Arabic Simplified - A Practical Grammar of Written Arabic in 200 Lessons

Citation preview

iio

MICROFORMED

iiV

Pi'lESORVATIDN vis

DATE^0r7.*r

Digitized by the Internet Archive in

2007

with funding from

IVIicrosoft

Corporation

http://www.archive.org/details/arabicsimplifiedOOupsouoft

kk

Arabic Simplified."

CONTENTS. (Full Index will be found at end of Lessen 200).

PART

I.

Introductoru. 12.

4-

The Arabic Verb, Past Singular. Interrogative and Negative,

14.

Hamza, Madda, etc. ^^ Pronominal Affixes.

16.

Non-joining

I.

5.

Triliteralism (3 radicals).

7-

Vowels, Figures,

etc.

8.

Definite Article,

t^

9.

Letters of Prolongation and Diphthongs. ^-^

\^

10.

Solar and Lunar Letters.

II.

Wasla,

etc.

^^

^

11.

Eye, Voice, and Ear Ex.

22.

Type-form J«» Nouns of Agent and of Object. Verb jlT Past Tense. Omision of copula. Personal Pronouns (for forming sentences) Exam, paper.

25.

Singular of ^j\^\

26.

Ta Marbuta &

18.

Verb, past du

19.

Construct-State.

Alif Maqsura.

&

1

Transliteration

Tenses, "Moods,''

21.

24.

17.

20.

Revision of

;

&

31.

E.V.

32.

^3jM

{V

etc.

E. Various.

and Negative by

by J

of Prohibition. Comparative

.Table of j.^;5^i^ 34.

Pronominal

35.

Passive, Past

&

also

Present Future).

^jvdlb i>J^*

affixes.

Present.

Dual and Plural of the same.

36.

27.

28.

Future Particles. Introduction to 3 Moods.

37.

Other Tenses.

38.

39.

Subjunctive ^j^adl'

40.

Conversation Exercise

29.

;

39*

Examination paper.

&

E.

The

^>3

Six Forms.

Selections

Commandments.

from

III

The Noun. 50. 51.

Examination Paper. E. V. & E. God's Attributes.

Gender. Regular Plural, Masc.

52.

Case.

44.

54.

45.

Ditto in Construction, etc.

55.

46.

Regular Plural, Fem.

56.

Ancient Declension. Demonstrative. Relative Pronoun.

47.

Dual.

57.

Agreement of

58.

Assimilated Adjective.

59.

Noun

60.

Examination Paper.

42.

48.

49. 50.

,

Dual

in Construction.

Broken Plural J^i Broken Plural JUI

m

and

Examination Paper.

PART E. V.

41.

^

33.

Verb TO BE

(

i^^

plural.

Examination paper.

PART 23.

letters.

characters, vowels,- signs

all

Adjs.

of Superiority.

^^

PART 61.

E. V,

&

62.

Noun Noun

of

63.

Some Derived Nouns with Broken

IV.

Time and

Place.

of Instrument.

64.

Quadrisyllable Plural JpIa* etc.

65

Broken

E. V.

&

I i

J-,^^^"

Conj.

II.

Conj.

III.

V.

Conj. IV.

J.i

E. V.

&

'""''

} }

>U-

Weak "

Verb.

Doubled Verb.

Hamzated.

106. 107.

95.

VI.

Derived Conj. (Surd). >

1

>

Quadriliteral Verbs.

Reading Exercise. Popular Story.

Exam. Paper.

"Weak'' Verbs. 117.

Conj.

118.

Conjs. VII.

119.

Conj, X.( Hollow).

120.

Examination Paper,

121.

E. V. >

Exam. Paper.

113.

114.

Derived Conjugations.

E. V.

115. 116.

^i,i

Newspaper Exercise.

123.

Derived (Hamzated).

— Proverbs. Simile Verb — Ya. Simile Verb — H'au.

112.

\il

IV. (Hollow).

&

E.

&

VIII.

(Hollow.)

— Salutations.

122.

109.

III.

3*^1

"Ten Commdts."

E.

Conj. X,

Q-

io8.

110.

&

I

96.

99.

104 105-

Conj. IX.

100.

Intro, to "

\

92.

98.

Conj. VI.

102.

103.

E. V.

94.

PART lOI.

90. 91.

93-

'^^

^-

yi\

Conj. VII.

^^-^^ ^'"} Exam. Paper.

t.

"Lord's Prayer."

E.

}

\

Si.

X

Examination Paper.

use.

USE A LEXICON.

Derived Conjugal ions.

^.cU

So.

«^-

70

forms and

its

^Jii

Paradigm of I— IV. Reading Exercise. Exam. Paper.

79.

HOW TO

etc.

77-

78

Masdar;

— Proverbs.

E.

I

74-

75-

68.

69.

g;

72. 73-

Broken Plurals JTU and J^lj* Tri-syllabic Broken Plural.

Reading Exercise. Plural

PART 71.

67.

66.

E. Scripture.

Plurals.

>

&

E.

Hollow



Wau and

Defective Verb.

124.

Defective (Subj. and Juss.)

125.

Doubly

126.

Doubly Weak (Hnmza).

Weak

fLafifJ

127.

Derived Conjs. (Defective).

128.

Nun

129.

Verbs of Wonder; Ni^mn and lU'sa. Examination Paper

Ya. 130.

of Corroboration.

PART 31.

E. V.

&

E.

VIL

All Broken Plurals.

More Proverbs.

132 >

136

All the plural forms.

PART V.

&

VIIL

138.

^lU and

139.

Collectives.

140.

Examination Paper.

Irregulars.

Derived Nouns, Particles,

etc.

E. Sfiras.

147.

Numerals.

Nouns

148.

Syntax of Numerals.

141.

E.

142.

All Derived

143.

Diminutive.

144.

Relative Adjective.

146.

Intensive Forms.

149 150

PART — 200.

A

PART

X.

Lessons 151

Exercises

IX.

A

NEW

Preps. Conj. Interjections,

Syntax.

complete Syntax

in

Arab

style.

Reading Book,

1—50 (paged from

A

:}

other end, Arabic style).

ARABIC TEXTBOOK

(Extmcts from a Review by Professor R.S. McClena^han M.A., LL.D., Principal of College of Arts and Sciences, American University, Cairo).

This volume

is

one of the best,

if

not the best, published for

and business men desiring a concise but sufficiently elaborated text, and thoroughly reliable for acquiring a knowledge of usable Arabic.

the use of missionaries,

officials,

"The make-up of the book is such as to please the eye and not to leave with the student the sense of weariness which frequently results from the use of poor paper unsuitable type, or a complicated a rangement. The index is a valuable contribution. ,

ij I

*'The author has been for over 20 years a resident in Cairo.

the

official,

He

Azhar University, and with that the man on the street, and the fellah,' and is

familiar with the Arabic of the

recognized as an authority on the subject".

'

^'ARABIC A Review by

the Kev. Prof.

SIMPLIFIED"

James Robertson,

D.D., LL.D.,

Emeritus Professor of

Semitic Languages in the University of Glasgow.

"Mr. Upson has undertaken a difficult task, as anyone who has attempted to teach Arabic can testify, and he has succeeded. The task is to give the student not only a competent knowledge of the laws of the language, but also tLe power to use the language as a living tongue Avith a literature.

"ARABIC SIMPLIFIED and

claims to be a 'practical'

grammar

makes good the claim. It is practicable, in the sense that it leads the student on by a smooth path, step by step, in a course of 200 lessons, till the Avhole ground is covered. There are exercises at every stage, with well selected vocabularies. The student is stimulated, by the question and ansAver form of the lessons, to solve difficulties, and he is made to feel sure of himself by revision of it

work, test questions, and periodical Examination Papers " The lessons are evidently drawn up by a practical educationist, keenly alive to the difficulties felt by the learner and skilful in overcoming them. They also show an accurate acquaintance Avith the Avhole extensive and somewhat perplexing field of Arabic Grammar. The introduction, from the very first, and constant explanation of the Syntax, and the presentation of the laAVS of the language from the point of vicAV of the native grammarian, are features bej'ond

"And

it

all

may

praise Avith confidence

be said that,

if

the student will

patiently go through this course, following the prescribed conditions, his Avork from time to time for examination by the Teacher, he will be no mean Arabic scholar, and fit to acquit himself successfully in any sphere in Avhicli he may be called to use the language."

and submitting

MICROFORMED

BY

PRESERVATION SERVICES

ARABIC SIMPLIFIED A PRACTICAL

GRAMMAR

WRITTEN ARABIC

of

in

LESSONS

200

With Exercises, Test-Papers and Reading"-Book,

BY

ARTHUR

T.

('Abdul-Fady

UPSON

al-Qahirany)

Literary Superintendent Nile Mission Press,

Author of

"ARABIC AMPLIFIED,"

etc.,

Editor of

"AL-BAREED AL-MISRY,

and Publisher of over 350 Arabic Books and Pamphlets

upon the system of

THE REV.

J.

C

Wilcox,

iM.A.,

——

Author of "Hebrew Simplified."

523168

REVISKD EDITION.

2.

School of Simplified Study, 19-21

Ludg-ate

Hill,

London, E.G.

4.

S

.

S- S(

%

First Edition

1916

Second Impression Third Impression

Second

(of first nine lessons only)

(five lessons only)

Edition,, revised throughout

Printed at The

Nile Mission

-

1919

-

-

1921

Press,

ar Sharia Manakh, Cairo.

1917

-

Foreword to First Edition. During the year

1908, the author

had the good fortune

to

be

enrolled as a student of the Rev. John C. Wilcox's new and then comparatively unknown course of ''Hebrew Simplified," and the

thought passed through the minds of both that possibly sometime system might be found suitable for the teaching of Arabic. Nothing was, however, done at the time. in the future this

Meantime the School of Simplified Study,

had produced

Ltd.,

similar courses in other subjects, e.g., "Greek Simplified," "Logic Simplified," "Latin Simplified," etc. For the

no

In

Hebrew course alone

than a thousand students had been registered.

less

May

and was glad

to

was sent

England on medical advice, occupy himself by writing a number of these

1915 the writer

to

lessons, at the suggestion of the author of the original system. It should be clearly understood that my collaborator, Mr. Wilcox only responsible for the Interrogative Method employed, as I take full responsibility for selecting the matter and writing the book.

is

Friendly critics of this new order of arrangement are invited examine the Table of Contents, also the Index. A certain amount of repetition will be found in the earlier lessons, for to a practical to

educationist, as virtues.

Some

is

the author, recapitulation

students

may

is

the chief of the

turn to the complete table of Alphabet,

Vowels, Figures etc, Lesson 16; others should content themselves with what is given out to them.

There are 200 Lessons in this course, which should cover the ground required by students for both Elementary and Advanced Exams, no other grammar being required. It will be found that after the first few lessons the exercises more interesting and longer, and the subjects more varied while the Reader contains selections from books and newspapers.

are

;

Since this course study being

of our

differing

is

intended to be a practical one, the subject

"Modern Written Arabic,"

colloquials to

those

who have made

we

leave

the

a special study of

spoken dialects, but all words given in the text or in the exercises will be found to be in practical use to-day this is a strong point. Our aim is to teach the Student, whether missionary, military, educational, or commercial, to read, e.g., a daily newspaper. :

for

This course is absolutely "COPYRIGHT," and may not be used any person other th^n the original, duly registered student. 'ABDUL-FADY,

FOREWORD 2nd

to

Owing

to a combination of circumstances (partly political) over

had no control, purpose,

many

I

have

now

entirely re-written Lessons

of the illustrations and examples from

written in 1919-20 (in

^r/:z&/c)

but not yet published.

being similar to that followed in to that work,

A

edition

"A A,"

which should be studied

(in

which

I

have

151-200 using, for the

my "ARABIC AMPLIFIED" The

order of Lessons 151-200

the present will be a capital introduction

"ARABIC SIMPLIFIED"

Arabic) after

good many other improvements have been introduced.

May,

A, T, U.

1921.

ADVICE To The Student (1)

Answer

(2)

Train "Eye, Voice and Ear" simultaneously

all

exercises in writing, even those intended for "self-correction".

aloud in the open if

(3)

possible.

(4)

air.

:

this

can be

done by reading

Get your pronunciation corrected by

Let him give

DICTATION

Imitate, to a certain extent, the Oriental easiest

:

way to master Arabic Syntax

Revise back work, and re-revise

!

is

from the

a native sheikh,

exercises.

custom of memorising aloud.

to learn

many

Most important.

illustrative sentences.

The

Lesson

What

1.

are these signs

They form f

2.

word He-struck, which

is

pronounced

The pronoun

"he"

is

"understood," not written, in the Arabic verb.

How

is

this

word

up ? consonants and

built

different

three

corresponds to the

above It

4.

?

the Arabic

dha-ia-ba ^with the accent on the first syllable.

Of

3.

^

1.

its

letter a.

consonant, which

it

Its

one vowel.

sign

always

is

....."T....

and

/o//o?^;s in

The vowel is

written

pronunciation.

here occurs three times.

What

is the name of this vowel ? Fatha (to be pronounced with a roughly aspirated h, which we have indicated by a dot under it, and which is somewhat It is also somewhat like a deep like hh or doubly strong h. sigh. Be sure you do not run the / and h together, making th: note Fat is the first syllable and ha the second. What is the power of this Fat-ha ? It is like a in bad, and is one of the three short vowels.

In

some countries

it

is

a

little

heavier, like a in father

:

in

India more like u in cut. 5.

How many

consonants are there

Name

6.

What

like the*

It is

we have little

jO

Dad

^

Ra

r

C^

Ba

b

Dad

d in hand and good, only

the

th

in

but

thee,

affects the Fat-ha after

AW or O. 7.

Do

(In India

?

No.

z,

it

and

an aspirated

more strongly

giving to

a hard

stronger,

It is

It is

this o?,

a

pronounced

so hard that

it

almost the sound of

as in "Ramazan").

consonants always preserve the forms here Arabic letters change their form with their

these three

given

it is

1

is

it

d.

by rolling the tongue against the palate. it,

Three.

d

indicated bya dot under the

like

}

power

the approximate sound of the

is

word

in thts

—6— position in a word, because even printed books are, so to speak, in "script" character, and most of the letters joined

and "running on". But

Dad

is

always

^

Ra





^

Ba

,.



e^

\

N.B.— When Ba previous

letter

8.

it

with in aword Medial lettet.

is

it

a

is

end of a word can be joined the

L^-^ The ra

form

final

cannot ever join the

is,

when

i.e.,

;

when it is separated from others; when it is an Isolated letter.

{

takes

it

i.e.,

to the

of

is

which follows

letter

left.

He-struck Da-ra ba

w>^^

Why

first

have we put the

What

v^^

because Arabic, like other Semitic languages

:

read from right to

To show 10.

it

the order of the consonants in

is

Dad, Ra, Ba

9.

when

that

so that letter does not have a special final form.

What

is

/

\

at the

such a shape that it,

when it begins a word; when it is an Initial letter.




?

;

forms are usually elongated ones. ....?.....

over the ta

?

very occasionally written

letter

over which

sign

its initial

....v.....

i.e

,

with

.>

placed has no vowel adjacent letters

occur in Arahic.

i) ?

form

have seen

to

it is

Two sukuvs on

closes that syllahle.

Kaf and

becomes

ha ta

is this

name

Its

to

form.

I would not ordinarily he allowed

What

be

?

and therefore

5.

^

the use of su-kun (pronounced su-koon,

the Italian u It

ha in

and

isolated

What

when

ha

it

it.

the ha been shortened form

why has

But

It is

4.

O

the letter

v'p' how can

is

?

He-struck

The 3.

2.

is

represents our letter K, as in keep.

it j

item 2 above) that the separate form for

(in

Can

as an initial letter.

be shortened to

->"

as an initial

the isolated form for

?

Yes, certainly, and several others act similarly.

{He

wrote

She wrote In fh) 7.

The

we have Ta

Ka-ta-ba Ka-ta-bat

as a Final,

short connecting link

^zS

{a)

^xI-S

{hj

and also

as a Medial.

which unites

a

Medial form

predecessor should be noticed.

We

may

represent

it

thus

:

^J^

X,

2,

^

to its

:

— 8.

But are not medial ta and ba confusing dots over

9.



8

Is

it

and ha has one under

?

No

:

two

it.

any English word or name which

there

since ta has

will give us the

pronunciation of Ka-ta-ba?

Yes

;

take the word Canada. syllable, but not

first

not say Ca-nada, 10.

Are other

Yes

:

There

enough

still less

make

to

pronounced

is

liiie

strong consonant

(i)

2b.

—Translate

we

is,

however,

sounded with such a that

is,

write

it

fat-ha

the

and thus

a)

is

^^^

d). :

(2)

to

Arabic (from memory)

She-struck.

(3)

He-wrote.

(4)

She-wrote.

2.

And what

2. 3.

Write the names of these

4.

What combinations

(il N.B.

that

.?

v«^^

'

What What

1.

is

it

(Do not mix d with

like doraba.

He-struck.

Self Test

same way

Ca-na-da; there

;

do

Simply Canada.

— Read aloud from the right, and turn into English

- j and

in

the subject of a sentence, as

wrote a

will a

letter".

Man

is

in the

sentence,

man

noun take the tanwin fatha (over an

as, for

"A man

—The order

\XlS

wrote a book"

is

Read aloud and

Exercise

To

6b.

translate

(5)

(7)

She did not read a book

Self Test 1.

2.

When

is,

in the

;

,^lS

ra-ju-lun (2) first,

verb

kataba (1)

but the

Noun

put in the

is

correct by 6b.

Arabic, afterwards correcting by 6a.

wrote a book.

Has he written a book ? Did a man write a book

(3)

?

alif)

^\>-j

usually that of the Verb

Exercise 6a.

I

Its

example, "a book" in the following

may be placed first, for emphasis. (The Singular when it precedes its subject).

(i)

in the sentence

Nominative Case.

ki-ta-ban (3)

N.B.

is re

?

the Direct Object of the action of a verb, that

is

form

initial

form

the

is

is "^^^-j

Accusative Case,

10.

The

its final

noun take the tanwin cjamma

form therefore 9.

?

-

but pronounced hard

found

it >. is

77

17

(2)

a

book.

(6)

He has A man

(8)

Didst thou not strike a

(4) ?

She wrote

not struck a man.

read a book.

man

6.

How

can the Fat-ha become a long vowel } (6 3). is a Tanwin Fat-ha, and what letter always accompanies it with the Masculine noun (6: 6). In what case is a noun which has a Tanwin Fat-ha } (6 6), :

What

.?

3.

?

:



-

i8

Lesson 1.

Let us classify the characters met with, and a few others. Power

Separate

a

Final

Medial

I

)

I

Name

Initial

Alif

I

b

(^

4^

T

^ A

^-

to 12)

I

may be

is

r

1

placed to the

left

qi-ta-lun— battle, or fighting tJ^^

(2)

ki-ta-bun— book ^^[iS hook (accus

r

(3)

a-ka-la— to eat (he-ate) ^^

(4)

uk-lun— food

(5)

qa-ta-la— to

(6)

ra-ju-lun— a

(7)

da-ra-ba

(8)

ka-ta-ba

(9)

ra-ki-ba

of the unit

ma-li-kun— king dll^

A

U

qa-la-mun— pen

^1

kill

'

(he killed) ^jl5 ja-ma-lun— camel *^

man

J>.j

man

a

(accus-.)

>

J*V

^

"^o^j

— to strike (he struck)

:)\i[:>S

>

1.

:

7.

(1)

(10)

easily learnt

1

V

Observe that the "tens" figure figure, as in English! Vocabulary

-

the an sound (Note the alif here).

\

TanwinKasra

19

)

1

a book.

.?

a book.

9.

10.

11. 12.

Jr'j

v> — ^J

?

Thou (f) hast struck a man. Have I not eaten 1 Have you ridden a camel? I

have not ridden a camel.

-S.— Practise writing, transliterate, and then translate:

^V

?

°^^*»



jr'j

3^'

:



20



Lesson

8.

DEFIISITE ARTICLE. Has Arabic an

1.

Yes

Article

?

the Definite Article only,

:

or case in

itself,

prefixed.

It is

because

it is

a particle

which has no number, gender

noun

a part of the

composed of an

which

to

and a lam

alif

it is

Jl

Give an example

2.

ra-ju-lun, a

But

3.

What

The Tanwin Damma

1st.

are they

?

always does,

has disappeared. It cannot exist with the Article prefixed, since the tanwin

it

marks the

indefinite.

The lam has dropped its sound, but '"-. It has introduced a new sign

2nd. 3rd.

written obliquely.

What

is

Tashdid

not

its

form.

like a small

W only

the sign of Tashdid called Shadda-

It is ?

the act of doubling the pronunciation of the letter over

It is

which act of is

man

ar-ra-ju-Iu, the

the Article has introdaced three changes.

for

4

man

this sign is placed,

wheth er in_a verb or_a^ioun

doubling (or intensifying)

is

The

.

called tashdid, but the sign

called a shadda.

How

does this happen

way

In this

:

-

?

the shadda

suktin of the first of the

=

two

a sukun

letters

-J-

a vowel, that

is,

the

and the vowel of the second

coalesce together. In

5>-^

ra,

and

I

I^J 1

1

the Zam of Jl

then, secondly



j'

finally the

assimilates

we two

think of r's

itself, first it

of

all,

and pronounce

coalesce and

we

write

it

to the it

as

^>- }^

leaving the lam standing in writing, but marking the pronunciation

6.J

^

Do

by

--T.....

(Be sure to grasp this point).

these S changes always

take place

when

prefixed, viz., 1st.

The dropping The dropping of the sound

of the tanwin

2nd.

of the lam,

3rd.

Writing of the shadda

}

the Article ;

and

is

— No

only the

:

21



always takes place, whilst the 2nd and 3rd

1st

only occur before one-half of the Arabic 7^\

How many has

It

What

are the 14,

What

be given

we

Solar letters do

already

is

the Arabic for sun,

new

forms.

gives

reason that the are the

and

Sh,

S, of

name

and

of

full

letters

shams happens

fj>>^ sun

forms are

be of that

to

class.

?

:

Final

Medial

Initial

Name

S

i^^^

(_j-u

A4*

^Vi»

Sin

A

Sh

(^^

A "^

Shin

What

is

A

(_^

the middle letter in this

^^

word sun ?

Recapitulate the various forms of the * (Lesson

M 13.

and three

to the solar letters for the curious

last letters in

which the

A

12.

its

^j*»*-i

Separate

Power

#

^

^

^

7).

Mim

Give examples of words containing the Mim. JJ

?

Their

Ta

and contains two new

first letter

first

letters.

this?

It is

It

called

know ?

Ra

Dad

What new word

What

suiiiin,

later).

sham-sun

11.

al-kitdp, the book.

I

which receive a shadda but no

Lam 10.

other 14 have a

(The remaining 14 are called Lunar

letters.

will

The

Article.

upon the /aw, thus ^llSJ

names

?

so that the doubling shadda will be required over 14

sukiin

Solar

9.

has the Arabic Alphabet

them when prefixing the

of

8.

28,

letters

letters.

Qa-la-mun, a pen. 'i^l^* an

office,

study

Li^ camel.

:

22

14.

Learn the word for ''hea.d"ra'sun

by

make

sukftn but that does not

Also learn the verb "to break"

Read aloud and

Exercise 8a.

o>

i,:4"l

(l)

sun

(2) the sun

ra.

broke.

(r)

(v)

\j

up the English

er*-^ (^) u-*^ '

Uj o^>l

man.

a

Did

(6)

:

(0

SUj

(a)

Cr?

(8)

:

head it

(4)

the head;

the sun

(5)

ffemj strike a head?

Hast thou broken a pen

(7) ?

No

(9)

;

A

an eating, i. e. much) do) Have I broken No; thou hast not broken the pen. (12) The head. (13) Did the man break a pen at (in) the

ate food, (or

the pen?

man

"silenced"

'H^TcSf (u) jy. C

vir^ (^o

(femj struck it

'jS he

{i)o'h

I

is

the vowel long as in

translate, covering

Translate to Arabic

8b.

A

J

The hamza

Y^'i :i.y-ri (\ .) s^i jV: jH (^)

{\

fe

S^• Exercise

U:

(a)

;i.;;.rc V

(o) ^^1

I

t^-:>)

(j- \j

(ll)

struck a

office

?

(14)

No

;

he did not break the pen

(15)

A man

struck

a camel. Self Test (1)

(2)

8.

What is a Shadda ? (8:4). What change invariably accompanies Article to

(3)

How

is

any noun

(8

:

the prefixing of the

3).

the Article prefixed to a

word begining with a Solar

letter? (8: 6-8). (4)

Where

is

the tens figure in Nt In

a similar practice

?

(7

:

what language

4).

N.B.-^Please observe the following rules Cl)

Answer

(2)

Constantly

all

home revise.

exercises in writing.

is

there



23



Lesson How many How many

9.

letters are there in the

Arabic Alphabet

of them are Consonants (that

is letters

?

28.

which must

be accompanied by a vowel in order to be pronounced All of them

:

?

are sometimes used as

three of them, however,

"Letters of Prolongation". 3.

Which

are the three "Letters of Prolongation" (that

prolong vowels, making a short vowel into a long one The first one and the last two of the Alphabet.

III)

Separate

Medial

Final

is,

which

?

Mama

Initial

Wau Ya 4.

Why and

are these

Because

the

like a large

5.

wau has

Ya, easy ones to

damma

practically

remember

one form only

whilst the ya

;

two

diacritic points written like

below

j

it

is

the only letter with

is

Pronounce the name

it.

ou in house.

Are there only 3 vowels in Arabic ? There are also two diphthongs, one being ay, formed by fat-ha and ya, and the other au, formed by fat-ha and wau.

A

^

I

ay

like ai in

diphthong requires

paid

;

and jl

au, like ou in house.

sukun over the

a

"letter of prolongation."

Give examples of these Diphthongs. A> .*'

f \

>

>)

>>

{S



"



"

Learn

mwrsa^/wTi missionary.

^^y»

U by,

Exercise 9a.

li.

Exercise

words: uy*'j rasu-lun,

these

by me,

(J

bi,

To

English

aisurjuui9b.

i

To Arabic

A man

(4)

J

J

li,

li

to

to)

.—-'.

".'

^

apostle or messenggr,

(joined to the next word)

me.

(1) '^;J)v^') i'.(o) 'j^s*'

-^j' (o

:

(2)

An

apostle rode.

(3)

Did the apostle (messenger)

apostle (messenger) did not ride.

the bool^ with a pen

to,

:

wrote to me.

wrote a book.

homo-

is

it.

only lengthens

I

(i)

=

^>

each prolongs (only) the vowel that

;

geneous (akin) to

->

and

;

these three letters of prolongation lengthen any preceding

vowel

11.

bay

:

?

(6)

A

missionary

ride.?

Didst thou

(5)

(fern.)

The write

-

-

25

Leseon 10. SOLAR & LUNAR LETTERS. 1.

2.

Into

what two equal classes are Arabic

The

Solars and the Lunars.

Why

are they so

Only because solar

In

(

first letter in

the

Qamar-un

what way

is

a Solar letter

The sound

Lam :

ash-sham-su

^-^*

-'^

article

sun

^ •^a

sham-sun

LT*'^

to

first

a

letter

words beginning with a

article

its

moon

-11

^

qa-ma-ru

there any

the

falls

be

to

5).

''*^\\

do we prefix the

The moon Is

sun happens

of the al coalesces into the sound of

Lunar letter? By giving the lam takes a sukun).

5.

^^^

?

of the

>

al

10).

j^9

)

The sun

How

:

the Article prefixed to words beginning with

the solar letter (see 8

4.

(see 8

?

?

8— lo).

:

whilst in the other class

letter

for 7noon

named

divided

letters

(Revise 8

value

full

>>

(i.e.

the

\

qa-ma-run ^

way

reason for this different

Lunar letter ? Lunar letters are of such

of prefixing the

article to the

Yes

:

the

require

lu/v4 a nature, that

is

to

say they

such a shaping of the channel of utterance, that the

enunciation of the

Lam

in the article is helpful in re-adjusting

the organs of utterance in preparation for the lunar letters.

al-qa-ma-ru easy

is

3\-shani-s\i -o„„„.-.. IS never found

But

is 6.

What

is

the

\t^

is

/

-^

a

«|

«

1

>

I J

"-^

|>

^^

. .*^'^

easier to pronounce

other reason for this difference in prefixing the

Article to Solars

The Lam

1

>^

ash-sAam-su

While

'/T *

and Lunars

;

i.e.

what about the (lingual)

Lingual, and therefore

fellow tongue-forme(J letters

;

it

solars?

easily coalesces with

^

t*^ .^A^i

^

'^

dad

and with

§ad

(j^

this

///

is

;

it

On

the sharp th of the it

more

gives a broad sound to

its

like



(t,

etc.,

th)

:

etc.

word "think", or "thousand", which is The sad is a very strong 5 almost like

dM does).

vowel, as

Lam

hand the lingual

the other

sin (j^

{J^

O

ta

JIj

sometimes lisped making ss

shin

Dental (or teeth-formed) letters

its allied

tha (Note that

^

-

26

cannot coalesce with

Lunars, for they consist of Gutturals, Labials and Palatals, and the shaping of the channel of utterance by throat, lips and palate forbids such coalescence. 7.

What It is

8.

is

the

What

the

new

Fa and

9.

In

Fa

like in

like the Qaf,

As

a

when

To form the

the letter (^

(^

bi

= by me

a

Diphthong

What 3rd.

is

li

(J

more curved.

3

Fa

be used

?

its

f

homogeneous

= to me. a

after

heterogeneous

another

way

in

=

a sword

which a Ya

At the end of a word,

if it is

is

used

?

preceded by a fatha,

without dots and, being pronounced exactly like an Alif,

Alifrhaqsura which means ''shortened in

Lesson

17,

vowel

takes a Sukiin saif-un

10.

is

Letter of Prolongation following

vowel kasra ^^ 2nd.

?

?

A

how many ways can

1st.

form

which however,

CJl

CJ

= sword

saif

corresponds to our F.

letter is the

Somewhat

daughter

AliJ

or 'wff"e I'^^'A^

^

name

^

,

^*J

son

two(fem.) jlVin

two

J* J (m.)

jlj^J

N.B. In our vocabularies and in many places (but not in full reading exercises) shall also, as soon as we may drop the grammatical tanwin un.

We

possible, dispense loith transliteration,

II.

Note that

l

father has not a wa§la.

before the pron-affix. U^>

'

A

missing

her father, ^y,

'

j

is

supplied

thy father.

)

— 12.

when accurring

J'}

of

Omar, omits

its

in

Ahmad

genealogies, as

alif,

To English

Exercise 15a.

39

thus

j*.^ u*.

5*1

J

(v)

SiU'^W

(a)

t;;r^oKt

(w)

^ of ^; ^

(r)

Y>C\{i

(0)

>

(^)

Have they

(2)

We

(3)

Have you (f.) a

sister

(4)

Have

?

(5)

She has (To-her

(6)

Have you

(7)

They

(8)

We

(9)

The King's name.

(10)

She

(it)

He

(12) Is

Self Test (1) (2)

a

have a son.

I

a sister

(m.)

have

ate

(m.)

'kl

:

(1)

not

. ^

i^J^J

41. To Arabic

"''^^

(j*.

:

^J^dAi^y,!

Exercise 15b.

son of Zaid, son

son (whether not to them a son (To-us [there

is]

a son).

.?

(To me

[is

there] a sister)

[there is] a father

a

?

?

and mother,

king?

have a king and a prince. an

emperor.

with her mother.

took her with him.

your son with you

(f.) ?

15.

Write out the Singular and Plural Pronominal

What

is

the difference between the

Affixes. (15:4)

first letters

of v' and j\

— Lesson I.

