An analysis of the released time religious education programs in the larger cities of California

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AN ANALYSIS OF THE RELEASED TIME RELIGIOUS EDUCATION PROGRAMS IN THE LARGER CITIES OF CALIFORNIA

A T h esis P r e s e n t e d to th e F a c u lty o f th e S chool o f E d u c a tio n The U n i v e r s i t y o f S o u th e r n C a l i f o r n i a

In P a r tia l F u lfillm e n t o f t h e R e q u ir e m e n ts f o r t h e D eg ree M a s te r o f S c i e n c e i n E d u c a tio n

D o nald S h e ld o n G rosh J u n e 1950

UMI Number: EP56136

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This thesis, w rit ten under the direction of the Chairman of the candidate’s Guida nce C o m m i t t e e a n d a p p r o v e d by all me m b e rs of the C o m m it te e , has been p r es e n te d to a n d a c ce p te d by the F ac u lty of the S c h o o l of Ed uc at io n of the Univers ity of Southe rn California in p a r ti a l fu lfillme nt of the requirements f o r the degree of M a s t e r o f Science in Education.

Dean Guidance Com mittee

Chairman

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER I.

PAGE

THE PROBLEM, DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED AND METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH......................................

1

The p r o b l e m ............................................................................

4

S t a t e m e n t o f t h e p r o b l e m ......................................

4

D e l i m i t a t i o n .......................................................................

4

I m p o r ta n c e o f t h e s t u d y ..........................................

5

D e f i n i t i o n s o f te rm s u s e d ...........................................

5

R e l e a s e d t i m e r e l i g i o u s e d u c a t i o n ...................

5

Weekday r e l i g i o u s e d u c a t i o n ..................................

6

R e l e a s e d p u p i l s ..............................................................

6

I n t e r f a i t h c o m m itte e

6

................................................

P r o t e s t a n t c o u n c il o f churches



7



8

U n i t e d E v a n g e l i c a l c h u r c h e s ..................................

8

E s c o r t s .................................................................................

8

M e th o d o lo g y o f r e s e a r c h ................................................

9

S o u r c e s o f d a t a ..............................................................

9

M i n i s t e r i a l u n io n o r a s s o c i a t i o n



Method o f p r o c e d u r e ................................ T o p ic s e q u e n c e

. •.

• • • •

• ■....................................................



11 12

O r g a n i z a t i o n o f t h e r e m a in d e r o f th e stu d y II.

« . . .

REVIEW OF THE L IT E R A T U R E ...............................................

14 15

L i t e r a t u r e on t h e h i s t o r i c a l b a c k g ro u n d o f R e le a s e d T i m e .........................................................

15

iii CHAPTER

PAGE L i t e r a t u r e o f t h e law r e g a r d i n g

III.

R e l e a s e d T i m e .................................................................

17

CALIFORNIAfS MAJOR RELEASED TIME PROGRAMS . . .

21

H i s t o r i c a l b a c k g ro u n d o f C a l i f o r n i a R e l e a s e d T i m e .................................................................

22

N o r t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a ^ W e s t e r n N evada C o u n c il o f C h u r c h e s ....................................................

23

San F r a n c i s c o

.......................

26

O a k l a n d ................................................................................

30

S a c r a m e n t o ......................................................................

41

B e rk e le y

.......................

46

....................................................

57

S o u th e r n C a l i f o r n i a Los A n g e le s

........................................................

60

San D iego

..................................................................

80

Long B e a c h .................................

85

P a s a d e n a ............................................................................

93

G le n d a le IV .

.

..................................................................

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS..............................................

.

101 113

S u m m a r y ...........................................................................

113

C o n c lu s io n s

..............................................................

122

BIBLIOGRAPHY..............................' ..........................................................

133

APPENDIX A

.....................................................................................................

138

APPENDIX B

................................................................................................

143

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE I. II*

PAGE Summary o f D a ta C o l l e c t e d ^ ............................ F a i t h G rou ps C u r r e n t l y S p o n s o r i n g R e l e a s e d Time A c t i v i t i e s

III.

115

...........................................

116

Number o f T e a c h e r s U t i l i z e d ...........................................

117

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE

PAGE

1.

C e r t i f i c a t e o f G ra d u a tio n • • • • • • • • • • •

2.

My R e l i g i o u s A c t i v i t y R e c o r d ...................



Q u e stio n n a ire f o r th e E v a lu a tio n o f

36 37

R e le a s e d Time f o r t h e C i t y o f O a k la n d . . . 4*

.

42

A Page o f T o t a l s f o r E le m e n ta r y an d J u n i o r H igh R e l i g i o u s E d u c a t i o n C l a s s e s i n B e r k e le y and Albany-***1948 ...........................................



S e c r e t a r y * s R e co rd S h e e t

• * ..................................



49 90

CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM, DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED AND METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH N e a r l y a l l e d u c a t i o n a l a u t h o r i t i e s o f to d a y a r e con­ s t a n t l y p r o c l a i m i n g t h a t p u b l i c e d u c a t i o n s h o u ld p r o v i d e f o r t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f t h e ww h o le c h i l d 1' .

They a r e f u l l y aw are

t h a t d e v e lo p m e n t o f k n o w led g e a l o n e w i l l n o t r e s u l t i n f u t u r e c i t i z e n s o f th e h ig h e s t p o s s ib le q u a l i t y .

T h e re n e e d s to b e

a n e q u a l s t r e s s p l a c e d upon t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f d e s i r a b l e c h a ra c te r t r a i t s .

K e g l e r h a s w e l l sum m arized t h i s p o i n t a s

fo llo w s: I t i s g e n e r a l l y a g r e e d among t o d a y 's l e a d e r s i n t h e f i e l d o f e d u c a tio n t h a t th e p u b lic sc h o o l h a s th e r e s ­ p o n s i b i l i t y f o r two t y p e s o f e d u c a t i v e p r o c e s s e s . F i r s t , t h e r e i s t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f know ledge and s k i l l ; and s e c o n d ly t h e r e i s t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f a t t i t u d e s , i d e a l s and b e h a v i o r p a t t e r n s a c c e p t a b l e i n a d e m o c r a t i c so c ie ty . I n l i n e w i t h t h i s r e a s o n i n g t h e Los A n g e le s B o a rd o f E d u c a t i o n i s s u e d a " s t a t e m e n t o f p o l i c y " i n S e p te m b e r o f 1948, w h ich s t r e s s e s i n s t r u c t i o n i n m o r a l and s p i r i t u a l c o n c e p t s : The s c h o o l s o f t h e d e m o c r a t i c n a t i o n s m u s t, t h e r e ­ f o r e te a c h t h e i r f u t u r e le a d e r s th e d em o c ra tic p o in t o f v ie w w h ich i s b a s e d on m o r a l an d s p i r i t u a l c o n c e p t s .

1 J o h n D eW itt K e g l e r , " D e v e lo p in g a J u n i o r H ig h S c h o o l P ro g ram f o r M o ral and S p i r i t u a l E d u c a t i o n , " ( u n p u b l i s h e d M a s t e r ' s p r o j e c t r e p o r t , The U n i v e r s i t y o f S o u t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a , Los A n g e l e s , 1 9 4 7 ) ».p»

2 We lo o k to o u r e d u c a t o r s t o t e a c h t h e s e c o n c e p t s b y d e v e l o p i n g , i n e v e r y a r e a o f l e a r n i n g , t h e s im p le b a s i c p r i n c i p l e s o f ( a ) . • . sound, m o ral s ta n d a r d s , ( b ) . * • f a i t h i n God, ( c ) . . • r e s p e c t f o r human d i g n i t y * . L if e s e r v ic e and n o t l i p s e r v ic e to th e s e p r i n c i p l e s i s ou r g r e a t n a tio n a l need*2 The f u l f i l l m e n t o f t h e s e p r i n c i p l e s may b e r e a l i z e d i n v a r i o u s ways a n d R e l e a s e d Time i s b u t a p a r t i a l a n sw e r to such re a liz a tio n *

P a r t i a l b e c a u s e n o t a l l c h i l d r e n a r e r e a c h e d by

t h e s e p ro g ram s*

F r a n k McKibben, i n a m a g a z in e a r t i c l e , h a s t h i s

t o s a y on t h e s u b j e c t s T h e r e i s to d a y an i n c r e a s i n g c o n v i c t i o n t h a t t h e t o t a l r e s o u r c e s o f t h e com m unity, hom es, c h u r c h e s , s c h o o l s , s o c i a l a g e n c i e s , can a n d m u st b e b r o u g h t t o b e a r more e f f e c t i v e l y an d c o - o p e r a t i v e l y upon t h e c h a r a c t e r t r a i n ­ i n g o f t h e r i s i n g g e n e r a t i o n , t h a t o n l y t h u s can we cope s u c c e s s f u l l y w i t h th e p ro b le m o f g ro w in g j u v e n i l e d e l in q u e n c y * Weekday r e l i g i o u s e d u c a t i o n i s one form o f e x p e r i m e n t a l c o - o p e r a t i o n b e tw e e n home, s c h o o l , and church*^ I t w i l l be n o t e d t h a t R e l e a s e d Time i s b u t one o f t h e p l a n s aim ed t o h e l p s a t i s f y t h e g ro w in g n e e d f o r r e c o g n i t i o n o f m o r a l an d s p i r i t u a l c o n c e p ts *

Many s c h o o l s an d s c h o o l

s y s te m s h a v e t h e i r own p ro g ra m s f o r t h e i n s t r u c t i o n o f m an n ers an d m o r a l s b u t t h e s e g e n e r a l l y a r e n o t to o w e l l o r g a n i z e d .

2

" T e a c h in g t h e A m erican I d e o l o g y i n t h e Los A n g e le s C i t y S c h o o l s , ” S t a t e m e n t o f P o l i c y , a d o p te d b y t h e Los A n g e le s C i t y B o a rd o f E d u c a t i o n . Los A n g e l e s , C a l i f o r n i a , S e p te m b e r 16 , 1 9 4 8 . 3

F r a n k M* M cKibben, " T r e n d s i n Weekday R e l i g i o u s E d u c a t i o n , " E d u c a t i o n * 6 4 s 5 2 5 , May 1 9 4 4 .

3 Of t h e c i t i e s s u r v e y e d i n t h i s s t u d y , Los A n g e le s s t a n d s a l o n e i n p o s s e s s i n g i t s own w e l l o r g a n i z e d prog ram o f m o ra l and s p i r i t u a l v alu es*

M ost c i t i e s i n c l u d e a p r o v i s i o n f o r t h e

i n s t r u c t i o n o f c h a r a c t e r t r a i t s b u t f o r t h e m o st p a r t th e y t e n d t o l e a v e t h e m eth o d o f f u l f i l l m e n t up t o i n d i v i d u a l a d m in istra to rs. W h e re v e r t h e a t t e m p t i s made t o a c t u a l l y i n s t r u c t i n m o ra l and s p i r i t u a l c o n c e p t s t h e r e i s g e n e r a l l y a f e a r o f v i o l a t i n g th e f i r s t amendment t o t h e F e d e r a l C o n s t i t u t i o n w h ich p r o v i d e s f o r t h e p e rm a n e n t s e p a r a t i o n o f c h u r c h a n d sta te *

Such v i o l a t i o n i s g e n e r a l l y c o n s i d e r e d t o be a v o id e d

by t h e R e l e a s e d Time p ro g ra m s w h ere a l l a c t i v i t i e s a r e c a r r i e d on c o m p l e t e l y o u t s i d e o f t h e s c h o o l and a r e i n no way c o n n e c te d w ith it #

Today r e l i g i o u s e d u c a t i o n p ro g ra m s e x i s t i n v a r y i n g i

d e g r e e s i n n e a r l y e v e r y s t a t e i n t h e u n io n *

In C a lif o r n ia ,

t h e r e a r e a t p r e s e n t w e l l o v e r two h u n d r e d p a r t i c i p a t i n g c o m m u n itie s d e m o n s t r a t i n g t h e g r e a t e s t i n t e r f a i t h c o o p e r a t i o n in th e h is to r y of t h i s s t a t e . U n f o r t u n a t e l y , t h e r e i s no p l a c e w here a n i n t e r e s t e d

.

p e r s o n may f i n d i n p r i n t , t h e u n d e r l y i n g o r g a n i z a t i o n o r com­ p a r i s o n o f an y o f t h e s e many p r o g r a m s .

T h is s tu d y h a s b ee n

d e s i g n e d t o so c o n s i d e r t h e R e l e a s e d Time a c t i v i t i e s , p a s t an d p r e s e n t i n C a l i f o r n i a * s n i n e l a r g e s t c i t i e s .

The f e e l i n g

i s t h a t th e g r e a t e s t s t e p s f o r w a r d h a v e b e e n t a k e n i n t h e l a r g e r c o m m u n itie s a n d t h e r e f o r e t h e s e s e r v e a s g u i d e s f o r t h e

4 s m a l l e r c o m m u n itie s , w h ic h g e n e r a l l y m a i n t a i n somewhat l e s s e l a b o r a te pro g ram s. I.

THE PROBLEM

S t a t e m e n t o f t h e p r o b le m .

I t was th e p u r p o s e o f t h i s

s t u d y to c r i t i c a l l y e x a m in e , e v a l u a t e , a n d com pare t h e pro-* c e d u r e s f o l l o w e d b y t h e P r o t e s t a n t R e l e a s e d Time R e l i g i o u s E d u c a t i o n a c t i v i t i e s o f t h e n i n e m a jo r c i t i e s o f C a l i f o r n i a i n 1948 a n d 1949* D e lim ita tio n .

I n o r d e r t o keep th e s tu d y from r e a c h i n g

d i s s e r t a t i o n p r o p o r t i o n s , i t h a s b e e n l i m i t e d to an i n v e s t i g a ­ t i o n o f o n l y t h e ” l i b e r a l ” P r o t e s t a n t R e l e a s e d Time a c t i v i t e s in C a lifo rn ia .

No a t t e m p t h a s b e e n made t o ev en i n c l u d e t h e

11e v a n g e l i c a l ” c o n t i n g e n t o f t h e p r o t e s t a n t d e n o m in a tio n s w h ere su ch a g ro u p e x i s t s s e p a r a t e l y from t h e l i b e r a l p r o t e s t a n t d e n o m in a tio n s. As a l r e a d y s t a t e d , t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n a s p r e s e n t e d h e r e h a s been f u r t h e r l i m i t e d to th e s e a c t i v i t i e s i n o n ly th e n in e l a r g e s t c i t i e s o f C a l i f o r n i a a c c o r d i n g t o t h e m o st r e c e n t census.

T h is i s m ean t t o i n c l u d e t h e c i t i e s o f San F r a n c i s c o ,

San D ie g o , an d S a c ra m e n to w here t h e r e a r e no c u r r e n t R e le a s e d Time p ro g ra m s i n o p e r a t i o n .

T h e se c i t i e s a r e d i s c u s s e d w i t h

r e s p e c t t o t h e i r p a s t , p r e s e n t and f u t u r e R e l e a s e d Time a c tiv itie s .

R e l e a s e d Time a c t i v i t i e s h e r e a r e n o t t o b e

5 i n t e r p r e t e d a s b e i n g synonymous w i t h R e l e a s e d Time pro g ram s* I m p o r ta n c e o f t h e s t u d y .

The q u e s t i o n o f s e c t a r i a n

r e l i g i o u s i n s t r u c t i o n i n t h e p u b l i c s c h o o l s to d a y i s i n an a c u t e s t a g e a n d s h o u ld be o f g r a v e c o n c e r n t o a l l o f u s* The r e c e n t Supreme C o u r t d e c i s i o n i n t h e Champaign C ase on t h i s s u b j e c t h a s made t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y a t i m e l y o n e to t h o s e i n an y way c o n n e c te d w i t h e d u c a t i o n o r t h e c l e r g y .

R e le a s e d

Time R e l i g i o u s E d u c a t i o n i s a n e x t r e m e l y c o n t r o v e r s i a l i s s u e o f v i t a l im p o r ta n c e and a l l s t u d i e s o f t h i s n a t u r e s e r v e t o p ro v id e r e q u i s i t e in fo rm a tio n n e c e s s a ry to b e t t e r u n d e rsta n d t h e s u b j e c t t o g e t h e r w ith i t s many p r o b le m s .

The p r e s e n t

work c a r e f u l l y c o m p ile s i n t o a s i n g l e u n i t , i n f o r m a t i o n h e r e - t o - f o r e a v a i l a b l e o n l y i n p ie c e m e a l p a r t s i n w i d e l y sc a tte re d are a s.

I n a d d i t i o n i t h a s p r o v i d e d t h e w r i t e r w ith

th e a d v a n ce m en t o f a v e r y s i n c e r e d e s i r e t o e x t e n d h i s u n d e r ­ s t a n d i n g o f t h e R e l e a s e d Time R e l i g i o u s E d u c a t i o n p ro g ra m s of to d a y p r im a r ily i n th e S t a t e o f C a l i f o r n i a . II.

DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED

R e l e a s e d Time R e l i g i o u s E d u c a t i o n . T h is i s a p ro gram o f w eekday r e l i g i o u s i n s t r u c t i o n f o r p u b l i c s c h o o l c h i l d r e n d u rin g r e g u l a r sc h o o l h o u rs h e ld in n earb y classro o m s p ro ­ v id e d by th e c h u rc h e s .

6

Weekday R e l i g i o u s E d u c a t i o n *

The m eanin g h e r e i s

e x a c t l y t a n ta m o u n t t o t h a t abo v e f o r R e l e a s e d Time R e l i g i o u s E d u c a t i o n e x c e p t t h a t t e c h n i c a l l y s p e a k i n g Weekday R e l i g i o u s E d u c a t i o n may i n c l u d e a f t e r s c h o o l r e l i g i o u s t r a i n i n g c l a s s e s , w h e re a s R e l e a s e d Time R e l i g i o u s E d u c a t i o n , by i t s v e r y d e f i n i t i o n , ca n n o t b e i n t e r p r e t e d t o i n c l u d e such a c tiv itie s . R e le a se d P u p i l s .

Some a r e a s i n C a l i f o r n i a p r e f e r to

r e f e r to t h e form o f r e l i g i o u s i n s t r u c t i o n h e r e p r e s e n t e d a s R e l e a s e d P u p i l s r a t h e r t h a n R e le a s e d Time on t h e t h e o r y t h a t s i n c e t h e McCollum c a s e th e y f e e l t h a t i t i s no l o n g e r l e g a l f o r c h i l d r e n to b e r e l e a s e d from s c h o o l tim e f o r t h i s i n s t r u c t tio n .

They p o i n t o u t t h a t i t i s n o t a c t u a l l y p u b l i c s c h o o l

tim e i f t h e c h i l d r e n make u s e o f t im e i n e x c e s s o f t h e minimum s c h o o l d a y . I n t e r f a i t h C o m m itte e .

G e n e ra lly in each c i t y , b e fo re

any s i n g l e c h u r c h o r s m a l l g ro u p o f c h u r c h e s ca n g a i n o f f i c i a l r e c o g n i t i o n and s u b s e q u e n t a c t i o n from t h e s c h o o l d i s t r i c t , i t m ust u n i t e w i t h a l l o t h e r f a i t h s o r d e n o m in a tio n s re p re se n t* * ed i n t h a t p a r t i c u l a r c i t y .

When su c h a u n i f i c a t i o n i s e f f e c t ­

ed f o r a common g o a l , an I n t e r f a i t h c o m m itte e i s c r e a t e d t o se rv e a s th e "g u id in g l i g h t ” .

I n C a l i f o r n i a no one d enom ina­

t i o n may i n a u g u r a t e a R e le a s e d Time R e l i g i o u s E d u c a tio n program j u s t f o r i t s own b e n e f i t .

The I n t e r f a i t h c o m m ittee g e n e r a l l y

7 i n c l u d e s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s from e a c h o f t h e f o l l o w i n g g r o u p s : C h r i s t i a n S c i e n c e , J e w i s h , Homan C a t h o l i c , an d P r o t e s t a n t * The l a t t e r g ro u p i s o f t e n d i v i d e d a s i s t h e c a s e i n Los A n g e le s an d many o t h e r c o m m u n itie s .

One d i v i s i o n , m ost o f t e n r e f e r r e d

t o a s e i t h e r t h e P r o t e s t a n t C o u n c il o f C h u rch e s o r t h e Church F e d e r a t i o n , i s somewhat l i b e r a l i n i t s u n d e r l y i n g p r i n c i p l e s , w h i l e t h e o t h e r d i v i s i o n , known a s t h e U n ite d E v a n g e l i c a l C h u rc h e s i s o f a more c o n s e r v a t i v e o r f u n d a m e n ta l n a t u r e . some c i t i e s ,

In

such a s G l e n d a l e , t h e r e i s no d i s t i n c t i o n b e tw e e n

t h e s e two g r o u p s w h a ts o e v e r * P r o t e s t a n t C o u n c il o f C h u r c h e s .

Such a n o r g a n i z a t i o n

i s fo rm e d when t h e P r o t e s t a n t C h u rch e s o f a c i t y u n i t e to p r o ­ mote t h e i r common i n t e r e s t s when t h o s e i n t e r e s t s c o u ld n o t be a c c o m p lis h e d by t h e c h u r c h e s i n d i v i d u a l l y .

I t i s to be d i s ­

t i n g u i s h e d from t h e M i n i s t e r i a l A s s o c i a t i o n i n t h a t i t r e p r e ­ s e n t s more o f a c r o s s - s e c t i o n o f e a c h c h u r c h s i n c e l a y men and women a r e p a r t i c i p a n t s an d y o u th o r g a n i z a t i o n s t o o , a r e f r e ­ q u e n tly in v o lv e d .

N e a r l y e v e r y c i t y h a s a P r o t e s t a n t C o u n c il

o f C h u rc h e s a l t h o u g h q u i t e o f t e n i t i s r e f e r r e d t o a s t h e C hurch F e d e r a t i o n .

The d i s t i n c t i o n b etw e en t h e s e two i s

p u r e l y p h i l o s o p h i c a l i n t h a t t h e C o u n c il o f C h u rc h e s i s g e n e r a l l y s p e a k in g w i t h o u t much commitment a s to w hat w i l l r e s u l t from i t s m e e tin g .

The C hurch F e d e r a t i o n more r e a d i l y p re su m e s

t h e outcom e o f t h a t to w h ich t h e y h ave p le d g e d t h e m s e l v e s .

8

G e n e r a l l y s p e a k in g th e r e l i g i o u s dogma s t r e s s e d i n t h e s e Week-­ day s c h o o l s i s t h a t w hich i s common t o a l l f a i t h s *

A carefu l

e f f o r t i s made t h r o u g h o u t t h e c u r r i c u l u m o f t h e C o u n c il o f C h u rch e s t o a v o i d a l l p o i n t s w h e r e in o n e f a i t h d i f f e r s from t h e n e x t* M i n i s t e r i a l U n io n o r A s s o c i a t i o n *

O ften co n fu sed w ith

t h e C o u n c il o f C h u rc h e s o r t h e C hurch F e d e r a t i o n , i t r e p r e ­ s e n t s p u r e l y a p r o f e s s i o n a l f e l l o w s h i p and c o n t e m p l a t e s c h u rc h l e a d e r s s i t t i n g t o g e t h e r t o c o n f e r on p o i n t s o f common i n t e r e s t * U n ite d E v a n g e lic a l C h u rch es*

H ere a g a i n we h a v e P r o t e s t ­

a n t C h u rch e s u n i t i n g to p ro m o te a common i n t e r e s t .

