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A S u r v e y o f T e a T i e r s .................................................... A S u r v e y o f P a r e n t s ....................................................... xi. kj;u r v e y o f a S e r v i c e O i f s n i n a t i o n ............ S ir. a i a r y .........................................................................................
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XI. T h e h r - i y a t j u n i o r C o l l e g e S t u d y .................... B . T il e I d a h o E d u c a t i o n S t u d y ...................................... d • T h e S t a t e o f Y / a s h i n , ; t o n S u r v e y ....................... D . I l i C ' . h s c o n s i n S u r v e y .................................................... xlj • T n e i i a r y l a n d S t u d y ......................................................... P . T h e I l l i n o i s S t u d y ........................................... .. G-* T h e C a l i f o r n i a S t u d y .................................................... H * T h e Hew T o f i r S t u d y ......................................................... **r -L • T h e P e n n s y l v a n i a S t u d y .............................................. le n d e d . b J . .
115
N a m e s , D a t e s , a n d m in im u m h i g h S c h o o l E n r o l l m e n t m e n t io n e c . b y V a r i o u s t f i t e r s A s c R e q u i r e m e n t f o r L i t a b l i s h m c n t o f a P u b l i c J u n i o r C o l l e g e .......................
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U o r r e i a t i o n s b e t w e e n E n r o l l m e n t s i n P r e s h n ia n e n d S o p h o n o re I e a r s o f P u b li c J u n io r C o lle g e s and S c h o o l P o p u l a t i o n ( G r a d e s 1 - 1 2 ) o f C o m m u n it ie s i n W h ic h J u n i o r c o l l e g e s h e r e L o c a t e d ................................
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P u b l i c J u n i o r C o l l e g e s o f t h e c o m m u n ity C o l l e g e T yp e in th e U .S .A . (1 9 4 6 -1 9 4 7 )
120
R a t io s o f m eans i n P e r c e n t o f P u b lic J u n io r C o lle g e L u l l lir a e E n r o llm e n t s t o lie an s o f S c h o o l P o p u l a t i o n ( G r a d e s 1 - 1 2 ) o f C o m m u n it ie s i n W h ic h th e J u n io r c o lle g e s h e r e L o c a te d (A rra n g e d A c c o r d in g to S c h o o l P o p u la tio n ) ......................................................
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R a t io s o f m eans i n P e x *c e n t o f P u b lic J u n io r c o l l e g e s P u l l l i n e E n r o ll m e n t s t o m eans o f S c h o o l P o p u l a t i o n ( G r a d e s 1 - 1 2 ) o f C o m m u n it ie s i n W h ic h t h e J u n io r c o l l e g e s W e re L o c a te d (A r r a n g e d A c c o r d i n g t o C o m m u n ity P o p u l a t i o n ) .............................................
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imSCii m ll S O X IX c EJL0 Li X il JPOX'CGil t o f P u l l T i n e P u b l i c J u n io r C o lle g e E n r o llm e n t s to S c h o o l P o p u la tio n s ( G r a d e s 1 - 1 2 ) o f C o m m u n it ie s i n -..h ic h t h e J u n i o r c o l l e g e s ..e r e L o c ;v c e o ( A r r a n g e d A c c o r d in g t o s c h o o l P o p u l a t i o n ) ..................................................................................
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m e d i a n s o f R a t i o s i n p e r c e n t o f P u l l T im e P u b l i c J u n io r c o lle g e E n r o llm e n ts t o S c h o o l P o p u la tio n s ( G r a d e s 1 - 1 2 .) o f C o m m u n it ie s i n '..-h ic h t h e J u n i o r C o l l e g e s ‘. . e r e L o c a t e d ( A r r a n g e d A c c o r d i n g t o c o m m u n it y P o p u l a t i o n ) ..........................................................................
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Y u o A -e th o u s o f E s t i m a t M ' ^ P o t e n t i a l P u l l f i n e E n r o l l m e n t i n P u b l i c Go:, i n a n i t y C o l l e g e s f r o m th e d c h o o l P o p u la tio n (G ra d e s 1 -1 2 ) o f th e C o m m u n ity i n h i . i c h t h e c o l l e g e I s L o c a t e d
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A p p a r e n t A f f e c t o f C o s t t o S t u d e n t on E n r o ll m e n t I n P u b lic J u n io r C o lle g e s i n V a r io u s A re a s o f t h e U n it e c S t a t e s ( U s i n g M e a n s i n P e r c e n t o f h o t i o s b e t w e e n P u l l ‘f i n e J u n i o r c o l l e g e E n r o l l m e n t s tend S c h o o l P o p u l a t i o n s i n G r a d e s 1 - 1 2 i n C o m m u n it ie s i n U h i c h t h e J u n i o r C o l l e g e s h e r e L o c a t e d ) .............................................................................................................
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A p p a r e n t A f f e c t o f C o s t t o S t u d e n t on E n r o l l m e n t i n P u b lic J u n io r c o lle g e s i n V a r io u s A re a s o f t h e U n it e d S t a t e s ( U s in g lie d io n s i n P e r c e n t o f P a t i o s b e t w e e n P u l l T im e J u n i o r C o l l e g e E n r o l l m e n ts and S c h o o l P o p u la t i o n s i n G ra d e s 1 - 1 2 i n C o m m u n it ie s i n h i l i c h t h e J u n i o r c o l l e g e s Y .'ere L o c a t e d ) .............................................................................................................
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P r o p e r t y V a l u e s - C o m p a r in g A s s e s s e d v a l u a t i o n s w it h m a r k e t V a lu e s As D e te r m in e d b y t h e S t a t e T ax E q u a liz a tio n E o a rd f o r th e S c h o o l Y e a rs 1 9 4 8 - 1 9 4 9 e n d 1 9 4 9 - 1 9 5 0 ( V a l u e s G iv e n i n M illio n s o f D o lla r s ) ...........................................................................
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R e im b u r s e m e n t f r a c t i o n s .................. P l a n f o r f i n a n c i n g P r o p o s e d P u b l i c C o m m u n ity C o lle g e s i n P e n n s y lv a n ia P a rt I . S t a t e A i d ..................................................................... P a rt I I . D i s t r i c t ’ s S h a re o f C o st ( In S h o u s a n d s o f D o l l a r s ) ............................. P a rt I I I . D i s t r i c t f a t R a t e s i n M i l l s on A s s e s s e d V a lu e o f P r o p e r ty t o M e e t C o s t o f P u b l i c C o m m u n ity c o l l e g e s ..................................................................
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e n r o llm e n t i n J u n io r u o lle ^ e s ( P u b lic end P r i v a t e ' ) a n d rJ L l P r i v a t e I n s t i t u t i o n s o f i l i ^ h e r e d u c a t i o n ( 1 9 3 1 - 1 9 3 2 t o 1 9 4 7 - 1 9 - ic J ) .......................................
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CHAPTER I
IN T H O D U C T IO N
A. c o s t,
S t a t e m e rit
b o th
to th e
tiie
S ta te ,
of
p u b lic
c o m m u n ity
lo c a l p u b lic
e s ta b lis h m e n t c o lle g e s
B. fin e s
it
in
of
th re e
of
in
vThat i s te rm s
of* t h e
P r o b le m
s c iio o l
d is tr ic t
p ro p o s e d
,
Y v h at i s
a. r e a s o n a b l e
and t o
th e
tu itio n -fr e e ,
P e n n s y lv a n ia ?
a C o m m u n ity
C o lle g e ?
q u a lific a tio n s ,
as
Jesse Bogue
fo llo w s :
The f i r s t q u a l i f i c a t i o n i s s e r v ic e p r i m a r i l y t o t h e p e o p l e o f t h e c o m m u n it y . The C o m m u n ity i n s t i t u t i o n g o e s t o t h e p e o p l e w ho l i v e an d w o rk w h e re i t i s l o c a t e d , m akes a c a r e f u l s tu d y o f t h e n e e d s o f t h e s e p e o p le f o r e d u c a tio n n o t b e in g o f f e r e d b y any o t h e r i n s t i t u t i o n o f l e a r n i n g , a n a ly z e s th e s e n e e d s , and b u ild s i t s e d u c a tio n a l p ro g ra m i n re s p o n s e t o t h e a n a ly s e s . A second c h a r a c t e r is t ic o f th e t r u ly c o m m u n it y c o l l e g e m ay b e f o u n d i n t h e m a n n e r The fo rm o f c o n tr o l o f i t s c o n t r o l .................... s h o u ld b e d e t e r m in e d b y t h e c i t i z e n s o f t h e c o m m u n it y . I f th e y p r e fe r s ta te o r u n iv e r s ity c o n t r o l t o t h a t b y p e rs o n s s e le c t e d i n p o p u la r e le c tio n s , t h a t is t h e i r r i g h t . T h e d e c is io n , h o w e v e r , s h o u ld b e m ad e b y t h e c i t i z e n s o f t h e c o m m u n it y . U n d e r any c ir c u m s ta n c e s , t h e r e s h o u ld b e a d v i s o r y c o m m i t t e e s c o m p o s e d o f l o c a l c itiz e n s . T h e y s h o u ld r e p r e s e n t t h e b u s in e s s , i n d u s t r i a l , a g r i c u l t u r a l , and p r o f e s s io n a l i n t e r e s t s fro m b o th l a b o r an d m an ag em en t c i r c l e s and a ls o p e rs o n s i n t e r e s t e d p r i m a r i l y i n t h e w i d e r c i v i c a n d c u l t u r a l a s p e c t s o f c o m m u n ity life . A t h i r d c o n s id e r a tio n i s f i n a n c i a l s u p p o rt. ............... a s a t i s f a c t o r y p l a n p r o v i d e s f o r s t a t e a i d , e q u a l i z a t i o n f u n d s f o r t h e p o o r e r c o m m u n i t i e s , and l o c a l t a x re v e n u e s .
J e s s e P . B o g u e , T h e U o m m u n ity u o l l e g e , w ew Y o r k : H i l l B ook C om pany, I n c . , 1 9 5 0 , p p . 2 1 -2 6
M c G ra w -
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de
T h e P r e s i d e n t ’ s C o m m is s io n w ro te
th e
on H i g h e r E d u c a t io n
fo llo w in g :
w h a t e v e r f o r m t h e c o m m u n ity c o l l e g e t a k e s , i t s p u rp o s e i s e d u c a tio n a l s e r v ic e t o th e e n t i r e c o & m u n it y , a n d t h i s p u r p o s e r e q u i r e s o f i t a v a r i e t y o f f u n c t io n s end p ro g ra m s . It w i l l p r o v id e c o lle g e e d u c a tio n f o r t h e y o u th o f t h e c o m m u n ity c e r t a i n l y , so a s t o r e m o v e g e o g r a p h i c a n d e c o n o m ic b a r r i e r s t o e d u c a t i o n a l o p p o r t u n it y an d d is c o v e r an d d e v e lo p i n d i v i d u a l t a l e n t s a t lo w c o s t and e a s y a c c e s s , n u t i n a d d i t i o n , t h e c o m m u n ity c o l l e g e w i l l s e r v e a s an a c t i v e c e n t e r o f a d u l t e d u c a t io n . I t w i l l a tte m p t to m e e t th e t o t a l p o s t - h ig h s c h o o l n e e d s o f t h e c o m m u n ity .2 A c c o r d in g S chool O ffic e r s , c o lle g e
e d u c a tio n
to
th e n a t io n a l
a s ta te
p ro g ra m
s h o u ld p r o v i d e
C o u n c il of fo r
fre e th e
of
C h ie f
p u b lic
S ta te
c o m m u n ity
fo llo w in g :
1. S tu d e n ts d e s ir in g t o e n t e r v a r io u s te c h n ic a l and s e m i-p r o fe s s io n a l o c c u p a t i o n s w h ic h r e q u i r e o n e o r tw o y e a r s p r e p a r a tio n beyond h ig h s c h o o l g r a d u a tio n . S. S tu d e n ts d e s ir in g p r e p a r a t io n b eyo n d a v a ila b le h ig h sc h o o l t r a in i n g in o c c u p a t io n s f o r w h ic h t h e h ig h s c h o o ls p r o v i d e t h e b a s ic p r e p a r a t i o n . 3. S tu d e n ts p r e p a r i n g f o r a d m is s io n t o p r o f e s s i o n a l s c h o o l s o r t h e l a s t tw o y e a rs o f te c h n ic a l and l i b e r a l a r t s c o lle g e s . S tu d e n ts d e s i r i n g t o c o m p le te t h e i r g e n e r a l e d u c a t i o n b e f o r e e n t e r i n g em p l o y m e n t o r b e c o m in g hom e m a k e r s . 5. A d u lts a n d o l d e r y o u th s , m o s tly e m p l o y e d , who d e s i r e t o c o n t i n u e t h e i r e d u c a t io n d u r in g t h e i r f r e e h o u r s .^
T h e P r e s i d e n t ’ s C o m m is s io n o n n i g h e r E d u c a t i o n , H i g h e r E d u c a t i o n f o r A m e r ic a n D e m o c r a c y , h e w l o r k : H a r p e r a n d B r o t h e r s , 1 S 4 7 , V o l. I , p p . 6 7 - 6 8 n a t i o n a l C o u n c il o f C h ie f S t a t e S y s te m o f E d u c a t io n , Y /a s h in g to n , p. 9
S chool O ff ic e r s , O ur D .C ., D e c e m b e r, 1 9 4 9 ,
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
3 In s te a d , o f
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E du c a t io n e .l P o l i c i e s A s s o c ia tio n it
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w ro te : T h e t e r m C o ra m u n ity I n s t i t u t e r e f e r s t o a f r e e p u b lic e d u c a tio n a l i n s t i t u t i o n o f f e r i n g tw o y e a r s o f e d u c a t io n b e y o n d t h e t w e l f t h g r a d e , in a v a r i e t y o f f i e l d s , b o th v o c a tio n a l and n o n -v o c a tio n a l. I'o r m ost s t u d e n t s , t h e c o u r s e i n t h e c o m m u n ity I n s t i t u t e i s t e r m in a l; t h a t i s , i t m a rk s t h e e n d o f f u l l - t i m e a t te n d a n c e a t an e d u c a t io n a l in s titu tio n . Som e s t u d e n t s , h o w e v e r , m o v e o n f r o m t h e C o m m u n ity I n s t i t u t e t o p r o f e s s i o n a l s c h o o ls o r t o t h e u p p e r tw o y e a r s o f l i b e r a l a r ts o r t e c h n ic a l c o lle g e s . The C o m m u n ity I n s t i t u t e a l s o c o n d u c t s t h e p r o g ra m o f p a r t - t i m e e d u c a t io n f o r o u t o f s c h o o l y o u th and a d u l t s . 4 On e d u c a t i o n a l
y e a rs ,
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s ta te s : B r o a d ly s p e a k in g , t h e p r im a r y e d u c a tio n a l o b je c t iv e o f th e 1 3 th and 1 4 th g ra d e s is t o d is c o v e r , t o e x p lo r e , and t o p r o v id e s u i t a b le in s t r u c t io n a l o p p o r tu n itie s f o r th e de v e lo p m e n t o f a l l p e r s o n a l l y a n d s o c i a l l y d e s i r a b l e a b i l i t i e s , i n c l u d i n g t h e a c a d e m ic , o f a l l o ld e r y o u th and a d u lt s . M o re s p e c i f i c a l l y , th e o b je c t iv e s a re t o e n d e a v o r t o p r o v id e e d u c a tio n f o r t h e g i f t e d w ho w i l l c o n t i n u e t h e i r f o r m a l e d u c a t i o n a f t e r g r a d e 1 4 , a n d t o x > n o v id e f o r a r o u n d i n g o u t a n d c o m p le tio n o f f o r m a l e d u c a tio n f o r t h e m a n y v /h o w i l l n o t c o n t i n u e t h e i r e d u c a t i o n i n t o th e f o u r - y e a r c o lle g e s and u n i v e r s i t ie s .
N a t i o n a l E d u c a tio n A s s o c ia t io n , E d u c a t io n a l P o l i c i e s C o m m is s io n , E d u c a t i o n f o r A l l A m e r i c a n l o u t h , W a s h i n g t o n , Jj . C . , 1 9 4 4 , p . 3 3
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
4
E d u c a tio n f o r t h i s s e c o n d g ro u p c o n s is ts o f g e n e r a l e d u c a tio n and o f t r a i n i n g f o r te c h n ic ia n s and f o r th e v o c a t io n a l s k i l l s . 5 k e m p fe r
d e fin e d
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a c o m p o s it e o f a l l e d u c a t i o n a l o p p o r t u n it ie s e x te n d e d by th e l o c a l p u b lic s c h o o l s y s te m x r e e t o a l l p e r s o n s w h o , h a v i n g p a s s e d t h e n o r m a l a g e f o r com p le t in g th e t w e lf t h g ra d e , n eed o r w ant t o c o n tin u e t h e i r e d u c a t io n . In o f th e For
m an y p a r t s
c o m m u n it y
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C a lifo r n ia ,
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The p u b lic th e
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S t a t e 1s p u b l i c
e v e ry c o lle g e
S ta te s ,
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s y s te m .
B e c a u s e o f i t s p h ilo s o p h y , i t s o r g a n iz a t io n , an d i t s p e r s o n n e l, i t can s e r v e n o t o n l y t h o s e s t u d e n t s w ho w i s h t h e f i r s t tw o y e a r s o f c o l l e g e f o r p r o f e s s i o n a l t r a i n i n g , b u t a l s o t h o s e w ho d e s i r e t o m alce u p h i g h - s c h o o l d e f i c i e n c i e s , b e f o r e e n t e r i n g c o lle g e a n d th o s e w ho a r e i n t e r e s t e d i n p r e p a r i n g t h e m s e l v e s f o r e m p lo y m e n t o r f o r h o m e - m a k in g w i t h i n t w o y e a r s o f c o lle g e t r a i n i n g .
R ay P . P o r t e r , "T re n d s i n I n s t i t u t i o n a l O r g a n iz a tio n f o r E d u c a tio n i n t h e 1 5 t h an d 1 4 t h Y e a r s , " C u r r e n t Is s u e s i n H i g h e r E d u c a t io n , D e p a r tm e n t o f H ig h e r E d u c a tio n o f t h e H . E . A . , W a s h in g to n , D . C . , 1 9 5 1 , p . 1 9 6 H om er K e m p fe r, H e r e a n d G r o w in g S e p te m b e r , 19 5 0 ,
" C o m m u n ity C o l l e g e s o n t h e W ay? T h e y ’ r e i n N u m b e r ," S c h o o l a n d C o ll e g e M a n a g e m e n t. p .4
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
m o s t u r g e n t am ong t h e c u r r e n t n e e d s in J u n io r c o lle g e s n a t i o n a l ly i s th e n e c e s s i t y f o r a r e a w a k e n in g o f i n t e r e s t i n g e n e r a l e d u c a tio n and i n s e r a i- p r o fe s s io n a l t r a i n i n g in w h a t i s know n as t e r m in a l e d u c a tio n . T h is ty p e o f t r a i n i n g i s de s ig n e d t o x ^ e p a re t e r m i n a l s tu d e n ts ( th o s e w ho t e r m in a t e t h e i r c o lle g e e d u c a tio n w i t h i n t w o y e a r s o r l e s s ) f o r m a k in g a l i v i n g a n d f o r l i v i n g i n t h e c o m m u n it y a s e f f e c t i v e ’w o r k e r s , a c t i v e c i t i z e n s , v /e ll- a d ju s t e d i n d iv id u a ls , and s u c c e s s fu l m e m b e rs o f a h o m e . ' In P o te a u , m itte d
1952
a c o m m u n ity
O k la h o m a .
School D is tr ic ts
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P o t e a u C o m m u n ity C o l l e g e w a s c o n c e i v e d t o m eet th e e d u c a tio n a l n e e d s o f th e f o llo w in g g ro u p s : (1 ) T h o s e h i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e s w ho s i r e c r e d i t f o r t r a n s f e r t o s e n io r c o lle g e . LI a n y s t u d e n t s h a v e n o t b e e n a t t e n d i n g a s e n i o r i n s t i t u t i o n o f h ig h e r le a r n in g b ecau se th e c o s t o f m a i n t a i n i n g t h e m s e l v e s a w a y f r o m hom e th r o u g h a f o u r - y e a r c o u rs e o f s tu d y i s p r o h i b i tiv e . A t t h e C o m m u n ity C o l l e g e , t h e s e s t u d e n t s c a n p u r s u e a tw o y e a r a c a d e m ic c u r r i c u l u m w h i l e t h e y r e m a i n a t hom e a n o t h e r tw o y e a r s u n d e r p a r e n t a l g u id a n c e and s u p e r v is io n . T h e s a v in g r e s u l t i n g fro m t h i s
P h e b e W a r d a n d Wr. J . E c k e r t , ,fS a n F r a n c i s c o S c h o o l s S e r v e t h e C o m m u n it y , ” A R e p o r t t o t h e C o m m u n it y , S a n F r a n c is c o P u b li c S c h o o ls , San F r a n c is c o , C a l i f o r n i a ,
1947,
p p .46-49
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
de
a r r a n g e m e n t, i n m any c a s e s , p r o v i d e s t h e o n l y raean s f o r a c h i e v i n g a d e g r e e . (2 ) Li a n y o f t h e o o ia m u n ity C o l l e g e s tu d e n ts a re n o t h ig h s c h o o l g r a d u a te s . E n tra n c e r e q u ir e m e n ts f o r th e s e s tu d e n ts a r e b a s e d u p o n w h e t h e r t h e s t u d e n t c o u ld p r o f i t fro m i n s t r u c t i o n in h is ch o sen o b je c tiv e . S uch a s tu d e n t r e c e iv e s h ig h s c h o o l c r e d it o n ly . T h is g ro u p c o n s is ts m a i n l y o f t h o s e s t u d e n t s w ho d r o p p e d o u t o f e l e m e n t a r y o r h i g h s c h o o l s , a n d who l a t e r fe e l a need f o r fu r th e r t r a in in g b o t h a c a d e m ic a n d v o c a t i o n a l , m any o f th e s e s tu d e n ts i n th e p a s t h a v e b een v e t e r a n s w ho s a w a g r e a t n e e d f o r m o r e t r a i n i n g v /h ile th e y w e re i n s e r v ic e . (3 ) A t h i r d g ro u p i s com posed o f t h o s e p a r t - t i m e a d u l t s t u d e n t s w ho w is h t o im p r o v e t h e i r v o c a t i o n a l c o m p e t e n c e . A l o n g w i t h t h i s g r o u p a r e t h o s e w ho t a k e c o u r s e s f o r a v o c a t i o n a l a n d c u l t u r a l im p ro v e m e n t. T h e C o m m u n ity C o l l e g e c a n h e l p b r i d g e t h e g a p frc c a f u l l - t i m e s c h o o l i n g t o f u l l t i m e e m p lo y m e n t; a n d c a n o f f e r i t s e d u c a t i o n a l s e r v ic e s f o r a s l o n g as n e c e .s s s r y , e i t h e r on a f u l l o r p a r t - t i m e b a s is , a f t e r t h e s tu d e n t e n te rs uoon h is v o c a tio n . Wo s c h o o l c a n c a l l i t s e l f a t r u e c o m m u n ity c o l l e g e u n l e s s i t e x i s t s s o l e l y f o r t h e b e n e f i t o f i t s c o m m u n it y . The p o l i c i e s o f t h e c o m m u n ity c o l l e g e n o l o n g e r can be d ic t a t e d by p r o f e s s io n a l e d u c a to rs u s in g t h e o r ie s e s t a b lis h e d f o r c o n v e n tio n a l c o lle g e p ro g ra m s . The p o lic ie s o f a c o m m u n ity c o l l e g e m u s t e v o l v e f r o m i n t e l l i g e n t c o m m u n ity p l a n n i n g l e d b y p u b l i c s p ir it e d s ch o o l a d m in is tr a to r s . The c o lle g e s h a l l be a d m in is te r e d f o r a l l t h e p e o p le i n t h e c o m m u n ity , a n d s h o u l d b e l o o k e d u p o n a s t h e c u l t u r a l c e n t e r o f t h e c o m m u n it y . °
E l b e r t L . C o s tn e r, S u p e r in te n d e n t, P o te a u C it y S c h o o l s , P o t e a u , O k la h o m a . P o t e a u c o m m u n ity c o l l e g e , 1 9 5 1 , M e e tin g E d u c a t io n a l W e e d s . P a m p h le t. P o te a u C i t y S c h o o l s , P o t e a u , O k la h o m a , 1 S 5 1
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
j o lin U . d o lle g e , J u n io r h o u rs
Pasadena,
c o lle g e fro n
"a s s u re s z a tio n
e x te n d e d
a .m .
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p r o g r a m ,” he
and m ost
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fu rth e r
w o r k in g p e o p le
a tte n d in g
10
o f Pasadena
s ta te s
d i s t r i c t ’ s in v e s tm e n t
o p p o r tu n ity
c o m m u n ity .”
of
has
P r in c ip a l
C a lifo r n ia ,
8
of
c a tio n a l
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c o n tin u e s : T h e c o n c e p t o f c o m m u n ity s e r v i c e b y t h e J u n i o r C o lle g e i s b a s e d on t h e p h ilo s o p h y t h a t e d u c a tio n i s a l i f e - l o n g p r o c e s s e x t e n d in g fro m b i r t h t o d e a th . T h e re can be n o c o m p le tio n o f e d u c a t io n . No m a tte r w hat d e g r e e s a p e r s o n m ay h a v e a c q u i r e d , i f h e c e a s e s h i s s tu d y on g r a d u a t io n , h e becom es h o p e l e s s l y s u b m e rg e d i n t h e o n w a rd t i d e o f p r o g r e s s , and he w i l l o n e day aw aken t o f in d t h a t he m ust be r e -e d u c a te d . O f a l l l e v e l s o f e d u c a tio n , t h e J u n io r C o lle g e o c c u p ie s t h e m o s t s t r a t e g i c p o s i t i o n f o r s e r v in g th e e d u c a t io n a l and c u l t u r a l n e e d s o f a l l t h e c i t i z e n s o f t h e c o r a m u n ity w i t h o u t r e g a r d t o ag e o r w a lk o f l i f e . I t m u s t e x p a n d i t s d a y i n t o h o u r s w h ic h w i l l m ake i t s o p p o r t u n it ie s a v e . i l a b le t o th e e n t ir e p u b lic . "when t h i s h a p p y d a y i s f u l l y r e a l i z e d , we s h a l l h a v e n o p r o b le m o f p u b l i c r e la tio n s . O b s t r u c t io n is t s w i l l d is a p p e a r , and t h e ta x p a y e r s w i l l becom e o u r s ta u n c h e s t f r i e n d s a n d ra o s t e n t h u s i a s t i c s u p p o r t e r s . 9
J o h n Yv. H a r b e s o n , O c to b e r,
1949,
"The
C o m m u n ity J u a ie ? C o l l e g e , ” N .E .A .
_ J o u rn a l
p p .5 0 2 -5 0 3
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
L ife th e
M a g a z in e
c o m m u n ity
and in c lu d in g
c o lle g e th e
r e c e n tly in
an
fo llo w in g
p u b lic iz e d
a r tic le
th e
p h ilo s o p h y ,o r
a c c o m p a n ie d b y
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I n a n a t i o n w h e r e e v e r y b o d y i s d e m a n d in g a h i g h e r e d u c a t io n f o r m o re a n d m o re p e o p le , t h e t r a d i t i o n a l f o u r y e a r c o lle g e i s no lo n g e r a p r a c t i c a l a n s w e r. M o s t h ig h s c h o o l g ra d u a te s c a n n o t a f f o r d fo u r y e a r s o f t u i t i o n and b o a r d aw ay fro m h o m e , n o r do th e y n eed such lo n g -te r m t r a i n i n g . And th e f o u r - y e a r c o lle g e s c a n n o t a f f o r d t h e e x p a n s io n n e c e s s a r y t o e d u c a te a l l t h e a p p l i c a n ts . The b r ig h t e s t s o lu tio n l i e s in th e t w o - y e a r j u n i o r o r c o m m u n ity c o l l e g e s w h ic h h a v e t r i p l e d i n n um ber a n d e n r o l l m e n t s in c e 1 9 2 0 . T h e s e s m a lle r c o lle g e s , u s u a l l y s e t u p f o r s t u d e n t s w i t h i n com m u tin g d i s t a n c e , d is p e n s e w it h d o r m i t o r i e s and g e a r t h e i r c o u rs e s t o th e n e e d s o f th e a re a , i'o r m ost s tu d e n ts t h i s m eans lo w c o s t e d u c a tio n s in c e th e y e a t and s le e p a t hom e. I t a ls o m eans t h e y a r e e s p e c i a l l y t r a i n e d f o r t h e e c o n o m ic l i f e of th e ir ow n c o m m u n it y . L a s t m o n th i n M id d le t o w n , N ew Y o r k , t h e O r a n g e C o u n t y C o m m u n ity C o l l e g e o p e n e d . T h is s c h o o l, d e s p e r a t e ly n e e d e d i n t h i s c o lle g e -s ta r v e d s e c tio n , is th e f i r s t p r o d u c t o f t h e S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y o f N ew Y o r k ’ s p ro g ra m t o e s t a b lis h in d e p e n d e n t c o l l e g e s i n a l l e c o n o m ic a r e a s o f t h e s t a t e , s u p p o rte d e q u a lly by t h e s t a t e and lo c a l a re a . I n O ra n g e C o u n ty t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f a C h a m b e r o f C o m m erce s e c r e t a r y and t h e g e n e r o s ity o f a la d y w ho g a v e up h e r ^ 3 m i l l i o n e s t a t e h a v e g iv e n 160 s tu d e n ts a ch an ce a t c o lle g e e d u c a t i o n f o r o n l y .£200 t u i t i o n a y e a r . 1 0 New Y o r k e s ta b lis h e d
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Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
I n J a m e s to v n t h e i'e w a s a d e s i r e t o t r a n s f o r m t h e A l f r e d U n i v e r s i t y E x te n s io n i n t o a C o m m u n ity C o l l e g e , a n d t o e x p a n d t h e c u r r ic u lu m t o in c lu d e a t e c h n ic a l p ro g ra m as w e ll as l i b e r a l a r t s . To a c c o m p l i s h t h i s t h e c o m m u n ity c a n v a s s e d i t s l o c a l f a c i l i t i e s a n d cam e u p w i t h t h is s o lu tio n . T h e C o m m u n ity C o l l e g e u s e s 1 0 c la s s r o o m s i n t h e s e n i o r h i g h s c h o o l, w h e re t h e c o u r s e s a r e s c h e d u le d b e t w e e n t h e h o u r s o f 1 : 0 0 a n d 9 : 3 0 p .m . S tu d e n ts a r e p e r m itte d t o u t i l i z e s e v e r a l lo c a l lib r a r ie s . L a b o r a to r ie s f o r th e s tu d e n ts h a v e b e e n m ade a v a i l a b l e by a c t i o n o f t h e J a m e s to w n m u n i c i p a l l a b o r a to ry b o a rd . And n u rs e s i n t r a i n i n g a re o f f e r e d i n s t r u c t i o n i n E n g lis h , S o c io lo g y , P s y c h o lo g y , and C h e m is tr y a t a l o c a l h o s p ita l. Dw ayne L ite r a tu r e ,
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c o lle g e : N o c o n v e n t i o n a l a c a d e m ic d e f i n i t i o n f i t s t h e c o m m u n ity c o l l e g e . Y/e m u s t t e a r dow n t h e t i m e - h o n o r e d f e n c e s o f y e a r l y g r a d a tio n s , s e m e s te r -le n g th te rra s , d iv is io n s i n t o p r im a r y , s e c o n d a ry , and h ig h e r e d u c a tio n , a c c r e d it a t io n s t r a i g h t ja c k e ts , and o th e r r e s t r i c t i v e fo rc e s o f e d u c a t io n t o u n d e r s ta n d t h e p la c e and w o rk o f t h i s i n s t i t u t i o n . T h e c o m m u n ity c o lle g e i s c o n c e rn e d w it h m e e tin g n e e d s f o r e d u c a tio n a l s e r v ic e s w h e re v e r th e y a r e fo u n d ; a t w h a te v e r age and s t a t u s o f p r e v io u s e d u c a tio n . T h e a n a to m y o f s e c o n d a ry and h ig h e r e d u c a tio n h a s b een m ade u p o f f o r m a l d i v i s i o n s o f k n o w le d g e k e p t in v io la b le by th e in flu e n c e o f G e rm a n s p e c i a l i s a t i o n e n d e n t r e n c h e d v e s t e d i n t e r e s t s o f a c a d e m ic d e p a r t m e n t s . T h e c o m m u n ity c o l l e g e a t t e m p t s t o a p p l y
" T h e r e ’ s M o r e Them O ne YJay t o S t a r t a U o m m u n ity C o lle g e ," S c h o o l a n d C o lle g e M a n a g e m e n t, N o v e m b e r, 195 0, p .13
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k n o w le d g e t o t h e s e r v i c e o f t h e v . i i o l e p e r s o n i n t h e c o m p le x s o c i a l s e r t i n g o f m o d e rn l i f e . r t r e c o g n iz e s t h e f a c t t h a t th e p e rs o n c a n n o t be d iv id e d in t o a b i o l o g i c a l m an, a v o c a t i o n a l m an, o r a c i v i c m an. K a th e r th a n fo c u s in g th e s t u d e n t o n k n o w le d g e i n i t s d e p e r s o n a l i z e d o r c lo is t e r e d s t a t e - a p ro p e r f u n c tio n o f s p e c ia liz e d o r p r o fe s s io n a l t r a in in g t h e c o m m u n ity c o l l e g e f o c u s e s t h e s e a r c h l i g h t o f k n o w le d g e o n t h e s t u d e n t . h o w e v e r, t h e r e i s a s u p re m e o p p o r t u n i t y f o r t h e c o m m u n ity c o l l e g e t o s e r v e t h e n e e d s o f i t s p e o p le . I t can b e. t h e c e n t e r a n d s e r v i c e i n s t i t u t i o n f o r th e p e o p le ’ s e d u c a tio n a l i n t e r e s t s . A s a s u p p ly s t a t i o n , i t c a n b e t h e v i s u a l - e d u c a t i o n c e n t e r ; t h e a r t s end c r a f t s w o rk s h o p f o r h o b b y a n d c u l t u r a l e x p r e s s i o n c a n f i n d a hom e a n d s t u d i o th e re . T h e c o m m u n ity c o l l e g e c a n g i v e le a d e r s h ip and la y t e a c h e r - t r a in in g s e r v ic e . Its s t a f f s h o u ld b e a b l e a n d r e a d y t o a d v i s e on p r o g r a m m a k i n g a n d o r g a n i z a t i o n t o c o i a n u n it y g r o u p s . In c o o p e r a tio n w it h t h e l i b r a r i e s , i t can d e v e l o p hom e r e a d i n g c o u r s e s a n d s t i m u l a t e t h e t a s t e s o f t h e p e o p le f o r goo d lite r a tu r e . R u n n in g i n v e n t o r i e s o f p o p u l a t i o n and b u s in e s s t r e n d s c a n s e r v e t h e b u s in e s s n e e d s o f t h e r e g i o n . The p r i n c i p l e o f t h e r u r a l hom e a n d f a r m d e m o n s tr a tio n s e r v ic e can b e a p p lie d t o t h e m a n i f o l d n e e d s o f t h e A m e r i c a n com m u n i t y b y a g e n u in e p e o p l e ’ s c o l l e g e . T h u s w i l l t h e d re a m o f u n i v e r s a l e d u c a t i o n I n A m e r ic a n d e m o c r a c y com e t o r e a l i t y .1 2 h a r v a r d ’ s P r e s id e n t,
Janes B ry a n t
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B u t w h a t a r e t h e s e c o m m u n ity c o l l e g e s ? I n t h e f i r s t p l a c e t h e e m p h a s is s h o u l d b e on w h a t I c a l l th e t e r m in a l p ro g ra m s . T h e s e i n s i t u t i o n s s h o u ld n o t b e r e g a r d e d
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’’N e w C o l l e g e s f o r a h e w A m e r i c a , ” o f L i t e r a t u r e , S e p te m b e r 9 , 1 9 5 0
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11
a s t h e f i r s t tv .o y e a r s o f a c o l l e g e o r u n i v e r s i t y , b u t t r ie w ay s h o u ld n o t be b l o c k e d r o r t n e s t u d e n t s who e n t e r t h e s e i n s t i t u t i o n s fro m m a k in g t h e t r a n s i t i o n e i t h e r t o a f o u r - y e a r u n i v e r s i t y p ro g ra m , i n t h e sam e t o w n o r c i t y o r t o a. d i s t a n t l o c a l i t y w it h in t h e s t a t e o r -w ith in t h e n a tio n . ...........................A v a r i e t y o f p r o g r a m s m u s t b e o f f e r e d , s u i t a b l e f o r e. v a r i e t y o f s k i l l s a n d m o t iv a t i o n s , and t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f t r a n s f e r r in g ir o n one p ro g ra m t o a n o th e r m ust be th e r e . I 'u r t h e r n o r e , t e s t s and c o u n s e lin g a r e p a r t o f th e p r o c e d u r e . m o st im p o r ta n t o f a l l , h o w e v e r, w i l l b e t h e g e n e r a l e d u c a tio n p ro g ra m - t h e t h o r o u g h d e v e lo p m e n t o f w h a t w a s d o n e a t t h e h i g h s c h o o l l e v e l t o m ake p e o p le b e t t e r a n d m o re e f f e c t i v e c i t i z e n s an d to . le a d a s a t i s f y i n g l i f e ..................... t h e c o m m u n ity c o l l e g e s h o u ld b e t h e c e n t e r o f a d u l t e d u c a t i o n ............................ T h r o u g h t h e m e d iu m o f a d u lt e d u c a t io n , e d u c a tio n on t h e jo b , e d u c a t io n w h il e p e o p le a r e e m p lo y e d , o p p o r t u n i t y s h o u ld b e p r o v i d e d f o r p e o p l e i n t h e i r tw e n tie s , p e rh a p s in t h e i r t h i r t i e s , e it h e r t o ro u n d o u t t h e i r g e n e r a l k n o w le d g e o r c h a n g e t h e i r s p e c ia liz e d v o c a tio n s ; in o t h e r w o rd s , a d a p t t h e i r s k i l l s to th e changes th e y f a c e a n d t h e w o r l d f a c e s a s w e l l ............... I n some c o m m u n i t ie s t h e s e c o m m u n ity c o lle g e s w i l l be p a r t o f th e p u b lic s c h o o l s y s te m ; i n o t h e r s t h e y m ay b e s e p a r a t e , b u t t a x s u p p o rte d . u o n s id e r t h e p r o b le m i n s o c i a l , p o l i t i c a l , an d e c o n o m ic t e r m s . I f y o u b e l i e v e a s I do i n t h e im p o r ta n t d o c t r in e o f e q u a l i t y o f o p p o r t u n i t y , a n d b e l i e v e as I d o t h a t t o c u t o f f e d u c a tio n a t t h e en d o f h ig h s c h o o l e x c e p t f o r t h o s e w ho c a n a f f o r d t o p a y , i s n o t c o n s is t e n t w it h o u r d e m o c r a tic p h ilo s o p h y , th e n you m u st be w i l l i n g to fin a n c e e i t h e r an e x p a n s io n o f o u r f o u r - y e a r c o l l e g e s ( t o iae a n e e d l e s s l y e x p e n s i v e p la n and s o c ia lly u n d e s ir a b le ) o r e ls e becom e i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e t w o - y e a r c o lle g e s . T h o s e o f u s who b e l i e v e t h e t w o y e a r c o m m u n ity c o l l e g e s a r e a s i g n i f i c a n t s t e p f o r w a r d i n t h e m a rc h to w a r d t h e g o a l o f e q u a liz in g e d u c a tio n a l o p p o r tu n it y h a v e
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12
h ig h h o p es t h a t th e y e v e r y s t a t e ....................... D r. tn e
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13
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Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
14
a c a d e m ic a lly it,
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its
as he back
s ta te d to
th e
c o m m u n ity ? be
p r im a r ily
s h o u ld
o ffe r
p re p a
c o lle g e .
c o m m u n ity
c o lle g e
s tre s s e s
s tu d e n ts .
d e fin e
p a ra g ra p h s
W o rth
th e
som e i t
y e a rs
a ll
be?” ,
s tre n g th of
c o lle g e
The
in
c o lle g e
do t o
s o c ia l
3. u c a tio n
our
c o m m u n ity
n a tu re , th e
can
th e
te rra ,
d e s c r ib in g
C a r o lin a ,
a re
c o m m u n ity
W ilm in g to n
p re s e n te d :
I t w a s a l i t t l e x ao re t h a n t h r e e y e a r s ago t h a t W ilm in g to n C o lle g e e n r o l l e d i t s f i r s t s tu d e n t. S i n c e t h e n , t h e c o m m u n it y t y p e j u n i o r c o lle g e o f h ew u a n o v e r C o u n ty , h o x 't h C a r o l i n a , h a s g r o w n a n d e x p a n d e d i t s o ffe r in g s . I n 19 4 9 - 1 9 5 0 , m o r e t h a n a t h o u s a n d p e r s o n s t o o k a c a d e m ic , s e m ip r o f e s s i o n a l, t e r m i n a l , v o c a t io n .a l, and s h o r t-te r u i a d u lt c o u rs e s o f s tu d y a t th e c o lle g e . H o w e v e r, t h e p u rp o s e o f W ilm in g to n C o lle g e i s n o t m e r e ly t o m ake th e t r a d i t i o n a l t y p e o f a c a d e m ic t r a i n i n g m o r e a c c e s s ib le , a lt h o t h a t i s in d e e d a p a r t o f i t s fu n c tio n . In i t s b ro a d e s t in t e r p r e t a t i o n , i t s p u r p o s e m ay b e s t a t e d a s " s e r v ic e t o th e a d u lt p o p u la tio n o f th e im m e d ia t e ly s u r r o u n d in g c o m m u n ity ." Th e c u r r ic u lu m o f f e r s b ro a d ty p e s o f t r a i n i n g as f o l l o w s : (a ) Th e t r a n s f e r c o u rs e p r o v id e s t h e f i r s t tw o y e a r s o f t h e s t a n d a r d f o u r y e a r c o u rs e le a d in g t o t h e b a c c a l a u r e a t e d e g r e e f o r s t u d e n t s w ho i n t e n d to tr a n s fe r to a u n iv e r s ity o r s im ila r i n s t i t u t i o n , m any t a lc in g a d d i t i o n a l p r e p a r a tio n f o r th e p r o fe s s io n s . (b ) T h e s e m i- p r o f e s s io n a l and v o c a t i o n a l c o u r s e s l a s t i n g tw o y e a r s
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
g e n e ra l
15
q u a lif y th e s tu d e n t f o r p o s it io n s in a re a s o i' e n g i n e e r i n g , " b u s in e s s , h o m e - m a k i n g , s e c r e t a r i a l , a c c o u n tin g , s e l l i n g , o r p u b lic s e r v ic e . (c ) S h o r t-te r m c o u rs e s f o r a d u lt s a r e o r g a n iz e d as n e e d s and i n t e r e s t s a r i s e in th e c o m u n ity . To e n r o l i n t h e t r a n s f e r c o u rs e , t h e s tu d e n t m u st b e a h ig h s c h o o l g r a d u a te . V , e l l e d u c a t e d i n s t r u c t o r s , a l l o f whom h o l d a t le a s t a m a s te r’ s d e g re e , te a c h t h is c o u r s e .......................... In n o n -tr a n s fe r c o u rs e s , e l i g i b i l i t y f o r e n r o lm e n t d e p e n d s u p o n t h e m a t u r i t y , i n t e r e s t s , and a p t it u d e o f t h e c a n d id a t e . In s t r u c t o r s o f th e c o u rs e a r e u s u a lly c o l l e g e g r a d u a t e s w ho h a v e h a d s u c c e s s f u l , p r a c t i c a l e x p e r ie n c e i n t h e i r a r e a s o f s p e c ia liz a tio n . I t h as been fo u n d , how e v e r , t h a t a p e rs o n w it h o u t a d e g re e , b u t w ho p o s s e s s e s a s o u n d p s y c h o l o g i c a l a p p r o a c h a n d t h e k n o w -h o w o f h i s p r o f e s s i o n , i s s o m e t im e s t h e b e s t i n s t r u c t o r o b ta in a b le f o r th e s e c o u rs e s . A m a s te r m ason h i g h l y r e c o g n iz e d i n h is t r a d e , and d is p la y in g q u a l i t i e s o f l e a d e r s h ip , p a t ie n c e , and u n d e r s ta n d in g p ro v e d t o be an e x c e l l e n t i n s t r u c t o r i n b r i c k l a y i n g ; an a d v e r t i s i n g m a n a g e r f o r a lo c a l in d u s tr y p ro d u c e d w o n d e rfu l r e s u l t s i n h i s s h o v /- c a r d l e t t e r i n g c l a s s . T h e c o l l e g e a n d l o c a l b u s in e s s m e n c o o p e ra te t o r e n d e r i n s t r u c t i o n a l s e r v ic e s t o t h e c o m m u n it y . A re c e n t
T e m p le U n i v e r s i t y
announcem ent
re a d s :
I n S e p t e m b e r , 1 9 4 8 , t h e C o m m u n ity C o lle g e o pened as a s p e c ia l p u rp o s e , u n d e r g r a d u a t e , a c a d e m ic d i v i s i o n o f T e m p le U n i v e r s i t y t o p r o v id e a p o s t - h ig h s c h o o l ed u c a tio n i n th e P h ila d e lp h ia m e t r o p o lit a n a r e a t o th o s e i n t e r e s t e d i n t h i s new k in d o f c o lle g e t r a in in g . m any e s s e n t i a l p o s i t i o n s i n a n d i n d u s t r y do n o t r e q u i r e f o u r
b u s in e s s y e a rs o f
’’W i l m i n g t o n C o l l e g e F o u n d e d 1 9 4 7 , ” N a t i o n a l E d u c a tio n A s s o c ia t io n J o u r n a l, A p r i l , 1 9 5 1 , p p . 2 7 8 -2 7 9
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16
c o lle g e p r e p a r a tio n , b u t, f o r th e m ost p a r t , t h e y do r e q u i r e m o r e t h e n a h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a tio n . / o r e x a m p le , d r a f t s m en, e n g in e e r in g a id e s , j u n i o r fo re m e n , ju n io r a c c o u n ta n ts , l i b r a r y a id e s , s e c r e t a r ie s , p e rs o n n e l a id e s , ju n io r i n d u s t r i a l e n g in e e r s , s a le s m e n , an d s m a ll b u s in e s s o w n e rs a r e e l l o c c u p a t i o n a l g o a l s w h ic h r e q u i r e m o r e t h a n t h e n o rm a l h ig h s c h o o l p r e p a r a t io n . L iv in g i t s e l f n e c e s s ita te s " h ig h e r ed u c a t i o n i n o r d e r t o a p p r e c i a t e m o re f u l l y and u n d e r s ta n d m o re i n t e l l i g e n t l y th e c u l t u r a l and s c i e n t i f i c re s o u rc e s th a t a re a v a ila b le . S tu d e n ts a re a id e d i n g a in in g a b a c k g ro u n d in th e s e f i e l d s b y th e la r g e num ber o f b u s in e s s , g o v e rn m e n t a l , c u l t u r a l , a n d s c i e n t i f i c com m u n i t y i n s t i t u t i o n s , n e a r t h e c o m m u n ity C o l l e g e , w h ic h c a n b e u s e d a s l a b o r a t o r i e s f o r s tu d y and i n v e s t i g a t i o n . D e p th th r o u g h v o c a t i o n a l t r a i n i n g a n d b r e a d th i n e d u c a tio n th r o u g h g e n e r a l s tu d ie s le a v e th e s tu d e n t in n ee d o f a t h i r d d im e n s io n w h ic h g i v e s s t a t u r e t o t h e g r a d u a te a n d i s a c h ie v e d b y i n t e g r a t in g th e g e n e r a l and v o c a t io n a l ed u c a t i o n s i n a w h o le o f u s e f u l p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n t h e c o m m u n it y . I t i s f o r th e p u rp o s e o f in t e g r a t in g t h e s e t h r e e o b j e c t i v e s t h a t T e m p le U n i v e r s i t y h a s f o r m e d t h e C o m m u n ity C o l l e g e w i t h t h e a im t o h a v e i t s g r a d u a t e s b e c o m e sound v o c a t i o n a ll y , c h a lle n g e d c u l t u r a l l y , c o n c e rn e d s o c i a l l y , and a c t iv e p e r s o n a lly in t o d a y ’ s w o r ld .17 A c c o r d in g ty
is
a tte m p tin g
te n d in g
its
c o m m u n ity
to to
th e
m eet th e
o ffe r in g s
c o lle g e .
