, 894–896, 898–902 Tree Sparrow Meat (que), 357 Trichosanthes Peel (gua lou pi), 277, 280, 440, 467, 502, 737, 839, 842 Trichosanthes Seed (gua lou zi) or (gua lou ren), 268, 280, 440, 455, 495, 695, 706, 791–794, 841, 879, 899 Tripterygium Hypoglaucum Root (kun ming shan hai tang), 111, 890 Tripterygium Root (lei gong teng), 9, 120, 890 Trumpet Creeper Flower (ling xiao hua), 242, 819, 821, 889, 894, 895, 900 Tsaoko Fruit (cao guo), 133, 439, 466–471, 692, 700, 746, 748, 770, 771, 774, 892 Tschonosk Trillium Rhizome (tou ding yi ke zhu), 310 Tuber Fleeceflower Stem (shou wu teng), 300, 900 Tuber Onion Seed (jiu cai zi), 352, 599, 604, 889, 891, 892, 896 Tuberculate Speranskia Herb (tou gu cao), 114, 605, 870–872 Tungoiltree Seed Oil (tong you), 399, 867 Tuniclike Psammosilene Root (jin tie suo), 114 Turmeric Root Tuber (yu jin), 9, 230, 236, 430, 472, 473, 497, 502, 544, 550, 639, 648, 650, 652, 655, 662, 664, 672, 683, 684, 749, 784, 806, 834, 880–887, 894, 895, 897, 900 Turnip (wu jing), 192 Turpinia Ternata Leaf (shan xiang yuan ye), 73 Turtle Carapace (bie jia), 4, 6, 11, 375, 379, 473, 502, 511–515, 546, 558, 582, 584, 614, 729, 818, 819, 821, 876, 877, 880, 881, 883, 891, 897 Turtle Carapace Glue (bie jia jiao), 377, 822 Two-toothed Achyranthes Root (niu xi), 1, 10, 239, 245, 455, 456, 460, 489, 503, 506, 539, 571, 572, 583, 584, 586, 589, 595, 596, 600, 604, 605, 607–610, 635, 682–685, 687, 692, 697, 700, 702, 703, 705, 720, 724, 726, 727, 755, 756, 758–760, 769, 776, 777, 839, 848, 868, 870, 872, 881, 882, 884, 888–897, 900–902 Typhonium Rhizome (bai fu zi), 260, 263, 712, 715, 717, 783, 805, 806, 881–883, 893, 899

U

Umbilical Cord (qi dai), 356 Ursine Seal’s Testes and Penis (hai gou shen), 354, 600, 607, 889–892 Ussuri Fritillary Bulb (ping bei mu), 267

V

Veratrum Root and Rhizome (li lu), 9, 10, 20, 48, 81, 82, 237, 330, 331, 340, 362, 367, 368, 399, 575, 834, 836, 900 Villous Amomum Fruit (sha ren), 1, 11, 361, 440, 452, 529, 530, 557, 558, 560, 562, 563, 565, 566, 574–576, 580, 581, 586, 592, 603, 612, 660, 664, 668, 670, 671, 683, 688, 696, 700, 746, 756, 800, 811, 812, 814–816, 829, 854, 856, 877, 878, 896 Villous Amomum Pericarp (sha ren qiao), 134, 672 Virgate Wormwood Herb (yin chen), 152, 157, 466, 467, 488, 492, 502, 503, 546, 550, 596, 650, 724, 726, 745, 747–749, 751, 752, 754, 755, 758, 759, 761, 765, 767, 784, 819, 876, 880

W

Walnut Meat (he tao ren), 351, 360, 564, 618, 877, 879, 891, 892 Wasps Glue (feng jiao), 377 Water Plantain Rhizome (ze xie), 6, 139, 144, 244, 455, 456, 467, 472, 473, 475, 500, 502, 505, 508, 509, 512, 520, 521, 551, 552, 562, 563, 567, 581, 583, 587, 590, 591, 599, 601, 602, 609, 637, 661, 663, 693, 720, 743, 746, 748, 749, 751, 754, 756–758, 761–768, 770, 773, 779, 805, 807, 811, 813, 816, 817, 827, 839, 846, 876, 880, 886–888, 896, 901 Watermelon (xi gua), 43 Waternut Corm (bi qi), 278, 740, 876 Weeping Forsythia Capsule (lian qiao), 53, 79, 430–440, 444, 467, 483, 486–499, 502, 504, 509, 519, 523, 546, 550, 551, 637, 664, 685, 699, 713, 733, 735, 736, 748, 751, 752, 757, 758, 761, 798, 802, 811, 812, 814, 818–820, 839–842, 844, 845, 875, 884, 888, 898, 902 Wenyujin Rhizome (pian jiang huang), 231, 822 Wheat Fruit (xiao mai), 384, 616, 617, 640, 642, 723, 882 Wheat Spermoderm (xiao mai fu), 384 Whipformed Typhonium Tuber (shui ban xia), 263 White Atractylodes Rhizome (bai zhu), 3, 10, 333, 342, 422, 423, 426, 427, 436, 441, 455, 472–475, 477, 478, 518, 520, 521, 525, 528–532, 535–538, 546, 551, 556–567, 569–571, 573–581, 583, 593, 600, 603, 604, 610, 612, 613, 616, 617, 620, 621, 628–631, 655, 665, 668, 672, 684, 705, 707, 709, 714, 717, 719, 720, 743, 744, 746, 751, 754, 756, 762–774, 779, 782, 788, 794, 803, 804, 810, 812–818, 826–829, 840, 846, 851–853, 856, 876–878, 881, 883–888, 890–891, 893, 895–897 White Hyacinth Bean (bai bian dou), 334, 518–520, 532, 557, 560, 563–566, 746–747, 875, 877, 878, 890, 896

953

White Hyacinth Bean Flower (bian dou hua), 340, 519, 522, 523 White Mulberry Root-bark (sang bai pi), 883, 884, 888, 892, 900 White Mustard Seed (bai jie zi), 260, 266, 459, 673, 800, 840, 843, 876, 877, 883, 897, 899 White Peony Root (bai shao), 9, 362, 365, 452, 454, 462, 473–475, 488, 489, 496, 504, 507, 512, 535, 539, 544, 546, 549, 558, 562, 564, 567–572, 574–581, 591–598, 604, 605, 610, 613, 614, 616, 620, 628–631, 635, 638–640, 662, 673, 680, 693–695, 697, 699, 708, 714, 717, 718, 721–727, 736–739, 748, 756–758, 762, 766, 773, 777, 778, 795, 815, 822, 830, 841, 851–857, 880–883, 886, 887, 889, 891, 893–895, 897, 901, 902 White Tremella (yin er), 376 Wild Achyranthes Root (tu niu xi), 243, 245 Wild Buckwheat (jin qiao mai), 60, 676, 877, 898, 899, 902 Wild Carrot Fruit (nan he shi), 202 Wild Chrysanthemum Flower (ye ju hua), 57, 80, 491, 751, 759, 839, 840, 843, 898, 901, 902 Wild Honeysuckle Flower (shan yin hua), 72 Wilford Swallowwort Root (ge shan xiao), 191, 898 Wine-fried Coptis Rhizome (jiu huang lian), 52, 437 Wine-fried Rhubarb Root and Rhizome (jiu da huang), 93, 491, 546, 698, 699 Wingedtooth Laggera Herb (chou ling dan cao), 75 Wolf’s Bane (lang du), 9, 203 Wushan Mountain Epimedium (wu shan yin yang huo), 356

X

Xanthium (cang er cao), 24 Xanthium Fruit (cang er zi), 19, 188, 195, 718, 875, 892, 900, 901

Y

Yellow Azalea Flower (nao yang hua), 114, 697 Yellow Yam Rhizome (huang shan yao), 184 Yerbadetajo (mo han lian), 373, 501, 503, 512, 584, 585, 588, 628, 708, 749, 876, 881, 884, 885, 888, 891, 892, 894, 895, 902 Young Soybean Sprout (da dou huang juan), 32, 575, 577, 745, 755, 761, 876

Z

Zedoary Rhizome (e zhu), 10, 230, 252, 256, 540, 666, 670, 672, 683, 692–694, 751, 756, 778, 783, 786, 811, 813, 816, 822, 839, 861, 862, 864, 870, 871, 880, 886, 892, 894, 895, 897, 898, 900

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English-Pinyin Cross Reference of Chinese Medical Formula Names A

Accumulation-Dispersing Pill (xiao ji wan), 817 Aconite Center-Regulating Pill (fu zi li zhong wan), 531, 533 Aconite Decoction (fu zi tang), 772, 774 Aconite Heart-Draining Decoction (fu zi xie xin tang), 479 Aconite Main Root Decoction (wu tou tang), 778 Acorus Pill (chang pu wan), 564 Agastache Qi-Correcting Powder (huo xiang zheng qi san), 742–744, 747 Agastache, Magnolia, Pinellia and Poria Decoction (huo po xia ling tang), 746, 761 Alisma Rhizome Decoction (ze xie tang), 805 Alum and Turmeric Root Tuber Pill (bai jin wan), 806, 807 Anemarrhena, Phellodendron and Rehmannia Pill (zhi bai di huang wan), 590, 597, 635, 883, 896, 901 Angelica and Peony Powder (dang gui shao yao san), 472, 473 Antelope Horn and Uncaria Decoction (ling jiao gou teng tang), 722, 723, 726, 729 Antelope Horn Beverage for Green Glaucoma (lü feng ling yang yin), 495 Antelope Horn Decoction (ling yang jiao tang), 738, 881 Appearance-Correcting Decoction (zheng rong tang), 806 Appendix Stasis-Dissolving Decoction (lan wei hua yu tang), 847 Appendix-Clearing-Removing Decoction (lan wei qing hua tang), 847 Appendix-Clearing-Resolving Decoction (lan wei qing jie tang), 847 Apricot Kernel and Perilla Powder (xing su san), 732–735 Aquilaria Wood Powder (chen xiang san), 766 Arborvitae Decoction (bai ye tang), 594, 892 Arctium Flesh-Releasing Decoction (niu bang jie ji tang), 841, 844 Arisaema and Trichosanthes Qi-Guiding Decoction (xing lou cheng qi tang), 806 Arrest Wheezing Decoction (ding chuan tang), 674, 676, 678, 680 Asparagus and Ophiopogon Decoction (er dong tang), 594, 892 Astragalus and Aconite Decoction (qi fu tang), 535, 537 Astragalus and Chinese Angelica Powder (huang qi dang gui san), 564

Astragalus and Turtle Shell Powder (huang qi bie jia san), 614 Astragalus Center-Fortifying Decoction (huang qi jian zhong tang), 532, 533, 877 Astragalus Decoction (huang qi tang), 457 Astringing and Arresting Vaginal Discharge Decoction (shou se zhi dai tang), 631, 632, 896 Atractylodes Macrocephala and Aconite Decoction (zhu fu tang), 535, 538 Atractylodes Macrocephalae Decoction (bai zhu tang), 766 Atractylodes Macrocephalae Powder (bai zhu san), 764 Atractylodis and Cyperus Phlegm-Expelling Pill (cang fu dao tan wan), 788 Awakening-Dispersing Pill (xing xiao wan), 846, 848

B

Bamboo Sap Phlegm-Expelling Pill (zhu li da tan wan), 794, 796 Bamboo Shavings Decoction (zhu ru tang), 679 Belamcanda and Ephedra Decoction (she gan ma huang tang), 428 Biota Seed Heart-Nourishing Pill (bai zi yang xin wan), 642, 643 Black Free Wanderer Powder (hei xiao yao san), 475, 476 Black-Removing-Dispersing Powder (hei tui xiao), 873 Black-Tiger Elixir (hei hu dan), 866 Blood Mansion Stasis-Expelling Decoction (xue fu zhu yu tang), 682, 683, 687, 700, 701 Blood-Activating and Stasis-Dissipating Decoction (huo xue san yu tang), 695 Blood-Cooling Four Substances Decoction (liang xue si wu tang), 489, 891 Blood-Cooling Rehmannia Decoction (liang xue di huang tang), 489, 899 Blood-Engendering and MarrowSupplementing Decoction (sheng xue bu sui tang), 572 Blood-Expectorating Formula (ke xue fang), 702, 704, 706 Blood-Moving and Liver-Soothing Decoction (huo xue shu gan tang), 698 Blood-Moving and Pain-Relieving Decoction (huo xue zhi tong tang), 696 Blood-Nourishing Decoction (zi xue tang), 572

Blood-Tranquilizing Decoction (ning xue tang), 708 Blue Cloud Powder (bi yun san), 428, 901 Bone-Clearing Powder (qing gu san), 511, 512, 514, 515, 876 Bone-Reuniting Elixir (jie gu dan), 695 Bone-Reuniting Powder for External Applyment (wai fu jie gu san), 870 Bonesetting Formula for Ironing (zheng gu tang yao), 872 Borneol and Borax Powder (bing peng san), 864 Bovine Bezoar Heart-Clearing Pill (niu huang qing xin wan), 648, 650, 652, 654 Bovine Bezoar Toxin-Resolving Tablet (niu huang jie du pian), 495 Brain-Draining Decoction (xie nao tang), 757 Buffalo Horn Powder (niu jiao san), 750, 753 Bupleurum and Pueraria Muscle-Resolving Decoction (chai ge jie ji tang), 432, 434 Bupleurum Bone-Clearing Powder (chai hu qing gu san), 515 Bupleurum Chest-Draining Decoction (chai hu xian xiong tang), 794, 796 Bupleurum Decoction Plus Bitter Orange and Platycodon (chai hu zhi jie tang), 470 Bupleurum Decoction Plus Dragon Bone and Oyster Shell (chai hu jia long gu mu li tang), 470, 471 Bupleurum Liver-Soothing Powder (chai hu shu gan san), 660, 662, 666, 680, 880, 882, 897 Bupleurum Membrane-Source-Opening Beverage (chai hu da yuan yin), 470 Bupleurum, Cinnamon Twig and Dried Ginger Decoction (chai hu gui zhi gan jiang tang), 470, 471 Bupleurum-Calming Decoction (chai ping tang), 745, 747 Burning Fumigation Formula (shen deng zhao fa fang), 864

C

Calamine Wash Formula (lu gan shi xi ji), 859, 860 Cannabis Fruit Pill (ma zi ren wan), 454–457, 879 Carts-Staying Pill (zhu che wan), 509, 510 Catholicon Ointment (wan ling gao), 871 Celestial Emperor Heart-Supplementing Elixir (tian wang bu xin dan), 638, 639, 641, 643 Center-Clearing Decoction (qing zhong tang), 759

955

956

English-Pinyin Cross Reference of Chinese Medical Formula Names

Center-Harmonizing Decoction (zhong he tang), 846, 849 Center-Regulating and Phlegm-Transforming Pill (li zhong hua tan wan), 532 Center-Regulating Pill (li zhong wan), 528, 530, 531, 533, 566 Center-Regulating Roundworms-Calming Decoction (li zhong an hui tang), 829, 831 Center-Supplementing and Qi-Boosting Decoction (bu zhong yi qi tang), 557, 558, 560, 567, 573, 686, 885, 891 Channel-Clearing Beverage (qing luo yin), 522–524 Channel-Clearing Beverage plus Apricot Kernel, Coix Seed and Talcum (qing luo yin jia xing ren yi yi hua shi tang), 523 Channel-Clearing Beverage plus Licorice, Platycodon, Sweet Almond and Ophiopogon (qing luo yin jia gan jie tian xing ren mai dong tang), 523 Channel-Relaxing Pill (shu luo wan), 720 Channel-Supplementing and VesselSupplementing Decoction (bu luo bu guan tang), 708 Channel-Unblocking for Frigid Extremities Decoction (tong mai si ni tang), 537, 538 Channel-Warming Decoction (wen jing tang), 682, 684, 686, 689, 893, 894 Childhood-Malnutrition Rectifying Pill (fei er wan), 829 Children’s Indigestion Powder (yi nian jin), 815 Children’s Return-of-Spring Elixir (xiao er hui chun dan), 897 Chinese Angelica and Peony Decoction (dang gui shao yao tang), 579 Chinese Angelica and Suberect Spatholobus Stem Decoction (dang gui jie xue teng tang), 572 Chinese Angelica Blood-Supplementing Decoction (dang gui bu xue tang), 568, 569, 571, 573 Chinese Angelica Center-Fortifying Decoction (dang gui jian zhong tang), 532, 533 Chinese Angelica Drink (dang gui yin zi), 718, 722 Chinese Angelica Frigid Extremities Decoction (dang gui si ni tang), 539–542 Chinese Angelica Frigid Extremities Decoction plus Evodia and Fresh Ginger (dang gui si ni jia wu zhu yu sheng jiang tang), 542 Chinese Angelica Pain-Alleviating Decoction (dang gui nian tong tang), 751, 754, 760 Chinese Angelica Six Yellow Decoction (dang gui liu huang tang), 511, 513, 514 Chinese Angelica, Fresh Ginger, and Goat Meat Decoction (dang gui sheng jiang yang rou tang), 571 Chinese Angelica, Gentian and Aloe Pill (dang gui long hui wan), 507, 509 Chinese Angelica, Peony and Carthamus Powder (gui shao hong hua san), 699 Chinese Angelica, Peony and Rehmannia Decoction (gui shao di huang tang), 593 Chinese Asafetida Mass-Dispersing Ointment (a wei xiao pi gao), 860

Chinese Nut-gall Decoction (wu bei zi tang), 866 Chrysanthemum and Cassia Seed Powder (ju hua jue ming san), 437, 901 Chuanxiong and Chinese Angelica BloodSupplementing Decoction (xiong gui bu xue tang), 571 Chuanxiong, Angelica Root and Gypsum Decoction (xiong zhi shi gao tang), 718, 892 Cimicifuga and Pueraria Decoction (sheng ma ge gen tang), 430, 432, 434 Cimicifuga Decoction (sheng ma tang), 788 Cinnabar Spirit-Calming Pill (zhu sha an shen wan), 634, 636, 638, 886 Cinnamon and Poria Sweet Dew Beverage (gui ling gan lu yin), 520–522, 524 Cinnamon Musk Powder (gui she san), 859, 869 Cinnamon Twig and Ginseng Decoction (gui zhi ren shen tang), 531, 533 Cinnamon Twig and Poria Pill (gui zhi fu ling wan), 687, 690 Cinnamon Twig Decoction (gui zhi tang), 422–424, 429, 533, 542, 559, 567, 875, 913 Cinnamon Twig Decoction Plus Dragon Bone and Oyster Shell (gui zhi jia long gu mu li tang), 427, 883 Cinnamon Twig Decoction Plus Officinal Magnolia Bark and Apricot Kernel (gui zhi jia hou po xing zi tang), 426, 427, 883 Cinnamon Twig Decoction Plus Peony (gui zhi jia shao yao tang), 427 Cinnamon Twig Decoction Plus Pueraria (gui zhi jia ge gen tang), 426 Cinnamon Twig Decoction With Extra Cinnamon (gui zhi jia gui tang), 427 Cinnamon Twig, Licorice, Dragon Bone, and Oyster Shell Decoction (gui zhi gan cao long gu mu li tang), 634–636, 886, 887 Cinnamonvine Pill (shu yu wan), 574, 575, 577 Clearing-Resolving and Exterior-Venting Decoction (qing jie tou biao tang), 435 Clearing-Tranquilizing Powder (qing ning san), 794 Cloth Bag Pill (bu dai wan), 828, 829, 898 Cloud-Clearing and Nebula-Removing Pill (bo yun tui yi wan), 437 Clove and Cassia Bark Powder (ding gui san), 859, 866 Clove and Evodia Center-Regulating Decoction (ding yu li zhong tang), 532 Clove and Persimmon Decoction (ding xiang shi di san), 674, 675, 677, 680, 877, 878 Clove Powder (ding xiang san), 678 Cocculi Decoction (mu fang ji tang), 754 Cock’s Crow Powder (ji ming san), 770, 772, 889 Coicis Decoction (yi yi ren tang), 778, 890 Coix, Aconite and Patrinia Powder (yi yi fu zi bai jiang san), 838, 841, 845, 850, 899 Compound Astragalus Sweating-Arresting Granule (fu qi zhi han ke li), 617 Compound Formula Golden Larch Bark Tincture (fu fang tu jin pi ding), 859, 862 Compound Formula Major Bupleurum Decoction (fu fang da chai hu tang), 553

Compound Formula Major Purgative Decoction (fu fang da cheng qi tang), 450 Concretions-Dissolving Return-of-Life Elixir (hua zheng hui sheng dan), 822, 823 Constraint-Resolving Pill (yue ju wan), 660, 661, 666 Constraint-Resolving Powder (kai yu san), 673 Convulsion-Settling Pill (ding xian wan), 802–804, 807, 881 Coptis and Donkey-Hide Gelatin Decoction (huang lian e jiao tang), 644, 645, 887 Coptis and Mosla Beverage (huang lian xiang ru yin), 519 Coptis and Officinal Magnolia Bark Beverage (lian po yin), 747, 748, 752, 761 Coptis Decoction (huang lian tang), 477–479 Coptis Gallbladder-Warming Decoction (huang lian wen dan tang), 787, 887 Coptis Heart-Clearing Beverage (huang lian qing xin yin), 508 Coptis Ointment (huang lian gao), 862, 900 Coptis Regulating Decoction (lian li tang), 478 Coptis Toxin-Resolving Decoction (huang lian jie du tang), 490, 492, 493, 496, 498, 875, 913 Corium Elephatis Plaster (xiang pi gao), 872 Corydalis Rhizome Powder (yan hu suo san), 670, 674, 886 Costus Root and Areca Pill (mu xiang bing lang wan), 810, 811, 813, 817, 878 Costus Root and Coptis Pill (xiang lian wan), 508, 511 Costus Root Qi-Normalizing Powder (mu xiang shun qi san), 670 Costus Root Stagnation-Moving Pill (mu xiang dao zhi wan), 817 Costusroot and Amomum Six Gentlemen Decoction (xiang sha liu jun zi tang), 562, 566 Cough-Stopping Powder (zhi sou san), 802, 804, 807 Cyperus and Fritillaria Supporting and Nourishing Decoction (xiang bei yang rong tang), 580 Cyperus and Perilla Powder (xiang su san), 423, 425 Cyperus, Perilla, Scallion and Fermented Soybean Decoction (xiang su cong chi tang), 427, 896 Cyprinus Carpio Decoction (li yu tang), 766

D

Dampness-Eliminating Decoction (chu shi tang), 758, 766 Dampness-Eliminating Pain-Relieving Decoction (chu shi juan tong tang), 779 Dampness-Eliminating Stomach-Calming Poria Decoction (chu shi wei ling tang), 765 Danxi Treating Damp-phlegm Decoction (dan xi zhi shi tan fang), 788 Deafness Left-Benefiting Loadstone Pill (er long zuo ci wan), 590 Decoction for Chylous Strangury (gao lin tang), 773

English-Pinyin Cross Reference of Chinese Medical Formula Names

Decoction for Conception with Nourishing Kidney-Essence (yang jing zhong yu tang), 593 Decoction for Opening Pylorus (tong you tang), 693 Deficiency-Supplementing Decoction (bu xu tang), 564 Dendrobium Pill for Night Vision (shi hu ye guang wan), 582, 586, 589 Desertion-Rescuing Decoction (jiu ni tang), 728, 729 Diaphragm-Activating Powder (qi ge san), 672 Diaphragm-Cooling Powder (liang ge san), 490, 491, 493, 913 Discharge-Ceasing Decoction (wan dai tang), 628–630 Discharge-Clearing Decoction (qing dai tang), 631, 632 Discharging Blood Stasis Decoction (xia yu xue tang), 691, 701, 880, 895 Dodder Seed Powder (tu si zi san), 627, 889 Donkey-Hide Gelatin and Egg Yolk Decoction (e jiao ji zi huang tang), 722, 724, 727, 729 Donkey-Hide Gelatin and Mugwort Decoction (jiao ai tang), 570, 573 Double Supreme Pill (er zhi wan), 583, 585, 588, 885, 891, 892, 894, 902 Double-Resolving Powder (shuang jie san), 546 Down Sweeping Decoction (jian ling tang), 727, 729 Dragon-Embracing Pill (bao long wan), 652, 653, 728, 897 Dream-Awaking Decoction for Madness (dian kuang meng xing tang), 693 Dredging and Piercing Drink (shu zao yin zi), 549, 551, 552, 888 Drool-Controlling Elixir (kong xian dan), 459, 460 Dryness-Clearing and Lung-Rescuing Decoction (qing zao jiu fei tang), 732–735, 798

E

Earth-Warming Decoction for Promoting Reproduction (wen tu yu lin tang), 603, 895, 896 Effective Channel-Activating Elixir (huo luo xiao ling dan), 685, 689, 700, 880, 894 Effective Integration Decoction (yi guan jian), 582, 584, 588, 597 Eight Corrections Powder (ba zheng san), 501, 747, 749, 753, 760, 888 Eight Immortals Free Wanderer Powder (ba xian xiao yao san), 720, 900 Eight Treasures Elixir (ba bao dan), 859, 863 Eight-Gem Decoction (ba zhen tang), 574, 576, 582, 686, 893 Eight-Gem Mother-Benefiting Pill (ba zhen yi mu wan), 581 Eight-To-Two Powder (ba er dan), 868 Eliminating Painful Obstruction Decoction (juan bi tang), 778 Emergency Drool-Thinning Powder (jiu ji xi xian san), 834–836

Engendering and Transforming Decoction (sheng hua tang), 682, 686, 690, 897 Enlightened Master Viscera-Nourishing Decoction (zhen ren yang zang tang), 620, 621, 623 Ephedra Decoction (ma huang tang), 417, 422, 424, 429, 875, 888, 913 Ephedra Decoction Plus Atractylodes Macrocephala (ma huang jia zhu tang), 426 Ephedra, Aconite and Asarum Decoction (ma huang fu zi xi xin tang), 444, 445 Ephedra, Aconite and Licorice Decoction (ma huang fu zi gan cao tang), 444 Ephedra, Apricot Kernel, Coix Seed and Licorice Decoction (ma xing yi gan tang), 426 Ephedra, Apricot Kernel, Gypsum and Licorice Decoction (ma xing shi gan tang), 430, 431, 433, 438, 877 Ephedra, Forsythia and Rice Bean Decoction (ma huang lian qiao chi xiao dou tang), 757 Epidemic-Clearing Toxin-Resolving Beverage (qing wen bai du yin), 497, 498, 500, 920 Epiglottis Stasis-Expelling Decoction (hui yan zhu yu tang), 692 Eruption-Promoting Cooling-Resolving Decoction (tou zhen liang jie tang), 499, 900 Erythrina Bark Decoction (hai tong pi tang), 872 Evodia Decoction (wu zhu yu tang), 528–530, 680, 877, 878 Expelling Stasis Below the Diaphragm Decoction (ge xia zhu yu tang), 686, 691, 700, 880, 886 Exterior-Interior-Resolving Decoction (biao li shuang jie tang), 546 Eyesight-Improving Rehmannia Pill (ming mu di huang wan), 591, 902

F

Fetus Longevity Pill (shou tai wan), 603 Fetus Original-Qi Decoction (tai yuan yin), 581 Field Thistle Drink (xiao ji yin zi), 702, 705, 707, 760, 884, 888 Fifth and Sixth Heavenly Stem Pill (wu ji wan), 507 Fine Jade Paste (qiong yu gao), 737, 739 Five Accumulations Powder (wu ji san), 547–549 Five Atrophies Decoction (wu wei tang), 564 Five Ingredients Toxin-Removing Beverage (wu wei xiao du yin), 840, 843, 849 Five Juice Beverage (wu zhi yin), 740 Five Kernels Pill (wu ren wan), 454–457, 879 Five Milled Ingredients Drink (wu mo yin zi), 670, 879 Five Qi-Rectifying Variant Powder (wu jia jian zheng qi san), 746 Five Spirits Decoction (wu shen tang), 848, 850 Five Stranguries Powder (wu lin san), 755, 760 Five Substances Powder with Poria (wu ling san), 761–763, 765, 767, 768, 770, 773, 888

957

Five Substances Powder with Poria Plus Virgate Wormwood (yin chen wu ling san), 765, 767, 880 Five-Juice Center-Calming Decoction (wu zhi an zhong yin), 740 Five-Peel Beverage (wu pi yin), 766, 770 Five-Peel Powder (wu pi san), 761–764 Five-Seed Progeny Pill (wu zi yan zong wan), 609 Five-Tiger Powder to Pursue Wind (wu hu zhui feng san), 719, 882 Five-To-Five Powder (wu wu dan), 859, 868 Fleeceflower and Ginseng Decoction (he ren yin), 470, 471 Florid Canopy Powder (hua gai san), 426 Flower-of-Kudzuvine Hangover-Sobering Decoction (ge hua jie cheng tang), 816 Fluid-Replenishing Decoction (ji chuan jian), 454–456, 879 Folium Pyrrosiae Powder (shi wei san), 756, 888 Formula I for Extremity Injury (zhi shang yi fang), 695 Formula II for Extremity Injury (zhi shang er fang), 695 Formula III for Extremity Injury (zhi shang san fang), 695 Formula for Exfetation (gong wai yun fang), 693, 894 Formula for Eyeball with Pus (yan zhu guan nong fang), 495 Forsythia and Peppermint Decoction (qiao he tang), 735 Forsythia Toxin-Resolving Powder (lian qiao bai du san), 444 Forsythia Toxin-Resolving Powder from LifeSaving Manual of Cold Damage (shang han quan sheng ji lian qiao bai du san), 845 Fortifying and Stabilizing Decoction (jian gu tang), 766 Four Favorables Clearing-Cooling Drink (si shun qing liang yin zi), 496 Four Gentlemen Decoction (si jun zi tang), 449, 557, 559, 564, 566, 686, 826, 857, 877, 890 Four Milled Ingredients Decoction (si mo tang), 660, 662, 667, 680 Four Mysterious Pill (si miao wan), 755, 760, 889, 891, 896 Four Qi-Rectifying Variant Powder (si jia jian zheng qi san), 746 Four Sea-Medicinal Pill for Relieving Depression (si hai shu yu wan), 679 Four Spirits Pill (si shen wan), 620, 622, 623, 878 Four Substances Decoction (si wu tang), 568, 569, 573, 894 Four Substances Powder with Poria (si ling san), 765, 767 Four Substances Wind-Dispersing Powder (si wu xiao feng san), 719, 900 Four Wonderfully Effective Heroes Decoction (si miao yong an tang), 839, 842, 849, 850 Four Yellows Ointment (si huang gao), 863 Four Yellows Powder (si huang san), 859, 861

958

English-Pinyin Cross Reference of Chinese Medical Formula Names

Four-Ingredient Yang-Returning Beverage (si wei hui yang yin), 603 Four-Substance and Five-Seed Pill (si wu wu zi wan), 572, 901 Free Wanderer Powder (xiao yao san), 472–476, 597, 686, 720, 840, 882, 900 Free Wanderer Trichosanthes and Fritillaria Powder (xiao yao lou bei san), 475, 897, 898 Fresh Ginger Heart-Draining Decoction (sheng jiang xie xin tang), 479 Frigid Extremities Decoction (si ni tang), 476, 534, 536, 538 Frigid Extremities Decoction Plus Ginseng (si ni jia ren shen tang), 536, 538 Frigid Extremities Powder (si ni san), 472, 474, 476, 503, 686 Fritillaria and Trichosanthes Powder (bei mu gua lou san), 796–798, 876, 899

G

Galenite Elixir (hei xi dan), 538, 877 Gallbladder-Warming Decoction (wen dan tang), 784, 785, 789, 876, 881 Gansui Root and Pinellia Decoction (gan sui ban xia tang), 460 Gansui Root Obstruction-Unblocking Decoction (gan sui tong jie tang), 460 Gardenia and Fermented Soybean Decoction (zhi zi chi tang), 482–485 Gardenia and Phellodendron Bark Decoction (zhi zi bai pi tang), 755, 759, 880 Gardenia Wonder-Conquering Decoction (zhi zi sheng qi tang), 436 Gastrodia and Uncaria Beverage (tian ma gou teng yin), 722, 723, 725, 881, 882, 893 Gate-Freeing and Kidney-Nourishing Pill (tong guan zi shen wan), 591 General Pain-Easing Pill (jiang jun ding tong wan), 795 Generalized Pain Stasis-Expelling Decoction (shen tong zhu yu tang), 692, 700 Gentian Liver-Draining Decoction (long dan xie gan tang), 502, 505, 509, 510, 884, 885, 887, 893, 896, 902 Gentian Pill (qin jiao wan), 757 Genuine-Qi-Preserving Decoction (bao zhen tang), 593 Ginseng and Aconite Decoction (shen fu tang), 534–536, 629, 882 Ginseng and Gecko Powder (ren shen ge jie san), 557, 559, 561, 877 Ginseng and Mume Decoction (ren shen wu mei tang), 563 Ginseng and Perilla Beverage (shen su yin), 439, 441, 443, 445 Ginseng and Schisandra Decoction (ren shen wu wei zi tang), 565 Ginseng Purple-Gold Elixir (ren shen zi jin dan), 696 Ginseng Rhizome Beverage (shen lu yin), 834–836 Ginseng Spleen-Fortifying Pill (ren shen jian pi wan), 563

Ginseng Spleen-Restoring Pill (ren shen gui pi wan), 580 Ginseng Supporting and Nourishing Decoction (ren shen yang rong tang), 578, 582 Ginseng, Poria and Atractylodes Macrocephalae Powder (shen ling bai zhu san), 557, 560, 566, 878, 888 Ginseng-Juglandis Decoction (ren shen hu tao tang), 564 Glehnia and Ophiopogonis Decoction (sha shen mai dong tang), 735, 876, 891 Goiter-Dispersing Five Sea-Medicinal Beverage (xiao ying wu hai yin), 822, 823 Goiter-Dispersing Powder (xiao ying san), 846 Golden Lock Essence-Securing Pill (jin suo gu jing wan), 697 Golden Yellow Powder (jin huang san), 859, 861 Golden Yellow Powder as Wishes (ru yi jin huang san), 861 Grand Communication Pill (jiao tai wan), 644–645 Grand Yi Ointment (tai yi gao), 862, 866 Granulation-Promoting Powder (sheng ji san), 859, 861 Granulation-Promoting Red Jade Ointment (sheng ji yu hong gao), 859, 863 Great Creation Pill with Placenta Hominis (he che da zao wan), 595 Great Red Pill (da hong wan), 697 Great Tranquility Pill (da an wan), 814, 817, 878, 898 Green Jar Decoction (qing yu tang), 494 Green-Draining Pill (xie qing wan), 507, 509 Gypsum Decoction (shi gao tang), 544, 545, 547, 875

