Disproving Islam: A Brief Guide to Understand Islam [1 ed.]

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Disproving Islam Edgar Morina

Copyright (C) 2020 Edgar Morina All rights reserved. It is not allowed to copy, modify or translate this draft book. It is allowed to distribute it for personal use. The book is for free and used for noncommercial purposes. Draft edition Cover image from a website that grants free images for commercial and noncommercial purposes. The artist is not known to the author and he did not in any way collaborate with the production of this book. Cover design (C) The Author, 2020. All rights reserved. Map in chapter 3 designed by Freepik. E.J. Gurlt, Instruments of Albucasis, 1893. Credit: Wellcome Collection. Sushruta’s surgical instruments from 1907 book An English Translation of the Sushruta Samhita in Three Volumes, (Volume 1) by Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (Public Domain) Earth Map Blender in chapter 1 by Siddhesh.Jadhav. The file has been edited where two half moons got added into the image. Taken from: https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/ earth-map-blender-85bdf44f296e4edfb8ecd110d900584f

Contents Preface��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������20 Chapter 1: The archaeological evidence of early Islam�����������22 Introduction���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������23 Qibla (archaeological evidence)�������������������������������������������������������������23 Description of Mecca������������������������������������������������������������������������������37 The evidence for Mecca���������������������������������������������������������������������������51 Dialect problem����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������55 The Quran is exactly the same as the one Muhammad revealed�������56 The historicity of the Quran�������������������������������������������������������������������68 The Quran is "eternal”, “sent down”, “completed by Uthman in 652 AD”, and “unchanged”.���������������������������������������������������������������������������72 The evidence for Islamic coins���������������������������������������������������������������85 The evidence for Muhammad����������������������������������������������������������������87 Masjid al-Haram was built in 78 AH (697-698 AD)�������������������������100 Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem was introduced too early�����������������101 Dirhams introduced too early��������������������������������������������������������������102 Arab conquerors were not referred to as Muslims����������������������������102 The arabs and the jews had a good relationship until 634-640 AD�103 Summary�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������103

Chapter 2: Contradictions in the Quran�������������������������������108 Introduction�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������109 The author of the Qur’an says the Jews say, “Ezra is the son of Allah“ ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������109

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Samaritans introduced too early����������������������������������������������������������110 Iron coats mail introduced too early���������������������������������������������������111 Crucifixion introduced too early���������������������������������������������������������111 Coins introduced too early�������������������������������������������������������������������111 Quran is talking about the wrong Mary���������������������������������������������112 Jesus’ death����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������122 Muhammad not mentioned in the Torah or Bible����������������������������123 The Bible and Torah are corrupt����������������������������������������������������������124 Muhammad was not born sinless��������������������������������������������������������126 People of Mecca were not warned before Muhammad���������������������127 Quran says that Mary was a goddess���������������������������������������������������129 Nobody before John the Baptist was given the name John��������������130 Double negative in the language����������������������������������������������������������130 Allah has revealed the Quran in Arabic����������������������������������������������131 Quran copies a man made message�����������������������������������������������������134 Allah prevent earthquakes��������������������������������������������������������������������135 Allah allows to marry up to four wives�����������������������������������������������136 Allah has made everything in pairs�����������������������������������������������������136 Adam and Eve had sex with each other����������������������������������������������136 Does Allah have limbs?�������������������������������������������������������������������������137 Can Allah stop the Quran being corrupt?������������������������������������������138 Praying without arms and legs�������������������������������������������������������������138 How long to breastfeed?������������������������������������������������������������������������138 Did he create the heaven or the Earth first?���������������������������������������138 Does Allah forgive everything?������������������������������������������������������������139 Where do disbelievers receive their record book on Judgment day? ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������139

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When was Kaaba built���������������������������������������������������������������������������139 Is alcohol okay?��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������140 Could Allah have a son?������������������������������������������������������������������������141 Does Allah lead people astray?�������������������������������������������������������������142 How long is Allah’s day?������������������������������������������������������������������������142 How long did it take Allah to create heaven and earth?�������������������143 Does evil come from Allah?�����������������������������������������������������������������143 Will Jesus burn in Hell?�������������������������������������������������������������������������143 Who takes peoples souls?����������������������������������������������������������������������144 Who was the first Muslim?�������������������������������������������������������������������144 Strength of believers������������������������������������������������������������������������������145 How many sacred months are there?��������������������������������������������������145 What does Allah do with apostates?����������������������������������������������������146 Should Muslims have Christians for friends?������������������������������������146 Can you marry non-Muslims?�������������������������������������������������������������147 Are all Islamic prophets equal?������������������������������������������������������������147 Abrogation; does Allah change his words?�����������������������������������������148 How long did it take to destroy Aad tribe?�����������������������������������������148

Chapter 3: Scientific Flaws in the Quran�������������������������������150 Introduction�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������151 You have to fast between sunrise and sunset��������������������������������������151 You must face Mecca when praying����������������������������������������������������152 Praying in another solar system�����������������������������������������������������������152 Evolution�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������153 Million years or billion years is never mentioned�����������������������������155 Moon calendar on another planet�������������������������������������������������������155

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Allah has created a man and a woman������������������������������������������������156 Allah made the moon a light����������������������������������������������������������������156 Required to drain all the blood from the animal�������������������������������157 Allah has created two mates�����������������������������������������������������������������157 Allah decides gender�����������������������������������������������������������������������������158 Mountains prevent earthquakes�����������������������������������������������������������159 Mountains cast into the Earth��������������������������������������������������������������159 Communities like humans��������������������������������������������������������������������161 Animals can’t speak�������������������������������������������������������������������������������161 Types of animals mentioned in the Quran�����������������������������������������161 Types of plants mentioned in the Quran��������������������������������������������162 Milk is pure���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������163 4 witness are required to prove rape of a female��������������������������������163 Why is smoking not mentioned in the Quran when it’s very bad?�164 Why is sport not mentioned when it is that good?���������������������������164 Heaven without pillars��������������������������������������������������������������������������165 Heaven with no rifts������������������������������������������������������������������������������166 Heaven expanded�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������167 Allah has created humans in the best form����������������������������������������168 Allah has created women less intelligent than men��������������������������169 Worshipping Allah without limbs�������������������������������������������������������169 Nearest heaven with stars and their thickness�����������������������������������169 Stars fall down and shooting stars�������������������������������������������������������171 Allah makes a difference between suns and stars������������������������������172 There are seven heavens and seven earths������������������������������������������172 Sun rising from the west�����������������������������������������������������������������������174 Allah created the Earth first, then the heavens����������������������������������175

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Allah sends the winds����������������������������������������������������������������������������175 Allah sends down pure water���������������������������������������������������������������176 Allah holds birds up in the air��������������������������������������������������������������177 Gender is determined after the flesh has been made������������������������178 Moon split into two�������������������������������������������������������������������������������178 The Quran and Hadith say that aliens exists��������������������������������������181 Hijab has many benefits������������������������������������������������������������������������181 Allah makes the fetus one step at a time and egg is never mentioned ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������183 Allah predicts the tectonic plates���������������������������������������������������������184 People do not show CT-scans of people who listens to music���������185 A fly falls in the drink����������������������������������������������������������������������������185 Allah sends thunderbolts����������������������������������������������������������������������188 Fresh water and salt water don't mix due to a barrier�����������������������188 The Quran says that the earth is created by gas���������������������������������190 Yawning is from Satan���������������������������������������������������������������������������190 The sun moved to a settled place���������������������������������������������������������191 Genetics in the Quran���������������������������������������������������������������������������192 Menstruation������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������193 Cousin marriages�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������193 Allah has raised a prophet in every nation�����������������������������������������194 All the references that shows that Earth is flat with a dome heaven ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������194 All the references that sun moves around earth��������������������������������201 All the references that our world is the center of attention while other solar systems with planets aren’t����������������������������������������������������������202 Definitive proof that Earth is the center of the universe, aliens do not exist according to the Quran, and Islam is not true��������������������������206

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Conclusion����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������209

Chapter 4: Plagiarism by Islam����������������������������������������������210 Introduction�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������211 Quran copied fasting�����������������������������������������������������������������������������211 Separating the heaven from earth and earth from heaven���������������211 The development of the fetus in the womb����������������������������������������212 Allah made man from clay�������������������������������������������������������������������215 Allah sent Iron����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������215 The preserved body of Pharaoh�����������������������������������������������������������216 Moon reflects light���������������������������������������������������������������������������������216 Salt water and fresh water don’t mix����������������������������������������������������217 Quran reveals that every living thing comes from water������������������217 The Quran says that water comes from the clouds����������������������������218 The Quran revealed that planets move in orbits��������������������������������219 Quran prohibited alcohol and now science confirm alcohol is bad219 Allah predicted about bacteria before they were known������������������221 Breastfeeding for 2 years was known before science said it�������������221 The alaqah and mudghah in embryology�������������������������������������������223 Created man from sperm����������������������������������������������������������������������223 Allah predicted elements that are smaller than atoms����������������������223 Allah predicted that in high altitude your chest constricts��������������224 Allah predicts that west is left and east is right����������������������������������227 Allah proved water cycle�����������������������������������������������������������������������227 Miracle of rain and hail�������������������������������������������������������������������������229 Allah predicted that sweet water comes from the mountains����������230 Made the earth egg-shaped�������������������������������������������������������������������230

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Islam was the first to encourage to seek knowledge��������������������������231 Islam encourages to participate in sport���������������������������������������������232 Eye for eye, tooth for tooth�������������������������������������������������������������������232 Buraq�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������233 The 5 prayers in Islam���������������������������������������������������������������������������234 Praying while kneeling and falling on one’s face�������������������������������235 Muhammad stole the Kaaba�����������������������������������������������������������������235 Muhammad stole the Black Stone�������������������������������������������������������237 Muhammad copied the qibla���������������������������������������������������������������237 Islam copied the mihrab�����������������������������������������������������������������������238 Islam copied the crescent moon�����������������������������������������������������������238 Islam copied revelations������������������������������������������������������������������������238 Muhammad copied the name Allah����������������������������������������������������239 Islam copied the Basmala����������������������������������������������������������������������239 Islam copied the word Quran���������������������������������������������������������������240 Islam copied the word Surah����������������������������������������������������������������240 Islam copied the city name Medina�����������������������������������������������������240 Islam has copied the word Shaytan�����������������������������������������������������240 Islam coped the word Hajj��������������������������������������������������������������������240 Muhammad copied circumambulation ���������������������������������������������240 Sa'ee between Safa and Marwa�������������������������������������������������������������242 Ihram�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������242 Quran copies a talmud��������������������������������������������������������������������������242 There is no God but Allah���������������������������������������������������������������������243 Muhammad copied the moon calendar����������������������������������������������243 Muhammad copied ramadan���������������������������������������������������������������244 Fasting on the 10th of Muharram��������������������������������������������������������244

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Dhul-Qarnayn����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������245 The Jinns��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������248 Beads��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������248

Chapter 5: The truth about Golden Age of Islam inventions250 Introduction�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������251 The Arabs have invented university�����������������������������������������������������251 The numbers came from the Arabs�����������������������������������������������������253 Arabs invented the camera obscura����������������������������������������������������255 Arabs invented pharmacopoeia�����������������������������������������������������������260 The Arabs created the modern pharmacy������������������������������������������261 The Arabs made the first hospital��������������������������������������������������������263 The Arabs were the first who proposed evolution�����������������������������263 The Arabs made the first world map���������������������������������������������������267 The Arabs were the first to calculate the circumference of the earth ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������268 The Arabs were the first to calculate the axial tilt������������������������������269 The Arabs calculated pi�������������������������������������������������������������������������269 The Arabs invented the Guitar�������������������������������������������������������������270 The arabs invented chess�����������������������������������������������������������������������270 The Arabs invented ethanol������������������������������������������������������������������270 The arabs invented perfumes����������������������������������������������������������������273 The arabs first got the idea of alchemy������������������������������������������������274 They discovered pharmacology�����������������������������������������������������������274 The Arabs discovered heliocentrism���������������������������������������������������274 The Arabs discovered the milky way���������������������������������������������������275 The arabs proposed the continent of America�����������������������������������276 The arabs made the biggest library in Baghdad���������������������������������277

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The arabs invented the surgical instruments��������������������������������������279 The arabs were the first to describe diabetes��������������������������������������279 The arabs drew the eye nerves in the brain����������������������������������������281 The arabs were the first to describe the blood circulation����������������281 They were the first to introduce quarantine/isolation�����������������������282 The arabs discovered coffee������������������������������������������������������������������283 The arabs invented the toothbrush������������������������������������������������������284 The arabs invented paper money���������������������������������������������������������284 The arabs invented the modern cheque����������������������������������������������284 The arabs invented the clock����������������������������������������������������������������284 They discovered sulfuric acid and nitric acid�������������������������������������285 They discovered acids and bases����������������������������������������������������������285 The Arabs invented soap�����������������������������������������������������������������������286 They invented geometry������������������������������������������������������������������������287 They discovered the summation of a series of cubes������������������������288 The arabs invented the flying machine������������������������������������������������289 The arabs invented optics����������������������������������������������������������������������291 The earliest recorded windmill design������������������������������������������������292 The muslims invented robotics������������������������������������������������������������293 The muslims in medieval Islam were polymaths�������������������������������293 Architecture in medieval Islam������������������������������������������������������������294 The arabs invented the muslim carpet������������������������������������������������296 Homosexuality in Medieval Islam�������������������������������������������������������296 Islamic Golden Age consisted of arabs and muslims who invented all of these inventions and discoveries�����������������������������������������������������297 Scientists were called Kafirs and books were burned down�������������300 Stealing Christian children�������������������������������������������������������������������303

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Reasons the Islamic empire rose����������������������������������������������������������304 Al-Khwarizmi invented Algebra and Algorithms.����������������������������304

Chapter 6: Discoveries and inventions of the modern world306 Introduction�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������307 The list�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������307 Conclusion����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������396

Chapter 7: Myths about Islam������������������������������������������������398 Introduction�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������399 Celebrities and famous people converting to Islam��������������������������399 If Islam was an evil religion, all non-mulims would be dead by now ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������399 Whoever kills an innocent person it is as thought he has killed all mankind, and whoever saves a life it is though as he has saved all mankind. – Quran 5:32�������������������������������������������������������������������������400 Quran tells you to mind your own business���������������������������������������402 Islam gave women rights�����������������������������������������������������������������������403 Women cannot divorce easily as men�������������������������������������������������405 Women receives less than men in inheritance�����������������������������������406 1,8 billion believers in Islam makes Islam the true and right one���408 Islam is spreading faster than any other religions�����������������������������408 So many western people are converting to Islam������������������������������409 Islam is 1400 years old, it’s so old it makes it true�����������������������������409 Look how beautiful Islam has made UAE, Dubai, Saudi Arabia�����409 Only one person has written the Quran, and there were 40 authors who write the Bible��������������������������������������������������������������������������������410 The oldest complete bible is from 700 AD������������������������������������������410 Being referred as a logic person�����������������������������������������������������������411

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What do you have to lose to be a Muslim?�����������������������������������������412 Islam has nothing against Buddhism��������������������������������������������������412 He made the earth egg-shaped.������������������������������������������������������������412 Being called Islamophobic and racist��������������������������������������������������413 Being called a Murtad and a Kafir�������������������������������������������������������416 Non-muslims are not allowed in Mecca���������������������������������������������416 Non-muslims are not allowed to enter a mosque������������������������������416 The Quran and Bible are fundamentally the same����������������������������417 The Bibles God and the Qurans God are the same���������������������������421 Islam is an Abrahamic religion������������������������������������������������������������421 All the previous prophets in history are in the Quran. No other books has that. ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������422 The Golden Age of Science happened in 850-1258 AD.�������������������422 When you don’t accept Islam, then you are either an atheist, Jew lover or Christian or against Islam������������������������������������������������������423 Western laws are build from the Bible������������������������������������������������423 Islam means peace���������������������������������������������������������������������������������423 Radical means extremism���������������������������������������������������������������������429 Jihad is the most important in Islam���������������������������������������������������435 Muslims are happy of WTC attack������������������������������������������������������437 The real Quranic verses that commands to kill non-believers in general�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������437 Beings a Quranist is better��������������������������������������������������������������������441 Criticising Muhammad�������������������������������������������������������������������������441 A Muslim cannot get punished for killing a non-Muslim����������������445 Muhammad was a clean person�����������������������������������������������������������446 The Quran does not use adult language����������������������������������������������447 Multiculturalism is the true way for a peaceful world����������������������449

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"We don’t talk bad about Jesus, why are you talking bad about Muhammad?"�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������450 We don't attack Christianity for the crusades������������������������������������450 Western people are arrogant�����������������������������������������������������������������451 “Allah says”����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������455 Those who reject Islam or leave Islam are called “ignorant”������������455 Muslims are being attacked in the West, we are the victims������������457 Quran says do not talk with non-Muslims�����������������������������������������458 Islam does not allow child marriage����������������������������������������������������459 Aisha was not child when she married and had sex with Muhammad rather 14, 16, or even 18 years old. �����������������������������������������������������460 Muhammad encouraged to lie to non-muslims��������������������������������461 Allah encourages to lie to non-muslims���������������������������������������������462 Muhammad gave gifts in order for people to convert to Islam�������464 The Quran is absolute and Science is not�������������������������������������������465 Of all the 4200 religions, I was born as a muslim������������������������������466 Allah says "Whoever hurts a non-muslim I shall be adversay to him, on the day of resurrection"�������������������������������������������������������������������466 You need to know Arabic to understand the Quran�������������������������469 Muslims wants Islam to be as great as Islamic Golden Age�������������471 Islam has ruled the world before����������������������������������������������������������473 "You don’t know anything about Islamic inventions"������������������������473 Teaching children Islam before they get adults����������������������������������473 Muhammad Ali changed his name because his former name was for white people��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������474 Believing in Allah makes you a moral person������������������������������������476 The signs of the Quran��������������������������������������������������������������������������476 Muslims greeting non-muslims�����������������������������������������������������������477

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Most muslims live in North Africa and Middle East������������������������477 The first arabic book is the Quran�������������������������������������������������������478 Muhammad encouraged his followers to suck on each other's fingers ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������479 Muslims don't like when the Quran is burned����������������������������������479 Birds do not fly over the Kaaba������������������������������������������������������������480 Mecca and Medina are holy cities��������������������������������������������������������480 Islam cares about animals���������������������������������������������������������������������480 The first word in the Quran is "Read"��������������������������������������������������482 The true origin of veiling����������������������������������������������������������������������483 The origin of slaves in America������������������������������������������������������������483 Islam's ultimate goal and end goal is to make world peace��������������484 There is no difference between Sunni and Shia���������������������������������486 Islam creates fear������������������������������������������������������������������������������������489 Making mistakes in learning����������������������������������������������������������������490 The philosophical card��������������������������������������������������������������������������492 Wisdom from Muhammad in the hadiths������������������������������������������493 Science in photography�������������������������������������������������������������������������493 Listening to Quranic recitation������������������������������������������������������������493 Female with burka teaching in school�������������������������������������������������493 Hijab is a choice�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������493 Arranged marriage is allowed��������������������������������������������������������������495 Women cannot go out alone�����������������������������������������������������������������496 Musical instruments is forbidden in Islam�����������������������������������������497 Wearing yellow and orange is forbidden in Islam�����������������������������498 Hair extension is forbidden in Islam���������������������������������������������������498 Tattoos are forbidden for women���������������������������������������������������������499

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The origin of the beard��������������������������������������������������������������������������499 Muhammads rise to power in 23 years is a miracle��������������������������500 Raping is allowed in Islam��������������������������������������������������������������������500 Americanization is the same as Islamization�������������������������������������502 Radical Islam destroying ancient archaeological artifacts����������������503 Homosexuality in Islam������������������������������������������������������������������������505 Islam can be reformed���������������������������������������������������������������������������506 Islam encourages you to think�������������������������������������������������������������508 Considering of signs in the Quran������������������������������������������������������509 Muhammad was first persecuted and then he defended himself with violence����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������509 Islam accepts disowning their own family for Islam�������������������������510 Death penalty for homosexuality���������������������������������������������������������512 Apostasy is punishable by death����������������������������������������������������������513 Not praying is worse than stealing�������������������������������������������������������517 Muhammad beheaded 800-900 males who surrendered and took the female slaves�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������518 Muhammad killed children������������������������������������������������������������������519 Muhammad killed people for committing adultery and fornication ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������519

Chapter 8: Islam against The Universal Declaration of Human Rights��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������526 Introduction�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������527 Article 1���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������527 Article 2���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������534 Article 3���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������534 Article 4���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������535

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Article 5���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������545 Article 6���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������549 Article 7���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������549 Article 8���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������549 Article 9���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������549 Article 10�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������550 Article 11:������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������552 Article 12�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������552 Article 13:������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������552 Article 14:������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������552 Article 15:������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������553 Article 16: �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������553 Article 17�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������560 Article 18�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������561 Article 19�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������571 Article 20�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������571 Article 20�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������572 Article 21�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������572 Article 22�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������573 Article 23�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������573 Article 24�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������574 Article 25�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������574 Article 26�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������574 Article 27�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������575 Article 28�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������575 Article 29�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������575 Article 30�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������575

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Conclusion����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������576

Chapter 9: Islam in democratic countries�����������������������������580 Introduction�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������581 Losing democracy����������������������������������������������������������������������������������581 Freedom of speech will be suppressed������������������������������������������������581 Freedom of religion won’t be a choice any longer�����������������������������582 Arranged marriage will be allowed�����������������������������������������������������582 Death penalty will be allowed��������������������������������������������������������������582 Shia-Muslims vs. sunny-Muslims civil wars will occur��������������������582 Kurds vs turks civil wars will occur�����������������������������������������������������582 Honor killings will be more frequently�����������������������������������������������583 Movies, TV, or any other media will no longer be allowed to show women in bikini ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������583 LGBT-community will be persecuted�������������������������������������������������583 Mosques would be build everywhere��������������������������������������������������583 Churches will be demolished���������������������������������������������������������������583 Corruption will be much more frequently�����������������������������������������583 Extremism will occur even more���������������������������������������������������������584 Women will be seen as inferior to men�����������������������������������������������584 Beating wife will occur much more frequently����������������������������������584 Beating children will occur even more�����������������������������������������������585 Community divisions will occur and create an us vs. them mentality ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������585 No-Go zones will increase��������������������������������������������������������������������585 Local Sharia Laws will increase������������������������������������������������������������585 They begin to tell you don’t speak with western people�������������������585 Criticism of Islam will be strictly prohibited, but criticism of other

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religions would be allowed�������������������������������������������������������������������586 Women would gradually be forced to wear hijabs����������������������������586 Alcohol will gradually be prohibited���������������������������������������������������586 Your valentine day would be prohibited���������������������������������������������586 Secret relationships will only cause big problems �����������������������������586 Bacon will be prohibited�����������������������������������������������������������������������587 Pranks will be prohibited����������������������������������������������������������������������587 Helloween will be prohibited����������������������������������������������������������������587 Celebration days will be prohibited�����������������������������������������������������587 Casinos and playing lotto will be prohibited��������������������������������������587 Swimming pools will be divided into girls and boys�������������������������587 Classrooms will be divided into girls and boys����������������������������������588 Mosques are already divided����������������������������������������������������������������588 School and religion will be one entity�������������������������������������������������588 Open science as we know will be suppressed�������������������������������������588 Jews especially will be persecuted��������������������������������������������������������588 Adultery which is not even punishable in the West, will become punishable�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������589 Slavery will be allowed��������������������������������������������������������������������������589 Marriage with an underage would be normalized����������������������������589 Stealing will be punishable with physical harm���������������������������������589 You will be judged on your strength of belief rather than your character and skills��������������������������������������������������������������������������������589 Politicians can no longer express themselves freely and give their public opinions, death threats will therefore be a common thing���589 If the government becomes extreme, you can’t criticize it���������������590 Music will be banned�����������������������������������������������������������������������������590 Clubs will be banned�����������������������������������������������������������������������������590

Porn will be banned�������������������������������������������������������������������������������590 Individualism will be suppressed���������������������������������������������������������590 Basically The Universal Declaration of Human Rights will be destroyed�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������590 Other considerations�����������������������������������������������������������������������������591 European Court of Human Rights on Sharia law������������������������������592 The Muslim Brotherhood plan for North America���������������������������592 The account of Brigitte Gabriel������������������������������������������������������������593 The moderate way of making secular countries into Islamic countries ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������596

Chapter 10: Memorable quotes����������������������������������������������598 Introduction�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������599 Quotes�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������599

References�������������������������������������������������������������������������������607

“Islam exists only because people fear being murdered if they leave. If they had gotten rid of the apostasy punishment, Islam wouldn’t exist today. Opposing apostasy is what kept Islam to this day” Yusuf al-Qaradawi, head of the Muslim Brotherhood

Preface This book first started as a small document and its purpose was only to show minor facts to disprove Islam, and that it was completely wrong about statements regarding the science of the Quran, as well as plagiarism, contradictions, Golden Age of Islam and more. It eventually became such a large work that it had to be converted into a book, a non-commercial draft book. The reasons this book been written are many, and one of the major reasons is that helping defenseless people who are being dragged into this belief by false statements. Not only is the purpose of this book to inform you the truth about Islam, the Quran and its history, but also for you to have a handbook that is easily used as a simple guide to disprove anyone once and for all. This has a couple of benefits, like not using your time on religion, but instead using it to something else which enhances your productivity and even creativity. By using this Guide you have the tools to disprove any religious people in any field. The book should be used as following; First chapter starts with the archaeological and historical evidence of early Islam, especially in the 7th and 8th century. This includes the earliest Quranic manuscripts, early qiblas, Islamic coins, the evidence for Mecca and others. Second chapter introduces the contradictions, which you’ll find plenty of them. It is often claimed that there is not one single contradiction, and this guide guarantees you that you’ll find at least one. Chapter three is about the scientific miracles which is proclaimed is science, but it is obviously not. In this chapter you’ll find the science which is inconsistent with the developed science we have in 21th century. Chapter four is about plagiarism in science and in general. If chapter one doesn’t convince that the Quran is wrong, then chapter two guides you to show that these scientific miracles have been known before Muhammad’s time, and even in a more precise extent. Chapter five explains the truth about the Golden Age of Islam. While there are many who uses the Islamic Age to justify the truthfulness of Islam, this chapter debunks many of them. Chapter six explains all the science, technology and engineering advancement that has happened in the World since the Renaissance. This chapter shows that the Golden Age of Islam is not even one percentage of the Golden Age of the West and East we have had in the last 400 years. Chapter seven introduces the myths about Islam in general, for example that Islam gave women rights, which is not the case. Chapter eight is an important chapter to understand that the Quran and Hadith

together are against half of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. These human rights are basically fundamental and universal, and the chapter includes the relevant verses from the Quran, Hadith, Tafsir and scholars to explain that extremists are actually not interpreting the Quran wrong. Chapter nine is connected with the previous chapter seven and explains what would happen if the West becomes Islamic due to the migration of conservative Muslims into the West. Chapter ten includes relevant and memorable quotes from people all over the world about Islam and religion in general which will you give a wonderful perspective. As you see the chapters are very well connected to each other, and each chapter is systematically built from the previous ones. They take you through as a step ladder one step and a time and gives you an understanding of one topic before moving on to the next. This way you are all covered from alpha to omega in a simple guide. Note, that this book is only a draft, for free and used for non-commercial purposes. It is not allowed to copy it, modify it, translate it or anything similar.

Chapter 1: The archaeological evidence of early Islam

Introduction The historical evidence of early Islam. If you haven't yet researched the true history of the Quran, this chapter will definitely amaze you, some which only in recent years have emerged.

Qibla (archaeological evidence) Creswell and Fehervari went to middle-east in 1905 to look for evidence for the earliest mosques from 600th AD – early 800th AD and where their qibla pointed at. They found out the following: • Wassit mosque (706 AD, Iraq) – Qibla facing Jerusalem (But in truth facing between Petra and Mecca) It does not face Mecca • Kufa mosque (Iraq) – Qibla facing to Jerusalem (in truth west to PETRA) It does not face south to Mecca • Fustat mosque (641 AD, Cairo) – Qibla facing Jerusalem (in truth PETRA) It does not face south to Mecca They concluded they all face to Jerusalem, but in reality they faced to Petra, and Wassit mosque faced between Petra and Mecca, but closer to Petra. Dan Gibson used satellite images to determine the direction of earliest mosques because it became forbidden to visit them. The conclusion is as follows: • • • • • • •

Masjid al-Qiblatayn (623 AD, Saudi Arabia) - Original qibla faced PETRA It was rebuilt to face Mecca Great Mosque of Guangzhou (627 AD, China) – Qibla facing PETRA It does not face Mecca Al Mudhmar Mosque (627 AD, Oman) - Qibla facing PETRA It does not face Mecca Hama Great Mosque (637 AD, Syria) - Qibla facing PETRA It does not face Mecca Palmyra Mosque (640 AD, Syria) - Qibla facing PETRA It does not face Mecca Humeima mosque (Jordan) – Qibla facing PETRA It does not face Mecca Dome of the Rock (691 AD, Jerusalem) – Qibla facing PETRA It does not face Mecca

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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

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Aqaba Umayyad Mosque (600-699 AD, Jordan) - Qibla facing PETRA It does not face Mecca Qasr Mushash (600-699 AD, Jordan) - Qibla facing PETRA It does not face Mecca Massawa Mosque (600-699 AD, Eritrea) - Qibla facing PETRA It does not face Mecca Jerash Umayyad Mosque (700 AD, Jordan) - Qibla facing PETRA It does not face Mecca Great Mosque of Ba’albek (701 AD, Lebanon) – Qibla facing PETRA It does not face Mecca Amman Citadel (701 AD, Jordan) - Qibla facing PETRA It does not face Mecca Great Mosque of Sana’a (705 AD, Yemen) – Qibla facing PETRA It does not face Mecca Khirbit al Minya (706 AD, Israel) - Qibla facing PETRA It does not face Mecca Al Aqsa Mosque (706 AD, Jerusalem) – Qibla facing PETRA It does not face Mecca Masjid al-Tarik Khana (708 AD, Israel) - Qibla facing PETRA It does not face Mecca Damascus Mosque (709 AD, Syria) – Qibla facing PETRA It does not face Mecca Um Walid (712 AD, Israel) - Qibla facing PETRA It does not face Mecca Qasr Qastal (720 AD, Israel) - Qibla facing PETRA It does not face Mecca Mosque of Umar (720 AD, Syria) – Qibla facing PETRA It does not face Mecca Khirbat al Mafjar (724 AD, Israel) - Qibla facing PETRA It does not face Mecca Anjar Mosque (724 AD, Lebanon) – Qibla facing PETRA It does not face Mecca Siraf Early Mosque (750 AD, Iron) - Qibla facing PETRA It does not face Mecca Malek Mosque (780 AD, Iran) - Qibla facing PETRA It does not face Mecca Sahi Ramdah Mosque (700-799, Oman) - Qibla facing PETRA It does not face Mecca Qiblatain Mosque (700-799, Oman) - Qibla facing PETRA It does not face Mecca

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• • • •

Al-Sawaf Mosque Grounds (700-799, Iraq) - Qibla facing PETRA It does not face Mecca Bibi-Khanym Mosque (700-799, Uzbekistan) - Qibla facing PETRA It does not face Mecca Ulugh Beg Mosque (700-799 AD, Uzbekistan) - Qibla faceing PETRA It does not face Mecca Magokki Attor Mosque (800-899 AD, Uzbeckistan) - Qibla facing PETRA It does not face Mecca

There are even additional examples which are neither facing Mecca or Petra but in between, for example the Yamana mosque in Saudi Arabia. All Qiblas which were newly built were facing Petra until 706 AD. The first one to be built which faced Mecca was in Banbhore, Pakistan on 727 AD, finally 105 years after it was revealed in Surah 2:143-145. Later in this chapter, it is mentioned that Mecca was not even referenced until 741 AD in historical documents. That is 109 years after Muhammad died. Patricia Crone, who could speak 15 languages, went throughout the entire arabian peninsula and could not find Mecca being mentioned anywhere in the 7th century, but first found it mentioned in Continuatio Byzantia Arabica in 741 AD. She went throughout all the trading documents and concluded that Mecca was not even in the caravan trade route, but Petra was the center of that. Furthermore there are no maps where Mecca was mapped in until much later in 900 AD, that means you cannot find any map with Mecca on it until about 300 years after Muhammad’s death. Even the first reference for Islam is from 691 AD. The sanctuary in Petra was destroyed by an earthquake in 713 AD, and this might be a reason by they changed the center of Islam to Mecca, because God wouldn't create an earthquake in the center of Islam. Sahih al-Bukhari 23:432 - The Prophet said, "Allah has made Mecca a sanctuary (sacred place) and it was a sanctuary before me and will be so after me. The problem is that to date there are no ancient trees that have ever existed in Mecca. In the construction industry, you have to have archaeologists when you have to dig up a foundation for new buildings, and very often there are archaeological evidence. However in Mecca no ruins of ancient cities was ever found.

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The accuracy of the direction of the Qiblas Before Dan Gibson determined over 100 of the earliest mosques, it was believed that those few known Qiblas actually showed that they are just inaccurate directions made during the beginning of the Islamic era. Thus it would seem that there should be many mosque which pointed in many directions, possibly 20 or more different directions. However, this is not the case, as all those early mosques only pointed at 4 different Qiblas: Petra, between Petra and Mecca, parallel and finally Mecca. The timeline can be seen below

What is interesting is that the accuracy of the Qiblas for the first three are more accurate than for Mecca, as shown below: City Petra Between Parallel Mecca

Number of early mosques 20 20 6 10

Accuracy (degrees) 2,9 degrees 0,98 degrees 3,5 degrees 4,78 degrees

If one takes out two of the worst Mosques from Petra, leaving 18 behind, the accuracy goes to 1,9 degrees. With only 4 Qiblas total, and all the other cities (Petra, between, parallel) are more accurate than Mecca, proves that people during 7th, 8th and 9th century were sophisticated enough to know how to calculate the direction, thus proving it was intentional. Furthermore, there is Humeima and Aqaba mosque, which are so close to Petra that calculating the direction with the help of the sun and stars are not needed. If it points to Petra, it is because it was intentional

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Rahat Mosque found in july 2019 In july 2019 a new small mosque was found in the city of Rahat dated to be built in 636 CE. The position of the mosque is directly in line with Petra and Mecca, so it's qibla faces both of them directly in a line. However, considering all the other mosque's mentioned, also in Israel, they all point to Petra from other parts of the lands which confirms that the intention of the Qibla of the Rahat mosque was not to face Mecca but Petra. For further study, read Early Islamic Qiblas: A survey of mosques built between 1AH/622 C.E. and 263 AH/876 C.E. by Dan Gibson (2017) and When Did the Qibla Change by Dan Gibson (2017). Dan Gibson used ASTER to determine the qibla It is often claimed that Dan Gibson used Google Maps or Google Earth to determine the qiblas of the early mosques from 7th-9th century. This is however not true, he used Advanced Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) sattelites, which is described on pages 115-120 in his book Early Islamic Qiblas, published in 2017. The ASTER data itself has been validated by NASA, METI, Japan's Earth Remote Sensing Data Analysis Center (ERSDAC), and the U.S. Geological Survey, and the U.S. National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. Difference between planar and spherical Even though Dan Gibson would have used two-dimensional maps instead of ASTER satellites which takes the curvature of the earth into account, the spherical qibla and planar qibla would still almost be the same. This means spherical geometry is not necessary to come to the same conclusion that they still point at Petra. Taking the example with 600 km horizontal and 1000 km vertical. This can be achieved by first using the coordinates of Petra: • Latitude: 30.328960 • Longitude: 35.444832 In spherical geometry, 1 degree corresponds to 111,699 km. This means that 600 km to the east of Petra corresponds to 5,371 degrees, and 1000 km south from Petra corresponds to 8,9526 degrees. Adding those degrees to Petra, the new point becomes: • City longitude 35,444832 + 5,371 = 40,815832 E • City latitude 30,328960 - 8,9526 = 21,37632 N

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Now the azimuth, which is the angle in a sphere, can be calculated by inserting two different coordinates, in this case Petra and the new city. Doing so will result in an azimuth of 332,8 degrees which is a difference of 27,2 degrees compared to the planar example of 30,9 degrees. The difference between the 30,9 degrees planar and 27,2 degrees spherical is 3,7 degrees. This means that the difference in spherical and planar is small due to the fact that 1000 km is only 2,5% of a sphere and it would not have a huge impact. Furthermore, the majority of mosques actually are less than 500 km away from Petra, so the difference would be less than 1,85 degrees between the spherical and planar, if not down to 0,2 degree. In short, even if Dan Gibson used twodimensional maps, it would not change the conclusion. The criticism by David King After Dan Gibson published his book about the early qiblas in 2017, David King, an astronomer who studied the mathematical history of the qiblas based on books written in the 8th, 9th, 10th, and even up to 11th century, criticised his qibla findings. However, much of his comments to Dan Gibson are wrong, because when it comes to the earliest mosques which points to Petra, three things needs to be done in order for it to be analysed fully: 1. Precisely determining the actual direction from the specific location of the mosque in one city to the center of Petra. This is called azimuth and can be calculated easily through different websites. This means mosques are not included in this calculation, only the location where the mosques has been built. This way the correct spherical angle from a specific location in a city to Petra is determined. This gives angle A, and is specifically the 100% correct angle and direction from one city to another. 2. Determining the qibla of the mosques by using its walls, and comparing it to the actual one. This is angle B. This angle is determined from only one location, the location of the mosques, specifically by using its walls. Dan Gibson used satellite images and GPS to precisely determine the Qibla and compared it to the actual ones. Note: It is important to note that all Dan Gibson did, was to measure how accurate the mosques were in the 7th, 8th and 9th century, which is angle B, by measuring the precise angle of the mosques walls and see where they were facing. This means that Dan Gibson didn't chose Petra - it chose him. Since all mosques until 706 AD faced around Petra, he then calculated the actual direction, by using the location of the mosques in question and the center of Petra. This way he

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calculated the deviation of how accurate the walls of the mosques were compared to the correct azimuth, which is the location of the city to Petra. So step 1 and step 2 above are only meant to to use modern techniques to accurately test how knowledgeable and precise the measurement and calculation of the Nabateans were. This is called presentism. 3. Determining the Qibla through ancient methods. This can be done by separating the vector direction into an X-component and Y-component. The Y-component is the latitude and the X-component is the longitude. This means that reproducing the qibla direction using ancient method, to test if it is possible to reproduce the same results - and if it is actually possible to built mosques with the knowledge of 7th century as precise as the actual azimuth. It requires an astrolabe, which measures the angle to the north star, and thereby the latitude. The astrolabe existed already in the Ancient Greece. Furthermore it requires a 100 meter rope and two persons. They will need to have a starting point where the mosque would be built. Person A extends the rope 100 meter fully to the north. Then person B takes the other end and extends it 100 meter in front of person A, again North. Then person A again goes in front of person B and extend it 100 meter again. By now they have measured it 300 meters north, which is the y-component, the latitude. They have to do it until they reach to the same angle as Petra, which is by using the astrolabe and measuring the altitude of the north star. When they reach to the same latitude as Petra, they just have to go straight east or straight west through a constant longitudinal direction, which is the X-component. This is called "running down the easting" or "running down the westing" and follow a line of constant latitude where the angle to the north star is constant. So what exactly is King's criticism? He is angry because he thinks that Dan Gibson wanted to compare point 2 with point 3 above, in which he thinks that Dan Gibson tried to reproduce the qibla direction by using modern techniques, satellite images and GPS. This is however not true. Dan Gibson wanted to measure and compare how accurate the Nabateans were in building the direction of the mosques to the actual direction to Petra, which is point 1 and point 2. David King doesn't believe the Arabs were sophisticated enough in the 7th century to built qiblas, so this is the reason why point 3 is important. Someone needs to finance people in order to reproduce point 3 manually, which is actually very easy to do be done very precisely. There is no doubt that anyone, even high school students, can reproduce the qibla direction with a high accuracy to Petra from any location in the Midde-East using ancient method, by only using an astrolabe or a quadrant, and some kind of a measurement or a rope. This would

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debunk any criticism that determining the qibla in the 7th century is actually possible with an high accuracy. This is basically what David Kings criticism is all about; Dan Gibson shouldn't reproduce the qibla using modern technology, but should go into the field and use only what was available at the time, namely the astrolabe or quadrant, and some kind of a rope measurement. When this gets done, whether by Dan Gibson or by anyone else, nobody cannot refute that the qibla was actually intended to be Petra until 706 AD, because the result will be very obvious for any person who has basic knowledge of mathematics and astronomy, that anyone can reproduce the qibla easily with high accuracy as the Nabateans in the 7th century. This is easily demonstrated when there are only 4 qiblas with an high accuracy, where the earlier qiblas in the 7th century were more accurate than the later qiblas in the 8th and 9th century. The Meccan qiblas from the 8th and 9th century are the least accurate. Building the Qibla mosque Let's say you have you go 1000 km north and then 600 km east "running down the westing" in order for reaching Petra, then you can scale down this perpendicular triangle to 10 meters north and 3 meters west. This means, you chose a point in your city, take a rope and extend it 10 meter north. Then take another rope and extend it meters to the left/west. This triangle has exactly the same direction/angle as the 1000km/600km, and it will face Petra correctly. You can also double it to 20 meter and 6 meters, because the further two points are the more precise it would become. This means you don't even need trigonometry or calculations, but by just using the logic of straight-angled triangles. This is why it is important to finance people to do it manually. If one goes 600 km east from Petra, and then 1000 km south, you'll end up in Ta'if, which is very close to Mecca (maybe 50 km or so). The azimuth from Ta'if to Petra is 332°45'36", which is around 28 degrees, compared to the triangle which became 30,9 degrees. A 3,9 degrees difference. On the next page it has been illustrated. It was Eratosthenes (276-194 BC) who proposed the system of latitude and longitude for a map of the world, which is 800 years before Islam. Then Hipparchus (190-120 BC) was the first person to use this system and specify specific places on Earth. He furthermore was the first person to use time to determine the longitude. How ancient Nabateans navigated in pre-Islamic era Pliny the Elder (24-79 AD) wrote about how the Nabateans, who were the ancient Arabs, navigated 600 years before Islam in his Natural History, Vol 12, Chapter 32.

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They measured the steps in order to know how to travel from one destination to another. He recorded from the Arabs that from Timna in Yemen to Gaza, it would take 2.437.500 steps to reach, which would take 62 days. For further study, read Arab Arab Navigation in the Indian Ocean Before the Coming of the Portuguese by G.R. Tibbetts (1971), and Pliny the Elder, Natural History, Translated by H. Rackham, London (1942). Date of construction They used many different means to find out the dates of the mosques. Mosques are usually the most important buildings in any given town or city, so they are well known and well documented. Therefore, some have inscriptions of their dates on them, as many important buildings even today do, others are written about in peoples annals, or are referred to in government documents. The dates they used, however, are not the dates we would use, as they commonly referred to the dates taken from the time the current ruler came to power. Two mosques at the Amman Citadal One of the most important mosques to confirm that the Qibla to Mecca was changed around 727 AD is the Amman Umayyad Mosque and Amman Umayyad Palace, which are located in Jordan, right beside each other. The first mosque mentioned was built in 701 AD and point towards Petra, and the second mosque mentioned was built in 730 AD which points towards Mecca. This confirms the previous that mosques started to point at Mecca between 701-730 AD. The latitude line The latitude line or the horizontal line is one of the most important evidence that the direction of the mosques were not wrongly placed. This is because the latitude line is a constant directional line through west and east and is perpendicular to the north star, which means it is 90 degrees. Pointing horizontal to the east eliminates the need for focusing unsystematically. If a mosque points straight to west or east, then it was intentional. This is the case with the Fustat mosque from Egypt which points almost directly to east to Petra, and not south to Mecca. This latitude line plays also a major role with the Sahi mosque, Qiblatain mosque, Al Mudhmar mosque, and Siraf Early Mosque which points above the horizontal line directly to Petra, and not below the horizontal line to Mecca. The longitude line The longitude line or vertical line is also an important evidence that demonstrates

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that the mosques intentionally faced Petra and not Mecca. Unlike the latitude line, the longitude line is only dependent straight of the north star. If a mosque points right of the north star, then it was intentional because it is very easy to build a qibla towards the right side of the north star - and the same can be applied to the left of the north star. This is very important because Massawa Mosque in Eritrea should be pointing to the right of the north star to Mecca, but it points to the left side, which is to Petra. Jacob of Odessa Jacob of Odessa was a Christian traveller and wrote traditional narrative of the Arabs, in which he calls them for Mahgraye, a Greek term used by the northern part of Arabia. He is an important part of confirming the date of construction of the mosques, because this confirms that the evolution of the mosques as illustrated earlier indeed gets confirmed by an eyewitness account in his writings in the 680s-705 AD. These letters are held in the British Museum today. While he was serving as a bishop in Odessa he accounts that the Jews prayed to the south from Fustat, Egypt, and the Arabs prayed to the east towards the Kaaba. As written earlier, Petra is almost directly east from Fustat. He also mentions that the Arabs living in the lands of Babel, Hillah and Basrah prayed to the west towards the Kaaba. Those places are all situated in Iraq. Interestingly enough, Basrah points directly west to Petra. If the Arabs had to pray to Mecca from those three places, they had to turn towards south-south-west, which is much closer to the south than to the west. For further study, read Hagarism: The Making of the Islamic World by Patricia Crone and Michael Cook (1977). The four cardinal points The four cardinal directions, also called the cardinal points, are the directions north, east, south and west. Every ancient civilization on Earth has independently used these four points, from Egyptian and Chinese cultures to the ancient Indians, from the Native Americans to European and Arabic cultures, to Aboriginal Australia. The Ancient Egyptians built the pyramids in Giza around 3000 years before Islam, and they had directed the pyramids to the north star with only a deviation of 0,067 degrees off. The Gate of the Sun, which is located in the city of Tiwanaku in western Bolivia, America is around 1500 years old, and its directions points straight to the cardinal points. Harappa, which is a archaeological site from 2600 BC in modern day Pakistan has its directions faced exactly to the four cardinal

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points. The Nabateans carved detailed architecture from the sandstone cliffs of mountains, with a very high precision of geometrical structures, thus they would have easily known the four cardinal directions, which is based on the location of the primary cardinal point, the north star. The latitude line or parallel north line contains two of the cardinal points, east and west. This is the reason why qiblas, for example Siraf Early Mosque in Iran, were not mistakes, because they point above the latitude line to Petra, closer to north-west, rather than below the latitude line to Mecca, which is in the south-western direction. Furthermore the architecture of the Petra rock buildings were borrowed by the Greeks and Romans, thus proving that they did had communication and therefore the possibility of the Nabateans to also borrow the knowledge of the quadrant to measure the altitude of the north star was definitely possible. One of the earliest evidences of a quadrant comes from the book Almagest, written by Ptolemy (100170 AD), in which he described measuring how he could measure the altitude of the noon sun on a 90 degree arc. The astrolabe, which is a more advanced tool than the quadrant, was invented by Hipparchus (190-120 BC). Both Theon of Alexandra (335-405 AD) and John Philoponus (490-570 AD) wrote a detailed treatise on it before Islam. The mesopotamian bshiop Severus Sebokht (575-667 AD) wrote a treatise on it in the Syriac language in the mid-7th century, which can be an indication that it was known in the northern part of the Arabian peninsula. The mosques point to Petra and not Jerusalem It is often claimed that the original qibla was Jerusalem, but this is certainly not true. The mosques which are right east of Jerusalem points south to Petra and not to the west to Jerusalem. Aqaba and Humeima are so close to Petra that you cannot be mistaken constructing the Qibla to Petra, and definitely not Mecca. Furthermore Fustat Mosque points straight to east to Petra, which is called running down the easting, and not to north-east to Jerusalem. All those three locations together prove that the original qibla was not Jerusalem. The evolution of the qiblas fits the timeline of the rulings The political tension between the Umayyad Caliphate, Abassid Caliphate and AlHajjaj fits perfectly in regards to the evolution of the qiblas. The Umayyad Caliphate ruled between 661-750, and their qibla was the same as the ancestors, which was towards Petra. Notice that the last known qibla for Petra

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was in 747 AD. Al-Hajjaj (reigned 705-714 AD) rebelled from the Ummayad Caliphate and the mosque between Petra and Mecca began pointing from 706-750 AD, which indicates that the qibla died with him. The Abbasid Caliphate began overpowering the ruling from 750-1258 AD, and the first known qibla towards Mecca was in 727 AD. All the three qiblas fits in the timeline of the political rulings of the different Caliphates and Al-Hajjaj. This is a clear indication that the qibla is a political direction and not a religious one. This is why the statement below sounds more of a political qibla: "When the armies of Kufa met ibn Zubayr, Bujayr ibn 'Abdallah al Musli spoke: Praise be to God who has tested us with shackles and has tested you by your forgiving us. Ibn Zubayr, we are people who turn to the same Qibla as you." Tabari 21:112 Qibla pointing to other places than Mecca All mosques pointed to Petra until 701 AD according to Advanced Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER), and the two mosques in Amman. You only need mosques till 700 AD to disprove Meccas existence in 7th century. You do not need 8th century and 9th century mosques, because they represent 8th century and 9th century. The qibla is mentioned in the Quran "We have certainly seen the turning of your face, [O Muhammad], toward the heaven, and We will surely turn you to a qiblah with which you will be pleased. So turn your face toward al-Masjid al-haram. And wherever you [believers] are, turn your faces toward it [in prayer]. Indeed, those who have been given the Scripture well know that it is the truth from their Lord. And Allah is not unaware of what they do." - Quran 2:144

But the Quran doesn't mention from where to where the Qibla had changed in chapter 2. There are however some points to consider: • There are only 4 directions, and the accuracy of Petra, between and parallel are more accurate than for Mecca • There are Humeima mosque and Aqaba mosques which are so close to Petra

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that you don't even need astronomy to understand where to have its Qibla towards to. • The most important mosque of all of them is the Fustat mosque, because it has always been a known fact that if two cities had the same angle of the North Star then all they need to do is something called "running down the easting" or "running down the westing", either straight east or straight west. This means the direction is horizontal and eliminates the vertical axis (the y-axis). This is the clearest evidence that Petra was really the original city. Dan Gibson has however not included this point. • Regarding "running down the easting" and "running down the westing", when two cities are in the same angle, the qibla should point horizontally. Qibatain is a city that has almost the same angle as Mecca, and yet it doesn't point straight west, but north-west directly to Petra. In fact, Qibatains latitude is higher than Meccas and therefore it should point south-west. This means it should project below the horizontal line, and not north west as it does.

Description of Mecca In this section it will be discussed the problems with the description of Mecca which doesn't fit to the actual Mecca in history or today. There are many topics to cover, so is therefore important to separate them in parts. The Qibla was changed from unknown to Mecca Muhammad changed the Qibla in 624 AD, according to Quran 2:143-144 and Quran 2:149-150. It was at this time Muhammad waged war on the Jews and Christians, because they couldn't get along. "And thus we have made you a just community that you will be witnesses over the people and the Messenger will be a witness over you. And We did not make the qiblah which you used to face except that We might make evident who would follow the Messenger from who would turn back on his heels. And indeed, it is difficult except for those whom Allah has guided. And never would Allah have caused you to lose your faith. Indeed Allah is, to the people, Kind and Merciful." Quran 2:143 "We have certainly seen the turning of your face, [O Muhammad], toward the heaven, and We will surely turn you to a qiblah with which you will be pleased. So turn your face toward al-Masjid al-Haram. And wherever you [believers] are, turn your faces toward it [in prayer]. Indeed, those who have been given the Scripture

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well know that it is the truth from their Lord. And Allah is not unaware of what they do." - Quran 2:144 "So from wherever you go out [for prayer, O Muhammad] turn your face toward al- Masjid al-Haram, and indeed, it is the truth from your Lord. And Allah is not unaware of what you do." - Quran 2:149 "And from wherever you go out [for prayer], turn your face toward al-Masjid alHaram. And wherever you [believers] may be, turn your faces toward it in order that the people will not have any argument against you, except for those of them who commit wrong; so fear them not but fear Me. And [it is] so I may complete My favor upon you and that you may be guided." - Quran 2:150 "While some people were offering morning prayer at Quba' a man came to them and said, "A Quranic Order has been revealed to Allah's Apostle tonight that he should face the Ka'ba at Mecca (in prayer), so you too should turn your faces towards it." At that moment their faces were towards Sham (i.e. Jerusalem) (and on hearing that) they turned towards the Ka'ba (at Mecca)." - Sahih Bukhari 6:17 However, the non-muslim sources, Doctrina Iacobi (written between 634-640 AD) and the Armenian Chronicle, also called the Armenian History (written in 660 AD) states otherwise. The arabs and Jews had a good relationship with each other until years after Muhammad died. Adam was the first to place the black stone According to the Islamic traditions Adam placed the black stone in the original Kaaba, while Abraham and Ishmael rebuilt the Meccan Kaaba centuries later. Adam and Eve had their first glance on the Black Stone when it fell from Jannah, showing where to built an altar. According to Islamic tradition, this is the world's first temple. The muslims also believe that the stone has turned black because of people's sins, of those who touched it. It was originally pure and dazzling white, according to them. "And [mention] when We made the House a place of return for the people and [a place of] security. And take, [O believers], from the standing place of Abraham a place of prayer. And We charged Abraham and Ishmael, [saying], "Purify My House for those who perform Tawaf and those who are staying [there] for worship and those who bow and prostrate [in prayer]." And [mention] when Abraham said, "My Lord, make this a secure city and provide its people with fruits - whoever of them believes in Allah and the Last Day." [ Allah ] said. "And

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whoever disbelieves - I will grant him enjoyment for a little; then I will force him to the punishment of the Fire, and wretched is the destination." And [mention] when Abraham was raising the foundations of the House and [with him] Ishmael, [saying], "Our Lord, accept [this] from us. Indeed You are the Hearing, the Knowing." - Quran 2:125-127 Since Adam and Eve were the first people on Earth, that means that Mecca is the oldest city on the planet, according to the Quran and Islamic traditions. However no archaeological findings have been found before the 9th century in Mecca. In the construction industry, when a new building has to be built, archaeologists first have to check for any archaeological finds before constructing the foundation of a building - and this happens often in the Middle-East when new buildings have to be build, where something new has been recovered from the ground. This also happens in Saudi Arabia where developers are digging over all putting up great buildings. In Mecca, of all the buildings which were built there, none has come up with an archaeological find. No evidence for ruins of a great ancient city. This would make it very strange because any other city - older according to Islamic tradition - has artefacts and buildings dug up. The older a city is, the more likely there are many things to uncover. And yet, nothing has come up from the city's ground. Mecca is described as the “mother of cities” According to the Quran, and the Islamic traditions, Mecca (or Bakkah) is called the mother of cities. "And thus We have revealed to you an Arabic Qur'an that you may warn the Mother of Cities [Makkah] and those around it and warn of the Day of Assembly, about which there is no doubt. A party will be in Paradise and a party in the Blaze." - Quran 42:7 "And this is a Book which We have sent down, blessed and confirming what was before it, that you may warn the Mother of Cities and those around it. Those who believe in the Hereafter believe in it, and they are maintaining their prayers." Quran 6:92 "In his hands lay all the dignities of Mecca; he divided the town into quarters among his people and he settled all the Quraysh into their houses in Mecca which they held" - The Life of Muhammad - A Translation of Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah (A. Guillaume), page 53

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If Mecca was the mother of cities, there should be archaeological evidence to support this, or any reference from sources about Mecca's importance about being an important city. However, there are no evidence that Mecca existed or was an important city in the Arabian peninsula before 700 AD, except inscriptions. Mecca is described as the center of the trade route Since Adam and Eve were the first people, and it is called the mother of all cities, and now the center of trade center of the trade route, it is puzzling why there is no evidence for that. "The Prophet said, "Allah has made Mecca a sanctuary (sacred place) and it was a sanctuary before me and will be so after me." - Sahih al-Bukhari 23:432 In Ishaq, page 79, caravans are mentioned going in and out of the Holy City, and same with Muhammad's uncle Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib, who regularly sent caravans on trading missions. In Ishaq, page 82, Muhammad married Khadija bint Khuwaylid who managed caravans of camels. However, no trade route documents from the 2th-7th century mentions Mecca as being in the trade route, therefore it couldn't either be the center of trade route either. According to Dr. Patricia Crone, Mecca was a barren place, and barren places do not make natural halts. She had written the book Meccan Trade: The Rise of Islam, in which she researched the trade route documents from the 2th-7th century, and no trade routes ever went through Mecca. Many academics agree that the "center of the trade route" was further north in North Africa or close to Jerusalem, and not at Mecca which was not even a stopping place on the caravan routes.

