A Study of the Relationship of Selected Personal and Environmental Factors to Academic Success

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a

m m x m the heiatiohshx* o f se le c te d >i

m m oM A L

a w

b w ir o m m e h ta l

f ac to r s

TO ACADEMIC SUCCESS

A Project ftQ&0n%&A t o th e F aculty o f th e Department o f Education Tim- College o f W illiam and Mary

In P a r t i a l F u lfillm e n t o f th e Requirements fo r the Degree of M aster of Education

by Stephen Brace Conger August 1-950

ProQuest Number: 10632169

All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality o f this reproduction is d e p e n d e n t upon th e quality o f th e co p y submitted. In th e unlikely ev e n t that th e author did not send a co m p le te manuscript and there are missing p a g es, th e se will b e n oted . Also, if material had to b e rem oved, a n o te will indicate th e deletion.

uest ProQuest 10632169 Published by ProQuest LLC (2017). Copyright o f th e Dissertation is held by th e Author. All rights reserved. This work is p rotected against unauthorized cop yin g under Title 17, United States C o d e Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 - 1346

tab m

o f c o n te n ts

CHAPTER It

pace

THE UTRODOOf 101 TO THE PROBLEM .*

• * .** '

1

,** * *

X

.» * * *

1

*

** * .

1

S ig n ific a n c e o f th e problem. *

* * * ,*

2

The problem, ♦,

#.

*. . .*, i, %*

.Statement o f th e n o b lest.

* «

L im ita tio n s o f the problem.

l ^ f i n i t i e m o f terms, used * * * * * * *

5

Academic su c c e ss tn- c o lle g e * * * * *

3

Pim m ® ter o f seoohdui^ s c h o o ls

3

Student p erso n a l fa c to r s

* * *

* * * * * *

3

Environmental f a c t o r s * * ♦ *

** # *

3

Method o f procedure * * * * * *

** * *

4

C o lle c tio n o f d a ta

* ***.*.**#

*

S electi.o h -:cf sample .* * * ■ * ♦ , * . * * *

4

T a b u la tio n o f th e .data ,*. * * , * * . . *

3

Method o f co d in g the data.. # * * * * ’*

5';

S t a t i s t i c a l treatm ent o f ib® data * * O rgan isation o f th e rep o rt II*

4

* *

** * *

A REVIEW OF THE LITER!ThRE RELATED TO THE PROBLEM *, * * * * * * * *. * * * Sex f a c to r

# * * * « * » * • * « * » *

Age f a c t o r

» * * # * * * * * * * * *

12 13 14 14

*

16

Veteran, or m u *vetera n f a c t o r , * .* .. .* •

1?

I n t e llig e n c e f a c t o r * * * * * *

18

High sch o o l achievem ent f a c t o r

* * * ■*. * * * *

20

ilitfflE-

MB! • B rltitipalt* ta tla g faato? * « # * # » »

21

• mmnMB* oaduFafeidik fa eta r

* *

** * *•■

if

"Bmm a ia i# fa#%#r * * « * * .« ■«.

*■* « «

23

\g i^ t # f ’M gii naho&l' gfc'a&uation ^iasir * . * * * * * *

f^

' F|#M .! # f ao&o&niratiQn

■»* * ■*..*• * # *;

25

§0m»%mm completed ,*

*•* * .*. # * * * *•

25

* *

ti

*■

if

Ago factor * * * * * *i. ■*■ » •#,•# ■* * *

if

W aoa^yeteraa factor *

** * f

if

.#* * *

3#

**■' . ****

30

■«■ ; # ■ * * ■ # ♦ *

.

*

.t i l * 0@s factor* * .# * *. *

** * * * * * *

.Big!*, s#iiPtl a$$£awtim i. fa e to r farealrf* @.i§apa|i#ii fa c to r iig e

t f . high jMshopl

olaaa-

failt#’!* * * ■ * * * * * * * * * . . gchoiaatlo aj^itaA# fa cto r

■♦****. #

.I?* swimii of rasisss,' cohooisio® BS0HI^S»MfI0W .* ** * * * * * fiMaagy

♦ * *

.*. .# m a

* ★* ■+ * * *

Eaaonifflaada'lloiita * * * * * * * *

30 30

aw

* * •*

35

* * * **

33

** * *.

35

B m io s M f in *. » * ** «

* ** * * * *

* * * **

36

ABBEMBtX

*. * * * . # * *■. *. * * * *

3f

* * .* * ** *

LIST OF TABLES

mm

TABLE 1*

A

Breakdown o f th e E f i t f a a e e a n d S#3c >

II*

A

Sample by f e a r o f

* * * * * ■** * * *

Breakdown o f .the

* V

2?

Hale Oases s t n t l e t by

l e a f o f .fntrahee a n t V eteran or ■Ibn^feteimn Statmg * * III*

* *. * v a * > *

28

A'-Siauaoary o f th e l e i a l t s o f th e

St& tlstleal Analysis

* *A *A * * * #

32

OIAfTfi 1 THE IITHOBUaTIOH T§ fWB IS0BLBK

i* tm mmiMM ..§£ I M , S SllS B *

$$ i s th e purpose o f

t h i s study to m ite .an lyaaiysls. o f th e feooM i o f o n e -h a lf o f th e o n to rin g freshm en.in th e C o lle g e # f William and Mary eirer th e f i r s - y e a r i® rio t. 1945*1949 im o rd e r to determim# .(,1 ) th e stui@at*'o degree of- acad em ic success m measured in term s o f q u a lity p o in t

(2) how

t h i s degree o f a o e te is may he sssetiab e.d w ith c e r ta in p e r s o n a l f a c t o r s * su ch a s , i n t e l l i g e n c e , h ig h . school

f r i n e l p a l 1® ra tin g * age* mmi: y e te ra n o r a o r* rs te ra n sta tu s# aehieyefaenh i n high school and environm ental fa c to rs# such as# th e sis # .of the s c h o o l* home sta te * occupation o f parent,* and f ie ld , of c o n c e n tra tio n w hile a tte n d in g th e College o f w illiam and Mary* L im itatio n s o f the, problem