When on

th e s u b je c t o f R e lig io u s E d u c a tio n in th e p u b lic sc h o o ls t h i s g ro u p i s o f t e n r e f e r r e d to a s ME . R . T . W, ( E v a n g e l i c a l R e le a s e d Time)*

The i n t e r e s t s s t r e s s e d i n t h e Weekday c l a s s e s o f t h e s e

f a i t h s d i f f e r from t h o s e f o r t h e P r o t e s t a n t C o u n c il o f C hurches* A d m i n i s t r a t o r s an d t e a c h e r s p r e s e n t a more s t r i c t i n t e r p r e t a ­ t i o n o f t h e B i b l e , p e r s e , and l e s s e f f o r t i s made t o a v o id th e c l a s s i c c o n t r o v e r s i a l iss u e s*

I n g e n e r a l i t m ig h t be s a i d

t h a t t h e Weekday c l a s s e s o f t h e P r o t e s t a n t C o u n c il o f C h u rch e s a r e i n c l i n e d t o be more l i b e r a l i n t h e i r t e a c h i n g s a s c o n t r a s t e d t o w hat may w e l l b e l a b e l e d t h e c o n s e r v a t i v e o r f u n d a m e n ta l te a c h in g o f th e U n ite d E v a n g e lic a l g ro u p . E sc o rts*

T h ese a r e a d u l t s s p e c i f i c a l l y u t i l i z e d i n a

number o f c i t i e s t o s u p e r v i s e t h e t r a v e l o f t h e R e l i g i o u s

E d u c a t i o n s t u d e n t s t o a n d fro m t h e i r p u b l i c and Weekday s c h o o l s . They may o r may n o t b e p a i d f o r t h e i r s e r v i c e s d e p e n d in g en« t i r e l y upon t h e p o l i c y o f t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e c i t i e s . III.

METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH

S o u rces o f d a t a . o f two b a s i c v a r i e t i e s .

The d a t a g a t h e r e d f o r t h i s s t u d y a r e F i r s t , t h e r e was t h e c o l l e c t i o n o f

b a c k g ro u n d d a t a , t h o r o u g h l y a c q u a i n t i n g t h e w r i t e r w i t h th e o v e r a ll s u b je c t f i e l d in g e n e ra l.

T hese d a t a h a v e b e e n c h i e f l y

p r o c u r e d from t h e Doheny and Law l i b r a r i e s a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f S o u t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a i n t h e form o f b o t h b o o k s a n d p e r i o d i ­ c a l s on t h i s and r e l a t e d s u b j e c t s .

In a d d itio n to t h i s ,

a p p o i n t m e n t s f o r p e r s o n a l i n t e r v i e w s w ere made and f u l f i l l e d w i t h num erous r e p r e s e n t a t i v e an d k ey p e r s o n n e l f o r t h e p u r p o s e o f s e c u r i n g b a c k g ro u n d i n f o r m a t i o n . ' Among t h o s e p e r s o n s co n ­ t a c t e d w e re :

M rs. Erma P i x l e y , t h e Los A n g e le s S u p e r v i s o r o f

M o ra l a n d S p i r i t u a l V a lu e s i n E d u c a t i o n ; D r. P a u l B. I r w i n , R e lig io u s E d u c a to r a t th e U n i v e r s i t y o f S o u th e rn C a l i f o r n i a ; M r. Loyd V. P r a n t e , P r i n c i p a l o f t h e j u n i o r h i g h s c h o o l w here th e w r i t e r f u l f i l l e d

th e second se m e ste r o f h i s p r a c t i c e te a c h ­

i n g a n d ; p a s t o r s o f many c h u r c h e s o f a l l f a i t h s .

From t h e s e

s o u r c e s h a s come much v a l u a b l e i n f o r m a t i o n , a g r e a t d e a l o f w h ich may b e i n c l u d e d t o good v a n t a g e i n t h i s s t u d y . The s e c o n d b a s i c ty p e o f d a t a g a t h e r e d was t h a t d e r i v e d l a r g e l y from p e r s o n a l i n t e r v i e w s w i t h a s many p e r s o n s a s

10 p o s s i b l e o c c u p y in g t h e f o l l o w i n g p o s i t i o n s i n e a c h c i t y v ey ed s

sur^

t h e p r e s i d e n t o r c h a irm a n o f t h e I n t e r f a i t h C o m m ittee,

t h e e x e c u t i v e s e c r e t a r y o f t h e C o u n c il o f C h u rc h e s o r t h e C hurch F e d e r a t i o n , an d some r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f t h e l o c a l sc h o o l b o a rd , g e n e r a l l y th e a s s i s t a n t o r d ep u ty s u p e rin te n d e n t o f s c h o o ls o r th e c i t y s u p e r v is o r o f m oral o r c h a r a c te r educat i o n a s was t h e c a s e i n Los A n g e l e s .

C o n t a c t was a l s o f r e ­

q u e n t l y made w i t h t h e a p p r o p r i a t e p e r s o n i n o t h e r f a i t h s h o l d ­ i n g a p o s i t i o n s i m i l a r to t h a t o f th e e x e c u t i v e s e c r e t a r y o f t h e P r o t e s t a n t C o u n c il o f C h u rc h e s o r Church F e d e r a t i o n *

O th e r

f a i t h s a r e m e n tio n e d and c o n s i d e r e d a t l e n g t h d e p e n d in g e n t i r e l y upon t h e r e l a t i v e p ro m in e n c e o f t h e c h u r c h e s i n th e r e s p e c t i v e c itie s.

I f t h e i r d e g r e e o f p ro m in e n c e was g r e a t enough th e n

p e r s o n a l i n t e r v i e w s w e re a r r a n g e d w ith th e key a d m i n i s t r a t o r s o f t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e p r o g ra m s , f o r t h e p u r p o s e o f t h e more a d e q u a t e l y p r e s e n t i n g th e o v e r a l l p i c t u r e f o r t h a t p a r t i c u l a r c i t y o r town* I n a d d i t i o n to t h e n o t e s a s s e m b le d from e a ch o f t h e ab ov e i n t e r v i e w s , much o t h e r p e r t i n e n t i n f o r m a t i o n was o b t a i n e d th r o u g h t h e p r o c u r e m e n t a t e a c h i n t e r v i e w o f many p a m p h le t s , f o ld e r s , s p e c ia l b u lle tin s , ad d re sse s, b ro a d c a sts, r e la te d n e w sp a p e r an d o t h e r p e r i o d i c a l a r t i c l e s . The se c o n d p r im a r y s o u r c e o f i n f o r m a t i o n , t h e p e r s o n a l i n t e r v i e w , s u b s e q u e n t l y i s r e l a t e d i n c h a p t e r t h r e e an d fo rm s t h e c ru x o f t h i s stu d y *

11 Method o f p r o c e d u r e #

The u n d e r l y i n g p r o c e d u r e f o l l o w e d

i n t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f t h i s w ork h a s b e e n f a i r l y w e l l c o v e re d u n d e r Ms o u r c e s o f d a t a 11 above#

A b a s i c o u t l i n e was f o llo w e d

d u r i n g a l l i n t e r v i e w s u n d e r t h e seco n d b a s i c s o u r c e o f i n f o r ­ m a tio n above#

The o u t l i n e was f o l l o w e d a s t h e w r i t e r to o k

.

n o t e s from b o th t h e E x e c u t i v e S e c r e t a r y o f t h e C o u n c il o f C h u rc h e s o r C hurch F e d e r a t i o n and t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e s u b o r d i n a t e d i r e c t o r s o f Weekday a c t i v i t i e s , t h e l a t t e r o f w h ic h i n m ost c a s e s p r o v e d to b e t h e g r e a t e r s o u r c e o f i n f o r m a t i o n #

H ow ever,

b y f o l l o w i n g t h e same form f o r b o t h i n t e r v i e w s t h e r e w as e s t a b ­ l i s h e d an e x c e l l e n t c r o s s - c h e c k o f i n f o r m a t i o n .

More o f t e n

t h a n n o t a g r e a t w e a l t h o f i n c i d e n t a l i n f o r m a t i o n was o b t a i n e d g e n e r a l l y i n t h e form o f u p - t o - d a t e s t a t i s t i c s o r a c o m p le te h i s t o r i c a l b a c k g ro u n d o f t h e pro gram o r b o th #

Such was made

p o s s i b l e a s a r e s u l t o f t h e k ee n i n t e r e s t o f t h o s e b e i n g in te rv ie w e d .

I n n e a r l y e v e r y e a s e th e p e o p l e c o n t a c t e d w ere

e x t r e m e l y e n t h u s i a s t i c c o n c e r n i n g th e R e l e a s e d Time p rogram and more th a n w i l l i n g t o go a g r e a t d e a l o u t o f t h e i r way i n p r o v id in g th e w r i t e r w ith d a ta f a r i n ex c e ss o f t h a t sought th ro u g h th e i n t e r v i e w .

T h is a d d i t i o n a l in fo rm a tio n g e n e r a lly

r e n d e r e d , t h e p ro g ra m u n d e r s tu d y much more m e a n in g f u l t h a n w ould o t h e r w i s e h a v e b e e n t h e c a se # The same g e n e r a l o u t l i n e was f o llo w e d when t h e r e s p e c ­ t i v e s c h o o l b o a r d p e r s o n n e l w ere c o n t a c t e d b y m e r e ly o m i t t i n g a l l n o n - a p p l i c a b l e p o r t i o n s a s w e l l a s t h o s e w here r e p i t i t i o n

12 w ou ld b e c o m p l e t e l y u n n e c e s s a r y *

H ere a g a i n was p r o v i d e d an

e x c e l l e n t c r o s s - c h e c k on d a t a a l r e a d y o b t a i n e d s i n c e t h e s c h o o l b o a r d r e p r e s e n t a t i v e was g e n e r a l l y t h e l a s t p e r s o n co n ta c te d in each c i t y . I t s h o u ld b e n o t e d t h a t t h e o u t l i n e f o l l o w e d i s n o t i n t h e form o f a q u e s t i o n n a i r e *

The d e s i r e d i n f o r m a t i o n was

s im p ly o b t a i n e d by a m eth o d w h ereb y t h e i n t e r v i e w e r j o t t e d down a l l ' p e r t i n e n t i n f o r m a t i o n a s t h e i n t e r v i e w p r o g r e s s e d . "Such a s y s te m n e c e s s a r i l y g u a r a n t e e d a c o r r e c t i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f a l l i t e m s t o be c o v e r e d , w h ic h m ig h t n o t h a v e b e e n t r u e h ad a q u e s t i o n n a i r e b e e n u t i l i z e d .

The g e n e r a l o u t l i n e

fo llo w e d d u r in g th e s e in te rv ie w s i s p r e s e n te d a t t h i s p o i n t . TOPIC SEQUENCE I.

II.

III.

C o n c e p tio n o f p r o g ra m . A. H i s t o r i c a l b a c k g r o u n d . 1. F a ith s f i r s t re p re se n te d , a . G ra d e s f i r s t r e a c h e d . 2 . F a ith s r e p r e s e n te d to d a y . a . A tte n d a n c e f i g u r e s i f a v a i l a b l e . (1 ) T o t a l p e r c e n t a g e r e a c h e d . b . G ra d e s r e a c h e d t o d a y . C hu rch F e d e r a t i o n o r C o u n c il o f C h u r c h e s . A. B a ck g ro u n d i n f o r m a t i o n . 1 . C o m p o s itio n . 2. F in a n c ia l a s p e c ts. 3* C o n n e c tio n w i t h R e l e a s e d T im e. S o u rces o f in fo rm a tio n . A. E x e c u t i v e S e c r e t a r y o f P r o t e s t a n t C o u n c il o f C hurches. B. D i r e c t o r o r S u p e r v i s o r o f Weekday R e l i g i o u s E d u c a tio n . C. Weekday s c h o o l t e a c h e r s . D. B o a rd o f E d u c a t i o n r e p r e s e n t a t i v e . E. E tc .

13 IV .

V.

V I.

V II.

V III.

G en eral in fo rm a tio n . A. R e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n p u b l i c an d R e l e a s e d Time c la sse s. 1 . S c h o o l B o a rd p o l i c i e s . B. L o c a t i o n o f c l a s s e s . 1 . T r a n s p o r t a t i o n p r o b le m s . C. S i z e o f c l a s s e s . D. Time u t i l i z e d p e r w eek. E. S tu d e n t g o a ls . 1. R ep o rt c a rd o r p ro g re s s r e p o r t . 2. C e r t i f i c a t e of g ra d u a tio n . 3* E t c . Teacher d a ta . A. T e a c h in g r e q u i s i t e s . 1. C re d e n tia l o r deg ree n e c e ssa ry . 2 . E x p e rie n c e n e c e s s a r y . a . In p u b lic sc h o o ls. b . I n c h u r c h w o rk . 3• L o c a l t e a c h e r t r a i n i n g p ro g ra m . B. R e m u n e ra tio n e x t e n d e d . 1 . Number o f p a i d t e a c h e r s and am ount p a i d , a . D i s t i n c t i o n b e tw e e n f u l l a n d p a r t - t i m e te a c h e rs . 2 . A llo w a n c e f o r c a r t r a v e l . 3* L i a b i l i t y i n s u r a n c e c o v e r i n g t e a c h e r s . 4 . Number o f u n p a i d t e a c h e r s , a. F u ll o r p a rt-tim e . C. T e a c h e r s u p e r v i s o r . 1 . D u ties* an d r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s . 2 . R a te o f c o m p e n s a tio n . C u r r ic u lu m . A. C o u r s e , t e x t , an d m a t e r i a l s u t i l i z e d . 1. At each g rad e l e v e l . 2 . R a t i n g o f e a c h by t e a c h e r s and s u p e r v i s o r s . B. C la ssro o m p r o c e d u r e s . 1 . N o te b o o k s r e q u i r e d ? B u d g e t ( R e l e a s e d Time a n d n o t C o u n c il o f C h u r c h e s ) . A. Amount i n 1947 o r 1948 i f a v a i l a b l e . B. S o u r c e s o f in c o m e . 1 . Church g i f t s . 2. In d iv id u a l g i f t s . 3. P u b lic o f f e r in g s . 4 . Community C h e s t . 5* C o s t to Weekday p u p i l s i f a n y . C. M a jo r ite m s o f e x p e n s e . 1 . I n o r d e r o f m a g n itu d e . P ro b le m s o f g r e a t e s t s i g n i f i c a n c e . A. F i n a n c i a l .

14

IX .

X.

B. T r a n s p o r t a t i o n * C. D i s c i p l i n e * D. P u b l i c S c h o o l c o o p e r a t i o n * E . E tc* F u t u r e o u tlo o k * A* O p in io n o f s p o n s o r s . 1 . E v a l u a t i o n o f p r o g ra m . B. S p e c i f i c p l a n s f o r t h e f u t u r e . S c h o o l B o a rd r e a c t i o n . A. C o n s id e r e d s u c c e s s f u l o r u n s u c c e s s f u l . 1. In a l l o r p a r t o f th e s c h o o ls . 2 . O u t s t a n d i n g p r o b le m s o r d i f f i c u l t i e s . B. F u t u r e o u tlo o k * O rg a n iz a tio n o f th e rem a in d er o f th e s tu d y .

The

f o l l o w i n g c h a p t e r p r e s e n t s t h e r e s u l t o f an i n t e n s i v e r e ­ s e a r c h o f a l l a v a i l a b l e m a t e r i a l on t h i s and c l o s e l y r e l a t e d to p ic s.

I t n e c e s s a r i l y i n c l u d e s a l l p e r t i n e n t S t a t e Code and

F e d eral C o n s titu tio n p ro v isio n s as w e ll as a b r ie f h i s t o r i c a l b a c k g ro u n d o f t h e R e l e a s e d Time p r o g ra m .

A ls o i n c l u d e d a r e

th e o b j e c t i v e s o f t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o u n c il o f R e le a s e d Time an d t h e u n d e r l y i n g o b j e c t i v e s o f b o t h N o r t h e r n and S o u th e r n C a l i f o r n i a R e l e a s e d Time a c t i v i t i e s . A l l o f t h e i n f o r m a t i o n o b t a i n e d from t h e many s o u r c e s i n d i c a t e d e a r l i e r h a s b e e n c a r e f u l l y c o m p ile d an d p r e s e n t e d f o r each c i t y su rv ey ed in th e t h i r d c h a p te r o f th e p r e s e n t stu d y .

The ab o v e t o p i c s e q u e n c e was c l o s e l y p a r a l l e l l e d i n

f o r m u l a t i n g and p r e s e n t i n g t h e R e l e a s e d Time a c t i v i t i e s o f each c i t y

surveyed.

The f o u r t h and f i n a l c h a p t e r s e r v e s t o

sum m arize t h e f i n d i n g o f t h e e n t i r e s t u d y .

T h ese f i n d i n g s

a r e h e r e i n i n t e r p r e t e d an d a s s e m b le d i n t o a g ro u p o f m a jo r c o n c lu sio n s.

CHAPTER I I REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE l

The f i e l d o f R e l i g i o u s E d u c a t i o n i n g e n e r a l h a s b e e n w e l l c o v e r e d by w r i t e r s an d l e c t u r e r s a l i k e .

That branch of

R e l i g i o u s E d u c a t i o n d e a l i n g w i t h R e le a s e d Time o r Weekday a c t i v i t i e s h a s been w e ll t r e a t e d in th e p a s t , b u t c u r r e n t i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e e d u c a t i o n a l p ro g ra m s t h e m s e l v e s i s a t a prem ium , b e i n g l i m i t e d f o r t h e m o st p a r t t o r e c e n t b u l l e t i n s , f o l d e r s , p a m p h l e t s , and so f o r t h , p u b l i s h e d by t h e c e n t r a l o f f i c e s o f t h e r e s p e c t i v e Weekday p ro g ra m s . L i t e r a t u r e on t h e h i s t o r i c a l b a c k g r o u n d o f R e le a s e d T im e.

P e r h a p s th e m o st a p p r o p r i a t e a p p r o a c h t o a s tu d y such

a s t h i s w ould b e t o t r a c e b r i e f l y t h e p r o g r e s s made by t h e R e l e a s e d Time p ro g ra m s i n c e i t s c o n c e p t i o n i n 1913*

N o tw ith ­

s t a n d i n g t h e f a c t t h a t i t i s a movement em bodying r e l a t i v e l y l i t t l e o r g a n i z e d p r o m o t i o n , i t h a s grown a n d i s c o n t i n u i n g t o grow a t a n a m a z in g ly r a p i d r a t e .

The s c h o o l y e a r o f 1944-1945

saw a f i f t y p e r c e n t i n c r e a s e i n e n r o l l m e n t i n t h e num ber o f p a r t i c i p a t i n g c o m m u n itie s i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s .

D u rin g i t s

f i r s t t h i r t y y e a r s o f e x i s t a n c e t h e p ro g ram h a s u n d e rg o n e a r e m a r k a b le e x p a n s i o n i n t o w e l l o v e r 1800 c o m m u n itie s i n f o r t y six s t a t e s .

T h ere a r e to d a y m ore t h a n two m i l l i o n c h i l d r e n

i n t h i s c o u n t r y p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n some form o f Weekday r e l i g i o u s

16 in stru c tio n #

Dr* E rw in L. S h a v e r , D i r e c t o r o f Weekday p ro g ra m s

f o r t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o u n c il o f R e l i g i o u s E d u c a t i o n , h a s a t t r i b u t e d t h i s am azin g g ro w th t o t h e s e n s e o f a g r e a t n e e d f e l t i n e v e r y A m eric an com m unity f o r m ore and b e t t e r r e l i g i o u s e d u c a ti o n # The Weekday R e l i g i o u s E d u c a t i o n movement h a d i t s b e ­ g i n n i n g i n G a r y , I n d i a n a , on O c t o b e r 2 1 , 1913, d u r i n g a m i n i s t e r * s m e e tin g #

The c h u r c h e s o f G ary h ad b een r e c e n t l y

made k e e n l y aw are o f t h e d i f f i c u l t y th e y w ere f a c i n g i n t r a i n ­ i n g c h i l d r e n i n a m anner w h ich w ould conform t o p u b l i c s c h o o l re g u la tio n s.

A m i n i s t e r ’ s m e e ti n g was c a l l e d and t h e S u p e r­

i n t e n d e n t o f s c h o o l s was i n v i t e d t o se e i f s u i t a b l e a r r a n g e m e n t m ig h t n o t b e d e v is e d *

some s o r t o f a The S u p e r i n t e n d ­

e n t s u g g e s t e d t h a t i f e a c h c h u r c h w ould p r o v i d e t e a c h e r s f o r i t s own c h i l d r e n , p o s s e s s i n g t h e same e d u c a t i o n a l q u a l i f i c a ­ t i o n s a s r e g u l a r p u b l i c s c h o o l t e a c h e r s , h e w ould e x c u s e t h e p u p i l s from t h e p u b l i c s c h o o l t o go ” To t h e i r s e v e r a l c h u r c h e s f o r r e l i g i o u s i n s t r u c t i o n a t su c h h o u r s d u r i n g t h e week a s c o u l d b e a g r e e d u p o n b y t h e p a s t o r s and t h e a u t h o r i t i e s o f t h e p u b l i c s c h o o l s . ” '*'

The p l a n w as o r i g i n a l l y f o r t h e r e s ­

p e c t i v e c h u r c h e s t o p r o v i d e f o r s e p a r a t e i n s t r u c t i o n ; h o w e v e r, b e f o r e lo n g a com munity b o a r d o f r e l i g i o u s e d u c a t i o n was

Mary E . A b e r n e th y an d W i llia m G. Seaman, Weekday R e -lig lo u s I n s t r u c t i o n . As C o n d u c ted a t G a r y . I n d i a n a ( C i t y an d p u b l i s h e r unknown, p e r h a p s p r i v a t e l y p u b l i s h e d i n G a ry , I n d i a n a , 1 9 2 1 ) .

17 fo rm e d w h e r e in t h e c h u r c h e s u n i t e d an d c a r r i e d on t h i s work u n d e r a c o o p e r a t i n g p la n *

T h is p r o c e d u r e h a s p r o v e d m o st

s a t i s f a c t o r y an d h a s s i n c e s p r e a d t h r o u g h o u t t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s a s i n d i c a t e d above* C a l i f o r n i a h as been a l i t t l e

ta rd y in jo in in g th e

movement, b eco m in g i n 1 9 43 , t h e t h i r t y - n i n t h s t a t e i n t h e U nion to h a v e some r e c o g n i z e d l e g a l p r o c e d u r e f o r t h e r e l e a s e o f c h i l d r e n from p u b l i c s c h o o l f o r r e l i g i o u s

e d u c a tio n .

How­

e v e r , h e r e a s e l s e w h e r e , th e movement h a s expanded r a p i d l y f o r w i t h i n two y e a r s t h e r e w ere a v e r two h u n d r e d p a r t i c i p a t i n g c o m m u n itie s and m ore t h a n t h r e e t h o u s a n d P r o t e s t a n t c h i l d r e n a lo n e e n r o lle d . L i t e r a t u r e o f t h e law r e g a r d i n g R e l e a s e d T im e.

