A course of study for woodshop in eighth grade

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COURSE OP STUDY FOR WOODSHOP IN EIGHTH GRADE

A Project Presented to the Faculty of the School of Education The University of Southern California

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in Education

by Arthur B. Cobb, Jr. June

1950

UMI Number: EP46240

All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion.

Dissertation Publishing

UMI EP46240 Published by ProQuest LLC (2014). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code

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T h i s p r o j e c t r e p o r t , w r i t t e n u n d e r th e d ir e c t i o n o f the c a n d id a te ’s a d v is e r a n d a p p r o v e d by h i m , has been p re s e n te d to a n d a c c e p te d by th e F a c u l t y o f the S c h o o l o f E d u c a t i o n in p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t o f the

r e q u ir e m e n t s f o r

th e d e g re e

of M a s te r

S cie n ce in E d u c a t io n .

A d v is e r

Dean

of

ii

TABLE OP CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION............................ . ...........

v

PREFACE FOR THE S T U D E N T ..............

x

. .

PART I « PROJECTS HOW TO CONSTRUCT AOODEN OBJECTS CHAPTER 1.

BOATING:

How to make a model yacht...............

2

2.

CARVING:

How to make a leaf candy dish...........

8

3.

PADDLING:

How

I4.. DISPLAY: 5. 6

13

How to make a model display shelf. . . .

18

FASHIONING:

. ANTIQUES:

7. 8

to make a canoe paddle. . . . . . .

LIGHT UP:

. CRICKET:

How to make a utility tray. . . . . .

2l±

How

to make a display rack for spoons •

How

to make a table l a m p ............... 3k-

How to make

a foot stool . . . . . . . .

29

J4.O

PART II. PROCESSES HOW TO WORK WITH WOOD 9.

LOCATING:

How

10.

DRAWING:

How to plan your project •

11.

LAYING OUT:

12.

TOOLS:

SAFETY:

..............53

How to prepare your material. . . . .

. ...........

FABRICATING:

ll^. PAINTING: 15.

I4.7

58

How to use the saw, plane, gouge, and

chisel. 13.

to find your way around in the shop

How

63

How to assemble wood parts . . . . . to finish your masterpiece

. . . .

How to avoid,shop accidents . . . . . . .

70 75 83

iil

CHAPTER

PAGE PART III. FOR THE TEACHER HOW TO ORGANIZE THE COURSE

l6. SHOPKEEPING:

How to care for the shop, tools

and supplies . . ..................

89

17*

FOREMAN*

How to organize the shoppersonnel . . .

18.

METHODS*

How to present the material.............

100

19.

EVALUATING:

How to plan t e s t s ...................

10?

BIBLIOGRAPHY

...........................

95

112

iv

LIST OF DRAWINGS DRAWING

PAGE

1.

A Model Y a c h t ......................................

2*

Gandy Dish

3.

.............

5 10

Canoe P a d d l e ............ . . , .. ............ Model DisplayShelf

* *

...........

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15 20

5.

Utility Tray

6.

Spoon Rack

.....................

. . . . . . . . .

31

7*

Table Lamp

. . . . . .

. . . . . . . . .

36

8.

Foot Stool

9.

Shop Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

...............

Work Sheets

11.

Gutting T o o l s ........... . . . . .

lf.2 50

............. ..

10.

12. Painting

26

...............

66 . . . . . . . .

78

V

INTRODUCTION Through carefully guided experiences, education should provide adequate opportunities for students to grow and de­ velop toward active, useful, contributing members in a dem­ ocratic society.

At each school level, the educational pro­

gram must be fitted to the needs, interests, and abilities of the youth served. Industrial Arts education includes those experiences centering around the use of tools, machines, materials and processes through which man has adapted the physical world to serve his needs.

It is necessary that the school shops

offer these opportunities as an active coordinated part of the total educational program. Development of skills.

As the student engages in the

construction of a particular article of beauty and need to him, he developes the necessary skills and knowledge required to complete his project.

In addition further opportunity

is afforded for growth in the many other areas of education. Unlike the classroom, training in the shop, proceeding as it does from the concrete to the abstract, effective type of learning.

can afford a more

The interests and desires of

the student are carried out into specific ndoing11 experi­ ences.

He is learning because he is engaged in accomplish­

ing ends that are meaningful to him. The shop is probably one of the best places for a stu-

vi

dent to practice democracy*

Our youth must see that demo­

cracy is not an ideal state but an evolutionary process* Shopwork involves give and take*

It involves duties and

privileges, mutual consideration and respect, free dis­ cussion and cooperative planning which working together re­ quires*

This working together gives students a feeling of

confidence, develops healthy adjustments, encourages selfexpression, modifies aggression and selfishness, makes the individual feel wanted and needed, and helps him recognize and respect the wants, needs, and property rights of others* General education.

Industrial Arts is that part of

general education concerned with satisfying m a n 1s innate desire to construct things with tools and materials.

It

does not attempt to develop skills needed in earning a liveli­ hood or to train a pupil for a specific occupation, this we leave to vocational education* This course of study is written particularly for the seventh and eighth grade student who has not as yet had any shop experience*

It is based on a period of four weeks with

a total of eight class meetings of approximately ninety minutes each and is entirely exploratory in nature.

The

work will be limited primarily to wood construction although other media can be introduced on an individual basis if the need arises*

Both boys and girls are included in mixed

classes of twenty-four pupils and all students are required

vii

to take the course in woodshop.

It is based on the prin­

ciples that all students regardless of sex should have the opportunity to work with materials, to change the form of materials through the use of tools and to produce useful objects*

As they engage in shopwork they develop a keener

appreciation of the materials in their environment and a more sympathetic understanding of the people who are en­ gaged in the work of the world* Correlation with academic work*

A great opportunity

exists in the woodshop for close correlation of classroom activities such as Social Studies, Dramatics, party preprations and repairing and beautifying of the core room. The pupils may follow their own interests, develop hobbies, make articles to meet personal needs as well as gifts for others*

For holidays and special occasions these personal

needs assume added importance* During the course it is important that the student learn the names and proper use and care of common hand tools which they will be using. proper tool for the job*

They should be able to select the They will learn the common woods,

their characteristics and uses and at the same time will gain some knowledge of the woodworking occupational fields, both as vocations and avocations.