This p ro je c t was

lim ite d to am. a n a ly s is o f th e pacord* o f o n e -h a lf o f th e freshmen e n te rin g th e College o f W illiam and Mary in th e ' f a l l term s o f th e y ears 1945-1949 in clu siv e*

In th e case

o f freshmen, who e n te re d ,th e C o lle g e .In th e f a l l term o f 1945# th e reco rd s were a n a ly se d .0 T#r 'the f u l l fo u r-y e a r' period o f enrollm ent*

The p ro jec t' was lim ite d to th e

a fiv e -y e a r p erio d 1945-1949 and to students' e n ro lle d i n %h s College o f William and Mary f o r a t le a st, one sem ester because .(1) the s t a t i s t i c s d e ri Ted from, th e records o f o n e -h a lf of the, entering, freshmen should re p re se n t a la rg e enough sampling of the stu d e n ts to he considered r e lia b le and to s a tis f y th e purposes of th e s tu d y ;1 (a) tb© fiv e -y e a r p erio d i s of s u f f ic ie n t le n g th to s a t i s f y th e purposes of th e study; t ■{$). in fo rm atio n concerning stu d en ts enrolled, in ..th e College f o r l e s s th an one .sem ester would n o t fu rn is h d a ta complete enough to s a t i s f y th e purposes o f the study; and {4) inform ation concerning one class., o f e n te rin g freshmen over th e f u l l fo u r-y e a r p erio d of enrollm ent was considered s u f f ic ie n t to determine fo u r-y e a r trends- should th e re he reaso n f o r any to become evident.*' S ig th W I»DU ;p nim .ific n*I-■M'■»»■an «*»*■Xce n»»lini.nii o mimrfn** m hw*,iiiehm problem# »»hh»i.ihhflyi uqpi

th e in v e s- tigV*a to r

f e l t th a t Inform ation could be obtained from t h i s study whi ch would be o f use in counseling stu d e n ts * and tre n d s re v e a le d which would be s ig n if ic a n t enough to be o f some b e n e fit to th e Committee on Admissions when screen in g ap p lication s f o r adm ission to th e College o f William and Mary* "T O S T T * Edward, S t& ttatte& i A n a ly sis. (Hew fo rk s E iuehart & Company, Inc ♦, aSW yTppT S S S ffT "

11* ■m nrntlow Academic academic success

o f fsbhs

,1m. college* %n

nasi In iM s p ro je c t

c o l l e g e w as m easured i n term s o f

q u a lity p o in t average*. C haracter eg aeeoM ary iO hecis* The c h a r a c t e r o f t h e seco n d a ry s c h o o l s was decided,.. by t h e i r s i t e -fas determ ined by th e si&e o f th e h ig h school c la n s in. which th e stu d en t was graduated) and lo c a tio n o f state* gjfflfteafe nergom l .factors*

this student- personal

.factors considered in t h is study w ere.in tellig en ce- (as determined by the student*# score on th e £«$*£# t e s t or by the score m th e Ohio Psychological fe e t)* academic success in eoM eiSr the high school p r in c ip a lis rating* age* sex* veteran or non^wteran. status* and achievement in high sch ool la s dotermlned by the student*s rank in the high school, c la s s in which he was graduated)* Iim rom aentaX fact ore* throughout t h i s study* th e term ^ e n v iro n m en ta l .factors** includes- the' c h a ra c te r o f th e school in which th e stu d en t was- graduated* th e s tu d e n t ?a horn# sta te # th e o c c u p a tio n o f th e s t u d e n t 1e p a r e n t* and t h e s t u d e n t * s f i e l d .o f c o n c e n tra tio n w hile

a tte n d in g th e College o f William and Mary*

4

tit*

wmmn or

procedure

S£ fefoft SSlS'^

eases were s e le c te d

from lar&ex cards which a re on f i l e in the R e g is tra r’s office*

th e Kar&ex cards c o n tain th e stu d e n t1'a name, ?

age, home address* th e name o f th e secondary school which th e s tu d e n t attended# th e s ta tu s o f th e .student as to armed fo rc es .service, th e si.se o f th e ..student’s high school g rad u atio n class, and th e. s tu d e n t’ s ranfc In th a t class#

Q u ality p o in t average#* th e numher o f sem esters

in co lleg e and th e student*# f i e l d of c o n c e n tra tio n were tak en from th e permanent record, f i l e s which a re f i l e d in th e v a u lt lo c a te d in th e R e g is tra r’ s office*

th e high

school p r in c ip a l’s r a tin g and th e f a th e r ’ s occupation were secured from th e In d iv id u a l s tu d e n t’s p erso n al fo ld e r in th e R e g is tra r1# office*-

t e s t marks fo r th e American

Council on Education and th e Ohio S ta te P sychological Examinations were .Obtained from reco rd s in th e co u n selo r1s o ffice* 'S e le c tio n o f |h s sample.# th e cases were chosen a t random*

th e method employed was the s e le c tio n o f every

o th e r freshman e n te rin g th e College o f William and Mary In th e f a l l sem ester o f th e y ears 1945. through 1949 who remained in resid en ce a t l e a s t one sem ester* th e o ases were s e le c te d from the a lp h a b e tise d Kardex cards on f i l e in th e R e g is tra r1'# o ffic e and those cases

§ wtiloh w#ta

t o toft atyg&eal* smalt «

& stm feat

etsrolliias for enl? oss* or two tows###. war#

gatoulat^gat o f fttyg S ils * imfora&tiom wm g%%imm®k it- w m -tshmlatot m few # whi#to. tt#r# prlmt'ei for ttolft iterptt#* (Appeai&i,# 4*1 $fc» imfoiwtloti m« ’

e$&#& to fftftiXitatft it s jPOOoN&toiftflt on. Itotortmtioiial dtoftlnftftft it&efel&e tarts* :fh* latertsatloftal B«#liis#ii MAOtoiftftti m m %Um m##i, to treat ttoft im lo»atloii it a t is t lt a lif ■« t wall#- the lymlysls* Method gg ftftMag*- It was

to eote the

ta&a- ftelleetet 0& ttoft 95® oats## *|&anWtafclvaly in order to traiisfor Sts# l*ifori»tiom t# Iiia«r»aSioaft| Buaineea tint oottog for mmh stop wis tom# sm