16.



40

revision of characters.

Let us learn the whole Alphabet Translit:

Detached

m order.

Final

It '

b

^

Also vowels, signs,

Medial t^

1 '

^"f-

Hamza

{^^

C.^

^*

^

O

C-v

X

J

Ta

ttj

(J^

^

*

Tha

(or g)

^ ^ ^

"^'

•''"^

(or hh)

7-

rc

^C

>-

Ha

kh

r-

rc

:7C

>-

Kha

d

(>

tX

t>

iX

Dal

^ ^

J J

J

J J

Ra

t

th

J

Ij

u sh

J

AAA

L^ L^ L^ LJ^

Ba

*

Zain

Sin

A

etc.

Name

Initial

^,

^

''^^^

^^^

ohin

1^^'^)

§(orss)

(_jO

(^^

^'

^

d(ordd)

i_>

(^

^

i>

t(ortt)

J?

Ja

la

]?

Taw

z(or2;h)

J?

Ji

li

j?

Zhaw

gaj^





41

5t

St

P

P

^

X

C*

f

Li

C-i

A

S

Fa

q

l3

^3

A

S

Qof

k

Ci)

td

C

r

Kaf

lJ

(Jl

i

]

Lam

^

^

^

Mim

-^

^

^

*

*



g\i (or

ghr)

1

m

M

O O

n

h

w

2.

Give

^/ze

Ain Ghaiii

^""

l^

VA

^

A

^

Ai

^^

^

Wau

^)

^l

^l

^

^?r Alif

Ha

vowels and diphthongs.

Damma

Tanwin Damma

Long

u

Long

a

LQ^g

i

j '

Tanwin Fat-ha

Tanwin Kasra Diphthongs 3.

0^/ier

82(7715.

Madda Wa§la

(one

:



Fat-ha

I

..,.1...

'y

""^'""Kasra ai (5

Hamza

;

ao

(full

^

j

powers of consonant)

alif written across)

(for linking

i

*"

I

^

words)

Siiadda (for doubling or strengthening)

-

Sukun



(rest or silence) also called

Jasfma

— 4.

The Figures

t

r

1

M

sr

>>

>^r



:

V

A

42

\\

>

n u

)

Note the curious fact that numbers run from

left to right as in

Enghsh c.f. 1917, > ^ \ V N ^ Y S. 1921, The mwi erica! order and values of the alphabet :

>v

;

(i.e.

the use of

the Arabic consonants as figures) will be found at the end of

our course.

is

It

withheld from the student at

avoid distracting attention. the

Hebrew names

the

119^^

7-

Which

(S

stage to

But those

of the letters forming the sub-headings of

Psalm (English

characters

this

who wish may compare

^ T

Bible) with

J 3

^ ^

77

this order

^

of

Arabic

^

are the six letters which cannot be joined to the letters

following them.? Medial,

Initial,

Medial,

Initial,

Final.

Separate.

Final.

Separate.

I

I

J To

these

has the

we may add

alif

Vocabulary

Day

the double letter lam-alif, which always

written athwart the lam. 16.

Memorise

iyaum)

carefully.

^^>

(ddr)

religion or,

judgment

Islam

I

(sa-ldm)

Peace Vizier,

abode

51

^^^

i.e.,

Minister

(loazir)

Egypt

(

Misr )

j-AA

letter, epistle

(risnfa)

J

not the t-sound sometimes heard

Yes, when. the word

also •

%

^-^r'' J'^'

J'^J' J*'

p^\ ^'

The

Nom-

by Oblique Case, as shewn by the kasra.



SS/ j *



OJ^^ J^

I

> ^

-sols.

Suppose the consequent It

a Proper

is

take no article unless

will

Noun

?

be one of those few names

it

e

possessing

already

^ V,

the

^^

3re often nunated as

so

(then

(Lesson 52

^^j} c-jCj

as

article

:

8)

^

w»uS

upon

They broke

The sun I

its

case,

upon

i.e.

its

=

Its

?

J^J J^j"

c/*^

'^^*\\ "C''

May

head

One

?

'

noun be

Certainly

:

struck one of the king's children.

I

wrote to one of the king's children.

the

(at

same

^ >j

4l-.*A)i

of a

man"

time) the

-So.

Noun

1

J>-

'

-^^

1

J

^^.JJ^Jlj

must the student avoid ;

name

^3

^*'J'

That of "thinking English" resulting

of "the

^^^

V->-^ r^^^"^"

here are four examples.

wil,*)!

We went to the house of the tribe's chie^

article to the antecedent of a

'

diUi ^Vjl-i^i

I

error

t**

j ^j^^Js\ Z^^j^a J*

of the king's children.

What common

^

A

J.

?

in the prefixing of the

in Construction.

but of "a man's

^\ x^

'

name"

U-j

Think not

^\

I/.

Note the names of mts

y=

51

— Wales, Pennines,

etc. in

etc.

In

Bettws-y-Coed, Bwlch-y-Deufan, Pen-y-Gant;

Jl c.f.

To English

Exercise 19a.

9m

Welsh etc.

:

CX 1^

^^

jj')V\aCj-^\\ (v

}o^

"i

^ ^

dlufiCj

To Arabic

Exercise 19h.

(s.

:

1.

The-day-of-judgment.

2.

The-abode-of-peace

3.

The Emperor's

4.

The-Sultan-of-Egypt.

5.

The-gold-of-the-Vizier (the Vizier's gold).

6.

The-religion-of-Islam (Mohammedanism).

7.

Hast thou (m) taken the

8.

Hast thou (m) eaten the king's bread

9.

No

;

I

The King's

11.

Did you go

12.

I

jSI.B.

Dar-es-Salam

vizier's

pen

?

1

it.

letter.

to the

to

Dar-es-Salam

.?

Sheikh's mountain (Hermon).

Memorise the examples found to

(E. Africa).

son.

have not eaten

10.

went

;

in this lesson if possible.

Arabic what the pons asinorum (Euclid

1:5) is to

It is

Geometry.



-

52

Lesson 20.

EXERCISE IN TRANSLITERATION. A. Arabic to B.

Roman

Roman

(Transliterate Ex. i8. A.)

characters.

characters back to Arabic.

Correct by

EXAMINATION PAPER To

20.

be answered without assistance, and sent up for correction. (Give student's name, address and number.)

Translate to English

A.

?o-'

:

cUll

(v)

ys^p-j^!

(a)

^I^IaIIaij^ju

J

^11

(e)

>i:l

oi-|

'^

:

the prince a city

J

(r)

%

Translate to Arabic

41)

^

jlkl'^

B.

A.

a wasla

?

t



-

53

Lesson

EAR EXERCISE.

EYE, VOICE & 1.

How

is

word

the

a)

pronounced

^

ildhun in reading or

It is

21.

il

ah

speaking, and means a god or

in



form %\'S^

(v)

fdUiljuliU

(a)

"Ij

— To Arabic

Exercise 22b.

-

57

:

1.

Has

2.

Yes, he has a daughter.

3.

Has he

4.

Did the Prince's daughter open the door

5.

No, but the

6.

Did they open

7.

Did the Sheikh's children

8.

Why

9.

Where

the Prince a daughter

a son

;

he has no son.

woman opened

[is]

kill

it.

the Prince's son

?

?

the prince's daughter [is]

?

it.

Yes; they opened

it ?

did they do that

His daughter

10.

No

?

?

1

with her mother.

SOME Useful Adverbs, Etc.

d

when

i]i>

when

here there

where

?

where

how

^e// 1.

.?

T'^sf

What to

do

(interrog:)

a'

Paper

:

'^

:)

is

then {conj:)

also,

6 r iS.

again

made

of the

radicals of the root

4).

from memoiy ^ni Singular and Plural.

2.

Write

3.

Similarly L>^i? (18:

out,

(conj:)

S*

22.

special use (22

(interr:)

very, (much)

(relative)

(interr

?

l)

(22:3)

\m\

:

:

58

Lesson 23.

NOUNS OF AGENT AND OBJECT. I.

How many

Parts of Speech are there in Arabic

Three.

?

o

2.

What

The Verb

J->ll

al-fil

The Noun

IS

al-ism

The

Particle

can

/*^i

includes

sp

al-harf

(ism) the Arabic Noun, include

?

Substantive, Adjective, Numeral, Personal, Demonstrative and Relative Pronoun, and Participle.

It

3.

How many 1st.

the

Classes of Participles are there

The Noun

pronounced 2n.

The Noun

is-mul-fa*il

Give examples of one-whc-strikes i.e.

ul

^

:

>u

fa-'il

one-who-kills

one-who-writes

:

a writer, clerk

one-who-d wells an inhabitant

\

:

to

j

one-silent silent {Adj.)

J

to kill

ka-tib

tjir

to write

sa-kin

D^i'-

to dwell

come, be present

1

si-kit

to

Noun

that each

of

alif after the fa

be

What do we

Agent

is

silent

observe?

3 s.m.)

and placing a kasra under the

word. Using the form J*>

we say

:



(

§ 3

)

in Ism-ul-fa'il

by adding 'ain

The verb forms

(Noun of Agent) upon the form UU. This

Tyord used above

-:

"bonhomme")

a good (pious)

(Words not expressed

is

[am] a murderer

dwelling

[art]

The man

or, I

;

'

difficulty,

form of speech.

the-one-who-is-writing, but

can also be read simply "writing" or

I

?

^-*

C^>

w^^U ^>-J

man

'

\

H^^^ J^J^T

Arabic are put into square brackets; those in round

brackets are explanatory words.) 7.

What The

of the adjective in the last example

rule of Syntax concerning Adjectives is

follows

Substantive

its

case, being defined

tanwin 8.

9

?

if it

and

by

J^

is

No;

(in Arabic) to the

Present only.

Important Rule of Syntax: used

in

a sentence,

it

we

In the past

When any

causes the predicate

The man was honourable

Examples:

The woman was honourable

Thou wast near was

They had bread ( = there was bread is

Subject here, not Predicate.

^.

'-^-•i

to

them)

is

cjamma

^ ^ ^Ul ^y \{j

to the village

one

j^ j ^^

•*

far (off)

N.B. "Bread"

(if

^^i^r* *'^*'' •

jO

use

its

^^^j^

^

?

part of the verb

expressed) to take fat-ha, while the subject retains

I

or receiving

is,

does.

this

is

substantive

its

omission of the Copula apply to the Past Tense

Does

jo

same gender, number and

of the

when

The Adjective

:

^

->.

.

»

JU'O ^



^

Z^'^S

Z^S >\

^t

O^ '.

)

-63 ^X^

The word

10.

when

means

literally

it

feminine form of the verb, but when

Word") which as in

Home

Masculine, then

is

Exercise 25

on page

c,

means LOGOS ("THE

it

may

it

"a word," takes a

take the Masculine,

65.

Self Test 24. 1.

Write out (from memory) the Past Tense of

2.

What happens

Vocabulary

to the

9'

j^i

^p-i^

owner, sahib

To English

Exercise 24a.

J^VjT^'^

:

3).

6).

Jikj

The queen

J^

glory,

O men.

thanks, shukr

J^^

^^^^^jA)l

(r)

,'c>:.°!fLX>

(e)

:

(

I

'\

is.)

To Arabic

Exercise 24b.

majd

generous

(a)

>.?A!'kjl

)

(24

:

(v)

c>I

^ ll5^

Jj^j 4S

( I

Arabic?

in

(24

24.

Jesus, Yasuhi

4A)I

copula "is"

o^

[is]

J^^^>

:

good

(

2

)

God

(

3

)

The

lesson

[is]

(4)

The

writer

is

(

5

)

[Is]

(

6

)

Jesus

(

7

)

Where have you

(or, a

good

one).

generous.

[is]

understood.

[well]

known.

The-owner-of'the-book famous the

is

(3)

We were

(9)

Glory

(10)

Thanks

Son

(or,

[be] to

of

?

God.

been,

O men

?

have-been) with God's Apostle (messenger).

God.

to the prince.

I

-

64

-

Lesson 25. personal pronouns. 1.

What

word

the Arabic

is

for a Personal

Dainir which forms

>)>J?

its

plural

Pronoun

Remember

j\c^

Pronouns and Adjectives are treated as Nouns 2.

?

that all

in Arabic.

What

is

They

are generally called "Separate" or ''separable" Pronouns,

the case of the Personal Pronouns

because they stand

alone

?

separate

as

These

words.

are

Nominative Case, being Subject of the sentence. 3.

Give the Separate Pronouns.

\

a' r' Ci

'c/4.

Memorise, reading the

Roman

transliteration

(Ana is pronounced ana, not huwa, hiya Pronouns

right

Singula?'

from

to

left

ana).

— anta, anti — ana.

:

huma, antuma. Dual Pronoutis Plural Pronouns hum, hunna antum, antunna nahnu. How do we express the Accusative and Genitive Cases ? By the use of the Pronominal affix (See Lesson 14 and 18 :

5.





:

:

6.

Two

Interrogative

^^ and

Pronouns may well be learned here these are :

Each

i^.

is

of suitable number.

Exs:

Who

art

usually followed by a personal pronoun

(Revise here 24

:

7.

is

What

is

What

is

What

is

6)

thou? •

Who

5)

.#

the writer?

thy

name

?

the chief purpose of

man

the origin of the universe

The word

j'^^i

(fem.

-^J^^J)

expression "so-and-so".

is

As an

^.

?

?

used as the equivalent of our Adj.

^^

may be

used.

-

65

-

EXAM. PAPER

25.

(To be sent up for correction).

A. To English

j9.

To ^m6/r. 1.

C.

She

is

a

good

(pious)

was near my

woman.

village.

2.

I

3.

My

4.

You

5.

Did you know the murderer and the victim

6.

Where

village

is

near the town.

are a nice ("hail-fellow-well-met")

is

my

book

(J^J^'^*'* O''^

?

?

Explain the difference between

v^j;^

man.

Why

»*i^*

J*"

J'

O^

and

the difference in the case of ^^

Exercise 25c.

(Correct at home).

Exercise 25d.

Translate to Arabic

St.

John

I

:

I, 2.

-^

-

66 --

Lesson 26, pjlkH 1.

What

two chief divisions of tense-forms

are the

The Past and

the

And

Present-future.

Arabic

in

?

whilst Past tense-

forms can be used for any past action, whether represented in English by Simple Past (Preterite) Tense or by "Perfect" Tense, can be used both for an action

the Future tense-forms to

be performed

in the future

(i.e.,

still

our English Future Tense);

and for an action already in progress and continuing into the future (that

And

is

English Preseiif Tense).

to say our

so the Arabic Future forms

we

will designate as "Present-

Future." As a rule the Arabic "Present- Future" form expresses a Present

Tense, and

employed

prefix will be call this the

for 2.

it is its

we

shall see,

that an additional

later,

to represent a

Future Tense.

But the absolutely sure

Imperfect Tense.

Al-MuMri'u

original Arabic one,

jV^^I

^

Give the Present- Future Forms (Singular) of the Model-form.

He

do

will

She

will

Thou

do

(m.) wilt

do

yaf-*a-lu

0-i

3

m

taf-'a-lu

'y^

3

f.

2 m.

taf-'a-lu ^

Thou

(f.)

will

do

I 3.

f*

Some name

What do we

wilt

do

taf-*a-li-na

notice here

Tense, they come before to

say,

it

is

atives";

atives."

an

affix

I

in

Present-Future forms. finished

is its

the verb root

and p

verb form

:

ist

Past

That

places the

whilst the action

not in the past but in the future (or continuing from

present into future) places form.

follow

in the

which

formative person-mark after that

3^1

f.

}

That whilst the person-forms

is

2

af-'a-lu

the action

^

its

person-mark before the

full

verb

may thus be called "AfformFuture (and Present-Future) may be called "Preform-

Past Tense person-marks

(It

should be noted, however, that

as well as a prefix).

in taf^alina there is

4.

Give the Singular of

We He

67

^Ull

of ^^»

to

hinder or prohibit.

follow the Model-form J.i, J«> precisely. (does or) will prohibit

yam-na- u

3

m.

tam-na- u

3

f.

*:U

2

m.

t^uJLi:

2

f.

She



Thou

(m.) dost or wilt prohibit

tam-na-*u

Thou

(f.)

tam-na-'ina

M

»>

»»

»>

>>

\



I

5.

Mention a few verbs for conjugating on to gather

;»*k

«>-

to

open

to raise

»* j*

»• j

to

go

r^^

r^

to praise

6.

Why

the past

r

am-na- u

(do) or will prohibit

model.

this exact

to appoint

'jjii

and present-future side by side

J*>.

That

?

plan followed in the dictionary, and the student

is

is

the

from now

henceforth to take a separate page in his vocabulary note-

book for every variation of the type-root as a

new

"form", and every

new

root

J*ii^

J*i that

we

give

must be entered thus

:

$J^^'

Meaning

^"•' to raise

open

to

to ask

What

U is

is

^' "

J

is

his

name

?

\-

1^1"^

and

U (Intern)

?

before a verb. Examples

What

hinders

?

^ ^iU

:



68

SOME ADVERBIAL PREPOSITIONS. N.B.

— These are really (Antecedent) Construct Nouns in Accusative Cose. consequent

is,

between., with,

at...

^y

behind...

above...

behind...

beneath..

before...

in front of...

J»>

after...

The

of course, in the Genitive.

Jls-

\Ka

\

But when they are used as Adverbs, not Prepositions, and stand alone, then the final vowel of most of

where

(reL adv.)

them

damma

below

j^*>

To English

Exercise 26a.

is

(adv.)

J^V

,Jy

t^.Jl^i'

(v)

;oji'^y

(r)

jt ;>;*Jir

(a)

y:::.3>t0l

(r)

'di^i'JiC

(t)

cib.,

o>:)Vl 'oi"

To Arabic

Exercise 26b,

(w) :

1.

He opens

2.

The queen

3.

Entrance

[is]

5.

What What

the hindrance

6

The boy

7.

I

8.

Thou

(f.)

9.

Why

do you

10.

(adv.)

:

Of.

4.

above

am

the door (gate) in front of the house. raises the sword.

forbidden.

hinders you? [is]

(youth)

going

Under

(or,

I

[is]

.-'

praised (commended).

go) to

my

house.

goest to thy house. (f.s.)

the earth.

not open the door

?

:



09

-

Lesson 27,

DVAL AND PLURAL. Give the

2.

rest of

of J^Aj^

^ jl^ll

Plural

Dual

^



Ox"

JaJ Singular

'>i

Give the transliteration of the Dual S.m.

yaf-'a-ldmj

S.f.

:

2.m.

taf-'a-ldny

i:

f.

Note

taf-'a-ldny.

The

the resemblance between 3rd Feminine, and 2nd person.

2nd Dual

(

like 1st Singular

and Plural

)

is

Common

to both

Masc. and Fem. 3.

Transliterate the Plural 2.m. taf-'a-luna

4.

af-'a-lu

6.

taf-'al-na

2.f.

1.

Note

If

:

;

:

I

naf-'a-lu

shall do.

we

:

shall do.

(with two exceptions),

(l)

the third person uses

(2)

the second person uses J throughout,

(3)

the difference between m.

in

Arabic there

verb preceding subject

yaf-'al-na

he will do.

:

the verb precedes

No

S.f.

naf-'a-lu.

Note the similarity of the three following yaf-'a-lu

5.

S.m. yaf-'a-liina

:

is

its

.>

&

its

subject does

is

an important

subject

quite near to

may it)

it

f.

pi.

(both in 3rd

take the plural,

&

2nd).

etc.

}

RULE OF SYNTAX: A

be inflected for gender

(if

the

but takes Singular number only.

Learn these examples by heart

The women went

out

The

pupils study

The

girl-pupils study

-ll^lll

Z^of^

)

-

70

>

The

Do

girls

they

attend (go to) the school

(f)

understand the meaning

of their lessons

?

They do not understand

their (its)

meaning.

Write out ^>-

7.

to collect, in full

:

.-.^

*^^

Ov^-*^ ^

^e

cr' .9e//

Tes^ 27. (1)

Write out the Plural of

(2)

Write some examples

V-J^^

(27

:

7).

of the Rule of

Syntax

{ij

:

6).

Exercise 27a. -

dU^ji r*l:.;

V,, dll

G

bljf '^»Vrl

;

_-^

0^

(^) ( ^

at" Exercise 27h. of

(3).

When they see us, we will go to them. They (f.) write a book and are ignorant Then they (f.) praise their work

(4).

We will

that.

(5).

How

(6).

I

will collect their books, all of them.

(7).

I

know

(8).

We

(9).

Do

(l).

(2).

(Sing.

(10).

its

meaning.

!

prevent them

(f.)

wilt thou prevent

all

my

from [doing]

them

(f.) }

lessons.

will ask thee

(f.)

about thy lessons.

the girls understand their (its) meaning.? Fern, pronoun to represent the Broken Plural of inanimate

The

girls [do]

understand their meaning.

object)

^

— -

-

71

Lesson 28,— future. 1.

How may we To

distinguish Future

Time

Tense

the ordinary Present-Future

one of two prefixes

:

?

either the letter

(

(j*-

al-mudari*

2.

cJ>^**

It

L>j-*

mean

or the separate

;

may

be paraphrased as "soon."

probably abbreviated from the old word ^ c-3^^

5.

is

?

denotes "in the future," and

now denotes 3.

prefix

saufa.

What do (^ and

^

we

with fatha, which

a prefix only and forms a part of the verb

word

)

abrogate (supersede a law)





72

to

make (manufacture)

to

pardon (forgive)

to

overcome

c^.

cr-

to intercede

be useful to

to

6.

Apply the Forms of Lesson 23 This

quite

is

feasible to the student, but

formed may be

"artificial,"

propose

therefore,

to

common

show how

modern use of

and not heard

indicate

to

expressions in quite

meaning

to these verbs.

it

We

in actual use

most

several

use.

some words thus

useful

:

we

actual

give the etymological

was derived, but also the technical

the word.

Noun Modern meaning

Etymologically

of

A. or Obj.

Verb ^

victorious city "

(the word "the corrupted to CAIRO)

a chapter or verse which super

sedes (a former one) a verse

•',*(;

an-overcomer

a victor

4>T

abrogated (by a

y

the-one-over-

coming

(f)

abrogating A>

later



abrogated

c.-'

one)

^^

a maker, manufacturer

manufactured

(artificial)

manufactures

(reg. fern, plu.)

a magician, a sorcerer a person

Z^

bewitched

e

one-making thing-made things-made

Olc^l^>«

C"

a-charmer

>-

one-charmed

"f^

useful, beneficial

benefitting

thing-sown, crop

sown

-^

t/yy

V'





73

Vocabulary 28. .

A^U-

to hear

— :>C^

coming

an hour P/. of

Juc-

(Look

Exercise 28a. ears," will

in

Lesson

dlJt yJ.>Sj,

SiftU Ju.

U r^,^ J

•5

come

I

li

I

i' VI j/dl;j i

(0)

Exercise 29h. (1)

(2) (3)

Why

do they not ask him? They do not look at me. They (two) do not know [the teacher,

(4) (5)

[prayer.

The pious woman offers Where hast thou (f)been

(6)1 was dwelling (f) in Cairo. 7 ) Is the man pious (good) ? (8 ) Tiie man was good. (9) They (two) hear and do (

nothing (not a thing). ?

(10) They sow and

(but) do not reap.

"

-76Lesson 30. SUBJUNCTIVE. I.

Revise the Introduction

we know when

to the

c-)^^:ll

Moods

in

Lesson

How may

28.

verb as "Man§iib" (Subjunctive)

to write the

?

There are certain particles which affect the verb in this particular manner. A very full list of particles with their governing

The following nine Sub-

actions will be studied later on.

junctive particles are to be memorised now. Meaning

Action

Particle (

Present-Future, takes subjunctive after

ji

to (that)

order to

»»

»>

»»

»>



in

»»



'»»

»»



»>

M

l>

>>

f'



>>

M

>>



t>

Subjunctive but distinctly future negative

not

Subjunctive but with negative force

in

Subjunctive

=

Answers the Subjunctive 2.

it

*^

jl J

particle

d\

'S J v^^

(in future)

b'

i'Si

order not

lest

"

What

if

6i>

in that case

?

^^ = j i^J^?-

until

Give particular examples of their use. (a)

ji

is

the

word which can be paraphrased "that"

has the meaning of desire to do

"to".

It

Learn

this

phrase ^^-^J. u'

may go)L^*il jl to visit (b)

-X;jl "I

you" (= that

^1

means

I

-^^J^

(or,

doing) an action.

(he wishes to go,

wish to go"; ^j^j^

visit you).

or simply

i.e.

J^\j^

that he

"I

wish

Note the paraphrase.

"not," but in the future.

The

present "not"

is

V

which has no influence upon the Present Future. ^•-^>^j'^ w^*-^> >'

^Jj^

=

J'

>

=

He

does

not,

j' 0^^»

i

and he

=

it

will not

will

not

go

in the future".

happen

that...





77

-

Another example Jt^*^ ^3^- o' ^^® miser ^

:

(c)

J and

and

are both parts of ^^^j

^J

^1

(Palmer gives ^^

yi-l "that

will never

be

liberal.

affect the verb alike.

God may pardon

thee": but this

must be distinguished from lam-ul-amr, the lam of command See Less: 32

Let

:

4— which

God pardon

order to visit you. (d) ^1^ (lest) is

^1 w^r^*-

thee)i3;^jl

When

these particlesare used

compounded

^

of

'

J and

the verb in the Subjunctive, while the (e)

The

six or seven only

first

Conjugate j-S

3,

l>^

or -^J*yj\

'

that he

may

dll

negates

it.

are important (at this stage).

eat (as in

^3

j

L

I

S^^y )

yi-jija-ji .y\^

4.

ir

jl

I^K

^KlTjIjrirjl

irjl

Compare the Indicative in Lesson 26. What do we observe (a) Change of (Jamma case-vowel to fatha, in all the singulars but one, and in the first person plural, (b) The rejection of the .''

U and j

in

2nd Sing. Fem. and

and 3rd Masc. genders (c)

The

etc.

Plural.

are

retention of the

J

be found that

will

It

sufficiently

in all the duals,

and the 2nd numbers,

the

indicated without the nun.

in 3rd

and 2nd Fem.

PI.,

as being

absolutely necessary to distinguish the gender. 5.

For further ^

9 %

practice, he wishes that he

;^o^ol

•^e^

^ ^i y

^2^Uir jl I^Uir jl

of J*A»* jl

^

X-

e^

may do

ot^^o^o^

%ir

of jl

-^X ^o^of

J^J^^o'

^ , 9 ^

^*ir .

t

%

jt J*ir jl ^0 J

• ^

6.

Examples of It

good

is

s-^*->

U

'

78

-

the paraphrase of

for

M

j

^^^ij jl '^1

:

I

you that we go (= Our going

j:^>-

It is

good

for

me

to go.

is

(for

good

me

to

'^j\.^

for you).

go

=

that

e

I

go

= my

going).

This word

(

equivalent for "thank you"

^^>\^ is the

^ j\J>^^jS

"

word used

May [God]

in the

increase

thy good"). 7.

Always use J order to"

(eat), or

Self Test 30. l^^Air

^

(f)

(30

:

^^J

or

as in "Vf

'

G^

Ssj

^i*-

express " in

to

"for the purpose of " (eating).

What

is

the difference between

(See i^:*-^'

2.c.)

jl

and

6, 7).

Exercise 30a.

^^

'J-^^ $;i

^

l/ji=='^_

^;!

-^'

J V/;^_

B.

ro AraUc

30.

V

^^\^]| j^'^*J^

jT>!l

(a)

:

order] that the writer

(1)

[In

(2)

The charmer (magician)

(f)

may

write her name.

will fascinate

(charm) the queen

of Egypt.

wish to know the name of a hook, please.

(3)

I

(4)

The "People

(5)

Do your

(6)

I

(7)

This

(8)

The miser

(9)

They have gone

(10)

wish to

Thou

is

of the Scripture" are in Egypt.

children go to school

(fern, pi.)

visit

you

(sing:) continually.

from the favour of

art

Answer

my

Lord.

will never be liberal. to (in order to) eat.

from Egypt, we are from the tribe of Quraish,

and they are from Al-Hind C.

?

these questions

(India).

^^^-^^

:

(1)

State the rule for formin g the

(2)

Form

botti

Noun

of Object (Pass. Part).

-y

Active and Passive Participles (giving) their

meaning) from the verbs

;«*^

7^->



s

:





80

Lesson *'Eyc, Voice,

:

31.

Ear"

Exercise.

Memorise one or two sentences at then keep up the whole. Sentences I 4 are the opening ones of the Quran, 5 and 6 the **Creed".

Rules as before (see Lesson a time, day by day

2l).



;

4JOI

Exercise Sib. 1.

2.

In the

To Arabic name of God,

J^-J A*^^

:

the Compassionate, the Merciful

Praise [be] to God, the Lord of the Worlds

4.

The Compassionate, the Merciful The Owner (Ruler) of the Day of Judgment.

5.

I

6.

And Mohammed

3.

—A

bear witness that [there [is]

is]

:

no Deity but God.

the Apostle of God.

7.

I

believe (have believed) in

8.

I

believe (have believed) in

God alone. God and His

Apostles, and His

Scriptures. 9.

10.

Hast thou read Chapter "The Opening One" 1 Yes, I have. there found in Chapter "The Cow" an abrogater and an abrogated [verse].? God knows {lit. God is more-knowing).

Is

,

-

8l



ADVERBIAL PHRASES. Had

jcT

been

it

Except for (had not)

^

Of thy favour (plr^ase) cUU^ki

^1

Of

S*^

his favour

^^i

For ever (after neg. never)

i

J)

Instead

I

Continually

In spite of

Immediately »v5j

Exactly

/Ja«)

ill

...

For example

Sfc>

Sometimes

Lesson 32. 1.

of...

/•^j^l

Revise the Introduction to Moods in Lesson "

Mood

It is

let

of

that

them

Command "

or Jussive

It

— " Let him go

generally has the particle

the

J

her go

let

!

it.

This lam takes kasra, and the verb

apocopated,

(i.e.

the

in the

!

of the Jussive

prefixed to

nun rejected)

is

?

which expresses the idea go!.''

What

29.

2nd Sing.

is

then

Fern., all the

Duals, and the 2nd and 3rd Masc. Plural. 2.

Why

Plural also

Because 3.

retention

What happens is

off

from the 3rd and 2nd Feminine

.?

its

The vowel

4.

nun not cut

the

is

there

is

no nun, as

in 3rd

masc. sing.

majzum

or

marked by jazma

(29

:

4).

Give the 3rd Person Sing, Dual and Plural of

Mood

of

N.B. they

(f)

I

go

let

!

must go

!

LauJ

.."ifciJ

them go

"let," in this case, (f)

this Jussive or

Command.

{J^AX^ Let them

.'*

then replaced by sukun, or jazma, and the verb

is

said to be

if

necessary to show the gender.

is

let

!

them

(2)

v^JLI

(^Jifci:!

go

let

her go

!

let

him go

I

has almost the meaning of "must",

they must go

!

they

(2)

must go

1

she must go

!

he must go

I

82 5-

This lam, called in Arabic "lam-ul-amr"

mand, usually takes kasra (we But suppose

it is

said)

the lam of

i.e.

com-

and apocopates the verb.

preceded by Li (then or ther efore)

1 ? a ^

It

may then be marked by

sukun, thus

A'oife.— Carefully distinguish

"in order to", 6.

then

in

May

the Jussive take all persons

Yes,

all.

Lesson 30 7 and

2c.

:

?

word "Jussive"

the

X

him go ^^* J-wU

let

from the other lam, meaning

it

which we learned

(We have used

:

accustom the

to

student to this old-fashioned Latinised word in case he should ever be asked to define

When we

Better to call

it.