To

b e g i n w i t h , t h e f i r s t Amendment t o t h e F e d e r a l C o n s t i t u t i o n o f th e U n i t e d S t a t e s p r o v i d e s f o r t h e p e rm a n e n t s e p a r a t i o n o f c h u r c h a n d s t a t e i n t h e f o l l o w i n g w o rd s: THE AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION (A rtic le I) C o n g re s s s h a l l make no law r e s p e c t i n g an e s ta b lis h m e n t o f r e l i g i o n , o r p r o h i b i t i n g th e f r e e e x e r­ c i s e t h e r e o f ; o r a b r i d g i n g t h e fre ed o m o f s p e e c h , o r o f t h e p r e s s ; o r t h e r i g h t o f t h e p e o p l e p e a c e a b l y t o assem ­ b l e , an d to p e t i t i o n t h e g o v ern m e n t f o r a r e d r e s s o f g rie v a n c e s . T h i s amendment t h u s s e r v e s to e v e r keep r e l i g i o n , p e r s e , fro m t h e p u b l i c s c h o o l b u t i t h a s n o t and s h o u l d n o t be i n t e r p r e t e d a s a b a r t o R e le a s e d Time p ro g ra m s w h e r e in t h e p a r t i c i p a n t s l e a v e th e s c h o o l g ro u n d s f o r t h e i r i n s t r u c t i o n .

18 R o la n d B a i n t o n h a s g on e a s t e p f a r t h e r by s t a t i n g : The s e p a r a t i o n o f C hurch a n d S t a t e m e an t t h a t t h e S t a t e r a i s e d t h e money f o r t h e s c h o o l s , b u t d i d n o t mean t h a t r e l i g i o n was t o b e ta k e n o u t o f te a c h in g .2 On t h i s same g e n e r a l t o p i c c o n c e r n i n g i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h i s p o r t i o n o f t h e f i r s t am endment, W illia m Bower h a s d e c la re d : An e x a m in a tio n o f t h e l e g i s l a t i o n c l e a r l y shows t h a t i t was t h e e x c l u s i o n o f s e c t a r i a n r e l i g i o u s t e a c h i n g t h a t was i n t e n d e d an d n o t t h e e x c l u s i o n o f r e lig io n its e lf* * 5 A f t e r a c a r e f u l s t u d y o f t h e r e c e n t F e d e r a l Supreme C o u rt d e c i s i o n i n t h e Champaign C a s e , N a t i o n a l E d u c a t i o n A s s o c i a t i o n la w y e r s h a v e r e a c h e d t h e f o l l o w i n g g e n e r a l con­ c lu sio n s: T h ese la w y e r s b e l i e v e t h e C o u rt d e c i s i o n r e n d e r s u n c o n s t i t u t i o n a l an y p l a n u n d e r w h ich t h e s c h o o l r e ­ l e a s e s p u p i l s from r e g u l a r c l a s s e s an d p r o v i d e s c l a s s ­ rooms o r o t h e r s e r v i c e s f o r r e l i g i o u s i n s t r u c t i o n . A lso u n c o n s t i t u t i o n a l , t h e y t h i n k , i s any p l a n w h ereb y r e l i g i o u s e d u c a t i o n i s c o n d u c te d o f f s c h o o l p r e m i s e s b u t d u rin g sc h o o l h o u rs and w i t h - a c t i v e c o o p e ra tio n of school o f f i c i a l s . They f u r t h e r r e g a r d a s p r o b a b l y u n c o n s t i t u t i o n a l th e h o ld in g o f r e l i g i o u s c l a s s e s a f t e r sc h o o l h o u rs b u t in school b u ild in g s .^ 2

Y ork:

.R o la n d H. B a i n t o n , The Church o f O ur F a t h e r s (New C h a rle s S c r ib n e r s S ons, 1 941), p . 235.

^ W illia m C. B ow er, C hurch an d S t a t e i n E d u c a t i o n ( C h ic a g o : The U n i v e r s i t y o f C h icag o P r e s s , 1 9 4 4 ) , p . 29* 4 E d i t o r i a l i n t h e A t l a n t a C o n s t i t u t i o n * M arch 2 9 , 1948.

19 I f t h e s e c o n c l u s i o n s a r e t r u e , t h e n R e le a s e d Time c l a s s e s a r e l e g a l o n l y i f c o n d u c te d o f f s c h o o l g r o u n d s an d f o l l o w i n g c o m p le t io n o f t h e minimum s c h o o l d a y .

Many R e l i g i o u s

E d u c a t i o n p r o p o n e n t s s t r o n g l y c o n te n d t h a t t h e f o u n d e r s o f o u r c o n s t i t u t i o n w ould w h o l e - h e a r t e d l y a p p ro v e o f t h e Re­ l e a s e d Time p ro g ra m s i n o p e r a t i o n t o d a y . Numerous s t a t e s i n t h i s c o u n t r y h a v e l e g a l p r o v i s i o n s d i r e c t l y o r i n d i r e c t l y r e l a t i n g to R e le a s e d Time R e l i g i o u s E d u c a t i o n a n d , o r , t h e p u b l i c s c h o o l i n s t r u c t i o n i n m an n ers and m o r a ls o r c h a r a c t e r e d u c a t i o n .

C a l i f o r n i a 's s ta n d on t h i s

s u b j e c t i s o f t e n m i s i n t e r p r e t e d and c o n f u s e d even th o u g h t h e law h a s b e e n c l e a r l y p r e s c r i b e d s i n c e 1943 by th e f o l l o w i n g amendment to t h e s t a t e e d u c a t i o n c o d e : S e c t i o n 8286 ADDENDA: Admendment t o t h e C a l i f o r n i a E d u c a tio n C ode. The p e o p l e o f t h e S t a t e o f C a l i f o r n i a do e n a c t a s f o l l o w s : S e c t i o n 1 . A r t i c l e 3 i s h e r e b y ad d e d to C h a p te r 4 o f P a r t I o f D i v i s i o n 3 o f t h e E d u c a t i o n C ode, t o r e a d a s fo llo w s: A r t i c l e 3*

S u p p le m e n ta r y I n s t r u c t i o n .

P u p ils w ith th e w r i t t e n c o n s e n t o f t h e i r p a r e n ts o r g u a r d i a n s may b e e x c u s e d from s c h o o l i n o r d e r t o p a r t i c i ­ p a t e i n r e l i g i o u s e x e r c i s e s o r t o r e c e i v e m o r a l and r e l i g i o u s i n s t r u c t i o n a t t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e p l a c e s o f w or­ s h i p o r a t o t h e r s u i t a b l e p l a c e s d e s i g n a t e d by t h e r e ­ l i g i o u s g r o u p , c h u r c h o r d e n o m in a t io n s w hich s h a l l b e i n a d d i t i o n and s u p p le m e n ta r y t o t h e I n s t r u c t i o n i n m ann ers and m o r a l s r e q u i r e d e l s e w h e r e i n t h i s c o d e . Such a b s e n c e s h a l l n o t b e deemed a b s e n c e i n co m p u tin g a v e r a g e d a i l y a t t e n d a n c e , i f a l l o f th e f o l l o w i n g c o n d i t i o n s a r e c o m p lie d w i t h : (a) The g o v e r n i n g b o a r d o f t h e d i s t r i c t o f a t t e n d a n c e , in i t s d i s c r e t i o n , s h a l l f i r s t adopt a r e s o lu t io n p e r ­ m i t t i n g p u p i l s to be a b s e n t from s c h o o l f o r su c h e x e r c i s e s or in stru c tio n ;

20

(b ) The g o v e r n i n g b o a r d s h a l l a d o p t r e g u l a t i o n s g o v e rn in g th e a tte n d a n c e o f p u p i l s a t such e x e r c i s e s o r i n s t r u c t i o n and t h e r e p o r t i n g t h e r e o f ; ( c ) B ach p u p i l so e x c u s e d s h a l l a t t e n d s c h o o l a t l e a s t t h e minimum s c h o o l d a y f o r h i s g r a d e f o r elem en­ t a r y s c h o o l , an d a s p r o v i d e d by t h e r e l e v a n t p r o v i s i o n s o f t h e r u l e s and r e g u l a t i o n s o f t h e S t a t e B o ard o f E d u c a tio n f o r seco n d ary s c h o o l. (d ) No p u p i l s h a l l be e x c u s e d from s c h o o l f o r such p u r p o s e on more th a n f o u r d a y s p e r s c h o o l m on th . I t i s h e r e b y d e c l a r e d t o be t h e i n t e n t o f th e L e g i s ­ l a t u r e t h a t t h i s s e c t i o n s h a l l be p e r m i s s i v e o n l y . By " p e r m i s s i v e 11 i t i s m e an t t h a t t h e p u b l i c s c h o o l b o a r d i s p e r m i t t e d to r e l e a s e p u p i l s f o r r e l i g i o u s i n s t r u c ­ t i o n p r o v i d i n g t h e b o a r d deem s su ch a c t i o n t o be t h e b e s t p o lic y .

T h i s h a s t h e o b v io u s e f f e c t o f p r o m p tin g t h e c h u r c h e s

t o m a i n t a i n p r o g ra m s o f t h e h i g h e s t q u a l i t y and i n a c c o r d w i t h th e v a rio u s d e s ir e s o f th e lo c a l school b o ard . I t m ig h t a l s o b e w e l l t o p o i n t o u t h e r e t h a t su c h p r o g r a m s - a r e n o t p e r m i t t e d i f t h e minimum s c h o o l day c a n n o t b e f u l f i l l e d i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e tim e a l l o c a t e d f o r r e l i g i o u s in s tru c tio n .

F o r th e f i r s t th r e e g ra d e s a c c o rd in g to C a lif ­

o r n i a law t h i s means t h e p ro g ra m m ust be i n a d d i t i o n t o a minimum s c h o o l d a y o f two h u n d r e d m i n u t e s .

T h i s f i g u r e jumps

t o two h u n d r e d and f o r t y m i n u t e s p e r day f o r g r a d e s f o u r to e ig h t.

CHAPTER I I I

CALIFORNIA'S MAJOR RELEASED TIME PROGRAMS As i n d i c a t e d e a r l i e r i t i s t h e p u r p o s e a t t h i s p o i n t to p r e s e n t th e v e ry crux o f th e p r e s e n t s tu d y .

The b e s t p a r t

o f one summer was d e v o t e d t o t h e c o l l e c t i o n o f d a t a an d in** f o r m a t i o n w h ic h w i l l now b e u n f o l d e d a c i t y a t a tim e *

As

i n d i c a t e d e a r l i e r , s e v e r a l c i t i e s w i l l be d i s c u s s e d b r i e f l y w here p ro g ra m s a r e n o t i n c u r r e n t o p e r a t i o n .

The p u r p o s e

b e h i n d t h i s d i s c u s s i o n w i l l b e t o p r e s e n t s o m e th in g o f t h e o r i g i n , g r o w th , a n d u l t i m a t e c a u s e f o r f a i l u r e o f t h e s e a c t i v i ­ tie s*

P e r h a p s w i t h t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n a t h a n d , t h e weak s p o t s

o f e x i s t i n g p ro g ra m s may b e t h e more r e a d i l y d e t e c t e d . I t m ig h t b e w e l l t o n o t e a s p r o g r e s s i s made th r o u g h t h i s c h a p t e r , how e a c h i n d i v i d u a l R e l e a s e d Time p ro g ra m d i f f e r s from t h e n e x t .

W orthy o f s t r e s s a g a i n i s t h e f a c t t h a t t h e

i n f o r m a t i o n h e r e c o m p ile d i s n o t t o be fo u n d o r g a n i z e d i n p r i n t e d form i n any o t h e r p l a c e t o t h e w r i t e r ' s k n o w le d g e . Some c i t i e s h a v e h ad p r i n t e d some o f t h e b a s i c f a c t s o f t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e p r o g ra m s ; h o w e v e r, su c h p r i n t i n g s f a l l f a r s h o r t o f p r e s e n t i n g th e w ho le p i c t u r e a n d o n e m u st v i s i t e a c h c i t y s e p a r a t e l y t o g a i n even t h i s much i n f o r m a t i o n * Much n o t e w o r t h y p r o g r e s s h a s b e e n made th r o u g h C ounty R e l e a s e d Time o r g a n i z a t i o n s which- a r e g e n e r a l l y s p o n s o r e d by e i t h e r County M i n i s t e r i a l U n io n s o r C hurch F e d e r a t i o n s *

S u tte r

22

C ounty may be c i t e d a s h a v i n g an e x c e l l e n t p ro g ra m i n f u l l o p e ra tio n . I.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF CALIFORNIA RELEASED TIME The movement o f a g i t a t i o n f o r Weekday R e l i g i o u s .E d u ca tio n

i n t h i s s t a t e b e g a n w e l l o v e r tw e n ty y e a r s a g o , when a d e f i n i t e a t t e m p t was made to s e c u r e l e g i s l a t i o n .

The names o f two men

s t a n d o u t a s b e i n g t h e l e a d e r s o f t h i s I n i t i a l movement; D r . J e s s i e Lee C o r le y and D r. H a r o l d M a th e r .

D r . C o rle y was

t h e E x e c u t i v e S e c r e t a r y o f C h r i s t i a n E d u c a tio n f o r t h e M ethod­ i s t C o n f e r e n c e o f S o u th e r n C a l i f o r n i a an d C hairm an o f t h e I n t e r d e n o m i n a t i o n a l C om m ittee on R e l e a s e d Time u n d e r th e S o u t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a C o u n c il o f C h u r c h e s .

D r . M a th e r was t h e

G e n e r a l S e c r e t a r y o f t h e S o u th e r n C a l i f o r n i a C o u n c il o f C h u r c h e s . B oth f e r v e n t l y c o n t i n u e d t h e i r s t r u g g l e f o r s t a t e a d o p t i o n o f t h e program i n t h e s u c c e e d i n g y e a r s .

I t h a d become a lm o s t a

hobby w i t h D r. C o r le y and i t was in d e e d u n f o r t u n a t e t h a t he p a s s e d away b e f o r e h i s dream came t r u e . I n 1938 D r. E . C. Farnham became t h e E x e c u t i v e S e c r e t t a r y o f t h e C hurch F e d e r a t i o n o f Los A n g e le s a n d to d a y h e h o ld s t h i s p o s i t i o n a lo n g w ith t h a t o f G e n e ra l S e c r e ta r y o f t h e S o u t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a C o u n c il o f C h u r c h e s .

In a d d itio n ,

when D r. C o r le y p a s s e d away i n 1 940, h i s c h a ir m a n s h i p f e l l t o D r. F arn ham .

D u rin g t h a t y e a r th e I n d e p e n d e n t O r d e r o f

O d d f e llo w s w ere t h e m o t i v a t i n g f o r c e b e h in d a n o t h e r a t t e m p t

23 a t s t a t e l e g i s l a t i o n f o r R e l e a s e d Time a d o p tio n *

T h e ir in -

t e n t i o n s w ere u n q u e s t i o n a b l y good b u t many p r o m in e n t c h u r c h l e a d e r s , i n c l u d i n g Dr* Farnham d e t e c t e d w h at th e y b e l i e v e d t o b e weak s p o t s i n t h e b i l l b e i n g p r o p o s e d by t h e O d d f e l l o w s . R a t h e r th a n m e r e ly v o i c i n g t h e i r o b j a c t i o n s t h e y drew up w hat t h e y c o n s i d e r e d to be a more s a t i s f a c t o r y b i l l w h ic h was p a s s ­ ed by a m a j o r i t y v o t e o f f i f t y - t w o to tw e n ty i n t h e H o u se, an d by a v o t e o f t w e n t y - e i g h t t o s e v e n i n t h e S e n a t e .

It

was s u b s e q u e n t l y s i g n e d by G o v e rn o r E a r l W arren on May 1 2, 1 9 43 . II.

NORTHERN CALIFORNIA-WESTERN NEVADA COUNCIL OF CHURCHES San F r a n c i s c o i s t h e h e a d q u a r t e r s f o r th e N o r t h e r n

C a l i f o r n i a - W e s t e r n N evada C o u n c il o f C h u r c h e s .

From t h e

ab o v e o f f i c e t h e w r i t e r was a b l e t o o b t a i n much u s e f u l i n f o r ­ m a tio n i n c l u d i n g an a c c u r a t e u p - t o - d a t e l i s t o f a l l key p e r s o n n e l i n t h e N o r t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a c i t i e s to b e i n v e s t i ­ g a te d .

T h i s was n o t p o s s i b l e i n S o u th e r n C a l i f o r n i a w h ere

n o t e v e r y c i t y i s r e p r e s e n t e d on t h e S o u t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a C o u n c il o f P r o t e s t a n t C h u r c h e s .

The f o l l o w i n g f i g u r e s w ere

o b t a i n e d from t h e San F r a n c i s c o o f f i c e c o n c e r n i n g P r o t e s t a n t e n r o l l m e n t i n t h e Weekday p ro g ra m i n N o r t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a . Y ear

l § ¥ 5 ..............

1945 1946 1947 1948

. . .

....................

E n r o l lm e n t

7,000

1 4 ,0 0 0

2 3 ,0 0 0 2 7 ,0 0 0 .......................................( n o t c o m p ile d a t tim e d a t a w ere c o l l e c t e d )

24 M iss B la n c h C a r r i e r was t h e f i r s t d i r e c t o r o f t h e Weekday R e l i g i o u s E d u c a t i o n to w ork o u t o f t h e San F r a n c i s c o o ffic e .

M is s C a r r i e r h e l d t h i s p o s i t i o n fro m t h e p ro g ra m s

c o n c e p t i o n u n t i l a b o u t O c to b e r o f 19 44.

She was r e p l a c e d

a b o u t a y e a r an d a f o u r t h l a t e r i n A u g u st o f 1945 by M rs. E l l e n S m ith Haddaway ( t h e n M iss E l l e n S m i t h ) , who h a s t h e s i n g u l a r d i s t i n c t i o n o f b e i n g t h e f i r s t f u l l - t i m e Weekday te a c h e r in N o rth ern C a l i f o r n i a .

T h is o n e a n d a f o u r t h y e a r

p e r i o d o f n o n - l e a d e r s h i p was t h e r e s u l t o f m o n e ta r y d i f f i c u l ­ t i e s b r o u g h t a b o u t p r i m a r i l y th r o u g h t h e w i t h d r a w a l o f f i n a n c i a l s u p p o r t by a r a t h e r w e ll-k n o w n San F r a n c i s c o h e i r . The D i r e c t o r o f Weekday R e l i g i o u s E d u c a t i o n f o r N o r t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a a n d W e s te rn N evada C o u n c il o f C h u rch e s i s a p o s i t i o n o f many f u n c t i o n s , t o w i t s

h a n d lin g a l l neces­

s a r y o f f i c e c o r r e s p o n d e n c e ; c o m p ilin g p e r i o d i c a l r e p o r t s ; a r r a n g i n g and recom m ending c u r r i c u l u m an d o r g a n i z a t i o n a l p r o ­ c e d u r e s ; a i d i n g w h e n e v e r p o s s i b l e i n t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n o f new Weekday p ro g ra m s j u s t g e t t i n g o f f to a s t a r t i n any o f t h e N o rth ern C a lif o r n i a c i t i e s ;

s e t t l i n g l o c a l d i s t u r b a n c e s , such

a s t h e w rong t e a c h e r h a v i n g b ee n h i r e d ; a n d i t i s a l s o h e r r e s p o n s i b i l i t y to r e c e i v e t e a c h e r re c o m m e n d a tio n s a n d t h e n to s u b s e q u e n t l y i n t e r v i e w a s many o f t h e s e p o t e n t i a l t e a c h e r s as is p o s s ib le . The ab o v e f u n c t i o n s do n o t p e r t a i n t o t h e W e s te rn N evada C o u n c il o f C h u rc h e s s i n c e i n a b o u t May o f 1946 t h e

25 R e l e a s e d Time p ro gram was r u l e d o u t o f t h a t a r e a .

H ow ever,

R e l i g i o u s E d u c a t i o n d o e s c o n t i n u e i n a m i l d e r fo rm on a Weekday b a s is.

T h is i n a c c o m p l is h e d t h r o u g h num erous a f t e r - s c h o o l

p ro g ra m s w h ic h may be t e c h n i c a l l y te rm e d Weekday R e l i g i o u s E d u c a t i o n i n c o n t r a d i s t i n c t i o n w i t h R e l e a s e d Time R e l i g i o u s E d u c a t i o n w h ic h a s i n d i c a t e d e a r l i e r may n o t be i n t e r p r e t e d a s i n c l u d i n g su c h a f t e r - s c h o o l p r o g r a m s . The y e a r a n d a f b u r t h p e r i o d o f n o n - l e a d e r s h i p m e n tio n e d above was in d e e d u n f o r t u n a t e .

H ow ever, t h e p ro gram was h e l d

t o g e t h e r a m a z in g ly w e l l , l a r g e l y , i f n o t e n t i r e l y , t h r o u g h t h e e f f o r t s o f t h e Weekday T e a c h e r F e l l o w s h i p w h ich p r o v e d t o b e e x t r e m e l y s t r o n g an d a c t i v e a t t h e tim e M iss B la n c h C a r r i e r l e f t h e r p o s i t i o n a s Weekday d i r e c t o r .

The p r i m a r y f u n c t i o n

o f th e F e llo w sh ip i s th e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f an i n s t i t u t e c o n fe r­ e n c e o n ce a y e a r , g e n e r a l l y f o r an e n t i r e w eek , th e l a t t e r p a r t o f A u g u s t.

I n a d d i t i o n t h e r e i s a l s o a two o r two an d

a h a l f d ay m e e t i n g a t T h a n k s g i v in g s i m i l a r i n n a t u r e an d scope.

M em bership i n t h e Weekday T e a c h e r F e l l o w s h i p i s made

up o f a l l f u l l a n d p a r t - t i m e t e a c h e r s i n N o r t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a upon t h e p ay m en t o f two d o l l a r a n n u a l d u e s .

The I n s t i t u t e

C o n f e r e n c e h a s become a l m o s t m a n d a to ry a n d a c c o r d i n g to M rs. Haddaway, t h e a t t e n d a n c e h a s a lw a y s b e e n w o n d e r f u l . d a y * s r o u t i n e m ig h t a p p e a r somewhat a s f o l l o w s :

A ty p ic a l

m o rn in g

p r a c t i c e t e a c h i n g c l a s s e s and l e c t u r e e o u r s e s i n p s y c h o lo g y o f th e c h ild o r p e rh a p s a rc h ie o lo g y o f th e B ib le ; a fte rn o o n ,

26

num erous d i s c u s s i o n p e r i o d s ; e v e n i n g , New T e s ta m e n t B i b l e le c tu re s*

The w eeks c u r r i c u l u m i s n o t a h i t - a n d - m i s s a f f a i r ,

b u t r a t h e r f o l l o w s a d e f i n i t e w e l l p la n n e d p a t t e r n *

M ost

common r e f e r e n c e s a r e t h e L u t h e r Weekday and V i r g i n i a S e r i e s * One o f t h e m o st i m p o r t a n t f u n c t i o n s o f t h e San F r a n ­ c i s c o o f f i c e i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e R e l e a s e d Time p ro g ra m was t h e f o r m a t i o n o f a Weekday Com mission i n a b o u t J a n u a r y o f 1945*

T h is s t e p was b r o u g h t a b o u t p r i m a r i l y t h r o u g h t h e e f f o r t s

o f R ev. A b b o tt Book, t h e E x e c u t i v e S e c r e t a r y o f t h e N o r t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a . C o u n c il o f C h u r c h e s , and R ev. W e n d e ll K ram er t h e n E x e c u t i v e S e c r e t a r y o f t h e B o a rd o f C h r i s t i a n E d u c a t i o n o f t h e C a l i f o r n i a A n n u al C o n f e r e n c e o f t h e M e t h o d i s t C h u rc h . At t h i s p o i n t , t h e h e a r t o f t h i s s tu d y w i l l be u n f o l d e d f o r N o rth ern C a lifo rn ia *

The r e s u l t s o f a n I n t e n s i v e r e s e a r c h

i n t o t h e R e l e a s e d Time R e l i g i o u s E d u c a t i o n a c t i v i t i e s o f N o rth ern C a l i f o r n i a ^ fo u r l a r g e s t c i t i e s a re h e re p re s e n te d . San F r a n c i s c o *

Of a l l t h e l a r g e u r b a n c e n t e r s i n

C a l i f o r n i a , San F r a n c i s c o s t a n d s a l o n e a s b e i n g t h e o n l y one t h a t d i d n o t make o p e r a t i v e C a l i f o r n i a * s R e l e a s e d Time law p a s s e d i n t h e S p r i n g o f 1943* tim e .