Haoto&uft tli#

followio$.38aaafti** I*.-'-' iMar

It wa» motets#*^ to record

on# EMtffeer to iEflimt# the year la width a $tuteat entered ttoo College*

?0r ex&js$le* the reeeydet

naatoe? f i w 0 ) %wo#oftftf&ft tli# year 1945* number Mix {#J re p resen to She y e w 1946 and a# on t h m n ^ 1949. a.

a a a ja g ,. JBtfatL. a w iiB f r

«*» « t a # 4 # f

«p alitf .point average in this etmdy

varied from that used la the College o f william and t&ry*

Both methods a sslg t three quality points for

*&eh e r e d it of **AW grade work* two q u a lity p o in ts

fop emh er ed it of *B* grad# wort#. 0110 q u a lity 'p o in t f a r eaeh c r e d it o f ”0” grad© work* and no q u a lity p o in ts f o r *&* grad© work*-

th e differem e#

in- m thod# appears in to o tiwsMMianfc o f ^F?l o r f a il u r e grades*

When determ ining q u a lity p o in t

averages f o r trials study* to© in v e s tig a to r ooolgnod a i<tuo e * q u a lity p o in t f o r oaon c r e d it o f ’V* grade work*

th e tt»the& wood by th e C ollege

ad a ln ls& ra tie n I s to a ssig n no q u a lity p o in ts to *«g« gra(30 ifoafk*

th e p en alty 1nvokod f a r an

grade lo t h a t no o ro d lt i t given f o r th e f a ile d courses tak en o r th e tim e ©pant i n ta k in g a f a ile d COUfftOtt B* Brooks otato.Of I n an unpublished report* t h a t he-' -ran two c o r r e c t i o n s u sin g th e same group o f t e a t a o o r ea ( s o o r e a made on t h e O hio s t a t o F a y o h o lo g ic a l l a m i n a t i o n hy t h e e n t e r i n g fresh m en

in th e f a l l o f W $ $h h u t u sin g th e two d i f f e r e n t methods o f d e te m ln in g q u a lity p o in t average*

He

r e p o r t s a c o r r e l a t i o n c o e ffic ie n t o f *60 hotw een t h e t e s t s c o r e s and q u a l i t y p o in t a v e r a g e when no p e n a lt y f o r f a i l u r e w as d ed u cted * and a e o r r e l& t i on

o o o ffie le n t o f *64 hatween the same %m% shores and

f

quality ■.$$%&% average when the .pimlty :f#.r failure o f courses-;.was.'dnvo&ed, as d e sc rib e d above*

fu rth e r*

th e .'d is tr ib u tio n of th e h ig h er c o r r e la tio n was more n o im l .than 'th at o f th e low er e o i ^ l a t l o n which was » m wet' a t' th e lower en d .o f th e ils im b o tle n * ^

When determined* th e q u a l i t y point average w&s. .reco rd ed .em -C b I f a s i t o c cu rred *

.fh p re-w a a no

lio n e s s I b y f o r s u b s t i t u t i n g o th e r -'s jin b o ls .f o r t h e q u a l i t y p o in t’average.*

S*

3E1*

th is . I s in d ic a te d num erically by th e

number one 11),. fo r wale# m uster two, {2} f o r festal#* #ise * -

The

c o d in g o f t b s age o f th e s tu d e n t s

in clu d ed in t h i s stu d y , was a c c o m p lish e d by d e b e riln in g t h e i r a c tu a l age In years, a t th e t i n e o f en tran ce to th e C o lle g e o f W illia m and Mary and yeoordittg i t e x a c tly as I t occurred* 5*

V eferan o f 'h c^ -v eterao .status*

t h i s f a c to r

was indicated. tmsmwimXZ^ by th e number on# ( i j f o r stu d e n ts w ith a no n-veteran s ta tu s and a number two (t} f o r stu d e n ts w ith a v e te ra n s ta tu s * 6s

seo re,

Z n t e i l l .gen^e*

f h l s was recorded i n a n u m e r ic a l

th e score- recorded was th e a c tu a l raw score

"^Ifr^SriSoSis, U n p u b lish e d He p o rt* C o lle g e o f W illia m and Mary, 3$S©?» ’

( W i l l i am sbargs

achieve# m . th e American ©ouiioll o f l o c a t i o n P sy ch o lo g ical Em iii,nation fo r College- ir e s te e n o r th # ©til# S ta te itn lv e ril.tf P ifo h e lo g io a l fe s t* whichever t e s t m m ad m in isters# to th e sCMent# fh ®

American m m m i X

Examination fo r College Freshmen was administered t# the freshmen entering the College of william an t

m-wf\ in. the yeaf# 1945* 1946  lf4f*-. .the ©hi# ita te University Psychological fm% was .atBinisteret. to the entering freshmen i n the .yews 1940 an t 1949* Both, a r t widely mse# In t# # tto i tb#

of

oolltg# ,fr##fciwn^ ?*

.4 ^ihl#y#»nt. ffl M i|. m te & X * - th in factor--was

t t t e » l n t 4 h f :th s stu d en t *$ r a n h /lh th e high a th o o i clang; In .which he was g ra tn a te i*

.graination #ia§#

m

#.f a formula which

f h t .m a k . I n

transmnttl into a. ###r# by'-means f # r c e n t p o sitio n * ^

A

taM e ca lle d | ^ , tB lgtll^ fclS lI. M QM§M t l . JUStt, I lM I S lB -S

I*®,^ipaadauita® %h® pei*s«nlag®

.» P sychological f m l*#ng#ansf C reen a n t C o , , f 94 ?;# pi 1 0 5 #

■fHew f o r h ?