H

Halloysite and Limonite Decoction (chi shi zhi yu yu liang tang), 622, 623 Halloysite Pill (chi shi zhi wan), 622 Harmonious Yang Decoction (yang he tang), 840, 841, 843, 849, 899 Harmony-Preserving Pill (bao he wan), 810–812, 817, 878, 898 Head-Biting Plaster (yao tou gao), 866, 898 Heart-Clearing Lotus Seed Beverage (qing xin lian zi yin), 507 Heart-Draining Decoction (xie xin tang), 493, 496, 885 Heart-Nourishing Decoction (yang xin tang), 571, 638, 639, 641 Heart-Washing Decoction (xi xin tang), 806 Heat-Clearing and Blood-Regulating Decoction (qing re tiao xue tang), 694 Heat-Clearing and Menses-Stabilizing Decoction (qing re gu jing tang), 488 Heat-Dissipating Toxin-Removing Drink (san re xiao du yin zi), 496 Heaven, Human, and Earth Marrow-Retaining Elixir (san cai feng sui dan), 592 Heavens-Supplementing and Great Creation Pill (bu tian da zao wan), 611–613 Hemorrhoid Injection (xiao zhi ling zhu she ye), 867

Hemorrhoid-Necrotizing Insertion (ku zhi ding), 867 Hemorrhoid-Necrotizing Powder (ku zhi san), 867 Herba Aristolochiae Powder (tian xian teng san), 672 Hidden Tiger Pill (hu qian wan), 596, 598, 610, 889 Honey-Fried Licorice Decoction (zhi gan cao tang), 611–614, 887 Humor-Increasing and Qi-Guiding Decoction (zeng ye cheng qi tang), 461–463 Humor-Increasing Decoction (zeng ye tang), 463, 738–740 Hypoglaucae Root Dampness-Percolating Decoction (bi xie shen shi tang), 758 Hypoglaucae Root Toxin-Dissolving Decoction (bi xie hua du tang), 759 Hypoglaucae Root Turbidity-Clearing Beverage (bi xie fen qing yin), 770, 772

I

Immature Bitter Orange and Atractylodes Macrocephala Decoction (zhi zhu tang), 672 Immature Bitter Orange and Atractylodes Macrocephala Pill (zhi zhu wan), 672 Immature Bitter Orange and Glomus-Dispersing Pill (zhi shi xiao pi wan), 660, 665, 668 Immature Bitter Orange and Peony Powder (zhi shi shao yao san), 474 Immature Bitter Orange Stagnation-Moving Pill (zhi shi dao zhi wan), 810, 811, 813, 817, 879 Immature Bitter Orange, Chinese Chive and Cinnamon Twig Decoction (zhi shi xie bai gui zhi tang), 670, 673 Immature Bitter Orange, Gardenia and Fermented Soybean Decoction (zhi shi zhi zi chi tang), 485 Immortal Aphasia-Treating Pill (shen xian jie yu dan), 805, 807 Immortal Formula Life-Giving Beverage (xian fang huo ming yin), 838, 839, 843, 849, 850 Immortal Life-Giving Decoction (shen xian huo ming tang), 496 Important Formula for Painful Diarrhea (tong xie yao fang), 473, 474 Indian Madder Root Powder (qian gen san), 708, 884, 885 Indigo Naturalis and Clam Shell Powder (dai ge san), 709 Indigo Naturalis Powder (qing dai san), 862 Infantile Stagnation-Reducing Pill (xiao ru wan), 816 Interior-Soothing Coptis Decoction (nei shu huang lian tang), 495 Interior-Supplementing Astragalus Decoction (nei bu huang qi tang), 838, 853–855, 857 Intestinal Serenity Decoction (chang ning tang), 572 Intestine-Moistening Pill (run chang wan), 457 Intestines-Clearing Beverage (qing chang yin), 846, 848

English-Pinyin Cross Reference of Chinese Medical Formula Names

Intracalvarium Stasis-Dispersing Decoction (lu nei xiao yu tang), 699 Inula and Hematite Decoction (xuan fu dai zhe tang), 674, 676, 677, 680 Inula Powder (jin fei cao san), 805, 807 Iron Flakes Beverage (sheng tie luo yin), 637, 893

J

Jade Dew Powder (yu lu san), 864 Jade Humor Decoction (yu ye tang), 736, 737, 739 Jade Lady Decoction (yu nü jian), 500, 503, 506, 510, 884, 892 Jade Spring Pill (yu quan wan), 740, 892 Jade Wind-Barrier Powder (yu ping feng san), 557, 559, 561, 567, 617 Jasper Jade Powder (bi yu san), 467, 469, 471, 521, 522

K

Kidney Fixity Decoction (shen zhuo tang), 769 Kidney Qi Pill (shen qi wan), 598, 599, 601, 602, 605, 624 Kidney-Boosting and Menstruation-Regulating Decoction (yi shen tiao jing tang), 605 Kidney-Consolidating Decoction (gu zhen tang), 565 Kidney-Supplementing and Penetrating VesselSecuring Pill (bu shen gu chong wan), 603 Kidney-Supplementing and SinewStrengthening Decoction (bu shen zhuang jin tang), 604, 900 Kidney-Supplementing Rehmannia Pill (bu shen di huang wan), 602

L

Lactation-Promoting Elixir (tong ru dan), 578 Land and Water Two Immortals Elixir (shui lu er xian dan), 627, 889 Large Gentian and Turtle Shell Powder (qin jiao bie jia san), 515 Large Gentian Decoction (da qin jiao tang), 712, 714, 717, 721, 882 Large Notopterygii Decoction (da qiang huo tang), 427 Ledebouriella Decoction (fang feng tang), 778 Ledebouriella, Chuanxiong and Chinese Angelica Decoction (fang feng xiong gui tang), 697 Left Metal Pill (zuo jin wan), 500, 503, 506, 510 Left-Restoring Beverage (zuo gui yin), 595, 597 Left-Restoring Pill (zuo gui wan), 582, 583, 587, 597, 881, 885, 891, 892 Lesser Galangal and Cyperus Pill (liang fu wan), 671, 877, 879, 886 Licorice Heart-Draining Decoction (gan cao xie xin tang), 479 Licorice, Dried Ginger, Poria and Atractylodes Macrocephala Decoction (gan cao gan jiang fu ling bai zhu tang), 768, 769, 771, 891 Licorice, Wheat and Jujube Decoction (gan mai da zao tang), 638, 640, 642, 882

Life-Promoting and Spleen-Fortifying Pill (zi sheng jian pi wan), 563 Life-Promoting Pill (zi sheng wan), 563 Lightyellow Sophora Root Decoction (ku shen tang), 900 Lignum Aquilariae Powder (chen xiang san), 673 Lily Bulb Metal-Securing Decoction (bai he gu jin tang), 597, 736, 737, 739, 902 Linderae Decoction (wu yao tang), 671, 674, 877, 894 Linderae Qi-Balancing Powder (wu yao shun qi san), 679 Litharge Ointment (tuo seng gao), 867 Litharge Powder (mi tuo seng san), 861 Liver-Calming and Spleen-Regulating Decoction (huan gan li pi tang), 532, 897 Liver-Comforting Decoction (hua gan jian), 475 Liver-Draining and Spirit-Calming Pill (xie gan an shen wan), 637 Liver-Heat-Clearing and Blood-DrippingRelieving Decoction (qing gan zhi lin tang), 489 Liver-Regulating Decoction (tiao gan tang), 596, 893 Liver-Sedating and Wind-Extinguishing Decoction (zhen gan xi feng tang), 722, 724, 726, 729, 881 Liver-Supplementing Decoction (bu gan tang), 571 Liver-Warming Decoction (nuan gan jian), 664, 668, 899 Loadstones and Cinnabar Pill (ci zhu wan), 634–636, 638, 887 Lonicera and Forsythia Powder (yin qiao san), 430, 433, 438, 502, 650, 875, 898, 902 Lonicera Toxin-Resolving Decoction (yin hua jie du tang), 494 Lonicera, Forsythia and Puffball Powder (yin qiao ma bo san), 493, 902 Lophatherum and Gypsum Decoction (zhu ye shi gao tang), 482–484, 526 Lophatherum Channel-Draining Decoction (zhu ye xie jing tang), 508 Lophatherum, Tamarisk and Arctium Decoction (zhu ye liu bang tang), 435, 897 Lossy-Supplementing and Sinew-Reuniting Pill (bu shun xu jin wan), 699 Lower Abdominal Stasis-Expelling Decoction (shao fu zhu yu tang), 686, 691, 700 Lung-Clearing Beverage (qing fei yin), 767 Lung-Clearing Fire-Subduing Decoction (qing jin jiang huo tang), 793 Lung-Clearing Phlegm-Transforming Decoction (qing jin hua tan tang), 794 Lung-Supplementing Decoction (bu fei tang), 565, 890 Lung-Supplementing Donkey-Hide Gelatin Decoction (bu fei e jiao tang), 582, 585, 588, 597, 598 Lung-Warming and Runniness-Stopping Elixir (wen fei zhi liu dan), 542 Lycium Berry, Chrysanthemum and Rehmannia Pill (qi ju di huang wan), 590, 597

M

959

Macules-Dissolving Decoction (hua ban tang), 498, 500 Magic Effective Vital-Qi-Strengthening Powder (shen gong nei tuo san), 856 Maidservant From Yue Decoction (yue bi tang), 435, 438 Major Bupleurum Decoction (da chai hu tang), 549, 550, 552, 553 Major Center-Fortifying Decoction (da jian zhong tang), 528, 529, 531, 533, 879 Major Channel-Activating Elixir (da huo luo dan), 719, 722 Major Chest Draining Decoction (da xian xiong tang), 448, 449, 451, 796 Major Chest Draining Pill (da xian xiong wan), 450, 451 Major Green Dragon Decoction (da qing long tang), 426, 429, 547 Major Original-Qi Tonifying Decoction (da bu yuan jian), 591 Major Purgative Decoction (da cheng qi tang), 448, 449, 451, 462 Major Supplementation Astragalus Decoction (da bu huang qi tang), 579 Major Wind-Stabilizing Pill (da ding feng zhu), 722, 723, 725, 729, 881 Major Yin-Supplementing Pill (da bu yin wan), 582, 584, 587, 598 Malaria-stopping Seven Treasures Beverage (jie nüe qi bao yin), 466 Malnutrition-Eliminating Spleen-Rectifying Decoction (xiao gan li pi tang), 816 Mantis Egg Shell Powder (sang piao xiao san), 623, 625–627 Marching Powder (xing jun san), 648, 649, 652, 657 Master Cheng’s Bupleurum and Pueraria Muscle-Resolving Decoction (cheng shi chai ge jie ji tang), 435 Master Cheng’s Hypoglaucae Root TurbidityClearing Beverage (cheng shi bi xie fen qing yin), 773 Master Cheng’s Pus-Expelling Powder (cheng shi tou nong san), 853 Master Li’s Pinellia, Atractylodes Macrocephala and Gastrodia Decoction (li shi ban xia bai zhu tian ma tang), 805, 807 Master Sun’s Oyster Shell Powder (sun shi mu li san), 617 Master Wan’s Childhood-Malnutrition Rectifying Pill (wan shi fei er wan), 829 Master Wang’s Channel-Warming Decoction (wang shi wen jing tang), 692 Master Wang’s Summerheat-Clearing Qi-Boosting Decoction (wang shi qing shu yi qi tang), 524–526 Master Wei’s Gallbladder-Warming Decoction (wei shi wen dan tang), 786 Master Yan’s Tangerine Peel and Bamboo Shavings Decoction (yan shi ju pi zhu ru tang), 678 Master Yu’s Yang-Returning Emergency Decoction (yu shi hui yang jiu ji tang), 537, 539

960

English-Pinyin Cross Reference of Chinese Medical Formula Names

Matchless Cinnamonvine Pill (wu bi shan yao wan), 609, 889 Melon Stalk Powder (gua di san), 834–836 Membrane-Source-Opening Beverage (da yuan yin), 467, 469, 470, 892 Menses-Clearing Powder (qing jing san), 488 Menses-Securing Pill (gu jing wan), 628, 630, 632 Metal Water Six Gentlemen Decoction (jin shui liu jun jian), 786, 789 Middle Fullness Separating and Dispersing Pill (zhong man fen xiao wan), 756 Mind-Stabilizing Minor Pill (ding zhi xiao wan), 642 Minor Bupleurum Decoction (xiao chai hu tang), 466, 468, 471, 476, 553, 747, 749, 796 Minor Center-Fortifying Decoction (xiao jian zhong tang), 528, 530, 533, 879 Minor Channel-Activating Elixir (xiao huo luo dan), 712, 714, 716, 722, 890 Minor Chest-Draining Decoction (xiao xian xiong tang), 790, 792, 795, 796 Minor Green Dragon Decoction (xiao qing long tang), 422, 424, 425, 428, 429, 801, 876, 877 Minor Green Dragon Decoction Plus Gypsum (xiao qing long jia shi gao tang), 428 Minor Nutrient Decoction (xiao ying jian), 571 Minor Pinellia Decoction (xiao ban xia tang), 532, 878 Minor Purgative Decoction (xiao cheng qi tang), 450, 451, 457 Minor Wind-Stabilizing Pill (xiao ding feng zhu), 727, 729 Miraculous Effective Pill for Five-Epilepsy (wu xian shen ying wan), 806, 807 Miraculous Pill of Rhinoceros Horn (shen xi dan), 499, 500, 876 Modified Initial Yin Decoction (jia jian yi yin jian), 592, 894, 895 Monkshood Mother Root, Aconite, Ephedra, Asarum, Cinnamon Twig and Dried Ginger Decoction (wu fu ma xin gui jiang tang), 540, 541 Moonlight Pill (yue hua wan), 595, 598, 877 Mosla Powder (xiang ru san), 518, 519, 875, 878 Mother-of-Pearl Pill (zhen zhu mu wan), 634, 635, 637 Mugwort and Cyperus Palace Warming Pill (ai fu nuan gong wan), 693 Mulberry Leaf and Apricot Kernel Decoction (sang xing tang), 732–735, 798, 883 Mulberry Leaf and Chrysanthemum Beverage (sang ju yin), 430, 431, 433, 875, 884 Mulberry Root Bark Decoction (sang bai pi tang), 795 Mume Pill (wu mei wan), 825, 826, 828, 831, 879

N

Nebula-Dispersing Decoction (xiao yi tang), 437 Newly Prepared Tangerine Peel and Bamboo Shavings Decoction (xin zhi ju pi zhu ru tang), 679

Newly Supplemented Yellow Dragon Decoction (xin jia huang long tang), 462 Newly-Prepared Bupleurum and Coptis Decoction (xin zhi chai lian tang), 509 Newly-Supplemented Mosla Beverage (xin jia xiang ru yin), 875 Nine Immortals Powder (jiu xian san), 618, 619, 877 Nine Ingredients Notopterygium Decoction (jiu wei qiang huo tang), 423, 425, 779 Nine Yellows Pellet (jiu huang dan), 868 Nine-To-One Powder (jiu yi dan), 859, 868 Notopterygium Dampness-Drying Decoction (qiang huo sheng shi tang), 436, 775, 776, 779 Notopterygium Wind-Eliminating Decoction (qiang huo sheng feng tang), 779 Nutrient Aspect Heat-Clearing Decoction (qing ying tang), 486, 487, 490, 649, 876 Nutrient Aspect-Cooling and Qi-Clearing Decoction (liang ying qing qi tang), 499 Nutrient-Nourishing Decoction for Injury (die da yang ying tang), 581

O

Officinal Magnolia Bark Center-Warming Decoction (hou po wen zhong tang), 660, 663, 667 Officinal Magnolia Bark Seven Substances Decoction (hou po qi wu tang), 552 One Qi-Rectifying Variant Powder (yi jia jian zheng qi san), 745 Onion and Chinese Angelica SwellingRemoving Formula (cong gui ta zhong fang), 863 Ophiopogon Decoction (mai men dong tang), 736, 738 Ophiopogon, Schisandra and Rehmannia Pill (mai wei di huang wan), 590, 597 Orifices-Unblocking and Blood-Invigorating Decoction (tong qiao huo xue tang), 691, 700, 893 Orifices-Unblocking Decoction (tong qiao tang), 428 Original Qi Boosting Powder (yi yuan san), 521, 522, 913 Original Qi-Restoring and Blood-Moving Decoction (fu yuan huo xue tang), 682, 683, 688, 701 Original Qi-Restoring and Qi-Unblocking Powder (fu yuan tong qi san), 679 Original-Qi-Lifting Decoction (ju yuan jian), 562 Original-Qi-Preserving Decoction (bao yuan tang), 562, 841, 915 Original-Qi-Preserving Great-Achievement Decoction (bao yuan da cheng tang), 838, 853, 854, 856, 857 Original-Qi-Regulating Kidney Qi Pill (tiao yuan shen qi wan), 581 Original-Qi-Regulating Powder (tiao yuan san), 578 Oyster Shell Powder (mu li san), 616, 617, 883

P

Pagoda Tree Flower Powder (huai hua san), 702, 704, 707 Painful Obstruction Resolving Decoction (xuan bi tang), 757, 760, 890 Pain-Relieving Like Spirit Decoction (zhi tong ru shen tang), 846 Palace-Clearing Decoction (qing gong tang), 488, 649 Panchrest Ointment (wan ying gao), 860, 871 Peaceful Palace Bovine Bezoar Pill (an gong niu huang wan), 486, 497, 545, 648, 650, 653, 654, 723, 883 Peach Blossom Decoction (tao hua tang), 620–623, 878 Peach Kernel and Carthamus Decoction (tao ren hong hua jian), 694, 887 Peach Kernel and Carthamus Four Substances Decoction (tao hong si wu tang), 571, 573, 894, 895, 900 Peach Kernel Qi-Guiding Decoction (tao he cheng qi tang), 682, 687, 701 Pearl and Bovine Bezoar Powder (zhu huang san), 865 Penetrating Vessel-Calming Decoction (an chong tang), 631 Penetrating Vessel-Securing Decoction (gu chong tang), 628–630, 632 Peony and Licorice Decoction (shao yao gan cao tang), 596 Peony Decoction (shao yao tang), 500, 504, 506, 511, 547, 879 Peppermint Powder (ji su san), 521, 522 Pepperweed and Jujube Lung-Draining Decoction (ting li da zao xie fei tang), 507, 510 Perfect Major Supplementation Decoction (shi quan da bu tang), 578, 582, 686, 857 Perilla Fruit Qi-Descending Decoction (su zi jiang qi tang), 674, 675, 677, 680 Phlegm-Expelling Decoction (dao tan tang), 786, 789 Phlegm-Flushing Decoction (di tan tang), 787, 789, 807, 881, 882 Phlegm-Removing Pill (gun tan wan), 790–792, 796 Phlegm-Treating Poria Pill (zhi tan fu ling wan), 783, 785 Phragmites Stem Decoction (wei jing tang), 511, 838, 842, 845 Picrorhizae and Mume Roundworms-Calming Decoction (lian mei an hui tang), 830, 831 Pill for Breeding Precious Infant (yu lin zhu), 580 Pill for Cold Wheezing (leng xiao wan), 801 Pill for Hyperosteogeny (gu zhi zeng sheng wan), 698 Pill for Ulcer (kui yang wan), 709 Pill Requiring a Change of Clothes (geng yi wan), 450 Pinch Powder (shou nian san), 692, 700, 880 Pinellia and Officinal Magnolia Bark Decoction (ban xia hou po tang), 660, 664, 667, 881 Pinellia and Sulfur Pill (ban liu wan), 453, 879 Pinellia Decoction (ban xia tang), 795

English-Pinyin Cross Reference of Chinese Medical Formula Names

Pinellia Heart-Draining Decoction (ban xia xie xin tang), 477–479 Pinellia, Atractylodes Macrocephala and Gastrodia Decoction (ban xia bai zhu tian ma tang), 803, 804, 807, 881, 893 Plaster for Injury from Fall (die da gao), 871 Platycladi and Phellodendron Powder (shuang bai san), 864 Platycodon and Apricot Kernel Decoction (jie geng xing ren jian), 798, 899 Platycodon Decoction (jie geng tang), 845, 899 Plum Blossom Sore-Dispelling Pill (mei hua dian she dan), 847 Polyporus Decoction (zhu ling tang), 761, 763, 764, 768 Poria Frigid Extremities Decoction (fu ling si ni tang), 537 Poria Pill (fu ling wan), 782, 783, 785, 789 Poria, Cinnamon Twig and Licorice Decoction (fu ling gui zhi gan cao tang), 772 Poria, Cinnamon Twig, Atractylodes Macrocephala and Licorice Decoction (ling gui zhu gan tang), 768, 769, 771, 773, 774, 886 Poria, Licorice, Schisandra, Dried Ginger and Asarum Decoction (ling gan wu wei jiang xin tang), 799–801 Powder for Promoting Lactation like Pouring Spring (xia ru yong quan san), 672, 897 Powder for Sweeping Away (yi sao guang), 860, 900 Priceless Qi-Rectifying Powder (bu huan jin zheng qi san), 745, 747, 878 Procreation Elixir (zan yu dan), 604, 889 Pubescent Angelica and Mistletoe Decoction (du huo ji sheng tang), 775–777, 780, 890 Pueraria, Scutellaria, and Coptis Decoction (ge gen huang qin huang lian tang), 544, 545, 547, 878, 879 Pulsatilla Decoction (bai tou weng tang), 500, 504, 506, 510, 547, 879 Pulsatilla Decoction Plus Licorice and DonkeyHide Gelatin (bai tou weng jia gan cao e jiao tang), 508, 510 Pulse-Engendering Powder (sheng mai san), 539, 557, 558, 560, 585, 614, 649, 882, 886 Pulse-Restoring Variant Decoction (jia jian fu mai tang), 614 Pumpkin Seed Powder and Areca Decoction (nan gua zi fen bing lang jian), 830 Pure Yang Qi-Rectifying Pill (chun yang zheng qi wan), 746 Purple Gold Troche (zi jin ding), 432, 654–657 Purple Snow Elixir (zi xue dan), 486, 487, 648, 649, 651, 653, 723 Pus-Expelling Powder (tou nong san), 838, 850–853

Q

Qi-Balancing and Blood-Moving Decoction (shun qi huo xue tang), 696 Qi-Boosting and Urine-Guiding Decoction (yi qi dao niao tang), 565

Qi-Boosting Intelligence Decoction (yi qi cong ming tang), 563, 902 Qi-Clearing and Phlegm-Transforming Pill (qing qi hua tan wan), 790, 792, 793, 795, 798 Qi-Correcting Heavenly Fragrance Powder (zheng qi tian xiang san), 671, 674 Qi-Guiding and Nutrient-Nourishing Decoction (cheng qi yang ying tang), 462 Qi-Guiding Decoction (dao qi tang), 671 Qi-Normalizing and Phlegm-Expelling Decoction (shun qi dao tan tang), 788 Qi-Restraining Pill (du qi wan), 590, 597 Qi-Resuscitating Decoction (su qi tang), 697 Qi-Supplementing and Spleen-Activating Decoction (bu qi yun pi tang), 565 Qi-Transporting Pill (yun qi wan), 671, 878

R

Raising the Sinking Decoction (sheng xian tang), 563, 567 Rangooncreeper Powder (shi jun zi san), 830, 879 Raw Five Pill (wu sheng wan), 805 Raw Four Pill (si sheng wan), 702, 706, 709 Red Tangerine Peel Phlegm-Transforming Pill (ju hong hua tan wan), 619 Red Wonder Pellet (hong ling dan), 746, 859, 866 Red-Guiding Powder (dao chi san), 500, 501, 505, 760 Reducing Scrofula Pill (xiao luo wan), 790, 791, 793, 823, 897, 899 Rehmannia and Lycium Root-Bark Decoction (liang di tang), 592, 894 Rehmannia Drink (di huang yin zi), 606, 608, 611 Rehmannia, Figwort, and Chrysanthemum Decoction (di shen ju hua tang), 593 Renewal Powder (zai zao san), 439, 441, 443, 445 Resetting Bone Powder (bo gu san), 870 Resistance Decoction (di dang tang), 692, 701, 880, 895 Resistance Pill (di dang wan), 692 Restoring the Kidney Bolus (gui shen wan), 591 Reverse Powder (dian dao san), 863 Rhinoceros Bezoar Pill (xi huang wan), 840, 844, 848 Rhinoceros Horn and Rehmannia Channel-Clearing Beverage (xi di qing luo yin), 523 Rhinoceros Horn and Rehmannia Decoction (xi jiao di huang tang), 487, 488, 490, 498, 649, 876 Rhinoceros Horn and Succinum Supreme Jewel Elixir (xi po zhi bao dan), 653 Rhinoceros Horn Powder (xi jiao san), 488 Rhubarb and Aconite Decoction (da huang fu zi tang), 452–454 Rhubarb and Chinese Angelica Powder (da huang dang gui san), 699 Rhubarb and Eupolyphaga Pill (da huang zhe chong wan), 682, 686, 690, 701, 880

961

Rhubarb and Moutan Decoction (da huang mu dan tang), 838, 839, 842, 845, 848, 850, 899 Right-Restoring Beverage (you gui yin), 603, 605, 891 Right-Restoring Pill (you gui wan), 598, 600, 602, 605, 891, 892, 895, 897 Rock of Mount Tai Fetus-Quieting Powder (tai shan pan shi san), 574–576, 582, 896 Rosefinch Pill (zhu que wan), 645 Rough and Ready Three Decoction (san ao tang), 426 Round Cardamom Powder (bai dou kou san), 815 Roundworms-Expelling Decoction (qu hui tang), 830

S

Safe Pregnancy Without Worry Powder (bao chan wu you san), 579, 582, 896 Sage Confucius Pillow Elixir (kong sheng zhen zhong dan), 642, 643, 885 Sage Cure Decoction (sheng yu tang), 570, 573 Salt Soup Vomiting-Stimulating Formula (yan tang tan tu fang), 835, 836 Salvia Beverage (dan shen yin), 683, 688, 700, 886 Sanguisorba Powder (di yu san), 708 Sappan Wood Decoction (su mu jian), 868 Sargassum Jade Flask Decoction (hai zao yu hu tang), 818, 820, 823, 899 Scallion Decoction with Seven Ingredients (cong bai qi wei yin), 439, 440, 442, 445 Scallion Yang-Freeing Decoction (bai tong tang), 537, 538 Scallion, Fermented Soybean and Platycodon Decoction (cong chi jie geng tang), 432, 434 Scene-Staying Variant Pill (jia jian zhu jing wan), 593 Schizonepeta and Saposhnikovia ToxinResolving Powder (jing fang bai du san), 444, 445 Scrofula Internal-Dispersing Pill (nei xiao luo li wan), 818–820, 823, 899 Scutellaria and Talcum Decoction (huang qin hua shi tang), 755, 761 Scutellaria Decoction (huang qin tang), 508, 511 Scutellaria White-Draining Powder (huang qin xie bai san), 508 Sea-Treasury Rehmannia Powder (hai zang di huang san), 594 Seven-Ingredient Atractylodes Macrocephalae Powder (qi wei bai zhu san), 562, 566 Seven-Thousandths of a Tael Powder (qi li san), 685, 689, 701, 898, 900, 901 Seven Treasures Beard-Blackening Elixir (qi bao mei ran dan), 606–608 Shrub Chastetree Fruit Powder (man jing zi san), 436 Silkworm Droppings Decoction (can shi tang), 755, 761 Sinews-Relaxing Pain-Relieving Liquid (shu jin zhi tong shui), 872

962

English-Pinyin Cross Reference of Chinese Medical Formula Names

Sinew-Strengthening and Blood-Nourishing Decoction (zhuang jin yang xue tang), 697 Sinew-Strengthening and Bone-Reuniting Elixir (zhuang jin xu gu dan), 605 Sinew-Supplementing Pill (bu jin wan), 698 Six Gentlemen Decoction (liu jun zi tang), 458, 536, 539, 561, 566, 796 Six Harmony Decoction (liu he tang), 746, 747 Six Milled Ingredients Decoction (liu mo tang), 671 Six Promises Pill (liu ying wan), 494, 902 Six-Ingredient Rehmannia Pill (liu wei di huang wan), 582, 583, 587, 597, 635 Six-Seven Decoction (si qi tang), 671 Six-to-One Powder (liu yi san), 520–522, 524 Small Emergency Decoction (xiao xu ming tang), 718, 721 Small Gold Pill (xiao jin dan), 841, 844, 849 Soak Formula for Goose-web Wind (e zhang feng jin pao fang), 359, 361 Solomon’s Seal Variant Decoction (jia jian wei rui tang), 439, 440, 442, 445 Sophora Pill (huai jiao wan), 708, 884, 899 Sour Jujube Decoction (suan zao ren tang), 638, 640, 643, 789, 887 Spasm-Relieving Powder (zhi jing san), 715, 721, 897 Special Achievement Powder (yi gong san), 561, 566 Spirit-Rousing Elixir (zhen ling dan), 631 Spirit-Tranquillizing Mind-Stabilizing Pill (an shen ding zhi wan), 642 Spleen-Fortifying Pill (jian pi wan), 810, 812, 814 Spleen-Fortifying Urination-Promote Decoction (jian pi li shui tang), 765 Spleen-Regulating Powder (tiao pi san), 815 Spleen-Restoring Decoction (gui pi tang), 568–570, 573, 614, 643, 686, 709, 882, 885, 887, 891, 895 Spleen-Strengthening Powder (shi pi san), 768, 770, 771, 774 Spleen-Warming Decoction (wen pi tang), 452–454 Spring Alisma Rhizome Decoction (chun ze tang), 767 Stablilizing the Root and Stopping Profuse Uterine Bleeding Decoction (gu ben zhi beng tang), 579 Stasis-Dissipating Injury-Healing Decoction (san yu he shang tang), 873 Stasis-Expelling and Bleeding-Stanching Decoction (zhu yu zhi xue tang), 709 Stasis-Unblocking Decoction (tong yu jian), 693, 894 Stephania Root and Astragalus Decoction (fang ji huang qi tang), 761, 762, 764, 768 Stephania Root and Poria Decoction (fang ji fu ling tang), 765, 768 Stomach-Boosting Decoction (yi wei tang), 585, 588 Stomach-Calming Poria Decoction (wei ling tang), 765, 767 Stomach-Calming Powder (ping wei san), 742–744, 747, 765, 767, 878

Stomach-Heat-Clearing Powder (qing wei san), 500, 503, 506, 510, 884, 901 Stomach-Nourishing and Humor-Increasing Decoction (yang wei zeng ye tang), 595 Stomach-Regulating and Purgative Decoction (tiao wei cheng qi tang), 450, 451, 879, 892, 901 Stopping Morbid Vaginal Discharge Decoction (zhi dai fang), 758 Storax Pill (su he xiang wan), 654–657, 882, 883 Storax Pill for Coronary Disease (guan xin su he xiang wan), 657 Stream-Reducing Pill (suo quan wan), 623–627, 879, 889 Striving for Life Elixir (duo ming dan), 698 Succinum Black-Dragon Elixir (hu po hei long dan), 694 Succinum Dragon-Embracing Pill (hu po bao long wan), 728 Sudden Smile Powder (shi xiao san), 700, 886, 894, 895, 897 Summerheat-Clearing Qi-Boosting Decoction (qing shu yi qi tang), 525 Supplemented Cyperus and Perilla Powder (jia wei xiang su san), 428 Supplemented Five Stranguries Powder (jia wei wu lin san), 756 Supplemented Five Substances Powder with Poria (jia wei wu ling san), 757 Supplemented Four Gentlemen Decoction (jia wei si jun zi tang), 564 Supplemented Free Wanderer Powder (jia wei xiao yao san), 475, 476 Supplemented Kidney Qi Pill (jia wei shen qi wan), 602, 605 Supplemented Linderae Powder (jia wei wu yao tang), 660, 664, 668, 674, 877 Supplemented Liver-Reconditioning Powder (jia wei xiu gan san), 509 Supplemented Sage Cure Decoction (jia wei sheng yu tang), 580 Supplemented Two Matured Substances Decoction (jia wei er chen tang), 794 Supplemented Two Mysterious Pill (jia wei er miao wan), 756, 889 Supporting and Nourishing, and KidneyStrengthening Decoction (yang rong zhuang shen tang), 604 Supreme Jewel Elixir (zhi bao dan), 648, 649, 651, 653, 882 Sweet Dew Beverage (gan lu yin), 520–522, 524, 596 Sweet Dew Toxin-Removing Elixir (gan lu xiao du dan), 747, 748, 752, 761, 876 Sweet Wormwood and Scutellaria GallbladderClearing Decoction (hao qin qing dan tang), 466, 467, 469, 471 Sweet Wormwood and Turtle Shell Decoction (qing hao bie jia tang), 511–513, 515, 876 Symmetry-Correcting Powder (qian zheng san), 712, 715, 721

T

Tangerine Peel and Bamboo Shavings Decoction (ju pi zhu ru tang), 676, 678, 680 Tangerine Seed Pill (ju he wan), 666, 669, 673 Tea-Mix and Chrysanthemum Powder (ju hua cha tiao san), 718, 721 Tea-Mix and Chuanxiong Powder (chuan xiong cha tiao san), 712, 713, 715, 721, 892 Tear-Stopping and Liver-Supplementing Powder (zhi lei bu gan san), 572 Ten Charred Substances Powder (shi hui san), 702, 703, 706, 709, 883–885, 895 Ten Jujubes Decoction (shi zao tang), 457–460, 888 Ten Supplements Pill (shi bu wan), 599, 601, 605 Ten-Ingredient Gallbladder-Warming Decoction (shi wei wen dan tang), 787, 789 Three Impediments Decoction (san bi tang), 777, 780 Three Kernels Decoction (san ren tang), 747, 748, 751, 761, 876 Three Mysterious Pill (san miao wan), 755, 760, 889 Three Qi-Rectifying Variant Powder (san jia jian zheng qi san), 745 Three Sages Powder (san sheng san), 836 Three Shells Pulse-Restoring Decoction (san jia fu mai tang), 649, 728, 729, 881 Three Substances Emergency Pill (san wu bei ji wan), 452, 453 Three Yellows Wash Formula (san huang xi ji), 862 Three-Kernel and Five-Seed Decoction (san ren wu zi tang), 594 Three-Seed Filial Devotion Decoction (san zi yang qin tang), 799, 800, 802, 876, 877, 915 Three-Shot Gun Drug Stick (san pin yi tiao qiang), 859, 865 Three-Yellow Treasures Wax Pill (san huang bao la wan), 696 Throat-Clearing Diaphragm-Disinhibiting Decoction (qing yan li ge tang), 494 Throat-Clearing Two-Harmony Beverage (qing yan shuang he yin), 494 Tin-Like Powder (xi lei san), 865 Toad Venom Pill (chan su wan), 848 Toosendan Fruit Worms-Killing Pill (lian pi sha chong wan), 829 Toosendan Powder (jin ling zi san), 503, 662, 667, 674, 880, 894 Top-Quality Linderae Powder (tian tai wu yao san), 660, 665, 669, 673 Tortoise Shell and Deer Horn Two Immortals Glue (gui lu er xian jiao), 606–608, 611, 890, 896 Toxin-Dissolving Dampness-Eliminating Decoction (hua du chu shi tang), 758 Toxin-Expelling Exterior-Relieving Decoction (xuan du fa biao tang), 435 Toxin-Resolving Powder (bai du san), 439, 442, 445