Simple finishing of wood pro­

ducts and a familiarity with various finishes are included in the woodwork program.

viii

In an exploratory course students do not use woodwork machinery but observe demonstrations of Its operations by the instructor and discuss its importance In industry all of which add to the students’ general fund of occupational information,

A course to be given in such a limited time

must necessarily be well organized.

Work and demonstrations

should be carefully scheduled in advance and carried out accordingly, although the introduction of new information may vary slightly depending on the speed and ability of the class. Purpose of the project.

It is the purpose to set forth

a course of study which is designed to help the instructor present a woodshop program in a limited time.

This syllabus

differs from others in the field in that it presents a com­ plete woodshop course to both boys and girls in a four week period, thereby enabling many more students to participate. The plans included, while still in the experimental stage, have shown marked success.

A day by day program including

class organization, demonstrations,

complete directions for

projects and evaluation will be outlined.

This basic pat­

tern will enable the instructor to plan ahead so as to in­ clude all of the important learnings at this particular level. D o n ’t be disappointed if in the four weeks you have not produced a master carpenter or even an acceptable project

ix

from all of the students according to your standards•

Those

poorly sanded edges, that sloppy paint job was his first attempt and in doing he has gained learnings through the actual use of tools and materials* been unveiled*

A new field may have

A new hobby acquired which will profitably

fill many hours of leisure time and lead to the construct­ ing of objects that enrich personal and group living• Review of literature.

A great amount of leterature is

available on woodworking tools, projects to be constructed, and courses of study for woodshop and the more general area of Industrial Arts .

There is, however, a limited amount of

tested information on shop organization•

Since a required

shop course of four weeks duration for both boys and girls of the eighth grade is new and in the experimental stage little material is available. Acknowledgments.

Grateful acknowledgment is made to

Mrs. b elen E. Wood, Assistant to the State Superintendent of Public Instruction, State of California and Mrs. Gertrude Howard, principal of the George W. Crozier School, Inglewood, California, without whose guidance this particular course for both boys and girls of the eighth grade could not have been inaugurated. Appreciation is extended to Dr. C . C . Crawford, Professor of Education, and Dr. Ted Gordon, Lecturer in Education, of the University of Southern California for their helpful advice and guidance. Arthur Cobb, Jr.

X

PREFACE TO STUDENTS How many times have you said, "What shall I make and how shall I make it?" answers.

This handy guide will give you the

Here you will find a carefully chosen group of

projects selected because of their popularity with the boys and girls of eighth grade who like to work with tools.

You

won1t have to wade through a lot of dry facts but right away you may start building such exciting things as model yachts, canoe paddles, table lamps and trays. You will want to turn to Part II to learn how to give your projects the "professional touch" that brings compli­ ments from your family and friends.

By following these

new, simple, easy directions you too can make factory-like objects and in so doing will have hours of enjoyment and earn extra money.

It’s true, there’s a heap of happiness

packed between the covers of this book.

So, come on, let’s

get in on the fun and profit; A . B. Cobb, Jr.

1

PART T

PROJFTT^

HO?/ TO CONSTRUCT WOODEN OBJECTS Have you ever wished that you could make a tray to be used as a gift for your friends or a model yacht that could really be a winner?

With a little time and energy it is

possible to construct not only useful and attractive objects but also inexpensive ones.

A scrap of plywood under skillful

fingers can become a thing of beauty in the form of a spoon rack*

These projects offer you an opportunity to develop

your hidden talents as a craftsman.

2

CHAPTER 1. BOATING HOW TO CONSTRUCT A MODEL YACHT A.

MOTIVATION:

Gains you will receive by constructing a

model yacht. 1*

CASH PRIZES:

Enter your boat in the local yacht

regatta and walk away with the winnings. 2.

A PINE SHIP:

Just wait ’til you see her in the water.

3.

MORE ENJOYMENT:

You’ll have loads of fun at the

lake with this rakish little yacht. Ij..

DECORATIVE PIECE:

Tiny models always make attractive

mantel displays and this yacht is particularly grace­ ful. B.

PROCEDURE:

Some suggestions on how to make an Arrowhead

class model yacht. 1*

STARTING: a*

How to lay out your work.

Enlarge the drawing to full size using squared paper.

b.

Make a paper template or pattern.

c.

Select a piece of soft pine or redwood 13i inches.

d.

Trace using the template cut from the pattern.

e.

Trace another line J inch parallel and inside the first line.

2.

SHAPING: a.

How to shape and hollow the hull.

Gouge out the hull to within bottom.

of less of the

3

(1)

Hold firmly in the vice.

(2)

Use the wood gouge and mallett,

(3)

Check the bottom occasionally to make sure that the gouge does not cut through*

(!{.)

Smooth the inside with a gouge; sanding is Unnecessary*

b.

Cut the outside contour using a draw knife*

c.

Shape the hull. (1)

Use a spoke shave or wood rasp.

(2)

Prepare cross section templates from the diagram on cardboard.

(3)

Fashion the hull using above section templates for checking.

d.

Trace the deck pattern on a good shingle using the thick end for the front* (1)

Cut with the coping saw or knife.

(2)

Attach to hull with waterproof glue and small brads or escutcheon pins.

(3)

Allow to dry for 214. hours.

(I4.}

Finish shaping the hull and deck so that there is no separation between.

e.

Drill

hole in the deck for mast 54 inches

from the front (bow). f.

Make mast and boom from strips of shingle tapering and sanding smooth.

3.

BUILDING- THE KEEL:

How to make the keel and rudder*

a*

Open a tin can with tin snips and flatten.

b.

Trace keel and rudder.

c.

Cut out of tin with the tinsnips.

d.

Fold and punch holes as shown

in the drawing

using a nail for a punch. e.

Mold a lead keel weight. (1)

Gouge a small groove 3/8” deep and 2~i,f long in a wood block.

(2)

Heat lead in a ladle and pour into the mold.

(3)

Place the keel immediately in molten lead holding in place until the lead hardens.

Ij..

ASSEMBLING: a.

How to put your boat together.

Attach the keel and rudder to the hull with small escutcheon pins.

b.

Put the mast into hole in deck with a press fit, avoid using glue.

c.