J^O.

epigrammatic wisdom

for

we

"Knock, and-it-shall-be-opened to-you"

write this form.

passive), 'j-^^

which Arabic proverbs are famous)

many

Lesson Give

;

193.

but they will receive detailed attention in

A

common

really

Txliij^

J

every-day one

^^'j^

SYNTAX,

J (not)

is

(he did not open

.

9b^A\

a*-^- ^

• I



ev 9.

Surely

But

it

is

shall find.

particles causing the verb to be

the persons of

all

J^j^J (second verb

^*j»>

J>^J

'^r^^ seek, ye

Are there any other Yes,

8.

f

use a conditional sentence, (especially in condensed

takes three words in Arabic

7.

it

it

cannot mean "he did not open"

does mean that

!

Learn

s

}

this curious rule

:

The

particle

J not only negates the action of the verb but also converts the present to past time.

(In

Hebrew

they did not go

c.f.

=

'

r (J

«l

^•**»>"

J ye did not ask

vav conversive). J***^

^*

>•%-

me

^

ci^**' ^^

^^

(c./

34

:

6).

-

83

-

e

10.

Give

all

the persons of

Tj^'

"let

him go out" ^

»

>•.



^^j ^^:

u'^j^^ ^j^y-

^

^\"

t>v II.

Can

the Imperative be formed from the 2nd Person Jussive

Certainly, that

how

is

derived.

it is

also the preformative

Remove any

and supply

1

an

?

and

particle

vowelled

alif

as

needed (but with a wa§la when preceded by other words in a sentence).

We

then get the Imperative thus

:

^

"

.• ^

«

c-^ ^.,, 12.

Why

the

damma

over the

Because verbs having a for the alif of

Exercise 32

alif in

damma

the Imperative.

?-j> in

P-

i

^.

?

;l^Jl

damma

take a

All others take kasra.

a.

oCufjI 5/io 'jp\ ^'>_

-^

>

0^

liQ

s

^

I

N.B.

A.

I

;LVi

For the sequence of tenses

J

%^ XC jl 3^.V

in (2) see

next page.

I

^$ ' ^i

I

^

-

-

84

Exercise 32h. 1.

Why

2.

Because

3

him that the Sultan v^as wishing it (that). Did he not ask them? No: he did not ask them anything because he did not know that the Sultan was there

4.

What

5.

him ? did not come He said "Seek me and you

did the vizier (minister) not go out to visit the Saltan

(see Lesson 34, page 89)

?

they did not inform

(present).

did the Sultan say

when he found

that his minister

to visit

'I

6.

am

always

me"

find

his

meaning was

here'.

Did the two princes understand never understood

(or,

it.

meaning? No; they

his

they did not understand

at

it

all).

A SIMPLE 8T0EY Exercise 32c.

jl

Translate to English, then back to Arabic.

by

^1313 ^^^'^ A^J^

^'**"''

0^*"*

^^l ^-^*\ i^} ^r^ Cr* ^}6 ^

jT U3 J\{^ j>.3

J C 3u S^".

(I)

y

he wished

(3) for laisa see

Sequence of Tenses.

He

did not

One

know

1;

I

[>0 :j^YcJ\

3 15

(2) who. Lesson 36).

oVi

^"-*

'>;•

V

I

V

(a)

4)J

V

(v)

'Sl^ 'Ji

V

(a)

sS'j

ill

VI

j^

a,

A^I3

*

-

^

I

- ^

V(i)

Exercise 33b. 1.

Let them ^w^ go

2.

Let not go except one only

to the city. !

==

Let only one go

4.

Do Do

5.

They do

not

6.

There

is

no power and no strength except

7.

There

is

no deity but God.

8.

No harm

3.

not knock on the door

not open the door,

to

know

you

(

!

O my

mother!

everything.

=

Cheer up

).

in

God.

-

-

87

Lesson 34. 1.

Revise the Pronominal Affixes already studied (Lessons

2.

To what are these Pronoun-marks

14-15).

?

(1)

To

(2)

To'rSSsf then they are genitive (construct) "of him"^.e.

(3)

To

prepositions

then they are "governed by the Prep."

;

verbs; then they are in the direct Accusative case,

the object to the verb, as 3.

affixed

Show how S

o >

^

^

some

of) is united to

r:

from them (m.)

(f.)

(or,

Pronoun forms.

>

from them

i.e.

he struck her.

^« from

the preposition

these affixed

y»^^

his.

>

from them two >



from him

from her e

o

^



O^-t' from thee

from thee (m.)

(f.)

from you two

from thee (f.) from thee(m.)

from me

from us

What

noticeable here

is

The

preposition

and

the

^1

first

requires, like the verb, a

^J^

me

^5-^.

resented by the shadda, 5.

Is this true

Yes

;

or before, 6.

Does

This nun, which in this case



is

j

and

^ft

as for

;

damma: 7.

2nd

per.

(away from,

pi.

or, off

from).

efix the preposition Plural

V

,

^\

%

wau and

homogeneous

ye struck me). to the affixed

Dual

7}

i^

on becoming

?

past adds a

thus (J^*.I)^^

rep-

in the presence of,

j-^l

either of the verb-forms alter its vowelling

the

is

}

example

united to an annexed pronoun

Yes

it

called the "nun of precaution.'*

of any other prepositions

they end in

if

nun between

person sing, affixed pronoun, thus, he struck me,

and, from

j-'a

?

pronoun s. Singular

r*



Us;,



-r

>•

J.

— —

r

\



88 8.

In

which person

is

made

a change

?

In the third person; for a prefixed kasra or ya causes the hu,

hum 9.

we

take a kasra, so

etc. to

kum

not change the

get bihi, bihim,

etc.,

but

Prefix (J (in or within) in the

—r

dl.i-r

\^

the affixed pronoun.

o

Verily he, thou

J.

V^UU

^:^lf (^)

^'^i'tilj^'^U (r)

(y)

^

"5CI.. iJfcill.

r 1

J^>j|i

J

^>i j^^l«JL>i li

15"

(r)

g

(t)

:;5l>r'^i;n;^, (o) Exercise 34b. I.

My

2.

Have you

3.

As though

4.

Why

5.

Because you did not see

6.

They did not come

7.

They

8.

I

9.

They took her from me.

10.

sins were

took

heavy upon me.

got nothing I

it

(lit.

Is-there-not with thee a thing.)

were (am) about to go with you

did you prevent

(f.)

?

to

me from

my

hands.

me.

went-away from me. from them (m.)

Truly she

is

a pious

woman.

entering

?

;

-

90

-

Lesson 35. the passive. 1.

What

verbs use the Passive

?

The Passive can only be formed from can only form the Passive



sitive 2.

:

wO

if

we

,

e.g., I4A.I5

He

are sure that U*

she was killed.

How is the Passive formed from the usual Triliteral Verb ? For the Passive of the Past Tense (or Preterite) give to the radical a

damma

of the four radicals takes

damma

radical before the last a kasra, and to the

instead of fatha 3.

tran-

is

^

JiXli

killed her,

We

Transitive verbs,

How

;

was

thus JlJ he

from the Quadriliteral Verb

The same way.

The

first

first

killed.

?

instead of fat-ha, and the penultimate takes kasra. Thus^^^-j-

he translated if

the earth

verbs,

the

it.

is

j^j

distinction

reader can generally

of (In

tell

much used

not so

is

was

translated".

^j)l\ ^^'Jj

^'^[

and quadriliteral

In both the tnTiteral

shaken.

the vowelling only.

in

!

"it

the Passive from

Active

the

unvowelled newspapers,

etc.,

lies

the

by the context. The Passive, however,

as in English, for

it

more usual

is

employ one of the derived covjugdtions (Lesson

72)

to

with a

passive signification). 4.

Give the Sing, Dual and Plural of J^> ^

-s

/

^19

l:JL-5

>

^il5 1

O

Q: Form

We

CJ^9

9

the Passive of the Present-Future.

give to the Servile letter

(

•>,

St

the penultimate radical a fat-ha, thus .0

}

etc.

)

J*ji»>

a

damma and

to

he will be killed;

>

».^*^

it

will

be

(

or, is

)

written.

(

Of course many verbs

already have a fat-ha over the penultimate radical, then no

change.

In

apy c^se, the distinguishing feature

is

the

damm^

-

91

over the

Native printers, when printing an unvowelled

ya.

book, can sometimes insert just this

6.

sentence

is really

Give the

full

initial

damma

if

the

ambiguous.

Pres-Future Passive. ^ ^•Z

.4)

1:

7.

Can

formed

a Passive Jussive be

Yes;

let

J*y

Also with

him be

we say

J

killed

J*>

had gone

Could we say "He was in the habit of going " 1 Yes this is one of the meanings covered by (d) above. In the Moslem Ahadith (Table-talk of Mohammed) there is a large section of the traditions devoted to "What the Apostle of

God used

to

do".

J^i

^

he used to say

96

J«aj^

jO

he used

to do.

Let us learn the last-mentioned, conjugating the Past Tense of the auxiliary kana, but the Mufjari^ of the Principal Verb.

They used

to

do

He

They used

to

do

She used

You

used to do

You used

to

do

We used to do 5-

used to do

to

do

Thou

usedst to do

Thou

usedst to do

I

used to do

Write out *'He will have gone". "He will have gone" (before you get there, e.g.,) is expressed by the Present-Future tense of kana (see Lesson 36 5) with the past tense of the required verb and the particle qad. :

y

-

Ther

have

will

|^>S

^;/s 1,^/sC,

gone will

gone

You

(f) will

have' " \l\Z •. • (J^»j:K)

have

;^.

gone

We It

will

6.

As, J^^i^O^^

7.

Before Jii^

to

He

will

^ *X)

=^3;^^;

jj^J

She

will

Thou Thou

I

mean "he was going

forms

'I

>

.'- ^

have

"

^^^^j; ^^ ^^J sZ^^^

have gone

in this w^ay

:

"He

-X>

jjp

1

will be

so

J^Ji;^**

keep,

its

is

nowadays

(about) to do".

preserve) also

The verb

J^

^^^

(b),

means

j^>-

note that the verb to

memorise,

i.e.,

to attend, or arrive at

verbal noun jjja^- attendance (arrival).

Self -Test 37. 1.

y

have

(f) wilt

out Exercise 37 (a) and

preserve in mind. a place,

>^

>

>

y> Uj^J,

C^**3 Sb J^J^i

have gone

wilt

shall

means "he was doing,"

(to

s«-»*.5

having gone."

v^rriting

)a.k>-

have gone

gone

be construed and explained

in the state of

used

;»/^

have gone U-.*.>

may

0^^.

a

They (f) will have

You (m)

IaJ

Write out the Compound Tense "He had eaten". "He will have eaten". (37 5).

2.

Similarly

3.

What do you

(37

:

3).

:

observe

is

common

to both.

?

{c.f.

3

and

5).

Vocabulary

97

-

37.

USEFUL ADVERBIAL PHRASES. yesterday

ij^*^

or (j^

^\

^^Ji ^>»

from to-day

since the beginning ^Jull

from the

'

morning

in the

evening

JLL^

Ci>

by daylight

Jj*^i ^>»

first

in the

by night

•mi -f"

fore-noon

j|ia)l

after- noon

Jj,Iall

tomorrow

J** Jui

after

tomorrow

Exercise 37a.

Oj^ l-Jj^ cJai^ A5

to

be easy >

to be difficult

What will

>^ ^

^

to

be generous

to

be rough

>

^^-^j

kinds of verbs take Fat-ha Fat-ha

Turn back It

J^

J^.

to lesson 26

:

5

-

?

and analyse those examples given.

be seen that the second or third radical

guttural or ha ^

is,

in

each case, a

In other words, such a throaty consonant

almost always takes fat-ha. learn the past

O^^

Enter up

all

your examples and

and the present with the English meaning.

^

100

6.

Note on

d[

and

with the Past to

mean

of doubt),

is

is

b'^

The

'i[

particle

{in not an)

6'

is

if in the Present-Future (but with a

used

shade

used similarly but implies probability, and so

often best translated by "when."

Continue revision

Recapitulation.

Lesson

42,

of

with more grammar

From

previous lessons.

rules, the

student will feel the

need of constant revision of vocabularies. Self -Test 38. 1.

What vowel

expressing qualities 2.

What

(Muddri)

the Imperfect

in

(38

?

verbs take fat-ha

?

:

is

taken by verbs

4).

(26

:

5

and 38

:

5).

Exercise 38a.

\j^ Ji^\

'yi\ ij^dJiAp i;.Ui

'^l '^, (1)

V^O^'JiVf jli

(v)

ly>'H S-}V-:>\

(a)

^yjjr^:^^i;^"ii:^^^^

^

jjJI

'i.) 'Ai::i'

(r)

•Vi J J (1) i

Exercise 38. matter

difficult for

you (hard on you)

1.

Is this

2.

The matter

3.

[It is]

4.

And

5.

The student did not succeed

6.

The

is

to attend before the lesson.

to gather [up] his

price of

books

after the lesson.

yesterday.

books has been (was) raised

8.

Man was created weak (Qui'an). When the earth is shaken (Qur^an)

9.

God

7.

10.

We

is

?

easy for him (upon him).

on the pupil

i.e.

not an oppressor (Qur'an).

will gather our disciples

bv night.

a

(n)

good

deal.

by earthquake-



lOl



Lesson 39. THE SIX CLASSES (Contd). I.

What

verbs take J«i>3**

Verbs

like

?

^^*> ^^»

partly of (a) transitive verbs such as

and

aid (with victory), Examples of

(b)

"verbs of motion" Examples of

(a) Transitive

o^ip-

to create

•^i--

j-i.P

to kill

^*^i

to write

w^-.-j

^> 0^ ^^

to serve (as a slave)

2.

Give

examples

present).

-**•»

to enter,

-^^

run

to

bow down worship)

to sit

down (fatha in past, kasra in

These are not quite so easily

classified,

student can learn them as he comes across them. to serve (as a servant)

to

sit,

or

sit

down

3

iA^. ^^

to strike

a^

in §2, learn

shew mercy

to

understand

know

know

y-^.'J-

^ J*i ^j^

-• verbs (fat-ha

.'

'

-

in the present).

the past and present-future together,

to

:

to take captive

Examples to

;

hear

to bear witness, testify

to

Examples

to bear, carry

to

but the

7

have ascertained both. to

Ir^'

f^Oj (w) 0>^

Give examples of

As

^A

enter.

J^-^ j^'^

in

to

(in

to succour, or

(b) Verbs of Motion

go out

verbs

of

go

consist

\^\^^:>\o

to

.

j«^^ j«'

to see

They

are a very large class.

^A*i. j-^*

to

keep

when you



•— 102

4.

Are there Only a few. ';:

verbs

::"

The

?

mentioned

first

>

To

sound verbs.

The student

examples



r

''

w»**^ ^^^>-

consider, or estimate

will gather

example from

the only

is

of this

form when he studies

"Assimilated Verbs" (Lesson II3) the wau of which disappears in the present tense. 5.

To

inherit

thou wilt serve (worship)

'

• .

>-

thou wilt enter

zf

thou wilt go out

1

J^"^* > >

get out

!

Are there any Prepositional Verbs Yes,

them "to to

certain

Arabic verbs

worship

:

but

J

'

''

thus^^

he went out from

...

he listened to him.

-^?«**'

take special

prepositions

Thus,

bow down

-^s*-*

to "

after

means

anyone,

i.e., ^

He worshipped God.

^>^**'

i.e.,

If;

" to

'.

(Tj^

?

to represent certain significations.

bow down"

is

he

^

'

left.

Similarly j^

J*

> \\\ l'" ."He arrested) the thieves ) l/'-?'^*'' l>

U^

Vocabulary

39.

by

a

may

preposition

preposition.

^^^ decided upon

rZ/^^*

were arrested

Clrt

L/*.**

SOME PREPOSITIONAL VERBS. J

worship

to prohibit a thing

^>«-^

'c>

^

to listen to

Ji'c:-

to grant to

>^

to trust in

to decide

transitive

She was brought

'

'T;

j

decided

upon a matter

to

-

means of the sd^mt" retained''

(//7. )

her)

103

upon

>'r5=

to bring (a thing) to bring

(^.e.,

.3"4jil

I

jiuV

I

(

V

;>L)I

)

V^t:^

*y.

(t)

l^»

40*4

•/ (r)

j-JflAJljl

(0)

Exercise 39b. 1.

We testify

2.

Who

3.

He

4.

is

?

did not listen to their speech.

"The world knew him Serve

God

8.

"God

is

9.

to.

The camel was brought

6.

7.

10.

to

alone

him.

Get out

God

at

and they-

Him...."

once

!

preserve you

(salutation).

not".

!

a spirit,

who worship

Their speech was not listened

5.

to you.

the sorceress

;

.



104

Lesson 40. Follow these rules with the following short literal meanings of words and phrases, with the helps given, reading from right to left. (2) Gradually learn by heart the Conversation

(^)

Exercise.

colloquial dialogue.

Study the

I.

idiomatic meaning of single phrases, rather than single words and then, as soon as possible, drop the use of transliteration and also of the literal word-by-word

rendering (which

The

is

really neither English nor Arabic).

(3)

Read

aloud.

(4)

N.B, Sounding the final

proper idiomatic English.

last line gives the

case-vowels, this becomes a written exercise; dropping them, a colloquial one. r

••

-Jju^ Aa«u^ -^jV*

ya shaikh, sa'id, Naharuk sheikh, happy {be\ Thy -day Good morning Sheikh

mubarak, sa'id, Naharuk happy [be]. Thy -day

O

blessed,

Good morning, 4JO

thy

abadan

al-haqq

'alaik

You

with safety

Goodbye

cow

thy

Lie

C

alaina

ma

boy.

?

tabi'a

li

me, that thou

wish to

'1-an 'alaiya

The

an turid Hal

sell,

sell

Dost thou wish

me

your cow

Al-Haqq me

Sahih

time

True,

right's against

now I'm wrong

Never mind

!

to

Do you

Nothing against us

!

ya

bni

0- my -son

[is]

are you

baqaratak

la

No, never.

C as-salima ma*

Bow

V

No, never

are wrong.

state ?

How

Well, thank God.

against thee. The right

J^i



haluk? Kaifa

al-hamdu-lillah. Taiyib, praise -be -to- God. Well

Jbl



r

'

ail

JUJ-I

this

True,

Revision of the Six Classes, Lessons 38, 39. Passive Pres.

Passive Past

.^»

>

&

>

>

"

J

^J-^l

v> '•

— ^»





r

>i

^>«i "

y

r

V/^^.

V^-'

.

X

-^

,

^^ •"

^^

J^l

J^



'

r

"

•>

^^^ (^

^

f'

•:;

»

^

>

%'. 1

s^*^^

^



^

"Ul •



.r*'

>

^0

r.

/ , .'

-^

1

V^-*-*; «^ •^

>

>~*

*

^

.

''

a

>

^

"-^

^^.

^^.1

V'

.>

.

.

> >

1

y^

&

c^-

• > .

"

.

\

>



^'^'-i

>

.

Perfect

o>.

-

&'

cr

-'

Imperfect

^0 •

•>

.

^

>

Imperative



^

^w>^ ^ •

}

105

EXAMINATION PAPER

(B).

N.B.

I.



number your answers, write clearly, and send up for cori^eclion, with full name and address.

Copy

the questions,

Give examples of

What

is

J.

verbs.

::.

the Imperative Masc. Sing, of "to

come

in"

Give

?

other examples of similar vowelling.

Write three or four lines either (a) ta II.

marbuta or

what you know about

(b) alif maqsilra.

Translate to Arabic:

Why

did you not prevent them from entering

They

will

Why

wast thou

have

The Apostle In the

name

of

left (f)

I

am wrong

There

is

?

before the teacher comes. not present yesterday

God used

to say

~

.?

"Praise be to GOD."

of God, the Compassionate, the Merciful.

Good morning, sheikh

III

tellingj

;

good morning, boy (my

son).

this time (now).

nothing

in

my

Translate to English

hands.

:

^) c

^

(r)

4A)

'jjrLf'jr(i)fj;:Vj ,0/'

(v)

^

iU.U N.B.

(^)

(a)

Please space out your lesson hours to as to allow for Revision of earlier lessons.



io6

Lesson *'Eyc, Voice

^

f

— 41.

and Ear."

^

"i

i

*

words ending in

word;

a

The most

Masculine)

are "Feminine

words said

of about thirty

list

vowel

a picture;

A*^

a (female) sheikh.

titles,

Talha ^^^>' successor,

a

j>-

oi

i.e.,

men happen

to

Khalif (Caliph).

must, in that case, be masculine.

Those ending in a

s ervile

*^i

as

^^

j*>-

red;

^\j^

^

grandeur; (c)

Exs.

-ii^'*^

desert;

Those ending in (^*"^

Salma;

*ij-X^ a virgin

;

^^^\

(adj.) white.

(J' ^^^-^-J*-

remembrance; ^^> fever;

most (J J

I

(female); {Sj^?

beautiful (adj.) first

;

c^^A^ greater

(f).

— 8.

What It

the feminine of ^>-^

is

needs no feminine, as J^?-l

of

J>^_5 (one, adj.)

(in

-X>

feminine of

stands, for

it

is ci-^^^^

1

19

of... (c.f.

:

15) takes the place

thus:

of the girls OllJi ^^J?-^

One

of

J'->^>'

»

(About Damascus

One One z**.^''

of the ladies,

them

of

^^

0^-^-**»»i

iS-^^^

(fern.) (^*'-^'^],

)

u>Cil^jV>,l

(

J, 'J\) ii(L

^1^1)1

The

in construction.

o

One

them (masc.)

a vague expression

it is

which cannot be used

>

Exercise 42a.

(some one).

Construction) one

but



log

Lf L Coy/, V.II

G. j^ °J iV

'(.111

I

jyj)

'oV dj'i

!

3^

(V)

Ci/

(a)

'^'-^i^''

dlli

Si's-

(r)

,

Exercise 42b. 1.

My

2.

Where

3.

Is

4-

It is

little

daughter wishes

has seen

it

is

like Cairo

?

It is in

Syria

(lit.

Country of Syria).

?

a garden in the desert.

5.

But the sun Is

7.

The Khalifa

8.

picture.

Damascus

6.

in

its

Damascus, because she

to visit

intense there.

is

the desert red or white

}

The

desert

(Prince of Believers)

is

yellow.

was dwelling

there,

i.e.

Damascus.

How

was

that

?

That [was] because Damascus was

his city,

''





no

Lesson 43. 1.

Given the Masculine, how do we form a Feminine from

The commonest way remember our

to

is

^

we

get

So from

^^-^^

2.

Can

this rule

Certainly as

S^JT

able 3.

Is

a

:

it is

the smallest

4.

A-11^

sick

(f.)

^

^^^*i

So y»J)l\

(f.)

(f.)

;

Adjectives

is

common that

Firstly,

the

to the

are

(Comparison of Adjectives, Lesson radical

is

preceded by

once be recognized. the form

^l-**

,

that

alif,

all

59)

Is there

not another

greater and

(m.)

honour-

(S

makes iSj^*^^

makes (Jj

(f.)

in §3

the

j'

See Lesson

59.

?

upon the form that

J^^^

is

j«i

to say, the first

may all

not at

upon

that the first radical takes (Jamma,

is,

J«i

?

or,

Secondly, the Feminines are

a

x.-l:>

s

the greatest?

even though the form

and, after the final radical, alif maq§ura 5.

^S\

the smallest, (m)

Masculines

(or, col-

A^^li*

noble,

^f*

sionary, or "one-sent") gives Oji^^

Similarly

is



(^.yrf*

it

is,

but the colloquial uses the Ac-

and drops the fat-ha of the nun, so we *

0>^** J*

*

Uiv-"^^^



uy*^^

— 5.

But

I

thought there were three cases

There are three cases

two special forms

6.

for those "Imperfectly Declined"

Plural

What

r-

this sign

is

?

is

an example of the

we

"Plural"; just as in English

by PL, so plural to

In

Arabic we use

in

a

single-?-

to the

accusative

is

when

(see 52

latter.

word "Plural"

(Note that when the

quoted;

quite easy

is

it

the sentence requires

Arabic dictionaries the word following the

all

word preceding

7).

:

which here means

represent the

given, only the nominative

is

change

plural of the 7.

^^

abbreviation of the word

an

is

!

Declined Nouns", but only

in ''Fully

The Regular Masc.

It



113

-r

is

it).

the

it.

Enter these additional examples in the Note Book.

Use two

or

three pages for "Regular Masculine Plural", and give the three

columns. Meaning

An

A

aviator

Plural

ojjLU i

oy-C)

peddlar

^

J

">

y

A pickpocket A

tlL^i

'^'

teacher

An

A

Singular

inspector

'J^-

>r»

worker

j^JU

Absent

^

•'('

^^^ >^\.

Entering \

>

r.

\

>

v.-

Leaving

h^

Defeated Useful

A

winner

'C>

^;ju



.

-- 114



Exercise 44a.

>

'

'*•".>.-'

'

pUjVl



^

Jlk from

Moslem;

^believers;

^'

^

-

'

it.

(J^*'J^ ^sinners.

Fourth Conjugation, to come

in

Lesson

76'



-

116

Relative Adjectives ending in {S (this will be explained

(c)

in detail in L: 144, sufficient to

say here that from

we form ^^^/ Misriy an Egyptian, by adding shadda, which ya

j'.:h:f

The

last

preceded by a kasra).

is

Egypt

j^a.A

a ya and a

Other examples

:

Syrians

A

Syrian

Chinese

A

Chinese

Japanese

A

Jap

Christians

A

Christian

tr-r

directly derived from 7x**-.J'

the Messiah. In

word

is

%S'S'.

Writing the Accusative Case of the above four examples note that 3 ya's are pronounced,

and two

Some Comparatives and

(d)

with one shadda.

written,

Superlatives

:

>

i;^^

.

ending in iS ^^^t*^

maqsOra

Fem.

:

Language

The

takes

2

O^j^-^ ry^^

Quran)

Some words

.?

0^»*i«* r-

.

a!?-

^

(b)

is

the other

fem: by adding

Garden (Paradise) (of

it

7).

will take the Reg.

Other examples from Fem. Nouns

Verse

for

but

by construction) of

(Revise 42

its

fem

'^^ J^^-"^

Believers

CS\ dtin

article or

o

in

i->lU.«>«

Many

a vowel,

»

C»uJi

:

a masculine, forming

Teachers

dt for the

Regular Feminine Plural

words ending

the Reg, Masc. PL, then

Ol

and the Oblique.

course lose the tanwin. C^LJ' 2.

?

plural

Nominative Case and

a^w7i for the

two

Feminine Plural formed

feminine

regular

fem. pl.

OU

r-

Ail

OUl

7^

4il

^ u^^

fever.

written as a ya, forming yat-un.

of

Zeinab

Fatima

women

(if

real Arabic) c.->Uajj t-

w^-^J^j

^ J

4

"-;

OLi>li

*-

i^UU

7-

A few foreign Masculine words! (This appears strange, but the Reg. Fem. Pl. is available for miscellaneous words)

(d)

gentleman; Mr.

pasha (Turkish) stable

»

:

t \

two nations

two eyes

two languages

two masters

two mistresses (teachers)

two days

two nights

(jULI

two months

two years

olli^

jll*l«>i

— 6.

122

any similarity between the Dual of the Noun and Verb ? compare the Past with the separate and affixed Pronouns

Is there

Yes

:

and Al-Mudari*^ with Affixed Pronoun

Nominative

the

(see

Lesson

Separate Pronoun

29).

Verb

(Al-Madi)

1-'-'

'-^' .

C::lr^

Nom

Al-Mudari' of Verb.

A

good deal of similarity

verb

especially in the second person.

throughout,

alif

and also

of

Noun

of Agent.

be found between the dual

will

and the dual separable

(Past)

:

pronoun

(Personal)

Notice the special use of

that the

between

difference

Dual and the Plural Masc. Prons. consists

the

in the extra alif

possessed by the former: this interesting point applies equally

pronouns and

to the separate

to the

pronominal

Revise

affixes.

Lessons giving the Dual of the Pronoun and Verb. 7.

What This

the use of the particle

is

is

^

in our exeicise

.''

and sometimes cannot be

a conjunctive particle

trans-

ay

**^x.U means "then,

lated.

frequently preceded by

matter

"As

:

'

is

the

in the

titles.

(^>»V1>

literally

OUi

(j^l/J

'

:

-"^'^^^

him

to a

^

4).

^

is

^

noun in construction

means "Presence"; but

it is

}

always

East as a polite prefix to people's names and

Thus we say (abruptly) 0*;.,,

we say

politely

gentleman Z^ to

(See 32

which means "as for" or "in the

word S^ii> prefixed

word which

a

used

of

him hear"

for the sick child, [well] he died yesterday".

Whaf It is

Example

of..."

\a

let

'

/^-.-i^'

^^

but

"h--^^-^ o

pronunciation of

it)

we wish

speak

^

render

to a

presence. In translation "

Hadratak by "thou" or "you". better

to

o^^>- Similarly we never say

thou, but dX^^a.>- thy

English we had

if

"

(colloquial

6.

Why

is

-

123

shaikh in the Oblique Case

Because such Arabic while the

name

titles

?

as o^a>- are vowelled as antecedents

consequent of the Construct

(or ofifice) is the

His Greatness the Sultan of Egypt

State.

greatness-of the-Sultan-of

Egypt ^^4

is

rendered— The*'

jlk\.^i^laP. The-Majesty-

of-the-King d\ij\ i)^^ means, His Majesty the King. 10.

A more

formal style of address

CiiJi L.>-^^

r

Exercise 47a.

^^\''\

I

:s\»\

(j^v_:l^ i:*

oLlk§

:

oljr_^ii

uUL^

formed by placing s,^>\^

and releasing

in construction with 43M>- etc.

'^. oCkL

is

A-Is^ I'^t. '

r

''

l'^:.

-rj^

Ui

Ijis-

jli,

'a1

^

""•

'h.):\

".^K

L^(^

'•'

^JS ^Jj

'J

4^.

as:

ali%

.^rJT

^

'jllj

write to

^

your parents. 2.

What are the two alifs in the first example ? The first one is all that is left of the mark removing the

while the second one

nuriy

marking the

after

^'

This needs careful pronunciation:

definite.

The

walida-1-walad.

Dual

part of the

of the

is

accusative

be :—

would

oblique

or

walidai-1-walad. 3.

Give an example of the Dual Feminine Construct

"The governess went

out of the

Har^m (women's

H. H. the Sultan's two daughters." (Caution of "Sultan"

part of the normal

is

quarter) with

— the nun at the end

word and not

to

be confused

with the dual) 3a.

Why

Because before wa§la the sukun has (here kasra) to 4.

make pronunciation

But suppose the singular noun has a

and similar cases

In that

Thus:—Two

What alif

The

is

virgins

Two

(j'^jljip5.

done

original

^'

Similarly writes writes

(Revise 12:

possible.

is

changed

into wau.

^^y j9t,^

case of alif maqsura, or in the case of long 1

be restored

OLv>-

stick, or

two

I2J.

like -iIj^a

in

forming the dual

a youth, restores the ya, and forms

o^^Jl^

?

ending

difficult

u'^'j***^ and

radical must

l^c a

sentence

(nom.) J^j^ji^ and (Ace. or Oblique)

deserts

in the

in this

be replaced by a vowel

to

hamza

the

which was originally wau

thus

^\

there a kasra at the end of

is

stafi",

staffs.

two fevers

(c.f.

restores

^>-

its

its

dual

0^^*i

original wau,

a fever, restores

its

and

ya and

the Reg. Fem. Plural 46:2b.)

-

125

6.

t:

^

What happens

to

^

These two words are actually wau,

a final

Two

^>

(jVJt

u^^^j

brothers, Is

^

>.

fathers

used like

7.