Mecca missing on early maps What is fascinating about it, is that if Mecca was such an important city, the mother of cities and the center of trading routes, then it is problematic because it does not appear on maps in the 6th, 7th, 8th or 9th century AD. It only began to appear at around 900 AD in on maps, which is about 270 years after Muhammad had died. Dan Gibson had gathered many different ancient maps of Arabia, but not even once did he find Mecca on the maps. It doesn't even appear on Ptolomy's maps of Arabia. The mention of Mecca first appears in literature 741 AD (122 years after the Hijra) in the Continuatio Byzantia Arabica. The Meccan valley

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The Quran and the hadiths described Mecca as being in a valley "While they were in this state Abu- Jandal bin Suhail bin 'Amr came from the valley of Mecca staggering with his fetters and fell down amongst the Muslims" Sahih al-Bukhari 3:891 "And He it is Who hath withheld men's hands from you, and hath withheld your hands from them, in the valley of Mecca, after He had made you victors over them. Allah is Seer of what ye do." - Quran 48:24 (Pickthall)

""O Abraham! Where are you going, leaving us in this valley where there is no person whose company we may enjoy, nor is there anything (to enjoy)?" She repeated that to him many times, but he did not look back at her Then she asked him, "Has Allah ordered you to do so?" He said, "Yes." She said, "Then He will not neglect us," and returned while Abraham proceeded onwards, and on reaching the Thaniya where they could not see him, he faced the Ka'ba, and raising both hands, invoked Allah saying the following prayers: 'O our Lord! I have made some of my offspring dwell in a valley without cultivation, by Your Sacred House (Kaba at Mecca) in order, O our Lord, that they may offer prayer perfectly." Sahih al-Bukhari 4:583 (part 1) "Then she descended from Safa and when she reached the valley, she tucked up her robe and ran in the valley like a person in distress and trouble, till she crossed the valley and reached the Marwa mountain where she stood and started looking, expecting to see somebody, but she could not see anybody." - Sahih al-Bukhari 4:583 (part 2) "When the Prophet performed the Tawaf of the Ka`ba, he did Ramal during the first three rounds and in the last four rounds he used to walk and while doing Tawaf between Safa and Marwa, he used to run in the midst of the rain water passage." - Sahih al-Bukhari 2:26:685 (See also Sahih al-Bukhari 2:645, 2:815, 2:820 and 4:227) The problem is that there are no valleys in Mecca, but there are in Petra. In the complete Sahih al-Bukhari 4:583 hadith above and 26:685, they further mentions the Zam-zam water and rainwater passage, but according to the archaeological evidence, there was no natural flow of water at the time in Mecca, and neither today, except that artifical one that has been built. Normally and naturally a water passage runs between two mountains, but according to the hadith above a water passage runs between two mountains - from one mountain to the other mountain,

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which is a rare phenomenon. However, even thought it is a rare phenomenon, there is actually a rain water passage in Petra that runs from one mountain to the other. The Nabateans built a colonnaded street from one side of the mountain to the other side, which people can visit, for following the course of the water to follow a straight line.In Islam, a Muslims duty is to walk between the two mountains called Marwah and Safa alongside the water passage. The problem with Marwah and Safa is that they are not mountains in Mecca, but only two small rocks, which are so small that they are inside a building. In one of the earliest drawings of Mecca and the Kaaba in the 19th century, one can see that there are no water passage between Marwah and Safa rocks. There is scarce rainfall in Mecca "And [mention] when Abraham said, "My Lord, make this a secure city and provide its people with fruits - whoever of them believes in Allah and the Last Day." [ Allah ] said. "And whoever disbelieves - I will grant him enjoyment for a little; then I will force him to the punishment of the Fire, and wretched is the destination."" - Quran 2:126 Today the city of Mecca, with high desert temperatures, only averages about 10 cm of rain per year. This is almost nothing to be able to grow any vegetation. The original Holy City had trees and bushes "Once when I was with the Prophet in Mecca and we went out into one of its districts in the neighbourhood, not a mountain or tree which confronted him failed to say, "Peace be upon you, Messenger of Allah." Tirmidhi and Darimi transmitted it." - Al-Tirmidhi hadith 1535 "When they came to Mecca they saw a town blessed with water and trees and, delighted with it, they settled there" - The Life of Muhammad - A Translation of Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah (A. Guillaume), page 46 "People assert that the Quraysh were afraid to cut down the trees of the sanctuary in their quarters" - The Life of Muhammad - A Translation of Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah (A. Guillaume), page 53 "On the Day of the Conquest of Mecca, Allah's Apostle said, "Allah has made this town a sanctuary. Its thorny bushes should not be cut, its game should not be chased, and its fallen things should not be picked up except by one who would

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announce it publicly."" - Sahih al-Bukhari 2:657 These are important references of trees and thorny bushes in Mecca. Dan Gibson has researched and tried to find ancient trees in Mecca in decades, by testing the presence of spores and pollens in undisturbed ancient soil. So far he has found no evidence that trees ever existed in ancient times in the city of Mecca. However in Petra there were and are plenty of trees. The original Holy City had grapes and fruits growing in it "By Allah, I never saw a prisoner better than Khubaib. By Allah, one day I saw him eating of a bunch of grapes in his hand while he was chained in irons, and there was no fruit at that time in Mecca." - Sahih al-Bukhari 4:281 "And [mention] when Abraham said, "My Lord, make this a secure city and provide its people with fruits - whoever of them believes in Allah and the Last Day." [ Allah ] said. "And whoever disbelieves - I will grant him enjoyment for a little; then I will force him to the punishment of the Fire, and wretched is the destination."" - Quran 2:126 According to the above, in Mecca there should be grapes and fruits, however without trees as previously stated, there can be no grapes. However, in Petra it is possible. Grass grew in the original Holy City valley "..His grace upon him and endow him with prophethood would go forth for his affair and journey far afield until he reached the glens of Mecca and beds of its valleys where no house was in sight" - The Life of Muhammad - A Translation of Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah (A. Guillaume), page 105 "One night the Prophet was unable to sleep and said, "Would that a righteous man from my companions guarded me tonight." Suddenly we heard the clatter of arms, whereupon the Prophet said, "Who is it?" It was said, "I am Sa'd, O Allah's Apostle! I have come to guard you." The Prophet then slept so soundly that we heard him snoring. Abu 'Abdullah said: 'Aisha said: Bilal said, "Would that I but stayed overnight in a valley with Idhkhir and Jalil (two kinds of grass) around me (i.e., in Mecca)." Then I told that to the Prophet" - Sahih al-Bukhari 9:337 "when the Jurhum came to Mecca “they saw a town blessed with water and trees and, delighted with it, they settled there." - Ibn Hashim, page 23

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The area around Mecca is completely sand and desert, and no natural grass grows. Furthermore there is no evidence to support that the area could have supported grass before. The cave of Hira Now al-Khattāb had so harassed Zayd that he forced him to withdraw to the upper part of Mecca, and he stopped in the mountain of Hirā’, facing the town Ibn Hisham 49 In reality mount Hira is not facing the town of Mecca, but is on the opposite side of Mecca, facing towards the horizon and other cities. But one special holy cave in Petra exists, where the entrance faces the center of Petra. Inside the cave, wall statues with the crescent moon symbol exists. The original Holy City had clay and loam "My father Ishaq b. Yasar told me that he was told that 'Abdullah went in to a woman that he had beside Amina d. Wahb when he had been working in and the marks of the were on him" - The Life of Muhammad - A Translation of Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah (A. Guillaume), page 69. See also Al-Tabari VI 1079, page 6. From Al-labar's The History of Al-labar, Volume VI, 1079, page 6, he relates how Abdullah, the father of Muhammad, had been working in the soil, and then traces of soil were still on his hands when he wanted to lie with his second wife in the bed. The second wife made him wait for this, so he went out and washed off the clay and then went to Aminah instead in which Muhammad was born this way. All biographies of Muhammad mentions this story of how Muhammed was born. In Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, xxi, 1958, pages 1-14, R. B. Serjeant commented on the translation of Alfred Guillaume’s of the same story in the Sirah (which can be read above), and is confused by the Arabic word. The Arabic word is translated to cultivated plot or field, and refers to clay, heavy soil, and loam. The problem is that there is no cultivable land near Mecca, but in Petra there is. He writes that there are no cultivable land in Mecca or near Mecca. This is not the description of what archaeologists have found. Mecca’s mountains does not fit with the descriptions In The Life of Muhammad - A Translation of Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah (A. Guillaume), page 25-26, it describes that people could look down from mountains surrounding the Holy City, seeing Yemeni elephant attacking the Kaaba. This indicates that mountains were close enough to the Kaaba to see the details. In

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Mecca there are small outcropping of rocks about 500 meter away. These are the closest, and the second closest are 3 km or further away. It is hard to see an elephant that far. The two mountains called Marwar and Bafa are so small, that they are enclosed inside a mosque. In the mosque there is a long hallway to leads directly between those two rocks. "The Apostle of Allāh (peace be upon him) came and entered Mecca, and after the Apostle of Allāh (peace be upon him) had gone forward to the stone, and touched it, he went round the house (the Ka'ba). He then went to as-Safa and climbed it so that he could look down at the house. Then he raised his hands began to make mention of Allāh as much as he wished and make supplication. The narrator said: The Ansārwere beneath him. The narrator Hashim said: He prayed and praised Allāh and asked him for what he wished to ask." - Sunan of Abū Dawood 750 "Ar-Rabi’ibn Saburah said on the authority of his father (Saburah): We went out along with the Apostle of Allāh (peace be upon him) till we reached Usfan, Suraqah ibn Mālik al-Mudlaji said to him: Apostle of Allāh, explain to us like the people as if they were born today. He said: Allāh, the exalted, hasincluded this umrah in your Hajj. When you come (to Mecca), and he who goes round the house (the Ka'ba), and runs between as-Safa and al-Marwah, is allowed to take off Ihrām except he who has brought the sacrificial animals with him." - Sunan of Abū Dawood 727 "And when he (Muhammad) reached Mecca on the 4th of Dhūal-Hijja he performed the tawāf round the Ka'ba and performed á'awaf between Safa and Marwa." - Sahih al-Bukhari 2:617 According to the Islamic traditions, Bafa and Marwa are not described as two little hllocks within a shallow valley, but rather mountains on both sides of a large valley. This is however not a decription of Mecca, since but fits the description of Petra. Interestingly enough in the next hadith, it mentions that Hagar struggled to cross the valley between the two mountains: "Hagar sat under the tree with her baby next to her. She drank from her water container hanging nearby, and nursed her baby, until all the water she had was gone, her milk dried out. Her son grew hungrier and hungrier. She could hardly bear to look at him. She went and stood at bafa - the mountain nearest to her. She looked down the valley to see if there was someone around to help. She could see no one. So, she climbed down bafa and reached the valley. She struggled

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hard, crossed the valley and reached Marwah. She stood on Marwah, and looked around. Still she could see no one around. She repeated this seven times. Ibn ’Abbs added, “The Prophet (peace be upon him) said: ’It is (to commemorate this walk) that pilgrims walk between bafa and Marwah.’”" - Fiqh us-Sunnah 5:85 In the description above it sounds like the description of the two mountains are large, but in reality, Bafa and Marwah are two small rocks in Mecca. In the next hadith, it described that the Bafa mountain is used as a defence lockout position. “When the Verse: 'And warn your tribe of near kindred.' (26:214) was revealed. Allah's Apostle went out, and when he had ascended As-Safa mountain, he shouted, "O Sabahah!" The people said, "Who is that?" "Then they gathered around him, whereupon he said, "Do you see? If I inform you that cavalrymen are proceeding up the side of this mountain, will you believe me?" They said, "We have never heard you telling a lie." Then he said, "I am a plain warner to you of a coming severe punishment." Abu Lahab said, "May you perish! You gathered us only for this reason? " Then Abu Lahab went away. So the "Surat: ul-Lahab" 'Perish the hands of Abu Lahab!' (111:1) was revealed." - Sahih al-Bukhari 6:495 In the next hadith, it is written that there were idols on Bafa and Marwah. "bafa and Marwah as they used to do in the days of Jahiliyya while two idols were set on top of bafa and Marwah." - Fiqh us-Sunnah 5:86 "’Amr set up an image on al-bafa called Nahlik Mujawid al-Rih and one on alMarwa called Mut’im al-Tayr." - Isaq 56, page 30 There are no evidence to support that this. In the next hadith, the walk between the two mountains was hard, that they could not do that in one day: "Ahmad says there is no harm in delaying the Sa’i after performing tawāf until one is rested, or postponing it until evening. ‘Ataand al-Hasan also see no harm in someone making tawāf early in the day and postponing the Sa’i between Safa and Marwah until evening. Al-Qāsim and Sa'īd bin Jubair followed this, because the continuity of Sa’i is, as such, nota condition, much less the continuity of tawāf and Sa’i. Sa'īd bin Mansūr reported that Saudah, the wife of ‘Urwah bin al-Zubair performed Sa’iin between Safa and Marwah and because she was a big and heavy woman, she completed it in three days." - Fiqh us-Sunnah 5:88a "Climbing bafa and Marwah and making supplications for one’s material and

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spiritual well being and welfare is encouraged. During the supplications one should face the Ka’ba. It is well known that the Prophet (peace be upon him) went through the bafa Gate, and on approaching bafa he recited the Qur'nic verse 2.158 “Verily, bafa and Marwah are among the symbols of Allh” and then saying “I begin with what Allh himself began” he climbed bafa until he could see the Ka’ba from where he stood. He faced the Ka’ba, thrice proclaimed Allh’s oneness, glorified him, praised him, and then said, “There is no deity worthy of worship except Allh. He has no partners. To him belongs the kingdom and all praise. He alone grants life and causes death, he has power over all things. There is no God but he. He has fulfilled his promise, given victory to his servant, and he alone defeated the confederates.” Thrice he made similar supplications. Then he walked toward Marwah and climbed it, until he could see the Ka’ba. There he made supplications as he had at bafa." - Fiqh us-Sannah 5:90 What is interesting with 5:90 above is that it tells that there is a Bafa gate. Now this is very strange, because there are no gates in the two small rocks in Mecca. Mecca has a high and low side, together with a road from either side "During the year of the Conquest (of Mecca), the Prophet entered Mecca through its upper part through Kada." - Sahih al-Bukhari 5:586 "Allah's Apostle used to enter Mecca from the high Thaniya and used to leave Mecca from the low Thaniya." - Sahih al-Bukhari 2:645 "The Prophet went on advancing till he reached the Thaniyya (i.e. a mountainous way) through which one would go to them (i.e. people of Quraish)." - Sahih alBukhari 3:891 A thaniya is a narrow mountain pass. "When the Prophet came to Mecca he entered from its higher side and left from its lower side." - Sahih al-Bukhari 2:647 "We set out with the Prophet with the intention of performing Hajj only. The Prophet reached Mecca and performed Tawaf of the Ka'ba and between Safa and Marwa and did not finish the Ihram, because he had the Hadi with him. His companions and his wives performed Tawaf (of the Ka'ba and between Safa and Marwa), and those who had no Hadi with them finished their Ihram. I got the menses and performed all the ceremonies of Hajj. So, when the Night of Hasba (night of departure) came, I said, "O Allah's Apostle! All your companions are

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returning with Hajj and 'Umra except me." He asked me, "Didn't you perform Tawaf of the Ka'ba (Umra) when you reached Mecca?" I said, "No." He said, "Go to Tan'im with your brother 'Abdur-Rahman, and assume Ihram for 'Umra and I will wait for you at such and such a place." So I went with 'Abdur-Rahman to Tan'im and assumed Ihram for 'Umra. Then Safiya bint Huyay got menses. The Prophet said, " 'Aqra Halqa! You will detain us! Didn't you perform Tawaf-al-Ifada on the Day of Nahr (slaughtering)?" She said, "Yes, I did." He said, "Then there is no harm, depart." So I met the Prophet when he was ascending the heights towards Mecca and I was descending, or vice-versa." - Sahih al-Bukhari 2:815 "Ibn Umar used to spend the night at Dhi-Tuwa in between the two Thaniyas and then he would enter Mecca through the Thaniya which is at the higher region of Mecca, and whenever he came to Mecca for Hajj or Umra, he never made his she camel kneel down except near the gate of the Masjid (Sacred Mosque) and then he would enter (it) and go to the Black (stone) Corner and start from there circumambulating the Kaaba seven times: hastening in the first three rounds (Ramal) and walking in the last four. On finishing, he would offer two Rakat prayer and set out to perform Tawaf between Safa and Marwa before returning to his dwelling place. On returning (to Medina) from Hajj or Umra, he used to make his camel kneel down at Al-Batha which is at Dhu-l-Hulaifa, the place where the Prophet used to make his camel kneel down." - Sahih al-Bukhari 2:820 "During the year of the Conquest (of Mecca), the Prophet entered Mecca through its upper part through Kada." - Sahih al-Bukhari 5:586 "Ibn `Umar used to spend the night at Dhi-Tuwa in between the two Thaniyas and then he would enter Mecca through the Thaniya which is at the higher region of Mecca" - Sahih al-Bukhari 1767 Allah’s Apostle came to Mecca through its higher region on the day of the conquest (of Mecca) riding his she-camel on which Usma was riding behind him. Sahih al-Bukhari 4:231 The city of Mecca is located in a large area. It has only low rocky mountains rising from the sand. All these descriptions about Mecca's upper and lower part does not fit into Mecca since there are no upper and lower part of entrance to Mecca, rather it fits perfectly into Petra. Petra has two thanya entrance into the city, which one of them is the famous one that tourists pass through in order for them to enter the city. The other side of the colonnaded street leads into a maze of canyons that empty out into wadi araba. One side of Petra's passing is the higher side and

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the other is the lower side. The walls of Mecca "...they surrounded him as he was at the side of one of the walls of Mecca" - Ibn Ishaq, 823, page 554 No archaeological evidence has ever proved that Mecca had walls. Petra on the other side had two walls, one on the high side of the city and the other from the low side of the city. Some say that it refers to wall on a building, but this is not the case since Ibn Ishaq specifically writes "the walls OF Mecca". The forbidden gathering place According to the Quran and Islamic traditions, Bakkah (Mecca) is also called Masjid al-Haraam, where masjid = mosque = gathering. It is an area surrounded by signs, which is a strong sign to those who enter that it is the forbidden city. Behind those signs no killing was allowed. However, if one looks at Mecca today, there are no special boundary stones. Petra on the other hand has these large square cut stones called gjin rocks, which are around 5 times the size of humans. There are more than 20 of them surrounding the entrances of Petra. The people of 'Aid, Midian and Thamud (Nabateans) There are 23 references to the people from 'Aid in the Quran, which is the Biblical version of 'Uz. There are seven references to the people from Midian. Most importantly, there are 24 references to the people of Thamud, which is the other name for the Nabateans. The Nabateans cut dwellings into mountains, which is typically seen in Petra, and never in Mecca. Strangely enough, those three people lived around 1000 kilometres away from Mecca, and there are no references that they lived there in Mecca. The Zumurrud Ibn al-Rawandi (827-911 AD) wrote a book called The Book of the Emerald, or in Arabic Kitab al-Zumurrud. Althought the book itself has been lost, later authors quoted him frequently. In one point the book describes that Muhammad's night journey from a holy city to Jerusalem was not a miracle since it was possible to travel between the two cities in one night. The distance from Petra to Jerusalem is around 150 km, and would be possible to travel from one city to the other and back again with a horse in a single day. However, from Mecca to Jerusalem it is over 1000 km, and would take weeks. Therefore this description fits perfectly

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Petra. The God Dushara In the Islamic traditions, the God named Dushara is mentioned as being worshipped in Mecca, while this God was mostly, if only, worshipped in Petra. Game of chance The Islamic traditions also notes that games of chance being played in the holy city, but no archaeological findings of game boards has been found in Mecca. In Petra however, dozens of ancient games boards has been found. Dimensions of the Kaaba There is a square in the center of Petra which looks like a Kaaba or a temple. Muhammad ibn 'Abd Allah Al-Azraqi (d. 837 AD) was a historian in the 9th century and wrote the book called Book of Reports about Mecca, or in Arabic Kitab Akhbar Makka, in which he reported about the material that was given to him at that time. According to his book, the measurements of the Kaaba fits perfectly the same square building in Petra, but not in Mecca. There are not archaeological findings in Mecca before the 9th century, so the Kaaba which is now in Mecca was built later and does not have these dimensions, but is smaller. Furthermore he refers to temples which were built around the Kaaba, but there were no temple buildings around the Kaaba in Mecca before 19th century when looking at drawings and photographs from the 19th century, and no archaeological evidence which supports it either. However, in Petra there are temples around the square building, where they still stand there today. Arabic language in the Quran According to Ahmad Al-Jallad (2018), the Arabic language in the Quran is Nabatean Aramaic script and comes from the northern part of the Arabian peninsula, and not from the southern part of Arabia where Mecca and Medina are located. The Arabic used in the southern part of the Arabian peninsula, including Mecca and Medina, is called Sabaic script. The difference between the two script in the 7th century is that they use different word endings. The strange Qibla sentence from Al-Tabari "When the armies of Kufa met ibn Zubayr, Bujayr ibn 'Abdallah al Musli spoke: Praise be to God who has tested us with shackles and has tested you by your forgiving us. Ibn Zubayr, we are people who turn to the same Qibla as you." Tabari 21:112

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The part which says "to the same Qibla as you" is an interesting and strange statement. Conclusion Pretty much almost anything referred to in the Quran and Islamic traditions does not make sense with the description of Mecca. On the next page the points has been summarized in a table. For further study, read Qur’ānic Geography by Dan Gibson (2011), Supporting Evidence that Petra was the original Holy City of Mecca by Dan Gibson (2017), Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam by Patricia Crone (1987).

The evidence for Mecca In this section it will be explained the dilemma with Mecca regarding the evidence for its existence. The first reference for Mecca is in 741 AD Patricia Crone, who could speak 15 languages, went throughout the Arabian peninsula and the first reference for Mecca she found was in 741 AD in Continuatio Byzantia Arabica. There is the Syriac Edessene Apocalypse from the 690s AD, however, it was first written in the 13th century, and earlier versions wrote Yathrib instead of Mecca. Furthermore earliest extant copy is from 1646 AD. John bar Penkāyē, 687 AD mentions in his Syriac chronicle The House of God, but is not a reference to Mecca. Then there is also the Geography by Anania Shirakatsi (610-685 AD) which mentions the name Mecca, but places the location in Pharan which is todays Turkey, and not in the Arabian peninsula. No original documents has survived, therefore it is believed that the later ones who survived was changed to Mecca. Mecca not in the caravan trade route As previously explained, Patricia Crone went throughout the Arabian peninsula and could not find Mecca on the camel caravan trade route in the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th century. This is a span of 600 years. Archaeological evidence of Mecca No archaeological evidence of Mecca has been excavated before the 9th century,

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which is almost 200 years after Muhammad died. According to the Islamic traditions, the Jews had lived in Mecca at least for centuries. Mecca not in maps Mecca, which is called the mother of all cities, does not appear on early maps of the Arabian peninsula, neither during the lifetime of Muhammad in the 600s, and not even in the 700s or 800s, but first appeared on maps in 900 AD. This is almost 300 years after Muhammad died. Poems Many people use the poems by Zuhayr bin Abi Sulma, Umar ibn Abi Rabiyyah, Mudad Al-Jurhumi, Al-Nabigha Al-Dhubyani, and Al-Khansa, and claim that they prove Mecca's and Muhammads existence. However, what is considered to be “pre-Islamic” poetry and poems are in fact “post-Islamic” poetry and poems. The reason for this is that everything written about pre-Islamic poetry, whether in general or Islamic, comes from about 200 years into the Islamic era. There are a few exceptions like the Namara inscription that mentions Imru' al-Qais that dates to the 4th century AD, but is not an Islamic poem. People use the excuse that Arabs didn’t write during these times, however external sources such as from the Greeks, Syrians, Persians and others, never wrote a single reference to Arab poetry or literature. Specifically Islamic poetry is never found before Abd Al-Malik (ruled 685-705 AD), but were written between during the interval from 7411000 AD, after the earliest reference for Mecca which is the Continuatio Byzantia Arabica, dated to be from 741 AD. Paleo-Hebrew Asatir 8:3 The Asatir is often claimed to be written 300 BC which mentions Mecca. The text says: “All the sons of Nebaioth reigned… from the river of Egypt to the river Euphrates, and they built Mecca…” —The Samaritan Asātīr The Asatir is a well known pseudepigraphal text among researchers, and none of them believes that it was written in 300 BC. A pseudepigraphal text means that it is a falsely attributed work or text whose claimed author is not the true author, or a work whose real author attributed it to a figure of the past. It is attributed to the Muslim scholar Ab Hisda [Isda] of Tyre, and included in his poems of the eleventh century AD, though its composition resembles of the second-half of the 10th century. Its language style resembles more the Arabic language used

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at that time. By the late 10th century, when it was written, Mecca would have been well known as the center of Islam. Ironically, when you read the text of the Asatir which refers to Mecca (Chapter 8:3), it suggests Mecca was built by the descendants of Ishmael, which goes completely against the earlier 9th-10th century Islamic Traditions which place Adam and Eve in Mecca. The first reference for the Hajj The first document mentioning the hajj, which is a pilgrimage made to the Kaaba, is from a papyrus letter dated from 705-717 AD, written by Sahl bin Abd al-Azīz who was Abd Al Malik's nephew. However, it does not mention Mecca. Mecca inscriptions The Meccan inscriptions is the last piece to debunk Mecca in early Islam before 685 AD. By looking at all the evidence in this chapter, all fits that Islam never existed before 685 AD, but evolved gradually through 685-1000 AD. So these inscriptions are the last piece of the puzzle. Probably the oldest Islamic inscription in Mecca was written in 80 AH which is converted to 699-700 AD, and says: 1. "Oh David, we have indeed made you 2. a vicegerent on earth. 3. so that you will judge between men 4. in justice, and do not follow your desires 5. which will mislead you from the path of God. Verily, for those who stray 6. from the path of God is severe chastisement, for those who have forgotten the Day of 7. Reckoning." And this was inscribed by ʿUthmān bin 8. Wahran in the year eighty. This falls exactly under the Abd Al-Malik ruling (685-705 AD), however it reminds of the Quranic verse 38:26, but is not the same. "[We said], "O David, indeed We have made you a successor upon the earth, so judge between the people in truth and do not follow [your own] desire, as it will lead you astray from the way of Allah ." Indeed, those who go astray from the way of Allah will have a severe punishment for having forgotten the Day of Account." Quran 38:26 There are two other inscriptions with the same inscription years. Another Islamic inscription is from 84 AH which is converted to 703-704 AD, which says:

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1) O People, fear your Lord who created you and th2) ose before you that perhaps you may prosper. Written byʿAbd 3) Allāh ibn ʿUmārah in the year 84 [703-4 CE] This reminds of Quran 2:21, but is not the same: "O mankind, worship your Lord, who created you and those before you, that you may become righteous" - Quran 2:21 This may be evidence that this inscription predates the Quran. There have been found other inscriptions in Mecca which are before 700 AD. Many have not been published yet, but the earliest known Islamic so far found is the inscription from 700 AD above, which falls under Abd Al-Malik. If it is the oldest Islamic inscription, then the non-Islamic inscriptions before 700 AD would contradict that Islam ever existed in Mecca before Abd Al-Malik. Furthermore inscriptions does not prove that a city existed, it is the archaeological findings in the construction industry which proves it, or any other physical objects, like a tomb. There are two kinds of archaeology, textual evidence and archaeological evidence. In order to prove the textual evidence, in this case rock inscriptions, one must also find archaeological evidence. As mentioned before, there have not been found any archaeological evidence before 800 AD. Rock inscriptions could have been made by travellers, especially when it is non-Islamic, assuming that the inscription from 699-700 AD is the oldest Islamic inscription. Take a note that the non-Islamic inscriptions in Meccan are the only evidence for Meccas existence and that Mecca was the qibla in the 7th century. Saudi Arabia destroying Islamic sites According to the UK-based Islamic Heritage Research Foundation in 2014, Saudi Arabia has destroyed many of its Islamic historical sites in its country and Mecca, including heritage from the 7th century. Since the year of 1985, which is around the time Patricia Crone began presenting the evidence of Mecca, they have destroyed over 98% of its historical and religous sites. What this means is that they are destroying evidence, so no further archaeological evidence arises which proves that Islam began after 685 AD.

Dialect problem “Uthman then ordered Zaid bin Thabit, ‘Abdullah bin AzZubair, Said bin Al-As

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and ‘AbdurRahman bin Harith bin Hisham to rewrite the manuscripts in perfect copies. ‘Uthman said to the three Quraishi men, “In case you disagree with Zaid bin Thabit on any point in the Qur’an, then write it in the dialect of Quraish, the Qur’an was revealed in their tongue.” – Sahih al-Bukhari, Vol 6. Hadith 510 When the Quran was written about 652 AD, there was no dialect - it only came into existence in 8th century and the 9th century. The Arabic skeletal script is without the diacritical marks and vowelization. The skeletal script is also called the foundational rasm of the text, or the consonantal letters. In other words, if one strip away the dots and vowels, the result becomes the rasm of the text. Fathah = ah Dhammah = oo Kasrah = ii None of the above dialect marks existed in the time of the Muhammad. The issue with not having the written dialect is that words can have more meanings, in many situations complete opposite meanings. Qureshi dialect According to the Islamic traditions, the tribe of Muhammad spoke the Qureshi dialect. In the next section, it is explained that Uthman in 652 AD ordered the Quran to be written in the Qureshi dialect. However, there are no evidence that the Qureshi dialect existed in the 7th century, except that it is only explained in the Islamic traditions written in the 8th, 9th and 10th century.

The Quran is exactly the same as the one Muhammad revealed This is one of the most important sections in this whole book, together with the section which comes next about one of the 6 earliest Qurans. It is very important to read this and understand what they mean. Basically every devoted muslim and scholar says that the Quran is exactly the same as the one made by Muhammad or Uthman. Muslim scholar Fethullah stated: the Qur'an exists in Arabic, its original language and one that is still widely spoken today. Second, its text is entirely reliable. It has not been altered, edited, or tampered with since it was revealed. - Fethullah Gulen

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Suzanne Haneef has stated: the Holy Qur’an is the only divinely revealed scripture in the history of mankind which has been preserved to the present time in its exact original form… - Suzanne Hannef Abdullah Yusuf Ali has stated: So well has it been preserved, both in memory and in writing, that the Arabic text we have today is identical to the text as it was revealed to the Prophet. Not even a single letter has yielded to corruption during the passage of the centuries. - Abdullah Yusuf Ali Now keep in mind that muslims claim that not one single letter has been changed. This is going to change by reading this section which is taking directly by hadiths, most importantly the most reliable hadith, Sahih al-Bukhari. The first claim they make that it is written by Muhammad, which is not true. According to the following hadith, it was Abu Bakr who ordered the Quran to be written from people who had memorized it, but many had been killed: "Abu Bakr As-Siddiq sent for me when the people! of Yamama had been killed (i.e., a number of the Prophet’s Companions who fought against Musailama). (I went to him) and found ‘Umar bin Al-Khattab sitting with him. Abu Bakr then said (to me), “Umar has come to me and said: “Casualties were heavy among the Qurra’ of the! Qur’an (i.e. those who knew the Quran by heart) on the day of the Battle of Yalmama, and I am afraid that more heavy casualties may take place among the Qurra’ on other battlefields, whereby a large part of the Qur’an may be lost. Therefore I suggest, you (Abu Bakr) order that the Qur’an be collected.” – Sahih Bukhari 6:61:509 + Sahih Bukhari 8:81:817. Explanation: In this first example above it is stated that between 632-634 AD, the first Caliph Abu Bakr did not have the Quran written down and neither did Muhammad. He admits that people who had memorized parts of it had died and says a large part of the Quran may be lost. “During the battle of Yamama, 450 reciters of the Qur'an were killed.” - The True Guidance - An Introduction To Qur'anic Studies, published by Light of Life, P.O. BOX 13, A-9503 Villach, Austria, part 4, p. 47– citing Ibn Kathir’s Al-Bidaya wa al-Nihaya, chapter on Battle of Yamama

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Explanation: The number of memorizers that died was 450. "Many (of the passages) of the Qur’an that were sent down were known by those who died on the day of Yamama… but they were not known (by those who) survived them, nor were they written down, nor had Abu Bakr, Umar or Uthman (by that time) collected the Qur’an, nor were they found with even one (person) after them." - Hadith Ibn Abi Dawud + Kitab al-Masahif, p. 23 Explanation: This hadith above clearly states that Quranic verses had been lost by those who had died with them. And those who survived did not know them. "Umar was once looking for the text of a specific verse of the Qur’an he vaguely remembered. To his deep sorrow, he discovered that the only person who had any record of that verse had been killed in the battle of Yamama and that the verse was consequently lost." - Ibn Abi Dawud, Kitab al-Masahif, p. 10 + as-Suyuti’s al-Itqan fi ‘ulum al-Quran, volume 1, p. 204 Explanation: Only one person knew a specific verse, and he was killed in the Yamama “So I started looking for the Qur’an and collecting it from (what was written on) palme stalks, thin white stones and also from the men who knew it by heart, till I found the last Verse of Surat at-Tauba (Repentance) with Abi Khuzaima Al-Ansari, and I did not find it with anybody other than him” – Sahih Bukhari 6:61:509 Explanation: So Zayd Ibn Thabit agreed and looked for verses collect on palm stalks, thin white stones and also from men who knew it by heart. He only found one person who had memorized the Quran. "'Abdullah bin 'Amr mentioned 'Abdullah bin Masud and said, "I shall ever love that man, for I heard the Prophet saying, 'Take (learn) the Qur'an from four: 'Abdullah bin Masud, Salim, Mu'adh and Ubai bin Ka'b.' "" - Sahih al-Bukhari 6:61:521 (see also Sahih al-Bukhari 5:57:103 + Sahih al-Bukhari 5:58:150) Explanation: Zayd Ibn Thabit is not one of the best reciters and compilers according to Muhammad. Salim in the other hand was one of those killed in Yamama.

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"Narrated Ibn 'Abbas: 'Umar said, Ubai was the best of us in the recitation (of the Qur'an) yet we leave some of what he recites.' Ubai says, 'PI have taken it from the mouth of Allah's Apostle and will not leave for anything whatever." But Allah said" - Sahih al-Bukhari 6:61:527 Explanation: Ubai was the best in the recitation, yet they leaved out some of which he recited. "Affan Ibn Muslim informed us; (he said): 'Abd al-Wahid Ibn Ziyad informed us; (he said): Sulayman al-A'mash informed us on the authority of Shaqiq Ibn Salamah; he said: 'Abd Allah Ibn Mas'ud delivered a sermon to us when the order concerning uniform reading of the Qur'an was issued, as it was indeed. He (Shaqiq) said: He mentioned about deceit and said: Who so deceived, will bring his deceit on the Day of Resurrection. The people have been guilty of deceit in the reading of the Qur'an. I like it to read according to the recitation of him (Prophet) whom I love more than that of Zayd Ibn Thabit. By Him besides whom there is no god! I learnt more than seventy surahs from the lips of the Apostle of Allah, may Allah bless him, while Zayd Ibn Thabit was a youth, having two locks and playing with the youth. Then he said: By Him besides Whom there is no other god! If I know any one to be more conversant with the Book of Allah than me, and if the camels could carry me to him, I shall surely go to him. Then ‘Abd Allah went away. Shaqiq said: Subsequently I sat in the circles of the Companions of the Apostle of Allah and others but none contradicted his statement." - Ibn Sa’d’s Kitab al-Tabaqat, Volume 2, p. 444 Explanation: Ibn Masud, who was Muhammad's top teacher, declared that reading the Quran from Zayd Ibn Thabit is like being guilty of deceit. Zayd Ibn Thabit was also just a youth playing with other children during the lifetime of Muhammad. ""'Ubaidullah bin 'Abdullah bin 'Utbah informed me that 'Abdullah bin Mas'ud disliked Zaid bin Thabit copying the Musahif, and he said: 'O you Muslims people! Avoid copying the Mushaf and the recitation of this man. By Allah! When I accepted Islam he was but in the loins of a disbelieving man' - meaning Zaid bin Thabit - and it was regarding this that 'Abdullah bin Mas'ud said: 'O people of Al'Iraq! Keep the Musahif that are with you, and conceal them." - Jami` at-Tirmidhi 3104 Explanation: Abdullah bin Masud said to avoid copying the Quran by Zaid bin Thabit, which is the modern day Quran.

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"The people have been guilty of deceit in the reading of the quran. I like it better to read according to the recitation of him (Prophet) whom I love more than that of Zayd Ibn Thabit. By Him besides whom there is no god! I learnt more than seventy surahs from the lips of the Apostle of Allah, may Allah bless him, while Zayd ibn Thabit was a youth, having two locks and playing with the youth." - Ibn sad Saÿd, Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir, Vol.2, p.444 Explanation: Ibn Masud Masÿud regarded the codex compiled by Zaid and standardized by Uthman as the sole text to be used throughout the Muslim world thereafter as less authentic than his own. "We used to read a verse of the Qur'an revealed in their connection, but later the verse was cancelled. It was: "convey to our people on our behalf the information that we have met our Lord, and He is pleased with us, and has made us pleased."" - Sahih al-Bukhari 5:59:416 Explanation: The hadith above states that a verse has been cancelled. “Allah sent Muhammad with the Truth and revealed the Holy Book to him, and among what Allah revealed, was the Verse of the Rajam (the stoning of married person (male & female) who commits illegal sexual intercourse, and we did recite this Verse and understood and memorized it. Allah’s Apostle did carry out the punishment of stoning and so did we after him. I am afraid that after a long time has passed, somebody will say, ‘By Allah, we do not find the Verse of the Rajam in Allah’s Book, and thus they will go astray by leaving an obligation which Allah has revealed. ‘” – Sahih Bukhari 8:817 Explanation: The hadith above states that a verse is missing. "Khuzaimah ibn Thabit said: "I see you have overlooked (two) verses and have not written them". They said "And which are they?" He replied "I had it directly (tilqiyya - 'automatically, spontaneously') from the messenger of Allah (saw) (Surah 9, ayah 128): 'There has come to you a messenger from yourselves. It grieves him that you should perish, he is very concerned about you : to the believers he is kind and merciful', to the end of the surah". Uthman said "I bear witness that these verses are from Allah"." - Ibn Abi Dawud, Kitab al-Masahif, p.11 Explanation: The hadith above states that two verses got overlooked.

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"Aishah ordered me to transcribe the Holy quran and asked me to let her know when I should arrive at the verse Hafidhuu alaas-salaati waas-salaatil wustaa wa quumuu lillaahi qaanitiin (2.238). When I arrived at the verse I informed her and she ordered: Write it in this way, Hafidhuu alaas-salaati waas-salaatil wustaa wa salaatil asri salaatil-ÿasri wa quumuu lillaahi qaanitiin. She added that she had heard it so from the Apostle of Allah (saw)." - Muwatta Imam Malik, p.64 Explanation: The hadith above states that a verse got changed. ‘Umar said, Ubai was the best of us in the recitation (of the Qur’an) yet we leave some of what he recites.’ Ubai says, ‘PI have taken it from the mouth of Allah’s Apostle and will not leave for anything whatever.” But Allah said “None of Our Revelations do We abrogate or cause to be forgotten but We substitute something better or similar.” – Sahih Bukhari Vol 6, 527 Explanation: The hadith above states that verses got substituted for better or similar. 'A'isha reported that the Apostle of Allah ‫ ﷺ‬listened to the recitation of the Qur'an by a man in the mosque. Thereupon he said: May Allah have mercy upon him; be reminded me of the verse which I had been made to forget. - Sahih Muslim 2:1721 Explanation: In the hadith above, Muhammad forgot verses. “A man got up (for prayer) at night, he read the Qur’an and raised his voice in reading. When the morning came, the Apostle of Allah (peace_be_upon_him) said: May Allah have mercy in so-an-so! Last night he reminded me a number of verses which I was about to forget. ” - Sunan Abu-Dawud 25:3959 Explanation: In the hadith above, Muhammad forgot verses. "It is reported from Ismail ibn Ibrahim from Ayyub from Naafi from Ibn Umar who said: “Let none of you say ‘I have acquired the whole of the Qur’an‘. How does he know what all of it is when much of the Qur’an has disappeared? Rather let him say ‘I have acquired what has survived.’” - Al-Itqan, p. 524 Explanation: In the hadith above it is stated to be optimistic what has survived and not focus on what has been lost.

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"We used to recite a surah which resembled in length and severity to (Surah) Bara’at. I have, however, forgotten it with the exception of this which I remember out of it:” If there were two valleys full of riches, for the son of Adam, he would long for a third valley, and nothing would fill the stomach of the son of Adam but dust.” – Sahih Muslim Book 5, Hadith 2286 Explanation: In the hadith above some verses got forgotten. “The Verse of stoning and of breastfeeding an adult ten times was revealed, and the paper was with me under my pillow. When the Messenger of Allah died, we were preoccupied with his death, and a tame sheep came in and ate it.” – Sunan Ibn Majah Book 9, Hadith 2020 Explanation: In the hadith above a goat ate a verse. Furthermore the verse of stoning is not in the Quran. "Zaid bin Thabit said, “When the Quran was compiled from various written manuscripts, one of the Verses of Surat Al-Ahzab was missing which I used to hear Allah’s Apostle reciting. I could not find it except with Khuzaima bin Thabjt Al-Ansari, whose witness Allah’s Apostle regarded as equal to the witness of two men. And the Verse was:– “Among the believers are men who have been true to what they covenanted with Allah.” (33.23)" – Sahih Bukhari 4:52:62 Explanation: In the hadith above people forgot verses. "Allah sent Muhammad (saw) with the Truth and revealed the Holy Book to him, and among what Allah revealed, was the Verse of the Rajam (the stoning of married persons, male and female, who commit adultery) and we did recite this verse and understood and memorized it. Allah's Apostle (saw) did carry out the punishment of stoning and so did we after him. I am afraid that after a long time has passed, somebody will say, "By Allah, we do not find the verse of the Rajam in Allah's Book", and thus they will go astray by leaving an obligation which Allah has revealed." - Sahih al-Bukhari, Vol.8, p.539 Explanation: The verse of stoning, even though Muhammad revealed it, does not exists in the Quran. There are other hadith record that Muhammad ordered stoning, like Muwatta Imam Malik, p.350. "Abu Harb b. Abu al-Aswad reported on the authority of his father that Abu Musa al-Ash'ari sent for the reciters of Basra. They came to him and they were

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three hundred in number. They recited the Qur'an and he said: You are the best among the inhabitants of Basra, for you are the reciters among them. So continue to recite it. (But bear in mind) that your reciting for a long time may not harden your hearts as were hardened the hearts of those before you. We used to recite a surah which resembled in length and severity to (Surah) Bara'at. I have, however, forgotten it with the exception of this which I remember out of it:" If there were two valleys full of riches, for the son of Adam, he would long for a third valley, and nothing would fill the stomach of the son of Adam but dust." And we used so recite a slirah which resembled one of the surahs of Musabbihat, and I have forgotten it, but remember (this much) out of it:" Oh people who believe, why do you say that which you do not practise" (lxi 2.) and" that is recorded in your necks as a witness (against you) and you would be asked about it on the Day of Resurrection" (xvii. 13)." - Sahih Muslim 2286. See also Sahih Muslim 1049 + Sahih Muslim 1050 Explanation: Two surahs (chapters) are missing So the verses were: lost, disappeared, forgotten, cancelled, missing, overlooked, modified, substituted, eaten by a sheep, and excluded. However, according to the Islamic traditions, the Quran was sent in seven different Ahrufs, which means that the verses were different. "I heard Hisham bin Hakim reciting Surat Al-Furqan during the lifetime of Allah's Apostle and I listened to his recitation and noticed that he recited in several different ways which Allah's Apostle had not taught me. I was about to jump over him during his prayer, but I controlled my temper, and when he had completed his prayer, I put his upper garment around his neck and seized him by it and said, "Who taught you this Sura which I heard you reciting?" He replied, "Allah's Apostle taught it to me." I said, "You have told a lie, for Allah's Apostle has taught it to me in a different way from yours." So I dragged him to Allah's Apostle and said (to Allah's Apostle): "I heard this person reciting Surat Al-Furqan in a way which you haven't taught me!" On that Allah's Apostle said, "Release him, (O 'Umar!) Recite, O Hisham!" Then he recited in the same way as I heard him reciting. Then Allah's Apostle said, "It was revealed in this way," and added, "Recite, O 'Umar!" I recited it as he had taught me. Allah's Apostle then said, "It was revealed in this way. This Qur'an has been revealed to be recited in seven different ways, so recite of it whichever (way) is easier for you (or read as much of it as may be easy for you)." - Sahih al-Bukhari 6:61:514 + Sahih al-Bukhari 6:61:561 + Sahih Muslim 819 a + 821 a, Sunan Abi Dawud 1478 (Sahih), Sahih al-Bukhari 3219

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Explanation: According to the hadiths above, the Quran has been sent into 7 different Ahrufs, which means that the verses differs, not just the dialect. However, even the chapters differed when they were finished by the different people, according to the Islamic traditions. Ibn Masud had 111 chapters in his Quran, Ubayy had 115 chapters, and Abu Musa had 116 chapters in his Quran. According to hadiths, there were a total of 16 different Qurans: " I asked Anas bin Malik: "Who collected the Qur'an at the time of the Prophet ?" He replied, "Four, all of whom were from the Ansar: Ubai bin Ka'b, Mu'adh bin Jabal, Zaid bin Thabit and Abu Zaid."" - Sahih al-Bukhari 6:61:525 + 6:61:526 Explanation: Four Qurans were collected individually by Ubai bin Ka'b, Mu'adh bin Jabal, Zaid bin Thabit and Abu Zaid. There are additionally 12 other Quranic versions collected, including from 'Abdullah Ibn Mas'ud and Abu Musa al Ash'ari. Now comes the second part which happened in around 650-652 AD. "Hudhaifa bin Al-Yaman came to Uthman at the time when the people of Sham and the people of Iraq were Waging war to conquer Arminya and Adharbijan. Hudhaifa was afraid of their (the people of Sham and Iraq) differences in the recitation of the Qur'an, so he said to 'Uthman, "O chief of the Believers! Save this nation before they differ about the Book (Quran) as Jews and the Christians did before." So 'Uthman sent a message to Hafsa saying, "Send us the manuscripts of the Qur'an so that we may compile the Qur'anic materials in perfect copies and return the manuscripts to you." Hafsa sent it to 'Uthman. 'Uthman then ordered Zaid bin Thabit, 'Abdullah bin AzZubair, Said bin Al-As and 'AbdurRahman bin Harith bin Hisham to rewrite the manuscripts in perfect copies. 'Uthman said to the three Quraishi men, "In case you disagree with Zaid bin Thabit on any point in the Qur'an, then write it in the dialect of Quraish, the Qur'an was revealed in their tongue." They did so, and when they had written many copies, 'Uthman returned the original manuscripts to Hafsa. 'Uthman sent to every Muslim province one copy of what they had copied, and ordered that all the other Qur'anic materials, whether written in fragmentary manuscripts or whole copies, be burnt. Said bin Thabit added, "A Verse from Surat Ahzab was missed by me when we copied the Qur'an and I used to hear Allah's Apostle reciting it. So we searched for it and found it with Khuzaima bin Thabit Al-Ansari. (That Verse was): 'Among the Believers are men who have been true in their covenant with Allah.' (33.23)" – Sahih al-Bukhari 6:61:510

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Explanation: Hudhaifa was afraid that the people of Iraq and Syria had different recitations, so Uthman then ordered these four compilers to write a second version in the Quraish dialect, and send those 5 copies to the provinces which were: Medina, Mecca, Basra, Kufa, Damascus. Take a note that the ordered the previous copies to be burned. Why would you want to burn previous copies? This can only mean that the Quran today is not the same as the one muslims claimed is to be from Muhammad, since the previous and different copies were burned. Remember that if all the previous Qurans had to be burned, that means none of them were the correct ones. Strangely enough Zaid Ibn Thabit is again one of the compilers. "By Allah, he did not act or do anything in respect of the manuscripts (masahif) except in full consultation with us, for he said, "What is your opinion in this matter of qiraat qiraÿat (reading)? It has been reported to me that some are saying `My reading is superior to your reading'. That is a perversion of the truth". We asked him, "What is your view (on this)?" He answered, "My view is that we should unite the people on a single text (mushaf wahid), then there will be no further division or disagreement". We replied "What a wonderful idea!" Someone from the gathering there asked, "Whose is the purest (Arabic) among the people and whose reading (is the best)?" They said the purest (Arabic) among the people was that of said Saÿid ibn as al-ÿAs and the (best) reader among them was Zaid ibn Thabit. He (`Uthman) said, "Let the one write and the other dictate". Thereafter they performed their task and he united the people on a (single) text." Ibn Abi Dawud, Kitab al-Masahif, p.22 Explanation: Uniting people on a new single text means all the existing Qurans at that time were different. "He transcribed the texts (suhuf) into a single codex (mushaf waahid), he arranged the suras, and he restricted the dialect to the vernacular (lugaat) of the Quraysh on the plea that it (quran) had been sent down in their tongue." - AsSuyuti, Al-Itqan fii `Ulum quran al-QurŸan, p.140 Explanation: Uthman even arranged the Suras compared to the old ones. "Ibn Abi Maryam related to us from Ibn Luhai'a from Abu'l-Aswad from 'Urwa b. az-Zubair from 'A'isha who said, "Surat al-Ahzab (Surah 33) used to be recited in the time of the prophet with two hundred verses, but when 'Uthman wrote out the codices he was unable to procure more of it than there is in it today" - Abu

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Ubaid's Kitab Fada'il al-Quran Explanation: Surah 33 contains today 73 verses, which means that 127 verses has been lost when Uthman wrote out the manuscript in ca. 652 AD So Uthman burned previous copies and made a new single one in 5 copies with a new dialect. The Quran was not even written down until after the death of Muhammad. The next part is Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf (reigned 694-714 AD) who was the guvernor under Abd Al-Malik (685-705 AD) and Al-Walid (705-715 AD). He made eleven modifications according to the Islamic traditions: Altogether al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf made eleven modifications in the reading of the `Uthmanic text. .. In al-Baqarah (Surah 2.259) it originally read Lam yatasanna waandhur, but it was altered to Lam yatassanah ... In maida al-Maÿida (Surah 5.48) it read Shar yaatan yaÿatan wa minhaajaan but it was altered to shir `atawwa minhaajaan. (Ibn Abi Dawud, Kitab al-Masahif, p.117). Now does this sound like a book that was completely Allah’s words and the exact revelation of him, words by words? They give an idea that that the Quran that we have today is absoutely not the same Quran Muhammad revealed. In the next section it will be discussed that Muslims don't even have the original copies of the Quran from Uthman, and the ones they do have from 7th and 8th century are completely different from the one today. 30 different Qurans with dialect In Arabic script there is the skeleton writing, which is called rasm, and then there are diacritical marks and vovelization which gives the dialect. Ibn Mujahid (d. 936 AD) In the 10th century, around 300 years after Muhammad supposedly died, Ibn Mujahid (860- 936 AD) selected 7 new Qurans with different dialects, which were written in the 8th and 9th century, due to the fact that dialects evovled in the arabic language, and he ordered the previous Quranic manuscripts to be illegitimate. Those were from the reciters Nafi' al-Madani (Medina, 689-785 AD) Ibn Kathir al Makki (Mecca, 666-738 AD) Abu 'Amr Ibn al-'Ala' (Basrah, 690-770 AD) Ibn Amir ad-Dimashqi (Damascus, died 736 AD) Aasim Ibn Abi al-Najud (Kufa, 700-745 AD)

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Hamzah az-Zalyyat (Kufa, 696-772 AD) Al-Kisa'i (Kufa, 737-805 AD) According to the Islamic traditions, all those ten reciters had many reciters followed after them in the 8th and 9th century up until Ibn Mujahid. Qira'ats between Nafi - Medina (785 AD) & Ibn Mujahid (936 AD) = 63 Qira'ats between Ibn Kathir - Mecca (738 AD) & Ibn Mujahid (936 AD) = 59 Qira'ats between Abu 'Amir - Basrah (770 AD) & Ibn Mujahid (936 AD) = 65 Qira'ats between Aasim - Kufa (745 AD) & Ibn Mujahid (936 AD) = 91 Alone those four had 278 different qira'at. Therefore Ibn Galbun (died 998 AD) only chose two canonical transmissions between the original of these 10s of transmitters, thereby adding 14 extra different Qurans with dialects. Those were from the reciters: Qalun (835 AD), Al-Bazzi (died 864 AD), Al-Duri (died 860 AD), Hisham (859 AD), Shu'bah (died 809 AD), Khalaf (died 844 AD), Al-Layth (died 854 AD), Warsh (812 AD), Qunbul (died 904 AD), Al-Susi (died 874 AD), Ibn Dhakwan (died 857 AD), Hafs (died 796 AD), Khallad (died 835 AD), Al-Duri (died 860 AD) Al-Jazari (d. 1429 AD) In the 15th century, which is around 800 years after Muhammad supposedly died, Al-Jazari added another 3 Qurans with dialect. Those were from the reciters: Abu Ja'far (Medina, died 748 AD) Ya'qub al-Yamani (Basrah, died 821 AD) Khalaf (Kufa, died 844 AD) And likewise two after each of these transmitters were chosen, adding six extra and a total of nine by using the two transmitters system by Ibn Galbun (died 998 AD). Those were from the reciters: 'Isa ibn Wardan (died 777 AD), Ruways (died 853 AD), Ishaq (died 899 AD), Ibn Jummaz (died 787 AD), Rawh (died 849 AD), Idris (died 905 AD) With a total of 30 different Qurans, it was decided to do something about it. In 1924, the department of education in Egypt asked Muhammad ibn al Husayni al Haddad from the Al Azhar University in Cairo to choose one of them, and ended

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of chosing the Hafs version. This Hafs was then in 1936 AD chosen as a standard Quran for all Egypt, and then in 1985 AD for most of the world. Interestingly enough the Hafs edition was not one of the 7 original qira'at by Ibn Mujahid from the 10th century. Furthermore a team in London has found 7 different Hafs Quran, which might indicate that the Hafs was edited in the 1924 and 1936 editions. The majority of North and West African countries use the Warsh and Qalun qira'at, and has been using it since medieval age. Sudan still uses the reading by Abu 'Amr since at least since the 15th century. On the next page, the chronology of the Quran is illustrated. For further study regarding the 7 ahrufs and 30 qira'ats, read Orality, Literacy and the 'Seven Ahruf ' Hadith by Yasin Dutton (2011), and The Transmission of the Variant Readings of the Qurān by Shady Hekmat Nasser (2012).

The historicity of the Quran In the previous section, it was explained how the Quran developed throughout time based on the Islamic traditions, most importantly based on Sahih al-Bukhari, which is the most reliable hadith collection written 200 years after Muhammad supposedly had died. In this section, it will be explained the development of the Quran based on non-Islamic documents. Theophanes the Confessor (758-817 AD) wrote regarding a letter by 'Umar II (reigned 717-720 AD) to Leo III (reigned 717-741 AD), and says the following: "He ('Umar) composed a theological letter for Leo the emperor, thinking to persuade him to become a Muslim (magarisai)" - Seeing Islam as Others Saw It by Robert G. Hoyland (1997) A fuller statement was written by Agapius (died 941 AD), who was the Melkite bishop of Menbij: "He ('Umar) wrote for Leo the king a letter summoning him therein to Islam and, moreover, disputed with him about his religion. Leo made him a reply in which he tore apart his argument and made clear to him the unsoundness of his statement, and elucidated to him the light of Christianity by proofs from the revealed Books and by comparisons from the insights and inclinations of the Qur'an." - Seeing Islam as Others Saw It by Robert G. Hoylan (1997)

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The correspondence between Emperor Leo III and 'Umar II between 717-720 AD: "It was 'Umar, Abu Turab and Salman the Persian who composed that ("your P'ourkan"), even though the rumour has got around among you that God sent it down from the heavens..." Reading the letter above, it is clear that Umar, Abu Turab (Ali) and Salman the Persian in alliance created the book. It does not refer the book as Quran but as P'ourkan - or the word could be the same as Furqan, which is the Aramaic word for salvation. The important part of this document is that Muhammad is not mentioned, and implies that those three people were the first who composed the salvation. Notice, it does not say that these three people composed a book, but a salvation, and they did not gathered it as Islamic traditions say but composed it. The last part is that the letter is a message to correct a rumour that the Quran was not sent down by the heavens, but was in fact composed by these three people. The letter continous.. "As for your [Book], you have already given us examples of such falsifications and one knows among others of a certain Hajjaj, named by you as governor of Persia who had men gather your ancient books, which he replaced by others composed by himself according to his taste and which he disseminated everywhere in your nation, because it was easier by far to undertake such a task among a people speaking a single language. From this destruction, nevertheless, there escaped a few of the works" Now Emperor Leo III refers directly to 'Umar II by saying "As for your Book". So first it was a salvation by 'Umar, Abu Turab (Ali) and Salman the Persian in the 7th century, and it has become a book between 717-720 AD. The most important part is that it mentions that Hajjaj (reigned 706-715 AD) was the person who replaced previous books, replaced and composed a new one in a single language, and ordered the previous ones to be destroyed. This is exactly the same kind of story as the story with Uthman, which was described in the previous section, according to Sahih al-Bukhari written in the 9th century. Al Hajjaj reigned as guvernor from 694-714 AD, both under Abd Al-Malik (reigned 685-705 AD) and Al Walid (reigned 705-715 AD). His book was refererd as The Book of Allah, which is written in the Caliph protocols in the 692 AD, and not as Quran. These events described above were also narrated by 'Abd al-Masih al-Kindi and Abraham of Tiberias, who lived during the reign of Ma'mun (reigned 813-833 AD).

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Then there was the matter of Hajjaj b. Yusuf, namely that he gathered together every last copy and caused to be omitted from the text many things..., and a version (naskh) was written according to the composition favoured by Hajjaj in six coped (masahif), and one was sent to Egypt, another to Syria, another to Madina, another to Mecca, another to Kufa and another to Basra. The opinion of Robert Hoyland: "Kindi avers to his Muslim adressee that "all that I have said is drawn from your own authorities". And this would appear to be so, for we find notices in Arabic sources that "Hajjaj b. Yusuf wrote exemplars of the Qur'an (masahif) and sent them to the chief provinces", that he changed the wording or eliminated variant readings, or introduced diacritical marks into the text. The convergence of reports upon the figure of Hajjaj makes it almost certain that he undertook some sort of revision of the Muslim Scripture, but this may have been no more than the sponsoring of an improved edition" - Robert Hoyland Al-Hajjaj is an important figure, as historically, he is seen as the father of the final Quran. Furthermore he is also the person who introduced reading the Quran in the mosque, and also introduced praying while standing upright before bowing down. The first person who referred this book as Quran or reading was a Christian monk of the monastery of Beth Hale who cited the Quran by name in 710 AD during a debate with an Arab noble. Everything fits that everything happened during and after the reign of Al-Hajjaj, which began during the reign of Abd AlMalik (reigned 685-705 AD). The evolution of the Arabic language Al-Walid II (706 -744 AD) was the person who changed the official language from Greek to Arabic in the 8th century, which further brings doubt about the Islamic traditions regarding the 7th century. "In this year Walid robbed the holy Catholic Church of Damascus out of the envy the sinner felt toward the Christians because of this church’s surpassing beauty. He also stopped the use of Greek in the public record books of the departments ordering them to be written in Arabic instead: that is, except for numbers, since it is impossible to write the number “one,” the number “two,” the number “three,” “eight and a half,” or “three in the feminine gender” in their language. Because

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of this their scribes are Christians even to the present day." - The Chronicle of Theophanes: Anni Mundi 6095-6305 (A.D. 602-813), entry for 707-708 AD Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad Al-Farahidi (718-791 AD), who is known as the genius in language, is credited with the current standard Arabic diacritics. This means that Arabic dialects did not exist in the 7th century, which contradicts the Islamic traditions, saying that Uthman ordered the Quran to be written in the Qureshi dialect in 652 AD.