Trace sail patterns on oiled silk or shower curtain material and cut out.

d.

Tie sail to mast and boom.

e.

Tie boom to stern with an adjustable string to two escutcheon pins placed in the deck.

FINISHING: a.

How to paint your model,

Sand smooth all wood parts.

i Inch squarea

main aast 12^" boom

5i"

r DR&s rao— r

A MODEL YACHT

6

b.

Shellac entire hull one coat•

c.

Sand and give the upper portion a coat of paint coming

or so below the water line,

allow to dry 2l\. hours. d.

Mark waterline and mask with scotch or masking tape .

e.

Paint under part of the hull, keel and rudder with a contrasting color, allow 2l\. hours to dry.

C.

f.

Remove the masking tape*

g.

Varnish the mast and boom with clear varnish*

ACTIVITY ASSIGNMENTS:

Some projects that will enable

you to build better models* 1*

SHAPING:

Shape a wooden sword, using the spoke

shave and the draw knife. 2.

GOUGING:

Gouge out a small ask tray using a wood

gouge and mallett♦ D*

EVALUATION:

Some sample check-ups that will be used in

evaluating your project*

1.

TRUE-FALSE:

Place an X in the proper parentheses

if the statement is true or false. T F a. ( ) () The large end of the deck shingle

Is

at the stern or back of the boat. b.

( ) () Paint can be applied to the upper

or

lower parts of the hull at once if the same color is used. BEST ANSWER:

Place the number of the best answer

in the parentheses. a.

( ) The hull is gouged out within: inch or so of the bottom. ness of the stock. bottom.

b.

(Ip)

(3)

(2)

(1)

-|-

J the thick­

1/8 inch of the

Any depth desired.

( ) The mast is made from shingle strip and:

(1)

Made to push fit into deck.

to be glued in place• inch at each end.

(Ip)

(3)

(2)

Made

Tapered to \

Painted the same

color as the bottom of the hull. RATING SCALE:

Place an X in each space your work

qualifies. a.

( )

Mast is In the center of the hull and 5>i inches from the front•

b.

() The model sets evenly in the water.

c.

() The keel Is not too heavy.

d.

() The rigging is neatly done.

e.

() The paint is smooth and notfull

of dust

and grit. g. (

( )

Hull contours are even and smooth.

) Total

8

CHAPTER 2. CARVING HOW TO MAKE A LEAF CANDY DISH A.

MOTIVATION:

Rewards

you will receive if you make this

hand carved candy dish. 1.

USEFULNESS}

This dish is just right for the serv­

ing of party refreshments. 2.

UNIQUENESS:

You will have a dish that is different

from the conventional styles. 3. B.

ATTRACTIVENESS:

PROCEDURES: 1.

STARTING: a.

b.

2.

The graceful lines have eye appeal,

Guiding principles in

fashioning your

How to lay out your work.

Select large leaves suitable for a design. (1)

Koa.

(2)

Tobacco.

(3)

Banana.

Select stock of natural beauty. (1)

Oak and butternut are in the yellow range.

(2)

Koa, rosewood, and mahoganies are red.

(3)

Walnut Is brown.

c.

Sketch full-size pattern from drawing.

d.

Cut pattern to shape.

e.

Transfer pattern to stock.

SHAPING: a.

dish,

How to develop your dish,

Make a stop-cut outline of leaf. (1)

Draw a parallel line 5/1 6,! inside outline

9

(2) b.

c.

Draw dividing line according to main vein*

Hollow out leaf sections. (1)

Use a -|,f deep gouge and

fishtail.

(2)

Keep tools very sharp for a clean cut.

(3)

Carve in direction of grain or across grain.

([}.}

Curl chips away from

tool.

Smooth inside of the dish by thoroughly (1)

sanding.

Sand while the stock is in its rectangular form so that the corners can be used to hold it in place between the vice and bench stops.

(2)

Sponge slightly with a damp cloth and allow to dry, this will raise the grain between sandings.

3.

d.

Cut

stem end of dish to shape.

e.

Cutthe remaining portion of the dish

FINISHING: a.

How to give your dish the

toshape.

final touches.

Rub well with the hand or a clean cloth to remove all traces of sawdust•

b.

Apply thin coat of preservative. (1)

Use a thincoat of Johnson* s floor wax

(paste

form), letting it dry 20 or 30 minutes. (a) Polish briskly. (b) Apply a second coat of wax and polish. (c) Repeat this procedure until you have built up four or five coats.

10

squares

crotis

scale tv - 1

section

pK DRAWING

^

2

CANDY DTSH

11

(2) Apply raw linseed oil thinned with turpentine* (a)

Rub in with hands until dry.

(b)

Repeat until the desired finish is obtained.

C.

ACTIVITY ASSIGNMENTS:

Projects to help you carve a

,1back to naturetf dish. 1*

COLLECT LEAVES:

Bring in interestingly shaped

leaves to use for patterns. 2. D.

PRACTICE CARVING:

EVALUATION:

Gouge out the hull of a model boat.

Some types of check-ups which may be applied

to your making a dish. 1.

TRUE-FALSE: Plaee an X in the correct space for true or false. T F a. ( ) ( ) Any kind of leaf lends itselfreadily for a design to be used for your dish. b.

( ) ( )

Sanding is the last thing to do on

your

di sh. 2.

BEST ANSWER:

Place the number of the best answer

in the parentheses. a.

( ) To produce a brown dish you would (1) Oak wood. Walnut.

b,

( ) The

(2) Mahogany wood.

use; (3)

(l^.) Rosewood.

best finish for your dish is:

(1)

12

Calcimine.

(2)

Enamel paint.

Johnson* s Floor Wax. 3•

RATING SCALEs

(Ip)

(3)

Shellac.

Place an X in each space your work

qualifies. a.

( ) Design is a graceful curved line.

b.

( ) Carving is uniformly done.

c.

( ) Inside of dish is sanded thoroughly.

d.

( ) Wall thickness is 5/1& of an inch.

e•

( )

The finish brought out the natural beauty of the wood.

(

)

Total

13

CHAPTER 3# PADDLING HOW TO MAKE A CANOE PADDLE A.

MOTIVATION;

Rewards that will be yours upon the completion

of a canoe paddle. 1.