English-Pinyin Cross Reference of Chinese Medical Formula Names

Treating-Prostatitis Decoction (qian lie xian tang), 694 Trichosanthes Powder (gua lou san), 796, 846, 898, 899 Trichosanthes, Chinese Chive and Pinellia Decoction (gua lou xie bai ban xia tang), 670, 673, 886 Trichosanthes, Chinese Chive and White Wine Decoction (gua lou xie bai bai jiu tang), 660, 663, 667, 673 True Jade Powder (yu zhen san), 712, 715, 717, 882 True Warrior Decoction (zhen wu tang), 458, 768, 769, 771, 774, 886, 888 Turtle Shell Decocted Pill (bie jie jian wan), 701, 818, 819, 821, 823 Two Immortals Decoction (er xian tang), 609 Two Matured Substances Decoction (er chen tang), 549, 782, 783, 785–787, 789, 802, 851, 871, 876 Two Matured Substances Decoction for Dispersing Stagnation (kai yu er chen tang), 786 Two Matured Substances Decoction with Ephedra and Apricot Kernel (ma xing er chen tang), 787 Two Matured Substances Pill for Dissolving Hardness (hua jian er chen wan), 794 Two Mysterious Powder (er miao san), 747, 750, 753, 760, 889, 896 Two Qi-Rectifying Variant Powder (er jia jian zheng qi san), 745 Two Yin Decoction (er yin jian), 594

U

Unaccompanied Ginseng Decoction (du shen tang), 9, 535, 537 Unaccompanied Sage Powder (du sheng san), 679 Uncaria Beverage (gou teng yin), 727, 729, 881 Universal Relief Toxin-Removing Beverage (pu ji xiao du yin), 490–492, 850 Upper-Nether Mutual-Supplying Decoction (shang xia xiang zi tang), 596

V

Valuable Experience Powder (jing xiao san), 489 Vessel and Vehicle Pill (zhou che wan), 458–460 Virgate Wormwood Decoction (yin chen hao tang), 747, 749, 752, 759, 880 Virgate Wormwood Frigid Extremities Decoction (yin chen si ni tang), 755, 880

Virgate Wormwood Pill (yin chen wan), 546 Vital-Qi-Strengthening and ToxinExpelling Powder (tuo li xiao du san), 838, 850–852 Vital-Qi-Strengthening Pus-Expelling Decoction (tuo li tou nong tang), 853 Vomiting-Stopping Pill (ding tu wan), 679

W

Waist-Strengthening and Kidney-Fortifying Decoction (zhuang yao jian shen tang), 604 Walk-Fortifying Hidden Tiger Pill (jian bu hu qian wan), 610 Walk-Fortifying Pill (jian bu wan), 610 Wash Formula for Lower Limb Injury (xia zhi sun shang xi fang), 870 Wash Formula for Upper Limb Injury (shang zhi sun shang xi fang), 860, 870 Water-Guiding Pill (dao shui wan), 460 Water-Nourishing and Liver-Clearing Decoction (zi shui qing gan yin), 591, 597 Water-Resolving Powder (shui jie san), 546 White Downborne Powder (bai jiang dan), 865 White Jade Ointment (bai yu gao), 863, 900 White Tiger Decoction (bai hu tang), 482–485, 498, 500, 901 White Tiger Decoction Plus Cinnamon Twig (bai hu jia gui zhi tang), 485 White Tiger Decoction Plus Ginseng (bai hu jia ren shen tang), 485 White Tiger plus Atractylodis Decoction (bai hu jia cang zhu tang), 484, 485 White-Draining Powder (xie bai san), 500, 502, 505, 510, 511, 877, 883, 884 Wind-Dispelling and Heat-Dissipating Drink (qu feng san re yin zi), 436 Wind-Dispelling and Upper-Clearing Powder (qu feng shang qing san), 720 Wind-Dispersing Powder (xiao feng san), 713, 716, 722, 900 Wind-Dispersing Powder from the Imperial Pharmacy (he ji ju xiao feng san), 712, 713, 716, 721, 722, 900 Wind-Eliminating and Spleen-Clearing Drink (chu feng qing pi yin), 437 Wind-Eliminating Boosting Decoction (chu feng yi sun tang), 719 Wind-Scattering and Liver-Clearing Decoction (shu feng qing gan tang), 436 Wind-Scattering Channel-Activating Pill (san feng huo luo wan), 720 Womb-Warming Decoction (wen bao yin), 604 Wood-Lumbering Pill (fa mu wan), 827, 829

963

Worm-Expelling Pill (hua chong wan), 825–827, 879, 880 Worth a Thousand Gold Powder (qian jin san), 860

X

Xanthium Fruit Powder (cang er zi san), 718, 901

Y

Yang-Harmonizing CoagulationResolving Ointment (yang he jie ning gao), 859, 869 Yang-Inhibiting Wine-fried Coptis Rhizome Powder (yi yang jiu lian san), 437 Yang-Raising and Dampness-Eliminating Decoction (sheng yang chu shi tang), 766 Yang-Raising and Stomach-Boosting Decoction (sheng yang yi wei tang), 562, 567 Yang-Returning Emergency Decoction (hui yang jiu ji tang), 535, 536, 539 Yang-Returning Jade Dragon Ointment (hui yang yu long gao), 867 Yang-Supplementing and Five-Returning Decoction (bu yang huan wu tang), 682, 684, 688, 882 Yang-Toxin Internal Expelling Powder (yang du nei xiao san), 864 Yellow Croaker’s Auricular Bones Powder (yu nao shi san), 428 Yellow Dragon Decoction (huang long tang), 461, 462 Yellow Earth Decoction (huang tu tang), 702, 705, 707, 709, 884, 885 Yellow-Draining Powder (xie huang san), 500, 501, 505, 510, 901 Yellow-Transforming Decoction (yi huang tang), 628, 629, 631, 632 Yin-Consolidating Decoction (gu yin jian), 592 Yin-Enriching and Fire-Subduing Decoction (zi yin jiang huo tang), 595 Yin-Enriching Dampness-Eliminating Decoction (zi yin chu shi tang), 758 Yin-Nourishing and Lung-Clearing Decoction (yang yin qing fei tang), 736, 738 Yin-Preserving Decoction (bao yin jian), 592 Yin-Returning Suffering-Relieving Decoction (huan yin jiu ku tang), 495 Yin-Toxin Internal Expelling Powder (yin du nei xiao san), 859, 869 Youth-Restoring Elixir (huan shao dan), 609, 611 Yu Achievement Powder (yu gong san), 457–460 Yunnan White Drug-Powder (yun nan bai yao), 709

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Pinyin-English Cross Reference of Chinese Materia Medica Names A

(a wei) Chinese Asafoetida, 191, 822, 862, 869 (ai di cha) Japnese Ardisia, 286 (ai pian) Luodian Borneol, 325 (ai ye) Mugwort Leaf, 2, 548, 568, 570, 573, 579, 693, 702, 703, 705, 706, 868, 884, 885, 893–895, 900 (an xi xiang) Benzoin, 324, 648, 649, 651, 654–656, 719, 882, 883

B

(ba dou shuang) Defatted Croton Seed Powder, 98, 100 (ba ji tian) Morinda Root, 345, 596, 598–600, 603–609, 629, 766, 889, 890, 892–897 (ba jiao hui xiang) Chinese Star Anise, 163 (ba qia) China Greenbrier, 122 (ba yue zha) Akebia Fruit, 178, 880, 881 (bai bian dou) White Hyacinth Bean, 334, 518–520, 532, 557, 560, 563–566, 746–747, 875, 877, 878, 890, 896 (bai cao shuang) Plant Soot, 222 (bai dou kou qiao) Round Cardamon Husk, 134 (bai fan) Alum, 403, 619, 784, 801, 805, 806, 826, 827, 834, 835, 861, 865, 867, 881–883 (bai guo) Ginkgo Nut, 2, 286, 628, 629, 631, 676, 678, 680, 876, 889, 896 (bai he) Lily Bulb, 368, 559, 583, 640, 737, 739, 798, 876, 877, 902 (bai hua she she cao) Oldenlandia, 69, 888, 898, 899 (bai ji) Bletilla Rhizome, 9, 105, 113, 160, 218, 224, 440, 575, 618, 703, 705, 708, 709, 733, 737, 864, 869, 872, 877, 884, 885 (bai jiang cao) Patrinia, 61, 694, 750, 841, 842, 845, 850, 894, 899 (bai jie zi) White Mustard Seed, 260, 266, 459, 673, 800, 840, 843, 876, 877, 883, 897, 899 (bai lian) Ampelopsis, 9, 71, 105, 113, 160, 575, 577, 708, 819, 820, 869, 872, 896, 898–900 (bai mao gen) Imperata Rhizome, 209, 212, 430–432, 440, 487, 491, 492, 501, 512, 523, 551, 559, 584, 585, 618, 682, 702–706, 708, 733, 737, 749, 763, 883–885, 888, 891 (bai mao hua) Lalang Grass Inflorescence, 210 (bai mao xia ku cao) Decumbent Bugle Herb, 76 (bai qian) Cynanchum Root and Rhizome, 7, 262, 265, 280, 802, 804, 876, 877

(bai qu cai) Celandine, 185 (bai shi ying) Quartz Album, 297 (bai su zi) Common Perilla Fruit, 264 (bai tou weng) Chinese Anemone Root, 65, 504, 506, 508, 811, 879 (bai wei) Swallow-wort Root, 86, 440, 442, 512, 568, 876, 883, 888 (bai xian pi) Dictamnus Root Bark, 48, 713, 719, 880, 889–891, 894, 896, 900 (bai zi ren) Arborvitae Seed, 7, 299, 303, 455, 456, 571, 574, 594, 612, 634, 635, 637–644, 727, 879, 882, 883, 885–887 (ban bian lian) Chinese Lobelia, 68, 880, 888, 898, 899 (ban lan gen) Isatis Root, 55, 79, 431, 491, 492, 496, 499, 748, 876, 880, 902 (ban xia qu) Fermented Pinellia Rhizome, 263, 639, 641, 665, 668, 743, 744, 801, 915 (ban xia tang) Pinellia Decoction, 460, 532, 670, 673, 795, 878, 886 (ban zhi lian) Bearded Scutellaria, 75, 899 (bao ma zi pi) Manchurian Lilac Bark, 278 (bei dou gen) Asiatic Moonseed Rhizome, 75 (bei liu ji nu) Artemisiae Anomale, 250 (bei sha shen) Glehnia Root, 9, 367, 379, 512, 559, 582, 584, 588, 595, 596, 736, 891 (bi bo) Long Pepper Fruit, 166, 654–656, 877, 879, 886, 901 (bi cheng qie) Cubeb Fruit, 166, 877, 879, 899 (bi hu) Gekko Swinhoana, 318, 882, 889 (bi ma zi) Castor Seed, 92, 866 (bi qi) Waternut Corm, 278, 740, 876 (bi tao gan) Immature Peach Fruit, 223 (bi xie) Hypoglaucous Collett Yam Rhizome, 149, 705, 749, 750, 756, 758, 759, 770, 772, 773, 871, 888–890, 896, 900 (bian dou hua) White Hyacinth Bean Flower, 340, 519, 522, 523 (bian dou yi) Hyacinth Bean Peel, 340 (bian xu) Knotgrass, 147, 705, 749, 753, 760, 763, 879, 888 (bie jia jiao) Turtle Carapace Glue, 377, 822 (bing lang hua) Areca Flower, 203 (bing lang tan) Charred Areca Seed, 204 (bu gu zhi) Psoralea Fruit, 348, 359, 538, 599, 600, 604, 605, 607, 608, 620, 622–624, 877, 878, 885, 889, 891, 892, 896 (bu zha ye) Paniculate Microcos Leaf, 193 (qian nian jian) Homalomena Rhizome, 125, 720, 870, 890, 891

(bai dou kou) Round Cardamon, 2, 11, 132, 135, 432, 477, 503, 557, 563, 612, 652, 671, 719, 742, 746–748, 751, 752, 755, 815, 816, 876–878 (ban mao) Cantharis, 2, 10, 254, 898 (bai bu) Stemona Root, 2, 4, 282, 595, 733, 737, 802, 804, 876, 877, 879, 880, 896, 900 (bai zhu) White Atractylodes Rhizome, 3, 10, 333, 342, 422, 423, 426, 427, 436, 441, 455, 472–475, 477, 478, 518, 520, 521, 525, 528–532, 535–538, 546, 551, 556–567, 569–571, 573–581, 583, 593, 600, 603, 604, 610, 612, 613, 616, 617, 620, 621, 628–631, 655, 665, 668, 672, 684, 705, 707, 709, 714, 717, 719, 720, 743, 744, 746, 751, 754, 756, 762–774, 779, 782, 788, 794, 803, 804, 810, 812–818, 826–829, 840, 846, 851–853, 856, 876–878, 881, 883–888, 890–891, 893, 895–897 (bai zhi) Angelica Root, 18, 423, 425, 428, 432, 434, 436, 437, 441, 547–549, 672, 679, 694, 699, 712–715, 717, 718, 720, 733, 743, 744, 747, 759, 779, 795, 839, 840, 843, 846, 850–853, 860–863, 867, 869, 871, 872, 875, 879, 882, 892, 893, 898–901 (bing lang) Betel Nut, 2, 194, 199, 203, 204, 439, 457–459, 467–471, 477, 500, 504, 506, 529, 544, 551, 552, 662, 665, 667, 669–671, 680, 695, 698, 743, 750, 770–772, 786, 800, 811, 813, 815–817, 825–828, 830, 842, 846, 878–880, 888, 889, 892, 898 (bai shao) White Peony Root, 9, 362, 365, 452, 454, 462, 473–475, 488, 489, 496, 504, 507, 512, 535, 539, 544, 546, 549, 558, 562, 564, 567–572, 574–581, 591–598, 604, 605, 610, 613, 614, 616, 620, 628–631, 635, 638–640, 662, 673, 680, 693–695, 697, 699, 708, 714, 717, 718, 721–727, 736–739, 748, 756–758, 762, 766, 773, 777, 778, 795, 815, 822, 830, 841, 851–857, 880–883, 886, 887, 889, 891, 893–895, 897, 901, 902 (bing pian) Borneol, 323, 326, 428, 494, 495, 507, 648–652, 655–657, 685, 689, 695, 719, 736, 847, 861, 863–865, 868, 869, 871, 873, 882, 883, 886, 898, 901, 902 (bai fu zi) Typhonium Rhizome, 260, 263, 712, 715, 717, 783, 805, 806, 881–883, 893, 899 (bo he) Field Mint, 6, 11, 25, 32, 429–434, 436, 438–440, 442, 444, 445, 473, 474, 483, 490–496, 499, 509, 546, 549–551, 606, 608,

965

966

Pinyin-English Cross Reference of Chinese Materia Medica Names

635, 637, 679, 719, 728, 735, 736, 738, 748, 752, 779, 794, 795, 805, 806, 841, 844, 845, 864, 870, 875, 884, 892, 897, 901, 902 (ba dou) Croton Seed, 2, 9, 10, 98, 101, 452, 453, 546, 665, 669, 817, 866, 879, 888, 898 (bie jia) Turtle Carapace, 4, 6, 11, 375, 379, 473, 502, 511–515, 546, 558, 582, 584, 614, 729, 818, 819, 821, 876, 877, 880, 881, 883, 891, 897 (ban xia) Pinellia Rhizome, 2, 3, 9, 16, 23, 105, 113, 160, 259, 263, 265, 266, 423–425, 428, 441, 443, 445, 453, 460, 466–470, 475, 477–479, 483, 484, 529, 530, 532, 535–537, 544, 547–550, 552, 557, 561, 562, 564–566, 586, 599, 614, 635, 639, 641, 644, 652, 653, 661, 663–665, 667, 668, 670, 671, 673–679, 684, 689, 693, 733, 734, 736, 738, 743–749, 751, 752, 755–757, 759, 761, 762, 769, 770, 782–788, 790, 792–796, 799–806, 811, 812, 814, 818–821, 826, 834, 869, 871, 873, 876–879, 881–883, 886, 887, 892, 893, 896, 897, 915

C

(can dou) Broad Bean, 144 (can sha) Silkworm Feces, 107, 115, 755, 757, 889–891 (cang er cao) Xanthium, 24 (cang er zi) Xanthium Fruit, 19, 188, 195, 718, 875, 892, 900, 901 (cang zhu) Atractylodes Rhizome, 6, 131, 135, 342, 422, 423, 425, 427, 428, 467, 468, 477, 484, 485, 495, 525, 547–549, 629, 630, 650, 661, 666, 670, 713, 714, 716, 720, 722, 733, 742–746, 750, 751, 753–756, 760, 765, 766, 775, 776, 778, 779, 786, 788, 805, 827, 829, 846, 876, 878, 880, 888–891, 893, 896, 900, 901 (cao dou kou) Katsumadai, 133, 663, 667, 878, 879 (cao guo) Tsaoko Fruit, 133, 439, 466–471, 692, 700, 746, 748, 770, 771, 774, 892 (cao wu) Kusnezoff Monkshood Root, 2, 9, 10, 38, 71, 113, 218, 259, 714, 719, 867, 869, 871, 890 (ce bai ye) Oriental Arborvitae Leafy Twig, 208, 430, 432, 487, 489, 491, 559, 702–704, 706–708, 864, 870, 883–885, 888, 895, 900 (chai hu) Bupleurum, 2, 4, 28, 33, 88, 432, 434–437, 439, 442, 444, 466–468, 470–476, 483, 487, 489, 491, 492, 495, 496, 502, 505, 508, 509, 515, 549, 550, 552, 553, 558, 560, 562, 563, 567, 575, 577, 591, 593, 597, 614, 620, 629, 630, 660, 662, 666, 672, 673, 680, 683, 687, 688, 692, 693, 698, 700, 719, 720, 728, 745, 749, 758, 766, 779, 794, 819, 821, 839, 842, 845, 875, 880–882, 884, 885, 887, 891–898, 902 (chan pi) Toad Skin, 408 (chan su) Toad Venom, 10, 404, 494, 653, 902 (chan tui) Cicada Moulting, 26, 32, 432, 435, 437, 439, 491, 494, 499, 594, 713, 716, 719, 721, 723, 728, 875, 882, 897, 900–902

(chang shan) Dichroa Root, 398, 400, 466–469, 471, 546, 892 (chao che qian zi) Dry-fried Plantago Seed, 151 (chao gu ya) Dry-fried Grain Sprout, 196 (chao gua lou zi) Dry-fried Trichosanthes Seed, 277 (chao huai hua) Dry-fried Pagoda Tree Flower, 212 (chao mai ya) Dry-fried Germinated Barley, 196 (chao shan zha) Dry-fried Chinese Hawthorn Fruit, 195 (chao shen qu) Dry-fried Medicated Leaven, 195 (che qian cao) Plantain, 2, 150 (che qian zi) Plantago Seed, 11, 145, 151, 418, 467, 473, 495, 496, 500–502, 505, 507–509, 520, 572, 593, 594, 596, 602, 605, 609, 628–632, 637, 666, 713, 743, 749, 750, 753, 756–760, 763, 767, 773, 819, 848, 876, 878, 887, 888, 896, 901 (chen pi) Aged Tangerine Peel, 1, 9, 170, 185, 423, 425–428, 440, 441, 443, 445, 454–459, 468–470, 472–475, 489, 492, 525, 532, 535, 536, 547–549, 557, 561–566, 580–583, 585, 586, 593, 595, 596, 629, 630, 652, 660–663, 665–667, 670, 671, 673, 675, 676, 679, 687, 693, 696, 698, 721, 742–747, 756, 758, 759, 763–766, 769, 770, 772, 779, 782, 784–788, 791–795, 799, 802–804, 806, 811–816, 818, 820, 839, 843, 846, 854, 856, 861, 869, 877, 878, 881, 883, 893, 896 (chen xiang) Aquilaria Wood, 11, 174, 538, 594, 599, 635, 637, 644, 645, 649, 651, 652, 654–656, 662, 664, 667, 668, 670, 671, 673–675, 680, 698, 719, 743, 766, 770, 791, 792, 794, 799, 817, 847, 871, 877, 881–883 (chi shao) Red Peony Root, 82, 365, 432, 435, 436, 448, 450, 460, 466, 486, 489, 494, 496–499, 504, 508, 509, 523, 546, 568, 593, 661, 663, 670, 682–684, 687, 688, 691–696, 698–700, 708, 709, 713, 719, 750, 753, 755–758, 760, 805, 818, 839, 841, 843, 847, 860, 862, 867, 869–871, 876, 882, 884, 885, 887, 890, 893–895, 897–900 (chi shi zhi) Red Halloysite, 6, 9, 161, 388, 418, 564, 609, 620–623, 631, 724, 860, 867, 878, 884, 898 (chi xiao dou) Adzuki Bean, 72, 143, 188, 195, 432, 451, 552, 697, 750, 757, 834, 835, 875, 876, 888–890, 898 (chong bai la) Insect Wax, 217, 863 (chong lou) Paris Rhizome, 58, 494, 792, 881, 897–899 (chong wei zi) Leonurus Fruit, 242, 757 (chou ling dan cao) Wingedtooth Laggera Herb, 75 (chou wu tong ye) Clerodendron Leaf, 118, 890 (chu shi zi) Papermulberry Fruit, 372, 437, 593, 609 (chuan bei mu) Tendrilled Fritillaria Bulb, 267, 279, 494, 502, 595, 606, 619, 652, 653, 672, 723, 724, 726, 736, 737, 748, 752, 803, 804, 868, 877, 899 (chuan lian zi) Toosendan Fruit, 175, 467, 477, 491, 502, 503, 538, 550, 553, 584, 588,

660–662, 664–667, 669, 671, 683, 694, 724, 726, 736, 749, 847, 879, 880, 882, 885, 894, 900 (chuan mu tong) Clematidis Caulis, 150, 578, 757, 767, 891 (chuan mu xiang) Common Vladimiria Root, 183 (chuan niu xi) Cyathula Root, 240, 245, 583, 587, 602, 610, 698, 720, 723, 725, 755, 871, 889, 891, 892 (chuan shan jia) Pangolin Scales, 254, 653, 672, 679, 683, 688, 694, 720, 839, 841, 843, 850–854, 856, 860, 864, 866, 869, 880, 890, 894, 895, 897–900 (chuan shan long) Japanese Dioscorea Rhizome, 821, 889, 890 (chuan she gan) Roof Iris Rhizome, 193 (chuan wu) Common Monkshood Mother Root, 1, 2, 9, 10, 38, 71, 218, 259, 540, 697, 714, 775, 778, 801, 869, 871, 890–892 (chuan xin lian) Andrographis, 54, 504, 878, 879, 888, 898, 899 (chuan xiong) Sichuan Lovage Root, 1, 2, 4–6, 10, 229, 244, 423, 425, 427, 428, 436, 437, 439, 441–444, 472, 473, 495, 496, 507, 509, 529, 540, 546–551, 558, 568–572, 574–582, 586, 589, 595, 605, 629, 638–641, 643, 661–663, 665, 666, 672, 679, 682–684, 686–697, 699, 700, 712–715, 717–721, 758, 765, 775–779, 786, 788, 818, 820, 822, 839, 845, 846, 851–856, 869–872, 880, 882, 886, 887, 890–895, 897, 900 (chui pen cao) Stringy Stonecrop, 153, 880, 898–900 (chun gen pi) Ailanthus Bark or Root Bark, 394, 628, 630, 631, 878, 879, 894, 896 (ci shi) Magnetite, 3, 7, 11, 295, 298, 312, 590, 612, 634–636, 639, 649, 651, 866, 877, 881, 887, 902 (ci wei pi) Hedgehog Skin, 393, 889, 899 (ci wu jia) Manyprinckle Acanthopanax, 335 (cong bai) Fistular Onion Bulb, 21, 423, 427, 428, 432, 434, 439–442, 537, 538, 875, 882, 893 (cong zhi) Fistular Onion Juice, 217

D

(da dou huang juan) Young Soybean Sprout, 32, 575, 577, 745, 755, 761, 876 (da feng zi) Hydnocarpus Seed, 408, 860, 861, 900 (da fu pi) Areca Peel, 180, 203, 551, 552, 663, 665, 693, 743–747, 755, 762–766, 827, 875, 878, 888 (da huang) Rhubarb Root and Rhizome, 1, 6, 10, 91, 93, 101, 158, 418, 436, 438, 448–463, 467, 470, 471, 479, 483, 487, 489–496, 501–504, 506–509, 511, 546, 549–553, 594, 648, 652, 662, 671, 682, 683, 686–688, 690–692, 695, 697–699, 701–703, 706, 709, 719, 723, 738, 748–750, 752, 753, 757, 759, 760, 791, 792, 794–796, 803, 806, 811, 813, 815, 817, 819–822, 826, 842, 845, 847, 860–864, 867, 869–870, 872, 880–882, 884, 885, 888, 890, 892, 895, 898–901

Pinyin-English Cross Reference of Chinese Materia Medica Names

(da huang tan) Charred Rhubarb Root and Rhizome, 93 (da ji tan) Charred Japanese Cirsii, 210 (da ji) Japanese Thistle, 207, 211, 703, 705, 706, 763, 883–885, 888, 895 (da qing yan) Halite, 84, 819, 820 (da qing ye) Indigowoad Leaf, 2, 54, 79, 432, 497, 876, 880, 902 (da suan) Garlic Bulb, 407, 880, 900 (da xue teng) Sargent Gloryvine Stem, 61, 798, 842, 894, 899 (da ye zi zhu) Big Leaf Beautyberry Root or Leaf, 216 (da zao) Chinese Date, 6, 335, 423, 424, 426–429, 432, 435, 436, 438, 440–443, 458–462, 468, 470, 477–479, 489, 507, 508, 510, 528–530, 532, 539–542, 550, 552, 553, 557, 559–561, 564, 565, 569, 570, 574–580, 593, 603, 606, 608, 612, 613, 620, 622, 639–642, 671, 675–679, 684, 686, 691, 728, 733, 734, 738, 743–745, 747, 762, 764, 765, 770–772, 778, 784, 785, 787, 796, 800, 803, 807, 815, 854–856, 877, 882, 883, 891 (dai dai hua) Seville Orange Flower, 184 (dai mao) Hawksbill Turtle, 308, 649, 651, 653, 881 (dai zhe shi) Hematite, 7, 11, 308, 312, 599, 631, 674, 676, 677, 722, 724, 726, 727, 811, 878, 881, 882, 885 (dan dou chi) Prepared Soybean, 30, 427, 430–434, 438–440, 442, 472, 483–485, 499, 544–546, 732–734, 746, 748, 752, 761, 834, 835, 875 (dan fan) Chalcanthite, 10, 399, 848, 864 (dan nan xing) Bile Arisaema, 264, 606, 635, 637, 652, 653, 676, 704, 724, 728, 788–793, 801–806, 819, 876, 881–883, 887, 897 (dan shen) Danshen Root, 9, 237, 473, 486, 487, 564, 572, 637, 639, 641, 663, 672, 682, 683, 685, 687–689, 693, 694, 699, 700, 773, 803, 804, 839, 841, 876, 880, 883, 886, 887, 894, 895, 897, 898 (dan zhu ye) Salvia Root, 39, 432, 434, 435, 705, 707, 795, 875, 888 (dang gui) Chinese Angelica, 1–3, 361, 365, 423, 436, 437, 448, 452–457, 461, 462, 470–476, 489, 494, 495, 500, 502–515, 525, 528, 529, 532, 533, 539–542, 546, 548–550, 558, 560, 563, 564, 567–581, 588, 591, 593–597, 600, 602–605, 607–613, 620–622, 625, 634–643, 664, 665, 668, 670–673, 675, 677, 682–700, 704, 705, 707–709, 713, 714, 716–722, 737, 739, 740, 751, 754–759, 765, 766, 776–778, 786, 788, 789, 818–820, 822, 826, 828, 839–846, 850–857, 862, 863, 867, 869, 871, 872, 879, 882, 885–887, 889–898, 900 (dang shen) Codonopsis Root, 331, 342, 440, 452, 472, 473, 477, 532, 535, 556, 558, 581, 585, 603, 605, 617, 684, 720, 769, 773, 815, 818, 827, 851, 877, 878, 884, 888, 890, 891 (dang yao) False Chinese Swertia Herb, 50 (dao dou ke) Shell of Sword Bean, 184 (dao dou) Sword Bean, 181, 877, 878 (dao ya) Rice Grain Sprout, 189

(deng xin cao) Juncus, 6, 149, 436, 494, 501, 521–523, 594, 749, 753, 765, 790, 816, 888 (deng zhan xi xin) Juncus, 6, 149, 436, 494, 501, 521–523, 594, 749, 753, 765, 790, 816, 888 (di er cao) Japanese St. John’s Wort, 153, 880, 899, 900 (di feng pi) Difengpi Bark, 112, 408 (di fu zi) Belvedere Fruit, 147, 410, 572, 713, 750, 759, 888, 900 (di gu pi) Chinese Wolfberry Root-bark, 87, 437, 488, 502, 503, 505, 507, 508, 511, 512, 514, 515, 581, 583, 584, 592, 593, 612, 614, 758, 791, 861, 876, 877, 883, 884, 894, 895 (di jin cao) Euphorb-iae Humifusae, 67, 878, 879, 888, 898, 899 (di long) Earth Worm, 2, 315, 486, 539, 684, 688, 692, 700, 712, 714–716, 719, 776, 841, 844, 869, 877, 881, 882, 890, 897, 899 (di yu) Garden Burnet Root, 208, 211, 455, 487, 488, 504, 702, 708, 846, 879, 884, 885, 895, 898–900 (dian ji xue teng) Interius Kadura Stem, 243 (ding gong teng) Obtuseleaf Erycibe Stem, 110, 890 (ding xiang) Clove Flower, 9, 163, 494, 532, 649, 651, 654–656, 671, 674, 675, 677–680, 696, 698, 699, 719, 746, 815, 817, 822, 830, 834, 866, 869, 873, 877–879, 889 (dong chong xia cao) Chinese Caterpillar Fungus, 351, 360, 877, 883, 889–892 (dong gua pi) Chinese Waxgourd Peel, 140, 888 (dong gua zi) Chinese Waxgourd Seed, 141, 467, 841, 842, 845, 850, 876, 899 (dong kui guo) Cluster Mallow Fruit, 144, 766 (dong kui zi) Cluster Mallow Seed, 10, 148, 879, 888, 897, 900 (dong ling cao) Blush Red Rabdosia, 77 (du huo) Double Teeth Pubescent Angelica Root, 104, 115, 427, 436, 437, 439, 441, 442, 444, 445, 540, 562, 604, 712, 714, 717, 719, 720, 762, 775–779, 818, 820, 860, 863, 871, 872, 890–893 (du yi wei) Lamiophlomis, 217 (du zhong) Eucommia Bark, 2, 346, 455, 539, 572, 575, 580, 581, 591, 595, 600, 602–605, 607, 609–611, 624, 629, 631, 684, 697, 720, 723, 725, 762, 769, 776, 777, 881, 890–892, 895, 896 (du zhong ye) Eucommia Leaf, 357 (duan shi gao) Gypsum Ustum, 412, 416, 733, 863, 868, 898, 900 (duan xue liu) Clinopodii, 223

E

(e bu shi cao) Small Centipeda, 21, 428, 901 (e jiao) Donkey-hide Gelatin, 1, 11, 362, 366, 440, 488, 489, 500, 508–510, 512, 567–570, 572–575, 577, 585, 588, 592, 595, 596, 603, 611–614, 618, 619, 644, 645, 684, 689, 703, 705, 707–709, 722–725, 727, 728, 733, 734, 737, 763, 764, 768, 798, 819, 821, 876, 877, 881, 883–885, 887, 888, 891, 893–896 (e zhu) Zedoary Rhizome, 10, 230, 252, 256, 540, 666, 670, 672, 683, 692–694, 751, 756,

967

778, 783, 786, 811, 813, 816, 822, 839, 861, 862, 864, 870, 871, 880, 886, 892, 894, 895, 897, 898, 900 (er cha) Black Cutch, 249, 685, 689, 695, 696, 698, 736, 865, 867, 898, 900, 901

F

(fan bai cao) Descolor Cinquefoil, 68 (fan mu gua) Papaya, 193 (fan xie ye) Senna Leaf, 10, 11, 91, 879, 888 (fang feng) Saposhnikovia Root, 3, 17, 422, 423, 425, 427, 428, 432, 435–437, 439–441, 443–445, 467, 473, 474, 491, 494–496, 500, 501, 505, 507, 540, 546, 549–551, 558, 559, 561, 562, 567, 571, 572, 575, 577, 579, 586, 589, 594, 604, 617, 684, 695, 697, 699, 708, 712–722, 733, 751, 754, 757, 758, 765, 766, 770, 775–779, 802, 806, 834–836, 839, 840, 843, 845, 846, 869–872, 875, 882, 884, 890, 892, 893, 900 (fang ji) Four Stamen Stephania Root, 117, 122, 427, 439, 540, 714, 718, 745, 751, 756, 757, 759, 760, 762, 764, 765, 768, 775, 776, 839, 872, 888–891, 900 (fei yang cao) Garden Euphorbia Herb, 78 (fei zi) Torreya, 201, 879, 880 (feng fang) Honeycomb, 407, 818, 819, 821, 900, 901 (feng huang yi) Hen Egg’s Inner Shell Membrane, 378 (feng jiao) Propolis, 416 (feng jiao) Wasps Glue, 377 (feng la) Beeswax, 414 (feng mi) Honey, 6, 11, 338, 456, 491, 493, 540, 541, 565, 581, 584, 585, 587, 593, 598, 635, 636, 648, 650, 686, 687, 690, 709, 737, 739, 740, 770, 870, 877, 879 (feng xiang zhi) Beautiful Sweetgum Resin, 233, 841, 844, 890 (fo shou hua) Finger Citron Flower, 184 (fo shou) Finger Citron Fruit, 176, 876, 877, 880 (fu chao shen qu) Dry-fried Medicated Leaven with bran, 195, 788 (fu ling pi) Poria Exodermis, 143, 551, 552, 745, 755, 762–764, 766, 827, 900 (fu ling) Poria, 1, 3, 6, 9, 138, 144, 424, 439, 441–444, 470–475, 488, 495, 508, 518, 520, 521, 530, 532, 535–537, 539, 547–549, 557, 559–567, 572, 575, 577, 578, 580, 581, 591, 594, 595, 599, 601, 602, 604, 609, 612–614, 637, 638, 640, 642–644, 661, 663, 664, 667, 668, 671–673, 675, 676, 687, 690, 696, 708, 719–721, 728, 733, 734, 736, 737, 743, 744, 746–749, 756–759, 761–769, 771–774, 776, 777, 779, 782–788, 792–794, 797, 799–801, 803–805, 810–818, 827, 829, 846, 848, 851, 852, 854–856, 876–878, 880, 881, 883, 885–888, 890, 891, 893, 896, 897, 901 (fu pen zi) Chinese Raspberry, 2, 390, 572, 583, 594, 603, 609, 889 (fu ping) Duckweed, 29, 875, 888, 897, 900 (fu shen) Indian Bread with Hostwood, 7, 302, 508, 569–571, 578, 590, 625–627, 635,