T h is i s t r u e up t o th e p r e s e n t

H ow ever, i t i s g e n u i n e l y f e l t t h a t San F r a n c i s c o m ust

o f n e c e s s i t y be i n c l u d e d I n a s t u d y o f t h i s t y p e , f o r t o m e r e ly s t a t e I n p a s s i n g t h a t t h i s c i t y h a d no R e l e a s e d Time p ro g ra m w ou ld c e r t a i n l y n o t b e g i n t o p r e s e n t even t h e s l i g h t ­ e s t p o r t i o n o f t h e w h ole p i c t u r e .

The f o l l o w i n g q u e s t i o n s

im m e d ia te ly a r i s e :

1.

Why i s t h e r e no p rogram ?

s t e p s a r e b e i n g t a k e n to o b t a i n o ne?

3*

o u tlo o k as to t h e i r u ltim a te su ccess?

2.

What

What i s th e f u t u r e

Many o t h e r q u e s t i o n s

w ould q u i t e n a t u r a l l y b e l e f t u n a n s w e re d w i t h o u t t h i s s e c ­ t i o n , t h e p u r p o s e o f w h ich w i l l be to p r o v i d e a s many s a t i s ­ f a c t o r y a n s w e rs a s i s p o s s i b l e .

In g a in in g th e r e q u i s i t e d a ta

t h e f o l l o w i n g p e r s o n s were c o n t a c t e d f o r p e r s o n a l i n t e r v i e w s r e l a t i v e to San F r a n c i s c o * s p o s i t i o n :

D r. Landrum , E x e c u t i v e

D i r e c t o r o f t h e San F r a n c i s c o P r o t e s t a n t C o u n c il o f C h u r c h e s , an d t h e a c t i n g d i r e c t o r o f t h e I n t e r f a i t h Com m ittee i n N o r t h ­ ern C a lif o rn ia ;

M rs. E l l e n S m ith Haddaway, D i r e c t o r o f t h e

D e p a rtm e n t o f Weekday C hu rch S c h o o ls f o r t h e N o r t h e r n C a l i f ­ o r n i a - W e s t e r n N evada C o u n c il o f C h u rc h e s f o r t h e p a s t f o u r y e a r s ; M iss J a n e t V e r k u y l , A s s i s t a n t D i r e c t o r t o M rs. Haddaway F a th e r John T ie rn e y , A s s is ta n t S u p e rin te n d e n t o f th e C a th o lic S c h o o ls i n t h e San F r a n c i s c o A r c h d i o s c e s e , a n d one o f t h e two C a t h o l i c r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s on t h e N o r t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a I n t e r f a i t h C om m ittee; D r. H a r o l d S p e a r s , A s s i s t a n t S u p e r i n t e n d e n t o f E le m e n ta r y S c h o o ls i n S an F r a n c i s c o ; and Mr. E r n e s t S . B e y e r , L e g a l A d v is o r f o r t h e San F r a n c i s c o C i ty S c h o o l s .

From t h e s e

s o u r c e s h a s come a f u l l p e r s p e c t i v e o f t h i s c i t y * s u n iq u e p o s i t i o n w i t h r e g a r d to t h e R e l e a s e d Time p ro g ra m . T h e re h a v e lo n g b e e n c e r t a i n g ro u p s s t r e n u o u s l y en ­ d e a v o r i n g t o p r o m u lg a t e a c c e p t a n c e o f su c h a p l a n b u t n on e h a v e a s y e t , h a d any d e g r e e o f s u c c e s s .

P r o b a b ly t h e p r im a r y

28

reaso n f o r t h i s i s th e f a c t t h a t th e re are e q u a lly e n th u s ia s ­ t i c g r o u p s on t h e o t h e r s i d e d o in g a l l i n t h e i r pow er t o p r e v e n t su c h a p ro g ra m from t a k i n g r o o t i n S an F r a n c i s c o * The two m o st n o t e w o r t h y o f t h e o p p o s i t i o n g r o u p s a r e th e A m eric an C i v i l L i b e r t i e s U n io n a n d t h e S c o t t i s h R i g h t , a h i g h M a so n ic o r d e r .

T h e re h a s b e e n some e x p r e s s e d s e n t i m e n t to t h e

e f f e c t t h a t th e l a t t e r f e a r e d u ltim a te C a th o lic c o n tr o l because o f t h e i r known s t r e n g t h i n t h e San F r a n c i s c o a r e a .

B o th o f t h e

a f o r e m e n t i o n e d o p p o n e n t g r o u p s c a r r y i n f l u e n c e w i t h them q u i t e s u p e r i o r to any e x i s t i n g p r o p o n e n t g r o u p s .

T h e re a r e s e v e r a l

o t h e r f a c t o r s w h ich m ig h t w e l l b e p l a c e d on t h e l i a b i l i t y s i d e of t h i s q u e s tio n .

S an F r a n c i s c o i s n o t , an d n e v e r h a s r a n k e d

v e r y h i g h a s a c h u r c h to w n .

A c c o rd in g to t h e l a t e s t s t a t i s t i c s

o n l y t h i r t y - s e v e n p e r c e n t o f t h e c i t y h a s an y c h u r c h p r e f e r ­ e n c e a t a l l and t h i s i s t o be i n t e r p r e t e d a s b e i n g a com para­ t i v e l y low r a t i n g .

F o r t h i s r e a s o n , t h e P r o t e s t a n t C o u n c il

o f C h u rc h e s i s n o t t h e s t r o n g e s t o f o r g a n i z a t i o n s an d t h i s i n t u r n may w e l l h a v e h a d a g r e a t d e a l o f i n f l u e n c e u p o n t h e R e l e a s e d Time p o l i c i e s o f D r. Landrum , who became i n 1943 t h e E x e c u t i v e D i r e c t o r o f t h e San F r a n c i s c o C o u n c il o f C h u r c h e s . At p r e s e n t , as p r e v io u s ly in d i c a t e d , he i s a ls o th e a c tin g C hairm an o f t h e I n t e r f a i t h C om m ittee i n N o r t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a on R e l e a s e d T im e.

D r. Landrum made no g r e a t e f f o r t to ex ­

p e d i t e R e l e a s e d Time i n San F r a n c i s c o when h e f i r s t t o o k o v e r h i s new r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s c h i e f l y b e c a u s e o f p r o b a b l e f i n a n c i a l

29 c o m p l i c a t i o n s s u r e t o a r i s e i n a c i t y m a i n t a i n i n g a low p e r ­ c e n t a g e o f r e l i g i o u s a d h e re n c e #

I t s h o u ld b e b o r n e i n mind

t h a t i t was a t t h i s tim e t h a t t h e S t a t e L e g i s l a t u r e a p p r o v e d R e l e a s e d Time i n C a l i f o r n i a * The o r i g i n a l q u e s t i o n o f R e l e a s e d Time i n San F r a n c i s c o was p r e s e n t e d to t h e c i t y ’ s B o ard o f E d u c a t i o n i n A u g u st 1944 by Rev* J o h n C. L e f f l e r t h e n p r e s i d e n t o f t h e San F r a n c i s c o C o u n c il o f C h u rches*

Rev* L e f f l e r was t h e n and i s now R e c t o r

o f th e S t . L ukes E p i s c o p a l C hurch i n San F r a n c i s c o *

At t h a t

tim e h e was c h a irm a n o f t h e s ix - m a n c o m m itte e w hich s u b m i t t e d t h e p r o p o s a l to t h e S c h o o l B o a rd . w ere a s f o l l o w s :

The o t h e r co m m itte e members

P r o t e s t a n t , R e v . W e n d e ll B. Kramer an d D r.

H. H. Landrum; C a t h o l i c , B is h o p Ja m es T. O’Dowd an d R ev . J o h n T i e r n e y ; a n d t h e J e w i s h r e p r e s e n t a t i v e was R abbi M o r r i s G -o ld stie n * F o r t h e u n d e r l y i n g r e a s o n s m e n tio n e d e a r l i e r i n t h i s s e c t i o n t h e B o a rd v o t e d t h e p r o p o s a l down by a v o t e o f f o u r to t h r e e *

As an i n t e r e s t i n g s i d e l i g h t we f i n d t h a t o f t h e

t h r e e B o a rd members v o t i n g f o r t h e p r o g ra m , o n e was a l a b o r man a n d t h e o t h e r two w ere C a t h o l i c s , w h i l e o f t h e f o u r o p p o s ­ i n g v o t e s , two w e re from P r o t e s t a n t and two from J e w i s h mem­ bers* I n 1944 i t m ig h t be n o t e d h e r e t h a t 53 p e r c e n t o f t h e p a r e n t s r e s p o n d e d f a v o r a b l y t o a q u e s t i o n n a i r e o f t h e B o a rd

30 o f E d u c a t i o n on R e l e a s e d Time*

H ow ever, i t seems t o be

th e e x p re s se d o p in io n o f th e m a jo r i ty . o f - t h e p e o p le -c o n n e c te d w i t h f o s t e r i n g a n o t h e r a p p r o a c h t o t h e B o ard o f E d u c a t i o n f o r a r e - v o t e , t h a t t h e r e i s s t i l l l i t t l e h o pe e v e n th o u g h S c h o o l B o a rd m em bership f r e q u e n t l y ch a n g es*

I t m ig h t b e w e l l a t

t h i s p o i n t t o m e n tio n two a d d i t i o n a l n o te w o r th y g r o u p s w o rk in g to w a r d an d a s k i n g f o r a r e - v o t e .

O ne, t h e P r o t e s t a n t E v a n g e l i ­

c a l ’ s an d t h e o t h e r , t h e C h r i s t i a n S c i e n t i s t s .

The l a t t e r

h o w ev er i s o p e r a t i n g on an i n f o r m a l a n d n o t an o f f i c i a l b a s i s . San F r a n c i s c o d o e s h a v e a v e r y s m a l l p o r t i o n o f i t s p u b lic sc h o o l c h ild r e n b e in g reach ed by v a rio u s a f te r - s c h o o l r e l i g i o u s e d u c a tio n p ro g ram s.

T hese a r e i n no way c e n t r a l l y

o r g a n iz e d e i t h e r by f a i t h s o r o th e rw is e b u t r a t h e r th e y r e p r e ­ se n t th e e f f o r t s o f in d iv id u a l ch u rch es. O a k la n d .

B e f o r e c o n s i d e r i n g t h e d a t a t o f o l l o w i t m ust

b e rem em bered t h a t t h e i n f o r m a t i o n h e r e i n p r e s e n t e d g e n e r a l l y r e f e r s t o t h e R e l e a s e d Time p ro g ra m o f t h e P r o t e s t a n t C o u n c il o f C h u rc h e s o n l y , u n l e s s o t h e r w i s e s p e c i f i e d .

I t i s th e

l a r g e s t f a c t o r a n d g e n e r a l l y t h e m ost e x t e n s i v e i n n e a r l y ev ery c i t y su rv e y e d .

To. p r e s e n t ta n ta m o u n t m a t e r i a l f o r a l l

f a i t h s i n v o l v e d i n t h e r e s p e c t i v e R e l e a s e d Time p ro g ra m s o f

1 B u rea u o f R e s e a r c h , S an F r a n c i s c o U n i f i e d S c h o o l D i s t r i c t , Ju n e 1944.

31 v a r i o u s c i t i e s w ould n e c e s s i t a t e a s tu d y o f tre m e n d o u s pro** p o rtio n s. R e l e a s e d Time i n O a k la n d h a d i t s c o n c e p t i o n f o r a l l f a i t h s a t th e o u t s e t o f th e F a l l se m e ste r in 1944.

At th a t

tim e o n l y t h e c h i l d r e n i n g r a d e s f i v e and s i x were r e a c h e d ; h o w e v e r, t h e f o u r t h g r a d e was a d d e d d u r i n g t h e s c h o o l y e a r 1 9 4 7 -1 9 4 8 .

Today t h e r e a r e some f i f t y - f i v e s c h o o l s p a r t i c i ­

p a t i n g i n t h e p ro g ra m a l l to a b o u t t h e same e x t e n t , p u t o f a t o t a l o f s ix ty - o n e i n th e a r e a . The f a i t h s r e p r e s e n t e d a n d t h e i r a t t e n d a n c e f i g u r e s ( t h e num ber o f c h i l d r e n r e a c h e d i n th e s c h o o l y e a r ) a s o f t h e S p r i n g o f 1948 a r e a s f o l l o w s : P r o t e s t a n t C o u n c il o f C h u rc h e s . . . . . 1594 1566 C a t h o l i c ............................................... U n i t e d E v a n g e l i c a l C h u rc h e s ........................ 526 .................................. . . . 100 C h r i s t i a n S c ie n c e M i s s o u r i S e n a t e L u th e r a n . . . . . . . . 12 ........................ 0 Je w ish • • • » • • Sy *

© cf

The J e w i s h f a i t h n e v e r h a s h a d a n y c l a s s e s ; h o w e v e r, t h e y a r e r e p r e s e n t e d on t h e c i t y * s I n t e r f a i t h C om m ittee by R ab bi W illia m S t e r n .

F i g u r e s f o r t h e o t h e r f a i t h s do i n c l u d e s e v e r ­

a l s m a l l n e i g h b o r i n g to w n s , t h e l a r g e s t o f w h ic h i s M a r t i n e z , w h ic h h a d some t w e n t y - f i v e c h i l d r e n e n r o l l e d i n P r o t e s t a n t C o u n c il o f C h u rc h e s c l a s s e s . T u r n in g o u r a t t e n t i o n now t o t h e O a k la n d C o u n c il o f C h u r c h e s , we f i n d t h a t i t i s made up o f s i x t y - n i n e P r o t e s t a n t C h u rc h e s r e p r e s e n t i n g f o u r t e e n d e n o m in a t io n s i n O a k la n d and

32

v ic in ity *

The C o u n c il i s s u p p o r t e d by t h e member c h u r c h e s ,

c o n t r i b u t i o n s from i n d i v i d u a l s , c o n t r i b u t i o n s from d en o m in a t i o n a l home m i s s i o n f u n d s and incom e fro m s e r v i c e a c t i v i t i e s . I t was from t h e s e s o u r c e s t h a t a 1948 b u d g e t o f $ 2 7 ,6 5 0 was m e t. The O a k la n d C o u n c il o f C h u rch e s h a s s e v e n p r i n c i p l e c o m m itte e s o f w h ich R e l e a s e d Time R e l i g i o u s E d u c a t i o n i s one a lo n g w ith th e o th e r s o f h o u s in g , s o c i a l , r a d i o , f in a n c e , e v a n g e l i c a l an d p u b l i c i t y .

The c h a irm a n o f e a c h o f t h e s e

g r o u p s s e r v e s w i t h o u t c o m p e n s a tio n an d i s d i r e c t l y r e s p o n s i b l e to th e b o ard o f d i r e c t o r s .

B o a rd members a r e em p lo y ed .

The

c h a irm a n o f t h e R e l e a s e d Time R e l i g i o u s E d u c a t i o n co m m ittee was R ev. H e r b e r t B ro o k e who h a s r e c e n t l y r e s i g n e d .

Even

th o u g h a s e p a r a t e c o m m itte e d o e s e x i s t f o r R e l e a s e d Time r e l i g i o u s i n s t r u c t i o n , t h e a c t u a l p ro g ram i t s e l f

seems to be

r u n more from t h e o f f i c e o f t h e c o u n c i l * s E x e c u t i v e S e c r e t a r y a s i s t h e c a s e i n many o f t h e c i t i e s h e r e i n i n v e s t i g a t e d . O a k la n d ’ s E x e c u t i v e S e c r e t a r y a t t h e tim e t h e s e d a t a w ere g a t h e r e d was Rev. Howard B u s c h in g , who was p e r s o n a l l y c o n tacted f o r se v e ra l in te rv ie w s .

Much a d d i t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n

was o b t a i n e d from Mr. B u s c h in g * s o f f i c e c h i e f l y th r o u g h t h e sp le n d id a s s is ta n c e o f h is c o o p e ra tiv e s e c r e ta r y .

The S u p e r ­

i n t e n d e n t * s o f f i c e o f t h e O a k la n d P u b l i c S c h o o ls p r o v i d e d t h e o th e r c h ie f sou rce o f in fo rm a tio n .

From t h i s o f f i c e was

o b t a i n e d a v e r y c l e a r p i c t u r e o f t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n t h e

33 p u b l i c and R e l e a s e d Time c l a s s e s . By th e end o f t h e f i r s t week o f e a c h new s c h o o l y e a r , th e p a r e n t o r g u a rd ia n o f ev ery p u b lic sc h o o l c h i l d i s s e n t a l e t t e r from t h e r e s p e c t i v e s c h o o l s o f t h e i r c h i l d r e n ex«» p l a i n i n g t h e p l a n o f t h e R e l e a s e d Time p ro g ram and e n c l o s i n g r e g is tra tio n card s.

A t t h a t tim e t e a c h e r s a r e d i r e c t e d to

f u l l y in f o r m t h e i r c l a s s e s o f R e l e a s e d Time p r o c e d u r e s .

As

soo n a s t h e c h i l d h a s b e e n d u l y r e g i s t e r e d h e may a t t e n d t h e r e l i g i o u s e d u c a t i o n c l a s s e s u n t i l su c h tim e a s h e h a s b e e n a c c r e d it e d w ith th r e e unex cu sed a b s e n c e s .

When t h i s o c c u r s

h i s R e l e a s e d Time p r i v i l e g e s a r e w ith d ra w n by t h e p r i n c i p a l , an d h i s r e l i g i o u s i n s t r u c t i o n t e a c h e r i s n o t i f i e d .

He i s t h e n

r e t u r n e d to h i s p u b l i c s c h o o l c l a s s s t i l l c o n v e n in g a t t h e r e g u l a r l y sc h e d u le d tim e .

D u rin g t h i s p e r i o d h e w i l l n o t

r e c e iv e any c l a s s i n s t r u c t i o n in th e p u b lic sch o o l s u b je c ts . I n 1 9 4 5 1 a c o m m itte e o f O a k la n d e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l p r i n c i p a l s , w o rk in g w i t h t h e I n t e r f a i t h C o m m ittee, recommended t h a t I n s t r u c t i o n i n r e g u l a r s c h o o l s u b j e c t s s h o u ld n o t be p r e s e n t e d d u r i n g t h e s p e c i f i c p e r i o d t h e p u p i l s w ere r e l e a s e d from t h e i r p u b lic school c la s s e s .

I n A u g u st o f 1947 t h e S u p e r i n t e n d e n t

o f S ch o o ls s u g g e s te d th e f o llo w in g a c t i v i t i e s f o r th e s tu d e n ts n o t re le a se d ;

(l)

lib r a r y re a d in g ,

( 2 ) a u d i e n c e r e a d i n g , and

( 3 ) a s u p e r v i s e d s t u d y p e r i o d i n w h ich a s s i s t a n c e i s g iv e n t o i n d i v i d u a l p u p i l s i n t h o s e s u b j e c t s w h ere i t i s m o st n e e d e d .

34 The A s s i s t a n t S u p e r i n t e n d e n t o f S c h o o ls a t t h a t t i m e , Mr* C h a r l e s C* G r o v e r , f e l t t h a t t h e l a s t o f t h e s e a c t i v i t i e s was e s p e c i a l l y d e s i r a b l e s i n c e c r i t i c i s m w o uld be v e r y u n ­ l i k e l y t o a r i s e from su c h an a c t i v i t y * C h i l d r e n may b e r e g i s t e r e d a t an y t i m e f o r c l a s s e s i n r e l i g i o u s i n s t r u c t i o n b u t i t i s i m p o r t a n t to p o i n t o u t t h a t t h e y may n o t b e r e l e a s e d t o any r e l i g i o u s i n s t r u c t i o n c e n t e r u n l e s s t h a t c e n t e r h a s b e e n d u l y a u t h o r i z e d by t h e p u b l i c school S u p e rin te n d e n t^ o ffic e *

The B o a rd o f E d u c a t i o n h a s

a l s o d e c l a r e d t h a t t h e r e w i l l be no t r a n s f e r s from t h e r e l i ­ g i o u s i n s t r u c t i o n c l a s s e s i n one s c h o o l t o t h o s e i n a n o t h e r * H ow ever, s t u d e n t s e n t e r i n g s c h o o l i n m i d - y e a r a r e p r o v i d e d w i t h t h e o p p o r t u n i t y o f s i g n i n g up f o r a r e l i g i o u s i n s t r u c ­ tio n c lass* S t u d e n t s p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n t h e s e c l a s s e s may f i n d q u i t e a r a n g e i n t h e r e l a t i v e num ber i n t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e c l a s s e s * C l a s s e s h a v e b ee n c o n d u c te d f o r a s few a s f i v e o r s i x c h i l d ­ r e n , w h i l e on t h e o t h e r h a n d a t l e a s t o n e c l a s s grew t o an e n r o l l m e n t o f some e i g h t y c h i l d r e n *

The a v e r a g e s i z e seems

t o f a l l b e tw e e n t w e n t y - f i v e and t h i r t y .

C l a s s e s much l a r g e r

t h a n t h i s t e n d t o c r e a t e an i n c r e a s e i n d i s c i p l i n e p ro b le m s an d t h u s i n t u r n , a d e c r e a s e o f a c t u a l know ledge im p a rte d * A c l o s e r e c o r d i s k e p t o f c l a s s a t t e n d a n c e f o r e a c h c h i l d and t h i s r e c o r d i s s u b m i t t e d o n c e a week t o t h e p u b l i c s c h o o l fro m w hich t h e c h i l d h a s b e e n r e l e a s e d .

Tw ice e v e r y s e m e s t e r

35 a p r o g r e s s r e p o r t i s s e n t t o t h e c h i l d ' s home i n d i c a t i n g w h e th e r h i s w ork h a s b e e n s a t i s f a c t o r y o r u n s a t i s f a c t o r y . I f h i s a t t e n d a n c e an d c l a s s w o rk h a v e b een s a t i s f a c t o r y f o r t h e t h r e e y e a r p e r i o d from t h e f o u r t h t h r o u g h t h e s i x t h g r a d e s , t h e c h i l d i s aw ard ed a c e r t i f i c a t e o f g r a d u a t i o n a s shown i n F i g u r e 1 , p a g e 3 6 .

I t comes p r o p e r l y d e c o r a t e d on

p a r c h m e n t p a p e r an d i s s i m i l a r t o t h e one shown. T h e r e a r e no s t a n d a r d i z e d t e s t s c o m p ile d f o r t h e s e c h i l d r e n a n d i n g e n e r a l no t e s t s a r e g i v e n a t a l l u n l e s s t h e i n d i v i d u a l t e a c h e r f e e l s t h a t t h e y can be u s e d more e f f e c ­ t i v e l y a s a t e a c h i n g t o o l t h a n a s a m e a su re o f a c c o m p l is h ­ m e n t.