A SOUVENIR:

Have your friends at camp autograph it for

your room as a decoration* 2.

PUN:

Enjoy the product of your own labor paddling

around at Big Bear* 3*

DESIGNED FOR YOU:

You will glow with pride over making

your own sports equipment• B«

PROCEDURE :

Some practical suggestions on how to make your

canoe paddle. 1.

STARTING: a.

How to lay out your work.

Use a two foot rule and graph paper which has been joined making a total length of five feet.

b#

Lay off half-pattern on graph paper from points as shown on drawing page.

c.

Use straight-grained spruce for a sturdy, light­ weight paddle•

d•

Use maple for a very strong but heavier paddle.

e.

Mark the center line full length on both faces of the stock, making sure the lines coincide.

f.

Trace the pattern on the stock using a pencil and template.

2.

SHAPING:

How to form your paddle.

a.

Cut the paddle to shape remaining l/l 6ff outside the line.

b*

Use a spokeshave to square the edges to the line *

c.

Mark the center line on the edges of the paddle with a marking gauge.

d.

Shape the grip with a spokeshave and half-round cabinet file•

e.

Taper the blade from the midrib to edge with a jack plane.

f.

Round the edges and finish the shaft by using a spokeshave and half-round cabinet file*

FINISHING-:

How to give the finishing touches to your

project. a.

Sandpaper the paddle with #1 sandpaper.

b.

Resand the paddle with 00 sandpaper.

c.

Apply a thin coat of boiled linseed oil thinned with turpentine.

d.

Remove excess oil after fifteen minutes. (1)

Use a paper towel for removing o i l .

(2)

Place used towel in a metal container.

e•

Allow to dry for one week.

f.

Apply a thin coat of white shellac as a sealer.

g.

Rub down after it has dried for

h.

Apply a thin coat of spar varnish. (1)

6

hours.

Allow varnish to dry 72 hours.

15

SECTIONS Width Jecftat Thidbm Gr« Ift Ifk r/i 'h Z /r ff f y

it

1-A 8-8 c-c , D-D e-E F-F G-6 tt-H 1-1

/ft ft

'/ ' Ik f/f ft

/

! ft

top of handle

7" X"S«e(w7» f\

Vt9.w

/ \

/

r t r' scale l / 8 -

CANOS

scale I - 1

1

DRAWING

Lj^J

3.

PADDLE

16

(2)

Rub down with fine sandpaper,

i*

Revarnish using spar varnish,

j.

Allow varnish to dry for 7 days. (1)

Rub down lightly*

(2)

Use PPF pumice stone, belt pad and rubbing

oil. (3) k* C*

Remove any excess pumice or oil•

Polish paddle with paste floor wax*

ACTIVITY A SSIGNMENTS:

Projects to help you make a canoe

paddle*

D*

1.

REFINISH A PADDLEj

2*

SHAPING-:

EVALUATION;

Sand and repaint an old paddle.

Make a ping-pong paddle. Samples of some types of check-ups which may

be a p p l i e d t o your project* 1.

TRUE-FALSE:

Place an X in the correct space for true

or false. T F a. ( )( )

Knotty pine is the best stock from which to make a canoe paddle.

b.

(

)( )

Varnish applied carefully is the best finish.

2.

BEST ANSWER:

Place the number of the best answer in

the parentheses * a*

(

)Boiled linseed oil should be allowed: To dry for 72 hours.

(2) To dry for 15

(1)

17

minutes, and then removed with paper towel * (3) To dry for seven days•

(I4.)

To dry 15

minutes before sanding. 3*

RATING SCALE:

Place an X in each space for which

your work qualifies. a.

( ) The paddle is uniform in shape.

b.

( ) The grip fits your hand.

c.

( ) The paddle is

long enough to reach from

the ground to the tip of your nose. d.

( )

e.

( ) The project is

(

)

The paddle is sturdy and lightweight•

Total

well finished.

18

CHAPTER l(.. DISPLAY HOW TO MAKE A DISPLAY SHELF A,

MOTIVATION;

Rewards you will attain by the successful

completion of a display shelf. 1*

A SMART SETTING:

A neatly constructed shelf will

show off your own hobby collections or your mother1s knick-knacks. 2.

VALUABLE CONTRIBUTION:

Your shelf on the living room

wall will be a source of interest and enjoyment for your friends and family♦ 3*

ESTEEM OP FRIENDS:

Everyone will admire your creative

woodworking ability. B.

PROCEDURES: 1.

STARTING: a*

Some helpful hints on building a shelf. How to lay out your work.

Select a design or a pattern if available which will accommodate the articles or article to be displayed *

b.

Enlarge the design to full size if needed, using squared paper.

c.

Cut out the full size drawing.

d.

Select the stock. (1 )

l/ij. or

3/8

plywood can be used but the edges

will show laminations. (2 )

l/ 2 ff pine or redwood makes very good stock.

(3)

Soft wood requires care in working to avoid

19

deep scratches, dents and splitting. (I4.)

Plywood is best for ornate shelves made with scroll or coping saw.

e . Pit full size, cut out the pattern parts on stock arranging "jig saw puzzle fa si onff to avoid waste• 2.

SHAPING: a.

How to cut and assemble the shelf.

Cut to pattern lines using coping saw for curves and cross cut for the long straight cuts•

b • Pile the edges smooth using a hand file. c.

Sand completely until no file or saw marks are visible•

d.

Avoid sanding joint edges as a rounding will

be

produced and poor fitting will result. e . Check all parts by fitting together, f ♦ Assemble the parts. (1)

Mark carefully measured location of all the parts.

(2 ) Place a line to locate the brads. (3)

Start the brads and drive until they just appear on the other side.

(I4.) Nail and glue the parts together. (a)

Hold parts in vise while nailing♦

(b)

Secure help from a classmate to hold parts.

20

a; cc

CL

DRAWING

4.

MODEL DISPLAY SHELF

21

(c)

(5) 3•

Use wood clamps *

Set all the b r a d s .

FINISHING;

How to prepare your display shelf for

the final finishes. a.

Remove all locating pencil marks•

b.

Fill all holes with wood filler.

c.

Remove any excess glue by scraping or sanding.

d.

Sand finally with 00 sandpaper when wood filler is dry.

e.