*H* .1* 0 a m f e t, s t a t i s t i c s i n Psychology and Sftagft* tlo n i

{M m

fo r h i

longm ans* O-reen a j^ c 5 7 7 l 9 W ) t P* I f l f *

5 |b id * » p.*. 173* t h i s ta b le was t&hen f r o s 'H u ll, 0*1* *fhe Computation o f Pearson* s r from Bassta# Bata***. S t

fonpile.# P sy ch o lo g y * ( 1 9 2 2 ) t 6 # pp* 3 8 5 - 3 9 0 *

i p o s itio n -into a scor©* /At'theo© ocofeiw or© dO talnot .fop eiw$&..oaMM9 they ,w#p© &*

fti# y ocoum ^i*

P r in c ip a l* a r a t i n g * .:.fls0 p*|iiw li|aX % m i t a g

a p p e a r s on t l » stu d en t* ® a j p l l o i i t i o f i f o r e n tr a n t# t o % y&

0©xi,#§gi o f v i f i t i m .

fti© ;pfiimi:.pax .I©

r e q u e s te d t o rat© tfce s t u d e n t 1© a ca d em ic j^ o m t la X in

o*u» o f fo u r c a t e g o r i e s *

e x c e lle n t

$

% o ®&9

-fa i f * o r

poor# _For th e p u rp o se o f t h i s stu dy* tn& f o u r r a t in g * war© g iv e n n u m er ica l v a l u e 0 o f

|f |.

ex tp X X en t;

I m

m m M W

#n#/|X ) fo r

_ su ^ # r t t f t o C;f) ia frf.

and number fo u r 14) poor* 9*

faramt*© occupation* .. f t e Barr soaXe o f

occu p atio n al lm t#X |i.^m t# m o . used fo r t h e . purpose o f a s s ig n in s a.Opal# value to to© parents* occupations* nr* f i

1*

.#oofitiuol## m i&e& o f :one h u n ire i. a n i

tw e n ty fo u r (12%) .occupation# which was designed, to cover,th© e n t i r e range o f occupations, and* theft# .d e f in ite ly a n t c o n c re te ly desdpilifd each*

1# ©mXistei

*&$ a id of .twenty Judgo© who ra te d ..tb/#.,np#oifled o o c u ^ tio iii. 'em a ##aX# o f ■##&# (P) t o on© imindpei |x i§ ) a o o e t^ im g .te th e , g r a i o . p f i n t e l l i g e n c e whl-et* #aofe O tXXovtt. t o domaiid*

m §

ftoe fa tin g © war© d i s t r i b u t e d and

f*g*; . f i l i t i ,oo»fufcft,for’ ©acfe.of to© eoonpatlome*

fit©

P*!*. m in e s tr a n # a u to f .t 0 .th#^f.faX#f expret##. im to© ©a©©

of ©ath occupation*., tb # 'numberof lim its of lmt©Xli^n.O 0 ,:w hi0 h ^ according .to the- composite ©pinion o f th e tw enty judge#*

is

f o r o r d in a r y su cc ess* ^ f # m » . used B arrio sc a le o f fo c u p a tlo n a l in te llig e n c e in h is 0©n©)M e S tu d ies o f -deni u s» Hegardlmg th e use o f t h e _scale* ho ©aids . MIn th e use o f tb© sc a le i t i s only necessary to compare th e occupation which i s t o he ra te d w ith th e occupations w hose,scale value© are known# and to a ssig n i t th e value possessed by th e sc a le d occupation which i t most n ea rly matches* t in te r m e d ia te v alu es ■ ; may he used in r a tin g occupations which do not appear' in th e scale* I t cannot,he d a is ie d th a t B arr Scale value© correspond e x a c tly to th e f a c ts , but they unquestionably approxim ate,th e f a c ts © o re,clo sely th an would th e Judgments o f any one in d iv id u a l* * 7 ferm an c i t e s se v e ra l i n v e s t i g a t i o n s , among them

s tu d ie s by C s tf e li a n t Siwim 1* f la r ii# t 'which m owt h a t - s o c i a l class- I s h ig h ly c o rre la te d w ith a d u lt achievo@ent|-'feCTtaaf s.-stu d f ©hows th a t © o s l& i■c la s s i s h i # X f r c o rre la te d w itn ':liitflllg © n c t In f a i r l y e a fly childhood*^

however, h e ;:t o t s n o t-'rep o rt a © © efficient

o f c o n f la tio n *

i 0* m ^ s s k ls . taaai-gtate*

stat® froa which

mm t o to # to lto g # -of f f illa n . a n i to $ y . mm totoft If toilg&ta$ &» i i f I# #n#ti $4ato« fMtu

■s

«&# too# I f

to# sto to t

an4»-

togtootog *&to n * » i to o l i i | #

im

mmt^m %m do) %mmgte otogtoN&i##

to

to

t o %m tQxky-mi&tt

#©i# o to to ? # f t n

tt& } ■

t o taffeta##© *

P*#*i 5* f# B^sssfioaft* tomato* .B isr M t o i a i . to o to Mm^mm

Sto^toot*,

U m m M m s* l

st& # g £ # ^ ttg fe |iiift i t o s f »

tfe# s i n # © f t o #

gm$m%im &i&w9 m m^mtm tto.ototoi#*# fe r m bm nm to to# toil#®* .©£■ william m s teo teii town by to#

Imto

lntotfato of

M®J«. lash ittowal ids# to&i$o$& © mmWr. t o # m t iis . wito to# fa c to r #n§ ( i j ■tor &.$pai(kai^w& -%Mm o f I### to to

fffii

tootootoi w t o i r t o (a) t o # o t o t o $ y ~ f l v * | t i | to g t o g fr

ao& «o -tofto*

(#|ip#Btiito 6*}

t l # M * ^ B rid g e s# H erbert lee# dr* # Admission f f ilQ ls g g£ ¥ i r g i nl a g o l l o ^ s * C h a rlo tte s v ille # S i^ f ilis S e d ■3ootorfe W S m W m im a t U n iv e rsity o f ..Virginia# June 1948#. $* f§4*

Pcmgla## im port# an &irera$# a o e f f i o l te t im $ m m College inttao## 'i$a#itatfte' Board

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an crepes# te# ffi# ien t

# f o ^ r e ljittte o f .*4®*®® Bridge# 'report# a ta tffitla a t # f featwetn tee Aiseriean

of

Snw tm tl#» ’for ;§pli#f# .Freataen and q m l M f point# earned %j fpeteaexi te e f i r s t '$«##%#■.' a t H aff .S&liwiii 1

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.