E ach s t u d e n t i s h o w e v e r p r o v i d e d w i t h a s e l f - i n v e n t o r y

s h e e t on w h ic h may b e r e c o r d e d a summary o f h i s s e m e s t e r ' s re lig io u s a c tiv ity . of th is reco rd i s

T h ese a r e k e p t d a i l y i n c l a s s .

A sam ple

s u b m i t t e d a s F i g u r e 2 on p a g e 37*

The O a k la n d P r o t e s t a n t C o u n c il o f C h u rc h e s h a s on i t s t e a c h i n g s t a f f t e n p a i d t e a c h e r s , two o f whom a r e f u l l - t i m e em p lo y e e s r e c e i v i n g $ 2 1 0 0 . 0 0 , an d e i g h t o f whom a r e p a r t tim e e m p lo y e e s r e c e i v i n g $ 2 .0 0 f o r e a c h h o u r t a u g h t .

T h e re i s

a l s o em p lo yed a f u l l - t i m e s u p e r v i s o r who o f t e n h a s a l i g h t te a c h in g lo a d in a d d itio n to th e su p e rv is o ry d u t i e s .

T h is

p o s i t i o n c a r r i e s w i t h i t a s a l a r y o f $ 2 5 2 0 .0 0 p e r y e a r . O a k l a n d 's f i r s t s u p e r v i s i n g t e a c h e r was M is s E s t h e r M e y e rs . She r e s i g n e d h e r p o s i t i o n a t t h e end o f t h e s c h o o l y e a r

36

C'.E 'R T I P I

CATS '

OF

G R A D U A T I O N

11And J e s u s i n c r e a s e d i n wisdom a n d s t a t u r e , an d i n f a v o r w i t h God and m a n .” LUKE 2S52 THIS I S TO CERTIFY t h a t __________________________________________ h a s s u c c e s s f u l l y c o m p le te d t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r t h e Weekday C h r i s t i a n E d u c a t i o n C o u rse o f S tu d y of

O a k la n d __________ C a l i f o r n i a

Chairm an o f Weekday Com m ittee S u p e rv iso r D a te

Teacher

FIGURE

1

CERTIFICATE OF GRADUATION

Name Address Telephone,

. Church Minister Sunday School Teacher

2— 6

leb:mary 16-20 23-27

Weekday Teacher Public School__ School Grade___

Mare] &1Dril May > June 8-12 15- 1? 22-26 29-2 > 9 12-16 l? - 2? 26— 30 3-7 10-14 17-21 24-28 31-4 7-11

AT HCW Grace a t Meal time Daily Prayer Daily Bible Reading AT CHURCH ■ Sunday School Attendance Church Attendance AT WEEKDAY CLASS Attendance Brought own * Bible t Conduct Study Memory Verse Worshin thoughtful­ ness of others MY RECORD FCR THE TERM KEY* I checked -what I didj* S - S atisfactory (I did my best)# I

r

i

S' - Unsatisfactory (I should have done better)#

FIGURE 2 MY RELIGIOUS ACTIVITY RECORD

38 1947*1948 t o commence w ork on a n a d v a n c e d d e g r e e i n C h ic a g o . She was r e p l a c e d h y M is s A l i c e S a n d e r s o n who i s t h e p r e s e n t su p e rv is in g te a c h e r.

The t e a c h i n g s t a f f r e n d e r s i t s

se rv ic e

f o r e x a c t l y t h e same p e r i o d o f tim e a s p u b l i c s c h o o l e d u c a t o r s . They a r e p a i d i n t h e same m anner a l s o , h a v i n g t h e i r p a y d i s ­ t r i b u t e d i n t o t w e l v e m o n th ly i n s t a l l m e n t s .

A ll te a c h e rs a re

p r o v i d e d w i t h an a l l o w a n c e o f f i v e c e n t s a m i l e f o r t h e u s e o f t h e i r c a r o r f o r t r a v e l p u rp o ses p e r ta in in g to t h e i r jo b . R e l e a s e d Time t e a c h i n g r e q u i s i t e s i n O a k la n d a r e o f th e h ig h e s t c a l i b r e .

Such a f u l l - t i m e t e a c h e r m u st p o s s e s s

a s t a t e p u b l i c s c h o o l e l e m e n t a r y c r e d e n t i a l a n d h a v e h ad i n a d d i t i o n , a n a c c e p t a b l e amount o f s p e c i a l t r a i n i n g i n r e l i ­ g io n .

T h is g e n e r a l l y means e i t h e r a d e g r e e o r a m in o r i n

R e lig io n in c o lle g e .

T h ese t e a c h e r s m eet t o g e t h e r e i t h e r

w e e k ly o r e v e r y o t h e r week t o p l a n c u r r i c u l u m an d i r o n o u t v a r i o u s p ro b le m s a r i s i n g from ti m e t o t i m e .

I t seems t o be

t h e g e n e r a l c o n s e n s u s o f o p i n i o n t h a t much v a l u a b l e t e a c h e r t r a i n i n g i s p ro v id e d by th e s e m e e tin g s . The c u r r i c u l u m f o l l o w e d b y t h e s e t e a c h e r s i s t h e n a c t u a l l y f o r m u l a t e d by them i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h t h e C o u n c il* s E x e c u tiv e S e c r e ta r y .

The f o u r t h g r a d e c o u r s e o f s t u d y a d a p t e d

t o t h e e s t a b l i s h e d c u r r i c u l u m i s t h a t by M a rio n A th y , " H e ro e s o f t h e O ld T e s t a m e n t " .

On t h e w h o le , t h e s t a f f c o n s i d e r s

th e te a c h e r s t e x t good, b u t t h a t f o r th e p u p ils i s n o t r a te d

as h ig h ly •

The f i f t h an d s i x t h g r a d e s u s e p a r t s one a n d two

r e s p e c t i v e l y o f M i l d r e d M a g n u n s o n 's , " B i b l e i n t h e B u i l d i n g of L ife " .

T h e se r a t e a s e x c e l l e n t t e a c h i n g m a t e r i a l e x c e p t

i n t h e c a s e o f t h e f i f t h g r a d e p u p i l s ' book w h ic h i s g e n e r ­ a l l y f e l t t o be t o o d i f f i c u l t f o r t h a t g r a d e l e v e l .

The

c u r r i c u l u m i s f r e q u e n t l y s u p p le m e n te d w i t h e x c e l l e n t a u d i o ­ v isu a l a id s .

O a k la n d seems t o h a v e made f u r t h e r s t e p s i n

t h i s d i r e c t i o n t h a n an y o f t h e o t h e r c i t i e s s t u d i e d , w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f G le n d a le * S t u d e n t s a r e r e q u e s t e d t o pay f o r t y e e n t s a p i e c e to w a rd d e fra y in g th e c o s t o f t h e i r cou rse o f stu d y .

H ow ever, th e y

a r e n o t r e q u i r e d t o p a y i f su c h a c t i o n w ou ld o b v i o u s l y p l a c e a b u r d e n on t h e i r f a m i l y .

T h e se c a s e s a r e a r a r i t y and when

th e y do e x i s t t h e c h i l d i s p r o v i d e d w i t h c o u r s e m a t e r i a l i n t h e same m anner a s t h e o t h e r c h i l d r e n .

W ith th e e x c e p t i o n

o f t h i s n o m in a l c h a r g e , t h e R e l e a s e d Time b u d g e t i s r a i s e d p r i m a r i l y t h r o u g h c h u r c h an d i n d i v i d u a l g i f t s .

E ach c h u r c h

c o n t r i b u t e s a n am ount i n d i r e c t p r o p o r t i o n t o t h e num ber o f re le a s e d stu d e n ts i t s p a r t i c u l a r f a i t h in c lu d e s .

The f o u r

l e a d i n g i t e m s o f e x p e n s e l i s t e d i n t h e o r d e r o f t h e i r m agni­ tu d e a r e a s fo llo w s :

te a c h e r s a l a r i e s , tr a n s p o r ta tio n pro­

v i s i o n s ( f i v e c e n t s p e r m i l e a llo w a n c e f o r t e a c h e r s ) , w orkbooks an d o f f i c e s u p p l i e s . F i n a n c i a l d i f f i c u l t i e s seem a lw a y s t o h e a d t h e l i s t o f p r o b le m s f a c i n g R e l e a s e d Time s p o n s o r s .

H ow ever, o t h e r

40 p r o b le m s do grow to p e r p l e x i n g h e i g h t s a t t i m e s .

P ro b a b ly th e

m o st s e r i o u s o f O a k la n d s n o n - f i n a n c i a l p r o b le m s i s t h a t Re­ l e a s e d Time c l a s s e s amount to o n l y a b o u t t h i r t y m i n u t e s a week a s com pared t o t h e a v e r a g e o f b e tw e e n f o r t y - f i v e an d f i f t y m in u te s i n o t h e r C a l i f o r n i a c i t i e s .

T h is i s t r u e be­

c a u s e i n O a k la n d when t h e minimum s c h o o l d ay i s c o n c lu d e d th e r e a r e a c t u a l l y o n ly t h i r t y m in u tes l e f t b e fo re th e s tu d e n ts a re d ism isse d .

A n o t h e r p r o b le m , w h ich seems a t t i m e s t o b e ­

come o v e r l y s i g n i f i c a n t , i s t h a t o f d i s c i p l i n e *

I t h a s b een

s a i d by some p e o p l e c o n n e c te d w i t h t h i s p ro g ra m t h a t o c c a s i o n ­ a l l y s t u d e n t s t e n d t o lo o k a t t h e R e l e a s e d Time pro gram a s J u s t t i m e - o f f from r e g u l a r s c h o o l .

U n f o r t u n a t e l y , i n su c h

c a s e s , home a i d i s n o t a lw a y s f o r t h c o m i n g .

The a n s w e r t o

d i s c i p l i n e p r o b le m s h e r e a r e p r o b a b l y t a n ta m o u n t to t h o s e i n t h e p u b l i c s c h o o l s ; w h ic h b r i n g s t o l i g h t t h e o l d b a t t l e f o r few er s tu d e n ts p e r te a c h e r , i . e .

sm a lle r c la s s e s .

N o tw ith sta n d in g th e s e v a r io u s d i f f i c u l t i e s , th e f u t u r e o f R e l e a s e d Time i n O a k la n d i s g e n e r a l l y c l a s s i f i e d a s p r o m i s i n g by i t s

sp o n so rs.

The c e n t r a l p u b l i c s c h o o l a d m i n i s ­

t r a t i o n c o o p e ra te s v ery w e ll.

H ow ever, even th o u g h a few

I n d i v i d u a l p r i n c i p a l s and t e a c h e r s a r e b e h i n d t h e p ro g ra m o n e h u n d r e d p e r c e n t , t h e B o a rd o f E d u c a t i o n seems t o f e e l t h a t g e n e r a l l y s p e a k i n g t h e p r i n c i p a l s and t e a c h e r s do n o t f a v o r i t p r i m a r i l y on t h e t h e o r y t h a t t h e v a l u e to b e o b t a i n e d fro m

41 a p ro g ram o f m e r e l y t h i r t y m i n u t e s a week i s n o t s u f f i c i e n t to w a r ra n t i n t e r m i t t a n t i n t e r r u p t i o n s o f th e p u b lic sc h o o l day. The f u t u r e i m p l i c a t i o n s o f t h i s to

p re d ic t.

situ a tio n are d if f ic u lt

Mr. B u s c h in g h o w e v e r, h a s e x p r e s s e d

th e fe e lin g

t h a t e i t h e r R e l e a s e d Time i s h e r e t o s t a y i n O a k la n d , o r a t l e a s t su c h a f a v o r a b l e i m p r e s s i o n h a s b e e n made on t h e g e n e r a l p u b l i c t h a t s o m e th in g e l s e w o u ld h a v e t o be d e v e lo p e d t o t a k e i t s p l a c e s h o u l d i t b e r u l e d o u t by t h e s c h o o l b o a r d .

T h is

f e e l i n g w o u ld seem t o b e b o r n e o u t by t h e r e s u l t s o f a q u e s tio n n a ire se n t

to e a c h c h i l d a n d h i s p a r e n t s a t t h e con­

c lu s io n of th e school y e a r.

T h is q u e s t i o n n a i r e p r e s e n t s p r o ­

b a b l y t h e b e s t s i n g l e means o f e v a l u a t i n g t h e R e l e a s e d Time p ro g ra m i n t h i s c i t y .

A sam p le i s i n c l u d e d a t t h i s p o i n t f o r

r e f e r e n c e , an d shown a s F i g u r e 3> p a g e S a c r a m e n to .

The f i n a l s a n c t i o n

S a c ra m e n to came i n J u n e o f 1 9 4 4.

42. f o r R e l e a s e d Time i n

The p ro g ra m was f i r s t p r o ­

p o s e d by t h e P r o t e s t a n t C o u n c il o f C h u rc h e s an d s u b s e q u e n t l y e x p e d i t e d and u l t i m a t e l y r e a l i z e d th r o u g h t h e e f f o r t s o f S a c r a m e n t o 's I n t e r f a i t h C o m m ittee, w h ic h was s p e c i f i c a l l y o rg a n iz e d f o r t h i s

p a r t i c u l a r purpose.

A t t h a t tim e

th e

P r o t e s t a n t C o u n c il

o f C h u rc h e s a p p o i n t e d M rs. J e s s i e Todd

th e

d i r e c t o r o f t h e Weekday S c h o o l , a p o s i t i o n sh e h e l d th r o u g h ­ o u t t h e e n t i r e l i f e o f t h e p ro g ra m .

The i n f o r m a t i o n

42 D ear p a r e n t s o f w e e k d a y - r e l i g i o u s - e d u c a t i o n p u p i l s : W i l l you h e l p u s make s p e c i f i e e v a l u a t i o n o f o u r weekday r e l i g i o u s e d u c a t i o n p ro g ra m d u r i n g t h i s . y e a r ? P le a se c h e c k t h e f o l l o w i n g q u e s t i o n s , a n d r e t u r n them t o c l a s s n e x t week w i t h y o u r so n o r d a u g h t e r . Thank y o u . E s t h e r M e y e rs, S u p e r v i s i n g T e a c h e r O a k la n d C o u n c il o f C h u rc h e s 1.

H as y o u r c h i l d , i n y o u r o p i n i o n , b e n e f i t e d from w eekday r e l i g i o u s e d u c a tio n t h i s y ear? Much________ L i t t l e _____________ None ___ .

2.

Have you d i s c u s s e d r e l i g i o n i n g e n e r a l a n d w eekday r e ­ l i g i o u s e d u c a t i o n w i t h him a t home? O fte n _ _______ Seldom _____ N ever •

3*

H as h e e n jo y e d r e l i g i o u s e d u c a t i o n c l a s s t h i s y e a r ? Y e s ______ No

4.

Do you f e e l t h a t t h e tim e g i v e n t o w eekday r e l i g i o u s e d u c a t i o n « a p p r o x i m a t e l y o n e - h a l f h o u r p e r week — i s enough? Yes_______ No______

5

Does y o u r son o r d a u g h t e r a t t e n d Sunday S c h o o l? R e g u la rly Seldom_______ N ever •

*

Signed^

Name_____________ •___________ S c h o o l 1.

2.

D a te

G ra d e Why d i d you come to r e l i g i o u s e d u c a t i o n t h i s y e a r ? _________ M o th e r o r Dad w a n te d you to come. _________.You w e re i n c l a s s l a s t y e a r , a n d l i k e d i t . _Your Sunday S c h o o l t e a c h e r t o l d you to come. Yo u r f r i e n d s - c o m e . Check t o show how much you l e a r n e d i n t h i s c l a s s : A bout God About J e s u s A bout W o r s h ip in g V e ry much • _ _ _ _ ______ _____ _ ____ A little N o th in g _ _ _ . . . . . _____________ _______ A b ou t t h e B i b l e V ery much A little N o th in g

Do you l i k e t h i s c l a s s ? _______ y e a r ? ______ _

Do you p l a n t o come n e x t

Would you l i k e to h a v e 50 m in u t e s f o r t h e r e l i g i o u s e d u c a ­ t i o n c l a s s i n s t e a d o f 30? Yes No What was t h e m o st i n t e r e s t i n g t h i n g you l e a r n e d t h i s y e a r : A b ou t God:

A bout w o rs h ip in g :

A bout p e o p l e in t h e O ld T e s ta m e n t:

A bout t h e B i b l e :

FIGURE 3 QUESTIONNAIRE FOR THE EVALUATION OF RELEASED TIME FOR THE CITY OF OAKLAND

44 c o n t a i n e d i n t h i s s e c t i o n h a s come p r i m a r i l y from a p e r s o n a l i n t e r v i e w w i t h M rs. T odd. p r o m o tin g f a c t o r s :

T h re e g r o u p s p r o v e d t o b e t h e

t h e P r o t e s t a n t C o u n c il o f C h u r c h e s , t h e

C a t h o l i c s and t h e C h r i s t i a n S c i e n t i s t s .

T here i s a Je w ish

member on t h e I n t e r f a i t h C om m ittee b u t h e h a s n o t a c t i v e l y w orked f o r R e l e a s e d T im e.

The M i s s o u r i Synod L u t h e r a n s a r e

n o t r e p r e s e n t e d on t h e c o m m itt e e .

A t t h e p ro g ra m s o u t s e t i n

t h e F a l l o f 1945* t h e f o u r t h , f i f t h , a n d s i x t h g r a d e s w ere r e a c h e d i n b u t f i v e o f S a c r a m e n to ’ s t w e n t y - e i g h t e l e m e n t a r y sc h o o ls.

The se c o n d y e a r t h e p ro g ram was ex p an d ed t o i n c l u d e

te n s c h o o ls .

H ow ever, t h r o u g h o u t t h e w h o le l i f e o f R e l e a s e d

Time i n S a c ra m e n to t h e p u b l i c s c h o o l s n e v e r c o n s i d e r e d i t an y more t h a n an e x p e r i m e n t . Today i n S a c r a m e n to , R e l e a s e d Time i s a t h i n g o f t h e p a s t.

I n t h e m id d l e o f t h e 1947^1948 s c h o o l y e a r t h e B o a rd

o f E d u c a t i o n v o t e d to d i s c o n t i n u e t h e p r o g ra m .

The B o a rd was

no d o u b t i n f l u e n c e d d i r e c t l y by t h e f a c t t h a t se v e n o u t o f t h e t e n p r i n c i p a l s o b j e c t e d t o c o n t i n u a t i o n o f t h e e x i s t i n g p ro g ra m . A l a r g e r p e r c e n t a g e o f t h e p r i n c i p a l s w ere i n f a v o r o f t h e p ro g ra m a t i t s

i n i t i a t i o n b u t a number o f t h e s e w e n t b a c k t o

t e a c h i n g d u r i n g t h e w ar w h ich r e s u l t e d i n a d e f i n i t e sw ing i n th e o th e r d i r e c t i o n .

M eanw hile t h e I n t e r f a i t h C om m ittee d e ­

c i d e d n o t t o p r e s s t h e i r o b j e c t i o n s to o h a r d f o r f e a r o f j e o p a r d i z i n g any f u t u r e a t t e m p t s t o r e e s t a b l i s h R e l e a s e d Time i n S a c r a m e n to .

45 U n d e r l y i n g t h e d o w n f a l l o f t h e p ro g ra m i n S a c ra m e n to a r e two v e r y s i g n i f i c a n t f a c t o r s .

F i r s t o f a l l o n ly ap p ro x i*

m a t e l y tw e n ty p e r c e n t o f t h e c i t y ’ s a d u l t p o p u l a t i o n h a v e an y church a f f i l i a t i o n .

A c t u a l l y t h e Weekday p ro g ra m w a s n ’ t

d isc o n tin u e d because i t

la c k e d m e r it, b u t r a t h e r b ecause of

n o n - s u f f i c i e n t o r g a n i z a t i o n on t h e p a r t o f i t s

sp o n so rs.

S e c o n d l y , community b a c k g ro u n d a n d p r e s e n t e n v ir o n m e n t m u st be c o n s id e re d .

We f i n d i n S a c ra m e n to s t r o n g and p o w e r f u l

g r o u p s w h ic h h a v e a c t u a l l y o r g a n i z e d a g a i n s t t h e Weekday p r o ­ g ram .

T a k in g a l l o f t h i s i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n , i t i s n o t

d i f f i c u l t to d i s c e r n t h e r e a s o n b eh in d th e f a i l u r e o f R e le a se d Time i n S a c r a m e n to . F o llo w in g t h e c o l l a p s e o f R e le a s e d Time t h e P r o t e s t a n t C o u n c il o f C h u rc h e s a t t e m p t e d t o h o l d two o f t h e i r r e l i g i o u s e d u c a t i o n c e n t e r s by e s t a b l i s h i n g a f t e r - s c h o o l p r o g r a m s .

How­

e v e r t h e a t t e n d a n c e d r o p p e d so g r e a t l y t h a t i t was s u b s e q u e n t l y d e c id e d to d is c o n tin u e th e a f t e r - s c h o o l a c t i v i t i e s a s w e ll . The f u t u r e o u t l o o k o f R e l e a s e d Time i n S a c ra m e n to i s a n y th in g b u t p ro m isin g .

T h e r e seems t o be no f e e l i n g t h a t i t

w i l l be r e e s t a b l i s h e d even w ith in a re a s o n a b le le n g th o f tim e , a l t h o u g h t h i s f e e l i n g w o u ld a p p e a r to b e i n c o n t r a d i c t i o n to t h e s t a t e m e n t made e a r l i e r t h a t t h e I n t e r f a i t h C om m ittee d i d n o t c o m p la in b i t t e r l y t h e l o s s o f t h e i r p ro g ra m on t h e t h e o r y t h a t i t m ig h t j e o p a r d i z e f u t u r e a t t e m p t s t o p u t i t b a c k i n t o

46 o p e ra tio n .

I f tr u e *

su ch would seem t o i n d i c a t e a t l e a s t one

r a y o f h o p e f o r t h e f u t u r e on t h e p a r t o f t h e I n t e r f a i t h Com m ittee* . T hen to o * M rs. Todd h a s e x p r e s s e d t h e f e e l i n g t h a t p e r h a p s t h e a d v o c a t e s o f R e l e a s e d Time may, a t a l a t e r d a t e * b e a b l e t o r e q u e s t w h at s h e te rm e d a s a d i s m i s s a l o f a l l r e l i g i o u s e d u c a t i o n s t u d e n t s one h o u r b e f o r e p u b l i c s c h o o l c h ild re n a re o f f i c i a l l y re le a s e d f o r th e day.

I t is f e lt

t h a t su c h a p r o c e d u r e w ou ld m e et w i t h l e s s o b j e c t i o n s i n c e t h e r e g u l a r s c h o o l d ay w ould n o t be i n t e r r u p t e d a t i n t e r m i t t e n t and i r r e g u l a r i n t e r v a l s .

H ow ever, a pro g ram o f t h i s t y p e

w ou ld im m e d ia te l y p r e s e n t s e v e r a l v e r y s i g n i f i c a n t p r o b l e m s . F i r s t o f a l l , t h e t e a c h i n g s t a f f w ou ld h a v e t o be g r e a t l y e x p a n d e d to accom m odate a l l s t u d e n t s r e l e a s e d s i m u l t a n e o u s l y * I n a d d i t i o n , none o f t h e t e a c h e r s w ould work m ore t h a n one h o u r a d a y , a n d c o n s e q u e n t l y t h e r e w ould no l o n g e r b e an y f u l l - t i m e e m p lo y e e s .