The Quran is "eternal”, “sent down”, “completed by Uthman in 652 AD”, and “unchanged”. It only requires two words for non-muslims to say: Prove it. It is not possible to prove that the Quran is uncreated and exists eternally in tablets in heaven as revealed in the Quran: "[Inscribed] in a Preserved Slate." - Quran 85:22 It is not possible to prove that the Quran has been sent down to Muhammad either: “AlifLaamRa. We have sent down to you (this Book) in order that you bring mankind from darkness to the light by the permission of your Lord, to the Path of the Almighty, the Praised.” - Quran 14:1 The more important part of the equation are the two other statements which people continually claim that the Quran is completed by Muhammad in 632 AD or Uthman in 652 AD, and it is unchanged since then. To this there is this Quranic verse: "Indeed, it is We who sent down the Qur'an and indeed, We will be its guardian." Quran 15:9

"[All] praise is [due] to Allah, who has sent down upon His Servant the Book and has not made therein any deviance." - Quran 18:1 The Quranic verses above implies that the Quran is protected on Earth to any changes. No muslims have ever proved that it was completed by Uthman in 652 AD and is unchanged. No muslims has ever come with only one copy of the

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Quran from 652 AD. There is not a single Quran that has been presented from that era, not even a single one. “‘Uthman then ordered Zaid bin Thabit, ‘Abdullah bin AzZubair, Said bin Al-As and ‘AbdurRahman bin Harith bin Hisham to rewrite the manuscripts in perfect copies. ‘Uthman said to the three Quraishi men, “In case you disagree with Zaid bin Thabit on any point in the Qur’an, then write it in the dialect of Quraish, the Qur’an was revealed in their tongue.” They did so, and when they had written many copies, ‘Uthman returned the original manuscripts to Hafsa. ‘Uthman sent to every Muslim province one copy of what they had copied, and ordered that all the other Qur’anic materials, whether written in fragmentary manuscripts or whole copies, be burnt.” - Sahih al-Bukhari, Hadith 510 According to the Sahih Bukhari hadith above there should be 5 exact copies of the same Quran from the Uthman era. It is important to remember from previous section that they are not even the original from Muhammad since Uthman in 652 AD ordered to burn the previous versions. No one from around the world has come up with only a single copy of that Quran. Below are one of the oldest Quranic manuscripts known, and it is those manuscripts many have used to justify the claim that the Quran is unchanged but also complete: • • • • • •

Topkapi Sammarqand Ma’il Houseini Petropolitanus Sana'a (DAM 01-27.1)

The two turkish muslim scholars Prof. Dr. Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu and Dr. Tayyar Altikulaq had access to the Qurans for a complete five years term from 2002-2007 which was called the al Mushaf al Sharif investigation. Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu concluded: "We have non of Uthman’s Mushafs" "Nor do we have any copies from those Mushafs" "These Mushafs date from the later Umayyad period" Mushafs means manuscripts and the Umayyad period is from 661-749 AD which is mostly 8th century and definitely not a part of the Uthmanic era (644-656 AD) where the Quran should have been written in 652 AD. Dr. Tayyar Altikulaq made

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also an individual statement saying: "No serious scholarly work has been done on them" "These Mushafs date from the early - mid 8th century" "They are not Uthmanic, nor copies sent by him" "Even though we would like to publish this sacred text as the Mushaf of Caliph 'Uthman, our research indicated that it was neither the private Mushaf of Caliph 'Uthman, nor one of the Mushafs he sent to various centers" Remember that not only are these six manuscripts not from Uthman, they are neither copies of them. So let's see what exactly is known about these manuscripts is proves that they are neither the Uthmanic nor to the one the world currently uses: • • • •

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Topkapi: Dates between 672 AD to 772 AD (because of vowelling and dotting) They found 2270 deviations from the Quran we have today. Deviations in grammatical rules Spelling mistakes 7 folios in the manuscript were copied in later They also found out that only 78% of it can be read due to damage, holes Samarqand: Dated to early to mid 8th century Undisciplined spelling, different writing styles, scribal mistakes, copyist mistakes, written by someone with very little experience to Arabic Later additions Only goes to Sura 43 (there are 114 Suras in the Quran) Only 1 surah is complete, 24 surahs are partial complete and 18 surahs do not exists Ma’il: Dates to early 8th century to late 8th century Written in the Hijazi script Only goes to Sura 43 Includes only 53% of the Quran Also varies in manuscript Disagrees with Caireen Mushafs 93 times Al Husseini: Dates to early 8th century and up to 9th century (Francois Deroche) It is not Uthmanic

Coverings over the text, signifying hiding, censoring original text • Petropolitanus Early 8th century It disagrees with 1924 Cairene Quran 93 times Five different copyists Variations in script There are corrections to the text Later modified with eraser and additions • Sana'a: Lower text (671-705 AD) In 63 verses there are 70 variants from today's Quran 16 of them are entire sentences Only Quran with no diacritical marks and vowelization Upper text (705-later) 1000 variants compared to today's Quran Different in surah arrangements Jumps from surah 19 to surah 22 Different in scripts Later additions (60-70 years later) Islamic apologists: cannot say it is eternal, cannot say it is sent down, cannot say it is completed by Uthman, cannot say it is unchanged. Because they all disagree with each other and they all disagree with the Quran today! Below are examples of variations from the six manuscripts compared to the Cairene manuscript (Fahd Mushaf) which is the modern day Quran. Topkapi vs. todays Quran Surah and verse

Topkapi

1924 Cairene Quran

14:38

"You know what we conceal and what he revealed"

"You know what we conceal and what we reveal"

3:158

"If you should die or be slain, you shall not be gathered"

"If you should die or be slain, before Him you shall undoubtedly be gathered"

66:8

"O ye who believe! Repent until you give by " O ye who believe! Turn unto Allah it sincerely" in sincere repentance!"

23:86

"Say, Who is the Lord of the heavens and the earth?" (seven was added later)

"Say, Who is the Seven heavens and Lord of the Great Throne?"

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73:20

"..two thirds (ERASED WORD) of the night.."

"..two thirds of the night.."

Petropolitanus vs. todays Quran Surah and verse

Petropolitanus

1924 Cairene Quran

14:37

"Our lord, I have settled some of my descendants in an uncultivated valley near Your sacred House, our Lord, that they may establish prayer, and make hearts among the people incline towards them"

"Our lord, I have settled some of my descendants in an uncultivated valley near Your sacred House, our Lord, that they may establish prayer, so make hearts among the people incline towards them"

Sana'A vs. todays Quran

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Surah and verse

Petropolitanus

1924 Cairene Quran

49:15

"They believe.." mu minu got changed to mu minun centuries later

"The believers.."

2:88

And they said, "Our hearts are wrapped." But, [in fact], Allah has cursed them for their unjustice, so little is it that they believe.

And they said, "Our hearts are wrapped." But, [in fact], Allah has cursed them for their disbelief, so little is it that they believe.

8:74

"But those who have believed and emigrated and fought in the cause of Allah with their money and themselves and those who gave shelter and aided - it is they who are the believers, truly. For them is forgiveness and noble provision."

"But those who have believed and emigrated and fought in the cause of Allah and those who gave shelter and aided - it is they who are the believers, truly. For them is forgiveness and noble provision."

9:2

"So travel freely, [O disbelievers], throughout the land [during] four months but know that they do do not escape Allah and his prophet and that Allah will disgrace the disbelievers."

"So travel freely, [O disbelievers], throughout the land [during] four months but know that you cannot cause failure to Allah and that Allah will disgrace the disbelievers."

9:9

"They have exchanged the signs of Allah and their oath for a small price and averted [people] from the way of Allah. Indeed, it was evil that they were doing."

They have exchanged the signs of Allah for a small price and averted [people] from His way. Indeed, it was evil that they were doing.

9:13

"And why don't you fight a people who broke their oaths and they were the first to start (aggression) and they intended to drive out the prophet? Do you fear them? But Allah has more right that you should fear Him, if you are [truly] believers."

"Would you not fight a people who broke their oaths and determined to expel the Messenger, and they had begun [the attack upon] you the first time? Do you fear them? But Allah has more right that you should fear Him, if you are [truly] believers."

9:18

"The mosques of Allah are only to be maintained by those who believe in Allah and the Last Day and he did jihad (struggled) in the name of Allah, and did not fear (anyone) but Allah, for it is expected that those who are succesful will be of the [rightly] guided."

"The mosques of Allah are only to be maintained by those who believe in Allah and the Last Day and establish prayer and give zakah and do not fear except Allah, for it is expected that those will be of the [rightly] guided."

9:80

"Ask forgiveness for them, [O Muhammad], or do not ask forgiveness for them. If you should ask forgiveness for them seventy times - Allah does not forgive them, indeed Allah does not guide the defiantly disobedient people."

"Ask forgiveness for them, [O Muhammad], or do not ask forgiveness for them. If you should ask forgiveness for them seventy times - never will Allah forgive them. That is because they disbelieved in Allah and His Messenger, and Allah does not guide the defiantly disobedient people."

The reason why many examples are taken for the Sana'a manuscript is because it is possibly the oldest manuscript. What is special about this Sana'a fragment is that not only is it probably the oldest Quranic manuscript, but also because the manuscript is a direct evidence of evolution since the verses which were erased and substituted above is resembles more the todays Qurani. According to page 16 of the book The Sana'a Palimpsest by Asma Hilali, Dr. Elizabeth Puin, Dr. Gerd Puin, B. Sadeghi and M. Goudarzi, all agree that there are more variants in the lower text than in the upper text. The Birmingham folios The Birmingham folios only consist of surah 18, surah 19 and surah 20 on only two papers. The Carbon-14 dating was determined to be between 568-645 AD at the University of Oxford. Just because the papers were made 100 years before, Uthman could have written the Quran from those papers. There is however a problem with the radiometric dating: There has been made 7 carbon-dating test on the Sana'a manuscript, which was dated to be 671-705 AD by analyzing the text. Four of those seven tests, in Lyon (France), Kiel (Germany), Zurich

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(Switzerland), and Oxford (England), was determined to be 390 - 550 AD, even though the text was analyzed to be around 671-705 AD, which is a difference of up to 315 years earlier than expeceted. Three others fall under the life of Muhammad, and only one falls under the Uthamic rule. Because of this diverse of C14-dating, it is hard to determine what really happened, and you cannot know for sure if the Arabs used old papers which were 50 years old, 100 years old, or up to 315 years. Other manuscripts and fragments There are many other manuscripts and fragments which are claimed to be from the 7th century (600-700 AD). The most famous used by apologists are tudingen fragment, birmingsham folios and others. The problem with this claim is that it is only and mostly based on carbon-14 dating, which can be up to 100-400 years innaccurate. This is easily demonstrated with the illustration on the next page with the Sana'a manuscript. One of the 8 carbon-14 tests on the parchment goes down to 388-535 AD, and the paleographic determination (style of text) of the lower text was determined by the two turkish scholars to be from 671-705 AD. This means that the text above is between 136-317 years later! Why is this important? Because the date of the entire collection of 600s AD manuscripts, fragments and folios are based on carbon-14 on the parchment, but the text can be written up to 317 years later. However according to the palaeographical aspect, some manuscripts are from 1st century (622-722 AD), so they may be from 685-722 AD, when Abd Al-Malik introduced Islam. So by reading the sections "The Quran is exactly the same as the one Muhammad revealed" and this section here "The Quran is "eternal”, “sent down”, “completed by Uthman in 652 AD”, and “unchanged”." It is clear where the modern day, todays Quran comes from, namely the 1924 Cairene Mushaf which is revised from the Hafs (Asim) manuscript. That means the earliest manuscript one can find of the same Quran today, with the same diacritical marks and vovelization, is from the 1924 version, not earlier. For further study read Al-Mushaf Al-Sharif Atributed to 'Uthman Bin'Affan by Tayyar Altıkulac (2009), Corrections in Early Qur'ān Manuscripts: Twenty Examples (Quran Manuscript Change Studies) by Dan Brubaker (2019), and The Sanaa Palimpsest by Asma Hilali (2017). Memorization above written text claimed In 632-634 AD at the Battle of Yamana, this has been proved false. They already

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panicked and admitted that some parts of the Quran may have been lost. "Abu Bakr As-Siddiq sent for me when the people of Yamama had been killed (i.e., a number of the Prophet's Companions who fought against Musailima). (I went to him) and found `Umar bin Al- Khattab sitting with him. Abu Bakr then said (to me), "`Umar has come to me and said: "Casualties were heavy among the Qurra' of the Qur'an (i.e. those who knew the Qur'an by heart) on the day of the Battle of Yamama, and I am afraid that more heavy casualties may take place among the Qurra' on other battlefields, whereby a large part of the Qur'an may be lost. Therefore I suggest, you (Abu Bakr) order that the Qur'an be collected." Sahih al-Bukhari 6:61:509

In the next hadith, it is clearly that the written text is important. "Hudhaifa was afraid of their (the people of Sham and Iraq) differences in the recitation of the Qur'an, so he said to 'Uthman, "O chief of the Believers! Save this nation before they differ about the Book (Quran) as Jews and the Christians did before." So 'Uthman sent a message to Hafsa saying, "Send us the manuscripts of the Qur'an so that we may compile the Qur'anic materials in perfect copies and return the manuscripts to you."" - Sahih al-Bukhari 6:61:510 Memorization cannot be superior to the writings. Already around 652 AD Uthman burned the Quranic manuscritps and fragments and made a new copy, because they differed. Same with the example with the Yamama battle, they already panicked, according to Sahih al-Bukhari. It is worth noting that there are no evidence that they tried to memorize in the 7th century. The Islamic traditions written in the 9th-10th century just makes an attribution that they memorized, but there are no evidence in the 7th century that they tried to memorize anything. This means not the memorization itself, but the process of memorization. "Indeed, it is We who sent down the remembrance and indeed, We will be its guardian." - Quran 15:9

People today learn the Quran by the writings, not remembrance. Furthermore it's not like Islam has a sole monopoly on memorizations, as the Hindus has done the same for thousands of years with their Rig Veda.

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It is still passed down orally today From where? All children today learn the Quran through the physical book. If anyone has another verse they remember from their grand-grand-grand (30 generations) grand parents who heard it from another person, who heard Muhammad said that verse, then which one is the one that is the primary, this oral transmission or the written text? Of course the written text. Lower text of Sana'a were notes People claim that the lower text of the Sana'a were notes. This can however easily be demonstrated that they were not. According to the archaeology, Islam originated during the reign of Abd Al-Malik (685-705 AD). Probably the oldest Islamic inscription in Mecca was written in 80 AH which is converted to 699-700 AD, and says: 1. "Oh David, we have indeed made you 2. a vicegerent on earth. 3. so that you can judge between men 4. in justice, and do not follow your desires 5. which will mislead you from the path of God. Verily, for those who stray 6. from the path of God is severe chastisement, for those who have forgotten the Day of 7. Reckoning." And this was inscribed by ʿUthmān bin 8. Wahran in the year eighty. This falls exactly under the Abd Al-Malik ruling (685-705 AD), however it reminds of the Quranic verse 38:26, but is not the same. "[We said], "O David, indeed We have made you a successor upon the earth, so judge between the people in truth and do not follow [your own] desire, as it will lead you astray from the way of Allah ." Indeed, those who go astray from the way of Allah will have a severe punishment for having forgotten the Day of Account." Quran 38:26 There are two other inscriptions with the same inscription years. Another Islamic inscription is from 84 AH which is converted to 703-704 AD, which says: 1) O People, fear your Lord who created you and th2) ose before you that perhaps you may prosper. Written byʿAbd 3) Allāh ibn ʿUmārah in the year 84 [703-4 CE]

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This reminds of Quran 2:21, but is not the same: "O mankind, worship your Lord, who created you and those before you, that you may become righteous" - Quran 2:21 Another example is the Dome of the Rock, built in 691 AD and contains similar Quranic inscriptions. " "In the name of God, the Merciful the Compassionate. There is no god but God. He is One. He has no associate" [beginning of the shahadah]. "Unto Him belongeth sovereignity and unto Him belongeth praise. He quickeneth and He giveth death; and He is Able to do all things"" - Dome of the Rock inscription The inscription above is similar to the Quranic verse above, but is not the same: "His is the dominion of the heavens and earth. He gives life and causes death, and He is over all things competent." - Quran 57:2 " Whatever is in the heavens and whatever is on the earth is exalting Allah . To Him belongs dominion, and to Him belongs [all] praise, and He is over all things competent." - Quran 64:1 The other example in the Dome of the Rock is: ""Peace be on him the day he was born, and the day he dies, and the day he shall be raised alive!"" - Dome of the Rock inscription Which is similar to the Quranic verse below, but is not the same, as it has been changed from first to third person. "And peace is on me the day I was born and the day I will die and the day I am raised alive."" - Quran 19:33 The other example is the copper plaque inscription at the eastern entrance on the Dome of the Rock, which says: ""He begotteth not nor was begotten and there is none comparable unto Him" Copper plague inscription, Dome of the Rock The inscription above is similar to the Quranic verse below, but is not the same:

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"He neither begets nor is born, Nor is there to Him any equivalent." - Quran 112:3-4 Another example is on the northern portal inscriptions which says: ""Muhammad is the servant of God" [introductory statement] "and His messenger, whom He sent with the guidance and the religion of truth, that He may make it conqueror of all religion," - Northern portal inscription, Dome of the Rock Which reminds of the Quranic verse below, but is not the same: "It is He who sent His Messenger with guidance and the religion of truth to manifest it over all religion, although those who associate others with Allah dislike it." - Quran 61:9 Another example is the inscription below: ""we believe in God and that which was revealed unto Muhammad and that which the Prophets received from their Lord. We make no distinction between any of them, and unto Him we have surrendered" - Northern portal inscription, Dome of the Rock Which is similar to the Quranic verse below, but is not the same: " Say, [O believers], "We have believed in Allah and what has been revealed to us and what has been revealed to Abraham and Ishmael and Isaac and Jacob and the Descendants and what was given to Moses and Jesus and what was given to the prophets from their Lord. We make no distinction between any of them, and we are Muslims [in submission] to Him."" - Quran 2:136 "Say, "We have believed in Allah and in what was revealed to us and what was revealed to Abraham, Ishmael, Isaac, Jacob, and the Descendants, and in what was given to Moses and Jesus and to the prophets from their Lord. We make no distinction between any of them, and we are Muslims [submitting] to Him."" Quran 3:84 The origin of the name Quran The earliest name for this book was the Furqan (The Salvation), at a time when

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it was more Aramaic than Arabic. Then, Al Hajjaj (661-714 AD) referred to it simply as the Book of Allah, as it is also referred in the Caliph protocols in 692 AD, which is the first time Book of Allah appears.. A Christian monk of the monastery of Beth Hale was the first person who cited the Quran by name in 710 AD during a debate with an Arab noble. "I think that for you, too, not all your laws and commandments are in the Qur’an which Muhammad taught you; rather there are some which he taught you from the Qur’an, and some are in surat albaqrah and in gygy and in twrh.” Basically it wasn't even called Quran until 88 years after Muhammad supposedly died in 632 AD Another person who referred this book as Quran or reading is Ibn Amir ad-Dimashqi (died 736 AD) in 730 AD. It is also often claimed that the word Quran is mentioned inside the Quran, but this is not true. The Arabic word used in the Quran is DHIKR, which means remembrance or reminder. Are all the earliest manuscripts identical? No. According to Marijn van Putten, who analyzes the earliest manuscripts, writes that no two manuscripts are identical. "Well preserved. Not fully preserved. There are hundreds of tiny quite insiginificant mistakes in the modern Uthmanic rasm. But it is a fairly accurate transmission, but not a perfect one (and it was never perfect). No two manuscripts are identical but they're all extremely close" - Marijn van Putten The rasm today, which is the skeleton of the Arabic script without the diacritical marks and vowelization, has differences from the earliest Quran, according to the Arabic linquist, Marijn van Putten, and furthermore no earliest manuscripts from the 7th century are exactly the same. This means that the standard foundational skeleton text today is not identical to any early 7th century manuscripts, and no 7th century manuscripts are identical to each other. Therefore the Quranic verses below are not valid: "Indeed, it is We who sent down the Qur'an and indeed, We will be its guardian." Quran 15:9

"[All] praise is [due] to Allah, who has sent down upon His Servant the Book and has not made therein any deviance." - Quran 18:1

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The oldest complete 114 surah Quran All the Quranic manuscripts in the 7th century and up to 1000-1001 AD are fragments and not complete, most of them less than half of the Quran. The oldest complete Quran which contains all the 114 chapters is the Ibn al-Bawwab Quran, dated to 1000-1001 AD, which is 368 years after Muhammad supposedly should have died in 632 AD. There are however two Quranic manuscripts which are almost complete, that is the BnF Arabe 399, dated to 799 AD, and the Saray Medina 1a manucripts dated to late around 722 AD. The Saray Medina 1a manuscripts however is not exactly the same as the modern rasm, and two folios were rewritten later.

The evidence for Islamic coins The problem during Muhammad and between 624 AD till 685 AD, is that there is no evidence for Islam, Muhammad, Mecca or anything related. • Byzantine emperor Heraclius (reigned 610-641 AD) had his own coins, where on his front side, is depicting him and his to sons, Constatine III and Heraklonas, holding crosses. This is the coin that was used until 660 AD. • The Arab used coins contained a cross in front and back from 640 AD till 660 AD. Now this is a problem because according to Islam, crosses are forbidden. "I never used to leave in the Prophet (saw) house anything carrying images or crosses but he obliterated it." - Sahih al-Bukhari 5952 "The Messenger of Allah (saw) never left in his house anything containing the figure of a cross without destroying it." - Sunan Abi Dawud 4151 "A man from among the people of the Cross will raise the Cross and will say: ‘The Cross has prevailed.’ Then a man among the Muslims will become angry and will go and break the Cross. Then the Romans will prove treacherous (breaking the treaty) (and will gather) for the fierce battle.”" - Sunan Ibn Majah 4089 During the Umayyad Caliphate (661-750 AD): • Mu'awiyah (ruled 661-680 AD) introduced a new coin in 661 AD, but without a cross. In this coin there is an image of the Christian Byzantine emperor

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•

•

•

• • •

Heraclius, who ruled between 610-641 AD, with his son Constantine III. This coin is still not Islamic. Mu'awiyah introduced a new copper coin in 661 AD, which contains a cross over his head and a cross on his hand. Mu'awiyah died in 680 AD, so even though the Islamic calendar started in 622 AD (39 years later), the coins still not represented Islam at the time he died. Another coin in the western part was introduced in 661 AD, which stated: la hukm illa lillah. Lillah means "Unto Allah". On the back side there is an image of a typical Sassanid (Persian) fire altar which is a part of the zoroastrian religion. This means the coin is not meant for the Islamic god named Allah, but the Zoroastrian god Al-ilah. It was the Nabateans who invented this word before in pre-Islamic era. Even though this would be a reference to Islam, it still is 39 years later than Islams beginning. Mu'awiyah introduced another coin in 663 AD, and for the first time ever the Bismillah (In the name of Allah) is introduced in the coins, and is the first reference to anything related to Islam. But again the back side has an image of the typical Sassanid (Persian) fire altar which is a part of the Zoroastrian religion. But the problem here is that Bismillah is not the same as the Quranic Bismillah al Rahman al Rahim. As described in chapter 4, a rock inscription was found in 2018 in a mountain called Jabal Dabūb in South Arabia, written with a pre-Islamic script, which says ‘bsmlh rhmn rhmn...'. This is an indication that the word bismillah does not originate from Islam, and therefore this coin bismillah does not represent Islam, especially when there is a Sassanid fire alter which is a part of the Zoroastrian religion. Mu'awiyah introduced another coin in 667 AD, but here it says Bismillah Al-Malik (In the name of Allah - The King). There is still no reference to Muhammad or anything Islamic. Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr (leader 683-692 AD) introduced for the first time ever Muhammad on the coins in 685 AD which contains Muhammad, but on the other side of the coins is the fire altar of the Zoroastrian religion. Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (ruled 685-705 AD) built the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem in 691 AD, and finally introduced in 692 AD a coin which contained "Bismillah La Illah Illa-Allah Muhammad Rasul Allah" (In the name of God there is no God but God alone and Muhammad is his Messenger), which is the first reference to Islam, and therefore a complete 70 years after the beginning of the Islamic calendar.

Now the problem with all those coins is that they all contain images, and therefore are not 100% Islamic. The first ever real Islamic coin with no images was made in 696 AD, which is 74 years after the beginning of the Islamic calendar. It is

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forbidden to image people, and this is the reason why there is no images on coins in Islamic countries. Now what is interesting is what the coin says: "Muhammad is the messenger of Allah, he sent him with guidance and true religion to make victorious over every religion, even if the associates are averse" Islamic coin by Abd al-Malik, 696 AD This reminds of surah 9:33: "It is He who has sent His Messenger with guidance and the religion of truth to manifest it over all religion, although they who associate others with Allah dislike it." - Quran 9:33 The problem is that it is not the same, even in the original arabic language. This may be an evidence that the coin predates the Quran. Coins are important because they show the emergence of Islam through time. For further study, read Coins of Two Realms by Clive Ross (2015), and Coinage of the First Caliphate by Mike Markowitz (2014).

The evidence for Muhammad 570: Muhammad was born 610: Met Jibril in the Hira Cave 610-622: Received revelations in Mecca 621: Mi'raj to the seventh heaven 622: Hijra from Mecca to medina 622-632: Received revelations in Medina 624: Muhammad began waging war on Medina 632: Muhammad died 632-634: Abu Bakr became the new leader 634-644: Umar ruled 644-656: Uthman ruled 656-661: Ali (husband of Muhammads daugther) ruled From 632-661 AD, the period is called Rashidun period. From 661-750 AD, it is called Umayyd Caliphate, where Abd Al-Malick ruled between 685-705 AD. The sira which is the biography of Muhammad, the hadiths which is the life of

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Muhammad based on his companions, and the tafsir which are the commentaries - none of them were written during Muhammad's life. They weren't even written down under the Rashidun period, nor during the ruling of Abd al-Malik (ruled 685-705 AD), but later than that. It is actually very strange that every single human being who lived during the time of Muhammad were dead long before when the hadiths, sira, and tafsirs were written. The first person to write about Muhammad’s biography was Ibn Ishaq in 765 AD, which is 133 years after Muhammad’s death. That material is not available. Ibn Ishaqs biography was edited by al-Bakka'i, which also is no longer available. The next material which is based on Muhammad’s life was written by Ibn Hisham until he died in 833 AD which is 201 years after Muhammad. He edited al-Bakka'is edition of Ibn Ishaqs work, in which he writes in the introduction of the book: "Things which it is disgraceful to discuss; matters which would distress certain people; and such reports as al-Bakka'i told me he would not accept as truthworthy" - The Life of Muhammad by Ibn Ishaq, edited by Ibn Hisham The hadiths by Al-Bukhari which is the most reliable hadith was written in 870 AD which is about 240 years after Muhammad died. The tafsir which are the commentaries were written in 923 AD, which is almost 300 years after Muhammad died. That it took centuries to start writing about Muhammad’s life should make everyone wonder about the reliability of these. To make a good comparison, the Bible has been taken as an example: 33: Jesus died 48-64: Paul's letters (commentaries) 50-66: Gospels of Mathew, Mark and Luke 52-62: Acts 92: Gospels of John (the last written down) Everything about Jesus was finished 59 years after Jesus had died and many of the eyewitnesses could have still lived in the year of 92 AD. Two of them who wrote them were eyewitnesses and two of them got the information from the eyewitnesses. To compare this to the biographies of Muhammad, nobody who wrote the tafsirs, hadiths and siras knew Muhammad or knew someone who knew Muhammad because they were long dead. The first Arabic inscription of Muhammad was not till 691, the same years when

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the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem was built. The first coin with the name of Muhammad was made 685 AD, even though they had the opportunities to make them before in the 650s or 660s. The first reference to Muslims was first in 690700 AD in the Chronicle of John of Nikiu. Before they were called Muslims, they were called saracen, hagarene, ishmaelite, maghraye or muhajiroun. Even the first reference to Mecca was in 741 which is 109 years after the death of Muhammad. A confusing fact is that the name of Muhammad is only mentioned 4 times in the Quran and Jesus is mentioned 93 times. The constitution of Medina People claim that the constitution of Medina is a peace treaty written by Muhammad between him and the Jews in around 622 AD. However, there are many problems with it. Firstly, you cannot find this constitution in the 7th century, but only first appeared in Ibn Ishaq in the 8th, and furthermore it does not even appear in Jewish litterature anywhere. Most importantly there are no evidence for Jews ever living in Medina, but only in other cities which are further north. The Quran does not talk about this event or constitution, and people will usually use Quran 3:101-104 to justify that it mentions the constitution, but it doesn't. Furthermore there are many other verses in which the constitution contradicts the Quran, for example the Jizya verse: "Fight those who do not believe in Allah or in the Last Day and who do not consider unlawful what Allah and His Messenger have made unlawful and who do not adopt the religion of truth from those who were given the Scripture [fight] until they give the jizyah willingly while they are humbled." - Quran 9:29 The constitution contradicts the sira and the hadtihs too, where according to them, the Jews and the Muslims always fought against each other since 622 till 632 AD. Bani An-Nadir and Bani Quraiza fought (against the Prophet violating their peace treaty), so the Prophet exiled Bani An-Nadir and allowed Bani Quraiza to remain at their places (in Medina) taking nothing from them till they fought against the Prophet again) . He then killed their men and distributed their women, children and property among the Muslims, but some of them came to the Prophet and he granted them safety, and they embraced Islam. He exiled all the Jews from Medina. They were the Jews of Bani Qainuqa', the tribe of 'Abdullah bin Salam and the Jews of Bani Haritha and all the other Jews of Medina. - Sahih Al-Bukhari 5:362

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For further study, read Muhammad and the Believers: At the Origins of Islam by Fred Mcgraw Donner (2010). Ashtiname The ashtiname means the Book of Peace or just covenant, and is claimed to be sent by Muhammad to the nortern part of Arabia to the monks of Mount Sinai. This exact replica is claimed to be sent to Sultan Selim I (1487-1510 AD). However, there are many problems with it. On the document it mentions that it was written on 2 AH, which is converted to 625 AD, but according to the Islamic traditions, Muhammad never sent any letters until 628 AD, and all his letters were around Mecca and Medina, which is the central part of Arabia. Ibn Sa'd (784-845 AD) included a list of 47 writings by Muhammad, and the Ashtiname is not one of them, and none of them in his list included writings to the northern part of Arabian peninsula. On the right side of the covenant, there is an image of a minaret, but these only appear and employed in mosques under the Abbasid Calipate in the 9th century and only first widely used in 11th century. The ashtiname also uses the word sultan, but the first time the term was recorded in history was by Mahmudof Ghazna (998–1030 AD), which is up to around 375 years later. The covenant prohibits the Muslims from taking materials from church buildings to use it in their mosques, but the problem is that there were no mosques in Egypt in 625 AD, but only a couple of years after Jerusalem was conqured in 637 AD. It uses the term Angel of Proximity in Arabic (Malak Muqarrah), which was only cited in Sufi writings, and the first known person to do so was Mutannabi who died in 965 AD, which is again around 300-400 years later. Generally it contradicts the laws of the Quran and the Islamic traditions by giving Christians and women too many rights. Furthermore the oldest copy of this covenant is from the 16th century, which is 900 years after Muhammad died. In conclusion, there is no doubt that this document was fabricated. "The impossibility of finding this document to be authentic is clearly apparent. Date, style and contents each independently provide its inauthenticity" - Bernhard Moritz "Forged by Christians intent on proving to their Muslim overlords that the Prophet himself had guaranteed their well-being and the preservation of their property, they are all quite late. They date to the sixteenth century (over eight hundred years after the death of Muhammad)" - Gabriel Said Reynold Doctrina Jacobi (634-640 AD) "When the candidatus was killed by the Saracens, I was at Caesarea and I set off

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by boat to Sykamina. People were saying “the candidatus has been killed,” and we Jews were overjoyed. And they were saying that the prophet had appeared, coming with the Saracens, and that he was proclaiming the advent of the anointed one, the Christ who was to come. I, having arrived at Sykamina, stopped by a certain old man well-versed in scriptures, and I said to him: “What can you tell me about the prophet who has appeared with the Saracens?” He replied, groaning deeply: “He is false, for the prophets do not come armed with a sword. Truly they are works of anarchy being committed today and I fear that the first Christ to come, whom the Christians worship, was the one sent by God and we instead are preparing to receive the Antichrist. Indeed, Isaiah said that the Jews would retain a perverted and hardened heart until all the earth should be devastated. But you go, master Abraham, and find out about the prophet who has appeared.” So I, Abraham, inquired and heard from those who had met him that there was no truth to be found in the so-called prophet, only the shedding of men’s blood. He says also that he has the keys of paradise, which is incredible. (Doctrina Jacobi V.16, 209, p. 57; Patricia Crone & Michael Cook, Hagarism: The Making Of The Islamic World, 1977, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, pp. 3-4) People claim that Doctrina Iacobi mentions the Islamic Muhammad, and would probably one of four evidence for him before the Umayyad Caliphate (661-). However, there are some certain problems with it. Firstly by looking at the document, it only mentions a prophet with a sword. It doesn't mention the name "Muhammad", Muslim, Mecca, Quran, Allah, Islam, Medina, or anything related to Islam. Notice also that it refers to the Arab armies and not muslim armies. The places called Caesarea and Sykamina have location right beside the Mediterranean Sea, in what is now called Isreal. This is around 1300 km away from Mecca and 1000 km away from Medina. The word Saracans means thief in plural form and was given to Arabs in the northern part of Arabia, so the geography doesn't match with Mecca and Medina. It was written in 634 AD, and the document is mentioning a prophet who has appeared in 634 AD. It was a prophet who was still alive and as it mentions "the Christ who was to come", but the problem is that Muhammad already died in 632 AD according to the Islamic traditions. Regarding the "Keys of Paradise", it comes from the Bible and refers to Peter’s papal authority in the Catholic Church: I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven; whatever you bind on earth will be[a] bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth will be[b] loosed in heaven.” - Matthew 16:19 The "Keys of Paradise" also confronts the Islamic traditions, because according to

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them, Muhammad never had the Keys of Paradise. Notice that it says "the Christ who was to come" which suggests that he was a prophet closer to a Chistian or Christian-influenced Messianic prophet. If it was another prophet after Muhammad, then it would contradict the Quran, which says that Muhammad was the last prophet: Muhammad is not the father of [any] one of your men, but [he is] the Messenger of Allah and last of the prophets. And ever is Allah, of all things, Knowing. Quran 33:40 This is the only reference to a prophet by the Arabs before 661 AD, and yet almost all details contradicts the Islamic Muhammad, and does not mention enough details to specify him as Muhammad. “The Doctrina Jacobi provides no support for the identification of this prophet with Muhammad. In fact, if one thing is clear, it is that the account in the Doctrine Jacobi does not describe the Muhammad that we know…He could more easily be almost anybody else…In those troubled years there can have been no shortage of such prophets, appealing to the various Christian and Jewish sects”. Crossroads to Islam by Yehuda D. Nevo and Judith Koren (2003) For further study, read Crossroads to Islam: The Origins of the Arab Religion and the Arab State (Islamic Studies) by Yehuda D. Nevo and Judith Koren (2003) Fragmentary notes (636 AD) "… and in January, they took the word for their lives (did) [the sons of] Emesa [i.e., ̣Hiṃs)], and many villages were ruined with killing by [the Arabs of] Mụhammad and a great number of people were killed and captives [were taken] from Galilee as far as Bēth [...] and those Arabs pitched camp beside [Damascus?] [...] and we saw everywhe[re...] and o[l]ive oil which they brought and them. And on the t[wenty six]th of May went S[ac[ella]rius]... cattle [...] [...] from the vicinity of Emesa and the Romans chased them [...] and on the tenth [of August] the Romans fled from the vicinity of Damascus [...] many [people] some 10,000. And at the turn [of the ye]ar the Romans came; and on the twentieth of August in the year n[ine hundred and forty-]seven there gathered in Gabitha [...] the Romans and great many people were ki[lled of] [the R]omans, [s]ome fifty thousand [...] (A. Palmer, The Seventh Century In The West-Syrian Chronicles Including Two Seventh-Century Syriac Apocalyptic Texts, 1993, Liverpool University Press: Liverpool (UK), pp. 2-3; Also see R. G. Hoyland, Seeing Islam As Others Saw It: A Survey And Evaluation Of Christian, Jewish And Zoroastrian Writings On Early

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Islam, 1997, pp. 116-117) Above is shown a fragment on the Arab Conquests which are fragmentary notes that were written around the year 636 AD on the front blank pages of a sixthcentury Syriac Christian manuscript of the Gospel of Mark. It does refer to a leader named Muhammad, however it does not mention anything regarding Islam, Muslim, Mecca, Medina, Quran or anything related to Islam. Thomas The Presbyter (640 AD) In the Chronicle of Tomas The Prebyter, written in 640 AD, a man named Muhammad again is mention, but here it is written Arabs of Muhammad [Syr. tayyaya d. Mhmt], which means that he was the leader of tayyaya - in which according to the Islamic traditions, he never was. That he was the leader of Tayyaya is also confirmed in another non-Islamic source which was written in 691 AD. However, it is known from historical sources that a person named Lyas Ibn Qabisah al-Ta'i was actually the leader of Tayyaya. This put the pieces together, because the historical Muhammad from the 7th century Christian sources is actually Lyas Ibn Qabisah. Strangly enough Al-Tabari (Tabari, I, 1031) confirms that Muhammad is Lyas Ibn Qabisah via the Battle of Dhi Qar. Furthermore, no mentioning of Islam, Mecca, Muslims, Quran, Medina or anything related to Islam. Khuzistan Chronicle (660 AD) In this chronicle, a leader named Muhammad is mentioned, who was still alive during the conquest of Jerusalem and Persia in 636-637 AD, and places the location in the northern part of the Arabien peninsula. According to the Islamic traditions, written in the 8th, 9th and 10th century, the Islamic Muhammad lived until 632 AD, and only was around in Mecca and Medina. Furthermore, the document does not mention anything regarding Islam, Mecca, Muslims, Quran, Medina or anything related to Islam. Chronicles of Sebeos (661 AD) "At that time a certain man from along those same sons of Ismael, whose name was Mahmet [i.e., Mụhammad], a merchant, as if by God's command appeared to them as a preacher [and] the path of truth. He taught them to recognize the God of Abraham, especially because he was learnt and informed in the history of Moses. Now because the command was from on high, at a single order they all came together in unity of religion. Abandoning their vain cults, they turned to the living God who had appeared to their father Abraham. So, Mahmet legislated for them: not to eat carrion, not to drink wine, not to speak falsely, and not to

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engage in fornication. He said: 'With an oath God promised this land to Abraham and his seed after him for ever. And he brought about as he promised during that time while he loved Ismael. But now you are the sons of Abraham and God is accomplishing his promise to Abraham and his seed for you. Love sincerely only the God of Abraham, and go and seize the land which God gave to your father Abraham. No one will be able to resist you in battle, because God is with you". (R. W. Thomson (with contributions from J. Howard-Johnson & T. Greenwood), The Armenian History Attributed To Sebeos Part - I: Translation and Notes, 1999, Translated Texts For Historians - Volume 31, Liverpool University Press, pp. 9596; Patricia Crone & Michael Cook, Hagarism: The Making Of The Islamic World, 1977, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, pp. 6-7; Robert G. Hoyland, Seeing Islam As Others Saw It: A Survey And Evaluation Of Christian, Jewish And Zoroastrian Writings On Early Islam, 1997, p. 129; idem., "Sebeos, The Jews And The Rise Of Islam" in R. L. Nettler (Ed.), Medieval And Modern Perspectives On Muslim-Jewish Relations, 1995, Harwood Academic Publishers GmbH in cooperation with the Oxford Centre for Postgraduate Hebrew Studies, p. 89) In the above, there is the Chronicles of Sebeos, who was an Armenian bishop from the House of Bagratuni. He concludes his chronicles with Mu‘awiya's ascendancy to power in 656–661 AD, which scholars believe suggests that he was writing soon after this date. Here a man named Mahmet, who was a merchant and a preacher is described, who was still alive during the conquest of Jerusalem, and places the location in Odessa and Tachkastan, which is in the northern part of the Arabian peninsula. This document does not mention Islam, Quran, Muslims, Mecca and Medina. Furthermore it actually doesn't mention Muhammad either, since it refers to a person named Mahmat. Maronite Chronicle (664 AD) In this document it is mentioned "Seat of Muhammad", however nothing more is described. No mentioning of Islam, Quran, Muslim, Mecca, Medina, and not even caliph, if anyone has to take the seat of the Islamic Muhammad. Note that Muhammad was referred to in all of these different documents from the 7th century, except Doctrina Iacobi and Chronicle of Sebeos, yet, as we noted above, none of them are from Arab sources. However, why cannot we find anything about Muhammad from his own people, if he was that great and important? This means that Muhammad was not completely fabricated, as there are references to him in earlier 7th century sources, which are mentioned above, but they were

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all Christian sources, and not Arab sources. In these sources, he is not a final prophet, nor did he call himself a Muslim, nor did he refer to a religion called Islam, and there was no reference to any Qur’an, nor any reference to a city called Mecca, so he’s certainly not the Muhammad we find in the later traditions. These most important ideas were all attributed to him much later on, after 685 AD, beginning with the Abd al-Malik who regined between 685-705 AD. No evidence for the four caliphs (632-661 AD) The four caliphs who ruled in the Rashidun Caliphate between 632-661 AD were Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman and Ali. There are no evidence that they ever lived, except a military leader named Abu Turab (Ali). There is an inscription from 644 AD, regarding Umar which is falsified since it contains dots, which were first introduced into the Arabic language in the 8th and 9th century. There is also a western scholar who dated a papyrus to be from the 7th centruy, but carbon-14 dating of the Umar Papyrus is determined to be from 9th century, and the Arabic script of the papyrus reminds of late 7th century or after, and not early 7th century when supposedly Umar died in 644 AD. In fact, Sophronius of Jerusalem, who was conqured by the Arabs in 637 AD wrote detailed report about the conquest but never mentioned Umar. There is also an Uthman inscription, but it doesn't mention the date of the inscription nor does it mention the name as a caliph. In fact there are no rock inscriptions who uses the word caliph in the 7th century. Most importantly none of these references mentions Islam, Quran, Muhammad, Muslim, Mecca, Medina or anything related to Islam. There are also some contradictions. The Maronite Chronicle which is written in late 7th century mentions that Ali (reigned 656-661 AD) was killed by Mu'awiya in 658 AD, and not 661 AD as written in the Islamic traditions: "Mu'awaya has his sister's son Hudhayfa killed. 'Ali was slain while praying at Hira. Mu'awaya went down to Hira and received allegiance from all the Arab forces there." - Maronite Chronicle (664 AD) According to the Islamic traditions, Mu'awaya killed Ali at the battle of Siffin in 661 AD. In George of Resh'aina (ca. 680 AD), it refers Ali as an emir and not as a caliph: "Mu'awaya made peace with the emperor Constans, having started the war with Abu Turab, the emir of hira, at Siffin and defeated him" - George of Resh'aina (ca. 680 AD)

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An emir is a military leader, and a caliph is an Islamic leader, specifically the successor of Muhammad. The name Abu Turab is the nickname of 'Ali ibn Abi Talib. On the next page, the summary of the evidence before 685 AD has been illustrated. No evidence for Jews in Medina According to the Quran and Islamic traditions, Muhammad had violent encounters with different tribes of Jews who lived in Medina from 624-632 AD. However, to date there are no evidence for Jews ever have lived in Medina. Evidence that the sira were invented The sira, which are the biographies of Muhammad, were not written in the 7th century when Muhammad supposedly lived, but were written in the 8th, 9th century and 10th century by Ibn Ishaq (704-768 AD), Ibn Sa'd (784-845 AD), Ibn Hisham (d. 833), and Al-Tabari (839-923 AD). The original documents by Ibn Ishaq (704-768 AD) from the 8th century has been lost, so the earliest documents of the biography does not appear until the 9th century by Ibn Hisham. The first western person to get the hands of the earliest biography of Muhammad was Gustav Weil (1808-1889 AD). Not only is the earliest biography of Muhammad at least 150 years after Muhammad died, but the later the account, the more likely the author claim to know more about Muhammad than previous authors. Evidence that the hadiths were invented There are two major flaws that proves that the hadiths in 9th century are not true. The first one is, as explained earlier, that Uthman ordered the previous Quranic manuscripts to be burned. "Uthman said to the three Quraishi men, "In case you disagree with Zaid bin Thabit on any point in the Qur'an, then write it in the dialect of Quraish, the Qur'an was revealed in their tongue." They did so, and when they had written many copies, 'Uthman returned the original manuscripts to Hafsa. 'Uthman sent to every Muslim province one copy of what they had copied, and ordered that all the other Qur'anic materials, whether written in fragmentary manuscripts or whole copies, be burnt." - Sahih al-Bukhari 6:61:510 Now this is a problem, because dialects (dots and vowelization) did not exists in the 7th century, but only from the 8th and 9th century were they developed. The other problem is that the document George of Resh'aina from around 680 AD shows that Ali was an emir, and not a caliph.

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"Mu'awaya made peace with the emperor Constans, having started the war with Abu Turab, the emir of hira, at Siffin and defeated him" - George of Resh'aina (ca. 680 AD) Furthermore, as shown on the previous page, Ali was killed in 658 AD according to the Maronite Chronicle, and not 661 AD as the Islamic traditions says. Ali being an emir shows that his character was stolen, so much points that the leader Muhammad of tayyaya was also stolen. Caliph Marwan, who was the father of Abd Al-Malik (reigned 685-705 AD) had a mother named Amina, a wife named Zaynab and another wife named Aisha. Coincidentially, according to the Islamic traditions, these were also the names of Muhammads mother and two wives, which further proves that characters were stolen. Hadiths were not written during the lifetime of Muhammad People claim that Amr bin Al-`Aass wrote up to one-thousand hadiths at time of the Muhammad, and so did Sa`d bin `Ubaadah, Mu`aath bin Jabal, Abee Raafi`, Ali (RA) and Jaabir (RA).

All the Islamic traditions, hadiths, tafsirs and sira were written in 700s, 800s and 900s. Never in 600s. This means when Islamic apologists claim that according to the Islamic traditions from 700s-800s, "Amr bin Al-`Aass wrote up to onethousand Hadiths at time of the prophet.", all they have to do is present those archaeological findings of these specific hadiths. This means the physical means, not just in theory. This means that the Islamic traditions from the 9th and 10th century claim that Amr bin Al-`Aass wrote up to a thousands of hadith in the 7th century, which is only a text, written 100-200 years after Muhammad supposedly lived, but no evidence to support that he actually did since there are no evidence in the 7th century. It was only narrated in the hadiths in the 9th century that he wrote up to a thausands of hadiths. This comes under the rubric of later 'Redactions used as authority markers', which the Islamic Traditions are replete with, in fact are even dependent on. In order for the later 9th and 10th century hadiths or directives to be taken seriously, or even to be given credibility, the compilers of the traditions in those centuries would attribute their Hadith to well known respected companions of the Prophet, often using a list of names (known as Isnad) which would trace the line of authority back to Muhammad himself. These became important after 820 AD, when Sha'afi (the creator of the Sha'afi school of law)

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stipulated that only those traditions which could trace their lineage back to one of the Sahaba (companions of the prophet) would be considered authoritative. Immediately following 820 AD then there was a rush to suddenly create lists which went right back to the Sahaba. For brevity, the Muslims today don't write these lists but simply attribute the last name on the list to give it credence. Of course you can see the problem, can't you. How can you create lists of people 200-300 years after the fact, when you have nothing to prove that any of them said even a word on the subject? You can't, which permitted the 9th and 10th century compilers of the Traditions free reign to pretty much create any rule or viewpoint they desired, and then simply slap an authoritative list of names at the end to give it authority and respectability. The earliest collection of hadiths was written by Imam Malik (711-795 AD) in the 8th century, which is still around 150 years after Muhammad supposedly died. However, they have been lost, and only survived from the 9th century, since they were republished. For further study, read The Transmission of the Variant Readings of the Qur'an by Shady Hekmat Nasser (2012). The oldest Sahih al-Bukhari documents The original Al-Bukhari text which was written in the 9th century has been lost, and the earliest ones are from the 11th century, which is 200 years later - and that is only one volume. The full 9 volumes, which contains 7275 hadiths, does not appear until the 17th century. This is important because Sahih al-Bukhari is the most reliable hadith. Muhammad in rock inscriptions There has been surveyed 30.000 rock inscriptions across Arabia, the Negev, the Transjorden and Syria so far, and to date there are no mentioning of Muhammad before 690s. The evolution of the rock inscriptions are categorized between four times frames: Pre-690s: Pious formulae; 690s-710s: Muhammad appears; 700s-720s: Muslim rites (pilgrimage, prayer, fast); 720s-730s: Muslims and Islam appears. Here one can clearly see an evolutionary pattern, which follows the first emergence of all the other evidence during this time. The first time Muhammads name appears on rock inscriptions was in 691 AD:

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1. In the name of God, the Merciful, the Compassionate. 2. The greatest calamity of the people of 3. Islām (ahl al-Islām) is that which has fallen them on the death of Muhammad the Prophet; 4. may God grant him peace. 5. This is the tomb of 'Abāssa daughter of 6. Juraij (?), son of (?). May clemency 7. forgiveness and satisfaction of God be on her. 8. She died on Monday four9. teen days having elapsed from Dhul-Qa'dah 10. of the year one and seventy, 11. confessing that there is no god but God 12. alone without partner and that 13. Muhammad is His servant and His apostle, 14. may God grant him peace. The second oldest inscription is from 704 AD: “In the name of God, the Compassionate, the Merciful; there is no god but God; He has no partners; Muhammad is the messenger of God; the servant of God 'Abd al-Malik, the Commander of the Believers, ordered the building of these milestones under the supervision of Musāwir, the mawlā of the Commander of the Believers, in [the month of …] in the year eighty-five [704-5 CE] For further study, read Who is In, Who Is Out? Early Muslim Identity Through Epigraphy and Theory by Ilkka Lindstedt (2019), and Crossroads to Islam by Yehuda Nevo (2003). Other inscriptions There are no inscriptions before to 691 AD that mentions anything regarding Islam. The first shahada in a rock inscription is from 700 AD. The first rock inscription which mentions Hajj is from 701-702 AD.

Masjid al-Haram was built in 78 AH (697-698 AD) An inscription dating from 78 AH (697-98 CE) was recently found on a rock in the region of Huma al-Numoor, north west of Ta'if, Saudi Arabia. The translation of the inscription is:

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1. Al-Rayyān b. 'Abdullāh testifies that there is no god but God 2. and he testifies that Muhammad is the Messenger of God. 3. then reiterates to those to come to testify to 4. that, God have mercy on al-Rayyān. 5. May He forgive him and cause him to be guided to the path of Paradise 6. and I ask him for marytrdom in his path. A7. -men. This was written in 8. the year the Masjid al-Harām was built 9. in the seventy eighth year. It is an inscription stating that Masjid al-Haram, the mosque that surrounds the Kaaba was built in 78 AH in Islamic calendar, which is converted to 697-698 AD. Masjid al-Haram is mentioned in Quran 2:144, 2:149, 2:150, 2:191, 2:196, 2:217, 5:2, 8:34, 9:7, 9:19, 9:28, 17:1, 22:25, 48:25, and 48:27. It is mentioned 15 times before Muhammad died in 632 AD, and yet it was built in 697-698 AD, which is 65-66 years after Muhammad died. Some people claim that the inscription says rebuilt instead of built, but the Arabic word BNY on the inscription clearly means built and not rebuilt. Keep in mind that the mosque was according to the hadiths below the first mosque ever built, which contradicts with the inscriptions: Narrated Abu Dhaar: I said, “O Allah’s Apostle! Which mosque was built first?” He replied, “Al-Masjid-ul-Haram.” I asked, “Which (was built) next?” He replied, “Al-Masjid-ul-Aqs-a (i.e. Jerusalem).” I asked, “What was the period in between them? He replied, forty years. - Sahih al-Bukhari 4:55:636 + Sahih Muslim 520 a

Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem was introduced too early “Exalted is He who took His Servant by night from al-Masjid al-Haram to alMasjid al-Aqsa” – Quran 17:1 Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem was build in 705 AD which is 73 years after Muhammad’s death. If the Quran was talking about Dome of the Rock, then it was built in 691 AD, about 60 years after the death of Muhammad. In addition to that there weren’t Muslims in Jerusalem during the lifetime of Muhammad, but

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first in 636 AD when the first Muslim army reached Jerusalem and conquered it six months later in 637 AD. It was during this time, according to the Islamic traditions, that the second caliph, Umar (ruled 634-644 AD), built a small prayer house during the Rashidun Caliphate (632-661 AD) which was then later built into the larger Al-Aqsa Mosque. The construction of mosque didn't start until the late 7th century by Abd al-Malik and and finished by his son al-Walid. This is important because this proves that the Quran was written after 685 AD when the reign of Abd Al-Malik (reigned 685-705 AD) began.

Dirhams introduced too early "And they sold him for a reduced price - a few dirhams - and they were, concerning him, of those content with little." - Quran 12:20 The coins called dirhams were introduced by the Sufyani family after 661 AD, during the Umayyad Caliphate (661-750 AD). This is important to know, because this proves that the Quran was written after 661 AD. The pre-Islamic romance poetry of 'Antara The poetry of 'Antara which mentions dirham is claimed to be written in preIslamic era. However, the 'Antara was only passed down orally, until it was first written down in 1820 AD. Thus it could have been well incorporated into the account since the dirham was well kown in the 19th century.

Arab conquerors were not referred to as Muslims Khosrow II (570-628 AD) was the last great Sasanian king (shah) of Iran, and was killed in 628 AD. Thereafter the Sassanian Empire began to decline and the arabs took over by 651 AD. The names for the arabs used were saracen, muhajirouns, maghraye, haggarene and ishmaelite - but never muslims. By the time of Abd alMalik (ruled 685-705 AD), they controlled from Tripoli in Libya, and all the way to Afghanistan, but they were not referred to as muslims anywhere in litterature until Abd al-Malik introduced Islam, Allah and Muhammad in the coins in 685 AD, in the Dome of the Rock in 691 AD, and in the protocols in 692 AD, The first reference for Muslims is in 690s in the Chronicle of John of Nikiu. "Many of the Egyptians who had been false Christians denied the holy orthodox faith and life-giving baptism, and embraced the religion of the Muslims, the

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enemies of God, and accepted the detestable doctrine of the beast, this is, Muhammad" - Chronicle of John of Nikiu.

The arabs and the jews had a good relationship until 634-640 AD The non-muslim sources Doctrina Iacobi which was written between 634-640 AD, and the Armenian Chronicle which was written in 660 AD by Sebeos, states that the arabs, and the Jews had a good relationship with each other until around 634-640 AD, at the time where Palestine was conquered. This is up to 16 years after Muhammad waged war on Medina which was in 624 AD.

Summary The complete summary of all the points have been illustrated in the next pages. What is interesting is that they all confirm each other: You cannot find anything islamic between 632 AD (when Muhammad died) until 685 AD, whether it is, coins, Mecca, qibla, internal sources, external sources, inscriptions - or anything related to Islam. The only piece of evidence which is still debatable are the C-14 and palaeography of the 7th century fragments. Islam falls if the Quran is not true - Jay Smith The conclusion The Furqan was composed before 685 AD by Umar, Ali and Salman the Persian, and the Quran was compiled by Al-Hajjaj around 685-714 AD, but Islam itself was invented between 685-730 AD and evolved from 730-1000 AD. According to the Islamic traditions, Muhammad did not write the Quran, but was written in 632-634 AD, after his death. In 652 AD, Uthman ordered the Quran to be standardized because it differed in different regions, and ordered the old copies to be burned. Furthermore different dialectical Qurans appeared in the 8th, 9th and 10th century, and today there are 30 different standard dialectical Qurans. Furthermore no earliest manuscripts from the 7th century are exactly identical to the one today or to each other.

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Chapter 2: Contradictions in the Quran

Introduction This chapter will reveal many different contradictions in the Quran which are important to know. Although there are many more which has not been included, the problem with those are that people will always try to find anything unrelated to prove them right, even if they have nothing to do it the verse in question. Many times the verses they extract approves something and contradicts something, which leads to even more verses to extract. It is therefore a common experience that the more you discuss about Quranic verses, the lower your productivity in your daily life drops. Below is the Quranic verse which justifies that there are no contradictions in the Quran: "Then do they not reflect upon the Qur'an? If it had been from [any] other than Allah, they would have found within it much contradiction." - Quran 4:82

The author of the Qur’an says the Jews say, “Ezra is the son of Allah“ "The Jews say, “Ezra is the son of Allah “; and the Christians say, “The Messiah is the son of Allah .” That is their statement from their mouths; they imitate the saying of those who disbelieved [before them]. May Allah destroy them; how are they deluded?" – Quran 9:30 The Quranic verse is also supported by Sahih Bukhari: “What did you worship? They will say: We worshipped ‘Uzair (Ezra), son of Allah. It would be said to them: You tell a lie;” – Sahih Bukhari” 1:352 This is not a contradiction, rather a mistake about the Jewish scripture. It says The Jews say, “Ezra is the son of Allah”, which is not a part of any Jewish scriptures, which are the Torah and the Talmuds. The only son mentioned as God's son in the Jewish scriptures is Israel. "Who has ascended into heaven and descended? Who has gathered the wind in His fists? Who has wrapped the waters in His garment? Who has established all the ends of the earth? What is His name or His son’s name? Surely you know!" Proverbs 30:4 Ezra was just a priest and said to be very skilled in law. The first claim people

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make is that the verse doesn’t say Ezra but Uzair. This statement is still wrong, because Ezra or not, the Jews only mentioned Israel as the son of God and nobody else. It is worth remembering that Israel is mentioned 93 times as Isra’il/Israeel in the Quran, and never as Uzair. Furthermore there is also the Angel of Death named Azrael. The description that fits Uzair and Ezra is from the tafsir of Ibn Kathir which is the most reliable tafsir. The pronunciation between the names Ezra and Uzair are very close indeed. Many people claim that only some Jews at the time of Muhammad said this by referring to al-Jahiz and al-Tabari (d. 923), but this sect has died out. Ibn Hazm (d. 1064) also wrote that there was a group of Jews in Yemen who believed it. Their statement is irrelevant because God would not make a revelation about some few tribes who believed that Ezra was the son of God, when in fact the majority of Jews, together with the Torah and Talmud all confirms that Ezra was just a priest. Why make a revelation about some tribes who didn't had any big voices in the Jewish majority? Keep in mind that these sources are not very reliable since the ony sources are the muslims themselves, and they all mentioned those Jewish tribes 200-400 years after Muhammad died. There are no Jewish sources which claimed any tribes said this. People claim that the verse refers to these small tribes Muhammad had an encounter with, and if that is the case, then clearly Allah would have known they didn’t represent the entire Judaism and hadn’t made that revelation to him. It is a clear indication that Muhammad had a lack of understanding of the very primary source, namely the old testament, the Torah. If he had read it thoroughly even though the local Jews said that Ezra is the son of God, he would have spotted the mistake very quickly. people and scholars also like to claim that Jews didn’t protest to this verse, therefore it is accurately. By saying this they admit that the Quran is not true, because it was Allah himself who gave Muhammad the revelations so Allah would have known that Jews generally didn’t believed that and it was never written in the Torah or any other Jewish Canon. People also use the book called The Fourth Book of Ezra which was composed around first century CE. The problem with this is that it is not a part of Jewish Canon. It might be relevant to study it academically from scholars around the world, but religiously, it is not more interesting than a science fiction book.