Select color from the color guides or charts. (1)

Clear white shellac recommended for redwood•

(2)

White or orange shellac gives a nice blond natural finish to pine or plywood.

(3 ) Do not use paint unless chosen with great care to blend into the decorative scheme of the room. f.

Apply finish as directed in Chapter ll|.. (1 ) Go over the shelf with

(2)

C.

steel wool.

Preserve with two coats of paste wax allow­ ing

(3)

#00

15

minutes for drying between each coat.

Polish each coat with a soft cloth.

ACTIVITY A S SIGNMENTS:

Projects to help you make a dis­

play shelf. 1.

CREATE A DESIGN: spice shelf.

Design and build a small simple

22

2.

PREPARE MATERIAL:

Cut, shape and sand all parts for

a display shelf and submit to instructor for approval before finishing. D.

EVALUATION:

Some types of check-ups which may be applied

to your construction of a display 3helf. 1•

TRUE - FALSE;

Place an X in the correct space for

true or false* T F a* ( ) ( ) When building a shelf for display pur­ poses it is important to consider the size objects to be displayed, b.

( )( )

Excess glue will not show when painted over; therefore it does not have to be removed.

2*

BEST ANSWER:

Place the number of the best answer in

the parentheses. a.

( ) When sawing a design with many curves you would use a (l) Crosscut saw. saw.

b.

(3) Hack saw*

(2) Coping

(ij.) Ripsaw.

( ) Before nailing or gluing your shelf together you always:

(1) Give it a coat of sealer.

(2) Putty all holes. parts.

(3) Steel wool the

(I4.) Check all parts by assembling

them together. 3.

RATING SCALE: qualifies.

Place an X in each space your work

23

a.

( ) Edges are not chipped orsplit.

b•

( ) Joints are tight *

c.

( ) No nails show*

d.

( ) Finish is smooth and color

e.

( ) All corners are square•

{

)

Total

is even.

21).

CHAPTER 5.

FASHIONING

HOW TO MAKE A UTILITY TRAY A.

MOTIVATION: Advantages of constructing this useful serving tray. 1.

UTILITY:

It is well adapted for serving between meal

snacks• 2*

ECONOMY:

Although it looks expensive, it can be made

by a very simple method* 3*

A GOOD INVESTMENT:

It will serve as a gift or may be

sold at a good profit* B*

PROCEDURES: Suggestions on producing an interesting* colorful tray. 1*

STARTING: a*

How to lay out your work*

Select piece of J inch five ply mahogany

or

douglas fir plywood, b*

Draw a circle 18 Inches in diameter* (1)

Use a large compass.

(2)

Improvise compass by tying one end of a string around a pencil and the other end around a brad fastened in the center of the plywood*

2.

SHAPING: a.

How to construct your tray.

Cut stock to shape using a coping pencil line*

b.

Round the edges of the plywood.

saw

on ttie

25

(1)

Place the stock between the jaws of the vise with the grain of the wood parallel to top of the bench.

(2 )

Work from the crest of the wood downward♦

(3)

Use a spokeshave and flat cabinet file•

(i-P) Sand the edges thoroughly. c.

Brush Douglas fir with a wire

brush to bring

out the

full beauty of the grain. d.

Fasten -J” rope to edge of the

tray.

(1)

Unravel and taper ends of rope

(2)

Join ends of rope carefully.

if desired.

(3 ) Place a knot in ends of rope• ([).) Imbed escutcheon pins in rope to

hold it in

place, allowing enough slack in rope to form handles of the tray. (5)

3*

Glue loose ends with Weldwood g l u e .

FINISHING: a.

b.

(a)

Cover clamp jaws with paper towels.

(b)

Place in clamp for

1

day.

How to give your tray the final touches.

Apply a thin coat of white shellac. (1)

Allow to dry thoroughly.

(2)

Sand with 00 sandpaper.

Apply an undercoat of flat white paint. (1)

Allow to dry 1 day.

(2)

Sand with 00 sandpaper.

26

five ply DRAWING

5

UTILITY TRAY

2?



Use one half flat white paint and one half white enamel for base.

d.

e.

f.

(1)

Apply base and allow to dry for 2l\. hours.

(2)

Sand very lightly with 00 sandpaper.

Apply glazing liquid with soft brush. (1)

Allow to dry for 2l+ h o u r s .

(2)

Highlight with 00 sandpaper.

Apply decoration in center if desired. (1 )

Use warm water and decalcomania transfer.

(2)

Decorate with oils freehand.

Use clear lacquer as a thin sealing coat to entire tray.

C.

ACTIVITY ASSIGNMENTS:

Projects to help you construct a

utility serving tray. 1.

SMOOTHING- EDGES:

Make a round plywood disc to be

used in flower arrangements. 2.

PRACTICE ROUNDING SURFACES:

Fashion a pair of round

bookends * 3.

CREATE DESIGNS:

Draw a Mexican motif for the center

of the tray. D.

EVALUATION:

Samples of some types of check-ups which may

be applied to your project. 1.

TRUE-FALSE: or false.

Place an X in the correct space for true

28



T { )

P ( )You should place the stock in the vise

with the grain of the wood parallel to the top of the bench, b.

( )

( )You should not use a wire brush on Douglas fir to bring out the grain.

2.

BEST ANSWER:

Place the number of the best answer

in the parentheses. a.

( )

In rounding the edges of the tray you

should (1 ) Use a smoothing plane. Use a wood rasp.

(2)

(3) A spoke shave.

(I4.)

a wire brush. b.

( )

In fastening the rope you should use (1) Wood staples.

(2) Small brads.

(3) Escutcheon pins•

(I4.) Model airplance

cement• 3•

RATING SCALE:

Place an X in each space for which you

qualify. a.

( )

The tray is shaped perfectly round.

b.

( )

Edges are all thoroughly smoothed.

c.

( )

Rope is fastened securely.

d.

( )

You have brought out the highlights.

e.

( )

You have used an artistic design in the center of your tray.

(

)

Total

29

CHAPTER 6 . ANTIQUES HOW TO MAKE A SPOON RACK A.

MOTIVATION;

Advantages you will receive by making this

interesting spoon rack. 1*

A QUAINT TOUCH:

A handsome addition to any hallway

or dining room* 2*

PROPER BACKGROUND:

Just the thing to hold the

choice spoons in your mother’s collection. 3.