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*44*^

E* i f o e t e o f te e f o i le g i Qt'MXXkim m i 3$My»

In an niipiteiiali##' import* ©tat##: tea t

a

a#afft#Jt#nt o f w p p eln tip ja t e t e a o n .te e Ohio S ta te

BepteeXeg^eal I^jaistaatioii anil

qm M tj

p o in t aTOimgt; o f. *14 f o r its# f ilte r in g f$e$igi$jg In te e

f a ll o f IHsem a ^ f o t o l # g i # a i %m% o r eotimiioe t e a t %&

o o iro ia tei.m te. duality point. ar#.ragi and te# oo effieien t of eo ri^ la tite.lo -leif# tee**. *40*. . i t ' I s wopteleaa teen

u se d a lo n e t o p r e d ic t c o l l e g e . .su c c e ss*

.liven t h o s e

b etw e en *60 en d *80- a r e mot h ig h ly a c c u r a te th o u g h

they may be very u s e f u l.2 6 . B om

i n s t i t u t i o n s r e l y a lm o st e x c l u s i v e l y on

t e s t s ' I n a d m it t in g stu d e n ts.* th o u g h

90

p e r

cent o f

6$0 i n s t i t u t i o n s s t u d ie d by F in e.u s® t e s t s a f t e r th e

student-: i s a d m itte d * ^ AOMevemeii% | § h l^ h iaho&jU

Monroe s i t e s a

study by Segei who summarised a- v a r ie ty o f s tu d ie s re p o rtin g o o e ffio le n ts o f o o rre iatio n . between c o lle g e sc h o la rsh ip and average high- seiiooX marks and ob tain ed a median c o e f f ic ie n t o f •*§§■* f h i s c o e f f ic ie n t was *11 h ig h e r th an th e m edian c o e f f ic ie n t be tween. I n te llig e n c e

t e s t s and c o l le g e scholarship*, frost

..2 9

th e c o e ffic ie n ts- ranged *

t o *¥?• b etw een M g h sch o o l, a c h ie v e m e n t and

c o lle g e - soh ola.rsM p . and w ere more v a r i a b l e th a n th e

oosffioientB.beti#eia dehoXmstit an tltu d e or general in te llig e n c e t e s t s and c o lle g e se n o ia rsh lin

Segel

a t t r ib u t e s ^ t h is g r e a te r ; » r i a b i l i t f : to th e f a c t th a t m anm

g iv e n a t d i f f e r e n t h i # .s c h o o ls do n o t h ave t h e

&. * P* fo rk s

l i n e * A d m issio n to. A m erican d o lle & e s ($tow H arper and B r o th e r s*

saiae meaning wtete&a beats -given to students- from d iffe re n t schools yield.more stable Bcmgiag& i^p o H st.a e e rf^ fi^ le r co efficien t of *55 between &vete$&',Mgh school »arif and average

college aiirit o f tb s f i r s t y e a rn p two years, ^ High scholastic achievement In high 'school was considered d e s ira b le Of n e a rly tw o -th ird s of th e c o lle g e s p o lled t o fim * $ study*

school graduates in

th e upper t n i r d o f t h e i r e ia s ie s aye. p re fe rre d by Boot co lleg es* *50

A

f 0 r m i s i s th e assum ption th a t

In te ilig e n o e te s t# provide, a more ac c u ra te b a s is f o r p re d ic tin g co lleg e sc h o la rsh ip th an any o th e r s in g le

f a c to r* ^ Principal*a r a t i n e

th e In v estig ato r was unable

to find evidence of actual co effic ien ts of co rrelatio n between the p r to tlia l* # .ra tin g a n t

jr point average*

however,: t h e -prlnclpftla of the th irty 'seco n d aif' schools th at-to o l, p art in the #«per|Bei3t' in progressive- ©SneeSiea which te a since become 3mmn as the Sight 'le a r study wars required by the- _i«rtlelpa%ln@ colleges to furnish a recoBsendatioa. as to the- charactert in tellig en ce and " :; ;n

,.gi*

p* B48#

^ P o u g la s t* i o f » e l i ** p* iSQf* 5 % lfis, o^. i l l * # pi 58*

9*&mgtea** eg*

p. b§4*

p ilp o se 'o f th e atudents requesting admission ■#© the college*' fb# students th a t p a rtlc ip a te i in-, th is ^ ©xperlitteht were admitted -to -the -colleges- on the basis of the principals* fating® along- w ith ■selected record#* Fourteen hundred "and s e v e n ty - fiv e {I'lTSf p a ir s b f 'stu d en ts were’ stu d ie d by'-use o f ’ o f f i c i a l - t e l l e ge m

m

ids f

l i s t s ' tf ■hoao.rs or p r is e #

won,

re p o r ts o f

in s t r u c t o r s , sample#, o f , w r itte n wort:, -r e s u lts o f v a rio u s

ty p e s of" te s t# giv#n ^ ..th f - o o llo ie . and by.. ?i^qu*8fc

interviewing* A ' comparison of iM reco rd s o f ...the-, stu d e n ts who. were adm itted -oil p r in c ip a l1# recomme.nda%io», p rim a rily * w ith those o f .'other students, o f equal i n t e l li g e n c e ' r e t e a l f t h a t , ;w ith o u t"quesbieiti.' ih # f a c h ie v e d ■a# good.a s c h o la s tic re co rd .in c o lle g e a® th o se w ith whom they were compared*.^ f-srman c i t e s -several In v e st Ig a t ions * among them stu d ies; by b sb b e li and Biwln, I* nieyi% which show t h a t s o c ia l c la s s 1# highly c o r re la te d -with a d u lt achievement.# - In th ese stu d ie s ■.social c la s s wa® d e te m in e d l y t h e person*®: occupation o r th e father*®, occupation* f m m m * & 'Study o f ’th e U tln, ■Adventure i n 4m er|eaa M u p a t|p n » vol.* 1* lfThe Story o f th e S ig h t Xea r Study, (MewXork ; Harper and B ro th ers, 1942b PP* 12-16# 5?pougia-@#;|. ,gf*

re la tio n s h ip o f s o c ia l c la s s to in te llig e n c e showed a M gh c o rre la tio n * p 'but be doe#-net '•fbport, -the ■c o r re ia • _ * ■ tio n o o elfio itn t# _

teivian*#, stu d y wayrbtw f i r s t ’study

to in d ic a te th e h ig h c o r r e l a t io n .between s o c ia l c la s s and in te llig e n c e i n f a i r l y e a rly c h ild h o o d * ^