above
to
a n n o u n c e m e n t,
needs
in c lu d e
H o w e v e r,
o f m any
th e
tu itio n
T e m p le U n i v e r s L
s t\id e n ts
fu n c tio n s
of
by
ex
th e
c h a rg e s m u st be p a id
T e m p le U n i v e r s i t y , T h e C o m m u n ity C o l l e g e , A n n o u n c e m e n t f o r t h e s e s s io n s 1 9 5 0 - 1 9 5 1 . B u l l e t i n , T e m p le U n i v e r s i t y , P h i l a d e l p h i a , P e n n s y lv a n ia , In a r c h , 1 9 5 0
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
17
by
s tu u e n ts ,
as
tiie
fo llo w in g
s ta te m e n ts
in d ic a te :
T h e c o s t o f e d u c a t i o n a t T e m p le V a r i e s , d e p e n d in g upon t h e n a t u r e o f t h e c u r r i c u lu m p u r s u e d a n d t h e t h r i f t o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l s tu d e n t. T u i t i o n and fe e s a r e c o m p a r a tiv e ly lo w . i o r th e u n d e rg ra d u a te s c h o o ls , t u i t i o n and u n i v e r s i t y f e e t o t a l # 4 1 4 .0 0 e a c h y e a r , # 2 0 7 . 0 0 o f w h ic h i s p a y a b l e a t t h e b e g in n in g o f each s e m e s te r. T h is f ig u r e does n o t in c lu d e m a t r ic u la t io n f e e , la b o r a t o r y f e e s , c la s s d u e s , c la s s a s s e s s m e n ts , and te x tb o o k s . L a b o r a t o r y f e e s v a r y a c c o r d in g t o t h e p a r t i c u l a r c o u rs e an d th e ty p e o f e q u ip m e n t u s e d . L i v i n g e x p e n s e s a t T e m p le v a r y a c c o r d i n g t o t h e a c c o m m o d a tio n s d e s i r e d , m en a n d w om en s t u d e n t s c a n s e c u r e ro o m s a n d b o a r d f r o m cj>350. 0 0 t o # 4 0 0 . 0 0 p e r y e a r . A con s e r v a t iv e e s tim a te o f th e c o s t o f th e f i r s t y e a r w o u ld r a n g e f r o m # 1 0 0 0 t o c ilg Q O .l®
0. To
D e fin itio n
e lim in a te
o f th e
p o s s ib le
te rm ,
th ro u g h o u t
of
s e m a n tic
c o m m u n ity
th is
O o m m u n ity
c o n fu s io n
c o lle g e ,
s tu d y ,
th e
C o lle g e
as
it
fo llo w in g
is
fo r
T h is
o v e r th e to
be
S tu d y
m e a n in g
used
c h a r a c te r is tic s
s h a ll
a p p ly : 1. o f School th e
D ir e c to r s
c o m m u n ity
a n o th e r th is
C o n tro l
c o lle g e
p u b lic ly
th e is
e le c te d
in
d is tr ic t
lo c a te d . lo c a l
th e or (In
hands
of
d is tr ic ts
th e in
h o a rd w h ic h
som e i n s t a n c e s
b o a r d m ay b e
fo rm e d
fo r
p u r p o s e .) 2.
by
of
s h a ll be
th e
B o a r d in g
c o m m u n ity
c o lle g e ,
fa c ilitie s it
b e in g
s h a ll n o t p r im a r ily
be
p r o v id e d
a c o m m u te rs ’
s c h o o l.
Ib id . ,
p . 56
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
18
o. tu iu io n
to
o p e r a tin g
The
s tu d e n ts th e
o ffe r
fro m . w i t h i n
th e
c o lle g e
d is tr ic t
or
s h a ll
not
d is tr ic ts
c o lle g e .
4. s h a ll
c o m m u n it y
As
b o th
a m in im u m
p ro g ra m ,
p r e -p r o fe s s io n a l
th e
and
c o m m u n ity
c o lle g e
s e m i-p r o fe s s io n a l
c u r r ic u la . a. o ffe r
c o u rs e s
c r e d its
to
The p r e -p r o fe s s io n a l
d e s ig n e d
o th e r
o r p r o fe s s io n a l
c o lle g e s
c o u rs e s
b u s in e s s ,
The
in d u s tr y ,
and u n i v e r s i t ie s
to
tr a in
fo r
a g r ic u ltu r e , tw o
The
e d u c a tio n a l
y o u th s
of
th e 6.
fu ll
to
tra n s fe r
o r to
th e
te c h n ic a l
y e a rs
c u r r ic u lu m
th o s e
s h a ll
o c c u p a tio n s
and p u b lic
o f p o s t-h ig h
s e r v ic e ,
in fo r
school tr a in in g
r e q u ir e d . 5.
th e
p la n n in g
s e m i-p r o fe s s io n a l
d e s ig n e d
w h ic h n o t m o r e t h a n a re
th o s e
s c h o o ls . b.
o ffe r
fo r
c u r r ic u lu m , s h a l l
tim e
p r o v id e
a c tiv itie s
The
c o m m u n it y a
a fo u n d a tio n
th e
c o re fo r
and u n s e lfis h c o m m u n it y , 7.
fo r
s h a ll
a d u lts
and
p r o v id e
a ll
of
o u t-o f-s c h o o l
d is tr ic t.
s tu d e n ts
w h o le s o m e , c h u rc h ,
c o m m u n ity '’ c o l l e g e
B ased
o p in io n
p o lls ,
th e
r e v is e d
c u r r ic u la
of
liv in g
th e upon
m eet
g e n e ra l
s h a ll
in
s ta te ,
th e
c o lle g e
to
hom e,
th e
n a tio n ,
of
s h e ll have of
s c h o o l,
th e
and
to
c u ltu r a l,
and th e
s u rv e y s
c h a n g in g n e e d s
a ll
d e s ig n e d
c o o p e r a tiv e ,
th e
a n a ly s e s
o ffe r
e d u c a tio n ,
in te llig e n t,
c o m m u n ity to
c o lle g e
th e
w o r ld .
p u b lic
c o n tin u a lly p e o p le
it
s e rv e s .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
c h a rg e
19
8. te n t
s ta ff
The
to
c o u n s e llin g
p r o v ia e
in
The
e d u c a tio n a l
c o m a u n it y
The
c o m m u n ity
e d u c a tio n a n d r e c r e a t i o n a l as
fo r
its 11.
v a r io u s fo r
g u id a n c e
end
s h a ll
e n c o u ra g e
p a r
a c tiv itie s . c o lle g e
s h a ll fo r
p r o v id e
th e
h e a lth
c o m m u n ity
as
s tu d e n ts . The
c o m m u n ity
The
c o lle g e
such
c o m m u n ity
ss
m ay p a r t i c i p a t e
re s e a rc h
in
and p la n n in g
c o lle g e
fu n c tio n s
in
a ll
w ays
c o m m u n it y ’ s c o l l e g e .
H om er iie m p fe r , S p e c ia lis t fin e d
a com pe
im p ro v e m e n t. 12.
as t h e
and v o c a t io n a l
fa c ilitie s
c o x o m u n ity p r o j e c t s
c iv ic
s h a ll m a in ta in
c o lle g e
e x tr a -c u r r ic u la r
10.
• w e ll
c o lle g e
s e r v ic e s . 9.
tic ip a tio n
c o m m u n ity
a
fo r
th e
c o m m u n ity
A d u lt
U n ite d c o lle g e
and P o s t-H ig h
S ta te s
O ffic e
S c h o o l E d u c a tio n
o f E d u c a tio n ,
has
de
as:
a c o m p o s it e o f a l l e d u c a t i o n a l o p p o r t u n i t i e s e x te n d e d by t h e l o c a l p u b lic s c h o o l s y s te m f r e e t o a l l p e r s o n s w h o , h a v i n g p a s s e d th e n o rm a l a g e f o r c o m p le tin g t h e t w e l f t h g r a d e , n e e d o r w a n t t o c o n tin u e t h e i r e d u c a tio n . Som ew hat o u s ly m e n tio n e d c o r n m u n ity
s im ila r
to
th e
tw e lv e
c h a r a c te r is tic s
a re K e m p fe r’ s i d e n t i f y i n g
c o lle g e ,
1. e x te n s io n
w h ic h
of
H o m er m e m p fe r,
It th e
_op.
a re
as
fe a tu re s
of
p r e v i a
fo llo w s :
i s l o c a l l y c o n t r o l l e d , a n d an l o c a l , p u b l i c s c h o o l s y s te m .
c it. ,
p .4
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
20
I t can n o t h ave o n o n -r e s id e n t b o a rd . A m a j o r i t y o f I S c o r a p re h e n s iv e s t a t e s c h o o l s u rv e y s m ade s in c e W o r ld W a r I I w e re e m p h a tic on t h i s p o i n t . O n ly t h r e e re c o ra u e n d e d a n a d m i n i s t r a t i v e c o n n e c tio n w it h i n s t i t u t i o n s o f h ig h e r e d u c a tio n . O ne s u g g e s t e d a r e a c o n t r o l . 2. I t is fr e e to th e p a r tic ip a n ts i n i t s p ro g ra m o r e s s e n t i a l l y s o , t a x s u p x ^ o r te d . le e s a re b a r r ie r s . S iz e a b le t u i t i o n fe e s b a r s i g n i f i c a n t p o r tio n s o f t h e p o p u la t io n and th e r e b y p r e v e n t s e r v i c e t o t h e e n t i r e c o m m u n it y . They a ls o l i m i t th e ty p e o f p ro g ra m o f f e r e d th e c u r r ic u lu m . I ’e e s a r e n o m o re d e f e n s i b l e f o r a c o m m u n it y c o l l e g e t h a n f o r a p u b lic h ig h s c h o o l. 3. I t o f f e r s a c o m p r e h e n s iv e e d u c a t i o n a l p r o g ra m s e r v in g t h e w h o le c o m m u n it y . I t i s n o t m e r e ly an i n s t i t u t i o n o f f e r i n g t h e f i r s t tw o y e a r s o f c o lle g e . 4. T h e c o m m u n it y c o l l e g e p r o g r a m i s d e s ig n e d t o s e r v e t h e e d u c a t i o n a l n e e d s o f a l l a d u lts and o ld e r y o u th p a s t th e n o rm a l h ig h s c h o o l a g e . G e n e r a l e d u c a t i o n a l p r e r e q u i s i t e s do n o t e x i s t i n t h e c o m m u n ity c o l l e g e e x c e p t f o r c e r t a in c o u rs e s o r c u r r ic u la . I l l i t e r a t e s , e le m e n ta r y s c h o o l d ro p o u t s , o r c o lle g e g r a d u a te s a r e as w e l com e a s h i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e s . The e d u c a t i o n a l m en u s h o u l d b e b r o a d e n o u g h . t o a p p e a l t o an yo n e p a s t th e h ig h -s c h o o l age. T h e c o m m u n ity c o l l e g e w o u ld n o t g r a n t d e g r e e s a l t h o u g h i t m ay o f f e r t w o y e a rs o f c o lle g e c r e d it .* ® K e m p f e r 's a c c o r d in g h o w e v e r, nal
20
to in
p ro g ra m
Ib id . ,
th e its in
c o m m u n ity p r e v io u s
C o m m u n ity g e n e ra l
c o lle g e s
re fe re n c e . C o lle g e ,
w o u ld
g ra n t
d e g re e s ,
T e m p le U n i v e r s i t y ,
o ffe rs
and v o c a t io n a l
not
a tw o
e d u c a tio n
year
te r m i
le a d in g
to
p p .4 -5
T e m p le U n i v e r s i t y
b u lle tin ,
ojo.
c it. ,
p .12
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
21 th e
d e c re e
o f A s s o c ia te
In
C a lifo r n ia
to
th o s e
in
in s titu tio n s
need
heed
on t h e
fo r
th is
spondence
passed
1947
lo c a l
c o m p le te
th e
to
pages
th e
show t h e
th e
o r B u s in e s s . a re
year
g ra n te d
p ro g ra m s
c o lle g e s .
w ill
be p re
e x is te n c e
e v id e n c e
a p p e a rs
of in
th e c o rre
s ta te m e n ts .
U - e n e r a l A s s e m b ly S e n a te h i l l
d is tr ic ts
to
The b i l l
o b je c tio n s
tw o
E v id e n c e
to
of
D e g re e s
c o m m u n ity
S tu d y
host
p u b lic
p ro g ra m s .
Am ong h i s
T h is
s tu d y ,
u n a n im o u s ly
p e r m itte d school
fo r
T e c h n o lo g y ,
A s s o c ia te
c o r r e s p o n d in g
fo llo w in g
o r in
In
A rts ,
and new Y o r k ,
w ho s u c c e s s f u l l y
D. s e n te d
in
ho.
o f P e n n s y lv a n ia 22
45o
a d d tw o
w as
w e re t h e
w h ic h
y e a rs
v e to e d
by
fo llo w in g
to
th e
w o u ld h a v e th e ir
p u b lic
G o v e rn o r.
s ta te m e n ts :
....................I t i s e n t i r e l y p o s s i b l e t h a t i f t h i s b i l l becam e la v / t h e s c h o o l d is t r i c t s w o u ld m a k e t h e i r 1 5 t h a n d 1 4 t h y e a r s m o re a t t r a c t i v e a n d t h u s i n c r e a s e e n r o l l m e n t i n t h e s e y e a r s a l l - o f w h ic h w i l l r e s u l t in in c r e a s e d c o s t t o th e S t a t e and t h e l o c a l d i s t r i c t . We do n o t now h a v e a v a i l a b l e s u f f ic i e n t d a ta t o f o r e c a s t a c c u r a te ly t h e am ount o f th e s e in c r e a s e d c o s ts . . . . fo r p o s t-h ig h c o m in g any
anyone
school
fro m
th e
s u g g e s tin g
e d u c a tio n , G o v e rn o r,
such p ro p o s a l w ith
a
fu tu re
s ta te m e n t
s h o u ld
be
a r e a s o n a b ly
P e n n s y lv a n ia (G e n e ra l A s s e m b ly , V o l. IV , 1S 47, p .3957 ’
I b i d . , V e to
#
33,
J u ly
7,
le g is la tio n such
a -w a r n in g sound
as to
fo r th e
above,
accom pany
e s tim a te
L e g is la tiv e
p u b lic
of
th e
J o u r n a l,
1947
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
22 cost
to
b o th
th e
lo c a l
" H oy ; m u c h w i l l p o s s ib ly th e
p r o v id e s o r e
e x is tin g
c o u ld
not
s ta te m e n ts o th e r
it
a ffo rd
such
corae f r o m
c itiz e n s
P la n n in g h o a rd
an
end th e
c o s tv "
fu n d s
e d u c a tio n a l
1''. A .
s ta te d
d is tr ic t
S ta te .
"The
th a n
o re
p ro g ra m . "
cannot
n e c e s s a ry “L o c a l
e x te n s io n ."
le g is la to r s ,
S ta te
to
o p e ra te
c o m m u n i t ie s
These
end
e d u c a to rs ,
o th e r
p a re n ts ,
and
o f P e n n s y lv a n ia . P itk in , of
th e
E x e c u tiv e
D ir e c to r
P e n n s y lv a n ia
of
th e
D e p a rtm e n t
of
S ta te C o m m e rc e ,
r e c e n tly : h e h a v e b e e n v e r y m uch i n t e r e s t e d i n y o u r p ro p o s a l th a t sch o o l d is t r ic t s be p e r m it t e d t o e s t a b lis h ju n io r c o lle g e s o r o t h e r w i s e p f f e r tw o y e a r s o f p o s t h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a tio n . V/e c o m p l e t e l y a g r e e w i t h t h e m o t iv e b e h in d t h i s p r o p o s a l. T h a t t h e a d v a n ta g e s f o r h ig h e r e d u c a tio n s h o u l d b e a v a i l a b l e t o a l l y o u n g m en a n d w om en i r r e s p e c t i v e o f t h e e c o n o m ic p o s i t i o n o f t h e i r p a r e n t s seem s h i g h l y im p o r ta n t t o a s u c c e s s fu l s o c ie t y . It i s , h o w e v e r , a p p a r e n t t h a t o n e c o n o m ic g ro u n d s , m any, i f n o t m o s t, o f o u r s c h o o l d i s t r i c t s w o u ld b e u n a b l e t o t a k e a d v a n ta g e o f t h i s p e r m is s io n . The le v e l o f fe d e r a l ta x a t io n is now so h ig h t h a t an y f u r t h e r dem an ds, e v e n f o r so w o r t h y a c a u s e , a p p e a r t o b e d a n g e ro u s t o th e econom y. We c o u l d n o t t h e r e f o r e re c o m m e n d y o u r s o l u t i o n t o t h i s p r o b le m u n t i l a s u b s t a n t i a l r e d u c tio n h a s b e e n b ro u g h t a b o u t in f e d e r a l s p e n d in g . P ro m w h a t w e kn o w o f t h e t a x b a s i s i n m any o f o u r s c h o o l d i s t r i c t s we b e lie v e th a t th e re is l i t t l e chance th a t a c o m m u n it y c o l l e g e on a s c h o o l d i s t r i c t b a s i s w o u ld s o l v e t h e p r o b l e m o f e q u a l e d u c a t i o n a l o p p o r t u n i t i e s . 2^
P . A . P i t k i n , D i r e c t o r , S t a t e P la n n in g B o a rd , H a r r i s b u rg , Penna. P e r s o n a l l e t t e r t o K . D. R e e s e , A p r i l 2 6 ,
1950
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
23
in
"the c h a p t e r o n
r e a lis tic lo c a l
p la n
d is tr ic ts
p e r m is s iv e p ro v e m r.
a b le
le g is la tio n .
The
p r o v id in g
h e ld
It
by
s ta te
le g is la tio n
p u b lic
c o m m u n ity
c o lle g e s ,
such
to
b o th
s ta te m e n ts
a n tic ip a te d fo r
s ta te
e s tim a te s If
th e
it
S ta te
th o s e
th a t
of
le a s t
at
a d v o c a te d ,
th e
how t o
In
ju n io r
P itk in ’ s le tt e r
P e n n s y lv a n ia t h e
to
c o lle g e ,
C o u n c il
c o m m u n i such
as
th a t, of
F u rth e r,
d e t e r m in a tio n
under
c e r ta in
tr a n s la te d le v y
of
p r o p o s a ls
in to
ta x a tio n
a d d itio n a l
ta x e s .
can
to
school
a ffo rd
e d u c a tio n
c o lle g e
seem t a n t a m o u n t
school
en
e s tim a te
d is tr ic ts . a
d is
be
p u b lic
a b le
c o m m u n ity
e d u c a tio n a l
to
of
th e
s o lv in g
o p p o r tu n itie s ,
le v e l. w as m e n tio n e d
show n a b o v e .
S ta te
be
to
equal
w ill
e s ta b lis h m e n t
p o s t-h ig h
w o u ld
such
im p e r a tiv e
fo r
be
of
o p in io n s
a c o m m u n ity
a p u b lic
p r o v id e
p o s t-h ig h
The te rm , o f ih r .
it
to
a b ility
e s ta b lis h m e n t
at
s h o u ld
c o s ts
upon lo c a l
d e m o n s tra te d
of
p e r m it
d is tr ic ts
th ro u g h
p r o b le m
to
m ake i t
a
t h a t m any
th e re
fre e
th a t
need
p u b lic
th e
seen
th e
lo c a l
in s u r e
econom y w i l l
fo r
d e m o n s tra te
tu itio n -fr e e ,
h e r e in
be
one
p r o v id e
ty p e
our
lo c a l
s u p p o rt;
can b e
th a t
th e
to
sh o w n t h a t
a d v a n ta g e
and
c o s ts
based
ta k e
o ffic ia ls
p r o p o s in g
be
w h ic h w i l l
o p p o r tu n itie s
b e fo re
c o s ts
w ill
d a ta p r o v id e d
can r e a d i l y
our
it
to
P i t k i n ’ s a s s e r tio n
c o lle g e s .
th is
w ill
e a o i;te d be
d a n g e re d b y ty
can be
c o s ts
of
Id ia t
is
a
E d u c a tio n
in
th e
ju n io r d e fin e s
p o r tio n c o lle g e ? it
fo llo w s : A J u n io r C o lle g e i s an i n s t i t u t i o n o f f e r i n g tw o o r m o r e y e a r s o f -w ork w i t h c u r r i c u l u m c o v e r in g tw o y e a r s o f p o s t -
a
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
as
24
h ig h s c h o o l w o rk ( a t l e a s t 60 s e m e s te r h o u rs o r th e e q u iv a le n t in y e a r , te r m , o r q u a r t e r h o u r s ) w h ic h i s b a s e d u p o n a n d c o n t i n u e s o r s u p p le m e n t s t h e w o r k o f s e c o n d a ry i n s t r u c t i o n as g iv e n i n an y f u l l y a c c r e d it e d s e c o n d a ry s c h o o l. Is c o lle g e m ig h t
th is
and
be
ju n io r
th e re
g re a t
a c o m m u n ity
used
as
a re
of fo r
s e n io r th e
C o lle g e
p u b lic
by
c o lle g e s .
c o n s id e r e d
ju n io r
In
J u n io r
m any
w hat
a
cases th e
have been
c o lle g e s .
c o lle g e s
e n r o lle d
u e n te rs
b e tw e e n
C a lifo r n ia ,
P e n n s y lv a n ia
U n d e rg ra d u a te an d H e rs h e y
In
c o m m u n ity
s tu d e n ts
and c h a rg e t u i t i o n . a re
c o lle g e ?
e s s e n tia lly
such as P e n n s y lv a n ia , o f w o rk ta k e n
d iffe r e n c e
s y n o n y m o u s ly .
c o lle g e s
s tu d y
any
in
In
o ffe r th e
ju n io r
ju n io r th e
p u b lic d e fin e d
o th e r
C o lle g e ,
a re
th e
tw o
c o lle g e s ,
o f T h e P e n n s y lv a n ia p r iv a te ly
of
C o n c e r n in g ile r s h e y
T h e P e n n s y lv a n ia J u n io r
C o lle g e ,
S ta te
ty p e
y e a rs except
S ta .te o p e ra te d
T h e P e n n s y lv a n ia U n d e rg ra d u a te
b ra n c h e s
in
s ta te s ,
m a in ly
fir s t
te rm s
C e n te rs
C o lle g e .
H e n r y K lo n o w e r
w r ite s : Th e H e rs h e y J u n io r C o lle g e , lo c a t e d a t H e r s h e y , P e n n s y lv a n ia , i s c o n t r o l l e d and o p e r a t e d b y t h e D e r r y T o w n s h ip S c h o o l D i s t r i c t b u t i s f in a n c e d e n t i r e l y fro m p r i v a t e f u n d s w h ic h h a v e b e e n m a d e a v a i l a b l e t o t h e S c h o o l B o a rd by t h e p h i la n t h r o p is t , th e l a t e D ir . I.i. S . H e r s h e y . A d m is s io n s a r e r e s t r ic t e d to lo c a l r e s id e n t s , t o g ra d u a te s
c o m m o n w e a lth o f P e n n s y l v a n i a , D e p a r t m e n t o f P u b l i c I n s t r u c t i o n , P r o c e d u r e m id ^ s ta n d a r d s o f t h e B t a t e c o u n c i l o f E d u c a tio n i n t h e A c c r e d itm e n t o f J u n io r C o lle g e s , ( m iraeo g r a p h e d)
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
m e a n in g tic e
of to
t il e lie r s h e y I n d u s t r i a l S c h o o l, c e r t a i n q u a l i f i e d v e t e r a n s . 26
To
a v o id
of
th e
th e
te rm ,
h in d
n o te
of
th a t,
C o lle g e ,
p o s s ib ility
te rm ,
th ro u g h o u t
use th e
th e
" ju n io r
th is
th e re
fo r a re
c o lle g e " ,
c o m m u n ity
in s titu tio n save
o f m is in te r p r e tin g
d is s e r ta tio n
" p u b lic
th e
h e r e in
to ,
it
w ill
th e
p ra c
w hen r e f e r r i n g
a d v o c a te d . e x c e p tio n
c o m m u n ity
be
th e
w h en ever p o s s ib le ,
c o lle g e " ,
p o s s ib le
no p u b lic
and
I t
is
e s s e n tia l
o f h e rs h e y
c o lle g e s
to
in
ti
J u n io r
P e n n s y l
v a n ia . ■To show f u r t h e r e s tim a te s
of
P e n n s y lv a n ia , by i , i r .
P.
c o s ts th e
of
th a t
th e re
p ro p o s e d
fo llo w in g
is
p u b lic
p a ra g ra p h s
Raym ond S o ll e n b e r g e r
a re
need
fo r
c o m m u n ity fro m
a
s tu d y
of
c o lle g e s
a le tte r
in
w r itte n
c ite d :
As I see t h e s t a t u s a t t h e p r e s e n t tim e l i t t l e w i l l be done f o r a fe w y e a rs b e c a u s e o u r e x p a n d in g s c h o o l p ro g ra m n o r m a l ly i s c o s t i n g so m u c h m o r e t h a t i t w i l l b e v e r y d i f f i c u l t i f n o t im p o s s ib le t o e n la r g e t h e s c h o o l p ro g ra m , t o t h e e x t e n t o f J u n io r C o lle g e s i n o u r p u b lic s c h o o l p ro g ra m . T h o u g h we r e a l i z e t h a t y o u r s u g g e s t io n i s v e r y t i m e l y and t h e s c h o o ls a r e n e e d in g m u ch i n t h i s s t a t e , a s y o u s u g g e s t e d , t h a t id e a w i l l h a v e t o b e s o ld t o t h e le a d e r s o f t h e s t a t e , p o s s i b l y t o some e d u c a t o r s , a n d t o t h e m ass o f t h e p e o p le . T o s u m m a r iz e m ay I s t a t e t h a t J u n i o r c o lle g e i s n e e d e d . I t h a s b e e n d is c u s s e d w id e ly in iia r r is b u r g . Some c o l l e g e s h a v e d e c i d e d t h a t we a r e n o t r e a d y f o r i t a s y e t. We do n o t h a v e t h e m o n e y a t t h e
H e n r y H lo n o w e r , D i r e c t o r o f T e a c h e r E d u c a tio n an d C e r t i f i c a t i o n , P e n n s y lv a n ia D e p a rtm e n t o f P u b li c I n s t r u c t i o n , H a r r is b u r g , Penn a . P e r s o n a l l e t t e r t o ±1 . D . R e e s e , J a n u a ry 1 3 , 1950
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
26 p r e s e n t tim e t o i n s t i t u t e i t b u t 1 b e l i e v e , in tlie n o t to o d is t a n t f u t u r e , i t w i l l b e com e a r e a l i t y . 27 .P e n n s y lv a n ia h a s Uan i t
be
p o s s ib le
th a t as i t r .
e s ta b lis h E lic it m rs .
it
be
w ill
in
e d u c a tio n
in
th e
a c tu a lly
as
d iffic u lt
or
as
be
S o lle n b e r g e r
p u b lic
c o L iia u n ity
e x tra c te d
Jam es M e e h a n ,
o f p a re n ts
p io n e e r e d
fro m
s u g g e s ts ,
c o lle g e s ?
th e
p r e s id e n t
th e
im
f o r .P e n n s y lv a n ia P e rh a p s
fo llo w in g of
p a s t.
fe w
to
an a n s w e r
s ta te m e n ts
by
Pennsylvania C o n g r e s s
and T e a c h e rs :
I n a tim e o f w o r ld c r i s i s P e n n s y lv a n ia c a n n o t a f f o r d t o n e g le c t th e t r a i n i n g o f h e r fu tu re c itiz e n s . I f we w a n t th e m t o b e w e l l t r a i n e d we m u s t p a y t h e b i l l , v ih en c o m p a r e d t o s i s t e r s t a t e s , P e n n s y l v a n i a m u s t do b e t t e r t h a n i t s p r e s e n t r a n k o f 4 3 rd p la c e in th e p e rc e n ta g e o f w e a lt h s p e n t on e d u c a t io n . The p a re n ts o f th e c h ild r e n o f P en n s y lv a n ia c a l l upon y o u as a l e g i s l a t o r t o p r o v id e e d u c a tio n a l o p p o r t u n it ie s f o r o u r boys and .g ir ls e q u a l to th e b e s t in th e
nation.23 In
th e
second p a ra g ra p h
S o l l e n b e r g e r 1s l e t t e r id e a
of
p u b lic
S ta te ,
to
w r ite r
has
is
c o m m u n ity
e d u c a to rs , a tte m p te d
of
th e
s e c tio n
fro m t . r ,
m e n tio n e d
th e
need
s e llin g
c o lle g e s
and t o to
do
th e ju s t
to
th e
of
le a d e r s
of
th e
m ass o f
th e
th a t
c o r r e s p o n d in g
by
th e
p e o p le .
The w ith
D. R a y m o n d S o l l e n b e r g e r , C h a ir m a n o f t h e E d u c a t i o n Com m i t t e e , P e n n s y lv a n ia H o u se o f R e p r e s e n t a t iv e s , H a r r is b u r g , Tenna. P e r s o n a l l e t t e r t o H . i-). R e e s e , N o v e m b e r 1 7 , 1 9 4 9 M r s . J a m e s L le e h a n , “ C o n g r e s s o f P a r e n t s a n d T e a c h e r s S u p p o r t s , ” E d u c a tio n B u l l e t i n , P e n n s y lv a n ia S t a t e E d u c a t i o n A s s o c i a t i o n , A p r i l 1 6 , 1 9 5 1 , p . 90
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
27 and
a s k in g
m ent
i’o r
s u p p o r t fro m
a t n a r r is b u r g ,
n a ir e s
w e re
sent
P e n n s y lv a n ia .
to
m o re t h a n
te a c h e r
a s s o c ia tio n s ,
le a d e r s
of
C lu b s an
one h u n d re d
th ro u g h o u t
a r tic le
th e
in
o rg a n
In
e d u c a tio n and
of
A s s o c ia tio n ,
p r e s id e n ts
c o lle g e s ,
in by
o f L io n s
J a n u a ry , th e
P e n n s y lv a n ia
C o n g re s s
1951,
w r i t e r , * 59
P e n n s y lv a n ia P a r e n t - T e a c h e r ,
th e
p a re n t-
and S t a t e
E d u c a tio n
a d d itio n ,
and g o v e rn
q u e s tio n
p r e s id e n ts d is tr ic t
ana f i f t y
c o m m u n ity
th e
of
s ix ty
S ta te
in
L e tte rs
tw e n ty
S ta te .
on p u b l i c
w as p u b lis h e d o ffic ia l
about
th e P e n n s y lv a n ia
and m o re th a n
le a d e r s
th e
o f P a re n ts
and
'r e a c h e r s .
v is e d .
T h e re
is
m uch m e r i t
T h e re
is
need to
c o lle g e s
th ro u g h o u t
p u b lic
ju n io r
a lm o s t
50
c o lle g e
y e a rs
ago
e n a c te d
p e r m is s iv e
in
and te n
fo r
1907
s ta te
th e
in
s e ll
th e
S ta te
in
th e
w hat h r .
u n ite d
J o lie t,
la te r
s u p p o rt
id e a
S o lle n b e r g e r of
p u b lic
o f P e n n s y lv a n ia .
le g is la tio n
y e a rs
fin a n c ia l
in
c o m m u n ity The
w as
C a lifo r n ia
fo r
ju n io r
p u b lic
le g is la tio n
p u b lic
H a r o l d D . R e e s e , ’’L e t ’ s P a c e P a re u t-T e a c h e r, J a n u a ry , 1 9 5 1 ,
ju n io r
fir s t
e s ta b lis h e d
Illin o is .
e n a c te d fo r
S ta te s
ad
c o lle g e s p r o v id in g
c o l l e g e s . 3^
t h e F a c t s , ” P e n n s y lv a n ia p p .1 0 -1 1
P h e b e W a r d , ’’ D e v e lo p m e n t o f t h e J u n i o r C o l l e g e M o v e m e n t , ” A m e r i c a n J u n i o r C o l l e g e s , A m e r i c a n C o u n c i l on E d u c a tio n . W a s h in g to n , D . C . , 1 9 4 8 , p p . 9 - 1 2
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
28
A lm o s t;
0 0 ,0 0 0
1 9 4 9 -1 9 5 0 fo r n ia ; tin e
in
31
f u l l - t i m e 0-1- s t u d e n t s tu itio n -fr e e
P e n n s y lv a n ia
s tu d e n ts
P e n n s y lv a n ia .
at
s ta te m e n ts u c a tio n
e n r o lle d ,
th e h e rs h e y
at
e n r o lle d
d u r in g
ju n io r
c o lle g e s
in
c a li-
85
fu ll
th e
J u n io r
sane
tim e ,
c o lle g e ,
h e rs h e y ,
ro i n d i c a t e d it
tw o
of
s t a t e c o n v e n tio n
s ta te m e n t:
d is tr ic ts
th is
in
th e r .S .E .A .
w o u ld
a n s w e r in g
and f i n a l next
hack-
th e e s ta b lis h m e n t
.P e n n s y lv a n ia
e n a c tm e n t
le g is la tu r e
la tiv e
of
a x 'f i r m a t i v e ;
school
w hen
a sized
o ffic ia ls
a t th e
e x p la n a to r y
to
q u e s tio n
our L e g is la tiv e
p ro m o te s ta te
fa m ily
o u r p u b lic
The t h ir d m en d
th e ir
th a t
c o lle g e s
th ir te e n
r e p lie d
or
you th in k
c o m m u n ity v a n ta g e
s ta tu s
-
L e g is
p r o p o s a l.
J a m e s b . U o n a n t , f r o m an a d d r e s s a t t h e f i r s t a n n u a l d i n n e r o f t h e n a t i o n a l u i t i z e n s o o r o m is s io n f o r t h e P u b l i c io c h o o l s , h a t i o n a l E a u c a u i o n A s s o c i a t i o n J o u r n a l . I . l a r c h , 1 9 5 0 , p .175
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
36 To P . 3 .1 !. A . o f th e m le tte r s . th is
g iv e
some id e e , o f
o ffic ia ls a re
p re s e n te d
T ie
s tu d y ,
c o n ta c te d ,
le tte r s
w ith o u t a re
in
th e
th in k in g
p o r tio n s
of
id e n tify in g p o s s e s s io n
of
of
som e o f
le tte r s th e th e
th e
fro m
som e
a u th o rs
of
a u th o r
of
a n d m ay h e e x a m in e d u p o n r e q u e s t .
O ne l e t t e r
s ta te s :
................. T h e r e w o u ld h e a d e f i n i t e a d v a n ta g e t o o f f e r i n g t e c h n ic a l and v o c a t io n a l e d u c a t io n , p lu s an a d u lt e d u c a t io n p ro g ra m . T h e l e t t e r h e i n g o f f e r e d b y m an y p u b l i c s c h o o ls a lr e a d y . As f o r th o s e d e s ir in g t h e f i r s t tw o y e a n s o f a n a c c r e d i t e d c o l l e g e c o u r s e , I q u e s tio n t h e a d v i s a b i l i t y , on t h e g ro u n d s o f m a in ta in in g s ta n d a rd s . On t h i s l a t t e r s c o r e m ig h t i t n o t h e m o re p r a c t i c a l f r o m t h e s t a n d p o in t o f econom y r n d e f f i c i e n c y o f i n s t r u c t i o n , t o g r a n t s t a t e s c h o la r s h ip s t o th o s e d e s ir in g p r o f e s s io n a l t r a i n i n g and n o t a b le t o a f f o r d such t r a i n i n g . R a th e r t h a n s p r e a d i n g t h e i n s t r u c t i o n so w i d e l y , s u b s id iz e th e s tu d e n ts . I f e e l t h a t th e c o m m u n ity c o l l e g e w o u ld e n c o u r a g e m any " n o t s u ite d " to p re p a re f o r p r o fe s s io n a l tr a in in g . I m a k e my o b s e r v a t i o n s p a r t l y 011 t h e g ro u n d s o f a c o lle g e c e n t e r e s t a b lis h e d h e r e f o r a p e r io d o f one y e a r u n d e r t h e a u s p ic e s o f T h e P e n n s y lv a n ia a t a t e C o lle g e . I t w as t o p r o v id e one y e a r o f c o lle g e tr a in in g . T h e a t te n d a n c e and dem and w as t o o lo w t o w a r r a n t i t s c o n tin u a n c e t h e second y e a r. T h is fo llo w e d b y t h e f a c t t h a t th e s tu d e n ts w e re n o t a c c e p te d by th e c o lle g e i t s e l f f o r a d v a n c e d s tu d y even t h o u g h t h e y r e c e i v e d h i g h r a t i n g i n com p a r is o n w ith o th e r such c e n te r s in d ic a t e d t h a t t h e i n s t r u c t i o n l e f t m u ch t o b e d e s ir e d . Y e t , I t h in k I can s a f e l y say t h a t t h e f a c u l t y w o u ld r a n k w e l l w i t h a n y t h a t w o u ld b e e m p lo y e d i n t h e c o m m u n it y C o l l e g e y o u s u g g e s t. I t h i n k t h a t t h e r e a r e som e a r e a s i n t h e s t a t e t h a t c o u ld p r o f i t fr o m s u c h e x t e n s io n o f p u b lic s c h o o l s e r v ic e s as yo u s u g g e s t , b u t how t o i n t r o d u c e l e g i s l a t i o n t h a t c o u ld h e l i m i t e d t o c e r t a i n a r e a s i s q u e s tio n a b le . O ur a r e a h e re i s one t h a t
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
tn e
5? i s f a r fro m c o lle g e s e r v ic e s , y e t , s e r e , m e d em an d i s v e r y s m a l l f o r s e r v i c e s o f t h e c o m m u n ity c o l l e g e . That m ent
o f th e
to w a rd th e
le tte r
seens
c o m m u n ity
in c lu d in g
to
be
at
c o lle g e .
a p ro g ra m
of
in s titu tio n a l
p r o b le m ;
it
e r is ts
s u g g e s tio n
of
p r o v id in g
d e s ir in g
c o lle g e s . g re a te r th e to
fe e s
q u e s tio n
p r o fe s s io n a l t r a in in g
w ho m o s t n e e d
th e
The
a d v a n ta g e s
cost
o b s ta c le
to
in c lu d e
liv in g
s u g g e s tio n m ig h t p r o fe s s io n a l p ro g ra m .
in
its
A second
of
c o lle g e
c h a rg e s .
U n le s s
fa il
in
to
is
th e
in c lu d e d if
le v e ls
p u b lic
fro m
e n a c te d ,
in
of
th e
th e
fo r
an
e d u c a tio n to
a id
is
tr a in in g
th o s e in
tr a in in g
th o s e
th o s e
c o m m u n ity
hom e
s c h o la r s h ip
b e n e fit
is
’' s t a n d a r d s ' 1 i s
o r m ay n o t
fre e
e n d o rs e
r a is e s
s c h o la r s h ip s
o b ta in in g
L e g is la tio n ,
s ta te -w id e
m ay
a ll
sw ay
c o s ts
c o u rs e
at
of
of liv in g
and t u i t i o n
it
p r e -p r o fe s s io n a l
c o lle g e .
fh e
a p a r tia l
1'h e o b j e c t i o n
c o m m u n ity
to d a y .
fh e
le a s t
even th e
a m uch th a n
a re
g e n tle m a n m e a n t g ra n ts ,
h is
whom t h e
c o m m u n ity
w o u ld m o s t
p re
c o lle g e
lik e ly
be
a p p lic a tio n . le tte r
re a d s ,
in
p a rt:
..................... u u e t o t h e l a c k o f f i n a n c e s , i am p o s i t i v e t h a t w e w i l l g e t v e r y l i t t l e s u p p o rt f o r t h i s fo rm o f e d u c a tio n a t th e p r e s e n t tim e , f h e m a jo r p r o b le m i s t o m e e t th e p r e s e n t-d a y c o s ts f o r th e o p e r a t i o n o f s c h o o l s , a n d we a r e n o w w o n d e r i n g ho w t h i s c a n b e a c c o m p l i s h e d . fh e re is m u c h im p r o v e m e n t t o b e m a d e i n o u r p r e s e n t e le m e n t a r y an d s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l s y s te m s . i f c o lle g e s a re t o be e s t a b lis h e d , th e y s h o u ld b e u n d e r l o c a l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n and c o n t r o l- d e c e n t r a liz e d r a t h e r th a n c e n tr a liz e d , a e f o r e in v e s t in g fin a n c e s i n such a p la n , I w an t t o b e s u re t h a t th e p re s e n t in s t it u t io n s can n o t m eet
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
38
our needs. P e rh a p s th e p r e s e n t c o lle g e s c o u l d p r o v i d e a t w o - y e a r c o u r s e , as ’. v e i l as c o u rs e s m e e tin g s ta n d a r d s f o r a b a c h e lo r s d e g re e . It p u b lic
is
c o m m u n ity
c h a p te r w i l l w ith
hoped t h a t
s ta te
c o lle g e s
d e te r m in e
a s s is ta n c e
u c a tio n a l
p ro g ra m s
c o lle g e .
o n a ll
in
P e n n s y lv a n ia
m e
c a lle d
s a tis fa c to r y ?
je c tiv e s
be
tw o
year
c o lle g e , as now ,
can
at th e
c o u rs e s th e
p re s e n te d or not
a ffo rd
to
a th ir d
to
to
th e
th e
W hen i s
th e
th e of
a
of in
lo c a l
e x te n d w o rk
of th e
p ro p o s e d a subsequent
d is tr ic ts , tn e ir
or m e
c o m m u n ity e x is tin g
e x te n t
th a t
school
s y s te m
d e c is io n ?