Samaritans introduced too early

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[Allah] said, “But indeed, We have tried your people after you [departed], and the Samiri has led them astray.”…”So Moses returned to his people, angry and grieved”. Quran – 20:85-86 [Moses] said, “And what is your case, O Samiri?” – Quran 20:95-97 The problem is that the Samaritans did not exist in the time of Moses (1400 BC), but only from 722 BC.

Iron coats mail introduced too early And We certainly gave David from Us bounty. [We said], “O mountains, repeat [Our] praises with him, and the birds [as well].” And We made pliable for him iron,[Commanding him], “Make full coats of mail and calculate [precisely] the links,” – Quran 34:10-11 David lived in 1000 BC, and coats of chain mail was invented in 200 BC, which is 800 years after.

Crucifixion introduced too early "The Lord of Moses and Aaron.” Said Pharaoh, “You believed in him before I gave you permission. Indeed, this is a conspiracy which you conspired in the city to expel therefrom its people. But you are going to know. I will surely cut off your hands and your feet on opposite sides; then I will surely crucify you all.” – Quran 7:122-124. See also 20:71 + 26:49. Crucifixion came into existence in 400 BC, and the Pharaoh of Moses lived in 1447 BC, which is a difference of roughly 1000 years.

Coins introduced too early “And they sold him for a reduced price – a few dirhams (for Joseph) – and they were, concerning him, of those content with little.” – Quran 12:20 Joseph lived in 1800 BC, and coins were first invented in 600 BC by Lydians. That is a difference of 1200 years.

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Quran is talking about the wrong Mary "And mention, [O Muhammad], in the Book [the story of] Mary, when she withdrew from her family to a place toward the east..... He said, “I am only the messenger of your Lord to give you [news of] a pure boy.”" - Quran 19:16-19

"Then she brought him to her people, carrying him. They said, “O Mary, you have certainly done a thing unprecedented. O sister of Aaron, your father was not a man of evil, nor was your mother unchaste.”" - Quran 19:27-28 The problem here is that it says O sister of Aaron. The next verse below says that Imran is her father. “And [the example of] Mary, the daughter of ‘Imran, who guarded her chastity, so We blew into [her garment] through Our angel, and she believed in the words of her Lord and His scriptures and was of the devoutly obedient.” - Quran 66:12 So Mary did not have a brother named Aaron, and she neither had a father named Imran. But when you look back 1300 years earlier, Miriam had a brother named Aaron and a father named Amram (Arabic = Imran). In fact the only Aaron mentioned is the brother of Moses, there are no other Aarons. So according to the Quran, Mary who had a child named Jesus, had also a brother named Aaron, and a father named Imran - which is completely false. But if the Quran talks about Miriam, then the problem is that Miriam did not had a child named Jesus, so no

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matter what, it really is a mistake. The image below explains the dilemma. Many Muslims try to explain this by saying Mary was a descendant of Amram and Aaron, and use this Tafsir: “(O sister of Harun!) referring to the brother of Musa, because she was of his descendants. This is similar to the saying, `O brother of Tamim,’ to one who is from the Tamimi tribe, and `O brother of Mudar,’ to one who is from the Mudari tribe. It has also been said that she was related to a righteous man among them whose name was Harun and she was comparable to him in her abstinence and worship.” - Tafsir Ibn Kathir But this is totally false because Amram and Aaron were from the tribe of Levi and Mary was from the tribe of Judah. See image to the left. The bible says the same: "He will be great and will be called the Son of the Most High. The Lord God will give him the throne of his father David." - Luke 1: 32 "For it is clear that our Lord descended from Judah, and in regard to that tribe Moses said nothing about priests" - Hebrew 7:14 Other important points: • There are no historical or biblical evidence that proves that Virgin Mary had a brother named Aaron. If her brother is so important that the Quran had to mention him with Mary’s name, why don’t we hear more about him? Especially when he is nowhere to be found except in Islam 600 years after in a single verse? Furthermore this point would contradict Ibn Kathir's statement that it really does refer to the brother of Musa. • There are no historical or biblical evidence that proves that Mary had a father named Imran. The name Imran is the arabic version of Amram. • Is Mary’s lineage in the Gospels accurately preserved? If it weren’t why did the Quran not explained this? There is no reason to assume that the Quran had preserved Mary's lineage after 600 years better than the Gospels which are under 50 years old when Jesus died. • There are no other Aarons whose father’s name is Amran/Imran in the Jewish text or in the Christian text, other than the family of Moses. • Mary is never mentioned in the Jewish texts or jewish history, except a totally different Mary which was a hairdresser. • A significant question would be why the Quran itself would honor Mary, the mother of Jesus, by comparing her to Aaron and Imran, two minor important and second-tier prophets in the Quran?

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People will especially use this hadith: "Mughira b. Shu’ba reported: When I came to Najran, they (the Christians of Najran) asked me: You read “O sister of Harun” (i. e. Hadrat Maryam) in the Qur’an, whereas Moses was born much before Jesus. When I came back to Allah’s Messenger I asked him about that, whereupon he said: The (people of the old age) used to give names (to their persons) after the names of Apostles and pious persons who had gone before them." - Sahih Muslim 28:13 This was as a matter of fact answered with Ibn Kathir, who is the father of all tafsir, where he explains that when saying Sister of X, it implies that she is a descendant of the Tribe of X. Ibn Kathir explicitly uses the word tribe and also explains the meaning of it. Since Mary was from the tribe of Judah and not the tribe of Levi, the Quran is not correct. The last card people will use is that Mary was the cousin of Elizabeth who was a descendant of Aaron. "And, behold, thy cousin Elisabeth, she hath also conceived a son in her old age: and this is the sixth month with her, who was called barren." - Luke 1:36 To begin with, it is important to mention that the King James translation of the term syngenis as cousin is not accurate. This greek term simply means relative, hence Mary and Elizabeth may have been first cousins or even third cousins. It is worth noting that Judah was the kingly tribe and Levi was the priestly tribe. The husband of Elizabeths who's name was Zechariah was a Levitical priest, and we know for sure that Elizabeth was also a Levite since it was required for all priests who was Levite to marry within their tribes. We can know for sure that since Elizabeth was from the tribe of Levi, so was her father too since tribal affiliation was through the father and not mother. A small problem arises since we do not know that her father was a priest or not. This would mean that it cannot be determined if the mother of Elizabeth was 100% Levite or non-Levite, which the mother of Mary could have been related to. There are these possibilities: • Mary's mother could be the sister of either Zachariah's mother or father • Mary's mother could be the sister of either Elisabeth’s mother or father We know that the father of Mary whose name is Joachim was from the Judah tribe according to the Gospel of James and the Gospel of the Nativity of Mary. Tribal affiliation was through the male line in ancient Israel, so it wouldn’t matter if

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Mary’s mother was sister to Elizabeth and was a Levite or not. The only thing that matters is that her father Joachim was from the Judah tribe, which means that Mary also was. Regarding the tribe of Jesus, these further evidence supports that Jesus is not from the Levitical tribe: 1. Jesus could not have been a priest because his earthly foster father Joseph was clearly from the Judah tribe, and the father of Mary, Joachim, was also from the Judah tribe. 2. Jesus did not come to Earth to be a priest as Levitical tribe was, but rather as a prophet (as prophesied). 3. The most important is that the priesthood of Jesus was not that of the Levitical priesthood (Aaron), but the priesthood of Melchizedek. This is very important to note, because ists would say that he was a priest according to the order of Levi which will put him in the tribe of Aaron, but this is not the case since it is the priesthood of Melchizedek. Joseph was biologically the son of Jacob but legally the son of Heli. Jacob and Heli were half-brothers. When Heli died childless, Jacob married his widow and fathered Joseph. So either Jacob or Heli was the father of Joseph and they both are from the Judah tribe. Luke 3:23 below explains that Heli was the father of Joseph. “And Jesus himself began to be about thirty years of age, being (as was supposed) the son of Joseph, which was the son of Heli” - Luke 3:23 Below it is explained that daughters must marry within the same tribe. "6 This is the thing which the Lord doth command concerning the daughters of Zelophehad, saying, Let them †marry to whom they think best; gonly to the family of the tribe of their father shall they †marry. 7 So shall not the inheritance of the children of Israel remove from tribe to tribe: for every one of the children of Israel shall †hkeep himself to the inheritance of the tribe of his fathers. 8 And ievery daughter, that possesseth an inheritance in any tribe of the children of Israel, shall be wife unto one of the family of the tribe of her father, that the children of Israel may enjoy every man the inheritance of his fathers. 9 Neither shall the inheritance remove from one tribe to another tribe; but every one of the tribes of the children of Israel shall keep himself to his own inheritance." Numbers 36:6–9 If the relative of Zachariah and Elisabeth was Joachim then that would make

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Mary a full-blood Levite. So because we know Joseph was from the Judah tribe, Mary also had to be of the same tribe, because only then would she meet the requirement of marrying within the same tribe, according to Numbers 36:6-9 above. This will put Joachim out of the question from being a Levite. Both the lineages of foster father (Joseph) and the legal grandfather (Heli) of Jesus meet King David. Joseph who is the legal descent of Jesus comes through King Solomon, David’s son (Matthew 1:6-7). Heli who was the grandfather (not blood related) lineage of Jesus came through Nathan, another son of David (Luke 3:31). David is the son of Judah and not Levi. The next verse confirms that the Quran is not speaking about tribes, but the wife of Imran who according to the Quran was pregnant to Mary and gave birth to her: "[Mention, O Muhammad], when the wife of 'Imran said, "My Lord, indeed I have pledged to You what is in my womb, consecrated [for Your service], so accept this from me. Indeed, You are the Hearing, the Knowing." But when she delivered her, she said, "My Lord, I have delivered a female." And Allah was most knowing of what she delivered, "And the male is not like the female. And I have named her Mary, and I seek refuge for her in You and [for] her descendants from Satan, the expelled [from the mercy of Allah ]." - Quran 3:35-36 The next verse confirms that she is the mother of Jesus, because she was put in the care of Zechariah who didn't live during the time of Moses: "So her Lord accepted her with good acceptance and caused her to grow in a good manner and put her in the care of Zechariah. Every time Zechariah entered upon her in the prayer chamber, he found with her provision. He said, "O Mary, from where is this [coming] to you?" She said, "It is from Allah . Indeed, Allah provides for whom He wills without account."" - Quran 3:37 And the next verse below confirms that is talking about the same Mary, the mother of Jesus: "[And mention] when the angels said, "O Mary, indeed Allah gives you good tidings of a word from Him, whose name will be the Messiah, Jesus, the son of Mary - distinguished in this world and the Hereafter and among those brought near [to Allah ]." - Quran 3:45 Below is the reference that Moses is Aaron's brother:

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" And We made an appointment with Moses for thirty nights and perfected them by [the addition of] ten; so the term of his Lord was completed as forty nights. And Moses said to his brother Aaron, "Take my place among my people, do right [by them], and do not follow the way of the corrupters."" - Quran 7:142 To summarize the whole points: • Joachim and Anna are the parents of Mary. Joachim is according to the Gospel of James, a descendant of King David. Joachim is mentioned in the Gospel of James and the Gospel of the Nativity of Mary • Jacob and Heli were half brothers, and when Heli died childless, Jacob married his widow and got his son Joseph. Jacob is Josephs biological father, but Heli is his legal father. Both Jacob and Heli were of the Judah tribe - one through Solomon and the other through Nathan. Regardless what Joseph is from the Judah tribe whether legally or biologically. • Jesus was a high priest according to the order of Melchizedek, and not that of Levi. This confuses some that he may be from Levi tribe, which is not true. • It doesn’t matter if Mary’s mother is from the tribe of Levi or not due to being related to Elizabeth, since Joachim is from the tribe of Judah and that makes Mary and Jesus biologically from the tribe of Judah. Tribal affiliation was through the male line in ancient Israel. • Numbers 36:6–9 explains that daughters must marry within the same tribe. Joseph was for sure according to the bible from the Judah tribe, and that means that Mary also must have been that in order for her to marry him. • The wife of Imran gave birth to Mary, the mother of Jesus, according to the Quran, who was put in her care of Zechariah, a person who didn't live during the time of Moses. This concludes the heritage of Mary that she indeed is from the tribe of Judah and not Levi, and that the Quran specifically refers to the wife of Imran being the mother of Mary, who in turn was the mother of Jesus. In the next page, the lineage of Mary has been illustrated. The origin of the misconception According to an article by Guillaume Dye, there is a short but unknown text called Lection of Jeremiah, which is dated to be around 610 AD. It was used in liturgical celebrations in Jerusalem. In one place of the text it says: "And the prophet (Jeremiah) said: "His coming will be a sign for you, and for other children at the end of the world. And nobody will bring forth the hidden Ark from

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the rock, except the priest Aaron, the brother of Mary. And nobody will unveil the tables therein, nor be able to read them, except the lawgiver Moses, the chosen of the Lord. And at the resurrection of the dead, the Ark will be the first to rise from the rock and to be placed on Mount Sinai, so that the word of the prophet David will be fulfilledĪ in which he said: ‘Arise, O Lord, to your resting place, You and the Ark of Your holiness’, which is the Holy Virgin Mary who passes from this world to the presence of God, she to whom the apostles proclaimed in Zion the praise of Myrrh saying: 'Today the Virgin is being guided from Bethlehem to Zion, and today from earth to heaven', and all the saints are gathered together around her and wait for the Lord, putting to flight the enemy who aims to destroy them" - Lection of Jeremiah The first instance, in which it describes brother of Mary, a inversion of sister of Aaron, it lacks the title "Holy Virgin" for Mary, and it could refer to Miriam, the sister of Moses and Aaron from 1400 BC. However, in the second instance the title Holy Virgin is included for Mary, where she is not refered to sister of Aaron. Furthermore in the first instance it mentions Aaron, while in the following next sentence it mentions Moses, who both were the brothers of Miriam, all who were children of Imran from 1400 BC. Therefore the Mary here, without the title in the first instance, does not refer to Mary, the mother of Jesus. There were also some Jews who believed that the Messiah would be from the lineage of Aaron and not from David. This evidence can be found in the Dead Sea Scrolls of Qumran, probably was used by the Essenes, which is a sect that lived during the time of Jesus. However these would only be an idea and a belief that the Messiah was from the lineage of Aaron, but is not a part of the Bible. For further study, read The Qur'an and its Hypertextuality in Light of Redaction Criticism by Guillaume Dye (2015). Objections from the Arab Christians in Najran People claim that the Arab Christians, specifically from Najran, did object regarding the confusion with Mary with Miriam, but did not object that the wife of Imran gave birth to Mary, the mother of Jesus - therefore Mary's father could had been named Imran. However, the only critique of this is from Sahih Muslim hadith above, written 250 years after the Muhammad's time. Furthermore, the hadith specifically says "people who had gone before them" which contradicts the Quran, because Aaron and Mary, according to the Quran, were brothers and sisters and lived simultaneously with their parents, Imran and his wife.

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This means Sahih Muslim and Ibn Kathir, in which they claim Mary was a descendant from Imram and tribe Levi, does not neccessary contradict "sister of Aaron" and "Mary, the daugther of Imran", in which it can mean being a descendant of Aaron and Imran, but they both contradict "The wife of Imran" since it places Mary in the same position as Miriam in 1400 BC. The very sources, which are the Sahih Muslim hadith and tafsir Ibn Kathir, which people use to justify that the Arab Christians from Najran did not object to Mary having a father named Imran, contradicts the Quran. Therefore Sahih Muslim and Ibn Kathir are invalid. The Quran was furthermore only translated into latin in the 12th-13th century, and therefore most Christians did not had properly access to the Quran in order to object to it. If Mary, the mother of Jesus, did had a brother named Aaron and a father named Imran, according to the Quran, then makes the Sahih Muslim and Ibn Kathir not correct - and there are no evidence to support that Mary ever had a father named Imran, and neither a brother named Aaron. If Mary, according to Sahih Muslim and Ibn Kathir, was a descendant of Aaron, and had a father named Imran, then there is no evidence to support this. In fact there is no evidence to support that people before in the ancient used to give names for people who have gone before them. Gospel of James was written too late People use the exuse that that the Gospel of James, also known as The Protoevangelium of James, is unreliable, because it was written between 140170 AD, which is 110-140 years after the life Jesus. Origen of Alexandria (184253 AD) also describes it as untrustworthy. However, all hadiths and tafsirs for Muhammad were written 130-400 years after Muhammad lived, which is much later than the Gospel of James compared to Jesus' life. The earliest biography for Muhammad, by Ibn Hisham, is from around 800 AD or later, which is 170 years after Muhammad's life. Here comes the interesting part. In the Quran, the infant Jesus speaks from the cradle: "So she pointed to him. They said, "How can we speak to one who is in the cradle a child?" [Jesus] said, "Indeed, I am the servant of Allah . He has given me the Scripture and made me a prophet. And He has made me blessed wherever I am and has enjoined upon me prayer and zakah as long as I remain alive and [made me] dutiful to my mother, and He has not made me a wretched tyrant. And peace is on me the day I was born and the day I will die and the day I am raised alive." Quran 19:33

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This is taken directly from the Arabic Gospel of the Infancy of the Savior, which was influnced by Infancy Gospel of Thomas and the Gospel of James: "He has said that Jesus spoke, and, indeed, when He was lying in His cradle said to Mary His mother: I am Jesus, the Son of God, the Logos, whom thou hast brought forth, as the Angel Gabriel announced to thee; and my Father has sent me for the salvation of the world." - Arabic Gospel of the Infancy of the Savior The very text which people claim is a forgery and an apocryphal text to justify that the Quran was not wrong, was copied into the Quran. In chapter 4-5 of Gospel of James, it says: "Anna said: As the Lord my God lives, if I beget either male or female, I will bring it as a gift to the Lord my God; and it shall minister to Him in holy things all the days of its life........... And her months were fulfilled, and in the ninth month Anna brought forth. And she said to the midwife: What have I brought forth? And she said: A girl. And said Anna: My soul has been magnified this day. And she laid her down. And the days having been fulfilled, Anna was purified, and gave the breast to the child, and called her name Mary. - Gospel of James, chapter 4-5 This same story can be seen in the Quran below, which is seen as a forgery by people to justify the truthfulness of the Quran: "[Mention, O Muhammad], when the wife of 'Imran said, "My Lord, indeed I have pledged to You what is in my womb, consecrated [for Your service], so accept this from me. Indeed, You are the Hearing, the Knowing." But when she delivered her, she said, "My Lord, I have delivered a female." And Allah was most knowing of what she delivered, "And the male is not like the female. And I have named her Mary, and I seek refuge for her in You and [for] her descendants from Satan, the expelled [from the mercy of Allah ]."" - Quran 3:35-36 Since the Quran directly has borrowed these stories from the Gospel of James, which is an apocryphal text according to them themselves, therefore the Quran must also be wrong. This means that if people claim that this story is true, then the Gospel of James is true, but then it contradicts the name of the father of Mary, where in the Quran it is Imran and in the Gospel of James it is Joachim, which in turn contradicts the linaege where in the Gospel of James goes through tribe Judah, and in the Quran goes through tribe Levi due to the Sister of Aaron claim. If the Quran really did mean that Virgin Mary had a brother named Aaron and a father named Imran, it would still contradict the Gospel of James, which

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according to themselves is a forgery. This means the only way people can save the name of the father being Imran, and thereby the lineage, is by calling the Gospel of James a forgery, but since the Quran directly borrowed different stories from the Gospel of James, thereby making the Quran also a human made document. But in order to save the stories borrowed from the Gospel of James, they must claim that the Gospel of James is not a forgery, but then it would contradict the father of Mary, and thereby the lineage. This full and definitive contradiction is found for the first time mentioned in this book, Disproving Islam (2020) by the author.

Jesus’ death "And [for] their saying, "Indeed, we have killed the Messiah, Jesus, the son of Mary, the messenger of Allah." And they did not kill him, nor did they crucify him; but [another] was made to resemble him to them. And indeed, those who differ over it are in doubt about it. They have no knowledge of it except the following of assumption. And they did not kill him, for certain. Rather, Allah raised him to Himself. And ever is Allah Exalted in Might and Wise.” - Quran 4:157-158 There are many historical evidences, from the Greeks, from the jews, from the Romans, who have documented that Jesus was indeed crucified, excluding the Bible. Even John and Mary knew it was Jesus from the crowds. The only evidence he wasn’t crucified comes from the Quran. Many respective new testament scholar, regardless of theological background, agrees that the Islamic view of the crucifixion is wrong. “Jesus’ death as a consequence of crucifixion is indisputable.” - Atheist scholar Gerd Lüdemann “The most certain fact about the historical Jesus is his execution as a political rebel.” - New testament scholar Marcus Borg “Jesus’ death by crucifixion is historically certain” - Jewish scholar Pinchas Lapide “The single most solid fact about Jesus’ life is his death: he was executed by the

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Roman prefect Pilate, on or around Passover, in the manner Rome reserved particularly for political insurrectionists, namely, crucifixion.” Paula Fredriksen “One of the most certain facts of history is that Jesus was crucified on orders of the Roman prefect of Judea, Ponitus Pilate.” - New testament scholar Bart Ehrman “The passion of Jesus is part of history.” - Geza Vermes “That he was crucified is as sure as anything historical can ever be.” - J.D. Crossan Mark 15:37, Mathew 27:50, Luke 23:46, John 19:30, Isaiah 53:5, Mark 9:39, Matthew 17:22, Matthew 28:5-7 all confirms that Jesus died or or the prophecy that he will die.

Muhammad not mentioned in the Torah or Bible “Those who follow the Messenger, the unlettered prophet, whom they find written in what they have of the Torah and the Gospel” - Quran 7:157 In the Quranic verse above, it is revealed that Muhammad was mentioned in the Torah and Bible. The only problem is that he is nowhere to be found. There is this Biblical verse people use to justify this: “If you love Me, 4keep My commandments. And I will pray the Father, and He will give you another Helper, that He may abide with you forever - John 14:15-16 The problem is that it needs to include John 14:17 too: "the Spirit of truth, whom the world cannot receive, because it neither sees Him nor knows Him; but you know Him, for He dwells with you wand will be in you." - John 14:17 This means that the helper is the Spirit of truth, and he cannot be seen. It also says that they knew him, because he dwells with them. However what is interesting is that in the Book of Deuteronomy, which is the fifth book of the Torah, it is mentioned not to worship Islam in the form of the crescent moon nor bow down to a stone:

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"And when you look up to the sky and see the sun, the moon and the stars—all the heavenly array—do not be enticed into bowing down to them and worshiping things the Lord your God has apportioned to all the nations under heaven." Deuteronomy 4:19 " and contrary to my command has worshiped other gods, bowing down to them or to the sun or the moon or the stars in the sky," - Deuteronomy 17:3 It is also mentioned in the Bible: "Ye shall make you no idols nor graven image, neither rear you up a standing image, neither shall ye set up any image of stone in your land, to bow down unto it: for I am the Lord your God." - Leviticus 26:1 However, from the standpoint of the Bible, Muhammad is mentioned in Matthew 24:24 as a false prohpet: "For false messiahs and false prophets will appear and perform great signs and wonders to deceive, if possible, even the elect." - Matthew 24:24

The Bible and Torah are corrupt “So woe to those who write the “scripture” with their own hands, then say, “This is from Allah,” in order to exchange it for a small price. Woe to them for what their hands have written and woe to them for what they earn.” - Quran 2:79, and also 2:59, 2:77, 2:140, 3:78, 3:79, 3:187, 4:46, 5:13, 5:15, 5:41 It is claimed by muslims that the Bible and Torah are corrupt, and above are most of the Quranic verses mentioned which they believe state this claim. But the contradictions lies in the following verses: “And let the People of the Gospel judge by what Allah has revealed therein. And whoever does not judge by what Allah has revealed - then it is those who are the defiantly disobedient.” - Quran 5:47 “Say, “O People of the Scripture, you are [standing] on nothing until you uphold [the law of] the Torah, the Gospel, and what has been revealed to you from your Lord.” And that which has been revealed to you from your Lord will surely increase many of them in transgression and disbelief. So do not grieve over the

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disbelieving people.” - Quran 5:68 “So if you are in doubt, [O Muhammad], about that which We have revealed to you, then ask those who have been reading the Scripture before you. The truth has certainly come to you from your Lord, so never be among the doubters.” - Quran 10:94 "He has revealed to you the Book with truth, verifying that which is before it, and He revealed the Tavrat and the Injeel aforetime, a guidance for the people, and He sent the Furqan." - Quran 3:3 “And before this Quran the Book of Moses was revealed as a guide and mercy. And this Book is a confirmation, in the Arabic tongue, to warn those who do wrong, and as good news to those who do good.” - Quran 46:12 "And they say, "Why does he not bring us a sign from his Lord?" Has there not come to them evidence of what was in the former scriptures?" - 20:133 The verses mentioned above all clearly states that the Bible and Torah are not corrupt. The more important thing is that the Quran was not revealed because previous scriptures were corrupt, it was because the Arabs did not have any excuse on the day of judgement since they couldn’t read other languages than Arabic. The following verse confirms it: "And this [Qur’an] is a Book We have revealed [which is] blessed, so follow it and fear Allah that you may receive mercy. [We revealed it] lest you say, “The Scripture was only sent down to two groups before us, but we were of their study unaware,” Or lest you say, “If only the Scripture had been revealed to us, we would have been better guided than they.” So there has [now] come to you a clear evidence from your Lord and a guidance and mercy. Then who is more unjust than one who denies the verses of Allah and turns away from them? We will recompense those who turn away from Our verses with the worst of punishment for their having turned away.” - Quran 6:155-157 It is clear from the verses above that Allah did not reveal the Quran because the previous scriptures were corrupted, but rather because the Arabs did not have any excuses in the day of judgement. All these verses mentioned proves that none of the two previous scriptures are corrupt. So these two possibilities exists: • If the Torah and the Bible are the words of God, then Islam is false, because they contradict Islam.

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• If the Torah and Bible are not the words of God, then Islam is also false, because Allah affirms the authenticity and preservation of the Torah and the Bible which are is not true. If the Torah and Bible really were corrupt then it contradict the verses Quran 6:155-157. What makes this verse very strange is that there have been a bible translated into Arabic in about 6th-8th century, so obviously there was no need for a Quran if Allah wanted a revelation for a people who could only speak and read in Arabic. If a bible was translated into Arabic in 8th century, 100 years after Muhammad’s death, then Allah would have known this detail and not use time and energy for a new prophet.

Muhammad was not born sinless "And He found you lost and guided [you]" - Quran 93:7 "Gabriel then said: (Did He not find thee) O Muhammad (wandering) among people in error (and direct (thee)) and guided you by means of prophethood? The Prophet (pbuh) said: "Yes, O Gabriel!" - Ibn Abbas tafsir "So know, [O Muhammad], that there is no deity except Allah and ask forgiveness for your sin and for the believing men and believing women. And Allah knows of your movement and your resting place." - Quran 47:19 According to the Quran, Muhammad was born with errors, and It is clear from these verses and tafsir that Muhammad made mistakes, and there are additional Quranic verses to support it. However, comparing it with Jesus in the Bible: "God made him who had no sin to be sin for us, so that in him we might become the righteousness of God." - 2 Corinthians 5:21 “He committed no sin, and no deceit was found in his mouth.” - 1 Peter 2:22 "For we do not have a high priest who is unable to empathize with our weaknesses, but we have one who has been tempted in every way, just as we are— yet he did not sin." - Hebrews 4:15 If the prophet of Islam came to guide mankind, how come that he needed to be guided himself? Many people also claim he was perfect, but these verses, and the

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explaining tafsir clearly shows that he was not. Now what is interesting is that not only is Jesus mentioned as being sinless in the Bible, but also in the Quran: "He said, "I am only the messenger of your Lord to give you [news of] a pure boy."" - Quran 19:19 "He said: I am only a messenger of thy Lord, that I may bestow on thee a faultless son." - Ibn Abbas tafsir The question is, why this prophet, Jesus of Christianity was sinless, and the model of Islam, Muhammad is supposedly the model of humanity and is considered to be perfect?

People of Mecca were not warned before Muhammad “By the wise Qur’an. Indeed you, [O Muhammad], are from among the messengers, On a straight path. [This is] a revelation of the Exalted in Might, the Merciful, That you may warn a people whose forefathers were not warned, so they are unaware.” - 36:2-6 “And when our verses are recited to them as clear evidences, they say, “This is not but a man who wishes to avert you from that which your fathers were worshipping.” And they say, “This is not except a lie invented.” And those who disbelieve say of the truth when it has come to them, “This is not but obvious magic.” And We had not given them any scriptures which they could study, and We had not sent to them before you, [O Muhammad], any warner.” - Quran 34:43-44 “Or do they say, “He invented it”? Rather, it is the truth from your Lord, [O Muhammad], that you may warn a people to whom no warner has come before you [so] perhaps they will be guided.” - Quran 32:3 Indeed, We have sent you with the truth as a bringer of good tidings and a warner. And there was no nation but that there had passed within it a warner. - Quran 35:24 “And thus We have revealed to you an Arabic Qur’an that you may warn the Mother of Cities [Makkah] and those around it and warn of the Day of Assembly, about which there is no doubt. A party will be in Paradise and a party in the

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Blaze.” - 42:7 All these verses above states that the arabs were not warned until Muhammad. The question is why did Abraham and Ismai’il then built the Kaaba in the Quranic verse 2:125? "Remember We made the House a place of assembly for men and a place of safety; and take ye the station of Abraham as a place of prayer; and We covenanted with Abraham and Isma’il, that they should sanctify My House for those who compass it round, or use it as a retreat, or bow, or prostrate themselves (therein in prayer)." Quran 2:125 Since there were Jews and Christians in Arabian peninsula, the arabs had the opportunity to just listen to them and be warned from the Torah and the Bible. The obvious reason to this is that ists claim that the previous scriptures are corrupt, but according to the Quran, Allah repeatedly mentions in Surah 3:3-4, 5:47, 5:68, 7:157, 10:94, 18:27 and 46:12 that they are not. The Quran is a confirmation in Arabic language “And before this Quran the Book of Moses was revealed as a guide and mercy. And this Book is a confirmation, in the Arabic tongue, to warn those who do wrong, and as good news to those who do good.” - Quran 46:12 This means that the Quran confirms the previous scriptures, and the purpose of it is to give it in Arabic language, so Arabs have no excuse in the day of judgement. The next verse makes it even more clear: “And this [Qur’an] is a Book We have revealed [which is] blessed, so follow it and fear Allah that you may receive mercy. [We revealed it] lest you say, “The Scripture was only sent down to two groups before us, but we were of their study unaware,” Or lest you say, “If only the Scripture had been revealed to us, we would have been better guided than they.” So there has [now] come to you a clear evidence from your Lord and a guidance and mercy. Then who is more unjust than one who denies the verses of Allah and turns away from them? We will recompense those who turn away from Our verses with the worst of punishment for their having turned away.” - Quran 6:155-157 So according to the verses above, the Quran was not revealed because the previous scriptures were corrupted, but because then the Arabs had no excuses in

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the day of judgement because they couldn't read in other languages.

Quran says that Mary was a goddess "The Messiah, son of Mary, was not but a messenger; [other] messengers have passed on before him. And his mother was a supporter of truth. They both used to eat food. Look how We make clear to them the signs; then look how they are deluded." - Quran 5:75 "And [beware the Day] when Allah will say, "O Jesus, Son of Mary, did you say to the people, 'Take me and my mother as deities besides Allah ?'" He will say, "Exalted are You! It was not for me to say that to which I have no right. If I had said it, You would have known it. You know what is within myself, and I do not know what is within Yourself. Indeed, it is You who is Knower of the unseen." Quran 5:116 “So they were two slaves of Allah, like all other people, and they were not gods as the ignorant Christians claim.” – Tafseer Ibn Katheer (3/159). “This is concerning their (Christians) making the Messiah and his mother into 2 gods with Allah” – Tafsir Al-Suddi al-Kabir According to the Quranic verses and tafsirs, mother Mary is a goddess. This is not true. Christians never believed that was God or any part of the Trinity which comprises of The Father, The Son, and The Holy Spirit. "Therefore go and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit," - Matthew 28:19 "May the grace of the Lord Jesus Christ, and the love of God, and the fellowship of the Holy Spirit be with you all." - 2 Corinthians 13:14 People use the excuse to say that the Christians had changed this, but there are not a single supportive evidence. There are even Bibles who are older than the time of Muhammad, and none of them claims that mother Mary was a goddes. Other apologists like to say that only some Christians said it during the time of Muhammad. First of all, they have no proof to support their claims. In the end, why would Allah mentioned that only some Christians said this when he knew that it is not the truth? Second of all, this claim is false, because the Quranic verse

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5:116 above clearly says that Allah asked Jesus whether he had told the people to worship himself and Mary as gods besides Allah. So the verse occours during the time of Jesus, and not during the time of Muhammad.

Nobody before John the Baptist was given the name John "(It was said unto him): O Zachariah! Lo! We bring thee tidings of a son whose name is John; we have given the same name to none before (him)." - Quran 19:7 John the Baptist was born around the first decade BC and died around 28-36 CE. There were at least two people from the old testament who were given the name John. The first example in the old testament is the ruler named John Hyrcanus who died in 104 BC, around a hundred years before John the Baptist. Since John originates from the hebrew name Yohanan, the other example is the high priest named Johanan who lived during the 3rd century BC.

Double negative in the language "Say, “Come, I will recite what your Lord has prohibited to you. Join not anything as equal with Him; be good to your parents; kill not your children on a plea of want;- We provide sustenance for you and for them;- come not nigh to shameful deeds. Whether open or secret; take not life, which Allah hath made sacred, except by way of justice and law" - Quran 6:151 This is called double negatives, which will be explained separately with the three examples. Join not anything as equal with him In the first part, the author says he will recite what he has prohibited to you, and in the next sentence, he prohibited to not join anything other Gods If this should had been linquistically correct, the word "not" should not be included. This means he actually is allowing to join other Gods. The correct way would had been he will recite what he has prohibited to you, and then join anything equal with him. Here joining equal with him is prohibited. Be good to your parents

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In the second part, the author says he will recite what he has prohibited to you, and in the next sentence, he prohibted to be good to your parents. This means that Allah has prohibited to be good to your parents. The word "not" should had been added. The correct way would had been he will recite what he has prohibited to you, and then be not good to your parents. Here not being good to your parents is prohibited. Kill not your children In the third part, author says he will recite what he has prohibited to you, and in the next sentence, he prohibted to not kill your children. If this should had been linquistically correct, the word "not" should had been deleted. The correct way would had been he will recite what he has prohibited to you, and then kill your children on a plea of want. Here killing your children is prohibited. Sahih International and other translations have currupted the translations, by adding the [He commands] and changing the order of the words: "Say, "Come, I will recite what your Lord has prohibited to you. [He commands] that you not associate anything with Him, and to parents, good treatment, and do not kill your children out of poverty; We will provide for you and them. And do not approach immoralities - what is apparent of them and what is concealed. And do not kill the soul which Allah has forbidden [to be killed] except by [legal] right. This has He instructed you that you may use reason."" - Quran 6:151 Sahih International has clearly currupted the translation. Prohibition and sacred Many people translate the Arabic word for prohibition in this verse into sacred. Prohibition and sacred in Arabic are not written entirely the same, since sacred does not contain the diacritical mark called tashkil, compared to the word prohibion in Arabic which does. Therefore any translation which uses the word sacred instead of prohibition is false.

Allah has revealed the Quran in Arabic “And before this Quran the Book of Moses was revealed as a guide and mercy. And this Book is a confirmation, in the Arabic tongue, to warn those who do wrong,

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and as good news to those who do good.” - Quran 46:12

"And We certainly know that they say, "It is only a human being who teaches the Prophet." The tongue of the one they refer to is foreign, and this Qur'an is [in] a clear Arabic language." - Quran 16:103 "Indeed, We have sent it down as an Arabic Qur'an that you might understand." Quran 12:2 This is not true. There are many non-Arabic words in the Quran, in fact according to the book Al Muhadhdhab by Al-Suyuti (1445-1505 AD) there are 275 nonArabic words in almost 15 different languages, including Egyptian, Hebrew, Syriac, Christian Aramaic, and Ethiopian, Persian, Greek, Coptic, Romanian and others. Hebrew words in the Quran The word al-Zakat is a hebrew word which means the tax from money.

The word Jouhan'm is a hebrew word which means the hell. Indeed, those who disbelieve spend their wealth to avert [people] from the way of Allah . So they will spend it; then it will be for them a [source of] regret; then they will be overcome. And those who have disbelieved - unto Hell they will be gathered. - Quran 8:36 The word Senin is a hebrew word which means beautiful. The word As-Sam'd is a hebrew word which means inclusive of all characters. The word Uho'd is a hebrew word which means one. The word mao'un is a hebrew word which means the pot. Persian words in the Quran The word As-sijjil is a persian word which means the book. "The Day when We will fold the heaven like the folding of a [written] sheet for the records. As We began the first creation, We will repeat it. [That is] a promise binding upon Us. Indeed, We will do it." - Quran 21:104 The word al-Istabrek is a persian word which means the thick. "Wearing [garments of] fine silk and brocade, facing each other." - Quran 44:53

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The word Abareeq' is a persian word which means vessels. "With vessels, pitchers and a cup [of wine] from a flowing spring -" Quran 56:18 The word Al-Ferdous is a Persian word which means the garden. The word Sajjil is a persian word which means the stoney mud. The word Saradeq' is a perian word which means a tent. Syian words in the Quran The word Surah is a Syrian word which means a book chapter. The word al-toar is a Syrian word which means the mountain. "And [recall] when We took your covenant, [O Children of Israel, to abide by the Torah] and We raised over you the mount, [saying], "Take what We have given you with determination and remember what is in it that perhaps you may become righteous."" - Quran 2:63 Greek words in the Quran The word Sariah is a greek word which means a small river. "But he called her from below her, "Do not grieve; your Lord has provided beneath you a stream." - Quran 19:24 The word Injeel is a greek word which means annunciation. Ethopian words in the Quran The word Meshkat is an ethiopian word which means a niche in the wall. The word ad-Durie is an ethiopian word which means a shining planet. The word nashet-Al lail is an ethiopian word which means wake up by night. "Indeed, the hours of the night are more effective for concurrence [of heart and tongue] and more suitable for words." - Quran 73:6 The word keflain is an ethiopian word which means two folds. "O you who have believed, fear Allah and believe in His Messenger; He will [then] give you a double portion of His mercy and make for you a light by which you will walk and forgive you; and Allah is Forgiving and Merciful." - Quran 57:28 The word At-Taghout is an Ethiopian word which means the opposites.

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Indian words in the Quran The word al-Soundos is an indian word which means the thin curtain. "Wearing [garments of] fine silk and brocade, facing each other." - Quran 44:53 Coptic words in the Quran The word Al-Melah Al-Okhra is a Coptic word which means the first religion. The word Wara'hom is a Coptic word which means behind them. The word Bata'nha is a coptic word which means its external look. "[They are] reclining on beds whose linings are of silk brocade, and the fruit of the two gardens is hanging low." The word Tabout is a Coptic word which means a box. Romanian words in the Quran The word al-Raq'im is a romanian word which means the tablet. "Or have you thought that the companions of the cave and the inscription were, among Our signs, a wonder?" - Quran 18:9 The word tafaq'a is a Romanian word which means intended to do. "So he made them fall, through deception. And when they tasted of the tree, their private parts became apparent to them, and they began to fasten together over themselves from the leaves of Paradise. And their Lord called to them, "Did I not forbid you from that tree and tell you that Satan is to you a clear enemy?"" - Quran 7:22 Some people say that Allah says that the Quran was revealed in Arabic, but it doesn't say pure Arabic. Actually it does, the Quranic verses above specifically says clear Arabic and Arabic tongue. A tongue is used to pronounce each word differently.

Quran copies a man made message "And among them are unlettered ones who do not know the Scripture except in wishful thinking, but they are only assuming. So woe to those who write the "scripture" with their own hands, then say, "This is from Allah," in order to exchange it for a small price. Woe to them for what their hands have written and woe to them for what they earn." - Quran 2:78-79

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In the above verses it is stated that to be aware of those who write with their own hands, which is not a part of the Old Testament and New Testament. The Jews wrote mishnats and talmuds, which are not a part of the Torah, but are made by clerics. The Quranic verse below is found to be copied from a jewish talmud.

"Because of that, We decreed upon the Children of Israel that whoever kills a soul unless for a soul or for corruption [done] in the land - it is as if he had slain mankind entirely. And whoever saves one - it is as if he had saved mankind entirely." - Quran 5:32 A cleric wrote talmuds regarding Cain and Abel in the 2nd century. When a scribe transcribed the talmuds in the 5th century, he wrote as a side note this phrase: “if any man has caused a single life to perish from Israel, he is deemed by Scripture as if he had caused a whole world to perish; and anyone who saves a single soul from Israel, he is deemed by Scripture as if he had saved a whole world.” - Mishnah Sanhedrin 4:5 - Sefaria “Whoever destroys a soul [of Israel], it is considered as if he destroyed an entire world. And whoever saves a life of Israel, it is considered as if he saved an entire world” - Mishnah Sanhedrin 4:5 - Sefaria There are different wordings of it, two of them are mentioned. However, the talmud from the 5th century which included the side note was transcribed again in the late 5th century, where this side note was incorpurated into the main talmud. Not only did the Quran copied a talmud, which is man made by clerics and contradicts the Quranic verse above, but it copied a side note which was not originally a part of talmud from the 2nd century.

Allah prevent earthquakes “He has created the heavens without any pillars that you can see, and He has placed in the earth firm mountains that it may not quake with you..” - Quran 31:10 Indeed just the idea that he needs to do anything to prevent anything is contrary to ashariyya theology since supposedly Allah causes everything to happen. Therefore all he should have to do is just not cause something to happen. He

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shouldn’t have to do anything to prevent anything because that would mean things have external causes and that Allah doesn’t actually cause everything to happen.

Allah allows to marry up to four wives "And if you fear that you will not deal justly with the orphan girls, then marry those that please you of [other] women, two or three or four. But if you fear that you will not be just, then [marry only] one or those your right hand possesses. That is more suitable that you may not incline [to injustice]." - Quran In the above verse it is stated that Allah allows to marry up to four wives. The problem with this verse is, as explained in the next chapter, is that there is about 51% males and 49% females in the world. Thus, the ratio is about 1:1, and therefore men must only marry one female in order for the entire population of men to have a female available for them.

Allah has made everything in pairs "Exalted is He who created all pairs - from what the earth grows and from themselves and from that which they do not know." - Quran 36:36 According to this verse, Allah has created everything in pairs. However, for theists, there must be atheists. Therefore this verse contradicts the purpose of the Quran.

Adam and Eve had sex with each other “Prohibited to you [for marriage] are your mothers, your daughters, your sisters, your father’s sisters, your mother’s sisters, your brother’s daughters, your sister’s daughters, your [milk] mothers who nursed you, your sisters through nursing, your wives’ mothers, and your step-daughters under your guardianship [born] of your wives unto whom you have gone in. But if you have not gone in unto them, there is no sin upon you. And [also prohibited are] the wives of your sons who are from your [own] loins, and that you take [in marriage] two sisters simultaneously, except for what has already occurred. Indeed, Allah is ever Forgiving and Merciful.” - Quran 4:23

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According to the Quran, Adam and Eve were the first people on Earth. They don't necessary have to be siblings, however, to reproduce themselves, they had to have sex and get children. However, the children are then siblings, and to reproduce themselves and get children, they had to have sex. This would contradict the Quranic verse above which prohibits to marry your brothers and sisters. It is important to note that people say that this law was given later, however, according to the Quran, it always has existed: "[Inscribed] in a Preserved Slate." - Quran 85:22

Does Allah have limbs? No "Nor is there to Him any equivalent." - Quran 112:4 Yes They have not appraised Allah with true appraisal, while the earth entirely will be [within] His grip on the Day of Resurrection, and the heavens will be folded in His right hand. Exalted is He and high above what they associate with Him. Quran 39:67 Yes Indeed, those who pledge allegiance to you, [O Muhammad] - they are actually pledging allegiance to Allah . The hand of Allah is over their hands. So he who breaks his word only breaks it to the detriment of himself. And he who fulfills that which he has promised Allah - He will give him a great reward. - 48:10 Yes Allah’s Apostle said, “On the Day of Resurrection, Allah will grasp the whole Earth by His Hand, and all the Heavens in His Right, and then He will say, ‘I am the King.” Abu Huraira said, “Allah’s Apostle said,” Allah will grasp the Earth…’ ” - Sahih Bukhari, Volume 9, Book 93, Number 509 Yes The Prophet said, “The Right (Hand) of Allah Is full, and (Its fullness) is not affected by the continuous spending night and day. Do you see what He has spent since He created the Heavens and the Earth? Yet all that has not decreased what is in His Right Hand. His Throne is over the water and in His other Hand is the

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Bounty or the Power to bring about death, and He raises some people and brings others down.” - Sahih Bukhari, Volume 9, Book 93, Number 515:

Can Allah stop the Quran being corrupt? If Allah could not stop the previous scriptures to be corrupt, then what are the evidence to support that he accomplished the goal with Muhammad?

Praying without arms and legs “And I did not create the jinn and mankind except to worship Me” - Quran 51:56 “and formed you and perfected your forms;“ - Quran 64:3 There are many people around the world who are born completely without arms and legs while it is necessary to pray and worship Allah with hands. This goes against his goal why he created mankind.

How long to breastfeed? 30 months "We have enjoined on man kindness to his parents: In pain did his mother bear him, and in pain did she give him birth. The carrying of the (child) to his weaning is (a period of) thirty months. At length, when he reaches the age of full strength and attains forty years, he says, “O my Lord! Grant me that I may be grateful for Thy favour which Thou has bestowed upon me, and upon both my parents, and that I may work righteousness such as Thou mayest approve; and be gracious to me in my issue. Truly have I turned to Thee and truly do I bow (to Thee) in Islam.” – Quran 46:15 24 months "And We have enjoined upon man concerning his partners – His mother beareth him in weakness upon weakness, and his weaning is in two years – Give thanks unto Me and unto thy parents. Unto Me is the journeying" – Quran 31:14

Did he create the heaven or the Earth first? The earth

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He it is Who created for you all that is in the earth. Then turned He to the heaven, and fashioned it as seven heavens. And He is knower of all things. – Quran 2:29 The heaven Are ye the harder to create, or is the heaven that He built? He raised the height thereof and ordered it; And He made dark the night thereof, and He brought forth the morn thereof. And after that He spread the earth. He extracted from it its water and its pasture, And the mountains He set firmly As provision for you and your grazing livestock. – Quran 79:27-33

Does Allah forgive everything? Yes Say: “O my Servants who have transgressed against their souls! Despair not of the Mercy of Allah: for Allah forgives all sins: for He is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful. – Quran 39:53 No Allah forgiveth not (The sin of) joining other gods with Him; but He forgiveth whom He pleaseth other sins than this: one who joins other gods with Allah, Hath strayed far, far away (from the right) – Quran 4:116 No Allah forgiveth not that partners should be set up with Him; but He forgiveth anything else, to whom He pleaseth; to set up partners with Allah is to devise a sin Most heinous indeed. – Quran 4:48

Where do disbelievers receive their record book on Judgment day? On their back But he who is given his Record behind his back – Quran 84:10 On the left hand And he that will be given his Record in his left hand, will say: “Ah! Would that my Record had not been given to me! – Quran 69:25

When was Kaaba built

Abraham and Isma'il built the Kaaba Remember We made the House a place of assembly for men and a place of safety; and take ye the station of Abraham as a place of prayer; and We covenanted with Abraham and Isma’il, that they should sanctify My House for those who compass it round, or use it as a retreat, or bow, or prostrate themselves (therein in prayer). Quran 2:125 Al-Masjid-ul-Haram (Kaaba) was built 40 years before Al-Aqsa Narrated Abu Dhaar: I said, “O Allah’s Apostle! Which mosque was built first?” He replied, “Al-Masjid-ul-Haram.” I asked, “Which (was built) next?” He replied, “Al-Masjid-ul-Aqs-a (i.e. Jerusalem).” I asked, “What was the period in between them? He replied, forty years. The temple at Jerusalem was built by Solomon around 958-951 BC, so the Kaaba must have been built 40 years before which makes it between 998-991 BC. But the Quran says Abraham built it, and he lived about 2000 BC. In the Bukhari hadith below it is stated that Muhammad wanted to destroy the Kaaba: "Narrated Aswad: Ibn Az-Zubair said to me, “Aisha used to tell you secretly a number of things. What did she tell you about the Ka’ba?” I replied, “She told me that once the Prophet said, ‘O ‘Aisha! Had not your people been still close to the pre-Islamic period of ignorance (infidelity)! I would have dismantled the Ka’ba and would have made two doors in it; one for entrance and the other for exit.” Later on Ibn Az-Zubair did the same." - Sahih al-Bukhari 126 If the Kaaba was built from the order of Allah, why would Muhammad want it to destroy it? The truth is that the Kaaba has nothing to do with Abraham or Ishmael, but was a wholly pagan heritage. Egyptian Professor and foremost authority on Arabic literature, Dr. Taha Husayn stated the following: "The case for this episode is very obvious because it is of recent date and came into vogue just before the rise of Islam. Islam exploited it for religious reasons." – Mizan al-Islam by Anwar al-Jundi, p. 170

Is alcohol okay? Yes "Surely the pious will be in bliss … their thirst will be slaked with pure wine

sealed." – Quran 83:22 Yes "A similitude of the Garden which those who keep their duty (to Allah) are promised: Therein are rivers of water unpolluted … and rivers of wine delicious to the drinkers." – Quran 47:15 Yes "And from the fruit of the date-palm and the vine, ye get out wholesome drink and food: behold, in this also is a sign for those who are wise" – Quran 16:67 Yes, as long as you’re not praying "O ye who believe! Draw not near unto prayer when ye are drunken, till ye know that which ye utter, nor when ye are polluted, save when journeying upon the road, till ye have bathed. And if ye be ill, or on a journey, or one of you cometh from the closet, or ye have touched women, and ye find not water, then go to high clean soil and rub your faces and your hands (therewith). Lo! Allah is Benign, Forgiving." – Quran 4:43 No "O you who believe! Strong drink and games of chance and idols and divine arrows are only an infamy of Satan’s handiwork. Leave it aside that you may succeed." – Quran 5:90 No "They question thee about strong drink and games of chance. Say: In both is great sin, and (some) utility for men; but the sin of them is greater than their usefulness. And they ask thee what they ought to spend. Say: that which is superfluous. Thus Allah maketh plain to you (His) revelations, that haply ye may reflect." – Quran 2:219

Could Allah have a son? Yes "If Allah had willed to choose a son, He could have chosen what He would of that which He hath created. Be He Glorified! He is Allah, the One, the Absolute." – Quran 39:4 No

"Wonderful Originator of the heavens and the earth; How can He have a son when He has no consort? He created all things, and He hath full knowledge of all things" – Quran 6:101

Does Allah lead people astray? No "And Allah will not mislead a people after He hath guided them, in order that He may make clear to them what to fear (and avoid)- for Allah hath knowledge of all things." – Quran 9:115 Yes "Of them there are some who (pretend to) listen to thee; but We have thrown veils on their hearts, So they understand it not, and deafness in their ears; if they saw every one of the signs, not they will believe in them; in so much that when they come to thee, they (but) dispute with thee; the Unbelievers say: “These are nothing but tales of the ancients.”" – Quran 6:25

How long is Allah’s day? 1000 years "Yet they ask thee to hasten on the Punishment! But Allah will not fail in His Promise. Verily a Day in the sight of thy Lord is like a thousand years of your reckoning" – Quran 22:47 50.000 years "The angels and the spirit ascend unto him in a Day the measure whereof is (as) fifty thousand years" – Quran 70:4 People usually use a hadith to make sure one of them is true. The fact remains that both still exists in the Quran. Another explanation they frequently use is that yawm means period so therefore Quran 22:47 can mean thousands of years. This is incorrect. The arabian dictionary says that al-yawn is the time from sunrise to sunset. In astronomy al-yawn is defined when earth revovles around its axis one time, which is twenty four hours. Even in the Quran yawn is referred to as one day. Therefore al-yawm (day) cannot mean just an indefinite period of time, it means specifically a day. Day of Judgment is yawm al-din, in which Islam itself insist it means day. If Allah wanted to say period in his clear book he would have said fatra, moda or hikba.

How long did it take Allah to create heaven and earth? 6 days "Verily your Lord is Allah, who created the heavens and the earth in six days, and is firmly established on the throne (of authority), regulating and governing all things. No intercessor (can plead with Him) except after His leave (hath been obtained). This is Allah your Lord; Him therefore serve ye: will ye not receive admonition?" – Quran 10:3 8 days "Say: Is it that ye deny Him Who created the earth in two Days? And do ye join equals with Him? He is the Lord of (all) the Worlds. He placed therein firm hills rising above it, and blessed it and measured therein its sustenance in four Days, alike for (all) who ask; Then He ordained them seven heavens in two Days and inspired in each heaven its mandate; and We decked the nether heaven with lamps, and rendered it inviolable. That is the measuring of the Mighty, the Knower" – Quran 41:9-12

Does evil come from Allah? Yes "…. If some good befalls them, they say “This is from Allah”. But if evil, they say “This is from thee” (O prophet). Say: “All things are from Allah…." – Quran 4:78 No "Whatever good, (O man!) happens to thee, is from Allah. But whatever evil happens to thee, is from thyself. But what has come to these people. That they fail to understand a single fact" – Quran 4:79

Will Jesus burn in Hell? Yes, because he is worshipped as God by Christians (As Trinity) "Lo! ye (idolaters) and that which ye worship beside Allah are fuel of hell. Thereunto ye will come. If these had been gods they would not have come thither, but all will abide therein" – Quran 21:98-99 No

"Behold! the angels said: “O Mary! Allah giveth thee glad tidings of a Word from Him: his name will be Christ Jesus, the son of Mary, held in honour in this world and the Hereafter and of (the company of) those nearest to Allah;" – Quran 3:45

Who takes peoples souls? One angel "Say: “The Angel of Death, put in charge of you, will (duly) take your souls: then shall ye be brought back to your Lord.”" – Quran 32:11 Many angels "But how (will it be) when the angels take their souls at death, and smite their faces and their backs?" – Quran 47:27 Allah "It is Allah that takes the souls (of men) at death; and those that die not (He takes) during their sleep: those on whom He has passed the decree of death, He keeps back (from returning to life), but the rest He sends (to their bodies) for a term appointed verily in this are Signs for those who reflect." – Quran 39:42

Who was the first Muslim? Muhammed "Say: “Shall I take for my protector any other than Allah, the Maker of the heavens and the earth? And He it is that feedeth but is not fed.” Say: “Nay! but I am commanded to be the first of those who bow to Allah (in Islam), and be not thou of the company of those who join gods with Allah.”" – Quran 6:14 Muhammad "No partner hath He: this am I commanded, and I am the first of those who bow to His will." – Quran 6:163 Muhammad “And I am commanded to be the first of those who bow to Allah in Islam.” – Quran 39:12 Moses "When Moses came to the place appointed by Us, and his Lord addressed him, He said: “O my Lord! show (Thyself) to me, that I may look upon thee.” Allah said:

“By no means canst thou see Me (direct); But look upon the mount; if it abide in its place, then shalt thou see Me.” When his Lord manifested His glory on the Mount, He made it as dust. And Moses fell down in a swoon. When he recovered his senses he said: “Glory be to Thee! to Thee I turn in repentance, and I am the first to believe.”" – Quran 7:143 Abraham "And this was the legacy that Abraham left to his sons, and so did Jacob; “Oh my sons! Allah hath chosen the Faith for you; then die not except in the Faith of Islam.”" – Quran 2:132 Abraham "Abraham was not a Jew nor yet a Christian; but he was true in Faith, and bowed his will to Allah’s, and he joined not gods with Allah." – Quran 3:67 Egyptians "Lo! we ardently hope that our Lord will forgive us our sins because we are the first of the believers" – Quran 26:51

Strength of believers A strength of 10 non-muslims "One Muslim is more powerful than 10 non-Muslims – If there be of you twenty steadfast they shall overcome two hundred, and if there be of you a hundred (steadfast) they shall overcome a thousand of those who disbelieve" – Quran 8:65 A strength of two non-muslims "One Muslim can overcome two non-Muslims – So if there be of you a steadfast hundred they shall overcome two hundred, and if there be of you a thousand (steadfast) they shall overcome two thousand by permission of Allah." – Quran 8:66

How many sacred months are there? Four "The number of months in the sight of Allah is twelve (in a year)- so ordained by Him the day He created the heavens and the earth; of them four are sacred: that is the straight usage. So wrong not yourselves therein, and fight the Pagans all together as they fight you all together. But know that Allah is with those who

restrain themselves." – Quran 9:36 One "O ye who believe! Violate not the sanctity of the symbols of Allah, nor of the sacred month, nor of the animals brought for sacrifice, nor the garlands that mark out such animals, nor the people resorting to the sacred house, seeking of the bounty and good pleasure of their Lord. But when ye are clear of the sacred precincts and of pilgrim garb, ye may hunt and let not the hatred of some people in (once) shutting you out of the Sacred Mosque lead you to transgression (and hostility on your part). Help ye one another in righteousness and piety, but help ye not one another in sin and rancour: fear Allah: for Allah is strict in punishment." – Quran 5:2

What does Allah do with apostates? Punishes them "But if any turn away and reject Allah,- Allah will punish him with a mighty Punishment" – Quran 88:23-24 Accepts it "There was indeed in them an excellent example for you to follow,- for those whose hope is in Allah and in the Last Day. But if any turn away, truly Allah is Free of all Wants, Worthy of all Praise." – Quran 60:6

Should Muslims have Christians for friends? Yes "Strongest among men in enmity to the believers wilt thou find the Jews and Pagans; and nearest among them in love to the believers wilt thou find those who say, “We are Christians”: because amongst these are men devoted to learning and men who have renounced the world, and they are not arrogant." – Quran 5:82 Yes "We sent after them Jesus the son of Mary, and bestowed on him the Gospel; and we ordained in the hearts of those who followed him compassion and mercy." – Quran 57:27 No "O ye who believe! Take not the Jews and the Christians for friends. They are

friends one to another. He among you who taketh them for friends is (one) of them. Lo! Allah guideth not wrongdoing folk." - Quran 5:51

Can you marry non-Muslims? No "Do not marry unbelieving women (idolaters), until they believe: A slave woman who believes is better than an unbelieving woman, even though she allures you. Nor marry (your girls) to unbelievers until they believe: A man slave who believes is better than an unbeliever, even though he allures you. Unbelievers do (but) beckon you to the Fire. But Allah beckons by His Grace to the Garden (of bliss) and forgiveness, and makes His Signs clear to mankind: That they may celebrate His praise." – Quran 2:221 Yes (even though Quran 9:29 calls Christians idolaters) "This day are (all) good things made lawful for you. The food of those who have received the Scripture is lawful for you, and your food is lawful for them. And so are the virtuous women of the believers and the virtuous women of those who received the Scripture before you (lawful for you) when ye give them their marriage portions and live with them in honour, not in fornication, nor taking them as secret concubines. Whoso denieth the faith, his work is vain and he will be among the losers in the Hereafter." – Quran 5:5

Are all Islamic prophets equal? Yes "The Messenger believeth in what hath been revealed to him from his Lord, as do the men of faith. Each one (of them) believeth in Allah, His angels, His books, and His messengers. We make no distinction between any of His messengers. And they say: “We hear, and we obey: (We seek) Thy forgiveness, our Lord, and to Thee is the end of all journeys.”" – Quran 2:285 No "Those messengers We endowed with gifts, some above others: To one of them Allah spoke; others He raised to degrees (of honour); to Jesus the son of Mary We gave clear (Signs), and strengthened him with the holy spirit. If Allah had so willed, succeeding generations would not have fought among each other, after clear (Signs) had come to them, but they (chose) to wrangle, some believing and others rejecting. If Allah had so willed, they would not have fought each other;

but Allah Fulfilleth His plan." – Quran 2:253

Abrogation; does Allah change his words? No "The word of thy Lord doth find its fulfilment in truth and in justice: None can change His words: for He is the one who heareth and knoweth all." – Quran 6:115 No "For them are glad tidings, in the life of the present and in the Hereafter; no change can there be in the words of Allah. This is indeed the supreme felicity." – Quran 10:64 Yes "None of Our revelations do We abrogate or cause to be forgotten, but We substitute something better or similar: Knowest thou not that Allah Hath power over all things?" – Quran 2:106 Yes "When We substitute one revelation for another,- and Allah knows best what He reveals (in stages),- they say, “Thou art but a forger”: but most of them understand not". – Quran 16:101 Another example is that Muhammad negotiated the number of daily prayers from 50 to 5 prayers.