Summing

up t t e ,;s e v e ra l g tu # e t^ iii.b h .he oitegj.-f©fman: sayt* tfso tw ltiistan d in g minor;,titq re p a n c le e ,- a i l , o f th ese in v e s tig a tio n s a g re e (a s t o .t h e ,e x is te n c e ;o f ■a very s tu p in g , s o c ia l hierm rohf ;w lth, resp ect. be th e p ro d u ctio n o f s u p p l e r in d iv id u a ls* *15 atUdeni*S.|piaS. s p i a ^ in th e stu d y

t h i s fa tte r.w a s . included

■om^»3r ;*SMt

th e r e la tiv e

a e a d « i t . ifu p e t,s ..o f .stab# and, o u t- o f - s ta te students, while- a tte n d in g th e College o f W illiam a n t f e p f * th e in v e s tig a to r, was unable ,%o loe& beany sp ecifi# - (i n f o p p t i o n

J h l s , f a t t e r .but .3N *gto#t

mate th e fo llo w in g ^ t e p M t e t i e # e ; i h ; f e s p e c t .to th e diffepsnoe-s, o f th e scores.m ade on, th e American Council on .M nsation. .fsfO h iio gli#!, i iia i^ ln a ti^ ,t f .the, co lleg e s tu d e n ts .te s t e d b teo n g h o n t.th e c o u n try ?, *1* th e stu d en t bodies o f Southern c o lle g e s on th e ■'whole a re in f e r io r , to- those o f ' E astern c o lle g e s ,' a s judged b y the American Council on E d u cation' P eyehoiogical Examinations* •f|itw rfliljT y^O ^uiI.H i^U m ijli

I

1'

^

......

-’.‘‘festwaa, lo c . c i t . * p. 83-.

.

142'* . T eachers1* c o ll#§© stu d en t Oodles a r e , .on th e average, i n f e r io r to those o f o th e r types of." in s titu tio n s # M3* S m a ll independent a r ts co lleg es .vary, most widely, including among th e ir numbers some with very superior groups of studente*~indeed the .topmost***, ■ and also some a t'th e other end of the scale

n4*., Hie well-endowed, colleges and, u n iv e rs itie s , including Harvard, .Chicago, y&Xe* Stanford, Duke, ’ and Princeton# .have student Wd.les of very s u p e rio r. a b ilitie s # s *5, , fhe la rg e r s ta te u n iv e rs itie s , including Michigan, C a lifo rn ia , Minnesota, I l l i n o i s , have student bodies of superior ab ility * , * 6* , fhe sm aller u n iv e rs itie s and a g ric u ltu ra l ant engineering colleges range# ,in general, through the middle*11 §42®.- E£ gyaduatlon

f a c to r was

in cliid st';a # a » .,iiiiic a tib h s f . %he;s|me p fv ih s high sch o o ls from which th e stu d e n ts were graduated* . fh e sm all h ig h school. I s found i n r e l a t i v e l y la rg e numbers, i n a l l s e c tio n s ,o f ;bhe

.

In sp ite p f th e many oppo rtu n itiesvln. th#: .s a s ile r high .school . fo r ;.bbt development., $£ the i«#lvitnai-#,the school Is iunder Mpy disadvantages, that Impair its-, effectiv en ess., the im p o s s ib ility o f-a teaeher% speelallsing# .low ^salarles^ spoor..tsaefeem ..In many #ste% 4 and a less... dive re ifie d curriculum are a few. of then# di©advantages *57 0 2 * o f t ry.P*-

d0 6

f*

5 7 jf b» Simonson, y«-Boomer* and F* .U Bacon* flae, M m lnlst,ra^-l0h q$ frh$ Modern Secondary .gsMlk* (h’ew Xorht

fiS '^S ^m E S n "Company*’

l)ou|laas^0ay0*,•■^stu£lents from -very Omail/ high school a * though- th e se schools send -a sm aller ■percentage o f t h e i r g rad u ates to college* 'do n o t do split0 to- w ell e ith e r , on vcoiiege a p titu d e .b eets o r c o lle g e m arie* 11^ •ojP ObhO fntratloh*' ■fb le -; f a c to r was inclu d ed In the study in o r d e r /.to -.determine any--' pa,rt:ioular^four^feali tre n d s Should th e re he ■&&&&&$&&' ■SM Eijr-:

^fohdo'rnlng f i e l d 'o f o o n o th t» tio ii#

Moiiroe. s t a t e s t h a t , | t ip,-very d i f f i c u l t t o .p re d ic t ■ probable emcaspj -%n any # .yeti -fie ld o f c o n c e n tra tio n m le e s i t i s ' done- on -the- h a s ii, o f .one' -or more -ye&r§o f c o lle g e marht*5? Sem esters com pleted*: , .fh le fa c to r was- included i n -the .study. In o rd e r f-o determ lhs .any .p a r tic u la r ' fo u r* y e » .■%mM& should, th e f e 'h e f i a t c n f o r any- t o ho c ome e v id e n t .*■

^upeugMp.s*, op.

*.#■ f*

B^Monroe# gn* t i t * * ■•■&*•

CHAPTER. II I STATISTICAL AE&LXBIS Of THE DATA Following th e c o lle c t ion o f th e d a ta , th e f38 oases were- analysed in o rd e r to determ ine how many o f th e oases -are male &r female ant,, how many v e te ra n s are Included in th e study*

Of th e t o t a l fSB oases* 515

are male and. 443 a re female#.