Y/hy
it
ed
c o m m u n ity c o lle g e s scnool can b e s a tis fa c to r y ?
c an n o t b o th
ob
sam e t i m e ?
p re s e n t
q u e s tio n
a b a r r ie r fro m
of
e s tim a te
e s t a D iis h m e n t
.u n p r o v e d
p r e v a il if
be
w h e th e r
an e i t h e r - o r
Even
to
be d e la y e d u n t i l
ne.s b e e n
it
cost
oy o fx e r i n g
s y s te m
M ust
th e
day
ty p e
a d v o c a te d
cost to
equal
c o lle g e s
th e
th e
fo r
th e
to
e s ta b lis h
c o m m u n ity
s t u d e n t w o u ld
e d u c a tio n a l
le tte r ,
w e re
r e m a in ,
o p p o r tu n ity ,
fo llo w in g :
I do n o t b e l i e v e t h a t t e a c h e r s i n o u r a r e a h a v e t h o u g h t v e r y m uch on t h e p r o b le m o f t h e c o m m u n ity c o l l e g e . 1 b e lie v e th e y a re d e s ir a b le i f th e a re a i s s u f f i c i e n t l y la r g e t o s u p p o rt a s a t is f a c t o r y s tu d e n t p o p u la tio n . 1 b e l i e v e t h a t t h e c o m m u n ity C o l l e g e m ovem ent h a s a r e a l c o n t r i b u t i o n t o m ake i n t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f a c o m p l e t e f r e e p u b l i c s c h o o l s y s te m i n P e n n s y lv a n ia . T h e need i s u rg e n t f o r p r a c t i c a l c o u rs e s f o r men a n d wom en w ho do n o t h a v e t h e o p p o r tu n ity t o a tte n d c o lle g e . The p r e s t ig e o f e a r n in g e i t h e r a c e r t i f i c a t e o r a d ip lo m a f o r h a v in g c o m p le te d c e r t a i n
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
39
c o u rs e s
in
a s e le c te d
fie ld
is
d e s ir a b le .
1 an n o t c e r t a in t h a t I an re a d y t o a d v o c a te p e r m is s iv e l e g i s l a t i o n s o l e l y on a c c o u n t o f t lie p r e s e n t p r o D ie n o r s e c u r in g s u f f i c i e n t fu n d s t o s u p p o r t t r ie e d u c a tio n a l, p ro g ra m now r e q u ir e d by la v ;. L lo s t o f o u r d i s t r i c t s a re n o t a b le , f i n o n c i a l l y , to p r o v id e t h e s e r v ic e s w h ic h we o e l i e v e o u r c h i l d r e n a n d y o u n g p e o p l e s h o u ld h a v e , c o n s e q u e n t l y ± am n o t r e a d y t o e n c o u r a g e one e x t e n s i o n o f t r i e s c h o o l p r o g r a m u n t i l t h e p r e s e n t a c c e p te d p ro g ra m i s s u p p o rte d a d e qua t e l y . i t i s my b e l i e f t h a t t h e n e e d f o r m a s s en d g r o u p e d u c a t i o n d o e s n o t e n d a t th e end o f th e t w e l f t h g r a d e . T h e com m u n i t y , t o g e t h e r w i t h e m p l o y e r s , h a s an o b lig a t io n to t r a i n a d u lts f o r e f f i c i e n t and r e s p o n s iD le l i v i n g . H e re t im e , not
be
a g a in
h o w e v e r,
w ith
e x te n d e d
e x is tin g
e n te re d th e
in to
q u e s tio n m ig h t b e s u p p o r t e d v *' p a ra g ra p h need u n t i l
If
above,
been
asked,
th e is
need it
some o t h e r
A n o th e r
le tte r
q u e s tio n
p r o p o s itio n
th e
p ro g ra m n a s
th e
c o m m u n ity
th a t
is
e x is ts ,
lo g ic a l p ro g ra m s ta te d ,
to has in
fu n d s ,
a re a
is
d e la y been
s ta te d
s h o u ld
u n til
s u p p o rte d .
a p ro g ra m
as
th is
e d u c a tio n
c o lle g e
a d e q u a te ly "w h en
of
th e
The
a d e q u a te ly in
a n s w e r in g
th e
la s t
th a t
p e rfe c te d ^
p a rt:
................... . 1 f a v o r a c o m m u n it y c o l l e g e a n d w h en a . i t can b e f in a n c e d w it h o u t s a c r i f i c i n g t h e a lr e a d y * e x i s t i n g s c h o o l p ro g ra m . b . i t b e an o u t g r o w th o f t h e f e l t n e e d s o f t h e c o m m u n it y r a t h e r t h a n a m a n d a te d c o l l e g e b y t h e s t a t e . In r e fe r e n c e t o th e b e n e fits o f p u b lic e d u c a tio n tn r o u g n m e e s t a b lis h m e n t o r p u D ± i c s u p p o rte d c o lle g e s , I b e l i e v e t h a t t h e b e n e f i t s s t r e s s e d s h o u ld b e on t h e b o y s and g i r l s r a t h e r th a n th e p u b lic s c h o o l s y s t e m , a n a i f a n d w h e n a c o m m u n ity f e e l s
if
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40
■fellat t h e e l i i l d r e n w i t h i n t h a t c o m m u n ity need, w h a t a c o m m u n ity c o l l e g e c a n g i v e , t h e n I am. i n f a v o r o f i t . T h o s e o f us w ho a r e w o r k i n g a c t i v e l y i n t h e f i e l d know1 t h a t o u r g r e a t d i f f i c u l t y a t p r e s e n t i s b e in g a b le t o f in a n c e an d m a in t a in t h e g a i n s a l r e a d y m ade i n t e a c h e r s * s a l a r i e s a n d a n y m o v e m e n t t h a t w o u ld t e n d t o b r e a k dow n w h a t h a s a l r e a d y b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d w o u ld b e l o o k e d u p o n w ith i l l f a v o r . A p p r o p r ia te ■ W illia m of
A.
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at
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a re
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s ta te m e n ts
c o lle g e s ,
U .S .
fro m O ffic e
h d u c a tio n : In v i r t u a l l y e v e ry s t a t e a num ber o f c o m m u n it ie s h a v e c o n d u c t e d p r e l i m i n a r y s tu d ie s and s u rv e y s in t h e h o p e o f b e in g a b le u l t i m a t e l y t o e x te n d th e p ro g ra m o f t h e p u b li c s c h o o l s y s te m . A la n s f o r th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f c o m m u n i t y - c o l l e g e e d u c a t i o n h a v e been s u b m it t e d t o t h e s u p e r in t e n d e n t s o f s c h o o ls amd t h e b o a r d s o f e d u c a t i o n . I f t h e n ew p r o j e c t s c o u ld b e f in a n c e d w ith o u t d i s s i p a t in g p r e s e n t s u p p o rt f o r e le m e n ta r y and s e c o n d a ry s c h o o ls , t h e r e w o u ld b e s l i g h t h e s i t a n c y a b o u t l a u n c h i n g th e m . T h e common s e n s e a p p r o a c h h a s b e e n f o l l o w e d o f g i v i n g p r i o r i t y t o t h e m uch n e e d e d im p r o v e m e n t a n d f u r t h e r d e v e l o p m ent o f p ro g ra m s and f a c i l i t i e s f o r c h i l d re n in g ra d e s 1 - 1 2 . S in c e i t i s u n l i k e l y , h o w e v e r, t h a t e le m e n ta r y and s e c o n d a ry s c h o o ls w i l l e v e r a t t a i n t h e p e r f e c t i o n we d e s i r e f o r t h e m , a r e we j u s t i f i e d i n d e l a y i n g i n d e f i n i t e l y t h e e x p a n s io n o f h ig h e r - e d u c a tio n a l o p p o r t u n it ie s a t th e c o m m u n ity l e v e l ? C o u ld n ’ t a b e g in n in g b e m ade now? Why n o t a " P o i n t I V " p l a n f o r o u r s e lv e s ? We c a n s u p p o r t a n y t h i n g I n A m e r i c a t h a t we w a n t b a d ly e n o u g h . We c a n a f f o r d fa n c y f i l l i n g s t a t io n s an d fa n c y s u p e r m a rk e ts . T h e s u p p o r t f o r t h e m com es o u t o f p o c k e t - b o o k s o f t h e s a m e p e o p l e w ho p a y f o r o u r s c h o o ls . I s i t m o re im p o r t a n t to have a p l a s t ic - t il e d , a c o u s tic a lly t r e a t e d , f l o u r e s c e n t - l i g h t e d , c h r o m iu m p la t e d , and b e a u t i f u l l y m ir r o r e d p a la c e
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41
i n w h ic h t o "buy a c a s e o f b e a n s t h a n i t i s t o h ave a f u l l ra n ^ e o f c o n tin u in g e d u c a t i o n a l o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r t h e p e o p le i n t h e c o m m u n ity ? The answ er w i l l be a p p a r e n t i n t h e d e v e lo p m e n t s o f t h e n e x t fe w y e a r s . An in v e s t m e n t i n p e o p le i s g o o d f o r b u s in e s s . A m e r i c a n s s e ld o m p a s s by such o p p o r tu n it ie s f o r v e r y lo n g . It i s n o t to o e a r ly to ta k e a h an d in f a s h io n in g t h e p a t t e r n s o f h ig h e r e d u c a tip n t h a t a r e e m e r g in g a t t h e c o m m u n it y l e v e l . 0 A p o r tio n
of
a fifth
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........................I t h i n k t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f p u b l i c s u p p o r t e d C o m m u n ity C o l l e g e s i n P e n n s y l v a n i a w o u ld n o t b e n e f i t o u r p u b l i c e d u c a t io n a l s y s te m . I am n o t i n f a v o r o f e s t a b l i s h i n g o t h e r i n s t i t u t i o n s w hen t h e r e a r e a v a i l a b l e v o c a t i o n a l p r o g r a m s t o w h ic h y o u th i s e n t i t l e d u n d e r th e p r e s e n t la w . I b e lie v e t h a t i f a yo u n g p e rs o n d e s ir e s a c o l l e g e e d u c a t io n s u f f i c i e n t l y , t h e y can and w i l l o b ta in o n e . ...........................I do n o t re c o m m e n d t h a t t h e r . S . E . A . p ro m o te p e r m is s iv e l e g i s l a t i o n t o add t h e 1 5 th and 1 4 th g ra d e s t o o u r s c h o o l s y s te m s . I n f a c t , as a m e m b e r o f t h e E x e c u t i v e c o u n c i l , I w o u ld a c t i v e l y o p p o s e s u c h a s u g g e s tio n . I do n o t w i s h t o b e r e g a r d e d a s h o s t i l e b u t I do b e l i e v e t h e r e i s a l i m i t b e y o n d w h ic h we s h o u l d n o t e x p e c t th e p u b lic to g o . liy c h i l d r e n w i l l h a v e t o f i n d t h e i r h ig h e r e d u c a tio n a t a s a c r if ic e , b u t I b e lie v e t h a t th e y w a ll a p p r e c ia t e i t m o re i f t h i s i s t h e c a s e . C h ild r e n m ust le a r n t h a t th e y c a n n o t ex p e c t e v e r y t h i n g t h e y m ay d e s i r e . c o n c e r n in g in
P e n n s y lv a n ia ,
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' w i l l i a m R . V /o o d , " E m e r g in g P a t t e r n s - o f h i g h e r E d u c a t i o n a t t h e c o m m u n ity L e v e l , " a n a d d r e s s p r e s e n t e d b e f o r e - u -ro u p 20 o f t h e s i x t h a n n u a l N a t i o n a l C o n fe r e n c e on h i g h e r E d u c a t i o n , (m im e o g r a p h e d ). C h ic a g o , I l l i n o i s , A p r i l 2 , 1 9 5 1 p. 5
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
42
S ta te is
o il a m b e r o f
in d ic a te d ,
in
C o m m e rc e p r e s e n t s tlie
r o lio v d .n ^
a d iffe r e n t
p ic tu r e ,
as
u u ra .g ra 'Q h :
D u r i n g t l i e s c h o o l y e a r 1 3 4 4 —4 5 , a p p r o x i m a t e ly 1 3 0 ,0 0 0 p u p il s i n g r a d e s 3 - 1 2 i n P e n n s y lv a n ia s e c o n d a ry s c iio o ls w e re i n s c h o o l d i s t r i c t s w h ic h d i d n o t o f f e r a n y ty p e o f v o c a tio n a l t r a in in g . T h is g ro u p r e p r e s e n t e d 34/3 o f t h e t o t a l e n r o l l m e n t in g ra d e s 3 - 1 2 . . . . 4 L ith p e rs o n
w ho
and w i l l of
th e
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to
th e
a c o lle g e
one,
s ta te m e n t
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any
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e d u c a tio n s u f f i c i e n t l y
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P r e s i d e n t ’ s C o m m is s io n o n H i g h e r e d u c a t i o n ?
re p o rt,
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its
s ta te d :
T h e o l d , c o m fo r ta b le i d e a t h a t " a n y b o y c a n g e t a. c o l l e g e e d u c a t i o n w ho h a s i t i n h im ” s im p ly i s n o t t r u e . Low f a m ily in c o m e , t o g e t h e r w it h t h e r i s i n g c o s ts o f e d u c a t io n , c o n s t i t u t e s an a lm o s t im p a s s a b le b a r r i e r t o c o l l e g e e d u c a t io n f o r m any y o u n g p e o p le . P o r som e, i n f a c t , t h e b a r r i e r i s r a i s e d so e a r l y i n l i f e t h a t i t p r e v e n t s th e m fr o m a t t e n d i n g h ig h s c h o o l e v e n w hen f r e e p u b l i c h ig h s c h o o ls e x i s t n e a r t h e i r hom es. ^ by w ho w r o t e lim it g ra d e .
in fe r e n c e , th e
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no
it
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P e n n s y l v a n i a S t a t e C h a m b e r o f C o m m e rc e , V o c a t i o n a l E d u c a t io n i n P e n n s y lv a n ia , T h e O v e r - A ll P i c t u r e . H a r r is b u r g , Penn a . O c t o b e r , 1 9 4 -6 , p . 9 E s t a b l i s h i n g t h e G o a ls , H ig h e r E d u c a t io n f o r A m e r ic a n D e m o c r a c y , A P e p o r t o f t h e P r e s i d e n t ’ s C o m m is s io n on H ig h e r E d u c a tio n , W a s h i n g t o n , D . G . , 1 9 4 7 , V o lu m e I , p . 2 3
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
43
•w o u ld r e s e n t td ro u th
th e
if
p e n n s y Iv a n i e v /e r e
I4 tn
g ra d e .
K a rl E.
to
e x te n d
B e rn s
p u b lic
e d u c a tio n
re p o rts :
I 'h e b e s t m e a s u r e o f a s t a t e Ts e f f o r t to s u p p o r t i t s p u b l i c s c h o o ls i s t h e p e r c e n t w h ic h t o t a l c u r r e n t s c h o o l e x p e n d i t u r e s fr o ia s t a t e an d l o c a l s o u rc e s i n any y e a r i s o f t o t a l a v e r a g e in c o m e i n t h e s t a t e d u r in g t h e p r e c e d in g f i v e - y e a r p e r io d . I f v/e m e a s u r e P e n n s y l v a n i a ’ s e f f o r t on t h i s b a s is i n t h e y e a r 1 9 4 7 - 1 9 4 8 , we f i n d i t r a n k in g i n t h e lo w e s t q u a r t i l e o f t h e s t a t e s w i t h an e x p e n d i t u r e f o r s c h o o l s o f l e s s t h a n 2 p e r c e n t ( 1 .9 5 > a ) o f i t s a v e r a g e in c o m e p a y m e n t s d u r i n g th e f i v e y e a r p e r io d 1 9 4 4 th ro u g h 1 9 4 8 . f h i r t y - e i g h t o f th e f o r t y - e i g h t s ta te s m ade a g r e a t e r e f f o r t t o s u p p o rt t h e i r p u b l i c s c h o o ls i n 1 9 4 7 - 1 9 4 3 t h a n P e n n s y lv a n ia . ^ To th e
p u b lic
u c a tio n , o th e r
has
fo r
fu rth e r
re a c h e d
w itn e s s
s ta te s
re v e n u e s to
re fu te
th e
th e
th e
lim it
r a tin g
in d iv id u a ls
fo r
s c h o o ls th e
in
th a t
w hat
a re
of
in
s u p p o r tin g
o f P e n n s y lv a n ia
w hen c o n s id e r in g p u b lic
a rg u m e n t
p e rc e n t to ta l
x > r e c e d in g y e a r .
p u b lic
ed
am ong t h e s ta te
in c o m e In
P e n n s y lv a n ia
th e
and lo c a l p a y m e n ts
year
1949-
7
1950
P e n n s y lv a n ia
ra n k e d
A n o th e r P .8 .E .A
fo r tie th
o ffic ia l,
w ith
s ta te d
a p e rc e n ta g e in
of
2 .1 2
a le tte r :
I t i s my p e r s o n a l o p i n i o n t h a t t h e e x te n s io n o f t h e p u b lic h ig h s c h o o l t o
6
K a r l r i. B e r n s , A s s is t a n t S e c r e t a r y f o r B u s in e s s , N a t i o n a l E d u c a t i o n A s s o c i a t i o n , f r o m a n a d d r e s s a t b a n q u e t o f 'V e s t e r n C o n v e n tio n D i s t r i c t o f P . S . E . A . , J a n u a r y 2 7 , 1 9 5 1 . E d u e a t i on B u l l e t i n . P e n n s y lv a n ia S t a t e E d u c a tio n A s s o c ia t io n , f e b r u a r y 5 , 1951
7
U .S . O f f i c e o f E d u c a t io n , P u b li c S c h o o l F in a n c e P ro g ra m s o f th e B o r t y - e ig h t S t a t e s , C ir c u la r k o . 2 7 4 , U n ite d S ta te s G o v e rn m e n t P r i n t i n g O f f i c e , U a s h in g to n , D . C . , 1 9 5 0
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
44
i n c l u d e l c t h a i u 1 4 t h g re .C e w o u l d b e b e n e fic ia l, i f th a t ex te n s io n w e re l e g i s l a t i v e l y r e s t r i c t e d t o d i s t r i c t s h a v in g a r e a s o n a b le m in i mum e n r o l l m e n t i n t h e s e n i o r h i g h s c h o o l . f n th e l i ^ h t o f th e h e a v y b u rd e n o u r l e g i s l a t i v e U orn m i'C tee m u s t c a r r y i n t h e 1 9 5 1 s e s s io n j u s t t o s e c u r e t h e i n c re a s e in s t a t e a p p r o p r ia tio n t o ade q u a t e ly s u p p o r t th e l o c a l s a l a r y s c h e d u le , I f e e l t h a t i t w o u ld b e i n a d v i s a b l e t o p u t on an a l l - o u t e f f o r t t o s e c u r e t h e e n a c t m e n t o f e v e n p e r m i s s i v e c o m m u n it y c o lle g e le g i s la t i o n , n o w e v e r , s u c h an id e a i s one t h a t n e e d s t o b e s o ld t o a G e n e r a l A s s e m b ly o v e r a p e r i o d o f s e v e r a l s e s s io n s , j u s t as we h a d t o s t a r t s e llin g e q u a liz a tio n in 1959 and r e a l iz e i t in 1 9 4 5 . I w o u ld , t h e r e f o r e , s u g g e s t t h a t i t w o u ld b e q u i t e i n o r d e r f o r o u r a s s o c ia tio n t o s p o n so r s u c h a b i l l i n t h e n e x t s e s s io n o f t h e G e n e r a l A s s e m b ly w i t h a v i e w t o p o s s i b l e e n a c tm e n t in t h e 1 9 5 5 s e s s io n . 'T h e p o r t i o n s show how th e
p ro p o s a l
p u b lic in
som e o f
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to
m u n ity
th e
p e r m ittin g
in
P .S .E .A .,
to
1951
E.
M r.
s e s s io n
of
of
th e
th e
to
p ro p o s e d has
th e
re a c te d
its
to
e s ta b lis h m e n t be
1950
b ro u g h t
in
th is
been handed to fo r
a im e d
s h o u ld at
be
It
fa ir ly
fin d in g
out
pass
p u b lic
com
d is s e r ta tio n , th e
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o f P a re n ts
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in fo r m a tio n
th e
c h a p te r
P e n n s y lv a n ia L e g is l a t u r e
Jo h n L u m le y , of
th is
as w i l l
at
d is tr ic ts
V III,
in
P .S .E .A .
p e r m it
P .S .E .A .,
P a r e n t- T e a c h e r A s s o c ia tio n s s o u rc e s
x ^ re s e n te d
H o w e v e r,
The b i l l
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o f th e th e
c o lle g e s .
c h a p te r,
c o lle g e s .
d e ta ile d
le a d e r s
re c o m m e n d t h a t
le g is la tio n
le tte r s
t h a t P e n n s y lv a n ia
c o m m u n it y
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th e
of
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p r e s e n ta tio n
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w as
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or
not
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
th e re
is
m u n ity m ig h t th a t and
s e n tim e n t
c o lle g e s
in
in itia lly re a s o n
and
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num ber o f
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and P r e s id e n ts
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th ro u g h o u t P e n n s y lv a n ia .
c la s s s c h o o l
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To b o th L io n s P .T .A .
th e
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c o p ie s
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A S u rv e y
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Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
45
TABL3 I R LTO R LS l-’ROi.I LiSTTISRS AND q U L 5 f I0 1 ; R A IR L 8 P A R R W T -IL A O K L R A S S O C IA T IO N S AMD L IO N S
O r g a n iz a tio n
N u m b e r c o n t a c t e d Li u m b e r o f R e p l i e s
P a re n t-fe a c h e r L io n s
51
C lu b s T o ta ls
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a 67^0 r e t u r n .
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th e
55
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(8 6 ^ )
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of
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r e p lie s
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As T a b le
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to
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67
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th e
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at
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to
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
47
P e n n s y lv a n ia . i*‘o r t u i t i o n - f r e e , m a te r ia liz e s a ry
fo r
lo c a l a ls o
th e
school
S ta te
p u b lic
of
to
d is tr ic ts
p r o v id in g
te n s io n
S ta te
g e n e r a lly
fo r
p u b lic
c o m m u n ity
in
p u b lic
P e n n s y lv a n ia ,
enact to
S ta te
fin a n c ia l
c o lle g e s .
it
le g is la tio n
e s ta b lis h
e d u c a tio n
S c h o o l O ffic e r s
c o m m u n it y
th ro u g h
such
c o lle g e s w ill
not
The n a tio n a l
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o n ly
p e r m ittin g
in s titu tio n s
a s s is ta n c e th e
to
fo r
th e
e s ta b lis h m e n t C o u n c il
of
but ex of
C h ie f
s ta te s :
T h e s t a t e s h o u ld p r o v i d e f o r a s y s te m o f c o m m u n ity C o l l e g e s a n d i n s u r e t o th e m th r o u g h l e g i s l a t i v e a c t io n a d e q u a te S t a t e f in a n c ia l s u p p o rt f o r c a p it a l o u tla y , c u r r e n t e x p e n s e s , and s c h o la r s h ip s .d
N a t i o n a l C o u n c il o f C h ie f S t a t e S y s te m o f E d u c a t io n . A p a r a p h le t. D e c e m b e r, 1 9 4 9 , p p .1 0 -1 1
S ch o o l O ffic e r s , O ur W a s h in g to n , D . C . ,
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48
wJUj ISTXOKR A IR E
S IL T
TO PRESxDEL .T S OP P A R E D T -T S A C U 3 R
A S S O C IA T IO N S AND L IO N S
D ir e c tio n s : re s p o n s e in
P le a s e p la c e a th e fo llo w in g :
c ir c le
CLUBS
a ro u n d
th e
a p p r o p r ia te
(1 ) h a s y o u r own l o c a l o r g a n i z a t i o n d i s c u s s e d t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f e x t e n d in g y o u r p u b l i c s c h o o l s y s te m t o i n c l u d e th e 1 0 th and 1 4 t h g ra d e s ? A n s w e r: Yes No (2 ) Do y o u t h i n k t h e P e n n s y l v a n i a L e g i s l a t u r e s h o u l d e n a c t p e r m is s iv e l e g i s l a t i o n t o e n a b le th o s e s c h o o l d i s t r i c t s w h ic h so d e s i r e t o e x t e n d p u b l i c e d u c a t io n t h r o u g h t h e 1 4 t h g ra d e ? A n s w e r: Yes No (0 ) h o u l d y o u s a y t h a t t h e m e m b e rs o f y o u r l o c a l o r g a n i z a tio n a re ( g r e a t l y , m o d e r a te ly , o r n o t a t a l l ) in fa v o r o f e x t e n d in g t h e p u b li c s c h o o ls th r o u g h t h e 1 4 t h g ra d e ? (4 ) w o u ld y o u s a y t h a t t h e m e m b e rs o f y o u r l o c a l o r g a n i z a tio n a re ( g r e a t l y , m o d e r a te ly , o r n o t a t a l l ) in fa v o r o f h a v in g o u r s t a t e l e g i s l a t u r e e n a c t th e p e r m is s iv e l e g i s l a t i o n w h i c n i s m e n t i o n e d i n q u e s t i o n 2? (5 ) V/as t h i s l e t t e r i n s t r u m e n t a l i n b r i n g i n g t o t h e a t t e n t i o n o f y o u r l o c a l o r g a n iz a t i o n f o r t h e f i r s t tim e t h i s m a t t e r o f e x t e n d in g y o u r p u b l i c s c h o o ls t o in c lu d e t h e l d t h an a 1 4 th g ra d e s ? A n s w e r: Yes No (6 ) I f y o u r l o c a l o r g a n iz a t i o n h a s n o t d is c u s s e d th e s e p o i n t s , i . e . , e x t e n d i n g t h e x o u b lic s c h o o l s y s t e m a n d p e r m i s s i v e l e g i s l a t i o n , w o u ld y o u b e w i l l i n g t o p r e s e n t t h e m a s d i s c u s s io n t o p i c s f o r s u b s e q u e n t m e e tin g s ? A n s w e r: Yes No (7 ) Do y o u d e s i r e t h a t I s e n d y o u a l i s t o f b o o k s s u b j e c t o f p u b l i c s u p p o r t e d c o m m u n it y C o l l e g e s ? A n s w e r:
Yes
on t h e
No
S ig n e d A d d re s s
P o s itio n
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49
TABLE I I B lIA IA R Y 01’ Oul-.II-JIJITY COLLEGE OjUESTlONNAlRE SENT TO P A H LuT-TE A O LLB A S S O C IA TIO N S AND L IO N S CLUBS
q u e s tio n
Type o f R e p ly
1. P r e v io u s ly Yes D is c u s s e d . No By G ro u p 2. P r e s iu e n t Y"es No i'a v o r P e r m is s iv e L e g is la tio n Cj • G ro u p f a v o r s G r e a t l y E x te n s io n o f m o d e r a te ly E d u c a tio n Not a t a ll 4* G ro u p f a v o r s G r e a t l y m o d e r a te ly P e r m is s iv e iMo t a t a l l L e g is la tio n 5. D id T h is Yes L e t t e r In tr o -Iio d u c e S u b je c t? 6. W illin g to Yes No D is c u s s L a te r 7. Yes D e s ir e Wo L is t o f
T o t a l R e p lie s N o.
P .T .A . No .
R e p lie s
L io n s
C lu o R e p lie s No.
11 70
14 86
5 26
16 34
6 44
12 38
61 13
82 18
24 4
86 14
37 9
32 18
9 40 12
15 66 19
3 16 4
13 70 17
6 24 8
16 63 21
10 42 9
16 70 14
2 17 3
9 77 14
8 25 6
21 64 15
80 16
79 21
22 7
76 24
38 9
81 19
54 14
79 21
21 3
33 12
33 11
75 25
48 £6
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68 32
31 13
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books
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
50 If in
fa b le
a b le
tiis
I I
re s p o n s e s
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num ber o f
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to
c o n s id e r e d , c iv ic a lly
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The
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lin e s
of
th e
w o u ld
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lo c a l
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c h a p te rs
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n o t be
in d ic a te
le g is la tio n .
a c tu a l
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re tu rn s
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appear th a t
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w as
and l e t t e r s
sh o w n w h ic h
in
th e
num ber
a c c o m p a n ie d
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
■tiie
q u e s tio n n a ir e s .
b u te d
c o .u u e n t s ,
by L io n s
C lu b
th e
A ltiio u g h fo llo w in g
b o th
o r g a n iz a tio n s
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w e re
c o n tr i
c o n tr ib u te d
p r e s id e n ts .
One L io n s
C lu b
p r e s id e n t
s ta te d :
W h i l e o u r m e m o e rs l o o ] ; f a v o r a b l y on y o u r s u g g e s tio n s i t a p p e a r s t o us t h a t la o r e e r a p h a s is s h o u l d b e p l a c e d on im p r o v in g s c h o o ls t h r o u g h g r a d e s 1 - 1 2 . I n o u r c a s e a n d a s i t w o u ld seem t o b e in o th e r lo c a lit ie s o u r s iz e , p r iv a te s c h o o ls ( p a r o c h i a l and s e c u la r ) a r e r a t e d h ig h e r w ith c o lle g e s th a n th e p u b l i c s c h o o ls . A n o th e r not to .
p e r m it he
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_____________________ s e c t i o n
we d i d . " w ro te :
T h e P u b l i c S c h o o l s y s te m i n o u r to w n a t t h e p r e s e n t w o u ld b e u n a b l e t o h a n d l e any p la n o f t h i s t y p e . We do n o t h a v e th e f a c i l i t i e s f o r i t and w i l l n o t h av e f o r som e t i m e t o com e d u e t o t h e s i z e o f c la s s e s i n g r a d e s c h o o ls a t p r e s e n t t im e and t h e i r e x p e c te d e n r o lm e n t i n t h e s e c o n d a ry s y s te m . T h e r e fo r e th e c ro s s s e c tio n o f o p i n i o n am ong m e m b e rs i s i n t h e n e g a t i v e d u e t o t h e f a c t t h a t s u c h p l a n w o u ld r a is e ta x e s . W h ic h i s t h e o n l y w a y t h a t s u c h a p la n c o u ld b e p u t i n t o p r a c tic e lo c a lly . w ro te
a n o th e r:
I , p e r s o n a l l y , am a g r e a t b e l i e v e r in e d u c a tio n -q u a lity , n o t q u a n tity . T h e re i s so m uch t h a t n e e d s t o b e done i n t h e p re s e n t s e t-u p h e r e , l o c a l ly , t h a t p .g . w o r k w o u ld b e l a s t i n t h e f a c t t h a t t h e r e h a s n o t b e e n enough p r e r e q u is it e f o r i t .
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I do b e l i e v e , h o w e v e r , t h a t e v e r y e f f o r t s h o u l d b e m a d e t o b e t t e r o u r ’’ s m a l l t o w n ” s c h o o ls f i r s t . T h e n , w hen e v e r y e f f o r t h a s b e e n exp en d ed t o t h e b e s t p o s s ib le a d v a n t a g e , t h e n e n d o n l y t h e n w o u ld I b e i n f a v o r o f f u r t h e r e d u c a t io n as p u t f o r th in y o u r l e t t e r . T h is i s p u r e ly a p e rs o n a l o p in io n . O ne L io n s
C lu b
p r e s id e n t
asked
th e
fo llo w in g
q u e s tio n s : (1) How w o u ld t h i s p l a n b e a ffe c te d by th e p re s e n t d r a ftin g o f I d y e a r o ld s ? (2 ) W o u ld a s t u d e n t p a y f o r a p o r t io n o f h i s e d u c a tio n t h r u a f e e o r t h r u c i t y ta x a tio n ? (3 ) W o u ld i t b e p e r m i s s i b l e t o h a v e a s t u d e n t w ho l e f t h i g h s c h o o l a f t e r th e 12t h g ra d e to r e tu r n say 4 o r 5 y e a r s l a t e r en d c o m p le te t h e 1 3 th and 1 4 t h g ra d e ? (4 ) w o u ld c r e d i t s o b t a i n e d b e r e c o g n iz e d by c o lle g e s an d u n i v e r s i t i e s to w a rd a d e g re e ? (5 ) W o u ld i t b e p o s s i b l e t o h a v e a c o u rs e g e n e r a l enough f o r t h e s tu d e n t t o s w in g i n t o v a r i o u s o t h e r c o u r s e s o r w o u ld i t b e n e c e s s a r y t o s e t u p a v a r i e t y o f c o u r s e s a s s u m in g t h e s t u d e n t m ig h t c o n t in u e h i s e d u c a tio n ? (S ) Do y o u h o n e s t l y b e l i e v e t h a t t h e r e w o u ld b e a w h o le s o m e e n d e a v o r o n t h e p a r t o f t h e s t u d e n t a n d w o u ld t h i s s y s te m b e a b l e t o f a i l a n u n w o r th y s t u d e n t o r w o u ld t h e i n s t r u c t o r s b e c o m p e lle d t o p u t up w i t h p o o r and u n d e s e r v in g s tu d e n ts ? A lth o u g h q u e s tio n s
h e re ,
p r o m o tin g
th e
be
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by
th e
to
a tte m p t w i l l
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of
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re s p o n d e r The
no
e x is ts
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c o m m u n ity q u e s tio n s
an sw er th o s e
t h o s e w h o m ay b e c o lle g e . of
th e
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s h o u ld
asked
above.
q u e s tio n s
r a is e d
in
th e
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in te r -
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
e s te d
o n e J -.io n s
q u e s te d has
p r e s id e n t
a n o th e r m em ber o f
a D o c to r o f P h ilo s o p h y
s u b je c t in
C lu b
of
th e
C lu b
of w as
th e
As
d e g re e
r e c e iv e d
as
and
fo llo w s
e x te n t
to
e x a m in e
p o s t-h ig h
a r e s u lt,
q u e s tio n n a ir e
th e
o r g a n iz a tio n ,
q u e s tio n n a ir e :
P e n n s y lv a n ia .
to p ic
th e
to
th a t
a p e rs o n
who
fu rth e r
th e
school
e d u c a tio n
a le tte r
o p p o s in g
a p p ro v e d
by t h a t
(in
he r e
th e L io n s
p a rt):
We s t r o n g l y o p p o s e y o u r s u g g e s t i o n f o r m any r e a s o n s , t h e p r i n c i p a l o n e s b e in g t h e f o llo w in g : (1) The p re s e n t school f a c i l i t i e s c a n n o t a c c o m m o d a te a n e x t e n s i o n o f t h e h ig h s c h o o l te r m fro m f o u r t o s ix y e a r s . The p re s e n t p u b lic sc h o o l p la n t is h e a v ily o v e r lo a d e d . T h e re a re 1 ,4 0 0 ,0 0 0 m o re s t u d e n ts i n p u b l i c and p r i v a t e s c h o o l s i n P e n n s y l v a n i a i n 1 9 50 t h a n i n 1 9 4 0 and i t i s e s tim a te d t h a t th e i n c re a s e in th e n e x t decade w i l l be even la r g e r . I n s p it e o f t h is g r e a t in c r e a s e i n h ig h s c h o o l a tte n d a n c e , t h e r e h a s b e e n no a p p r e c ia b le P u b lic S c h o o l B u ild in g c o n s t r u c t io n i n P e n n s y lv a n ia s in c e 19 3 0 . (2 ) The P e n n s y lv a n ia s t a t e t a x s t r u c t u r e c a n n o t f in a n c e th e b u ild in g p ro g ra m w h ic h t h e a d o p t io n o f y o u r s u g g e s t i o n w o u ld r e q u i r e . The school t a x e s a r e now a t o r n e a r t h e l e g a l l i m i t and a d d it io n a l s o u rc e s o f re v e n u e a re n o t in s ig h t. (3 ) S c h o o l c o s ts h a v e s k y r o c k e te d in re c e n t y e a rs . I n o n e c o u n ty i n V i/e s te r n P e n n s y l v a n i a t h e p u b l i c s c h o o l e x p e n d i t u r e s i n 1 9 4 9 - 1 9 5 0 w e r e 1255V o v e r th o s e in 1 9 4 1 . The a v e ra g e p u b lic s c h o o l e x p e n d itu r e p e r p u p il i n t h e U .S . h a s g o n e u p f r o m ^ 4 8 i n 1 9 20 t o ^ 1 3 2 i n 1 9 4 7 , a n i n c r e a s e o f 1 7 5 56. I n P e n n s y l v a n i a s t a t e s u b s i d i e s a r e as l a r g e a s 5 0 70 i n m a n y c a s e s . I t i s q u e s tio n a b le t h a t t h e r e h a s b e e n a c o m m e n s u r a te im p ro v e m e n t i n t h e q u a li t y o f i n s t r u c t i o n . (4 ) R e a l i s t i c r e c o n s id e r a tio n s o f t h e h ig h s c h o o l c u r r ic u lu m s and t h e i r
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
C>4r
" t e a c h in g s e e n "to u s h o b e s o r e f r u i t f u l f i e l d s f o r im p r o v e m e n t. T h e r e m ay b e s o re m e r it t o th e f a i r l y c o m o n th o u g h t m a r s h e s a b je c u n a t t e r now c o v e re d i n I o a r y e a r s c o u lc . De n a u g h t m as l i t t l e a s t'.vo y e a r s i f s h e t e a c h e r s e n d s h e p u p i l s r e a l l y a p p lie d , t h e m s e lv e s . It h a s b e e n d o n e b y i n d i v i d u a l s i n as lit t le as e i g h t e e n n o r t h s . (5 ) The p re s e n t d ta te T e a c h e rs C o lle g e s o re e s s e n t i a l l y a s e c o n d a ry s c h o o l e x te n s io n a t t a x p a y e r s e x p e n s e . T h e s t u d e n t s ’ p a y m e n ts c o v e r r o u g h ly o n l y ro o m a n d b o a r d . ( 6) I f a n y e x te n s io n o f s h e s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l s y s te m , s h o u l d b e d e d i r a b l e (w h ic h i s a t l e a s t d e b a t a b le ) i t i s o u r o p in io n t h a t a s e le c t iv e s c h o l a r s h i p s y s t e m , b a s e d o n dem on s t r a t e d a b i l i t y and r e a l f in a n c i a l n e e d w o u ld b e p r e f e r a b l e an d a d e q u a t e f o r th e p u rp o s e . If b u ild in g it
P e n n s y lv a n ia
fa c ilitie s
fo r
not
in
o rd e r to
s h o u ld
be
c o n s tru c te d ?
w h ic h
is
w o u ld ,
fo r
over
th e
th e
la g g e d
in
its
p u b lic
s c h o o ls
suggest
and
tw o
in
p o s itio n
a m o re
fa v o r a b le
d e m o c r a tiz in g
h ig h e r
C h a p te r V I , as w e l l
as
fu rth e r
e x a m in e s
a re
a b le
e d u c a tio n
to
fin a n c e
u p w a rd
to
at
th e
school
any
p la n
g ra d e s ?
am ong s t a t e s
b u ild in g s
school to
is
d is tr ic t
in c lu d e
Such f o r e s ig h t
save th e
sam e t i m e
19 2 0 ,
ta x p a y e rs
p la c e
of
P e n n s y lv a n ia
w h ic h
a re
fu rth e r
e d u c a tio n . w h ic h
in s tr u c tio n th e
to d a y ,
decades,
and
not
s u ffic ie n t
s in c e
p u b lic
s h o u ld
1 4 th
P e n n s y lv a n ia m oney,
p r o v id in g
m o re
b u ild in g
1 3 th
next
th a t
Then,
c o n te m u la tin g
fa c ilitie s
has
e s tim a te s
p e r ta in in g
is s u e s b u ild in g in c lu d e
as
to
c o s ts th e
c o s ts
to
of
c o n s tr u c tio n
c o m m u n ity
c o lle g e s ,
w h e th e r l o c a l to
1 3 th
e x te n d and 1 4 th
d is tr ic ts
th e ir
p u b lic
g ra d e s .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
55 m an y o f
th e
e x is tin g
p u b lic
U n ite d
S ta te s
a re
p u b lic
school
fa c ilitie s
in
P e n n s y lv a n ia
b u ild in g s th o s e
in
th e
o v e rh e a d
to
is
tru e
re c e n t y e a rs
to
th e ir
p r o v id e
to
in
th e
p re s e n t
Som e d i s t r i c t s a d d itio n a l
c o m m u n ity
d e s ir e cost
of
d is tr ic t.
e s ta b lis h
th a t
as w as
under
th e
sam e k i n d
th e ir
w ay
c le a r
to
d is tr ic ts
w h ic h
have
c o m m u n ity
c o lle g e s .
If
in c r e a s e s
c o lle g e s .
e s ta b lis h
If
c o m m u n ity
w o u ld b e m a i n l y
ju s tifie d ;
fo r
have
in
th a t
fo r
fin a n c ia l
p u b lic
fo u rth
c e r ta in
H o w e v e r,
re a s o n
in
as
s c h o o ls
m ost p r o fe s s io n a l le s s
th e y
a re
h e lp
s tu d e n ts
le m s
in
liv in g
is
an
e d u c a to rs
or
th e
of
above
a tim e th a n
of
tra d e rs a
e d u c a tio n
now r e g a r d
as
poor
th e y
le a r n
con w h ic n
in d e e d ,
le a r n in g s end
is
as
in fo r m a tio n ,
o th e r
or
o b je c tiv e
c a p a b le
m o re
seen
o f th e ir
of
fa c ts
e a r n in g
a re
s ta te s ,
c o lle g e s
th e
g iv e n
s h o rt a re
th o s e
is
How
have
o u tc o m e
a c c o m p a n ie d b y m any a p p ly
to
m a tte r
To becom e a s t o r e h o u s e d a ta ,
O th e r
ju n io r
in d iv id u a ls
s u b je c t m a t t e r
fa c tu a l
w id e .
a id
g r e a tly
o b je c tio n .
as P e n n s y lv a n ia ,
s u b je c t
th e
in c r e a s e d
th ir d
n a tio n
in tr o d u c e d
of
have
th e
been
p r o v id e
p e rh a p s
m o n th s .
fa c ts .
s ta te d
c o s ts
o f h a n d ic a p
p e rh a p s
l e a r n i n g ” th e e ig h te e n
school
a c q u is itio n
e d u c a tio n ,
ta in e r
th e
have
a d d itio n a l
th o s e
of
in
have th e
e v e r,
of
or p a rt
c o lle g e s
and i n s t r u c t i o n . It
in
a ll
w o u ld n o t
o rd e r
d is tr ic ts
c o lle g e s ,
u s in g
c o m m u n ity
s o lv e
un
w h ic h p ro b
a liv in g .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
56
w ith of
re fe re n c e
s c h o la r s h ip s
e ith e r fo r
p r e fe r a b le
a 1 5 th
and
n e c e s s a r ily w ith
under
tn e
or
m e m b e rs
s c h o la r s h ip
The
of
th re e
d is tr ic ts school
of
of
th e
of
h ig h
w o rk
p u rp o s e .
u s u a lly
not
oe
The need
e d u c a tio n
c o m p le te d
a re
and
a n a ly z e d
d e p a rtm e n ts S ta te
is
not
a s s o c ia te d
and in
re tu rn e d th is
an d
cy
c h a p te r.
d is tr ic t
re p
E d u c a tio n A s s o c ia t io n ,
P a r e n t- T e a c h e r A s s o c ia tio n s
s c h o o ls
P e n n s y lv a n ia
P r e s id e n ts
school
s tu d y
c o s ts
in
a fe w
It
of
r e p lie s
second fro m
c la s s
th ir d
school
c la s s
w ho h a v e
and 1 4 th
of
on t h e
e v id e n c e
p u b lic
g iv e s
in
second
end
o f P e n n s y lv a n ia .
a c c o m p a n ie d m an y
p ro p o s e d
a ls o
u lu b s
in d ic a te d
show s f u r t h e r
p o s s ib ility
1 3 th
o f L io n s
d is tr ic ts
w h ic h
of
P e n n s y lv a n ia n s th e
th e
P e n n s y lv a n ia
s e n io r
le tte r s
s y lv a n ia .
to
th e
P r e s id e n ts
q u e s tio n n a ir e s m a tin g
o r g a n iz a tio n s
P r e s id e n ts
and
g r a n tin g
c o n c e p t.