How long did it take to destroy Aad tribe? One day "For We sent against them a furious wind, on a Day of violent Disaster" – Quran 54:19 Several days "So We sent against them a furious Wind through days of disaster, that We might give them a taste of a Penalty of humiliation in this life; but the Penalty of a Hereafter will be more humiliating still: and they will find no help." – Quran 41:16 A week "He made it rage against them seven nights and eight days in succession: so that

thou couldst see the (whole) people lying prostrate in its (path), as they had been roots of hollow palm-trees tumbled down!" – Quran 69:7

Chapter 3: Scientific Flaws in the Quran

Introduction Before looking into the scientific claims about the science, it is important to come with an important general point: The Quran is not a book of science - and neither the hadiths. They are completely imaginary; this is not how science works. Science is mostly about the focus on the “how” and the “why” and the Quran tells you basically different things without explaining it deep enough to call it science or specific for that matter. In fact, these scientific miracles, as people like to call them have been known since ancient times and even in more detailed than before Muhammad’s time, but this is exclusively been explained in chapter four. Whether you interpret these scientific miracles be correct or wrong, it really doesn’t matter, they are mostly things which everyone could have observed at that time and are mostly superficial. Even if they were true, it’s only micro-size of what is really known today in science, engineering and technology. In this chapter you will get a list with some satisfying explanations of how many of these so-called “scientific miracles” are pure wrong, not useful and absolutely not comprehensive to call it a science.

You have to fast between sunrise and sunset “And eat and drink until the white thread of dawn becomes distinct to you from the black thread [of night]. Then complete the fast until the sunset” - Quran 2:187 Then what exactly should the people in the North Pole and South Pole do? The Earth is round and it’s rotational axis is not perfectly vertical according to the sun, but has the tilt of 23,5 degrees. This results in an area in the Arctic and Antarctic poles, called the arctic circle and antarctic circle respectively, having a 6 months straight daylight and 6 months straight night-time. So do the Muslims have to fast 6 months straight? Or what should the astronauts do in space, flying through the emptiness of space where sunlight is not blocked by any planet? This clearly shows that the authors of the Quran had absolutely no idea of arctic circle or the physics of space which planets are resting to. International Space Station has a speed of 27000 km/h around the Earth, which means that there is a sunrise and sunset every 92 minutes, and therefore one must pray every 18 minutes. Furthermore, what if the ISS is on the other side of the earth of where Mecca is? None of these dilemmas has been mentioned in the Quran or Hadith and nothing was taking into consideration. This is one of these science mistakes that proves that the authors of the Quran were human. There is a reason why

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there has been created “A Guideline of Performing Ibadah (worship) at the International Space Station (ISS)”, which is a human-made invention to help astronauts pray to Mecca, which even though this would be a human solution to praying, there is still no solution to the Arctic and Antarctic dilemma. This clearly shows that the Quran is not perfect for not mentioning this detail, in South Pole, North Pole or in interplanetary travels.

You must face Mecca when praying Within the next decade, probably before 2030, major space agencies have plans to send humans to Mars, and colonize it permanently. In the Islamic world this arises some issues regarding the praying towards the Kaaba in Mecca. How do you expect people facing Mecca from there Mars? There are three things to consider for muslims living on Mars: 1. Facing the small earth is very hard, because you have to have the right angle horizontally and vertically, which means you have to elevate your carpet into the right angle. 2. Obviously, the rotation of Mars makes it even harder, so Mecca's direction moves fast. 3. What happens when Earth is on the other side of Mars during prayer time, how do you face Mecca from there? Point 3 is obviously the most problematic, this is one people have no answer you to you. This problem will make the Saudis scratch their heads, because there are just no solutions to it and will always remain so. Unless of course you dig a hole on Mars and try to point yourself down. This is an issue that won’t take much long time for devoted muslims to realize. Another dilemma is astronauts travelling to a tidal planet, which is a planet that always faces one side to the sun, and the other side to space and being dark, thus the sun never moves in the sky.

Praying in another solar system This is a small issue but rather an important one. What if devoted muslims travels interstellar and inhabit another planet in another solar system - which sun should they follow to fast and pray? The sun in the same solar system where the Kaaba is, or the sun which they currently have landed on?

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What if the sun around the new planet takes 3 earthly days from the time it has set up till it has set down? Not a lot of people can survive 72 hours without water continuously for a month. It would also be weird to face Mecca on Earth for praying, which is in another solar system, and yet at the same not following the sun which the Quran specifically mentions in our current solar system. The question is, if the Quran is perfect, how come there are no instructions on how to pray in space?

Evolution “O mankind, fear your Lord, who created you from one soul and created from it its mate and dispersed from both of them many men and women. And fear Allah , through whom you ask one another, and the wombs. Indeed Allah is ever, over you, an Observer.” - Quran 4:1 “He created him from dust, then said to him, ‘Be,’ and he was.” - Quran 3:59 “Indeed, I am going to create a human being from clay." - Quran 38:71 It is stated many times in the Quran and Hadith that evolution is not compatible with Islam. For example, he created Adam and Eve which is stated above. The family tree of the prophets in the Quran is a strong indication that Earth is only a couple of thousands of years old. This is a rather strong indication that Islam is not the true religion because using Uranium-Lead dating and calculating the age of the universe due to it’s expansion speed, science has found out that Earth is in the billion-scale of age. Because many people think that “we look like apes, therefore come from them” is the evolutionary theory today, below it is explained in a very small paragraph of what real evolution is today compared to the age of Darwin. The theory of evolution is definitely not the same as before in the time of Darwin and before that. The modern evolutionary theory works through many different angles: First of all, scientist discover the bones of humans or fossils of ancient animals which Medieval Islam or civilizations before didn’t do. Scientists then use uranium-lead dating to find out how old these bones are. The DNA is collected, analysed and saved into a computer database. They put them in a timeline according to age determined by dating and by doing this they see that humans who lived 40.000 years ago looks like us, and humans who lived 120.000 ago looked like the ones for 40.000 year ago, but no longer like us, and finally humans

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who lived for 2.000.000 looked like the ones from 120.000, and no longer like those from 40.000 years ago or us. For each of these generations, the previous starts to die off, and the next has emerged for the first time ever (uranium-lead dating helps to determine that). And the DNA confirms exactly their similarity and difference for each generation of species in both genes and proteins. The physical appearance (skull, jaw, nose etc) confirms all the above. So, there are these to consider: 1. Finding the bones. The recent species are buried higher on the ground (ex. those who are 100.000 years old) while older species which are millions of years old are buried deeper into the ground. 2. Dating the bones how old they are (uranium-lead dating) and put them in a timeline 3. DNA and proteins confirm similarities through the different evolutionary species that they are indeed on the same family 4. Analysing the physical appearance in accordance to age confirms their change of anatomy, like jaw, skull, nose and so on and so forth. 5. One human species starts to die off, while another emerges (with the help of uranium-lead dating this is possible to determine). 6. Geneticist today see mutations on their daily basis on humans and animals all over the world by analysing their DNA and proteins. By looking at their DNA they can see what has caused an abnormality or a new feature from the parents. Doctors use this to determine if a child has developed a genetic disease. 7. And finally, the ecology of the world is a clear indication that evolution is happening right in front of our eyes, especially when we are talking about survival of the fittest. Evolution has always been an observed fact. We can observe that there are no more mammoths or dinosaurs alive anymore, we observe breeding different species of dogs and wolves, we observe microevolution, and we observe the macro-evolution too, where some species migrate and spreads to other continents and changes the ecology. This is the theory of evolution by Darwin, but indeed it gets verified every single time in every possible way. All these factors contributed so the theory of evolution became... fact. The best way to understand how evolution works is to be a synthetic organic chemist especially in the pre-biotic phase, and not a biologist as people think, although they are as much as important to the macro-evolution. In the Quran and hadith there are many verses that says creationism was the cause and not evolution. People who defend Islam usually come with verses like

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“He designed you then made your design better.“ - Quran 64:3 The problem with this one is because it is not true. The actual verse says: “and formed you and perfected your forms;“ - Quran 64:3 This verse actually did strengthen that Quran is against evolution rather than proving people that they are right. Perfected means that humans won’t evolve anymore which is untrue. Human DNA is changing every day and mutations are happening every generation from parents to children, which biologists are observing on their daily basis. Some humans receive negative mutations while other positive mutations. Even in the last 20 small years the general public have come across thousands of articles where children got a new and rare mutation compared to their parents, imagine what 5000 years can do or even 30.000 years. There are dozens of other verses people try to use to convince you but each time they use one, they are either against the creationism of the Quran or not fulfilling the criteria for evolution, like the above one. Islam is clearly against evolution which the theory in the recent decades has become more like a fact, compared to Darwin’s method which was only a theory at that time based only on observations and fossils. If people come with verses to justify evolution, then what they are really doing is manufacturing contradictions to the above verses. Just remember, your DNA is unique. It has never existed and will never exist again. This is a clear indication that evolution is happening right in front of our eyes, maybe slowly, but it is happening.

Million years or billion years is never mentioned The longest period mentioned in the Quran and hadiths is 50.000 years, never millions or billions of years. This is a clear indication that the Quran is not compatible with the age of the universe and evolution.

Moon calendar on another planet What if we move to a new solar system into a habitable exoplanet, and there are two moons instead of just one? Or maybe zero moons? So what kind of calendar would you choose then? People claim it would be the largest moon, which actually is a human choice rather than it is written in the Quran. But that still doesn’t

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answer the dilemma with zero moons. Of course the Quran doesn’t mention this dilemma. The Quran repeatedly tells that this moon is our moon and is the only moon ever created and the only one ever referred to. While there are probably trillions of other moons, the Quran never mentions other moons than this one hanging around the Earth. Everything regarding this dilemma points to that Earth is the center of the universe, and the center of attention.

Allah has created a man and a woman The definition of a male is having XY-chromosomes and female having XXchromosomes. But this is not the case, in fact there are people born with XXYchromosome and XYY-chromosome, who are part of men and part of women. That means they both have a penis and a vagina and other characteristics such as having a penis but having breasts. There is also the third possibility with only one functional X-chromosome (Turners Syndrome). Genetically this means there are really 5 different genders! It is funny how the Quran never mentions this dilemma.

Allah made the moon a light “He made the sun a shining light and the moon a light” - Quran 10:5 The moon is not a light, it just reflects sunlight in the same direction where the sun is. This verse is clearly wrong. Sahih International has corrupted the international translation by adding the word “derived”, so it becomes Nur = derived light. “It is He who made the sun a shining light and the moon a derived light” - Quran 10:5, Sahih International This is clearly a corruption of the translation to make it more trustworthy. When you look into the following verse “Allah is the light (Nur) of the heavens and the Earth.” - Quran 24:35 So does that mean that Allah is a derived light? No, Nur only means light. The verse makes sense when looking at it from above; the sun is very bright and shiny, and therefore it calls it “shining light”, while the moon only is an object with

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a weak light, therefore it is only a light.

Required to drain all the blood from the animal “He has only forbidden you what dies of itself, and blood, and flesh of swine, and that over which any other (name) than (that of)” - Quran 2:173 “Forbidden to you (for food) are: dead meat, blood, the flesh of swine” - Quran 5:3 Every cardiovascular doctor or scientist knows that it is impossible to drain all the blood from every arteries, venes, venous, arterioles, and capillaries, regardless how much you pressure it out. It is impossible. There will be traces of blood, regardless of how much you drain it out. The blood plasma contains all sorts of molecules, proteins and cells, and they will stick to the capillaries even though the water becomes evaporated after roasting it.

Allah has created two mates “And of all things We created two mates” – Quran 51:49 This is incorrect. There are countless animals, fish, fungi or plants that are asexual in nature and doesn’t need a mate survive and reproduce. Examples are hammerhead sharks, whitetail lizard, komodo dragon, marble crayfish, amazon molly etc. Many people's answer is usually a famous one where they state that this verse does not refer to just “living things” but to everything. Their view is that it’s understandable why people use the male and female interpretation, and shift the focus on other things while still not having answered the male and female example of an asexual animal. By doing this they go away and talk about other things like protons and electrons, while still not having answered the question of what is the pair of an asexual animal, plant or fungi are. This they can’t answer you. If you ask them what the mate of the human male is, they’ll tell you it is the female. If you ask them what the mate of a hammerhead shark is, they fail to say a female or a male hammerhead shark, rather they talk about that “it does not just refer to living just”. They just don’t know what the mate of an asexual plant, fungi or animal is.

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Allah decides gender “To Allah belongs the dominion of the heavens and the earth; He creates what he wills. He gives to whom He wills female [children], and He gives to whom He wills males.” - Quran 42:49 According to this verse it is Allah who decides the gender of a fetus. While it may seem this is the case, most people have not the knowledge of science about the fertilization process, which will be explained very briefly: First it is important to remember that the sex-chromosomes for a female is XX, and for the male it is XY. The egg cells in a female only has 23 chromosomes, and the sex-chromosome is an X-chromosome in every single case (because both of her sex-chromosomes are 2 X’s. In a mans semen there are sperm cells, and the sperm cells in an ejaculation are divided, half of the sperm cells has the X-chromosomes, and the other half have the Y-chromosomes. Because the amount is equally divided there is also about 50/50 percent chance that it will either be a male or a female. This means that if the sperm cells containing the X-chromosomes reaches the egg first, it merges with the X-chromosome of the egg and the resulting gender of the baby is a XX-female. If the sperm cell with the Y-chromosome reaches the egg first, it merges with the X-chromosome of the egg and the resulting gender of the baby is a XY-male. This is important to know because there is a technique called “Sperm sorting”, where the X-sperm cells and Y-sperm cells are separated - and then you can decide which gender you want. So obviously it is not God's will to determine gender. There are also endocrine disrupters which in fish has been proved to change the sex ratio, so in a lake the fishes produces more females than males due to these endocrine compounds. People use this verse to show that Allah knew that we can choose gender: “For, whenever any of them is given the glad tiding of [the birth of] a girl, his face darkens, and he is filled with suppressed anger. With shame does he hide himself from his people, because of the bad news he has had! Shall he retain it in contempt, or bury it in the dust? Ah! what an evil (choice) they decide on! (16:5859)” - Quran 16:68 The problem is that it says once the baby girl has been born and the gender is known. It literally says that the husband considers if he should kill the female

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baby because of shame. It doesn’t say that we can choose before the fertilization which gender we want. People will also say that Allah knew what gender we will choose with sperm sorting, but the verse clearly says he creates. This is also a definitive mistake.

Mountains prevent earthquakes “He has created the heavens without any pillars that you can see, and He has placed in the earth firm mountains that it may not quake with you..” - Quran 31:10 There is just one problem with this statement. Most places on earth where there are mountains, there are the most earthquakes. And most places on earth where there are no mountains, there are actually least earthquakes. This is easily demonstrated in a map where the mountain distribution and earthquake activity are shown. Most of the activity of earthquakes are specifically on the same place as the edges of tectonic plates. Preventing earthquakes is not the mountains job, and even if it were, it didn’t do a good job. Furthermore there are also mountains in the sub-oceanic, it’s been observed, measured and proven that they are responsible for creating tsunamis. Even if this statement of the Quran was true, just ask yourself, if Allah mentioned that he made the mountains to prevent earthquakes, why didn’t he in the first place not mentioned that he made the tectonic plates to cause them? Or that the tectonic plates causes continental drift? This is an obvious example how much scientific facts are missing.

Mountains cast into the Earth “And He has cast into the earth firmly set mountains, lest it shift with you, and [made] rivers and roads, that you may be guided” – Quran 16:15 Mountains are definitely not cast into the earth, they come from the earth. Volcanoes which is a type of mountain, are not really made by casting them, rather by the magma from within the Earth’s upper mantle which works its way to the surface, from a process called subduction. It is very well understood how volcanoes are made, and definitely not by casting them. Mountains are made by the tectonic plates gliding against each other through a

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process called thrust. Those parts that has been elevated look like the buttom of the sea, because they are fossils, but has been elevated thousands of meters high. Religous people dismiss this tectonic theory, but there are in fact many evidence to support it. First by looking at earth of South America and west of Africa, it is clearly they fit together. But what is important is that the same kind of rocks and fossils found on west Africa, has also been found on the east side of South America. There is also strike-slip tectonics which is the lateral movement of parts of the crust or the lithosphere, and can be seen at San Andreas Fault on the Carrizo Plain. By using laser ranging surveys in San Andreas transform fault, it is possible to measure the few cm a year movement. Another method to measure the movement of the continents is by using Very Long Baseline Interferomentry (VLBI) from a space satellite, which can measure the distane between two radiotelescopes on Earth precisely wihin 2 cm range, and which shows that they are moving a few cm a year. Two other ways to determine the movement of the continents is with the use of High Precision GPS, and Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR). Now what is interesting is that not only do they all confirm the movements of the tectonic plates differently, but also in which direction the continents are move towards. The data shows that the South American Plate and African Plate are indeed moving the opposite direction. Another example is the Indian Plate and the Euroasian Plate, which has been measured that they are moving against each other. What is the result of this? The process of subduction, which has caused Mount Everest. Focusing on the mountains again, another a major issue with geology and the Quranic verse above is about the sedimentary rock mountains. They have been created on the buttom of the sea, and yet now they are mountains above sea level, even though the Quran says they have been cast. Seismic Tomography is used to create three-dimensional computer-generated images of Earth's interior all the way to Earth's core, by using the seismic waves generated by earthquakes and explosions. The second part Allah mentions are the rivers, but they are known to be created naturally and automatically. The creation of the rivers is a very well known phenomena within biology, ecology, and meteorology and just general earth science. The science behind how water evaporates across the globe, and how the clouds moves is a very well understood field and rather also a large field which is too big to be addressed in this guide. Very briefly rain falls different places and earth and mountains which results in rivers that floods down the mountain due to gravity. This is not just scientific, it’s a fact and everyone can come to that conclusion, even uneducated people. Furthermore, it has been observed that

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rivers changes shapes and direction, all due to natural causes which is very well understood. There are even rivers who are disappearing due natural causes or to global warming, and rivers who are created, which Earth scientists are observing every single year – and has nothing to do with God. The verse clearly refers to rivers as they are absolute, that means he has created a number of amount of rivers, and that amount is not changed. Remember that most rivers which existed for 1400 years ago unlikely exists today, and for those who still exists have changed the direction or shape. God doesn’t need to create river, everything happens naturally.

Communities like humans “All creatures create communities like humans” - Quran 6:38 This is not true. Examples of animals which basically never creates communities like humans are bears, pandas, tigers, jaguars, leopard geckos, badgers, foxes, koalas, owls. Even if some did in some specific areas, this doesn’t account for that 99% still don’t.

Animals can’t speak The Messenger of Allah (the Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him) once passed by a camel that was so emaciated that its back had almost reached its stomach. He said, “Fear Allah in these beasts who cannot speak.” (Abu Dawud) If he only referred to camels, that it might be true. If he referred to all animals then it is untrue. Koko the gorilla mastered sign language and communicate with people. The gorilla got Robin Williams attention and he came to visit the gorilla. And what about parrots and songbirds? There is a parrot named Tika Bonika, which basically speaks human language and understands what to say. Many animals also have that instinct to show signs how they feel.

Types of animals mentioned in the Quran The only animals mentioned in the Quran are: Bee, camel, cow, pig, locust, snake, whale, crow, donkey, elephant, dog, ant, termite, hoopoe, fly, horse, lion, manna, spider, gecko, salamanders, kites, mice and scorpions.

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There are an estimated 8.7 million different species in the world, and those animals mentioned in the Quran were pretty common in the desert of Arabia. There are many animals that are missing, like kangaroo, koala, frog, goanna, dingoes, Hawaiian monk seal, pronghorn, alligator, bison and eagle. The animals can only be found in Australia, America and Hawaii - and exactly those animals are not mentioned in the Quran which gives an idea that the Quran is geographical based. Another good example is penguins from Antarctica, and yet neither the Quran or hadiths never mentions penguins from a continent which at that time wasn't known to mankind.

Types of plants mentioned in the Quran The following plants are mentioned in the Quran: manna, date-palm, olive, grapes, pomegranate, fig, lote-tree, tamarisk, tooth brush tree, henna/ camphor, ginger, lentil, onion, garlic, cucumber, acacia, gourd, mustard, sweet basil, euphorbia, bitter thorn, blessed tree. There are of course plants mentioned in the hadith, but the hadiths were written hundreds of years after, so obviously those are not included. However looking at those plants, you realize all these plants are found in the Middle-East area, or the surrounding areas. Below are some examples of plants America and Australia which were not known in Arabia during Muhammads life and are not mentioned in the Quran or hadiths. Asia and Europe also has thousands of different native plants, which are not included in the Quran or hadiths, but are not included in the list. North America Lobelia, white sage, wintergreen, iris setosa, gaillardia, maidenhair fern, coral bells, oakleaf hydrangea, wild columbine, red twig dogwood, ‘sunshine superman’ coreopsis, winterberry, virginia sweetspire, creeping phlox, rhododendron, blackeyed susan, elderberry, trumpet vine - and thousands of other plants which was only native to North America. South America Heliconia Flower, Rubber Tree, Orchids, Cacao, Giant Water Lilies, Passion Fruit Flower, Bromeliads, Monkey Brush Vine, Savannas and thousands of other plants. Obviously one of the most important is cacao.

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Australia Bull Kauri, Palm Valley Myrtle, Dallachy's Banksia, Sturt's Desert Rose, Hillgrove Spotted Gum, Eucalypts, Acacia (Wattles), Proteaceae, Wildflowers, Melaleuca, Haemodoraceae, Eremophila - and thousands of other plant species. None of these native plants outside of the Arabian area are mentioned in the Quran or hadiths. This further supports the evidence that the authors of the Quran is geographical based.

Milk is pure “Milk from livestock is pure and agreeable” – Quran 16:66 This is incorrect. Then why do people have natural milk intolerance and why do people have the missing gene for lactase to split up lactose sugar in milk? There is lactose intolerance, milk allergy which includes casein and lactoglobulin, and the condition called villous atrophy in the intestines. All these conditions proves that milk is definitely not agreeable. The fact that is says pure is not true either, because the milk may contain pathogens which is the reason why the milk gets pasteurized. It is a process where the milk gets heated up and kills the pathogens.

4 witness are required to prove rape of a female Why did they [who slandered] not produce for it four witnesses? And when they do not produce the witnesses, then it is they, in the sight of Allah, who are the liars. - Quran 24:13 In the Quran and hadiths it is clearly stated that in order for a female to prove a rape, there has to be 4 witnesses. Since the Quran is meant to work in all ages of time, then what about cameras? Do they count? What about 10 cameras with 10 different angles? What about an extra 8K camera that zooms into the reproductive parts, and the rapists faces to see their pimples? What about extra infrared cameras, and a high quality sound recorder too, preferably a microphone from a news channel? Of course not. The Quran says 4 witnesses, not cameras or sound recorders. But what about fingerprints then? Or what about a DNA test from the sperm? Or hair? Every person has a unique DNA sequence with 6 billion basepairs, so it is actually one of the strongest evidences. Why doesn’t the Quran say anything about proving rape with DNA? DNA from sperm, together with a

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camera and a sound recorder, is better than 100 witnesses. It’s also much more efficient in a society. Another way to prove the rape is if the woman gets pregnant, and this way it would be very easy to compare the DNA of the child with the rapist. However this is not mentioned in the Quran.

Why is smoking not mentioned in the Quran when it’s very bad? People's standard answer is “smoking did not exist in the time of the Prophet, but the Quran says don’t destroy your body, therefore smoking is haram”. That’s is not a convincing answer. First of all, Allah knows everything, past, present and future, so he would definitely have mentioned smoking. The following verse confirms his knowledge about the future: “He is God besides whom there is none worthy of worship the all Knower of the seen and the unseen. He is the Most Gracious the Most Merciful.” - Quran 59:22 Second of all, smoking actually existed in the time of the prophet, just on the other side of the earth: In America. This is a humorous how Allah doesn’t even mention that part of the world (and neither Australia or Antarctica). That smoking actually existed in the time of Muhammad, and it isn’t mentioned in the Quran, just proves that the author of the Quran is a human being living in the desert of Arabia, because he didn’t had the capacity or knowledge about the other side of the world.

Why is sport not mentioned when it is that good? This is the same dilemma as the previous one and also an odd example. The benefits of sport are improved cardiovascular health, lowers risk of heart disease, stroke, lowers risk of diabetes, helps manage weight, reduced blood pressure, enhanced aerobic fitness, improved muscular strength and endurance, improved joint flexibility and range of motion, stress relief, control cholesterol, ward off osteoporosis, strengthens immune system, improved sleep, mental health benefits, prolonged life, reduces risk of injury, prevents certain cancers, increases range of motion, increases insulin sensitivity, increases dopamine, improves balance and coordination, gastrointestinal tract benefits, strengthens your bones, improves focus and concentration, prevents Alzheimer’s and much more.

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According to a new study sedentary behaviour increases the risk of certain cancers. This means for people who don't do sports, they have higher probability to develop certain cancers compared to those who do sport. Another study from 2017 found in a group of nearly 6000 adults that high levels of physical activity equate to a nine-year biological aging advantage. In the study the researchers found that the telomeres were longere in those participants who engaged in a minimum of 30 to 40 minutes of running, five days a week. It is worth mentioning that soccer has been named a sport which brings world peace. Sport has also that tendency to teach people how to accept the differences and find out how to help people improve. Sports are such a great teacher. I think of everything they've taught me: camaraderie, humility, how to resolve differences - Kobe Bryant The Quran is meant to be absolute, and one of the most important things in the world is not mentioned how it dramatically improves life in every aspect. It would not be fair to mention that it really does mentions exercise, just in the form of Jihad.

Heaven without pillars “He has created the heavens without any pillars that you can see” Quran 31:10 Every scientists, whether it is a chemist, physicist, mathematician, biologist, pharmacist, chemical engineer, meteorologist, geologist, astrophysicist or others, have an idea that the Quran is not the true religon by just reading this phrase. It is clear by just reading it, it shows that the author of the Quran was a human being in the 7th century. Heaven doesn’t need pillars, because we are already surrounded by the heaven – mainly oxygen and nitrogen. In fact by measuring these molecules in the air, you’ll find that there is more oxygen on sea level than on higher altitude, therefore it is more blue close to the ground than on higher altitude. This is easily demonstrated from photos taken close to space, where the lower part of the atmosphere is more bluish and the upper part gradually becomes darker and thinner. The part which says “that you can see” is a senseless statement, just as it is so obvious to see that you don’t need the Quran to come to that conclusion that the heaven has no pillars. In the next verse it is even better confirmed that the sky

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is solid: “God holds back the sky from falling on the earth unless by His leave (22:65)” Again this implies that the sky is a solid roof when in reality it is more like a gradient gas, dense in lower altitude and thinner in higher altitude. This is an obvious observation. There are even experiments showing that oxygen emits blue light, hence the blue colour. The emission and absorption is of course not limited to only oxygen, but all atoms and molecules. One might ask, is the Quran talking about outer space? That would be a wrong assumption because space is not like a roof to a planet, but the planet exists in space.

Heaven with no rifts Have they not then observed the sky above them, how We have constructed it and beautified it, and how there are no rifts therein? – 50:6 This is clearly a statement to prove how Allah is almighty and has made the heaven so smooth with no rifts. This is a nonsensical verse proving how people back then viewed the sky. It clearly state that the sky is a solid roof, and not a gas of oxygen who emits blue light. How can there be a crack in a gas? To give an example how wrong this verse is, think of the biggest fart you have ever made, and then you try to point out a rift in the smelling atmosphere, but you can’t find one. It’s because there are no rifts in gasses, gas is just gas. Below are additional verses that proves the Quran implies that the sky is a solid roof: “..and the sky a ceiling..” – Quran 2:22 “..And We made the sky a protected ceiling/canopy..” - Quran 21:32 “he made the heavens without pillars..” - Quran 31:10 + 13:2 “..And if they saw a portion of the sky fall down” - Quran 52:44. This is clearly the same view that has existed for thousands of years prior to Muhammad, every single verse points to a solid and rigid blue sky. If so, how come space shuttles can fly through it? And how come meteorites coming from outside our solar system or maybe galaxy can crash through it?

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Heaven expanded “And the heaven We created with might, and indeed we are (its) expander.” – Quran 51:47 and “Have those who disbelieved not considered that the heavens and the earth were a joined entity, and We separated them and made from water every living thing? Then will they not believe?” – Quran 21:30 This is probably the most famous scientific miracle to ever be used as a tool to convince non-muslims to convert to Islam. Take a note that when the heavens expanded, the earth already existed. This is where the whole “expanding universe” miracle falls down. This verse talks about that heavens or space got separated out of earth, which implies that earth existed for 13 billion years ago, which is not the case. If people claim it is talking about space, then this also implies that earth is the centre of the universe, since the separation and expansion of the heavens from the spherical earth results in expanding space from 360 degrees around the globe. Planet Earth is not even the center of our galaxy, or the center of our solar system. The universe is so huge compared to the Earth, that it exists in our solar system, then solar interstellar neighbourhood, milky way, local galactic group virgo supercluster and then local supercluster. The Cassini spacecraft took a famous photograph of Earth from between the rings of Saturn, 1.4 billion kilometre, or 870 million miles, which shows Earth as only a dot. This distance is still in our solar system, and there are billions of others too - that's how big the universe is. If people interpret these heavens as space, and simultaneously earth as matter in the Big Bang era, then it’s also incorrect, because matter didn’t exist in pre-Big Bang. In verse 21:31 below it is clearly stated that earth is not the matter in the Big Bang era which people tries to justify, because it is mentioning that mountains are being set firmly on that same Earth. And We placed within the earth firmly set mountains, lest it should shift with them, and We made therein [mountain] passes [as] roads that they might be guided. - Quran 21:31 Unless Muslims wants us to believe that mountains existed for 13 billion years ago when matter began forming. Since the earth only began existing 9 billion years after the Big Bang, therefore 21:30 clearly doesn’t refers to big bang. But here comes the interesting part. And last thing is if people wants us to convince us that this is talking about big bang, then they must accept evolution. Because the expansion of the universe and evolution is essentially the same. They go hand in hand. Also the next verse confirms that the Earth was made before the heaven:

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Is it that ye deny Him Who created the earth in two Days? And do ye join equals with Him? He is the Lord of (all) the Worlds. He placed therein firm hills rising above it, and blessed it and measured therein its sustenance in four Days, alike for (all) who ask; Then He ordained them seven heavens in two Days and inspired in each heaven its mandate; and We decked the nether heaven with lamps, and rendered it inviolable. That is the measuring of the Mighty, the Knower – Quran 41:9-12 Everything in the Quran points to that earth was made before heavens or space, but in reality the earth, and all other planets were made after the beginning of the expansion of the universe and space. Mistranslation of the word expanding The Quran doesn't refer the universe as being expanded or expanding, it says the universe is vast, which simply means the universe is huge. The word can also mean capacity. The word "expanding" only began being used after the Big Bang theory was developed.

Allah has created humans in the best form “Indeed, We created humans in the best form” – Quran 95.4 This is again against evolution. The problem with this verse is it doesn’t mention anything about the gradual evolution, and it certainly doesn’t agree that humans are still evolving, which is a fact. It clearly states that this is against evolution. If Allah has created humans in the best form, then what about genetic disorders? There are probably hundreds or thousands of genetic disorders, and one example is people who are born with thyroid problems that results in dwarfism. Another example is people who are born with epilepsy - that’s not a perfect human being. The purpose of this point is that modern human beings, also known as homo sapiens existed for around 200.000 years ago, and Adam, the first human being was created by Allah for a couple of thousands of years ago. So 194.000 years before the time of Adam, nobody had access to any holy scriptures and none of them went to heaven. It is also strange that the aborigines from Australia and America didn’t have access to the Quran, at least until after the 16th century, only 400 years ago? In all those years none of them had access to the Quran, and none of them went to heaven. The Quran mentions that Allah sent prophets to all nations, but never mentioned that they never reached America and Australia - or

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the Chinese and Japanese people. It only mentions Jews, Christians and Muslims, and it only mentions the cities around Middle East. The truth is that when the Quran state that it has formed the humans perfectly, it does not match with the reality. Humans have evolved throughout the ages, and we are still evolving and will never stop evolving. Remember that your DNA has never existed before and will never exist again, this is a proof in itself that evolution is happening.

Allah has created women less intelligent than men "[Muhammad] said, ‘Is not the evidence of two women equal to the witness of one man?’ They replied in the affirmative. He said, ‘This is the deficiency in her intelligence.’”" - " Sahih al-Bukhari 6:301 The Japanese people have an average IQ of 105, while middle-east has an IQ down to 80-85, which is considered to be very low for any Japanese parents. In fact if they found out that their children has that low IQ, they would probably send them to special classes. The Japanese women also has a higher IQ than middle-eastern men, so anything in regard to women having a deficiency is completely false, especially comparing it to the Middle-East.

Worshipping Allah without limbs “and formed you and perfected your forms;“ - Quran 64:3 There are many people who are born completely without arms and legs while the Quran tells you how to use your hands and pray with them in order to worship Allah. It needs to be clarified that many are completely born without arms and legs, not even small 10 cm length of legs or arms. It’s odd that the Qurn never mentioned this detail. “And I did not create the jinn and mankind except to worship Me” - Quran 51:56 The verse above states that he only created human beings except to worship him. How can you worship a God without a single inch of arms and legs? This goes against his plan and the entire purpose of the human creation, namely to worship Allah.

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“We have adorned the nearest heaven with stars” – Quran 37:6, 67:5, 41:12 “One heaven has the thickness of 500 years of marching” – Kitab al-Tawheed 594, Tafsir ibn Kathir 65:12. This verse is completely wrong in many aspects. The simplest way to demonstrate the ridiculousness of this verse is explaining it into steps: • A normal distance of a march for a person in one day is about 120 km without sleeping. • This means a total of 21.900.000 km (21,9 million km) for a 500 years of marching. • The nearest star, Alpha Centuari is 24.000.000.000 km away, where 21,9 million km is only 0,000091% the distance of that closest star. • That means if you want to reach the nearest star by marching, it will take you 2.747.252.747 years (2,7 billion years) and not 500 years. The astronomical problem with this verse is that it implies that stars are in one layer with a length of 500 years of marching. This means if you want to reach the second layer of heaven you have to march 21,9 million km according to the Quran. A light year is 9.4 trillion km, and the nearest star is 4.3 light years away, about four times that distance. With the fastest space shuttle at 40.000 km/h, it will take about 100.000 years to reach the nearest star! By understanding how far the nearest star is, it is important to understand the length from the closest star to the farthest star is, which is 5 billion light years away; The closest star (except of course the sun) is Alpha Centauri which is 4.3 small light years away, and the farthest star is 5.000.000.000 light years (not to be confused with km, but light years) away. That means you have to multiply 5.000.000.000 x 9.460730.472.580 to get the distance in km in order for you to get the distance from the start of the first heaven until the start of the second heaven where there are no more stars. This means that the thickness of one heaven is absolutely not a 500 years of marching. Remember that Muhammad took his Buraq into the last heaven with only wings, not only is it impossible with that slow speed, but also impossible because you need oxygen to survive. The quran never mentioned that space is very cold and the radiation would kill you. The Quran also never mentioned that in order for anything to fly with wings, you need an atmosphere to cause

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an action-reaction in order for a bird-like creature to fly. There is a reason why helicopters can't fly on the moon; because there are no gas molecules. A very famous experiment on the moon, the Galileo moon experiment, proved that feathers fall down at the same speed as a hammer. Summary points • Muhammad flew with the Buraq to the seventh heaven • The first heaven is where the stars are, a length of 5 billion light years • Marching 5 km/h hours in 500 years won’t even take you 1 light year, let alone 5.000.000.000. • Flying with wings in space is not possible since there is no air. This is demonstrated in the Galileo feather and hammer experiment on the moon where wings are useless without an atmosphere • There is no oxygen in space to survive • Radiation from the sun can kill you • Outer space has a temperature of about -270 degrees Celsius The hadith below confirms the previous statements from the Quran and Tafsir: “He said: And muzn? They said: And muzn. He said: And anan? They said: And anan. AbuDawud said: I am not quite confident about the word anan. He asked: Do you know the distance between Heaven and Earth? They replied: We do not know. He then said: The distance between them is seventy-one, seventy-two, or seventy-three years. The heaven which is above it is at a similar distance (going on till he counted seven heavens). Above the seventh heaven there is a sea, the distance between whose surface and bottom is like that between one heaven and the next. Above that there are eight mountain goats the distance between whose hoofs and haunches is like the distance between one heaven and the next. Then Allah, the Blessed and the Exalted, is above that.” – Sunan Abu Dawud 2:475 It is so clear to see that it has nothing to do with reality.

Stars fall down and shooting stars “And when the stars fall” – Quran 81:2 And We have certainly beautified the nearest heaven with stars and have made [from] them what is thrown at the devils and have prepared for them the

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punishment of the Blaze. – Quran 67:5 Clearly this is a sign of the Ancient beliefs that the shining stars in space are the same as meteors. In the previous section, it was written that the stars are just too far away from Earth in any manner, the closest being about 25 trillion km away. In addition a sun cannot fall on earth, because most stars in the universe are 10 times bigger for the smallest ones, and to billions of times bigger for the biggest ones. Falling implies that a star falls on Earth; it is actually the reverse that happens. The verse implies that there are more than one star that falls down; so is it possible for two suns which are millions or billions of times larger fall on the same Earth? It’s not possible, the Earth would only fall on one star.

Allah makes a difference between suns and stars “..command He has made the night and day, the sun, moon, and stars all of benefit to you.” – Quran 16:12 This is also a clear indication that Allah suggest that stars are different from a sun. He clearly distinguishes between those two like they are two different celestial bodies, when in fact they are the same. The only difference is that our sun, which is a star, is close to us and is the center of our solar system, while the other stars are light years away and have their own solar systems.

There are seven heavens and seven earths Seven heavens in layers. “[And] who created seven heavens in layers. You do not see in the creation of the Most Merciful any inconsistency. So return [your] vision [to the sky]; do you see any breaks?” – Quran 67:3, also 37:6, 41:12, 71:15, 78:12, 23:86, 23:17, 17:14 and 2:29, 65:12 Seven heavens and seven earths. “It is Allah Who has created seven heavens, and earths as many ...” - Quran 65:12 Seven earths "The Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬said, "Whoever takes a piece of the land of others unjustly, he will sink down the seven earths on the Day of Resurrection." - Sahih al-Bukhari 3:43:632 + 3:43:633-4 + 4:54:417

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Seven earths The Prophet said, "Any person who takes a piece of land unjustly will sink down the seven earths on the Day of Resurrection." - Sahih al-Bukhari 4:54:418 Seven earths The Prophet asked me at sunset, "Do you know where the sun goes (at the time of sunset)?" I replied, "Allah and His Apostle know better." He said, "It goes (i.e. travels) till it prostrates Itself underneath the Throne and takes the permission to rise again, and it is permitted and then (a time will come when) it will be about to prostrate itself but its prostration will not be accepted, and it will ask permission to go on its course but it will not be permitted, but it will be ordered to return whence it has come and so it will rise in the west. And that is the interpretation of the Statement of Allah: "And the sun Runs its fixed course For a term (decreed). that is The Decree of (Allah) The Exalted in Might, The All-Knowing." (36.38) Sahih al-Bukhari 4:54:420 Seven earths Allah's Apostle ‫ ﷺ‬said, "Whoever usurps the land of somebody unjustly, his neck will be encircled with it down the seven earths (on the Day of Resurrection). " Sahih al-Bukhari 3:43:632 Seven earths That there was a dispute between him and some people (about a piece of land). When he told 'Aisha about it, she said, "O Abu Salama! Avoid taking the land unjustly, for the Prophet said, 'Whoever usurps even one span of the land of somebody, his neck will be encircled with it down the seven earths." - Sahih alBukhari 3:43:633 Seven earths The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said, "Whoever takes a piece of the land of others unjustly, he will sink down the seven earths on the Day of Resurrection." - Sahih al-Bukarhi 4:43:634 Seven earths “for Allah’s Messenger (may peace be upon him) said: He who usurps even a span of land would be made to wear around his neck seven earths. (Book 010, Number 3925; see also Numbers 3920-3924) These Quranic verses and hadiths are not the only evidence that Islam only

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mentioned seven Earths, but also for example Al-Tirmidhi does it too. In any matter, this is not the case and it’s completely wrong and inconsistent with reality. It is guaranteed that there are more than seven earths, in fact as of 2019 there has been found 4031 exoplanets which can hold living life. This excludes the billions of more planets which have not been categorized or looked into yet. Many people say that these seven heavens refer to the layers of the earth's atmosphere, which is completely false, because as it is stated in the previous sections, Quran says that there are stars in the lowest heaven, and the lowest atmosphere is the troposphere with a height of 12 km. Other people refer these seven heavens as the planets in our solar system, which is not true because there 2 planets between the sun and the earth, and another 6 planets farther than the earth, and including the earth it becomes a total of 9 planets, not just seven earths.

Sun rising from the west “Abraham said, “Indeed, Allah brings up the sun from the east, so bring it up from the west.” So the disbeliever was overwhelmed [by astonishment]” – 2:258 This is a verse that clearly says that Earth is the center of the universe, and the sun orbits earth, when in reality this isn’t the case. The sun is stationary in our solar system, and the Earth orbits itself around the sun while also rotation around its axis. People's answer to this is “it’s because from our point of view it looks like the sun is moving”. It is an amazement that every single time people has to look at a scientific verse from a different view that the direct view. There is not one single verse that refers that the earth is orbiting the sun. Not one. Below is a hadith from Sahih Muslim, which is one of the two most reliable hadith: “Do you know where the sun goes? They replied: Allah and His Apostle know best. He (the Holy Prophet) observed: Verily it (the sun) glides till it reaches its resting place under the Throne. Then it falls prostrate and remains there until it is asked: Rise up and go to the place whence you came, and it goes back and continues emerging out from its rising place and then glides till it reaches its place of rest under the Throne and falls prostrate and remains in that state until it is asked: Rise up and return to the place whence you came, and it returns and emerges out from it rising place and the it glides (in such a normal way) that the people do not discern anything ( unusual in it) till it reaches its resting place

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under the Throne. Then it would be said to it: Rise up and emerge out from the place of your setting, and it will rise from the place of its setting. The Messenger of Allah said. Do you know when it would happen? It would happen at the time when faith will not benefit one who has not previously believed or has derived no good from the faith.” - Sahih Muslim 159 a, The problem with this verse is that there are satellites which are constantly observing the sun in space. In the modern world we have found out it never goes under Allah’s throne and awaits permission to rise up again. The excuse? This hadith has to be taken as a metaphor. This is their excuse even though it is consistent with everything else in the Quran and other hadiths. There is another problem with this too. Making the sun rise from the west requires the earth to stop and rotate in reverse. Any person with an understanding of Newton's law, will understand that stopping the earth and reversing it will either take an enormous amount of times by during it very slowly, or if it is done fast, everything on the surface of the earth would be destroyed. Furthermore, nobody in the history of the world has documented that the sun rose from the west, except the Quran and hadiths.

Allah created the Earth first, then the heavens It is He who created for you all of that which is on the earth. Then He directed Himself to the heaven, [His being above all creation], and made them seven heavens, and He is Knowing of all things – Quran 2:29 and 41:10 (also supported by several hadiths) People like to claim that the heavens is in fact space that is expanding, and tries to justify that the Quran knew about the Big Bang before anyone else. The only problem is that in this verse, and others too, it is stated that the Earth was made before the heavens. The Big Bang in Quran falls completely down. It is clear that it was just a desert man in 600 AD who just looked up in the sky and made up all of this by trying to make some small guesses, but not with too many details in fear of being mistaken.

Allah sends the winds “And it is He who sends the winds” – Quran 25:48

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Allah doesn’t send winds. A meteorologist, biologist and a physical chemist will guarantee that it is not the case. The Earth science regarding winds is a very well known phenomena, and the silly thing is that winds have a constant direction and cycle everywhere in the world. Winds have many different causes, which some of them are mentioned below: • • • • • • •

Winds are due to the sun heating the atmosphere The temperature-difference between one place and another The pressure-difference between one place and another The rotation of the earth The distance and angle to the sun Depends your position in accordance to the latitude and other small factors

The surprising thing is that the winds are in a constant cycle, and it is very well understood how the rotation of the earth, pressure- and temperature difference has an impact on that.

Allah sends down pure water “..and We send down from the sky pure water” – Quran 25:48 Allah doesn’t send pure water down, it happens naturally and automatically. It has to do with these different causes: • The pressure • The temperature • The density of H2O in the clouds It has nothing to do with God's will. If having doubt a meteorologist or earth scientist can easily answer this question with a great explanation. There are probably hundreds or maybe thousands of experiments demonstrating that rain is naturally and automated. A great example is how NASA has also created a shuttle fuel tank which they test at Stennis Space Center in Bay St. Louis, Mississippi, the RS-25. It burns hydrogen and liquid oxygen, and the resulting effect is that clouds are created, and shortly after the beginning it starts to rain from these artificial clouds. In Sahih al-Bukhari it is further written that nobody knows when it will rain:

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"Allah's Messenger (‫( )ﷺ‬p.b.u.h) said, "Keys of the unseen knowledge are five which nobody knows but Allah . . . nobody knows what will happen tomorrow; nobody knows what is in the womb; nobody knows what he will gain tomorrow; nobody knows at what place he will die; and nobody knows when it will rain." Sahih al-Bukhari 1039 This is not true since we can know the forecast up to around one week later Additionally rain is not pure. Pure water means only H2O which in modern term is called demineralized water. Rain always contains dissolved gases from the atmosphere, and there is also a term called acid rain. Pure H2O can only be made in laboratories, but also via evaporation and condensation. Even rainwater in a bucket is not pure, because each drop precipitates around a speck of dust or bacterium. As far as it is known to date, bacteria is never mentioned in the Quran or hadiths, and neither are ions, like magnesium ions or calcium ions.

Allah holds birds up in the air “Do they not see the birds suspended in mid-air up in the sky? Nothing holds them there except Allah – Quran 16:79 It’s a funny thing that Allah doesn’t mention that he also holds up planes, helicopters, spaceships, missiles and balloons. Why does he only mention birds? Planes in the early stages of development couldn’t hold themselves up for a very long time, and thanks to engineering, physics and human intelligence the planes got a better hand crib at holding themselves up in the air, but not because of Allah. Why is it that every decade since the late 1800s, planes have become better and better at being held up`without the use of praying but instead of experimenting? Maybe due to engineering? This verse clearly demonstrates that the authors of the Quran in 600 AD only had the ability to observe birds with wings flying, but never mentioned space shuttles which have no wings but instead an action reaction fuel tank. The same goes for a helicopter. It is not Allah who holds up the birds in the air, it is the gas molecules, nitrogen and oxygen especially that is responsible for an action-reaction making them drift up. There is a reason why birds and planes cannot fly in vacuum or on the moon. The difference between the moon and earth are the atmospheric gasses

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which allow for an action-reaction and therefore a drift. A famous experiment is the Hammer and Feather Drop on the Moon experiment which demonstrates that without air, the wings are useless. Since the Quran obviously doesn’t mention that birds cannot fly in a vacuum, which is the key difference between having the ability to fly and not fly with the wings, the Quran is not perfect regarding this statement. Below is a statement from Aristotle in pre-Islamic age about flying in thin air: “That mountain of Macedonia which is called Olympus is said to be of such height that on its summit no wind is felt and no clouds gather, because it exceeds in its height all that vaporous air in which birds fly, and therefore it is arrived that no birds fly there.” – Aristotle, 384-322 BC from High Life: A History of HighAltitude Physiology and Medicine It is obvious that the authors of the Quran has not taking anything into consideration regarding flying with wings.

Gender is determined after the flesh has been made “At every womb Allah appoints an angel who says, ‘O Lord! A drop of semen, O Lord! A clot. O Lord! A little lump of flesh.” Then if Allah wishes (to complete) its creation, the angel asks, (O Lord!) Will it be a male or female, a wretched or a blessed, and how much will his provision be? And what will his age be?’ So all that is written while the child is still in the mother’s womb.” – Sahih al-Bukhari 318 This is probably one of these people can’t run from although it is not the Quran but in the most reliable hadith, Sahih al-Bukhari hadith. This statement is absolutely and completely wrong without any further consideration. It has been previously explained in this chapter that in a man's sperm, half of the sperm cells in an ejaculation have the X-chromosome, and the other half has the Y-chromosome. Sperm cells do not contain 46 chromosomes, but they are split in half in X-chromosomes and Y-chromosomes. If the X-chromosome sperm reaches the egg first, it will become a girl, if the Y-chromosome sperm reaches the egg before Y-chromosome, it will become a boy. This means it has been determined before any flesh has been created. This is called conception. There is also a technique called sperm sorting, where the X-sperms and Y-sperms are separated and parents can choose which gender they want.

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"The Hour has come near, and the moon has split [in two]." - Quran 54:1 "During the lifetime of Allah's Apostle the moon was split into two parts; one part remained over the mountain, and the other part went beyond the mountain. On that, Allah's Apostle said, "Witness this miracle.". The moon was cleft asunder while we were in the company of the Prophet, and it became two parts. The Prophet said, Witness, witness (this miracle)." - Sahih Bukhari 6:60:387-388 Splitting the moon into two is not something that won't go unnoticed. Nobody has ever documented the moon split into two during the life of Muhammad in the years of 570 AD - 632 AD. Nobody. Below is an actual representation scale of the moon being split into two above the earth:

Keep in mind that cutting the moon and hovering it above the atmosphere, it will block and fill out the entire Arabian peninsula. When the most reliable hadith says that one part is over a mountain and the other part beyond that mountain, is simply not true. Only one part can be in the Arabian peninsula and since there are no more room, the other part can be in North Africa, just like illustrated above. The half moons above the Arabian peninsula and Africa are so big that the whole of Europe can see it, even Norway. Nobody has ever documented anything, neither the Greeks, Egyptians, Romans, Byzantine, Danish people, Spanish people, Jews, Christians. Absolutely nobody has ever documented this event even though the whole middle east, Europe and Africa are able to see this event. In the next page, it is more clear that even in the Northern Europe, like Denmark or Sweden, you will be able to see the moon from there.

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The moon cut in the middle where one of them blocks the entire Arabian peninsula, while the other almost blocks North Africa. Note that the height of the half moons are so large that it is completely possible to be seen all the way from the northeren Europe, like Sweden and Norway. The size ratios are exactly the same as in reality. This Illustration is from the book Handbook for Disproving Islamic Apologists by Egzon Morina.

The Quran and Hadith say that aliens exists The reason they state this is because the Quran says “worlds”, but this is already covered in the previous sections of this chapter where the Quran and Hadiths together and repeatedly mentions that there are a total of seven earths, while in reality there are probably trillions out there There are many references that points out that this is not the case. For example, the Torah, the Bible and the Quran were all revealed in the Middle-East, and God only sent prophets to this area. One thing is that the Quran doesn’t even mention America, Australia, Antarctica or even Greenland. But more importantly, do aliens from other planets need to come to earth in order for them to learn about the Quran for them to go to heaven? What about all the thousands or millions of years which they are ahead of us, they haven’t ever heard of Muhammad? The Quran also specifically says “seven earths”, which is again wrong, because human civilization has already detected over 4000 exoplanets in habitable zones out of millions or billions – and you expect that it’s only seven worlds? There is nothing about the existence of other planets in other solar systems in the Quran or Hadith, let alone life on other planets.

Hijab has many benefits “And tell the believing women to reduce [some] of their vision and guard their private parts and not expose their adornment except that which [necessarily] appears thereof and to wrap [a portion of] their headcovers over their chests and not expose their adornment” - Quran 24:31, 24:60, 33:59, 33:53, al-Bukhaari, 4481, Abu Dawood (4102), al-Bukhaari, 365; Muslim, 645 (and other hadiths) The hijab has many disadvantages in a female's daily life. Firstly, it is not easy to become a professional athletics or just be a good athletic in school while wearing it due to the movements not being flexible and dynamic. Not only does it affect the wearer, but it also affects the non-muslim females and males for always trying to take into account to not accidentally pull the hijab off, which has a great impact on the efficiency of peoples performance and focus. As of 2020 there has been issued a total of about 9000 medals to women, this includes gold, silver and bronze. Only four females with hijab have won a medal, and they only received a bronze. One of them defected from their Islamic country in 2020.