EYE APPEAL:

The completed rack has an Intricate

look that makes it seem difficult but actually it is very simple. [|.*

DECORATOR’S ITEM:

This perky holder solves the

problem in neat and amusing fashion. B.

PROCEDURES:

Keypoints to guide you in making a rack for

displaying an antique spoon collection. 1.

STARTING:

How to lay out your work.

a.

Pick out an attractive design.

b.

Enlarge to full size and make paper patterns.

c.

Select stock. (1)

Black walnut is best 1/2 or 3/8 inch thick.

(2)

White knotty pine 1/2 or 3/8 Inch thick is cheaper and easier to get.

(3) 2.

SHAPING: a.

Make sure knots, if any, are solid. How to construct your rack.

Transfer cut-out lines to front face of stock.

30

(1)

Saw with the face of stock up*

(2)

Cut carefully along the outside edge of line using a coping saw.

b.

Lay out notches in the spoon racks, and cut out with the coping saw.

c.

File and sand all parts.

d.

Locate screw holes for fastening racks on to back and drill pilot holes to prevent splitting of stock.

e•

Place racks against back in the proper position and transfer pilot holes to rack by using a scratch awl or nail,

f♦

Drill pilot anchor holes in racks.

g.

Counter sink all screw h o l e s .

h.

Assemble racks to back using

7/ 8

#

6

flat head

wood screws and glue. 3.

FINISHING:

How to paint the rack.

a.

Sandpaper the assembled rack.

b.

Stain the rack. (1)

Choose an antique brown or walnut oil

(2)

Apply with a rag or a practically dry brush.

(3)

Remove surplus with cloth or cotton waste.

(!{.) Allow 21\. hours for drying. c.

Apply sealer. (1)

Use two coats of thin white shellac *

stain.

31 A _1

square s

y

IX

see detail A

f_ see detail E

A-A

_

-

jr.__ — I--7/ n^ * “ 7$ 3 e t A r -A

/i--- 1—

&



JiL >t

detail B

%

DRAWING

6

SPOOK RACK

Is

32

Sand with worn

(2)

00

sandpaper between first

and second coats• (3) d* C«

Rub second coat down with 00 steel w o o l .

Wax rack 2 coats using paste wax and soft cloth*

ACTIVITY ASSIGNMENTS:

Some projects to help you improve

your ability to make a spoon rack* 1.

NOTCHING:

Make a notched rack for holding your hand

tools at home such as hammer, screw driver, pliers and chisels* 2*

CREATE AN ORIGINAL: planter, drawer,

Make a design incorporating a

shelf, mirror, or lamp in the spoon

rack. D*

EVALUATION:

Some samples of check-ups that will help

you evaluate your project* 1.

TRUE-FALSE.

Place an X in the correct space for true

or false. T F a* ( ) ( )

Black walnut wood is the best to select

for the spoon rack because it is cheaper and easier to get than knotty pine . b* 2.

( ) ( )

Only screws that show are counter sunk.

BEST ANSWER:

Place the number of the best answer in

the parentheses• a* ( )

Pilot holes are drilled: screws•

(1) To locate the

(2 ) To make the screw drive easily.

33

(3)

To avoid splitting of the wood.

([4.)

To make the screw hold more tightly. 3*

RATING SCALE:

Place an X in each space your work

qualifies. a.

( ) The

rack is even and symmetrical in design.

b.

( ) The

notches are the correct size for the

average spoon. c.

( ) The

satin smooth finish is even and well

blended• d.

( ) The

e.

( ) There are no scars or rough edges.

(

)

grain is attractive and shows nicely.

Total

3k CHAPTER ?. LIGHT UP HOW TO MAKE A TABLE LAMP A.

MOTIVATION:

Rewards you will gain by constructing a well

designed lamp for your room, 1.

BETTER LIGHT:

You and your family will be happy to

use an attractive lamp to light up the dark corners* 2.

MORE DISTINCTION:

Modern in design yet pleasingly

simple. 3•

APPROPRIATE ACCESSORY:

Novelty and exceptional beauty

are combined and blend harmoniously into practically any setting. B*

PROCEDURE;

1.

2.

Some pointers to help you make a modern table

STARTING:

How to lay out your work,

a.

Make out a bill of material.

b*

Select the wood for its attractive g r a i n .

SHAPING: a.

How to construct your lamp,

Prepare and shape the base. (1)

Draw a

6

inch diameter circle using a com­

pass. (2)

Cut out with a coping saw, file, sand and smooth.

(3)

Drill 3/8" hole in the middle.

(I+.)

Make a groove for the cord on the under side of the base to the outside edge, using a gouge•

Select stock and shape pedestal* (1 )

Secure stock of different grain and color,

(2)

Lay out two 5 11 diameter and two

diameter

pieces with a compass using the different color and grain stock for each size, (3)

Lay out one

6

” diameter with compass the

same grain as base, (I4.)

Gut out and smooth using a coping saw and file.

(5)

Gut 3/8,f off edge of each piece (see draw­ ing).

Assemble the parts. (1)

Place the

(2)

Place one 5 M disk on each.

(3)

Place one I4." disk on each side of the £rf

6

,f disk in the center.

disks all with flattened edge resting on the base. (i|-)

Line up all parts and glue and clamp.

(5)

Allow to dry for 2l\. hours.

(6 )

Drill and countersink holes for the screws in the base.

(7)

Bore a verticle hole 3/6 inch from the base through the pedestal.

Install the electrical u n i t . (1)

Drive a 3/8” electrical nipple into the hole on top of the pedestal to provide

36 top view

side view

front view

i

7f. note all glued Joints

groove

DRAWING

7

TABLE LAMP

3?

fitting for the socket. (2)

Pass a cord through the nipple and through the hole in the pedestal then along the groove to outside of base.

(3)

Attach the plug to the end

of thecord.

(L|.) Attach cord to the socket and

socket

to

the nipple. 3.

FINISHING: a*

How to finish the lamp,

Sand smooth. (1)

Remove any pencil marks.

(2)

Remove any excess glue.

b.

Fill the holes with filler.

c.