1.
c la s s
of
a c a d e m ic
th e
P e n n s y lv a n ia m ig h t
p u b lic
a re :
of
s ta te n e n t,
d is tr ic ts .
A and
of
a u rv e y e d
5. th ir d
year
in fo r
g ro u p s
2. ju n io r
p la n
Q u e s tio n n a ir e s
th re e
r e s e n ta tiv e s
of
s ix th
a d e q u a te
p r o v id e
S u m m a ry
th e
any
a 1 4 th
to
to
of
th e
re tu rn e d
of
th e
need fo r
c o m m u n ity
som e i n d i c a t i o n a lr e a d y
e x te n d in g
g iv e n p u b lic
q u e s tio n n a ir e s
c o lle g e s of
th e
Penn
num ber o f
c o n s id e r a b le e d u c a tio n
in
e s ti
to
g ra d e s .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
th o u g h t in c lu d e
CHAPTER I I I A SURVEY OE T H E L IT E R A T U R E
A num ber o f have
been
d u r in g a ll
c o m p le te d
th e
past
phases
o th e rs
s u rv e y s
of
w ith
in
te n
th e
o n ly
fe lt The
th e y
p r o b le m lim ite d
1 3 th
m a in ly
g e n e ra l
of
w ith
v id in g fro m
of
th e
th e in
p u b lic
a p a tte rn a lr e a d y
w as p r i m a r i l y
w ith
e d u c a tio n ; S tu d ie s
because
s tu d ie s
th is
S ta te s
d e a lt
p r o b le m .
in
it
th e
c h a p te r
and l e g i s la t i o n
p r o v id in g
e d u c a tio n
U n ite d
school
in c lu s io n
of
s tu d ie s
th e
th e m h a v e
T h e W r ig h t . J u n io r
u h ic a g o B o a rd
th a t
fo r
school
w as fie ld .
c o n c e rn s
as th e y
r e la te
e d u c a tio n
in
to
th e
g ra d e s .
A. 19 34 th e
of
of
p o s t-h ig h
a s p e c ts
c o s ts
p r o b le m
and 1 4 th
of
chosen
th e
p a rts
Some o f
r e p r e s e n ta tiv e
p r e s e n ta tio n
its e lf th e
w e re
p o s t-h ig h
v a r io u s
y e a rs .
s u m m a r iz e d h e r e w e r e
of
of
of
E d u c a tio n
p > o s t - h ig h
b e in g
saw t h e
school
p r o v id e d .
Mp r e - p r o f e s s i o n a l ” i n
C o lle g e
S tu d y
need
e d u c a tio n
The
e x is tin g
fo r
As p ro
d iffe r e n t p ro g ra m
c h a ra c te r.
T h e e c o n o m ic a n d s o c i a l c o n d i t i o n s o f t h e e a r l y y e a r s o f t h e l a s t d e c a d e m ade i t c l e a r t h a t a p ro g ra m o f p u b li c e d u c a tio n e x te n d in g u p w a rd b e y o n d t h e h ig h s c h o o l l e v e l f o r a l l w h o w is h e d t o c o n t i n u e i n s c h o o l w as a s o c i a l n e c e s s it y . T h e la b o r m a r k e t, a t te m p tin g t o a b s o rb m i l l i o n s o f u n e m p lo y e d , c o u l d n o t h a n d l e t h e y o u t h g r a d u a t in g fro m h ig h s c h o o ls . T h e u p w a rd e x t e n s io n o f p u b l i c e d u c a t io n , w h ic h h a d b e e n l o o k e d u p o n as d e s i r a b l e f r o m t h e p o i n t o f v ie w o f t h e e d u c a to r , becam e n e c e s s a ry . The p u b lic ju n io r c o lle g e w as one o f th e ty p e s o f i n s t i t u t i o n s
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
e a r ly
a
" tila t e x p a n d e d r a p i d l y t h r o u g h o u t c o u n try to m eet t h i s n e e d . 1
B. act
of
d u c te d
th e by
T he Id a h o 1945 th e
G e o rg e P e a b o d y th is e ig h t
s tu d y
to
D iv is io n C o lle g e
w as m ade
s ta te s .
c o m p e te n c e
s e s s io n
in
s c h o o l la w
of of
s ta ff
in
v a r io u s
of
.L e g is la tu r e
tw e lv e
of
th e
A u th o riz e d and
S e r v ic e s
.N a s h v ille ,
s e le c te d
phases
S u rv e y ^
and F ie ld
T e a c h e rs ,
T h e s e m en w e r e th e
Id a h o
S u rv e y s
fo r
by a
th e
E d u c a tio n
th e
th e ir
s u rv e y .
of
Tennessee,
e d u c a to rs
fo r
con
fro m
s p e c ia l A c c o r d in g
Id a h o :
J u n i o r c o l l e g e d i s t r i c t s m ay b e o r g a n iz e d fro m t h e t e r r i t o r y c o m p r is in g o n e o r m o re s c h o o l d i s t r i c t s o r one o r m o re c o u n tie s t h a t h a v e an a g g re g a te h ig h s c h o o l e n r o llm e n t o f n o t le s s th a n BOO s t u d e n t s a n d p r o p e r t y v a l u a t i o n o f n o t l e s s t h a n -plO , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 .................... I n a d d itio n to a t u i t i o n c h a rg e , ju n io r c o l l e g e d i s t r i c t s m ay l e v y a t a x n o t t o e x c e e d 2 m i l l s on t h e a s s e s s e d v a l u a t io n f o r c u r r e n t s u p p o rt and £ m i l l f o r c a r e a n d m a i n t e n a n c e o f g y m n a s iu m and s c h o o l g ro u n d s . T h ey r e c e iv e h a l f o f th e liq u o r re v e n u e t h a t i s a llo c a t e d t o t h e c o u n ty i n w h ic h t h e y a r e l o c a t e d . Th ey a r e g o v e rn e d by a b o a rd o f t r u s t e e s o f f i v e m e m b e rs e l e c t e d b y t h e p e o p le o f t h e d i s t r i c t f o r a t h r e e - y e a r t e r m ..........................
M a x . D . jin g le d .a r t, T h e W r ig h t J u n io r c o lle g e S tu d y o f T e r m in a l G e n e r a l E d u c a t io n , b y t h e E v a l u a t i o n c o m m itte e W r ig h t J u n i o r C o ll e g e , C h ic a g o , I l l i n o i s , 1 9 4 4 , p . l
of
J o h n E . B r e w to n , D i r e c t o r o f S u r v e y , P u b lic E d u c a tio n in I d a h o , A R e p o r t o f t h e Id a h o E d u c a t io n S u r v e y c o m m is s io n . D i v i s i o n o f F i e l d S e r v ic e s , G e o rg e P e a b o d y C o lle g e f o r T e a c h e rs , N a s h v ille , T en n esse e, 1945
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
59 A lth o u g h t h e j u n io r c o lle g e i s c o n s id e r e d as an e x t e n s io n o f t h e s e c o n d a ry s c h o o l, t h e f a c t t h a t i t i s g o v e rn e d by a s e p a r a te o o a rd an d i s a s e p a r a te d i s t r i c t o fte n p re v e n ts th e m ost e f f e c t iv e a r t ic u l a t i o n w it h t h e s e c o n d a ry s c h o o ls . A h e re e v e r m o re th a n o n e s c h o o l d i s t r i c t i s i n c l u d e d i n t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e d i s t r i c t , an o v e r la p p in g t a x d i s t r i c t r e s u l t s , an d e x c e s s i v e t a x b u r d e n s m ay b e im p o s e d o n t h e p ro p e rty s itu a te d t h e r e in .3 An fo r m a tio n e le c to r s h ig h
of in
th a t
th e
w o u ld 'b e lo c a l
school
so
lo c a l th a t
e le m e n ta r y to
le g is la tu r e
m ake t h e
d is tr ic ts
d is tr ic t
"O n e
p re s e n t
s e p a ra te
lo c a l
Id a h o
d is tr ic ts .
m in is tr a tio n , th e
th e
ju n io r -c o lle g e
"of
,4
of
a h ig h
school
s ta te s is
act
a rra n g e m e n t
d is tr ic ts th e s e
ju n io r
school
s y s te m ,
o r g a n iz a tio n
as th e
o th e r lo c a l
la w
ju n io r
c o lle g e
an i n t e g r a l
s y s te m
in To
w h ic h
a re
fo r
c re a te d
s c h o o ls .
of
J u n io r fo r
a re The
so
th e
a u a lir ie a
s u rv e y
of
s ta fr
C o lle g e s th e ir
ad
in d e p e n d e n t best
a r e c o g n iz e d
changed
p a rt
th e
of
th ro u g h
tn e
of
a rra n g e m e n t p a rt th e
of
tn e
sam e
The p re s e n t as t o
lo c a l
m ake p u b lic
each school
d is tr ic t." b a c k g ro u n d f o r
p re s e n te d
c o n c e r n in g
a c o m b in a tio n
a d m in is te r e d
s h o u ld b e
p r o v id e
le g is la tio n
in
s c h o o ls .
c o lle g e
p e r m itte d
a v o te
in s titu tio n s
and h ig h
ju n io r -c o lle g e
a re
1 9 39
by
c r itic is m ,"
p u b lic
th e
or
in
and c o s t ju n io r
by t h is
d is s e r ta tio n
e s tim a te s ,
c o lle g e s
Ib id . ,
p . 54
Ib id . ,
p p .3 3 0 -3 3 1
som e o f t h e
som e o f
p re s e n te d
in th e
by th e
s u g g e s tio n s
th e
w ay
of
r e c o m m e n d a t io n s s u rv e y
s ta ffs
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
60 w ill
be re p o rte d
s tu d y '-'
h e re .
added th e
fo r
e x a m p le ,
th e
s ta ff
fo r
th e
I^ s h o
fo llo w in g ,:
T h e j u n i o r - c o l l e g e l a w s h o u ld b e a m e n d e d t o xm’o v i d e t h a t t h e p e t i t i o n t o p l a c e on t h e D a l l o t t h e i s s u e o f j o i n i n g a j u n i o r - c o l l e g e d i s t r i c t s h o u ld c o n t a i n e i t h e r t h e n araes o f 1 0 0 q u a l i f i e d v o t e r s , o r 30 p e r c e n t o f t h e q u a l i f i e d v o t e r s i n c a s e t h e r e a re fe w e r th a n 353 v o te r s in th e n ig h s c h o o l d i s t r i c t . T h e j u n i o r - c o l l e g e l a w s h o u ld b e am ended t o p e r m it t h e e s ta b lis h m e n t o f t h e f o u r - y e a r t y p e o f i n s t i t u t i o n , m a in t a i n i n g a p ro g ra m f o r g ra d e s 1 1 , 1 2 , 1 3 , and 1 4 , and in t e g r a t in g i n t o a u n i f ie d c u r r i c u l u m t h e l a s t tw o y e a r s o f h ig h s c h o o l w i t h t h e tw o y e a r s o f c o l l e g e l e v e l s tu d y . C e r t i f i c a t i o n r e q u ir e m e n t s s h o u ld b e e n a c te d f o r te a c h e r s in ju n io r c o lle g e s i n th e s t a t e o f Id a h o . S u p e r v is o r y r e l a t i o n s h i p s s h o u ld b e m a i n t a in e d fr o m t h e S t a t e D e p a rtm e n t o f E d u c a tio n o v e r th e ju n io r c o lle g e p ro g ra m s , in o r d e r t o a s s u r e t h e i r q u a l i t y , i n som ew hat t h e sam e m a n n e r a s t h e h i g h s c h o o l s a r e a t p r e s e n t s u p e r v is e d . C o n s i d e r a t i o n s h o u l d b e g i v e n t o an e x te n s io n o f t h e num ber o f c e n te r s i n th e s t a t e w h e re p u b lic j u n i o r c o lle g e s a r e m a in t a in e d ; t h e e s t a b lis h m e n t o f a new j u n i o r c o l l e g e s h o u ld b e c a r e f u l l y s u p e r v is e d by th e c e n t r a l s ta te o f f i c e . A n ■a d d e d th e
tu itio n
th e re
is
p o r tio n
th e of
c o lle g e s . have
tw o
c h a rg e s
in
th e
m a tte r
of
p o lic y
th e
liq u o r
h o w e v e r,
p u b lic
5
fo r
d e s e rv e s
w h ic h
ju n io r
in v o lv e d
re v e n u e
Id a h o
in s titu tio n s
Ib id . , h o rth
r e c o m m e n d a t io n m i g h t h a v e
in
been to
e lim in a te
c o lle g e s .
Then,
e a r m a r k in g
s u p p o rt
of
p u b lic
c r e d it
in
th a t
h a v e m an y o f
th e
it
to o ,
a ju n io r does
fe a tu re s
of
a
p .501 Id a h o
J u n io r
C o lle g e
a n d B o is e
J u n io r C o lle g e
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
I
51
good
c o m m u n it y
c o lle g e
as
d e s c r ib e d
in
c h a p te r
I
of
th is
s tu d y .
0. o tra y e r iz e d .
th e
The S ta te
w as t h e
by
th e
fu tu re
d ir e c to r
L e g is la tu r e needs,
fa c ilitie s
As
in
th e
th is
s u rv e y ,
o f W a s h in g to n
im p ro v e m e n ts ,
u c a tio n a l s ta te d
of
ty
o f ’. / a s h i n g t o n
a n d m e th o d s
s u rv e y
S u rv e y
w h ic h
in
1945
w as to
and b e tte r m e n ts in
th e
S ta te
D r.
G e o rg e
a u th o r
d e te r m in e of
th e
ed
o f W a s h in g to n .
re p o rt:
...........................t h e S t a t e o f W a s h i n g t o n c o m m itte d i t s e l f t o t h e s u p p o r t o f e d u c a t io n e x t e n d in g f o r tw o y e a r s b e y o n d th e t r a d i t i o n a l h ig h s c h o o l as p a r t o f t h e p r o g r a m o f t h e S t a t e Ts common s c h o o l s y s te m . I m p l i c i t in such l e g i s l a t i o n i s t h e p e o p le 's b e l i e f i n tw o t h in g s : t h e r i g h t o f a l l i t s y o u th t o a d v a n c e d ed u c a t io n i n t h e p u b li c s c h o o ls , an d t h e w o rth t o th e in d iv id u a l and th e S t a t e o f t h e o u tc o m e s o f s u c h s c h o o l i n g . A m e r ic a h a s lo n g r e c o g n iz e d t h a t e d u c a t io n i s a b a s is o f n a t i o n a l p ro g r e s s and a fo rm o f n a t io n a l w e a lth . ............................. I t i s g e n e r a l l y a c c e p t e d t h a t a l l y o u th s h o u ld r e m a in w i t h t h e i r s t u d i e s as l o n g a s t h e i r i n t e r e s t a a d p r o g r e s s m ake i t l i k e l y t h a t t h e y an d s o c ie t y w i l l b e n e f i t fro m t h e i r co n t in u e d e d u c a tio n . A lth o u g h s in c e
1925,
A tte m p ts
p r io r
ju n io r to
w e r e m ade i n
c o lle g e s
1941, 1929
th e y
have
e x is te d
r e c e iv e d
and 1 9 3 7
to
no
pass
in
s ta te
W a s h in g to n a id .
le g is la tio n
G e o rg e D . S t r a y e r , D i r e c t o r o f t h e S u rv e y , P u b lic ^ E d u c a t i o n i n W a s h in g to n , A R e p o r t o f a S u rv e y o f P u b l i c E d u c a t i o n i n t h e S t a t e o f W a s h in g to n . S t a t e o f D e s h in g to n , 1946 8
Ib id . ,
p . 293
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
D
w h ic h
w o u ld h a v e m a d e
school
s y s te m .
th e m s e lv e s
U n til
la r g e ly
J u n io r 1941,
c o lle g e s th e
by t u i t i o n
a p a rt
ju n io r
of
th e
c o lle g e s
c h a rg e s .
p u b lic
f in a n c e d
Then:
L e g i s l a t i o n e n a c te d and t a k in g e f f e c t A p r i l 1 , 1 9 -jrl, a u t h o r i z e d t h e e s t a b lis h m e n t o f p u b lic j u n io r c o lle g e s as p a r t o f th e ed u c a t i o n a l s y s te m o f t h e S t a t e . T h is i s th e f i r s t W a s h in g to n la w d e a l i n g w i t h j u n i o r c o lle g e s . I t d e fin e d j u n io r c o lle g e s as i n s t i t u t i o n s o f f e r i n g c o u rs e s o f s tu d y ab o ve h ig h s c h o o l g r a d e , o r g a n iz e d i n t o a c a a e m ic a n d v o c a t i o n a l c u r r i c u l a o f n o t m o re t h a n tw o y e a r s i n l e n g t h . T h e l e g i s l a t i o n p r o v id e d s t a t e s u p p o rt a t tn e r a te o f s e v e n ty -fiv e d o lla r s p e r s tu d e n t p e r y e a r f o r g e n e r a l e d u c a tio n a n d one h u n d re d d o lla r s p e r s tu d e n t p e r y e a r f o r v o c a t i o n a l e d u c a t i o n , u p t o a m axim u m o f te n th o u s a n d d o l l a r s The r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f p r o v id in g b u ild in g s and e q u ip m e n t w as m ade t h e o b l i g a t i o n o f t h e l o c a l r e s i d e n t s o f t h e a r e a s e r v e d by t h e j u n i o r c o lle g e . 9 The le g is la tu r e in te r e s t le v e l th e
in
v o c a tio n a l
s in c e
it
p r o v id e d
s u p p o rt
of
g e n e ra l
s e s s io n each
of
ju n io r
S ta te
B o a rd
th e
e d u c a tio n
have at
one t h ir d e d u c a tio n .
le g is la tu r e
c o lle g e of
s e e m s 't o
a llo w e d
o p e r a tin g
ta k e n
th e
a g a in
a s p e c ia l
ju n io r
as m uch a i d
An A c t
of
a m in im u m
under th e
c o lle g e
th e of
as
1943 $ 1 0 ,0 0 0
a p p ro v a l
o f th e
E d u c a tio n .
C o n c e r n in g
le g is la tio n
passed
in
1945
th e
re p o rt
s ta te s : By th e 1 9 4 5 la w e x te n d e d s e c o n d a ry an d j u n io r c o lle g e p ro g ra m s a r e re c o g n i z e d a s a p a r t o f t h e common s c h o o l
Ib id .,
fo r
p . 300
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
to
s y s te m , o f t h e S t a t e ................. T h e A c t s p e c i f i c a l l y s t a t e s t h a t i t s T ju r p o s e i s " t o a u t h o r iz e an d e n c o u ra g e s c h o o l d i s t r i c t s t o e s t a b l i s h and m a in t a in e d u c a t i o n a l p ro g ra m s d e s ig n e d t o m e e t t h e n e e d s and i n t e r e s t s o f h ig h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e s f o r ■whom e d u c a t i o n a l a n d v o c a tio n a l p r e p a r a tio n o p p o r tu n itie s ■would n o t o t h e r w i s e b e a v a i l a b l e a n d f o r w a r v e te r a n s and o th e r s in n e e d o f e d u c a t io n a l and v o c a t io n a l p r e p a r a t io n ana a d ju s tm e n t” . B o th v o c a t io n a l and g e n e r a l e d u c a t i o n a l p ro g ra m s w e re a u t h o r iz e d by th e 1 9 4 5 A c t i n t h i r t e e n t h and f o u r t e e n t h g ra d e s o f h ig h s c h o o l. S ta te a id f o r t h e p ro g ra m s i s a p p o r tio n e d a t tw o t im e s t h e a c t u a l d a y ’ s a t t e n d a n c e . T h in k in g
of
th e
fu tu re ,
th e
s u rv e y
10
c o m m itte e
re c o m
m ended: T h e p ro g ra m Ari ':l fiPiT. i fin
must,
no
of
e x te n d e d
> Ttmnofl
/ 1^
s e c o n d a ry t-.Viot-
-it
a
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
54 e x p e n d itu r e s fo rty -o n e
per
s tu d e n t
C a lifo r n ia
p u b lic
E d is o n V o c a t i o n a l S c h o o l, fo r
th e
th o s e
j e a rs
ta b le s
p r io r
in
to
an d fro m
a v e ra g e ju n io r
S e a ttle ,
W o r ld b a r o th e r
d a ta
d a ily
a tte n d a n c e
c o lle g e s
and
W a s h in g to n .
I I. th e
i'r o m
an
fo r
fo r th e
D a ta w as a n a ly s is
c o m m itte e w r o t e :
S t r i k i n g an a v e r a g e b e tw e e n t h e c o s ts in C a lif o r n ia , ju n io r c o lle g e s and i n t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e m e m b e rs o f t h e rJ o rth C e n t r a l A s s o c ia t io n o f C o lle g e s an d S e c o n d a ry S c h o o ls , one m ay e s t i m a t e #200 p e r s t u d e n t i n a v e ra g e d a ily a t te n d a n c e as an o p e r a t in g c o s t . If t h e c u r r ic u lu m o f t h e j u n io r c o lle g e e m b r a c e s m uch v o c a t i o n a l a n d t e c h n i c a l i n s t i t u t e e d u c a t io n , c o s ts w i l l h a v e t o b e s c a le d u p w a rd s in c e t h i s t y p e o f p r o g r a m i s m o r e c o s t l y t o t e a c h .................... O f th e f o r t y - o n e p u b lic ju n io r c o l l e g e s .............. a l l b u t s e v e n h a d a n a v e ra g e d a ily a tte n d a n c e in e x c e s s o f 200. T h e c u r r e n t e x p e n d itu re s i n th e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s w i t h ADA l o w e r t h a n 200 ra n g e d fro m # 2 0 9 .3 5 t o # 3 4 7 .2 0 p e r u n i t o f ADA, a r a n g e o f c o s ts a l l r u n n in g a b o v e 'one s t a t e ’ s a v e r a g e . ' m o r e o v e r , i n m ost c a s e s , t h e e d u c a tio n a l p ro g ra m s o f o n ese s m a lle r s c h o o ls la c k e d th e b r e a d t h o f e d u c a tio n a l o f f e r in g s o f th e l a r g e r s c h o o ls e x c e p t w h e re c lo s e a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h t h e h i g h s c h o o l m ade som e o p p o r t u n i t i e s a v a ila b le t o s tu d e n ts th ro u g h in t e g r a t e d s e c o n d a ry and u p p e r s e c o n d a ry c o u rs e s . T h e a v e r a g e ADA f o r a l l 4 1 C a l i f o r n i a p u b l i c j u n i o r c o l l e g e s w h ic h p ro a need t h e a v e ra g e c u r r e n t e x p e n d itu r e p e r ' u n i t o f g i l d . 55 w a s 9 5 4 . 0 2 . The a v e ra g e e n r o llm e n t in ju n io r c o lle g e s o f t h e n o r t h C e n t r a l A s s o c i a t i o n w h ic h p ro d u c e d th e ^ e r c a p it a e x p e n d itu r e s o f ’ v f i l i n 19 5 9 - 1 9 4 0 w a s 6 0 5 . 4 I t does n o t s e e n l i w e l y t h a t an a d e q u a te an d s u i t a b l e and e n r ic h e d p ro g ra m o f j u n i o r c o lle g e e u u c a tio n can b e p r o v id e d e c o n o m ic a lly f o r an e n r o l l m e n t w h ic h w i l l y i e l d an a v e ra g e d a ily a tte n d a n c e o f le s s th a n 500 i n th e t h i r t e e n t h and f o u r t e e n t h g ra d e s e x c e p t i n p ro g ra m s c l o s e l y i n t e -
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
of
OO
g r a te d w ith g r a d e s . 12 .Among t h e n ir te e
v;as t h e
th e
e le v e n th ,
and t v .'e lf t h
m any r e c o m m e n d a t io n s
of
th e
s u rv e y
con-
fo llo w in g :
S in c e t h e p u b li c j u n i o r c o lle g e in a s h in g t o n i s now t o be r e c o g n iz e d as p a r t o f t h e common s c h o o l s y s t e m , i t i s r e c o n n e n ^ e u t h a t t h e p h ilo s o p h y o f f r e e p u b lic e d u c a tio n a p p ly e q u a lly t o i t as t o o t h e r u n i t s o f t h e common s c h o o l s y s t e m . I t is re c o m m e n c e d t h a t n o t u i t i o n c h a r g e s b e a u t h o r i z e d a n d t h a t s u c h o t h e r f e e s as n a y b e a u t h o r i z e d f o r s u c h p u r p o s e s as s t u d e n t b o d y a c t i v i t i e s be k e p t n o m in a l. 13 'h it h . r e f e r e n c e
to
c o s ts
to
s tu d e n ts ,
th e
c o m m itte e
re p o rte d : T a r n a tio n h a s b e e n t h e m a jo r s o u r c e o f s u p p o rt. T h i s i s t r u e i n ’. / a s h i n g t o n , as i t i s e ls e w h e r e . I n '/a s h in g t o n t h e f e e s a r e g e n e r a lly lo w , r a n g in g i n th e v a r io u s i n s t i t u t i o n s and in a c c o rd a n c e w it h th e v a r i o u s p r o g r a m s t a k e n , fro m , an a n n u a l c h a r g e o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y /5 4 2 .0 0 t o o n e o f g 9 £ .G 0 S tu d e n t R e e s , h o w e v e r, a re n o t th e m a jo r f i n a n c i a l r e s t r i c t i o n s upon s tu d e n t a tte n d a n c e a t th e p u b lic h ig h e r i n s t i t u t i o n s o f th e S ta te . T h e c o s t o f l i v i n g a w ay f r o m h om e i s a m u c h l a r g e r f a c t o r . S tu d e n ts h a v e e s tim a te d t h a t t h e a v e ra g e d if f e r e n c e o f s t u c e n t c o s t i n l i v i n g a t hom e a n d a w ay f r o m hom e a m o u n ts t o an a n n u a l c h a r g e o f a b o u t .p 5 5 0 . 0 0 . . . . ^
D. R e g e n ts
12
15 14 15
of
W is c o n s in th e
S ta te
S u rv e y 15 of
W is c o n s in
in
1945
th e B o a rd
re q u e s te d
th e
of
U n iv e r s ity
Ib id , I'd
i d,
Ib id J o h n G uy i f o w l k e s , J u n i o r B u lle t in o f th e U n iv e r s ity * ~ -p r il, 1S 47
u o lle g e h e e d s o f W is c o n s in ,
in '/is c o n s in , iu a o is o n , W is c o n s in ,
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
56 o f '..is c o n s in
to
fo r
e d u c a tio n a l
th e
tit a te
i'o w lk e s ,
m ake
a
s tu d y
o p p /o r t u n i t i e s
o f ‘. / i s c o n s i n . D ean
at
of
th e
A
th e
needs
and f a c i l i t i e s
b e y o n d h ig h ,
c < x u .iit t e e
U n iv e r s ity ,
school le v e l
in
h e a d e d b y J o h n G uy
c o m p le te d
th e
s tu d y
in
1946. A lth o u g h m itte e
to
no
e s tim a te
c o lle g e
tr a in in g
v is a b le
to
lis t
a t t e m p t w as m a d e b y c o s ts
of
a d v o c a te d a fe w
of
th e by
th e
p ro p o s e d
th e
th e
p ro g ra m
c o m m itte e ,
c o n c lu s io n s
s u rv e y
it
of
com ju n io r
seem s
re a c h e d by
th e
c o m m itte e : T h e b asic educational n e e d o f high school g r a d u a t e s in Wisconsin i s f o r a l i b e r a l e d u c a t i o n e x t e n d i n g two y e a r s b e y o n d h i g h school. T e r m i n a l l i b e r a l e d u c a t i o n c o m b in e d w it h v o c a t io n a l w o rk t o b e o f f e r e d in t h e tw o y e a r s im m e d ia t e ly f o l l o w i n g h ig h s c h o o l g r a d u a t i o n s h o u ld b e o f f e r e d b y p r o p e r l y q u a l i f i e d v o c a t i o n a l s c h o o ls t o b e d e s ig n a te d by th e B t a t e B o a rd o f V o c a t i o n a l a n d A d u lt E d u c a tio n a n d f o r m a ll y d e s ig n a te d t e r m in a l j u n i o r c o lle g e s . I t seam s c l e a r t h a t '..- i s c o n s in h a s n e e d o f som e J u n i o r C o l l e g e s w h ic h w i l l o f f e r t h e f r e s h m e n a n d s o p h o m o re y e a r s o f w o rk o f a f o u r - y e a r l e t t e r s and s c ie n c e c o lle g e . A m in im u m e n r o l l m e n t o f 1 5 0 i s a c c e p te d i n t h i s s tu d y as t h e b a s ic c r i t e r i o n f o r th e e s ta b lis h m e n t o f a j u n io r c o lle g e . I n g e n e r a l, a ju n io r c o lle g e s h o u ld b e e s t a b l i s h e d o n ly w h e re t h e r e i s no o th e r i n s t i t u t i o n o f c o l l e g ia t e l e v e l t h a t c a n b e m ade t o s e r v e t h e e x i s t i n g e d u c a t i o n a l n e e d s o f t h e a r e a . 16
16
Ib id .,
ad
p p .5 5 -5 6
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
57
^ e ^ - ^ r y l c j ic . o t u c l y '1'^ C o m m is s io n o n h i g h e r E d u c a t i o n , e n a c tm e n t,
c o n tra c te d . w it h
to
a
conduct
G -e o rg e 1 .
Zook
e d u c a tio n . of
th e
m itte d
s u rv e y
h ig h e r
w as P r e s i d e n t
D r.
John D a le
s u rv e y .
The re p o rt
e a r ly
1947.
in
A s e c tio n 19 45
of
re a d s
as
th e
of
in
194o,
c re s te d A m e r ic a n
e d u c a tio n . of
th e
by
th e u a r y le n d
le g is la tiv e
C o u n c il At
th a t
A m e r ic a n
t im e
C o u n c il
R u s s e l l v;p.s c h o s e n of
on E d u c a tio n
as
D r.
on
d ir e c to r
th e
s u rv e y
c o m m itte e
t h e M a r y la n d
school
la w s
w as
a p p ro v e d
sub
in
fo llo w s :
i ’h e C o u n ty b o a r d o f E d u c a t i o n , i n a c c o r d a n c e w it h t h e r u l e s end r e g u l a t i o n s o f t h e S t a t e D e p a r t m e n t o f E d u c a t i o n , m ay e s t a b l i s h and m a i n t a i n d a y a n d e v e n i n g s c h o o l s f o r a d u l t s , t h e p u r p o s e s o f w h ic h s h a l l b e t o p r o v id e a g e n e r a l p ro g ra m o f c o n t in u in g e d u c a tio n i n a l l i t s a s p e c ts f o r t h e im p r o v e m e n t o f t h e c i v i c , v o c a t i o n a l , and g e n e r a l i n t e l l i g e n c e o f a d u l t s , e n d t o e n a b l e th e m t o m a k e a w is e u s e o f t h e i r l e i s u r e t im e . ® A lth o u g h s ta te th e
th a t
p a rt,
p re te d
by
th e
ju n io r
above
c o lle g e s
"p ro g ra m
of
s e c tio n m ay b e
c o n tin u in g
Maryland o f f i c i a l s
and m a in ta in
th e
ju n io r
to
c o lle g e
does
not
s p e c ific a lly
e s ta b lis h e d e d u c a tio n ,
g iv e le v e l
and m a in ta in e d ,
e tc .,"
a u th o r ity
to
w as i n t e r e s ta b lis h
o f w o rk .
Jo h n D a le R u s s e ll, D i r e c t o r o f t h e S u rv e y , H ig h e r E d u c a t i o n i n M a r y l a n d , A R e p o r t o f a S u r v e y b y t h e Ame r i c a , n C o u n c i l o n E d u c a t i o n , A m e r i c a n C o u n c i l on E d u c a t i o n , a s liin g to n , B .C ., 194 7 Ib id . ,
p .315
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
63 A lth o u g h 1947
n o t p a s s in g
tn e u a r jle iiQ
b u u g e t $ 6 0 ,0 0 0 y e a rs
of
th e
any
le g is la tu r e
fo r
ju n io r
D i e n n iu m .
s p e c ific
in c lu d e d
c o lle g e s
't h e n ,
in
le g is la tio n ,
in
fo r
th e
each
1949,
p u b lic
o f th e
a g a in
in
school
tw o
w ith o u t
le g is -
■JO
la tiv e
°
a c tio n ,
a p p r o p r ia tio n
to
per f u ll
($ 1 0 0
In fig u r e
t h e m a x y la n d ju n io r
tim e
th e
to o k
in to
school
p u p il
in
s e v e ra l
c o u n tie s ,
of
ju n io r
c o s ts n ig h
in
ennpal
ra n g e d
1 9 - x 5 ,"
These
fro m
g ro u n d s ,
and W ith
per
year
fig u r e
and
at
to
expense
c o s ts
o f h ig h
to
h ig h
as t o
in c lu d e
" in
w ith
th e
c o s ts .
d is tr i in r a tio
"P er
tw e n ty -tw o w e re
a m e d ia n
d e p r e c ia tio n
com
j_^er h i g h
s ta te ,
'w h ic h f i g u r e s
$ 1 3 0 .4 9 ,
th e
a p p r o x im a te
school
a
per
s ch o o l te a c h e rs
s ta te s , fo r
th e
at
cost
c u rre n t
of
$ 1 1 6 ,0 0 0
a r r iv e
e d u c a tio n a l
its
p er y e a r).
le v e l,
re p o rt
do n o t
to
e q u iv a le n t
s tu d y
e x p e r ie n c e
to
$ 6 0 ,0 0 0
c o lle g e
m a r y la n d ,
.,/7 6 .5 9
in c r e a s e d
ju n io r
c o u n tie s
c o s ts
th e
in
fig u r e s
th e
s a la r ie s
c o lle g e
s c h o o ls
at
v a r io u s
of
o r th e
p r o b a b le
account
b u tio n s
fro m
t h e m a r y le n d
p r o je c te d
s t u d e n t p e r y e a r ^0 m itte e
c o lle g e s
s tu d e n t,
o rd e r- f o r
fo r
le g is la tu r e
of
p u p il
la r g e at
hand,
about
$ 1 0 7 ."
o f b u ild in g s ,
e q u ip m e n t . th e th e
in c lu d e s
tr a n s p o r ta tio n
e x c e p tio n ju n io r
of
c o lle g e
r e p la c e m e n t at
th e
one
ju n io r
in
th e
l e v e l w as
fa c ilitie s , c o lle g e
" L e g is la tio n A ffe c tin g ju n io r J o u r n a l , J a n u a r y , 1 3 5 0 , p . 251 h i g h e r Seine a t i o n
case,
1.1a r y l a n d ,
cost p er
set
at
added
le v e l,
C o lle g e s ,"
op.
c it. ,
$200.
cost
and
s tu d e n t That
fo r
a som ew hat
J u n io r
C o lle g e
p p . 5 0 7 -3 1 1
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
69 s m a lle r
s tu d e n t-te a c h e r
r a tio
th a n
w as u s e d
fo r
th e
h ig h
school 1 s t ii.:s te school
to
ia id w e s te r n e x is te d
ju n io r
a tte n d
school
c o lle g e s
s m a lle r
th e
s tu d e n ts 400
and
s u rv e y fe ic t
by
gave
th a t
s tu d e iits
to
in
w as
c o u n tie s
T h is
1 9 4 -0 ,
in
c o lle g e
r a tio
e n r o llm e n ts
The
c o m m itte e
fe lt
to
some
a o n e —t o —t h r e e
w h e re
re p o rt and
u n its
15 w h e re by
as t h e
c o lle g e
liid v /e s t e r n
in
end
th e th a t
th e
m a r y le n d
s ta te s
th e
as
c o n s id e r e d
per
num ber o f th e
fo r
tiiis
c o lle g e s
a b ility
th e to
th e
th e
as
ju s tir ie d
of
lo c a l
a b a s ic
num ber
s tu d e n ts is
is
not
as
u n it.
s u p p o rt
te a c h e rs
p r o s p e c tiv e th a n
over 400.
The
in
a b le
la r g e r
C ost
of
fe w e r
d iffe r e n c e a re
s ta te
a n n u a lly .
num ber o f
num ber
e ffic ie n tly
as
p u p il
e s tim a te
d iv id in g
20 w h e r e
ju n io r
r e c o m .ie n d e d
320
To
re a s o n
c la s s e s
had le s s
In
h ig n
s tu d e n ts
d is tr ic ts
g o in g
L o c a l D i s t r i c t ’ s S h a re c o u n ty
to ta l
th e
and th e
re c o m m e n d e d
s m a lle r
ju n io r
th e
num ber o f
C a lifo r n ia /^
y o u th
te a c h e r
d iv is io n
th e
of
r a tio ..
A id
tf'iOO p e r
c o m m itte e
of
as
c o lle g e .
lo c a te d .
C a lifo r n ia
T e a c h in g th e
and
e n r o llm e n ts
s m a lle r
S ta te of
ju n io r
fr e e -tu itio n
p r o p o r tio n
c o m p a re d w i t h
a id
th e
w e re
A fifth
e s tim a te d
c o -im u n itie s
b e tv ;e e n
h ig h
u s in g
e n r o llm e n t
e n r o llm e n t w as
e x p e c te d
th e
of
to
r a tio s
d is tr io u te
ju n io r
c o lle g e s .
In
th is
To
sho w t h a t
ju n io r
th e
s tu d y
c o lle g e s
tn e some
th a n
L e o n a r d V . E o o s , "H o w t o D e m o c r a t i z e t h e d u n i o r - C o l l e g e L e v e l , " S o h o o l R e v i e w , V o lu m e L I I , H a y , 1 9 4 4 , p . 2 3 1
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
70 o th e rs ,
th re e
s e ts
of
c a lc u la tio n s
in
th e
s tu d y
m ay b e
e x a m in e d : (1 ) lo c a l
s h a re
v iu e d
th e
ta x a b le
A d d itio n a l
of
c o s t,
lo c a l
in
To
fin d
of
th e
s h a re
194o.
ta x
The
ra te s
th is cost
a d d itio n a l
n e c e s s a ry
fig u r e by
th e
ra te s
th e
to
m eet
c o m m itte e
a s s e s s a b le
ra n g e d
fro m
d i—
b a s is to
45
175 m ills . (
2)
P e rc e n ta g e s
w h ic h
w o u ld b e
th e
c o lle g e
p u rp o s e s
of ra te
in c r e m e n ts (3 )
c o lle g e
th e
s h o u ld b e
th a t
need it
of
w as
0
h e re
w as
fo r
ra te s .
ju n io r A ra n g e
fo u n d . per fro m
d e m o n s tra te d
some k i n d
of
re c o m m e n d e d t h a t w ith in
e d u c a tio n fo r
used t o The
fig u r e s
fo r
in c lu d e d
u n its is
2
1 9 4 5 -1 9 4 5
v a lu a tio n
The ra n g e
above
th e re fo re ,
lo c a l
to
a d d itio n
p r o s p e c tiv e # 1 1 1 ,0 0 0
ju n io r
to
pex s tu d e n t. The
p ro g ra m
fro m
A s s e s s a b le
s tu d e n t.
# 3 5 4 ,0 0 0
m itte e
of
th e
s u p p o rt
th e
c o m m itte e
th e
ju n io r of
fu n d s b e
c o lle g e
th e
e q u a liz a tio n
scope
and t h a t
ju n io r
s u rv e y
th e
to
s u p p o rt
e x is tin g
s u rv e y
fo r m u la ;
c o lle g e
th e
com
p ro g ra m
s t a t e ’ s m in im u m
d is tr ib u te d u s in g
p u b lic
th e
to
th e
sam e b a s i s
s c h o o ls .
s ta te d :
A f t e r a l l , t h e a m o u n ts o f b a s i c s t a t e a i d f o r a l l c o u n tie s in th e t a b l e t o t a l o n l y a b o u t # 5 0 0 , 0 0 0 , w h ic h seem s a r a t h e r m o d e s t sum w h e r e m o r e t h a n s e v e n t h o u s a n d j u n i o r c o lle g e s tu d e n ts a r e b e in g con s id e r e d . T h is i s o n ly a l i t t l e o v e r #40 o f b a s ic a id p e r s tu d e n t p e r y e a r , o f a t o t a l a v e ra g e p e r s tu d e n t c o s t t h a t w o u ld e x c e e d # 2 0 0 . 2 2
22
H ig h e r E d u c a tio n
in
Id a r y l a n d ,
op.
c it. ,
p . 311
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
71
The I llin o is P r e s id e n t of
o i' t h e
In s titu tio n a l
c o lle g e
th e
u n iv e r s ity
h ig h e r
e d u c a tio n a l
in
to w n s h ip m o re
th e
h ig h
th a n
p u b lic
ju n io r In
a of
ju n io r
s e v e ra l
u la tio n
th e
in
a re
fir s t
th e
1902.
p u b lic in
At
e n r o lle d
G e n e rn l
to
s u rv e y
in
ju n io r
th e
th e th e
p e r m is s iv e
c o lle g e
(p u b lic )
in
c ity
is
p e r m itte d
o u ts id e w hen
th e
one
O iiic a g o
fu tu re
ju n io r th e
w as
ju n io r
J o lie t
p re s e n t
tim e
s ta te ’ s 14
w e re
and
used f o r
A m ong i t s
o th e r
mi nmum o f
1 0 ,0 0 0
le g is la tio n
C h ic a g o .
c o lle g e , O th e r
w ith o u t
c o lle g e s
p u b lic
le g a l
nay
s u p p o rte d
th e ir
be
c ity
it
nas
ju n io r
s a n c tio n fo r
th e
le g a liz in g
c o n s id e r e d
in a s m u c h
ro r
to
th e nave
as h i g h
s u p p o rt.
p r o v is io n s p e rs o n s
end
The
a lth o u g h
p assed p r o v id in g
These in s titu tio n s c o n tr o lle d
of
c ity .
e x is te d
le g is la tio n
of
ones.
fu n d s
ju n io r
s ta te ..
e s ta b lis h e d
d is tr ic t
th e
a c o m m is s io n
o f th e
th e
th e b u re a u
year
passed
p u b lic ly
school
S ta te s ,
th a t
Illin o is
1937
e x is tin g
of
of
1 9 -0 3 ,
c o lle g e s .
e s ta b lis h m e n t
oeen
hom e o f
s tu d e n ts
s u rv e y
E a r lie r
fa c ilitie s
cam puses th ro u g h o u t
c o lle g e s
a
20,
d ir e c te d
1931,
u h ic a g o
u n til
school
2 5 ,0 0 0
m ahe
c r e a tio n
w as t h e
U n ite d
on D e c e m b e r Illin o is
Illin o is .
a p p ro v e d t h e
Illin o is c o lle g e
of
R e s e a rc h , t o
m o v e ;.ie n t i n
A s s e m -D ly h a d
S tu d y ^
on
th e
1 9 57
la w
a d is tr ic t
p la c e d w h ic h
a pop
d e s ir e d
C o le m a n R . G r i f f i t h a n d n o r t e n s e B l a c l c s t o n e , T h e J u n i o r C o lle g e i n I l l i n o i s , U n iv e r s it y o f I l l i n o i s P r e s s , I l l i n o i s , 1945
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
to
s ta rt
a ju n r o r
p a s s e d w h ic h assessed and
4O .1
c o lle g e .
a llo w e d
v a lu a tio n 5
fo r
lo c a l
fo r
per
of
ta e
cost
of
p 20 Q
th is
am ount w as a lo w
e x p e r ie n c e and
C h ic a g o per
of
la r g e
of
p 0 .5 5
c o lle g e
oer year
ju n io r
s tu d e n t
an
1945 le g is la tio n per
v;as
p lO O
e d u c a tio n a l
of
p u rp o s e s
p u rp o s e s .
s tu d e n t
ence
in
ta x a tio n
ju n io r
b u ild in g
Post
!r h e n
B ased
c o lle g e ,
th is
p er y e a r.
e s tim a te
in s titu tio n
The
s in c e
w h ic h
th e
re p o rt s tu d y
it
had
upon
e x p e r i
p r o je c ts
s
d id
say t h a t
w as b a s e d
upon tn e
a la r g e
e n r o llm e n t
c la s s e s .
m in im u m
e n r o llm e n t
T h e w r i t e r s m a i n t a i n t h a t an e n r o l l m e n t o f 200 s t u d e n t s a n d an a n n u a l b u d g e t o f s?30>0 0 0 t o ^ 4 0 , 0 0 0 f o r o p e r a t i o n s h o u ld b e m a i n t a i n e d . E s tim a te 50; o f of
th e
h ig h
p r o je c tin g
500
s tu a e n ts
fo r
any
in
4 4 0 ,0 0 0
in
cases
fo r
per of
e n r o llm e n t
e n r o llm e n t
s iz e
th e
d is tr ic t
a id
p o te n tia l
school
th e
S ta te s ta te
of
of
h ig h
th e
The
d is tr ic ts
s c h o o l w as
p r o s p e c tiv e v a lu a tio n
of
a
re p o rt w ith
a c o m m u n ity
s tu d e n t
c o n te m p la tin g
a id
of
T h is
body.
a xaeans of
c o lle g e .
of
s tu d e n t;
450
per
4 4 0 ,0 0 0
and
above
le s s
s tu d e n t
per
s tu d e n t
th a n s ta te
a id
p e r p r o s p e c tiv e
s tu d e n t.