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Wearing a hijab means that you have to live in a house with the curtains on 24/7, and that is psychology not healthy. The curtains are of course meant for hiding the females hair and body, but this will also impact the psychological health of the males too. It should be noted that being raised as children since the age of basically zero in the environment of a dark home is really harmful. A considerable problem with the covering of the female body is that it results in obesity. Muslim countries in Middle-East and north Africa has among the highest obesity for women in the world. Until 1930’s muslim women had a considerable disadvantage regarding vitamin D. Covering herself fully results in low D-vitamin and people back then had no idea that this chemical even existed, let alone how important it is for energy and calcium absorption. It is clear that Allah didn’t knew about this and never mentioned it anywhere. Claiming that vitamin pills are a solution to this problem is not a satisfying answer. Because the Quran is absolute and should work in all ages of time, this answer is very troubling. What was the solution for the people from 600 AD to 1930 AD till vitamin D was commercialized? Until the 20th century people had no idea how important this was, so 1300 years prior not many females ate the necessary fruits and vegetables to get the necessary amount. Furthermore in Islamic countries doctors are used for treating females with bone dieases, since it is Vitamin D that is responsible for calcium absorption from the intestines. Many people claim that females can take a seat inside the house and get sunlight through the window. This may seem like a solution, but the problem is that only UV-A rays get through window glass while almost 100% of the UV-B and UV-C is blocked. You need UV-B rays for the production of vitamin D. Second of all, how should one expect about 1 billion female muslims to do that without being seen from passers or people from other buildings on higher floors? In other examples people like to claim that females have the option to sit on top of a building roof, which again is an absurd idea. Satellites and helicopters are good at picking the images of the exposed women. Additionally If women need to cover their body due to sexual reasons, why won’t the men do it too? Women have the same sexual lust as men. Keep also in mind that the of the revelation why the hijab became mandatory is because Muhammad’s close friend Umar constantly begged Muhammad to view his wives, and he refused to do so. One important aspect has not been covered, that is that the more women are

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covered, the more are men to be turned on when they finally see it. For example Brazlian men wouldn't care about seeing women in the street with females showing their butts, because they grew up with it. Whereas a muslim man in a muslim country has far less control when he finally see women naked. Basically Islam created a problem it was intended to prevent. In germany an experiment performed by muslims girls to make the native german girls and teachers to wear hijab. With the hijab on, they felt like as they were being watched, because the hijab creates an attention or curiosity what's underneath the coat. Complimenting the hijab Muslims men tend frequently to compliment Muslim women that they look more beautiful with hijab, while the purpose in the first place was to hide women's beauty from men. Furthermore complimenting that she is more beautiful with hijab goes against Allah, since humans are the best of creations: "We have created the human being in the best form" - Quran (Muhammad Sarwar)

Allah makes the fetus one step at a time and egg is never mentioned “Then We made the sperm-drop into a clinging clot, and We made the clot into a lump [of flesh], and We made [from] the lump, bones, and We covered the bones with flesh; then We developed him into another creation. So blessed is Allah, the best of creators.” – Quran 23:14 This is wrong. Bones and flesh are simultaneously created in a fetus. The modern science regarding embryology has thousands of more details instead of this superficial explanation which cannot be used for anything. In the Quranic verses 23:13-14, it literally and specifically says that it is the sperm that becomes human, and not the egg. There is evidently no mentioning of the egg. This is understandable because nobody at that time had an idea how to see a human egg, let alone that it exists. The only details the Quran and hadiths mentions regarding the human embryology is: sperm, bones, flesh and blood. This is exactly what you would need to expect a 12 year old child can see in the medieval age and even back in ancient Greece. There is no mentioning of enzymes, macro molecules, the 200 different human cells, receptors, collagen, hormones, glands; none of it but only those objects which you can see with your

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naked eye. This is clearly a manipulative trick many people use, but in truth a teenager has realized that sperm somehow creates a baby which consist of flesh, blood and bones. The following Quranic verses and hadith clearly states that it is the sperm who transforms to a human being: “Then we made the sperm into a clinging clot” – (23:14) “created man from a clot of blood”, “clot of thick blood” – (96:2) “Allah’s Apostle, the true and truly inspired said, “(The matter of the Creation of) a human being is put together in the womb of the mother in forty days, and then he becomes a clot of thick blood for a similar period, and then a piece of flesh for a similar period. (Sahih al-Bukhari 4:53:430) This is without doubt incorrect. Not a single mentioning of either the egg or that both blood, flesh and bones are created simultaneously. It is wrong regarding the process, and they don’t even mention sperm cells, rather only the fluidness of sperm, which anyone can see. In the next chapter it is explained that it was known by the Greeks in even better details.

Allah predicts the tectonic plates “And you see the mountains thinking that they are standing still when they are moving just like the movement of the clouds.“ - Quran 27:88 People use this verse to justify that Allah knew about the tectonic plates which are the causes of the continental drifts. The problem with this verse is that it only says that the mountains are the only objects on Earth that moves, but this is not the case since everything moves. Denmark is one of the flattest countries in the world, and there are almost no noticeable mountains, and yet the whole country moves in any case. Below are the top 10 most flat places on Earth, and even though they are not mountains and do not contain ones, they do move anyway. 1. 2. 3. 4.

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Schleswig-Holstein mudflats, Germany Salar de Uyuni Danakil Desert Everglades, Florida

5. Lake Baikal, Siberia 6. Cloncurry, Australia 7. Bonneville Salt Flats 8. Makgadikgadi Salt Pans, Botswana 9. Wadi Rum, Jordan 10. The Maldives The interpretation about the continental drifts is purely false, and use only being used as manipulation from ignorant people who wants to make it seem more special than it is.

People do not show CT-scans of people who listens to music “And of the people is he who buys the amusement of speech to mislead [others] from the way of Allah without knowledge and who takes it in ridicule. Those will have a humiliating punishment.” - Quran 31:6. Also see Tafseer al-Tabari, 21/40, Tafseer Ibn Katheer, 3/451, Tafseer al-Sa’di, 6/150, Ighaathat al-Lahfaan, 1/258-259 and more Religious folks are masters in showing off scanning images of the brain after fasting and how it improves the brain. Obviously it was not Allah who invented fasting, but was known to mankind thousands of years before. The real question is how come they don’t show images of the brain of people who listens to music, but instead only fasting? Maybe because music is prohibited? The benefits of music has been very well documented, including the improvement of health benefits, psychologically and physically. It is especially classical music that has been shown to alter the brain.

A fly falls in the drink The Prophet said “If a house fly falls in the drink of anyone of you, he should dip it (in the drink), for one of its wings has a disease and the other has the cure for the disease.” (Sahih Al-Bukhari: Volume 4, Book 54, Number 537) Why get a disease and then cure it, when you can avoid the problem in the first place? According to many who defend Islam, the action equals the reaction, so there is no problem with that and Muhammad knew best. Clearly Muhammad

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didn’t knew anything, in fact the total opposite of reality. The problem arises that Muhammad thinks that diseases can only be in the wings, but what from the stomach or from the legs? There are many bacteria, virus and parasites that infest a fly on those areas. There are well over 110.000 different species of two-winged flies throughout the world. The two-winged fly or any of its relative is certainly not called harmless as a fly for a reason. These species carry diseases like malaria, dysentery, sleeping sickness, onchocerciasis, elephantiasis, and transmitted to man by these bloodsucking dipterous flies. Many other diseases are carried by them by sucking the feces or any other decaying organic matter and then spitting the pathogens out of the food you’re eating. The feet of these flies are equipped with sticky pads and its proboscis (nose) is also hairy. From their feet which consist of hollow hairs, comes a sticky liquid out which allows them to walk upside down and on glass, etc. The fly’s digestive tract is also a good breeding place for many germs. Below are some examples of diseases which can be obtained from two-winged flies. Leishmaniasis This disease is caused by a parasitic protozoan which is transmitted by a bit of a sand fly. Many different symptoms are caused by it, including fever, weakness, swollen spleen, and skin sores. One of the more severe symptoms is that this pathogen eats your skin where the flesh can be seen, and no treatment is cures exists against it. This disease is found in Africa, South America, Europe and the Indian Subcontinent. Onchocerciasis This disease is caused by the nematode worm and is spread by the Simulium black fly. It is also known as River Blindness and is an infectious cause of blindness. This disease is commonly found in Africa and South America, and it only requires a single bite to transmit the worm to its victim. Treatment is available with the drug ivermectin, but it is not a cure. African Trypanosomiasis This disease is caused by a protozoan blood parasite called trypanosoma, and is also a sleeping sickness. Transmission to humans occurs by the salivary glands of tsetse flies in Africa which are infected by this parasite. Many symptoms are associated with this diseases, including a boil-like sore at the site of the bite, fever, headache and severe illness. Bartonellosis

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This disease is caused by the rickettsia organism which is transmitted to humans by the bite of a sand fly. The human who gets this disease transmitted usually is exhausted by anaemia, high fever and a wart-like eruptions on the skin. It is found in South America and treatment is available. Myiasis This disease is frequently carried by the cheese skipper fly, but occurs mostly on animals such as dogs, sheep and cows although on humans may happen too. The mechanism is transmission is that the fly lays its eggs on the skin of another organism, and it can penetrate itself into an open wounds. There are many severe symptoms, including violent abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea with bloody discharge. No available treatment exists for this except for the larvae to grow and thereby leave by itself, or by enticing it. Typhoid This disease is caused by the bacteria known as Salmonella Typhi. It is found in many parts of the world, including the United States, Western Europe and Japan. Symptoms are fever like symptoms which includes a body temperature of as high as 39° C to 40° C, weakness, stomach pains, headaches, and loss of appetite. Treatment is available with the drugs chloromycetin or ampicillin Dysentery This disease is caused by a parasite called Entamoeba histolytica, and it is a chronic disease that affects the large intestine in humans. It can be found in uncooked meats, and may be transported by flies. Symptoms include severe diarrhoea and severe stomach cramps. Treatment is available with the drugs metronidazole and ementine. Leprosy This disease is chronic and mainly affects the skin. Also known as Hansen’s Disease, it is caused by the bacillus Mycobacterium leprae which can be carried by flies from rotted foods. Symptoms include anaesthesia (numbness) of a patch of skin, and muscles may be paralyzed. Because the skin is paralyzed, the injuries to the area is not easily noticed by the victim. It is a rare disease and a vaccine is currently being developed against it. These are some few examples of diseases which flies can transmit to its human victim, and it clearly shows that Muhammad and the Quran had absolutely no idea of the existence of bacteria, vira and parasites. How do you expect to believe anything else in the most reliable hadith when this is wrong?

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Allah sends thunderbolts "Allah sends thunderbolts and strikes therewith whom he wills" - Quran 13:13 Lightning comes from clouds, not god. In 600 AD it was clearly known that the only source of lighting were the clouds, but why is it that we can produce lightning ourselves then? This is another scientific thing the authors of the Quran excluded. People would in this situation say “this verse says that Allah sends, but Allah has given us the opportunity to create them”. It is exactly the point, this verse only mentions what was observed by a child in 600 AD, but never even mentioned the opportunity of creating lighting by oneself.

Fresh water and salt water don't mix due to a barrier "It is He Who has let free the two bodies of flowing water: One palatable and sweet, and the other salt and bitter; yet has He made a barrier between them, a partition that is forbidden to be passed." - Quran 25:53 It is clear from every different translation of this Quranic verse that Allah has made a barrier between the ocean which is salty and the water from rivers - and the barrier is forbidden to be passed. This is not true, there is no barrier in this phenomena called estuary. In fact, the ocean and the fresh water actually mixes with each other, it only does it very slowly. The process is called diffusion. If rain would cease to exist, it would probably take a couple of years for the salt to diffuse all the way to the starting point of the river. It is the continuous adding of new rainwater that keeps the existence of this transition It is happening in a process called diffusion. In this transition of the fresh water into the ocean slowly increases in salt concentration in a gradient. Below is a picture that demonstrates the difference.

Besides that it is wrong and there is no barrier between them, all people in every continent is aware of this phenomenon, and it is relatively easy to spot. People back then knew that water from rivers was drinkable, people back then knew that the ocean was not drinkable, and it isn't that hard to come to the conclusion that at some point these two types of waters must have met somewhere.

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Red sea and Arabian sea Classical scholars are interpreting it as being the red and the Arabian sea. The Red Sea has a high evaporation rate which is therefore the concentration of salt is increased. This is of course because the place where the red sea is, is right beside the Sahara desert and the Arabian desert, and because of the temperature of the water surface reaches 30 degrees. The Strait of Bab Al-Mandeb also works like a gate. Since no other gates exists to the Red Sea, the only way water can come in and out is through that gate - and therefore the red sea is what is known as a semienclosed marginal sea. The classical scholars have also completely misunderstood the difference between freshwater and saltwater: in this case they are both salt water. The red sea is even more salty than the Arabian sea, but in the end they are both saltwaters. The umbrella experiment Like mentioned above, the truth is that they do mix via diffusion of water from the river to the sea, and salt from the sea to the river, but in a very, very slow. The reason why they do exist is because there is still continuous rain to the mountains and river which increases the fresh water and therefore this boundary called estuary always will exist. An experiment to disprove this Quranic verse can

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actually be performed: In a place where fresh water meets sea water, people can set up large umbrellas or canopy all the way through the river and to the top of the mountains. This will ensure that no extra fresh water will be added. Slowly in maybe months, years or decades, the saltwater and freshwater will be totally mixed This can also be applied to the Red Sea. Since the cause of the high concentration of salt is the result of the hot sun evaporating the water, one set up canopies in the total area of the Red Sea. This is possible by creating floating objects which don't sink, but also can hold up units of thick canopies which are connected which each other throughout the whole Red Sea. Since the red seas circulation is very poor, it will take many years, at least decades if not centuries for the Arabian sea to mix with the red sea. But it will happen.

The Quran says that the earth is created by gas “Then He directed Himself to the heaven while it was smoke” – 41:11 People like to claim that this verse proves that Earth has been created by smoke. So let’s take it step by step: 41:9: Say, “Do you indeed disbelieve in He who created the earth in two days and attribute to Him equals? That is the Lord of the worlds.” 41:10: And He placed on the earth firmly set mountains over its surface, and He blessed it and determined therein its [creatures’] sustenance in four days without distinction – for [the information] of those who ask. 41:11: Then He directed Himself to the heaven while it was smoke and said to it and to the earth, “Come [into being], willingly or by compulsion.” They said, “We have come willingly.” The realization is that the smoke scene was after the creation of the earth right, not before. There is a difference between gas and smoke. Gas is a state of matter, smoke is a collection of particles.

Yawning is from Satan

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Abu Hurayrah reported that the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: “Yawning is from the Shaytaan. If any of you feels the urge to yawn, let him resist it as much as possible, for if any of you says Ha (makes a noise when yawning), the Shaytaan laughs.” - al-Bukhari no. 3289, also supported by alBukhari, Fath, no. 6226, Muslim, 2994, Sunan al-Tirmidhi 2746 + 2747 and others This is probably one of these major scientific mistakes from these many confirmed hadiths. In the view of anatomical structure, yawning stretches your mouth to the fullest and the normal respiration stops with a full inspiration fuelling your lungs with a puff of cool air. The resulting effect from the relaxation and stretching of these anatomical structures is that blood supply increases and afterwards the blood supply to the brain increases. The carotid body which lies just above the bifurcation of the common carotid artery on both sides of the brain compresses, releases adrenaline and noradrenaline which makes you feel aroused for a small amount of time. As mentioned the brain gets a shot of increased blood due to the relaxation of the neck, but it is also cooled down by the page of cold air to the lungs. Experiments on rats has shown that the brain gets cooled down. Yawning helps with empathy, cooling down the brain, increasing blood flow to the brain, flushing out toxins and more. It has also been shown that in children at age 4 with autistic behaviour have a lack of yawning. This one is clearly wrong on the hadiths..

The sun moved to a settled place “The sun runs its coarse to a settled place. That is the decree of the Almighty, the All Knowing.” Quran 36:38 People are interpreting this verse as as the sun moving has its own course to a resting place called the Solar Apex, and how remarkable it is that it was known before by a man in 600 AD. This is not true. Our sun is moving in an orbit around the galaxy of approximately 230 million years a circuit, it is not a place where the sun is going to settle. Astronomers call the sun’s direction of motion through the Milky Way the solar apex or the apex of the sun’s way. The Solar Apex is the direction of motion with respect to the local standard of rest. It is not a destination where it is going to stop. Just like the Earth is orbiting the sun nonstop, the sun is also orbiting the galaxy the same way - and certainly the solar apex is not a bus station.

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Genetics in the Quran Many religious people like to claim that Quran 18:65 (written in Arabic) refers to DNA, since it says A NE DE, reading backwards. They also claim it was in the year 1865 when the science of genetics began due to it being surah 18 and verse 65. There are many problems with this statement. Firstly the origins of genetics lie in the development of theories of evolution, first was observed and proved by Charles Darwin, and he published his book in 1859. It was during this period. Gregor Mendel discovered the basic principles of genetics, without even knowing that there is a nucleus in the cells which contain DNA, and he published his paper in 1866. It was between 1856 and 1863 he conducted the experiments on plea plants to cross-breed them. People claim this is about the DNA, but the DNA molecule itself was first discovered with X-Ray in 1900s. Mendel had nothing to do with the DNA itself, only cross-breeding and proving that offspring have variants from their parents. The science of genetics began between 1856-1863 and not 1865 as some claim. He only made two presentations in 1865 to present his paper, but was ignored by the scientific community, but he published the paper in 1866 anyway. Since many literally extract the word DNA out of the verse, the DNA molecule was first discovered in 1900s where started with the proposed Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance in early 1900s and then the chemical structure of the DNA between 1920-1953. DNA is furthermore only an abbreviation of deoxyribonucleic acid, why didn’t the Quran say deoxyribonucleic acid instead? It is just a name, the discovery of the molecule with X-ray is more important, together with it’s chemical structure and how different mechanism works, like splicing. Since the numbering of the verses 18:65 is what keeps this miracle alive, then all people need to do is to prove that these verses are the same as the 9 Qurans made by Uthman in 652 AD. They can’t, because the oldest Qurans known are from the 8th century (Topkapi, sammarqand, Ma’il, Housini, Petropolitanus, San’AA). None of these Qurans are original, none of these quran are the same as the Qurans today, all these qurans has mistakes in grammar and language, and some of the have missed words, missed pages. Dr Shabir Ally which supposedly found his “miracle of the numbers 7 and 19” and bragged about a lot found out that they

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can only found in the 1924 Al-Azhar compiled canonical text, put together in Egypt that same year. After he realized he couldn’t find his numerology miracles earlier than 1924, he stopped mentioning these numbers. All people have to do is to find the 18:65 verse in a 12th century Quran or older.

Menstruation “Narrated Grandfather of Adi ibn Thabit: Allah’s Messenger (peace be upon him) said: Sneezing, drowsing, yawning in prayer, also menstruation, vomiting and nose-bleeding are from (the acts of) Satan.” - Tirmidhi Hadith, Number 315 Thinking about it, the Quran only talks about menstruation but never, ever mentions what it is good for. Even the Quran doesn’t mention anything good about menstruation, but looking at the hadith above, saying that menstruation is from Satan just proves how much guesswork they did and how little did they know about anatomy, physiology and ovulation. In the menstruation cycle, ovulation happens where eggs are released and sperm cells need to fertilize the cell and make the woman pregnant. So having the ability to be pregnant is from Satan?

Cousin marriages “Prohibited to you [for marriage] are your mothers, your daughters, your sisters, your father’s sisters, your mother’s sisters, your brother’s daughters, your sister’s daughters, your [milk] mothers who nursed you, your sisters through nursing, your wives’ mothers, and your step-daughters under your guardianship [born] of your wives unto whom you have gone in. But if you have not gone in unto them, there is no sin upon you. And [also prohibited are] the wives of your sons who are from your [own] loins, and that you take [in marriage] two sisters simultaneously, except for what has already occurred. Indeed, Allah is ever Forgiving and Merciful.” - Quran 4:23 The above verse from the Quran mentions which relatives you are allowed to marry and have children with and cousins is one of them. Apparently it hasn’t taking any consideration about increased chance of sharing genes for recessive traits which can hold genetic disorders. The only thing a person has to do is look at the science and statistics regarding cousin marriages, and you’ll find that for example that pakistanian couples who are cousin married in UK has 13x times more likely than the general public to

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produce children with genetic disorders, and also the childbirth mortality rate increases compared to non-cousin marriage. If Allah really knew about science, he would not have allowed this, and he would also have explained the chemical, biochemical and molecular biological science behind it.

Allah has raised a prophet in every nation “And We certainly sent into every nation a messenger, [saying], “Worship Allah and avoid Taghut.” - Quran 16:36 This is a clear indication that geography wasn’t the best side of the authors of the Quran. America, Australia, Greenland and probably not even Asia never received a prophet and are still waiting. Nothing of the Torah, Christianity or Islam existed there until after 15th century, as a matter of fact much later than that. Quran and hadiths repeatedly mentions which prophets were sent and where, but it never mentioned anything about the aborigines in Australia, the native Americans in America, the Inuit of Greenland, which by the way have totally different beliefs. Until the time of Muhammad, they never received any prophets, where were they when this revelation was given to Muhammad?

All the references that shows that Earth is flat with a dome heaven Ibn Kathir is the mother of all tafsir, and the most reliable “The heaven is like a dome over the earth” – Tafsir ibn Kathir for Qur’an 13:2 Spread out like a carpet “And the earth We have spread out (like a carpet); set thereon mountains firm and immovable; and produced therein all kinds of things in due balance.” – Quran 15:19 Like a carpet spread out “He Who has, made for you the earth like a carpet spread out; has enabled you to go about therein by roads (and channels); and has sent down water from the sky.” With it have We produced diverse pairs of plants each separate from the others. – Quran 20:53 Like a carpet

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“(Yea, the same that) has made for you the earth (like a carpet) spread out, and has made for you roads (and channels) therein, in order that ye may find guidance (on the way);” – Quran 43:10 Spread it out And the earth – We have spread it out, and set thereon mountains standing firm, and produced therein every kind of beautiful growth (in pairs) – Quran 50:7 Spread out the earth And We have spread out the (spacious) earth: How excellently We do spread out! – Quran 51:48 Spread the earth "And after that He spread the earth." - Quran 79:30 Spread the earth "And it is He who spread the earth and placed therein firmly set mountains and rivers; and from all of the fruits He made therein two mates; He causes the night to cover the day. Indeed in that are signs for a people who give thought." - Quran 13:3 Earth a bed (spread out) "[He] who made for you the earth a bed [spread out] and the sky a ceiling and sent down from the sky, rain and brought forth thereby fruits as provision for you. So do not attribute to Allah equals while you know [that there is nothing similar to Him]."- Quran 2:22 Earth a bed "[The one] who has made for you the earth a bed and made for you upon it roads that you might be guided" - Quran 41:10 Earth as a bed "[It is He] who has made for you the earth as a bed [spread out] and inserted therein for you roadways and sent down from the sky, rain and produced thereby categories of various plants." - Quran 20:53 Seven earths below Narrated AbuHurayrah: While Allah’s Prophet (peace be upon him) and his companions were sitting clouds came over them and Allah’s Prophet (peace be upon him) asked […] “Do you know what is below you?” On their replying that

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Allah and His Messenger (peace be upon him) knew best, he said, “It is the earth.” He then asked, “Do you know what is under that?” On their replying that Allah and His Messenger (peace be upon him) knew best, he said, “Under it there is another Earth with a journey of five hundred years between them,” and so on till he had counted seven earths with a journey of five hundred years between each pair. He then said, “By Him in Whose hand Muhammad’s soul is, if you were to drop a rope to the lowest earth it would not pass out of Allah’s knowledge.” – Al Tirmidhi 5735 Seven heavens with 71, 72 or 73 years of distance He said: And muzn? They said: And muzn. He said: And anan? They said: And anan. AbuDawud said: I am not quite confident about the word anan. He asked: Do you know the distance between Heaven and Earth? They replied: We do not know. He then said: The distance between them is seventy-one, seventy-two, or seventy-three years. The heaven which is above it is at a similar distance (going on till he counted seven heavens). Above the seventh heaven there is a sea, the distance between whose surface and bottom is like that between one heaven and the next. Above that there are eight mountain goats the distance between whose hoofs and haunches is like the distance between one heaven and the next. Then Allah, the Blessed and the Exalted, is above that. – Sunan Abu Dawud 2:475 Lowest heaven with stars We have indeed decked the lower heaven with beauty (in) the stars. – Quran 37:6 Lowest heaven with stars So He completed them as seven firmaments in two Days, and He assigned to each heaven its duty and command. And We adorned the lower heaven with lights, and (provided it) with guard. Such is the Decree of (Him) the Exalted in Might, Full of Knowledge. – Quran 41:12 Moon in the middle And made the moon a light in their midst, and made the sun as a (Glorious) Lamp? - Quran 71:16 Reaching to the setting place of the sun Until, when he reached the setting of the sun, he found it set in a spring of murky water: Near it he found a People: We said: “O Zul-qarnain! (thou hast authority,) either to punish them, or to treat them with kindness.” - Quran 18:86 The width of the heavens and the earth are the same

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And hasten to forgiveness from your Lord and a garden as wide as the heavens and earth, prepared for the righteous - Quran 3:133 Tafsirs that confirms the flat earth interpretation People claim that spreading out like a carpet means that we can walk normally on land. But the tafsir below states otherwise: "And at the earth – how it is spread out? (88:20)’ meaning it was laid flat, and from that the power of Allah is inferred. This was linked to camels (in 88:17) because they are the animal most connected to Earth. And His usage of the ‘spread out’ literally suggests that the Earth is flat, and such is the opinion of the scholars of Islam, not a ball like astronomers claim, though claiming so is not a grave sin.” - Tafsir Jalalayn 88:20 The tafsir from Jalalayn is very clear by saying "not a ball like astronomers claim". A printed copy version in English have leaved out the flat part. It rather says: "...and at the earth, - how it was smoothed out? All these things are cited as evidence of the power and oneness of Allah. Camles are mentioned first because the Arabs had closer contact with them than any other animals. "Smoothed out" is used of the Earth because it has the appearance of being level." - Tafsir Jalalayn 88:20 (printed version of English translation) The above translation on a printed version has been clearly corrupted. Firstly it has leaved out that "not a ball like astronomers claim", and the second is that it uses the word "smoothed" rather than "flat". Below are other tafsirs confirming that the interpretation is a flat earth: Regarding Quran 13:3: “Allah said: “And it is He who spread the Earth” which means that he spread it so that things may lie flat on it, which is a counter argument against those who claim that it is round like a ball.” - Tafsir Mawardi 13:3 Regarding the meaning of the word bisatan in Quran 71:19: “the obvious meaning is that the Earth is not spherical, but flat.” - Tafsir Abu Hayyan 71:19 Allah said ‘And it is He who spread the earth’ meaning that he spread it over the water … according to astronomers the Earth is a ball and it can be said that if the ball is large enough then every piece of it can be seen as a large flat expanse… Even so Allah has told us that He expanded the Earth and that He spread it and

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flattened it, which all indicate that the Earth is flat, and Allah is more truthful and has better evidence than astronomers.” - Tafsir Al-Khazin Al-Baghdadi The opinion that the Earth is round is a false one, but believing that it is flat is the obvious meaning taken from the book of Allah, of which there is no falsehood. Ibn Mujahid proved the correctness of this by using the water of sea around elevated areas. He said: if the Earth were round then the water would not lie still. Tafsir Ibn Attiyah 71:19 Explanation: Ibn Mujahid is known to have created the seven canonical Quranic readings (Qira'at). Musa ibn Harun narrated and said that Amru ibn Hammad narrated and said that Asbath narrated from al-Suddi in the report mentioned, from Abu Malik, and from Abu Salih, from ibn ‘Abbas and from Murrah, from ibn Masud and from people of the companions of the prophet (peace and blessings be upon him): “… and the sky a building…” The canopy of the sky over the earth is in the form of a dome, and it is a roof over the earth. And Bishr bin Mu’az narrated and said from Yazid from Sa’id from Qatada in the words of Allah “…and the sky a building…” He says he makes the sky your roof. - Tafsir al-Tabari 2:22 Allah said next, (..without any pillars that you can see.) meaning, `there are pillars, but you cannot see them,’ according to Ibn `Abbas, Mujahid, Al-Hasan, Qatadah, and several other scholars. Iyas bin Mu`awiyah said, “The heaven is like a dome over the earth,” meaning, without pillars. Similar was reported from Qatadah, and this meaning is better for this part of the Ayah, especially since Allah said in another Ayah, (He withholds the heaven from falling on the earth except by His permission.) 22:65 Therefore, Allah’s statement, (..that you can see), affirms that there are no pillars. Rather, the heaven is elevated (above the earth) without pillars, as you see. This meaning best affirms Allah’s ability and power. Tafsir Ibn Kathir 13:2 "(And made them seven heavens) means, one above the other, while the `seven earths' means, one below the other." - Tafsir Ibn Kathir 41:12" Now how many verses says that the earth is round? Zero, except the verse “He made the earth egg-shaped.” – 79:30 Claiming that “dahaha” means “egg-shaped” is an atrocious mistranslation of

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the Arabic word. It is Udhi'ya or Udhu'wa which means ostrich egg. The word is only related with eggs, because an ostrich spreads its nest on the ground. This means the only reason why it is associated with ostriches and eggs, is that the word describes how an ostrich digs out a nest for its eggs. In other words, it is a reference to the way the nest is created, and not remark on the shape of the egg itself. Some people claim that it is a metaphor that one side of earth is smaller than the other side due to the rotation of the earth which is still not true regarding the reality. Below are three problems about the comparison of the Earth with an ostrich egg. • Radius of Earth: Center to north: 6356 km Center to equator: 6378 km Difference in percent: 0,34%. That’s not even one percent. • An egg is more or less a prolate spheroid, and the Earth is an oblate spheroid, which is the opposite. See images on the left. This means even if you flip it, it won’t match each other. • One end of an egg is more pointy, and the other end is more thick – which is absolutely not an image of the earth. The difference in percentage which is only 0,34% is so low, it still looks like a perfect round ball with the naked eye. There are many other fruits or object the authors of the Quran could have chosen like oranges, peaches, honeydew, lanzones, and why not the sun or the full moon itself? All these fruits are more accurate to the earth than an egg. To do the comparison visually, it has been designed and demonstrated with Photoshop where 1 pixel is 1 km radius. The results can be seen on the next page. Looking at the spheres, the one to the left is a perfect sphere with radius 6378x6378 px horizontally and vertically, and the one in the middle is the actual dimensions of the earth with 6378x6356 pixels. It has been designed in pixels, but the result is the same as the only important aspect is the ratio. To the right is the Ostrich egg. It can be clearly seen the shape of the earth is much more similar to a perfect sphere than to an ostrich egg ever will be. Regardless about the dimensions, the problem is still that dahaha doesn’t mean egg-shaped, it means spread out. People usually use the excuse you don’t even consider the fact that there are many egg shapes, depending on which animal the egg came from: birds, reptiles, amphibia and fish. The Quran doesn’t specify that, and usually the term egg is referred to a bird’s or a chicken egg in it’s natural sense first. In the desert of the cities of

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Medina and Mecca there are not a lot of fish. In the end it really doesn’t matter what kind of egg, because the basis of the Quran 79:30 saying egg-shaped is a mistranslation of dahaha. Also the tafsir comment confirms it: “At the earth how it is spread out(*) (Arabic: sutihat): meaning it was stretched, so they can see in it a sign for the power of Allah ... and his saying sutihat makes it obvious that the earth is flat, and this is certified by Ulama’ ash-shar’a (the shari’a theologians), not a globe as it is said by ahlul-hay’a (the laymen).” - Tafseer AlJalalayn. printed in Damascus 1964. Al-Mallah Printshop and Bookstore) How do you stretch a round earth? The authors should just have written that the round earth has been made so big that the curvature can’t be seen from sea level. But it doesn’t say that.

All the references that sun moves around earth Sun and moon floats in its orbit “It is not for the sun to catch up with the moon, nor does the night surpass the day; and each one of them floats in its orbit.” - Quran 36:40 The night and the day are determined by the orbiting of the moon and sun “And it is He Who created the night and the day, and the sun and the moon; each one floats in an orbit.” - Quran 21.33 Heavens are in layers. It specifically also says that we can see it, which we can’t “See ye not how Allah has created the seven heavens one above another, and made the moon a light in their midst (Luminous), and made the sun as a (Glorious) Lamp?” - Quran 71:15–16 Setting place of the sun found in a globe “Until, when he reached the setting of the sun, he found it set in a spring of murky water: Near it he found a People: We said: “O Zul-qarnain! (thou hast authority,) either to punish them, or to treat them with kindness.” - Quran 18:86 Resting place of the sun in a globe “And the sun runneth on unto a resting-place for him. That is the measuring of the Mighty, the Wise.” – Quran 36:38 Sun goes underneath the throne and gets permission to rise again

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“Narrated Abu Dhar: The Prophet asked me at sunset, “Do you know where the sun goes (at the time of sunset)?” I replied, “Allah and His Apostle know better.” He said, “It goes (i.e. travels) till it prostrates Itself underneath the Throne and takes the permission to rise again, and it is permitted and then (a time will come when) it will be about to prostrate itself but its prostration will not be accepted, and it will ask permission to go on its course but it will not be permitted, but it will be ordered to return whence it has come and so it will rise in the west.” – Sahih Bukhari 4:54:421 Rising place found in a globe “Until, when he came to the rising of the sun, he found it rising on a people for whom We had provided no covering protection against the sun.” - Quran 18:90 Night and day are determined by the orbiting sun and moon “And He hath made subject to you the sun and the moon, both diligently pursuing their courses; and the night and the day hath he (also) made subject to you.” Quran 14:33 Sun and moon orbiting earth “Hast thou not seen how Allah causeth the night to pass into the day and causeth the day to pass into the night, and hath subdued the sun and the moon (to do their work), each running unto an appointed term; and that Allah is Informed of what ye do?” – Quran 31:29 The sun had to be bring up from the west, when in fact it is caused by the rotation of the earth “Abraham said, “Indeed, Allah brings up the sun from the east, so bring it up from the west.” So the disbeliever was overwhelmed [by astonishment]” – Quran 2:258 Allah descends every night to the lowest heaven, which is possible only in flat earth Abu Huraira reported Allah's Messenger ‫ ﷺ‬as saying: Allah descends every night to the lowest heaven when one-third of the first part of the night is over and says: I am the Lord; I am the Lord: who is there to supplicate Me so that I answer him? Who is there to beg of Me so that I grant him? Who is there to beg forgiveness from Me so that I forgive him? He continues like this till the day breaks.- Sahih Muslim 4:1657

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attention while other solar systems with planets aren’t Earth which is a very small object compared to space was one entity “Do not the Unbelievers see that the heavens and the earth were joined together (as one unit of creation), before we clove them asunder? We made from water every living thing. Will they not then believe?” - Quran 21:30 Only one Earth exists “O our Lord! truly Thou dost know what we conceal and what we reveal: for nothing whatever is hidden from Allah, whether on earth or in heaven.” Quran 14:38 Only one Earth exists “Say: “My Lord knoweth (every) word (spoken) in the heavens and on earth: He is the One that heareth and knoweth (all things)” Quran - 21:4 Only one Earth exists “Knowest thou not that Allah knows all that is in heaven and on earth? Indeed it is all in a Record, and that is easy for Allah” - Quran 22:70 Only one Earth exists “To Allah belong all things in heaven and earth: verily Allah is He (that is) free of all wants, worthy of all praise.” Quran 31:26 Only one Earth exists “Not for (idle) sport did We create the heavens and the earth and all that is between!” - Quran 21:16 Only one Earth exists " Do they not see that Allah, who created the heavens and earth and did not fail in their creation, is able to give life to the dead? Yes. Indeed, He is over all things competent." - 46:33 Only one Earth exists “It is He Who hath created for you all things that are on earth; Moreover His design comprehended the heavens, for He gave order and perfection to the seven firmaments; and of all things He hath perfect knowledge.” – 2:29 Only one Earth exists “He it is Who created the heavens and the earth in six Days – and His Throne

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was over the waters – that He might try you, which of you is best in conduct. But if thou wert to say to them, “Ye shall indeed be raised up after death”, the Unbelievers would be sure to say, “This is nothing but obvious sorcery!” - Quran 11:7 Only one Earth exists Behold! in the creation of the heavens and the earth, and the alternation of night and day,- there are indeed Signs for men of understanding. Only one Earth exists “Allah is the light of the heavens and the Earth” – Quran 24:35 Only seven Earths exist “It is Allah Who has created seven heavens, and earths as many ...” - Quran 65:12 Only seven Earths exist (hadith) ‘Any person who takes even a span of land unjustly, his neck shall be encircled with it down seven earths.’” - Sahih Al-Bukhari Volume 4, Book 54, Number 417; see also Numbers 418, 420; Volume 3, Book 43, Numbers 632-634) Only seven Earths exist (hadith) “for Allah’s Messenger (may peace be upon him) said: He who usurps even a span of land would be made to wear around his neck seven earths. (Book 010, Number 3925; see also Numbers 3920-3924) Only seven Earths exist (hadith) “Muhammad b. Ibrahim said that Abu Salama reported to him that there was between him and his people dispute over a piece of land, and he came to ‘A’isha and mentioned that to her, whereupon she said: Abu Salama, abstain from getting this land, for Allah’s Messenger (may peace be upon him) said: He who usurps even a span of land would be made to wear around his neck seven earths.” - Sahih Muslim (Book 010, Number 3925; see also Numbers 3920-3924) Allah created the Earth first, then the heavens “Say (O Muhammad, unto the idolaters): Disbelieve ye verily in Him Who created the earth in two Days, and ascribe ye unto Him rivals? He (and none else) is the Lord of the Worlds. He placed therein firm hills rising above it, and blessed it and measured therein its sustenance in four Days, alike for (all) who ask; Then turned He to the heaven when it was smoke, and said unto it and unto the earth: Come both of you, willingly or loth. They said: We come, obedient.” – Quran 41:9-11

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Allah created the Earth first, then the heavens “He it is Who created for you all that is in the earth. Then turned He to the heaven, and fashioned it as seven heavens. And He is knower of all things” – Quran 2:29 Heavens in layers “So He completed them as seven firmaments in two Days, and He assigned to each heaven its duty and command” – Quran 41:12 Heaven like a canopy for earth “And We have made the heavens as a canopy well guarded: yet do they turn away from the Signs which these things (point to)!” – Quran 21:32 The sky is solid “See they not what is before them and behind them, of the sky and the earth? If We wished, We could cause the earth to swallow them up, or cause a piece of the sky to fall upon them. Verily in this is a Sign for every devotee that turns to Allah (in repentance)” – Quran 34:9 Heavens without pillars floating, when in fact it’s just a reflecting gas “Allah is He Who raised the heavens without any pillars that ye can see; is firmly established on the throne (of authority); He has subjected the sun and the moon (to his Law)! Each one runs (its course) for a term appointed. He doth regulate all affairs, explaining the signs in detail, that ye may believe with certainty in the meeting with your Lord.” - Quran 13:2 The sun, the moon and the earth is the center of the universe “Lo! your Lord is Allah Who created the heavens and the earth in six Days, then mounted He the Throne. He covereth the night with the day, which is in haste to follow it, and hath made the sun and the moon and the stars subservient by His command. His verily is all creation and commandment. Blessed be Allah, the Lord of the Worlds!” – Quran 7:54 The course of the sun and moon determines night and day “And He hath made subject to you the sun and the moon, both diligently pursuing their courses; and the night and the day hath he (also) made subject to you.” Quran 14:33 The course of the sun and moon determines night and day

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“He created the heavens and the earth in true (proportions): He makes the Night overlap the Day, and the Day overlap the Night: He has subjected the sun and the moon (to His law): Each one follows a course for a time appointed.” – Quran 39:5 Our sun and moon is the only sun and moon ever mentioned “He it is that cleaveth the day-break (from the dark): He makes the night for rest and tranquillity, and the sun and moon for the reckoning (of time): Such is the judgment and ordering of (Him), the Exalted in Power, the Omniscient.” – Quran 6:96 Our sun and moon is the only sun and moon ever mentioned. Furthermore the moon is not a light “It is He Who made the sun to be a shining glory and the moon to be a light (of beauty), and measured out stages for her; that ye might know the number of years and the count (of time). Nowise did Allah create this but in truth and righteousness. (Thus) doth He explain His Signs in detail, for those who understand.” - Quran 10:5 Allah, his throne and water existed before the earth (hadith) ""First of all, there was nothing but Allah, and (then He created His Throne). His throne was over the water, and He wrote everything in the Book (in the Heaven) and created the Heavens and the Earth." - Sahih al-Bukhari 4:54:414

Definitive proof that Earth is the center of the universe, aliens do not exist according to the Quran, and Islam is not true “And We certainly sent into every nation a messenger, [saying], “Worship Allah and avoid Taghut.”” - Quran 16:36 In the verse above we know for sure that he has sent a messenger to every nation. In the below verse we find out how many nations: “And this [Qur’an] is a Book We have revealed [which is] blessed, so follow it and fear Allah that you may receive mercy. [We revealed it] lest you say, “The Scripture was only sent down to two groups before us, but we were of their study unaware,” Or lest you say, “If only the Scripture had been revealed to us, we would have been better guided than they.” So there has [now] come to you a clear evidence from

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your Lord and a guidance and mercy. Then who is more unjust than one who denies the verses of Allah and turns away from them? We will recompense those who turn away from Our verses with the worst of punishment for their having turned away.” - Quran 6:155-157 So Allah has sent a messenger to every nation, and that is a total number of three: The Jews, the Christians and now the Arabs. Not even the native Indians? Not even the aborigines? Not even the Greenland people? How do you expect it to even be aliens? He says that he sent a messenger to every nation, therefore the messengers of the Jews, Christians and now Muslims do not count, since they were the messengers of the Middle-East, and not America or Australia. And the second Quranic verse confirms it conclusively that there were a total of three groups, the Jews, Christians and now muslims, where the books have been revealed. People can refute that Allah has sent a messenger to every nation, but not all nations received a scripture. To this following bullet proof argument can be used: Messenger sent to every nation "And for every nation is a messenger. So when their messenger comes, it will be judged between them in justice, and they will not be wronged" - Quran 10:47 "And We certainly sent into every nation a messenger, [saying], "Worship Allah and avoid Taghut." And among them were those whom Allah guided, and among them were those upon whom error was [deservedly] decreed. So proceed through the earth and observe how was the end of the deniers." - Quran 16:36 Messengers were sent with book and scriptures "We have already sent Our messengers with clear evidences and sent down with them the Scripture and the balance that the people may maintain [their affairs] in justice. And We sent down iron, wherein is great military might and benefits for the people, and so that Allah may make evident those who support Him and His messengers unseen. Indeed, Allah is Powerful and Exalted in Might." - Quran 57:25 "Then if they deny you, [O Muhammad] - so were messengers denied before you, who brought clear proofs and written ordinances and the enlightening Scripture." - Quran 3:184 "And We have already sent messengers before you and assigned to them wives

and descendants. And it was not for a messenger to come with a sign except by permission of Allah . For every term is a decree." - Quran 13:38 "And if they deny you - then already have those before them denied. Their messengers came to them with clear proofs and written ordinances and with the enlightening Scripture." - Quran 35:25 Conclusion: With these four verses, books were sent to all nations, which in turn contradicts with Quran 6:155-157, that it was only sent down to three groups total. Another evidence to support that not all nations received a scripture “And this [Qur’an] is a Book We have revealed [which is] blessed, so follow it and fear Allah that you may receive mercy. [We revealed it] lest you say, “The Scripture was only sent down to two groups before us, but we were of their study unaware,” - Quran 6:155-156 The scripture to the arabian peninsula was sent to the arab-speaking people, so they did not have any excuses. But what about America and Australia? Should they just accept that they will come with excuses? Allah specifically didn't want the arabs not to come with excuses, why not the native Indians or Aborigines too? Furthermore nowhere is it mentioned in the Quran or hadiths about America and Australia. The next verse confirms it was sent down for the arab-speaking people because of the language: “And before this Quran the Book of Moses was revealed as a guide and mercy. And this Book is a confirmation, in the Arabic tongue, to warn those who do wrong, and as good news to those who do good.” - Quran 46:12 The proof that earth is the center of the universe and Aliens do not exist Notice also that the Quran only mentions that Allah has sent a messenger to every nation, but doesn't say every world or every planet. Even if it were correct that he sent messengers to other planets, it still wouldn't make sense because he only sent the scriptures to the Jews, Christians and Arabs, which is on our planet - and therefore the Messengers on other planets would be useless without any scriptures. This means that life on other planets, even if they had received messengers, they never received any books to follow, because only three books has been sent, the Torah, Bible and the Quran, which is on our planet, and therefore the messengers on other planets would be useless.

There is no way to interpret it away, this, ladies and gentlemen, is the golden scientific mistake you all were looking for. Let it be known that this scientific mistake mistakes was found and for the first time mentioned in this book, Disproving Islam (2020) by the author. This is an entirely new scientific mistake, which is wrong, and undoubtedly cannot be interpreted otherwise.

Conclusion This chapter has presented various scientific mistakes, and a complete new one, first described in this book. Nevertheless all these scientific verses (which are not science), whether true or not, is only 0,000001% of all science knowledge compared to today. The complete flat earth references has been summarized on the next pages. The next chapter is exclusively showing that these scientific miracles have been known before Muhammad by mankind. This chapter was about that these are wrong and not satisfactory, and it doesn’t work, then the next chapter will prove that these scientific statements were known before.

Chapter 4: Plagiarism by Islam

Introduction This chapter is a follow-up of chapter one and deals with proving that scientific miracles from the Quran, and presents evidence that were in fact known before Muhammad’s time. It is separated into two main parts, the first part dealing with the scientific plagiarism and the second part dealing with plagiarism regarding rituals, rules, wordings, events etc.

PART 1 Quran copied fasting It is typically seen that people share CT scans or MRI scans of the brain, showing how fasting improves and alters the brain, and justifying how Islam is the true religion because of this. While there is no doubt that fasting has benefits, the benefits of fasting has been known for at least 1100 years before Muhammad, and this is independently from the Torah and the Bible. Pythagoras (570 BC - 495 BC) in ancient Greece was among many who talk about its advantages. It was one of the most widespread healing traditions in the ancient world. Hippocrates (460 BC - 370 BC) was one of the greatest geniuses in the antique and is widely considered the father of modern medicine. He commonly prescribed the practice of fasting and the consumption of apple cider vinegar. He wrote to eat when you are sick, is to feed your illness. Another ancient Greek was Plutarch (46 AD - 120 AD) who was a Greek writer and historian who also made similar statements. He wrote Instead of using medicine, better fast today. Even Plato (424 BC - 348 BC) and his student Aristotle were also truth worthy supporters of fasting. Generally the ancient Greeks believed that humans, like most animals, do not eat when they become sick. This is the reason why fasting has been called the physician within. There is surely no doubt that fasting was known before the time of Muhammad.

Separating the heaven from earth and earth from

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heaven In the Quran and hadiths it is stated multiple times Allah had separated earth from the heavens and heavens from the earth. Below is a scripture which was written 2700 years before Muhammad with the same statement: “Not only did the lord make the world appear in its correct form, the lord who never changes the destinies which he determines – Enlil – who will make the human seed of the Land come forth from the earth – and not only did he hasten to separate heaven from earth, and hasten to separate earth from heaven..” - Song of the Hoe, Creation of the Myth, 2100 BC "When the Heavens had been separated from the Earth" - Enuma Elish, Babylonian creation myth, 700 BC ""What did the ancient classic "Zhou Shu" mean by the sentence that Zhong and Li caused the heaven and earth to disconnect from each other?" - Guoyu (Discourses of the States), 771–476 BC Separating earth from heaven was indeed said almost 3000 years before Muhammad.

The development of the fetus in the womb People like to claim that it was a miracle how Muhammad in 600 AD could have known how a fetus is made. As it has been described in chapter three, it is actually not that hard to come to the conclusion that sperm goes into the women, and somehow becomes a baby which consists of bones, flesh and blood. Even a 15 years old could have that imagination at that time or even thousands of years before that. A teenager would have had come to the conclusion that you have sex and the sperm drop goes in, and out of it comes a baby with blood, bones and flesh. Nevertheless it was known by numerous people before Muhammad, and one of them is Hippocrates (460-370 BC) which lived 1000 years before Muhammad. He wrote: "Sperm is a product which comes from the whole body of each parent, weak sperm coming from the weak parts, and strong sperm from the strong parts....The seed (embryo), then, is contained in a membrane … Moreover, it grows because of its mother’s blood, which descends to the womb. For once a woman conceives,

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she ceases to menstruate... At this stage, with the descent and coagulation of the mother’s blood, flesh begins to be formed, with the umbilicus...As the flesh grows it is formed into distinct members by breath... The bones grow hard … moreover they send out branches like a tree …” - Hippocrates 1978, page 321-322 Aristotle also wrote about the embryology, 900 years before Muhammad: “When the material secreted by the female in the uterus has been fixed by the semen of the male…the more solid part comes together, the liquid is separated off from it, and as the earthy parts solidify membranes form all around it…Some of these are called membranes and others choria…” and “So nature has first designed the two blood vessels from the heart, and from these smaller vessels branch off to the uterus, forming what is called the umbilicus…Round these is a skin-like integument, because the weakness of the vessels needs protection and shelter. The vessels join to the uterus like the roots of plants, and through them the embryo receives its nourishment”. - Aristotle, De Generatione Animalium, Book II, 740a28-740a35, as per Barnes, opere citato, p. 1148-1149 Claudius Galenus from the Roman Empire also wrote about embryology, 500 years before Muhammad: “let us divide the creation of the foetus overall into four periods of time. The first is that in which. as is seen both in abortions and in dissection, the form of the semen prevails [Arabic nutfah]. At this time, Hippocrates too, the all-marvelous, does not yet call the conformation of the animal a foetus; as we heard just now in the case of semen voided in the sixth day, he still calls it semen. But when it has been filled with blood [Arabic alaqa], and heart, brain and liver are still unarticulated and unshaped yet have by now a certain solidarity and considerable size, this is the second period; the substance of the foetus has the form of flesh and no longer the form of semen. Accordingly you would find that Hippocrates too no longer calls such a form semen but, as was said, foetus. The third period follows on this, when, as was said, it is possible to see the three ruling parts clearly and a kind of outline, a silhouette, as it were, of all the other parts [Arabic mudghah]. You will see the conformation of the three ruling parts more clearly, that of the parts of the stomach more dimly, and much more still, that of the limbs. Later on they form “twigs”, as Hippocrates expressed it, indicating by the term their similarity to branches. The fourth and final period is at the stage when all the parts in the limbs have been differentiated; and at this part Hippocrates the marvelous no longer calls the foetus an embryo only, but already a child, too when he says that it jerks and moves as an animal now fully formed.” “… The

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time has come for nature to articulate the organs precisely and to bring all the parts to completion. Thus it caused flesh to grow on and around all the bones, and at the same time … it made at the ends of the bones ligaments that bind them to each other, and along their entire length it placed around them on all sides thin membranes, called periosteal, on which it caused flesh to grow.” - Corpus Medicorum Graecorum: Galeni de Semine (Galen: On Semen) (Greek text with English trans. Phillip de Lacy, Akademic Verlag, 1992) section I:9:1-10 pp. 92-95, 101 People already knew a lot about the fetus, many of them were even more precise than Muhammad and the Quran. Keith Moore Many people bring up the embryologist Keith Moore, and how he said that the Quran was accurate when it comes to embryology. He was working with the Saudi government, who also payed him and financed his research, and was easily tricked into saying that it was accuracte by relying on the translation and interpretation of the Saudis. During his lecture tours to promote his book to Muslim audiences in 1988, Keith Moore stated that he never left his Christian faith to become a Muslim and admitted that he had no knowledge of Arabic, that Muslim scholars had translated the Arabic words for him, and that he is not claiming his interpretations are accurate. The following is the quote from him: "As Dr. Persaud said, we don't read Arabic. The Scholars translated for us. We simply give our interpretations. We are not saying they are accurate." - Dr. Keith Moore, Embryology in the Qur'an, University of Toronto, Canada, 1988 with Keith L. Moore, TVN Persaud and E. Marshal Johnson, timestamp 00:48:40 The Islamic additions to his book are actually the work of a leading militant Islamist named Abdul Majeed al-Zindani, and not the work of Keith Moore. Alfred Kroner, William Hay, Tom Armstrong and other professors/scientists who attended the conference back then, have also come forward, saying that their views were misrepresented and quote-mined. "We thought it was to help make it easier for scientists to operate in the Muslim world, but clearly I think in retrospect is to try to recruit people for Islam. I hate to say it but under false pretences and that's a really serious problem". - William

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Allah made man from clay "Who perfected everything which He created and began the creation of man from clay." - Quran 32:7 Man created from clay was stated 1600 years before Muhammad: "Your hands formed me and made me - will you now absorb me? Remember that you formed me as if with clay - will you return me to dust? You poured me out like milk, and pulled me together like cheese. You clothed me with skin and flesh, and [inside me] did you interweave bones and sinews." - Book of Job, Job 10:8-11

Allah sent Iron "And We sent down iron, wherein is great military might and benefits for the people" – Quran 57:25 Some people claim that it was a miracle how a man in 600 AD in the desert could have known that meteorites contain iron. They just forgot to mention that it was known before. According to professor Hamed A. Ead, the Egyptians called iron the metal of heaven or ba-en-pet. According to Keith Squires, not only were the ancient Egyptians aware of meteoritic iron, but archaeological evidence suggests that they were sophisticated enough to differentiate between different types of iron. In ancient Egypt leadstones were called res mehit ba, which means north south iron. Plutarch which quoted Manetho, called lead-stones as Bone of Osiris, and non-magnetic iron as Bone of Typhon. Even the Sumerians had a clue about this. According to Alan F. Alford, the supreme God Anu personified a planet which had exploded, which is the reason that his name Anu meant Heaven, and meteoritic iron was known as the essence of Anu.

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In conclusion it was known before Muhammad that meteorites contained iron. Sent down clothing "Children of Adam! We have sent down on you a garment to cover your shameful parts, and feathers; and the garment of godfearing -- that is better; that is one of God's signs; haply they will remember." - Quran 7:26 According to the verse above, Allah has also sent down clothing.

The preserved body of Pharaoh "And We took the Children of Israel across the sea, and Pharaoh and his soldiers pursued them in tyranny and enmity until, when drowning overtook him, he said, "I believe that there is no deity except that in whom the Children of Israel believe, and I am of the Muslims." Now? And you had disobeyed [Him] before and were of the corrupters? So today We will save you in body that you may be to those who succeed you a sign. And indeed, many among the people, of Our signs, are heedless" - Quran 10:91-92 According to the verses above and apologists, a 7th century man could never had known that a body could be preserved so good as that of the Pharaoh who drowned while persecuting Moses. The answer is actually very simple: there were hundreds of other pharaohs who were mummified, and many tomb raiders always went to these spots to steal treasures, like gold, and even many tombs were destroyed. However, one of the most well preserved mummies known to date is that of a 3000 years old Cherchen Man, found in the Taklamakan desert, even more preserved than any Egyptian Pharaohs. It's funny that Allah never mentioned that he will preserve a man in Asia.

Moon reflects light “It is He who made the sun a shining light and the moon a light” - Quran 10:5 Firstly is a very clear observation that the moon is reflecting the light of the sun at the exact same side the light touches the moon. It is not an exaggeration to say that a teenager in the ancient world could have come to that conclusion. The correct translated verse is mentioned above, but Sahih International has corrupted the translation which says:

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“It is He who made the sun a shining light and the moon a derived light” - Quran 10:5, Sahih International As mentioned in chapter three stating that the moon is a light is wrong, but the Sahih International added the word derived for the translation of the arabic word nur. In Quran 24:35 it says Allah is the light (Nur) of the heavens and Earth, so does that mean that Allah is a derived light? Of course not. Regardless of the outcome this was known before by many people. Anaxagoras (428 BC) correctly determined that the rocky moon reflects light from the sun which made it possible for him to explain lunar phases and eclipses. Not only was he correct that the moon reflected the light from the sun, he also stated that it contained mountains and believed it was inhabited. He lived 1000 years before Muhammad. It is not that difficult to realize that it is a reflection when half moons only are lightened up by the side which the sun is.

Salt water and fresh water don’t mix And it is He who has released [simultaneously] the two seas, one fresh and sweet and one salty and bitter, and He placed between them a barrier and prohibiting partition. - Quran 25:53 In chapter one it has been described why this verse is incorrect. Shortly the fresh water and salt water mixes, but very slowly. There is also no barrier but a transition with a gradient. Nevertheless Aristotle (350 BC) had a similar statement that salt water and fresh water don't mix, 900 years before Muhammad: “The drinkable, sweet water, then, is light and is all of it drawn up: the salt water is heavy and remains behind” - Meteorology by Aristotle (350 BC) Book II.

Quran reveals that every living thing comes from water Have those who disbelieved not considered that the heavens and the earth were a joined entity, and We separated them and made from water every living thing? Then will they not believe? - Quran 21:30

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That humans were made from water or that we come from the sea has been known before human. It is worth mentioning that it doesn't take a person with an IQ higher than 70 (which is low) to get an idea that the essence of life is water. In the desert it is even easier to understand that without water, you die. When a soldier dies, he usually loses a lot of blood which is evident. But the more important question is, why doesn't Allah mention carbon? Life does not from water; water is just water - life comes from different atoms which the most important is carbon. That's why carbon is called the essence of biological life. It is through a discipline called organic chemistry students learn that without carbon there is no life. That’s why when something is organic or living, it contains carbon. Our DNA which is the essence of all biological life consist of carbon. Saying that he made living things from water is like saying “I made that cake from milk” without adding anything else, like flour. Regardless of what, it was known before that living things came from water. Thales the Milesian, 639-544 BC (1200 years before Muhammad) made contributions in many fields and his observation was that water was the most abundant material on Earth and all animals and plants needed it for life. He came with the theory that life originated from water and if an organism had a lack of it, it died. Anaximander, 610 – 546 BC (1200 years before Muhammad) said that lif came from the sea. Empedocles, 494 - 434 BC (1100 years before Muhammad) that all matter were made up of four elements: water, earth, air and fire.

The Quran says that water comes from the clouds Realizing that water comes from the clouds and clouds from the sea is actually not that hard to achieve. Anyone can see that evaporation from the ground causes clouds, and these clouds then has the effect to cause rain, which again repeats the cycle. It was known by many people before. Anaximander, 610 – 546 BC (1200 years before Muhammad) was one of the people in ancient Greece. He postulated that the sea evaporates under the sun's action and the clouds would be attracted to places where water was more

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abundant, and then rain would happen.

The Quran revealed that planets move in orbits This is a statement that some people claim but there are absolutely no verses that says that. As mentioned in chapter one, there are around 20-30 verses from the Quran and Hadith together which says that the earth is flat, has heaven like a dome, the moon and sun orbits the earth – and finally it is the center of attention in the universe, while not even mentioning other solar systems or galaxies. In the end it doesn’t matter regarding it, because it was known before. Yajnavalkya (9th–8th century BC) who is the author of Shatapatha Brahmana recognized that the Earth is spherical and also expounded a heliocentric concept. He wrote in his book: “The sun strings these worlds – the earth, the planets, the atmosphere – to himself on a thread.” - Shatapatha Brahmana 8.7.3.10, by Yajnavalkya Anaxagoras who lived 1100 years before Muhammad proposed that the milky way is a concentration of distant stars like our own. “The Milky Way (Via Lactea) as a concentration of distant stars”– Aristotle, Meteorologica 342b. Aristarchus of Samos in ancient Greece, lived 900 years before Muhammad, was an astronomer and mathematician who was influenced by Philolaus of Croton. He is probably the first person in ancient Greece who first proposed heliocentric, where he placed the Sun at the center while Earth revolving around it. He understood the central fire with the sun, and he managed to put the planets in our solar system in the correct order according to the distance to the sun. Just like Anaxagoras 200 years before him, he also suspected that the stars also were suns just like our own, but much further away. There is no doubt that the ancient Greeks were very well away about heliocentrism and that planets revolve around the sun.