Of th e 5.15 male oases.*

,177 a re v eteran s o f f o n t War 11*. .Only f iv e o f th e female oases, a re v e te ra n s o f World.War II*

l t i l s : number

i s considered I n s u f f ic ie n t to he tr e a te d s t a t i s t i c a l l y as a sep a rate .group a n t they are* th ere fo re* included in th e t o t a l o f th e female cases*

(A f u rth e r breakdown o f

th e cases I s found In f a b le s 1 and II:*) fhe r e la tio n s h ip between .th e .fa c to rs considered and academic success in, co lleg e w ill be s ta te d in term s o f c o e f f ic ie n ts o f c o r r e la tio n and s ig n ific a n c e a t th e one degree o r th e fiv e degree levels# Guilford* w ritin g on c o rre la tio n s* says: W A c o e ffic ie n t of c o r re la tio n i s a sin g le number th a t t e l l s us to what e x te n t two th in g s a re re la te d ! t o what e x te n t v a r ia tio n s in th e one go w ith v a r ia tio n s i n th e other# fhe s ig n ific a n c e o f the v ario u s c o e ffic ie n ts o f c o r r e la tio n was determ ined by u sin g the W allace*$nedecor TtIlll, Fundamental S t a t i s t lop in Psychology and M u c a tlo n a Book Company * In c. * 1 ^ 6 I * ',IP* 154#

fA M M X

nmAmom of f m mmm m mam o f wmmMOE a w $m a

SHfES2JD...... m s \ " i m ' 1047' 45

.......

...............

TOTAI1 BJf YSAE

'7OTAL '194? , CASES

'

m

. m . ; am

88 184

............

QMr rO/

\M 181

..

-.'if®. .

.......

J54S

............

958

Mote* t h i s ta b le break $ down the 958 eases in to th e number o f ’ stu d en ts and ih e s m o f the students' stu d ied f o r each y e a r o f th e f iv e - y e a r p erio d , 19^5^19^9 in clu siv e*

28

fASl* IS

a m sm xm

of shb m ux oases studied

BSC NEAR OF ENTRANCE AND VETERAN AND NON-VETERAN STATUS

-WHMIMt-- ■

--

,TPtAD....M...Ilftl :

Motei

- * a i - :^ J g 45

I ; .,.87...

109

......515.

fM i tattle breaks down the $13 male eases into the

cla ss!flc & tt© n o f v e te r a n .o r .»en^irete»n f o r each y ear of th e fiv e -y e a r period etudled*

at ta b le s # ^

th e se ta b le # In d ic a te th e s ig n ific a n c e o f

a e o w X a tto n a t th e o m and t i w l e g p f le v e l# w ithout n e c e s s ita tin g the' use Of a. % .morn formula*

When the

atabomest i t .mate t h a t a ' c o e f f ic ie n t of- c o r r e la tio n la. s i g n if ic a n t a t .th e flam degree- level# . i t :means -th at t h t c o e f f ic ie n t o f c o r r e la tio n could ho- exoeebed to o ccu r hy chance l e s t than- fiv e , p e r oast, o f the tlite* .A c o e f f i c i e n t o f coiT O latl os S ig n ific a n t a t th e ejtir degree le v e l ,could bo expected to- occur by chance .le ts th a n o n . p . , = « t of « , fhe. selatio .n eh llo1 o f sex to academic success In c o lle g e *, th e i^ rfe la b iO h bstwaom;.®ai# ,and,foa^io-an# f u a l i t f p oint average t# r b.f *0?*

th in l a n o t considered

s ig n if ic a n t a t th e one degree .nor th e ■fiv e degree level# fhe .-r e la tio n s h ip $ £ . o m ■$& academic soQfe|j|| j j j oolljom*

fh e c o r r e la tio n hetw ttii age and q u a lity point

average i s r ** *0S*

a i s . l a .not c o h s ile re d m lgiilfleant

a t 'th e one d o g ?W ito r th e fiv e ie g ro # level# ft^e. re M tlonM hlo.o f:.v e te ra n ey nen^veterai*- s ta t u s to aoa-tealo tu e e e ss li t-

fh e c o r r e la tio n between

veteran or mn+m%orm statu # and ^ p olity point average i s r * i O f ^ f f e i a M not e o s s iie ro d sig n ific a n t a t the om degree nor th e fiv e degree level# r * it* ^gflwarta, ag» c l t . . p. 177

in college# ..fhe co rrelatio n tetwsen achievement .in/high school and- fiimlity point average, is- ,p r

35*.

.th is, I t - s i g n i f i c a n t ..-at | h t one. # e g im l e w ! o f e.emptbimce*

.

;

SM E S M 4 saiM £ &£. £&£snnli. aggaeaU aa % M ;g tai® ali guoeesa -|if .SStiSffi^-. .tbs noiTOlatlom betw een.-psreatf#■ occupation and q u a lity p o in t-av erag e i s p .# *18#*- f h i s i s e ip iif le a n t- .a t th e on# -iegre#-l€V # of. eoppet-ene©* fhe r e la tio n s h ip of lo c a tio n of homf (in or out o f s t a t e ) to academic success .I n college*

fhe b i s e r i a l

correl,at-io.n between borne ,m& .q u a lity ..po.int .-average ■la r ^ >P^4 This i s s ig n if ic a n t a t the one degree le v e l of

■p-osipetehee* s,. of the else, o f the high school H M aocdeialc sac cess in

fhe.

correlatl-on" between #1##. of ,gim#m%lng,class-,and p o in t a v e r t s i s p • ,#.14*- ,.#bla la- s ig n if ic a n t a t th e ., ons degree l e v e l of -■competence#

measured by te s ta * ■|o apmisiftlc. success in c o l l e t # In t h i s case* th e re .are two c o e f f ic ie n ts of- c o r re la tio n because of th e ©bangs frost th e American Council on