24 Ib id . ,
to o h
e s s e n tia l
re c o m m e n d e d 4 7 5
a v a lu a tio n
as
A m in im u m
c o n s id e r e d
ju n io r
s tu d y
p . 201
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
• R e g a r d in g s tu d y
c o s ts ,
th e
g e n e ra l
c o n c lu s io n s
of
th e
in c lu d e d : I n v ie w o f t h e f a c t s r e g a r d in g th e num oer o f y o u th , th e w e a lth , th e e x is t in g s c h o o l s y s te m , an d th e o u t lo o k f o r t h e p o s tw a r w o r ld , t h e U n iv e r s it y o f I l l i n o i s a d v o c a te s and w i l l le n d i t s s u o p o rt t o t h e c r e a t i o n o f an e x p a n d e d s y s te m o f ju n io r c o lle g e s t o be lo c a te d w it h in e x i s t in g h ig h s c h o o l d i s t r i c t s , o r w it h in c o n s o lid a te d d i s t r i c t s , t o be d e fin e d by la w and t o be s u p p o rte d by 1. A p p r o p r ia te in c r e a s e s i n th e e x is tin g ta x r a te s in th e d is t r ic t s in te n d in g to i n i t i a t e ju n io r c o lle g e ex te n s io n s o f t h e i r h ig h -s c h o o l p ro g ra m s , and b y , 2. D ir e c t a p p r o p r ia tio n s fro m th e s t a t e t r e a s u r y b y t h e G e n e r a l A s s e m b ly on t h e b a s is o f a s t a t e d am ount p e r u n i t o f d a ily a tte n d a n c e . N o te : T h e d a t a on p r e s e n t a n d o n p o s s ib le t a x r a t e s s u g g e s t t h a t S t a t e f u n d s o f $>50 p e r y e a r p e r u n i t o f d a i l y a t t e n u a n c e a t a j u n i o r c o l l e g e w o u ld b e a m in im a l f i g u r e . C o n s i d e r a t i o n s h o u ld b e g i v e n t o a f i g u r e o f f r o m $>75 t o 0 1 0 0 p e r u n it o f a v e ra g e d a ily a tte n d a n c e . 5. S u p p le m e n ta r y a p p r o p r i a t i o n s s u f f i c i e n t t o m e e t t h e c o s ts o f p h y s ic a l e x p a n s io n o f e x i s t i n g h ig h s c h o o l u n i t s t o w h i c h j u n i o r c o l l e g e s m ay b e c o m e a t t a c h e d . ^5
The C a lifo r n ia th e
le g is la tu r e
s ta te ’ s needs in
re a d y
in
th a t
Ib id ., 26
C a lifo r n ia
s ta te
in
S t u d y 26 1947
h ig h e r 55
At
a u th o r iz e d
e d u c a tio n ,
p u b lic
ju n io r
th e
tim e
th is
th e re
c o lle g e s
th e
s tu d y
e x is te d
of a l
o ffe r in g
tw o
p p . 2 4 4 -2 4 5
G e o r g e D . S t r a y e r a n d o t h e r s , A R e p o i- t o f a S u r v e y th e N e ed s o f C a l i f o r n i a i n h ig h e r E d u c a tio n , S t a t e P r i n t i n g O f f i c e , S a c ra m e n to , C a l i f o r n i a , M a rc h , 1 9 4 8
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
of
74
y e a r v o c a tio n a l r u ll
tim e
fa r
le g is la tio n c o lle g ia te 1917,
ta c k
fo r
as 1 9 0 7
d is tr ic ts
c a lib e r
p r o v id e d
c o lle g e s
on t h e
s c h o o l,
h o w e v e r,
an
in
a p u b lic The
s ta te
it
of
such
d is tr ic t
per
ju n io r
ju n io r
a id
year fo r
A n o th e r
and
m o re t h a n
of
6 0 ,0 0 0
each
d is tr ic t
w as t h a t
p r e v io u s
y e a r had to
fo r
p r o v id e d
a h ig h
c o u rs e s
of
ju n io r
fo r
school
th e
h ig h
d is tr ic t
o r m o re b e f o r e
to
it
have
c o u ld
c o lle g e . p r o v id e d
d is tr ic ts
in
show
per
th e
d e s ir e d
ju n io r
a v e ra g e
w h ic h h a d
th e h ig h
w h e re
fo r
assessed v a lu a tio n
per year
s tu d e n t
r e q u ir e m e n t
p e r m is s iv e
The B a lla r d .A c t,
s u p p o rt
* 5 3 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0
a m in im u m
* > 2 ,0 0 0
s c h o o ls .
as t h a t
le g is la tu r e * ^
had
e n a c te d
p o s tg ra d u a te
c o u n ty
r e q u ir e d
c o lle g e
w as
o ffe r
h ig h
sam e b a s i s
1921
m ent
s ta te
to
O a lifo r n ia
to
th e
assessed v a lu a tio n
open
w o rk
s tu d e n ts .
As
in
and lo w e r - d iv is io n
to
an
d a ily
in
a v e ra g e
as lo n g of
c o lle g e
as
-^ 1 0 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 a n d *>100
a tte n d a n c e .
be m et b y
s c h o o ls
e s ta b lis h
th a t d a ily
th e a re a
p ro p o s e d fo r
th e
a tte n d a n c e
of
s tu d e n t
A .D .A .
400. In per
y e a r w as
c o lle g e to
1955
pay
w as
cut to
s ta te
J u n io r
c o n tr ib u tio n
*>90 a n d
e m p o w e re d t o
cost of
The
th e
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C o lle g e
a d is tr ic t
le v y Its
in
a ta x
w ith o u t
on p r o p e r t y
s tu d e n ts
Illin o is ,
per
in
op.
th e
a
ju n io r s u ffic ie n t
ju n io r
c it .,
in
c o lle g e
p p .178
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
179
75 o i‘ an O d e r
d is tr ic t.
P re s e n t
la w s
r e q u ir e
th a t:
c o u n t i e s w h ic h o p e r a t e n o j u n i o r c o l l e g e m ay l e v y a t a x o n t i l e c o u n t y p r o p e r t y o u t s id e o r j u n io r c o lle g e d i s t r i c t s t o p ay th e tu itio n p l u s .^100 f o r s c h o o l p l a n t f o r e a c h s tu d e n t v/ho a t t e n d s a j u n i o r c o l l e g e ......... 'fh e m a x im u m l e v y f o r s c h o o l p u r p o s e s w h ic h m ay b e m ade w it h o u t a v o t e o f t h e p e o p le is . . . . 3 . 5 m i l l s f o r ju n io r c o lle g e d is tr ic ts . P > a te le v e l a id
In
c o n tr ib u te d
in
pays
a id
s u p p o rt
a
lu m p
ta b lis h e d s tu d e n t
its
sum o f
per
it
te n
p u b lic
4 2 ,0 0 0
c o lle g e .
e n r o lle d , Post
fo r n ia .
a lm o s t
of
ju n io r
l^ -~ 9 —1 9 5 0 ,
pays
s tu d e n t
u s lifo r n ia ^ ®
m illio n s ju n io r
per year
of
d o lla r s
c o lle g e s . to
each
In a d d itio n ,
at
fo r
th e
in
fh e
s ta te
s ta te s ta te
p r o p e r ly es each
fu ll
tim e
4120.
per year
A c c o r d in g
to
th e
C a li
s tu d y : C a l i f o r n i a d i s t r i c t ju n io r c o lle g e s e x p e n d e d a t o t a l o f 4I I , 2 0 3 , 2 0 9 .3 0 i n 1 9 4 5 -1 9 4 7 f o r t h e e d u c a tio n o f 5 3 ,7 4 7 s tu d e n ts in a v e ra g e d a i l y a tte n d a n c e , l e a d e r s ’ s a la r ie s and o th e r expenses o f i n s t r u c t i o n a c c o u n te d f o r t h r e e f o u r t h s o f t h e a m o u n t. file c o s t p e r s tu d e n t i n a v e ra g e d a i l y a tte n d a n c e w as 4 2 0 8 .5 4 w it h a ra n g e fro m a h ig h o f 4 5 2 2 .9 5 t o a 107/ o f 4 1 2 3 .0 3 . D u r in g t h e sam e y e a r t h e t o t a l e x p e n d i t u r e f o r j u n io r c o lle g e s ' m a in ta in e d by h ig h s c h o o l d i s t r i c t s w as 4 4 , 9 4 1 , 5 4 2 . 3 6 . fh e a v e ra y e d a ily a tte n d a n c e in th e s e s c h o o ls w as 2 0 ,4 3 2 ; t h e a v e r a g e a n n u a l c o s t w a s p 2 4 l . 37 p e r s t u d e n t . fh e
££3
U . S . O f f i c e o f E d u c a t io n , P u b l i c S c h o o l P in a n c e P ro g ra m s o f t h e f o r t y - e i g h t S t a t e s . U .S . O f f i c e o f E d u c a tio n , C i r c u l a r n o . 2 7 4 , U . S . G -o v e r n n e n t P r i n t i n g u f f i c e , W a s h in g to n , D . O . , 1 9 5 0 , p p . 2 1 -2 2 . ih id . ,
p
. 10 2
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
76 r n a j o r i t e : a s o r e x p e n s e , w n ic h u s e d 7 6 p e rc e n t o f tr .e fu u a s , v e r e t e a c h e r s ’ s a la r i e s and o th e r exp enses o f i n s t r u c t i o n . 30 m in im u m . s i z e th e
fig u r e s
of
fo r
e ffic ie n t
of
-iOO a s
th e
o r je r a tio n
E s tim a te
of
.ju n io r
c o lle g e
m in im u m
of
a
a v e ra g e
ju n io r
p o te n tia l
T h is
s tu d y
d a ily
uses
a tte n d a n c e
c o lle g e .
e n r o llm e n t
The p o t e n t ia l ju n io r c o lle g e p o p u la t io n o f t h e f u t u r e c a n b e r o u g h ly c a lc u la te d by r e la t in g i t to th e p re s e n t r a t i o b e tw e e n j u n i o r c o lle g e a t te n d a n c e a n d a t te n d a n c e i n t h e h ig h s c h o o l. If th e lit a te a tte n d a n c e o f O c to b e r, 1 9 4 7 , i n t h e 1 6 t h and 1 4 t h g r a d e s i s c o m p a re d w it h th e a tte n d a n c e in th e 1 1 th and 1 2 th g r a d e s , i t w i l l b e fo u n d t h a t t h e r e w as one s tu d e n t in th e ju n io r c o lle g e g ra d e s f o r e v e r y 2 .5 5 s tu d e n ts in t h e 1 1 t h and 1 2 t h g ra d e s o f h ig h s c h o o l.31 E s tim a te s th e
1 9 4 7 -1 S 4 8
budget
cost per
s tu d e n t
■ P 2 7 7 .6 4 .
U s in g
r o llm e n t c u rre n t
of
per th is
e s tim a te s expenses
fo r
tw e n ty -e ig h t
c o s ts
e s tim a te s , year
fo r
fig u r e
fo r
be o v e r t w e n t y - t h r e e over
fu tu re
I9 6 0
ju n io r
c o m m itte e
ju n io r
c o lle g e
th e
8 4 ,7 1 6
c o lle g e s
m illio n s
e n r o llm e n t
th e
w ith (
and
of
s u rv e y ) in
p r e d ic te d in
d o lla r s ;
1950
a
of
c o m m itte e ’ s en
and 1 9 6 5 1960
U s in g
(
w ill
1 0 2 ,9 6 6
),
p r o b a b ly
in
1965,
p r o b a b ly
in
n ig h e r E d u c a tio n ,
millions. 3 2
R e p o rt o f S u rv e y h e e d s o p . c i t . , p . 120 Ib id . ,
p . 75
Ib id .,
p p .1 2 5 -1 2 4
o f C a lifo r n ia
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
Local
s h a re
1 9 4 6 -1 9 4 7
fo r
th e
d is tr ic ts
r a is e d
T u itio n c o lle g e s be
in
cost
The
C a lifo r n ia
c h a rg e s
c h a rg e ,
fo r a re
s u rv e y
d is tr ic t
a b o u t 47>o o f
C a lifo r n ia
a n o m in a l
p u r e ly
of
ju n io r
t h e m oney
in
c o lle g e s ,
T h e p u b lic
tu it.io n -f re e . by
th a t
lo c a L
expended.
s tu d e n ts
le v ie d
re p o rt;s
At
s tu d e n t body
ju n io r
tir a e s
th e re
m ay
o r g a n iz a tio n s ,
s e lf-im p o s e d .
-ti. 1946,
of
m is s io n Y o rk .
T h e New Y o rk
th e to
a t a te
s tu d y
c o m m is s io n
fo r
U n iv e r s ity
of
o f New Y o r k ,
th e
C h a p te r 1 3
S tu d y 52
need
of
th e
a n o th e r
fo r
C h a p te r c re a te d
a s ta te
1 9 4 7 Law s
y e a r.
C h ic a g o w a s
h r.
u n iv e r s ity
e x te n d e d
as
L a v /s
a te m p o ra ry
F lo y d U .
s e le c te d
356,
th e
d ir e c to r
coxa-
in
Lev/
life
R eeves
of
of
of
of
th e
th e
th e
s tu d y . R e c o m m e n d a tio n s New Y o rk
c o m m is s io n
re fe r
c o lle g e s *
’'T h e
c o m m u n ity m e n d a tio n s
of
a u th o r iz in g m u n ity
th e
th e
to
s ta te ,”
c o m m itte e ,^
w h ic h
and g e n e r a l
th ro u g h
th e
e s ta b lis h m e n t
c o lle g e s ,
tr a in in g
e le v e n
w ill
e s ta b lis h m e n t a c c o r d in g
" s h o u ld of
o ffe r
e d u c a tio n .”
fo u rte e n 0
enact
p u b lic ly
to
of
of
p u b lic
th e
re c o m
le g is la tio n
s u p p o rte d
a c o m b in a tio n F o llo w in g
th e
th is
com
o f te c h n ic a l re c o m m e n —
S t a t e o f h e w Y o r k : R e p o r t o f t h e T e m p o r a r y C o m m is s io n on t h e h e e d f o r a S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , L e g i s l a t i v e D ocum ent No. 30. Y / i ll ia i a s P r e s s , I n c . , A lb a n y , N .Y . , 1 9 4 3
35
Ib id . ,
p p . 2 5 -2 8
Ib id .,
p . 25
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
78
c a tio n ,
th e L e g is la tu r e
p r e h e n s iv e c o lle g e s
p la n
been
o th e r
e s ta b lis h in g
and o th e r At
have
fo r
th e
h ig h e r
t im e
of
e s ta b lis h e d
in
O ra n g e
th e
lo c a lity
lim ita tio n la r g e
on
The s h o u ld
s ta te
re s o u rc e s
p la n ts .
e n a c te d
a com
c o m m u n ity
in s titu tio n s .
w r itin g ,
tw o
c o m m u n ity
Lev; Y o r k ;
one in
c o m m itte e
re c o m m e n d e d
m ay
c o s ts ,
s h a re
c a p ita l
p a r tic ip a tio n
L ik e w is e ,
o p e r a tin g
1 9 4 8 33
end fin a n c in g
e d u c a tio n a l
th is in
in
c o lle g e s
J a m e s to w n
and th e
d o u n ty .
St at e a i d and
o f L ev ; Y o r k
fe e l th e
w ith
fre e
S ta te
to
c o s ts
so t h a t b u ild
s h o u ld
som e p r o v i s i o n
e q u a lly
as
th e
c o s tly
som e
w ith
p h y s ic a l
one t h i r d to
s ta te
w ith
c o m m u n i t ie s
m o re
bear
th a t
of
m ax im u m
th e
c o n tr i
b u tio n . Local lo c a lity
s h a re
w o u ld
pay
th e s tu d e n t b e in g so
d e s ir e d ,
e x a m p le ,
if
c o u ld
set
be
a p a rt
of
B e s id e s at
le a s t
c h a rg e d th e
c o u ld
pay
its
th e
cost
per
at
#100
or
th a t
its
one t h i r d
of
b a la n c e .
s h a re s tu d e n t
le s s
s h a re
if
w e re
c a p ita l
th e
The
and th e
th e
of
o p e r a tin g
c o m m u n it y ,
s tu d e n ts
#300,
th e
if
s h a re ,
s tu d e n t
c o m m u n ity w i s h e d
The
c o m m itte e
to
re c o m m e n d e d t h a t :
. . .S tu d e n ts r e s id in g i n a re a s t a i n i n g c o m m u n ity c o l l e g e s a n d n o t p a t i n g i n t h e s u p p o r t o f c o m m u n ity p ro g ra m s i n o t h e r a r e a s s h o u ld p a y p a r t o f t h e l o c a l s h a re o f b o th c u
696,
Law s
o f New Y o r k ,
th e
c o s t;
fe e .
T u itio n
C h a p te r
c o s ts ,
n o t m a in p a r tic i c o lle g e th e ir r r e n t and
1948
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
it if o r fe e bear
c a p i t a l c o s t s a s w e l l a s t h e i r ow n f e e s . . . . . . . T n e fe e s ch a rg e s p a r t - t i m e s tu d e n ts a n d o u t o f s t a t e s t u d e n t s s h o u ld h e f i x e d by t h e c o m m u n i t y c o l l e g e b o a r d , s u b j e c t t o uhe a p p r o v a l o f th e B p ard o f T r u s te e s o f t h e S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y . 07 -E s tim a te d .y e a r. o th e r its
S3
That
s tu u ie s .
e s tim a te
Y o rk e x is t
is
S ta te
cost
h o w eve r, of
and b ecause th e
s tu d e n t
m uch h i g h e r
Decause
d u rin g
per
e a rly
th a n
th e th e
of
p400 th e
fig u re
new Y o rk n ig h e r
th e
s ta g e s
per
gro u p
p ro p o sed fe lt
e d u c a tio n a l
g e n e ra lly o f th e
s tu d e n t
h ig h e r
per in
th e
ju s tifie d
c o s ts
in
c o s ts
w h ic h
e s ta b lis h m e n t
of
in
hew
such
in s titu tio n s .
The P e n n s y lv a n ia S tu d y ° 9
I. G e n e r a l A s s e m b ly iz e d fie ld
a s tu d y of
of
o f th e
p o s t-h ig h
R o b ert L .
Johnson,
c h a irm a n
of
th e
To
as
su rvey
serve
A ls n
w o rks,
U n iv e rs ity
th e
of
c o m m o n w e a lth o f P e n n s y l v a n i a
e d u c a tio n a l school
U o m m itte e
C h ic a g o .
in
of
D r.
end n e e d s
565
o f T e m p le U n i v e r s i t y ,
of
a u th o r in
P e n n s y lv a n ia .
on P o s t - h i g h
d ire c to r, Dean
fa c ilitie s
e d u c a tio n
P r e s id e n t
fo rm e rly
Act ho.
th e
D r.
becam e
S c h o o l E d u c a tio n .
th e
c o m m itte e
chose D r .
G eorge
th e
School
E d u c a tio n
o f th e
W orks,
in
of
tu rn ,
h e w Y o r k S t a t e : C o m m is s io n on h e e d v e r s i t y , op* » p .£ U hew i o r k S t a t e : C o s ts and f i n a n c i n g L e g i s l a t i v e Docum ent N o . 3 4 , W il li a m s k .Y•
fo r
a p p o in te d D r.
a S ta te U n i
o f H ig h e r E d u c a tio n . P r e s s , I n c . , A lb s n y ,
L e o n a r d V . IC o o s , A C o m m u n it y C o l l e g e P l a n f o r P e r . n s y l v a n i a , A R e p o r t P r e p a r e d f o r t h e C o m m i t t e e on P o s t - H i g h S c h o o l e d u c a t i o n , J o i n t - S t a t e G o v e rn m e n t C o m m is s io n , C o m m o n w e a lt h o f P e n n s y l v a n i a , N o v e m b e r , 1 9 4 8
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
th e
1
BO
Lec u io i'c . V . of
iv o o s ,
C h ic a g o ,
a s s is ta n c e B ta te s
to
act
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a
in
c o n fo rm ity
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o n ly
a s tu d y
th e re
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th o s e
Cost
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s tu d e n t
to
per
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year
in
cost
was t h e
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it
to ta l
c o s ts
about
cost
of
was
ta k e n .
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1 7 .8 .
as
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.£275 t o is
to
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c o s ts th re e -
th o s e
£230
averag e
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s u g g e s te d
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in
.^hbOO
th a t
re q u ire
th is
s ta te s
a m o u n te d t o
and
fro m
used by of
c h a p te r
rep o rt
c o m m u n ity
t h a t P e n n s y lv a n ia
and f a c i l i t i e s ,
iie r e ,
w ill
ra tio
and u s in g
te a c h in g
ih id c o n s e q u e n t l y m i g h t
be
te a c h e r
th e
fro m
annual
a to ta l
m en.
th is
c o lle g e s
fr o m , e x p e r i e n c e
to ta l
cost
in
T h is
ju n io r
13
fo r
ran g e
C o n s id e rin g
s tu d e n t
th e s e
he m ade
c o lle g e s .
te a c h e rs
e v id e n c e
Sl> 1 9 4 ,
•fitte n
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cost
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p ro p o s e d by
p u b lic
annuel
to
w ith
u n ite d
w ill
re la te
1946
per
re fe re n c e
w h ic h
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in
tn e
th e
re c o im e n a a tio n s
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of
of
s ta te s ,
s a la ry
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c o lle g e s ,
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annual
m ay b e
U n iv e rs ity
in
num ber o f f
u s in g
th e
c o m m u n ity
fu rth e r
s tu c ie s
R o u n d in g t h i s
Then,
of
L a rto re n a
j b . ; . n
24 l o c a l
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on
V.
p la n
c o m m u n ity
oer
of
o e b a s tia h
school
propo sed p u b lic
lic u c s tio n
c o n s u lta n t
c h e p te r,
w ith
.(u jw -h iji
or
E d u c a tio n .
la te r
th e
about
as
L r.
of
to
in
P ro fe s s o r
was
ra tio s e s ti
in d u s tria l shop
e q u ip
a som ew hat h i g h e r
£300
c o m m itte e
per
s tu d e n t
to
p ro je c t
per
c o lle g e s .
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I
^ in in u m mum e n r o l l m e n t i's c to r s :
one,
m a in ta in
an
th e
th a t
fa c t
com es
fig u re , th e
b e lo w
e x c e s s iv e .
t h e m id w e s t
one t h i r d th a t to
in
th e
school a
le v e l
was
th e
200
s t u d e n t m in im u m
g rad es
th e 1 -1 2
c o lle g e S ta te
e x is tin g
school
s e le c te d
c rite rio n s h o u ld is
to
a id m e th o d
d is tric ts
of
w ith
w o u ld be
s te a d
by
and
a id
fo r
seco n d ary
Ib id . ,
in
e n ro llm e n t
a d is tric t
e s ta b lis h e d . p la n
th e
u n its 22
an
g rad es
is end
about
was fo u n d c o n tin u e
th a t
th e ra tio
c o m m itte e of
in
at
le a s t
w h ic h
GOO
a co m -
42
s ta te th a t
d e te rm in e d by
bO a s
it
U s in g
s u g g e s te d w o u ld
e x c e p tio n
u s u a lly
y o u th
th e
De-
c o lle g e s
fin d C a l i f o r n i a ,
e n ro llm e n t,,
d is trib u tin g
te a c h in g of
t h e m id w e s t
o th e r,
s tu d e n t An 2 0 0 .^
w ere
of
tw o
per
S in c e
p ro p o rtio n
th e
ju n io r
f o r P e n n s y lv a n ia .
e x is t
The
u p o n v /a s
e n ro llm e n ts
th a t
be
cost
by
enough t o
o ffe rin g s ;
e n ro llm e n ts .
in
m in i
la rg e
fre e -tu itio n
s m a lle r
th a n
body
pro g ram
d e c id e d
a
a i'l'e c te d m a i n ly
e n ro llm e n t,
and C a l i f o r n i a ,
1 :4
at
of
in
of
m u n ity
th e
th a t
h ig h
w as
a s tu d e n t
c e rta in
fo u n d ,
P e n n s y lv a n ia
a rriv e d in
fo r
v a rie ty a
c o n s id e rin g
s tu d y
The f ig u r e
th e
c o lle g e
ra tio w ith
of
In
th is
need
a d e q u a te
K o os4^ in
e n ro llm e n t
fo llo w
a id th e
to
now done i n e le m e n ta ry
th e
p u b lic
num ber
d iv id in g
of
by 1 8
case
g rad es
c lo s e ly
of
in s ta te
re s p e c tiv e ly .
p .3 8
L e o n a r d V . K o o s , "H o w t o D e m o c r a t i z e t h e J u n i o r C o l l e g e L e v e l , 1' S c h o o l R e v i e w , h a y , l t ‘4 4 , p . 2 8 1 Koos, p.
A C o m m u n it y
C o lle g e
P la n
f o r P e n n s y lv a n ia ',
08
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
ojo.
c it
C o lle g e th a t
s h o u ld b e
e tu itio n
p ro p o rtio n s , u c a tio n
chsxoe,
is
of
o ve rh ead
in
th e
ta x
ra te s
m e
or th e
fu tu re
p o s t-h ig h
of
needs school
rep o rt
i'h e
ore^o n
to
th e
s im ila r
c o m m itte e
s e m b la n c e t o
w o u ld
in
44
to
in
h e m ade
e s tim a te s
fo r
was
s ta te
th e
O reg o n
in c re m e n t
an
s tu d y in
of
a lm o s t tw o
s tu d y ,
c o m m u n ity
th e
m ake
th e
p resen t area As th e
yea rs of
tli
su rve y
School Ed c .u ite
e a r lie r th e
a n a ly s is c o lle g e
of in
o rg a n is a tio n
Because th e
of
O re g o n . to
cost
R e s o lu tio n
a u th o riz e d
on P o s t - H i g h
a p a tte rn
th e
d is tric t.
J o in t
of
s e le c te d
e s ti
by
th e
a
to of
fa c ilitie s
th e
ed
s h a re
A s s e m b ly
P e n n s y lv a n ia .
th e P e n n s y lv a n ia
a tte s t
b o rn e
conduct
of
le v e ls .”
not
fo r
fo u n d
be m o d e ra te
c o n tin u a n c e
S e n a te
C o m m itte e
fo llo w s
rep o rt
be
p u rp o ses
Koos
O re g o n
to
to
d is tric t’s
e x is t in s
D r.
has been
aeons
does
G en eral
e d u c a tio n
th e
to
q u ite
lo c a l
a c o m m itte e
s tu d y ,
s im ila r
be
s tu d y
o tu u y
and o f
it
s o c io -e c o n o m ic
school
u c a tio n a l f a c i l i t i e s
cost
lo w e r 'fh e
fo r
what
o b s ta c le
1 6 d9 O re g o n
P e n n s y lv a n ia ix is
fro m
beecuso
of
and i n s t r u c t i o n
e s ta b lis h rn e n t and
s e rio u s
c o s ts .
o. 16
even
s h a re -
b u ild in g
i.o .
a
by y o u th Local
m a te
tu itio n -fr e e
to
a
re of
s tu d y
th e w ill
b rie f.
Ib id .,
p .2
S t a t e o f O re g o n : R e p o r t o f t h e I n t e r i m P o s t - H ig h Sch o o l E d u c a t i o n a l f a c i l i t i e s . D e p a r t m e n t , S a T e m ,' O r e g o n ' , 1 9 5 0 —
C o m m itt e e on S ta te P rin tin g
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
C o s i. a e te
as
in
a s tu d e n t annual
_.-er s t u d e n t
th e
te a c h e rs * Koos
te a c h e r
s a la ry
la tio n s
u s in g
per
s tu d e n t
cost
of
th e
s tu d e n t veyo rs
th e
about
o ff
m in im u m of
c o m m u n ity
S in c e
tiie
c o lle g e s ir in g
to
of
c o lle g e
ta k e n
in
St at e fo llo w s
to
th e
to
S -1 2
a id
The
c lo s e ly
th e
th e
e x is tin g
at
te a c h in g
an d t h r e e -
a cost
O re g o n am ount
th e
to
in
use
per
su r
p ro
c o lle g e . O re g o n
fo r
200,
c o lle g e le a s t
th e
w as
th e
ra tio
1 :5 .
c o m m u n ity
a d is tric t
w o u ld
500.
s u g g e s te d of
s tu d y ,
e n ro llm e n t
and
p la ,n
cost
to
e n ro llm e n t
p la n
C a lc u
A s s u m in g
fig u re
th e
175
annual
s tu d e n t.
That
school
of
O re g o n .
th re e -fifth s
a c o m m u n ity
g rad es
in
averag e
th a t
In
as b e t w e e n
P e n n s y lv a n ia
s ta te s
a p p ly
de
re q u ire
an
46
in
th e
O re g o n
s ta te
a id
fo r
th e
s tu d y e le -
I b i d . , p . 51 T n is is in a p o r t io n o f th e r e p o r t , en t i t l e d : HA C o . m u n i t y C o l l e g e P l a n f o r O r e g o n , " p r e p a r e d b y L e o n a r d V . K o o s and. R o b e r t R . b l e g m a n o Ib id . ,
of
ave rag e
rep o rt
per
set
s u g g e s te d
te a c h in g
c o m m u n ity
h ig h
th e
p ro je c te d
o b ta in e d . as
Koos
annual
w o u ld
#550
sem e
an
cost
d e s ira b le
e s ta b lis h
e n ro llm e n t
T h is
e n ro llm e n t
m in im u m
w as
^ iv e
th e
tin e
th e
c o lle g e s
d a ta
is
over
as t h e
annuel
#556
c o s ts
g500
u4000
fra c tio n
used
In c re s s in n
as b e tw e e n
to ta l
la rg e r
15.
c o m m u n ity
fig u re d
th e
by
above
he
s tu d y ;0 th is
of
,,3 6 5 .(5 7 .
ro u n d ed
je c tin g
s a la ry
fo r
th e
of
r a tio
s e le c te d
of
can b e
fo u rth s th a n
is n u s .iv n u E
te a c h e r
I'iy a r e ,
A lth o u g h
p . 3-3
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
m e n ts ry
and
h o w eve r, h ig n o r tn e
s ig n
are
cost
cost
s c h o o ls
s te p p e d of
or
th a t
up b y
p o s t-h ig h
an
s ts te .
am ount
school
th o
lo w e r g ra d e s .
i'o r
m ends b a s ic
a id
p e r te a c h e r
..?6 5 0
p rese n t w ith
v b0 J .
g im ila rly ,
a m u ltip lic a tio n
s te a d
of
tn e
c .irre n t
The p o r tio n
b a s ic
by
hod
in
as
e x a m p le ,
a id
p ro p o sed
p ro p o rtio n
e d u c a tio n
in
of
The
as
th e
p u p il
fo r
each
day
a id
in v o lv in g
th e
co m p ared w i t h s tu d y
co’p a r e d
per
to
suns,
w ith
is
of
recom th e
propo sed
a tte n d a n c e
in
£ 0 -2 . . of
s ta te
p rin c ip le
8.3
q,' 3 o X-L.'ictt e d
p ro ced u res
cue. f o r m u l a e
by
th e
s u rve yo rs
an
e q u a lis a tio n
us in-.; t h e
fo r
th e
p u b lic
school
A lth o u g h
th e
rep o rt
by Koos
e x is tin g
s y s te m , o f
oreg o n . T u itio n re c o iiiie n d e d c o lle g e s , tie s
th a t
th e
fra m e d
a u th o riz e
th e re
In te rim
be no
C o m m itte e
a p ro p o sal
lo c a l
school
fo r
and n o n - r e s i d e n t
p lb O
year Local
s ta te
a id
w o u ld
add t o
The
p la n
c lo s e ly
47
and
of
fo r
To
tn e
m illa g e
now i n
i D i a . .
d . '0 6
Ib id . , .
p . 17
in
th e
c o m m u n ity
School f f a c ili-
C o ll e g e Law w h ic h w o u ld c h a rg e th e
tu itio n
fo r
am ount n o t
to
b o th exceed
4-9 s tu d e n ts .* ^ay
th e
fo r
fo r
b a la n c e
of
th e
n o h -re s io e n ts ,
a lre a d y
re im b u rs e m e n t p la n
to
s tu d e n ts ,
re im b u rs e m e n t
th e
IT T
a J u n io r
re s id e n t
s h a re
ch a rg e d
on P o s t - h i g h
d is tric ts
re s id e n t per
tu itio n
and b i e g n a n ^
le v ie d
fo r
n o n -re s ic e n ts
o p e ra tio n
fo r
lo w e r
cost
above
th e
d is tric ts
school
p u rp o ses.
w o u ld
fo llo w
s c h o o ls
in
X
43 49
.
l o r d . , p.l o
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
O re g o n .
CHAPTER
IV
L E G I S L A T I O N AND PROPOSALS POR P O S T - H I G H SCHOOL E D U C A TIO N BY T H E P A .n o E L V A i .. IA GENERAL A3SEL.IBLY
T h is b ills
p ro p o sed
A s s e m b ly c o lle g e gram s
c h a p te r p re s e n ts or
s in c e
th e
s tu c e n ts
fo r
tn e
by
e x te n d in g
It
was
th a t
e n a c te d
fre e ,
s c h o la rs h ip s . crease
in
e q u a liz e
th e
T h is
th e
le g is la tu r e ,
th a t
by
a w a rd in g
tim e
th e re
of
fo r
h ig h e r
S c h o la rs h ip s
la w
o rig in a te d
29,
1919.
th re e
s e c tio n s :
P u rd o n
to
a s s is t im p ro v e and
th e
th e
fir s t
a num ber o f has been
tim e
to
in
p ro
c o rn p e te tiv e
a g rad u al
le g is la tu r e
e d u c a tio n
g rad e .
s in c e ,
a s s is ta n c e
th e
a d u lts
1 4 th
1919
p ro
in
to
P e n n s y lv a n ia .
1919
1.
A p ril
in
of
of
G en eral
y o u th
fo r
fo x * f i n a n c i a l
h is to ry
and
th ro u g h
s e s s io n
num ber o f p ro p o s a ls
S e s s io n
1919,
fa c ilitie s
e d u c a tio n
s tu d e n ts
S in c e
of
o u t-o f-s c h o o l
w ith
th e
o p p o rtu n itie s
A.
1919.
s ta rt
P e n n s y lv a n ia
s e s s io n
of
p ro v id in g
c o lle g e
th e
expand
p u b lic
s e s s io n ,
a b ill
s p e c tiv e
and t o
to
by
re g u la r
e d u c a tio n
a e c id e d
d u rin g
e n a c te d
a c h ro n o lo g ic a l
P u b lic
L a w fr 1 0 4 4 ,
as n o u s e B i l l
reco rd s
th e
jf 1 4 1 0 ,
la v ; i n
th e
1
J u ly d a te d
fo llo w in g
S e c tio n 2451 G ra d u a te s o f seco n d ary s c h o o ls t o r e c e iv e F o r t h e p u rp o se o f a s s is t in g w o rth y y o u n g m en a n d women g r a d u a t e s o f t h e
P e n n s y lv a n ia G e n e r a l A s s e m b ly , V o lu m e I I , 1919, p .1493
L e g is la tiv e
jo u rn a l.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
13,
35 seco n d ary s c h o o ls o f t h e S t a t e t o o b t a i n h i g h e r e d u c a t io n , t h e S t a t e w i l l aw ard c o m p e titiv e s c h o la rs h ip s o f th e v a lu e o f one h u n d red d o lla r s p e r y e a r f o r f o u r y e a r s t o e n a b le s e le c t e d s tu o e n ts t o a tte n d any i n s t i t u t i o n i n t h e S t a t e o f P e n n s y lv a n ia a p p ro v e d by t h e C o lle g e and U n iv e r s it y C o u n c il. S e c tio n 2452 A p p o in tm e n ts t o ; e x e n i n a t i ons A p p o in tm e n ts t o such s c h o la r s h ip s s h a l l b e m ade by t h e S t a t e B o a rd o f E d u c a t i o n , and t h e p e r s o n s e n t i t l e d t o s u c h a p p o i n t m e n t s s h a l l b e d e t e r m i n e d b y com p e t i t i v e e x a m in a tio n s t o be c o n d u c te d under th e s u p e r v is io n o f th e S ta te B o ard o f E d u c a tio n . Due n o t i c e o f any e x a m i n a tio n s to be h e ld und er th e p ro v is io n s o f t h i s a c t s h a l l be g iv e n i n such m an n e r a s t h e S t a t e B o a r d o f E d u c a t i o n m ay p r e s c rib e . 1. Now s t y l e d t h e " S t a t e C o u n c il o f B d u c a.t i o n . ” S e c tio n 245 3 D is trib u tio n o f One s c h o l a r s h i p s h a l l b e a w a r d e d t o each c o u n ty . I n any c o u n ty w h e re t h e r e i s m o re th a n one e n t i r e S e n a t o r i a l D i s t r i c t , one s c h o la r s h ip s h a l l be aw ard ed f o r each e n t i r e S e n a t o r ia l D i s t r i c t . ^
B.
S e s s io n 1•
jf 1 0 3 9 ,
of
19 21
jA. :J ,031*O 0 T 1 cit i o n
in tro d u c e d
on ila r c h
fo r
15,
S c h o la rs h ip s
House B i l l
w as:
An A c t m a k i n g an a p p r o p r i a t i o n t o c a r r y o u t t h e p r o v i s i o n s o f an a c t a p p r o v e d t h e e i g h t e e n t h day o f J u l y , one th o u s a n d n in e h u n d red n in e te e n (P . L . 1 0 4 4 ), e n t i t l e d " A n A c t t o a s s i s t w o r t h y y o u n g t i e n m id women g r a d u a t e s o f s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l s o f t h e s t a t e t o o b t a i n a h i g h e r e d u c a t i o n , and m a k in g an a p p r o p r i a t i o n . " 0
P u r d o n 's T itle
24,
P e n n s y lv a n ia . S t a t u t e s ,
Com pact
E d itio n ,
1956,
p .1125
P e n n s y lv a n ia L e g is l a t iv e P u rd o n ’ s, on. c i t . , p . 1100
J o u r n a l , V o lu m e
I,
19 2 1 ,
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
p.
6
33;
T h e a m o u n t o f m o n ey - a p p r o v e d b y t h i s s h ip s w as $ 2 8 , 0 0 0
fo r
C. p o s t-h ig h
th is
1925.
i ’e b r u a r y
in
th e
s c h o la r '
b i e n n iu m .
o r p r o p o s a ls
th e le g i s la t iv e
s e s s io n .
S e s s io n 1.
of
No b i l l s
s c h o o l e d u c a tio n w e re l i s t e d
1).
7,
tw o y e a r s
S e s s io n o f 1 9 2 5
J o u rn a l fo r
A p r il
each o f th e
act fo r
F re e
o f 1 9 25 l i v e n i n g S c h o o ls
T h is w as in t r o d u c e d
1 0 b y M is s B e n t l e y .
P u b lic Law 1 5 9 , a s M o u se B i l l
The b i l l
p r o v id e d
# 670
on
th a t:
T h e b o a rd o f s c h o o l d i r e c t o r s o f any s c h o o l d i s t r i c t i n t h i s c o m m o n w e a lth , u p o n t h e w r i t t e n a p p l i c a t i o n o f t w e n t y o r m o re p e rs o n s above t h e age o f s ix t e e n y e a r s , r e s i d e n t s o f t h e s c h o o l d i s t r i c t , and n o t i n f u l l t i m e a t t e n d a n c e o f an y p u b l i c o r p r i v a t e s c h o o l d u r i n g t h e d a y , s h a l l o p en a f r e e e v e n in g s c h o o l f o r t h e i r i n s t r u c t i o n i n any c o u rs e o f s tu d y t a u g h t i n th e p u b lic s c h o o ls o f t h e d i s t r i c t ; e t c . 4 2. M ay 2 , th is
1925.
E x t e n s io n E d u c a tio n In tr o d u c e d
as S e n a t e B i l l
P u b l i c L a w if 4 9 2 ,
if 4 1 3 b y M r .
B a rr,
w as: An A c t t o p r o v i d e f o r t h e e q u a l i z a t i o n o f o p p o r t u n i t y an d t h e e n c o u r a g e m e n t o f t h e s t u d y o f c i t i z e n s h i p b y r e c o g n i t i o n o f ex t e n s i o n e d u c a t i o n f o r b o y s and g i r l s who a r e e m p lo y e d , a n d f o r a d u l t s as a f u n c t i o n o f t h e p u b l i c s c h o o ls o f t h i s C o m m o n w e a lth an d t o f a c i l i t a t e t h e p r o p e r o r g a n i z a t i o n and
4 P e n n s y l v a n i a L e g i s l a t i v e J o u r n a l . V o lu m e I V , p . 5 5 9 0 ; P u r d o n * s .o p . c i t . , p p .1 0 9 9 -1 1 0 0
1925,
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
on
8i i a
a d m in is tra tio n e d u c a tio n . •3.
A p ril
Id ,
jr 1 6 5 2
in tro d u c e d
on i.ia r c ii
1911
"by
in
e x te n s io n
E. J o o rn a l
e d u c a tio n
50,
s c h o o ls
S e s s io n s
1. c u ltu ra l jb ill
S c h o o ls
jfl5 7 5 ,
end
of
th e s e
S e s s io n
by i^ r.
was
e x te n s io n
of
P u b lic Edmonds
& b ill
p a y m e n ts
no b i l l s
d u rin g
*
th is
in c lu d in g
lis te d
such
E x t en s i on E d n c a t ! o n
19 25.
of
of
fo r
to
Lav; y
as House i i i . l l
em end t h e
c e rta in
school
p a rt-tim e
code
te a c n e rs
c la s s e s .
1917
a n d 1 9 29
or
p ro p o s a ls
tw o
s e s s io n s .
The L e g is la t iv e fo r
p o s t-h ig h
school
19 51
E v e n i n g V o c a t i o n a l Kome E c o n o m ic s P u b lic
in tro d u c e d
5-17,
Lav ; fj= 1 7 6 ,
by i.Ir.
V ils o n ,
1.1ay th is
25,
and A g r i
1951
As H o use
was:
An A c t t o a m e n d s e c t i o n s o n e , f o u r , a n d n in e o f t h e A c t , a p p ro v e d t h e f i r s t day o f m a y , o n e th o u s a n d n i n e h u n d r e d and t h r i t e e n ( P . L . 1 5 3 ) , e n t i t l e d "A n A c t d e f i n i n g v o - • c a t io n a l e d u c a tio n ; p r o v id in g f o r s t a t e a id i n t h e m a in te n a n c e t h e r e o f ; and f o r t h e p a y m ent o f t u i t i o n by c e r t a in sch o o l d i s t r i c t s , '■nd r e i m b u r s e m e n t t h e r e o f b y t h e S t a t e , " as am ended, by p r o v id in g f o r t h e a c c e p ta n c e o f d o n a tio n s f o r such s c h o o ls ; f u r t h e r d e f in in g p a r t - t i m e c o - o p e r a t i v e v o c a t i o n a l e d u c a tio n ; p r o v i d i n g f o r p a y m e n t s b y t h e C o m m o n w e a lt h f o r t h e m a in te n a n c e o f e v e n in g v o c a t i o n a l ho m e e c o n o m i c s a n d e v e n i n g v o c a t i o n a l a g r i c u l t u r a l s c h o o l s a n d d e p a r t m e n t s , and a u th o r iz in g th e re q u ire m e n t o f d e p o s it fe e s f o r e n tra n c e th e i-e to .