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They ask you about wine and gambling. Say, “In them is great sin and [yet, some] benefit for people. But their sin is greater than their benefit.” And they ask you what they should spend. Say, “The excess [beyond needs].” Thus Allah makes clear to you the verses [of revelation] that you might give thought. - Quran 2:219, also 4:43, 5:90-91 It only takes a child in the ancient world to realize that alcohol is bad, in regard to physical health, psychologically and also have an impact socially. The first example blow is the Roman Aulus, 500 years before Muhammad. His made an accurate statement looking it superficial without going into the toxicological aspect. “if a drunken man get a childe, it will never likely have a good braine” - Aulus Gellius, born 125 AD The second example is Plato. “The first is a reference to a Carthaginian law ‘which ordains that no soldier on the march should ever taste of this potion [wine], but confine himself for the whole of the time to water drinking only" - Plato, reprinted 1952, 2, 674 "it is not right that procreation should be the work of bodies dissolved by excess of wine, but rather that the embryo should be compacted firmly, steadily and quietly in the womb’" - Plato, reprinted 1952, 6, 775c–d Plato (Laws II, 655 d ss.) admitted that wine could lead to uncontrollable manner and bad habits. Drunken people were always likely to lose their temper and become crazy, which is the reason why Dyonisiac festivals were forbidden in Sparta. In their view the festivals were irreverent and made the men who were drunk to become crazy. The third example is from the ancient Carthage (700-300 BC), 900-1300 years before Muhammad. They had a ritual against drinking by newly married in their wedding nights, and it was a percolation against alcohol induced birth defects. For further study, it is recommended to read Alcohol, Other Drugs, and Behavior: Psychological Research Perspectives by John Jung and Beer And Wine In Antiquity: Beneficial Remedy Or Punishment Imposed By The Gods? by Rosso AM.

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Allah predicted about bacteria before they were known “I am your Lord. Take off your shoes. You are in the sacred valley of Tuwa.” Quran 20:12 A statement by some people to this is that God ordered Moses to take off his shoes in order for not making the place dirty. They use this to justify that it proves bacteria. This is one of these preposterous miracle statements that one might ask oneself who fell down the steps and claimed it. The quran literally doesn't mention anything about bacteria but only the dirt which is under the shoes. There are different college textbooks about microbiology, immunology and bacteriology which can highly be recommend to read. From there it is easy to come to the realization that the verse has no meaning to anything. Regardless of what, this was known before and in a much greater detail. Marcus Terentius Varro, 116-27 BC (700 years before Muhammad) wrote: “Precautions must also be taken in neighborhood swamps . . . because certain minute creatures [animalia minuta] grow there which cannot be seen by the eye, which float in the air and enter the body through the mouth and nose and there cause serious diseases.” - Plinio Prioreschi. A History of Medicine: Roman Medicine. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 1998: p. 215 Thucydides, 460–395 BC (1000 years before Muhammad) has many contributions to science which one of this most important was his observations regarding the Athenian plague between 430-410 BC, that killed one-third of the population in Athen. He survived the epidemic himself, and observed that the survivors did not get reinfected by the disease even though they took care of the actively sick people. This is one of the earliest observations that the ancient Greeks were aware of the concept of immunity. Both Marcus and Thucydides were completely right about bacteria and their existence, but not all bacteria travels in the air.

Breastfeeding for 2 years was known before science

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said it Mothers may nurse their infants for two whole years, for those who desire to complete the nursing-period… [Quran 2.233] People state how a man for 1400 years ago could have known this detail for how long to breastfeed. Some people try to justify WHO’s statement about breastfeeding for 1,5 years. Firstly knowing how long to breastfeed a child is the easiest task in the world and it is usually between 1-2 years, rarely up to 3 years. It is literally a very easy observation from all different cultures that when a baby becomes a maximum of 2 years, probably around 98% of mothers stop breastfeeding them naturally due to the size of the child. This verse has nothing to do with a miracle, it is just common sense. Nevertheless it was known before the time of Muhammad. Compared to today, the duration of breastfeeding in the ancient world were generally longer. Aristotle stated that it should continue between 12-18 months or when the menses restarted in the nursing mother. In the world of ancient Palestine for 4000 years ago, breastfeeding was a religious obligation and a blessing. The duration of breastfeeding used to last up to two years or maybe three years, which provided the child a protection from different diseases, one which was fatal called dysentery. In a Talmud from 536 BC, the newborns were placed immediately on the breast of the mothers and breastfeed for about 24 months. Between 300 BC - 400 AD, contracts were written with wet nurses to breastfeed abandoned infants. The infants were usually unwanted females thrown onto the trash. The duration of breastfeeding were up to three years. Looking at the different durations in the ancient world, Aristotle statement about 12-18 months falls under the 1,5 years of recommendation from WHO which is more accurate than the Quran. Either way, there are definitely many more civilizations than in this list that probably stated that breastfeeding should be between 1-2 years. For further study about the history of breastfeeding, it is recommended to read the published article Breastfeeding in the Course of History from the year 2015 by Nicoletta Iacovidou.

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The alaqah and mudghah in embryology "Then We made the drop into an alaqah, then We made the alaqah into a mudghah" - Quran, 23:14 The statement by some people is that it is impossible to know this in 600 AD. The truth is that in week 3, the structure of this “leech” can actually be seen with a naked eye and has a size of a plump watermelon. At week 8, it has a size of 1,6 cm – which can definitely be seen with the naked eye, and anyone is able to determine its shape and even details. What the muslims during the lifetime of Muhammad did was killing captive people or taking them as slaves. In regard to this, they had the opportunity to kill the women and open up their placenta and see the shape of the of the fetus as early as week 3. Although there aren't any historical evidence that supports that earlier civilizations have done this, it would be achievable for them anyway since it is completely possible without using a microscope. All it needs is having sex with a captive sex slave, wait the weeks needed and then take the placenta out.

Created man from sperm "He created man from a sperm-drop;" - Quran 16:4 This is similar to: "Who creates people from sperm;" - Excerpts from Great Hymn to the Aten- tomb of Ay, no. 25 at Amarna

Allah predicted elements that are smaller than atoms "Not even an atom’s weight escapes Him, be it in the heavens or the earth, nor what is smaller than that or larger; all are in a clear Record." - Quran 34:3 To begin with, it is clear that the Quran does not refer to subatomic components, the verse only says "smaller or larger" than atoms which can be anything. In addition, the Arabic word for atom can also mean a corn grain, speck or particle, just like the expression speck of dust. In arabic it it is used to mean something significantly small, it does not refer to the model of the atom.

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Most people are confused about what the word atom originally meant. It only means the smallest constituent of matter. The particle we call an atom today is not the smallest constituent of matter, but we called it atom by borrowing it from Greek vocabulary because we didn't know subatomic particles existed when we discovered it. So the original meaning of the word atom that occurs in ancient texts of Greeks and Indians is actually referring to subatomic particles. It wasn't a scientific term; it just meant something that cannot be broken down into smaller parts. As you already know, what we call atoms today can indeed be broken down into smaller parts. So by that definition, today's atom is not the same as the historical atom. They are completely different words. Aristotle postulated that you can break matter into an infinite degree which we now know it's wrong, and later it was hypothesized by Democritus that you can only break matter to a certain limit. Democritus definition of the historical atom is actually what we today call subatomic or elementary particles. There are other people who came with the theory of atoms and molecules. The first reference were made by the Jains in ancient India in 6th century BC (1200 years before Muhammad) in the Ajiva sanskrit It is also supposed that Ionians postulated about the elementary partcles. Other civilizations include the ancient Greeks such as Leuicippus, Democritus (as mentioned before) and Epicurus and the ancient hindus such as Kanada, Dignaga and Dharmakirti.

Allah predicted that in high altitude your chest constricts "Whomever God wishes to guide, He renders his chest receptive to Islam, and whomever He wishes to send astray, He renders his chest tight and constricted as if he is ascending into the sky." - Quran [6:125] With this verse some people claim that high altitudes in air flight causes constriction and tightness of the chest, and no one at the time would have known that flying into the sky has this effect. They claim that it only become common knowledge when fly machines were invented. The explanation for this is actually even more simple than expected: You don’t need to fly in order for you to feel the effect of tightness in the chest. Altitude sickness commonly happens at around 2,500 meters or above. It can result in high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) or high altitude cerebral edema (HACE),

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which are potentially fatal. The truth is that there are many mountains in the Middle-East which are taller than this threshold, and some of them are mentioned below: • • • • • •

Mount Damavand, Iran (5610 meters) Jabal an Nabi Shu’ayb, Yemen (3,666 meters) Cheekha Dar, Iraq (3,611 meters) Qurnat as Sawda’, Lebanon (3,088 meters) Possibly Jabal Sawda, Saudi Arabia (3,000 meters) Mount Hermon (Jabal el-Sheikh), Syria (2,814 meters)

Since they were desert people, one can imagine that they had the opportunity to climb any of these mountains and experience the mountain sickness themselves. All it would need is 2500 meters altitude and above which there are many places to choose from. This is clearly not any miracle since it is possible for people to experience it by themselves. NASA has a big vacuum room at their center which they use for experimentation. It is completely plausible to test a person inside the big room and feel the tightness of chest on earth instead of ascending up to the sky. The real question is, does Allah mentions that you can artificially create vacuum and a tightness of chest on the ground? No, he doesn't. In Sahih International it says “as though he were climbing into the sky.” Climbing, not ascending. This means climbing a mountain, not flying up to the sky as some people claim. Difficulty in breathing due to the air being thinner at high altitudes has been recognized since ancient times. There are many examples where people have mentioned the symptoms of high altitude sickness. Aristotle (384-322 BC) describes a trip to Mount Olympus in Macedonia. ‘Also, because the rarity of the air which was there did not fill them with breath, they were not able to survive there unless they applied moist sponges to their noses’”. – West J. High Life. A History of High Altitude Physiology and Medicine. Oxford University Press;1998 In high altitude there is actually an extreme dryness of the air which is the reason they used wet sponges, although it didn't help with the thin air. Titus Livius (59 BC - 19 AD) cited by Francis Bacon (1561-1626), author of History of Ancient Rome, noted that Aristotle knew that those climbing the mountain had to breath through sponges wetted in water and vinegar, because the air in such a high

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altitude was very dry and not fit for breathing. The next example is from the ancient Chinese West Han Dynasty from 30 BC. Too Kin advised Emperor Chung ti who was the emperor between 37-32 BC to not send his people to Afghanistan across Tibetan mountains. “Next, one comes to Big Headache and Little Headache Mountains, as well as Red Earth and Swelter Hills. They make a man so hot that his face turns pale, his head aches, and he begins to vomit. Even the donkeys and swine react this way’..’ The walkers and riders hold on to each other and are led forward by ropes for some 2000 Ii [1000 km or 600 miles] before they reach Hsientu [Hindu Kush]. By then, half of the animals have fallen to their death in the gorges. If a man falls, it is impossible to save him. It is so difficult and dangerous that words cannot describe it” – Too Kin (37-32 BC) It is clear from this part of the document that the mountain has been named headache because of the low oxygen which causes many symptoms including tightness of chest, low oxygen to the brain, breathing problems and oedema Although tightness of chest is not directly mentioned, it is definitely one of the common symptoms of high altitude sickness. Another example is a Chinese man (403 AD) crossing into Kashmir who was a companion of the monk Fa Hsien. During the journey through the mountains he died with difficulty breathing and foam at his mouth, now known as high-altitude pulmonary oedema. It is clear from the presented historical events that high altitude was known to cause breathing problems, apart from it is relatively easy to find out for anyone. The reason why it hasn't commonly knowledge was because in the era of Ancient Greece, there weren’t many people on the planet and most people lived close to the sea. They saw the mountains as such places where Gods lived and didn’t dare to climb up. For further study about the historical evidence about high altitude sickness, it is recommended to read High Life: A History of High-Altitude Physiology and Medicine by Andrew P. White (2001), the article The first documented report of mountain sickness: the China or Headache Mountain story by Gilbert DL (1983), Hypoxia and Health: From first historical documents to prevention and treatment (2001), and Mountain sickness: neurologic aspects by K K Jain MD (1999).

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Allah predicts that west is left and east is right "You would see the sun, when it rose it shone into their cave from the right, and when it set it shone from the left, as they lay in the midst of the cave. That was one of Allah’s wonders. He whom Allah guides is truly guided; but he whom He misguides, for him you will find no directing friend." – Quran 18:17 People claim that this verse demonstrates the direction of where the sun rises is to the right hand side, the direction where the sun sets is to the left hand side, and in this case you will be facing North and not south. They claim that this convention has determined the and shaped the modem maps. Firstly the North star has been a central point for as long as the Egyptians civilization, if not longer. In the Giza pyramids there is a hole that points directly to the north star. It must have been obvious from the earliest civilizations that when you look at the direction of the North Pole, the east is where the sun rises is to your right side, and the west where the sun goes down is to your left. A 10 year old child without any proper education can come to that conclusion. To come to the main point, it was actually determined before Islam. Ptolemy (90168 AD) established the notion that north should always be up, and east at the right side. This was stated 500 years before Muhammad.

Allah proved water cycle “Have you not seen that Allah sent rain down from the sky and caused it to penetrate the ground and come forth as springs, then He caused crops of different colors to grow…” - Quran 39:21 "And of His signs is [that] He shows you the lightening [causing] fear and aspiration, and He sends down rain from the sky by which He brings to life the earth after its lifelessness. Indeed in that are signs for a people who use reason." Quran 30:24 "And We have sent down rain from the sky in a measured amount and settled it in the earth. And indeed, We are Able to take it away." - Quran 23:18 "And We have sent the fertilizing winds and sent down water from the sky and given you drink from it. And you are not its retainers." - Quran 15:22

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"Do you not see that Allah drives clouds? Then He brings them together, then He makes them into a mass, and you see the rain emerge from within it. And He sends down from the sky, mountains [of clouds] within which is hail, and He strikes with it whom He wills and averts it from whom He wills. The flash of its lightening almost takes away the eyesight." - Quran 24:43 "It is Allah who sends the winds, and they stir the clouds and spread them in the sky however He wills, and He makes them fragments so you see the rain emerge from within them. And when He causes it to fall upon whom He wills of His servants, immediately they rejoice" - Quran 30:48 "By the sky which returns [rain]" - Quran 86:11 First of all it is worth mentioning that by looking at the number of chapters and number of all these different verses, it is clear to anyone to come to the conclusion how disoriented and unsystematic the Quran in reality is. It really takes 7 different verses from 7 chapters to compile them together to come to the conclusion of the miracle of water cycle. Not to mention that there are more similar verses from chapters which are different than these. People's statement is that the Quran mentions the water cycle in great detail. It surely does not. Any person with a diploma in Earth Science will understand that this is absolutely not even close to any details. Since there are many verses included in this section,it is better to separate them and take them one by one. Rainwater returned back as clouds which again causes rain One of the earliest evidence that states rain is evaporated back as clouds is from Adityahridayam of Ramayana (Hindu), which is dated back to the 4th century BC. It mentions in verse 22 that the sun heats up the water and sends it down as rain. This is a clear indication that the water cycle was known 1000 years before Muhammad. Ancient scholars back in 500 BC were also speculating that much of the water in rivers can be attributed to rain. Condensed clouds causes rain and lighting One of the earliest evidence that people proposed that condensed clouds causes rain is from Aristotle, about 1000 years before Muhammad. “and lighting is produced by cold, being driven out by the condensation of the clouds..” – from the book Meteorologica by Aristotle, 350 BC

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Although Aristotle doesn't say rain but only lighting, they are essentially the same. Rain needed to make crops grow The earliest realization that crops needed water and rain in order for them to grow was in ancient Egypt. They noticed that the floods receded and the fields dried out, so the plants would wither or die because of this. The Nile left behind a mud which needed watering in the hot sun. They tried to trap as much flood water as they could so they didn't had to get water from the river constantly. It was an observed fact that rain came from the clouds and crops needed water to grow. Any human being from the Ancient civilizations, like Egypt, Greece, China, India or Persia could see that water falls down from the clouds and it is needed for the crops to grow. How hard is it to realize that crops, plants and trees needed water to grow? Water cycle as a close cycle The water cycle as a close cycle was probably first postulated by Anaxagoras of Clazomenae (460 BC) and Diogenes of Apollonia (460 BC), about 1000 years before Muhammad. Water penetrating the earth One of the earliest evidence for percolation comes from both Plato (390 BC) and Aristotle (350 BC) which speculated that percolation was a part of the water cycle. Percolation is the process where water travels downwards through the spaces between rocks and soil particles and seeps underground. People says that only in 15th century non-muslims began to teach the water cycle in school even though it was revealed in 600 AD. If that is the case, why haven't muslims taught the water cycle based on the Quran already from 7th century? The obvious reasons why it began being taught in the renaissance is because people had gather much more information than the Quran has ever revealed.

Miracle of rain and hail “See you not that Allah drives the clouds gently, then joins them together, then makes them into a heap of layers, and you see the rain comes forth from between them; and He sends down from the sky hail (like) mountains, (or there are in the heaven mountains of hail from where He sends down hail), and strikes therewith whom He wills, and averts it from whom He wills. The vivid flash of its (clouds) lightning nearly blinds the sight” - Quran 24:43

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Everyone can see that it is dense clouds that causes rain, hail and lighting. It is very rare that non-dense clouds causes hail and lighting. Aristotle's book called Meteorologica (350 BC) concerns many details about rain, snow, hail, lighting and clouds, especially the chapters 9, 11 and 12. Below are some quotes taken from the book. “From the clouds there fall as a result of refrigeration rain, snow and hail” – Aristotle, Meteorologica chapter 11. “and lighting is produced by cold, being driven out by the condensation of the clouds..” – Meteorologica It was clear from the Ancient Greece that lighting, snow, rain, hail and condensed clouds were a known phenomena. It is recommended to read Meteorologica by Aristotle for further evidence.

Allah predicted that sweet water comes from the mountains "And have placed therein firm, and tall mountains, and have given you to drink sweet water?" - Quran 77:27 As written earlier in this chapter, ancient scholars back in 500 BC were speculating that much of the water in rivers can be attributed to rain. This was known 1100 years before Muhammad. There is really nothing special about this, it is an observed fact and everyone can come to that conclusion. Everyone can see that rain falls on higher peaks, and the only way it has is to go down through the mountains due to gravity.

Made the earth egg-shaped "And then we made the Earth egg-shaped" - Quran 79:30 This is one of those famous miracles people uses to convince non-muslims. They claim that that this proves the real ovoid shape of the earth, which they also claim is the nearest description and not like a ball.

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First of all is it written in the third chapter that it is completely wrong and is also explained why it is so. There is even a figure comparing a perfect sphere, the Earth and an Ostrich egg. The reason why it is wrong is because Earth is not egg-shaped but nearly a perfect sphere, and it is wrong because dahaha does not mean eggshaped but spread out. Remember also that it really isn't a miracle at all because this was known by many scientists before Muhammad and Islam. One good example is Erastosthenes (240 BC) who not only knew the Earth was round, but he even calculated the circumference of the earth. He did that by measuring the angle of the shadows in both Alexandria and Syene which had a difference of 7,2 degrees. The distance between the two cities was about 800 km. The calculation were the following: (800 km/7.2 degrees)*360 degrees = 40.000 km The circumference of the earth today is measured at 40.075 km, that is a difference of only 75 km (0,19%). That is extremely close considering he did that for 2200 years ago. It is worth noting that the idea of a spherical Earth in Ancient Greece came from Pythagoras in 500 BC it was validated by Aristotle before Eratosthenes. Not only did they know that the earth was round, they even calculated its circumference and axial tilt too. Even in the Islamic Golden Age which they calculated the circumference with trigonometric, they were not as precise as Erastosthenes. Regardless of what, the Quran actually says spread out (Arabic = dahaha) instead of egg-shaped.

Islam was the first to encourage to seek knowledge "Are those who have knowledge and those who have no knowledge alike? Only the men of understanding are mindful." - Quran, 39:9 "Seek knowledge from the cradle to the grave" - hadith People use these and other verses and hadiths to justify that Islam first claims to seek knowledge. Although it may be the first religion (since obviously it is one of the latest major religions), there has been numerous people who made statement to seek knowledge: "A library of wisdom, is more precious than all wealth, and all things that are

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desirable cannot be compared to it. Whoever therefore claims to be zealous of truth, of happiness, of wisdom or knowledge, must become a lover of books.” - Plato (429 BC - 347 BC) "The unexamined life is not worth living" - Socrates (470 BC - 399 BC) “The foundation of every state is the education of its youth.” - Diogenes (412 BC - 323 BC) “A room without books is like a body without a soul.” - Marcus Tullius Cicero (107-43 BC) “If your plan is for one year plant rice. If your plan is for ten years plant trees. If your plan is for one hundred years educate children. ” - Confucius (551-479 BC) "A room without books is like a body without a Soul" - Marcus Cicero (106-43 BC) As it can be seen, every civilization were aware that seeking knowledge was important, at least 1000 years before Muhammad.

Islam encourages to participate in sport This has been known before. An example is Hippocrates who made a statement 1000 years before Islam: "Sport is a preserver of health" - Hippocrates (460-370 AD)

PART 2 Eye for eye, tooth for tooth “Life for life, eye for eye, nose or nose, ear for ear, tooth for tooth, and wounds equal for equal” - Quran 5:45

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Code of Hammurabi is from 1754 BC (2300 years before Muhammad) and says this: 229+230: Life for life 196: eye for eye 200: tooth for tooth 205: ear for ear X: Wounds equal for equal This is called Lex Talionis and was copied by Exodus 21:22-25, and now by Islam.

Buraq "Exalted is He who took His Servant by night from al-Masjid al-Haram to alMasjid al- Aqsa, whose surroundings We have blessed, to show him of Our signs. Indeed, He is the Hearing, the Seeing." - Quran 17:1 Then he [Gabriel] brought the Buraq, handsome-faced and bridled, a tall, white beast, bigger than the donkey but smaller than the mule. He could place his hooves at the farthest boundary of his gaze. He had long ears. Whenever he faced a mountain his hind legs would extend, and whenever he went downhill his front legs would extend. He had two wings on his thighs which lent strength to his legs.” – Muhammad al-Alawi al-Maliki, al-Anwar al Bahiyya min Isra wa l-Mi'raj Khayr al-Bariyyah "Then a white animal which was smaller than a mule and bigger than a donkey was brought to me." - Sahih al-Bukhari, 3887 People claim that it was a miracle how a man for 1400 years ago could imagine an animal as described above. However it literally doesn’t require a leap of imagination to think of a horse with wings. It’s also a description of Pegasus in Greek mythology. Pegasus is a pure white stallion with feathered wings from his back. It sometimes wore an enchanted golden bridle which was made by Athena. In the last of Pegasus' days, Zeus transformed him into a constellation, a boxy body with an arched neck and two front legs. Pegasus can be found in the reverse side of the Silver Denarius of Domitian which

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is dated to be around 79–80 AD (600 years before Muhammad).

The 5 prayers in Islam The five prayers in Islam are considered unique to the religion, but in fact they have a lot of similarities with the Zoroastrianism religion. Below is a description of this plagiarism. The story of Muhammad with the Buraq is similar to the story of Arda Viraf In around 621 AD Muhammad had a night journey in two parts called Isra and Mi’raj. Accordingly, Muhammad travels to the seventh heaven where he speaks to Allah and had a conversation about the details of the prayers. He managed to convince Allah to decrease the number of prayers from 50 to only 5 prayers a day. This is the same kind of story from the The Book of Arda Viraf which describes how a Zoroastrian saintly priest named Arda Viraf had a journey to his God. It was the angel Sarosh who guided his spirit up to the heavens, from one utopia to another until he reached the great deity of the universe, Ormazd. Arda Viraf was commanded by Ormazd to return to Earth as a messenger and teach the humans the knowledge he had required by him, and among it was praying 5 times a day. Time of the prayers Many do believe that the 5 prayers is unique to Islam, but this is not the case. In fact, not only did Muhammad copied the number of prayer, but he also copied the exact same time when these prayers had to be performed. Washing before prayers The five prayers in the Zoroastrianism religion are known as Gáh. Before each of these prayers, the believing Zoroastrian must perform ritual called pádyáp, which includes washing the face and limbs three times, the first two times with flower extracts, cucumber juice and oils, substituted by soap and lotion and finally with water. The mouth must also be washed and rinsed. Apart from the face, the mouth must also be washed and rinsed comprehensively with a refreshing juice or mouthwash This is much the same as in Islam where a muslim must wash his face, hands, feet and so on before each prayers. Primary citation language The prayers in Zoroastrianism must be recited in Avestan which is a holy language, much like the same in Islam where the prayers much be recited in

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Arabic which is also a holy language according to Islam.

Praying while kneeling and falling on one’s face It is generally though that in Islam the praying while kneeling and falling on one's face is unique to Islam. The truth is that this practice has been around through Judaism and Christianity. Moses and Jesus prayed while kneeling and falling on their faces, as seen below: "Moses bowed to the ground at once and worshiped. 9 “Lord,” he said, “if I have found favor in your eyes, then let the Lord go with us. Although this is a stiff-necked people, forgive our wickedness and our sin, and take us as your inheritance."” - Exodus 34:8 "Going a little farther, he fell with his face to the ground and prayed, “My Father, if it is possible, may this cup be taken from me. Yet not as I will, but as you will.”" Matthew 26:39 The only area of the world who prays like that today are Eastern Orthodox Churches, and specifically the Coptic Church. 2nd century Christian figure Turtulian (155-230 AD) wrote: “But who would hesitate every day to prostrate himself before God, at least in the first prayer with which we enter on the daylight? At fasts, moreover, and Stations, no prayer should be made without kneeling, and the remaining customary marks of humility; for (then) we are not only praying, but deprecating, and making satisfaction to God our Lord." - The Sacred Writings of Tertullian by Tertullian, Volume 2 p. 262 In Judaism the Jews worship God 3 times a day which are all obligatory: morning, afternoon and evening. Some muslims do believe there are also only three main prayers in a day: morning, afternoon and evening and the others are optional. One of the reasons is that these three are called “salat” in Quran. In guerrilla there are small differences between the Islamic way of praying and bowing down and the Jewish and Christian way, but overall they remind each other.

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Hubal was the Arabian moon God worshiped at the Kaaba in Mecca by the Quraysh before Islam, acorrding to the 9th-century Islamic commentator and historian Al-Azraqi's book called Book of Reports about Mecca. The Black Stone as we know it from Islam was originally dedicated to worshipping Hubal. In preIslamic Arabia the pagan Gods were worshiped in the form of rectangular stones or rocks. "Narrated 'Abdullah bin Masud: The Prophet entered Mecca and (at that time) there were three hundred-and-sixty idols around the Ka’aba. He started stabbing the idols with a stick he had in his hand and reciting: "Truth (Islam) has come and Falsehood (disbelief) has vanished." - Sahih Bukhari 3:43:658 The Quran in 2:125 says that Abraham and Ishmael built the Kaaba, but there is no historical evidence that the Kaaba existed more than a few hundred years before. "Remember We made the House a place of assembly for men and a place of safety; and take ye the station of Abraham as a place of prayer; and We covenanted with Abraham and Isma'il, that they should sanctify My House for those who compass it round, or use it as a retreat, or bow, or prostrate themselves (therein in prayer)". - Quran 2:125 In the following Sahih Bukhari, Muhammad says that was built 40 years before the Temple of Jerusalem: "Narrated Abu Dhaar: I said, "O Allah's Apostle! Which mosque was built first?" He replied, "Al-Masjid-ul-Haram." I asked, "Which (was built) next?" He replied, "Al-Masjid-ul-Aqs-a (i.e. Jerusalem)." I asked, "What was the period in between them? He replied, forty years." - Sahih Bukhari 4:55:636 King Solomon built the Temple of Jerusalem in around 958-951 BC, and since Muhammad says it is 40 years older it implies that the Kaaba was built in 998-991 BC. This is incorrect because Abraham lived in 2000 BC. In the end the Kaaba has nothing to do with Islam or Abraham and Ismael, it was made by the Pagan religion. Egyptian Professor Dr. Taha Husayn said the following: "The case for this episode is very obvious because it is of recent date and came into vogue just before the rise of Islam. Islam exploited it for religious reasons." - As quoted in Mizan al-Islam by Anwar al-Jundi, p. 170

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According to the next Hadith Muhammad had the plan to dismantle the Kaaba: "Narrated Aswad: Ibn Az-Zubair said to me, "Aisha used to tell you secretly a number of things. What did she tell you about the Ka'ba?" I replied, "She told me that once the Prophet said, 'O 'Aisha! Had not your people been still close to the pre-Islamic period of ignorance (infidelity)! I would have dismantled the Ka'ba and would have made two doors in it; one for entrance and the other for exit." Later on Ibn Az-Zubair did the same." - Sahih Bukhari 1:3:128 Why destroy it when it was the house of Allah? From non-Islamic sources, the lexicon from the 10th century made by the Byzantine Empire called Suda Lexicon, mentions the black stone: “Theus Ares (Dushrara); this is the god Ares in Arabic Petra. They worship the god Ares and venerate him above all. His statue is an unworked square black stone. It is four foot high and two feet wide. It rests on a golden base. They make sacrifices to him and before him they anoint the blood of the sacrifice that is their anointment.” - Suda Lexicon Notice, it mentions Petra, as explained in chapter 1 where all qiblas faced Petra until 705 AD. It is written in the 10th century, but it refers to older sources which have since been lost. Maximus of Tyre (2nd century AD) also mentions the Black Stone.

Muhammad stole the Black Stone The Black Stone which is in the Kaaba is kissed by muslims from all over the world. This stone was stolen from the Pagan religion which also used to kiss the Black Stone to worship Allah's daughter Al-Lat, although Muhammad removed all the other artefacts, he kept the Black Stone. Another claim is that the Black Stone in Mecca has often been described as a meteorite. This reminds of the sacred stones of worship called Baetylus from the Ancient Greece, which according to the ancient sources were meteorites.

Muhammad copied the qibla Qibla in Islam is the worship facing the rectangular Kaaba in Mecca.

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Zoroastrianism had the Qibla towards the sun, but if they were in a Fire Temple, then the had Qibla towards the Holy Fire. They also had the tradition of kissing the Black Stone as one passes by.

Islam copied the mihrab The architecture of the mihrab that points the qibla to Mecca has been borrowed from the prayer niches common to the oratories of Coptic Christian monks.

Islam copied the crescent moon The earliest evidence for the crescent moon comes from the coin of King Orodes II, who reigned around 50 BC. Another example is the coin from Vardanes I of Parthia, who ruled around 40 AD. The first coin to be introduced by the Sassanid Empire with the the crescent moon was by the Sassanid King Kavadh (488-531 AD). What is interesting is that there is no reference to the cresent moon in the Quran or any Islamic traditions. Since Hubal was the moon God, logically the crescent moon was also Hubal’s symbol. Muhammad’s grandfather almost scarified Muhammad’s father at the Kaaba to Hubal: "An arrow showed that it was 'Abdullah to be sacrificed. 'Abdul-Muttalib then took the boy to Al-Ka'bah with a razor to slaughter the boy. Quraish, his uncles from Makhzum tribe and his brother Abu Talib, however, tried to dissuade him. They suggested that he summon a she-diviner. She ordered that the divination arrows should be drawn with respect to 'Abdullah as well as ten camels. … the number of the camels (finally) amounted to one hundred. … They were all slaughtered to the satisfaction of Hubal." - Ibn Hisham 1/151-155; Rahmat-ullil'alameen 2/89,90 The Kaaba was originally a place where human sacrifices were made for Hubal. At the Battle of Badr, the pagan opponent of Muhammad, Abu Sufyan, praised the moon god Hubal by saying O Hubal, be high, and Muhammad told his companions to yell Allah is higher, which is commonly phrased in arabic as Allahu Akbar. Muhammad disregarded the moon god when he founded Islam. The question is if Allah is higher than the moon god Hubal, why did the muslims copied the crescent moon and proclaimed it as a symbol for Islam?

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"Indeed, it is We who have sent down to you, [O Muhammad], the Qur'an progressively." - 76:23 This has been copied from Book of Revelation which is the final book of the New Testament. The word revelation is derived from the Biblical Greek apokalypsis, which means unveiling or revelation.

Muhammad copied the name Allah Al-ilah was the title for the Arabian pagan high-god (Hubal the moon God) which means The God, while Al-Liah means the one worshipped. Muhammad's fathers name was Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib. Abdullah and Abdallah are built from arabic words Abd and Allah, which obviously is pre-Islamic since he had his name before Muhammad was born. According to the Book of Idols by the Arabian scholar Hisham Ibn Al-Kalbi (737–819 AD), Al-llah had three daughters; Al-Lat, Uzza and Manat, who also were worshipped, and the Quraysh had to chant the following verses while circumambulating the Kaaba: By Al-Lat and Al-Uzza, And Manat, the third idol besides. Verily they are the gharaniq Whose intercession is to be sought. The name Ilaha was the Nabataean name for God, and is found on documents and coins long before Islam used it for their purpose. The name Allah is also found on rock inscriptions before Islam. For further study, read Personal Names in the Nabatean Realm by Avraham Negev (1991), and The Development of the Arabic Scripts by Beatrice Gruendler (1993).

Islam copied the Basmala The Basmala is Bismillah al-rahman al-rahim which is translated to In the Name of God, the Compassionate, the Merciful. The word Rahman which is translated to 'the merciful' has been derived from the Hebrew word 'raham' or 'rahamim', and has been copied from the Torah. The first known inscription using the word 'rhmnn' is from a pre-Islamic rock inscription in Tell Fekherye in northeast Syria, which has been dated around 850-1000 BC, around 1500 years before Islam. In

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2018 a rock inscription was found in a mountain called Jabal Dabūb in South Arabia, written with a pre-Islamic script, which says ‘bsmlh rhmn rhmn...'. The rock inscription has been dated to late 6th century to early 7th century.

Islam copied the word Quran The word qur'an, which means reading or recitation/lectionary has been borrowed from the Syriac-Aramaic word qeryan-a, which is a term used for a book of liturgical readings. A liturgical reading is customary public worship performed by religious groups. For further study, read The Syro-Aramaic Reading of the Koran by Christoph Luxenberg (2007)

Islam copied the word Surah The word Surah, which means "a book chapter", has been copied from the Syrian language, which predates Islam.

Islam copied the city name Medina The name Medina has been copied from the Hebrew language, which means town.

Islam has copied the word Shaytan The word Shaytan which means Satan, has been borrowed from the Hebrew language, which predates Islam.

Islam coped the word Hajj The word Hajj, which is means a religous festival, has been borrowed from the Hebrew language, called hag.

Muhammad copied circumambulation Circumambulation is the ritual to go into circles around a particular object.

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Muhammad copied this ritual from the pagans which was pre-Islamic. They used to go around the Kaaba to please their moon God Hubal, the 360 deities and of course Al-Illah. Before Muhammad founded Islam and removed Hubal and the 360 deities, it is known that even he used to do that. "I asked Anas bin Malik: "Did you use to dislike to perform Tawaf between Safa and Marwa?" He said, "Yes, as it was of the ceremonies of the days of the Prelslamic period of ignorance, till Allah revealed: 'Verily! (The two mountains) AsSafa and Al-Marwa are among the symbols of Allah. It is therefore no sin for him who performs the pilgrimage to the Ka'ba, or performs 'Umra, to perform Tawaf between them.' " (2.158)" - Sahih al-Bukhari 2:26:710 And then Muhammad banned the pagans from performing the Hajj: "O you who have believed, indeed the polytheists are unclean, so let them not approach al-Masjid al-Haram after this, their [final] year. And if you fear privation, Allah will enrich you from His bounty if He wills. Indeed, Allah is Knowing and Wise." - Quran 9:28 " On the Day of Nahr (10th of Dhul-Hijja, in the year prior to the last Hajj of the Prophet when Abu Bakr was the leader of the pilgrims in that Hajj) Abu Bakr sent me along with other announcers to Mina to make a public announcement: "No pagan is allowed to perform Hajj after this year and no naked person is allowed to perform the Tawaf around the Ka'ba. Then Allah's Apostle sent 'All to read out the Surat Bara'a (At-Tauba) to the people; so he made the announcement along with us on the day of Nahr in Mina: "No pagan is allowed to perform Hajj after this year and no naked person is allowed to perform the Tawaf around the Ka'ba."" Sahih al-Bukhari - 1:8:365 According to the hadith below, he destroyed the idols. “Narrated ‘Abdullah bin Masud: The Prophet entered Mecca and (at that time) there were three hundred-and-sixty idols around the Ka’aba. He started stabbing the idols with a stick he had in his hand and reciting: “Truth (Islam) has come and Falsehood (disbelief) has vanished.” - Sahih al-Bukhari 2478 The ritual of going around the Kabaa seven times is called Tawaf. This is the same number as the hindu marriages (rite of Satphere) where the married couple goes around a fire seven times. In both Islam and India, religious phrases were repeated during while circling around their objects.

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Sa'ee between Safa and Marwa “Narrated ‘Asim: I asked Anas bin Malik: “Did you use to dislike to perform Tawaf between Safa and Marwa?” He said, “Yes, as it was of the ceremonies of the days of the Pre-lslamic period of ignorance, till Allah revealed: ‘Verily! (The two mountains) As-Safa and Al-Marwa are among the symbols of Allah. It is therefore no sin for him who performs the pilgrimage to the Ka’ba, or performs ‘Umra, to perform Tawaf between them.’ ” (2.158) – Sahih Bukhari 2:26:710 When doing the pilgrimage to Mecca, it is a duty doing the Sa'ee between Safa and Marwa. Safa and Marwa are two small mountains very close to the Kaaba where one must go back and forth seven times. This practice was originally from the preIslamic pagan religion, and it was copied and proclaimed it to be another Quranic revelation.

Ihram "Narrated ‘Urwa: I asked ‘Aisha : …But in fact, this divine inspiration was revealed concerning the Ansar who used to assume “Ihram” for worshipping an idol called “Manat” which they used to worship at a place called Al-Mushallal before they embraced Islam, and whoever assumed Ihram (for the idol), would consider it not right to perform Tawaf between Safa and Marwa." - Sahih Bukhari 2:26:706 Ihram is a state a Muslim enters into for his pilgrimage to Mecca, and the designation of the suit consisting of two pieces of white cloth worn by the men during the pilgrimage. Muhammad copied this ritual which was originally a pagan requirement for worshipping their idols. In a pre-Islamic Dadanitic inscription called Rabeler 1, it is written that a man named Madd son of Abdallāh performed a pilgrimage (hgg) to the temple of the tutelary god of Dadan.

Quran copies a talmud "Because of that, We decreed upon the Children of Israel that whoever kills a

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soul unless for a soul or for corruption [done] in the land - it is as if he had slain mankind entirely. And whoever saves one - it is as if he had saved mankind entirely." - Quran 5:32 The Quranic verse above is found to be copied from a jewish talmud. Keep in mind that talmuds is not a part of the Torah or Bible, but is entirely written by humans independently from God's influence. A good analogy is the hadith or tafsir compared to the Quran, the same goes for talmuds compared for the Torah. Below is the quote from the talmud. Keep in mind that there are different wordings of it, two of them are mentioned. “if any man has caused a single life to perish from Israel, he is deemed by Scripture as if he had caused a whole world to perish; and anyone who saves a single soul from Israel, he is deemed by Scripture as if he had saved a whole world.” - Mishnah Sanhedrin 4:5 - Sefaria “Whoever destroys a soul [of Israel], it is considered as if he destroyed an entire world. And whoever saves a life of Israel, it is considered as if he saved an entire world” - Mishnah Sanhedrin 4:5 - Sefaria It was written hundreds of years before Muhammad copied it. What is really special about this, it is not influenced by any Gods or prophets, but is 100% man made by clerics.

There is no God but Allah “There is no God but Allah and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah.” - Quran This has been copied from: "yet for us there is but one God, the Father, from whom all things came and for whom we live; and there is but one Lord, Jesus Christ, through whom all things came and through whom we live." - Corinthians 8:6 (New Testament)) “See now that I myself am he! There is no god besides me. I put to death and I bring to life, I have wounded and I will heal, and no one can deliver out of my hand. - Deuteronomy 32:39 (Old Testament)

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The lunar-based calendar predates Islam in Central Arabia.

Muhammad copied ramadan Ramadan has pagan roots developed in India and the Middle East. According to Ibn al-Nadim (990 AD) and al-Jandrikinieh (1086-1158 AD), an Indian sect fasted when the moon disappeared and ended the fast with a great feast when the crescent reappeared. The Sabians in pre-Islamic Arabia composed of two groups, the Mandaeans and the Harranians. The arabic writer from Iraq, Abu Zanad (747 AD), concluded in his book al-Fahrisit that at least one Mandaeans group performed ramadan. He also mentions that they practiced fasting for thirty days, and in this period they honored the god named Sin, which is the moon god. Furthermore he also describes the sacrifices made for their deity. Another historian, Ibn Al Jawzi (12h century AD), wrote in his Talbis Iblis, that the Harranian fasted thirty days, and ended the month by sacrificing animals and presenting alms to the poor, much of the same as Islam. What is interesting about it that today's muslims eat large meals at sunset and and wake up early in the morning for another big meal before sunrise. Instead of eating simple meals during the days like in other months, they spend sometimes triple or more money on food than normally to arrange elaborate meals. The pagans of Jahiliyah also practiced fasting of Ramadan in pre-Islamic era, which was introduced to Arabia by the Harranians. It was practiced as an Annual Ritual in Harran, a city on the border between Syria and Iraq. Their god was the moon God, and they conducted a fasting that lasted 30 days.

Fasting on the 10th of Muharram "Narrated 'Aisha: 'Ashura' (i.e. the tenth of Muharram) was a day on which the tribe of Quraish used to fast in the pre-lslamic period of ignorance. The Prophet also used to fast on this day. So when he migrated to Medina, he fasted on it and ordered (the Muslims) to fast on it. When the fasting of Ramadan was enjoined, it became optional for the people to fast or not to fast on the day of Ashura." The pagan tribe Quraish (which Muhammad belonged to) fasted on the 10th of

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Muharram which is the first month of the moon calendar. Muhammad copied this ritual to Islam but made it optional.

Dhul-Qarnayn And they ask you, [O Muhammad], about Dhul-Qarnayn. Say, “I will recite to you about him a report.” - Quran 18:83-101 The story in Quran 18:83-102 is very similar to the story of the Syriac Alexander the Great. However there are different accounts of him, that is in Alexander Romance, which is the traditional one, and in the first edition of the Syriac work called Neshanâ dîlehd-Aleksandrôs, translated to The Glorious Deeds of Alexander, but has recently been nicknamed to the Alexander Legend by scholars. It is believed to have been written around 628-30 AD to boost the reign of Heraclius after his victory in 628 AD, but before the Islamic conquest of Mesopotamia in 636 AD. Below is a comparison of the two stories. Dhul-Qarnayn (Quran) 18:83: And they ask you, [O Muhammad], about The Two-Horned One (Dhul-Qarnayn). Say, "I will recite to you about him a report." 18:84: Indeed We established him upon the earth, and We gave him to everything a way. 18:85: So he followed a way

18:86: Until, when he reached the setting of the sun, he found it [as if] setting in a spring of dark mud, and he found near it a people. Allah said, "O Dhul-Qarnayn, either you punish [them] or else adopt among them [a way of] goodness."

Neshanâ dîlehd-Aleksandrôs Alexander put horns upon his head

God gives him power over the entire earth He and his 7000 Egyptian workers of brass and iron sat sail for four months and twelve days They reached a distant land. They go to a place of bright water, where the sun enters when it sets

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18:87: He said, "As for one who wrongs, we will punish him. Then he will be returned to his Lord, and He will punish him with a terrible punishment. 18:88: But as for one who believes and does righteousness, he will have a reward of Paradise, and we will speak to him from our command with ease." 18:89: Then he followed a way 18:90: Until, when he came to the rising of the sun, he found it rising on a people for whom We had not made against it any shield. 18:91: Thus. And We had encompassed [all] that he had in knowledge. 18:92: Then he followed a way

To test the potency of the poisonous water, Alexander tested it with the prisoners who were condemned to death. He asked that the evil-doers (wrong-doers) be brought to him Those who were not condemned were not tested

Alexander and his crew then followed the course of the sun to the east They reached to a place where the sun rises, it becomes so hot that the indigenous people flee the rising sun to hide in the water of the sea and in caves.

Alexander and his crew again sail further, to the headwaters of the Euphrates and the Tigris They reached northwards into mountains, with a narrow pass

18:93: Until, when he reached [a pass] between two mountains, he found beside them a people who could hardly understand [his] speech. 18:94: They said, "O Dhul-Qarnayn, They complain about the Huns, in indeed Gog and Magog are [great] which the name of the kings are Gog corrupters in the land. So may we and Magog assign for you an expenditure that you might make between us and them a barrier?" 18:95: He said, "That in which my Lord Alexander proposed to build a wall of has established me is better [than what brass and iron to block the Huns from you offer], but assist me with strength; entering. I will make between you and them a dam.

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18:96: Bring me sheets of iron" - until, when he had leveled [them] between the two mountain walls, he said, "Blow [with bellows]," until when he had made it [like] fire, he said, "Bring me, that I may pour over it molten copper." 18:97: So Gog and Magog were unable to pass over it, nor were they able [to effect] in it any penetration. 18:98: [Dhul-Qarnayn] said, "This is a mercy from my Lord; but when the promise of my Lord comes, He will make it level, and ever is the promise of my Lord true." 18:99: And We will leave them that day surging over each other, and [then] the Horn will be blown, and We will assemble them in [one] assembly. 18:100: And We will present Hell that Day to the Disbelievers, on display 18:101: Those whose eyes had been within a cover [removed] from My remembrance, and they were not able to hear. 18:102: Then do those who disbelieve think that they can take My servants instead of Me as allies? Indeed, We have prepared Hell for the disbelievers as a lodging.

They build the wall together with the Egyptian workers with brass and iron

Alexander puts an inscription on the gate, saying that the Lord will gather together the kings and their hosts

What is interesting is that they are both written in the same chronological order. For the full explanation and comparison between Quran 18:83-102 and Alexander Legend, read The Quran And Its Historical Context, edited by Gabriel Said Reynolds (2007) and The Apocalypse of Empire: Imperial Eschatology in Late Antiquity and Early Islam by Stephen J. Shoemaker (2018). According to the first book mentioned, the probability of the Quran to be a copy of the Alexander Legend is predominat rather than the opposite due to how the quranic text is composed. The allusive quranic language presumes that the readers

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already know the legend. In the second book, it is described that previous versions of the Alexander Legend may have been circulating around already in the early 6th century.

The Jinns The term jinn (or genies) predates Islamic era and is derived from the Aramaic word ginnaya, which means tutelary deity, a deity or spirit who guards or protects a person or a place. The latin term genii in ancient Rome, which is the plural form of the latin word genius, was referred to a spirit that watched over every man. The women also had a similar spirit, which was called juno. In ancient Rome, some spirits were evil spirits, and those were called evil genius. It also influenced Aladdin from One Thousand and One Nights (The Arabian Nights). The term also has roots in ancient Mesopotamian legends. The word genie itself is derived from the french word génie, which is again derived from the latin word genius. Jinns are also almost identically described as shedim in the talmudic Shedim, with only slight differences.

Beads Beads are among the earliest human ornaments and has been used known many ancient civilizations. However, the first person to to use and recommand the prayer rope was St. Pachomius (292-348 AD) in the 4th century, who was a monk and one of the desert Fathers and founders of Monasticism. The prayer rope consisted of 33 knots, which represented the 33 years of Jesus' life on Earth.

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Chapter 5: The truth about Golden Age of Islam inventions

Introduction This is the chapter that helps people not to believe in the claims about the inventions and discoveries of the medieval Islam. The long story short is that most of the inventions and discoveries actually existed in pre-Islamic eras, from the Egyptians, Greeks, Hindus and Romans, Persians, and then made some small modifications and thus it seemed like they were the genius. Although there is a fraction which are original inventions and discoveries, probably around 90% of them are not. Therefore there is nothing really Golden about the age, especially when the Golden itself was the compiling and collecting all the knowledge from different civilizations and made single books out of topics collected from different regions. The medieval Islam was also the era of Jihad, which were spread to Spain in the west, and India in the east. The truth is that these advancements, claimed by many, are mainly knowledge of non-believers which were held enslaved or killed. Furthermore many of the discoveries and inventions are mostly not because of the Arabs, but the Persians. Arabians would probably had never came to their golden age without the help of the persians. Persians were before, during and after, an important civilization.

The Arabs have invented university The first claim to start with is that the University of Al Qarawiyyin by Fatima was the first university in the world, and therefore it makes Islam the true religion. This is however not the case and not true. The first universities were the following: University at Takshashila in Bharat – 600 BC to 500 AD The Platonic Academy of Athens – 428 BC to 86 AD The Gondishapur University - 271 AD - today Nalanda University in Bihar – 500 AD to 1193 AD University of Valabhi in Valabhi - 600 AD - 1200 AD Odantapuri University in Bihar - 700 AD - 1193 AD Vikramshila University in Bihar - 800 AD - 1193 AD Somapura University in Bangladesh - 800 AD - 1000 AD Jagaddala Universtiy in Varendra - 1050 AD - 1150 AD By looking at the list above, it is clear that the University by the Islamic age is not the oldest university in the world, and the Arabs never invented the university. One of the oldest universities ever is the Nalanda University, which was build around 500 AD, about 100 years before the time of Muhammad. The only reason

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why it does not longer exist, is simply because the muslims themselves destroyed the university, specifically Mohammed Bakhtiyar Khilji, in which he destroyed it in 1200 AD, and massacred the defenceless buddhist monks, Hindus scholars and violated the nuns. The same fate also happened to Vikramshila University. The Gondishapur University, built in 271 AD, about 400 years before Muhammad, is the world's oldest existing university, and has also been recognized as the first university in the world. So one might ask himself, what exactly did the Arabs then invent? They simply invented the diploma. As time passed, the world became more advanced from different civilizations, from the earliest civilizations to the Egyptians, the Greeks, the Persians, the Hindus, the Chinese, the Romans and then to the Arabs. At this time knowledge and science became too wide and hard for a single person to learn, so the solution was to invent a diploma for that specific area of knowledge. It doesn’t require a leap of imagination when the university was already invented. Fatima did not built a university Fatima in the 9th century did not built a university, but a 46.60x17.20 meter private prayer hall in 859 AD where she could perform her private Namaz. The prayer hall was later converted into a Khutba mosque in 919 AD by Zanata amir Ahmad b. Abi 'I-Sa'id, from the jizya tax which was imposed on the Christians. The Almoravids Empire (1040-1147 AD) developed it into a Madrasa and a teaching center in the 12th century. For further study, read The Encyclopedia of Islam by VB Lewis (Brill new Edition, volume 6, 1997). The continually running university As mentioned before, the Gondishapur University, built in 271 AD, has been recognized as the oldest university in the world, but it has had its pauses during its 1750 years history. The University of Al Qarawiyyin, which is only around 800 years old as a teaching center, has been running continually without pauses, and this is the reason why there is debate which one is the oldest university. However, looking at the Mosques in India which had been destroyed by the Muslims, they could have easily been the oldest continually running universities. Aibak destroyed the Sanskrit College of Visaladeva in India, and he laid the foundation of a wellknown mosque in 1199 AD, known as Adhai Din ka Jhompada, and still stands today.

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They invented modern chemistry This can nothing be further from the real truth. The modern chemistry used today in many fields, and not just chemistry, is only about 200-300 years old. It comprises of organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, biochemistry, spectroscopy, physical chemistry, quantum chemistry, environmental chemistry, organic synthesis, medicinal natural products, medicinal chemistry and more. Any person who studies and studied chemistry, biochemistry, medicinal chemistry, pharmacy, molecular biology knows that all these chemistry fields were invented after the 16th century. There are two different kinds of chemistry, the old chemistry which nobody had an idea what happened, and the atomic and molecular chemistry, which nothing of it didn't exist before the year 1600, if not later. The Romans viewed matter as discrete particles somehow linked together, which is somehow true, but it still is not modern chemistry. Much of today's modern chemistry is based on analytical spectroscopy, whether it is NMR, UV, IR, MS spectroscopy - without it, modern chemistry would still not have evolved. Spectroscopy was invented in 1859 by the German chemist Robert Wilhelm Bunsen and the German physicist Gustav Robert Kirchhoff. In short, people in ancient times had no idea what they did.

The numbers came from the Arabs This statement that the numbers we have today are derived from the Arabs is not true. While it is called the Hindu-Arabic numerical, it was really the Hindus who developed it first centuries before Islam. Aryabhata of Kusumapura was the person who developed the place-value notation in the 5th century, and then in 6th century Brahmagupta introduced the symbol for zero. Today even the Arabs call the numericals we have today for Raqam Al-Hind, which is translated to Hindu numerical system, and not Hindu-Arabic. It was due to the expansion of the trade-market and wars, these numericals from the Hindus spread out to the Middle-East. So the question is, what exactly did the muslims in the medieval Islam then invent? In the next page, an illustration has been made to answer this question. As it is seen all numericals were invented by the Hindus. The numerical 5 is not listed here, but it can be seen from the hindu scripture called Bakhshali manuscript from about the 3rd century, which stood for number 8. Furthermore they just

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rearranged some of the numbers, and adjusted the appearance very little, and thus the numericals came to. It is important to note that the Europeans further modified it later, so basically the muslims were only an intermediate for the development of the numericals.

Arabs invented the camera obscura One of the important claims is that without the medieval Islam, we wouldn't have had cameras. Both statements are false. First of all inventions can be reinvented, especially the camera obscura and pinhole camera. Second of all, both of them were actually invented and discovered before the medieval Islam by the Chinese and Greeks. 400 BC: Mo-ti, who was the founder of Mohism, is generally attributed to have been the first to mention the basic concept of a pinhole camera. 350 BC: The first experiments with the camera obscura and optics in general were made by the ancient Greeks around 400 BC (1000 years before Islam). Aristotle used the pinhole camera to observe the sun during a partial solar eclipse, using gaps between leaves of trees and holes in a sieve. He also was the first to introduce optic laws, who observed that the sun made circular images when it shined through a square hole. 300 BC: Euclid noticed the passing of light in a straight line. 300 AD: Theon of Alexandria also noticed the passing of light in a straight line. 500 AD: Anthemius of Tralles used a type of camera obscura in his experiments. As it is easily demonstrated the pin-hole camera and camera obscura were known to man-kind long before the Islamic age. The question is, what exactly did Alhazan then do? In short, he used a screen so an image from one side of a hole in the surface could be projected at the screen on the other. In other words, it is a projecting of the light, not a camera. In fact, cameras today do not use this technique to capture light, but use charge-coupled device (CCD) or the active-pixel sensor (CMOS sensor). What this means is that the technique by Alhazan is not even used in modern day to capture the image into the sensor, because modern cameras capture the light straight in a line, from the lens to the image sensor, directly linear. Another misconception is that Alhazan was the first to propose the intromission theory, that is that light enters the eye, contra to not emission theory where rays emitted from the eyes percieves the object. This is however not true, since Aristotle ( first proposed it in his book On Sense and the Sensible. Alhazan also explained how light enters the pinhole camera

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mathematically, that light travels the shortest distance which is the reason why it becomes and upside down image. This is of course a fine achievement, but definetely not the most important in the camera development. What is more important is the development of the camera after the Islamic age, which is the very hard part of the evolution. This means that an 8K RED camera today was definitely not a result of Alhazan, where he used a screen so an image from one side of a hole in the surface could be projected at the screen on the other. The explanation of the camera obscura mathematically would sooner or later had been explained by another scientist, as it is an obvious scientific discovery. Shortly, the hard part of the camera development began after 1600. Another aspect that has not been covered is the TV or a monitor to show the digital images or frames in a video (with binary, 0's and 1's). For example how does a QLED work? The answer is that it is needed to have a career in software technology, electrical engineering or similar to have an understanding of a QLED and how to reconstruct it. By reading about a QLED on the World Wide Web, won’t make people being able to reproduce a QLED from scratch, but on the other hand it is possible for anyone to reproduce a projecting of light by using a screen so an image from one side of a hole in the surface could be projected at the screen on the other side, even by 12 years old. Now what is fascinating these days is that is not neccesary to have a camera to make a cinematic movie, simply because one can make 3D animated movies with the help of different 3D software. Below is the list of the camera development. • 4th century BC: Chinese invented the camera obscura. • 1906: Johannes Kepler was the first to suggest to use a lens to improve the image which is projected by a camera obscura. • 1664-1666: Isaac Newton discovered that white light is composed of different colors by using a prism, an important discovery in camera development. • 1700s: Thomas Wedgwood got the idea to create permanent photographs by capturing camera images on material coated with a light-sensitive chemical. • 1727: Johann Heinrish Schulze discovered that silver nitrate darkened when exposed to light, which can be used to create an image based on light intensity. • 1807: William Hyde Wollaston patented the camera lucida. • 1822: Nicéphore Niépce invented the first photographic process, called Heliography • 1827: French Joseph Nicéphore Niépce (1765–1833) made the world’s first oldest surviving photograph. • 1829: Louis Daguerre reduced exposure time to less than 30 minutes, and

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keep the image from disappearing afterwards. • 1835: William Henry Fox Talbot invented the photographic negative process, and took the first ever negative image • 1839: Louis Daguerre invented the photos on silver plates that became known as daguerreotypes. • 1839: Mungo Ponton presented his discovery of the light-sensitive quality of sodium dichromate to be used as a method of permanent photography. • 1841: William Henry Fox Talbot introduced the calotype photographic process • 1842: John Herschel invented the cyanotype process • 1850: Levi Hill invented heliochromy, a color photography process capable of basic rendering of reds and blues. • 1851: Frederick Scott Archer developed a method to take pin-sharp photos onto wet glass plates, the wet plate collodion photographic process, which only needed 2-3 seconds of light exposure. • 1854: James Ambrose Cutting received three patents for improvements of the Ambrotype photography, a wet plate collodion process • 1855: James Clerk Maxwell invented the modern three-color photography, by proposing that if three black-and-white photographs were shot through red, green and blue filters and transparent prints of the images were projected onto a screen using three projectors equipped with similar filters, when superimposed on the screen the result would be complete reproduction of all the colours in the scene. This method was neither chemical or electronic. The graphic design industry today uses his three color method, called the RGBcolor. • 1856: Alphonse Louis Poitevin invented the collotype photographic • process. • 1856: Hamilton Smith patented the tintypes. • 1859: Thomas Sutton patented the panoramic camera. • 1861: Coleman Sellers invented the kinematoscope, an early cinema camera • Louis Arthur Ducos du Hauron invented a new method of color photography, using both additive and subtractive methods. The discovery of dye sensitization helped him to achieve it. • 1861: Oliver Wendell Holmes invented the stereoscope viewer. • 1870s: Richard Maddox invented a technique to take photos using dry plates and gelatin. • 1877: George R. Carey invented a selenium telectroscope, which is a camera projecting moving images to a distant point. It is the • precursor of television. • 1878: Eadweard Muybridge used multiple cameras to capture motion in stop-

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motion photographs. • 1878: Frederick Charles Luther Wratten invented the noodling process of silver-bromide gelatin emulsions before washing. • 1881: David Houston invented the roll film for cameras. • 1882: Étienne-Jules Marey invented a chronophotographic photography gun • 1884. George Eastman invented the paper-strip photographic film, the modern photographic film. • 1888: George Eastman launched his easy-to-use Kodak camera. His slogan was: “You push the button and we do the rest.” • 1894: Auguste and Louis Lumière invented the portable motion picture camera, the cinematographe, which is a combination of a • movie camera and a projector. • 1894: John Joly devised an additive colour photographic process for producing images from a single photographic plate, called the Joly colour screen • 1898: Hannibal Goodwin patented the celluloid photographic film. • 1899: Joshua Cohen invented the electric flash-lamp for photography • 1900: Eastman Kodak invented their first Brownie camera • 1904: Lucien Bull developed the field of chronophotography • 1905: Pathé Frères invented the first commercially successful stencil color photography process, which became one of the most accurate and reliable stencil coloring systems • 1907: Lumière brothers invented the Autochrome Lumière, the first color photography process • 1910: Robert W. Wood first published infrared photographs • 1913: Oskar Barnack invented the first 35 mm film miniature still camera. • 1923: Samuel Shlafrock invented the instant camera • Philo Farnsworth transmitted the first image at his laboratory with his electronic image dissector television camera tube • 1929: Arthur C. Pillsbury invented the first X-Ray motion picture camera • 1929: Unknown invented the twin-lens-reflex camera. • 1930: Arthur C. Pillsbury invented the Underwater Motion Picture Camera • 1930: Bernhard Schmidt invented the Schmidt Camera • 1930: Paul Vierkotter invented the photoflash bulb, by using magnesiumcoated wire in an evacuated glass globe. • 1933: Ub Iwerks invented multiplane camera • 1933: Vladimir K. Zworykin and his group launched the first practical cathode ray tube television camera, called the iconoscope • 1934: Kodak invented the 135 film cartridge with the Kodak Retina camera. It made 35mm film easier to handle • 1939: Semyon Kirlian invented the Kirlian photography

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• 1947: Edwin Land invented the polaroid camera, the Land Camera. It is the first practical instant camera. • 1957: Hal Anger developed the gamma camera (scintillation camera) • 1959: Agfa invented the Optima, which was the first fully automatic camera • Pentax Spotmatic invented single-lens reflex (SLR) camera. With this invention they pioneered through-the-lens metering • 1960: EG&G invented extreme depth underwater camera for the U.S. Navy. • 1963: Edwin Land invented the color polaroid camera. • 1964: Fernando Alves Martins became the first person to build a gastrocamera • 1966: NASA took the first ever image of Earth behind the moon • 1969: AT&T Bell Lab invented the CCD, which is used as the electronic imager in photo cameras and video cameras • 1975: Steven Sasson invented the digital camera, a self-contained, portable digital camera, with the first electronic based on CCD. • 1980: Fujio Masuoka invented flash memory (both NOR and NAND types), which is found in USB flash drives, MP3 players, digital cameras and solidstate drives • 1981: Sony developed the world’s first digital electronic still camera. • 1985: Pixar demonstrates digital imaging processor. • 1986: Fuji developed the first disposable camera. • 2000s: Cell phones with built-in digital cameras • 2003: Kodak released the first digital camera with an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display • 2008: Germany developed the camera pill (capsule endoscopy) • 2010: Sony developed the Alpha A55 Camera, the first camera that does not blink when taking a photograph, which increases its shooting speed • 2012: Engineers developed 50-gigapixel camera, by constructing it with 98 small cameras into one device • 2013: Heriot-Watt University scientists developed a new camera system that can create high resolution 3D-photographs, as far as up to one km away • 2014: Researchers demonstrated the fastest receive-only 2D camera in the world, with 100 billion frames per second • 2015: Researchers used quantum dots to produce a 0,0092 mm^2 photograph at a resolution of 25.000 dpi. • 2018: INRS invented the world's fastest camera, T-CUP, which is able to capture 10 trillion frames per second So let's recap again what Alhazan did: He used used a screen so an image from one side of a hole in the surface could be projected at the screen on the other side This is clearly a sarcastic statement, meaning that not is it not used to capture light

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in modern cameras, but even if it were, it would not have been very significant. He also mathematically explained why the image is upside down, which is a fine achievement, but really not the most important, or even not the most difficult. It is clear that all these photographic techniques, which are the more important inventions in the camera development, are the main topics of the camera. For example the camera hardware and techniques are too essential, like the image sensor, processor chip, shutter speed, ISO, aperture, turning it to RAW files and JPEG files, flash capacitor, battery compartment, and others. To answer the main question of this section, no, Alhazan did not discover pin-hole camera and camera obscura.