968

Pinyin-English Cross Reference of Chinese Materia Medica Names

637–639, 641, 642, 644, 645, 709, 723–727, 803, 804, 806, 882, 883, 887 (fu shou cao) Amur Adonis Herb with Root, 303 (fu xiao mai) Blighted Wheat, 383, 513, 529, 559, 583, 616, 638, 723, 724, 883 (fu zi) Aconite Root, 2, 3, 5, 10, 11, 38, 71, 168, 218, 259, 423, 438, 445, 452–454, 479, 529, 533–540, 557, 565, 598, 599, 601, 602, 605, 606, 608, 610, 611, 616, 620, 621, 624, 635, 663, 664, 675, 707, 709, 718, 719, 721, 762, 768–771, 774–776, 806, 812, 815, 826, 828, 840, 841, 845, 850, 851, 854, 856, 857, 869, 871, 878–880, 882, 884–886, 888–891, 893, 895, 897, 899

G

(gan cao) Licorice Root, 6, 9, 96–99, 101, 113, 265, 272, 334, 422–430, 432–444, 450–454, 458, 460–462, 466–479, 483–485, 488, 489, 491–501, 504–515, 520–525, 528, 531, 534– 542, 544–546, 548–553, 556–567, 569–581, 585, 588, 591–596, 603, 610, 612–614, 619, 629, 634–642, 649, 651, 662–668, 670–679, 682–699, 705, 707–709, 713–728, 733–759, 762, 764–766, 768–771, 777–779, 783–788, 793, 794, 796, 798–807, 812, 814, 816, 818–820, 826, 828, 829, 839–843, 845–847, 851–856, 861, 863, 870, 872, 873, 882, 885–887, 890, 894, 897, 899, 902 (gan di huang) Dried Rhemannia, 85, 440, 442, 570, 575, 577, 599, 614, 686, 690, 705, 707, 723, 725, 728 (gan jiang) Dried Ginger Rhizome, 5, 226, 424, 425, 428, 441, 452–454, 470–473, 477–479, 509, 528–532, 534–538, 540, 541, 547–549, 557, 564, 566, 575, 577, 596, 599, 600, 610, 620–623, 663, 665, 667, 671, 675, 691, 700, 703, 706, 708, 743, 755, 758, 769–771, 774, 776, 783, 799–801, 805, 807, 812, 816, 817, 819, 821, 826, 828, 877–880, 882, 886, 888, 891, 893 (gan qi) Dried Lacquer, 10, 243, 296, 686, 690, 822, 880, 894, 895 (gan song) Nardostachys Root, 180, 873, 878, 880 (gan sui) Gansui Root, 9, 10, 96, 101, 334, 449, 451, 457–460, 796, 888 (gang ban gui) Polygonum Perfoliatum, 78 (gao ben) Chinese Lovage Root, 19, 428, 441, 495, 718–720, 775, 776, 779, 875, 890, 892 (gao liang jiang) Galangal, 164, 529, 540, 663–665, 669, 671, 678, 815, 822, 869, 871, 877, 879, 886, 899 (gao shan la gen cai) Acaulescent Pegaeophyton Root, 75 (ge gen) Kudzuvine Root, 2, 5, 29, 33, 426, 428, 429, 432, 434, 435, 439–443, 445, 494, 504, 525, 544, 545, 562, 563, 566, 679, 708, 719, 737, 739, 740, 751, 754, 760, 778, 875, 878, 891–893, 897, 902 (ge hua) Flower of Kudzuvine, 32, 816 (ge jie) Giant Gecko, 350, 360, 559, 561, 618, 877, 890, 891 (ge shan xiao) Wilford Swallowwort Root, 191, 898

(gong lao mu) Chinese Mahonia Stem, 51 (gou gu ye) Chinese Holly Leaf, 376 (gou ji) Chain Fern, 124, 720, 890–892, 896 (gou qi zi) Chinese Wolfberry Fruit, 1, 2, 6, 372, 455, 472, 567, 571, 572, 581, 583, 584, 586–591, 593–595, 597, 600, 602–604, 606–609, 611–613, 639, 642, 643, 662, 664, 668, 877, 881, 885, 889–893, 895–897, 901 (gou rou) Dog Meat, 358 (gou teng) Gambir Plant, 11, 314, 319, 483, 486, 497, 635, 637, 652, 693, 720, 722–729, 784, 791, 802, 803, 881, 893, 897, 901 (gu jing cao) Pipewort Flower, 31, 436, 502, 594, 892, 901 (gu sui bu) Drynaria Rhizome, 248, 251, 581, 605, 695–699, 719, 870, 873, 889, 892, 900–902 (gu ya) Grain Sprout, 190, 746, 810, 898 (gua di) Muskmelon Fruit Pedicel, 10, 398, 400, 834–836 (gua lou pi) Trichosanthes Peel, 277, 280, 440, 467, 502, 737, 839, 842 (gua lou zi) or (gua lou ren) Trichosanthes Seed, 268, 280, 440, 455, 495, 695, 706, 791–794, 841, 879, 899 (gua lou) Snakegourd Fruit, 2, 9, 105, 113, 160, 268, 280, 431, 466, 475, 496, 661, 663, 667, 670, 673, 676, 733, 783, 790–792, 796, 797, 802, 806, 819, 840, 846, 876, 877, 881, 886, 898, 899 (gua zi jin) Japanese Milkwort Herb, 278 (guan bai fu) Korean Monkshood Root, 263 (guan huang bai) Phellodendron Bark, 50 (guan mu tong) Manchurian Dutchmans Pipe Stem, 150 (guan ye jin si tao) St John’s Wort, 183 (guan ye lian qiao) Perforate St. John’s wort Herb, 223 (guan zhong) Cyrtomii Rhizoma, 56, 719, 880 (guang huo xiang) Cablin Patchouli, 130, 135, 861, 875, 876, 878, 896, 901 (guang jin qian cao) Snowbell leaf Tickclover, 155 (guang zao) Axillary Choerospondias Fruit, 183 (gui jia jiao) Tortoise Shell Glue, 11, 376 (gui jia) Tortoise Shell, 11, 375, 379, 488, 596, 610, 625, 626, 876, 877, 881–883, 885, 887, 889, 891, 895 (gui jian yu) Euonymi Twig, 255 (gui zhi) Cassia Twig, 15, 24, 168, 422–429, 441, 443, 445, 458, 466, 468, 470–472, 477–479, 485, 528–533, 539–542, 548, 549, 552, 565, 575, 577, 599, 601, 605, 612, 613, 616, 635, 636, 653, 663, 670, 673, 675, 682, 684, 687, 689, 690, 701, 720, 754, 762, 763, 765, 767–774, 778, 783, 799, 801, 819, 821, 826, 828, 869–872, 875, 877, 879, 880, 883, 886–888, 890, 891

H

(ha ma you) Chinese Woodfrog Oviduct, 355 (hai feng teng) Kadsura Pepper Stem, 109, 122, 720, 890 (hai fu shi) Pumice Stone, 274, 783, 792, 876, 883, 899

(hai ge qiao) Clam Shell, 3, 7, 11, 274, 610, 679, 791, 822, 823, 846, 876, 877, 883, 899 (hai gou shen) Ursine Seal’s Testes and Penis, 354, 600, 607, 889–892 (hai jin sha teng) Japanese Climing Fern Herb, 151 (hai jin sha) Japanese Climbing Fern Spore, 148, 157, 501, 550, 705, 749, 750, 888 (hai long) Pipe Fish, 355 (hai ma) Sea Horse, 354, 846, 890–892, 896 (hai piao xiao) Cuttlebone, 6, 392, 396, 503, 529, 628–632, 663, 679, 703, 822, 823, 846, 872, 884, 894, 896, 898 (hai shen) Sea Slug, 357 (hai tong pi) Erythrina Bark, 119, 540, 751, 870, 872 (hai zao) Seaweed, 3, 5, 6, 9, 32, 272, 334, 666, 669, 679, 694, 791, 818–820, 822, 823, 846, 899 (han fang ji) Stephania Tetrandra, 117, 122, 427, 437, 439, 540, 714, 718, 745, 751, 756, 757, 759, 760, 762, 764, 765, 768, 775, 776, 839, 872, 888–891, 900 (han shui shi) Calcitum, 437, 520, 521, 649, 651, 653, 875 (he cao ya) Hairyvein Agrimonia Herb and Bud, 200, 204, 880 (he geng) Hindu lotus petiole, 395, 470, 512, 524–526 (he huan hua) Albizia Flower, 301, 882, 887 (he huan pi) Silktree Albizia Bark, 301, 584, 639, 683, 882, 887, 899 (he shi) Carpesium Fruit, 201, 825–827, 879, 880 (he shou wu) Fleeceflower Root, 3, 4, 455, 470, 471, 473, 606–608, 610, 693, 697, 718, 719, 722, 890, 891, 895, 896, 904 (he tao ren) Walnut Meat, 351, 360, 564, 618, 877, 879, 891, 892 (he ye) Lotus Leaf, 395, 494, 522–524, 594, 672, 702, 703, 706, 788, 829, 875, 876, 878, 884, 885, 895 (he zi) Medicine Terminalia Fruit, 387, 542, 558, 620, 621, 655, 656, 704, 706, 877, 878 (hei dou) Black Soybean, 76, 377, 489, 720 (hei dou) Black Soybean, 76, 377, 489, 720 (hei zhi ma) Black Sesame, 374, 713, 716, 720, 733, 734, 879, 891, 901 (hei zhong cao zi) Fennel Flower Seed, 244 (hong da ji) Knoxia Root, 100, 334, 655, 656 (hong dou kou) Spicy Ginger Seed, 167 (hong fen) Red Oxide of Mexcury, 415 (hong hua) Safflower, 2, 10, 237, 244, 489, 495, 499, 539, 540, 568, 571–573, 604, 661, 664, 682–685, 687–689, 691–700, 713, 720, 776, 845, 860, 870–873, 880, 886, 887, 892–895, 897, 900 (hong jing tian) Kirilow Rhodiola Root and Rhizome, 336 (hong lian) Shorttube Lagotis Herb, 78 (hong qi) Manyin Florescent Sweetvetch Root, 338, 341 (hong qu) Red Monas Rice, 192 (hong shen) Red Ginseng, 330, 558 (hou po hua) Magnolia Flower, 134

Pinyin-English Cross Reference of Chinese Materia Medica Names

(hou po) Magnolia Bark, 2, 3, 6, 135, 423, 427, 448, 450–452, 455, 456, 460–462, 467–470, 477, 483, 518, 519, 529, 547–549, 552, 564, 579, 593, 660, 661, 663–671, 673, 675–677, 696, 698, 720, 721, 733, 743–748, 751, 752, 756, 761, 765, 770, 771, 774, 790, 799, 800, 811, 819, 821, 861, 875–879, 881, 883, 888 (hu bei bei mu) Hupeh Fritillary Bulb, 277 (hu huang lian) Figwortflower Picrorhiza Rhizome, 88, 512, 514, 515, 816, 830, 876, 879, 898, 899 (hu ji sheng) Colored Mistletoe, 127 (hu jiao) Pepper Fruit, 869, 877, 879 (hu lu) Bottle Gourd, 140, 888 (hu lu ba) Common Fenugreek Seed, 352, 538, 600, 878, 889, 891, 899 (hu luo bo) Carrot, 193 (hu po) Amber, 3, 296, 467, 649, 651, 653, 694, 696, 705, 728, 803, 804, 861, 863, 886, 888 (hu sui) Coriander, 22, 897 (hu tui zi) Thorny Elaeagnus Fruit, 290 (hu tui zi gen) Thorny Elaeagnus Root, 289 (hu tui zi ye) Thorny Elaeagnus Leaf, 288 (hu zhang) Giant Knotweed Rhizome, 153, 158, 749, 750, 880, 898, 900 (hua jiao) Pricklyash Peel, 165, 296, 428, 437, 458, 528, 529, 531, 580, 593, 720, 746, 801, 822, 825, 826, 828–830, 860, 861, 872, 879, 896, 900, 901 (hua ju hong) Pummelo Peel, 172, 619 (hua rui shi) Ophicalcite, 214, 218, 877, 884, 885 (hua shan shen) Funnelid Physochlaina Root, 287 (hua shi fen) Talcum Powder, 150, 788 (hua shi) Talcum, 3, 11, 146, 150, 460, 501, 502, 520, 521, 523, 546, 550, 551, 649, 651, 653, 673, 705, 707, 745, 748–753, 755–758, 760, 761, 763–766, 768, 861, 862, 875, 876, 888, 889, 896 (huai hua tan) Charred Pagoda Tree Flower, 212 (huai hua) Pagoda Tree Flower, 487, 702, 707, 883–885 (huai jiao) Japanese Pagoda Tree Pod, 210, 455, 489, 708, 884, 889, 901 (huang bai) Amur Cork-tree Bark, 2, 6, 46, 51, 437, 488–490, 495–497, 500, 504, 506–509, 513, 514, 525, 544, 545, 558, 563, 564, 581, 583, 584, 587, 590–593, 595–598, 609, 610, 628–632, 666, 695, 704, 720, 736, 747, 750, 753, 755, 756, 759, 773, 775, 805, 807, 811, 813, 819, 826, 839, 846, 860–864, 870, 876, 877, 879, 880, 883, 884, 886–892, 895–898, 900–902 (huang fan) Fibriferrite, 409 (huang gou shen) Dog’s Testes and Penis, 358, 889, 890 (huang jing) Siberian Solomon’s Seal Rhizome, 4, 841, 885, 890–892 (huang lian) Coptis Rhizome, 1, 46, 51, 52, 88, 427, 437, 467, 473, 477–479, 483, 486, 487, 489–504, 506–511, 513, 514, 518, 519, 524, 525, 544, 545, 547, 550, 562, 563, 567, 584, 586, 589, 594, 610, 622, 634, 636, 643–645,

648, 650, 652, 661, 665, 668, 676, 694, 704, 719, 740, 743, 747, 748, 752, 755–759, 761, 784, 787, 790–792, 794–796, 811–814, 816, 817, 826–828, 834, 840, 861–863, 870, 872, 875, 876, 878–880, 883–885, 887, 892, 894, 898, 900, 901 (huang qi) Astragalus Root, 1, 9, 332, 342, 423, 438, 439, 441, 443, 445, 457, 472, 500, 507, 513, 514, 525, 528, 532, 533, 535, 537, 539, 541, 542, 556–570, 572–576, 578–580, 582, 593, 605, 611–618, 620, 628–631, 635, 639, 641, 683–685, 688, 693, 695, 703, 705, 709, 718, 722, 736, 737, 739, 757, 762–765, 768–770, 777, 778, 780, 805, 807, 827, 840, 841, 846, 850–857, 877, 882, 883, 885–888, 890–899, 902 (huang qin) Scutellaria Root, 5–7, 9, 422, 423, 425, 427, 431, 432, 434–437, 439, 460, 466–471, 476–479, 483, 487–500, 502, 504–509, 511, 513, 514, 544–546, 550–553, 568, 573, 575, 576, 592, 594, 596, 628–630, 637, 644, 645, 648, 650, 652, 661, 662, 664, 676, 678, 686, 690, 698, 699, 705, 707–709, 714, 717–719, 721, 723, 725, 743, 745, 747–758, 761, 767, 778, 779, 791–795, 811, 813, 817, 819, 821, 841, 845, 846, 861–863, 870, 875–881, 883–885, 887, 892, 893, 895, 896, 898, 901, 902 (huang shan yao) Yellow Yam Rhizome, 184 (huang shu kui hua) Sunset Abelmoschus, 155 (huang teng) Common Fibraurea Stem, 78 (huang yao zi) Airpotato Yam, 273, 880, 899 (huang yuan hua) Lowdaphne Stringbush Flower Bud, 99 (huo ma ren) Hemp Seed, 94, 95, 454–457, 583, 612–614, 723, 725, 728, 879

J

(ji cai) Shepherd’s Purse, 142, 888 (ji gu cao) Canton Love-pea Vine, 154 (ji guan hua) Cockscomb, 221, 879, 896 (ji li) Puncture Vine Caltrop Fruit, 309, 509, 572, 584, 594, 637 (ji mu) Chinese Loropetalum Flower, 221 (ji nei jin) Chicken Gizzard Lining, 190, 627, 737, 739, 810, 811, 880, 888, 889, 897, 898 (ji shi teng) Chinese Fevervine, 191, 876, 878, 879, 898, 900 (ji xing zi) Garden Balsam Seed, 255 (ji xue cao) Asiatic Pennywort, 156, 696 (ji xue teng) Suberect Spatholobus Stem, 240, 539, 572, 698, 783, 868, 889, 891–895 (ji zi huang) Hen’s Egg Yolk, 378, 644, 645, 722–725, 727, 729, 881, 887 (ji zi ke) Egg-shell, 223 (ji zi) Hen’s Egg, 378 (jia zhu tao) Sweet-scented Oleander Leaf or Bark, 143 (jian shen qu) Medicinal Fermented Mass, 192 (jiang can) Stiff Silkworm, 317, 440, 490–492, 494, 652, 679, 712, 713, 715, 718, 719, 721, 723, 728, 783, 784, 791, 794, 795, 803, 804, 806, 866, 869, 871, 881, 882, 892, 893, 897, 899, 900, 902

969

(jiang huang lian) Ginger Juice-fried Coptis Rhizome, 52 (jiang huang) Common Turmeric Rhizome, 10, 230, 236, 245, 540, 670, 751, 756, 778, 783, 839, 861, 862, 864, 880, 886, 890, 892, 894, 895, 897, 900 (jiang tan) Charred Dried Ginger, 226 (jiang xi jin qian cao) Batrachium-like Lawn Pennywort Herb, 156 (jiang xiang) Rosewood, 215, 878, 884–886 (jiang yong) Stiff Silkworm Chrysalis, 319 (jiao bing lang) Scorch-fried Areca Seed, 194, 743, 800 (jiao gu lan) Fiveleaf Gynostemma Herb or Root, 336 (jiao gu ya) Scorch-fried Grain Sprout, 196 (jiao mai ya) Scorch-fried Germinated Barley, 196 (jiao mu) Bunge Pricklyash Seed, 167, 551, 552, 888 (jiao shan zha) Scorch-fried Chinese Hawthorn Fruit, 195, 473, 504, 544, 557 (jiao shen qu) Scorch-fried Medicated Leaven, 195, 544, 816 (jiao zhi zi) Scorch-fried Cape Jasmine Fruit, 44, 211, 432, 434, 748, 752, 755, 757 (jie geng) Platycodon Root, 7, 271, 430–445, 462, 470, 491, 492, 494, 495, 497, 498, 523, 542, 546, 548–551, 557, 560, 563, 565, 567, 575, 577, 578, 580, 585, 614, 618, 639, 641, 664, 672, 679, 683, 687, 692, 700, 733–735, 737, 739, 743, 744, 747, 757, 770, 772, 779, 793–798, 802, 804, 819, 820, 822, 839, 842, 845, 851, 876, 891, 899, 902 (jin deng long) Franchet Groundcherry Fruit, 64, 619, 902 (jin fei cao) Inula, 264, 799 (jin gu cao) Ciliate Bugle Herb, 74 (jin guo lan) Tinospora Root, 64, 902 (jin long dan cao) Bliz’s Conyza Herb, 278 (jin meng shi) Mica Schist, 276 (jin qian bai hua she) Multibanded Krati, 112, 115, 890, 900 (jin qian cao) Christina Loosestrife, 9, 152, 157, 520, 550, 650, 705, 749, 750, 880, 888 (jin qiao mai) Wild Buckwheat, 60, 676, 877, 898, 899, 902 (jin tie suo) Tuniclike Psammosilene Root, 114 (jin yin hua) Japanese Honeysuckle Flower, 2, 53, 79, 429–433, 435, 436, 438–440, 444, 467, 486, 490, 491, 493–495, 499, 502, 504, 519, 522, 523, 546, 635, 637, 685, 713, 733, 750, 751, 758, 759, 798, 802, 811, 839, 840, 842, 844, 846–848, 851–853, 870, 875, 879, 898, 899, 902 (jin ying zi) Cherokee Rose Fruit, 391, 584, 599, 600, 607, 624, 625, 627, 639, 878, 889, 896 (jing da ji) Euphorbia Root, 9, 10, 96, 101, 334, 457–459, 696 (jing jie sui tan) Charred Fineleaf Schizonepeta Spike, 222 (jing jie sui) Fineleaf Schizonepeta Spike, 23, 430, 432, 433, 435–437, 579, 629, 630, 704, 707, 718, 721, 805

970

Pinyin-English Cross Reference of Chinese Materia Medica Names

(jing jie tan) Charred Schizonepeta, 23, 899 (jing jie) Schizonepeta, 2, 6, 17, 23, 24, 422, 431, 435–438, 440, 441, 444, 445, 489, 491, 494, 509, 542, 546, 549–551, 697, 712, 713, 715, 716, 718–720, 722, 733, 758, 779, 783, 797, 802, 804, 841, 844, 866, 869, 870, 872, 875, 892, 895, 897, 899, 900, 902 (jing mi) Rice Fruit, 192, 341, 483–485, 498, 502, 505, 510, 524, 525, 621–623, 636, 638, 829 (jing tian san qi) Aizoon Stonecrop, 216, 887 (jiu bi ying) Ovateleaf Holly Bark, 76 (jiu da huang) Wine-fried Rhubarb Root and Rhizome, 93, 491, 546, 698, 699 (jiu huang lian) Wine-fried Coptis Rhizome, 52, 437 (jiu jie chang pu) Altai Anemone Rhizome, 326 (jiu li xiang) Murraya Jasminorage, 134 (jiu xiang chong) Stink-bug, 180, 880, 889 (ju he) Tangerine Seed, 171, 662, 664–666, 669, 880, 899 (ju hong) Red Tangerine Peel, 182, 422, 432, 518, 637, 679, 782, 783, 785–787, 794, 797, 803–805, 829 (ju hua) Chrysanthemum Flower, 6, 27, 33, 57, 80, 429, 431, 433, 435–438, 491, 497, 499, 502, 509, 586, 589, 590, 593, 595, 597, 607, 635, 699, 713, 718, 721, 723, 724, 726, 728, 751, 759, 784, 791, 803, 839, 840, 843, 875, 881, 882, 884, 892, 893, 897, 898, 901, 902 (ju ju) Chicory, 155 (ju luo) Tangerine Pith, 182 (ju ye san qi) Gynura Root, 216 (ju ye) Tangerine Leaf, 182, 880, 898 (juan bai) Spikemoss, 243 (jue ming zi) Cassia Seed, 8, 41, 44, 311, 436, 437, 508, 586, 589, 879, 893, 901

K

(ke teng zi) Climbing Entada Seed, 339 (ku di ding) Bunge Corydalis Herb, 77 (ku dou zi) All-grass of Foxtail-like Sophora, 49, 896 (ku fan) Dried Alum, 409, 848, 860, 900 (ku lian pi) Sichuan Chinaberry Bark, 198, 529, 825–830, 879, 900 (ku mu) Indian Quassia Wood, 79 (ku shen) Light Yellow Sophora Root, 48, 51, 439, 713, 716, 720, 722, 750, 751, 754, 757, 759, 829, 830, 860, 862, 879, 880, 888, 896, 900 (ku xing ren) Bitter Apricot Kernel, 3, 4, 6, 188, 195, 281, 422, 424, 426, 427, 429–433, 435, 438, 440, 450, 451, 454–456, 467, 523, 546, 559, 561, 575, 577, 585, 586, 588, 589, 619, 674–676, 678, 686, 690, 704, 732–735, 745–748, 751, 757, 778, 787, 792, 793, 795, 797–802, 822, 866, 876, 877, 879, 883, 888 (ku xuan shen) Common Picria Herb, 77 (kuan dong hua) Common Coltsfoot Flower, 2, 283, 291, 428, 429, 618, 619, 676, 678, 801, 876, 877 (kun bu) Kelp, 273, 666, 669, 679, 791, 818, 820, 822, 823 (kun ming shan hai tang) Tripterygium Hypoglaucum Root, 111, 890

L

(lou lu) Rhaponticum Root, 59, 672, 679, 757, 897, 898 (lian qiao) Weeping Forsythia Capsule, 53, 79, 430–440, 444, 467, 483, 486–499, 502, 504, 509, 519, 523, 546, 550, 551, 637, 664, 685, 699, 713, 733, 735, 736, 748, 751, 752, 757, 758, 761, 798, 802, 811, 812, 814, 818–820, 839–842, 844, 845, 875, 884, 888, 898, 902 (liao da qing ye) Indigoplant Leaf, 73 (lü dou yi) Mung Bean Skin, 76, 735 (lu hui) Aloe, 10, 92, 450, 507, 509, 816, 826, 828, 830, 879, 898 (lu lu tong) Sweetgum Fruit, 112, 851, 890, 898 (lü dou) Mung Bean, 72, 432, 875, 876, 898 (liang tou jian) Radde Anemone, 113, 860 (luo shi teng) Chinese Star Jasmine Stem, 119, 122, 724, 727, 890, 898 (lei gong teng) Tripterygium Root, 9, 120, 890 (lao guan cao) Common Heron’s Bill, 120, 890 (lian qian cao) Long Tube Ground Ivy, 155 (lou gu) Chinese Mole Cricket, 2, 888 (lu xian cao) Pyrola, 126, 698, 890, 891 (la jiao) Bush Redpepper Fruit, 165 (li zhi he) Lychee Seed, 176, 662, 665, 880, 899 (lü e mei) Plum Flower, 177, 880, 881 (lai fu zi) Radish Seed, 3, 190, 194, 266, 450, 452, 455, 504, 698, 743, 790, 800, 810–812, 814, 841, 876–878, 898 (lai fu) Radish, 192 (lai fu ye) Garden Radish Leaf, 192 (lei wan) Thunder Ball, 200, 825, 830, 879, 880 (liang mian zhen) Shiny Prickly-ash, 234 (lang du) Wolf’s Bane, 9, 203 (ling xiao hua) Trumpet Creeper Flower, 242, 819, 821, 889, 894, 895, 900 (luo han guo) Grosvenor’s Momordica Fruit, 272 (liu ji nu) Artemisia, 250, 605, 696, 870, 892, 894, 895, 897, 900 (lian fang) Lotus Receptacle, 216, 395, 866 (long li ye) Dragon’s Tongue Leaf, 278 (li) Pear, 279 (luo bu ma ye) Dogbane Leaf, 309, 881, 893 (lan bu zheng) Chinese Avens Herb, 339 (li zi) Hairy Chestnut Seed, 340 (lu rong) Deer Velvet, 343, 359, 599, 601, 602, 605, 627, 854, 871, 889–892, 896, 899 (lu jiao) Deer Antler, 343, 344, 359, 580, 599, 601–603, 605, 607, 608, 611, 627, 629, 685, 840, 851, 854, 871, 889–892, 896, 899 (lu jiao jiao) Deer Antler Glue, 11, 344, 568, 581, 583, 587, 598, 600, 602, 605, 606, 610–613, 624, 685, 770, 840, 843, 884, 885, 889–891, 895–897 (lu jiao shuang) Degelatinated Deer Antler Powder, 344, 580, 603, 629, 685, 854, 89 (long chi) Dragon Teeth, 296, 612, 635, 637–639, 642, 887 (ling zhi) Glossy Ganoderma, 299, 887 (lian zi xin) Lotus Plumule, 303, 488, 500, 634, 643, 773, 876 (ling yang jiao) Antelope Horn, 11, 313, 319, 418, 483, 486, 494, 495, 497, 586, 589, 649, 651, 722, 723, 726–729, 733, 791, 803, 876, 877, 881, 882, 893, 897, 901

(lian xu) Lotus Stamen, 394, 624, 625, 698, 889 (lian fang) Lotus Receptacle, 216, 395, 866 (liu huang) Sulphur, 9, 91, 92, 402, 409, 453, 860, 861, 863, 867, 877, 879, 900 (lu gan shi) Calamine, 413, 860, 861, 863, 898, 901 (luo fu mu) Common Devilpepper Root, 311 (lian zi) Lotus Seed, 2, 6, 392, 396, 557, 558, 560, 563, 566, 623–625, 643, 740, 829, 878, 889, 890, 896 (long yan rou) Dried Longan Pulp, 363, 365, 472, 567, 569, 570, 572, 580, 639, 709, 882, 885, 887, 890, 891, 893, 895 (long gu) Dragon Bones, 295, 312, 427, 470, 471, 534, 535, 581, 584, 607, 616, 624–632, 634–637, 642, 708, 722–724, 726–729, 773, 863, 872, 881–883, 886–889, 896 (lu gen) Reed Rhizome, 3, 38, 212, 430, 431, 433, 438, 466, 467, 483, 491, 499, 502, 520, 551, 559, 748, 752, 761, 842, 845, 875, 876, 878, 891, 897, 899 (long dan) Chinese Gentian, 6, 7, 32, 47, 491, 495, 496, 500, 502, 505, 507, 509, 585, 637, 672, 749, 880–882, 884, 885, 887, 888, 893, 894, 896, 900–902 (li lu) Veratrum Root and Rhizome, 9, 10, 20, 48, 81, 82, 237, 330, 331, 340, 362, 367, 368, 399, 575, 834, 836, 900

M

(ma bo) Puffball Fruiting Body, 63, 430, 432, 490, 491, 493, 797, 902 (ma chi xian) Purslane, 4, 66, 504, 879 (ma dou ling) Dutchmanspipe Fruit, 284, 496, 585, 588, 797, 877, 899 (ma huang gen) Ephedra Root, 383, 384, 513, 558, 559, 616, 617, 883 (ma huang) Ephedra, 2, 9, 14, 24, 384, 422, 424–426, 428, 429, 431–433, 435, 438, 444, 445, 509, 540, 541, 544–551, 675, 676, 678–680, 718, 719, 721, 757, 762, 763, 778, 787, 795, 801, 805, 840, 843, 869, 871, 875, 877, 888, 889, 899 (ma qian zi fen) Nux Vomica Powder, 251 (ma qian zi) Nux Vomica Seed, 2, 10, 247, 410, 873, 890 (ma wei lian) Manyleaf Meadowure Rhizome and Root, 50, 879 (mai dong) Dwarf Lilyturf Tuber, 369, 379, 430, 435, 436, 440, 442, 448, 455, 461–463, 482–484, 486–488, 500, 502, 503, 506, 507, 510, 512, 513, 523–525, 537, 539, 558–560, 564, 565, 568, 571, 572, 575, 577, 578, 581–586, 588–590, 592–597, 606, 608, 611–614, 618, 637–639, 641–644, 662, 676, 678, 684, 689, 704, 722–725, 728, 732–740, 767, 794, 797, 798, 803, 804, 819, 846, 854, 855, 876, 877, 879, 881–884, 886, 887, 891, 892, 894, 895, 901, 902 (mai ya) Germinated Barley, 196, 504, 661, 726, 766, 800, 805, 807, 808, 810, 811, 814, 815, 826, 828, 898

Pinyin-English Cross Reference of Chinese Materia Medica Names

(man jing zi) Shrub Chastetree Fruit, 27, 428, 436, 437, 509, 558, 563, 713, 775, 776, 779, 803, 875, 892, 893, 901 (man shan hong) Dahurian Rhododendron Leaf, 288 (mang cao) Lanceleaf Anisetree Root-bark, 408 (mang xiao) Sodium Sulphate, 6, 9–11, 91, 93, 252, 402, 448–455, 461–463, 483, 488, 490, 491, 546, 549–551, 649, 651, 682, 683, 687, 738, 791, 796, 803, 806, 842, 845, 850, 879, 892, 898, 899, 901 (mao gen) Japanese Buttercup Herb, 415 (mao he zi) Belleric Terminalia Fruit, 74 (mao zhua cao) Catclaw Buttercup Root, 262, 897 (mei gui hua) Rose Flower, 177, 584, 880, 894, 895 (meng chong) Gradfly, 4, 10, 253, 686, 690, 692, 701, 822, 880, 893–895 (mi huan jun) Common Armillariella Fungus, 319 (mi meng hua) Pale Butterfly Bush Flower, 42, 436, 437, 901 (mi tuo seng) Litharge, 9, 203, 415, 861, 867 (ming dang shen) Changium Root, 371 (mo han lian) Yerbadetajo, 373, 501, 503, 512, 584, 585, 588, 628, 708, 749, 876, 881, 884, 885, 888, 891, 892, 894, 895, 902 (mo yao) Myrrh, 232, 628, 631, 670, 683–685, 687, 689, 691, 692, 694–700, 714, 716, 719, 822, 839–841, 843, 844, 846–848, 851, 854, 860–862, 864, 866–873, 880, 890, 892–895, 898–901 (mu bie zi) Cochinchina Momordica Seed, 405, 410, 841, 844, 860, 862, 866 (mu dan pi) Tree Peony Bark, 10, 82, 431, 432, 435, 466, 473, 475, 476, 486–490, 492, 494, 497–499, 503, 504, 506, 510, 512, 513, 523, 546, 568, 581, 583, 586, 587, 590, 591, 593, 599, 601, 602, 612, 682–684, 687, 689–692, 694, 695, 697–699, 703, 706, 709, 713, 720, 723, 728, 736, 738, 748, 758, 759, 819, 821, 839, 841, 844, 845, 847, 850, 870, 876, 877, 882–885, 890, 892, 894–896, 898–902 (mu ding xiang) Mother Clove, 167, 866 (mu fang ji) Southern Fangji Root, 122, 754 (mu fu rong ye) Cottonrose Hibiscus Leaf, 415, 863, 864 (mu gua) Chinese Quince Fruit, 6, 107, 115, 563, 571, 581, 605, 695, 698, 746, 747, 750, 751, 755, 759, 761, 762, 770–772, 806, 815, 870, 872, 889–891 (mu hu die) Indian Trumpet Flower Seed, 65, 902 (mu jin pi) Shrub Althea Bark, 408, 900 (mu jing ye) Hempleaf Negundo Chastetree Leaf, 289 (mu li) Oyster Shell, 3, 4, 6, 7, 11, 307, 312, 427, 470, 471, 473, 475, 488, 534, 535, 558, 559, 583, 584, 599, 607, 616, 617, 624, 625, 627–639, 708, 722–729, 773, 791, 793, 818, 876, 880–883, 886, 887, 889, 894–897, 899, 902 (mu mian hua) Common Bombax Flower, 143 (mu tong) Akebia Stem, 146, 435, 436, 467, 500–502, 505, 509, 551, 552, 594, 666, 669,

693, 695, 705, 707, 713, 716, 722, 748, 750, 752, 753, 756–758, 760, 765, 878, 888–890, 896, 897, 901 (mu tou hui) Scabrous Patrinia Root, 74 (mu xiang) Common Aucklandia Root, 4, 11, 173, 186, 423, 441, 443, 452, 457–460, 473, 500, 504, 506–508, 511, 529, 538, 544, 553, 558, 562, 563, 566, 569, 570, 574, 580, 581, 620, 621, 652, 654, 660–671, 675, 679, 683, 686, 693, 694, 696, 698, 699, 719, 720, 743, 748, 770, 771, 774, 786, 788, 805, 811–817, 822, 826–829, 842, 847, 854, 856, 869, 871, 877–879, 883, 899 (mu zei) Common Scouring Rush, 30, 436, 437, 496, 502, 509, 572, 594, 699, 899