P e n n s y lv a n ia L e g is l a t iv e P a r d o n ' s , o jj . c i t . , p . 1 0 7 5
J o u r n a l , V o lu m e
I,
1925,
p . 551
P e n n s y lv a n ia L e g is l a t iv e
J o u rn a l,
V o lu m e
aI
,
1925,
p . 2335
P e n n s y lv a n ia L e g is l a t iv e
J o u rn a l,
V o lu m e
IV ,
1951,
p . 5-47-'
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
O. h ig h
S e s s io n
school
s e s s io n 1.
of
S p o n so red in
m ent
of
of
Ko b i l l s
in tro d u c e d
th e
very
P u b lic
Law y
House by H r . m uch l i k e
an e d u c a t i o n a l
c o m m u n ity
19 5 5
S o e c ia l V o c a tio n a l,
C o m m e rc ia l S c h o o ls
lo o k s
1953
e d u c a tio n .
ii.
b ill
of
on
R u th
1 1 1 )4 ,
on A p r i l
s im ila r
S e c tio n
1
In d u s tria l
u u ly
a u th o riz a tio n
p ro g ram
c o lle g e s .
T rad e ,
of
in
th e
19,
13, fo r
1935
1935, ^ th is th e
e s ta b lis
fu n c tio n la w
and.
to
th a t
read s :
The S u p e rin te n d e n t o f P u b lic I n s t r u c t io n s h n .ll h ave p o w er t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e need f o r , e s t a b lis h , s u p e r v is e , end con duct s i J e c i a l v o c a t i o n a l , t r a d e , i n d u s t r i a l , and c o m m e rc ia l s c h o o ls and c la s s e s i n c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h s c h o o l d i s t r i c t s and i n c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h e m p lo y m e n t , r e - e m p l o v m e n t , and a d ju s tm e n t o f f i c e s f o r th e t r a i n i n g , r e t r a i n i n g , i n s t r u c t i o n , and a d ju s tm e n t o f p e r s o n s o v e r s i x t e e n y e a r s o f a g e w ho h a v e l e f t s c h o o l and who, due t o c h a n g in g con d itio n s , a re in need o f t r a in in g , r e t r a i n i n g , end i n s t r u c t i o n i n o r d e r t o e n t e r o r r e - e n t e r e m p lo y m e n t o r t o c o n t i n u e i n e m p lo y m e n t, a n d f o r such p u r p o s e s , s h a l l h a v e p o w e r t o e m p lo y t h e n e c e s s a r y t e a c h e r s , s u p e r v is o r s , and c o o r d in a t o r s t o co n d u ct such s p e c ia l s c h o o ls and c la s s e s i n an e f f e c t i v e m a n n e r , and t o p a y , fr o m t h e a p p r o p r i a t i o n m ade by t h i s a c t , and fro m o th e r a v a ila b le S t a t e fu n d s , a p p ro p ria te d to a id sch o o l d i s t r i c t s in th e e s ta b lis h m e n t and m a in te n a n c e o f v o c a t i o n a l s c h o o ls o r d e p a r tm e n ts , and fro m F e d e r a l fu n d s p r o v id e d f o r t n e d e v e lo p m e n t and f u r t h e r de v e lo p m e n t o f v o c a t i o n a l e d u c a tio n , t h e s a la r ie s o f s a id R e a d e r s , s u p e r v is o r s , and c o o r d in a t o r s .
° 3
P e m -s y lv a n ia L e g i s l a t i v e p . £431 P u rd o n ’ s,
ojd.
c it. ,
J o u r n a l , V o lu m e
±1,
1935,
p p .1 0 9 3 -1 0 9 9
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
fo r
uos
JO X.
S e s s io n
of
19:57
1. th e
fir s t
tim e
c o u u tte e B ill
N u rs e ry a b ill
w hen M r .
jf 1 3 1
p ro p o s in g
R o b e rts ,
S c h o o ls
ju n io r
on F e b r u a r y
and J u n io r
c o lle g e s 3,
cane
C o lle g e s
out
of
in tro d u c e d . S e n a te
os:
A n .A c t a m e n d i n g t h e S c h o o l O o d e o f 1911, a u th o riz in g d i s t r i c t s to e s ta b lis h n u r s e r y s c h o o ls an d j u n i o r c o l l e g e s , and a u th o riz in g S ta te te a c h e rs c o lle g e s to .a d m it o t h e r s t u d e n t s t h a n t h o s e p r e p a r i n g to te a c h . On n a y
35,
re a d in g
h r.
R u th
p o s tp o n e d ,
in c lu d in g
th e
c a lle d
up S e n a te
and m oved t o
fo llo w in g
B ill
d e le te
jrl'^ lj
on
second
p o rtio n s
of
th e
b ill,
s e c tio n :
The b o a rd o f s c h o o l d ir e c t o r s in a n y s c h o o l d i s t r i c t m ay w i t h t h e a p p r o v a l o f th e S t a t e C o u n c il o f E d u c a tio n e s t a b lis h j u n io r c o lle g e s and p r o v id e f o r th e s u p p o rt and m a in te n a n c e t h e r e o f by t a x a t i o n o r t u it io n o r b o th . No j u n i o r c o l l e g e s h a ll be e s t a b lis h e d i n any s c h o o l d i s t r i c t un l e s s t h e need t h e r e f o r i s c e r t i f i e d by th e S t a t e C o u n c il o f E d u c a tio n . A ll j u n i o r c o l l e g e s when e s t a b l i s h e d s h a l l m eet a l l re q u ire m e n ts p r e s c r ib e d by th e S t a t e C o u n c il o f E d u c a tio n . The D e p a rt m e n t o f P u b l i c I n s t r u c t i o n m ay o u t o f any s t a t e a p p r o T > r ia tio n a v a i l a b l e f o r such p u r p o s e m ake an a l l o t m e n t t o any s c h o o l d i s t r i c t m a i n t a i n i n g a j u n i o r c o l l e g e on a c c o u n t o f s a l a r i e s o f i n s t r u c t o r s i n such ju n io r c o lle g e s . Then h r . J u n io r
R u th m oved t o
C o lle g e s ."
It
am end t h e vras
title
by
seconded by M r.
s tr ik in g Lav; a n d
out
"and
fo llo w in g
P e n n s y lv a n ia L e g is l a t iv e
J o u rn a l,
V o lu m e V I I I ,
P e n n s y lv a n ia L e g i s i a t iv e n o .5 6 3 2 -5 6 5 3
J o n m si ,
V o lu m e V ,
1937
19 3 7 ,
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
s u b s e q u e n t S e n a te a p p r o v a l, th e H o u s e , w h e re
th e r e v is e d
as H ouse B i l l
£ 2503,
b ill it
-was s e n t t o
w as h e l d
in
th e
C o m m itte e on E d u c a t i o n . 2. 1'ro m i t s
s ta rt
m o ved q u i c k l y M r.
E x t e n s io n E d u c a tio n on M a r c h to
fin a l
2 as H o u s e B i l l s ig n a tu r e by
S h u g a rts p ro p o s e d t h i s
e d u c a tio n
act
passed
f o r E m p lo y e d P e r s o n s
in
th e
a s an a c t t o
1 9 25
£ 1125
th is
b ill
G o v e r n o r on M a y 1 0 . amend t h e
( P u b lic Law 49 2)
e x te n s io n
by:
p r o v id in g e d u c a t io n a l, r e c r e a t io n a l an d s o c i a l o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r o u t o f s c h o o l y o u t h who a r e e m p lo y e d ; b y r e d u c i n g t h e num ber o f p e t i t i o n e r s r e q u ir e d f o r a p p l i c a t io n s f o r e x t e n s io n c la s s e s ; and by r e q u ir in g c e r ta in q u a lif ic a t io n s f o r te a c h e r s and le a d e r s i n e d u c a t i o n . ^ 3. 1937. th e
V o c a t io n a l E d u c a tio n
R e p r e s e n ta tiv e B e c k e r ,
H ouse h is
e s ta b lis h in g la r g in g
th e
re p re s e n ts
th e
a n o th e r s te p
am o u n t o f On t h e
H ouse B i l l
fo r
fo r
s ta te
fo rw a rd
in
th a t
a id
fo r
e n title d ,
1,
a m e n d in g t h e d e fin in g
s u b s id ie s ." 13 it
o u t - o f - s c h o o l y o u th
same d a y M r .
£1569
"An A c t
1913 by f u r t h e r
s ta te
J u ly
p la c e d b e f o r e
scope o f v o c a t io n a l e d u c a tio n ,
p r o v is io n s
scope o f t r a i n in g th e
on M a r c h 1 6 ,
B i l l £ 1504 e n title d ,
V o c a t i o n a l E d u c a t io n Lav/ o f
A ct £ 477,
and
and e n T h is
act
e x te n d e d t h e and in c r e a s e d
such t r a i n i n g . H a r k in s "A n A c t
c a t i o n a l E d u c a tio n Law o f 1 9 1 3 b y
and M r .
B o le s
a m e n d in g t h e fu rth e r
p ro p o s e d
Vo
d e fin in g
and
12 P e n n s y lv a n ia L e g i s l a t i v e p •3 8 5 0
J o u r n a l,
v o lu m e I V ,
1937,
P e n n s y lv a n ia L e g i s l a t i v e p . 1427
J o u r n a l . V o lu m e I I ,
1937,
13
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
e x te n d in g
xae
recorm aended
ocope
" te c h n ic a l
m e rc ia l
e d u c a tio n ."
a id
get
c ity
1911
by
4.
fre e
c o m m itte e
cam e
c ity
in
fo r
e d u c a tio n . "
co v ered
in
e d u c a tio n " th e in
" b ill
th e
e s ta b lis h m e n t
of
o f th e
fir s t
c la s s
, " 15
to
C o m m itte e
on E d u c a t i o n
w h ere
it
d u c ed May th e
T rad e
te n th
c re a tio n
of
by m r.
L cU reesh ,
a tra d e
and m a k in g
an
S e n a te
w as t h e n
but
S c h o o ls
school t
a p p ro p ria tio n , fin a lly
in g
b ill w o rk t o
" v o c a tio n a l th e
house,
m e n tio n
com it
of
fre e
p r e s e n t e e . on t i r r c n
a i.ie n c .in g t h e
d is tric ts
5.
and
F irs t
school th e
v o c a tio n a l
passed
ff 1 9 3 9
"An A c t
T h is
14
b e n rte .
u o lle ^ e s
xxouse u i l l
.L a b e le d ,
p ro v id in g
a rea
A lth o u g h
of
n o lm e s .
th e
in d u s tria l
out
c o lle g e s
□y n r .
v o c a tio n a l
e x te n d in g
in c lu d e
not
or
S c h o o l Code
S3 01
fre e
c ity
c o lle g e s
in
th e
b ill
was r e f e r r e a
re m a in e d .
S e n a te B i l l
§
was
p ro v id in g
"A n A .c t
c itie s
reached
re c o m m itte d
of
1230,
th e
in tro
fir s t
fo r c la s s
second
re a d in g
to
c o m m itte e
th e
in
th e on
ap p r o p r i a t i o n s .
9.
S e s s io n
of
19 39
1. in tro d u c e d
th e
T rad e same k i n d
of
b ill
P e n n s y lv a n ia L e g is l a t iv e p .1434 Ib id . ,
S c h o o ls in
th is
Jo u rn a l,
R e p r e s e n t a t i v e m cC ree s e s s io n
as
in
V o lu m e I I ,
1937,
J o u r n a l , V o lu m e I V ,
1957,
p .1738
P e n n s y lv a n ia L e g i s l a t i v e p . 3850
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
th e
93 19o7 th e
s e s s io n .
± :iis
same t i t l e
s e s s io n ,
as S e n a te
never
d id
2. house n i l l school
Code,
c is tric ts on
ho.
u ity 679
th e
e d u c a tio n
s id e ,
h ill
out
in tr o d u c e d m arch
y
of
1830
o f th e
c la s s
th e
c o m m itte e U r.
23.
p ro v id in g
it
b ill^
C o lle g e s
firs t:
F.
”-5 -3
c ity
on
re g u la r
a p p ro p r ia tio n s .
F s lk e n s te in
A b ill
fre e
o re v io u s
1 w ith
in tro a a u e u
’♦ a m e n d in g P u b l i c c o lle g e s
was r e f e r r e d
in
to
school
th e
c o m m itte e
s ta y e d .
V o c a tio n a l
In tro d u c e d it
th e
on k s r c h
w h ere 3.
1939.
get
1911,
of
tin e ,
S c h o o ls
as H o u s e h i l l V
A ct No. 1170
389,
on A p r i l
June
4 by fir .
86,
W ood-
was: An A c t p r o v i d i n g f o r p r a c t i c a l a n t s a n s v o c a t i o n a l a g r i c u l t u r e , hom e e c o n o m i c s , i n d u s t r i a l an d c o m m e r c ia l s c h o o ls and c l a s s e s , th ro u g h p u b lic s ch o o l d i s t r i c t s and in c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h e m p lo y m e n t o f f i c e s f o r t h e t r a i n i n g , r e - t r a i n i n g , i n st r u c t i o n , an d a d j u s t m e n t o f o u t - o f - s c h o o l, u n a d ju s te d , in d iv id u a ls in o rd e r t o e n a b le th em t o e n t e r , r e - e n t e r , o r c o n t i n u e e m p lo y m e n t u n d e r c h a n g in g c o n d i t i o n s ; c o n f e r r i n g p ow ers end im p o s in g d u t i e s upon t h e 2> u p e r i i x t e n d e n t o f P u b l i c I n s t r u c t i o n , and. m a k i n g an a p p r o p r i a t i o n . ” 55-^ 4.
duced
c o m p a n io n ho.
of 1911,
17 18
659
E x te n s io n
E d u c a tio n
S e n a te h i l l s was
a u th o r iz in g
a b ill, school
n u m b e re d
p .342
Ib id .,
p . 1167
659
’’.A m e n d in g t h e d is tric ts
P e n n s y lv a n ia -L e g is la tiv e Ib id .,
S e n a to r Kom sher
to
and 660 P u b lic e n te r
J o u r n a l , V o lu m e
on A p r i l School
in to
I,
in tro 24.
ooae
ag g re e-
1939,
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
p . 474
94 m e n ts
w ith
te n s io n coae
th e
u n iv e rs itie s
e d u c a t i o n ’.'
It
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o e c tio n 4 1 E I t s h e l l be l e w f u l f o r t h e b o a rd o f s c h o o l d ir e c t o r s o r th e b o a rd o f pub l i c e d u c a t io n i n any s c h o o l d i s t r i c t i n t h i s U o ra iA o n w e e lth t o e n t e r i n t o a n a g r e e m e n t o r a g re e m e n ts w i t h any u n i v e r s i t y o r c o l l e g e i n t h i s uoim ion w e a l t h w h e r e b y t h e s a i d u n i v e r s i t y o r c o lle g e s h e ll co n d u ct such e x te n s io n ed u c a t i o n a s i s n o w o r n a y h e r e a f t e r be a u t h o r i z e d by la w u n d e r th e s u p e r v is io n o f th e b o a rd o f s c h o o l d i r e c t o r s o r th e b p a rd o f p u b lic e d u c a tio n o f s a id d i s t r i c t . w h en t h i s h r.
b ill
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h r . P r e s i d e n t , I am i n f o r m e d t h a t t h e s e tw o b i l l s , o e n a t e h i l l s n u m b e re d 659 and 660 a r e o b je c te d t o by t h e D e p a rtm e n t o f P u b lic I n s t r u c t i o n on t h e g r o u n d t h a t a t a t e u o l l e g e i s t a k i n g away f r o m t h e D e p a r tm e n t o f P u b l i c I n s t r u c t i o n c e r t a i n f u n c t i o n s ape! c e r t a i n t e a c h e r s : and t h e D e p a rtm e n t o b je c t s t o a t a t e o o lle g e d o in g t h i s . T h a t is th e ex t e n t o f my i n f o r m a t i o n , b u t I p r o p o s e t o v o t e " n o " .2 1 R e p lie d m r.
ho m sh er:
A c c o rd in g t o th e p r o v is io n s o f t h i s b i l l , th e id e a is to p e rm it v o c a tio n a l t r a i n i n g in c e r t a i n d i s t r i c t s w h ere t h e r e a re n o t l a r g e enough c la s s e s o r a s u f f i c i e n t am ount o f w o rk , t o m a i n t a i n a t e a c h e r p e r m a n e n t ly ; so t h a t a t e a c h e r fro m 8 t a t e c o lle g e i n e x te n s io n w o rk , c a n go i n t h e r e o n e o r tw o d a y s a w e e k and i n s t r u c t t h o s e p u p i l s , ana u n e i r t u i t i o n
20
21
P e n n s y lv a n ia L e g i s l a t i v e p . 5556
j o u r n a l . V o lu m e l u x ,
P e n n s y lv a n ia L e g is l a t iv e p . 3708
J o u r n a l , V o lu m e I V ,
1939,
13 3 9 ,
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
£2,
w o u l d oe p a i d t h e s a n e a s t h e s a l a r i e s of" t h e i r r e g u l a r l y e m p lo y e d t e a c h e r s i s p a i d , t h a t i s , p a r t oy t h e s c h o o l d i s t r i c t and a p r o p o r t i o n a t e a m o u n t oy t h e S t a t e , i n t h e s a n e p r o p o r t i o n as o t h e r t e a c h e r s i n t h a t d i s t r i c t e r e p a i d . :' 2 ‘i h e j; o l l o v . i i i o in
b ill
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. . . . a s i l l e m e n d in g t h e V o c a t i o n a l E d u c a tio n A c t o f 1 3 1 3 , g iv in g school d i s t r i c t s power t o e n t e r i n t o c o n tr a c ts w it h j ^ b H c i n s t i t u t i o n s o f h i g h e r l e a r n i n g f o r t h e con d u c t o f c la s s e s t o c o m p e n s a te su c h i n s t i t u t i o n t h e r e f o r , and p r o v i d i n g f o r a p a r t i a l r e im b u r s e m e n t o f s u c h m o n e y s f r o m S t a t e and. f e d e r a l f u n d s . 23 T h is of
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( d) A n y s c h o o l d i s t r i c t m ay t h r o u g h i t s b o a rd o f sch ool d ir e c t o r s e n te r in t o a c o n tr a c t s u b je c t t o th e a p p ro v a l o f th e S t a t e S u p e rin te n d e n t o f P u b lic I n s t r u c t i o n w h e re b y any pub l i c i n s t i t u t i o n o f h i g h e r l e a r n i n g m ay c o n d u c t s c h o o ls , c la s s e s , o r o th e r e d u c a tio n a l a c t i v i t i e s o f le s s th a n c o lle g e g ra d e in v o c a t io n a l in d u s t r i a l , v o c a t i o n a l a g r i c u l t u r e , v o c a t i o n a l hom e e c o n o m ic s , and v o c a t i o n a l d i s t r i b u t i v e o c c u p a t io n s f o r s a id s c h o o l d i s t r i c t . fu rth e r m o re , t h e s a id s c h o o l d i s t r i c t s h a l l co m p e n sate th e p u b lic i n s t it u t io n o f h ig h e r le a r n in g f o r s a l a r i e s , t r a v e l , end such o t h e r c o s t s end e x p e n d i t u r e s as m ay a p p e a r i n t h e t e r m s o f t h e s a id a p p ro ved c o n t r a c t and f u r t h e r t h e s a id d i s t r i c t s h a l l s u b m it a s ta te m e n t t o t h e S t a t e S u p e r i n t e n d e n t o f P u b l i c I n s t r u c t i o n s h o w in g
Ib id . P e n n s y lv a n ia L e g i s l a t i v e
J o u r n a l , V o lu m e I I ,
1939,
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
p .1654
96 t h e am ount p r e v i o u s ly p a id t o t h e p u b l i c i n s t i t u t i o n o f h ig h e r l e a r n i n g i t e m i s e d as t o s a l a r i e s , t r a v e l , end. s u c h o t h e r c o s t s and e x p e n d itu r e s as a p p e a re d in t h e a p p ro v e d c o n tra c t. On t h e b a s i s o f s u c h s t a t e m e n t th e b t a t e S u p e rin te n d e n t o f P u b lic I n s t r u c t i o n as t h e e x e c u t i v e o f f i c e r o f t h e b t a t e B o erd f o r V o c a t io n a l E d u c a tio n s h a ll by r e q u i s i t i o n upon t h e b t a t e T r e a s u r e r r e im b u r s e th e s a iu sc n o o l d is t x 'ic t f o r th o s e ite m s in th e s ta te m e n t t h a t a re r e im b u r s a b le fro m S t a t e and f e d e r a l fu n d s i n a c c o rd a n c e w i t h r u le s ana r e g u la t io n s p ro v id e d in th e S t a t e and I 'e a e r a l V o c a t i o n a l B d u c a tio n A c t s . ^ .
vi/hen t h i s
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h o .6 b 9 . S a id h r . w oodw ard: U r . P r e s i d e n t , I w a s c a l l e d on t h e t e l e p h o n e b y e x t e n s i o n 6 0 7 , and th e a c c u s a t io n a g a in s t t h i s b i l l w as t h e f a c t t h a t S t a t e C o l l e g e w as t r y i n g t o s t e a l s o m e th in g fro m t h e D e p a rtm e n t o f P u b l i c I n s t r u c t i o n , n a m e ly , an e n g i n e e r . Does t h e S e n a t o r fr o m L a n c a s t e r know a n y th in g about th a t? ^ b A d is c u s s io n
fo llo w e d :
M r . l-.o r a s h e r : M r . P r e s i d e n t , I do n o t k n o w a n y t h i n ^ a b o u t an o b j e c t i o n o f t h a t h i n d . T h is b i l l does n o t a p p ly s p e c i f i c a l l y t o S ta te C o lle g e , i t a p p lie s to a l l c o lle g e s t h a t do e x t e n s i o n w o r k ; a n d t h e p u r p o s e o f t h i s b i l l i s t o p r o v i e e some o f t h o s e d i s t r i c t s t h a t have n o t s u f f i c i e n t c la s s e s f o r v o c a tio n a l t r a in i n g , p ro v id e t u i t i o n f o r t h o s e w ho w a n t t o t e a c h a t a l e s s e r c o s t t h a n t h o s e who w o r k a s f u l l t i m e te a c h e rs . M r . W oodw ard: T h e n , L lr . P r e s i d e n t ,
P e n n s y lv a n ia L e g i s l a t i v e p . 5b h 6
J o u rn a l,
V o lu m e
if I,
P e n n s y lv a n ia L e g i s l a t i v e p p .3 7 0 B -5 7 0 9
J o u rn a l,
V o lu m e I V ,
19 3 9 ,
19o^,
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
37 ■ th a t p e r s o n w ho s a i d i t w i l l b e n e c e s s a r y t o s t e a l an e n g i n e e r t o do t h i s e x t e n s i o n w o rk m ust be h a n d lin g t h e t r u t h i n a v e r y c a re le s s m a ru e r i.ir. Edm onds; U r . x ' r e s i o e n t , m ay I c a l l t o t h e a t t e n t i o n o f t h e Lien a t o r f r o m P h i l a d e l p h i a , *,.r. b 'o o d w a rd , t h a t t h e f i r s t s e n te n c e re a e s : " i n t e r i n t o c o n tr a c t sub j e c t t o 'che a p p r o v a l o f m e S t a t e d u o e r i n oenc e n t o f P u d I I c I n s t r u c t i o n . n fh e B t e t e S u p e r in te n d e r .t i s ^ iv e n f u l l a u t h o r i t y i n t h e m a t t e r , a n d t h e r e :>.t s e e m s t o b e a m is u n d e rs ta n d in g h e r e . I e^ ree w it h th e s e n a to r fro m L a n c a s te r , i t i s e diood t h i n ^ f o r t h e s c h o o l d i s t r i c t s t o h a v e p o w e r t o m ake such c o n t r a c t s w h e re n e e c e d , p a r t i c u l a r l y w h ere th e c h ild r e n n e e d p e r sonal in s tru e tio n . A f a c t o r y m ay com e i n t o a c o m m u n ity w h e r e t h e r e i s n e e d f o r s p e c i a l in s t r u c t io n , p erh ap s s c i e n t i f i c in s t r u c t io n , a l o n 0 some l i n e , and i f t h e y can o b t a in th a t in s tru c tio n f r o m a c o l l e y e on a c h e a p b a s i s , end w i t h a c o n t r a c t t h e o t a c e S u p e r i n t e n d e n t m u s t a p p r o v e , i t s e e m s t o me i t m ust be a pood t i l i n g f o r e d u c a t i o n . 2^
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11 h r .
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•A n ^ A c t p r o v i d i n g f o r s p e c ia l v o c a t i o n a l , t r a d e , i n u i s t r i e 1 , a n d com. i c r c i o l s c h o o l s e n d c l a s s e s a n d o c c u c a t i o n a l ad , ' j u s t n e n t o f f i c e s t h r o i g h p u b l i c s c h o o l d i s t r i c t s , end. i n c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h e m p lo y m e n t and r e e i.ip lo y r ie n t o f f ic e s f o r th e t r a in in g , r e - t r r in iu g , in s t r u c t i o n , and a d ju s t m e n t o f u n e m p lo y e d p e r so n s o v e r f o r t y y e a r s o f age i n o r d e r t o e n a b le th em t o e n t e r o r r e - e n t e r , g i v i n g p r e f e r e n c e t o w a r v e t e r a n s ; c o n f e r r i n g pow ers and im p o s in g d u t i e s upon t h e s u p e r in t e n d e n t o f jt'n b lic I n s t r u c t i o n : and m a k in g a p p r o p r i a tio n .^ ' 2. i*'e lk en s t e i n code
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P e n n s y lv a n ia L e g i s l a t i v e Ib id . ,
j o u r n a l , V o lu m e
I,
1941,
p . 251
V o lu m e I ,
1943,
p . 150
p . 425
P e n n s y lv a n ia L e g is l a t iv e
J o u rn a l,
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
99 m e
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1945,
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" A n A .c t e m e n d in g t h e
c o lle g e s ."
on e d u c a t i o n .
in tro d u c e d to
w as
school
and. j u n i o r
C o m m itte e
m o d e ll,
House r i l l
on F e b r u a r y 2 7 ,
c o lle g e s
a p p ro p ria tio n
rz. r«el
T h is
c o m m itte e
school
c o lle g e s
a d m it
m o d e ll
an
c e rta in
to
on h a y
House H i l l
J u n io r C o lle g e s
4. b y i.xr.
th e
C o lle g e s
ju n io r
house
.^ 0
3.
and
to
a u th o riz in g
end
te a c h ."
on e d u c a t i o n
th e
P e n t r a c k on i - e b r u a r y
C o lle g e s
to
passed
re fe rre d
ju n io r
s c h o o ls
T each ers
fin a lly
27,
was
7
314,
sp o n so red
"An A c t m a k in g
o f P u b lic
In s tru c tio n
d is tric ts
to
It
was
sent
h e lp to
to
fin a n c e
th e
com-
..
P e n n s y lv a n ia L e g is l a t iv e
J o u r n a l , V o lu m e I ,
1940,
34 I'd ia . ,
p . 733
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
p . 644
101 r-'
Lii-G'oee o n i i u . ; r o p r i c t i o n s . o. i-o a e ll
3 c h o 1 n r s h 1 ps
on f e b r u s r y
a p p ro p ria tio n p u rp o se
of
to
27,
th e
p ro v id in g
nouse B i l l
D e o a rtia e n t c e rta in
of
y
A
334
w as
P u b lic
fu rth e r
"A n A c t
p ro p o sal
m a k in g
In s tru c tio n
s c h o la rs h ip s .**
fo r
R e fe rre d
to
of h
an th e
th e
rj»/r*
c o m m itte e
on A p p r o p r i a t i o n s . o.
on n a r c h
5,
A d u lt
in tx -o d u c e d S e n a te
B ill
E d u c a tio n
7f 4 4 5
S e n a to rs
B o w ers
as:
An A c t t o p r o v i d e a f l e x i b l e and e f f e c t i v e e d u c a t io n a l s e r v ic e f o r y o u th snh a d u lt s w h o m ay n e e u r e c r e a t i o n a l , o c c u p a t i o n a l , a n d c h a r a c te r fo rm in g e d u c a tio n t o m eet th e p ro b le m s o f p e r s o n a l a d ju s tm e n t and g ro w th a r i s i n g fro m t h e w a r and p o s tw a r e m e r g e n c ie s , and t o u t i l i z e m ore f u l l y t h e e x i s t i n g s c h o o l p l a n t s th e re fo r; a u th o r iz in g school d i s t r i c t s to u n d e r t a k e a n d c a r r y o u t x e ro g ra m s o f o c c u p a t i o n a l and c h a r a c t e r f o r m in g e d u c a tio n by f o r m a l end i n f o r m a l i n s t r u c t i o n i n t e n d e d p r i m a r ily f o r o u t o f sc h o o l y o u th ana a d u lts ; p r o v i d i n g f o r r e i m b u r s e m e n t b y t h e Commonw e a lth o f a p a r t o f th e c o s t t h e r e o f ; con f e r r i n g p o w e rs an d im p o s in g d u t i e s on t h e S u p e riu te n d e n t and th e D e p a rtm e n t o f P u b lic I n s t r u c t i o n and on t h e S t a t e C o u n c i l o f E d u c a t i o n and m a k in g an a p p r o p r i a t i o n . T h is
b ill 7.
h ig h e r
B ill
ff 5 5 5
J b ia . ,
p .7 o 5
S e n a te
was
re fe rre d
E d u c a tio n
and S e n a te
P e n n s y lv a n ia L e g i s l a t i v e Ib id . ,
to
B ill
th e
c o m m itte e
on E d u c a t i o n .
S e n a t o r C row e #556
on L ia rc h
J o u r n a l , V o lu m e I ,
p re s e n te d
20.
The
19 4 5 ,
p . 371
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
p . 735
an d
102 le tte r
b ill
a tio n s
’ . o a i a n o ire
00
In s tru c tio n T each ers
women o f
upon
to
th e
C o m m itte e
o g p ro p rie tio n s
to
th e
d e p a rtm e n t
th e
m a in te n a n c e
of
The
w h ic h
fo r
I'o r a e r , w as
c o m p e titiv e
o b ta in
o f P u b lic
an d x -e p e a lin g
c e rta in
c o n n e c tio n w it h
a h ig h e r
a
w
s
th is
a p le a , f o r
.
on A p p r o p r i o f R u b lic
at
came
a s s is t
S ta te
out
young
o f th e men
e d u c a tio n ;
p la c in g
In s tru c tio n ; l
in tro d u c in g
never
to
e x a m in a tio n s ;
1 /e p a rtiiie n t
to
s c h o la rs h ip s
"A n A c t
c orumo n we a I t h t o
P rio r in
re fe rre d
D d u c e tio n ,
011
tiie
th e
a tio n ;
fo r
was
C o lle g e s .
C o m m itte e
v id in g
w h ic h
c e rta in
maiming
an
an d p ro
d u tie s a p p ro p ri
"^9 b ill,
S e n a t o r O ro v /e re m a n -c e d
in c re a s e d
fu n d s
fo r
te a c h e rs
c o lle g e s : These c o lle g e s are in need o f t h is s u p p o rt b e c a u s e t h e y a r e and h a v e been i n t h e p a s t th e " P e o p le ’ s (C o lle g e s ," w h ere a p o o r p e rs o n c o u ld g e t a h ig h e r e d u c a tio n a t a v e ry lo w c o s t. T h a t th e e lim in a t io n o f th e c o n tin g e n t fe e a t s ta te te a c h e rs c o lle g e s , th e re b y ex t e n d i n g th e p u b li c s c h o o l s y s te m i n t o t h e f i e l d o f h i g h e r e d u c a t i o n , w o u ld h e l p t h e n e e d y s t u d e n t t h e .most a n d p r o v i d e e q u a l i z a t i o n o f e d u c a tio n a l o p p o r tu n ity a t th e h i g h e r l e v e l . 41 3. d u c e d m ouse P i l l
°°
s c h o la rs h ip s
jf 1 0 7 6 ,
e n title s ,
P e n n s y lv a n ia L e g i s l a t i v e ^ j n u r n a l , p .1 3 7 7
b 'J
Ib id . ,
p .1 3 7 7
40
Ib id . ,
p .1375
R e p re s e n ta tiv e
v o lu m e
II,
1945,
41 Ib id .,
p . 1374
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
L ic lu illa n
±0 A n ii.c t r e l a t i n g 'to s c n o l c r s h i ' D l o a n s i or ec.ucc t i o n ; m a k i n g l o - r . o a v e i l a b l e by t n e t o : . u i o r u . e c l t h ; _ ; r e s c r i ’o i n tc c e r t a i n t e r n s a n d c o : . u i t i o ; ; s u n d e r w n ic ia l o o n s s l i o u l d be m e t e ; i u . j 0 2 i n b u n t i e s end c o n f e r r i n g t o w e r s U ijo u t n e n e p a r t i . i e n t o f P u b l i c i n s t r u c t i o n ana o t s t e 'J o u n c il o f R d u c c tio n ; e r e c t i n g t n e o t a t e J c h o i a . r s h i p lio o n s F u n d ; en d m a ltin g an a p p r o p r i a t i o n . ' - 2 In tro d u c e d sent
to
th e
c o m m itte e
i..
S e s s io n 1.
tn e
s e e k in g or
th e
to
fir s t
c la s s . 2.
d u ly
6
,
P ity
C o lle g e s
by R e p r e s e n ta tiv e s
e s ta b lis h
1947,
fre e
b ill
Tw o b i l l s , Root
R o s e n fe ld ,
c ity
to
b o re
in
re m a in e d
s tu d y th e
end
b ill
w as
th e
school
in
in
tn e
o th e r
d is tric ts
c o m m itte e . Act No.
565,
title :
An A c t c r e a t i n g a c o m m is s io n t o s tu d y th e e d u c a t io n a l f a c i l i t i e s and n e e d s o f th e c it iz e n s in c e r t a in e d u c a tio n a l f i e l d s ; th e f i n a n c i n g , a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , and o t h e r f e a t u r e s o f c o lle g ia te in s t it u t io n s ; p re s c rib in g th e p o w e rs and d u t i e s ; and m a k in g an a p p r o p r i a t i o n . 45 ■ fliis
42 43 44
Ib id . ,
is
th e
act
v d iic h
a u th o riz e d
w hat
th e
d is s e r-
p .1164
.P e n n s y lv a n ia L e g i s l a t i v e Reims,.. I v a n i a L e g i s l a t i v e p . 2468
J o u rn a l,
V o lu m e I ,
1947
J o u r n a l , V o lu m e I I I ,
p . 247
1947,
45 .P e n n s y lv a n ia L e g i s l a t i v e
J o u rn a l,
in
in tro d u c e d ,
h d u c e tio n
s h o rt
one
Sax,
w ere
c o lle g e s
n o tli b i l l s
C o m m is s io n th is
th is
19-17
[,f 7 2 9 ) -k- h y w r .
b e u a te ,
i.m i.Iillc n ,
on E d u c a t io n .
of
d ree
{,/- 1 5 3 ) ^
house,
by r e p r e s e n t a t i v e
V o lu m e I ,
1947,
p . 294
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
XU ■ c a tio n
c a lle d ,
" lie
c e c in j
c la tte r. 3.
U o lle u e
s e n a to r
^
245
Pe. A s y l v s n i s
on m a r c h
n s lu e r 3,
s tu d y ,"
C o u rses
c is i
Act no.
in tro d u c e d
th is
;d i n
7 -A ,
act
th e
o re-
1947
as S e n a te S i l l
e n title d :
An A c t m a k i n g c e r t a i n a p p r o p r i a t i o n s t o t r ie D e p a r t m e n t o f x -h ib lic I n s t r u c t i o n f o r t h e p aym en t o f t h e c o s t o f c o n d u c tin g c e r t a i n c o l l e g e c o u r s e s and c l a s s e s f o r t h e f i s c a l b ie n n iu m e n d in g u a y t h i r t y - f i r s t , one th o u s a n d n in e h u n d red f o r t y - s e v e n . S p e c ific a lly ,
th e
a p p ro p ria tio n
was t o
be
. . . f o r th e paym ent o f th e co s t o f s u p p l i e s , r e n t , e q u ip m e n t , and o t h e r e x penses o f every u e s c r ip t io n n e c e s s a ry in th e o r p a n in a t io n and co n d u c t by th e u o m u o n w e n l t h o f c o l i e p e c o u r s e s an d c l a s s e s f o r v e t e r a n s and o t h e r a p p l i c a n t s f o r c o l l e j e t r a i n i n g w ho c a n n o t b e a d m i t t e d t o e s t a b l i s h e d c o l l e g e s and u n i v s r s i t i e s in P e n n s y lv a n ia b ecau se o f lo d k o f ca p a c it y o f th e s e i n s t i t u t i o n s . 4.
A r e a .0 o l l e c e s
A e n o .to r b a l i c e r ,
/r
1,44
on m a r c h
3,
in
Act ho.
in tro d u c in g
56, th is
iie y
5,
as S e n a t e
s h o i't
title
An A c t
46 47
Ib id . ,
p . 511
Ib id . ,
p .863
ib id . ,
p . 520
h ill
s ta te d :
I n J u n e , 1 9 4 6 a s u r v e y showed t h a t a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 4 , 0 0 0 y o u t h s - v e t e r a n s and n o n - v e t e r a n s - c o u l d n o t b e acco m m o d ated i n P e n n s y l v a n i a c o l l e g e s and u n i v e r s i t i e s . fh e
1947
of
th is
p ro v id in g
b ill fo r
_
read: th e
e s ta b lis h m e n t
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
105 o f t s ^ o r r j y c o l l e g e c e n t e r s in . c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h c e r t a i n a c c r e d i t e d c o l l e g e s and u n i v e r s i t i e s to m eet c e r t a in e d u c a tio n a l needs o f v e te r a n s ena o th e r s ; c r e a t in g th e A re a 0o l l e 0 e o e n t e r J o m i s s i o n , a te m p o ra ry de p a r t m e n t a l aend n i s t r e t i v e c o m m is s io n i n t h e ■ d e p a r t m e n t o f P u b l i c I n s t r u c t i o n and d e f i n i n g i t s pow ers and d u t i e s ; p r o v i d i n g f o r t n e c r e a t i o n o f c e r t a i n l o c a l c o m m itte e s e n d d e f i n i n g t h e i r ..o i v e r s e n d d u t i e s ; raid :a r a c in g c e r t a i n a p p r o p r i a t i o n s . Among t h e
p ro v is io n s
of
th is
v:es o n e w h i c h r e a c .:
b ill
O n l y f i r s t y e a r o r f r e s h inn a n d s e c o n d y e a r o r sophom ore c o l l e g e c o u rs e s s h a l l b e e s t a b l i s h e d i n a r e a c o l l e g e c e n t e r s . 50 5.
if 4 5 d , ashed v ic in g
A rte n d e d n ig h
in tro d u c e d to
iV p ril 1 ,
am en d p u b l i c
fo r
an
by ic r.
la v ; 309
e x te n d e d h ig h
The b i l l
w o u ld h a v e
(th e
school
B e rg er
a c h o o l C o u rse fo r
P u b lic
S e n a to r H a re ,
School
uode)
added th e
fo llo w in g
p a rag ra p h
Upon a p p ro v a l o f t h e D e p a rtm e n t o f P u b lic I n s t r u c t i o n o f th e c o u n ty s u p e r in te n d e n t o r d i s t r i c t s u p e rin te n d e n t o f th e d i s t r i c t in w h ic h a n y h i g h s c h o o l i s l o c a t e d e x t e n d e d h ig h s c h o o l w o rk o f one o r tw o y e a r s b e y o n d t h a t p r o v id e d by a s i x y e a r o r f o u r y e a r o r t h r e e y e a r h i g h s c h o o l m ay b e g i v e n i n a n y s c h o o l d i s t r i c t o f t h e u o n ia o n w e a lth . Such w o rk s h a l l be o f l e s s th a n c o lle g e g ra d e and g i v e n f o r n o t l e s s t h a n one h u n d re d e i g h t y d a y s i n e a c h y e a r and s h e l l c o n fo r m
50 51
Ib id . ,
by
pro-
co u rs e.
P u b 1 i c L aw 50 9 :
49
S e n a te B
p . 5 21
P e n n s y lv a n ia L e g i s l a t i v e p p .1 7 6 1 -1 7 6 3
J o u r n a l . V o lu m e I I ,
P e n n s y lv a n ia L e g is l a t iv e p . 105 2
J o u rn a l,
V o lu m e I ,
1947, 1947,
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
to
10 3 "go t i i e i ' e g u l q ' g i o n s e s t a . u l i 3n e & b y t h e p a rtm e n t o f P u b li c I n s t r u c t i o n . b2 ..e re in
tn e
it
not
fo r
p o s t-rig n
school
g rad e ,
th is
w o u ld
la tio n
now c ie s ir e d
o ill
Iv tn ie . b o tii houses it
on J u l y
to
tn e
years have
H o w ever,
n is
had
v e to
be
p u b lic
a lth o u g h th e
to
tiif.t of
p ro v id e d , t h e
e o te b lis h
u n a n im o u s ly , 7.
p ro v is io n
m essage
tie
w o rk
le s s
c o m m u n ity y
o ffe re d
th a n
re m is s iv e
S e n a te b i l l
G o vern o r
De
c o lle g e le g is
c o lle g e s
458
passed
o f P e n n s y lv a n ia
v e to e d
s ta te d :
•'file p u b l i c s c h o o l s o f t h e C o m r a o n w e a lt h n ow p r o v i d e 1 2 y e a r s o f p r e - c o l l e g e e d u c a t i o n . I f t h i s b i l l b ec o m es l a w , i t w o u ld be p o s s i b l e t o e x t e n d t h i s t r a i n i n g t o t h e 1 3 t h and 1 4 t h y ears. T h i s w o u ld e f f e c t i n p o r t e n t ch a n g e s in our p re s e n t e d u c a tio n a l o r g a n iz a tio n . A num ber o f S t a t e s h a v e t a k e n t h i s s t e p , and i t nay w e ll be t h a t P e n n s y lv a n ia w i l l u l t i m a t e ly w i l l do l i k e w i s e . f o r m a n y y e a r s some o f o u r s c h o o l s h a v e in c lu d e d in t h e i r a tte n d a n c e p o s t-g r a d u a te s tu d e n ts . F r a c t i c a l l y a l l o f th e s e w ere t a k i n g c o m m e rc ia l w o rk , i n d u s t r i a l e d u c a t io n , o r some o t h e r t y p e o f w o r k v / h i c h h e l p e d t o f i t th e m f o r g a i n f u l e m p lo y m e n t; o t h e r s t o m eet c o lle g e e n tra n c e re q u ir e m e n ts . I n some s c h o o l d i s t r i c t s o f t h e f i r s t and s e c o n d c l a s s p o s t - h i g h s c h o o l s t u d e n t s a re e n r o lle d in a d u lt v o c a t io n a l e d u c a tio n c la s s e s . D u rin g th e p re s e n t b ie n n iu m th e s e d i s t r i c t s w e r e r e i m b u r s e d lOOyy o f t h e m i n i mum s a l a r i e s o f t n e t e a c h e r s who c o n d u c t e d th e c la s s e s and d u r in g t h e n e x t b ie n n iu m th e d i s t r i c t s w i l l be re im b u rs e d a t th e r a t e o f p 2 .0 0 p e r h o u r . The e n ro llm e n t o f th e s e p o s t-g r a d u a te s t u d e n t s h a s v a r i e d fro m 5 , 5 9 5 i n 19 3 5 - 1 9 34 to 424 in 1 9 4 5 -1 9 4 6 . I t is e v id e n t th a t t h is e n ro llm e n t in c re a s e s d u rin g th e p e rio d s o f u n e m p lo y m e n t. I t is e n t i r e ly p o s s ib le t h a t i f t h i s b i l l becam e la v ; t h e s c h o o l d i s -
52
P e n n s y lv a n ia L e g i s l a t i v e p . 3957
J o u r n a l , V o lu m e
1 /,
in
1947,
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
10 7 t r a c t s v/o alct m a k e t h e i r 1 5 t h a n a 1 4 t h y e a r s m o re a t t r a c t i v e and t h u s in c r e a s e e n r o l l m e n t i n t h e s e y e a r s a l l o r w h ic h w i l l r e s u l t i n in c r e a s e d c o s t to th e S t a t e and th e lo c a l d is t r ic t . h e do n o t n o w h a v e a v a i l a b l e s u f f i c i e n t d a ta t o f o r e c a s t a c c u r a t e ly t h e amount o f th e s e in c re a s e d c o s ts . ho p r o v is io n s have b e e n m a d e t o s u s t a i n t h e S t a t e s s h a r e i n my b u d g e t. f u r t h e r m o r e , we do n o t y e t k n o w w h a t c u r r i c u l a s h o u ld be o f f e r e d d u r in g t h e s e years. Th e a n s w e r t o t u i s Q u e s tio n n a y be d e te r m in e d m ore i n t e l l i g e n t l y by t h e r e s u l t s o f th e s tu d y o f h ig h e r e d u c a t io n a l f a c i l i t i e s t o b e m ade b y t h e J o i n t S t a t e u -o v e rn n e n t U 'o n m is s io n u n d e r t h e a u t h o r i t y o f H o u s e H i l l H o . 2 1 6 , P r i n t e r s H o . 4 2 5 , and. t h e s t u d i e s m ade i n c o n n e c t io n w i t h t h e r e v i s i o n o f p u b l i c s c h o o l c u r r i c u l a t o b e made b y t h e D e p a rtm e n t o f P u b l i c I n s t r u c t i o n u n d e r t h e A u tn o r ity o f S e n a te H i l l h o . 5 5 4 , P r in t e r s HO. 5 6 b . I'o r th e s e re a s o n s , th e b i l l is n o t a p p r o v e d . 53,5
0.