Education Psychological Exam ination f o r College Freshmen to th e Ohio- S ta te P sychological Examination,* fhe c o r r e la tio n between th e A#CUE# t o s t and the q u a lity point average was r * *55*

f h e .c o r r e la tio n between

th e Ohio P sychological f e a t and q u a lity point average was r # *71#

fh ese a re b o th considered sig n ! fle a n t

a t the one degree le v e l ..of e o n e en tratio n . fa b le 111 i s a ettm&ry P t the- .re su lts of th e s t a t i s t i c a l a n a ly s is of th e data#'

w ^mMW

m m tm &

sumkaw. of Firaims, 'Cohcliisioks, ■amb mmmmmmmm I n view o f th e r e s u l ts of th e v ario u s c o rre la tio n s w ith academic su ccess im. college.*1 th e -followingconclusions are drawm: Xv in .* ’ - fh© mm o f th e e n te rin g freshmen i s not r e la te d s ig n ific a n tly - to- academic success in th e C ollege o f W illiam a n t -Mary*#*’ ■&M*‘ Ihe a§# of. th e entering: freohaazi i s not r e la te d s i g n if ic a n tly to-academ ic success i n th e C ollege o f William and Maryv 3*

fe to ra n or n o n ^feteran s ta tu s * 1 fhe. v e te ra n

o r' nem*y#iera» s t a t u s >o f the- e n te rin g freshmen ib . mot r e la te d s ig n if ic a n tly to academic success in th e College of W illiam and Mary*' B oholahtlo ant.l^nde*’ fhe s c h o la s tic a p titu d e of th e stu d e n t, a s determ ined by th e score o btained on th e .A*C*s*' te s t* ' c o r r e la te s f^ s ib iv e iy w ith academic success i n c o lle g e ,1and th e q u a lita tiv e e v a lu a tio n Of the- c o e ffic ie n t o f c o r re la tio n would be considered m o derate*^ P* X$5*

th e in te llig e n c e * as determ ined by th e score on %tm Ohio S ta ts U n iv ersity Psych© logical jgx&mln&*» tlon* c o r re la te s p o s itiv e ly w ith academic success in th e College o f W illla® and,Mary*

fhe q u a lita tiv e

e v a lu a tio n o f th e c o e f f ic ie n t o f c o r f e la tio n would be considered high* ^ 5*

Achievement 1m high .§fhoel.» th e s tu d e n ts 1

achievement 1n h ig h sch o o l, as determ ined by the s tu d e n ts 1 m a t In the high school c la s s iii which they were g rad u ated , c o r r e la te s p o s itiv e ly in fav o r o f th e stu d e n ts who achieved th e h ig h e st s c h o la s tic standing*

However* th e q u a lita tiv e e v a lu a tio n o f th e

c o e f f ic ie n t o f c o r re la tio n would be considered lo w * ^ P a r e n ts .o c c u m tlo n * T h e ir p a re n ts occupations c o r re la te p o s itiv e ly w ith th e s tu d e n ts 1 academic success in th e College o f W illiam and Mary*

While th e c o r re la ­

tio n la In a p o s itiv e d ir e c tio n toward th e h ig h e r ra te d o ccu p atio n s, th e q u a lita tiv e e v a lu a tio n o f th e c o e f f ic ie n t would be considered very s li g h t,* ^ 7* Sl&e of g rad u atio n c la s s , flm sis© o f the. high school c la s s in which the stu d e n ts were graduated c o r r e la te s p o s itiv e ly w ith academic success in th e •College o f William and Mary in favor of th e la r g e r high

MtoNtt mMmmm. «ku«M# tut ta» «mu«iiv» ■a r a iu a tia tt

o f tiio o

M

f o f im w m tM im m u M

m m m M m M a u g h t* * ?

•* 8fellftHU& Itsit t o t e

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BIBilOGKAOT

B IB U O O R A m

A*

BOOKS

ALJciti# W* M* # A d ven ture A m erican Mue&tiQiU s t o r y o f ■:t ti# S ig h t f e a r S liS y * 1'* le w York i

"Tm

H arper

and Mmtmm,*, 1942*

Douglass* B ar! 'E#t O rg an isatio n mud iidm lulstratlo.fi ojf. Secondary School a * Hew York; 01 fin a u l CcSpaif f W S T 'm 'm * " ""

Edmonson# i . B. * Joseph Boomer* mud F ran cis T. Bacon# fhe M i l ml a t r a t 1on o f .t he Modem Secondary school# fh lr a ^ e d ltlo n ; Hew lo r k t fhe MacMillan Company# ' ' 1948. 69# pp. Edwards# .Allen L. * s t a t i s t i c a l A n aly sis, few forks Bin©hart and Company, Inc. 36# pp.* Fine# Benjamin# Admission to American SBMlffiS* ‘ • Harper and Brothers# IpTdT- ISB^PP*

Hew lo rk i

Freeman# Frank $.*# In tlirl^ u a i D iffe re n c e s* Hew York* Henry H o lt ami O arrt i t # Henry 2. # s t a t i s t i c s I n ,P sy c h o lo g y and M u o a M o n * t h i r d e d itio n s lew m rE * 1Longmans# Green andO o*,

1947 * 487 pp»

d u llfo rd # J . P. * Fundamental sta tlstlC M in Psychology and Sducation*n""’'Biy xom l ’ McGraw-Hill Book Company# I n c . # 1950. 65J pp. Murs e ll* James h . # P sychological f e s ti i y u Mew York# Longmans# Breen andSo7* 'T 9%* w o pp* P eters# C harles 0. * and W alter R* fa n V oorhis* S t a t i s t i c a l Procedures and th e ir- M athematical Bases# Hew lo rh ; McGraw-Hill 'Boo£"^ompanyi,1’ inc':r #‘ 19157 516 pp.. fe n sa n # .Lewis M# # and o th e r s # g e n e t i c S t u d ie s o f G e n iu s.

Vol* 1. ' Second e d itio n ; SSszhFora U n iv ersity # ........... C a lifo rn ia : S tan ford u n iv e rs ity Press# 1928# 648 pp.

30 b.

b s s i«

ual

A u m is g

Hadley *t Loren S#* rtTo What Extent ¥111 C olleges Adjust to tile Heeds, o f 'V eterans?11* School and S o c ie ty » 1940* vol.*. p* 324#' Simmons * George 35*# **The V eterans as I see them11# Jo u rn a l o f B lsdm r M uO-atlon#

1940* pp. 315*11*

Windsor# A* L .* wThe R e la tiv e V a r i a b i l i t y of' Boys and S-trls *** The .J c a rn a l of E ducational voi* i a * ^ f 7 p l r in3 ^ f ■C* EHCyCtOfEBlA, AHTICI^S Monroe# f a l t e r S. * e d ito r# iney elo p # d to ° f E ducations! Research. .lew XorM.i fSSTBSelSXlan Company *

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QimmLXSRED M M m im -

Bridges# Herbert lee* «■*■*♦* 10 11 12, Achievement >In Htgfr School * * * * * * 15

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