N

(nan ban lan gen) Baphicacanthus Root, 73 (nan gua zi) Pumpkin Seed and Husk, 199, 830, 880 (nan he shi) Wild Carrot Fruit, 202 (nan sha shen) Fourleaf Ladybell Root, 368, 379, 483, 503, 512, 565, 585, 588, 595, 618, 662, 672, 704, 732–736, 738, 792, 797, 876, 877, 883, 891 (nan wu wei zi) Schisandra Sphenanthera, 389 (nao yang hua) Yellow Azalea Flower, 114, 697 (niu bang zi) Great Burdock Achene, 3, 25, 32, 429, 430, 432, 433, 435, 436, 438, 440, 483, 490–494, 496, 499, 585, 588, 685, 713, 716, 841, 844, 845, 853, 877, 897, 898, 902 (niu huang) Cow Bezoar, 11, 79, 314, 494, 495, 648–653, 719, 728, 840, 844, 847, 863, 865, 881–883, 897–899, 902 (niu rou) Beef, 364 (niu sui) Ox Spinal Cord, 357 (niu xi) Two-toothed Achyranthes Root, 1, 10, 239, 245, 455, 456, 460, 489, 503, 506, 539, 571, 572, 583, 584, 586, 589, 595, 596, 600, 604, 605, 607–610, 635, 682–685, 687, 692, 697, 700, 702, 703, 705, 720, 724, 726, 727, 755, 756, 758–760, 769, 776, 777, 839, 848, 868, 870, 872, 881, 882, 884, 888–897, 900–902 (nü zhen zi) Glossy Privet Fruit, 2, 373, 503, 583, 585, 588, 624, 628, 876, 881, 885, 891, 892, 894, 895, 901, 902 (nuo dao gen xu) Glutinous Rice Root, 383, 616, 883 (nuo mi) Glutinous Rice, 341, 575, 576, 585, 588, 610, 631

O

(ou jie) Lotus Rhizome Node, 220, 431, 440, 488, 491, 705, 737, 750, 760, 883–885, 888, 895

P

(pang da hai) Boat-fruited Stercurlia Seed, 271, 902 (pao jiang) Prepared Dried Ginger, 225, 226, 568, 569, 579, 629, 679, 686, 690, 702, 705, 851, 884, 885, 895

971

(pei lan) Eupatorium, 130, 135, 289, 520, 748, 875, 876, 878, 896, 901 (peng sha) Borax, 414, 649, 652, 847, 865, 867, 868, 870, 901, 902 (pi pa hua) Loquat Flower, 290 (pi pa ye) Loquat Leaf, 2, 3, 284, 431, 596, 676, 678, 733, 734, 797, 842, 877, 878 (pi shi) Arsenolite, 412, 416, 860, 899 (pian jiang huang) Wenyujin Rhizome, 231, 822 (ping bei mu) Ussuri Fritillary Bulb, 267 (pu gong ying) Dandelion, 56 (pu huang) Cattail Pollen, 11, 214, 664, 670, 682, 684, 686, 687, 691, 702, 705, 707, 750, 753, 760, 822, 883–886, 888, 893–895, 897 (pu tao) Grape, 364

Q

(qi dai) Umbilical Cord, 356 (qi she) Agkistrodon, 106, 115, 539, 776, 890 (qian cao) Indian Madder Root, 217, 863 (qian dan) Lead Oxide, 413, 470, 471, 826, 827, 862, 871, 898 (qian hu) Hogfennel Root, 270, 280, 435–437, 439, 441–444, 494, 675, 677, 719, 733, 734, 779, 783, 793, 797, 800, 805, 876, 877 (qian jin zi shuang) Caper Euphorbia Seed Powder, 100, 655, 656 (qian jin zi) Caper Euphorbia Seed, 2, 10, 99, 100, 888 (qian li guang) Climbing Groundsel, 70 (qian niu zi) Pharbitidis Seed, 2, 9, 10, 98, 100, 457–460, 770, 811, 813, 815, 817, 879, 888 (qian ri hong) Globeamaranth Flower, 310, 882, 887 (qian shi) Euryale Seed, 396, 563, 584, 599, 600, 604, 607, 623–625, 627–629, 631, 639, 773, 878, 889, 890, 896 (qiang huo) Notoptetygium Root, 18, 115, 422, 423, 425, 427, 428, 432, 434, 436, 437, 439, 441–445, 457, 467, 495, 496, 507–509, 540, 551, 552, 562, 567, 579, 594, 604, 610, 692, 700, 712–715, 717–721, 751, 754, 760, 766, 775, 776, 778, 779, 805, 806, 845, 860, 868, 871, 872, 875, 882, 890–893 (qiao mai) Common Buckwheat Seed, 193 (qie zi) Eggplant, 235 (qin jiao) Large Leaf Gentian Root, 116, 428, 439, 511, 512, 514, 515, 540, 551, 552, 614, 692, 700, 714, 717, 720, 757, 759, 762, 775–778, 806, 839, 846, 870, 871, 876, 880, 882, 890, 891, 898 (qin pi) Ash Bark, 47, 51, 504, 506, 508, 579, 891, 896, 900, 901 (qing dai) Natural Indigo, 7, 55, 79, 428, 487, 500, 521, 522, 704, 706, 709, 862, 864, 865, 876, 881, 883, 897 (qing fen) Calomel, 10, 412, 458–460, 696, 830, 848, 860–864, 869, 898, 900 (qing feng teng) Orientvine Stem, 110 (qing guo) Chinese White Olive, 63, 736, 902 (qing hao) Sweet Wormwood, 11, 86, 188, 195, 466–469, 471, 488, 502, 511–515, 748, 875, 876, 892

972

Pinyin-English Cross Reference of Chinese Materia Medica Names

(qing ma zi) Chingma Abutilon Seed, 77 (qing meng shi) Chlorite Schist, 275, 790–792, 794, 795, 866, 881–883, 897 (qing mu xiang) Slender Dutchmanspipe Root, 175, 186, 649, 651, 655–657, 679, 746, 877, 880, 886 (qing pi) Green Tangerine Peel, 2, 171, 185, 423, 458, 459, 468–470, 475, 525, 529, 604, 629, 660, 661, 664, 665, 669, 672, 679, 683, 693, 694, 719, 786, 791, 811, 813, 816–820, 829, 840, 842, 878, 880, 882, 892, 897–899 (qing xiang zi) Feather Cockscomb Seed, 42, 586, 589, 881, 901 (qing ye dan) Mile Swertia, 156 (qu mai) Lilac Pink, 147, 705, 749, 753, 756, 760, 763, 819, 821, 888 (quan shen) Bistort Rhizome, 58, 878, 879, 897–899 (quan xie) Scorpion, 2, 316, 319, 652, 673, 679, 712, 713, 715, 719–721, 723, 727, 783, 784, 803–806, 866, 871, 881, 882, 890, 893, 897, 899, 900 (que) Tree Sparrow Meat, 357

R

(ren gong niu huang) Bistort Rhizome, 58, 878, 879, 897–899 (ru xiang) Frankincense, 231, 628, 631, 655– 657, 670, 683–685, 687, 689, 694–700, 714, 716, 719, 822, 839–841, 843, 844, 846–848, 851, 854, 860–862, 865–873, 880, 890, 892, 894, 895, 898–901 (ren shen ye) Ginseng Leaf, 340 (ren dong teng) Honeysuckle Stem, 72, 750, 775, 818, 890 (rui ren) Hedge Prinsepia Nut, 31 (rou cong rong) Desert Cistanche, 347, 454– 456, 461, 579, 589, 592, 594, 598, 600, 604, 606, 608, 609, 627, 698, 879, 889–892, 896 (rou dou kou) Nutmeg, 4, 388, 538, 557, 558, 600, 620–622, 812, 814, 815, 827, 828, 830, 878 (ren shen) Ginseng, 1, 6, 9–11, 190, 232, 330, 342, 438, 439, 441–443, 445, 448, 452–455, 461, 462, 466, 468, 470, 471, 477–479, 482–485, 491, 500, 507, 508, 512, 518, 524, 525, 528–539, 542, 556–582, 586, 589, 591–596, 599, 600, 603–621, 625, 626, 629, 630, 635, 637–639, 641–643, 649, 662, 665, 667, 668, 675–678, 680, 684, 689, 692, 696, 698, 699, 703, 705, 709, 718, 719, 721, 723, 727, 728, 733, 734, 736–740, 745–747, 751, 754, 756, 765–767, 770, 772, 774, 776, 777, 786, 787, 789, 794, 796, 803, 805–807, 810, 812, 814–813, 819, 821, 826–829, 841, 846, 850–856, 872, 877, 882, 883, 885–887, 889–893, 895–897 (rou gui) Cinnamon Bark, 5, 9, 10, 161, 168, 388, 452, 504, 506, 520, 521, 529, 532, 534–538, 546–549, 557, 562, 565, 568, 572, 578, 579, 582, 591, 598–604, 606, 608, 611, 612, 614, 620, 621, 639, 641, 644, 645, 663–666, 670, 674, 677, 685, 686, 691–693, 700, 714, 718–721, 743, 746, 762,

770, 776–778, 815, 817, 822, 840, 841, 843, 851, 854, 855, 860, 862, 866, 867, 869, 871–873, 877–879, 882, 888–891, 893–895, 897, 899

S

(san bai cao) Chinese Lizardtail Herb, 143 (san ke zhen) Sargent Barberry Bark, 49, 879 (san leng) Common Burr Reed Tuber, 9, 10, 91, 252, 256, 666, 683, 693, 699, 816, 818, 822, 870–872, 880, 886, 894, 895, 897, 898 (san qi) Pseudoginseng Root, 1, 213, 224, 487, 581, 595, 605, 683, 685, 696, 702, 703, 705, 708, 709, 871, 872, 877 (sang bai pi) White Mulberry Root-bark, 883, 884, 888, 892, 900 (sang ji sheng) Chinese Taxillus, 124, 127, 441, 575, 580, 583, 584, 603, 604, 624, 695, 723, 725, 769, 776, 777, 780, 866, 881, 890–892, 896 (sang piao xiao) Mantis Egg-case, 391, 396, 509, 623–627 (sang shen) Mulberry Fruit, 374, 879, 891 (sang ye) Mulberry Leaf, 6, 26, 33, 429, 431, 433, 435, 438, 466, 491, 499, 502, 568, 595, 723, 726, 732–735, 875, 876, 881, 883, 884, 892, 901 (sang zhi) Mulberry Twig, 117, 439, 684, 751, 872, 890 (sha ji) Sea Buckthorn Fruit, 337, 886 (sha ren qiao) Villous Amomum Pericarp, 134, 672 (sha ren) Villous Amomum Fruit, 1, 11, 361, 440, 452, 529, 530, 557, 558, 560, 562, 563, 565, 566, 574–576, 580, 581, 586, 592, 603, 612, 660, 664, 668, 670, 671, 683, 688, 696, 700, 746, 756, 800, 811, 812, 814–816, 829, 854, 856, 877, 878, 896 (sha yuan zi) Flattened Milkvetch Seed, 2, 350, 586, 589, 594, 607, 623–625, 881, 889, 891, 892, 896, 901 (shan cha hua) Japanese Camellia Flower, 211 (shan ci gu) Common Pleione Pseudobulb, 69, 475, 655, 656, 818, 880, 897–899 (shan dou gen) Euchresta Japonica, 5, 62, 491, 748, 797, 901, 902 (shan hu) Japenese Coral, 297 (shan mai dong) Liriope Root Tuber, 376 (shan nai) Galanga Resurrection Lily Rhizome, 182 (shan xiang yuan ye) Turpinia Ternata Leaf, 73 (shan yang jiao) Goat Horn, 313 (shan yao) Common Yam Rhizome, 1, 121, 149, 184, 273, 333, 379, 473, 485, 500, 532, 557, 560, 563, 565, 566, 571, 575, 577, 578, 581, 583, 586, 587, 589–593, 595, 599–602, 604, 609, 611–613, 624, 626, 628–632, 705, 727, 736, 737, 739, 749, 750, 756, 758, 759, 770, 772, 773, 812, 827, 829, 871, 877, 878, 880, 885, 888–890, 892, 893, 895–897, 899–902 (shan yin hua) Wild Honeysuckle Flower, 72 (shan zha tan) Charred Chinese Hawthorn Fruit, 195 (shan zha ye) Chinese Hawthorn Leaf, 235

(shan zha) Chinese Hawthorn Fruit, 188, 194, 195, 473, 504, 544, 548, 557, 563, 661, 663, 665, 686, 693, 746, 810–812, 814, 826, 829, 878–880, 886, 894, 895, 898, 899 (shan zhu yu) Asiatic Cornelian Cherry Fruit, 6, 390, 396, 558, 575, 579, 581–584, 586, 587, 590–593, 595, 596, 599–604, 606, 608, 609, 616, 624, 625, 628–630, 708, 724, 737, 853, 854, 856, 877, 881–883, 885, 889–893, 895–897, 901, 902 (shang lu) Pokeberry Root, 10, 97, 551, 552, 888 (she chuang zi) Cnidium Fruit, 404, 410, 604, 698, 759, 829, 860, 861, 871, 889, 896, 900 (she gan) Blackberry Lily Rhizome, 62, 428, 429, 493, 748, 752, 761, 819, 821, 902 (she tui) Snake Slough, 113, 317, 437, 900, 901 (she xiang) Musk, 10, 507, 535–537, 648–652, 654–657, 683, 685, 689, 691, 694–696, 698–700, 719, 728, 806, 822, 834, 840, 841, 844, 848, 864–866, 869–871, 873, 880, 882, 883, 886, 893, 898–901 (shen jin cao) Common Clubmoss, 108, 868, 870, 871, 890 (shen qu) Medicated Leaven, 195, 477, 504, 525, 548, 574, 575, 577, 585, 603, 635, 636, 661, 663, 665, 666, 743, 745, 746, 749, 766, 788, 800, 806, 810–814, 826, 828, 829, 878, 898 (sheng bing lang) Raw Betel Nut, 204 (sheng che qian zi) Raw Plantago Seed, 151 (sheng di huang) Rehmannia, 2, 81, 85, 365, 423, 425, 427, 430, 435–438, 448, 455, 461–463, 476, 483, 486–490, 492, 494–506, 508, 510–515, 558, 568, 571, 572, 582, 584–586, 588, 589, 591–595, 612–614, 616, 631, 634, 636–639, 641, 643, 644, 672, 682, 683, 687, 692–695, 697, 699, 702, 704–709, 713, 714, 716–719, 721–724, 726–728, 733, 736–739, 749, 750, 756, 757, 760, 773, 777, 779, 819, 820, 839, 860, 862, 871, 872, 876, 877, 881–888, 891–896, 901, 902 (sheng huai hua) Raw Pagoda Tree Flower, 212 (sheng jiang pi) Fresh Ginger Peel, 23, 763–766, 772, 888, 900 (sheng jiang zhi) Ginger Juice, 23, 263, 453, 458, 462, 523, 535, 649, 655, 671, 675, 679, 740, 779, 783, 785, 788, 792–794, 796, 801, 803–806, 835, 881, 882 (sheng jiang) Fresh Ginger, 9, 16, 226, 423, 424, 426–429, 435, 436, 438–443, 445, 461, 462, 466, 468, 470, 477, 479, 483, 489, 528–530, 532, 536, 539, 541, 542, 548, 550–553, 559, 561, 562, 564, 565, 569–572, 574–576, 578–580, 593, 595, 604, 606, 608, 610, 612–614, 620, 622, 635, 639, 641, 663–665, 667, 668, 670, 671, 675–680, 684, 689, 691, 700, 713, 718, 721, 733, 734, 743–745, 747, 756, 757, 762, 764–766, 769–772, 774, 777, 778, 780, 783–788, 793–795, 800, 801, 803, 805–807, 815, 816, 826, 840, 843, 854–857, 867, 875–878, 881, 883, 886, 889, 893 (sheng ma) Black Cohosh Rhizome, 28, 33, 428, 432, 434–436, 455, 456, 473, 488,

Pinyin-English Cross Reference of Chinese Materia Medica Names

489, 491, 492, 495, 497, 503, 504, 506, 508, 510, 525, 535, 558, 560, 562, 563, 567, 593, 620, 629, 649, 651, 653, 751, 754, 760, 766, 788, 845, 853, 875, 876, 891, 892, 895, 897, 901, 902 (sheng mai ya) Raw Germinated Barley, 196, 724, 726, 897 (sheng shan zha) Raw Chinese Hawthorn Fruit, 195 (sheng shen qu) Raw Medicated Leaven, 195 (sheng tie lou) Oxidized Iron Fillings, 310, 637, 883 (sheng yao) Mercuric Oxide, 412, 868, 898, 900 (sheng zhi zi) Raw Cape Jasmine Fruit, 44 (shi cao) Alpine Yarrow Herb, 77 (shi chang pu) Grassleaf Sweetflag Rhizome, 324, 499, 523, 564, 578, 590, 606, 608, 609, 625, 637, 642–644, 648, 653, 655, 663, 684, 748, 749, 752, 759, 761, 770, 772, 773, 784, 787, 789, 791, 803–806, 834, 871, 881–883, 885, 887, 889, 902 (shi di) Persimmon Calyx, 181 (shi diao lan) Few-flower Lysionotus Herb, 264 (shi gao) Gypsum, 5, 11, 296, 422, 424, 426, 428, 429, 431–435, 438, 482–485, 491, 495, 497, 498, 500, 501, 503, 505, 506, 510, 520–522, 524, 526, 544–547, 550, 551, 593, 648, 649, 651, 653, 713, 714, 716–718, 721–723, 732, 734, 737, 754, 792, 793, 862, 875, 877, 884, 892, 901, 920 (shi hu) Dendrobium, 370, 455, 483, 499, 500, 503, 524, 525, 582, 586, 589, 595, 596, 606, 608, 611, 676, 723, 736, 738, 827, 841, 844, 871, 891, 892, 901, 902 (shi jue ming) Sea-ear Shell, 3, 306, 311, 434, 583, 584, 723–725, 727, 728, 881, 882, 893, 901 (shi jun zi) Rangoon Creeper Fruit, 198, 816, 825–830, 879, 898 (shi lian zi) Old Lotus Fruit, 303, 507, 508 (shi liu pi) Pomegranate Husk, 6, 387, 878, 879, 900 (shi luo zi) Dill, 184 (shi nan ye) Chinese Photinia Leaf, 126, 890, 891 (shi wei) Pyrrosia Leaf, 3, 148, 673, 705, 749, 750, 753, 756, 766, 819, 821, 876, 888 (shou wu teng) Tuber Fleeceflower Stem, 300, 900 (shu da huang) Prepared Rhubarb Root and Rhizome, 93, 757, 846, 890 (shu di huang) Prepared Rehmannia Root, 6, 361, 365–366, 455, 473–476, 488, 503, 506, 510, 513, 514, 558, 565, 568–572, 574, 576, 578–584, 586, 589–613, 624, 635, 637, 642, 684, 693, 695, 698, 704, 714, 717, 719–721, 724, 736, 737, 739, 758, 786, 787, 789, 822, 840, 841, 843, 851, 854, 876, 881, 883, 885, 887, 889–897, 901, 902 (shu qi) Antifebrile Dichroa Branchlet and Leaf, 399 (shui ban xia) Whipformed Typhonium Tuber, 263 (shui fei ji) Carduus Marianus, 74, 880 (shui hong hua zi) Princes-feather Fruit, 255

(shui lu er xian dan) Land and Water Two Immortals Elixir, 627, 889, 896 (shui niu jiao) Buffalo Horn, 83, 483, 486–490, 494, 497–500, 523, 594, 635, 648–651, 653, 719, 723, 733, 750, 753, 876, 881, 884, 885 (shui yin) Mercury, 9, 10, 409, 696, 860, 865, 868, 898, 900 (shui zhi) Leech, 10, 253, 683, 686, 690, 692, 693, 701, 822, 880, 893–895 (si gua luo) Luffa Vegetable Sponge, 121, 467 (si ji qing) Purple Flower Holly Leaf, 71, 876, 888, 898, 900 (song hua fen) Pine Pollen, 222 (song jie) Pine Nodular Branch, 109, 890, 900 (song xiang) Colophony, 416, 719, 866, 898, 900 (song zi ren) Pine Nut, 94, 455, 456, 879 (su he xiang) Storax, 323, 324, 654–657, 869, 871, 882, 883, 886 (su mu) Sappan Wood, 248, 251, 682, 695, 696, 699, 822, 868, 870, 886, 894, 895, 897, 900, 901 (suan zao ren) Spine Date Seed, 298, 303, 365, 508, 529, 563, 569–571, 574, 580, 584, 591, 594, 597, 612, 613, 624, 625, 634, 635, 637–641, 643, 644, 709, 784, 787, 789, 806, 882, 883, 885–887 (suo luo zi) Buckeye Seed, 178, 880 (suo yang) Songaria Cynomorium, 348, 455, 596, 598, 610, 879, 889–892, 896

T

(tai zi shen) Heterophylly False Satarwort Root, 332, 342, 558, 575, 890–892 (tan xiang) Sandalwood, 174, 649, 652, 654–657, 671, 683, 688, 700, 878, 879, 883, 886 (tao ren) Peach Kernel, 4, 10, 238, 244, 448, 450, 455–457, 460, 466, 468, 473, 523, 539, 540, 568, 571, 573, 664, 666, 669, 682–688, 690–701, 709, 713, 818, 819, 821, 822, 841–843, 845–847, 850, 870, 871, 879, 880, 886, 887, 892–895, 897, 899, 900 (tao zhi) Peach Twig, 235, 860 (ti wai pei yu niu huang) Cultured Ox Gallstones in Vitro, 318 (tian dong) Asparagus Tuber, 4, 369, 379, 564, 571, 582, 586, 589, 592–596, 614, 637, 639, 641, 643, 723, 724, 726, 876, 877, 879, 883, 886, 891, 892 (tian gua zi) Melon Seed, 43, 279 (tian hua fen) Snakegourd Root, 8, 38, 424, 430–432, 437, 440, 466, 470, 471, 483, 489, 491, 495, 499, 501–503, 512, 584, 594, 672, 683, 688, 695, 702, 735–737, 739, 740, 792, 797, 818–820, 839, 843, 861, 875, 876, 891, 892, 901 (tian kui zi) Muskroot-like Semiaquilegia Root, 73, 840, 843 (tian ma) Tall Gastrodis Tuber, 2, 315, 319, 584, 586, 607, 635, 652, 693, 712, 715, 717, 719, 722, 723, 725, 727, 783, 795, 802–805, 860, 881, 882, 893, 897 (tian nan xing) Jackinthepulpit Tuber, 2, 3, 16, 23, 259, 265, 266, 475, 652, 694, 697,

973

714–717, 719, 782, 786–788, 802, 805, 818, 861, 864, 867, 869, 873, 876, 881–883, 893, 897, 899 (tian ran bing pian) Natural Borneol, 325 (tian shan xue lian) Tianshan Mountain Snow Lotus, 127 (tian xian teng) Dutchmans Pipe Vine, 108, 179, 672, 890 (tian xian zi) Henbane Seed, 290 (tian xing ren) Sweet Almond, 289, 523 (tian zhu huang) Tabasheer, 270, 280, 606, 635, 652, 653, 684, 696, 723, 728, 802, 881–883, 897 (tie pi shi hu) Medicinal Dendrobum Herb, 376 (tie shu ye) Fruticose Dracaena Leaf, 217 (ting li zi) Pepperweed Seed, 6, 11, 285, 291, 431, 450, 451, 507, 510, 551, 675, 763, 819, 821, 847 (tong cao) Rice Paper Plant Pith, 146, 467, 520, 540–542, 565, 672, 745, 746, 748, 751, 755, 758, 761, 784, 819, 875, 876, 888, 896, 897 (tong guan teng) Tenacious Condorvine Stem, 289 (tong you) Tungoiltree Seed Oil, 399, 867 (tou ding yi ke zhu) Tschonosk Trillium Rhizome, 310 (tou gu cao) Tuberculate Speranskia Herb, 114, 605, 870–872 (tu bei mu) Paniculate Bolbostemma, 73, 475 (tu bie chong) Ground Beetle, 2, 246, 251, 605, 683, 685, 695, 696, 698, 699, 870, 872, 880, 892–895, 897, 900, 901 (tu da huang) Obtuseleaf Dock Root, 210 (tu fu ling) Glabrous Greenbrier Rhizome, 59, 666, 720, 750, 888, 889, 896, 900 (tu jing pi) Golden Larch Bark, 406, 861, 862 (tu mu xiang) Inula Root, 183 (tu niu xi) Wild Achyranthes Root, 243, 245 (tu si zi san) Dodder Seed Powder, 627, 889 (tu si zi) Dodder Seed, 349, 572, 579, 580, 583, 587, 589, 591–594, 596, 600, 602–605, 607–609, 624, 627, 629, 631, 698, 737, 878, 881, 885, 889, 891, 892, 895–897, 901

W

(wa leng zi) Arc Shell, 1, 275, 503, 529, 876, 899 (wa song) Fimbriate Orostachys Herb, 210 (wang bu liu xing) Cowherb Seed, 241, 672, 673, 686, 694, 750, 753, 766, 851, 894, 895, 897, 898 (wei ling cai) Chinese Cinquefoil, 67 (wei ling xian) Chinese Clematis Root, 105, 439, 441, 610, 695, 719, 720, 751, 870–872, 890, 891, 900 (wu bei zi) Gallnut of Chinese Sumac, 6, 386, 389, 628–630, 655, 656, 853, 860, 866, 867, 878, 883 (wu gong) Centipede, 316, 319, 712, 715, 720, 721, 806, 866, 881, 882, 890, 893, 897, 899 (wu gu ji) Black-bone Silky Fowl, 378 (wu jia pi) Eleutherococcus Root Bark, 123, 127, 145, 572, 604, 605, 695, 696, 698, 766, 870–872, 890–892

974

Pinyin-English Cross Reference of Chinese Materia Medica Names

(wu jing) Turnip, 192 (wu ling zhi) Flying Squirrel Faeces, 9, 232, 330, 340, 468, 489, 575, 628, 631, 664, 682, 685, 686, 691, 692, 694, 700, 822, 841, 844, 869, 880, 886, 887, 892–895, 897, 899, 900 (wu mei) Smoked Plum, 2, 3, 5, 6, 385, 529, 563, 595, 618–620, 737, 740, 783, 785, 787, 789, 795, 825, 826, 828–830, 878, 879, 892 (wu shan yin yang huo) Wushan Mountain Epimedium, 356 (wu shao she) Black-tail Snake, 106, 115, 719, 757, 806, 890, 900 (wu wei zi) Chinese Magnoliavine Fruit, 1, 6, 385, 389, 424, 425, 428, 472, 512, 513, 524, 525, 534–537, 539, 558, 560, 564, 565, 571, 578, 579, 582, 585, 586, 589–594, 596, 597, 599–601, 605, 606, 608, 609, 616–620, 622, 624, 625, 627, 638, 639, 641, 696, 723, 725, 729, 737–740, 769, 783, 787, 788, 799–801, 853, 854, 856, 877, 878, 881–883, 885–887, 889, 891, 892, 895, 902 (wu yao) Combined Spicebush Root, 175, 529, 540, 548, 565, 605, 624, 626, 627, 629, 649, 660, 662, 664, 665, 667–671, 679, 680, 686, 691, 693, 700, 719, 770, 871, 877, 878, 880, 889, 893, 894, 899 (wu yi) Elm Cake, 202, 440, 816, 826, 828, 830, 879, 898 (wu zhu yu) Medicinal Evodia Fruit, 162, 168, 396, 458, 473, 477, 503, 506, 507, 528–530, 532, 535, 542, 548, 568, 620, 622, 664–666, 671, 675, 680, 684, 686, 689, 693, 743, 755, 769, 770, 772, 822, 877–879, 889, 892–894, 899

X

(xi gua shuang) Prepared Mirabilite, 43, 902 (xi gua) Watermelon, 43 (xi he liu) Chinese Tamarisk Twig, 22, 435, 897 (xi hong hua) Saffron, 237, 822, 876 (xi ming) Boor’s Mustard Herb, 43 (xi qing guo) Immature Chebula Fruit, 75 (xi xian cao) Siegesbeckia, 118, 750 (xi xin) Manchurian Wild Ginger, 1, 9, 20, 24, 399, 423–425, 427, 428, 438, 441, 443–445, 452–454, 495, 529, 539–542, 599, 697, 713–715, 717–719, 762, 769, 775–777, 779, 783, 795, 799–801, 822, 826, 828, 869, 875, 877, 882, 890–893, 901, 902 (xi yang shen) American Ginseng, 11, 331, 342, 418, 497, 524, 525, 558, 618, 737, 877, 882, 890–892 (xia ku cao) Common Self-heal Fruit-spike, 7, 8, 41, 44, 494, 495, 497, 500, 502, 572, 585, 635, 724, 728, 791, 798, 803, 819, 820, 841, 844, 881, 893, 897–899, 901 (xia tian gao) Concentrated Beef Extract, 364, 915 (xia tian wu) Decumbent Corydalis Rhizome, 233 (xian di huang) Fresh Rehmannia, 85, 365 (xian he cao) Hairyvein Agrimonia, 204, 219, 224, 568, 584, 585, 618, 702, 704, 708, 797, 868, 877, 883–885, 892, 895 (xian mao) Common Curculigo Rhizome, 346, 598, 604, 607, 609, 889–893, 895, 897

(xiang fu) Nutgrass Galingale Rhizome, 2, 4, 6, 423, 425, 472, 473, 489, 529, 540, 628–630, 654–656, 660–666, 668, 670, 671, 673, 683, 686, 687, 691–693, 696, 719, 786, 788, 791, 811, 813, 822, 871, 877, 880, 882, 883, 893, 894, 896, 897, 899 (xiang jia pi) Chinese Silkvine Root-bark, 141, 145, 889 (xiang ru) Aromatic Madder, 11, 16, 135, 518, 519, 743, 746, 747, 875, 876, 878 (xiang yuan) Citron, 869, 876, 877, 880 (xiao bo gu) Common Gendarussa Herb, 217 (xiao hui xiang) Fennel, 458–460, 529, 538, 540, 611, 629, 664, 666, 668, 671, 679, 684, 694, 700, 877, 879, 893, 894, 899 (xiao ji) Field Thistle, 207, 211, 487, 501, 559, 702, 703, 705–707, 749, 750, 760, 763, 883–885, 888, 895 (xiao jin qian cao) Creeping Dichondra Herb, 156 (xiao mai fu) Wheat Spermoderm, 384 (xiao mai) Wheat Fruit, 384, 616, 617, 640, 642, 723, 882 (xiao tong cao) Stachyurus or Japanese Helwingia Pith, 151 (xiao ye lian) Common Sinopodophyllum Fruit, 243 (xie bai) Long Stamen Onion Bulb, 179, 472, 530, 663, 667, 670, 673, 878, 886 (xie cao) Chinese Common Valeriana Rhizome, 300 (xin yi) Blond Magnolia Flower, 20, 134, 428, 718, 875, 892, 901 (xiong dan) Bear Gallbladder, 70, 847, 880, 881, 897, 899, 901 (xiong huang) Realgar, 10, 402, 409, 416, 494, 495, 648–652, 655–657, 695, 696, 728, 846–848, 861, 864–869, 880, 898–900 (xu chang qing) Paniculate Swallowwort Root, 114, 890, 900, 901 (xu duan) Himalayan Teasel Root, 347, 572, 575, 576, 580, 581, 592, 603–605, 624, 629, 631, 693, 695, 697, 777, 780, 869, 870, 890–892, 894, 896, 900, 901 (xuan fu hua) Inula Flower, 2, 11, 261, 265, 418, 550, 674, 676, 677, 805, 876–878, 880, 881 (xuan ming fen) Exsiccated Sodium Sulphate, 92, 252, 402, 437, 495, 757, 790, 792, 864, 902 (xuan shen) Figwort Root, 9, 77, 81, 85, 430–432, 435, 437, 448, 455, 461–463, 483, 486–488, 491, 492, 494–500, 503, 513, 551, 558, 583, 585, 592–594, 596, 637, 639, 641–643, 649, 651, 653, 664, 692, 702, 704, 719, 723, 724, 726, 736–739, 757, 791, 793, 818–820, 839, 841, 842, 844–846, 860, 862, 876, 879, 881, 884–887, 891, 892, 894, 897, 899, 901, 902 (xue jie) Dragon’s Blood, 249, 653, 685, 689, 694–696, 698, 699, 719, 847, 863, 864, 867, 870–872, 892, 897, 898, 900, 901 (xue lian hua) Snow Lotus, 125, 890 (xue shang yi zhi hao) Shortstalk Monkshood Root, 111, 890

(xue yu tan) Charred Hair, 4, 220, 224, 568, 862, 871, 877, 883, 885, 888, 895, 898 (xun gu feng) Aristolochia Mollissima, 108, 890

Y

(ya dan zi) Brucea Fruit, 66, 879, 892 (ya hu nu) Cissampelos, 250 (ya ma zi) Linseed, 95 (ya zhi cao) Common Dayflower, 40, 875, 888, 898, 902 (yan che qian zi) Salt-fried Plantago Seed, 151, 757, 758, 767 (yan hu suo) Corydalis Rhizome, 2, 229, 467, 503, 548, 550, 553, 662, 664, 666–670, 682, 683, 686, 691, 692, 694, 700, 703, 819, 822, 847, 880, 882, 886, 887, 892–895, 897, 899, 900 (yan wo) Edible Bird Nest, 378 (yang hong shan) Thellungianae Root or Herb, 356, 806 (yang jin hua) Datura Flower, 287 (yang qi shi) Actinolite, 353, 538, 889, 891, 892 (yang rou) Mutton, 358 (yang shen) Goat Kidney, 11, 331, 342, 358, 418, 497, 524, 525, 558, 618, 737, 877, 882, 890–892 (yang ti) Japanese Dock Root, 209, 884, 885, 895, 900 (ye ju hua) Wild Chrysanthemum Flower, 57, 80, 491, 751, 759, 839, 840, 843, 898, 901, 902 (ye ma zhui) Lindley’s Eupatorium Herb, 289 (ye ming sha) Bat Feces, 43, 826, 828, 901 (ye mu gua) Chinese Stauntonvine Stem and Leaf, 122 (yi bei mu) Sinkiang Fritillary Bulb, 277 (yi mu cao) Motherwort, 2, 238, 244, 245, 581, 605, 662, 686, 723, 725, 822, 886, 888, 894, 895, 897, 898 (yi tang) Cerealose, 5, 6, 337, 528–533, 877, 879, 890 (yi yi ren) Coix Seed, 139, 144, 426, 467, 502, 523, 530, 557, 560, 563, 564, 566, 594, 695, 714, 743, 745–748, 750, 751, 755–761, 766, 778, 841, 845, 846, 850, 876, 878, 888–891, 896, 899 (yi zhi huang hua) Solidago Decurense, 73 (yi zhi ren) Sharpleaf Galangal fruit, 349, 359, 599, 624, 626, 627, 770, 772, 878, 879, 889, 891 (yin chai hu) Starwort Root, 87, 88, 502, 511, 512, 514, 568, 584, 876, 898 (yin chen) Virgate Wormwood Herb, 152, 157, 466, 467, 488, 492, 502, 503, 546, 550, 596, 650, 724, 726, 745, 747–749, 751, 752, 754, 755, 758, 759, 761, 765, 767, 784, 819, 876, 880 (yin er) White Tremella, 376 (yin xing ye) Ginkgo Leaf, 216 (yin yang huo) Aerial Part of Epimedium, 345, 598, 599, 604, 607, 609, 624, 698, 889–892, 895–897 (ying su qiao) Poppy Husk, 386, 618–621, 623, 708, 878 (you pi) Pummelo Pericarp, 185