S e s s io n
of
1649
1. s e s s io n of
th e
te rm
fre e
a d v o c a te d fir s t
" fre e "
e s ta b lis h in g
c la s s . a lo n g
Li a r c h
2 by m r.
s n o rt
title ,
A fo u rth
w ith
Sax.
c ity
L is te d
"A n A c t
P ity
fre e
C o lle g e s
c ity
b ill
c o lle g e s .
d id It
as H o u se B i l l
a m e n d in g P u b l i c
c o lle g e s not
-jf 1 7 7 ,
Jan u ary
26,
by
b ills
c itie s th e
in tro d u c e d
7^83 0
it
bode
J u ly
S e n a te B i l l p 1 5 0 , J a n u a ry 25, by S e n a to r P e n n s :, I v a n i a L e g i s i a t 1 v e J o u r n a l , V o l u m e I , House B i l l
in
in c lu d e
was
School
G o v e r n o r Jam es I I . D u f f , V e t o I . o . 5 5 , P e n n s y lv a n ia L e g i s l a t i v e J o u r n a l, 1947
T h ree
7,
had of
on
th e 1911
1947,
D iS ilv e s tro , 1 9 4 9 , p. 195
re p re s e n ta tiv e
Sax
H o u s e B i l l jf 2 9 u , F e b r u a r y 2 , b y R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s h o n r c e , P e t t i g r e w , and J o n e s , P e n n s y lv a n ia L e g i s l a t i v e J o u r n a l , V o lu m e I , 1 9 4 9 , p . 517
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
in
t
10 8
d ir e c tin g of
tn e
tiie
B o a rd
fir s t
c la s s to
in
E d u c a tio n
c la s s c o te r m in o u s w i t h
e s ta b lis h
m a in e d
o f P u b lic
a c ity
in
c itie s
C o l l e g e . !,5b
school of
A ll
th e
fo u r
d is tr ic ts fir s t
b ills
re
Co..- l i t t e e . 2.
rr 2 £ o b y i . , r .
J u n io r C o lle g e
Johnson
on J a n u a r y
51,
1S42,
In tro d u c e d it
as h o u
v/as l a b e l e d :
An A c t e s t a b l i s u i n g t h e u c K e a n C o u n t y J u n i o r C o lle g e as a S t a t e j u n i o r c o l l e g e i n o r n e a r th e c i t y o f B ra d fo rd ; p r o v id in g f o r t h e m a n a g e r ,le n t t h e r e o f b y r? d e p a r t m e n t a l a d m i n i s t r a t i v e b o a rd w i t h i n th e D e p a rtm e n t o f P u b lic I n s t r u c t i o n and d e f i n i n g th e p o w e rs and d u t i e s o f s u c h b o a r d ; p r o v i d i n g f o r ad m i s s i o n t o s a i d j u n i o r c o l l e g e , ana m a k in g an a p p r o p r i a t i o n t o t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f P r o p e r ty and S u p p lie s f o r tn e paym ent o f th e c o s ts o f th e a c q u i s i t i o n o f la n d and t h e con s t r u c t i o n and e q u i p p i n g o f b u i l d i n g s and f a c i l i t i e s and m a in te n a n c e c o s t s . 5 ® file
b ill
was r e f e r r e d
to
th e
C o m m itte e
on E d
u c a tio n . 5. C o m m is s io n B ill
On I , l a r c h 1 ,
tf 7 5 5 ,
tin u a tio n
E x te n d S tu d y
"A m e n d in g t h e
o f th e
m is s io n
in
vd ie n
came u p
it
55
56 57
H a re ,
by
E d u c a t i o n . ,f5 ^
m oved t h a t H r.
s tu d y
it
fo r
be
m o tio n
th ir d
d ro p p e d a p p ro ve d
1949, Act
of
th e
J o in t
T h is
fro m
by v o ic e
p . 249
Ib id .,
p . 794
th e
G o ve rn m
p re s e n te d House con
g o v e r n m e n t Com
passed
in
S ta te
a u th o riz in g th e
S ta te
b ill
th e
J o in t
h lc in ille n
1947,
re a d in g
P e n n s y lv a n ia L e g i s l a t i v e Ib id .,
m r.
by
th e House b u t
S e n a te ,
c a le n d a r ;
h r.
w a lk e r
seconded by
v o te .
J o u r n a l , V o lu m e I ,
1949,
p . 849
f Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
l
4. o e n e te
m ill
A d u l t D d u c a n io n
?/- 70 6 o n h e r d i
B e n o o l C ode o f
school
e x te n s io n
c la s s e s ;
fu ll
v o c a tio n a l 5.
in tr o d u c e d
d is tr ic ts
a d u lt
" A n e n d in g P u b l i c
re im b u rs e m e n ts on
e x te n s io n
account
by
th e
o f v o c a tio n a l
e d u c a tio n ,
and r e g u l a r
e d u c a tio n .
E x te n s io n
on m a rc h
Pechan in tro d u c e d
e n title d ,
1911 by in c r e a s in g
C o m m o n w e a lt h t o
tim e
21,
h r.
21 ,
e d u c a tio n
by h r .
S e n a te B i l l
n o lln n d ,
if 7 1 2 ,
was:
An A c t t o am end t h e a c t a p p r o v e d t h e t e n t h day o f I" a rc h one th o u s a n d n in e h u n d r e d f o r t y n in e ( A c t H o. 14) e n t i t l e d : "A n A c t r e l a t i n g t o t h e p u b l i c s c h o o l s y s te m i n c l u d i n g c e r t a i n p r o v is io n s a p p lic a b le as w e l l t o p r i v a t e and p a r o c h i a l s c h o o ls , a m e n d in g , r e v i s i n g , c o n s o l i d a t i n g , and c h a n g in g th e la w s r e l a t i n g t h e r e t o , " by f u r t h e r i n s u l a t i n g t h e c o m p e n s a tio n o f p a r t- tim e te a c h e rs d e fin in g " d ir e c te d s tu d y " n r d h u r t h e r r e g u l a t i n g e x te n s io n e d u c a tio n . ° lin e n 13,
h r.
th is
t a l k e r m oved,
be r e c o m m i t t e d w o u ld
b ill
lik e
fo llo w in g
to
to
th e
s tu d y
flo o r
it
cam e u p f o r and h r .
H a re
second re a d in g
on A p r i l
seconded,
th e
c o m m itte e b e c a u s e th e fu rth e r."
T h is
th a t
above
" C o m m itte e
re s x fL te d
in
th e
d is c u s s io n :
h r . H o lla n d : h r . P r e s id e n t , I h a p p e n t o be on t h a t c o m m itte e , and t h e y g a ve th e b i l l v e r y c a r e f u l s t u d y , and t h e y had p e r s o n s i n t e r e s t e d a p p e a r b e f o r e t l i e C o m m itte e . I t w a s t h e u n a n i m o u s o p i n i o n o f t h e Com m itte e to have th e b i l l re p o rte d o u t. I t h i n k p ro p e r s tu d y ha s been g iv e n t h i s b i l l , b u t I do n o t k n o w w h a t t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f P u b l i c I n s t r u c t i o n h a s done on
P e n n s y l v a n i a L e g i s l a t i v e J o u r n a l , V o lu m e I f , '0.11533 o9 “ P e n n s y l v a n i a L e g i s i a t i v e J o u r n a l , V o lu m e I V , o. 3260
00
1349, 1949,
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
1 1 0
t h i s , said :.ia y b e t h e y s t e p p e d i n e n d u i c t e t e d t o t h e s a u c p ui o n U o . i. . . . it t e e l i k e th e y h sve been d i c t a t i n g t o th e E d u c a tio n ^Ol-Uili l# u 8 0» i - i r . P r e s i d e n t , I e.sk t h a t t h e b i l l go o v e r u n t i l we h a v e t h e i n t e r e s t e d p a r t i e s i n t h e d i s c u s s i o n b e f o r e i t g o e s b e er, t o t h e C o m m itte e t o be k i l l e a . ^ . t l e a s t we c a n n o l d i t f o r a n o t h e r d a y o r so b e f o r e v;e f i n a l l y k i l l i t . I r u s t c o n fe s s , you h a v e t n e v o t e s t o k i l l i t when y o u w a n t t o k i l l i t , b u t i s i t n i c e t o b u r y i t on ta s te r hond&y. i h e r e a re s o re p e o p le w ho acre v e r y i n t e r e s t e d i n t h i s b i l l . i„ r . W a l k e r : n r . P r e s i d e n t , no.y I s u g g e s t t o t h e g e n t l e m a n f r o m A l l e g h e n y , b e n at o r i i o l l c n d , t h a t th e r e s sou f o r s e n d in g th e b i l l back is f o r f u r t h e r s tu d y . i..r . i i o l l a i a : H r . P re s id e n t, tn e b i l l r.ru s t b e p a s s e d i n o r d e r t o h a v e " d i r e c t e d s tu d y ". 'fh a t i s i n th e b i l l . A v o ic e
v e to
a p p ro v e d
th e n o t io n .
6.
P o s t-h ig h
S e n a to r b o e h la , w h ic h
re a d ,
to
m o u s ly ,
C o lle g e s
b ill
was
th is to
S e n a te b i l l
on a p u r o p r i a t i o n o f P u b lic
s c h o o l v o c a tio n a l
e d u c a tio n . th e
in tr o d u c e d
D e p a rtm e n t
^ 5 0 0 ,0 0 0 ,
te a c h e rs
c a tio n a l
tn e
p o s t- h ig h
A p p ro p ria tin g S ta te
6
"An. A c t r a c k i n g
u e n e ra l fu n d p ro m o te
on A p r i l
g c h o o l V o c a t io n a l E d u c a tio n
b ill
out
jf 8 5 7
of
th e
In s tr u c tio n
to
e d u c a tio n .
v /o u ld h a v e u t i l i z e d
p ro m o te
p o s t- h ig h
A lth o u g h
p a s s in g
re fe rre d
in
tn e
school
th e
vo
S e n a te u n a n i
th e
nouse
E a r ly
in
to
th e
c o m m itte e
on E d u c a t io n . P.
S e s s io n !•
00
61
C ity
of
1951
C o lle g e s
th e
s e s s io n
-Lbid. , p . 0 £ 0 0 Ibid.,
p.^rObl
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
on
ill
ja u u e ry
1j
,
o e n a t o r i- . e p iic . r d i n t r o d u c e d
re c o w m e n d i n g ta b li3 n in g
a
a fre e
c o o p e ra tio n tn e
th a t
end
u o i.m iu te e
s tu d y
c ity
d ir e c tin g of
th e
c la s s of
to
th e
c la s s
£ 1 0 5 .1
c o lle g e
in
th e
to
each
th e
of
th is
checked th ro u g h £or b ills
tn e
a. c i t y
iv itii
c o lle g e ;
ta re s
P u b lic
school
to
fo r
L e v ; 30 b y
d is tr ic t
of
B o th
1,64
w r itin g . th e
p ro p o se d th e
has been
c o n s u lte d , p u b lic
56
S c h o o l to c ie , in
c itie s
"b y
school
d is tr ic ts
or
fir s t
tn e
a u th o ris in g
such
y
th e
r a is in g
p u r p o s e s . O n # 07:
"A n A c t t o
p r o v id in g
fo r
th e
c la s s ;
fir s t
b ills
th e
w e re
acid
a c ity and
re fe rre d
to
c o i.m itte e s .
of
of
es-
s ta te
was r e f e r r e d
1649
^ c lu c o tio n
c o te r m in o u s
B u lle tin
m ent
to
1'he 1 9 5 1 U - e n e r a l A s s e m b l y
d a te
of
w ith
p re s e n te d House B i l l
o f p u b lic
an a p p r o p r i a t i o n .
a p p r o p r ia te
N o te :
P h ila d e lp h ia
natc i n t r o d u c e d n o u s e B i l l
s e c tio n
m a k in g
fe a s ib ility
r e s o lu tio n
3cx
s e c tio n s
and l e v y i n g
seme d a y n r .
flic
5 i..r.
a o a rd
e s ta b lis h
fu n d s
in
th e
on .■ o u c a b io r:.
acid t v . o
fir s t
e of
c o lle g e
s u p p o rt,
On F e b r u a r y - w il l c ii w o u l d
be
a r e s o lu tio n ® ^ '
c o m iiiu n ity
in
s e s s io n
jo u rn a l
o f h e u n e s c ia y , B e b r u a r y
th a t
P e n n s y lv a n ia ho
s till
The L e g i s l a t i v e
s e s s io n s in c e
is
tim e , S ta te
02
P e n n s y lv a n ia L e g i s l a t i v e
°° 64
I b i d . , p . £27
w e e k ly
w as 2 3 th .
L d u c a tio n
E d u c a tio n A s s o c ia t io n
le g is la tio n c o lle g e s
tn e
as o f
a d v o c a tin g
has
been
e s ta b lis h
p ro p o se d
J o u rn a l, 1951,
to
p . 107
Ib id .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
th e
112
r e . aisylvfinia lav; ..icicers, tcA ;xon
_i_n d Icvc-ai* ch.vyter,
this
diaoer-
s u c L £- j r o u o s d .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
C x x A P ijlA
V
D E V _ ^ u u x i . ± Ui*
- ii± i; U - - _ T ..G P O T E .. T IA L
x1uLL x‘Ii.— j
li. P U B L I C
-"* p u b lic onc
B / 'C iz t,,rou n d
c o m m u n ity
cOi.Liiuni
V e n a b le s , re c t
p r o m in e n t i n
r e la tio n s h ip
raiifcpe t h e
in
coot
P e n n s y lv a n ia :?
The
is
im p o r ta n c e cost
s ta te s per
it
o b v iv ;x s ly
o e tv /e e n
j-iMjpex'i o.. oe 1:1 o t n e r r o llm e n t
mov/ la u c n " . i l l
c o lle g e s
c o lle g e ,
a f Y CGLLxAtdS
lia s
s tu c e n t
to
cost
d e te r m in e d b y ain o n s t h e s e
end. n u m b e r o f sh o w n t l i a t c o s ts
o p o r^ te of
nny
r. n u m b e r
b e in ^
th e
s tu d e n ts
d i
e n ro lle d ,
b e l o v ; a. c e r t a i n
in c r e a s e
of
en
r a p id ly .
TABLE I I I A IK IllJ i.; JU N IO R COLLEGE L .K O L L m E H io AEGOIG .EUDED BY VA RIO U S ABTTiO R IT I E S a nam e o f n u tn o rity
D a te
Zook .b ro o m h o ly Joyal S u m m it A lle n A d cu.xs G r iffith S tra y e r E o w lk e s a n d A lir n s b r s k
1 9 23 1 9 23 1 3 29 1932 13 ob 1336 1940 1345
iZOS
S t a x r a le a n d hushes
llin ira u m 75
no. o f r e g u la r s tu d e n ts 100 150 200
recom m enced
x X
* “ UVt~ }k
X x 250
1947
X
1947 1943
17 5 - 2 0 0 1 7 5 -2 U U
a. A. B. P a t r i c k , Q r i t e r i a f o r th e L o c a tio n o f P u b lic J u n io r C o lle g e s i n P e n n s y lv a n ia , U n p u b lis h e d D o c to r o f E d u c a tio n D i s s e r t a t i o n , C o l u m b i a U n i v e r s i t y , 1 3 4 9 , p . 35
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
114 x‘T o ;a r s c o r . u u e n d e t i o n s w e ll
os
fro m
im p re s s io n s
g a th e re d
on t i e
s u b je c t
p u b lic
c o m u u i oy c o l l e g e s ,
c. d e s i r a b l e
of
e n ro llm e n ts
m in im u m
p u b lic
o o i.m u n ity
tra to r
to
o ffe r
lis te d
s iz e
in
tiie
ir o n
o rd e r Such
p ro g ra m
s u ite d
and
seems t o
e c o n o m ic a lly
e n a b le s to
es
c o lle g e s
s tu d e n ts
o p e ra te
a s iz e
ta b le
end d is c u s s io n
ju n io r
tim e
to
above
re a d in g
p u b lic
fu ll
200
c o lle g e . c v a r ie d
in
in
th e
th e
oe a
a d m in is
needs
of
th e
s tu d e n ts . A s s u m in g s tu d e n ts p u b lic d ic t
re p a ire d
th e
b e fo re
num ber o f
c o lle g e V
th e
num ber
th e
d is tr ic t
lo c a te d . th o s e
of
it
s tu d e n ts in
w h ic h
a u th o ritie s c r ite r io n .
s tu d e n ts
in
in
w o u ld
fe a s ib le
to
e s ta b lis h ,
c r i t e r i a , m ig h t
be
used to
th e
(se e on
in
be
fu ll
tim e
e n ro lle e s
m ost w id e ly
used
th e
h ig h
(g ra d e s
p u b lic
fa b le
ju n io r
school
c o m m u n ity
IY )
s u m m a riz e d
c o lle g e
u s in g
th is
th e re
h ig h
school
to
th e
p u b lic
ju n io r
tim e
in
th e
f o r P e n n s y lv a n ia
s tu d e n ts
fu ll
whet
P a tr ic k ,
th e
m in im u m . n u m b e r - o f
p o te n tia l
P ro b a b ly
P a tr ic k
posed th a t
tim e
as t h e
c o m m u n ity c o l l e g e ,
m u n ity
th is
200
p re
a com
c r ite r io n 9 -1 2 }
c o lle g e th e
a
is
is of
to
be
th in k in g
of
d e v e lo p m e n t who u se same c r i t e r i o n ,
s h o u ld be
p r o v id e
at
le a s t
a m in im u m
of
p ro 800 200
fu ll
c o lle g e .
•TABLE I Y N AidES, D A TE S , AND U I< Ilv :U jn H lG ii SOxiOOL Bi-4K0LIAj.Ei.fi1 IQ &ITIO W ED BY V AR IO U S V h llY B B S AS A RBQ>. IR E .IB N T ^ BOR BSTiu3LISHvIBi.-4 T OB A P u B L IO JU N IO R OOnLEG-E a Name o f h r i t e r iio r r is H o ly u -re e n n e lls
D a te 1 9 29 1 9 29 1 9 29 1931
m in im u m h i g h
school
e n ro llm e n t
900 375 875 400
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
115 TAELE I V i.c j.ie o f h r i t e r
D a te
u oy a l
1932
Uui.i:.ii t A lle n i*U O-Jlo G r iffith lo o s
1953 19 56 1940 1945 19 4 5
ivo o s
1947
( OGMTII.UHb) M in im u m h i g h 3 .7 5
school
e n ro llm e n t
h ig h s c h o o l s tu d e n ts to 1 ju n io r c o lle g e s tu d e n t
9 00 1100
1500 500 3 tin e s
d e s ir e d ju n io r c o lle g e e n ro llm e n t
5 0 0 -6 0 0
a. it. n . P a t r i c k , C r i t e r i a T o r th e L o c a t io n o f P u b lic J u n io r C o lle g e s i n P e n n s y lv a n ia , U n p u b lis h e d D o c to r o f E d u c a tio n D i s s e r t a t i o n , C o l u m b i a U n i v e r s i t y , 1 9 4 9 , p . 50 An a b le
v a r ia tio n
school fo r
e x a m in a tio n in
e n ro llm e n ts
p u b lic
ju n io r
by H o l y
w o u ld
c o lle g e
s tu d e n t;
a ra tio
of
J tlo o s ,
tn e
3 :1
6
o f T a b le s r a tio s
to
a p p ro x im a te
fo r
1;
A lle n ,
C a lifo r n ia
T h e ra
is
m o re
no f o r m u la e n ro llm e n ts
m u n ity
c o lle g e s .
P r e s id e n t
u c a tio n
( h is
o ffe re d
in
s ta te d te rm
th e
th a t
fo r
k in d
of
th e
if
school of
th a n
in
about
3 .7 5
1;
c o n s id e r
of
ju n io r of
th e
p ro g ra m p o s t- h ig h
c o m m u n ity
re com m ended re co m m e n d e d
to
1
to
1;
G r iffith ,
ju n io r S u m m it, 2 .5
to
1;
and P e n n s y lv a n ia .
ca n be u s e d t o
p u b lic
a fu ll
ra tio
s tu d e n ts
7 to
S to d d a rd " ^ "
p u b lic
th e
f o r M a r y la n d
w h ic h
ty p e
in d ic a te s
e n ro llm e n ts
e x a m p le ,
and 4 :1
p o te n tia l
has
tim e
a r a tio
ra te ly
Illin o is
fu ll
h ig h
6
and I V
r e c o m m e n d e d m in im u m h i g h
fo r
b y < J o y a l,
to
of
m in im u m
C o lle tte s .
I I I
p re d ic t
c o lle g e s u n iv e r s ity
o f te rtia ry school
c o lle g e
accu
or
com
of ed
e d u c a tio n
a d v o c a te d b y
G e o rg e D. S t o d d a r d , T e r t i a r y E d u c a t i o n , C a m b rid g e , M a s s a c h u s e tts , H a rv a rd U n iv e r s it y ' P re s s , 1 9 4 4 , 36pp. ( i h e I n &l i s L e c tu r e , 1944)
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
11
th is
d is s e r ta tio n )
a r tis u ic , a te s
w o u ld
fin is h duce
w e re
e s ta b lis h e d
and v o c a t io n a l e n te r
and a v e r y
a c o m p le te a d u lts
lin e s ,
a lo n g m e n ta l,
30p o f
s u b s ta n tia l
tw o y e a r p r o g ra m .
a tte n d in g
our
e v e n in g
h ig h
school
p ro p o rtio n
(N o te :
c la s s e s ,
r e c r e a tio n a l
ana
g ra d u
w o u ld
th is
does
e a rt
tin e
not
in
s tu d e n ts ). S t a r r ale a n d h u g h e s h a v e p r o p o s e d m e tn o d o f
a p p r o x im a tin g
p o te n tia l
ju n io r
th e
fo llo w in g
c o lle g e
e n ro llm e n t:
T h e m a x im u m t o t a l c o l l e g e e n r o l l m e n t , a t l e a s t i o r some y e a r s t o c o m e , w i l l o r o b a — b l y n o t a m o u n t t o m o r e t h a n 27)o o f y o u t h 1 3 t o 21 y e a r s o f a g e ( o n l y o n e s t a t e , U t a h , h a s a p p r o a c h e d t h i s ) ; 36?„ o f t h e t o t a l c o lle g e e n r o llm e n t i s i n th e fre s h m a n y e a r; 6 0 /j o f t h e f r e s h m e n w i l l c o n t i n u e i n t h e s o p h o m o r e y e a r * ; a b o u t 33;i? o f t h e t o t a l c o lle g e e n r o llm e n t w i l l be i n th e f i r s t and se co n d y e a r s o f th e j u n i o r c o lle g e s , a n d 57)3 w i l l b e i n t h e f o u r y e a r c o l l e g e s . i'h e p r o c e d u r e u s e d b y th e m io r ta s k
e n tire th a n
cases.
in
e s tim a tin g
s ta te s . to
w ro te
s u g g e s te d
th e th e
I t
jo b tw o
p u b lic
p ro b a b ly
of
by
ju n io r
w o u ld
p r e d ic tin g
a u th o rs
of
S ta rra k
and h u g h e s w as
c o lle g e
be m o re
e n ro llm e n ts
th e
e n ro llm e n ts
s u ite d fo r
to
th a t
in d iv id u a l
a b o v e m e th o d :
O t h e r s e x p e c t t h e m a x im u m e n r o l l m e n t i n ju n io r c o lle g e s t o e q u a l one t h i r d o f t h e c u r r e n t h i g h s c h o o l e n r o l l m e n t .............. I t is o u r o p in io n t h a t th e s e e s tim a te s a re based upon th e m ost fa v o r a b le con d i t i o n s im a g in a b le end a re m uch h ig h e r t h a n may r e a s o n a b l y b e e x p e c t e d . ^
J a m e s A . S t a r r a k a n d R a y m o n d I I . H u g h e s , I 'h e i l e w J u n i o r C o lle g e , t h e n e x t S te p i n f r e e P u b l i c E d u c a t io n , The Io w a S t a t e C o l l e g e P r e s s , A m e s , I o w a , 1 9 4 8 , p . 57 I b i d . , p . 57
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission
117
In .. t i n d
t i i >3 a b o v e
B to d o .a r d ’ s m e th o d
m e n ts
h itp i
school
■ue0 e r d l e s s one ca n
o n ly
ta tio n ,
d e v e lo p in g
as
A m e r ic a n
of
th e m e th o d , th e
c o llo - je
ts h in .- ; one
fo r m u la ,
p o te n tia l
c o lle g e s .
d e c id e d
s im ila r
th e
C o lle c tin g
to
or
fu tu re
The
in
e n ro ll-
th ird
of
p ro c e d u re
e n ro llm e n ts
a u th o r
in v e s tig a te
of
th e
to
th e
th is
used, in
of
p ro
d is s e r
p o s s ib ility
e tp o r ie n c e
a s x. o o s i b l c
th e
D a ta
U s in ^
J u n i o r C o l l e g e s ;" a l i s t
U n ite d
B ta te s ,
of
e x is tin g
in s titu tio n s
p ro
h a v in g
th e
of
th e
a ll
1348 e d it io n
p u b lic
fo llo w in g
ju n io r
of
c o lle g e s
c h a ra c te ris tic s ,
c o m p ile d : (1 )
T u itio n
( g)
C o e d u c a tio n a l
( o)
Tan
(4 )
C u r r ic u lu m in c lu d e s b o th p r e - p r o f e s s io n a l and s e n i - p r o f e s s i o n n l c o u r s e s
( b)
ho
(
gOO o r n o r e
6)
fifty - fiv e th o s e
4
had
f o r B e m n s y lv tn ia . B.
in
and i.u r h e s
ju n io r
a d v o c a te
a la e tn o a b a s e d u p o n t h e
in s titu tio n s
was
e s tim a tin g
w h ic h
c o m m u n ity
th e re fo re ,
b to rra k
e n ro ll:,le n t.
e s tim a te
posed p u b lic
posed
of
as v .-o ll as t n o s e
c u rre n t
in
e u o ts tio n ,
th e
s u p p o rte d ;
d o rm ito ry
fo r
s tu d e n ts
lo c a lly
fu ll
tim e
fro m
fo r
c o rr e s p o n d in g in
d is tr ic t
s tu d e n ts
e n ro lle e s
w e re n o te d
a n d so p h o m o re y e a r s
w ith in
c o n tr o lle d
fa c ilitie s
in s titu tio n s
c h a ra c te ris tic s . fre s h m a n
fre e to
th e
as h a v in g y e a rs , uu
a ll
e n ro llm e n ts
ju n io r
c o lle g e s
J e s s e B o g u e , B d i t o r , A m e r ic a n J u n i o r u o l l e g e s , A m e r ic a n C o u n c il on e d u c a t io n , b 'e s h in g t o n , B . C . , 1S 48
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
11 8 w e re
c o ., e e . r e d w i t h
i l l w i n c l. t h e
th e
ju n io r
fo llo w in g
c o lle g e s
i.u m b e r o f
h ig h
( b)
Num ber o f
s tio e n ts
{. 4 )
S c h o o l e n r o l I n e n t , f3r a d . e s 1 - l h
c o lle g e s
g ra d e s
1
in
th ro u g h w ere
o f 'th e
c lo s e
l£
c o m m u n ity
school
ir i g ra d e s
and
th e
lo c a te d .
I t
c o rre la tio n s
b e tw e e n t h e
c lo s e ly
w e re
d is tr ic ts was,
tw o
was o b s e rv e d
school in
of
b e tw e e n
o f th e
e n ro llm e n ts
w h ic h
th e re fo re ,
s e ts
t —I E
so p h o m o re y e a r s
c o r r e s p o n d in g
of
g ra d u a te s
r e la tio n s h ip
th e fre s h m a n
and th e
d is tr ic ts
w e re lo c a t e d :
( e)
ju n io r
th e y
th e
- t'o p u la tio n
e n ro llm e n ts
c o lle g e s
fo r
( li
Ac o n s id e r a b ly th e
c r ite r ia
th e
to
ill
ju n io r
d e c id e d
v a r ia b le s
55
to
r un
se e how
r e la te d . TA B LE V
CORRe e A w I U w S BETLEEN SijiiOLXii.iEi\iTS I N P R 3 S IiliA Ii AND SOPKOHORE YEANS OP P U B L I C J U N IO R COLLEGES AND SCHOOL P O P U L A T IO N
(GRADES 1 - 1 2 )
OP C O LLL TN ITIE S I N
’•V’H I C H
JU1TI0R COLLEGES UERE LOCATED
Year
Num ber o f
19 5 7 -1 9 38 IS b 9 -1 9 4 0 1 9 4 5 -1 9 4 6
Cases
C a r r e la t io n s
46 50 54
The n u m be rs cause
fo r
some o f
y e a rs
th e
r e q u ire d
of
th e
cases
0 .6 3 0 .8 8 0 .7 5
in
T a b le
in s titu tio n s
d a ta w e re n o t
v d iffe r
and d i s t r i c t s r o v id e d
by
in fo r m a tio n .
E n r o llm e n t f ig u r e s
fo r
o b ta in e d
th e
D ir e c to r ie s
fro m
J u n io r
C o lle g e
fro m
ju n io r
th e
55
fo r
be
c e rta in
s o u rce s
c o lle g e s in c lu d e d
of
w e re in
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
th e
119 J u n io r
C o lle g e
J o u rn a ls
s c h o o l p o p u la tio n s U n ite c
s ta te s
c lu u e d
w e re th e
to
P e te rs
th e
c o rr e la tio n s
h ig h
to
w a rra n t o f th e
c o lle g e s .
g ro u p e d a c c o rd in g
tlie
of
th e
ru n n in g
c o r r e la tio n s S in c e
to rs
duce th e
and
when t h e
sone o tn o r
w ith in was
it
th e
sub
fu ll
th is
case
in
th e
tw o
a p r e d ic tio n
o f th e
p o te n tia l
fu ll
U s in g Hogue®as
th a t
th e
of
sh o o e d up
of
fe a s ib le
and
th e to
c o n s id e r
th e
b e tw e e n
school
ju n io r
c o lle g e s
fa c to r
v a r ia b le s ,
a n u m b e r was of
in
p o p u la tio n s
th e re
Because
d e te rm in e
p o p u la tio n
c o lle g e
in
re p re s e n ta tiv e
p u b lic
school
ju n io r
g ra d e s
g ro u p s .
tin e
one o f
in
school
r e la tio n s h ip
to
s u f
sch o o l p o p u la tio n
was n o t
th e
p u b lic
by
In
it
a d ir e c t
on
th e
th e
con-
e n ro l In ent
each g ro u p
e n ro llm e n t.
re m a in e d
o p e ra tin g
tim e
of
v.as
v w e re
fa c to r
b e tw e e n
s tu d ie d
e n ro llm e n t
o th e r.
m u ltip lie d duce
th e re
c o m m u n ity ,
w h ic h ,
cases
it
s c h o o l p o p u la tio n
m o re o v e r,
c o lle 0e f u ll- t im e
n u ia b e r o f
T a b le
fu ll
r e la tio n s h ip
lim ite d
p o p u la tio n
snown i n
w ith in
D is tr ic t
B ie n n ia l S u rve ys
p o te n tia l
to
y e a rs .
and van V o o r h is ^
u s in g
c o m m u n ity ,
d e fin ite
ju n io r
any
tu e
By r e f e r r i n g
ju n io r
a n o re
in
fo u n d , i n
e d u c a tio n .
tn a t
s in e
a p p r o p r ia te
of
as a m e a s u r e
p u b lic
re re
th e
O ffic e
fic ie n tly 1 -1 2
fo r
any
or
fa c
w o u ld p r o
s o u g h t w h ic h when c o n m u n ity
tim e
w o u ld
e n ro llm e n t
in
p ro th e
d is tr ic t.
so u rce
of
in fo r m a tio n ,
a lis t
of
0. 0 . P e t e r s a n d 11. R . V a n V o o r h i s , S t a t i s t i c a l P r o c e d u r e s a n d f h e i r m a t h e m a t i c a l B a s e s , 1 9 4 0 , T a b l e L I , p . 510 Bogue,
A m e ric a n j u n i o r
C o lle g e s ,
op.
c it.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
120 o il
jju .D lic
i 'J 4 7
w u ic h .
p a re d . tim e to
ju n io r m ig h t
e n ro llm e n t
th e
oe
i.'To:.i t h a t
c a tio n a l,
c a lle d p u b lic
lis t 2,-jO
01
s tu c e iits .
T i- o s e
p u b lic ly
p ro fe s s io n a l
end
n o n - b o a r c in g
ty p e .
t h e I n i t ec. S t a t e s
e o lj.e g e s i n
th o s e
and w h ic h
in s titu tio n s
o p e ra te d ,
ta x
was p r e
c o m m u n ity c o l l e g e s
-./ere s e l e c t e d
o r m o re
as o f 1 9 4 6 -
w ere
s e le c te d
s u p p o rte d ,
s e m i-p ro fe s s io n a l
c o u rs e s ,
a fu ll
w h ic h h ad
n o m in a lly w e re
fre e
coedu
o ffe re d
b o th
and w e re
of
p re-
th e
TA B L E V I P U B L IC
1u n io r
JU N IO R COLLEGES c l TYPE I N THE U . S .
C o lle g e
CATEGORY I
L o c a tio n
T u itio n u lu s fe e s
L a n c a s t e r , G a l. 1 9 29 B a k e r s f ie ld , C a l. 1915 G le n d o rs , c a l. 1915 C o a lin g a , C a l. 1932 C o m p to n , C a l. • 1927 Dodge C it y , N an. 1935 E . L o s A n g e le s , C a l. 1945 i'r e s n o , C a l. 1910 I ' U l l e r t o n , G a l. 1313 G le n d a le , C a l. 1 9 27 D e lP a s o H e i g h t s , 1942 c a 1. J e rs e y C ity , N .J . 19 46 P a sa d e n a , C a l. 1946 1 9 27 L o n g B e a c h , G a l. C e l.
1 3 29
0 0 0 0 06 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
o
L o s A n g e le s ,
0
Q
IS .' J e rs e y C ity 14. John n u ir C o ll. 1 5 . L o n g Beach C ity C o ll. 1 6 . L o s A n g e le s C ity C o ll.
k"
O rg a n iz e d
(NO CHARGES EOR STUDENTS EROn D IS T R IC T )
1 . A n te lo p e V a lle y 2. B a k e rs fie ld . 5. C itr u s Azusa*±. C o a l i n g a b . Cornu t o n 6. Dodge C i t y 7 . E. L o s A n g e le s 3 . E re sn o 9. fu lle r to n 1 0 . G le n d a le c o l l . 1 1 . G ra n t Tech. c o l l .
a.
Ti'-E CO..1101 .T T Y COLLEGE A . (1 3 4 6 -1 9 4 7 )
J e s s e B o g u e , E d i t o r , A m e r ic a n J u n i o r C o l l e g e s , A m e r ic a n C o u n c il on E d u c a t io n , V /a s h in g to n , D . C ., 1 9 4 8 D e n o te s
N o te :
a d d itio n a l
fe e s
fo r
s p e c ia l
s u b je c ts
U n d e rs c o re d j u n i o r c o lle g e s in d ic a t e th o s e used in oot a i n i n g t h e r a t i o b e tw e e n s c h o o l e n r o l l m e n t end j u n i o r c o lle g e e n r o llm e n t
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
121
TABLE V I oj-inl o r I 1/ . lo . 19. .
20
L I. 2L .
tUo • • •
t^ 6
27.
y Q iie » , f c
L o c a tio n
i-a x -in h i t . C an i O C o ll. l - i i' jJcl 0GG Ihi t G— C a rls b a d x'i.'.lo .u cr Lasadena C ity C o ll. P la c e r C o ll. San S e n it o C an D i e g o Can i 'r a n c i s c o 9 i t j C o ll. Sen L u i s O b is p o
«")'0
Cant M a t e o 3 a n t a b a rb a ra Cent a t . ix ia T a ft Va l i e j o O o • V is e lia
29 . 30 . 31. 32.
LyjATEGORY I I
A rka n sa s C it y C e n tra l c e n t r a l i a T v/p . c h a n u te E l D o ra d o 3 9 . E n g le w o o d n r . C h ic a g o C i t y C o l l . 40. P o rt S c o tt 41. ca rd e n C ity 42. n a r r i s T e a c h e rs C o ll. (J i',O o ll.D iv .) 1 2 . i i e r s h ey 4 3 . H ig h la n d P a rk 4 4 . H u tc h in s o n
O rg a n is e d
T u itio n u lu s fe e s
K e n t l ' i e l a , C r.l. Pom ona, o i l .
1 9 26 1 9 43
0
i • c\p a , c r. i . O c e a n s id e ,
1942 1 9 34
0
V is ta ., C a l. P e .s a c e n a , ce. 1 .
I S 46 19 2*±
0
A u b u rn , C r l. H o llis t e r , c e l. 3en D ie g o , C u l. S o n i ' r a n c i s c o , 0-^1.
1914 1919 1916 1933
0
3 an L u i s O b i s p o , C c'.l . o a n u a c e o , op. 1 . 3 a n ta b c r o a r a , C a l. S a n ta iv ip r ia , c a l . T a f t , C a l. V a l l e j o , C a l. V i s a l i a , C a l.
1936
0
1922 1946
0
(110 T U I I I 0 K ;
S-i • OD • r6 ij . 37.
a.
( COPTIC. JED)
cp. 1 .
0
0
0
0b
0 0
0 0
1 9 22 1945 192S
0 0 0
r r.?•b
l l b 1
13b 6 .5 0 ° 20
16 10b
3
J e s s e b o g u e , E d i t o r , A m e r ic a n J u n i o r L io lle , ; e s , A m e ric a n C o u n c i l on E d u c a t i o n , W a s h in g t o n , D . G . , 1 9 4 3
b' N o te :
D e n o te s
a d d itio n a l
fe e s
fo r
s p e c ia l
s u b je c ts
U n d e rs c o re d j u n i o r c o l l e g e s in d ic a t e th o s e used in ob t a i n i n g - t h e r a t i o b e t w e e n s c h o o l e n r o l l m e n t and j u n i o r c o lle g e e n ro llm e n t
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
' /I
J u n io r
c jp i i s . : e
L o c a tio n
O• I n u e e n d e n c e 46. N o rto n -A/A P a r s o ii s 4o. P h o e n ix 43. r r a i t oC • i i v e r s i a e C o l l . 51. a c l i n as b l . o cm ___________ c e An a. C o i r . O • S c u ts A o n ic a C it y c o ll.( Ir .C o ll.L iv On-. S a n t a A o s a bb . S c ivu rz. L r a n c h o f C h ic a g o C i t y J r . C o ll. DO. S t e r l i n g b 7 . T exarkan a 53. T r in id a d 5 9 . N o o d r o w A i l s on 6 0 . " A rig h t CAT'ACCAT I r I 61.
( CO.. T i l . u E D ) O rg a n iz e d
I ti d ep e n d eu c e , A n n , C ic e r o , 1 1 1. P cr s o n s , A a n . P h o e n ix , A r iz . P r a tt, Kan. n iv e r s id e , c a l. S e lin a s , C e l. o m ci. ■ ^iii ic1 ,>
C e l.
S m ta C o A o n ic a , C r l, .) S a n t a a o s b ' 50 3 7 .7 5 °
s u b je c ts
c o n c e rn in g
c o lle g e s
a c c o rd in g ; fe e ”
fe e
im p o s e d b y
or
is
not
d is tric t
a ll
gjet fe e ,"
may h a v e
can go t o
J u n io r
fe e
in
tu itio n
to
s tu d e n t.
cost
to
C a lifo rn ia any of
school th e
and
s till
C o lle g e s ,
th e s e
on.
be
a u th o rity ,
th e
so
c o l
s tu d e n t
tic k e ts ,
C a lifo rn ia a fu ll
lis te d
ju n io r
fu n d s
season f o o t b a ll of
may
are
im p o s e d b y
one
and
C a lifo rn ia
a ll
any
in obju n io r
An i n c o n s i s t e n c y
in
a ’’ s p e c i a l
pay th e
A m e ric a n
VI
B o g u e .7
a ” s tu d e n t-b o d y
h o w eve r,
7
fo r
c a te g o rie s
school is
in
as l i s t e d
th re e
A c tu a lly
nor
fe e s
T o t a l Cost to S tu d e n t
U n d ersco red ju n io r c o lle g e s in d ic a t e th o s e used t a i n i n i g t h e r a t i o b e t w e e n s c h o o l e n r o l l m e n t and c o lle g e e n ro llm e n t
The fe e s
O rg a n iz e d
B v e le th , k in n . P la t F iv e r, ko. A th e n s , T e r . h i'o b in p , id n n . C o le ra in e , k in n . J o lie t, 111. Kansas C it y , k o . C oeur d ’A le n e , Id a h o P or t Ku ro n , d c h . R o c h e s te r, k in n . S e m in o le , O k la . T re n to n , k o . V ic to r ia , Tex. V i r g i n i a , m in n . U o rth in p t on, ih n n .
fla t
31 3t...
(C O d lk U k b )
tim e
e tc .
ju n io r s tu d e n t.
c it.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
O th e r T a b le
VI
re c tu re s
of
iiu i:ib e re d
5,
11
14, 19, 02,
end
12
w ere A ll
la r
v o te
o9,
60,
61,
69,
d u rin g
c o lle g e s
in c lu d e d
in
ave rag e
b u ild in g s
64,
fo u r
fo r
S c h o o ls fu ll
year
in s titu tio n s
and
y e rr
67,
th o se
in c lu d in g
o rg a n iz a tio n s .
ju n io r-
w ere
c o lle g e s
e le c te d
n u m b e re d
by
13,
popu 25,
39
a p p o in te d .
n u m b e re d 1 0 ,
tild e
w h ic h ,
o f D ire c to rs
w ere
except
p ro g ram s
25,
in
39,
th e
53,
54,
e v e n in g s
5b,
53,
as w e l l
as
day. 4.
an
47,
and 7 9 , w h ic h
o ffe re d th e
tw o
B o ard s
e x c e p t h io s e
3. anu
ju n io r
w ere: A l l w ere
pru d es
th e
of
50'~/j o f
About about
th e
one t h i r d
and f a c i l i t i e s
of
ju n io r
of
th e
th e
c o lle g e s
e x is tin g
d is tric t
in
w ere
h ig h
w h ic h
u s in g
school th e y
w ere
lo c s te d .
d. P o te n tia l W ar I I
P ro c ed u re Bor A r r iv in g C o ia m u n ity O o l l e g e
yea rs
a n d tw o
fre s h m a n
and
c o lle g e s
u n d ersco red
1 9 4 5 -1 9 4 6 , son w i t h fo r
w h ic h
p o s t-w a r
sophom ore, y e a r s in
th e
y ea rs
th e
1 9 5 7 -1 9 3 S
d a t a was
About
30
of
some t h e
e n ro llm e n ts
yea rs, w ere
th e
The
tw o
tw o
and 1 9 3 9 -1 -9 4 0
c o lle g e s
w e re b e lo v ;
in
th e
fo r
th e
and f o r
used
th e
ju n io r
p o s t-w a r
(th e
in
years,
fo r
c o m p a ri
tw o
years
d e v e lo p m e n t
w ere n o t
2 00
p re -b o rld
e n ro llm e n ts
c o n s id e re d m e r e ly
c o n s id e re d
th e
fo r
o b ta in e d
T a b le V I .
and 1 9 4 7 - 1 9 4 6 w e re
m e th o d .)
not
E n ro llm e n t
A t M e th o d ffo r E s t im a t in g
o f th e
s in c e
o th e rs
fo r
d a ta
w ere
a v a ila b le .