W ith t h i s en d i n m ind t h e g ro u n d work

i s b e i n g l a y e d f o r a s t r o n g t e a c h e r t r a i n i n g p r o g ra m , w h ich i t s p r o m o t e r s h o p e may someday go b a c k i n t o o p e r a t i o n . B e rk e le y .

R e l e a s e d Time was i n t r o d u c e d i n t o B e r k e l e y

a t t h e o u t s e t o f t h e F a l l s e m e s t e r i n 1 9 4 4 , a t t h e J u n i o r H ig h School l e v e l .

I t w a sn 1t u n t i l o n e y e a r l a t e r i n t h e F a l l o f

1945 t h a t t h e e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l s w e re i n c o r p o r a t e d .

The

f o l l o w i n g g r o u p s h a v e fro m t h e f i r s t , a n d a r e now a c t i v e l y

47 s u p p o r t i n g t h e p ro gram s

P r o t e s t a n t C hurch F e d e r a t i o n , U n i t e d

E v a n g e l i c a l s , C h r i s t i a n S c i e n t i s t s , C a t h o l i c s , and M i s s o u r i Synod L u t h e r a n s .

Today t h e p ro g ra m i n c l u d e s g r a d e s f i v e

th ro u g h n in e in a l l p u b lic s c h o o ls . The o r g a n i z a t i o n o f R e l e a s e d Time i n B e r k e l e y i s v e r y c l o s e l y a l l i e d t o t h a t o f A lb an y a n d t o g e t h e r th r o u g h an I n t e r f a i t h C om m ittee t h e y h a v e e s t a b l i s h e d t h e f o l l o w i n g se v e n r e a s o n s b e h i n d Weekday R e l i g i o u s E d u c a t i o n . 1 . The H e b r e w - C h r i s t i a n f a i t h i s t h e s t r o n g e s t s u p p o r t o f so un d p e r s o n a l e t h i c s and s o c i a l m o r a l i t y . 2 . A c h i l d 1s e d u c a t i o n i s i n c o m p l e t e w i t h o u t know ledge o f t h e B i b l e , t h e C hurch and r e l i g i o u s h i s t o r y . 3* R e l i g i o u s f a i t h a n d u n d e r s t a n d i n g a f f o r d s e c u r i t y a n d s t r e n g t h n e e d e d by e v e r y c h i l d f o r t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f h i s p e r s o n a l i t y an d c h a r a c t e r . 4. I n c r e a s e o f r e l i g i o u s f a i t h m akes f o r t h e d e c r e a s e o f ju v e n ile d e lin q u e n c y . 5* Weekday r e l i g i o u s e d u c a t i o n u n i t e s many denom ina­ t i o n s i n a common e n d e a v o r , e m p h a s iz e s t h e common e l e m e n ts i n o u r r e l i g i o u s t r a d i t i o n s , and c o n s e q u e n tly s tr e n g th e n s com m unity s p i r i t . 6 . R e l i g i o n o u g h t to be i d e n t i f i e d i n t h e c h i l d ’ s m ind w i t h Weekday a s w e l l a s Sunday l i f e . 7* Weekday r e l i g i o u s i n s t r u c t i o n a f f o r d s a v a l u a b l e s u p p le m e n t t o t h e i n s t r u c t i o n g i v e n r e g u l a r l y t h r o u g h th e c h u rc h e s .2 The B e r k e le y - A lb a n y a r r a n g e m e n t i s q u i t e s i m i l a r ex ­ c e p t t h a t t h e i n s t r u c t i o n p e r i o d i n B e r k e l e y am o un ts t o f o r t y m i n u t e s a week w h i l e i n A lb any i t i s f i f t y m i n u t e s .

The r e a s o n

f o r t h i s i s t h a t r e l i g i o u s e d u c a t i o n may o n l y u t i l i z e tim e i n

2

"T o d a y ’ s C h i l d r e n , Tomorrow*s V o t e r s " , L e a f l e t i s s u e d by t h e I n t e r f a i t h C om m ittee on Weekday S c h o o ls o f R e l i g i o n , B e r k e l e y a n d A lb a n y , C a l i f o r n i a . U n d a te d .

48 e x c e s s o f two h u n d r e d f o r t y m i n u t e s a d a y a n d t h e minimum s c h o o l d a y i s two h u n d r e d e i g h t y m i n u t e s i n B e r k e l e y a n d two h u n d r e d n i n e t y m i n u t e s i n A lb a n y . The e n r o l l m e n t f i g u r e s f o r t h e S p r i n g s e m e s t e r o f 1948, f o r e a ch d e n o m in a t io n r e p r e s e n t e d by Weekday c l a s s e s may be f o u n d a s F i g u r e 4 , p ag e 4 9 . B e r k e l e y ’ s l a r g e s t R e l e a s e d Time p o p u l a t i o n comes u n d e r t h e s p o n s o r s h i p o f t h e c i t y * s P r o t e s t a n t C h urch F e d e r a t i o n w h ic h c o n s i s t s o f t h i r t y * * t h r e e P r o t e s t a n t C h u rc h e s u n i t e d so le ly fo r in s tru c tio n in s p ir itu a l v a lu e s.

M iss N o l l e Wager

i s th e E x e c u tiv e S e c re ta r y o f t h i s o r g a n iz a tio n .

In a d d itio n ,

sh e i s t h e I n t e r f a i t h C om m ittee d i r e c t o r f o r Weekday r e l i g i o u s e d u c a tio n .

I t was th r o u g h an e x t e n s i v e p e r s o n a l i n t e r v i e w

w i t h M is s Wager t h a t much o f t h e d a t a h e r e i n p r e s e n t e d w ere o b ta in e d .

The o t h e r m a jo r s o u r c e o f i n f o r m a t i o n was t h e

B e r k e l e y B o a rd o f E d u c a t i o n , w h ic h h a s i n t h e p a s t a n d d o e s now, lo o k w i t h f a v o r u po n t h e p r o g ra m .

I t i s t h e i r g e n u in e

f e e l i n g t h a t R e l e a s e d Time h a s a b r i g h t f u t u r e i n t h i s c i t y a n d t h e S c h o o l B o a rd I s e n c o u r a g i n g t h e p ro g ra m i n e v e r y way p o s s ib le in a l l p u b lic s c h o o ls .

On t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e A lbany

p u b l i c s c h o o l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n d o e s n o t lo o k a t th e p ro g ra m i n su c h a f a v o r a b l e l i g h t .

The f o l l o w i n g s t a t e m e n t by t h e

S u p e r i n t e n d e n t o f t h e A lban y P u b l i c S c h o o ls w ould seem, to u n e q u iv o c a lly tr a n s m it h i s f e e l in g s as to th e v a lu e o f R e l e a s e d Time i n h i s s c h o o l s .

Mo, Syn# Luth#

Total R»E» Enrollment

School Enroll.,#

Prot# Council

Chris# Science

United Evang#

Homan Cath#

Elementary p u pils, Berkeley 5 th , 6th grades Elementary p u p ils, Albany 5t h , 6th grades only Total elementary

1460

4.68

39

40

10?

533

110

5

mm

62

8

185-34.9^

1993

578

44

40

169

8

839-42

Junior High p u pils, Berkeley 7th , 8th , 9th Junior High p up ils, Albany 7th* 8t h , 9th T otal Junior High

£387

241

13

35

74

•mmm

1045

70

3



17

2

92- 8. 8??

3432

311

16

35

91

2

455-13^5?

Total - Berkeley

3847

7/09

52

75

181

***•

1017-26.45?

Total - Albany Grand TOTAL

IOIlS 4892

18Q 889

8 60

75

79 260

10 10

277-26,5X 1 2 9 4 -2 6 ^

56 50 82 74

283 242 275 260

5 14 10

362 1195 1G25 1292 1294

Various Total Items

Ball • Spring

1944 (Junior High only) 1945 1946 1947 1948

Total by Years 362 801 55 678 50 873 48 889 60 *

mm

&

654-44»®

%

'

363-I5 . K

♦The decrease from the previous year in the Protestant Council was in the Junior High division# There was an increase in the Elementary division over the previous year. FIGURE 4

A PAGE GF TOTAIS FOR ELEMENTARY AHD JUNI® HIGH RELIGIOUS EDUCATION CLASSES BERKELEY AND ALBANY—1948

50 R e lig io u s E d u c a tio n c l a s s e s have been o rg a n iz e d f o r t h r e e y e a r s . The c l a s s e s m eet i n n e a r b y c h u r c h e s a n d , i n a few c a s e s , i n h om es. I n t h e c a s e o f m o st o f t h e c h i l d r e n n e i t h e r t h e y n o r t h e i r p a r e n t s show a n y p a r t i c u l a r e n th u siasm f o r th e R e lig io u s i n s t r u c t i o n . F re q u e n tly th e re i s a w illin g n e s s to d is c o n tin u e R e lig io u s E d u c a tio n in f a v o r o f o th e r a c t i v i t i e s . O c c a s i o n a l l y t h e r e a r e comments by p u p i l s c o n c e r n in g t h e r e l i g i o n s o f o t h e r y o u n g s t e r s . Comments o f t h i s s o r t w ere se ld o m o r n e v e r h e a r d b e f o r e t h e o r g a n i z a ­ tio n o f R e lig io u s E d u c a tio n c l a s s e s . The w h o le q u e s t i o n o f R e l i g i o u s E d u c a t i o n d u r i n g t h e r e g u l a r s c h o o l d a y h a s become i n c r e a s i n g l y con ­ tro v e rsia l. T h e re i s h a r d l y a week p a s s e s t h a t th e school a d m in is tra tio n does n o t re c e iv e s tro n g ly b ia se d l i t e r a t u r e on t h i s s u b j e c t . More a n d more o f th e l i t e r a t u r e condemns o n e r e l i g i o n o r a n o t h e r . L i t e r a ­ t u r e , p r o p a g a n d a , o r w h a te v e r i t i s c a l l e d w i l l i n e v i ­ t a b l y l e a d t o t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f a c o n s c i o u s n e s s among c h ild re n of th e d if f e r e n c e s in r e l i g i o n s . I n sc h o o l, w h ere e v e r y e f f o r t i s made t o w e ld c h i l d r e n i n t o a com­ mon d e m o c r a t i c s o c i e t y , t h e te n d e n c y i s d e t r i m e n t a l . So f a r , no e v i d e n c e c o n c e r n i n g t h e e f f e c t i v e ­ n e s s o f t h e p ro g ra m i n A lb a n y h a s b e e n p r e s e n t e d . It w ould b e i n t e r e s t i n g to know i f more c h i l d r e n a t t e n d r e l i g i o u s s e r v i c e s on Sunday t h a n f o r m e r l y . I t i s r e p o r t e d t h a t i n some e a s e s p a r e n t s c o n s i d e r R e l i g i o u s E d u c a t i o n c l a s s e s ^ a s u b s t i t u t e f o r Sunday S c h o o l . I f t h i s i s a fr e q u e n t o c c u rre n c e , c h ild r e n a r e b ein g d e p r i v e d o f a few m in u t e s o f i n s t r u c t i o n e a c h w eek. I n v iew o f t h e p o p u l a r a t t e n t i o n to R e l e a s e d Time f o r R e l i g i o u s E d u c a t i o n , i t seems d e s i r a b l e t h a t A lb a n y * s p ro g ra m b e e v a l u a t e d . P a u l C • B ry an S u p e r i n t e n d e n t o f S c h o o ls ^ T h is r e p o r t c l e a r l y i n d i c a t e s t h e s e n t i m e n t s o f A l b a n y 's p u b l i c s c h o o l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n to w a r d R e l e a s e d T im e.

T h e re a r e

some who f e e l t h a t i t may s p e l l t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e e n d .

3 R e p o r t # 3 9 A lb an y C i t y S c h o o l s , J u n e 1 , 1 9 4 8 .

51 As i n d i c a t e d i n th e above r e p o r t Weekday c l a s s e s a r e g e n e r a l l y c o n d u c te d i n n e a r b y c h u r c h e s an d o c c a s i o n a l l y i n t h e home o f a v o l u n t e e r *

T r a n s p o r t a t i o n t o an d from c l a s s e s

h a s n o t p r o v e d t o b e a p ro b le m o f g r e a t s i g n i f i c a n c e * A t th e o u t s e t o f e a c h s c h o o l s e m e s t e r , p a r e n t s o f c h i l d r e n from t h e f i f t h

t o t h e n i n t h g r a d e s a r e s e n t a form

l e t t e r and d u p l i c a t e r e g i s t r a t i o n c a r d f u l l y e x p l a i n i n g t h e R e l e a s e d Time p ro g ra m .and e x p l a i n i n g how t o t a k e a d v a n ta g e of it*

T h is m a t e r i a l i s s e n t from t h e o f f i c e o f t h e D i r e c t o r

o f P u b l i c R e l a t i o n s a n d P ro m o tio n o f t h e B e r k e l e y I n t e r f a i t h C om m ittee f o r Weekday R e l i g i o u s E d u c a t i o n .

I t i s stre sse d in

t h i s l e t t e r t h a t t h e c o u r s e s a r e o p en t o a l l B e r k e l e y a n d A lb an y c h i l d r e n r e g a r d l e s s o f w h e th e r t h e y o r t h e i r p a r e n t s b e l o n g t o an y c h u rc h *

The p a r e n t ' s s i g n i t u r e on t h e r e g i s -

t r a t i o n c a r d p r o v i d e s th e p u b l i c s c h o o l p r i n c i p a l w i t h per** m is sio n to r e l e a s e th e p u p il f o r one h o u r 's r e l i g i o u s i n s t r u c t t i o n a t a tim e d e s i g n a t e d by t h e p r i n c i p a l a n d t h e P r o t e s t a n t C o u n c il*

D a i l y a t t e n d a n c e r e p o r t s a r e s u b m i t t e d on s p e c i a l

f o rm s t o t h e p u b l i c s c h o o l p r i n c i p a l by th e r e l i g i o u s i n s t r u c ­ t i o n te a c h e r*

T h e se a r e s e n t i n r e g a r d l e s s o f w h e th e r o r n o t

t h e r e h a s b e e n an y a b s e n c e .

In a d d itio n th e re i s a s p e c ia l

w e e k ly a t t e n d a n c e form s u b m i t t e d to t h e same p l a c e . The s t u d e n t s do h a v e a d e f i n i t e g o a l to w a rd w h ic h t h e y may w o rk .

Up u n t i l t h e 1947*1948 s c h o o l y e a r , r e p o r t c a r d s

w ere u s e d b u t s i n c e t h a t t i m e t h e i r u s e h a s b e e n d i s c o n t i n u e d . They w ere a c t u a l l y p r o g r e s s r e p o r t s b a s e d on a f o u r o r f i v e l i n e a n e c d o ta l r e p o r t o r n a r r a t i v e a rra n g e m e n t.

A g en eral

f e e l i n g d e v e l o p e d among t e a c h e r & t h a t t h i s p r o c e d u r e made m a n i f e s t th e law o f d i m i n i s h i n g r e t u r n s ; was i n v o l v e d f o r t h e r e s u l t s g a i n e d . . a r e no l o n g e r i n u s e .

i . e . to o much work

F o r t h i s re a so n th e y

H ow ever, c e r t i f i c a t e s a r e i s s u e d upon

t h e s u c c e s s f u l c o m p l e t i o n o f e a ch s e m e s t e r .

A t te n d a n c e m ust

be r e g u l a r a n d t h e s t a n d a r d o f w ork m u st m e e t a minimum re q u ire m e n t.

E ach y e a r some c e r t i f i c a t e s a r e d e n i e d when

su c h r e q u i s i t e s a r e n o t m e t.

T h ese y e a r l y c e r t i f i c a t e s b e a r

a b l u e s e a l w h i l e a g o l d s e a l i s u s e d when a w a rd in g c e r t i f i * * c a t e s f o r t h e s u c c e s s f u l c o m p le t io n o f f o u r y e a r s .

A ll are

p re se n te d a t e la b o r a te g ra d u a tio n e x e rc is e s a t th e c lo s e o f each se m e s te r.

The B e r k e le y - A lb a n y Weekday s t a f f c o n s i s t s

o f th r e e f u l l - t i m e and one p a r t- tim e te a c h e r .

I n a d d itio n to

t h e i r r e l i g i o u s t r a i n i n g and e x p e rie n c e th e te a c h e rs in t h i s l o c a l i t y m u st t h e o r e t i c a l l y be p r o f e s s i o n a l l y t r a i n e d i n e d u c a t i o n a l m e th o d s e q u a l t o t h o s e r e q u i r e d o f p u b l i c s c h o o l te a c h e rs. deg rees.

A t p r e s e n t a l l f o u r t e a c h e r s p o s s e s s M a s te r * s They h a v e b e e n v e r y f o r t u n a t e to h a v e m a i n t a i n e d

su c h a h i g h q u a l i t y o f t e a c h e r s .

In th e f i n a l a n a ly sis i t i s

u p t o t h e C h u rch F e d e r a t i o n P e r s o n n e l C om m ittee t o d e t e r m i n e w h e th e r o r n o t a p o t e n t i a l t e a c h e r i s d u ly q u a l i f i e d .

The

c o m m itte e re c o m m e n d a tio n i s s u b j e c t to a p p r o v a l o f t h e C hurch

53 F e d e r a t i o n Board* P r o t e s t a n t t e a c h e r t r a i n i n g i s c e n te re d around a v e ry i n t e n s i v e t r a i n i n g p ro g ra m h e l d a t t h e P a c i f i c S c h o o l o f R e lig io n d u rin g T h a n k sg iv in g and B a s te r v a c a tio n s *

T h ese

p ro g ra m s a r e p r e s e n t e d by t h e Weekday T e a c h e r ’ s I n s t i t u t e o f N o rth ern C a lif o r n i a f o r i n s t r u c t o r t r a i n i n g o f la y te a c h e rs * B e r k e l e y an d A lb a n y a r e i n d e e d f o r t u n a t e i n t h a t M is s N e l l e Wager i s t h e p r e s e n t c h a irm a n o f t h e I n s t i t u t e *

Much t e a c h e r

t r a i n i n g i s a l s o a c c o m p l is h e d b o t h d i r e c t l y a n d i n d i r e c t l y a t v a r io u s p e r io d ic s t a f f m e e tin g s h e ld p r im a r ily f o r th e p u rp o s e o f s o l v i n g c u r r e n t p r o b le m s a s t h e y a r i s e *

In a d d itio n

t o t h i s , t h e I n t e r f a i t h t e a c h e r s m eet o n c e o r t w i c e a y e a r t o d i s c u s s su c h p e r t i n e n t t o p i c s a s s c h e d u l e s , e t h i c s , m e th o d s o f i n s t r u c t i o n and c o n d u c t.

The a t t e n d a n c e a t t h e s e m e e ti n g s

h a s b e e n e x t r e m e l y good i n r e c e n t y e a r s * The f u l l - t i m e t e a c h e r s a r e p a i d a t t h e r a t e o f $2300*00 a y e a r on a tw e lv e m onth b a s i s f o r t h e i r s e r v i c e s w h i l e t h e p a r t - t i m e t e a c h e r r e c e i v e s $ 2 .0 0 an h o u r on a n e i g h t m onth b a sis*

I n a d d i t i o n , e a ch t e a c h e r i s a l lo w e d $5*00 a month f o r

ca r tra v e l*

They a l s o c a r r y a $ 2 0 0 .0 0 p e n s i o n f u n d a l l o w a n c e ,

an d a r e c o v e r e d by l i a b i l i t y i n s u r a n c e * A t t h e p r e s e n t tim e M iss W ager, a s t h e p r o g r a m ’ s c h i e f s u p e r v i s o r r e c e i v e s $ 2 4 0 0 .0 0 a y e a r on a tw e l v e m onth b a s i s . T u r n in g o u r a t t e n t i o n now t o t h e c u r r i c u l u m t a u g h t , we f i n d t h a t q u i t e n a t u r a l l y t h e c o u r s e s v a r y from o n e r e l i g i o u s

54 g ro u p t o a n o t h e r .

H ow ever, a l l r e c o g n i z e t h e " F a th e r h o o d o f

God” an d t h e ‘’b r o t h e r h o o d o f man” .

C h ild re n a re ta u g h t t h a t

a r e l i g i o u s o u t l o o k on l i f e a n d an u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f s p i r i t u a l p r o b le m s a r e e v e r y b i t a s i m p o r t a n t , i f n o t more i m p o r t a n t t h a n r e g u l a r l y s c h e d u l e d a c a d e m ic c o u r s e s *

N a rro w in g o u r

a t t e n t i o n to t h e c u r r i c u l u m o f t h e C hu rch F e d e r a t i o n , we f i n d t h e same them e f o r b o t h t h e f i f t h and s i x t h g r a d e s a l t e r n a t e i n g e v e r y o t h e r y e a r*

One y e a r i t w i l l be nJ e s u s an d t h e

Way o f J o y " (1 9 4 7 -1 9 4 8 )*

H e re t h e a t t e m p t i s made t o l e a d

t h e c h i l d r e n t o a b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e l i f e and t e a c h ­ i n g s o f J e s u s i n r e l a t i o n to t h e i r d a i l y p ro b le m s*

The n e x t

y e a r i t w i l l be HThe B i b l e i n t h e B u i l d i n g o f L i f e ” ( 1 9 4 8 - 1 9 4 9 ) . U n der t h i s t o p i c t h e s t u d e n t s l e a r n how t h e B i b l e was w r i t t e n * The g r e a t p e o p l e o f B i b l i c a l t i m e s a r e b r o u g h t b a c k t o l i f e a m id s t t h e i r e n v iro n m e n t*

The s e v e n t h g r a d e them e i s “G o d 's

N a t u r e a n d W i l l a s R e v e a le d T hro ug h C h r i s t an d t h e P r o p h e t s 1'* T h is p r o v id e s f o r a g e n e r a l u n d e r s ta n d in g o f C h r i s t and h is te a c h in g s*

U nder th e e ig h th g ra d e t o p i c g u id e " C h r i s t i a n s

an d t h e i r A d v e n t u r e s " , t h e c h i l d r e n s t u d y t h e e x p a n s i o n o f C h r i s t i a n i t y t h r o u g h o u t t h e w o r l d from i t s hum ble c o n c e p ti o n * The g r a d e n i n e c u r r i c u l u m i s b a s e d up o n " C o n f l i c t s i n C h r is tia n L iv in g ".

At t h i s p o in t th e s tu d e n t i s ta u g h t to

f a c e s q u a r e l y t h e m u l t i p l e p ro b le m s o f d a i l y l i v i n g a s m an i­ f e s t e d a r o u n d him on a l l s i d e s .

55 I n f o llo w in g t h e s e g e n e r a l to p ic g u id e s , v a r io u s books a r e u s e d d e p e n d in g p r i m a r i l y on t h e g r a d e l e v e l b e i n g t a u g h t * In th e f i f t h

and s i x t h g r a d e s M i l d r e d M agnuson’ s boo k " J e s u s

and t h e Way o f J o y 11 i s u s e d a l m o s t e x c l u s i v e l y *

The V i r g i n i a

S e r i e s i s em ployed f o r th e s e v e n t h a n d e i g h t h g r a d e s *

In

t h e n i n t h g r a d e t h e a d o p t e d t e x t i s " A d v e n tu re i n C h r i s t i a n L i v i n g " by E l l a l e e S o w e rs .