Pinyin-English Cross Reference of Chinese Materia Medica Names

(yu biao) Fish Swim-bladder, 217 (yu gan zi) Emblic Leafflower Fruit, 84 (yu huang lian) Medicinal Evodia Fruit-fried Coptis Rhizome, 52 (yu jin) Turmeric Root Tuber, 9, 230, 236, 430, 472, 473, 497, 502, 544, 550, 639, 648, 650, 652, 655, 662, 664, 672, 683, 684, 749, 784, 806, 834, 880–887, 894, 895, 897, 900 (yu li ren) Chinese Dwarf Cherry Seed, 94, 95, 454–456, 879, 898 (yu mi xu) Cornsilk, 140, 888 (yu xing cao) Heartleaf Houttuynia, 60, 559, 585, 676, 792, 842, 877, 883, 899, 901 (yu yu liang) Limonite, 388, 620, 622, 623, 631, 878 (yu zhou lou lu) Globe Thistle Root, 75 (yu zhu) Fragrant Solomonseal Rhizome, 2, 370, 438, 440, 442, 582, 585, 588, 595, 596, 735, 736, 876, 883, 891, 892, 902 (yuan hua) Lilac Daphne Flower Bud, 4, 9, 10, 97, 101, 334, 457–460, 888 (yuan zhi) Thin-leaf Milkwort Root, 302, 508, 563, 569, 570, 578, 580, 582, 592, 595, 606, 608, 609, 612, 613, 624–627, 637, 639, 641–644, 684, 709, 784, 787, 789, 791, 803–805, 854, 855, 881–883, 885–887, 897, 899 (yue ji hua) Chinese Rose Flower, 2, 241, 894, 895 (yun zhi) Coriolous Dersicolor, 156

Z

(zi su geng) Perilla Stem, 23, 696, 733, 878 (zhu ye) Lophatherum Stem and Leaves, 39, 430, 433, 438, 440, 482–484, 486, 488, 491, 493–495, 497–499, 501, 505, 508, 520, 524–526, 748, 751, 760, 761, 790, 875 (zhu dan) Pig Gall, 43, 276 (zi cao) Arnebia Root, 83, 432, 435, 487, 497, 499, 713, 723, 863, 876, 885, 897 (zi cao rong) Shellac, 84 (zhong jie feng) Glabrous Sarcandra, 84 (ze xie) Water Plantain Rhizome, 6, 139, 144, 244, 455, 456, 467, 472, 473, 475, 500, 502, 505, 508, 509, 512, 520, 521, 551, 552, 562, 563, 567, 581, 583, 587, 590, 591, 599, 601, 602, 609, 637, 661, 663, 693, 720, 743, 746, 748, 749, 751, 754, 756–758, 761–768, 770, 773, 779, 805, 807, 811, 813, 816, 817, 827, 839, 846, 876, 880, 886–888, 896, 901 (zhi ju zi) Raisin Tree Seed, 141 (ze qi) Sun Spurge, 141, 888 (zhu sha gen) Coral Ardisia Root, 78 (zhen zhu cao) Common Leafflower, 154, 880 (zhi cao wu) Prepared Kusnezoff Monkshood Root, 113, 540, 714, 716, 720, 776, 841, 844 (zi qi guan zhong) Japanese Flowering Fern Rhizome, 74 (zhi zhu xiang) Jatamana Valeriana Rhizome, 174, 300

(zi zhu ye) Beauty-berry Leaf, 219, 877, 883–885, 895, 900 (zong lü tan) Charred Fortune Windmillpalm Petiole, 4, 219, 224, 488, 569, 629, 630, 704, 884, 885, 895 (zong lü) Trachycarpus Stiple Fiber, 222, 706, 885 (zhu zi shen) Largeleaf Japanese Ginseng Rhizome, 216, 377 (zhe gu cai) Leprieur Caloglossa, 203 (zao jia) Chinese Honeylocust Fruit, 261, 325, 575, 801, 806, 829, 834, 835, 861, 865, 869, 877, 881–883 (zhe bei mu) Thunberg Fritillary Bulb, 268, 279, 440, 733–735, 783, 791, 795, 881, 883, 887, 897–899 (zhu li) Bamboo Sap, 11, 269, 280, 523, 606, 779, 794, 796, 803, 804, 834, 876, 881–883, 897 (zhu dan fen) Pig Gall Powder, 276 (zi wan) Tatarian Aster Root, 2, 283, 291, 330, 331, 334–336, 340, 342, 362, 367, 368, 383, 384, 428, 429, 565, 614, 737, 799, 801, 802, 804, 876, 877, 901 (zi hua qian hu) Common Hogfennel Root, 277 (zhu ma gen) Ramie Root, 209, 888, 895, 896 (zang chang pu) Tibetan Sweetflag Rhizome, 167 (zhu jie shen) Japanese Ginseng, 215 (zhu sha) Cinnabar, 3, 294, 298, 450, 521, 522, 631, 634–639, 641–643, 648–653, 655, 656, 685, 689, 695–699, 719, 728, 803–806, 815, 847, 848, 860, 861, 864–868, 883, 886, 887 (zhen zhu) Pearl, 297, 311, 494, 648–650, 652, 847, 863, 865, 872, 883, 897, 901 (zhen zhu mu) Mother-of-pearl, 307, 311, 586, 634, 635, 637, 723, 881, 886, 887, 893, 901, 902 (zi bei chi) Arabic Cowry Shell, 307, 881, 886, 887, 897, 901 (zha chan) Black Cicada, 318 (zi shi ying) Fluorite, 353, 631, 881 (zhu du) Pig Tripe, 341 (zhi hong qi) Prepared Manyin Florescent Sweetvetch Root, 341 (zi he che) Human Placenta, 3, 345, 359, 595, 612, 613, 877, 885, 889–892, 895, 896 (zao fan) or (lü fan) Greenvitriol, 403, 827, 829, 891, 900 (zhang nao) Camphor, 405, 860, 864, 869, 871, 872, 882, 900 (zhu zi shen) Largeleaf Japanese Ginseng Rhizome, 216, 377 (zhong ru shi) Stalactite, 359, 861, 865, 877 (zhi he shou wu) Prepared Fleeceflower Root, 3, 363, 896 (zi su zi) Perilla Fruit, 3, 7, 264, 282, 422, 423, 426, 674–678, 680, 693, 733, 795, 799, 800, 822, 876, 877, 879 (zhi qiao) Bitter Orange, 423, 432, 435–437, 439, 441–444, 450, 455, 456, 460, 461, 467,

975

469, 470, 472, 477, 489, 496, 504, 547, 548, 557, 558, 576, 587, 589, 652, 660–662, 666, 671, 676, 679, 683, 687, 691, 692, 695, 696, 698, 700, 704, 707–709, 733, 734, 758, 779, 783, 785, 798, 811, 813, 819, 820, 830, 876, 878, 880, 882, 884, 894 (zhu ru) Bamboo Shavings, 2, 269, 280, 460, 467, 544, 550, 575, 663, 674, 676, 678, 679, 784–787, 789, 790, 876, 878, 881–883, 885, 887, 896 (zao xin tu) Ignited Yellow Earth, 11, 225, 702, 705, 707, 709, 878, 884, 885, 895, 896 (zhu ling) Polyporus, 6, 139, 144, 520, 521, 746, 751, 754–756, 758, 761–768, 770, 773, 816, 880, 888 (ze lan) Hirsute Shiny Bugleweed Herb, 239, 244, 245, 694, 758, 863, 864, 894, 895, 897 (zhu ya zao) Chinese Honeylocust Abnormal Fruit, 325, 801, 834, 835, 869 (zao jiao ci) Chinese Honeylocust Spine, 406, 432, 495, 839, 841, 843, 846, 850–854, 897, 898 (zi ran tong) Pyrite, 4, 247, 251, 685, 695, 697–699, 870, 871, 892, 900, 901 (zhi shi) Immature Bitter Orange, 2, 6, 7, 10, 172, 448–451, 454–456, 461, 462, 472, 474, 476, 477, 483, 485, 495, 504, 549, 550, 552, 553, 662, 663, 665, 666, 668–670, 672, 673, 714, 749, 756, 782, 784–790, 792–796, 811, 813, 817, 818, 842, 878, 879, 881, 886, 897, 898 (zi su ye) Perilla Leaf, 2, 6, 15, 422, 423, 425, 427, 428, 432, 439–441, 443, 445, 558, 664, 667, 671, 675, 677, 697, 713, 732–735, 743, 744, 747, 762, 765, 770, 772, 783, 800, 802, 875, 881, 889, 896 (zi hua di ding) Tokyo Violet, 2, 57, 492, 494, 499, 839–841, 843, 848, 898, 899 (zhi mu) Common Anemarrhena Rhizome, 5, 6, 37, 44, 427, 431, 432, 435, 437, 462, 467, 469, 482–485, 494, 495, 497, 498, 500–503, 506, 510–515, 522, 524, 525, 558, 559, 561, 563, 564, 567, 581, 583, 584, 587, 590–598, 609, 610, 612, 635, 638, 640, 685, 713, 716, 722, 723, 737, 739, 740, 750, 751, 754, 756, 758, 790, 791, 794, 819, 875–877, 879, 883, 884, 886, 889, 891, 892, 896, 897, 901, 902 (zhi zi) Cape Jasmine Fruit, 3, 5, 6, 40, 44, 157, 211, 224, 430, 432, 434, 436, 437, 466, 467, 472, 473, 475, 476, 483–485, 487, 488, 490–503, 505, 507–509, 520, 545, 546, 550, 551, 575, 591, 597, 629, 634, 637, 638, 648, 650, 652, 661, 662, 664, 666, 699, 702–708, 713, 723, 725, 733–735, 743, 748, 749, 752, 753, 755–761, 765, 767, 794, 795, 819, 841, 844, 845, 870, 871, 875, 877, 878, 880, 882–885, 887, 888, 892, 894–896, 898, 901, 902

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Pinyin-English Cross Reference of Chinese Medical Formula Names A

(a wei xiao pi gao) Chinese Asafetida Mass-Dispersing Ointment, 860 (ai fu nuan gong wan) Mugwort and Cyperus Palace Warming Pill, 693 (an chong tang) Penetrating Vessel-Calming Decoction, 631 (an gong niu huang wan) Peaceful Palace Bovine Bezoar Pill, 486, 497, 545, 648, 650, 653, 654, 723, 883 (an shen ding zhi wan) Spirit-Tranquillizing Mind-Stabilizing Pill, 642

B

(ba bao dan) Eight Treasures Elixir, 859, 863 (ba er dan) Eight-To-Two Powder, 868 (ba xian xiao yao san) Eight Immortals Free Wanderer Powder, 720, 900 (ba zhen tang) Eight-Gem Decoction, 574, 576, 582, 686, 893 (ba zhen yi mu wan) Eight-Gem Mother-Benefiting Pill, 581 (ba zheng san) Eight Corrections Powder, 501, 747, 749, 753, 760, 888 (bai dou kou san) Round Cardamom Powder, 815 (bai du san) Toxin-Resolving Powder, 439, 442, 445 (bai he gu jin tang) Lily Bulb Metal-Securing Decoction, 597, 736, 737, 739, 902 (bai hu jia cang zhu tang) White Tiger plus Atractylodis Decoction, 484, 485 (bai hu jia gui zhi tang) White Tiger Decoction Plus Cinnamon Twig, 485 (bai hu jia ren shen tang) White Tiger Decoction Plus Ginseng, 485 (bai hu tang) White Tiger Decoction, 482–485, 498, 500, 901 (bai jiang dan) White Downborne Powder, 865 (bai jin wan) Alum and Turmeric Root Tuber Pill, 806, 807 (bai tong tang) Scallion Yang-Freeing Decoction, 537, 538 (bai tou weng jia gan cao e jiao tang) Pulsatilla Decoction Plus Licorice and Donkey-Hide Gelatin, 508, 510 (bai tou weng tang) Pulsatilla Decoction, 500, 504, 506, 510, 547, 879 (bai ye tang) Arborvitae Decoction, 594, 892 (bai yu gao) White Jade Ointment, 863, 900

(bai zhu san) Atractylodes Macrocephalae Powder, 764 (bai zhu tang) Atractylodes Macrocephalae Decoction, 766 (bai zi yang xin wan) Biota Seed Heart-Nourishing Pill, 642, 643 (ban liu wan) Pinellia and Sulfur Pill, 453, 879 (ban xia bai zhu tian ma tang) Pinellia, Atractylodes Macrocephala and Gastrodia Decoction, 803, 804, 807, 881, 893 (ban xia hou po tang) Pinellia and Officinal Magnolia Bark Decoction, 660, 664, 667, 881 (ban xia xie xin tang) Pinellia Heart-Draining Decoction, 477–479 (bao chan wu you san) Safe Pregnancy Without Worry Powder, 579, 582, 896 (bao he wan) Harmony-Preserving Pill, 810–812, 817, 878, 898 (bao long wan) Dragon-Embracing Pill, 652, 653, 728, 897 (bao yin jian) Yin-Preserving Decoction, 592 (bao yuan da cheng tang) Original-QiPreserving Great-Achievement Decoction, 838, 853, 854, 856, 857 (bao yuan tang) Original-Qi-Preserving Decoction, 562, 841, 915 (bao zhen tang) Genuine-Qi-Preserving Decoction, 593 (bei mu gua lou san) Fritillaria and Trichosanthes Powder, 796–798, 876, 899 (bi xie fen qing yin) Hypoglaucae Root Turbidity-Clearing Beverage, 770, 772 (bi xie hua du tang) Hypoglaucae Root Toxin-Dissolving Decoction, 759 (bi xie shen shi tang) Hypoglaucae Root Dampness-Percolating Decoction, 758 (bi yu san) Jasper Jade Powder, 467, 469, 471, 521, 522 (bi yun san) Blue Cloud Powder, 428, 901 (biao li shuang jie tang) Exterior-InteriorResolving Decoction, 546 (bie jie jian wan) Turtle Shell Decocted Pill, 701, 818, 819, 821, 823 (bing peng san) Borneol and Borax Powder, 864 (bo gu san) Resetting Bone Powder, 870 (bo yun tui yi wan) Cloud-Clearingand Nebula-Removing Pill, 437 (bu dai wan) Cloth Bag Pill, 828, 829, 898

(bu fei e jiao tang) Lung-Supplementing Donkey-Hide Gelatin Decoction, 582, 585, 588, 597, 598 (bu fei tang) Lung-Supplementing Decoction, 565, 890 (bu gan tang) Liver-Supplementing Decoction, 571 (bu huan jin zheng qi san) Priceless Qi-Rectifying Powder, 745, 747, 878 (bu jin wan) Sinew-Supplementing Pill, 698 (bu luo bu guan tang) Channel-Supplementing and Vessel-Supplementing Decoction, 708 (bu qi yun pi tang) Qi-Supplementing and Spleen-Activating Decoction, 565 (bu shen di huang wan) Kidney-Supplementing Rehmannia Pill, 602 (bu shen gu chong wan) Kidney-Supplementing and Penetrating Vessel-Securing Pill, 603 (bu shen zhuang jin tang) Kidney-Supplementing and Sinew-Strengthening Decoction, 604, 900 (bu shun xu jin wan) Lossy-Supplementing and Sinew-Reuniting Pill, 699 (bu tian da zao wan) Heavens-Supplementing and Great Creation Pill, 611–613 (bu xu tang) Deficiency-Supplementing Decoction, 564 (bu yang huan wu tang) Yang-Supplementing and Five-Returning Decoction, 682, 684, 688, 882 (bu zhong yi qi tang) Center-Supplementing and Qi-Boosting Decoction, 557, 558, 560, 567, 573, 686, 885, 891

C

(can shi tang) Silkworm Droppings Decoction, 755, 761 (cang er zi san) Xanthium Fruit Powder, 718, 901 (cang fu dao tan wan) Atractylodis and Cyperus Phlegm-Expelling Pill, 788 (chai ge jie ji tang) Bupleurum and Pueraria Muscle-Resolving Decoction, 432, 434 (chai hu da yuan yin) Bupleurum MembraneSource-Opening Beverage, 470 (chai hu gui zhi gan jiang tang) Bupleurum, Cinnamon Twig and Dried Ginger Decoction, 470, 471 (chai hu jia long gu mu li tang) Bupleurum Decoction Plus Dragon Bone and Oyster Shell, 470, 471

977

978

Pinyin-English Cross Reference of Chinese Medical Formula Names

(chai hu qing gu san) Bupleurum Bone-Clearing Powder, 515 (chai hu shu gan san) Bupleurum Liver-Soothing Powder, 660, 662, 666, 680, 880, 882, 897 (chai hu xian xiong tang) Bupleurum Chest-Draining Decoction, 794, 796 (chai hu zhi jie tang) Bupleurum Decoction Plus Bitter Orange and Platycodon, 470 (chai ping tang) Bupleurum-Calming Decoction, 745, 747 (chan su wan) Toad Venom Pill, 848 (chang ning tang) Intestinal Serenity Decoction, 572 (chang pu wan) Acorus Pill, 564 (cheng shi bi xie fen qing yin) Master Cheng’s Hypoglaucae Root Turbidity-Clearing Beverage, 773 (cheng shi chai ge jie ji tang) Master Cheng’s Bupleurum and Pueraria Muscle-Resolving Decoction, 435 (cheng shi tou nong san) Master Cheng’s Pus-Expelling Powder, 853 (chen xiang san) Aquilaria Wood Powder, 766 (chen xiang san) Lignum Aquilariae Powder, 673 (cheng qi yang ying tang) Qi-Guiding and Nutrient-Nourishing Decoction, 462 (chi shi zhi wan) Halloysite Pill, 622 (chi shi zhi yu yu liang tang) Halloysite and Limonite Decoction, 622, 623 (chu feng qing pi yin) Wind-Eliminating and Spleen-Clearing Drink, 437 (chu feng yi sun tang) Wind-Eliminating Boosting Decoction, 719 (chu shi juan tong tang) Dampness-Eliminating Pain-Relieving Decoction, 779 (chu shi tang) Dampness-Eliminating Decoction, 758, 766 (chu shi wei ling tang) Dampness-Eliminating Stomach-Calming Poria Decoction, 765 (chuan xiong cha tiao san) Tea-Mix and Chuanxiong Powder, 712, 713, 715, 721, 892 (chun yang zheng qi wan) Pure Yang Qi-Rectifying Pill, 746 (chun ze tang) Spring Alisma Rhizome Decoction, 767 (ci zhu wan) Loadstones and Cinnabar Pill, 634–636, 638, 887 (cong bai qi wei yin) Scallion Decoction with Seven Ingredients, 439, 440, 442, 445 (cong chi jie geng tang) Scallion, Fermented Soybean and Platycodon Decoction, 432, 434 (cong gui ta zhong fang) Onion and Chinese Angelica Swelling-Removing Formula, 863

D

(da an wan) Great Tranquility Pill, 814, 817, 878, 898 (da bu huang qi tang) Major Supplementation Astragalus Decoction, 579 (da bu yin wan) Major Yin-Supplementing Pill, 582, 584, 587, 598

(da bu yuan jian) Major Original-Qi Tonifying Decoction, 591 (da chai hu tang) Major Bupleurum Decoction, 549, 550, 552, 553 (da cheng qi tang) Major Purgative Decoction, 448, 449, 451, 462 (da ding feng zhu) Major Wind-Stabilizing Pill, 722, 723, 725, 729, 881 (da hong wan) Great Red Pill, 697 (da huang dang gui san) Rhubarb and Chinese Angelica Powder, 699 (da huang fu zi tang) Rhubarb and Aconite Decoction, 452–454 (da huang mu dan tang) Rhubarb and Moutan Decoction, 838, 839, 842, 845, 848, 850, 899 (da huang zhe chong wan) Rhubarb and Eupolyphaga Pill, 682, 686, 690, 701, 880 (da huo luo dan) Major Channel-Activating Elixir, 719, 722 (da jian zhong tang) Major Center-Fortifying Decoction, 528, 529, 531, 533, 879 (da qiang huo tang) Large Notopterygii Decoction, 427 (da qin jiao tang) Large Gentian Decoction, 712, 714, 717, 721, 882 (da qing long tang) Major Green Dragon Decoction, 426, 429, 547 (da xian xiong tang) Major Chest Draining Decoction, 448, 449, 451, 796 (da xian xiong wan) Major Chest Draining Pill, 450, 451 (da yuan yin) Membrane-Source-Opening Beverage, 467, 469, 470, 892 (dai ge san) Indigo Naturalis and Clam Shell Powder, 709 (dan shen yin) Salvia Beverage, 683, 688, 700, 886 (dan xi zhi shi tan fang) Danxi Treating Damp-phlegm Decoction, 788 (dang gui bu xue tang) Chinese Angelica Blood-Supplementing Decoction, 568, 569, 571, 573 (dang gui jian zhong tang) Chinese Angelica Center-Fortifying Decoction, 532, 533 (dang gui jie xue teng tang) Chinese Angelica and Suberect Spatholobus Stem Decoction, 572 (dang gui liu huang tang) Chinese Angelica Six Yellow Decoction, 511, 513, 514 (dang gui long hui wan) Chinese Angelica, Gentian and Aloe Pill, 507, 509 (dang gui nian tong tang) Chinese Angelica Pain-Alleviating Decoction, 751, 754, 760 (dang gui shao yao san) Angelica and Peony Powder, 472, 473 (dang gui shao yao tang) Chinese Angelica and Peony Decoction, 579 (dang gui sheng jiang yang rou tang) Chinese Angelica, Fresh Ginger, and Goat Meat Decoction, 571 (dang gui si ni jia wu zhu yu sheng jiang tang) Chinese Angelica Frigid Extremities Decoction plus Evodia and Fresh Ginger, 542

(dang gui si ni tang) Chinese Angelica Frigid Extremities Decoction, 539–542 (dang gui yin zi) Chinese Angelica Drink, 718, 722 (dao chi san) Red-Guiding Powder, 500, 501, 505, 760 (dao qi tang) Qi-Guiding Decoction, 671 (dao shui wan) Water-Guiding Pill, 460 (dao tan tang) Phlegm-Expelling Decoction, 786, 789 (di dang tang) Resistance Decoction, 692, 701, 880, 895 (di dang wan) Resistance Pill, 692 (di huang yin zi) Rehmannia Drink, 606, 608, 611 (di shen ju hua tang) Rehmannia, Figwort, and Chrysanthemum Decoction, 593 (di tan tang) Phlegm-Flushing Decoction, 787, 789, 807, 881, 882 (di yu san) Sanguisorba Powder, 708 (dian dao san) Reverse Powder, 863 (dian kuang meng xing tang) Dream-Awaking Decoction for Madness, 693 (die da gao) Plaster for Injury from Fall, 871 (die da yang ying tang) Nutrient-Nourishing Decoction for Injury, 581 (ding chuan tang) Arrest Wheezing Decoction, 674, 676, 678, 680 (ding gui san) Clove and Cassia Bark Powder, 859, 866 (ding tu wan) Vomiting-Stopping Pill, 679 (ding xian wan) Convulsion-Settling Pill, 802–804, 807, 881 (ding xiang san) Clove Powder, 678 (ding xiang shi di san) Clove and Persimmon Decoction, 674, 675, 677, 680, 877, 878 (ding yu li zhong tang) Clove and Evodia Center-Regulating Decoction, 532 (ding zhi xiao wan) Mind-Stabilizing Minor Pill, 642 (du huo ji sheng tang) Pubescent Angelica and Mistletoe Decoction, 775–777, 780, 890 (du qi wan) Qi-Restraining Pill, 590, 597 (du shen tang) Unaccompanied Ginseng Decoction, 9, 535, 537 (du sheng san) Unaccompanied Sage Powder, 679 (duo ming dan) Striving for Life Elixir, 698

E

(e jiao ji zi huang tang) Donkey-Hide Gelatin and Egg Yolk Decoction, 722, 724, 727, 729 (e zhang feng jin pao fang) Soak Formula for Goose-web Wind, 359, 361 (er chen tang) Two Matured Substances Decoction, 549, 782, 783, 785–787, 789, 802, 851, 871, 876 (er dong tang) Asparagus and Ophiopogon Decoction, 594, 892 (er jia jian zheng qi san) Two Qi-Rectifying Variant Powder, 745 (er long zuo ci wan) Deafness Left-Benefiting Loadstone Pill, 590 (er miao san) Two Mysterious Powder, 747, 750, 753, 760, 889, 896

Pinyin-English Cross Reference of Chinese Medical Formula Names

(er xian tang) Two Immortals Decoction, 609 (er yin jian) Two Yin Decoction, 594 (er zhi wan) Double Supreme Pill, 583, 585, 588, 885, 891, 892, 894, 902

F

(fa mu wan) Wood-Lumbering Pill, 827, 829 (fang feng tang) Ledebouriella Decoction, 778 (fang feng xiong gui tang) Ledebouriella, Chuanxiong and Chinese Angelica Decoction, 697 (fang ji fu ling tang) Stephania Root and Poria Decoction (fang ji huang qi tang) Stephania Root and Astragalus Decoction, 761, 762, 764, 768 (fei er wan) Childhood-Malnutrition Rectifying Pill, 829 (fu fang da chai hu tang) Compound Formula Major Bupleurum Decoction, 553 (fu fang da cheng qi tang) Compound Formula Major Purgative Decoction, 450 (fu fang tu jin pi ding) Compound Formula Golden Larch Bark Tincture, 859, 862 (fu ling gui zhi gan cao tang) Poria, Cinnamon Twig and Licorice Decoction, 772 (fu ling si ni tang) Poria Frigid Extremities Decoction, 537 (fu ling wan) Poria Pill, 765, 768 (fu qi zhi han ke li) Compound Astragalus Sweating-Arresting Granule, 617 (fu yuan huo xue tang) Original Qi-Restoring and Blood-Moving Decoction, 682, 683, 688, 701 (fu yuan tong qi san) Original Qi-Restoring and Qi-Unblocking Powder, 679 (fu zi li zhong wan) Aconite Center-Regulating Pill, 513, 533 (fu zi tang) Aconite Decoction, 772, 774 (fu zi xie xin tang) Aconite Heart-Draining Decoction, 479

G

(gan cao gan jiang fu ling bai zhu tang) Licorice, Dried Ginger, Poria and Atractylodes Macrocephala Decoction, 768, 769, 771, 891 (gan cao xie xin tang) Licorice Heart-Draining Decoction, 479 (gan lu xiao du dan) Sweet Dew ToxinRemoving Elixir, 747, 748, 752, 761, 876 (gan lu yin) Sweet Dew Beverage, 520–522, 524, 596 (gan mai da zao tang) Licorice, Wheat and Jujube Decoction, 638, 640, 642, 882 (gan sui ban xia tang) Gansui Root and Pinellia Decoction, 460 (gan sui tong jie tang) Gansui Root Obstruction-Unblocking Decoction, 460 (gao lin tang) Decoction for Chylous Strangury, 773 (ge gen huang qin huang lian tang) Pueraria, Scutellaria, and Coptis Decoction, 544, 545, 547, 878, 879

(ge hua jie cheng tang) Flower-of-Kudzuvine Hangover-Sobering Decoction, 816 (ge xia zhu yu tang) Expelling Stasis Below the Diaphragm Decoction, 686, 691, 700, 880, 886 (geng yi wan) Pill Requiring a Change of Clothes, 450 (gong wai yun fang) Formula for Exfetation, 693, 894 (gou teng yin) Uncaria Beverage, 727, 729, 881 (gu ben zhi beng tang) Stablilizing the Root and Stopping Profuse Uterine Bleeding Decoction, 579 (gu chong tang) Penetrating Vessel-Securing Decoction, 628–630, 632 (gu jing wan) Menses-Securing Pill, 628, 630, 632 (gu yin jian) Yin-Consolidating Decoction, 592 (gu zhen tang) Kidney-Consolidating Decoction, 565 (gu zhi zeng sheng wan) Pill for Hyperosteogeny, 698 (gua di san) Melon Stalk Powder, 834–836 (gua lou san) Trichosanthes Powder, 796, 846, 898, 899 (gua lou xie bai bai jiu tang) Trichosanthes, Chinese Chive and White Wine Decoction, 660, 663, 667, 673 (gua lou xie bai ban xia tang) Trichosanthes, Chinese Chive and Pinellia Decoction, 670, 673, 886 (guan xin su he xiang wan) Storax Pill for Coronary Disease, 657 (gui ling gan lu yin) Cinnamon and Poria Sweet Dew Beverage, 520–522, 524 (gui lu er xian jiao) Tortoise Shell and Deer Horn Two Immortals Glue, 606–608, 611, 890, 896 (gui pi tang) Spleen-Restoring Decoction, 568–570, 573, 614, 643, 686, 709, 882, 885, 887, 891, 895 (gui shao di huang tang) Chinese Angelica, Peony and Rehmannia Decoction, 593 (gui shao hong hua san) Chinese Angelica, Peony and Carthamus Powder, 699 (gui she san) Cinnamon Musk Powder, 859, 869 (gui shen wan) Restoring the Kidney Bolus, 591 (gui zhi fu ling wan) Cinnamon Twig and Poria Pill, 687, 690 (gui zhi gan cao long gu mu li tang) Cinnamon Twig, Licorice, Dragon Bone, and Oyster Shell Decoction, 634–636, 886, 887 (gui zhi jia ge gen tang) Cinnamon Twig Decoction Plus Pueraria, 426 (gui zhi jia gui tang) Cinnamon Twig Decoction With Extra Cinnamon, 427 (gui zhi jia hou po xing zi tang) Cinnamon Twig Decoction Plus Officinal Magnolia Bark and Apricot Kernel, 426, 427, 883 (gui zhi jia long gu mu li tang) Cinnamon Twig Decoction Plus Dragon Bone and Oyster Shell, 427, 883 (gui zhi jia shao yao tang) Cinnamon Twig Decoction Plus Peony, 427

979

(gui zhi ren shen tang) Cinnamon Twig and Ginseng Decoction, 531, 533 (gui zhi tang) Cinnamon Twig Decoction, 422–424, 429, 533, 542, 559, 567, 875, 913 (gun tan wan) Phlegm-Removing Pill, 790–792, 796

H

(hai tong pi tang) Erythrina Bark Decoction, 872 (hai zang di huang san) Sea-Treasury Rehmannia Powder, 594 (hai zao yu hu tang) Sargassum Jade Flask Decoction, 818, 820, 823, 899 (hao qin qing dan tang) Sweet Wormwood and Scutellaria Gallbladder-Clearing Decoction, 466, 467, 469, 471 (he che da zao wan) Great Creation Pill with Placenta Hominis, 595 (he ji ju xiao feng san) Wind-Dispersing Powder from the Imperial Pharmacy, 712, 713, 716, 721, 722, 900 (he ren yin) Fleeceflower and Ginseng Decoction, 470, 471 (hei hu dan) Black-Tiger Elixir, 866 (hei tui xiao) Black-Removing-Dispersing Powder, 873 (hei xi dan) Galenite Elixir, 538, 877 (hei xiao yao san) Black Free Wanderer Powder, 475, 476 (hong ling dan) Red Wonder Pellet, 746, 859, 866 (hou po qi wu tang) Officinal Magnolia Bark Seven Substances Decoction, 552 (hou po wen zhong tang) Officinal Magnolia Bark Center-Warming Decoction, 660, 663, 667 (hu po bao long wan) Succinum DragonEmbracing Pill, 728 (hu po hei long dan) Succinum Black-Dragon Elixir, 694 (hu qian wan) Hidden Tiger Pill, 596, 598, 610, 889 (hua ban tang) Macules-Dissolving Decoction, 498, 500 (hua chong wan) Worm-Expelling Pill, 825–827, 879, 880 (hua du chu shi tang) Toxin-Dissolving Dampness-Eliminating Decoction, 758 (hua gai san) Florid Canopy Powder, 426 (hua gan jian) Liver-Comforting Decoction, 475 (hua jian er chen wan) Two Matured Substances Pill for Dissolving Hardness, 794 (hua zheng hui sheng dan) ConcretionsDissolving Return-of-Life Elixir, 822, 823 (huai hua san) Pagoda Tree Flower Powder, 702, 704, 707 (huai jiao wan) Sophora Pill, 708, 884, 899 (huan gan li pi tang) Liver-Calming and Spleen-Regulating Decoction, 532, 897 (huan shao dan) Youth-Restoring Elixir, 609, 611

980

Pinyin-English Cross Reference of Chinese Medical Formula Names

(huan yin jiu ku tang) Yin-Returning Suffering-Relieving Decoction, 495 (huang lian e jiao tang) Coptis and DonkeyHide Gelatin Decoction, 644, 645, 887 (huang lian gao) Coptis Ointment, 862, 900 (huang lian jie du tang) Coptis ToxinResolving Decoction, 490, 492, 493, 496, 498, 875, 913 (huang lian qing xin yin) Coptis Heart-Clearing Beverage, 508 (huang lian tang) Coptis Decoction, 477–479 (huang lian wen dan tang) Coptis GallbladderWarming Decoction, 787, 887 (huang lian xiang ru yin) Coptis and Mosla Beverage, 519 (huang long tang) Yellow Dragon Decoction, 461, 462 (huang qi bie jia san) Astragalus and Turtle Shell Powder, 614 (huang qi dang gui san) Astragalus and Chinese Angelica Powder, 564 (huang qi jian zhong tang) Astragalus Center-Fortifying Decoction, 532, 533, 877 (huang qi tang) Astragalus Decoction, 457 (huang qin hua shi tang) Scutellaria and Talcum Decoction, 755, 761 (huang qin tang) Scutellaria Decoction, 508, 511 (huang qin xie bai san) Scutellaria White-Draining Powder, 508 (huang tu tang) Yellow Earth Decoction, 702, 705, 707, 709, 884, 885 (hui yan zhu yu tang) Epiglottis StasisExpelling Decoction, 692 (hui yang jiu ji tang) Yang-Returning Emergency Decoction, 535, 536, 539 (hui yang yu long gao) Yang-Returning Jade Dragon Ointment, 867 (huo luo xiao ling dan) Effective ChannelActivating Elixir, 685, 689, 700, 880, 894 (huo po xia ling tang) Agastache, Magnolia, Pinellia and Poria Decoction, 746, 761 (huo xiang zheng qi san) Agastache Qi-Correcting Powder, 742–744, 747 (huo xue san yu tang) Blood-Activating and Stasis-Dissipating Decoction, 695 (huo xue shu gan tang) Blood-Moving and Liver-Soothing Decoction, 698 (huo xue zhi tong tang) Blood-Moving and Pain-Relieving Decoction, 696