(

c.f.

46

:

\

to

and

a father,

1

*)

r-

to be restored,

"

mean

3 for plural of "sister".

Pronoun

.?

and "you two"

is

UZ»

At

>

Lesson 25:3 and revise the table

8.

What

"They two"

point turn back to

this

in full:

Note that the dual pronouns are

— Singular,

Common

are the affixed dual pronoun-terminations

C*

These are

and

l^^

both

Common

'-^^

^'•'

>iV ^'^i J j;r*

3.

^

u^Si-^Vi

c.:^ li /saJf Cr

Exercise 48b. 1.

?

u^-^:y O^Sj^

;>_;;^i^'>^ljtjUC;rjUi

2.

Gender.

^

'^ W'^j'

Dual,

Gender.

Exercise 48a.

J».iii

two

two parents"), and jij*-^

Certainly; since pronouns arejiouns in Arabic.

Plural.

54:2).

(c.f.

abawani (which can be sometimes be

there a Dual Personal

is Uifc

?

having originally had

defective,

which has

a brother

\

\

(r)

l^

i

(r)

if,

I

(t)

aVj^^K C^'^J^iL}

You two [are] good men. The two women are very As for the two princesses,

sick; their disease

— one of them

is

— one

of

is

(v)

fever.

virtuous,

and

the other wicked. 4.

About

two sons of the queen, and the other ignorant.

the

ligent

know everything about

that,

because

5.

I

6.

two ministers. Has His Highness the Sultan a son The two sons of the Sultan are big.

7.

}

I

them

is

intel-

sat with the king's

He

has two sons.



broken plural.

Lesson 49. Nouns not taking

I.

a

Regular Masc. or Regular Fern. Plural are

said to have a "Broken Plural '

!

A

"Broken Plural" means a

by "breaking into

2.^What

They

"

Why

".

plural

this

name

are servile letters

?

formed out of the singular

and inserting one or more

it"

servile letters.

?

by forming derived words

are those that serve a root

and are collected together





126

one Arabic word

in

you asked me for her' ; ^jS,

l^Jj^xlU

being the 2nd Person Plur.

Past with the nihi of precaution and the ya showing the object

Not

me.

will be

all

these letters will be used in Broken Plurals, others

used to form Derived Nouns (Lessons

Derived Conjugations (Lessons 3.

How many Over

thirty,

for this 4.

we

but

a

More

double lesson.

May any

do

and also

72-95).

Broken Plural are there

different forms of shall

62, 63)

few

will

Singular take any Plural

Two

at a time.

come

in

?

will suffice

Lessons 64

— 67.

?

No; most forms of singular are restricted to one or two plurals and note that it often happens that the existence of a second

;

plural 5.

form indicates an additional meaning.

Note the forms

:

*yV

> .« * .^

?

Ui;r^

'j^iU Vj

^'•^w^i

I;

jlVi'i

^V iJ/jr ^Hy

^

(rA=*''^'

/;Yr:*^

jl'^lVl

^^-^u^i

j*

.(i)

^^

(o)

Exercise 50. 1.

Do

2.

They

royal children study in their houses, or do they go to

their teachers

3.

?

live (dwell) in castles (palaces), not in houses.

And

the castles [have] gardens in

their

two banks

(sides) are

many

which are

trees

;

rivers,

their leaves

and on (i.e.

the

leaves of which) and their blossoms are of pretty forms. 4.

Are kings' children's thoughts actions like our actions

?

They

like

our thoughts and their

are just (exactly) like our

children. 5.

Who

are their friends

the nobles.

?

Their friends are

all

from [among]



130



EXAMINATION PAPER

50.

Carefully copy the questions, answer fully, allowing sufficient time, but without external help, write clearly ; then send up with name and address. I.

(l)

Give the Plurals of aviator, more excellent, a month, a language, a pupil, darkness, " this one," "that one", a burden, a thought, work, a star. plate, a year, a

Give the third Commandment. Write out the Alphabet in its regular order. (3) To English (2)

II.

:

dj^^i x>\

J

I

j^a{\ irl^J oLi-s

t)

Oi»^ ^A53

.Lrjl l:l^S r*

^

went

to the

mosques

The doctors-of-the-mosques The doctors

are intelligent >^^ac

of Cairo mosques are intelligent

We

saw the lame man

We

passed by the lame

man

K^n^

la.fi

»>•

';

I

!>.

\^ }^

"-r'

(Gen.)

" ^\ A\ UJ^S

I^JlI

•>•

j(H\

(Ace.)

**

J>.lirjl

^G^e /I

iTj^*^' J*" J^'

\ [Ji.^

\

C^lfc-

l.»jla>

^'

Jj*

o

in the

I

synagogues of the Jews.

did not go to their schools

Exercise 53,

.5^^

^.^-^;'j^>«

Translate above sentences from memory.

memorise them.

J

J

I

I

If

/*>•

li-

wi^i

j "

I

I

possible,



-

135

Lesson 54. ANCIENT DELE NSW N. 1.

What was

supposed

It is I

2.

the ancient

method of declension

to

date). ^ and (^ (Vowel-points are of more recent

Do any nouns Yes; 'f'\

five

do

still

so,

this ancient

form

etc.

first

48

(c.f.

^

four of these.

:

We

6).

Nom. Ace.

t

a^'

%

f

A;l

iJU

(-

i-

%

• x

With

t

J.'

in the

and

^

I

article. Indefinite.

vi ^»

\

L>S\

^

fjl (

^}

>,.\

^Ni

.^1

^

Ace.

-

^

^

?^>

^(^1 %

Gen.

.&-

How

is

ji declined

?

a word complete in

The meaning is

are all

.r>.

^\

fully decline

Let

.

Nom.

It is

and

which re-appears

ol

:^.3(JJ

0^

^1 father;

Ch\

:^5 ^

,-»i3lil

Oen_

now

will

^

\

With pronouns.

In construct.

0^

^

These are

"in construction'.

defective, the missing letter is wau,

Dual

?

father-in-law, ji possessor; ^i mouth.

^j»^

brother;

keep

when

us deal with the

3.

?

have been expressed by the three long vowels

is

present, not missinj?.

is

"the possessor-of, or owner-of," and therefore

onhj used in construction. J,

wau

the

itself,

>

Nom. JUji Wealthy man.

Its

plural •

!

^

is

j^> and

(C_)^

-

J-^i jjS doers of favours.

4.

What If

J

about the word

which

it

is

and Gen. J

;

is

also

>^

^

But

is

But, as a matter

etc.

pronouns

etc., to

employ

With

With a noun

'4

^i

in § 2. Indef.

article

?' iM

'ii^

?'

y

}'

may

cilj be confused with "in me, in thee"

not (J

i

r

Gen.

5-

Nom.

an older form, and this follows the ancient rule

:

Ace.

?

nothing to remark, for ^

Li

of fact,

mouth

i

is

r-

Ace.

Thus

used, there

is

*

136

Yes; but the student can distinguish by the context.

?

Arabic

has a few cases of identity of spelling with distinction of

meaning, but English has many more! 6.

Give further concrete illustrations of Lessons 53 and

They

sat with the

Another

polite

poor people

man came

(j'UI

^ ^3*^>'

to the castle of the Sultan of Egypt.

The "owners

of

Some people

studied in schools

work"

s^iyill

54.

(i.e.

business-men) studied in ;j*j^^^ ci °

.

offices.

'j**^-)^ c/''^-'' >

Some people

studied in the schools (j*j' J^J^(JJ^**'j:>^L!l

Some people

studied in the schools of rhe missionaries.

I

do not

strike

my

father or

my

brother because

wish that anyone strike his father or his brother.

(j^*i

^

>

-'

^-j

God does

not

:

Exercise 43a.

to

-

137

Arabic

2.

The people of this city are very poor. The whole of the people of this poor city

3.

She dwelt

1.

in a

white house with a lame

are intelligent.

girl,

and they had

a black slave. 4. 5.

6.

Istruck

AbuZaid on his mouth. (AbuZaid was a famous scamp.

Abu Zaid was not a virtuous man. One of them came to the palace (castle) the fellaheen" (a playful

7.

The Chancellor

8.

I

was

visiting

of

title

of the late Sultan of Egypt).

Al-Azhar Mosque

His Reverence

of the " Father of

(lit.

is

named Abul-Fadl.

Virtue) Prof.

Mohammed

Abul-Fadl, Chancellor of the sacred Al-Azhar. 9.

10.

What I hear from my father I say (tell) to my brother. He has shewn me a favour (lit. He is an owner of favour, merit, against me),

Exercise 54b.

|

j^

4I' ii 4:,

aj| ^j^^ U|

^^* *

^

^ \.^

*****

***



^^

g^ jl'i!f U

lc;: l\i}{\ iiSi^\

^_^



^

^^

^

c^u j^ji o2"

or

-

138

-

Lesson 55. Apply

What The

real

2.

or

Demonstr: Pronoun

is 1^

Dual

j/i

are right

By adding

;

first,

and

"that",

is

OU

y'i

i^))4^

'i

Nom. Case.

oi"

Cj}

(4)c5^

'^

Other Cases.

the

word

Mas.

Fern.

^S

"and

this

given above

is

(i.e.,

1

IJ^

,JIA»

»-;

Other Cases.

for " that

one" (intermediately

and you get

iJlS

The

.

cases seem to be as with dAJS in

Now,

J

the

word

for " that

in the singular

one"

and the

'd;ir

some

13

the one near).

OV'*

5.

or

Nom. Case. ^

-

o

and dllS

l-\*

e.g.,

that"?

hardly used alone.*

jl> ^

Now the word Add U to ii

thus:--

Mas.

the declension of "this"

H^,

4.

declined

demonstrative particle, such as

a

)

Fern.

very useful words are formed, Give,

^

Singular

But one thought there were two words,

You

3.

Demonstrative and Relative.

to the

the Demonstrative Pronoun (djLi >l

is

Plural

H\

"Case"

the rules of

alif

?

other numbers and

(5).

(distant)

?

Add

i!

but interpose

then becomes defective

aii

Nom. iJL-

airVji

distant)

alif.

Case.

'dii.

Other Cases. 6.

What

A

is

a Demonstrative Adjective

?

Demonstrative Pronoun used adjectivally

must he followed hy the Definite Article; as >^l;^l

book" and

o^I'»*^Ji

vil^Vjl

(without the article) Oy-* * It

is,

y

means "those ^^5" Vj

I

in

;

I

'

every case

J* means

believers";

"Those

it

"this

whereas

[are] believers."

however, the foundation pf the Egyptian Coll: Denionstratives,

da, de^

7.

How

can we

Partly

(a)

tell

139



the Demonstrative Pronouns

by observing the absence

and the presence of the tanwin; thus a

[is]

book"

dil'Vji "

vl-.j

Those

?

the definite article

of

Ua

'i->'J3

"this (thing)

women ".

[are]

we may need to say "Those [are] the people" ^_^UI^M}*; and as this sentence may read (simply) "These Since

(b)

people " in Arabic,

we may (and do

usually) insert a suitable

detached personal pronoun, which makes the meaning clear.

Thus we lit.,

[are]

V

^-i*

"This,

N B.

it [is]

the

book"

But which detached pronoun do we use

One which

the honourable visitor

Exercise 5oa. 2.

I.

These-two

3.

He

'J^li

i.e.

people (indef.)

I

"this is the book."

[are] the

4. 5.

That lady

6.

This

l^/b

An ^'1

is

'

'-.'.

o yi*jl

,

:

* ©J*

(chapters).

two chapters mentioned

gentleman)

jl^^^^l ^jU*

«' ^^

V.

(f).

These two suras

(or, this

These

in the book.

the famous writer.

[are] nice people.

[is]

is

merciful and generous.

the noble lady.

That youth (boy) does not obey his parents do not love* him.

* his

7.

JC-Si j, I

JCn^ ^'J' 8

father

jl)'j_,JI j^'^*

(0

C

(t)

J>-V^/.ll 3

f

'''^^

j/^£ji i^)l-l

and mother, so \

Exercise oab.

^U»l

(^ *Nj*

?

jli^jjl '

is

u^^J^

agrees in number and gender.

These two persons are the guests This



the people,

These ones, they are the people.

0C:_5CJI 8.

These

say,

are Conj. IV. Verbs.

(Lesson

oUr* *

4,"^i'p.

76).

(r)





140

Lesson 56. I.

How

We

the Relative

is

Pronoun formed

have already (Lesson

Demonstrative Pronoun

shown

55)

is

,c':>

(uj-^j^^

?

that the feminine of the

Now,

.

)

to

form Masc

of the

:

Relative Pronoun we take that Demonstrative Pronoun, prefix

J

to

and then add

it

means "who"

alladhi which

Mas.

Fern.

Thus we get

also.

and

or "which,"

Dual

Plural Fern.

the article

fjj\

thus declined

is

I

:

Singular

Mas.

Fern.

as.

Nom.

ii>" c-

ill

:i!l

Other Cases.

What (a)

is to

The

be noted here

?

fact that three of the

but the other

above have a lam with shadda,

including the four dual forms,

five,

Sound

written lams beside the shadda.

Egyptian Colloquial Arabic

for in to (b)

lU

illy,

shadda

the

carefully,

these forms are reduced

all

(who, or which, Masc., Fern., Sing., PL,

That, except in the Dual, there

have two

is

etc.).

no difference marked

between the Nominative and the other cases. If (_^JJI

means who

By saying "who,

=

or which,

Similarly,

Thus, "the

his."

man who,

"the

how do we

man whose



his-horse etc.

"the lady who, her-horse"

in the history of

write whose

horse

'\$i^>-

is

lost"

J^JI

(JJ\\

(Those interested

etc.

may compare,

languages

?

old-fashioned

in

English, the usage "John his book " for "John's book."

"The gentleman whose

Write:

Transpose write

Note (^j-^

" with

thus

it

whose son 4l>l

:

.

account of

(J*-^'

)

to

V- A^O-U*'

this long example, .

"

in

son "

I

hid

J

ij^-o

/C-ii^

which "who...

my

school with.'»

at

who, with^his son

3re widely separated.

all thei?' sin, I

was

then

JuJl

their

"And

",

wickedness

those who, on

face from this city." (Jer.33:5).

)

q

"

Whom

I

Whom = who,

serve."

A/»i>-l ^j!i

serve him."

"The lady whom "Behold, he 6.

How

-

141

whom

I

Thus we

him.

get " who,

^

know"

f^* J^

thou lovest

do you explain I^I^Uj

is

^^il

'

sick"

SjlJl

'

J-^

{Ja-\^»

^*< ^^^

But you have Written her, not them

Yes;

not only so,

RULE

Recapitulate the rational 8.

is

is

Feminine Singular

The broken

:

means who,

the

meaning

1

learnt.

!

treated as Feminine Singular,

Do you remember ^^»

^11

but

'^j*

'

j^^j-^^

"The lessons which, them I learqt"=The lessons which /.

I

or whosoever, while

i.e.

and

of /^*

=

U

of

plural

also.

a non-

Neuter. C.f.

/;

J:^

whom you

saw.

(s.)

writers.

thou bast-been gracious."

^^^^'^\ ^^^\ j'-T ^J',

U

o^iUi

(r)

j^^

^f JJji

ji y^'ji jCjCsui

I;

>^^

;;:•

(

^

"^"^

(v)

'Jus

C"^)

01 j,^/

di:>j

^^

^

u* :})J}\

o'j*

(V)



142

— Read aloud and

Exercise 56c. f^

study.

ST

V^\ ^ ^.

.-^

-W P

J3(i.'

y^^'

d

til

/^ir^i iiaiis

=?

oj.'iv^ii A^f '

Ui

'-'

Translation.

56d.

my father, mother, and brothers say to me and I obey them. If my father says 'Give me [some] bread,' I give him If my brother says to me 'Give me (i.e. pass to him) bread at once. All my brothers obey my father and water,' I give him at once. My brothers and I love obedience, and (so) we obey mother. I

hear what

We

Father and Mother.

from them^t>. any wish of

we hear

(listen to) their

Parents

never disobey theirs).

They

(lit.

contravene) any word

love us very

words and act upon them.

love children

who obey

but the one

them,

disobeys the wish (wishes) of his parents

is

only

my

father

is

doing).

So

far as

and mother but also

my

who

beloved by no-one.

People much dislike the boy whose parents do not actions are (what he

much because

know what

concerns myself, teachers.

t

his

obey not

-

143

-

Lesson 57.

RULES for AGREEMENT RULE A

ADJECTIVES.

The Adjective agrees with

:

attached, in

RULE B

of

Noun

a

Noun

is

defined in any way,

Adjective must be defined by the

article.

A*^

of the great king

(^j^-^'

its

y

"

>

^xj

{il J-^^*^

^

is

^-aV

i^.n

i^'^^'n •

In this 6th sentence " hard "

But

>

••''"'

of the poor \ a hard one (f.) J

a predicate.

^

j\*$^lidJVjl

The condition (

**

^^i^^^y^^zS

of Mo?es

Servants of their gracious Lord

[is]

T*^J

j^.*^" cilLli Z^C> ~^

The mighty Book

people

^^

^^

great house of the king

The house

it is

attached

its

Her great house

The

which

to

Number, Gender and Case.

When

:

ihe

y

not an attached adjective but

gender agrees with that of the

subject).

Suppose the antecedent of a construct noun has an ordinary adjective attached to

RULE C

it,

as in the second sentence

above

The Antecedent and Consequent nouns

:

struct state

must not be separated by any adjective;

desired

qualify

to

the

antecedent

by an

adjective must be placed after the consequent

?

con-

in if

it

that

adjective,

:

is

can generally

it

be distinguished by the vowelling.

The

)"

child's noble

The noble He

countenance

cJb^lll jl^H ^'U^

child's

vJd

dwelt in the peasant's small house

N.B.

^; J

I

T-^Hil

-ill SS

1

J^Ju

J

J *^^

This particular sentence might also be construed " in the

house of the small peasant 3.

I

countenance

",

but the sense

is

against that.

Supposing there are two antecedents connected by "and'' In that case,

mark

this

?

Supplementary Rule for old-fashioned

''good" Arabic (often disregarded nowadays) ;—

— RULE D

Place the

:

antecedent in construction in the

first

ordinary way, and the second

"if or "her", The mercy and

etc.,



144

construction with the pronoun

in

as consequent.

blessing of God.

(The mercy of God and His

The power and

the

wisdom

of God.

1

books and pens.

pupil's

(The books of the pupils and

By

the child's

their pens).

book and pen.

Suppose

That

be in apposition Its

Noun;

any

in

May one Yes

no

is

difficulty.

Ex.

What

is

the use of the

meant

"evil".

the-best-of "

-^S*

Muslim." is

Jv-c-

state,

is

^c

'iJy V.

similarly placed its

"un"

its

l'

I

to

place.

'^^

Ja

'

jf



T

^*

"i^

-^

«.^^^'a^11' *! -^

?

owner of

Oy^^

to

Ex.:

stores

^*"^ ^.

is

he-who leaves

his brother

^1. V; from

^rv->- ?

as the antecedent of the construct

etymological meaning its

'

> 0^.

is

to be distinguished

"and others") and prefix

adjudged

now very much used

in construction,

"The worst Muslim

'(.v'J.il 'o'Xi

but

is

meaning

are

" the-worst-of."

J^ " The-best-of-speech

il^ljl

How

and

They

'"

and %t

^a.>-

similarly

antecedents of nouns

7.

words

originally a substantive,

\y^^

the

^^j*-\^

^>. was

**

I

7^

•\'

He

:

and houses. 6.

is

^^

(v)





146

READING EXERCISE. Ex.

57c.

**

*

tf

-^

^

**

*

^

*

"

^

-^

^^

s—

-*

A

verif literal translation : There was with Halim (He had) a nice faithful dog [whicV] (I) the son-ofAnd he used-to-send him his-brother (his nephew) had given to him. constantly to the market to buy (2) bread so the dog goes (3) and comesThen in one of the days (One day) with (brings) the bread in a basket. Halim wrote a paper to the baker and put it in the basket. So the dog took that basket in his mouth and went to the baker, who took the basket from his mouth and put the new bread in it. And while the dog was returning (4) to the house of his master, another dog saw (5) him and walked with him. Then that dog smelt the bread, so he took from the basket one loaf. So the first dog sprang upon him, and all the dogs that were in the street

^a;. 5?f/.

;

heard him, and attacked him, and ate

When

the dog

saw

(6)

that,

all

the bread that [was] in that basket.

he took his empty basket and returned to the

house of his angry master.

Grammatical Notes (I)

N.B.

The

:

Relative of an INDEFINITE noun

alladhi contains the article .^.

continuous action.

see"

is

a weak verb,

vowels frpm

this

'

!

c

f.

Ex. 56b,

(3).

is

not written,

(2) Suhjiinct:

(4) Pres. partic. predicate of

(I

^«///7.

probably because (3) (5)

In the Present,

and

(6)

"To

have purposely omitted a few of the unimportant

School Reader

" Story).



147

Lesson 58. 1.

a^.1[\ 'kA^)\

What

/Adjective Assimilated to the Participle. It

means

that,

does this

and

is,

therefore,

quite rightly called the Active,

rather than "Present," Participle; but

verb

is

"to-be so

and

so,"

it

is

a

other form

if

little

meaning of the

the

far-fetched to use the

We

Active Participle for ''one-doing". for the adjective

it

?

is

Jc U represents

quite logical to say that the Active Participle

ont-doing,

mean

so long as the verb is a transitive one,

therefore, use

from such verbs,

but the

some Arab

Grammarians feel that there is some similarity between One-who-is and One-who-does, hence "Assimilated" Adj. 2.

Give some examples from the Intransitive Verb Meaning.

to

f/

be generous

mighty, great

to

be mighty

to

be beautiful

to

be brave

to

be firm

0-^

hard

What do we

notice in the above examples

That from the Intransitive Verb-form very often moulded upon the form other forms,

e.g.

L«i

?

J*j

an

adjective

the last three shewn.

Adjectives on the torm

IS

but maij take certain

Give examples from the verb-form J*J (a)

>

^ > ^

brave one, brave

firm,

Yf

o>

to be noble

a

4.

Verb.

one-noble

beautiful, well

3.

Meaning.

Adjective.

one-generous, generous

U^

ui

glad

to

be glad

cheerful

to

be cheeful

annoyed, depressed

to

be annoyed

"



148

>

and

for its Feminine,

(b) Jiii taking:

^'^•i

entirely used for

words representing colour or

Plural,

JǤ

is

defect.

lame

dumb one-eyed

E

cross-eyed

c ^

deaf

r

blind

(c)

Taking

form

j^l*!

tfiV

hungry

&^

11-

J^

Z

Jy'r

much time upon

not spend

Feminine takes

Its

.

j^i

and not very important now.

feminine with

I



A;^\«f

(

as

The

0^*i with tanwin damma, and,

5.

3>1

c

thirsty

Do

r^>

But

fact

t)Cik't

is

rather intricate,

is,

it

is

sometimes

in that case (only), takes

m co//;

Are there any miscellaneous examples Yes; any adjective, from a

it

Jiiti

iJ^.i

is

a

usual).

.''

triliteral verb,

which happens

to

take a form other than that of the regular Active or Passive Participle (but with similar meaning)

elderly

U-

V^^

good dead

( tl:^>»

or)

is

classified here.

to

grow old

to

be good

to die

c^'S\>

ou

wounded

to

wound

c>

victim

to

murder

3^'

-



149

^0 ^

6,

It is

not possible to form a

Yes and ;

J^^JL

J^

^aI

^

from C»u for example

^s>^\

?

means "dying," but C*** and ^;^ mean "dead".

means "pressing closely" but

Similarly ^jH*^

^J*J?

"narrow".

In other words, the participle (N. of Agent) describes temporary action, but the assimilated adjective denotes

permanent

state.

Exercise 58a.

When we road,

went out of our house, we saw two blind men

and they immediately followed

'Have mercy on us

for "

We

told

(

said to them

(

The merciful them

)

that

57:8) the whole of the blind, deaf,

great city, which

is

(starving) and the

tliirsty,

them

(i. e.

full

them

is

(in their

shewn mercy."

is

'

impossible to assist

lame and others

[why] there

as

for the

no number

(

in

this

hungry 33:4

to

)

But the matter was great

eyes) and they said, "

neither generous nor noble:

generous' "

shall be

it

in the

shouting and saying,

of them; while

they are innumerable).

(grievous) to

us,

ah well

(in

any

Sir,

case),

you are 'God

is

*

Exercise 58b.

« iii5

.

'S-'j*

'^^

,^A^

jV

lu'^jl

jV^i 3jl>-^°A^

\^ J^^SttI^'S ">o^I3 J^*'» 'r-^^ CuLi

*

The usual phrase

to dismiss a beggar.

^-^^j

'

w*

^*t**

jl j^s^M ^j^c'V] u«!

150

Lesson 59. NOUN OF SUPERIORITY. How

1.

The a

the Comparative denoted

is

adjective being a noun,

noun;

it

is

Does the Noun

2.

"Noun

called the

For the Superlative see

its

8— li

?

comparative iform

is

of Superiority"

naturally

U^k'*:!

^A

i

below.

of Superiority take any special form

?

formed upon J** from adjectives which have been derived from triliteral verbs, that is to say, before the first

Yes;

it is

I

radical, prefix

\

and vowel the

letters of prolongation,

are alike they coalesce,

the fatha

is

If

etc.

rest as above, discarding

the second

and

third radicals

and we use a shadda;

thrown back on

any

in that

case

to the first radical.

)U

learned

more learned >

great

greater

miglitier, greater

mighty, great

iiV

r

more

virtuous, distinguished

(better)

more

\

distinguished, virtuous

^S

good, beautiful

beautiful t

ugly

uglier

more

glorious

glorious

more

intense

intense

sweeter

(

1

In the last

1

sweet

li

example the wau undergoes a

reverting to (j which can carry no vowel

Can we

\*

"

permutation/'

itself.

say, in Arabic, "sweeter ^/lan" "•

Yes; we translate "than" by sweeter than honey.

The

^^^

and say

[^c-

a^ ^A>

'J-

1

preposition min governs the following

noun

4.

with tanwin kasra

in the oblique case,

or a bingle kasra

How

-

151

J-^ has

if

J-»Ji has the definite article.

if

"

would you say "redder, or whiter, than

we have

Since

learned a form J*i

physical defect,

it

of colour or

as a form

i

?

clear that adjectives denoting these

is

qualities are already on the

form

Take some such word

and form

comparative

SZ.

so

\»\\

ferent plan. its

tanwin,

we must adopt

a dif-

as Ji)^J^ strong, or intense

more intense

and then say

\

two

in - the - matter - of- redness. 5.

how can we condense that long phrase ? Into one word. The ma§dar (verbal noun, or noun But

is

[6.

used with tanwin fatha

(i.e.

adverbially) to express this.

redder

=

stronger as-to-redness

whiter

=

more as-to-whiteness

deafer

=

intenser as-to-deafness

Can

the comparative be formed from Derived

Theoretically, no

We

useful."

from

For example

learn

word

this

!

is

of action L:68)

^Ki

\

is

Verbs

?

the 4th Conj.

=

" to

Lesson ^^ that the V.N. of Conj

in

Then

olJl

the phrase

or)

"

He

is

be

IV

more useful

than she*,"-becomes

t^JL*

( 5 JL^li

As

this

rule is completely disregarded in

a

matter of

fact,

o:>Ul

f.S

modern Arabic, and one of the commonest phrases This

Also

"

is

more useful than

Then they

in-hardness."

S .-.J

(the hearts) !x.i

I

j

1

*

It is

t §6

^J

interesting to note that in English

" than

her,''

is less

because her

is

[are]

SjUi-

To-day, people would say

diJS

that

\S

1

.

*•/•

is

j^b\

lj;i»

like stones, or stronger .aJ

(AI-Qur*an 2

similarly to

we

jf>

^

^a-

1

].

:

69).

t

say "than she [is}" but, in Arabic

Obh'que case governed by the preposition min.

in^portant, and n^ay be passed over for thQ present, if desired,

'

~ 7.

the form J*i

Is

Yes; wiien say

\Jp[i

Uj

*.,*

How, otherwise

A

1

"aind

jj/b

Thus even

mav be made by

as the antecedent to a ^'Construct

'

I

J^^

J^i "Mohammed

I

than Fatima.'*

placing the form

Noun"

[is]

the-best-of-men " ^ *

according

gender,

to

thus,

ti^'x.^

'-»

and

is

women." But we may a/so say

the best of

way

this

prettiest of

more usual now. fj^^\ J*^

is

my

0>^^

wives.

I

J

I

^*u>* -"

9.

A

curious variation

the use of

is

-^

greatest of

"The Prime " 10.

He

Minister attended"

But, in general, In a

word,

it is

what

the best, or most distinguished

Can

this

(a)

It

forms

is

j^ljaiNI u^>-J^ :

(see

Ex

I

Ex.

(Qur'dn). y^"*"

S^^ 1

j^

(c.f.

it

(Revise 45:3d);

Ji Vi^l JlV^H The \

^^y-ap^

French);

e.g.

we

Ex: J^iM'

:

33).

?

(jj':!i^'J'.:/-'^j'-^^s::i'jl J^ L;ui j^U*j^ 1

B.

1.

When

2.

Who

3.

*'He

4.

5.

6.

7. 8.

9.

C.

(A)

( s

Translate to Arabic. will there

10.

be peace after

the Caliph

is

Believers,")

.

j^ ^^'i

(V)

whom

now

this

(Khalifa)

war ? "The Prince

(or

?

thou lovest

is

sick."

The two princesses, whose abode (mansion) we saw, have come home. Salma is my first and most beautiful wife.

We have been to many mosques. The girl went back to ask her brother. Her brother was. with Abu Zaid. Fatima

is

Yes, she

prettier than

is

Mary.

the prettiest of

all

the girls.

Questions. 1.

2.

of the

What words are Feminine What is the Rule for Agreement .''

of Adjectives

-

155 -^

Lesson EYE, VOICE

81.

AND EAR.

Memorise the following Scripture verses, one on, Arabic proverbs and other useful sentences

Later

at a time.

be

will

set.

'cuV^iSLSlldlOC

\j%^

^Ac V^3 ^^1

dl^.:;: 3

(r)

^i^

(o)

db'^ij di.i:l? (v) Literal Translation

And

1.

(To be compared with the references given).

:

as ye wish that the

with them thus If

2.

ye remain

my

(c.f.

(or,

Luke 6:31).

abide,

— U3e Past Tense after jj^) in Me, and

speech (word) abide

wish and

is

it

yours

people do with you, do ye also

(c.f.

John 15:7).

3.

The Lord

4.

The Lord shine *with His unto-thee

peace

As

6.

lift

for

24).

face upon thee and be-merciful-

up His face upon

me and my house :

and grant thee

thee,

— we

will

serve

15).

As thy days, thy

A

:

(26),

(Joshua 24 7.

you and guard you (Numb. 6

(v.25).

The Lord

5.

*

bless

ye shall (may) ask what ye

in you,

rest [shall be].

"hollow" verb having middle radical

>v/.

(Deut. 33 (L. 115).

:

25).

the

LORD

-

-

155

Lesson 62. PRIMITIVE AND DERIVED NOUNS. i.

What One

is

a Primitive

that

in

verbal root.

triliteral

number, the commonest examples are

^^5 heart What is a Derived Noun One which is derived from the '^'^ sword

ji[ camel ^j-^ neck.

(j^j^ horse

.'*

(j^ 3.

?

derived from the usual

is 7iot

These are but few

2.

Noun

j^ to study, we get

How many

.o^^

.

o.-'lt

c-^jO

(

Li5 ^^kr j

J

V'^

>

1

^"^

^^ ^

J

j^ir

1

V

-^'

1

1

*"

( s

/

\

u.w>-

(t)

S'il Uifr CJ jC 1:--U 'S^'JJ l^wi?-

(a)

-

-

159

Lesson 63.