A ll th r e e of th e s e r e f e r e n c e s have

b e e n r a t e d a s e x c e l l e n t by t h e t e a c h i n g s t a f f a s a w hole*

In

a d d i t i o n t o t h e s e t h r e e b a s i c t e x t s t h e c l a s s e s a r e made more m e a n i n g f u l t h r o u g h e x p e r i e n c e s i n v o l v i n g m aps, p i c t u r e s , p ro * j e e t e d v i s u a l a i d s , a r t , m u sic, s to r y t e l l i n g ,

su p e rv ise d

s t u d y , n o te b o o k w o rk , B i b l e - r e a d i n g , d i s c u s s i o n , d r a m a t i z a t i o n and w o rs h ip * N e ith e r t h e c h i l d r e n n o r t h e i r p a r e n t s a r e e x p e c te d to make an y p a y m e n ts to w a r d t e x t b o o k s o r an y t e a c h i n g m a t e r i a l s * H ow ever, t h e C hu rch F e d e r a t i o n b u d g e t f o r t h e 1 9 4 8 -1 9 4 9 s c h o o l y e a r am ou nted t o $ 1 1 ,2 9 0 .0 0 *

T h is f i g u r e in c lu d e d

such ite m s as t h e c o s t o f a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , o f f i c e s a l a r i e s , t e a c h i n g m a t e r i a l s , h o u s i n g , p u b l i c i t y , an d t h e P r o t e s t a n t s h a re o f th e I n t e r f a i t h p ro m o tio n .

The b u d g e t was m et by

th e c o o p e ra tin g f a i t h s on a r a t i o b a s is w ith r e s p e c t to t h e i r to ta l p a rtic ip a tio n .

E ach c h u r c h r e c e i v e s i t s

th r o u g h p u b l i c o f f e r i n g s ,

c o n trib u tio n s

s p e c i a l church g i f t s and i n d iv i d u a l

g i f t s w h ic h a r e f r e q u e n t l y r e c e i v e d from p a r e n t s a n d o t h e r in te re s te d person s.

56 B u d g e ts t h a t m u st h e met a lw a y s p r o v i d e f i n a n c i a l p r o b le m s ; h o w e v e r, i n c o m p a ris o n w i t h many o t h e r c i t i e s i n t h i s r e s p e c t B e r k e l e y a n d A lban y h a v e b e e n q u i t e s u c c e s s f u l . The b i g g e s t p ro b le m f a c e d seems t o b e a c o n d i t i o n e x i s t i n g i n t h e A lb an y p o r t i o n o f t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n .

As m e n tio n e d be-*

f o r e , t h e A lb an y P u b l i c S c h o o l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n i s c o o p e r a t i n g b u t d o e s n o t a p p e a r t o b e to o f a v o r a b l e to w a rd t h e o v e r a l l p r o g ra m .

I t i s g e n e r a l l y b e l i e v e d by a d v o c a t e s o f R e l e a s e d

Time t h a t t h i s i s p r i m a r i l y b e c a u s e t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n i s n o t w e l l enough in f o r m e d .

I n d i r e c t c o n t r a s t , t h e B e r k e l e y B o a rd

o f E d u c a tio n , u n d e r S u p e r in te n d e n t N e ls o n , i s s o l i d l y b e h in d R e l e a s e d T im e.

N e a r l y a l l t h e p r i n c i p a l s a r e d o in g much m ore

th a n t h e i r s h a re in f u r t h e r i n g t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e p ro g ram s. I n c o n c l u d i n g , i t may s a f e l y b e s a i d t h a t t h e B e r k e l e y A lb an y pro g ram i s in d e e d f o r t u n a t e i n h a v i n g su c h an o u t s t a n d ­ in g s t a f f o f t e a c h e r s and s u p e r v i s o r s .

B o th d i v i s i o n s o f t h e

p ro g ra m a r e w e l l o r g a n i z e d , b u t th e f u t u r e o f e a c h a p p e a r s t o be q u ite d i f f e r e n t .

B e r k e l e y w o u ld seem t o h a v e a pro gram

d e s t i n e d to grow a n d e x p a n d i n f a v o r b o t h w i t h c l e r g y an d school a u t h o r i t i e s a l i k e .

A lb a n y , on t h e o t h e r h a n d , m ig h t

b e r e f e r r e d to a s t h e c i t y m o st l i k e l y t o d i s c o n t i n u e R e l e a s e d Time i n t h e n e a r f u t u r e , f o r t h e r e a s o n s m e n tio n e d e a r l i e r *

57 III.

SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

A c c o r d in g t o f i g u r e s p u b l i s h e d i n a 1946 f o l d e r by t h e 4 P r o t e s t a n t d e n o m i n a t i o n s o f L os A n g e le s , t h r e e o u t o f f o u r p e r s o n s i n t h e S o u t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a a r e a a r e n o t r e l a t e d to an y c h u r c h .

A n o th e r u n d a t e d f o l d e r p u b l i s h e d by t h e D e p a r t ­

m ent o f C h r i s t i a n E d u c a t i o n o f t h e C hurch F e d e r a t i o n o f 5 Los A n g e le s s t a t e s t h a t o v e r f i f t y p e r c e n t o f t h e c h i l d r e n i n t h e Los A n g e le s a r e a h a v e no c o n n e c t i o n w i t h an y c h u r c h . The f i r s t q u o te d s o u r c e a b o v e a l s o i n d i c a t e d t h a t o f t h e c h i l d ­ r e n a t t e n d i n g Weekday c l a s s e s d u r i n g t h e f i r s t y e a r i n S o u th e r n C a l i f o r n i a c o m m u n itie s , o v e r t w e n t y - f i v e p e r c e n t o f t h e a t t e n d i n g c h i l d r e n r e p r e s e n t a g ro u p who w e re n o t p r e v i o u s l y a t t e n d i n g any Sunday c h u r c h s c h o o l .

F o r t h i s r e a s o n many

c h u r c h e s f e e l t h a t t h e i r own p r o g ra m s o f C h r i s t i a n e d u c a t i o n n e e d t o be s u p p le m e n te d i n some o t h e r way.

I t w o u ld be ex­

t r e m e l y d i f f i c u l t a n d e x p e n s i v e f o r a l l c h u r c h e s to m a i n t a i n t h e i r s e p a r a te p ro g ram s.

H ow ever, many g e n u i n e l y f e e l t h a t

t h i s c a n b e a d e q u a t e l y a c c o m p l is h e d t h r o u g h t h e p r e s e n t Weekday p r o g r a m s . I n L os A n g e le s we f i n d t h e h e a d q u a r t e r s o f t h e S o u th e r n C a l i f o r n i a C o u n c il o f P r o t e s t a n t C h u r c h e s .

A g reat deal of

4 “Los A n g e le s Weekday R e l i g i o u s E d u c a t i o n ” l e a f l e t i s s u e d by t h e P r o t e s t a n t D e n o m in a tio n . L os A n g e le s , 1 94 6 . 5 “T h a t They May F a c e The F u t u r e w i t h F a i t h i n G-od and Man“ l e a f l e t i s s u e d by t h e C h u rch F e d e r a t i o n o f Los A n g e le s . U n d a te d .

58 p e r t i n e n t i n f o r m a t i o n h a s b e e n o b t a i n e d from t h i s o f f i c e # I t i s h e re t h a t fo u r b a s ic o b je c ti v e s have been e s ta b li s h e d i n j u s t i f i c a t i o n o f S o u t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a Weekday R e l i g i o u s E d u c a tio n : 1. 2. 3# 4#

To s e r v e a com m unity need# To r e a c h a maximum num ber o f y o u th w ith t h e h ig h e s t q u a lity o f C h r is tia n tra in in g # To c r e a t e t h e r e v e r e n c e s t h a t a r e e s s e n t i a l t o a C h r is tia n so c ie ty # To e s t a b l i s h a c c r e d i t e d r e l a t i o n s t o p u b l i c e d u c a t i o n f o r c e s and p r o c e d u r e s , a n d t o e s t a b l i s h t h e f u n d a m e n ta l r e l a t i o n b e tw e e n r e l i g i o n a n d e d u c a tio n .6

I n a n a t t e m p t to a d o p t t h e s e o b j e c t i v e s many S o u t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a c o m m u n itie s h a v e r e q u e s t e d from t h e P r o t e s t a n t C o u n c il o f C h u r c h e s , some s o r t o f an o u t l i n e d tio n th a t

p la n o f o p e ra -

t h e y m ig h t u s e a s a b a s i s f o r i n i t i a t i n g

r e l i g i o u s e d u c a t i o n i n t h e i r own l o c a l s i t u a t i o n .

Weekday P u b lic

s c h o o l a d m i n i s t r a t o r s to o h a v e b e e n s e e k i n g t h e same t h i n g t h a t t h e y m ig h t b e b e t t e r s a t i s f i e d t h a t an a d e q u a t e p ro g ra m i s b e i n g p r o v i d e d t h e i r c h i l d r e n i f an d when t h e y a r e r e l e a s e d # B o th g r o u p s w e re o b l i g e d when a s i x t e e n p a g e d e t a i l e d p a m p h le t was p u b l i s h e d s u b s e q u e n t t o t h e a p p r o v a l o f t h e S o u t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a C o u n c i l o f P r o t e s t a n t C h u rch es#

I t was i n t h i s

m a n u a l t h a t t h e f o u r b a s i c o b j e c t i v e s w ere f i r s t made g e n e r a l l y p u b lic .

I n c l u d e d h e r e a l s o t h e C o u n c il h a s s e t f o r t h i n t h e

6 W eekday C h r i s t i a n E d u c a t i o n M a n u a l, p u b l i s h e d by t h e S o u t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a C o u n c il o f P r o t e s t a n t C h u r c h e s . Los A n g ele s, u n d a te d . P . 4 .

59 form o f a r e c o m m e n d a tio n , t h e f o l l o w i n g t h r e e g e n e r a l p u r p o s e s an d e i g h t d e s i r e d o u tc o m e s f o r t h e Weekday c u r r i c u l u m : I. 1* 2. 3*

To g u i d e g r o w in g h o y s an d g i r l s i n t o a know ledge o f , a n d an a p p r e c i a t i o n o f t h e C h r i s t i a n r e l i g i o n a s a s o u r c e o f pow er a n d d i r e c t i o n i n t h e i r l i v e s . To a s s i s t b o y s and g i r l s t o e x p e r i e n c e i n d i v i d u a l l y t h e p r e s e n c e o f God an d a c c e p t a n c e o f C h r i s t a s t h e i r p e r s o n a l S a v i o r and F r i e n d . To h e l p b o y s and g i r l s d i s c o v e r p l a c e s and means o f s e r v ic e to o th e r s a s t h e i r p a r t in th e b u ild in g o f t h e Hf a m i l y o f God” . II.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7* 8.

7

G-ene r a l -P u rp o s e :

D e s i r e d O utcom es:

A g ro w in g c o n c e p t i o n o f C h r i s t i a n i d e a l s a s g u i d e s to d a i l y l i v i n g . A d e e p e n i n g s e n s e o f t h e p l a c e a n d v a l u e o f w o r s h ip a s a s o u r c e o f pow er an d s t r e n g t h f o r l i v i n g . A g ro w in g u n d e r s t a n d i n g an d kn ow led g e o f t h e B i b l e a s t h e w r i t t e n r e c o r d o f God* s c a r e and lo v e f o r man a n d m a n 's s e a r c h f o r God. An a p p r e c i a t i o n o f t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n o f C h r i s t i a n men an d women t o t h e l i f e an d c u l t u r e o f m a n k in d . A r e c o g n i t i o n o f t h e p l a c e an d o n g o in g p ro g ra m o f t h e C hurch ( e c u m e n ic a l) an d a d e s i r e t o p a r t i c i p a t e in i t s a c t i v i t i e s . A g ro w in g c o n s c i o u s n e s s o f t h e v a l u e a n d w o r th o f a l l p e o p l e s and a s e n s e o f k i n s h i p to w a rd a l l c u l t u r e s and r a c e s . A c o n t i n u i n g g r o w th to w a rd C h r i s t i a n i d e a l s by p r a c t i c e in s e r v ic e , w o rsh ip , stu d y and p la y . S k i l l i n r e c o g n i z i n g t h e i r own a c h ie v e m e n t s and f a i l u r e s i n C h r i s t i a n l i v i n g by e v a l u a t i n g t h e i r own a c t i o n s a n d a t t i t u d e s i n te r m s o f t h e i d e a l s , a c t i o n an d t e a c h i n g s o f J e s u s . '

Weekday C h r i s t i a n E d u c a t i o n M a n u a l, i s s u e d b y t h e D e p a rtm e n t o f C h r i s t i a n E d u c a t i o n o f t h e S o u th e r n C a l i f o r n i a C o u n c il o f P r o t e s t a n t C h u r c h e s . Los A n g e l e s , u n d a t e d . P . 9*

60 The f i r s t d i r e c t o r o f Weekday r e l i g i o u s e d u c a t i o n t o w ork o u t o f t h i s o f f i c e was Mrs* W a lla c e G-. F r a s h e r *

I n 1940

a t t h e o u t s e t o f th e p ro g ram i n Los A n g e le s sh e was a d d e d t o th e s t a f f s p e c i f i c a l l y f o r th e purpose o f d i r e c t i n g th e R e l e a s e d Time a c t i v i t i e s *

H er w ork was t h e n p u t i n t o t h e

d e p a r t m e n t o f C h r i s t i a n E d u c a tio n *

At p r e s e n t sh e i s th e

D i r e c t o r o f c h i l d r e n ' s w ork i n t h e D e p a rtm e n t o f C h r i s t i a n E d u c a t i o n , w h ic h p o s i t i o n i n c l u d e s a l l R e l e a s e d Time a c t i v i t i e s w h ic h sh e h e a d s a s t h e o n l y Los A n g e le s s u p e r v i s o r *

S in c e th e

p ro g ra m s c o n c e p t i n L o s A n g e l e s , sh e a n d Dr* W. C. P a r r y h a v e b e e n t h e p r i m a r y l e a d e r s i n i t s o v e r a l l p ro m o tio n *

Dr* P a r r y

was t h e D i r e c t o r o f t h e D e p a rtm e n t o f C h r i s t i a n E d u c a t i o n and t h e S u p e r i n t e n d e n t o f Weekday S c h o o l s .

M rs. F r a s h e r i s

r e s p o n s i b l e f o r a l l o f h e r w ork t o t h e Weekday B o a rd w h ich i s h e a d e d b y D r. W illia m B e l l . and in c lu d e th e fo llo w in g s

H er a c t i v i t i e s a r e v e ry b ro ad c o o rd in a tio n o f f i e l d w o rk ers,

cu rric u lu m r e v is i o n s , r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r f in a n c e s , o rg a n iz a ­ t i o n and p r o m o tio n o f t e a c h e r ' s m e e ti n g s a n d i n s t i t u t e s , c l a s s ­ room v i s i t a t i o n s ,

c o n t a c t w ork i n t h e form o f n u m ero u s s p e a k i n g

e n g a g e m e n ts t o p ro m o te R e l e a s e d T im e.

I n a d d i t i o n sh e i s a

member o f t h e I n t e r f a i t h C o m m ittee. L os A n g e l e s .

The Los A n g e le s B oard o f E d u c a t i o n to o k

i t s f i r s t o f f i c i a l a c t i o n on t h e R e l e a s e d Time q u e s t i o n i n A p r i l o f 1944 when i t a d o p t e d an e n a b l i n g a c t w h ieh p r o v i d e d

61 f o r t h e r e l e a s e o f a p u b l i c s c h o o l c h i l d o n e h o u r a week to a tte n d a r e l i g i o u s e d u c a tio n c l a s s o f h i s f a ith *

T h is a f f e c t *

ed f o u r t h , f i f t h , a n d s i x t h g r a d e p u p i l s i n c e r t a i n a p p r o v e d sc h o o ls.

The p ro g ra m th e n h a d i t s b e g i n n i n g i n t h e F a l l o f

1944 u n d e r t h e s p o n s o r s h i p o f t h e I n t e r f a i t h C om m ittee and d i r e c t i o n o f R ev. W i l b e r C. P a r r y . ra p id .

I n i t i a l g ro w th was q u i t e

I n Los A n g e l e s , a c c o r d i n g to a s u r v e y made by t h e

S u p e rin te n d e n t’ s o f f i c e ,

M42 p e r c e n t o f th e c h i l d r e n e l i g i b l e

t o b e r e l e a s e d w ere a t t e n d i n g r e l i g i o u s i n s t r u c t i o n w i t h i n t h e se c o n d y e a r a f t e r t h e p l a n h a d b e e n i n a u g u r a t e d . m 3

The I n t e r *

f a i t h C om m ittee was com posed o f a l l t h o s e f a i t h s s o l i d l y b e h i n d t h e R e l e a s e d Time p r o g ra m .

T h is g ro u p w orks w i t h t h e p u b l i c

s c h o o l s on v a r i o u s a d m i n i s t r a t i v e r e l a t i o n s h i p s su c h a s d e t e r m i n i n g t h e s c h o o l s from w h ic h t h e c h i l d r e n w i l l b e r e * l e a s e d , a n d t h e r e s p e c t i v e t im e s o f r e l e a s e .

Each i n d i v i d u a l

g ro u p p r o v i d e s i t s own c u r r i c u l u m an d m a i n t a i n s i t s own s e p a r a te c la ssro o m s and te a c h in g s t a f f .

The f a i t h g r o u p s

c o o p e ra tin g in th e r e l i g i o u s e d u c a tio n a re a s fo llo w s:

C h ristia n

S c i e n c e , C hurch F e d e r a t i o n , E v a n g e l i c a l R e l e a s e d Tim e, J e w i s h Community C o u n c il and Roman C a t h o l i c .

8 S p e c i a l B u l l e t i n 1 1 2 , Los A n g e le s C i t y S c h o o l S y ste m , D ecem ber 1 2 , 1 9 4 5 .

62

T u r n i n g o u r a t t e n t i o n now s p e c i f i c a l l y to t h e P r o t e s t t a n t C h urch F e d e r a t i o n , we f i n d t h a t a l t h o u g h r e l i g i o u s e d u c a tio n i s n o t p r e s e n t in a l l s c h o o ls , i t i s n o n e th e le s s t o h e f o u n d i n two h u n d r e d n i n e p u b l i c s c h o o l s a s o f t h e F a l l s e m e s t e r o f 1949*

T h i s f i g u r e w ould b e c o n s i d e r a b l y h i g h e r

w ere a d e q u a t e f u n d s a v a i l a b l e #

D u rin g t h e f i r s t y e a r , f ifty * *

s i x e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l s w e re r e p r e s e n t e d and some t h r e e th o u s a n d n i n e h u n d r e d f o r t y - o n e c h i l d r e n w ere e n r o l l e d a s o f A p r i l 1 3, 1945*

M rs. A ld en h a s s t a t e d t h a t a t t h e p r e s e n t

tim e s l i g h t l y o v e r f i f t y p e r c e n t o f t h e e l i g i b l e c h i l d r e n a r e r e a c h e d b y t h e p r o g ra m .

The C h u rch F e d e r a t i o n r e p r e s e n t s

a m a j o r i t y o f t h e P r o t e s t a n t C h u rc h e s i n t h e Los A n g e le s a r e a # I t i s an e x c e p t i o n a l l y w e l l o r g a n i z e d and f u n c t i o n i n g o r g a n i z a tio n #

R e l e a s e d Time a s su m e s a m a jo r p o r t i o n o f i t s i n t e r e s t

an d a t t e n t i o n # I n f o r m a t i o n h e r e i n p r e s e n t e d f o r t h e s t u d y o f Los A n g e le s was n e a r l y a l l g a t h e r e d d u r i n g p e r s o n a l i n t e r v i e w s w i t h D r. W i l b e r C. P a r r y , D r . E . C. Farnham a n d M r s . E . R uth A ld e n .

R e v . P a r r y was t h e D i r e c t o r o f C h r i s t i a n E d u c a t i o n

f o r t h e Los A n g e le s C h urch F e d e r a t i o n o f t h e S o u t h e r n C a l i f ­ o r n i a C o u n c il o f C h u r c h e s , a n d S u p e r i n t e n d e n t o f Weekday sc h o o ls.

D r . Farnham was th e n a n d i s now t h e E x e c u t i v e

S e c r e t a r y o f t h e C h urch F e d e r a t i o n , a s w e l l a s t h e G e n e r a l S e c r e t a r y o f t h e S o u t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a C o u n c il o f C h u r c h e s .

M rs.

63 A ld en i s o n e o f t h e s i x Los A n g e le s Weekday f i e l d w o r k e r s w o rk in g d i r e c t l y u n d e r M rs. F r a s h e r who i s t h e G e n e r a l Super** v i s o r o f Weekday f i e l d w o rk e rs * The o v e r a l l p ro g ra m i n t h i s a r e a h a s b e e n c o n t i n u a l l y g ro w in g fro m t h e f i r s t ; h o w e v e r, a t p r e s e n t , i t seem s to h a v e r e a c h e d a t l e a s t a te m p o r a r y p l a t e a u i n i t s g r o w th . i n e x p a n s i o n seems to h a v e b e e n r e a c h e d i n 1 9 4 8 .

The p e a k

I t i s g en er­

a l l y b e lie v e d t h a t t h i s s i t u a t i o n i s th e r e s u l t o f in a d e q u a te f i n a n c e s t o ex p a n d f u r t h e r .

F o r t h i s r e a s o n a m a jo r r e a d j u s t ­

m ent h a s r e c e n t l y t a k e n p l a c e a s o f t h e F a l l s e m e s t e r i n 1949* w h ereb y m ore t e a c h e r s h a v e b e e n en g a g e d on a more n e a r l y v o lu n ta ry b a s is .

This, new crew o f t e a c h e r s i s d e s i g n a t e d a s

11e x p e n s e t e a c h e r s 11, i n d i c a t i n g t h a t t h e i r p a y i s b a s e d on a c tu a l o p e ra tin g expenses. f o r th e ir se rv ic e s.

They r e c e i v e o n e d o l l a r an h o u r

S ix o f t h e f o r m e r f u l l - t i m e t e a c h e r s h a v e

b e e n made f i e l d w o r k e r s .

E ach f i e l d w o rk e r h a s a d i s t r i c t

and t h e c i t y h a s b e e n d i v i d e d i n t o s i x d i s t r i c t s .

T h ese

w o r k e r s t e a c h a p p r o x i m a t e l y t e n h o u r s a week i n a d d i t i o n to t h e i r c o o r d i n a t i o n d u t i e s an d th e y a r e d i r e c t l y r e s p o n s i b l e t o M rs . F r a s h e r .

I n a s e n s e e a c h i s a s u p e r v i s o r o f h e r own

d i s t r i c t e v e n th o u g h t h e y a r e n * t so d e s i g n a t e d . A c c o r d in g t o D r. F arn ham , t h i s new p l a n i s d e f i n i t e l y w o rk in g o u t b u t h e f e a r s t h a t Los A n g e le s w i l l soon a g a i n reach h e r f in a n c ia l c a p a c ity .