J

(ji chuan jian) Fluid-Replenishing Decoction, 454–456, 879 (ji ming san) Cock’s Crow Powder, 770, 772, 889 (ji su san) Peppermint Powder, 521, 522 (jia jian fu mai tang) Pulse-Restoring Variant Decoction, 614 (jia jian wei rui tang) Solomon’s Seal Variant Decoction, 439, 440, 442, 445 (jia jian yi yin jian) Modified Initial Yin Decoction, 592, 894, 895 (jia jian zhu jing wan) Scene-Staying Variant Pill, 593

(jia wei er chen tang) Supplemented Two Matured Substances Decoction, 794 (jia wei er miao wan) Supplemented Two Mysterious Pill, 756, 889 (jia wei shen qi wan) Supplemented Kidney Qi Pill, 602, 605 (jia wei sheng yu tang) Supplemented Sage Cure Decoction, 580 (jia wei si jun zi tang) Supplemented Four Gentlemen Decoction, 564 (jia wei wu lin san) Supplemented Five Stranguries Powder, 756 (jia wei wu ling san) Supplemented Five Substances Powder with Poria, 757 (jia wei wu yao tang) Supplemented Linderae Powder, 660, 664, 668, 674, 877 (jia wei xiang su san) Supplemented Cyperus and Perilla Powder, 428 (jia wei xiao yao san) Supplemented Free Wanderer Powder, 475, 476 (jia wei xiu gan san) Supplemented Liver-Reconditioning Powder, 509 (jian bu hu qian wan) Walk-Fortifying Hidden Tiger Pill, 610 (jian bu wan) Walk-Fortifying Pill, 610 (jian gu tang) Fortifying and Stabilizing Decoction, 766 (jian ling tang) Down Sweeping Decoction, 727, 729 (jian pi li shui tang) Spleen-Fortifying Urination-Promote Decoction, 765 (jian pi wan) Spleen-Fortifying Pill, 810, 812, 814 (jiang jun ding tong wan) General Pain-Easing Pill, 795 (jiao ai tang) Donkey-Hide Gelatin and Mugwort Decoction, 570, 573 (jiao tai wan) Grand Communication Pill, 644–645 (jie geng tang) Platycodon Decoction, 845, 899 (jie geng xing ren jian) Platycodon and Apricot Kernel Decoction, 798, 899 (jie gu dan) Bone-Reuniting Elixir, 695 (jie nüe qi bao yin) Malaria-stopping Seven Treasures Beverage, 466 (jin fei cao san) Inula Powder, 805, 807 (jin huang san) Golden Yellow Powder, 859, 861 (jin ling zi san) Toosendan Powder, 503, 662, 667, 674, 880, 894 (jin shui liu jun jian) Metal Water Six Gentlemen Decoction, 786, 789 (jin suo gu jing wan) Golden Lock Essence-Securing Pill, 697 (jing fang bai du san) Schizonepeta and Saposhnikovia Toxin-Resolving Powder, 444, 445 (jing xiao san) Valuable Experience Powder, 489 (jiu huang dan) Nine Yellows Pellet, 868 (jiu ji xi xian san) Emergency Drool-Thinning Powder, 834–836 (jiu ni tang) Desertion-Rescuing Decoction, 728, 729 (jiu wei qiang huo tang) Nine Ingredients Notopterygium Decoction, 423, 425, 779

(jiu xian san) Nine Immortals Powder, 618, 619, 877 (jiu yi dan) Nine-To-One Powder, 859, 868 (ju he wan) Tangerine Seed Pill, 666, 669, 673 (ju hong hua tan wan) Red Tangerine Peel Phlegm-Transforming Pill, 619 (ju hua cha tiao san) Tea-Mix and Chrysanthemum Powder, 718, 721 (ju hua jue ming san) Chrysanthemum and Cassia Seed Powder, 437, 901 (ju pi zhu ru tang) Tangerine Peel and Bamboo Shavings Decoction, 676, 678, 680 (ju yuan jian) Original-Qi-Lifting Decoction, 562 (juan bi tang) Eliminating Painful Obstruction Decoction, 778

K

(kai yu er chen tang) Two Matured Substances Decoction for Dispersing Stagnation, 786 (kai yu san) Constraint-Resolving Powder, 673 (ke xue fang) Blood-Expectorating Formula, 702, 704, 706 (kong sheng zhen zhong dan) Sage Confucius Pillow Elixir, 642, 643, 885 (kong xian dan) Drool-Controlling Elixir, 459, 460 (ku shen tang) Lightyellow Sophora Root Decoction, 900 (ku zhi ding) Hemorrhoid-Necrotizing Insertion, 867 (ku zhi san) Hemorrhoid-Necrotizing Powder, 867 (kui yang wan) Pill for Ulcer, 709

L

(lan wei hua yu tang) Appendix StasisDissolving Decoction, 847 (lan wei qing hua tang) Appendix-ClearingRemoving Decoction, 847 (lan wei qing jie tang) Appendix-ClearingResolving Decoction, 847 (leng xiao wan) Pill for Cold Wheezing, 801 (li shi ban xia bai zhu tian ma tang) Master Li’s Pinellia, Atractylodes Macrocephala and Gastrodia Decoction, 805, 807 (li yu tang) Cyprinus Carpio Decoction, 766 (li zhong an hui tang) Center-Regulating Roundworms-Calming Decoction, 829, 831 (li zhong hua tan wan) Center-Regulating and Phlegm-Transforming Pill, 532 (li zhong wan) Center-Regulating Pill, 528, 530, 531, 533, 566 (lian li tang) Coptis Regulating Decoction, 478 (lian mei an hui tang) Picrorhizae and Mume Roundworms-Calming Decoction, 830, 831 (lian pi sha chong wan) Toosendan Fruit Worms-Killing Pill, 829 (lian po yin) Coptis and Officinal Magnolia Bark Beverage, 747, 748, 752, 761 (lian qiao bai du san) Forsythia Toxin-Resolving Powder, 444 (liang di tang) Rehmannia and Lycium Root-Bark Decoction, 592, 894

Pinyin-English Cross Reference of Chinese Medical Formula Names

(liang fu wan) Lesser Galangal and Cyperus Pill, 671, 877, 879, 886 (liang ge san) Diaphragm-Cooling Powder, 490, 491, 493, 913 (liang xue di huang tang) Blood-Cooling Rehmannia Decoction, 489, 899 (liang xue si wu tang) Blood-Cooling Four Substances Decoction, 489, 891 (liang ying qing qi tang) Nutrient AspectCooling and Qi-Clearing Decoction, 499 (ling gan wu wei jiang xin tang) Poria, Licorice, Schisandra, Dried Ginger and Asarum Decoction, 799–801 (ling gui zhu gan tang) Poria, Cinnamon Twig, Atractylodes Macrocephala and Licorice Decoction, 768, 769, 771, 773, 774, 886 (ling jiao gou teng tang) Antelope Horn and Uncaria Decoction, 722, 723, 726, 729 (ling yang jiao tang) Antelope Horn Decoction, 738, 881 (liu he tang) Six Harmony Decoction, 746, 747 (liu jun zi tang) Six Gentlemen Decoction, 458, 536, 539, 561, 566, 796 (liu mo tang) Six Milled Ingredients Decoction, 671 (liu wei di huang wan) Six-Ingredient Rehmannia Pill, 582, 583, 587, 597, 635 (liu yi san) Six-to-One Powder, 520–522, 524 (liu ying wan) Six Promises Pill, 494, 902 (long dan xie gan tang) Gentian Liver-Draining Decoction, 502, 505, 509, 510, 884, 885, 887, 893, 896, 902 (lü feng ling yang yin) Antelope Horn Beverage for Green Glaucoma, 495 (lu gan shi xi ji) Calamine Wash Formula, 859, 860 (lu nei xiao yu tang) Intracalvarium StasisDispersing Decoction, 699

(man jing zi san) Shrub Chastetree Fruit Powder, 436 (mei hua dian she dan) Plum Blossom SoreDispelling Pill (mi tuo seng san) Litharge Powder, 847 (ming mu di huang wan) Eyesight-Improving Rehmannia Pill, 591, 902 (mu fang ji tang) Cocculi Decoction, 754 (mu li san) Oyster Shell Powder, 616, 617, 883 (mu xiang bing lang wan) Costus Root and Areca Pill, 810, 811, 813, 817, 878 (mu xiang dao zhi wan) Costus Root Stagnation-Moving Pill, 817 (mu xiang shun qi san) Costus Root Qi-Normalizing Powder, 670

N

(nan gua zi fen bing lang jian) Pumpkin Seed Powder and Areca Decoction, 830 (nei bu huang qi tang) Interior-Supplementing Astragalus Decoction, 838, 853–855, 857 (nei shu huang lian tang) Interior-Soothing Coptis Decoction, 495 (nei xiao luo li wan) Scrofula InternalDispersing Pill, 818–820, 823, 899 (ning xue tang) Blood-Tranquilizing Decoction, 708 (niu bang jie ji tang) Arctium Flesh-Releasing Decoction, 841, 844 (niu huang jie du pian) Bovine Bezoar Toxin-Resolving Tablet, 495 (niu huang qing xin wan) Bovine Bezoar Heart-Clearing Pill, 648, 650, 652, 654 (niu jiao san) Buffalo Horn Powder, 750, 753 (nuan gan jian) Liver-Warming Decoction, 664, 668, 899

P M

(ma huang fu zi gan cao tang) Ephedra, Aconite and Licorice Decoction, 444 (ma huang fu zi xi xin tang) Ephedra, Aconite and Asarum Decoction, 444, 445 (ma huang jia zhu tang) Ephedra Decoction Plus Atractylodes Macrocephala, 426 (ma huang lian qiao chi xiao dou tang) Ephedra, Forsythia and Rice Bean Decoction, 757 (ma huang tang) Ephedra Decoction, 417, 422, 424, 429, 875, 888, 913 (ma xing er chen tang) Two Matured Substances Decoction with Ephedra and Apricot Kernel, 787 (ma xing shi gan tang) Ephedra, Apricot Kernel, Gypsum and Licorice Decoction, 430, 431, 433, 438, 877 (ma xing yi gan tang) Ephedra, Apricot Kernel, Coix Seed and Licorice Decoction, 426 (ma zi ren wan) Cannabis Fruit Pill, 454–457, 879 (mai men dong tang) Ophiopogon Decoction, 736, 738 (mai wei di huang wan) Ophiopogon, Schisandra and Rehmannia Pill, 590, 597

(ping wei san) Stomach-Calming Powder, 742–744, 747, 765, 767, 878 (pu ji xiao du yin) Universal Relief ToxinRemoving Beverage, 490–492, 850

Q

(qi bao mei ran dan) Seven Treasures Beard-Blackening Elixir, 606–608 (qi fu tang) Astragalus and Aconite Decoction, 535, 537 (qi ge san) Diaphragm-Activating Powder, 672 (qi ju di huang wan) Lycium Berry, Chrysanthemum and Rehmannia Pill, 590, 597 (qi li san) Seven-Thousandths of a Tael Powder, 685, 689, 701, 898, 900, 901 (qi wei bai zhu san) Seven-Ingredient Atractylodes Macrocephalae Powder, 562, 566 (qian gen san) Indian Madder Root Powder, 708, 884, 885 (qian jin san) Worth a Thousand Gold Powder, 860 (qian lie xian tang) Treating-Prostatitis Decoction, 694 (qian zheng san) Symmetry-Correcting Powder, 712, 715, 721

981

(qiang huo sheng feng tang) Notopterygium Wind-Eliminating Decoction, 779 (qiang huo sheng shi tang) Notopterygium Dampness-Drying Decoction, 436, 775, 776, 779 (qiao he tang) Forsythia and Peppermint Decoction, 735 (qin jiao bie jia san) Large Gentian and Turtle Shell Powder, 515 (qin jiao wan) Gentian Pill, 757 (qing chang yin) Intestines-Clearing Beverage, 846, 848 (qing dai san) Indigo Naturalis Powder, 862 (qing dai tang) Discharge-Clearing Decoction, 631, 632 (qing fei yin) Lung-Clearing Beverage, 767 (qing gan zhi lin tang) Liver-Heat-Clearing and Blood-Dripping-Relieving Decoction, 489 (qing gong tang) Palace-Clearing Decoction, 488, 649 (qing gu san) Bone-Clearing Powder, 511, 512, 514, 515, 876 (qing hao bie jia tang) Sweet Wormwood and Turtle Shell Decoction, 511–513, 515, 876 (qing jie tou biao tang) Clearing-Resolving and Exterior-Venting Decoction, 435 (qing jin hua tan tang) Lung-Clearing Phlegm-Transforming Decoction, 794 (qing jin jiang huo tang) Lung-Clearing Fire-Subduing Decoction, 793 (qing jing san) Menses-Clearing Powder, 488 (qing luo yin jia gan jie tian xing ren mai dong tang) Channel-Clearing Beverage plus Licorice, Platycodon, Sweet Almond and Ophiopogon, 523 (qing luo yin jia xing ren yi yi hua shi tang) Channel-Clearing Beverage plus Apricot Kernel, Coix Seed and Talcum, 523 (qing luo yin) Channel-Clearing Beverage, 522–524 (qing ning san) Clearing-Tranquilizing Powder, 794 (qing qi hua tan wan) Qi-Clearing and PhlegmTransforming Pill, 790, 792, 793, 795, 798 (qing re gu jing tang) Heat-Clearing and Menses-Stabilizing Decoction, 488 (qing re tiao xue tang) Heat-Clearing and Blood-Regulating Decoction, 694 (qing shu yi qi tang) Summerheat-Clearing Qi-Boosting Decoction, 525 (qing wei san) Stomach-Heat-Clearing Powder, 500, 503, 506, 510, 884, 901 (qing wen bai du yin) Epidemic-Clearing Toxin-Resolving Beverage, 497, 498, 500, 920 (qing xin lian zi yin) Heart-Clearing Lotus Seed Beverage, 507 (qing yan li ge tang) Throat-Clearing Diaphragm-Disinhibiting Decoction, 494 (qing yan shuang he yin) Throat-Clearing Two-Harmony Beverage, 494 (qing ying tang) Nutrient Aspect Heat-Clearing Decoction, 486, 487, 490, 649, 876 (qing yu tang) Green Jar Decoction, 494 (qing zao jiu fei tang) Dryness-Clearing and Lung-Rescuing Decoction, 732–735, 798

982

Pinyin-English Cross Reference of Chinese Medical Formula Names

(qing zhong tang) Center-Clearing Decoction, 759 (qiong yu gao) Fine Jade Paste, 737, 739 (qu feng san re yin zi) Wind-Dispelling and Heat-Dissipating Drink, 436 (qu feng shang qing san) Wind-Dispelling and Upper-Clearing Powder, 720 (qu hui tang) Roundworms-Expelling Decoction, 830

R

(ren shen ge jie san) Ginseng and Gecko Powder, 557, 559, 561, 877 (ren shen gui pi wan) Ginseng Spleen-Restoring Pill, 580 (ren shen hu tao tang) Ginseng-Juglandis Decoction, 564 (ren shen jian pi wan) Ginseng Spleen-Fortifying Pill, 563 (ren shen wu mei tang) Ginseng and Mume Decoction, 563 (ren shen wu wei zi tang) Ginseng and Schisandra Decoction, 565 (ren shen yang rong tang) Ginseng Supporting and Nourishing Decoction, 578, 582 (ren shen zi jin dan) Ginseng Purple-Gold Elixir, 696 (ru yi jin huang san) Golden Yellow Powder as Wishes, 861 (run chang wan) Intestine-Moistening Pill, 457

S

(san ao tang) Rough and Ready Three Decoction, 426 (san bi tang) Three Impediments Decoction, 777, 780 (san cai feng sui dan) Heaven, Human, and Earth Marrow-Retaining Elixir, 592 (san feng huo luo wan) Wind-Scattering Channel-Activating Pill, 720 (san huang bao la wan) Three-Yellow Treasures Wax Pill, 696 (san huang xi ji) Three Yellows Wash Formula, 862 (san jia fu mai tang) Three Shells PulseRestoring Decoction, 649, 728, 729, 881 (san jia jian zheng qi san) Three Qi-Rectifying Variant Powder, 745 (san miao wan) Three Mysterious Pill, 755, 760, 889 (san pin yi tiao qiang) Three-Shot Gun Drug Stick, 859, 865 (san re xiao du yin zi) Heat-Dissipating Toxin-Removing Drink, 496 (san ren tang) Three Kernels Decoction, 747, 748, 751, 761, 876 (san ren wu zi tang) Three-Kernel and FiveSeed Decoction, 594 (san sheng san) Three Sages Powder, 836 (san wu bei ji wan) Three Substances Emergency Pill, 452, 453 (san yu he shang tang) Stasis-Dissipating Injury-Healing Decoction, 873

(san zi yang qin tang) Three-Seed Filial Devotion Decoction, 799, 800, 802, 876, 877, 915 (sang bai pi tang) Mulberry Root Bark Decoction, 795 (sang ju yin) Mulberry Leaf and Chrysanthemum Beverage, 430, 431, 433, 875, 884 (sang piao xiao san) Mantis Egg Shell Powder, 623, 625–627 (sang xing tang) Mulberry Leaf and Apricot Kernel Decoction, 732–735, 798, 883 (sha shen mai dong tang) Glehnia and Ophiopogonis Decoction, 735, 876, 891 (shang han quan sheng ji lian qiao bai du san) Forsythia Toxin-Resolving Powder from Life-Saving Manual of Cold Damage, 845 (shang xia xiang zi tang) Upper-Nether MutualSupplying Decoction, 596 (shang zhi sun shang xi fang) Wash Formula for Upper Limb Injury, 860, 870 (shao fu zhu yu tang) Lower Abdominal StasisExpelling Decoction, 686, 691, 700 (shao yao gan cao tang) Peony and Licorice Decoction, 596 (shao yao tang) Peony Decoction, 500, 504, 506, 511, 547, 879 (she gan ma huang tang) Belamcanda and Ephedra Decoction, 429 (shen deng zhao fa fang) Burning Fumigation Formula, 864 (shen fu tang) Ginseng and Aconite Decoction, 534–536, 629, 882 (shen gong nei tuo san) Magic Effective VitalQi-Strengthening Powder, 856 (shen ling bai zhu san) Ginseng, Poria and Atractylodes Macrocephalae Powder, 557, 560, 566, 878, 888 (shen lu yin) Ginseng Rhizome Beverage, 834–836 (shen qi wan) Kidney Qi Pill, 598, 599, 601, 602, 605, 624 (shen su yin) Ginseng and Perilla Beverage, 439, 441, 443, 445 (shen tong zhu yu tang) Generalized Pain Stasis-Expelling Decoction, 692, 700 (shen xi dan) Miraculous Pill of Rhinoceros Horn, 499, 500, 876 (shen xian huo ming tang) Immortal Life-Giving Decoction, 496 (shen xian jie yu dan) Immortal Aphasia-Treating Pill, 805, 807 (shen zhuo tang) Kidney Fixity Decoction, 769 (sheng hua tang) Engendering and Transforming Decoction, 682, 686, 690, 897 (sheng ji san) Granulation-Promoting Powder, 859, 861 (sheng ji yu hong gao) Granulation-Promoting Red Jade Ointment, 859, 863 (sheng jiang xie xin tang) Fresh Ginger Heart-Draining Decoction, 479 (sheng ma ge gen tang) Cimicifuga and Pueraria Decoction, 430, 432, 434 (sheng ma tang) Cimicifuga Decoction, 788

(sheng mai san) Pulse-Engendering Powder, 539, 557, 558, 560, 585, 614, 649, 882, 886 (sheng tie luo yin) Iron Flakes Beverage, 637, 893 (sheng xian tang) Raising the Sinking Decoction, 563, 567 (sheng xue bu sui tang) Blood-Engendering and Marrow-Supplementing Decoction, 572 (sheng yang chu shi tang) Yang-Raising and Dampness-Eliminating Decoction, 766 (sheng yang yi wei tang) Yang-Raising and Stomach-Boosting Decoction, 562, 567 (sheng yu tang) Sage Cure Decoction, 570, 573 (shi bu wan) Ten Supplements Pill, 599, 601, 605 (shi gao tang) Gypsum Decoction, 544, 545, 547, 875 (shi hu ye guang wan) Dendrobium Pill for Night Vision, 582, 586, 589 (shi hui san) Ten Charred Substances Powder, 702, 703, 706, 709, 883–885, 895 (shi jun zi san) Rangooncreeper Powder, 830, 879 (shi pi san) Spleen-Strengthening Powder, 768, 770, 771, 774 (shi quan da bu tang) Perfect Major Supplementation Decoction, 578, 582, 686, 857 (shi wei san) Folium Pyrrosiae Powder, 756, 888 (shi wei wen dan tang) Ten-Ingredient Gallbladder-Warming Decoction, 787, 789 (shi xiao san) Sudden Smile Powder, 700, 886, 894, 895, 897 (shi zao tang) Ten Jujubes Decoction, 457–460, 888 (shou nian san) Pinch Powder, 692, 700, 880 (shou se zhi dai tang) Astringing and Arresting Vaginal Discharge Decoction, 631, 632, 896 (shou tai wan) Fetus Longevity Pill, 603 (shu feng qing gan tang) Wind-Scattering and Liver-Clearing Decoction, 436 (shu jin zhi tong shui) Sinews-Relaxing Pain-Relieving Liquid, 872 (shu luo wan) Channel-Relaxing Pill, 720 (shu yu wan) Cinnamonvine Pill, 574, 575, 577 (shu zao yin zi) Dredging and Piercing Drink, 549, 551, 552, 888 (shuang bai san) Platycladi and Phellodendron Powder, 864 (shuang jie san) Double-Resolving Powder, 546 (shui jie san) Water-Resolving Powder, 546 (shun qi dao tan tang) Qi-Normalizing and Phlegm-Expelling Decoction, 788 (shun qi huo xue tang) Qi-Balancing and Blood-Moving Decoction, 696 (si hai shu yu wan) Four Sea-Medicinal Pill for Relieving Depression, 679 (si huang gao) Four Yellows Ointment, 863 (si huang san) Four Yellows Powder, 859, 861 (si jia jian zheng qi san) Four Qi-Rectifying Variant Powder, 746 (si jun zi tang) Four Gentlemen Decoction, 449, 557, 559, 564, 566, 686, 826, 857, 877, 890

Pinyin-English Cross Reference of Chinese Medical Formula Names

(si ling san) Four Substances Powder with Poria, 765, 767 (si miao wan) Four Mysterious Pill, 755, 760, 889, 891, 896 (si miao yong an tang) Four Wonderfully Effective Heroes Decoction, 839, 842, 849, 850 (si mo tang) Four Milled Ingredients Decoction, 660, 662, 667, 680 (si ni jia ren shen tang) Frigid Extremities Decoction Plus Ginseng, 536, 538 (si ni san) Frigid Extremities Powder, 472, 474, 476, 503, 686 (si ni tang) Frigid Extremities Decoction, 476, 534, 536, 538 (si qi tang) Six-Seven Decoction, 671 (si shen wan) Four Spirits Pill, 620, 622, 623, 878 (si sheng wan) Raw Four Pill, 702, 706, 709 (si shun qing liang yin zi) Four Favorables Clearing-Cooling Drink, 496 (si wei hui yang yin) Four-Ingredient Yang-Returning Beverage, 603 (si wu tang) Four Substances Decoction, 568, 569, 573, 894 (si wu wu zi wan) Four-Substance and Five-Seed Pill, 572, 901 (si wu xiao feng san) Four Substances Wind-Dispersing Powder, 719, 900 (su he xiang wan) Storax Pill, 654–657, 882, 883 (su mu jian) Sappan Wood Decoction, 868 (su qi tang) Qi-Resuscitating Decoction, 697 (su zi jiang qi tang) Perilla Fruit Qi-Descending Decoction, 674, 675, 677, 680 (suan zao ren tang) Sour Jujube Decoction, 638, 640, 643, 789, 887 (sun shi mu li san) Master Sun’s Oyster Shell Powder, 617 (suo quan wan) Stream-Reducing Pill, 623–627, 879, 889

T

(tai shan pan shi san) Rock of Mount Tai Fetus-Quieting Powder, 574–576, 582, 896 (tai yi gao) Grand Yi Ointment, 862, 866 (tai yuan yin) Fetus Original-Qi Decoction, 581 (tao he cheng qi tang) Peach Kernel Qi-Guiding Decoction, 682, 687, 701 (tao hong si wu tang) Peach Kernel and Carthamus Four Substances Decoction, 571, 573, 894, 895, 900 (tao hua tang) Peach Blossom Decoction, 620–623, 878 (tao ren hong hua jian) Peach Kernel and Carthamus Decoction, 694, 887 (tian ma gou teng yin) Gastrodia and Uncaria Beverage, 722, 723, 725, 881, 882, 893 (tian tai wu yao san) Top-Quality Linderae Powder, 660, 665, 669, 673 (tian wang bu xin dan) Celestial Emperor Heart-Supplementing Elixir, 638, 639, 641, 643 (tian xian teng san) Herba Aristolochiae Powder, 672

(tiao gan tang) Liver-Regulating Decoction, 596, 893 (tiao pi san) Spleen-Regulating Powder, 815 (tiao wei cheng qi tang) Stomach-Regulating and Purgative Decoction, 450, 451, 879, 892, 901 (tiao yuan san) Original-Qi-Regulating Powder, 578 (tiao yuan shen qi wan) Original-Qi-Regulating Kidney Qi Pill, 581 (ting li da zao xie fei tang) Pepperweed and Jujube Lung-Draining Decoction, 507, 510 (tong guan zi shen wan) Gate-Freeing and Kidney-Nourishing Pill, 591 (tong mai si ni tang) Channel-Unblocking for Frigid Extremities Decoction, 537, 538 (tong qiao huo xue tang) Orifices-Unblocking and Blood-Invigorating Decoction, 691, 700, 893 (tong qiao tang) Orifices-Unblocking Decoction, 428 (tong ru dan) Lactation-Promoting Elixir, 578 (tong xie yao fang) Important Formula for Painful Diarrhea, 473, 474 (tong you tang) Decoction for Opening Pylorus, 693 (tong yu jian) Stasis-Unblocking Decoction, 693, 894 (tou nong san) Pus-Expelling Powder, 838, 850–853 (tou zhen liang jie tang) Eruption-Promoting Cooling-Resolving Decoction, 499, 900 (tuo li tou nong tang) Vital-Qi-Strengthening Pus-Expelling Decoction, 853 (tuo li xiao du san) Vital-Qi-Strengthening and Toxin-Expelling Powder, 838, 850–852 (tuo seng gao) Litharge Ointment, 867

W

(wai fu jie gu san) Bone-Reuniting Powder for External Applyment, 870 (wan dai tang) Discharge-Ceasing Decoction, 628–630 (wan ling gao) Catholicon Ointment, 871 (wan ying gao) Panchrest Ointment, 860, 871 (wan shi fei er wan) Master Wan’s ChildhoodMalnutrition Rectifying Pill, 829 (wang shi qing shu yi qi tang) Master Wang’s Summerheat-Clearing Qi-Boosting Decoction, 524–526 (wang shi wen jing tang) Master Wang’s Channel-Warming Decoction, 692 (wei jing tang) Phragmites Stem Decoction, 511, 838, 842, 845 (wei ling tang) Stomach-Calming Poria Decoction, 765, 767 (wei shi wen dan tang) Master Wei’s Gallbladder-Warming Decoction, 786 (wen bao yin) Womb-Warming Decoction, 604 (wen dan tang) Gallbladder-Warming Decoction, 784, 785, 789, 876, 881 (wen fei zhi liu dan) Lung-Warming and Runniness-Stopping Elixir, 542

983

(wen jing tang) Channel-Warming Decoction, 682, 684, 686, 689, 893, 894 (wen pi tang) Spleen-Warming Decoction, 452–454 (wen tu yu lin tang) Earth-Warming Decoction for Promoting Reproduction, 603, 895, 896 (wu bei zi tang) Chinese Nut-gall Decoction, 866 (wu bi shan yao wan) Matchless Cinnamonvine Pill, 609, 889 (wu fu ma xin gui jiang tang) Monkshood Mother Root, Aconite, Ephedra, Asarum, Cinnamon Twig and Dried Ginger Decoction, 540, 541 (wu hu zhui feng san) Five-Tiger Powder to Pursue Wind, 719, 882 (wu ji san) Five Accumulations Powder, 547–549 (wu ji wan) Fifth and Sixth Heavenly Stem Pill, 507 (wu jia jian zheng qi san) Five Qi-Rectifying Variant Powder, 746 (wu lin san) Five Stranguries Powder, 755, 760 (wu ling san) Five Substances Powder with Poria, 761–763, 765, 767, 768, 770, 773, 888 (wu mei wan) Mume Pill, 825, 826, 828, 831, 879 (wu mo yin zi) Five Milled Ingredients Drink, 670, 879 (wu pi san) Five-Peel Powder, 761–764 (wu pi yin) Five-Peel Beverage, 766, 770 (wu ren wan) Five Kernels Pill, 454–457, 879 (wu shen tang) Five Spirits Decoction, 848, 850 (wu sheng wan) Raw Five Pill, 805 (wu tou tang) Aconite Main Root Decoction, 778 (wu wei tang) Five Atrophies Decoction, 564 (wu wei xiao du yin) Five Ingredients Toxin-Removing Beverage, 840, 843, 849 (wu wu dan) Five-To-Five Powder, 859, 868 (wu xian shen ying wan) Miraculous Effective Pill for Five-Epilepsy, 806, 807 (wu yao shun qi san) Linderae Qi-Balancing Powder, 679 (wu yao tang) Linderae Decoction, 671, 674, 877, 894 (wu zhi an zhong yin) Five-Juice CenterCalming Decoction, 740 (wu zhi yin) Five Juice Beverage, 740 (wu zhu yu tang) Evodia Decoction, 528–530, 680, 877, 878 (wu zi yan zong wan) Five-Seed Progeny Pill, 609

X

(xi di qing luo yin) Rhinoceros Horn and Rehmannia Channel-Clearing Beverage, 523 (xi huang wan) Rhinoceros Bezoar Pill, 840, 844, 848 (xi jiao di huang tang) Rhinoceros Horn and Rehmannia Decoction, 487, 488, 490, 498, 649, 876 (xi jiao san) Rhinoceros Horn Powder, 488

984

Pinyin-English Cross Reference of Chinese Medical Formula Names

(xi lei san) Tin-Like Powder, 865 (xi po zhi bao dan) Rhinoceros Horn and Succinum Supreme Jewel Elixir, 653 (xi xin tang) Heart-Washing Decoction, 806 (xia ru yong quan san) Powder for Promoting Lactation like Pouring Spring, 672, 897 (xia yu xue tang) Discharging Blood Stasis Decoction, 691, 701, 880, 895 (xia zhi sun shang xi fang) Wash Formula for Lower Limb Injury, 870 (xian fang huo ming yin) Immortal Formula Life-Giving Beverage, 838, 839, 843, 849, 850 (xiang bei yang rong tang) Cyperus and Fritillaria Supporting and Nourishing Decoction, 580 (xiang lian wan) Costus Root and Coptis Pill, 508, 511 (xiang pi gao) Corium Elephatis Plaster, 872 (xiang ru san) Mosla Powder, 518, 519, 875, 878 (xiang sha liu jun zi tang) Costusroot and Amomum Six Gentlemen Decoction, 562, 566 (xiang su cong chi tang) Cyperus, Perilla, Scallion and Fermented Soybean Decoction, 427, 896 (xiang su san) Cyperus and Perilla Powder, 423, 425 (xiao ban xia tang) Minor Pinellia Decoction, 532, 878 (xiao chai hu tang) Minor Bupleurum Decoction, 466, 468, 471, 476, 553, 747, 749, 796 (xiao cheng qi tang) Minor Purgative Decoction, 450, 451, 457 (xiao ding feng zhu) Minor Wind-Stabilizing Pill, 727, 729 (xiao er hui chun dan) Children’s Returnof-Spring Elixir, 897 (xiao feng san) Wind-Dispersing Powder, 713, 716, 722, 900 (xiao gan li pi tang) Malnutrition-Eliminating Spleen-Rectifying Decoction, 816 (xiao huo luo dan) Minor Channel-Activating Elixir, 712, 714, 716, 722, 890 (xiao ji wan) Accumulation-Dispersing Pill, 817 (xiao ji yin zi) Field Thistle Drink, 702, 705, 707, 760, 884, 888 (xiao jian zhong tang) Minor Center-Fortifying Decoction, 528, 530, 533, 879 (xiao jin dan) Small Gold Pill, 841, 844, 849 (xiao luo wan) Reducing Scrofula Pill, 790, 791, 793, 823, 897, 899 (xiao qing long jia shi gao tang) Minor Green Dragon Decoction Plus Gypsum, 428 (xiao qing long tang) Minor Green Dragon Decoction, 422, 424, 425, 428, 429, 801, 876, 877 (xiao ru wan) Infantile Stagnation-Reducing Pill, 816 (xiao xian xiong tang) Minor Chest-Draining Decoction, 790, 792, 795, 796 (xiao xu ming tang) Small Emergency Decoction, 718, 721

(xiao yao lou bei san) Free Wanderer Trichosanthes and Fritillaria Powder, 475, 897, 898 (xiao yao san) Free Wanderer Powder, 472–476, 597, 686, 720, 840, 882, 900 (xiao yi tang) Nebula-Dispersing Decoction, 437 (xiao ying jian) Minor Nutrient Decoction, 571 (xiao ying san) Goiter-Dispersing Powder, 846 (xiao ying wu hai yin) Goiter-Dispersing Five Sea-Medicinal Beverage, 822, 823 (xiao zhi ling zhu she ye) Hemorrhoid Injection, 867 (xie bai san) White-Draining Powder, 500, 502, 505, 510, 511, 877, 883, 884 (xie gan an shen wan) Liver-Draining and Spirit-Calming Pill, 637 (xie huang san) Yellow-Draining Powder, 500, 501, 505, 510, 901 (xie nao tang) Brain-Draining Decoction, 757 (xie qing wan) Green-Draining Pill, 507, 509 (xie xin tang) Heart-Draining Decoction, 493, 496, 885 (xin jia huang long tang) Newly Supplemented Yellow Dragon Decoction, 462 (xin jia xiang ru yin) Newly-Supplemented Mosla Beverage, 875 (xin zhi chai lian tang) Newly-Prepared Bupleurum and Coptis Decoction, 509 (xin zhi ju pi zhu ru tang) Newly Prepared Tangerine Peel and Bamboo Shavings Decoction, 679 (xing jun san) Marching Powder, 648, 649, 652, 657 (xing lou cheng qi tang) Arisaema and Trichosanthes Qi-Guiding Decoction, 806 (xing su san) Apricot Kernel and Perilla Powder, 732–735 (xing xiao wan) Awakening-Dispersing Pill, 846, 848 (xiong gui bu xue tang) Chuanxiong and Chinese Angelica Blood-Supplementing Decoction, 571 (xiong zhi shi gao tang) Chuanxiong, Angelica Root and Gypsum Decoction, 718, 892 (xuan bi tang) Painful Obstruction Resolving Decoction, 757, 760, 890 (xuan du fa biao tang) Toxin-Expelling Exterior-Relieving Decoction, 435 (xuan fu dai zhe tang) Inula and Hematite Decoction, 674, 676, 677, 680 (xue fu zhu yu tang) Blood Mansion Stasis-Expelling Decoction, 682, 683, 687, 700, 701