NOUN OF INSTRUMENT

V^\ r'

This denotes the instrumenS or

I.

action

is

c>5nL»^

,

done.

Now

the most

by means of which the

tool,

common word

which takes the plural c>S L5w

but that word

When

primitive noun, not a derived noun.

for knife

it

is

is

is

a

desired to

derive a noun of instrument from a verb, that can only be done

upon certain forms, which are 2.

Give

a

l«^ jL*A4 and

few examples upon the form

,l^AA *iA.*A

l«i^

^ a

file

a milk-pail

a hand-press

iX.

to

file

tjk

to

milk

'u^.

scissors

3.

Give a

a

iTu -

-^

to cut, trim

few examples upon the form

key

a plough

JUu

c^^

to

open

^'>.

to

plough

to

weigh

to

blow

to

saw

to

sweep

a balance

6-

bellows a

to squeeze

'^'y.

saw

^ dj3

^i

^-^0 .

Also upon a

^^

^^ly.

the

first

l^V

^i''/'

of these

which

*^

is

odd words

?

commonly used

for

mim.

servile

^t'e

consonants?

four (see 3 above) quince

r-

y^-r J^j^--

your Vocabulary Book several pages for the plural

in

Put the form

head of the page.

the

at

the (attested) examples you

come

across.

Enter up

Take

3rd page for the odd words (para. 8 above) and label

Example

of a heading in Note-Book

an a 13.

plural,

Directions as to Note-Book.

Take

12.

65.

thumb

show the vowelling

Suppose the word contains

Drop IJ.

^jl^* and

!

ear of corn

words not having the 10.

:

>

ilil^

'y.^-

\\

the

their plural

Give examples of odd words which take the four-syllable because they contain four consonants

9.

Of

?

Example

>

I--

— J^^*^ k::

office

file

of another heading

Form

:

-*

:

*

jewel

* * «'"*''

^/"^f^

all

(say) the it.

-

163

Exercise G4a. 1.

If I

had (Had

schools of the world

all the 2. 3.

had) much money

I

would

visit

(have visited)

;

And see all the mosques and lawcourts and libraries. Do you not wish to visit the printing-presses also ?

4.

Yes,

5.

[Will]

I

wish to

visit the largest presses also.

you not

visit the

Alexandria lighthouse and stay

the chief dwellings of that city

in

.?

will look into the matter [the day]-after-tomorrow.

6.

I

7.

Is

more useful than the

the scissors

useful than the scissors 8.

I

It is

knife, or the knife

more

.?

said that one of the hotel guests (dwellers in hotels)

some years ago

throw some jewels and

(since years) used to

and they have now been found under the arches of the old temples. [for the children to dive for];

coins in the Nile

Exercise 64b.

ij^J

jVj^l

1

^^ UiJ

Vocabulary

^O

^—jlJa'Jl

cnSClJ

I

1

cnSCU

i

jjjl jl ij^jl

^

Monday

WiJ

Saturday

^

1

Sunday

64.

Thursday Friday

I

^5^

;:

J^i

,

>

^

I

C^x.^'

>

a

Tuesday

»j

Wednesday

-Us ^^^,^ I

I

"i;

(t)

U>

( V)

ji.V r^-





l64

Lesson 65. QUADEISYLLABIC PLURAL. Form

What happens

1.

to the

u^Vaa

form j^^^

word Cj\j^

the Sing., as in the

See our Rule of Permut: (63 tion to a 2.



How As

do we show the form except that

in 64,

5).

if

a

there

is

plough

Change

which

is

a long vowel in

?-

the letter of prolonga-

kasra

;

thus

Z^ jl^

}

we now add

a ya to lengthen ihe 3rd

Thus ^^^'^

syllable.

3.

:

to suit the vowel,

(_$

etc.

But u'Ja-* has a kasra with

mini,

its

and our plural form has

a fatha; what happens.?

See our Rule again has

to

!

Here fatha

be written, thus

*

has no longer any "raison for

wau

part of the form, so fatha

is

We

.

then observe that the ya

d'etre", since

it

was only substituted

which has now disappeared; we,

to suit the kasra,

therefore, return to the original wau, which also takes fatha here.

The

changed

^ain to

ya

has a kasra in the type-form, therefore the to

becomes mawazin 4.

be homogeneous to (j

yy

it,

alif is

and the plural of mizan

balances.

Give examples of tabulation of

Form

this

form

in the

Note-Book.

LpCi>« Singular

Plural

a key a

plough

a balance 5.

Can other words beside

Certainly,

the

such as contain

have a weak

Noun

of Instrument take a plural in

four (or more)

letter after the third

consonant.

consonants and

Examples

:

165

'cM^

o^isC"

sultan

cn^Cu^

knife

^ ^ ^

>

CnrC

devil

poor(wretched)

>

commentary

box



teaching doctrine

trunk (elephant)

W^^

'f^'-

j

^

week

',_,(-!

)

1

praise (hymn)

V^^"'

^

'yS(J.^ sparrow 6.

Can

a spring, source

Noun of Object cV^' ^-^^

1

^'^'

cn^llrll b)

(t)

-

i67

-

Lesson 66. Plural

|}^*y and

Forma

J^U*

^

1.

-^

Are there any nouns of the form J^U (Active take Quadrisyllabic Plural

Yes, and they act upon letter of a

?

the Rule: it

to

occurs as the second

if alif

wau and form

the four-syllable

(Not geneially used for rational beings).

plural. 2.

word, change

Participle) that

Some examples jtf-ly

of

J^'y

y?

a rule

r,ru

a prize

'fy'^

a table

a factor

a ring, seal a

stamp .c-^,''^

a benefit

a

mosque

'i-'^ ^w.''

3.

Can

thunderbolt

'aIcX.^

accident incident

''i:f.

)

i

there be a form

>1>

or

From

l,;u

a thought

>u

J^^'y

Certainly, on condition that there ^ain

a side

middle radical, as well

is

as

a

weak

after the

letter after the first

radical.

the nature of the case this cannot apply to the Passive

Participle,

which commences with a

cr^

y

servile .>

a

dictionary

law (natural) a spy

»

^1

^>-

shop, beershop

cri^'y lantern >

a law (civil)

mim >

^^y\^

(65

:

6).

~ 4.

->i»-i

How

does the plural form J>^*^ originate

RULE (weak the 5.

Feminine Nouns having

:

after

letter)

weak

a

•'.'>

in the singular a

immediately after the

letter

get

j!^l>^

a virtue

an island

3;'i-.

a vice

a church a sacrifice ^

^z-

few (fem.) a letter

6.

we

for

a fact, truth

newspaper

good

hamza



a miracle

;rt>

long vowel

J^^^*^

poem

epistle

thus

alif;

a tribe

i^:.

?

the second radical, substitute

Give some examples of

ii>

-

i68

^^»

jTU^

c^

1

It

A>-

city

newspaper

4.

the

Uz^

book

'i'. ^ ^

after

case also.

in this

^>J^

path

w

J«3

^-l-^*

thus 'cj\^^

it

giving

it

to

show

takes a different plural.

^^iJ^ (fem. form)

^n^L

is

may

that

when

Further,

take a plural upon

— Is

170



tkere a plural form ending in alif with

hamza

?

Yes, there are two, but both of them end in the long

hamza

written after

The

L. 13:4).

it.

first

Note that the three radicals take no weak but

add a long

alif aftei' the three.

/^5

^li^

-iCiClV ^

i^

.r.

(finan.)

Ally(by treaty

What

i^

is

-^ >t

ignorant, stupid

1 vr^

>x:x^

D.D., "Savant."

'&

^17*^

poet

>u

the other pkiral form ending in long alif with

Af^ila'u

1

active Qualities),

intelligent

stranger

6.

between them

wise

weak

^UU

fu^ala,u.

old

merciful

poor

letter

(with

^

.

noble

-ii^ai

-^^A-i

is

(Used for

alif

which prefixes an alif-hamza

hamza

?

before the fir st radical.

%

oi.

intimate! near j

prophet (.

^al

rich

^^i^i-

physician

»

strong i.

a

^1^1

wretch 1

a rascal

^

^

J

precious,

)

dear

j

-',.

^liil

intense

pure

a friend -

7.

What

is

important'about

and

-^vU*

t

-^Ia**

'

?

That both these Plural Forms, while undefined, are diptotes, or two-case words. Note the absence of tanwin. But when defined, either

by the

article, or

can be marked. (Compare 64 8.

What

is

^^Ui

1

used for

:

5

by construction,

and 65

:

all

the cases

7)

.?

Principally for words from "defective" roots,

(i.e.,

ya) also for words with 2nd and 3rd radicals alike.

ending

in

To English

Exercise 67a.

171

:

^

I

I

> ^

t}^

0' r*

\J^

(JL->I) Ol'^^^ljl^'^Jr^^^^J^I 0^^»

J^J

^fc' jCJ^

I

-r

(^ja^>^

-



172

Lesson 68. THE MASDAR jJ.^1 I.

What, strike"

The

Arabic, corresponds to the English Infinitive "To

in ?

indexes

dictionary

person

the third

singular

in

the

past and present tenses, and shows, in English, the words

"To

strike." Strictly speaking,

however, the English

not of the past or present tenses, but of a third word

tion

which

always given next, and the meaning of which

is

To

The-act-of-doing (Verbal Noun).

Now But

word V^r^ takes the tanwin

the

why have yow

That

always quoted

is

Arabic

very like

is

Lord"; Arabic placed

"I

What

verbal noun called

is this

Have we

the

Almost so up

the

same

is

(l) is

"To

(c.f.

is,

in



Accusative.

II

:g

U.-laC'

b^

l^sUci

Cognate Object).

?

verb,

it is

looked

and as most Arabic mouns

the "source'' of everything.

is

A

Grammar

?

called the "Gerundial Infinitive"

"gerund" partakes of the nature

parsed like a noun, and the Gerundial Infinitive

in infinitive form.

king"^To

erring

.

waited patiently for the

:cf. "I

origin or source, for

English

in Meiklejohn).

gerund

wrong.

in

it is

we have what

;

of a verb but a

and

as a noun,

lexicons in the

a great fear",

are derived from verbs,

is

is ^

b^^ V^^^i V^^

Accusative ^{j-^

Also Luke

Accusative.

in the

it

in the

Hebrew here

upon as the "source" of the

(look

'-

"ihe-act-of-striking."

the

in

jXa^ Ma§dar, which means

4.

-

.

waited a waiting",— the word "waiting" being

"Then they feared 3.

given^r^

>

.

the "absolute," or the adverbial form, and the verbal

is

noun

means

verbal noun and

fact, a

strike

-

^

#= >

I.

a transla-

is

strike the king err is

human,

Exs. is

in

"It is

wrong

to strike

wrong^Striking the king

to forgive divine"

human, the-act-of-forgiving

Ma§dar would be used

(l)

is

divine.

each of these cases»

= The

is

act-of-

In Arabic, the

-

173

5-

But

is

the form of the

Ma§dar always J*^

No, there are over thirty forms,

most important. 6.

What ma§dar I.

is

Some

we

like

v^^ ^

learn a few of the

will

of the others are quite rare.

used for transitive verbs

J«i and this happens to be the most

?

common

of

all

ma§dars.

to strike

'U

to kill ^

to

understand

to eat ^0

i.

to take -

7.

to

make

to

say

Other important

ma jdars— ILJ«^

'X

to disbelieve

to

be beautiful

to

know

CLi

'i^.

^0

to

'?-

>•

mention

to preserve

IV.

J** For Intra nsitiv

to

be sick

u>

>.

like-

rj' LT'j'

i?4

V. J^«* Verbs denoting

-

movement

or

the lack of

it.

> >9

to fall

to enter -

to

go out

to

ascend

to

descend

to

be tranquil

to

be silent

r>.1 "

>

>

^j^

^0

-

**»

to sit

to set (sun)

VI.

*^)^**

to

\3f'

comes from J*^ which denotes

qualities.

be rough



>

ytr

to be easy ^.r

to

be

»

difficult >

to be

to

be cool,

VII. ^il*^

^^

sweet (water)

damp

nr

\

y

LU' J_

usually denoting qualities. ^9

to

be safe o ^

to

be charming

to

be eloquent

to intercede

-

175

often used for office, trade, etc.

VIII. ^f«?

>^^:S'

ji

^a

^^j^^^

being-beaten

at Zeid's

^^ ^

ful

j^

/^^I

:

being-eaten is not lawexcept to the priests

''Its

^j

^^ j*\

^w^U-wlj

^ I

to place

i.e.,

used actively).

{i.e. it is

That he would not order them

(b) In a

C^Ai

Ij

\^A

^

L-A^t^j

I

y

^

^"^ ^a)

^

y

To Arabic

;

!xa3

:>l-^*i

'^^i::^>»

cn^^j

slJo

jlLl^

j

^n-:^

^

.y

^j^lk^j ^^j'-^ aG

(The above are *'known" words

Exercise 68c.

J^^l Oj-*

cj-^-

^» J Jj^i^

..^

lo

I

}/

1

cAb

revise them),

^

j^^

-^^^i

^»^

J^^^l-J

^J

^.

^^

:

and most cultured of kings {lit. greatest in scientific and ordinary knowledge). Also his city, Baghdad, was the handsomest of the cities of the East at that time. Al-Rashid himself, who is the one so often referred to in "Arabian Nights" (^z^. lOOl Nights) had a great share of eloquence and of knowledge of philology; probably he was the best sultan the Moslems had, for he prohibited vice and inculcated virtue.

Haiun al-Rashid was one

Now

it is

of the greatest

related of this "Prince of Believers'* that he took from poor, and upon great and small

the rich to give to the

that

great blessings

alike.

he bestowed

many

Although there were no schools, presses or daily papers those days, as at the present time, yet poets and

had no difficulty in committing memory, without writing it down.

(professors)

learned

their

in

men

poetry to

«

-

178

Lesson 89. USE OF LEXICON. I.

Which

are the servile letters

?

^oi

The whole which

What

2.

"Ye asked me

is

for

it",

used

are

letters) of a root to

U

meaning of

the

servile.

weak)

combination

in

\^^^-*.2

ma> be

the use of the servile (or

is

They

word

of the letters in the

letters

with

?

(strong

radicals

the

form derived verbs, which we shall study

from Lesson 72 onwards, and also nouns derived from verbs. 3.

How

cjn the derived verb be reduced

Take

the

word ^••y

^

(he honoured me), (a)

pronoun, with the linking nun.

affixed

preliminary alif-hamza, which

Conjugation 4.

IV.,

left

is



^

do we find the meaning of the derived verb

Take

the Dictionary

and look up the root

below

it

it,

and we ultimately

the

trace find

the

away

the

mark of

the distinguishing

is

and what we have

and having found

Remove

take

(b)

How

tJ

5.

to its original radicals?

IV

and

II

^y

^

J

(•



?

under Chapter

III

to



-^

Conjugations

show honour.

Give further examples. (a) j^-^^-^'-^^

remove the root left

(b)

alif

(c)

Oy

is

Take

^

from the

to

.^aI^*)

from which

and the original

understand,

Here jj comes centre,

off,

leaving

-^

"It-was-rolled-away"

away, leaving "to roll

and get

servile letters --1 (see §1 above)

J^--*^,

zj^-^

off the plural una,

z j^^ which

away", upon the form

is

then

\

and

finally the

long

j ^ Here only the

a quadriliteral

J.^*i (to

be studied

J

root

in

comes

meaning

96

97)-



'

*>

Removing

>j^^)^r

(d)

keeping the

disciples" (from 6.

May

the pronoun

for this also

ta,

which we

-UL**

left

t;9-

example, the word

O

which see

a strong

is

^^y Uj

^^^

iS

we have "to

make

pupil, or disciple).

a servile letter act at other times as a radical

removing the 3

7.

mean

to

Yes, and then of course (for the time being) for

sign, but

a quadriliteral verb,

is

from the lexicon

find

-^^J a

and the plural

first

tri-literal

Take

strong.

is

it

?

they-are-asking-me.

we have

(^

left

Ju*

Here, to ask,

For another example,

verb.

5 (d).

What

The

(a)

words

the order of the

is

in the lexicon

placed

triliteral root is

first,

?

and, in good

lexicons

such as Hava's or Wortabet's, either of which we recommend, it

marked by an

is

To

asterisk on the right side.

its left is

always shown the vowelling of the Mudari*^ and, farther on, the

(Hava uses two

ma§dar. to a

word being

may be

but different vowelling

Then

the

(d) After

II

the

one of which refers

specially Syrian).

(b) Possibly there

(c)

sorts of asterisks,

:

another verb with the same radicals

that

would be shown

Conjugation J«^ lOth Conjugation

participles, or rather,

Noun

of

any); the

(if

(

if

any

next.

III,

IV

'

etc., if

look out

)

Agent and Noun

used.

for

the

of Object

if

they form specially useful words or phrases. (e)

Lower down,

the Derived

c^lSs^ at the foot of 8.

A

fairly

student

from

full

is

the

Nouns may be shown,

for

^-^I-S

dictionary

recommended

for the

fuller

elementary

Wortabet's Arabic-English, which can be piocured

American Mission

Press,

Syria,

Beirut,

American, C.M.S., or Nile Mission Press Book-shops

A

example

and more excellent one

Press, Beirut.

is

or

the

at Cairo.

Hava's (SJ.) of Catholic

Most scholars use the

latter.

It

has not been





i8o

New

obtainable (except secondhand) for some years.

£

••

I

5

••

now obtainable

edition,

of Nile Mission Press, Cairo.

Please note that the student has no expensive grammars to

9.

buy, for the present course, bound up, comprises a complete

Arabic Grammar, including

a

new and

original Syntax,

in

addition to Reader, Exercises, and Examination Papers. 10.

Lane's eight-volume lexicon, (Williams and Norgate),

is

formerly

or

five

guineas

six

useful for very old Arabic, such as

the Qur'an and Traditions, but quite unnecessary for practical

work. Arabic.

Some

will,

The

Jesuit

plus carriage)

For English

11.

(_5^r^«'

is

It ip,

a

one

need an

;^j^j-J

summary

'

Arabic Dictionary

V j^

'

(3 vols,

£

2

10

••

in ••

of all others,

— Arabic Dictionaries,

the best

is

"The Modern'*

by Elias Anton, 80 piastre?, and the next best Ab-

Get an Arabic Gospel from Bible Society.

carius (Beirut). 12

later on,

from now, assumed that the student can search his own

dictionary for

new words.

Exercise 60. The

diclionaiy

may

be consulted for help in reading the following exercise,

which may then be re-translated

^JJ

I>.|

I

JaV Ij J5^ J

o\

I

^li^

Ji5S

-

«Judi

J-^^^

to Arabic,

"yj^

3'-^-U

J^ J I

VI

4il

Air

C-'jJ ^:^.>

I

y^

S;

Li^f

^i

I



u

1

JL3-I

\

:

-^-^*'

''

r

S

° I

,>ij i'/J

-

r

U^*>. /,^

l?-j»^ ojl-lj )

ilrj:;^!:^'\5;ui

Vj sjjti^i

Encjlisli 1.

Tramlaiion

Patience

3.

The The

4.

Patience

5.

The

6.

One

2.

7. 8.

9.

is

Li^

I

^-o-

Lrl ^

to be good, beautiful to

to

make

Trans: or In trans

Intensive, or Cans:

better

keep peace with

to

cause

to

become

to sit

Prepositional.

J:

Reflexive of

'o^

Passive of

be cut off

to

consider good

to

be very red

to last

rough

long

VI VII VIII

I.

IX

Asking, or Considering

X

^0

-.

tJui^

J^'^l '

to be very

vu

etc.

Colour ^

V

I.

Reflexive of

be red

III

1,

11.

Reciprocal.

to separate onself

to

j;u

3-' IV

Causative.

o-^Vi

better

II

-a

to be reconciled together

to

I

:

»

A



1

J^rJ^l

yA rX

XI XII XIII

^0 ^0 to have

a liump in front

XIV ^e

to lie

on a couch

Jd'J

XV

iS5

Reckoning the ordinary simple J*-* as jugations talie consecutive numbers.

study those up to X, but the QXote 3.

-AW

What

A

is

-

becomes

in II

Write ^^Lll of ".0

.-^

radical, in

may be

left).

II. }

emphasising place

of

to

break

—This

to

it

Exs. ^r-^

one.

bits

and reaUy

^

'V:

to

cut,

shadda must be carefully

were written y^*^

it

l^

the

omitted.

-?^ r--J

Note

to cut to pieces.

enunciated as though 4.

shall systematically

the distinguishing feature of Class

making two consonants

4a?

We

our tables are read Arabic fashion— riglit to

shadda over the middle

to break,

last five

the Derived Con-

I,

and J^y^

.

.

b'.ir

^/j:^

'IT

&jr

Cf

\fS 5

What difference is ^"i^ and II yi^?

observable between the Past Tenses of

Comparing with Lesson ference 6.

is

18, it will

I

be noticed that the only dif-

the presence of the carefully enunciated shadda.

Give (Al-Mudari^).

Here again the shadda makes the only difference, except that the kaf takes a fatha, and the servile letter a (Jamma. 7.

Write the Jussive

(^jj^i)

and from that deduce the Imperative.

isi .Ul ^

do we form

from Conj.

II. ?

original formula for the Ismiil-Fa*il Trom the triliteral verb

cannot apply here

RULE:

(for

where should we place the

alif

?).

any derived conjugation, take the 3rd.

In the case of

Masc. Sing, of al-Mudari^( Active) and exchange the pronomi. nal

tan win, ^it* a dual

since

Is

Jpli)

noun. Thus, from

is a

a teacher

fem.

(

*UA.*^

J.«)^

).

get

This takes

OlJ.**

and

U^-^i.*^

we

^^aa one-bringing-forward, or presenting.

^

formed

Lesson 35

First revise

quadriliteral since -is

=

replace the end vowel by

and the regular plurals

(jC^^**

the passive of

which

.-*i

I

one-who-teaches

Similarly 2

damma, and

prefix for mini with

written

it

:

like the triliteral

Remember

2,3.

equals J*«^

*

^«5

that really

Then

Pronounce

it

J*5

the passive -

>

?

J*i

like

is

is

l*«3

>

^**^

oUi'

IJ

.>-/ 0-^' u.

3.

The Passive

of the Imperfect >^l

Pronounce

the fatha).

this

Tense o

P-jUaii

(

c.

/.

35

:

5

noting,

1

U*i>

0>

Uil

IjiaJ

o ^o

4.

«

formed from How is J^*«J RULE" The Noun of Object I

is

^**l^

Conj.

II

of any

?

derived

conjugation

formed from the 3rd Masc. Sing, of the Present Passive by

— i88replacing the

from

that

is

^

we

wedonotalwayswsetheN.

we have

partly because

^J^

get of O.,

its

Noun

^«^

'

i*>«

distinguish the

to

tQ-acher'\iuhen unvowelled.

N.B. For the Plural of such participles, see 45 5.

Is

Ma§dar (Noun

the

of Action) of the

different from that of the simple

The Masdar

Quite different. with

the

to

faih:i

first

II.

verb

masdar of

.

i.^

is

?

a

ation before the final radical, which gives us i^

3 (b).

formed by prefixing

is

and inserting

radical

:

derived conjugations

triliteral

of

(one-taught),

formed from Conj. V.

a N. A.

of agent

put-forward, or

e.g.,

^LjO (=one learning, or taught) and also N. of O. from

fa

ya of prolongU*jw

.

Thus

the

«-

^a*j

the

act-of-teaching, or (as

r-

r

Thus

and the case-vowel by tanwin.

he-is-put-forward,

/-^\

ahea^J. If

by

-j,

con-

it is

0.

ventionally used) teaching or doctrine. Similarly

fSAi

the

is

act-of-putting-forward, or presentation.

There

is

in

having

to

clarify

A^A^)

second form in

a

^^^

-

As can be

or,

clearing,

conventionally, to clear up, liquidate or liquidation.

^^

From

differs

it

^^

Thus from

instead of ya of prolongation. (

seen,

to

)

we

get

name,

verb

may

^

..'

the

of

act

naming.

Occasionally

take the second form as in it is

much more

What (a) An

is

generally used for

act of praising

Intensive

meaning

is

action); (c)

Denominative,

II

lie',

**to

i.e.

speak

to''

to

deny

;

in

ya.

?

often given to the primitive verb

i.e.

the verb

is

0-^

to

"to declare to

to believe (a statement).

73-

;

be

^

hardly comes under either of the above-

Study the following table before working Exercise

;

do the

formed from a noun

Declarative, or Estimative, eg.

sb y-^

^_^

CD

"ID

o

•S 'S

O

A«—

l/i

(U

V

•g

G

•4-*

ii

.5

o

o

^ 4->

'O

O

^1.^

''V VO

O •4-)

I


> 4^

a

TJ

2

o

')^'

l4i

O

O

•4-1

O •4-1

o

t**.

-;^,

':;!j

2

:A'

(fl

4>



a b/)

M-)

o

?^ 0)

"c^

QJ

4-I

a

bfi

o

o

en

0)

tM i
/r^^ I'^rir'

Al-Mudari* of the same .•,J*L>o

/;*-.)*

l>o

:

/jLol^o

,/jlJ*l5>J

,^l>o

,^^ l>vj

cXJlsCr

>^\

>

^



-b^ ' >

\

Give the passive of

'Uil 3.

From

the above, form the

As with

II

so here

:

Noun

replace

the Noun. This N.O.

of Object

by

-j^



c^^

and add the tanwin of

not used much, for VI

is

^\

is

reflexive to

III.

and the same end can be served by using the noun agent of VI. Ex. of the N.O. s^J^\i>^\ 4.

The a

=

The person addressed.

significations of Conj.

table,

which

are best expressed by

Ill

show,

will

at

the

s?me

means

how

time,

of

the

far

derived verb differs from the primary verb, and also which of the

two masdars

ulary

is

used by any individual verb.

has been carefully selected, and

the

The vocab-

derived

verbs

should, therefore, not only be ledgered up, but adttaUy learnt 5

The grammarians give (a)

three chief significations:—

Attempt or Effort— "Wq attempt to perform the primary ac-

upon someone;

tion

this often involves reciprocity.

(b) P?-e/)oszY/o?ia/— converting

indirect

ahsorhinrj the preposition, so to speak. (c)

direct

See exs.

See exs.

(a).

object,

by

(b).

Qualitative— s.hoviiug the quality in acting towards some-

one.

(This

use

of

III

only occurs

denotes a quality. See exs. 6.

to

when

In the following table carefully learn the

verb, as

it is

the primary

verb

(c).

more important than

meaning

of the derived

that of the primary verb-



194

^A o ^

5 o

tt)

;:;:j

:t-

\^ ;>

o

N-^

O

O

;^V>

s

^•

:v> \"S

C



^

o

o

•J

M^

n

O

O

_3N

V

;-.^)

o

mA r'-s

i-^

c o

o

J3

.s

c

o



o

4-1

1^ .*->

C bc

O

o

.3

:j

4^"

\'^

.O

o o

O

o

0?.

^^

o



cd

ro

^

bX)

c

u o

o

53

t:

c o r-^

>,

—a oa (/)

D

03 (/i

QJ

bC

CD (D



^

;::

o

t/J

.

4-»

4-1

C3

^ O

x: "5

^

0-)

^

C D

O

^

o

C

"co

a;

'o

!

o

Jaft

^

o

f-l

c u

s^

>^ bX)

3 o ;m

OJ

o

J

An

interesting case

is

-

195

i! jl^ to bless,

^ j,

from

to

kneel (camel)

Exercise 75 A. 1.

Every contravention

2.

They fought

3.

The

4.

I

5.

Disputing

6.

They watched

will be punished.

a great fight

(Holy War).

was seen coming from the house.

thief

wish to discuss with you the subject of the present war. is

the source of quarrelling (fighting).

the

army

O mother!

intensely

Assist me,

O

(

an intense watching),

7.

Bless me,

8.

The student was punished on-account-of

father!

simple contra-

a

vention.

9 10.

Then he went This tribe

is

to his father'§

house

ask assistance.

to

(amount) of

notorious for the quantity

ences and contention (litigation) between

its

differ-

followers.

Exercise 75 B,

i;.uLiU

V

(s)

(S^\A^\/1»(>.

(y)

^11

(r)

jljJI^

Aj

Aiiu^L

jl^i

Lrl

I

^S^A

^f^^z.

l>cj

I

(0)

y

;a,_j-i

(J.

'

^L

^

>

\J^

C>\jL.^i^ ^ -I



-p Al-Amr:

UWhat

is

The Rule

noticeable about the vowelling for

prefix takes

IV Present-Future

damma

is

:

"The

.?

servile

while the ^Ain of the root

pronominal

(in

this

takes

a

case,

lam) takes kasra".

Rule for IV Imperative

:

"The prefixed

alif

hamza-

fatha (which must be actually written) and the middle radical

has kasra, as

in

the Present-Future.

)

— 7.

8.

"to believe",

^J^\

learnt now.

How

the

As

is

before,

Noun of Agent of IV formed ? we mould it upon the 3rd Person,

replacing -i a

Muslim

;



be studied in Lesson lo8 but

will

may be

197

by

/•

^>-

^y>^^^A possible

and of course writing

,

an informant, reporter

^^-^

;

^a/i^^-m

a

to

Study Lesson 77 before working Exercise English

ixX.

V

I

sJii

\

^J.

^-^"-^

jVl ji

'

!>*

^^VJ-*'

'\'^

dC tA

1.

Evil

2.

Lead

3.

I

to 45

A. and

:

r- )

3 (b).

B.

-\ ?

etc.)

which

in

the Preterite

begin with a supplied hamza form their Noun of Action by inserting a long alif before the last radical. 6.

What must It

a hamzat-qafa,

is

write

7.

But

be remembered about the hamza of IV.

if

'Jl**^-'

;»-^->^

I

NOT a

wa§la.

but always

l>lw.>-i

}

Therefore we can never

*1^

the verb already has an alif as in

1

aU

'

''he

raised up"?

:

— add

In that case, i*li[ raising

,

s



199

as "compensation" for the second alif -JExs

dwelling:

giving of rest:

^5-'j[

(This will be studied under the

What This

are the chief significations of this form

is,

in

Lesson

II/).

?

"par excellence", the factitive or causative conjugation

iV^oi^/is

but those under (b) are

causing-to-be, etc.)

(making-to-do,

from

Hollow Verb

^iU[ killing.

and have various significations: the

commonly used

to

mean

"to

last

Copy

become".

and

two are learn,

leaving plenty of room for fresh examples. Meaning

of

IV

Meaning

IV.

diUI

destroy

to

I.

to bring in

to cause to

Jyi ^

8

God)

^

V "

reform

bring forward

(b)

From

Isiouns

sin

to face towards

Yemen

to be in the morning (to become)

be sound

to

know

:>

"

?,

0-=^

to

be present

t -A^-

%.

'".

^)

to t.

^3 to

handsome

- >^

inform

commit

J>

i.

^0

•>-

•-•

1

to be good,

sound,

7-

1.

^0

to

go out

to alight

do good make

>^

to share

.

-'

to

to enter

t

to associate (partners)

(with

to be corrupt

a.J

to

go out

send down

to

-

-'/

^Ji\

(a person)

to corrupt

iiu

to perish

t

--.

to

I.

Factitive:

(a)

to

of

>0^

"^

\

sin,

fault (noun)

'j^)

Yemen

cV>

mornir.g

(S.