He s t a t e s t h a t P r o t e s t a n t i s m

64 i s h a v i n g t o grow i n t o t h i s o v e r a l l p ro g ram s i n c e t h e y w e r e n f t t r a i n e d f o r i t an d i t w i l l t a k e tim e b e f o r e m o st o f t h e ro u g h s p o t s c a n b e sm oo th ed o u t* G e n e r a l l y s p e a k i n g t h e C hurch F e d e r a t i o n Weekday r e l i g i o u s e d u c a t i o n a c t i v i t i e s a r e c o n d u c te d i n member c h u r c h e s n e a r t h e p u b l i c s c h o o l s from w h ic h t h e c h i l d r e n h a v e b e e n r e « le a se d *

B e c a u se o f r e l a t i v e l o c a t i o n s t h i s i s n o t a lw a y s

p o s s i b l e an d I n such c a s e s p r i v a t e homes u s u a l l y s e r v e a s t h e su b stitu te *

C a l i f o r n i a law s p e c i f i c a l l y p r e v e n t s c h i l d r e n

from r e c e i v i n g t h e i r r e l i g i o u s e d u c a t i o n on s c h o o l g r o u n d s , th u s p re s e rv in g f o r us th e p r in c ip le o f th e s e p a ra tio n o f c h u r c h an d s t a t e *

T r a n s p o r t a t i o n from t h e p u b l i c s c h o o l s t o

t h e s e c e n t e r s o f r e l i g i o u s i n s t r u c t i o n d o e s n o t p r e s e n t any c o n s i s t a n t p ro b le m s i n c e s u c h l o c a t i o n s a r e m ost o f t e n con* v e n i e n t l y lo c a te d w i t h i n easy w a lk in g d is ta n c e *

Where such i s

n o t t h e c a s e f r e e s u p e r v i s e d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i s p r o v i d e d and i n e i t h e r c a s e , s p e c i a l e s c o r t s a r e f u r n i s h e d to i n s u r e o r d e r a n d s a f e t y t o a n d fro m t h e Weekday c l a s s e s *

H ow ever, many

t e a c h e r s t r a v e l w i t h t h e i r c l a s s e s m aking an e s c o r t u n n e c e s s a r y * A t t h e p r e s e n t tim e t h e r e a r e . o n l y f i v e b u s e s i n u s e f o r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n c o n v e n ie n c e *

C l a s s e s v a r y i n s i z e a l l t h e way

from two o r t h r e e i n a c l a s s , u p w a rd s t o a s many a s f i f t y ; t h e a v e r a g e r u n n i n g b e tw e e n tw e n ty and t h i r t y * B e c a u s e o f t h e s h o r t s c h o o l d a y em ployed i n Los A n g e le s , t h e p e r i o d o f r e l e a s e from t h e p u b l i c s c h o o l i s l i m i t e d to

65 f o r t y m i n u t e s a week*

Once t h e tim e en r o u t e b e tw e e n s c h o o l s

h a s b e e n d e d u c t e d t h e r e a r e o n l y a b o u t t w e n t y » f i v e m in u t e s l e f t fo r a c tu a l in stru c tio n *

A c c o r d in g to Mrs* A ld e n , a few

c l a s s e s f a v o r a b l y l o c a t e d h a v e a s much a s t h i r t y m i n u t e s a n d t h e n t o o , a few l e s s f a v o r a b l y l o c a t e d h a v e a s l i t t l e

as

f i f t e e n m in u te s * The c h i l d r e n r e c e i v e a r e p o r t c a r d a t t h e en d o f e a ch s e m e s t e r an d a s p e c i a l l y p r e p a r e d c e r t i f i c a t e a t t h e en d o f e a c h y e a r ’ s work*

An i n t e r e s t i n g s i d e l i g h t m ig h t w e l l be

i n s e r t e d a t t h i s p o i n t i n t h e way o f j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r t h e s e re p o rt card s.

R e c e n t l y a r a t h e r l a r g e g r o u p o f Weekday

s t u d e n t s w ere a s k e d to l i s t

some o f t h e r e a s o n s t h e y d i d o r

d id n o t l i k e t h e i r r e l i g i o u s e d u c a tio n c l a s s e s .

A su rp rise

i n g l y l a r g e num ber o f c h i l d r e n i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e y l i k e d t h e r e p o r t c a r d s w h ich t h e y d i d n ’ t r e c e i v e i n t h e i r r e g u l a r Sunday School c la s s e s .

Weekday l e a d e r s a r e hap p y t h a t c h i l d r e n do

f e e l t h a t t h e i r Weekday c l a s s e s a r e q u i t e d i f f e r e n t from t h e i r Sunday S c h o o l c l a s s e s ,

sin c e th e c h ild re n don’ t g ain

t h e i m p r e s s i o n t h a t t h e y a r e d o i n g t h e same t h i n g t w i c e , w hich w ould c e r t a i n l y t e n d t o c a u s e c h i l d r e n t o l o s e i n t e r e s t b e ­ c a u s e o f boredom* Los A n g e le s Weekday t e a c h e r s on t h e w h o le a r e v e r y h ig h ly q u a lif ie d p e rs o n n e l.

C e r ta in te a c h e r r e q u i s i t e s have

b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d by t h e P r o t e s t a n t C o u n c il o f C h u rc h e s an d s u b m i t t e d i n t h e a f o r e m e n t i o n e d Weekday C h r i s t i a n E d u c a t i o n M a n u a l.

T h ese r e q u i r e m e n t s may b e a d o p t e d i n v a r y i n g d e g r e e s

66 by i n d i v i d u a l c o m m u n itie s ; h o w e v e r, c e r t a i n minimum s t a n d a r d s m u st b e m et i f i t i s a t a l l p o s s i b l e .

The minimum r e q u ir e - *

m e n ts a s s e t f o r t h by t h e C o u n c il an d a d o p t e d by Los A n g e l e s , a re as fo llo w s: STANDARDS FOR WEEKDAY CHRISTIAN EDUCATION TEACHERS A.

P e r s o n a l i t y and C h a r a c t e r

A t e a c h e r i n a Weekday C h r i s t i a n E d u c a t i o n s c h o o l s h o u ld be r e c o g n i z e d a s a p e r s o n who p o s s e s s e s a C h r i s t ­ i a n p e r s o n a l i t y w h ic h c o n t i n u e s t o grow th r o u g h r e a d i n g an d s t u d y ; i s an a c t i v e member o f some c h u r c h ; shows g e n u in e r e s p e c t f o r each p u p i l , concern f o r h i s C h r i s t ­ i a n d e v e lo p m e n t an d a b i l i t y to g u id e h i s g ro w th i n C h r i s t i a n c h a r a c t e r ; and f i n d s i n C h r i s t i a n t e a c h i n g a j o y o u s o p p o r t u n i t y to s e r v e God a n d man. B.

G e n e r a l E d u c a t i o n a l B a ck g ro u n d

A Weekday C h r i s t i a n E d u c a t i o n t e a c h e r m u st u n d e r ­ s ta n d th e b a s i c u n i v e r s a l c o n c e p ts o f th e C h r i s t i a n r e l i g i o n , and t e a c h i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h a b r o a d i n t e r ­ d e n o m in a tio n a l r a t h e r th a n a l i m ite d s e c t a r i a n p o in t o f v i e w . The t e a c h e r m u st u n d e r s t a n d and u s e t h e b e s t m e th o d s o f C h r i s t i a n E d u c a t i o n . C.

F o rm a l E d u c a t i o n a l B a c k g ro u n d

C o l l e g e g r a d u a t i o n , o r i t s e q u i v a l e n t , w ith r e l i g i o u s e d u c a tio n t r a i n i n g , in c lu d in g course re q u ire m e n ts s i m i l a r to t h o s e o f t h e S e c o n d C e r t i f i c a t e o f P r o g r e s s , o f t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o u n c il o f R e l i g i o u s E d u c a t i o n . A cadem ic t r a i n i n g s h o u l d b e e q u i v a l e n t to t h a t o f t h e p u b l i c s c h o o l t e a c h e r i n t h e community f o r t h e same g rad e. D.

E x p e rie n c e in C h r is tia n E d u c a tio n

A t l e a s t one y e a r * s s u c c e s s f u l e x p e r i e n c e w i t h i n t h e l a s t f i v e y e a r s a s a l e a d e r i n t h e Sunday C h u rch S c h o o l, o r t h e e q u i v a l e n t t i m e i n a V a c a t i o n C hurch S c h o o l . T h is s h o u ld b e a p p r o x i m a t e l y on t h e same a g e l e v e l a s t h a t t o b e t a u g h t i n t h e Weekday C h r i s t i a n E d u c a t i o n S c h o o l.

67 E.

In -S e rv ic e T ra in in g

(1 ) A t t e n d a t l e a s t t h r e e T r a i n i n g I n s t i t u t e s d u r i n g th e y e a r; ( 2 ) h e f a m i l i a r w i t h t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o u n c il B u l l e t i n on Weekday C hurch S c h o o l s a s w e l l a s t h e b u l l e t i n s i s s u e d by t h i s D e p a rtm e n t o f C h r i s t i a n E d u ca­ tio n ; (3 ) Head a t l e a s t s i x b o o k s fro m a l i s t recommended by t h i s D e p a rtm e n t o f C h r i s t i a n E d u c a t i o n ; (4 ) Be a c q u a in te d w ith th e p u b lic sc h o o l c o u rse o f s tu d y . U nd er t h e new o r g a n i z a t i o n a l p l a n , Los A n g e le s t e a c h e r s a r e now c l a s s i f i e d i n t o t h r e e g r o u p s .

F i r s t come t h e e x p e n s e

( b a s e d ) t e a c h e r s who a r e e i t h e r new o r young i n t h e i r y e a r s o f Weekday s e r v i c e .

A t p r e s e n t ( F a l l o f 1949) t h e r e a r e

s e v e n t e e n su c h e x p e n s e t e a c h e r s i n s t r u c t i n g on t h e b a s i s o f o n e d o l l a r an h o u r .

N ext in l i n e a re th e ex p e rien ce d te a c h e rs

who h a v e b e e n w i t h th e Weekday p ro g ra m t h e l o n g e s t .

Today

t h e r e a r e f i v e s u c h t e a c h e r s r e c e i v i n g two d o l l a r s an h o u r . The l a s t g ro u p c o n s i s t s o f s i x f i e l d w o r k e r s who t e a c h on t h e a v e r a g e o f t e n h o u r s a w eek an d sp e n d t h e r e m a i n i n g p o r t i o n o f t h e i r tim e i n a s u p e rv is o ry c a p a c ity o v e r each o f t h e i r re sp e c tiv e d i s t r i c t s .

T h ese p e o p l e a r e p a i d on a y e a r l y b a s i s

a t a r a t e o f $ 2 4 0 0 .0 0 a y e a r .

They h a v e a one m onth v a c a t i o n

e a c h y e a r , a n d a l l l e g a l h o l i d a y s , b u t t h e y do n o t r e c e i v e th e r e g u la r school h o lid a y s .

9

wT h a t They May F a c e The F u t u r e w i t h F a i t h i n God and Man11 l e a f l e t i s s u e d by t h e C hurch F e d e r a t i o n o f Los A n g e le s . U n d a te d , pp^ 12-3-3*

68 F u l l - t i m e t e a c h e r s a r e e n t i t l e d t o f i v e w eeks o f v a c a t i o n i n a d d i t i o n t o a l l l e g a l h o l i d a y s and a l l t e a c h e r s a r e e n t i t l e d t o o n e - h a l f d a y s i c k l e a v e w i t h p ay f o r e a c h c l a s s ta u g h t d u rin g th e y e a r.

E ach t e a c h e r m u st p r o v i d e f o r

h i s own t r a n s p o r t a t i o n w i t h o u t re c o m p e n se u n l e s s h e m u st t e a c h i n a d i s t a n t com m unity i n w h ich c a s e h e w i l l be r e im ­ bursed# A t t h e a n n u a l f i v e d a y F a l l I n s t i t u t e p r i o r t o o p e n in g o f t h e Weekday s c h o o l s , t h e D e p a rtm e n t o f R e l i g i o u s E d u c a t i o n w i l l b e a r t h e f u l l b u r d e n f o r room and b o a r d o f a l l p a r t - t i m e t e a c h e r s who r e c e i v e no r e m u n e r a t i o n f o r t h e i r a t t e n d a n c e . F u ll- tim e te a c h e r s a r e p a id f o r t h e i r a tte n d a n c e and in a d d i­ t i o n , t h e y a r e r e i m b u r s e d f o r h a l f o f t h e i r room an d b o a r d expenses. Weekday c u r r i c u l u m i n t h e Los A n g e le s a r e a h a s b e e n , and i s s t i l l t o some e x t e n t , r a t h e r d i v e r s i f i e d *

T h is s i t u a ­

t i o n h a s c r e a t e d a d e s i r e f o r some form o f s t a n d a r d i z a t i o n # F o l l o w i n g t h e f o u r t h y e a r o f R e l e a s e d Time i n S o u t h e r n C a l i f ­ o r n i a , t h e D e p a rtm e n t o f C h r i s t i a n E d u c a t i o n d e v e l o p e d a c u r r i c u l u m g u i d e , w i t h s p e c i a l a t t e n t i o n b e i n g d e v o t e d to t h e fo llo w in g e s s e n t i a l s : 1. 2.

A kn ow led g e o f t h e d e v e lo p m e n t and c a p a b i l i t i e s o f t h e c h i l d i n e a c h o f t h e v a r i o u s ag e l e v e l s # C o r r e la tio n w ith th e p u b lic sch o o l c o u rse s o f so c ia l stu d ie s.

69 3*

C o rre la tio n (not s u b s titu tio n o r d u p lic a tio n ) w i t h t h e S unday Church S c h o o l an d V a c a t i o n C hurch S c h o o l m a t e r i a l s a s p r e p a r e d by t h e v a r i o u s P r o t e s t a n t d e n o m i n a t i o n s w o rk in g w i t h t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o u n c il o f R e l i g i o u s E d u c a tio n * A r e c o g n i t i o n o f t h e l e n g t h o f tim e a v a i l a b l e f o r Weekday C h r i s t i a n E d u c a t i o n o n R e l e a s e d T im e, an d t h e n e c e s s i t y f o r m a i n t a i n i n g a s c h o o l room _ a tm o s p h e r e i n a l l C h r i s t i a n E d u c a t i o n c l a s s e s .

4*

I n s t u d y i n g t h e c u r r i c u l u m on t h e n e x t p a g e s , i t m ust b e b o r n e i n m ind t h a t t h e B i b l e h e a d s t h e l i s t o f b a s i c t e x t s f o r i t i s t h e book m o st u s e d by s t u d e n t s a n d t e a c h e r s a l i k e * S c r i p t u r e r e f e r e n c e s a r e e i t h e r from t h e K ing Ja m es o r t h e R e v is e d S t a n d a r d V e r s i o n o f t h e New T e s t a m e n t , 1946*

S u g g e s te d

t i m e d i v i s i o n s may, o f c o u r s e , be a l t e r e d t o m eet t h e n e e d s o f th e c l a s s b e in g ta u g h t.

As m e n tio n e d b e f o r e , t h e c u r r i c u l u m

i s b a s e d u po n a t h i r t y - t w o week s c h e d u l e .

Of t h i s , two w eeks

a r e to b e s e t a s i d e f o r a s p e c i a l T h a n k s g i v in g u n i t , t h r e e w eeks f o r a C h r i s t m a s u n i t , and th e n t h r e e more w eeks i n t h e S p r i n g f o r an E a s t e r u n i t *

A c u r r i c u l u m f o r c l a s s e s c o m b in in g

t h e ag e l e v e l s fro m n i n e t h r o u g h t w e l v e , a n d t h e c u r r i c u l u m f o r t h e T h a n k s g i v i n g , C h r i s t m a s , and E a s t e r u n i t s a r e i n c l u d e d i n A p p end ix A.

On t h e f o l l o w i n g p a g e s w i l l be f o u n d t h e

s u g g e s t e d c u r r i c u l u m t o g e t h e r w i t h i t s g e n e r a l p u r p o s e s and d e s i r e d o u t c o m e s . 11

10

MW eekday C h r i s t i a n E d u c a tio n * * -C u rric u lu m S u g g e s t i o n s , M i s s u e d b y t h e D e p a rtm e n t o f C h r i s t i a n E d u c a t i o n o f t h e Church F e d e r a t i o n o f L o s A n g e le s* U ndated*

11 Ib id .

GENERAL p u r p o s e s To g u i d e g ro w in g b o y s and g i r l s i n t o a c o n s t a n t l y e x p a n d in g , m ore m e a n i n g f u l c o n c e p t o f God. To a s s i s t b o y s an d g i r l s i n t o a d e e p e n in g k n o w led g e o f , a n d an a p p r e c i a t i o n f o r t h e C h r i s t i a n r e l i g i o n a s a s o u r c e o f pow er and d i r e c t i o n i n t h e i r l i v e s . To l e a d bo y s an d g i r l s to p r a c t i c e t h e p r e s e n c e o f God i n t h e i r own l i v e s a n d t o e n c o u r a g e them to w a r d t h e a c c e p ta n c e o f J e s u s C h r is t as t h e i r p e rso n a l S a v io r, F rie n d , an d G u id e . To d e v e l o p i n b o y s a n d g i r l s t h e c o n s c i o u s n e s s o f t h e u rg e n t need o f th e p r a c t ic e o f C h r is tia n s o c ia l r e l a t i o n ­ sh ip s in a l l phases o f liv i n g . To e n c o u r a g e t h e a c c e p t a n c e o f a C h r i s t i a n v ie w o f t h e w o rld and o f t h e u n i v e r s e . To c r e a t e a n d e n l a r g e i n g ro w in g b o y s an d g i r l s t h o s e r e v e r e n c e s f o r God a n d f o r man, a n d t h a t r e s p e c t f o r p r o p e r t y w h ic h a r e e s s e n t i a l f o r C h r i s t i a n c i t i z e n s h i p . DESIRED OUTCOMES A c o n s t a n t l y e x p a n d in g a n d d e e p e n in g i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e C h r i s t i a n i d e a l i n te r m s o f d a i l y c o n d u c t . A d e e p e n i n g s e n s e o f t h e p l a c e , v a l u e and p r a c t i c e o f w or­ s h i p a s a s o u r c e o f p ow er a n d s t r e n g t h f o r l i v i n g . A g ro w in g k n o w led g e a n d u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e B i b l e a s a r e v e l a t i o n o f God a n d H is c a r e and c o n c e r n f o r men. An e v e r d e v e l o p i n g c o n s c i o u s n e s s o f t h e B i b l e a s a l i v i n g book f o r t o d a y ; a s a g u i d e f o r l i v i n g h e r e a n d now. A r e c o g n i t i o n o f t h e C h r i s t i a n C hurch ( e c u m e n ic a l) a s a v i t a l f o r c e i n t h e w o r l d , and e n c o u ra g e m e n t i n t h e p a r t i c i ­ p a t i o n o f i t s o n g o in g program * A g r o w in g c o n s c i o u s n e s s o f t h e v a l u e and w o r t h o f a l l p e o p l e s a s c h i l d r e n o f One F a t h e r , God; an d t h e d e v e l o p ­ m en t o f a s e n s e o f k i n s h i p to w a r d a l l c u l t u r e s a n d r a c e s .

71 7.

A k n o w led g e a n d a p p r e c i a t i o n o f C h r i s t i a n l i t e r a t u r e , a r t , a n d m u sic t h a t w i l l e n r i c h an d d e e p e n s p i r i t u a l life .

8.

A re c o g n itio n o f th e g r e a t c o n tr ib u tio n o f C h r is tia n le a d e r s to th e l i f e and c u l t u r e o f th e w o rld .

9.

E x p e rie n c e s in C h r is t ia n s e r v ic e th ru a c t i v i t i e s d e sig n e d t o f u r t h e r f r i e n d s h i p a n d g o o d w i l l to w a r d ALL men.

10

.

I n c r e a s i n g s k i l l i n r e c o g n i z i n g a c h ie v e m e n t s a n d f a i l u r e s i n C h r i s t i a n l i v i n g by e v a l u a t i n g a c t i o n s an d a t t i t u d e s i n t h e l i g h t o f t h e i d e a l s an d l i f e o f J e s u s C h r i s t .

72 F O U R T H GRADE A p p ro x im a te Age 9**10 y e a r s MAnd I w i l l w a lk among y o u , a n d w i l l b e y o u r God, and you s h a l l b e my p e o p l e . M L e v i t i c u s 26*12 l,0 come, l e t u s w o r s h ip an d bow down, l e t u s k n e e l b e f o r e t h e L o rd o u r m a k e r . 11 P s a lm s 9556 OBJECTIVES UNIT I

1.

S t o r i e s o f B ib le P eo p le To h e l p b o y s a n d g i r l s t o know t h e B i b l e p e o p le .

TWENTY 2.

To c l a r i f y a n d e n r i c h t h e i r i d e a s o f God.

3*

To b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d t h e i r own p r o b le m s a s th e y l e a r n o f o th e r s who m et and s o l v e d t h e same p r o b l e m s .

BASIC TEXTS

REFERENCES

STORIES OF BIBLE PEOPLE by M u r i e l C u rtis

CHILD LIFE IN BIBLE TIMES by T a y lo r HOW THE EARLY HEBREWS LIVED AND LEARNED by B o n s e r

SESSIONS

4.

1. UNIT I I SEVEN 2. SESSIONS 3*

HEROES OF THE BIBLE by A th y

To a c q u i r e s k i l l i n f i n d i n g an d r e a d i n g th e s e B ib le s t o r i e s th e m se lv e s. The C hurch i n o u r Town To i n c r e a s e t h e p u p i l ' s k n o w led g e o f w h a t t h e church c o n t r ib u t e s to h i s home and com m unity.

EXPLORING OUR NEIGH­ BORHOOD by M ild re d E a k in

To d e v e lo p a n u nd erstan d * * or in g o f th e chureh as p e o p l e w o rk in g t o g e t h e r LEARNING f o r God. ABOUT OUR To e n c o u r a g e t h e d e v e l o p ­ CHURCH by m ent o f . s k i l l s i n w o rk in g F r a s e r in th e church

UNDER THE CHURCH FLAG b y E a k in STREET CORNER by H a ro ld and A l i c e H u n tin g

S c r i p t u r e s u g g e s t e d f o r u s e a n d m e m o r iz a tio n UNIT I - L e v i t i c u s 2 6 s 1 2 , P s a lm s 23» P sa lm s 100, P r o v e r b s 2 0 : 2 2 , Luke 2 : 5 2 , I I T im othy 2 :1 5 UNIT I I - P s a lm s 2 9 : 2 , I C h r o n i c l e s 1 6 : 2 9 , Luke 4 :1 8

73 F I F T H GRADE A p p ro x im a te Age 1 0 -1 1 y e a r s "The tim e w i l l f a i l me i f I t e l l o f D av id an d t h e p r o p h e t s , who t h r o u g h f a i t h su b d u e d kingdom s a n d w ro u g h t r i g h t e o u s n e s s . 11 H ebrew s 1 1 : 3 2 ,3 3

OBJECTIVES UNIT I FIVE SESSIONS

BASIC ‘TEXTS

K in g s BIBLE 1. To g a i n a kn ow led LATER ge PIONEERS by o f th e l i f e tim e s and H u n tin g in f lu e n c e o f th e k in g s t h a t r u le d i n Judah and I s r a e l . 2*

To d i s c o v e r i n t h e c h a r a c te r and a c tio n s o f th e s e p e o p le th e s t r o n g a n d w eak p o i n t s w h ic h made them g r e a t or fa ilu re s .

3*

To r e l a t e t h e s e d i s ­ c o v e rie s to liv in g t o d a y ; t o d e v e lo p s k i l l s i n m aking r ig h t c h o ic e s.

P ro p h e ts UNIT I I 1 . To 1-earn who t h e p ro p h e ts o f Judah an d I s r a e l w e r e , a n d EIGHT w h a t t h e y l i v e d an d ta u g h t• S E S S IO N S ^ *

a p p r e c i a t e an d reco g n iz e th e in ­ flu e n c e of th e se "men o f God” on eon*