Stain with varnish stain. (1)

Apply one coat and allow to dry 214. h ours.

(2)

Sand lightly and apply second coat.

(3)

Allow to dry 2lp hours, steel wool with 00 steel wool•

(I4.)

Wax 2 coats with a paste wax and polish with a soft cloth.

d.

Cut to shape and glue a small piece of felt on the bottom of the base to protect the furniture.

C.

ACTIVITIES:

■ilia— ifIMil II ■1 rill III 'In n il ' Hi ■■'Ill'll !■

■■■II—■

Some projects to help you master the

Illll IIIIIIW1III—ITI—IlfII fllfr IIM IT I

*UUSM UIM ‘U lf.—

**ll ■i'V~ T“*

" dh 1#...

■ ------------ ----------------------------------1 n~

techniques in building a lamp. 1.

CONSTRUCT A LAMP:

Build a lamp according to the

directions given in the chapter.

38

2.

CIRCLE CUTTING:

Cut a series of circles to be

used as wheels for toy wagons. D.

EVALUATION:

Some sample check-ups that will be applied

to your project. 1.

TRUE-FALSE: Place an X in the proper column. T F a. ( ) ( ) Select woods of different grain and color to add to charm and variety of your lamp. b.

()

( ) It is easier to drill the cord hole horizontally through the base than to make a groove with a gouge.

2.

BEST ANSWER:

Write the number of the best answer in

the parentheses. a.

()

A vertical hole is drilled through the ped­ estal to insert (1) A 3/8" iron pipe. A

6

(2)

^** bolt to attach the pedestal to the

base.

(3) To insert the electrical cord.

(I|-) To hold the socket. b.

()

The parts to the base are laid out by using (1)

The free hand method.

size tin can.

(2) A different

(3) A compass.

(l^) A pencil

tied on the end of a string. 3.

RATING SCALE:

Check the statements for which your

work qualifies. a.

()

Circles are cut perfectly round.

39

to.

( ) All the glue was removed from the joints♦

c.

{ ) A sharp contrast in woods was used in different parts of the lamp.

d.

( ) Wiring is neatly done.

e.

( ) The finish is smooth and

(

)

Total

neat.

the

ko CHAPTER 8 . CRICKET HOW TO MAKE A FOOT STOOL A«

MOTIVATION*

Advantages to be gained by building this

attractive cricket, 1*

ADDED COMPORT:

Just the place for tired feet, any

real he-man will cheer it* 2.

SAVINGS ON GIFTS;

Give this handy, handsome,

holiday present* 3.

SAVINGS ON FURNITURE:

Made especially for thrifty

people who take pride in the comfort and beauty of the home. B*

PROCEDURE: 1*

STARTING: a.

Suggestions to help you build a foot stool, How to select material*

Pick wood that will harmonize with the existing furniture•

b.

Select material which is available and reasonably priced and finish to match existing furniture.

c* 2*

Make out a bill of material*

SHAPING: a.

How to make your stool.

Make a pattern from the illustration. (1)

Lay out on 4 inch square paper one half the stool top, and legs in full size.

(2)

Fold drawing side out and cut outline of both sides at once*

(3)

Repeat for each part.

14-1

(I4.)

Open and lay paper template on the stock and mark outline*

b*

Cut to outline using coping saw, both top and legs*

c*

Smooth the top edges with a file and sandpaper,

d*

Cut the angle on bottom and top of leg 75 degrees (see illustration) using the cross cut saw.

e.

Prepare blocks for leg supports 15/16 x 1 5/l6 6

f•

13/16

long*

Shape side of block to 105 degree angle as shown in illustration*

g•

Assemble the parts. (1)

Locate the block leg supports as per drawing•

(2)

Secure to underside of top using two 1 3/lf_ #12

(a)

flat head wood screws in each support. Drill the pilot holes one inch in from the edge slightly smaller than the size of the screw shank and counter­ sink.

(b)

Drill two pilots in each support for securing each leg about

1^

inch in

from each end and countersink. (3)

Prepare legs by drilling pilot holes opposite holes in support blocks.

_ -1—

\

i -i

■jjT SQUARES

half of top view

true shape of leg

Vo

front view

DRAWING

8

t'OOT STOOL

k3

([}.)

Apply glue to all joints and assemble.

(5)

Allow the glue to dry

hours and check

to see if stool rests evenly, if not plane a small amount off with the block plane or the hand file. 3.

FINISHING; a.

How to stain your foot stool.

Sand entire stool, after sanding raise the grain with a damp cloth, use #

sandpaper.

1/2

b.

Sand again when dry using 00 sandpaper.

c.

Stain the stool to desired shade removing the surplus stain with cloth; dispose of cloth in metal container marked "Rags” •

d.

Apply a thin coat of white shellac.

e.

Rub down, after allowing 2\\. hours to dry, with 00

f.

sandpaper.

Apply the second coat of white shellac rubbing down, after drying 2\\. hours, with

00

steel

wool. g.

Apply a third coat in the same manner and rub down.

h.

Wax stool two or three coats using paste wax and a soft cloth.

C.

ACTIVITY ASSIGNMENTS; make a better cricket.

Projects which will help you

1.

SELECT WOODS:

Make a list of the different types

of materials which could be successfully used in making a cricket. 2.

BUILD A STOOL:

Build a simple stool with straight

legs and top. D,

EVALUATION:

Samples of some types of check-ups which

may be applied to your project. 1.

TRUE-FALSE:

Place an X in the correct space for

true or false. T F a. ( ) ( ) Glue should never be applied when nails or screws are used. b.

()

( ) Patterns are folded and cut full size to insure even and symmetrical parts.

2.

BEST ANSWER:

Place the number of the best answer in

the parentheses. a*

()

If you cannot afford hardwoods which will match existing furniture you may: Paint the wood to match. match.

(1 )

(2) Stain to

(3) Try and find a soft wood re­

sembling the hardwood in color.

(I4.) Glue

a vaneer of hardwood to the soft, b.

( )Pilot holes are drilled: size of the shank.

(2) The exact size of

the head of the screw. than the shank.

(1) The exact

(3) A little smaller

(I4 ) 3/32 of an Inch always.

3*

RATING- SCALE:

Place an X in the spaces for which

you qualify, a.