^i:>

Arabia) ^0/

(nomO

f.

to be in the evening (to

.become)

evening (noun)

^\^A





200

EXERCISE

every day,

was

I

77,

my

Said one of the

sending

in the habit of

(used to send)

servant,

polite-ones,

^-j^o

'^\

Aim

And on one

he brought

with him,

to the native stores

days

of the

which are

in the market. --

t:

had reformed some

that one of the

of the sinners,

beneficent,

And

two another person. informed me the

> if *

'^

^lQ'y3

6-

They-said:

And

"Possible".

is

the reform of

sinners

possible

They

of

> o

I

o

^

said,

from

their friends.

Where they

them.

'How

rf

will

that'7.

Which corrupted them.

putting

them

into

And

\

their lovers,

-o

if

"May God

is

the "Reformatory"

be

^

r

>

destroy them

And by

will

said,

>

>

And by sending-them- And which far

r

\

said to

I

?

a'^ By taking them out the evil company.

^J,

y

^



>

-'

bless the benefactor",

I

said

under observation.





20t

Lesson 78. TABLE OF CONJS I- IK I.

There

amount

a certain

is

and IV marking these notice, later, that V.

off as a class

by themselves.

II., III.,

We

shall

and VI. form another class having many

features of similarity, and VII., VIII.,

We

between Conjs.

of similarity

and X. form another.

Forms

give the table (or Paradigm) of

—IV.

I.

To be

copied and studied.

PAKnCIPLES Masdar

PAST Passive Act.

No.

W^

\'i

etc.

Present-Fut. Passive Active.

Imper. Passive Active

I.

Waj

V«AJ

II.

III.

^

t

IV. >•

2.

Here are examples worked ^^

To be memorised.

out.

^

'j^'^J-

-

1A>

o

»

--^ijlrc^Jk

^*

Li ^ o

^

^ V\

o

.

0^

I

^

0'^

I

\

o-fc

r'

3.

These

details are

numbers are

all

easily

that are needed; the other persons

formed

in

and

accordance with the usual rules

(already learnt).

This table

is

Exercise 78

ry B.

I

one

:

Tj^*

To Arabic:

to

be really well learnt, not merely "noted".

A. Translate ^ j^

t^-^

to

English

^y

:

'(J^^

^ir^-^

AjU-j

(•^?^**^

One-honouring; wriring; praise; separate!;

he-was-honoured

;

one-praising; honour!; honoured; honour.

— ^202 — Lesson 79.

READING EXERCISE (from

"Magani-1-Adab"

Vol.

II.)

-p

>j-UlJ^

uk^'^'l^W-^' o" of-the-iich^of-Isfjahan

i

came-to-the-door-of-a-man

It is said that a

^

>

liJo^ 1) lli

4i

and said to

And-asked some-thing for God.'

And-the-man-heard-him

his servant

^-

^

beggar

'

^ •

say to Ruby,

^

and Jewel,

to say to Jewel

tell

Amber, oi

>

.

--

.

"God open upon

his

^ -

^

and Diamond

and Turquoise,

So he raised

>

tell

and Coral say to

thee.'

two hands

to

and Ruby say

Turquoise,

heaven

••

O Mubarak

this beggar,

to

tell

Diamond,

Coral,

And heard him

the asker,

aisCj And MikaU

'^\^^^ 'y^k^^^^^'^M^^'^'A'^A And

Kikail

"

this miser,

Say

he says

to Mikail



Dirdail say to Kikail

say to Dirdail

I

visit,

and the beggar went

And

Israfil tell 'Israil,

The merchant was ashamed,

THE BEGGAR AND THE

MISER.

Translation of Lesson 79. J.

It is

rich

came

said that a beggar

men

of Isfahan,

and asked something, "For God's sake."

The man heard him, and

Amber

tell

Turquoise to

tell

Ruby

Diamond

to tell

Coral to say to this beggar:

tell

"O Mubarak,

said to his servant,

Jewel to

to tell

door of a man, one of the

to the

to tell

"May God bestow

(goods) upon thee."

But the beggar heard him, so he raised his hands to heaven

and said "O Lord, Kikail to

tell

Gabriel to

tell

:

tell

Mikail to

tell

Dirdail to

Israfil to tell 'Izrail to visit this miser".

tell

merchant was thus put

The

shame and the beggar went on

to

his way. 2.

NOTES. (1)

jJ

After

is

d[ not j

used the particle

these particles causes the subject to be (2) "Isfahan'' is a

diptote (Lesson 52

(3)

The phrase

(4)

"Mubarak" has no tanwin

(5)

The

miser, of course,

servants.

may (6)

"for God's sake"

not,

;

is

:

either

of

^j^^a

6-8),

common

it is

but

'

in the East.

defined because "vccalive"

made up

names

the

of imaginary

These useful names of precious stones may, or be learnt just now.

"Turquoise"

a carruption of the

is

word

faiiuz,

possibly

through the Turkish. (7)

"May God bestow upon

(8)

^j

(9)

(10)

is

a

thee," means, "I myself cannot".

Quranic abbreviation of ^{j

Gabriel, Mikail

etc.,

The beggar quoted

my

Lord.

are diptotes.

the two intermediate

names

to

rhyme

with "miser", but the last two are the actual names of the

Moslem "Angels 3.

N

B.

All

of Death".

Reading Exercises

The

??? 2/6-^

curse

was thus a bad one.

be pronounced

tnemorise short (complete) exercises

if

a/o?/f/.

possible.

Also,





:204

EXAMINATION PAPER A.

To English

80.

:

-^

(

B.

To Arabic

;>:^ Vi)l

)

djjCii

-

J.:J.^

(r

CJic- Ijji. lyU-

(i

'/^^'j'

'ill

iJ'jC

Lead me not

2.

We can

3.

"I

4.

(Write out) the Third

5.

Ask, from the carpenter, the keys of the trunks.

6.

I

7.

The

8.

I

9.

"And

teach them to observe

10.

"And

those

do

do good

into temptation.

this deed, but with difficulty. to

thousands of them that love me."

Commandment

in full.

put the commentary-books in one of

my

boxes.

very strong now.

allies are

wish to see some dictionaries.

who

C. Discuss ten of these

J^

(v

:

1.

^^

^

1-11

^r

^^

«^.

^

^rc \ \

J

I

^

tf.



Lesson

81.

AND EAR" EXERCISE.

"EYE, VOICE,

"The Lord's Prayer".

^V

l^^J

^i;;

rX. byi

jAPij

l-J



y_/-^

l-ja^l

'

llilijT

NOTES (1)

v^

^

from is

Accusative*^' ^

^^^^J

(3)

OQ

Radical (4)

/jSs^J

(5)

c-^U-j

^ ...

not cJl J

2).

'



-X-^b This will ...

not used elsewhere.

c^I^ ij

jl

(Lesson

Imp. of ^j^ Conj.

(7)

:

construction, the accent

is

placed in the

come

in Less.

180.

'*to

come" (Weak Final

124).

Jussive of

is

}p

54

the Jussive of the verb

is

(6)

is

alif (see

in

it

the Jussive of Conj. V. (Lesson 82).

is

is

when

only when in construction,

vocative,

(2)

(Heavenly) Father," to distinguish

(without madda) but

'

thrown upon the

The

"

used, alone, for

is

dilj

1

11.

116).

See Diet.

Lesson 12/

:

3.

For case of these nouns, see page

89.



:2o6



Lesson 82 V

Conjugation 1.

(^^^

of

^^>*

"to talk, to speak".

ll^S^^J

2.

P-jUll

i^-:j "he talks".

Of

r'^lj-i ,

4.

What

is

specially noticeable in 2 and 3

Previously

we have found

course, the case-vowel,

Form J^Ull

As

(c.f.

'^ain

j^\^^.

^-•A,^v._i

?

of the verb maksur, or

vowel

fatha except, of

is

Conjugation VI.

in

Lesson

84).

Sy^

from

^^1^

usual, take the 3rd Sing, of the Mudari*^ tense and'substitute

^^We thus get^iSCl*

What The

is

noticeable here

fact that the

radical

a speaker; /-Xil^ one-advancing (leader)

^^ O a

a learner;

jt-^*I^

6.

the

kasra, but here each

marked by

5.

(^^S^O

vll^.«15^0

j

'^i



3.

l-».A.S-^-j

:

2).

Exercise S.2B.

-

-

-

'

^

^

,

- ^

.

_^2^

Jiiii

(i)

Exercise 82 A. {\)

"Then,

when thou

causedst-me-to-die,

watcher against them". (2)

"And, whosoever

whosoever is

is

is

just,

sanctified let

thou

wast

(Quran "Table Chapter").

filthy, let

him be

let

him be

him

sanctified

^

defile himself still,

justified still".

still,

the

and

and whosoever

(Rev. 22

:

II).

(3)

"The Lord Jehovah (GOD) hath given me the tongue of

(4)

"The favour

the learners" (Isaiah 50

= (5)

"the

Whoso

first

is

to the

:

4).

one who precedes" (Arabic Proverb

one gets the

credit").

learns while-small advances when-big. (Lesson 194

will explain

that

^

apocopating two verbs).

may

act

as

a

jazmating particle,





-

208

Lesson 83. What

remarkable about Conjugation V.

is

The

fact that the

fixed

ta.

This

type-form

and

Also,

11.

There

many

cases, V. acts

servile ta of

Conjugations

French "se"

to the in

is

(

"to

Meiklejohn and others point out that

Thus from and from self" 2.

=

I

11.

II.

me" we

defiled

"it

=

remembered. this

Meaning of V. to sanctify oneself to defile oneself

remember

to learn

(V.

is

this idea

"opened

even

itself".

"I defiled myself";

get V.

said to be ^

reminded my-

"I

jU^

to

II.)

:

Meaning of

Conj. V.

Ij^JZ

np

II.

Conj.

II.

to sanctify

'u¥

to defile

to

remind

to

teach

T'

> 51

to

be cut

is

oneself ") and

it

we have

"he reminded me", comes Y.

Give examples of

to

do

we say "The door opened"

in English, for

in ^'se lavei" to

Greek a "Middle Voice" which

by the Reflexive

translated

usually

— this

but with a pre-

II.

primarily, the sign of theJReflexive,

VIII., is itself

and may be compared wash one -self.

like that of

very important, for in

is

as the Reflexive of v., VI.,

is

?

''

to cut in pieces

in pieces V

to

be smashed to bits

to

come forward

j^^y^i

to

break

to put

to bits

forward

to train, chastise

to be polished, polite

to

to suffer

'f-^

cause

to suffer

O'il

7' 1

\

i

to delay oneself

>lr --

to

become

to

be courageous

justified

5?

i

ir'

to delay, put

back

^ i

^ «

to justify

to

encourage

t:

>' ,'

— 209 — A

few examples of Denominative

to

embrace Christianity j-^*-

to

be Arabicized

3-

A>

Flesh,

become incarnate How is the Ma§dar

)

body

1

J**:*-

j ?

from the Singular Past, but in this case we simply substitute damma for the fatha of the middle radical.

5

we

get





o""-^

,.





aJc/)



^Ssii



,.

? j^"^^

"

P^r^^

Exercise 83

act of learning

Ji«r

sanctification

c^-^^

advancement rashness

(For missionaries).

a.

1.

A man came

2.

been converted viz, become a Christian. His conversion took place after the coming of the English to Egypt.

3.

4.

(forward) to

And after that he made He says that his wife

me and informed me

that he

had

great progress in religion. is

now

suffering from the effect of

sickness. 5

God

\

willing

we

and she

will visit her

shall learn to write, in

one of the schools. Exercise 83

h.

j^^i^

i^

JaJ.5s..J^1

UIxaT

(j^j*

^*

Ir

*^^

j^-

-y^^

^^

j V U^ U* 1

-Xjw

©^aIj" (ju

"/•J^^r

dU i

at 1^.

o|_

(t)

J

(r)

JjL

(t)

-X*)



210

Lesson 84. Conjugation VI. I.

What do we

notice on comparing VI. with

That the Past Tense

III

?

declined very similarly, the only dif-

is

erence being the prefixed

\i^y

ta.

V"^

^^

.

PuH

a garment,

(backwards and forwards). -"

.

••

,

^C/

iU" 'iU"

2.

Is

there any distinction between

Present and Imperative

Yes

;

and

III.

VI< observable in the

?

exactly like that between

under the middle radical

in

111.

and V.

II.

becomes

viz.,

that the kasra

a fatha in VI.

Give Al-Mudari^

^ rtJ 1.^1)*

7^

/Jl^^ar

I-^sIj

Al-Amr.

QU 5.

Toioww Ism -id- faSL the

7??77?i

with

They two

damma

Compare

TaUaT

ii:

L>-

lessons 74 and 82, then add

to the 3rd Sing, past as usual.

(jWUil* \^

are being reconciled. >>

6.

The

Passive,

(a)

The Past Passive

rule for the Quadriliteral passive

becomes necessarily changed

to

followed (35

The Present Passive for

_)

is

:

3)

J^jiJ

The

but the alif

i^^

etc.

etc.

by substituting-)

on the form

wau. tj

L/.?:^^

(/>)

is

is

etc.

changed from the Present Active

thus fromJJlAl)

we

get

ITUjj: j^ArUl)

.

(c)

From

Let us continue the table of Lesson ity

between

IL,

and

III.

IV.

Observe the similar-

78.

Prksent-Fut.

PAST

Passive Active

Passive Active

No.

;?'-

,"'-'''

^

^ > >

?--->

^^}

^

^.>

^

3?-"-

'ur

5^.>^

thus

(conversation).

Imper. Passive Active

^i^'>

:

and now between V. and VI.

;

PARTICIPLES

Masdar

^1

gives us J^nill

pulled from side to side, reciprocal

«w>^Utl4 7.

\

this the substitution of

'ur v^

^»/

-^^

^

>>

>U: .yKc^

V.

^^

VI.

>>'

Examples

^ ,3:^->

?'

A>- ^^>

3^

8.

How

is

w

^

5;

^

^'>

-

\

Examine

'

ji

^*I ^^*i -^-L

(j*

-^

literally translated,

take one (some)." of the

first

It is

"one

then

^jkio

'

"That we

"That some (one) of us not

upon

depends

their

respective

But always translate "one

^%i

another" by

They helped one another

When

*^

specially to be observed that the case

we helped one another

(a)

not incorpo-

the other) instead of God."

reads.

and second ^Ja^

place in the sentence. other," or,

it

when

VI.

?

take not one another (one of us

Very

'irU

D-V "

of the verb

the sentence ^i

^ ^--

>>

^-^

"ITUT

meaning

V.

r^«-

-

\

the phrase "one another" written,

rated into the

^ —

7.-

?" .

>>

the reciprocal

=

L.^»>

l^*)

Uja*) O-Xc-L*

Jic-U

^^^'Om^

meaning

^«;

is

need not be repeated, thus

(

or ^c-U

the

Thus, )

Note two things

\

:

expressed by Conj\ VI. :

"They lorgot one another" U^^»> l-^Ur (b) Also, after prepositions, the

word ^

"The men went together"

^.^^Vj

^a IV^»>-

""Ha^S^}^ LJfc i

Lesson 85. 1.

Give some examples, showing the growth of Conj. VI. from

(We

give the vocabulary in 3rd Sing., but

the subject of the verb

Meaning of VI.

Reciprocal

(a)

must be Dual,

the action

III.

to fight with

in;

to dispute with

be mutual rivals

;3)C.j

to dispute together

J'Ai"

to dispute with

to discuss together

cT-C

to discuss

to vie with

converse tog

correspond tog:

[JlsCr

to

agree together

jsiy

to

be

reconciled together

'^Ur

(b)

to be blessed,

'ty/^

(God)

sick-

consecu-

yij

tively

be consecutive

(a) III.

are the uses of

Just

as V.

and only

(Revise

is

j'A-

to

••

...

'^i

...

ViL»

converse wnth...

...

make peace with

to bless

J'l^ ...

(anyone)

to elevate

...

iX 'JiV^

...

agree with

d%

'iJ.\;

Jl-

1

7>'y

(tradition)

What

to

?^

0^j^«

ness

to

...

with

to write to

J^-

to be exalted (God)

(d) to fall

to

C^iid

:

to

to feign

••

to collide with

to collide together

(c)

III,

...

V^lki

to

mutual,

:

to dispute together

to

is

Plu., or Collective).

Meaning of

VI.

to fight together

2.

if

III.

3^^^"

*'*

the Reflexive of

differs

my remarks

from in 83

it

:

(in i).

II.

so VI.

is

the Reflexive of

form) by means of a prefixed

ta.

speaking

(b) In

153 :4(c) thus" (c)

May God

There

How

^''^-* ^^^

'

damma

Past),

c.f.

83

:

sentence Ex. 77.

of pretending the

idea

J*Lf^ to pretend ignorance.

is

"the leaves

of sequence;

fell

one

days following (successive). ?

middle radical (Singular

for fatha of the

4 closely.

Thus from ^li^r we A .^Ua;

,,

C.f. last

the

do we form the ma§dar of VI

Substitute

^"Y J

get j^llir demonstrating (or pretending).

A ^V^}



~

y

4.

one

also the idea

is

form for the OPTATIVE,

this

be exalted"!

A still more common

after the other". 3.

God, we use

The example given conveys

action. id)

of

-

213

-^

J"f3

yy



^j\X^





^^^



-

a mutual collision

sequence

in

chain of authority (tradition).

Cj^*^ mutual deceit( Title of Sura 64).

J^^^ mutual understanding.

Give examples of the use of VI. I

kept him

off,

so he kept himself aloof

At the coming of the thief, the watchman pretended to be blind.

They feigned ignorance

The two mutually

>

'^

ij'1

-"

is

has opened stores

"-

J"^^^

-v^

^T*^-^"

i

^.^^^'^

^y

'jl^l^

'

jy JU"

^\S.S

the result of misunderstanding

The Co-operative Society

^J

U^!a^

forgot their difference

'

\^3

\.

/^ *^

Seven successive days This

^7

of the matter

God, Most High, sent down His book

>'^'

f n

-

r"-

^

7

Aj-Xc-U

-Vc-U-ts

^j-^

-(

^

(*^i

'

4!

1

*^*r^

'^^^^ ^-^

\^

\

\^^, /



214 -*

Exercise 85 B. -:

}

ssX^ J^j^i I

L^a^J ji-x^^U:J

J.c^

cnJ^Wllqj,

fi>Vk:i

UC£ o^^lfl

\

\j^

1.

(

to

English

The two contracting contract

2.

Arabic

[lit.

^^k>-

(n)

^>.

(r)

jlVjLs

1

(r)

oOV ::^WU

(t)

°J

JaSLir ^Lll

Exercise 85 A.

I

pV'j

i

(v)

iirst).

parties

came

(attended)

to sign the

conditions of the contract).

Some mutual misunderstanding

occurred between the two

sides (parties). 3.

The two

4.

The

5.

"That

6.

''Be

7.

"And

8

"Then

sides did not understand one another.

leaves of the tree is

one

after another.

the day of mutual deceit" (Qur'an Chap. 64).

ye reconciled with

God"

the stars of heaven shall fall (successively)". Peter

sequence" 9.

fell

{i.e,,

began relating in order.)

The consecutiveness

(

them

in

information

is

explaining

)

to

(Acts 11:4).

(authority) of this

respected (accepted) by the narrators [of traditions].

;

-

-

215

Lesson 86. I.

What (a)

remarkable about Conjugation

is

That

formed from

it is

by which

to

(b)

That

the form

it is

^^ prefixing a nun, also an

3*^

pronounce

alif

it

which

commonly used

is

(This

the passive, especially in Colloquial.

Write out Al-Madi

2.

Also

^

4.

l--^-!j (Conj.

is

VII, of

^0

^--J

)

>?

Suppose the

first letter

In that case the radical

and

a

found

shaddahe

with

of the primary verb

nun and the

written,

(

^^J

is

servile

I)

thus

sufifix

thus;

U5v^ and

jj_

nun'^

is

nun would coalesce, example, but not

a possible

in the classics), just as the ta

with the pronominal

O

of

^SC- and

with

t'

thus

J^^-^ the

\^[

Conjugate

^^xi

-

o

coalesces of

^^^

Verily we.

''

^ ^0 5

instead of

important).

of the Type-form.

^^0

3.

J^^Ji^

Vll.

I

to

^0

be cut

(off), in

Al-Mudari^

-

(jUkiir £

>l 6.

Can

...

''^Ui

there be any Imperative to this form

Yes, because in

some of

?

the verbs the passive

meaning shades





2l6

" to

Thus from J^j^^

off into the active.

spend) we get ''.5:j'i

to

be broken

to

be cut (cut

to

be divided

;li;j

off)

to

of

I.

I.

I.

'/^

break

'^

to cut

to divide

'c^;to

be opened

to

to

be defeated

to defeat (a foe)

to be collected ) to join i

to collect ipolif: to annex)

open

1

C"

j

^

to be split

to split -'

be put to rout

to

to let oneself

to put to rout

^u;

be led

-j:

to

be put out

to

be locked (bolted)

to

go away

to

depart

-

^-0

toextinguise

(fire)

jUl

1,

IV.

to lock, or bolt IV.

jlk;!

note about

to

JL

send off

to give vent to (water)

likJ

>».

i

and the next one mentioned seem

it

^C;

lead (trans.)

to dismiss

What do we That

to

"

.

to burst forth ( water) 1 to explode (powder) /

2..

1

'r'3*

to

be derived from

IV. Conj. verbs. 3

Is

there any

Yes,

(a)

usually (b)

for

As

way

to assist the search for the radicals of

Verbs with

initial radicals

take VII. but rather

VIII.,

j J j

I

to

3

'do

I

not

or else V.

there are but few verbs having ta as

VlJ

iS

j«aJ

take heed, as VUl. form of

first

O

radical,

not Vll. of

look

Lii\ Ij^-il

tl;^^C3l^

^^SCli

OjSC:^*^ cJ^^:i



O^l'il 4.

c-jUaJI

tense of

J.»--i'l

C>^5Clil

he works.

jSU:i

j^l;^:-'^

jSuif^ ^



^;':^;

w

5.

using

^^^J«?

'J^j 6.

As

with

letter 7.

Can

;»-^J

II., III.

and

etc.

prefix

%

to abstain.

^l

'Ai^-'

WUl'L'^l from

Form

.0

'e'

VIII.

take the Imperfect Tense, remove the servile

^ thus j>^-Iaa j,»i:i^ ^ll^>»

there be a Passive to VIII

Yes, to some verbs, not

all.

?

W^

it is

borne,

it

is

possible,

'

'

— 8.

Can



^20

a preposition be used with VIII. as with

Sometimes a preposition materially aids of

tion

wich

Passive, just as

its

I. ?

VIII. in the

39:6 on

(Revise here

I,

forma-

Prepositional Verbs, also learn Vocabulary 39; then see

Top

of page 103, and revise the note on the Passive of Prepositional

Thus

Verb). ^

^11a

4;.c

«U^

Z^».1.1a

"It

\

was abstained from" ^

Tiie use of

9

it

is

(will be)

How

is

J^*aJ

then

I

formed

shewn

Passive

the

" ^^

^

it) ®

^

Similarly [^^ ji^-^i

'-^-^l.

?

in

^^Jt

The One worshipped (bowed-to) ^

woman

The 10.

trusted

Form jJ^li Turn back and X.

in

of

to

in

forming

its

:

4

-

How

is

the

\X^

ma§dar by inserting an

final radical"

:

Noun

sounded by

formed from

of Place

measure as

J^^ili

^1

and

J^^Ai'

|ir*-^

(63

Self -Test 88. (a)

Form

(b)

Write

:

7,

f-jUll

of ^5^-3

1

^

footnote.)

^

from j5s-3

(88:4).

Derived

alif-kasra.

;**I^i

^

Jc-UII ^**1

prolonga-

to those

this applies is

alif of

^ 0>

^^^ Same

S^ln.*

"IV. agrees with VII, VIII, IX.

Conjugations whose Past Tense 11.

Relied on

Jj^ ^*ll

U-^i

Lesson 77

tion before the

l^^

:>^>^^^\

— Exercise

A

88.

at

-

'

-

:

->

.

-'»>

^

^

^li^Vl

0-

,

oUU*

^

^'c. iy*::j:"

Exercise 1.

I

88.

B

^

1

'A;

(^)

Curjo'^i oi^_/j

(v)

^e

}

} »

have abstained from intoxicating drink (wine) and smoke,

"We

"

two years.

Smoking

=

jli--y!

^^- or

Cni-^:!!

were [in the habit of] working with trouble and

travail night 3.

(o)

:

a period of 2.

((.C.U)

\

^

Q

^U Ji:± J ,

j

"If tb.ere

and day."

be anyone

who does

not wish to work, then let

him

also not eat." 4.

''Abstain from every likeness (appearance) of evil."

5.

"That they abstain from the defilements of

6.

"The sleep of

7.

"...

8

"Then

the worker

and commanding let

all

this also to

Verily notice).

we

sweet."

that foods-be-abstained-from."

the perfect ones of us think this,

thought (think) a thing

9.

is

ipJ.)

idols."

to the contrary

then

God

and

if

ye

shall reveal

you." are God's

and unto Him do we return (Obituary

))

)



2it



Lesson 89. 1.

What

are the chief significations of verbs in VIII.

}

of I { = "to do it for one's self." (b) Sometimes the meaning is Reciprocal like VI. ( = to do it (a) VIII. is really the Reflexive

one another.") (c) Occasionally the Reflexive meaning passes into the Passive, especially with verbs that do not take Conj. VII. to

2.

These significations are (a) to

write one's

(j>.fj.

name

subscription

(

intrans

oP]

(individually)

3^J

to look for, await, expect

one another

to be reconciled

from

>-l

>^'

to bear, suffer

(b) to fight

3>

:

to twist (a thing)

to

occupy one

w o.a.

o. a.

'Si

J^ 'P

to look at, see

to carry (a load)

to fight

'C-il

(in)

to think

to think

to differ

)

to prohibit

(Jl)oii!

to turn one's self

work

:

cr^

to abstain (personally)

to

to separate (trans

to gather (trans

:

:

:;r

to write

list)

to separate one's self

to gather

classified in the following table

one another

3y\h

'4i%i

to be reconciled w. o, a.

'qIU

LiliiiJ

to differ

from

'jui

o. a.

''& (c) to

be raised (to

to raise

rise)

to benefit (trans

to be benefitted

:



\

to be aided, victorious

-^\

to

to be filled

to be extended

to aid, give victory

il\

fill

to stretch out (trans.)

j^ %: jT.

-

-- 223

Changes 3.

^J^

Explain the form of If

the

first

is

i?

This

.

.1?

:>

may to

'

unite with the

be driven

occasionally happens with

4.

and

fja

:>

or

the

first

This

.

:>

or

j^':>\^

first

the servile

Self Test 89.

i or

I.

^r^'jjl

radical be

O

Look Its

off.

i

is

j the

Meaning

O

with the

O

157 ii.1

to

O

clear

to recline to take (VIII).

'

^

The same coalescence

it

"Ul^l

first

is

radical

:

4).

>'^ J»-J

C^''l

.^

LsC-1,

''si.\

changed if

to

that be

and forms C) or C^ 2.

:>

^^\

Explain fJiLL? (89 \

ilts

:

3).

The word

Meaning

to connect with.] to be coramuni- \

to agree tog to coincide

to trust (rely)

to

^J

as

Find.

The word Look under

ail

of

or C^

Difficult to

be spacious

become

Jo

of

of the verb, and

cated (news). J

'^j

t

or

I?

^Ja

?

be stored up.

to

Explain ^j^%\ (89

to be united to

the Zj

distinct, as >JiL^I to collide.

unites with

Words

•^'i

where

as in c^jJUl

may unite (coalesce)

as

under

:

throng together (mtn).

to

radical be ^

Suppose the

Then

^

may remain

I?

Explain "^"^3^ If

5.

the

to be agitated

very broad consonants), the thin

all

written, Ex.

Or

'

of VIII.

radical of the original verb be ^»^

(which are

becomes

O

the

in

\

,

>-i

\

upon

be kindled

to fear

>"J

God

>3

:j

degrade; >3

means "man,"

its

fem.

ol^JI

and

indef.

.

^^»i

-

fem.

-^^J ..

I"'

l\^

'



225



EXAMINATION PAPER A

Translate to Arabic

90.

:

your stores that are liable to explode

1.

Have you any goods

2.

"Let not your hearts be agitated, ye believe in God, then

in

?

believe in me,"

was wishing

to

be present with you to-day.

3.

I

4.

The enemy's army was defeated

5.

Be patient and wait

6.

It is

7.

I

do not think we have any inflammable goods

8.

I

do not know what were the subjects of his sermons

said that this

Sunday 9.

in the

What was

:

yesterday.

for patience

is

a virtue (handsome).

has become a Mohammedan.

woman

at present.

last

Coptic Church.

Khutba

the subject of Friday's

in the

mosque

?

B. Translate to English

KySJ\ '^y'ii jCiy'i

jjjii ^juT

ju/i Ji

C-

Answer these questions

!:Jj

I

V

ill

3^"J

(r)

y uT *jl5C"

(0)

J^ jisCjj"! i;

(v)

jb

:

1.

Which

is

2.

Which

chiefly expresses the Passive

3.

Which

for Reciprocity

the chief Derived

?

Form

Give

for expressing Intensity }

illustrations.

?





226

Lesson

91.

EYE, VOICE, & EAR. Having,

is

Lesson 41, learned selections from the Commandments, the student now given the whole section, Exodus 20 I-17 as an optional memory exercise, in

:

j^J.

4l

^a;.-

dAAl

^j___,^

«-

dlol J oil

r-i ju«i_5

jl Ui (j"^ ^^*A..r V_j ^^i. Jbc

^jlji^c^llill

^U \^\ jW; U "il

j jV d[i\y\ ^^

^

z'

*:^r

J:^b

i^i

u

V

cSJll

J.Xl

J

A:;Vl

J

j

"^

.

^^jVi c.^'

»L"^l cjj^i Ai:Jl

^. ^^^, V ^}\ jV S^WL dlil

i

^

ji

diii^ ej^U OA.-- a;) violet

by adding

thus;

(^

u-

^>

coffee-colour.

Exercise 92 A. 1.

When

she heard this news her colour faded (she turned pale)

for fear of their striking her. 2.

As

observed her paleness but they did not

for them, they

know

the reason for

your sins be as

3.

If

4.

Her

face

[snow.

it.

scarlet,

they will become white like the

was reddening for-shame during-the-time-of her

standing (while she stood) before the judge. Exercise 92B.

^:?Ui

1

^Xa

\

l^}y J ^.i J %:J>' ^jIa

f/^j

J^^

(

Lesson 93. Conjugfation X. 1.

The form

of Conjugation X.

Uil*^

is

prefixing three servile letters to the 2.

The Past Tense

of ^^^1^

\

first

which

>0

of the radicals.

inquire"

*'to

0-0



0x0

^0

>0

r

formed by

is

"to ask to understand'*,

^^ 0-0

/.

1



'

-

oL

0-0

ii^^A

3.

^*^*»\ "to seek knowledge, to ask information".

Imperfect of

00^ -

-

00 0-

-

-

^

> lO" —

4.

Imperative of Ji*l*^

"to ask forgiveness"

I

0-0

^ 5.

yl*-*.*^

1

The Noun With

.A«-wwtf

1

1

Agent

of

as in IV., Vlf., VIII.,

/•

y-"-;

(ij' ?

and with a kasra before

final.

0-0

Thus

:

jA«I^.«

temporary husband

j>6l*«.« 6.

one-asking-pardon

The Ma§dar 00

there be a Passive

many

divorced wife.

*>0 1

act of asking forgiveness; jl«.>:j;>»

00

A^a-^-J inquiry; aU^cI^J employing,

approval;

Can

to legalise return to

-00

1

Yes,

one-who-approves

?

JUaI^ examples jliil^ 00 7.

^j^*«=^I*««

;

utilisation.

?

verbs of Conj. X. have a transitive signification.