■0
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
125 io r to ta l —2 )
e a c ii c o l l e g e
e x . r o l l i . i e r n : '..as ol
th e re fro m
c e n ta g e s
w ere
v a rio u s
u iv id u d
"the c o m m u n i t y
q u o tie n t
used,
in
b e in g
a n a ly z e d
th e
fre s im a n
oy
m e
school
w h ic h
"the
c o lle g e
c o n v e rte d
and th e
to
re s u lts
;-jic
sop honore
p o p u la tio n './as
( grad es
lo c a te d ;
"the
v .e rc e n tf.^ e .
Those
p er
ta b u la te d
a c c o rd in g
to
g ro u p in g s .
TABLL V I I
R A T I0 3 01 L I U . 3 , Ii>I P iP 0 A L ? f, 01' P U F L IC JU N IO R OOLLLGL FU LL T Ix .il L lh tU L u iL IJ iS ^ fO x.JiAi'13 OF 3U P 00L POPULATIONS (G R A Di.3 1 - 1 2 ) 01‘ 0 0 i 1. xU.-jI T I 1 3 IK UixIUI-i T i i l J U K I Oh GOLLFGFS PEPA LOGA T I® (APRAKGAD AGCoRUIKG TO SCiiOOL POPULATION)
Year 1 9 5 7 -1 9 5 3 1 3 5 9 —1 9 4 0 1 9 - - 5 - 1 9 46 1 9 4 7 -1 9 4 3
S chool P o p u la tio n (G rad e s 1 -1 2 ) L e s s th a n 5000 5 0 0 0 - 2 9 ,9 9 9 3 0 , 0 0 0 - 9 9 ,9 3 9 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 and o v e r P a tio ix o . xt;a t i o 1:0 X.O P a tio Ko P a tio ',x O ases O ases ;i C ase: O e s e s A 12.. 9 1o. 0 6. o 1 1 .9
2 25 24 11
6 .1 7 .3 6 .3 9 .3
13 19 22 20
1 .9 3 .1 2. 6 7 .3
3 4 5 7
0 .9 1 .3 0 .3 4 .1
2 2 3 2
a. E x c lu d in g c a s e s 9 and 2 3 , t h i s p e r c e n ta g e w o u ld be 1 2 . 3 . N u m b er 9 was F u l l e r t o n , o a l i f o r n i a , w i t h a p e r c e n t a g e o f 1 2 7 . 1 , w h i l e n u m b e r 2 3 v/cs S a n L . e t e o , O a l i f o r n i a w i t h a p e r c e n t a g e o f 7 4 .4 . The a u th o r s e n t l e t t e r s t o t h e p r e s id e n ts o f b o th s c h o o l s r e q u e s t i n g an e x p l a n a t i o n o f t h e u n u s u a l n e s s o f t h e r a t i o s f o r t h e i r s c h o o ls . In e r e p ly d a te d A p r i l 5 , 1 9 5 1 , U r . o h a r l e s 3 . N o r r i s , P r e s i d e n t o f S o n x .la te o J u n i o r O o l l e g e S‘G ©tit i t has a lv x y s been tr u e t h a t a la r g e p r o p o rtio n o f th e s tu d e n ts e n r o lle d in th e S a n P a t e o J u n i o r O o l l e g e come f r o m o u t s i d e o f th e school d i s t r i c t . A s o f iv ia rc h 1 , 1 9 5 1 , o f th e 1225 r e g u la r s tu d e n ts a tte n d in g th e ju n io r c o lle g e , 750 l i v e w it h in t h e d i s t r i c t , 250 w i t h i n t h e c o u n ty b u t n o t w i t h i n t h e d i s t r i c t , 2 4 4 come f r o m o t h e r c o u n t i e s o f t h e S ta te of O a lifo rn ia . T h i s , 730 n i g h t b e c a l l e d ’‘n a t i v e ” s t u d e n t s a n d 4 9 9 t1f 6 r e i g n ” o r o u t - o f - d i s t r i c t s tu d e n ts . A l t h o u g h no r e p l y h a s c o n e f r o m F u l l e r t o n J u n i o r O o l l e g e , i t i s u n d e rs to o d t h a t a som ewhat s i m i l a r s i t u a t i o n e x i s t s t h e r e .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
126 TABLE VIII R A T IO S Uj M EA N S, I N P E R C E N T , OP P U B L I C J U N IO R COLLEGE F U L L T IL -E XNRULJXDiNTS TO MEANS Ox' SCHOOL P O P U L A T IO N S (GRADES 1 - 1 2 ) OF G G i.M UN uYIES ±11 N H IG H TH E J U N IO R COLLEGES WERE LOCATED (ARRANGED AC CO RD IN G TO C O M .U N I T Y P O P U L A T IO N )
Year
C o m m u n it y P o p u l a t i o n 1 0 ,0 0 0 --2 9 ,9 9 9 3 0 ,0 0 0 -9 9 ,9 9 9 R a tio No R a tio No Cases Cases p
1 9 3 7 -1 9 3 8 1 9 3 9 -1 9 4 0 1 9 4 5 -1 9 4 6 1 9 4 7 -1 9 4 8
1 0 .7 1 4 .0 s 6 .0 1 1 .0
27 29 51 15
a. E x c lu d in g cases n o t e a o f 'T a b le V I I
9
6 .8 7 .9 7 .2 1 1 .0
end
28,
1 0 0 ,0 0 0 R a tio 7o
12 14 14 16
th is
w o u ld
and o v e r No Cases 7 7 9 9
1. 2 2 .0 1 .3 5 .1 be
1 0 . 3H
( See
TABLE I X M E D IA N S OF R A T I O S , I N P E R C E N T , OF P U B L I C J U N IO R COLLEGE F U L L T I M E U U O L L i. M U T S TO SCHOOL P O P U L A T IO N S (GRADES 1 - 1 2 ) OF COM M U N I T I E S I N W H IC H THE J U N IO R COLLEGES WERE LO CA TED (ARRANGED ACCORDING TO SCHOOL P O P U L A T IO N )
Less
S c h o o l" P o p u l a t i o n ( G r a d e s 1 - 1 2 ) th a n 5000 5 0 0 0 -2 9 ,9 9 9 5 0 ,0 0 0 -9 9 ,9 9 9 R a tio
~/o
No. Cases
9 .4 9 .3 4 .8 1 1 .0
22 25 24 11
5 .1 6 .7 4 .8 8 .4
R a tio Y e lr 1 9 5 7 -1 9 3 8 1 9 5 9 -1 9 4 0 1 9 4 5 -1 9 4 6 1 9 4 7 -1 9 4 8
P
- No. R a tio Cases c /o 19 2 .5 19 3 .0 22 1 .6 20 1 0 . 8
1 0 0 ,0 0 0 and o v e r No. R a tio No. Case Cases C /0 3 4 5 7
1 .0 1 .8 0 .3 4 .3
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
2 2 3 2
Y A : ) _i_iHj a i
Ujl1 R . i i . f j - 5 , I-« ; f , O jj j UJ_ii_. H a a .j^ j R d i H o J tJ R IO R X ^ R O L L h iH llS TO SCHOOL R O F U L A Y IG H S ( GRADHS 1 - 1 2 ) O'Jp C O ^ J j H I Y I r S X I: X h l J i i Y h L J i n 11 OR COLLLG-23 I L IR E LUGATED (AaRAHUXD ACCORDING TO 0 O i . l i U I . I T Y P O P U L A T IO N )
j
C o m m u n it y P o p u l a t i o n 1 0 ,0 0 0 -2 9 ,9 9 9 3 0 ,0 0 0 -9 9 ,0 0 0 R a tio Ho R a tio Ho Year 1 9 3 7 - 1 9 3d 1 9 5 9 -1 9 4 0 1 9 4 5 -1 9 4 6 1 9 4 7 -1 9 4 8
y
Cases
y
Cases
/a
over Ho Oases
9 .0 8 .S 4 .9 1 1 .0
27 29 31 15
5. 3 7 .0 4 .6 8 .8
12 14 14 16
1 .9 2 .2 1 .1 5 .3
7 7 9 9
The p r e c e d in g m anner
in
w h ic h
and. s c h o o l
th e
a c c o rd in g
school
p o p u la tio n
of
fo u r
s id e re d . s tu d y
tw o
p o p u la tio n ,
v a rie d
a ll
fo u r
to
ta b le s
h o w eve r,
w ere
g rad es
cases
c o lle g e
d is p la y
of
e n ro llm e n t
e ith e r The
num ber o f
e x is tin g
th e
a re la tio n s h ip
p o p u la tio n .
th e
c le a rly
cases
at
th e
tim e
be
a m o re
of
th e
accu racy con th e '
e x a m in e d .
tiv e
fig u re
th a t
t h e m eth o d s
th a n
th e
w e ig h t
T a b le s X I fo r
m ean.
fin a lly
g o v e r n e d m o re by
ta b le s
by
and
q u ite
c a te g o rie s
c o m m u n ity
T h e m e d ia n m e a s u re
fo u r
9 -1 2 )
lim ite d
a ll
( ju n io r
d iffe re n t
th e
is
in d ic a te
v a ria b le s
th e
or
ta b le s
1 0 0 ,0 0 0 R a tio
of
to
Subsequent
d e v e lo p e d
and X I I
th e
ap p ears
th e
d e m o n s tra te
in
th is
c h a p te r w ere
m e d ia n
th a n
of
s u m m a riz e
tw o p r e - w a r
ta b le s
re p re s e n ta
th e
d a ta
th e of
m ean.
th e
p re v io u s
yea rs.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
TABLG A 3u±._ A A l Z A T I G i . ' OP DATA PGA TAB ‘lT.'O P R A -T O R L D *.,AH I I •iiiiri-AS A S j! UUi-.D j-I; f'iiBLmS VIjC j-J-.D JLX Ai-i!-(j-..:. r .-L AGGCAi-'Ii.G TO SGhOoL P O P U L A T IO N ( GRADES 1 - 1 ? )
S c h o o l P o p u la tio n (G ra d e s 1 -1 ? ) B e lo v . 5 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 - 2 0 , 9 9 9 5 0 , 0 0 0 - 9 0 , 9 3 3 ___________________________________________________ P e r i o d 3(1 ) ( £) (i) (g ) "(1 ) (2 ) h e u i ans it at, i os
1 0 0 , 0 0 0 rn fi o v e r __________ (1 ) ( 2)
o l‘ 9 .4
R a tio s o f A e a n a ________1 2 . 9 Oases^ 22 a
9 .0
5 .1
5 .7
2 .5
5 .0
1 .0
1 .3
1 2 .3 ° 5 .1 7 .5 1 .9 5 .1 0 .9 1 .3 25_______1 3 _____ 1 9 _______ 5_______ 4 _______ 2________ 2 _
P e rio a 1 r e f e r s to 1 9 5 7 -1 3 5 3 P e r i o d 2 r e f e r s t o 13 3 9 - 1 9 4 0 T o t a l Q ts e s : 13 3 7 - 1 9 5 3 , 46 1 3 3 3 - 1 3 4-0 , 50 S e e n o t e a t b o tto m o f T a b le " V II
b c
TABL2 X I I A S 01— . i R I ZA'TION 0 1 DATA POP TAX TV/0 PR X-bO R LD WAR I I Ti..:.i3 V I I I i3__ C a s e s L Oases . 7 /■3 > Oases ________‘,'o . 6 .3 46 7. 2 A ll 30 4 .4 54 3 .0 40 23 E x c lu d in g C a l. 3 .0 3.3 4 .0 8. 3 31 34 26 10.0 C a l. o n ly S .l 19 13 20 5 .3 1 2 .4 14 C a te g o ry I a 6. 0 13 8. 2 .4 . 2 14 1 2 .4 12 12 C a te g o ry I I 0 16 3. 9 9 .4 19 4 .8 10.6 21 15 C a te g o ry 1 1 1 ° 4 .8 6 7 6.1 4 .1 8 5 3 .5 C a te g o ry IV h 3 3. 3 4. 4 4 .0 11 3 7 .2 12 a b c d
No t u i t i o n ; n o c o s t to s tu d e n t Not u i t i o n b u t w i t h s p e c i a l f e e s b e lo w p25 No tu itio n but w ith s p e c ia l fe e s b e t w e e n 4 2 ba n d $ 1 0 0 T u i t i o n c h a rg e d , b u tt o t a l c o s t o f t u i t i o n and fe e s not a b o v e ^100
T a b le s as
th e
cost
t h o s e who d e c re a s e s . u c a tio n
to
can
X IV
a n d uJT se e m t o
th e
s tu d e n t
a ffo rd
As t h e
to
v e rify
in c re a s e s ,
ta k e
a d v a n ta g e
th e of
P r e s i d e n t ’ s C o m m is s io n
th e
a s s e rtio n ,
p e rc e n ta g e h ig h e r
of
e d u c a tio n
on h i g h e r
Ed
w ro te : . . . . a t l e a s t as m any y o u n g p e o p l e w ho h a v e t h e same ox 1 g r e a t e r i n t e l l e c t u a l a b i l i t y t h a n t h o s e n o w i n c o l l e g e do n o t (;'Ii X*o i l b e c a u s e o f l o w f a m i l y i n c o m e .
Z o o k , C h a ir m a n , T h e P r e s i d e n t ’ s C o m m is s io n G eo rg e e d u c a tio n , h i g h e r E d u c a t io n f o r A m e ric a n on n ig h e : D e m o c r a c y , V o lu m e I I , E q u a l i z i n g a n d E x p b n d i n g I n d i v i d u a l O p p o r t u n i t y , New l o r l c , H a r p e r and .b r o th e r s , 1947, p . 6
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
-APT _1< Vj. t j X j j .^s.f A x)
G O of
oav P -n O x -O n —iP
f u " l J l G i i —I ' r i n A
(X L j.r tfh T l’Y COLL AC-AS I L A.
P ro c ed u re
i-u c ii iic s about
th e
posed
in
of
e s tim a te s tric ts ,
th e
of
p u b lic
of
In
in s titu tio n
c o s t,
b o th
e s ta b lis h in g
c o lle c tio n
s a id
d is s e rta tio n .
th e
fo r
been
c h e ro o te ris tic s th is
fe a tu re s
rL reaa i
in
p re v io u s
C h a p te r I
th e
D n ta c h a p te rs
c o rn u n ity
h e ro in
to
P U L x .! 0
PL.:; .SYLVA.i-.TA
c o lle g e s
are
lis te d
tw e lv e
T h is
c h a p te r
a d v o c a te d .
S ta te
0x 10'.
end o p e r--tin g
to
p ro
th e
lo c a l
d is
such i n s t i t u t i o n s
in
P e 2n 1s y lv .- 3. n i a . T h irty as
p o s s ib le
tric e s
of
fiv e
c o m m u n itie s
lo c a tio n s
th e
much a s t h e y
fir s t v /ill
in s titu tio n s ,
o f p u b lic
end
th is
be
P e n n s y lv a n ia
c o m m u n ity
second
p r o b a b ly
por
in
c la s s e s th e
used
c o lle g e s .
w ere
lo c a tio n s
a s s u m p tio n
w ere
several
A ll
in c iu o e u , of
m ost
in a s
of
reaso n s
o is
th o s e
m ay b e
i.\ Q .V C .ii C *3 Cit
(1 ) to
s a tis fy
fo rth
th e
by th e
p ro v id e
and
The
to
o c c u p a tio n s (1 )
la rg e r
of
of
T ra n s p o rta tio n
is
s u ffic ie n t
re q u ire m e n t
lo c e l
u s u a lly
set
th e
enough
g re a te r
and
e x p e rie n c e p u b lic
h ig h
revenue.
b u s in e s s ,
D o th w o r k
g ra d u a te s
is
c o m m u n ity ,
in d u s tria l,
p ro v id e fo r
of
tn e
each
d is c u s s e d h e r e i n .
v a lu a tio n
s o u rc e
in
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p re v io u s ly
P ro p e rty
and nu m b e r
t a d 1 is ira e n ts
p o p u la tio n
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school
c rite ria h i)
to
The
s e rv ic e
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c o i^ .u n ity
fa c ilitie s
in
th e es—
s tu d e n ts c o lle g e s .
c o n g e s te d
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
13 3 areas
fa v o r
co .r.iU iiity
"c o m m u te r-ty p e ” i n s t i t u t i o n s
such
as p u b l i c
c o lle g e s .
'j-'iiir te e n s e le c tio n
th ir d
b e in g
g u id e d
(1 )
T h e ir
{£,)
i'h e
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w ere
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by: p o te n tia l
fu ll
tin e
c o m m u n ity
c o lle g e
e n ro llm e n t,
n a n c ia lly
le s s
fo rtu n a te
13) h ig h
school
d is ta n c e
d e s ire
i'h e
in c lu d e
school
fo r
areas
such e d u c a tio n a l
I A)
An
a tte m p t
some o f
th e
f i
d is tric ts ,
c o n s id e ra tio n
fa c ilitie s
fro m
to
of
p ro v id in g
p re s e n tly
out
of
o p p o r tu n itie s ,
to
rep res en t
p u b lic
p o s t-
c o m m u tin g
end
a ll
areas
of
th e
s ta te . no
a tte m p t
a c e rta in
num ber
ent
of
s iz e s
school
D a ta . U s e d
u is tric ts . le te d .
m ore
save
space,
d e ta il
That
used
as
a s p e c ts
c o m m u n ity
d a ta AVI
th e of
of
b a s is
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of
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fo r
recom m en d
th e
th e
d iffe r
lo c a l
and p h ilo s o p h y .
th e
c o u n tie s
th e
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as w e l l
c o u n tie s
w ill
have been
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as
be
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years
p ro v id e ,
fo r
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e s tim a te s ,
p ro b le m
to
B s tir.ia te
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c a p a b ility
names
are
and X I X
th e
th e
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fro m
in v e s tig a tio n
is
dost
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p u rp o se
in c lu d e
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in
T h e re a fte r,
fo The
d a ta
p u b lic
c o m m u n itie s .
fa b le
fo r
of
m ade b y
d i s t r i c t ’ s own i n d i v i d u a l
B.
o ff.
is
of
cost
th e
fin a n c in g
35
th e fo r
ta b le s any
ite m .
c o m m u n itie s , s ta te
p ro p o sed
a id ,e n d
p u b lic
c o lle g e s .
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154 iLE ::vi PR O P ER TY VALUES JOi.-PARTEC- ASSESSED VAL'uATIOES WTTh K A RELT VALUES A3 A E -u .xlEE D BY T E E SEALE TAA E E U A L IZ A B I O L BOARD POR TH] SGhOOL YEARS 1 9 4 8 - 1 9 4 9 e n d 1 9 4 9 - 1 9 5 0 IV o lu e s s iv e n i n m i l l i o n s or c o lla r s )
L i;s t r i c t
C o u n ty
E i r s t d lp s s 1 . P h ila d e lp h ia r y la n d ,
o f th o s e
1 9 -1 9 -1 9 3 0 ,
p ra a e .
1 3 th
b r& c e s .-^
ana b a s h in p to n . x t-n k s
•cue i-'r a .u o s e d i - ' u b l i c
e re
as t e l l O a lifo r n ia ,
M is s o u r i, O k la -
s in c e
19 4-9 -1 9 50
p u b lic th a t
c o n .w u . n it y
th e
U o i.m o n -
fo rm e r G o v e rn o r
b e h a v e i n t h e Uo.x.io nv.ee 1 t h o f P e n n s y l v a n i a a p p r o x im a t e ly 66 o f t h e p r e o t e s t c o ll e g e s snc u n i v e r s i t i e s o f A m e ric a . :.ro S t a t e i s so r i c h l y e n d o w e d w i t h t h e s e s t u r d y i n s t i t u t i o n s , fo u n d e d i n t h e e e r l y y e a r s o f t h i s k e p u b l i c , and f a i t h f u l l y s u s t e in ir . o th e p r i n c i p l e s o f t r u t h and h u m a n i n t e g r i t y u p o n -w h ic h f r e e g o v e r n m e n t m u s t e lw e y s d e p e n d . L e s p i t e t n e w id e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f th e s e c o lle g e s end th e f e e t t h a t tn e y , th e m s e lv e s , c o n t r i b u t e « . - 4 ,- J ' j 5 ,J J u oO s o no.ex. t aid, x t is n v early v evioen t tns.t ...a ■ o * our b e s t - e q u i p p e d . y o u t h are ‘ u nable for ec on on.i c re ts or.s to en ro ll as st /.oshts. o or the strenjt!hor.inc of our uo.r'.onwe alt 2. aurd t h e f u t u r e of the na t ion , we 3U O _._l O. ta-he ste^s to G 3 3 'i.2 T < f3 j . ^ c a tio n to a g r e a te r p r o p o r tio n o f o u r
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fifth s
s ta te
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fo r
fig u re s
d o ll a rs ,
about
s ta te ,
of
c o m m u n ity
d is tric ts .
d e m o n s tra te of
of
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s ta te
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a id
show a r a n g e
at
of
averag e
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fro m
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c o m m u n ity J44 t o
th e
of
35
th e c o lle g e
^140
per
d is tric ts
of
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of
a id
S in c e
per
f i g u i ’ e s m ay
th o s e
fig u re s .
S ta te ,
on t h e
m a te ly
tw o -th ird s - o f
of
p u b lic
in
1949,
cost
fo r
pect
it
be
lin e
s ta te
cu rren t to
pay/
w o rk,
of
g o v e rn m e n t.
th e
th e
by
fo r
a d d in g th e
c o lle g e s .
of
its
tw o -th ird s
appear to h o w eve r,
be it
w o u ld
about
p u b lic in
th e
e x p e c tin g m ust be
and
school
p a id
f l 9 2,
pay
case to o
a p p ro x i
e n d in g
35js o f
s c h o o ls . of
th e
To
ex
p o s t-h ig h
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to
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tn e
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c o lu m n b e i n g
th e
o f P e n n s y lv a n ia fo r
per
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lo r
re p re s e n ts
p u rp o ses,
f lO O
35 d i s t r i c t s ,
cost
expenses
c o lu m n
e q u a liz a tio n
o b ta in e d
a lm o s t
may
p re c e d in g
fo r
ave rag e
b a s is
c o L in u n iu y th e
th e
s tu d e n t
seven
school
th e
5b
sum o f
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about
o v e r-a ll
C o lu m n 7 am ount
c o lu m n
end i n s t r u c t i o n in
th e
h u n d red s
;il - X-i.a :;u i o f
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in
Ix i o u l i s r w o r d s ,
o v e ru e a d
S ta te
be
h e _ ,re s o n iih g
laLi..OL C P TUTTICI.'j;’KUjS P U B L I C J U i a G H OGLLAG-AS II f h A X R V I C l h l T Y A. th e
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c o lle g e s
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p riv a te
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.^ re s id e n ts
and u n i v e r s i t i e s .
c o lle g e s o f,
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out by
q u e s tio n s s ta te s ,
and
as
of
th e
fo llo w s !
f Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
l
158 C a l i f o r n i a ........................................................... Illin o is ................................................................. i f a n s a s ...................................................................... M i c h i g a n .................................................................
14 9 4
3 3 p
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1 1 1
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28
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e f f e c t upon, t h e i r e n r o llm e n t ju n io r
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lot
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oi' u r ; : G u ; i i o u 1'roi.i h i 0 u s c h o o l h- v s n o t y e t " f o u n d s h e n s e l v e s " U i U h a v e t h e r e f o r e n o t y e t d e e i c o b o y o n s. t r a c e o r v o c a t i o n i o r t h e i r f u t u r e *vorh. . - . I s o , t i e bo. s - . u n i t y J o l l e ^ e ' . . o u l c bouo: .e one c e . i t o r o f a c u l t e c u o r t i o n . Y o u r c o o o e r n t i o n w i l l n e r n a l o t n o t o n l y t o :ie i n : iy r e s e a r c h b u t a l s o t o a . m y t h o u s a n d s o f o u r b o y s ' ue jir lo . I t u a n k you v e ry u u c h f o r yo ir k i n d n e s s .
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APxm..bI__ _ ohuT ‘i’U jl'HJISILiA'I'I’S OP A A:v «'.'ri ‘—T1~/V>1;-i Mh1 n o S O d m rlb x v S
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(1 ) h a s y o u r own l o c a l o r g a n i z a t i o n d i s c u s s e d t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o i e x t e n d in g y o u r p u b l i c s c h o o l s y s te m t o i n c l u d e t h e l o t h and 1 4 t h g ra d e s ? A n sw e r: Yes No (2 ) Do y o u t h i n k t h e P e n n s y l v a n i a L e g i s l a t u r e s h o u l d e n a c t p e r m is s iv e l e g i s l a t i o n t o e n a b le th o s e s c h o o l d i s t r i c t s w h i c h so d e s i r e t o e x t e n d p u b l i c e d u c a t i o n t h r o u g h t h e 1 4 t h grad e? A n s w e r: Yes No ( 6) W o u ld y o u s a y t h a t t h e M em bers o f y o u r l o c a l o r g a n i z a tio n a re ( g r e a t ly , m o d e ra te ly , o r n o t a t a l l ) in fa v o r o f e x t e n d in g t h e p u b li c s c h o o ls th ro u g h th e 1 4 th g rade? (4 ) W o u ld y o u s a y t h a t t h e m em bers o f y o u r l o c a l o r g a n i z a tio n a re ( g r e a t ly , m o d e ra te ly , o r n o t a t a l l ) in fa v o r o f h a v in g o u r s t a t e l e g i s l a t u r e e n a c t th e p e rm is s iv e l e g i s l a t i o n w h i c h i s m e n t i o n e d i n q u e s t i o n 2? (5 ) W as t h i s l e t t e r i n s t r u m e n t a l i n b r i n g i n g t o t h e a t t e n t i o n o f y o u r l o c a l o r g a n iz a t io n f o r th e f i r s t tim e t h i s m a t t e r o f e x te n d in g y o u r p u b l i c s c h o o ls t o in c lu d e t h e l o t h an d 1 4 t h br a d e s ? A n sw e r: Yes No (b ) I f y o u r l o c a l o r g a n iz a t io n h as n o t d is c u s s e d th e s e p o i n t s , i . e . , e x t e n d i n g t h e p u b l i c s c h o o l s y s te m and p e r m i s s i v e l e g i s l a t i o n , w o u ld y o u be w i l l i n g t o p r e s e n t them as d i s c u s s i o n t o p i c s f o r s u b s e q u e n t m e e tin g s ? A n sw e r: Yes No (7 ) D o y o u d e s i r e t h a t I send, y o u a l i s t o f b o o k s on t h e s u b je c t o f p u b l i c s u p p o r te d O o iin u n ity C o lle g e s ? An s v / e r :
Yes
No
S ig n e d
Address p o s itio n
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A P P E N D IX
C
BODY OF LETTER ACCOMPANYING QUESTIONNAIRE SENT TO PR ESID EN TS OF P R IV A T E COLLEGES AND U N IV E R S IT IE S I N THE V I C I N I T Y OF P U B L IC JUN IO R COLLEGES M r . H a r o l d D . R e e s e , a u t h o r o f t h e e n c lo s e d q u e s t i o n n a i r e , i s a g r a d u a t e a s s i s t a n t i n t h e D e p a r tm e n t o f E d u c a t io n h e r e a t Penn S t a t e , iv ir. R e e s e h a s h a d m ore t h a n f i f t e e n y e a r s o f t e a c h i n g e x p e r i e n c e i n v a r i o u s p u b l i c an d p r i v a t e h i g h s c h o o ls and c o l l e g e s . H is p re s e n t p o s itio n i s A s s is ta n t P r o f e s s o r o f M a t h e m a t ic s a t D r e x e l I n s t i t u t e o f T e c h n o lo g y , P h i l a d e l p h i a , P e n n s y lv a n ia . A le a v e o f a b sen ee fro m D r e x e l h a s b r o u g h t h im t o P e n n S t a t e w h e re h e i s c o m p le t in g t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r t h e D o c t o r o f E d u c a t io n d e g r e e . M r. R e e s e ’ s d o c t o r a l d i s s e r t a t i o n i s c o n c e rn e d w it h s t u d y i n g t h e e f f e c t on c o l l e g e e n r o l l m e n t s o f t h e e x i s t e n c e o f t u i t i o n - f r e e , p u b lic J u n io r C o lle g e s in t h e v i c i n i t y o f e x i s t i n g c o lle g e s and u n i v e r s i t i e s . The J u n io r c o lle g e s (C o m m u n ity C o l l e g e s ) r e f e r r e d t o i n t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e h a v e , among o t h e r s , t h e f o l l o w i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s : (a )
A re c o n t r o lle d l o c a l l y b y a b o a rd o f d i r e c t o r s e l e c t e d b y t h e p e o p le o f t h e d i s t r i c t ( i n seme o f t h e - l a r g e r c i t i e s t h e b o a r d m em bers may b e a p p o in t e d b y t h e m a y o r ) .
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R e c e iv e f i n a n c i a l a i d fr o m p u b l i c e it h e r s t a t e , o r l o c a l , o r b o th .
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A r e p r i m a r i l y f o r l o c a l and r e g i o n a l s t u d e n t s who c a n l i v e a t home w h i l e e n r o l l e d i n t h e c o lle g e .
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l o u r a n s v v e rs e n d coi.” i e n t s w i l l s e r v e ;-s r b ; : s i s T o r s t u d y i n g "the e l l ’e c t on c o l l e g e e n r o l l m e n t s o i' t h e e x i s t e n c e o l t u i t i o n - f r e e , p u b lic J u n io r c o lle g e s in th e v i c i n i t y o f e x i s t i n g c o lle g e s end u n i v e r s i t i e s . Y o u r a n s w e r s s h o u l d b e v.doh r e f e r e n c e t o e n r o l l m e n t s i n y o u r u n d e r g r a d u a t e s c h o o l s and i n r e l a t i o n t o s t u d e n t s who o r e e e n c d d a t e s f o r t i i e b a c c a l a u r e a t e . E n ro llm e n ts in g r a d u a te s c h o o ls ana i n s c h o o ls o f la v /, m e d ic in e , d e n t i s t r y , e t c . , s h o u ld n o t be t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t i n y o u r a n s w e rs . 1. by w h at p e r c e n ta g e has y o u r e n r o llm e n t in c r e a s e o r d e c re a s e d s in c e th e e s ta b lis h m e n t o f t u i t i o n - f r e e , p u b lic J u n io r C o lle g e s i n y o u r area? A . I n t h e f i r s t tw o y e a r s ( l o w e r d i v i s i o n ) . (a ) P e rc e n ta g e in c r e a s e . _______ ( b ) P e r c e n t a g e d e c r e a s e . _______ ( c ) 1i o c h a n g e . ii.
I n t ii e t h i r d a n d f o u r t h .y e a r s ( u p p e r ________ ( a ) P e r c e n t a g e i n c r e a s e . _______ ( b ) P e r c e n t a g e d e c r e a s e . _______ ( c ) h o c h a n g e .
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L. j r i e a s e w r i t e " y e s ” on t h e l i n e b e f o r e t h a t o n e o f t h e t h r e e f o l l o w i n g c o m p le t io n s t a t e m e n t s w h ic h you w o u ld answer in th e a f f ir m a t iv e : Do y o u f e e l y o u h a v e e v i d e n c e t h a t , s i n c e t h e e s ta b lis h m e n t o f t u i t i o n - f r e e , p u b lic J u n io r C o lle g e s in th e v i c i n i t y o f y o u r i n s t i t u t i o n , y o u r u n d e rg ra d u a te e n ro llm e n t has ( a ) d e c r e a s e d a s t n e d i r e c t r e s u l t o f com pe t i t i o n by th o s e in s t it u t io n s ? ( b ) i n c r e a s e d , b u t t h a t t h e i n c r e a s e w o u ld have been s t i l l g r e a t e r w ith o u t’ th e d ra w in g p o w er o f th o s e i n s t i t u t i o n s ? (c ) n o t been a f f e c t e d by th o s e in s t it u t io n s ? 5. B y w h a t p e r c e n t a g e h a s t h e n o r m a l i n c r e a s e o r de c re a s e in y o u r e n ro llm e n t been a f fe c te d by th e p resen ce o f t u i t i o n - f r e e , p u b lic J u n io r C o lle g e s in th e v i c i n i t y o f yo u r in s titu tio n ?
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i io o d a n d i i . K e m p f e r , " C o m m u n it y c o l l e g e L d u c a t i o n a f i c t i o n a l t e e d , 11 S c h o o l L i f e , IT o v e m b e r , 1 9 5 0
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A m e r ic a n A s s o c i a t i o n o f J u n io r C o ll e g e s (T h e C o m m itte e on L e g i s l a t i o n ) , S u g g e s t e d P r o c e d u r e s and f e c l x n ic u e s f o r I n i t i a t i n g and D e v e lo p in g L e g i s l a t i o n f o r a S t a t e P l a n f o r C o m m u n it y C o l l e g e s , A m e r i c a n A s s o c i a t i o n o f J’u n i o r C o l l e g e s , V. a s h i n g t o n , D . C .
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John L .
5.
C o m m o n w e a lt h o f P e n n s y l v a n i a , D e p a r t m e n t o f P u b l i c ^ I n s t r u c t i o n , P r o c e d u r e and S t a n d a r d s o f t h e S t a t e C o u n c il o f E d u c a tio n i n th e A c c re d itra e n t o f J u n i o r C o l l e g e s ( m ir a e o g ra p n e tT ]
B re w to n , D i r e c t o r o f S u rv e y , P u b lic e d u c a tio n in Id a h o , A ile n o r t o f t h e Id a h o E d u c a tio n S u rv e y C o m m is s io n , D i v i s i o n o f S u r v e y s and f i e l d S e r v ic e s , C eo rg e Peabody u o lle g e f o r T e a c h e rs , L o s h v ille , Tennessee, 1945
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R e p o r t s oT t n e J p . i . i t t e e s A p p o i n t e d b y t h e • ^ o s ^ - w o r I*^ -a n n in ,r; C o m m i t t e e o f t h e 6 t s t e C o u n c i l o l E d u c a t io n . x iu ile 'c in I I , H a r r i s b u r g , P e n n s y l v a n i a , 1 9 4 4 , I -.:-1 p a g e s , M i n e o g r n p h e d
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° * ___________________ 1‘e c h n i c a l m u u - i c i n e s s I n s t i t u t e E d u c a t i o n . B u l l e t i n 337 , H a r r is b u r g , P e n n s y lv a n ia , 19 3 9 , 43 peges
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C o m m o n w e a lt h o i' P e n n s y l v a n i a : P i n a i n , ; s a n d R e c o .o n e n d o t i o n s o f t h e Com i i t t e e on P o s t - h i g h S c h o o l E d u c a t i o n , A R e p o r t t o t h e G o v e r n o r and t h e G e n e r a l A s s e m b l y o f t h e C o m m o n w e a lth o f P e n n s y l v a n i a fro m t h e J o i n t S t a t e G o vern m en t C onr .iis s io n , H a r r i s b u r g , P e n n s y lv a n ia , i.o v e n b e r, 1950
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A l b e r t L . C o s tn e r, S u p e r in te n d e n t, P o te a u C it y S c h o o ls , P o t e a u , O k la h o m a . P o te a u C o :n u iiity c o l l e g e , 1 9 5 1 , K e e t in g E d u c a t io n a l h e e d s , P a m p h le t, P o t e a u C i t y S c h o o l s , B o t e a u , O k la h o m a , 1 9 5 1
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E d w a rd s a n d K e rm a n C. R i c h e y , f h e P o p u l a t i o n of P e n n s y lv a n ia ; T re n d s i n G ro w th , D i s t r i b u t i o n , and E d u c a t io n a l A t t a i n m e n t , R e p o r t C , t o t h e C o m m i t t e e on P o s t - H i g h S c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( m i m e o g r a p h e d ) , J o i n t S t a t e G o v e rn m e n t C o m m is s io n , H a r r is b u r g , P e n n s y lv a n ia , 1943 E n ^ le h a r t , f h e B r ig h t J u n io r C o lle g e S tu d y o f t e r m i n a l G e n e r a l E d u c a t i o n , E v a l u a t i o n C o m m itte e o f th e B r i g h t J u n io r C o lle g e , P a m p h le t, 149 pages. C h ic a g o , I l l i n o i s , 194 4
John Guly 1 ‘o n l k e s , J u n i o r C o l l e g e J e e d s i n E ' i s c o n s i n , B u lle t in of th e U n iv e r s ity h 'is c o n s in , A p r i l , 1 9 4 7
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a n d P o r t e r is e u l & c l c s t o n e , i ‘h e J u n i o r C o lle g e i n I l l i n o i s , U n iv e r s it y o f I l l i n o i s P r e s s , I l l i n o i s , 1945
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x a g g e r t y , P r e s i d e n t o f Rev/ P a l t z 1’e a c h e r s C o l l e g e , Nev; P a l t z , Rev; Y o r k , W h a t H a p p e n e d t o E n r o l l m e n ts i n P r i v a t e c o l l e g e s end u n i v e r s i t i e s w here 'E n r o llm e n ts i n P u b l i c I n s t i t u t i o n s h a v e In c r e a s e d R a p i d l y ? P a r t o f an i n v e s t i g a t i o n f o r t h e I lev; Y o r k S t a t e P l a n , 3 p p . , m im e o g ra p h e d
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217
1'=.
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J a r v i e , A c d r e s s d e l'o re P e n n s y lv a n ia A s s o c i a t i o n o f a u x iio r C o lle g e s , ,:r :r r is b u r o , P e n n s y lv a n ia , O c to b e r n l , 1 9 5 0 . (P ro ra n o t e s o f t h e r c c r e s s r o c o r a e t b y A . D . h o o ne)
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i . o o s a n d o . 7”. M e r t o r a n c . , A C o m u n i t y d o l l e d , e P i r n f o r Pexu; s y l v a n ! ;•, R e p o r t 3 , t o t h e C o m m i t t e e on P o s t - i i i j i i S c h o o l Dei a c t t i o n , ( m i m e o g r a p h e d ) , J o i n t s t a t e h o v o -rx tie .it C o : l i s s i o n , h r . r r i c b ' i r g , P e n u s „ r v a n i a , l 9 4o
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P e n n s y l v a n i a S t a t e C h a m b e r o f Comm erce D e p o r t s : h o . 1 , V o c a t io n a l E d u c a tio n in P e .x n s y lv a n io , The O v e r - a l l P i c t u r e , O c t o b e r , 1 9 4 6 ; h o . 2 , P e r.n s y 1 v a n i a * s h e e d f o r V o c a t io n a l E d u c a tio n , i'e b r u a r y , 1 9 4 9 ; n o . 5 , V o c a t io n a l e d u c a tio n i n P e n n s y lv a n ia , D ecem b er, 1 9 4 9 , H a r r is b u r g , P e n n s y lv a n ia
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m. P a t r i c k , O r i t e r i a f o r t n e j - . o c r . t i o n o f P u b l i c J u n i o r C o lle g e s i n P e n n s y lv a n ia , U n p u b lis h e d d o c t o r o f E d u c a t i o n D i s s e r t a t i o n , C o lu m b ia u n i v e r s i t y , 1949
P o r t e r , " 'Ir e n a s i n I n s t i t u t i o n a l O r g a n i z a t i o n f o r h i g h e r E d u c a t i o n i n t h e 1 3 t h and 1 4 t h Y e a r s , " C u r r e n t Is s u e s i n h ig h e r E d u c a tio n , D e p a rtm e n t o f H i g h e r E d u c a tio n o f t h e n a t i o n a l E d u c a t io n A s s o c ia t io n , b r-s h in g to n , D .G ., 1951
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D . R e e s e , "An I n v e s t i g a t i o n t o D e ter:.x ix xe S e n t i xaent a b o u t P u b l i c C o m m u n ity C o l l e g e s i n J P e n n s y l v a n i a , " U n p u b l is h e d m a n u s c r i p t , I'h e P e n n s y l v a n ia S ta te c o lle g e , S p rin g , 1950 " C o s t E s t i m a t e o f P r o p o s e d C o m m u n ity C o lle g e s i n P e n n s y lv a n ia (S eco n d C la s s D i s t r i c t s ) , " P e n n S t a t e R e v ie w o f E d u c a t i o n a l R e s e a r c h , V o lu m e I I , h o . 2 , T h e P e n n s y l v a n i a S t a t e C o lle g e , S t a t e C o lle g e , P e n n s y lv a n ia , E eb r un r y , 1 9 5 1
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John D a le R u s s e l l, D i r e c t o r o f th e S u rv e y , H ig h e r Ed u c a tio n in m a ry la n a , A R e p o rt o f a S u rv ey by t h e A x n c r ic e n C o u n c i l on E d u c a t i o n , A m e r i c o n C o u i i c i l on E d u c a t i o n , W a s h i n g t o n , D . C . , 1 9 4 7
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218 J a m e s j-i.
S t array;: a n d r i i . y n o n d I.*. I . u g h o s , f h e 1rew J u n i o r C o lle g e , th e h e n t S te o I n r r e e P u b li c D d u c a tio n , T h e I own a t a t e u o l l e ^ e P r e s s , A m o s , I o w a , 1 9 4 6 , o3
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O r e g o n : H e p o r t o f t h e .i n t e r i m o o w n t t e e on P o s t x iijli S c h o o l B d u c e tio n s l f a c i l i t i e s , S ta te p r i n t i n g D e p a r tm e n t, a a l e u , O re g o n , 1S50
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G e o rg e D. S t o d d a r d , T e r t i a r y i a u c p t i o n , C a m b rid g e , o c ix u s e tts , ix rv f.T G U n iv e r s it y P re s s , 1 9 4 4 , (T h e I n y l i s L e s t u r e , 1 9 4 4 )
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S t r a y e r , D i r e c t o r o f th e S u rv e y , P u b lic Ed u c a t i o n i n W a s h i n g t o n , A h a s o r t o f a. S u r v e y o f P u b li c e d u c a tio n in th e S t a t e o f W a s h in g to n , S t a t e o f W a s h in g to n , 1 9 4 1 and o t h e r s , A H a p o r t o f a S u r v e y o f t h e Needs o f C a l i f o r n i a in H ig h e r E d u c a tio n , S ta te p r i n t iiig u f f i c e , S a c ra m e n to , o a l i f o r n i a , m arcn , 1948
S u m m a ry K e p o r t o f t h e f i r s t J u n i o r c o l l e g e w o r k C o n f e r e n c e , A R e p o rt o f D is c u s s io n cro u p v l , P o r tio n o f a 4 8 p a ^ e , M im e o g ra p h e d p a m p h le t, u n i v e r s i t y o f N o rth C a ro lin a , u h a p e l i i i l l , N o rth C a ro lin a , J u ly , 1949 T e m p l e u n i v e r s i t y , " T h e C o m m u n it y c o l l e g e , " A n n o u n c e n e .n o r o r th e s e s s io n s 1 9 3 0 -1 9 5 1 . B u l l e t i n , T e m p le U n i v e r s i t y , P h i l a d e l p h i a , P e n n s y lv a n ia , M e rc h ,1 9 5 0 U n ite d
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/< a rd , “D e v e lo p m e n t o f t h e J u n i o r C o l l e g e M o v e m e n t," A m e r i c a n J u n i o r c o l l e g e s , A m e r i c a n C o u n c i l on E d u c a t i o n , v d a s h i n g t o n , jj . C . , 1 9 4 8 a n d W. J . E c k e r t , s a n f r a n c i s c o S c h o o l s S e r v e t h e c o m m u n ity . P a m p h le t, 9 2pp. B o a rd o f E d u c a tio n , San f r a n c i s c o , C a l i f o r n i a , 1947
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_________________ , S p e c i a l i s t o n J u n i o r C o l l e g e s , U . S . , O f f i c e o f E d u c a tio n . F ro m a s p e e c h d e l i v e r e d a t a c o m m u n ity c o l l e g e g r o u p m e e t i n g a t t h e c o n v e n t i o n o f t h e A m e r ic a n A s s o c i a t i o n o f S c h o o l A d m i n i s t r a t o r s , A t l a n t i c u i t y , H ew J e r s e y , F e b ru a ry , 1951
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R . W o o d , " E m e r g in g P a t t e r n s o f H i g h e r E d u c a t i o n a t t h e c o m m u n it y L e v e l , " A d d r e s s p r e s e n t e d D e f o r e G r o u p 20 o i t h e S i x t h A n n u a l N a t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c e o n H i g h e r E d u c a t i o n , ( m im e o g r a p h e d ) , C h ic a g o , I l l i n o i s , A p r i l 2 , 1 9 5 1
AnA n a l y s i s a n d E v a l u a t i o n o f u e n e r a l L e g i s l a t i o n p e r t a in in g t o r u b l i c J u n io r c o lle g e s , Un p u b lis h e d d o c t o r ' s t h e s i s , Th e U n iv e r s i t y o f C o lo r a d o , H o u ld e r , (C o lo r a d o , I S 5 0 , 5 4 7 p p .
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