Y

(yan hu suo san) Corydalis Rhizome Powder, 670, 674, 886 (yan shi ju pi zhu ru tang) Master Yan’s Tangerine Peel and Bamboo Shavings Decoction, 678 (yan tang tan tu fang) Salt Soup VomitingStimulating Formula, 835, 836 (yan zhu guan nong fang) Formula for Eyeball with Pus, 495

(yang du nei xiao san) Yang-Toxin Internal Expelling Powder, 864 (yang he jie ning gao) Yang-Harmonizing Coagulation-Resolving Ointment, 859, 869 (yang he tang) Harmonious Yang Decoction, 840, 841, 843, 849, 899 (yang jing zhong yu tang) Decoction for Conception with Nourishing Kidney-Essence, 593 (yang rong zhuang shen tang) Supporting and Nourishing, and Kidney-Strengthening Decoction, 604 (yang wei zeng ye tang) Stomach-Nourishing and Humor-Increasing Decoction, 595 (yang xin tang) Heart-Nourishing Decoction, 571, 638, 639, 641 (yang yin qing fei tang) Yin-Nourishing and Lung-Clearing Decoction, 736, 738 (yao tou gao) Head-Biting Plaster, 866, 898 (yi gong san) Special Achievement Powder, 561, 566 (yi guan jian) Effective Integration Decoction, 582, 584, 588, 597 (yi huang tang) Yellow-Transforming Decoction, 628, 629, 631, 632 (yi jia jian zheng qi san) One Qi-Rectifying Variant Powder, 745 (yi nian jin) Children’s Indigestion Powder, 815 (yi qi cong ming tang) Qi-Boosting Intelligence Decoction, 563, 902 (yi qi dao niao tang) Qi-Boosting and Urine-Guiding Decoction, 565 (yi sao guang) Powder for Sweeping Away, 860, 900 (yi shen tiao jing tang) Kidney-Boosting and Menstruation-Regulating Decoction, 605 (yi wei tang) Stomach-Boosting Decoction, 585, 588 (yi yang jiu lian san) Yang-Inhibiting Wine-fried Coptis Rhizome Powder, 437 (yi yi fu zi bai jiang san) Coix, Aconite and Patrinia Powder, 838, 841, 845, 850, 899 (yi yi ren tang) Coicis Decoction, 778, 890 (yi yuan san) Original Qi Boosting Powder, 521, 522, 913 (yin chen hao tang) Virgate Wormwood Decoction, 747, 749, 752, 759, 880 (yin chen si ni tang) Virgate Wormwood Frigid Extremities Decoction, 755, 880 (yin chen wan) Virgate Wormwood Pill, 546 (yin chen wu ling san) Five Substances Powder with Poria Plus Virgate Wormwood, 765, 767, 880 (yin du nei xiao san) Yin-Toxin Internal Expelling Powder, 859, 869 (yin hua jie du tang) Lonicera Toxin-Resolving Decoction, 494 (yin qiao ma bo san) Lonicera, Forsythia and Puffball Powder, 493, 902 (yin qiao san) Lonicera and Forsythia Powder, 430, 433, 438, 502, 650, 875, 898, 902 (you gui wan) Right-Restoring Pill, 598, 600, 602, 605, 891, 892, 895, 897 (you gui yin) Right-Restoring Beverage, 603, 605, 891

Pinyin-English Cross Reference of Chinese Medical Formula Names

(yu gong san) Yu Achievement Powder, 457–460 (yu lin zhu) Pill for Breeding Precious Infant, 580 (yu lu san) Jade Dew Powder, 864 (yu nao shi san) Yellow Croaker’s Auricular Bones Powder, 428 (yu nü jian) Jade Lady Decoction, 500, 503, 506, 510, 884, 892 (yu ping feng san) Jade Wind-Barrier Powder, 557, 559, 561, 567, 617 (yu quan wan) Jade Spring Pill, 740, 892 (yu shi hui yang jiu ji tang) Master Yu’s Yang-Returning Emergency Decoction, 537, 539 (yu ye tang) Jade Humor Decoction, 736, 737, 739 (yu zhen san) True Jade Powder, 712, 715, 717, 882 (yue bi tang) Maidservant From Yue Decoction, 435, 438 (yue hua wan) Moonlight Pill, 595, 598, 877 (yue ju wan) Constraint-Resolving Pill, 660, 661, 666 (yun nan bai yao) Yunnan White Drug-Powder, 709 (yun qi wan) Qi-Transporting Pill, 671, 878

Z

(zai zao san) Renewal Powder, 439, 441, 443, 445 (zan yu dan) Procreation Elixir, 604, 889 (ze xie tang) Alisma Rhizome Decoction, 805 (zeng ye cheng qi tang) Humor-Increasing and Qi-Guiding Decoction, 461–463 (zeng ye tang) Humor-Increasing Decoction, 463, 738–740 (zhen gan xi feng tang) Liver-Sedating and Wind-Extinguishing Decoction, 722, 724, 726, 729, 881 (zhen ling dan) Spirit-Rousing Elixir, 631 (zhen ren yang zang tang) Enlightened Master Viscera-Nourishing Decoction, 620, 621, 623 (zhen wu tang) True Warrior Decoction, 458, 768, 769, 771, 774, 886, 888 (zhen zhu mu wan) Mother-of-Pearl Pill, 634, 635, 637 (zheng gu tang yao) Bonesetting Formula for Ironing, 872 (zheng qi tian xiang san) Qi-Correcting Heavenly Fragrance Powder, 671, 674

(zheng rong tang) Appearance-Correcting Decoction, 806 (zhi bai di huang wan) Anemarrhena, Phellodendron and Rehmannia Pill, 590, 597, 635, 883, 896, 901 (zhi bao dan) Supreme Jewel Elixir, 648, 649, 651, 653, 882 (zhi dai fang) Stopping Morbid Vaginal Discharge Decoction, 758 (zhi gan cao tang) Honey-Fried Licorice Decoction, 611–614, 887 (zhi jing san) Spasm-Relieving Powder, 715, 721, 897 (zhi lei bu gan san) Tear-Stopping and Liver-Supplementing Powder, 572 (zhi shang er fang) Formula II for Extremity Injury, 695 (zhi shang san fang) Formula III for Extremity Injury, 695 (zhi shang yi fang) Formula I for Extremity Injury, 695 (zhi shi dao zhi wan) Immature Bitter Orange Stagnation-Moving Pill, 810, 811, 813, 817, 879 (zhi shi shao yao san) Immature Bitter Orange and Peony Powder, 474 (zhi shi xiao pi wan) Immature Bitter Orange and Glomus-Dispersing Pill, 660, 665, 668 (zhi shi xie bai gui zhi tang) Immature Bitter Orange, Chinese Chive and Cinnamon Twig Decoction, 670, 673 (zhi shi zhi zi chi tang) Immature Bitter Orange, Gardenia and Fermented Soybean Decoction, 485 (zhi sou san) Cough-Stopping Powder, 802, 804, 807 (zhi tan fu ling wan) Phlegm-Treating Poria Pill, 783, 785 (zhi tong ru shen tang) Pain-Relieving Like Spirit Decoction, 846 (zhi zhu tang) Immature Bitter Orange and Atractylodes Macrocephala Decoction, 672 (zhi zhu wan) Immature Bitter Orange and Atractylodes Macrocephala Pill, 672 (zhi zi bai pi tang) Gardenia and Phellodendron Bark Decoction, 755, 759, 880 (zhi zi chi tang) Gardenia and Fermented Soybean Decoction, 482–485 (zhi zi sheng qi tang) Gardenia WonderConquering Decoction, 436 (zhong he tang) Center-Harmonizing Decoction, 846, 849

985

(zhong man fen xiao wan) Middle Fullness Separating and Dispersing Pill, 756 (zhou che wan) Vessel and Vehicle Pill, 458–460 (zhu che wan) Carts-Staying Pill, 509, 510 (zhu fu tang) Atractylodes Macrocephala and Aconite Decoction, 535, 538 (zhu huang san) Pearl and Bovine Bezoar Powder, 865 (zhu li da tan wan) Bamboo Sap Phlegm-Expelling Pill, 794, 796 (zhu ling tang) Polyporus Decoction, 761, 763, 764, 768 (zhu que wan) Rosefinch Pill, 645 (zhu ru tang) Bamboo Shavings Decoction, 679 (zhu sha an shen wan) Cinnabar Spirit-Calming Pill, 634, 636, 638, 886 (zhu ye liu bang tang) Lophatherum, Tamarisk and Arctium Decoction, 435, 897 (zhu ye shi gao tang) Lophatherum and Gypsum Decoction, 482–484, 526 (zhu ye xie jing tang) Lophatherum Channel-Draining Decoction, 508 (zhu yu zhi xue tang) Stasis-Expelling and Bleeding-Stanching Decoction, 709 (zhuang jin xu gu dan) Sinew-Strengthening and Bone-Reuniting Elixir, 605 (zhuang jin yang xue tang) SinewStrengthening and Blood-Nourishing Decoction, 697 (zhuang yao jian shen tang) WaistStrengthening and Kidney-Fortifying Decoction, 604 (zi jin ding) Purple Gold Troche, 432, 654–657 (zi sheng jian pi wan) Life-Promoting and Spleen-Fortifying Pill, 563 (zi sheng wan) Life-Promoting Pill, 563 (zi shui qing gan yin) Water-Nourishing and Liver-Clearing Decoction, 591, 597 (zi xue dan) Purple Snow Elixir, 486, 487, 648, 649, 651, 653, 723 (zi xue tang) Blood-Nourishing Decoction, 572 (zi yin chu shi tang) Yin-Enriching DampnessEliminating Decoction, 758 (zi yin jiang huo tang) Yin-Enriching and Fire-Subduing Decoction, 595 (zuo gui wan) Left-Restoring Pill, 582, 583, 587, 597, 881, 885, 891, 892 (zuo gui yin) Left-Restoring Beverage, 595, 597 (zuo jin wan) Left Metal Pill, 500, 503, 506, 510

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Subject Index

A

Abscess and ulcer treating formulas, 837 Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), 417 Acrid-cool property, 519 Acrid-warm property, 519 AIDS. See Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) Anorexia, 525, 547 Antineoplasms, 138 Aromatic medicinals, 187 Arteriosclerosis plaque, 228 Arthromyodynia, 8 Astringency, 615 Astringing yin, 557 Atrophic connective tissue, 228–229 Attached herbs, 384

B

Banking up earth to generate metal, 556 Bì syndrome, 539 Bladder qi transformation, 742 Bleeding, 568 astringing/stanching herbs, 218 application knowledge, 218 attached herbs, 222 properties, actions and application, 218 stanching herbs, 205 application knowledge, 207 attached herbs, 210 herb differentiation, 211 properties, actions, and application, 207 syndromes, 228 excess, 227 Blood. See specific entries blood congealing, 228 deficiency, 327, 567, 568 formulas invigorating, 682–700 application knowledge of, 682–700 application of, 682 attached formulas, 691 differentiation between, 700 efficacy analysis for, 682, 687 outline, 682 formulas rectifying, 681 insufficiency, 570 Blood depletion, 638 Blood invigorating herbs, 227 attached herbs, 235 properties, actions, and application, 229 stasis dissolving herbs, 227

Blood stanching, 681 application knowledge of, 702–709 application of, 702 attached formulas, 708 efficacy analysis for, 702, 706 formulas, differentiation between, 709 formulas for, 702–709 outline, 702 Blood stasis, 681 application knowledge of, 682–700 attached formulas, 691 efficacy analysis for, 687 efficacy and application of, 682 efficacy formulas, differentiation between, 700 formulas for, 682–700 masses resolving herbs, 251–256 attached herbs, 255 properties, actions, and application, 252 similar efficacy herbs, differentiation between, 256 outline, 682 syndromes, 227 Blood supplementing herbs, 360–365 attached herbs, 364 properties, actions and application, 361 similar efficacy herbs, differentiation between, 365 Blurred vision, 570 Body fluids, 518 Boost QI, 524, 569

C

Calmness, 633 Carbuncles, 838 abscess, 859 Cerebrovascular diseases, 103 Channels warming, and bleed stanching herbs, 224 application knowledge, 225 herb differentiation, 226 properties, actions and application, 225 Chemotherapy, 570 Chief adaptable scope, 8 Chinese herbal medicinals, 13, 35, 227, 257, 321 literatures, 903 about formula, 910 Chinese materia medica, 875, 903, 925 Chinese medical formulas, 417, 925 characteristic principle, 417 classification and preparation, 418

composing principles, 419 decocting and administration methods, 418 parts, 417 rules for formation, 417 Chinese medicinal processing, 2–4 application of, 8–11 combination of medicinals, 8 dosage, 10 medication contraindication, 9 usage, 11 administration method, 11 decocting methods for decoction, 11 efficacy and indications of, 8 habitat and collection of, 1–2 heat, processing with, 3 baking, 3 calcining, 3 dry-frying, 3 liquid-frying, 3 roasting, 3 preparatory processing, 3 properties and actions of, 4–7 ascending and descending, floating and sinking, 6 channel entry, 7 four flavors, 5–6 four qi, 5 toxicity, 7 purposes of, 2–3 water and heat, processing with, 4 decocting, 4 quenching, 4 scalding, 4 steaming, 4 water, processing with, 3 grinding with water, 3 moistening, 3 rinsing or washing, 3 soaking, 3 Chinese medicine, 1 Cholelithiasis, 550 Chong and ren mai deficiency, 570 Cold pain, 547 Cold-phlegm syndrome, 266 Cold purgation, 447 Cold syndrome, 321 Cooling therapy for warm disease, 481 Cough relieving, and calm panting herbs, 281–291 attached herbs, 289 properties, actions, and application, 281 similar efficacy, differentiation between, 291 Counteract toxins, 401

987

988

D

Subject Index

Dacryorrhea, 570 Damage, 556 Damp-heat clearing, and jaundice relieving herbs, 152–157 application knowledge, 152 attached herbs, 152 herb differentiation, 157 primary herbs, 152 properties, actions, and application, 152 Damp-heat pouring, 624 Dampness, 518, 782 formulas clearing heat and dispelling, 747–759 application knowledge of, 748–759 attached formulas, 754 efficacy analysis for, 751 efficacy and applications of, 748 efficacy formulas, differentiation between, 759 outline, 747 formulas dispelling wind, and overcoming, 775–779 application knowledge of, 775–779 attached formulas, 777 efficacy analysis for, 776 efficacy and applications of, 775 efficacy formulas, differentiation between, 779 outline, 775 formulas promoting urination and percolating, 761–767 application knowledge of, 762–767 attached formulas, 764 efficacy analysis for, 763 efficacy and applications of, 762 efficacy formulas, differentiation between, 767 outline, 761 formulas removing, 742–747 application knowledge of, 742–747 attached formulas, 745 efficacy analysis for, 744 efficacy and applications of, 743 efficacy formulas, differentiation between, 747 outline, 742 percolating herbs, 137 Dampness transforming herbs, 129 application knowledge, 130–135 attached herbs, 134 herb differentiation, 134 properties, actions, and application, 135 Damp-phlegm syndrome, 266 Damp-turbidity, 129 Dashing piggy syndrome, 536 Decoction, 2 Defecation, 10, 89, 660 Deficiency pattern, 555 Deficiency supplementing, and sore closing formulas, 853–857 application knowledge, 854 attached formulas, 856 efficacy analysis, for primary formulas, 855 efficacy and application, 854 formula differentiation, 857 Deficiency syndrome, 327

Depressive psychosis, 293 Desertion, 381 Diaphoresis, 527 Diarrhea, 520, 528, 534, 544, 557 chronic, 382 Digestion promoting herbs, 187 Diseases and syndromes, terminologies medical formulas, 925 Disharmony, 533 Dizziness, 568, 570 Drain dampness, 129 Dry dampness, 129 Dry mouth, 561, 568 Dryness-phlegm syndrome, 258, 266 Dryness syndromes, 731 external dryness syndrome, 731 internal dryness syndrome, 731 moistening method, treatment by, 731 Dysentery, chronic, 382

E

Emetic medicinals, 397 Emetic therapy, 397, 833 Enuresis, 138 emission with astringents formulas arresting, 623–627 Epilepsy, 397 Excess heat accumulation syndrome, 550 Exterior and arrest sweating, formulas consolidate, 616 specific application knowledge, 616–617 Exterior heat pattern, 429 Exterior releasing formulas, 421 acrid-cool medicinals, 429 attached formulas, 435 exterior heat pattern, 429 formula differentiation, 438 overview, 429 primary formulas analysis, 430 efficacy analysis for, 433 acrid-warm medicinals efficacy and application of formulas, 422 overview, 422 primary formulas and analysis, 422 attached formulas, 426 categories, 421 formula differentiation, 429 primary formulas analysis, 422 efficacy analysis for, 424 therapeutic principle, 421 treatment, of superficial syndrome with sweat promotion, 421 wind-cold /warm disease, 421 External dryness formulas relieving, by light diffusion, 732–735 application knowledge of, 733–735 attached formulas, 735 efficacy analysis for, 734 efficacy and application of, 733 efficacy formulas, differentiation between, 735 outline, 732 External used attached formulas, 859

application knowledge, 860 efficacy and application, 860 External wind application knowledge of, 712–721 attached formulas, 718 efficacy analysis for, 715 efficacy and application of, 712 efficacy formulas, differentiation between, 721 formulas scattering and dissipating, 712–721 outline, 712

F

Fatigue, 525 Febrile disease, 93, 327, 557 Female delayed menstruation, 570 Female flooding and spotting, 570 Fever (exterior syndrome), 549 Flaccidity syndrome, 561 Food accumulation, 833 removing and masses resolving formulas, 818 application knowledge, 818 attached formulas, 822 efficacy analysis, 820 efficacy and application, 818 formula differentiation, 823 syndrome, 809, 833 Food digestion promoting, and stagnation guiding out formulas, 810–817 application knowledge, 810 attached formulas, 814 efficacy analysis, 812 efficacy and application, 811 formula differentiation, 817 Food stagnation, and accumulation removing formulas, 809 digestion promoting formulas, 809 masses resolving formulas, 809 Fu organs, 681

G

Gynecological diseases, 227

H

Harmonizing formulas, 465 categories, 465 intestine and stomach, regulation and, 476 attached formulas, 478 efficacy and application of formulas, 477 formula differentiation, 479 overview, 476 primary formulas and analysis, 477 efficacy analysis for, 478 treatment of cold and heat in complexity, 476 warm properties herbs, 476 liver and spleen, regulation and, 471 attached formulas, 474 efficacy and application of formulas, 472 formula differentiation, 476 overview, 471 primary formulas and analysis, 472 efficacy analysis for, 473 shaoyang, 466

Subject Index

attached formulas, 470 efficacy and application of, 466 formula differentiation, 471 overview, 466 primary formulas and analysis, 466 efficacy analysis for, 468 treatment of pathogen, 466 Heart nourishing attached herbs, 303 calm the mind, 638–640 kidney, interaction between, 643–645 and mind calming herbs, 298–303 properties, actions, and application, 298 similar efficacy herbs, differentiation between, 303 Heat clearing formulas, 481, 517 categories, 481 deficiency-heat, 511 attached formulas, 515 efficacy and applications of formulas, 512 formula differentiation, 515 overview, 511 primary formulas and analysis, 511 efficacy analysis for, 513 nutrient aspect and blood cooling, 486 attached formulas, 488 efficacy and applications of formulas, 486 formula differentiation, 490 overview, 486 primary formulas and analysis, 486 efficacy analysis for, 487 paradoxical assistant method, 482 in qi and blood aspects, 482, 497 attached formulas, 484, 498 efficacy and applications of formulas, 483 formula differentiation, 485, 500 overview, 482, 497 primary formulas and analysis, 482, 497 efficacy analysis for, 484, 498 therapeutic methods and medicinal formulas, 481 toxins resolving formulas, 490 attached formulas, 493 efficacy and applications of formulas, 491 formula differentiation, 496 overview, 490 primary formulas and analysis, 490 efficacy analysis for, 492 zang-fu heat, 500 attached formulas, 507 efficacy and applications of formulas, 501 formula differentiation, 509 overview, 500 primary formulas and analysis, 500 efficacy analysis for, 505 Heat dysentery, 616 Heat manifestation, 534 Heatstroke, 520 Heavy medicinals, 6 Heavy sedatives application knowledge of, 634 formulas, 634–635 attached, 642 efficacy analysis for, 636–637, 640–642 Hematuria, 205 Hemiplegia, 251, 722

Hemoptysis, 205 Hepatic cirrhosis, 228 Hepatoprotection, 138 Herbal medicines, and medical formulas, 903 Herbs, 381 application knowledge, 123–127 astringing effect, 381, 382 attached, 112 introduction, 122, 127 categories, 382 consolidate essence, reduce urination, and arrest vaginal discharge, 389 attached herbs, 395 herb differentiation, 396 overview, 389 primary herbs, 390 properties, actions, and application of, 390 consolidate exterior and arrest sweating, 382 overview, 382 properties, actions and application of, 383 cool blood, clearing heat and, 35, 80 application knowledge of, 80 attached herbs, 84 herb differentiation, 85 properties, actions and application of, 81 outline, 80 deficiency-heat, clearing, 35, 85 application knowledge of, 85 herb differentiation, 88 properties, actions and application of, 86 outline, 85 differentiation, 384 drain fire, clearing heat and, 35, 36 application knowledge of, 36 attached herbs, 43 herb differentiation, 44 properties, actions and application of, 36 outline, 36 dry dampness, clearing heat and, 35, 45 application knowledge of, 45 attached herbs, 50 herb differentiation, 51 properties, actions and application of, 45 outline, 45 expelling water by drastic purgation, 95 application knowledge of, 95 attached herbs, 99 herb differentiation, 101 properties, actions and application of, 96 outline, 95 lung and intestines, 384 attached herbs, 389 herb differentiation, 389 overview, 384 primary herbs, 385 properties, actions, and application of, 385 pathogen lingering, 382 primary, 116 promoting defecation by purgation, 90 application knowledge of, 90 attached herbs, 92 herb differentiation, 93 properties, actions and application of, 91 moistening purgation, 93 application knowledge of, 90, 93 attached herbs, 95

989

herb differentiation, 95 outline, 93 properties, actions and application of, 94 outline, 90 resolve toxins, clearing heat and, 35, 52 application knowledge of, 52 attached herbs, 72 herb differentiation, 79 properties, actions and application of, 53 outline, 52 similar efficacy, differentiation between, 115, 122, 127 strengthening sinew and bone, 123–127 properties, actions and application, 123 treatment of, 381 Hot phlegm clearing and dissolving herbs, 266–279 attached herbs, 277 properties, actions, and application, 267 similar efficacy herbs, differentiation between, 279 Hyperactivity, 624, 633, 634 Hyperlipidemia, 328 Hypochondrium, 45, 169, 781, 833

I

Infantile convulsion, 293 Injury curing herbs, 246–251 attached herbs, 250 properties, actions, and application, 246 similar efficacy herbs, differentiation between, 251 Insomnia, 568, 570, 633 Interior cold syndrome warming herbs, 159 application knowledge, 160–168 attached herbs, 167 herb differentiation, 168 properties, actions, and application, 160 Interior excess syndrome with purgation, treating formula, 447 categories, 447 with cold purgation, 448 attached formulas, 450 efficacy and application of formulas, 448 formula differentiation, 451 overview, 448 primary formulas and analysis efficacy analysis for, 449 with moistening purgation, 454 attached formulas, 457 efficacy and application of formulas, 455 formula differentiation, 457 overview, 454 primary formulas and analysis, 454 efficacy analysis for, 456 purgative method, 447 substantial pathogenic factors, 447 therapeutic method, 447 with warm purgation, 451 attached formulas, 453 efficacy and application of formulas, 452 formula differentiation, 454 overview, 451 primary formulas and analysis, 452 efficacy analysis for, 453

990

Subject Index

Interior heat syndrome, 544 Internal dryness formulas nourishing and moistening, 736–740 application knowledge of, 736–740 attached formulas, 740 efficacy analysis for, 738 efficacy and application of, 736 efficacy formulas, differentiation between, 740 outline, 736 Internal wind formulas calming and extinguishing, 722–729 application knowledge of, 722–729 attached formulas, 727 efficacy analysis for, 725 efficacy and application of, 723 efficacy formulas, differentiation between, 729 outline, 722 Intestines from desertion, formulas astringe, 620–623 Intestine-stomach disharmony, 465 Intra-abdominal infection, 552

K

Kidney and heart, interaction between, 643–645

L

Laryngopathy, 429 Leukorrhea, 741 Light medicinals, 6 Liquefaction, 850 Liver calming and hyperactive yang subduing herbs, 306–311 attached herbs, 310 properties, actions and application, 306 similar efficacy herbs, differentiation between, 311 Liver-spleen disharmony, 465 Lung and relieve cough, formulas astringe, 618 specific application knowledge, 618–619 Lung-spleen qi deficiency, 556 Lusterless, 568

M

Mania, 397 Masses dissipating and abscess resolving formulas, 838–848 application knowledge, 839 attached formulas, 845 efficacy analysis, 842 efficacy and application, 839 formula differentiation, 848 Medicinal flavors, 6 acrid, 6 astringent, 6 bitter, 6 bland, 6 salty, 6 sour, 6 sweet, 6 Medicinal herbs, 1

Medicinal selection, for common diseases and syndromes, 875 Medicinal treatment, 527 Menstruation regulating herbs, 236–244 attached herbs, 243 properties, actions, and application, 237 similar efficacy herbs, differentiation between, 244 Metopism, 343 Micturition, 517, 742 Middle jiao deficiency, 556 yang deficiency, 533 Mind calming herbs, with minerals and shells, 294–298 attached herbs, 297 properties, actions, and application, 294 similar efficacy herbs, differentiation between, 298 Mineral medicinals, 2 Moistening purgation, 447 Mutual functional disorder, 633

N

Nutrient-blood deficiency, 539 Nutrient-blood weakness, 527

O

Opisthotonos, 312 Orifices opening herb, 321–326 attached herbs, 325 properties, actions, and application, 322 similar efficacy herbs, differentiation between, 326

P

Painful bì syndrome (limb pain), 228, 539 Pain relieving herbs, 228–229 attached herbs, 235 properties, actions, and application, 229 similar efficacy herbs differentiation between, 236 Pain syndromes, 228 Palpitation, 522, 528, 568 Paradoxical assistant medicinals, 5 Parasites expeling herbs, 197 application knowledge, 198 attached herbs, 202 herb differentiation, 203 properties, actions, and application, 198 Parasites expelling formulas, 825 application knowledge, 825 attached formulas, 829 efficacy analysis, for primary formulas, 827 efficacy and application, 826 formula differentiation, 831 primary formulas and analysis, 825 Pathogeneses, 837 Pathogenic cold coagulation, 838 Pathogenic dampness, 517, 741 Pathogenic dryness, 732 Pathogenic toxin, 790 Pathogen purging, and supplement healthy QI formulas, 461

attached formulas, 462 efficacy and application of formulas, 461 formula differentiation, 463 overview, 461 primary formulas and analysis, 461 efficacy analysis for, 462 Pathogens, 103, 782, 838 Phlegm dispeling formulas dampness drying and dissolving formulas, 782–789 application knowledge, 782–789 attached formulas, 786 efficacy analysis, 785 efficacy and application, 783 formula differentiation, 789 dissolving and heat clearing formulas, 790–795 application knowledge, 790 attached formulas, 793 formula differentiation, 795 primary formulas, efficacy analysis, 792 dryness moistening, and phlegm dissolving, 796–798 application knowledge, 796 attached formulas, 798 efficacy analysis, for primary formulas, 797 efficacy and application, 797 formula differentiation, 798 expelling/calming wind and phlegm dissolving, 802–807 application knowledge, 802 attached formulas, 805 efficacy analysis, 804 efficacy and application, 802 formula differentiation, 807 warming and cold-phlegm dissolving formulas, 799–801 application knowledge, 799 attached formulas, 801 efficacy analysis, 800 efficacy and application, 799 formula differentiation, 801 Phlegm-drool syndrome, 833 Phlegm-heat harassing, 312 Phlegm nodule, 258 Phlegm pathogeneses, 258 Phlegm syndrome, 781 categories, 781 Photophobia, 570 Physical insufficiency, 555 Plant seed medicinals, 3 Poisonous medicinals, 7, 634 Postconcussion syndrome, 322 Postpartum abdominal pain, 236 Profuse uterine bleeding, and arrest vaginal discharge formulas that stop, 628–632 Purgation, 2, 89, 527, 550, 551, 741, 810 Putridity, 859

Q Qi

blood, formulas supplement both, 574 application knowledge, 574–582

Subject Index

blood, yin and yang, formulas that concurrently supplement, 611 specific application knowledge, 611–614 constraint, 549 deficiency, 10, 89, 327, 533, 616 formulas directing downward, 674–680 application knowledge of, 674–680 attached formulas, 678 differentiation between efficacy formulas, 680 efficacy analysis for, 677 efficacy and application of, 675 outline, 674 formulas moving, 660–673 application knowledge of, 660–673 attached formulas, 670 differentiation between efficacy formulas, 673 efficacy analysis for, 666 efficacy and application of, 661 outline, 660 formulas rectifying, 659 mechanism, 660, 761 ascent-descent disorder of, 659 counterflow, 659 deficiency, 659 sinking, 659 stagnation, 659, 732 movement, 4 rectifying herbs, 169 application knowledge, 170 attached herbs, 182 herb differentiation, 185 properties, actions, and application, 170 stagnation, 138, 782 supplementing herbs, 329–342 attached herbs, 340 properties, actions, and application, 330 similar efficacy herbs, differentiation between, 342 Qingkailing injection, 322

R

Radiotherapy, 570 Reinforce healthy QI attached formulas, 444 efficacy analysis for primary formulas, 442 efficacy and application of, 439 and exterior releasing formulas, 438 formula differentiation, 445 healthy energy deficiency, 438 overview, 438 primary formulas and analysis, 439 Relieve disease, 397 Restless mind syndrome, 633, 634 Retinal angiemphraxis, 228 Rheumatic arthritis, 104 Rhizome medicinals, 2

S

Scrofula, 782 Sedatives, 633 Shaoyang syndrome, 553

Sore-resolving method, 838 Spleen deficiency, 628 cold of, 533 kidney yang deficiency, 343 stomach qi deficiency, 561 Spleen-kidney weakness, 632 Spleen-stomach weakness, 528 Stasis dissolving and bleed stanching herbs, 212 application knowledge, 213 attached herbs, 216 herb differentiation, 218 properties, actions, and application, 213 Statis dissolving herbs, 228 category, 228 Stomach, syndrome of deficiency-cold, 533 Summer heat-damp syndrome, 129 Summer heat-heat syndrome, 522

T

TCM theory. See Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory Therapeutic methods, 520, 527, 556, 615 Toothache, 590 Toxins, 837 counteracting, parasites killing, and itch relieving herbs, 401–409 attached herbs, 408 herb differentiation, 409 methods of external application, 401 pharmacological research, 401 primary herbs, 401 properties, actions and application of, 402 drawing out, removing putridity, and fleshing engender herbs, 411 attached herbs, 415 herb differentiation, 416 methods of external application, 411 pharmacological research, 411 properties, actions and application of, 412 Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory, 1, 8, 417 composing formula, 417 formula and therapeutic methods, 417 purgative method, 447 treatment principle, 417 Transformation, 528, 556 Transportation, 556 Treat cold syndrome, 527

U

Urinary incontinence, 624 Urination-promoting effect, 145 Urination promoting herbs, 137 categories, 138 to relieve edema, 104–115 strangury relieving, 145–151 Uterine bleeding, 616

V

Vexation, 547 Vital qi/drain pus strengthening formulas, 850–853 application knowledge, 851

991

attached formulas, 853 efficacy analysis, for primary formulas, 852 efficacy and application, 851 formula differentiation, 853 Vomit induction, 833 attached herbs, 399 cause, 397 emergency measures, 397 fierce actions and painful/unbearable reactions, 398 food stagnation, 397 herbs, 397–400 differentiation, 400 medication, 397 primary herbs, 398 properties, actions, and application of herbs, 398 Vomiting, 553 application knowledge, 834 attached formulas, 836 efficacy analysis, for primary formulas, 835 efficacy and application, 834 formula differentiation, 836 inducing formulas, 833

W

Warm and cold-phlegm dissolving herbs, 258–265 attached herbs, 263 properties, actions, and application, 259 similar efficacy herbs, differentiation between, 265 Warm purgation, 447 Water-dampness syndromes, 137, 741 formulas dissolving, 768–773 application knowledge of, 769–773 attached formulas, 772 efficacy analysis for, 771 efficacy and applications of, 769 efficacy formulas, differentiation between, 773 outline, 768 Water expelling formulas, by purgation, 457 attached formulas, 459 efficacy and application of formulas, 458 formula differentiation, 460 overview, 457 primary formulas and analysis, 458 efficacy analysis for, 459 Weak breathing, 517 Wind-cold-damp, 421 bì syndrome, 103 herbs expelling, 104–115, 123–127 properties, actions and application, 104, 123 Wind-cold pathogen, 13 herbs dispelling, 14 application knowledge of, 14 attached herbs, 23 herb differentiation, 24 properties, actions and application of, 14 outline, 14 Wind-damp-heat herbs expelling, 116–122 properties, actions, and application, 116

992

Subject Index

Wind extinguishing and convulsion arresting herbs, 312–319 attached herbs, 318 properties, actions, and application, 313 similar efficacy herbs, differentiation between, 319 Wind-heat exterior pattern, 522 Wind-heat pathogen, 13 herbs dispelling, 24 application knowledge of, 25 attached herbs, 32 herb differentiation, 32 properties, actions and application of, 25 outline, 24 Wind syndromes, 711 external wind patterns, 711 internal wind patterns, 711 treatment of, 722

X

Xeromycteria, 736

Y

Yang deficiency, 555, 768 Yang, formulas that supplement, 598 specific application knowledge, 598–605 Yang hyperactivity, 305 Yangming channel deficiency, 561 Yang supplementing herbs, 343–359 attached herbs, 356 properties, actions and application, 343 similar efficacy herbs, differentiation between, 359 Yin and yang deficiency, 555 Yin and yang, formulas, that supplement both, 606 specific application knowledge, 606–611

Yin-blood deficiency, 722 Yin deficiency syndrome, 305, 327, 555, 568, 624 Yin supplementing herbs, 366–379 attached herbs, 376 formulas for, 582 properties, actions and application, 367 similar efficacy herbs, differentiations between, 379 specific application knowledge, 582–597 Yin-yang disharmony, 533

Z

Zang-fu fluids, 731, 736 Zang organs, 681, 732 fu organs, 7, 8, 711, 775, 781 Zhang Jing-yue, 556