The Passive Past follows the rule of "Penultimate radical taking a kasra", but, as in IV., VIII., etc. the alif takes a damma and in this case, the ta does also. It (he) was approved ;

>o

)0

> It

was drawn

out, extracted >

8.

The Passive

of al-Mudari*:

'-

-

>

^/—

>

^^>^^l Notice

the fatha.

The Passive

g.

Compare

d£>

J-^aI^J

A

Exercise 93a.

Participle

= that which is to

I

on the form

Uil^^*

be met, hence, the "future'

recapitulatory Exercise.

%

Oil.

^

^^>tl*w«

is

--

sli

.

Ui\

dLii'.i

'S'

^

--

(

y

ilir,

^

Exercise 9Sb.

"And will

give thee the request of thy heart.

the Lord, and trust upon

To English

Exercise 93c.

oUii

i

isij_j (DjSfl

Him, and He

Deliver thy

said

approve 3.

it

:

"If

^3\1

\

l^;i W^^.

^V C^"^

''i-^

that

there

They is

^-'

to receive

to do, ^

j'-'-

to forgive

make

t-o

(J^ ll^

1

to give leave

oOl

-0

to ask one's presence

to attend at ^

(c) to

extract

to be

worthy

N. 3.

B.— Make

^-

^0

to a^

1

(of)

go out

to be

incumbent

J^

quite sure of sections (a) and (b) as being of great importance.

Form ^-^^1 from ji

I:*.

I

to ask permission.

-



232

Write the hamza over the kursy

you get 4.

then act as in 93

(.t.)

jUlL-^l asking-permission,

From aUi^

-'

Compare

and

1

7-I

^a-^

asking-to-be-excused.

or,

^

^

Lessons 77

'jalil

and 117

7,

:

not being feasible, compensation uprightness, straightforwardness,

To English

Erercise 94 a.

6 and

:

is

An

13.

:

made by

'k>-\

additional alif

thus

o

'

Jl^-^^"





t

I

-"l

-^"^

-•

-^

^ ij^c-

Jl^

.5/^1)

I

""

0-

j\j:1>cm>

"

To

h,

{y)

^

^^un

^

i

!xJ

J^

(

t

)

(0)

Arabic.

1.

The Sultan gave them

2.

The labourer

3.

Inasmuch as

;

Hit.

received them) a great reception.

surely deserves his hire (wage.) I

(Since

person referred

attendance

(Y)

^o-»t:--

i>

>*-^ JH^H*---^

Exercise 94

*

(n)

it

to,

was

I

I)

was surprised

at the

presence of the

have inquired about the reason of his

said to

me

(I

was

told)

that he did not

ask permission to attend. 4.

The judge has commanded

the attendance of the witnesses

to-morrow. 5.

We

6.

Don't

are ready for every (any) service.

make much

trouble.

of this matter,

for

it

is

not worth your

-

233

-

Lesson 95. The Paradigm (Table)

I.

Derived

of

Conjugations

VII.

— X.,

with Examples.

MUDARI«

PAliriCIPLES

jjUI

PAST

No

Imper. Passive Active

Passive

Active.

Passive

Act.

-

'Ul

^i;

^

VI I.

-

^0 }

t!rc»i

Forms

°J^}

VIII.

^.^

5^'

^00

C

IX.

.CO

0;0 ^

^0

X. e

--

.

lil^l

.

Exs:

1

Vil •l:::°;i ^i^ ^

VIII.

> --0

-

>0

•j^'2,1

2.

Study

^

^ 1

i ^.>

I)

Then

'''-''

> ^ -».^-^ ^ "

-'

^^-0 j/*.x^*

X.

^Ui^ji ^4.*^->

your lexicon.

1

'>.

-0

-0

=^^..-'

^

^*j UG; ^^y

correct by

page

of 235.

--0-0O.J

-^

1

the aid

^ij

j^«-x^:.^J

I

liV^I

1.

..

> ao

-O --

>

--

'^\^

K

0-

^

,



-^

^O 1®

, "^

'' I

;t^

r

r



234

-

Lesson 98. QUADRILITEEAL VERB. 1.

We now

The same form

used, but the lam

is

the ordinary Quadriliteral verb 2.

3.

How

How

take up the Qiiadriliteral verb.

do we get Quadiiliteral Verbs

(a)

By

(b)

By repeating

(c)

From nouns

(d)

By expressing

a bi-literal

?

of

sound (Onomatopoeia);

more than three ''he

letters

;

uttered the formula

learn the examples

"(Rare),

:

.>

vy^

away

to

shake (the foundations)

to

cause to quake (earthquake)

to

whisper sedition

^>

>

to wail (usually, for the

dead) }

make

to gird

say that

J.lj«i

>

to

.?

inserting an extra letter in a triliteral root;

Copy and to roll

expressed

We

doubled.

is

on the form

is

is it

a disciple

(

(someone)

( /

to prove,

-X-.^LJ'

i2aJL.i

.

r

»

9^>

)

) \

-^

>

->

\d^^ Jj

demonstrate

^

to translate, interpret

(

^'^ J

"

9

^

)

• "To -

to

pronounce the words

...

(

^\

intelligent

comparison of V.

fatha over the ha, not kasra. Ex:

he v^ears a girdle.

formed with kasra jUil* ^M.!^

is

Ma§dar formed

The Masdar

by

w^^^^

sparkles. J^W:^)^

But, as in V. Jc-Uil 5.

i^^-^^

1

of Quadriliteral

11.

would be

J«^*^"

Examples

> 9^^

Four frequently-used-verbs on the form

Vl«ii (/e.

Quad

:

III):

:

N. Agent

Masdar

Impel

^11

-

Present

:

Past

Meaning. r to come to nought, j cease to exist, V fade away

^

to shudder,

to be tranquil

o^^J ^.'°^

'

,x

'^\^o

--0

^

^

to shrink (with aversion).

.-.1

c

s^:^i

7.

What

be specially noted about this table

is to

(a)

Three things

(b)

Two

tive

shiver

things to be

which

"Doubled

Exercise 97

(or Surd)

f^:>(f^>^

Exercise 97

1

In

Verbs

o C/'^^l y

The

b.

;

?*

;

pupil

jUai'

;

J^^i!'

after

^'

.

the Impera-

:

Lesson 103 on

and the two ways of forming the

the case of

To English

^^

^^^^

only (not memorised)

?20^6f/

and jllljpl mean a.

:

be better understood

will

Verbal Noun.

oJ Up

be learned

to

?

j

^^^^

to

tranquility, or,

be tranquil, both

peace of mind.

:

'

-^^j

^

^'^

"^

"'^^^3

y

^r*'^^ ^^j^^A ^

^

^^

y

began

to wail bitterly as

though he was

not wishing to prove his diligence by completing his lessons.

Our

friend

{lit.

(shining) girdle,

(probably) (teacher)

with

it

it

the one mentioned)

had been given

Mohammad.

the other

and boxing.

was wearing

a polished

so he began to sparkle brightly, as though to

him as

a gift

He commenced

(boy) and

at last

to

from his professor rival

^

and out-do

the matter ended in fighting

MEADI^G EXERCISE 1

Removed-his-clotlies,

'a1

"UaJ

9

*

98,

"

A

on-a-day-of-snow,

black-one once,

i,-'

>

Andit-wasand-rubbing-with-it-his-body,

said-to-him,

and began-taking-the-snow,

In-the-hope

become-white,

Why-do-you-iub-your

He-said,

that-I,

body-with-the-snow,

'a!

)^ J

d

^^

Then-a-wise-man-came-and-

O this-onc,

Don't-trouble-yourself,

Jlij'^^.iC^'

said-to-him,

that-thy-body-blacken-

increases-not-except-in-

and

it

blackness,

that-the-wicked,

is-able-to-coriupt,

the good,

for-it-is-possible

the-snow,

This (story) Themeaning-of-it-is.

0^ ^ ^

Over-the reforma-

(he cannot,)

and-as-for-the-man

tion-of-the-wicked,

he-has-not-power,

thegood-one,

THE ENGLISH. A

black

began

man once removed

to take the

said to him.

'That

I

snow and rub

"Why

may become

and said

to

his clothes

his

on a snowy day and

body with

it.

Someone

do you rub your body with the snOw

Then

white," he said.

a wise

?

man came

him, "So-and-so, don't fatigue yourself, for though

thy body blacken the snow yet

it

only increases in blackness

itself."

The meaning but the

is

:

The

evil

man can

good man cannot reform the

corrupt the good

evil one.

one,

— -

239

-

Lesson 99. POPULAR STORY FOR READING EXERCISE.

^i)1

;jSiiii

ji^u

Jii

>_,*ii »^/i

.

''j_J^^H.

J;li 3^:2.1 j1

This popular story, found

in all

(-'j-i

jSri^ Ji>"

L- v j^V JC 1

Egyptian collections,

carefully studied with the lexicon.

^

^

'"

\

A certain

^jl

is

j1

to be

number of vowels

(only) have been supplied, to gradually accustom the student to

reading the newspaper, which

grammatical notes

unpointed.

To be

give a fexo

studied in 122, 123.

/i/era%, "Hearing and obeying". (Very frequent). :

7).

silver

twenty years.

coin=one

dollar.

(Explained in Lesson 148

the Imperative of -^1 (Lesson 104:4).

^->-\

We

:

Jaci ^^ji These are Conj. IV.

\I^z ';:J\

V j 'V

^:;- Ir

ui;

1

U J dlj i '^

aIj

CJ

'^j^^r

^'^ J

I

4ji

i

j

1

y;:^

^

^0 -

o

C>

^.--^

••,.

l

(v)

(r)

^

"^ 2r* 'j1-*-*

(e)

:-/^ioiy,r.i,^j;-ir'Sl (V) />'.

To Arabic 1.

The

2.

And

stars

I

am

were shining

his disciples

eating, 3.

:

in the

sky (heaven).

were plucking the ears

and they were rubbing them with

the

Lord thy God who

(of corn)

and

their hands.

brouo.ht thee out of the land of

Egypt, and out of the house of slavery (bondage) thou shalt ,

have no other gods before Me. 4.

Hallowed be thy Name

Forgive us our

sins, as

we

for-

give those-that-sin against us. that thy days

may be long

5.

Honour thy

6.

But for a misunderstanding between the two parties the

on the

father

and mother,

earth.

conditions of peace would have been agreed upon before. 7.

8.

9-

The book was translated by one of the best of the translators. You cannot prove that statement. He went to the carpenter and said 'Bring (to) me the bedstead'.

C.

Give the Arabic Singular, Dual and Plural of

:

— week— month — year— father— mother— brother^— sister — newspaper — library — book — church — house — dog — cow — dav

piule.

*

Plural of this

word not yet studied

(but used once in Ex. 56

c).



Lesson

101.

GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO WEAK 1.

how many

Into

The two main

classes are Aiabic verbs divided

^^ J*?

Jl*-

B.

^.Consists of verbs (whether are devoid of

have

own

their

j^^ (Not-Sound)

J^i^

(a)

?^-t^

Not -Sound.

triliteral

sub-divided into

is

(a)

Correct or Regular: which allows

shall study

j^^^-*

Muda^af (doubled)

c-AcUa>«

wau and

ya.

Under

we

(b)

JL^» Mitlidl (Assimilated >

le.

:

hamzas as

wau

or

ija.

Mahmuz (hamzated

verb)

I

with 2nd and 3rd radicals alike.

shall

wau

have



or ya as 1st radical.

Ajwaf (Hollow)— ^m;/

or ya or alif in the middle.

^j^li Ndqi^ (T>QiQQ{\ve)—wau or ya or alif at the end,

2.

and

.-o

^y^ \

it

radicals,

{Mn^fall^'Neak) consists of verbs containing the weak

ll*«

(b)

we

Letters,

special rules.

also doubled-letters, but does not contain

Under

or quadriliteral) that

Hamza, Doubled Radicals, and Weak

for all of these B.

?

Jl*- J«3 Sound (or "strong") te.

classes are A.

from defect; and

free

VERB.

often "drops

off'*,

The above complete and

to

and

learn, straight off, all

learn

in that sense, is defective,

list is to

be turned back

whence

be used as a general introduction

to for reference.

the

It

is

not essential to

Arabic technical terms; you will

them, with their meanings, in the course of Lessons

102—127.

But the divisions and sub-divisions must be fully

grasped (under the English names, for the present). 3.

Why

not call the

"Irregular"?

Sound Verb "Regular", and

— Because

the

"Non-Sound"

regular laws, though suffering 4.

Non-Sound

verb also follows

some changes of

Let us show these classes more graphically.

the

form.

243

-

J

V

4irf

vm

< §

Q »5

'TS

i

a a

»

«4>7

g

PJ

C3

(4

j:3

o

rt

i^

T3

>y ki

•S"

3

J5

rt

T3

^

4) CS

-3

ei

N

P3

V .M

§

.^

;.4

,

T3

u

^ N £

-

"O

oj 1

'

^

R]

JTJ

N E

(U

2

>,

^ ^

J

T3

05

N

s

s

3"



X c rC

13 'O 01

2

Xi

-a

c

> T3 j

2 u

(/)

c

0)

-s

«

*5>

H-]

J-7

^

•r!i

u^-^i

,Ui

•)Ulir

\\r'A

:-^Uir

^ ,^

^

io flee, rui

I

away.

--

dij^^

u'j^ }i

^^j^^i

--

U'j>

-

244 ^JaP to

bite.

OjUi*

^-^4A«0

jl^»)^

jl^-o

^«J

J^'

u^'

u^6.

What

difference

made

is

in the

Imperative

?

>

Instead of

^^

and

the

formal

:>X*

1

jy

1

and ^J^s-j we write




:

^U

of '^

is

jU

instead of

?

opinion, thought

commonest form

;

uj^lk jjjli jj'^C*

^^(a Similarly

taken

11^

J«i as

:

JCj

flight.

Perhaps

Exercise 103 1.

a.

What

is

To Arabic your

^

245

:

Lord of the worlds

about the

thought

?

(Sad Chapter). 2.

And

3.

And

ye thought an evil thought (see 6 below). they think about

God

other than the truth (untrue

thoughts) ("Family of Imran"). 4.

Then

5.

And

I

fled

from you when

verily (assuredly)

I

I

feared *you (Poets Chapter).

consider

him

*

to

be one of the liars

("Stories" Chapter). 6.

And

that he punish the hypocrites (m)

and polytheists (m) and polytheists

and hypocrites

the thinkers of

(f)

(f)

GOD

thoughts of evil ("Victory" Chapter). 7.

Say

*:

''Flight will not profit you,

if

ye have fled from death

("Confederates" Chapter). *

These are Hollow verbs (Lesson

t

This verb has the particle of asseveration

verily or assuredly,

Exercise

lO.J b.

and

To English

is

115).

used after j^

J which means

(see 128

:

10).

(from Al-Quran). cnJl*^

V^-^k Li

(n)

»VJ jU '^iiUj

(y)

t/j,

\

I

jj:

l^i« 4i

jyJi.^

(r)

i5Si

correspondents

examples of

6,

Memorise

now

this in *^Uj *u.J

this

vocabulary

Ju

to stretch

pour

to

lower

Taking

fat ha

There

^ij

Jl

For example

several

:

in the Imperfect.

to

knock

3^-^

to

count

L'>

to sprinkle

'5

to smell (a)

j^

Lpj

to cease

to

C-i-S^

draw, drag

to exert oneself

j>-

-^>-

:

^

to love, like

are

^^^ ^i^-

damma

Doubled Verbs taking

to

write

J

A

r

to

touch

^j^*

Taking kasra to smell (b)

to err

to kneel

>

to

cease

-"a to tighten

^Ji>-

to

be sound

-^ ?t^

— To Arabic

Exercise 103a. 1.

2. 3.

:

"And on him I bestowed vast riches". "And when (if) the earth was spread out". "And he took hold of the head of his brother dragging him

4.



248

"He

to him". said,

We

will

strengthen

thy

with thy

fore-arm

brother". 5.

"What

6.

"And He withheld men's hands from

7.

"Revile not those

think ye of Christ?''

without) God,

enemy) Exercise 103b.

whom

lest

you".

they call on beside (apart from,

they revile

God

despitefuUy (as an

in their ignorance".

To English h/j^i^^^A

cX^>-^3

(n)

Oa.:>',Vllir,

(r)

^j^Vj J^V_^

(r)

'y^^^iiLjlJ

(t)

>

4

^^

J ©^

dUl

.\

^^"J

1

J

.

jyliJ liC

(0)

ACTIVE Voice and Passive Voice. 1.

"Active Voice"is called by some ^^^I^^'Jl^U A^.llJ«ill = the verb whose agent (subject)

2.

"Passive Voice"

= the verb whose 3.

is

is

known. By others ajXhJJ ^J.1

similarly called J^>ii'

agent(subject)is unknown.

"Subject" of a Passive Verb J^li^*'l^

The above

will

= *U.C'U

=

beunderstood after Lesson

Jj^>ci! J*iil

Or J^^>^U ^J*'

"Deputy 169, etc,

Agent".

on Syntax.

!

-

-

249

Lesson 104.

HAMZATED VERB. 1.

In It

2.

how many ways may

may have

a

hamza

as

In verbs with hamza- fa

RULE: A

/^>»jl ''I believe,'^

}> IT'

is

Examples

vowel.

?

radical) what

(p. 242).

the general rule?

is

(ie.

with sukun)

when preceded by

changed

to the letter

homogeneous

becomes j^l

^j*^^

belief for jUri^

and ^^

is

'

'

to the

written

we

Similarly,

a

write

^ > ^ t^

Ieat,iox

note that since

\5'

'

is

The advanced

11. net

alif of

1

the alif of prolongation and

3.

be hamzated

second, or third radical

{i.e. first

and jUj^

^ 1

first,

hamza

silent

vowelled hamza

a verb

student may, however,

prolongation, to change

then to write madda

conventional custom.

Similarly, ya of the Imperative.

Conjugate

fo take captive.

^^*>

Ij

j

I3-

>^.^\

-a

^-

'^r-*

^

is

it

to

but a



^^ ^

^^

^

l;'^i f^>Jli

j^^L

;j^b

1'^ G

J'

^jUj

J" u

vr

u^i;

i>9

.l;°

-c

l;*

r

i;°.

^•^1

-V/lj

'-JvriJ



t5^

v-i.

;'

4-

any exception

there

-

250

above

to the

rule

?

In the Imperative of three verbs the

altogether: 5.

Form

ij->>- -X?-

take

!

'j^ j* command!

one eating

\

weak

with the Passive of the Mudari^?

RULE of PERMUTATION (63

to our

harmonise with the vowel

to

letter

Thus

the distinctive feature required".

Examples

r

;

hoped-for;

J>*

(a)

to order j>

1

;

to eat

;

Cp VU
^o

placed across the other, forming

alif is

-^Waking; JS

the

rejected

is

Ji^U»l ^J\

The one

6.

radical

first

"^J

English:

;'^ u VjS^ \

'{-r

u ill

die".

:^

(Gen ^-^^

2

;

it

;

for in the

15-17).

^^ IjlSCi (\)

»_-.v °-,^x\i viT ^ivi L'\\

I

-

5SI

-

Lesson 105. I.

We

come now

may

take

it

Fatha as

Damma

The

What vowels

haniza as middle radical.

?

J

in

l*j

^-j

,,

7

Kasra 2.

to the

^



J

C» to inquire

^^)

Lo

to

be brave

"

^"^ -

to despair

^^)

Mudari'^ of "to despair'' jl**; l-J

(JV.*-

U) ^0^

V-:

> |Ia*»

U) >

3.

The Imperative 0^0

J

of 'Yo

«.sA:"

>^a

Uj

There

1^1

.t:o

LI

however, another form of

is,

times met with, in which the al-Mudari^ and al-Amr.

^^

ask!

its

hamza

in

hamza

Example

(We may

J^

drops

n^i

S/Li tliis

simply dropped out of

is

of the latter

:

briefly note here that ^^Ij

al-Mudari^ and makes ,^ j ^^j

beggar; jlj

^b

however forms

which,

The Passive

6.

What becomes Revise our a/t/

difficulty

one-despairing

5.

The

no

gives

is

J

L.]»

he

is

its

;

RULE

becomes

of

asked, or responsible.

-^*-i

asked (about

Noun

PERMUTATION

ivau to suit the

125).

the

in

same way)

it).

of object

?

once more (104

(Notice the kursy =

form of writing the word).

etc. It will

damma. Thus Jj ^^^

without dots, on which the hamza

see,

(from jij not

roaring

IcUil

of the alif-hamza in

to

^\^ one-asking, or a

thus

"j^'^

some-

particular verb

be studied under the "weak-ending verb" 122—

WUii

U

11

may

sit,

stoo),

:

6).

or JjL^a i.e.

a

?/a

as in the second

7.

What form It

many

J ^^

request

;

and J'^** a question]

Exercise 105

"Ask

To Arabic

b.

and

of me,

despair

"And Saul

(Ps. 2

;

jii 1^1 oi;;jj tijui (v)

:

shall give thee the heathen for thine

(l

:

me and

Sam. 27

:

not search for

:

"For everyone who asketh taketh."

5.

"Ask thy

father,

elders,

6.

"Ask him, he

7.

"Then

it

to the

then they will

will

(Luke

II

10).

:

then {so that, Subj.) he will inform thee, tell

thee" (Deut

speak for himself" (John 9

said to the

woman, 'Has God

eat of all the trees *of the garden'

(Haqqan -

yet

26).

4.

and thy

me

l).

the speech of the desperate (despairing) [goes]

wind" (Job 6

for thy

8).

despair of

will

(any more)."

And

I

S/ lii

and the uttermost parts of the earth

possession."

*

^b

;

Important.

at this stage.

3r J. 9r^ \;

^C:

inheritance,

3.

*^) villainij

depression (or "dumps").

i:!:!

2.



of i\Ia§dar:

Revise Lesson 13

1.

of the verb (But there are

verbs mahmuzatul'^ain (having the ^ain hamzated).

Examples

8.

?

depends largely upon the vowel

not

\

Ma§dar take

will the

?

"

This collective will be explained

in

Lesson 139

:

7,

:

32

:

:

3

:

7).

2l).

truly said,

(Gen

Verily, or truly).

:

l).

Do

not

-

-

25^

Lesson 106. I.

Give exs

of

:

hamza

Meaning

as third radical (marking important verbs)

Masdar

rass:?res:

Imper

Passive

*

K^

v.

to create ^

*

to read

*

to

fill

r;

'-^1

';.! K o>

*-

Past

Present

4

^ o^

t

-

1-

l'^\j

!>.

cSj»

'a'

1>.

ij

^X'

5t

':>''

^;i

fc

^U' > ^

to

l.k

be slow

to

make

4^0 a

^

__,

mistake *

I.

to

'U^^ .-0>

%

begin

What do you observe

That there are fatha-fatha, kasra-fatha, and other verbs.

(b)

That the kursy of the hamza

(d)

The Pass Pres

over

Do

writes

it

of

it

(lit.

Form WUll

much time now over

again in

tiie

to miss) is ,,^1

Con j

f,-om

dots; then there

6.

It

over a kursy.

because of the preceding

the table, as

t

J^«iil

^1

no

is

will be noticed

practice, kept

up

of the verb in

IV.

:

;

its

full,

'J^^

Tiie

Ik:^

meet

verb for

usual

\

homogeneous ya kursy (with no

difficulty, ^i^5 7-

^^C*

here that for a

shall

i

from ^J and

maqruun, read

we

Derived Conjugations of hamzated

Note that the kasra requires

^?y>*

alif,

hamza

Learn the four verbs marked*.

"to sin"

Form

its

ha.

not spend

verb.

:

to the pre.

writes

:

homogeneous

6).

:

The Passive Past always

some

5.

is

(c)

fat

4.

?

(a)

ceding vowel (105

3.

above table

in the

^(^j 15 a reader.

^U ywam/w'^^M, filled.

we

are

now discontinuing

the

hundred lessons, of conjugating parts

giving sing, dual, plural, mas

,

fern., etc.

'

-254 Such special assistance was deliberately given

We

things". 7.

What happens *

able to save our space somewhat.

hamza

to the final

word "prophet"

of the

and

U'

from

derived

is

e-^ - ,^

now be

will

"simplify

to

is

on the form

L«^

?

but the

^

hamza has coalesced with

the ya; so instead of writing ^^-^

an-NahVii we write ^^^' an-Nabiyu. The plural of ^^ has been learnt in 8.

Lesson 67

6 with words derived from final ya.

:

Give examples of words not losing

^i^*^i

Qur^an ^j^j

evil (written in

1^

anything, something

(Its

plural

is

a diptote)

.

^^^^-^

with enjoyment ("to your health") 5.

What happens The

is

"^»»\

(Lesson

get

'^J

'

Compare

the verb

To English

Exercise 106a.

jX3\i (r)

132).

To :

to

As is

the

Arabic

in the

two radicals are

groan

;

^ groan.

Cf^^

';

dv^^iir^j (o ucj

of thy

Lord who

2.

Eat and drink with enjoyment.

3.

He

I

?

°A

'a' (^)

^.iii diu':^

:

name

said, "Verily

^^

r

thrown forward, and

iV* ^JCr^J '>^(^) j^'-c^ii" '4

Exercise 106b.

Read

'

'

(From al-Qur'dn).

:

jAi (0) iS^^ ;^r 3sCj

1.

j

I

prayer -leader

/•U'^

alike (from ^1 to walk ahead) the kasra

we

^j^

r-

'^^i-**-*

with the plural of

plural form

hamzi.

their original

am

created.

appointing you as-a-leader to the

people". 4.

And

5.

Then,

likewise if

revealed

we appointed

thou to

art

tliee,

in

ask

Scripture before thee.

to every

doubt those

prophet an enemy.

concerning what we have wlio

[were]

reading

tlie

-

-

255

Lesson 107. 1.

Returning

"Surd'' (doubled) Verb, can all the usual

to the

Derived Conjugations be obtained frjm

Yes is

it ?

but IX will seldom be found, (because the third radical

;

already doubled

if

:

second and 3rd were alike

The cognate

trebled).

just as in

radicals are separated

The Ma§dars

I.

of Conjs.

III.,

IV,

The

would be

before sukun

and X.

VII., VIII.,

separate the two, in order to insert the necessary 2.

it

alif.

table of Conjuf^ations with useful examples.

ja-.ll

Jj-ill^-l

>Uli.J

^^ Ull

^^'1

^' Ui

f^J

Jje-^

^il

i!^

ST'

Ju

iS; 5=

I

,

^

t.

;ii

'&^.

:^c

:-^

'^c

b-^'

-'

l;.

5;

J^^

2

L'l-

3

i-'i

4

>

1.!

5

'i^'

tCj

:Af

^C-,'

L'U 3^-'

6 7

^'% -U^^

8

''L\ ••

J

->

The English supply

;

4,/

What Take

;

V. to be verified

be unloosed 3.

To extend

I.

:

is to

out

;

VIII. to

4.

are

;

be done with so

II.

II

verify

;

contact with

III.

;

;

IV. to

;

Vil. to

?

and V. and memorise them, because they are II.

10

X. to request supplies.

many forms

and V- Note the

and V. so regular

like

rest.

?

doubling one of the two original "Surd"

Because the

effect of

radicals

to separate those

is

111

VI. to be in mutual contact

extend

the ordinary strong Conjs.

Why

II.

>

two

in

all

parts of the verb, in

other words, to regularise this forni. Refer to 72 and 83.

— 5

Why

are the N. of A.

VII, and Vlll.

Because their

?

a.

'4U H ^rjil ;»iu.*j

y^^J^

Exercise 107

We hear ing)

b.

(/vY

:



means of

this

iptl**.^

3i.V.

^'J^

di

c^'

There arrived

U^*!J O'jl-i^

to us) that tlic

transport,

Command-

a quantity (portion)

War

Office,

they

he asked of soldiers and equipments (accessories such

and other things

(j»\

and so on).

the present there have joined the i^imy of Occupation in

many

reinforcements, arriving from other countries, until (so that)

for any thing.

after their arrival by a {lit,

(prepared)

an intensifying non-expected) and a great battle took place, only

attack.

The army has

great praise.

ready

camp

few days, the war became unexpectedly more

preserving ^taking upon ourselves)

firing),

is

Tliey have also prepared for tliem a great

we were quick

'

(up to)

country

Then

/•^?t^^

:

G.O.C. (General Officer

number of men and

'^i^^j

;"jc>=U3

After investigating the request at the all

iWj

sv/ V;^

has been said that the army extends from sea to sea and

intense

VI.,

vowels cannot be

distinctive

;U.Vjl '^;l ^3'^"'

sent to ask to be supplied with a

As-far-as

it

jSli^Vl

% Or

reinforced him with as

III.,

the radicals.

RE -TRANSLATE TO ARABIC

of munitions. i

in Conjs.

^^^l\ J^

>3ML

Ol'^lil

-

and N. of Object alike

shown without separating Exercise 107

256

As

the policy of defence not that of

several armoured trains and

for the

"Maxim guns" (cannon

Ministry of Communications,

-

-

it

has deserved

-

257

-

Lesson 108.

DERIVED CONJS: 1.

Let us speak

2.

What

And 3.

is Coiij.

Conj.

How

first Ill

IV

HAMZATED VERB

of

of the verb mahmuz-ul-fd.

of

of the

j^

?-It

is

j^ from

same ?— It

is

j-"

are these to be distinguislied

By examining Example:

J^lill ^m\^

from }

> '

'

^

?

j-\^ilj c-j^^ll

-X>-1

to

reproach

J

to

cause pain

1

^

y

;

J y^

;

;

J>'i^-*

'J

^ ^^

c-X>-i j-«

-^'^J,J

/»1a|,

;

^^Ui >U)I^^J

JA^II J^.ill^.l

^^'

^^\

1.

J..il

r>n

J..!^i

fy.ll

1

°J

tji-rc-

f?

1

1

1

La'/)

2,

-'-'','.>

iJ

'J

v

^>->

^

^

u.

iuri

:;.U

in

'-{: '>- i>

-^

S>tlA

.x^:a

>:rt. >-

^

i>>

5.

Lh^ >

:«^

J>cL

6.

^

s?-

>

^-0

?-

>

'-V

8.

""

^0 -••1

8.

i-0

jiUJ.

ji

10

li**.!^

Ji

To

place in trust (^^I>i to be sociable^^ to write a book ~* * < ^ ^ ^> , Learn J^^» callsr - to- prayer (^^^^ sufferer ; ^ ^* painful. '^*

5.

"'

1^}

Jbil

-\>tjj

'

ii;:,!

4.

4.

'o-^

t.-

Ua

i^n.

3.

»

i

.

',

Learn also

j^'>

y

a conference, which

on the same form as J^*ii' ^^ (See Self-Test 108. Translate these N's of a believer; asking to be

excused

63:

7,

Agent ;

a

is

Noun

footnote, :

of Place being

and c/ ^I^).

an author; delayed

a suffering

woman.

;



258



Lesson 109. I.

Mahmuz-UL-*AIN verbs use some derived forms f

J^aU ^J >uti

jJlwall

only.

jUl

.sill

^^•» Jjj^f^l

aU>

%

V^^i

"(%

•.'ci

r>

•^^

Jj.^^

c^*!'

r^-li

fi

^

>t

LI f

Ju cji ^**»r

Li

a.u :uj:

;>'i-

3v;-

IIa^^

JUli

;D-.CJo



2.

llX^

In

aie Conjugations

there

II.

,w.

>^ll)^

r^.'

Where

is

!

6,

1^0

^0

a possible

^

ui

1

II.,

VIL, X.?

example J

U

to

ask nuirh, but

is

it

not

important. Examples from VII, and X. are not in ordinary use. 3.

Why

are there not

more

.^

Because of the awkwardness

in

pronunciation of the inter-

mediate hamza, and the fewness of Conj. 4.