( )

The stool does not rock when used,

b,

( )

Tne finish is smooth, well rubbed and waxed,

c,

( )

The angles of the legs are equal.

d.

( )

The top design is symmetrical,

e•

( )

Joints are tight and all screws counter­ sunk,

(

)

Total

1^6

PART II. PROCESSES HOW TO WORK WITH WOOD In this part you will find the answer to your question, ’’How do I do it?”

No book could possibly give you the tricks

of the trade; they have to be learned at the bench.

By

following the simple directions given here on planning, use of tools, assembling and finishing you will learn the fundamentals which will help you to get the most fun out of tools and achieve the most skill.

Each step of your

project will make use of these processes.

Why not

try your hand at this to see what can be done with a few good tools and a little know-how?

k-7

CHAPTER 9. LOCATING HOW TO FIND YOUR WAY AROUND A.

MOTIVATION: Advantages you will gain by knowing where to find things* I*

INCREASE PRODUCTION:

Knowledge of the whereabouts

of materials and equipment increases your output. 2.

MORE WORKING TIME:

You save precious hours by being

able to find what you w a n t . 3. B,

LESS CONFUSION:

PROCEDURES:

You will avoid that "lost feeling".

Keypoints that will enable you to become

acquainted with the shop. 1.

TOOLS: a*

How to locate the tools you will need.

Look in the main tool panel for essential tools. (1)

Read the name of the tool directly under it.

(2)

Notice the types of tools in the panel.

(3)

Take tools as needed.

(Ip) Return when finished. b.

Look in the tool crib and supply room for delicate and seldom used tools. (1 ) Check out on tool check sheet. (2)

2.

WOOD: a.

Return immediately when finished using i t .

How to find your lumber.

Examine the lumber rack. (1)

See the rack containing new lumber in various

sizes•

(2) b. 3.

(a)

Note the kinds of lumber as listed,

(b)

Note the price list posted there,

Check the supply room for pre-cut stock.

Look in the scrap lumber bin for free material.

HARDWARE:

How to procure your nails, screws, and

other metal wares. a.

Check on location of supply room.

b.

Read posted list of materials available.

c.

Read price list of materials.

d.

Look over the display of sample supplied and materials just outside of supply windows.

e.

Use the two service areas. (1)

Note

the sliding window, gate or door.

(2)

Wait

for service at the dutch door with

counter. I4..

PLANS AND PATTERNS:

How to locate your ideas for

designing your projects. a.

Look through loose leaf notebooks of patterns and drawings on the table in the planning room.

b.

Use reference books provided on shelves in the shop library.

c*

Observe wood patterns hanging on pattern rack,

d.

Examine ready made samples on display in the 3hop.

PAINT ROOM:

How to put your hands on the paint

you want. a.

Read the signs and labels carefully.

b.

Locate paints and varnishes on the shelves adjacent to the paint bench.

c.

Find brushes in brush preserving container or in rack on the w a l l .

d.

Place freshly painted work on the drying rack.

e.

Note the red covered metal container marked "RAGS".

STORAGE: a.

b.

How to take care of your work.

Use locker space under the work benches. (1)

Choose your locker and locker partner.

(2)

Place your name in the name card holder.

Utilize large cabinets for storage of big projects.

c.

Leave freshly painted work on drying racks until dry and then place in locker.

CLEANUP: a.

b•

How to find your cleaning materials,

Locate the sink for washing. (1)

See paper towels adjacent to sink.

(2)

Find hand soap in dispenser.

(3)

Abrasive cleansers on shelf near sink,

Find brooms for sweeping, bench brushes and dust pans.

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51

c* 8

.

Notice location of trash cans•

SAFETY: a.

How to locate fire extinguishers.

Make a careful check on the location of all fire extinguishers.

b.

Never change location of fire fighting equip­ ment •

C.

ACTIVITY ASSIGNMENTS:

Some learning experiences to help

you get acquainted with the shop. 1.

TOURING:

Take a walk around the shop carefully ob­

serving the placement of everything. 2.

GUIDING:

Act as a tour conductor and show classmates

around the shop. 3. D«

SAFETY:

EVALUATION:

Stage a fire drill. Samples of ways in which your acquaintance

of the shop may be checked. 1.

TRUE-FALSE:

Place an X in the correct space for true

or false. T F a* { ) ( )

All tools are labeled in the tool panel,

b.

The only place get ideas is in the

( )

( )

display case. 2.

BEST ANSWER:

Place the number of the best answer In

the parentheses. a.

( )

The fire extinguisher is: from the supply room.

(1) Checked out

(2) Locked up in the

52

storage locker*

(3) Located just outside

the paint room*

(Ij.) Under the teacher* s

desk. b*

( ) You should keep unfinished projects: In your assigned locker* room shelf.

(1)

(2) On the paint

(3) Checked in the supply room.

(I4.) Any place you can find • 3*

RATING SCALE:

Place an X in each space for which you

qualify. a.

( ) Know the location of all tools.

b.

( ) Know how to find lumber.

c.

( ) Know where to place a freshly painted article•

d.

( ) Able to find cleanup material.

e.

( ) Determine the price of your project will cost.

f.

( ) Know where to find fire extinguishers*

g.

( ) Know where to locate patterns.

(

)

Total

53

CHAPTER 10. DRAWING HOW TO PLAN YOUR PROJECT A,

MOTIVATION;Returns

which may

be expected if wise

planning is done in advance. 1.

PLENTY OF MATERIAL:

A sketch will help you to avoid

the lack of materials. 2.

BETTER RESULTS:

Careful layout will lead to good

workmanship. 3.

SAVED TIME AND LABOR: you find

B.

A drawing is a guide to

help

your way quickly and easily.

PROCEDURE:Hints

on Improving

your .lob by careful

planning. 1.

SELECTION: How to decide what to m ake• a.

Look over samples in the shop.

b.

Determine the need and usefulness

of the object.

c.

Decide how much it will cost.

d•

Estimate the amount of time required so as to keep within the available hours♦

e . Avoid long, boring construction jobs. f . Create an original project. 2.

SKETCH:

How to draw up the project.

a.

Show three views if needed.

b.

Arrange views according to a definite plan. (1)

Show a front view.

(2)

Show a top view placed above the front view.

54

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