Which

^^ is

of the above should be

to suit, is

used of food

memorised

^yJ' J^Ur

;

^^^^

annual gathering

augur good, ^Az.\

to

bode

ill,

(of

to

person;

and ^V^\

wound healing (edges coming

r^T^

to

?

(or climate) suiting a

used of everybody asking everyone else

times used of a

verbs of this class.

I.

is

Ji-l*-i

some-

together) while

a

society).

Also

be pessimistic.

Note the spelling of these words; the hamza

written alone

is

after the long alif in Al-Madi, also in VI. 5.

Vocab: '

J'

'

— to congrat.

to

prophesy

L-^^r

U* to

to acquit

^

j^ to reward

commence

'-^->'

(Add

Uo

to cure

these top. 259).

»

5-

-

Verbs Mahmuz-ul-Latm are frequently met with. to take refuge

to hide

to

be

one

self

Ur,J

warmth

\^

to hide (a thing)

VIII.

filled

to seek 6.

259

X.

lo

accuse of error

to

inform

Pa.V special attention to Conjs IL, IV.

iki

n \i^\

miss aim

to sin,

and

VIII. in this table.

^ii

t^ui jJU-il

11

p 3

^Vi

J^.ill^^J j-^iiy-i

^>II

Jjil

J..

u,

2.

sUuV.

\^

3ir

!ibC/

J^.

ui.

1

\"

-0

11:. •



-

i..", J/--1

%'j1J.

1

8.

10

Exercise 109a. 1.

To Arabic ;— bility

;

being-filled

;

taking-refuge; pessimism

assembling; beginning

;

congratulation

;

;

suita-

acquittal;

he-was-rewarded. 2,

Also :— suitable filled; a

Exercise 109b.

;

congratulator

;

one-requited

beginner; hiding oneself

;

;

optimistic.

refugee

;

one

— —

260



EXAMINATION PAPER A. Translate to English

1

10.

:

»>

o

'iS^c^'>vL\ c>j:

:

.

?

verbs on this form reject the wan

t/;aw

shewn

in the

promise

following table > ^ Aft}

J.C'

\«d

UjJj

^

p jl^ll and

in

:

-

-Xc-j

to give birth >

to find

to be

to connect, arrive

to describe >

to arrive,

5.

What That

^

its

we say about

Uij "**i to

in

(^^5

Lesson 39

be found

and that the wau always disappears

to be in

in

in

good

- "

_5

:

4

^_JKiJ

^^3 J

?

Assimilated Verb,

pjUaii

to inherit

condition

-

(».ji^ v»j!^) iwjiv^

to stand, stop

few examples are

to swell

.

incumbent

^ ^ ^

come

did

j-»^'

to trust, confide

6.

Does

Verbs on

th5s

wau

also reject the

l«i^ "1*3

form are

-

265

?

niostiy regular; e.g,

fear

'^^V^j ";i^

exceptions in 7.

The following

pain.

in

^^i^ the wmi

(In

7.

§

be

to

J

eight verbs in

they take fatha in Mudari^

J^^l J?'^^^

replaced by

is

two

mention

shall

Ud and

U^j

etc.,

J^l^

We

;

although

l*i

Ui.-

ya).

yet drop the initial wau.

e '

pi

P

to be spacious

upon

to trample

^

r»i

C-

y". ^

>".

U4 ^>'.

It

place

to put,

^ «

ji

to let alone

to fall

ir-'

h^

i-

,

j^j>

j-^i

to give, grant

• *

to restrain

8.

to

why have you marked

But

let,

alone

let

L^^ off the

two verbs

*

?

These may be omitted, as not much used. 9.

Why

the Past of p.5j

is

Because the verb

10.

is

put in brackets

only used

Let

What

outstanding facts will simplify this lesson

me

•••!

^>-

c./.

;

found

^^ .

^:'

.

trusted-in Is

No

there it

;

mon

;

^ij

finding (i.e.

3).

present)

e. r/.

;

trusting

^y^*^^ given, granted

;

:

Ai

also

ij/*y

inherited.

any special form

may

;^nj

(J^ij standing

?

>^^

c^jj^>«

,

;

be

(Turn back to

weak.

and revise and re-learn sentence

E.

(6) all

;

Are the Participles (Nouns of Agent and Object) regular Quite

12.

Present and Imperative,

^c^

expected since only the

11.

in

?

for the

Masdar

}

take various forms including

UU j

'

^

^j

ecclesiastical

standing: f-yj falling, happening

;

l*j

but J^«i

endowment;

.o^Vj giving

com-

is

^yj

birth.

)

— 13,

But a great it

many

by adding

o

and compensate

of the verbs drop the ^

thus

:



266

confidence

k'sa

a gift

"k^f^

;

;

3"^'-^

are regular, except the necess-

4-

What

up,

^

5.

becomes .1

%^i

- to

in

IV.

?

w^^jl

to necessitate

-^jj-j

>

These undergo

a

in 63

to

Past,

Coiij.

f'-^j'

^Jt

f'

:

^^^

5).

in

ia?^^

but

permu-

wake C'jUall

difficulty.

^^5^-

y^J-'^)

y

^^^^i

Conjugation VM?.

Any

Arabic we have-^

ko be hon^,J^> y

I

to

be found

verbs on form J«IdJ curiously change the j or ^^ to

O and then coalesce

with the servile: thus

(Turn back to the special

Conjugation

The

j'

difficulty in VIII.?

Yes, JL:^

8.

verbs

explain

have easy circumstances j^y^ ^-1'

depend (upon)

In Colloquial 7.

i/a

'

clear,

^^'-^J

cause to exist

to

'

^f,

J^ J

^jl^l (See Rule

JilJ

-^^1

^^^^

Conjugation V. and VI.?— No to hesitate,

6.

^

of Conjugation IV.

tation of the ya in

make

e.rs.— to

:

to leave, deposit

Vl.^jl

cause to despair

-^J

special remark.

— PTaw verbs

to cause to arrive

there any difficulty.

is

-^'^^i

ary permutation in the ma§dar ^^"•^il

II.?

^^

J^^^i

aI^^Ij;*

1

114.

X —What

on page

happens

usual permutation of

to deposit (in care),

list

wau

223,

to the

7c»kr

1

and memorise

wau

in

1

yl^i

it).

al-Ma§dar?

after kasra.

UU^l**.

"VaA

{^"A

^:>^1^\

-

268

ask to stop

to

\^

U-^X**

I

^uA

4^«.) e-A5 A*-*

I

to seek to procure (import)

awaken

to

9.

J^Ui ^\ get

-k23^^

^



The only change

VIII, Jx:>i

10.

agreeing

words

whence we

;

:

and

in

^^>

J^->«

trusting

;

J-^:>»

Other

connecting.

^f\^l» humble; ^-^^^« midwife.

J^^aII ^*-I

Like ^'^l^'

|t-*^l

^y deposited 11.

IV. of(j verb,

arousing, ^^^>» necessitating; ^^^>» wealthy -^

useful

is in

Is

jos.-ll

Yes c- :>

;

that

^*-i

is

but changing, of course, the kasra to fatha,— ;

aAc-JaI^ agreed upon (c\ry/'Sound" Tradition).

on the same form as

Ja^Jili ^*^i

so with Derived Conjugations

63

(c. /.

:

7

fjUi .

:

5),

f^^M a public depository.

Table of Conjugations of Assimilated Verb

II )X^.\

and 108

Jj.il^J jeUll^J^

(

j

)

^.Ll,

p

^•^1

-

1

feared.

UU

A>-

,A>.

r Lii 4.

But

I

do not see any difference between classes

See ^l^i'

(a) is

Cj\

ib)

j^^i but

(c)

is

[h)

^Ul^

and

(c)

;

5.

What

is

the fundamental

That a weak

RULE deduced

from

3 (a) (b)

and

(c)

?

always drops out when followed by a

letter

jazmated consonant (one bearing sukun). 6.

What happens

?— The

with the Passive

the original radicals (see also f'O

passive

would have

been

J

letters

to sell, similar to

J**

;*—

but

>

being

j^^

)

the

permutation

a

takes place, and the kasra and ya are written

J

j

— J-d

also

;*^>

0}

^fui and sZ^^ ^zXS ~ ^

was betrayed.

I

(Some allow c^l^

«••

7.

Any change Yes

;

the

Jc-Ui

in

weak

^-^i

letter is

replaced by hamza

;

JJ^i a speaker%*^l5

saying (adverbial expression to introduce

^.

A>.S,1,

becoming

;

j-

V***

The feminine 8.

Any change (a)

we

A>».|

(^b sleeping

From v^*

What form

^^

but

f'^-^-^

is

^^ S^^

(/.e.

03/^

;

chaste);

possible

j^-^

^ .• death;

>

A

he fears,

one of these only

Inflect

^''

J^A3^

the hypothetical form

actually

is

for the

this

il

why do you say

but

Imper-

letter of their

the sukun of the fa replaced

is

but that becomes jya

2.

Hollow Verbs range themselves

said in the last lesson that

in three classes

118.

(he sells)

:



0"

;t—.X)

J;V

(^*-Jo

jl*-a.r

^^*rl^

.Jo

;•

^Jo

;t--Jo

4.

Why

has the middle

Revise our

RULE

:

letter

disappeared from the Fem. Plural

"When

then the long vowel before

the third radical receives a

it

is

changed

?

sukun

into a corresponding

short one because a shut syllable cannot admit a long vowel" (

ie,,

two sukuns mav not occur together

Turn back us for the

to 115

:

3

and very carefully

!

).

revise.

This prepares

most important section of the Hollow Verb, ^^'j^^

(jazmated, or jussive). 93 (Lesson 36

:

really grasped,

6).

One example was worked

There

is

no

out on page

difficulty at all if this

and many examples be analysed,

RULE

be

!

272 5

"He did not say":

Inflect

'JA/

'lA^i^

%k^

'^^f

,M

NOTE on

lam

yaJnai,

same form

Some

as above.

— shorten lam yaliun

in eight instances only

of the

rj>^

poets— and Al-Qur'an still

J

further,

and write

f >

Jy

'v;^ 7.

"He

Jussive of (c)

did not ^

--

J

fear.' *»

e

.Jli

8.

^^^^ Imperative —

"Fear!"

-

uu

^iU 9.

Jussive of (b)

"He

did not

^\^

sell." °

r,«-.-Lj

^

^•^ 10.

Imperative

0^ II.

:

i

J r "Sell." I'

Jussive of Passive

:.

:

"He

(it)

was not

UCr i

t^X)

J

'

/

UD

sold."

ca?. ^'-/

C-^ i.Q-

L^-

(^,

cr-r

erf

)

— 12.

Give a short

list



273

Hollow Verbs

of

in frequent use > -

>U) aU

to sleep

to venerate v-jI^

e^l*

JLo Ju

to obtain

to adorn

lT

J-

to live

to be fitting

O'J

to guard

i^U

to die

^Jl) iS^

to

j^-tAi jl-»^

-^'J

.

in

Prove that statement by examples upon the other forms

We

3.

-f*

i

>

in

e.,

from the strong

differ

Now .1?

IX.

i_j„)

jjU:^

J

J

^jv^i

give one example of Conj. IV. ^*i

I

he raised up, trans.

:

(or,

I

i

cjj^

i

(Compare 76

he stayed, intrans.

IL,

cyi :

(i

3).

)

r'

Gi;1

11.1;

15

i

I'^i /

What

is

observable here

The occurence

..

t

of our fundamental Rule (115

:

5)

"Weak

drops out when followed by consonant with sukun."

letter

J

7-

What

0/0

^^

comes from >

-

^ y^i

?

^^^^ (76

c.f.

>

.

^

>

.

o^-A -0



275

does ^jWl come from

>

.\o

;

.

JU-A)

:

4 and II6

>

2).

:

>

^

(J

("';

('I

L

r: 8.

pjii of the same.

^ * "..0

.i-

r

^r^

^^» 11. ;

10.

the effect of the sukun

1^^; J

I

9.

Watch

The Passive

:

(a)

Ui

I

Indicative (he will be raised). /^U UT

O

1

.•^U IL



r ^

>

....

)U uT

05»A liT ')

,«ju

(J

U\A

aU'»

f'^

was not

(b) Jussive (he

J

0^

i_j'^.

>^lS"

P'lLi^

(J

|,\

formed fromp-jUai' thus

^A^l is

removing J^iil

\\

(J

J

restful ^^ j'

12,

>i"

o

r-*>

J^Ull

J



U

|»l3

from the

I

the two silent alifs one

adding

o



^'^

act-of-raising; or staying;

:

*^^l

5iUl insult

obedience

making permaneni;

^j^

Is

;

o:>lil

Ul

/•

to

avoid



killing;

'^^l

removing

"^^ j>\

benefit (to others)

management,

repetition; 6:>'^[ will; o^-^i 14.

and

get vl5[

,j

«

^iJjl comfort; ;

.^lllC'l

custom,

-

279



Lesson 119. CONJUGATION X. (HOLLOW). I.

^\\ ^lliof ^V^J to

^^^

be upright.

--0

-^-«

U^I**» 2.

^1

J^.^*J

//

^.

I

of jbL.1 to consult.

^;,lil

;

>:

>

.

f y^-



i

.^

-v^X

^

of

^' fjUii

Jj***^

^

to derive benefit.

jUi.-!

-

..

>

.

,^Ui*«l

to

^0 ^

^0

^0

^0 ^

answer (prayer, request,

etc.)

^ '^

^^

-

I"

^

^..

c^

5-

^^

cjj^l

o

jl^".«, 'o^q

(A)

:'^UI j'^Ce-Vl

dll'jl

(N)

I

:

0^

B.

>

5t^.

^-

282

-

;J-.^,0-.

To Arabic 1.

She did not

2.

Despair not of the mercy of God, because He

3.

You cannot

find in her father's

find

house more than eight coins. very merciful.

is

any person exactly as he

is

described

by

others.

4.

We

blamed thee because thou

5

It is

said that the house was sold at a small price.

6.

The

children of Israel were punished because they did not

obey God but opposed 7.

"Awake thou

didst

(

masc

:

)

not visit us.

his prophets.

that sleepest,

and

arise

from the dead, and

Christ shall give thee light." 8.

We hear that the the but,

Q.

We

10. Is

C.

Army

G.O.C. (General Officer Commanding) of

of Occupation sent to ask for re-inforcements,

in spite of all that,

will

weigh

it

he was badly defeated.

in the balance.

not the plough more useful than the sword

Give the Imperative Plural, Masc

meanings

of these verbs

:

:

and Fem

:

}

and the English

)

Lesson EYB:, Reply

(Coll

:

(jC-.:^

)

.j

o*-' ^

ci-. [:,.j

-

^—

>

-

285

of (i-J j/u» to run (Note

(c)



(J^ »

>

K^^

VJ^

»***»

1

^

—there are very few on this form).

^x

.

r-

^0

i::c. ^0 ^

X-

^^ to be hidden.

(d) of ^3i2

g'i .'.

L^

r.

u::^;.

ui^ 6.

What

is

specially observable about the above tables

That when the weak

(i)

sukiln) alif

on adding the pronominal

maq§iira of both (b) and

wau^

viz, (a) to (ii)

is

radical

(third)

(b)

and

radical

is

damma

in (d) a

;

thus C^o:> C^* j sZ^*^

being formed direct from the fern sing, 7.

What form Always

will the

weak

(See Lesson 127) but long 8.

Is

(a) its

the

weak

place

:

In the

alif

Nom

shown by tonM;m

thus (c)

:

:

and Obi

A^asra

The missing

Jii-^i^^in^j^i

The

Jbeminine

is

weak

the fern,

dual

(c)

where

past,

:

;

:

cases,

Noun it

^U-

thus letter

:

UU-

radical

,cljji

o

c.

/.

also.

it

of

?

is

©I

^j ,>-

Agent

(_^.5UI1

;

the

thus

i

?

omitted and

^l-*

f\

^

f^^^

LpL-^ L«I j Lc>l y

:>

y

restored in the definite

is

fully-declined

is

y

y

Deiined

the

and

before an affixed pronoun

But the Accusative retains the weak (b)

supplied,

dropped there

radical dropped in forming the

Indefinite

radical

radical take in the Derived Conjs.

except in the 3rd. sing

(j

is

it

:

is

also,

;

weak

this

third fern. sing, of (a) (b)

dropped

and the

(c) to ya.

dropped out altogether, but in the

with

(

return to the original leUer,

That before the wan of the masc. plural

(m) That

jazmated

is

the alif of (a)

affix,

(c) all

?

;

Redeemer.

}^^^

^^^'-^ \^^- ^

-

-

286

Lesson 1.

What The

noteworthy about the passive of the past Of ^j^LII

is

fact that the

wau replaced by it is

2.

123.

weak

radical ya

The reason

ya.

preceded by a kasra (63

restored,

for the latter

and the weak obvious, for

is

5).

:

U^ and

Give the passive of

is

^j u^.

cnc^ ,c-:>

>

>

>

r^^p :>

r

c;-t

.^c^:>

^

1^^

il/, >

r-t^^ l-L*.>«

3.

How (a)

From

verbs

coalesces with

we

j^c^J^^

'^

^'si%M 3'

(b)

4.

formed

whose

>

>

AS

?

radical

final

wau,

is

long wau of the form,

the

get ^c^J.4

invited,

called.

this

From

verbs with final

pjl^U

of

3^

a the long

with the final ya, and the

^*^ thrown-down

get

y^^

ll:v to

;

^^-.^ built

kneel (like

and instead of

Also ^>- j*

wau

hoped

permutated

is

damma

to kasra

jr;i;.

is

'

to be noted here

There

is /io alif

A'

?

aiter the final

lt;a^^

thus etc).

;i=

't

;^-

;

ya

).

'o

ii-_,V

What

radical

pardoned.

to coalesce

we

>

J

J^»iil ^J\

is

^

>

^:^

of the masc. sing.

287 In

Ui)

2nd

fern, sing,

}'

'^y

(m) In 3rd and 2nd masc. result that the niasc. 6.

c-

J

^

*

of ^5C->^

I

and

becomes pi.

one wau

is

omitted, with the

those two cases.

fern, are alike in

to wcH^p (like

(J^j

(X

^» ^.. ^' j )

iCi

What do you notice here What the weak radical

7.



?

ya

is

dropped from the 3rd and 2nd

masc. plu, but retained in the feminine. 8.

of

f'j\^\

^^ J.. ^^ ) ,

L^^

to ba

^a^..

pleased (like

(^a:^-

)

^

^J-

J*"

J-"

o^-^j,

What

9.

(

/

(

a

)

)

is

obser\ed here

t

That the fatha of

and the

(iii)

There

{iv)

[n the

diphthong

is

alif

changes

Ui)

That the ya of 2nd fem.

fatha,

(

^^

sing,

maqsura drops

forms

a

diphthong with the

out.

an exactly similar one in 3rd and 2nd fem. plu.

3rd and 2nd masc. plural the

wau forms

a wau-

(au).

v) The student should

now spend some

contrasting the three types presented 10.

^

^^ to

Give the passive (the same for

(i.e.

time comparing and

in

...1

and

.

and

three classes).

all

>

jl'-^Li:-

jLi^_ - 9 >

.0

K

.;_._).

288 11.

What do you

We

observe

observe that the passive

fatha verbs,

The

reasofi

Is

is

?

very similar to the active of

is

for the similarity of the permutations

maq§ura

No, various forms are taken

.

that the

;

Ma§dar

^U j

?

hope

;

^\^':>

call, petition;

good pleasure.

L^ J

;

is

J

each case.

in

there any special form for the

jA^ pardon

the reason

(§ 8 above), but distinguished by the servile

final letter is alif 12.

What

?

Vocabulary 123, (a)

kneel

to

-

>

(b)

to

hope

to

grow

L^

^J^

^^j>.

to give to drink ^^'J

^^

to flow, run

u^«" l/^

to

be pleased

to

be ashamed ^'iii

Exercise 12B 1.

3.

4.

6.

c!^_>"

J^l

'>

3>.

y

to

approach

to

pardon

Ui lit

to pluck, gather

^^^

^^?*

to build

^-.j^

^)

to

weep

L^-Vi

to fear

L^^-

to perish

to

c^-'H.

remain

L>^i

L>



(.5^-^

l5-*

(JH

a,

The mind grows like the plant. As for her, she knelt on her knees, and prayed

to

God.

Let both of them (113 9) grow together until the harvest. And when he found one pearl, great of price, he went and :

sold 5.

f^j

^Jp j

to meet, find

2.

r

to raid

-

A^-ij

to suffice

(c)

l^-

j^V

all

he had and bought

The

gazelle said

that

which

It is

clear to

Creator

is

I

:

hoped {lit.

it.

'That which for

I

despised saved me, and

(requested) destroyed me.'

not hidden from) owners-of-minds that the

Almighty.

Correct by Eaercite 123

b.

(on page 291.)

'





289

Lesson 124.

I

in the Subjunctive.

Give examples of each of these three types »:^

y-^ >9 -

:^^ }0 ^

cnSs^o

u^^-^

l^^-t'

U^^

^-^ 1-

0.

.

U^^j

L^'i (^) ".

-

",

»

'•

^"^ J

^J 2.

L^->

By comparing

(O

the three types together

that the vcau of ( fatha,

or

I

and the

)

other distinguishing

without any difficulty {ii) that in the

the dual),

the

nun

(Hi) the retention of the

Why

is

Because

mark

)

both take

of the subjunctive,

apocopated, as always happens

is

;

nun

agrees with 30

in fem. plu.

the vowel of the subjunctive not observable in ( alif

maq§ura

after

is,

:

all,

a

form of

6 with 52

Give the Jussive of the same three verbs >0 X

>• -

>^.

'^^.

)9 ^

}% -

y'f

^^

'^

the

;

carry any vowel (compare 1/ 4.

of ('*

>• ^

-:

^^

^'^^

"^

>'.^



alif,

:

4

(c).

?- ) ?

and cannot

4).

:

:

^ >

}

'.

^

j.^

-

>

• ^

C.^

i^'

:^i

:

,





290

dl:

dl.

en.

\^z

cn>

ic:

LsC:}

dij fr

dij *»

,

-

''0

U^^7 ,• '.

r-.*. ^:^j»

'-

0)f J

5.

Wliat

is

the great distinguishing feature of the Jussive

;u' 6,

i>7

ij^

=

the deletion of the

Give the Imperative of the same

tliree

>o

weak

?

letter.

verbs

:

>

:::>i(a) >

^lli

J^.

^

c;.> =

;

study the classes of verbs containing

in the Jussive as a

o

of

jc-^ui

as

to ya

— having wau and ya apart)

;

ya defective, but

its final

Class (b) loses

:

(Sj\ (Sj^

be adjacent, to follow closely

Lesson

in

thus

ijj^^ (Sj^

hamza and one weak letter. What, in brief, is the method Class

4.

up

^)jAa IJ&A] (Lafif-Separated

(b)

having wau adjacent

i.e.,

be strong

to

3.

rjl of ^^^^

^)o C_,kr

01 >w

>1

0'

^

e ^

;»',

I',

Mj

A

-

C .kr ^

>1

.k;

fJ>II

of

c$y

(^y.

0^ X

^ ^

U

l/^iT

^/J

0^

e ^

J ^iu

8.

^Vl

Ol>j

l',ll

^M

C/JI

L$yj

O

iVyl

CJJ 9

Let us

now

^

to Class (b) which are Assimilated and Give the Past, comparing with 122.

turn

also Defective. •^

e

'y.

l3j

IJj

Ji

S5''*-..

»-'

^ e -^

0^3

-;'.'

0J3 0^:*J

U'^

l:J :'->

LJ'j

r^-

U 10.

For the pjUall one example of ^3'j>^

will

suffice.

Because the lexicon shows that they are formed u2r i.ir

Why

alike.

1*1)

L.

3'

?

II.

When

the servile letter

is

deleted to form the Imperative will

there be only one letter in the verb

That

so

is

;

but a ha

sometimes

is

u^ 12.

Learn both ways

affixed.

Li

What happens It is

?

inflected exactly as

of the present tense the

^"J^

two

(

-^^'i^

^.iJ

^-

v'lj

^

dr

^^

--

n

^ >

,

»

u

U

*u.

added

(see

below)

^.Ul

f^^ll

J^ll

^M

^p.

v-

a'-

-

*c^

iSJ.

i^

.Li

*U) ^

J

.

^,

>

K\t.s

^ *l^

_^

^

*L^„

t^V.

,

Their chief

alif.

tM\

^-i

^--

i

f

e ^

-

I

1

JI"

weak verbs with hamzated lam

These are of three sub-divisions i:U-

C^\

is

'

similarly treated.

is

^

Agent are

of

(j^^^J j^*^)-

to refuse

115).

-^^

"to turn, or return,"

I

hamzated

a

^^=rO'

j^-f-'J

the second

present being ^—>j^|, the jussive

The Nouns

J^l

which have

are of

they accordingly follow the laws

;

to

Lesson >

J

They

or ya.

are-the principal parts of t^ :^-yi

(.)

>

ens-

-7

This imperative 5.

Is

the passive

Yes

;

as

it

is

^,

is ?io^ wsec?,

1.^

JUT

(87

5)

being substituted for ^\

in actual use, similarly to

a preposition, the

Thus :— She was brought

i^

:

^

1

it.

?

a Prepositional Passive, only understandable

when read with used.

U.

t

mas':, sing,

l^

Hell was brought (Qur'an)

i^^>.

they

^^,

^^>-

is

invariably

were brought

:

;

:

— See the passive of fainted or 6.

X.^ls-

;

we may use any

there

Is

Yes, one

:

I'^l.'i^.'^c.l

really Irregular

cover,"

is

as

:

(

lit,

:

Jp-

aJ.^

^ti

he

"was covered over her")

dLi

(c./.

Verb

with

Well done

ilj^j

).

!

?

much used

as

any

in the language.

ought, by the rules, to form pjUaii thus ^^1^ but,

as a matter of fact,

ing f^j

-

she fainted

and that one

to see,

(^\)

"to

^^Js-

^JlI

297

is

rejects that alif-hamza altogether, form-

The

instead,

The Imperative

it

Preterite

not used

;

^\j

is

^j

similar to

J^\ being used

instead.

(Indicative) "

^

jj^^

0^^.

jl^.J''*

Jy

ovy

^J



C^V

c^'.l

and Passive)

(Buhj. ^

^



J^>ci' ^y,aj!S\ ^ >

>

'

ky. -

>

.>



iSJ

>

^i

iVy

cy.y

^^

{Jussive)

=

f3>il - •

'v;.

'Vy

k'J

^

k'y.

Kj

^^

J ''

"^^

J

,>

{Imp, not use d): '

^

O'P

1

jl

^

^

Ijj k'->

•/J

(••;>

— 7,

What It is

It

^

is

J/**

used with I

used 1

U

a.

mean

"I

wonder,"

To Arabic

you wish

Then she

When

another,

:

2) to

happen

will

saw

her,

reached the king, and he said

and look

at

her

;

if

see her,

you do not bring

servant

the

or, Is

possible

it

I

thus,

:

wonder

?

e.

_

l; -jj:«-

% o ^,

.

U«GI U'fr U'i^j

Ce

^^^

ol^ ^

L- "(J 'o\

^ .

\

- • ^

^^0



(n)

®

°vjui (r)

1.

> ^

LuJii Uli^l IJIJ (Y)





299

Lesson 127. DERIVED FORMS OF 'DEFECTIVE: jjU\

^u.

t^ui

>Uyj

J^.Ail^l

9 3

^H\ Jji' 5-

^r

sh

J^*

,3^

c^'jtfi..

r

c5jlH

UjyT

M

^3 J O^J ^

o

.5^-1

."%

.%

^v ^

0-

I.

ci-^V

e



>

J

6.

0^

>

^ e

'>^-

->o

>

(^^. ;>.^i

observe in the above table

(a)

That the past

(b)

This

(c)

The noun

alif

copated

of all the Derived

^I>i

8.

JvLi

10.

^0

j>j

What do you

?

forms ends

in

maq^iira becomes ya in the present,

f^

and

apo-

is

and imperative, leaving kasra

in the jussive

7.

cr^''

c^'^'

-o

;

of agent ends in tanwin-kasra, as a substitute

which should have borne tanwin-

for the apocopated ya

(Jamma; (d)

The noun which

(e)

is

indeclinable

The ma§dar (See 73

:

Ma§dars

having fatha, takes

of object,

of

5). III.

II.

;

substitutes alif for the

IV., VII., VIIL,

The Ma§darof V. and

(f

)

Some

I

maq§ura,

(Defective) always takes the form

weak

^

;

letter

(c./.

X. are similar to one another

the servile alif the weak letter becomes

substituting

alif

hamza

VI. apocopates the

c.f.

JLiT

74 :

:

7).

after

(revise 77:4,5)

ya of .\-^ [S^ J

Jl_^ and /J'^J^

of the pseudo-passives are not usable

(e.

g. VII).

— 2.

300

Useful examples of jliCil^-.!

^J"^*

a prayer-place

— (c./ 63

Vocabulary,

to eat

noon-meal

to take supper

cj"^^

ij^

(^-^^-^

(^-^

Six-"-

iy^

come consecu-

n"

u"

^

^

to curve

^

lS-^^I end

to be decided,

pray

to

to clarify

(^^•*^

c^*^

to

comfort

to

pay attention

(5

>. c^>

»

-^0

-

^0



L>^y

J> J^^

tively

:



^

^\ j\.) ^\ j

to mutually agree

to

^^

(to)

i^S) (Jl^^

Ju

; to cry

^ -0

-

:—

to deliver, save

iS^*"^ lS^'^ ^

are

etc.)

including words in the table

to be transfigured

ll)

:

a school chapel).

ie. g.

^>t-I> a curve, or bend (railway,

3-

:7foot,and88

^izij) ^^^-^^

aloud

(S

"^^"^

iS '^^

'

7-

to imitate

to

be disclosed

1>cIj

,

1^

^O ^

to be guided (by God)

^^-r„

to be content (with)

^I>sj ^i-'^

^

go far (research)

-

to seek to

^

.

.

'' ..

v

~;(s

"

••

..

to execute '

1

to fulfil (a

}.^

«^***5^

is

'

to

show

^.«.J lilc

I

I

j-^

J

Ji^S-

Dli

^^

I

^j V>*V„ ^^j ^ W^ ^"-^

/yl*-3

.

.^^U jr\5

^^^^

1-17).

\

>..

iX

:

-

301

.

]a^->- «w/*;3I^«)

I

J

05

'Cjy^ /JSC"

^::c ^^J

I

l;^

U-ua-..w»

.




'rr^

/T^*-^

j"^

\

A^.

'Ji v.

.

I

:>y'.j>

^^^l

Al^'-

j JU^«-^'

ji V'l. 'ci^""^'! J jca'ii Jt,li

A^-

y

^^

u^*^^^**^i

^ 3^ ^^

OUi'jJ

J

^;*^i-^

l«>

c^ ^j

j^^'

il^-J

^ji^ ^itj\ -

>o

^b;^.



oy/j ^^-j^i

^

"^"t^

;.i'y



302



Lesson 128. NUN OF CORROBORATION. 1.

Having now completed our study (o^*)

of the accidence or inflection

sound and non-sound verbs,

of both

stud)^-— before completing

Syntax



(j^)

Broken Plurals and of Derived Nouns. there remain two lessons, the

first

we have

all

But, before

which

of

to

the remainder of

is

doing

this,

will be occupied

with the "Nun of Corroboration,'* and the second with "Verbs of Praise and Blame." 2.

What It is

is

this

Nun

of Corroboration (^>3l) oi^Ul

a letter affixed to the verb to render

it

thus can often be translated by "verily,"

should then be prefixed to the verb

translate

it,

"never," or "not at

all "