Arabs invented pharmacopoeia For those who don’t study pharmacy, the modern Pharmacopoeia is the complete book of pharmaceutical medicine, their characteristics, how to identify them with different tests and others. The book is about 2000 pages. Below is a description of the different subjects in the book about an active ingredient: • Definition: molecular formula or similar • Characters: the appearance and the solubility • Identification: their melting point, specific optical rotation, chromatograms, Infrared absorption spectrophotometry, • Tests: how to identify them with different chemicals, or with chromatography, absorbance, test with heavy metals, loss of drying, sulphated ash • Storage: for example if it is necessary to protect the active ingredient from oxidation caused by light • Impurities: when a medicine is synthesized there can be impurities This basically means that an active ingredient in the pharmaceutical field is based on modern chemistry, modern physics, and modern medicinal chemistry. The modern pharmacopoeia was not known before the 16th century since it was not known about molecules, g/mol or similar. The question is, did the medieval Islam create the first pharmacopoeia? The answer is no. There were actually others that existed before to the medieval Islamic age, and those were: • 1500 BC: Edwin Smith Papyrus in Egypt, Pliny’s pharmacopoeia • 50 AD: De Materia Medica by Pedanius Dioscorides. It is considered to be the

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precursor to all modern pharmacopoeias today • 200 AD: Shen-nung Pen-tsao Ching (Divine Husbandman’s Materia Medica), the first known Chinese pharmacopoeia. It describes 365 pharmaceuticals derived from plants, animals, and minerals. The three above pharmacopoeias were all written before the medieval age of Islam, where Ibn Baytar from Malaga wrote his pharmacopeia around 1200 AD, which is about 1000 years after the pharmacopeia by Pedanius Dioscorides, where his pharmacopoeia is the basis of modern pharmacopoeias. It is worth noting that none of them are modern in themselves since it is necessary to know the chemical formula and modern chemistry to understand pharmaceuticals.

The Arabs created the modern pharmacy Some give statements that Jabir ibn Hayyan created the modern pharmacy. This is simply not true. Today modern pharmacy is based on modern chemistry, which is only about 200-400 years old, and completely different from what was known before. Modern pharmacy furthermore includes: • Physiology, pharmacology, biochemistry, organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, physical chemistry, biomedical, medicine, anatomy, natural products chemistry, immunology, toxicology. All these branches described didn't exist before the 15th century, except anatomy, but even anatomy wasn't that advanced. Furthermore modern pharmacy specifically is about: • Pharmaceutical excipients, bioavailability, biopharmacy, routes of administration, granulation, drying, compressing, coating, filtration, sterile filtration, sterilization, preformulation, stability, autoclave, and much more. None of these terms and field existed before the 15th century, not even the route of administration as it is known today, because it depends of pharmaceutical excipients. In short the medieval Islam did not invent the modern pharmacy, simply because modern pharmacy is about modern chemistry, immunology, biochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology and others. All these fields are only 200-300 years old, a maximum of 400 years old. On the next page an illustration has been made, demonstrating how modern medicine works.

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The Arabs made the first hospital The statement that the medieval Islamic age created the first hospital, is not true. The earliest documented examples of ancient institutions to provide healthcare came from the ancient Egyptians and the ancient Greeks. The chinese buddhist monk, Fa Xian (400 AD) who travelled across India, wrote the following: “The heads of the Vaishya [merchant] families in them [all the kingdoms of north India] establish in the cities houses for dispensing charity and medicine. All the poor and destitute in the country, orphans, widowers, and childless men, maimed people and cripples, and all who are diseased, go to those houses, and are provided with every kind of help, and doctors examine their diseases. They get the food and medicines which their cases require, and are made to feel at ease; and when they are better, they go away of themselves.”. This description of a civic hospital is the earliest known account. Furthermore the earliest known encyclopaedia of medicine in Sanskrit is the Carakasamhita (Compendium of Caraka) by Dominik Wujastyk (150 AD). It describes a hospital should be equipped. The oldest known hospital in the world is the Mihintale Hospital, dated to be around mid 9th century. Even the Romans build the buildings called valetudinaria for the care of sick slaves, gladiators, and soldiers around 100 BC. King Pandukabhaya (4th - 5th century) had lying-in-homes and hospitals (Sivikasotthi-Sala) built in various parts of the country, according to the Mahavamsa written in 6th century AD, which is the ancient chronicle of Sinhalese royalty. Furthermore the medieval Islam did not have faculties under medical schools, and neither a system of academic evaluation and certification, in contrast to medieval Europe which had. In short, the Arabs did not invent the hospital, but they are credited to make the first general hospital.

The Arabs were the first who proposed evolution The first who proposed evolutionary theory were Anaximander, Empedocles, and Lucretius. 600 BC: Anaximander wrote On Nature, which was a poem that has been lost during history. The complete work is lost, however other people had quoted parts

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of the book. He postulated that animals evolved into what they are today due to environmental adaptation from other animals, and originally all life began in the sea. 400 BC: Empedocles postulated that the first living beings were some type of disembodied organs, which were evolved into the creatures we observe today, caused by the ongoing process of attraction and repulsion. 50 BC: Lucretius wrote On the Nature of Things where he described his evolutionary theory. He described that life began through a combination of elements (which is true in the molecular sense). He described that chance was responsible for life's creation, which is also one of the modern statement about evolution. He claimed that monster-like creatures were extinct due to naturalselection, and those who survived, had strength, speed or intelligence. Lucretius failed in the field where he claimed that animals from the land could not evolve from the sea, and he neither believed that one animal could evolve from another one. Reading the theories from Anaximander, Empedocles and Lucretius, it is obvious that the modern evolutionary theory is a combination of those three. Generally the evolutionary theory was hypothesized 1000 years before medieval Islam. Even though the ancient Greeks or any other ancient civilization hypothesized the theory of evolution, it is absolutely not the same as the modern theory, and interestingly enough, it is not even the same as the theory as Charles Darwin. What it specifically means is that Charles Darwin only based it on observations, and not on experiments and facts. The modern way of proving the theory are through many different pathways. Firstly, archaeologists, palaeontologists and scientists discover the bones of a species, whether it is human or an animal. Then the bones are dated with the help of carbon-isotope dating or uranium-lead dating, depending on how old the bones are. The carbon-isotope dating only goes up to 60.000 years, and uranium-lead dating goes up in billions, but they both confirm each other in their intersection. With the dating techniques, scientists have given an age of the bones. The second way is to collect the DNA from the bones, analyse them and register dem in a database. This way the scientists have the age of all ancient bones in a timeline with their age, together with their DNA. This way they can see the change of the DNA through time, from generation to generation. For each of these generations, the next one has for the first time ever emerged out of nowhere, and the other previous ones has died off. The DNA confirms exactly their similarity

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and difference for each generation of species, together with their appearances. Furthermore geneticist today observe mutations on their daily basis, for example bacteria who became resistant to antibiotics in the laboratories, where they are able to precisely find the mutated gene with the nucleic acids. The below points are the important ways to confirm the evolution: • • • •

Dating the bones how old they are (carbon- or uranium-lead dating) DNA to confirm similarities that they are indeed on the same family Appearance (Charles Darwin method) One human species has died off, while another emerges (with the help of carbon- and uranium-lead dating) • Geneticist today see mutation on a daily basis on humans and animals by analysing their DNA and proteins. In the next page, a figure with all the fields that confirm evolution is illustrated. All these factors and scientific fields contributed so the theory of evolution became a fact. Therefore in the ancient times, even though there were people who proposed the theory, they had no evidence to support it, not even Darwin. Richard Dawkins made a statement about this: “Evolution is a fact, as securely established as any in science, and he who denies it betrays woeful ignorance and lack of education, which likely extends to other fields as well.” ~ Richard Dawkins Dawkins mentions the other fields, and those other fields are basically those illustrated on the next page, and possibly more. These fields are the very essence of science and is the core of any science, health and even some engineering, like environmental engineering or chemical engineering. Thus it is important to know and understand those fields in order for them to understand the core of science and evolution. Books to read in order to only have the fundamentals of evolution: 1. First year general biology: 1500 pages 2. First year general chemistry: 1500 pages 3. Biochemistry: 1000 pages 4. Molecular biology: 1000 pages 5. Organic chemistry: 500 pages 6. Medicinal chemistry: 400 pages 7: Anatomy: 500 pages 8: Physiology: 500 pages 9: Pharmacology: 1000 pages

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10. Immunology: 1000 pages 11. Natural product chemistry: 500 pages 12. Toxicology: 1000 pages After you have read all these books and solved the problems and made the experiments, then you are not even half way to understand evolution fully. It would probably take up to 10 years with these books, together with solving the problems and performing the experiments, and then there are more. It is not that evolution is a direct discipline, it is an indirect field due to these books mentioned above and many others. We don't stand here and defend evolution, we are proving that immunology is real, and when immunology is real, evolution too. Same with biochemistry, and organic chemistry. Evolution follows automatically. So when people are trying to disprove evolution, they are trying to disprove organic chemistry, biochemistry, molecular biology, and those others and you can't. Because the same reactions with enzymes that happens in our body, happens in animals, happens in plants, and happens in the laboratory. Some may wonder why astronomy is on the list, but in fact, astronomy is one of

the most important fields to confirm evolution. Firstly, the uranium-lead dating of dinosaurs are determined to be around 100-400 million years ago, and the Earth itself has been determined to be around 4,5 billion years with this technique. Now astronomers determined the age of the universe to be about 13 billion years, by measuring the rate of expansion of the universe, called the Hubble Constant.

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Putting these three together, where the universe is 13 billion years old (with math), the earth is 4,5 billion years (with chemistry), and the dinosaurs are around 300 million years old (with chemistry), it is easy to tell that there is a timeline in a correct manner. The other ways to determine evolution through astronomy are the discoveries in outer space. For example it was announced in 2014 that the complex molecule iso-propyl cyanide has been discovered near the galactic core in an abundant quantity. This molecule is similar to an amino-acid which is basically the building block for proteins and crucial for all cells. Back in 2009 several different amino acids were found on a comet called Comet Wild 2. In the year of 2012, astronomers detected glycolaldehyde, a sugar molecule, in a star very far away about 400 light years away. What is interesting about this molecule is that it is needed to form RNA, which is the macromolecule needed to produce DNA. The discovery may hint that complex molecules arrived on young planets early in their formation. In 2012 NASA experimented with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the interstellar medium (environment similar to space), and with hydrogenation, oxygenation and hydroxylation, they managed to produce complex organic molecules, which is a step closer to DNA. What is important about PAHs is that astronomers constantly find them in outer space, whether it is on a planet, on space, or on comets. In 2017, astronomers discovered acrylonitrile on Saturn's moon, Titan (vinyl cyanide, C2H3CN), an organic compound essential for life, cell membranes and vesicles. In 2019 astronomers detected ribose in meteorites, which is the molecule for building DNA and ATP. This discovery could hint that life came from space. Finally in 2019, scientists identified 6331 groups of genes that are the same in all living animals today. This hints that the living animals today may have risen from a common ancestor, and with the help of uranium-lead dating, the researchers could postulate that the single ancestor lived around 650 million years ago. Example of a biological experiment proving evolution A biologist put flies into a cave of their own in complete darkness, in a span of 57 years, which is equal to about 1400 generations of the fly species. What it showed was that there were changes in the DNA from the fly compared to those who lived in daylight.

The Arabs made the first world map The claim that muslims created the first world map is not true. Below is a list of

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the world maps that were created before. 200 BC: Eratosthenes was called the Father of Geography. When he was the chief librarian at the Library of Alexandria, he wrote a three-volume geographical treatise, which included a world map. The world map itself has been lost in the course of history, possibly due to the arabs burning 700.000 books, but the treatise only exists in fragments preserved by different authors, where the most important was Strabo. In the year of 1883 a reconstruction of his world map was made. 100 BC: Posidonius' ideas about the positioning of the continents were reconstructed in the year 1628. 10 AD: Strabo's Geographica contains a map of Europe. Later the written text of Strabos were used to construct a world map. 50 AD: Pomponius Melas' ideas of the world map were reconstructed into a world map. 150 AD: Ptolemy's world maps have been lost, however the oldest surviving Ptolemaic world map was redrawn around the year 1300. The problem with all the ancient maps, before Al-Idrisi’s map and Ibn Hawqals map, is that they have been lost. The only one that has survived is the redrawn version of Ptolemy from around 1300. It is furthermore worth noting that AlIdrisi and Ibn Hawqals used methods to draw their maps that belonged to earlier civilizations, for example from the works of Ptolemy.

The Arabs were the first to calculate the circumference of the earth Some people claim that the Arabs were the first to calculate the circumference of the earth, which is simply wrong. The first person to calculate the circumference of the earth was Eratosthenes (276-194 BC) in ancient Greece. His method to calculate the circumference was described in his book which has not been lost, but has been preserved in a simplified version by Cleomedes. Cleomedes measured the angle of the shadows in both Alexandria and Syene, which had a difference of 7,2 degrees, and ordered people to measure the distance from those two cities, which was around 800 kilometre. By using these two numbers he calculated the circumference of the earth to be 250000 Egyptian stadio, which is equal to 39375 km,which is a difference of 699 km, or 1.7% difference from the currently accepted circumference of the Earth. However, Eratosthenes measured it to 252000 Egyptian stadia, and since one stadia equals 157.5 meters, then his measurement would be 39690 km, which is a difference of 384 km, or

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0,96% difference from the currently accepted circumference of the Earth. That is extremely close considering he did that for 2200 years ago! Posidonius (135-51 BC) also calculated the circumference of the Earth before Islam, by measureing the elevation of the star Canopus, on the Island of Rhodes and Alexandra. He calculated it to be 38,647 km, which is a difference of 1361 km, or 3,4% from the currently accepted circumference of the Earth. Al-Biruni developed a method using trigonometric calculations, where he used the angle between a plain and mountain top. This made it possible to only use one location by one person. But the problem with his calculations was that they were inaccurate compared to Erastosthenes. The astronomers of Al-Ma’mun's determined it also, but again they weren't as accurate as the difference was 600 km from the currently accepted circumference, compared to the Greeks which was only 66km. The Greeks circumference remain the most précis in more than 2000 years.

The Arabs were the first to calculate the axial tilt This is not true. It was was accurately measured as early as 1100 BC in India and China. Pytheas of Marseilles measured the axial tilt in 350 BC, about 1000 years before Islam.

The Arabs calculated pi Archimedes of Syracuse was the first person to calculate Pi, around 250 BC. By 600 AD, the Chinese had calculated pi to seven digits, and the indians calculated it to five digits. Madhava of Sangamagrama discovered Madhava–Leibniz series, which is the infinite series for π, and calculated pi to 11 decimals. Later he calculated pi to 13 decimals by using another method. In medieval Islam, Jamshīd al-Kāshī went from 13 decimals to 17 decimals, only four decimals. In 1600 AD, Ludolph Van Ceulen calculated pi to 35 decimals. In 1789 Jurij Vega calculated it to 140 decimals. Today pi has been calculated to trillions of decimals. Basically Jamshīd al-Kāshī jumped a minor step with only 4 decimals, which is not a large step compared to the others before him, and after him.

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The Arabs invented the Guitar Some claim that the medieval age of Islam invented the guitar. This is not the case. Archaeologists have discovered bowl harps and tanburs which dates around 15002000 BC. The oldest preserved instrument that resembles a guitar is 3500 years old, which belonged to Har-Mose, an Egyptian singer. The ancient Greeks used the instrument called kithara. The oldest known iconographic representation of a guitar is carved at Alaca Huyuk in Turkey, dated to be around 1300 BC, which is a representation of an old Hittite "guitar". The Persians invented the four-stringed persian chartar (tar), and the persian setar, which are considered to be the forerunner of modern day guitars. The short-necked lutes called barbat or barbud was invented in Bactria and Gandhara of the Sasanian Empire (224–651 AD), which reminds of the one made by the muslims. Now the Gilt bronze sculpture known as Kneeling Apsaras Playing a Lute, made in the first half of 6th century in China, is a short short-necked lute with five strings, and is amost identical as the one muslims claimed they invented. At around 7th century the chinese invented the four-stringed lute called pipa, which is depicted in a terracotta pipa-player in a suit of armor from the Sui Dynasty (581–618 AD). The new four-stringed shortnecked lute called Biwa, arrived in Japan in the 7th century from China. Then in the medieval age, the muslims got credited for developing the four-stringed Lute (Al'ud, Oud). By the early 16th century medieval Spain, the Guitarra latina was invented. In the 17th century, the Italians invented the chitarra battente. The modern guitar as it is known today, was invented by Antonio Torres in 1850, and since then it hasn't changed a lot. So the question is, did the muslims in medieval Islam invent the short-necked four string oud? Although the Islamic oud has some special characteristics, the answer is no. It was greatly inspired by the barbat from the Sassanian Empire , the 6th century Kneeling Apsaras Playing a Lute gilt bronze sculpture, the chinese pipa from around 7th century, and the chinese biwa from 7th century.

The arabs invented chess Although Al-Adli ar-Rumi (800–870) wrote a chess manual which is dated to around 840-850 AD, called Kitab ash-shatranj (Book of Chess), they did not invent it. In 2002, british archaeologists discovered an ivory chess piece in southern Albania, dated back to 6th century, even before Muhammad.

The Arabs invented ethanol 270

Ethanol, or alcohol as it is known, was not invented or synthesized by anyone until the modern chemistry began from 1600 and thereafter. Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi did not invent alcohol nor synthesized it chemically, it was via a process called alcohol distillation he separated it. What this means is simply letting the wine be open, in which the alcohol will evaporate out into the air, and trapping it into another container. This technique known as distillation has been used for thousands of year before the muslims in medieval age, in the process called solar distillation. In this technique people filled a container with sea water, and the water evaporated due to the rays of the sun. The evaporating water was trapped into another container, and this way clean water was produced. This technique is especially easy with sea water, where salt has a boiling point of about 800 degrees and water only 100 degrees. This way it is easy to boil the water out of the salt, and separate it, just as it is easy to separate ethanol from water, because it has a boiling point of 69 degrees. Today it is possible to separate millions of chemicals from each other, even when their boiling point difference is only 1 degree - or less. In short, he did not synthesized alcohol, he only separated it with a technique that was known before, called distillation. It is especially easy with alcohol, because it is generally known to everyone that leaving a bottle of wine opened will make the alcohol evaporate. Although he is credited for being the first person to do so, it is actually not a hard task to do it. If he didn't do it, millions of other chemists would have done it after him. Below are examples where distillation was already known before the medieval times. Distillation was invented by ancient civilization In fact almost every civilization before the age of medieval Islam used this process by separating water from salt, called solar distillation. The boiling point of salt is around 800 degrees, and the boiling point of water is 100 degrees. The only difference is that the arabs trapped the evaporating alcohol instead of water. The oldest reference to a still apparatus comes from Tapputi, who is considered to be the first recorded chemist. She is mentioned in a cuneiform tablet which is dated to be around 1200 BC in Babylonian Mesopotamia. Aristotle inventing a filter (reverse osmosis) "There is more evidence to prove that saltness is due to the admixture of some substance, besides that which we have adduced. Make a vessel of wax and put it in the sea, fastening its mouth in such a way as to prevent any water getting in. Then the water that percolates through the wax sides of the vessel is sweet, the earthy

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stuff, the admixture of which makes the water salt, being separated off as it were by a filter. It is this stuff which make salt water heavy (it weighs more than fresh water) and thick. The difference in consistency is such that ships with the same cargo very nearly sink in a river when they are quite fit to navigate in the sea. This circumstance has before now caused loss to shippers freighting their ships in a river." - Aristotle, Meteorologica Archaeological findings of 3000 years old distillation devices Paolo Rovesti discovered in 1975 a very well preserved terracotta distillation apparatus in the Indus Valley in Taxila, Pakistan, which was possibly used to prepare aromatic waters. Its carbon-dating results determined it to be 3000 years old, which is 1000 BC. He further discovered perfume oil containers made of the same material, which is evidence proving that essential oil production was known to the Indus Valley Civilisation long before medieval Islam. Other discoveries indicated that distillation has also been practiced in ancient Turkey, Persia, Egypt, Mesopotamia and India thousands of years before medieval Islam Archaeological findings of a 4000 years old distillation devices A distillation device was discovered nearby Afghanistan, dated to be around 2000 BC. Archaeological finding of elaborate egg-shaped vessels containing coils A distillation device similar to the Arab itriz is described in Mesopotamian cuneiform tablets from around 1300 BC. It is described as an elaborate eggshaped vessels containing coils. One of the earliest evidence for distillation by Maria Prophetissima (200 AD) One of the earliest evidence of distillation devices is attributed to Maria Prophetissima, which is described in the Alexandrian text called The Gold Making of Cleopatra.The distillation apparatus was used to distil aromatic and medicinal oils and capture the chemical called phenol-ethyl-alcohol from lavender water and rose water, an important ingredient for the preparation of unguents and skin ointments. Zosimos of Panopolis credited her for the invention of the tribikos, which is an alembic with three arms, and still used today in chemistry laboratories. She is also credited for the invention of the Kerotakis alembic. Furthermore she is also attributed to the invention of the bain-marie (Mary's bath), which can be found in the chemistry labs and in the kitchen.

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Conclusion Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi did not invent distillation, and neither was the first to invent alembics used today in modern chemistry. He did not invent alcohol, he just used separated alcohol from wine by heating it, a technique known by many civilizations in the ancient world. Furthermore it is important to note that he was not a muslim, describing prophet Muhammad as a fraud, and the Quran did not contain any useful information or explanations. Beneath is a quote from him. “You claim that the evidentiary miracle is present and available, namely, the Koran. You say: 'Whoever denies it, let him produce a similar one.' Indeed, we shall produce a thousand similar, from the works of rhetoricians, eloquent speakers and valiant poets, which are more appropriately phrased and state the issues more succinctly. They convey the meaning better and their rhymed prose is in better meter. … By God what you say astonishes us! You are talking about a work which recounts ancient myths, and which at the same time is full of contradictions and does not contain any useful information or explanation. Then you say: 'Produce something like it"?! - Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi For further study about distillation and alembics, read Handbook of Essential Oils: Science, Technology, and Applications by K. Husnu Can Baser and Gerhard Buchbauer, Aromatherapy: A Complete Guide to the Healing Art by Kathi Keville and Mindy Green, and Ormus: The Secret Alchemy of Mary Magdalene - Revealed (Part A) by William Hearth.

The arabs invented perfumes Many claim that the arabs invented perfumes, specifically Yaqub Al-Kindi (801–873 AD). This is not true. The earliest reference of perfume comes from Tapputi, who is, according to a cuneiform tablet which is dated to be around 1200 BC, considered to be the first recorded chemist and perfume maker. This is around 2000 years before Al-Kindi. The earliest uses of bottles for perfumes is dated around 1000 BC in Ancient Eygpt, which is 1800 years before the lifetime of Al-Kindi. Further more, before medieval Islam, the Greek, Roman, and the Persian empire also used perfumes. Both King Persepolis Darius and King Xerxes were pictured holding bottles of perfumes. The world's oldest perfume factory was discovered in Cyprus in 2007, called House of the Vettii. Scientists are also working to recreate the Roman perfumes by using written records and analyse the chemicals in ancient pots. This is possible because both the Greeks and Romans

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carefully documented their perfume-making processes. Ancient India and ancient China also used perfumes before medieval Islam.

The arabs first got the idea of alchemy The alchemy of searching for the Philosophers Stone, Elixir of life, and for transforming lead into gold did not originate in the medieval Islam, rather as early as from Hermes Trismegistus and Maria the Jewess, also called Maria the Prophetess or Maria the Hebrew. Maria the Jewess who lived around 100 AD is credited for being the inventor of alchemy, as it is written in Zosimus of Panopolis. She worked to create gold from base metals from the Earth, for example lead.

They discovered pharmacology The statement that medieval Islam discovered pharmacology is simply not true. Regardless what people before 1600 AD knew, they had absolutely no knowledge of pharmacology, except for the intake of medicine and observations from a patients. If this was modern pharmacology, then the pharmaceutical industry today would never have been this advanced. The field of pharmacology is only about 200 years old. Organic chemistry, molecular biology, medicinal chemistry, natural product chemistry, toxicology and other fields are directly tied to pharmacology, and none of them existed before 1600 AD. In pharmacology, it is essential to know about receptors, where the focus is on how a medicine works in the cells, and not just what kind of subjective effects it produces to a person. One major and essential factor is knowing the concentration of the medicine in the blood during time, and this can only be known with spectroscopy and blood samples. Neither of them were invented before 1600 CE. The conclusion is that “what effects does a plant give”-pharmacology is the easy part and is not modern pharmacology or pharmacy, rather much of it is subjective The hard part is “how the drug interacts in the cells of our body and the receptors”, which is basically modern pharmacology and can be observed on cells that have been cultured in the laboratories. These two are two very different things.

The Arabs discovered heliocentrism 274

Some give statements that the Arabs were the first to discover that the sun is in the center, and the earth orbiting it, which is called heliocentrism. This is not true, it was discovered by many ancient greeks. It was specifically Aristarchus of Samos, who lived between 310–230 BC. What he observed, calculated and discovered was that the Earth is smaller than the sun, and was the first to place the sun is in the center of the solar system. The Greeks and Chinese further calculated the axial tilt, and found out that the earth orbits itself. What is interesting is that Aristarchus had an idea that the stars were actually other suns. In medieval Islam, Ibn al-Shatir made developed the heliocentrism further, and developed also the lunar model, but heliocentrism was definitely known before.

The Arabs discovered the milky way It is impossible to know who first noticed the Milky Way galaxy since it can be seen with the naked eye. However the real question is who determined that the Milky Way is a galaxy with countless stars. Philosophers in ancient Greece were the first or one of the first to propose that the galaxy consists of a large collection of stars, however the first to really prove it with evidence was Galileo Galilei in 1610 with the help of his rudimentary telescope. The timeline is written below: • Democritus (450–370 BC) first proposed that the Milky Way might consist of distant stars. • Aristarchus of Samos (310 BC to 230 BC) proposed that the galaxy of the Milky Way consists of a large collection of stars, so small that it is impossible to see the individual stars. He further speculated that the Milky Way is very far away, and therefore has no parallax. • Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī (973–1048 AD) was a persian astronomer, and he proposed the same as the ancient Greeks, that it is a collection of countless fragments of the nature of nebulous stars • Ibn Bajjah (1138 AD) proposed much of the same as the ancient Greeks, that it was made up of many stars which almost touched one another • Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya (1292–1350 AD) proposed that it is a myriad of tiny stars packed together in the sphere of the fixed stars, much the same as the ancient greeks. • Alhazen (965–1037) determined that there is no parallax of the Milky Way by observing and measure it, and therefore it is very far away from Earth. Determining a parallax is a technique from the ancient greeks.

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It is clear that Democritus and Aristarchus of Samos were the first to notice that the Milky Way galaxy consists of a vast collection of stars, and even postulated that it has no parallax, which is movement of the stars relative to each other as the Earth moves around the Sun. He did not calculate it since he had no instrument to achieve the precise observations, but Alhazen did it with two different locations of the sun. Alhazen used the technique from ancient Greeks to determine the parallax of the galaxy. This means that he started to measure the position of the Milky Way one day, and waited for half a year to determine the position again, since the Earth is on the opposite side of the sun as it was before. He observed the position was the same, which means that the Milky Way is very far away. The actual proof came, as mentioned before, by Galileo Galilei, where he used his microscope prove the parallax. Basically Alhazen only used a technique discovered by the ancient Greeks to determine the parallax of the Milky Way, where the ancient greeks used it 1000 years before to determine the parallax of the moon. It was specifically Hipparchus (130 BC), where he used parallax to calculate the distance of the moon from Earth. He did that by observing how much the moon moved relative to the stars behind it, at two different places on Earth. Using this data he calculated the distance to be 59 times larger than the radius of Earth, compared to the currently acceptable value which is 60,3 times (384.000 kilometre). He was very close to the exact distance. Although Alhazen determined that there is no parallax of the Milky Way, it would not have been impossible by the ancient Greeks 1000 years before to determine it too, since they were well aware of the technique.

The arabs proposed the continent of America Al-Biruni (973-1050 AD) used the data by the indians to calculate the span of the Europe and Asia, which was two-fifths of the total circumference of the Earth. Thus, because there was a huge space of oceans that spanned three-fifths between Europe and Asia, he theorized the existence of regions in the huge area of water. Some people state that he was the first to have an idea of the continent of America before Columbus arrived in 15th hundred. The truth is that Al-Biruni was born in 973, and he wrote his book called Codex Masudicus in 1037 AD. A captain named Leif Erikson sailed around Greenland and landed in a strange land he named Vinland around 1000 AD or a couple of years earlier. Vinland is today known as North America. Notice that Al-Biruni

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was a maximum of 27 years old when Leif discovered America, and possibly as young as 20 years old, depending on when Leif sailed around North America. Leif died in 1003 AD. Another important point is that Christoffer Columbus presumably never got the idea to sail to the west because of Al-Biruni. The reason why he took sail to the west was as a result of Muslims performing Jihad in Constantinople in 1453, and had blocked the passage to India, thus he wanted to find a shortcut to India by accepting the idea of a spherical Earth. Regardless if Al-Biruni proposed it or not, the Norseman sat foot in America before he wrote his book. It is a good achievement that he calculated that Euroasia spanned two-fifth of the circumference, by relying on the research from the Indians, but it is not true that he was the first one to think of America. It is worth noting that he only said that there are supposed regions that exist beyond the known remaining regions of the world. He only thought of the possibility of regions, he didn't confirm the existence of such landmass or any other landmasses or shapes.

The arabs made the biggest library in Baghdad 250 BC: Library of Alexandria - 400.000 to 700.000 papyrus scrolls. 400 AD: Imperial Library of Constantinople - 120.000 volumes. 1258 AD: Baghdad Library - 400.000 manuscripts saved. 2019 AD: Library of Congress in USA - 168 million items, which includes: • 38 million books • 3 million recordings • 13 million photographs • 5 million maps • 8 million sheet of music • 72 million manuscripts • and other times.. Below is a comparison between the libraries. The Library of Congress includes the books and manuscripts, which is a total of 110 million. Some people state that the library of Baghdad was larger than most libraries today. As per 2019, the 22nd largest library has a total of 15 million items, which is 30 times bigger than Baghdad Library in 1258 AD. What is true is that possibly around 99% of all libraries in the world do not compete to be the biggest in the world, their mission is only to have an appropriate size to fulfill the need of their local cities. It is mostly the libraries of the capitals in the world that do compete

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with each other, and possibly all libraries in all capitals in today's world are larger than the library of Baghdad. From 120.000 volumes in the 5th century AD to 400.000 volumes in the 13th century AD is a step, but not a miraculous step. They managed to build a library that had 280.000 more books than the previous library in a span of 800 years. Comparing it to 800 years later from 1258 AD to 21th century today, the largest library, which is in Washington, consists of 120.000.000 books and manuscripts combined. Baghdad jumped about 3,3 times larger than the previous in 800 years, Washington jumped 300 times larger than the previous in 800 years.

Another excuse is that today’s population is 7,7 billion people compared to only about 350 million in 1250 AD. A comparison of books per world capita can be achieved: • Medieval Islam: (400.000/350.000.000)*100 = 0,11% books per world capita • Modern West: (120.000.000.000/7.700.000.000)*100 = 1,54% books per world capita. This means that the Library of Congress has 14 times more books per world capita

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than the muslims did in Baghdad - and this doesn't include the other 58 million items. Another factor to remember is that the library of Baghdad did not only contain arabic books, but books from other civilizations too: • Earlier civilizations manuscripts • The translated version of earlier civilizations manuscripts • And the Arabs own work The Baghdad Library must've contained books from earlier civilizations in their own languages (greek, roman, hindu, chinese, spanish, persian). How many books were actual the works of the muslims is unknown. Another aspect that has not been covered is that the secret of making paper was obtained from the Chinese prisoners of war in the 8th century. Paper is much cheaper than papyrus, vellum and parchment, therefore the muslims could make manuscripts at relativively affordable costs compared to earlier civilizations.

The arabs invented the surgical instruments Some people claim that the muslims in medieval times invented surgical instruments. This is not true. It was invented by the Indians thousands of years before, but the most famous indian was Suchruta (600 BC), recognized as the Father of Medicine and the Father of Plastic Surgery. In the next page, it is illustrated and explained what he had accomplished about 1500 years before medieval Islam. Notice how similar Ibn al-Haytham’s surgical instruments are compared to Sushruta, many of them are the exact same with very small deviations. Notice that not all of Suchruta’s surgical instruments are listed in the sketches. Another misconeption is that the muslims invented hollow needles for treating cataracts. Sushruta made the earliest reference to cataract surgery, and furthermore archaeologists have found surgical instruments in Rome, used to treat cataract dating back to the 1st and 2nd century AD.

The arabs were the first to describe diabetes Some people claim that Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi (1152-1231 AD) was the first person to describe diabetes in his medical text called Fi l-marad alladhi yusamma diyabita. This is not true. The Egyptians first mentioned diabetes 1 around 1000 BC. In ancient India, they discovered that ants could be used to test the urine

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for diabetes. Around 300 BC, Apollonius of Memphis made the first reference to the word "diabetes". The greeks also were able to distinguish between diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus. The people in India and China in 500 AD knew that there is a difference between diabetes 1 and diabetes 2.

The arabs drew the eye nerves in the brain Ibn al-Haytham's drawing of the eyes with the optic nerves was certainly not the first person to discover and understand it. Hippocrates (460–370 BC), Herophilus (330–260 BC), Erasistratus (330–255 BC), Rufus of Ephesus (80–150 AD), and Galenus of Pergamon (129 - 200/216 AD), all were aware of the optic chiasm, and optic nerves. Rufus also described the retina, cornea, iris, uvea, tear ducts, eyelids, and the vitreous and aqueous humors. It is worth mentioning that it is not difficult to draw and describe the anatomy of the optic chiasm.

The arabs were the first to describe the blood circulation It is generally though that Ibn Nafis (1213-1288 AD) was the first person who discovered pulmonary blood circulation. This is however not true since it was first described by the Chinese in different accounts. The first one being Guanzi, dated to 375 BC, which says: “Water is the blood and breath of Earth, functioning in similar fashion to circulation of blood and breath in the sinews (muscles) and veins (vessels)" – Meridian Misconceptions of Chinese Medicine by Donald E. Kendall (2008), pp. 1 In Mawangdui China, additional texts were recovered in 1973 (from 168 BC) from a tomb, which provides detailed information about the Chinese blood vessel theory. Another text includes the Zhangjiashan Han bamboo texts which were discovered at Zhangjiashan, and are dated back to 150 BC. The are the first texts to provide the universal model of pathology based on the blood vessel theory. Yellow Emperor’s Internal Classic, also called Huangdi Neijing or simply Nei Jing (Chinese Book of Medicine) is a chinese medical text dated to be around 200-100 BC, which is 1600 years before Ibn Nafis. It is the first comprehensive chinese medical text. For example it provides a full description of 12 longitudinal blood

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vessels either supplying (arterial) or draining (venous) each side of the body. For further study, read Meridian Misconceptions of Chinese Medicine by Donald E. Kendall (2008).

They were the first to introduce quarantine/isolation They were definitely not the first to introduce this concept. It actually appears in the Old Testament, written in 7h century BC, which is 1400 years before Islam. 1 The Lord said to Moses and Aaron, 2 “When anyone has a swelling or a rash or a shiny spot on their skin that may be a defiling skin disease,[a] they must be brought to Aaron the priest or to one of his sons[b] who is a priest. 3 The priest is to examine the sore on the skin, and if the hair in the sore has turned white and the sore appears to be more than skin deep, it is a defiling skin disease. When the priest examines that person, he shall pronounce them ceremonially unclean. 4 If the shiny spot on the skin is white but does not appear to be more than skin deep and the hair in it has not turned white, the priest is to isolate the affected person for seven days. - Leviticus 13 (see also Leviticus 14) The number of 40 days in Pre-Islamic era Regarding the quarantine in 40 days, it may have come from the Bible too, which was the period of biblical travail of Jesus in the desert, which is called The Temptation of Christ, and is described in the gospels of Matthew, Mark and Luke. Moses also fasted 40 days two times, the first time when he prepared to recieve the Ten Commandments, and the second time after he gave the law. In medieval Islam Ibn Sina (980-1037 AD), also called Avicenna, introduced the 40 days of quarantine in his five-volume medical encyclopedia The Canon of Medicine. However, he was not a muslim, and was called the imam of atheists. He made many statements contradicting Islam. "After-life is a notion received from the religious teaching; there is no way of establishing its truth save by way of religous dogma and acceptance of prophets" Ibn Sina (Avicenna) Scholars at his time and after them declared him to be an apostate. One of them was Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya who declared him a non-believer, who supported shirk and kufr. Another one was Ibn Taymiyyah who wrote "

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What those such as Ibn Sina say are worse than the statements of the Jews, the Christians, and the mushkrikeen". - Ibn Taymiyyah The word quarantine is derived from the Italian words quaranta giorni which means 40 days.

The arabs discovered coffee There is a story of an Abyssinian goat herder and Ethiopian man named Kaldi from the 9th century, who noticed that his goats got excited after eating the beans from a coffee plant. His wife then urged him to share the story with the holy man at the monastery. The dilemma with this story is that it appears nowhere until the year of 1671, thus it may probably be apocryphal, meaning it is a work of unknown authorship or of doubtful origin. Another problem is that Abyssinians were predominantly Orthodox Christians, and according to the Quran, monasteries are also forbidden: "Then We sent following their footsteps Our messengers and followed [them] with Jesus, the son of Mary, and gave him the Gospel. And We placed in the hearts of those who followed him compassion and mercy and monasticism, which they innovated; We did not prescribe it for them except [that they did so] seeking the approval of Allah . But they did not observe it with due observance. So We gave the ones who believed among them their reward, but many of them are defiantly disobedient." - Quran 57:27 The word coffee is believed to originate from different places, which one of it from the Kaffa region of Ethiopia. The first person to mention coffee in print was Rhazes (865-925 AD), and then Avicenna (980-1037 AD) also mentioned it about one century later. However the earliest evidence of coffee being roasted and brewed as they are today is from the mid 15th century. Except for those misleading claims, it would be correct that coffee originates from the Arabian peninsula, if the story of Khalid is apocryphal. A good question would be, which is more important: coffee beans from Arabia to produce coffee, or cacao beans from America to make chocolate? For further study about the origin of coffee, read Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How It Transformed Our World by Mark Pendergrast (2019), and All About Coffee by William H. Ukers (2011).

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The arabs invented the toothbrush Some people claim that the Muhammad, invented the first toothbrush by using a twig from the Miswak tree, and therefore the they invented the first toothbrush. This is not correct. The ancient civilizations dated all the way back to 3000 BC used a chew stick, which was a thin twig with a frayed end. Ancient China also used toothbrushes made of bronze, bones or wood are dated back to 2000 BC. Furthermore the modern bristle toothbrush was invented in China in 1498 AD.

The arabs invented paper money This is not correct. Paper money was invented in China in the end of the 8th century or 9th century AD.

The arabs invented the modern cheque This is not correct. One of the oldest known cheque is a 228 BC payment order from Egypt which says: “Asclepiades to Kleitarchos the banker – please pay the sums below from my account to the weavers”. - Papyrus 1830 The Ancient Rome is also believed to be one of the first to use cheques, which were called praescriptiones. Banks in the Sassanid Empire issued letters of credit known as chakks during the 3rd century AD. The modern word cheque is derived from chakk, saqq or sakk.

The arabs invented the clock This is not true. The first mechanical clock was invented by Yi Xing of China in 725 AD. Even the weight-driven clock, which is a water clock driven by gears and weights does not originate from 11th century medieval Islam. It was already invented by Ctesibius's (285–222 BC), in which it consisted of gears and weights and was named clepsydra. Clepsydra was the most accurate clock ever constructed until Christiaan Huygens' invention of his pendulum clock in 1656 AD. Pacificus of Verona (776-844 AD) also invented a water clock. Gerbert of Aurillac (9461003 AD) invented a weight-driven mechanical pendulum clock in 996 AD.

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The arabs modified the water-clock (weight-driven clock) and much of the invention of the mercury clock was influenced by medieval Islam. One of the features in their water clock by medieval Islam is the mechanical bird singing, but this already invented by Heron of Alexandria 1000 years before. However today the clocks works entirely different, and the most accurate clock today is the atomic clock, invented in 1949 AD, which measures time using the microwave signal emitted by electrons in atoms when they change energy levels. It has only an error of 1 second during a span of 100 million years.

They discovered sulfuric acid and nitric acid It is true that Jabir ibn Hayyan is credited for discovering sulfuric acid, and Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi first mentioned nitric acid. But this is not the same as saying they discovered modern chemistry, they only separated them with the help of distillation, a technique known thousands of years before. The question is, did they determine the chemical structure via NMR, IR or MS spectroscopy? Could they used the field of organic chemistry to synthesize them from scratch? Organic chemistry is the discipline of knowing how chemicals react with each other to produce another chemical - without even doing the experiment. This is modern chemistry which has lead to a database of 150.000.000 chemicals in the chemistry database. The truth is that they only separated the chemicals through distillation.

They discovered acids and bases Many people claim that medieval Islam discovered acids and bases, which is not true. Acids The first civilization to describe acids were the ancient Egyptians and Greeks, where they described them as sour tasting and oxein in greek. These words mutated into the latin words and were called acetum, in which the anglicized word acid originates from. It was the romans who began to refer to sour substances, such as vinegar or lemon juice, as acids. The ancient Greeks and Egyptians had discovered a particular substance which was especially sour, which later became known as vinegar, and a result from fermentation of fruits to produce wine.

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Bases The Greeks also discovered three other substances which had another characteristic than the category of acids. Those were potash, soda and lime. Potash, which is made of potassium salts, is produced fro burning of wood ashes. By letting the water evaporate, the film let behind was soda. By burning seashells, lime was produced. The word alkaline, which is another word for bases, is derived from the Arabic language and means roasting, because the first bases characterized was due to roasting ashes and treating them with water and slaked lime, to produce soap. The bases which counteracts the acid comes from medieval Islam. However, none of this is modern chemistry in todays acids and bases.

The Arabs invented soap This is not true. During an excavation in ancient Babylon, a soap like material was found in clay cylinders dated to 2800 BC, which is 3400 years before Islam. A formula for making soap was found written in a Babylonian clay tablet which is dated to 2200 BC, and consisted of water, alkali and cassia oil. The word "soap" originates from the latin word sapo, and is first mentioned by Historia Naturalis by Pliny the Elder (23-79 AD). He describes the manufacturing of soap from tallow and ashes, and mentions that the men from the Gauls and Germans use them more than the females. Zosimos of Panopolis (300 AD) and Galen (129-210 AD) also described soap and soap making. Galen mentioned that the best soaps were Germanic, and the second best were from Gaul. Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi (854–925) was the person in medieval Islam who invented hard soap, but he was not a muslim. His statement about the Quran was: “You claim that the evidentiary miracle is present and available, namely, the Koran. You say: “Whoever denies it, let him produce a similar one.” Indeed, we shall produce a thousand similar, from the works of rhetoricians, eloquent speakers and valiant poets, which are more appropriately phrased and state the issues more succinctly. They convey the meaning better and their rhymed prose is in better meter. … By God what you say astonishes us! You are talking about a work which recounts ancient myths, and which at the same time is full of

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contradictions and does not contain any useful information or explanation.” Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi (854-925 AD) He made another statement: "If the people of Islam are asked about the proof for the soundness of their religion, they flare up, get angry and spill blood of whoever confronts them with this question. They forbid rational speculation, and strive to kill their adversaries. This is why truth became thoroughly silenced and concealed" - Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi (854-925 AD)

They invented geometry The muslims in medieval Islam absolutely did not invented geometry. Geometry was invented and developed before medieval Islam: • The earliest recorded beginnings of geometry can be traced back to the ancient indians, and ancient Babylonia. • The Egyptians had derived formulars for the volume of a frustum of a square pyramid, triangle, rectangles. It was also discovered in the Ahmes papyrus that they had a formula for the area of a circle • The Babylonians had developed many different concepts in geometry, and many different formulas and rules for measuring volumes and areas. They also calculated pi to 3,125 (compared to 3,1415). Even the Pythagorean theorem was known to them before Pythagoras was born about 1000 years after. The Babylonian astronomers calculated the motion of the planets, and the solar and lunar eclipses with geometry. They also method for estimated the area under a curve by drawing a trapezoid underneath. • The Vedic India had developed different concepts in geometry. • The Ancient Greece developed geometry in very large detail. Euclid wrote the book The Elements of Geometry. Archimedes developed mathematical concepts similar to the limiting process of integral calculus, and the coordinate systems of analytic geometry. Hipparchus introduced trigonometry. Theodosius of Bithynia is probably the first known person to study shperical geometry, in his about the geometry of the sphere, called Sphaerics. Menelaus of Alexandria also wrote a book called Sphaerica about on spherical trigonometry, introduced the concept of spherical triangle, and developed also the Menelaus' theorem. • The Classical India also developed many geometry problems, including

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in the Bakhshali manuscript. In the work Brāhma Sphuta Siddhānta by Brahmagupta, it includes cube roots, fractions, ratio and proportion, and barter, mixture, mathematical series, plane figures, stacking bricks, sawing of timber, and piling of grain. It also includes the theorem on the diagonals of a cyclic quadrilateral • The Ancient Chinese advanced geometry in much greater detail. One of the greatest books on geometry from the time is The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art, edited and commented by Liu Hui about 250 AD. It includes area for: square, rectangle, circle, isosceles triangle, rhomboid, trapezoid, double trapezium, segment of a circle, and annulus ('ring' between two concentric circles). Furthermore it includes volume for parallelepiped with two square surfaces, parallelepiped with no square surfaces, Pyramid, Frustum of pyramid with square base, frustum of pyramid with rectangular base of unequal sides, cube, prism, wedge with rectangular base and both sides sloping, wedge with trapezoid base and both sides sloping, tetrahedral wedge, frustum of a wedge of the second type (used for applications in engineering), cylinder, cone with circular base, frustum of a cone, and the sphere. He was also the first to mention the Sea Island survey diagram, a geomtry problem. Although this is not the complete list, it can be seen that geometry was not invented by medieval Islam. The geometry of Medieval Islam Al-Mahani, Thābit ibn Qurra, Ibrahim ibn Sinan, Abu'l-Wafa, Abu Nasr Mansur and Al-Jayyani all made contributions to geometry, but many of their development of geometry was based on previous civilizations. They developed law of sinus based on sinus that was already invented by the Egyptians, Greeks and Indians. Al-Jayyani wrote the book The book of unknown arcs of a sphere, which is considered the first treatise on spherical trigonometry, althought Theodosius of Bithynia and Menelaus of Alexandria introduced this concept about 1000 years before. Conclusion Geometry was not invented by medieval Islam. They developed it further, but many, if not all, of the geometry was based on earlier civilizations.

They discovered the summation of a series of cubes

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This is not true. The first person to discover the formula for the summation of a series of cubes was Arybhatta (476-550 AD) in 499 AD, which is over 100 years before Islam. However, the first person to prove it was Abu Bakr al-Karaji (9531029 AD).

The arabs invented the flying machine This is a very misleading statement claiming that Abbas ibn Firnas made the first flying machine and the first successful flight. The only evidence that exists that supports this claim is the poem: "He surpassed in velocity the flight of the ostrich, but he neglected to arm his body with the strength of the vulture. "- Mu'min ibn Said, 886 AD The Algerian historian Ahmed Mohammed al-Maqqari (d. 1632) wrote 700 years later: "Among other very curious experiments which he made, one is his trying to fly. He covered himself with feathers for the purpose, attached a couple of wings to his body, and, getting on an eminence, flung himself down into the air, when according to the testimony of several trustworthy writers who witnessed the performance, he flew a considerable distance, as if he had been a bird, but, in alighting again on the place whence he had started, his back was very much hurt, for not knowing that birds when they alight come down upon their tails, he forgot to provide himself with one." - Ahmed Mohammed al-Maqqari, 1632 AD The authenticity of the written text above cannot be determined since there are no other evidence to support his claims. Difference between a flying machine and a hang glider A flying machine is an apparatus that uses mechanical power, and which consist of several different parts, each one of them performing a different function. Abbas ibn Firnas made a hang glider, and not a flying machine. The other statement is that it was a successful flight. Clearly his hang gliding was not successful since attaching wings, falling down, and breaking bones, is anything else than successful. The most important part of the plane is lift, drag and thrust. Earlier flights than Abbas ibn Firnas The Chinese Emperor Wang Mang recruited in 100 BC a soldier to be bound

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with bird feathers, who had two giant wings strapped to his back and covered with bird feathers all over his body. It is claimed he glided around 100 meters. Another chinese emperor, Gao Yang, used prisoners in 559 AD as test people to achieve flying. One of the prisoners named Yuan Huangtou is claimed to have landed safely from a tower jump. Furthermore Kites have been invented by the Chinese since around 400 BC. Archytas (428 - 347 BC) invented the first flying machine, which has a shape of a bird, and is alleged to have flown 200 meters. He nicknamed it ‘the pigeon’. Leonardo da Vinci inspired Another claim is that the design of Leonardo da Vinci is based on Abbas ibn Firnas. It was already stated before that the chinese made flights prior to the muslims in medieval Islam, and by considering that the poem was maybe the only piece of evidence of the flight, it is highly doubtful that his designs was based on him. Furthermore, the dream of flying like a bird have existed since ancient times, and it wouldn't require any leap of imagination to copy the wings of the bird. Leonardo da Vinci also made designs of helicopters, and those designs are neither based from the nature of birds nor Abbas ibn Firnas, or the first civilizations who made the first flight, the chinese. Another person Leonardo da Vinci might have got the idea of flying is from a man in the 12th century England, William of Malmesbury, who stated that between 1000-1010 AD, Benedictine monk Eilmer of Malmesbury attached wings to his hands and feet and flew a short distance. There is no evidence to support the theory that he got the inspiration from Abbas ibn Firna, rather he actually received the inspiration when he was in his younger years where he read and believed the Greek fable of Daedalus. Other people during the course of history also got the idea from other greek mythologies, like Pegasus, but it has always been clear that humans wanted to fly like birds since the earliest times. Today's planes The statement that the flight of Abbas ibn Firnas was the founding of flying, is simply not true. Today's flying machines are based significantly in physics, aerodynamics, mechanical engineering, chemical engineering and different inventions. What ibn Firnas did was basically only making wings and crash down, with no success or control. The planes, rockets and jets today are much more advanced than meets the eye. For example there are ramjets and scramjets. The aerodynamics of the wings and plane body, the electronic systems, how the chemical fuel is converted to mechanical energy - nothing of it was known to mankind in the medieval ages. In 1979 NASA improved the efficiency of fixed-

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wing aircraft by reducing drag, with their new invention called winglet. In the 1970s NASA developed the supercritical airfoil, which lead to the invention of supercritical wings (SCW), used by almost every plane on the planet. Now there are other types of flying machines, and not just wing inspired from the birds. This includes space shuttles, missiles, helicopters and air balloons. Scientists around the world are researching in a technology called anti-gravitational propulsion system, which is completely unrelated to wings and air. Conclusion The chinese were the first people who made the first flights with wings before Abbas ibn Firnas in the 9th century, and today's space shuttles, missiles, planes, rockets and air balloons are much more advanced and works entirely different.

The arabs invented optics Ancient Egypt, Greece and Babylon invented the earliest lenses which are dated back to 750 BC. Unlike the ancient civilizations who used crystals like quartz to make them, the muslims in the medieval age used glass instead. Regarding Ibn Al- Haytham's book which is called The Book of Optics, translated in english by A. I. Sabra (1989), it is clear that much of what has been written down by him cannot be used for anything in science or engineering. One must only compare the translated book above and those two following books: • Physics of Light and Optics by Justin Peatross and Michael Ware (2015) • Optics by M.P. Vaughan (2014) There is a significantly huge difference between the modern optics and Ibn AlHaytham's book. It is clear that the difference of those two optics are the formulas which are essential in optics, without them optics is not optics. Earlier evidence in optics The earliest reference for geometrical optics was from Euclid (325-265 BC). His book Optics is a work on the geometry of vision. The difference between the writers before him is that they developed theories of vision based on philosophical in nature, while Euclid was the first to treat vision in a mathematical perspective, and thus became a big influence of the larger Hellenistic trend to quantify a whole range of scientific fields. His book includes the definitions:

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1. The vision of focus can be drawn in a straight line to an object 2. The form of the space which our eyes look at is shaped in a cone 3. Those objects which are in the space of the cone can be seen, and those who are not cannot be seen 4. Objects with smaller angles appear smaller, objects with larger angles appear largers, and those with the same angles appear the same size, even though they are at different distance and size 5. Those things within a higher range appear higher and vise versa 6. Right and left visual rays appear right and left 7. Objects that are seen within several angles appear clearer Euclid in his book Optics focused his analysis to simple direct vision, in which he used geometry drawings. Hero of Alexandria (AD 10–70) further developed geometrical optics to include catoptrics, which is the branch of optics that deals with the problems of reflection. He formulated the principle of the shortest path of light, one of the most important principles in the field of optics. With the principle of the shortest path of light, Hero was able to define the fixed relation between an object and its image in a plane mirror. Ptolemy (100-170 AD) not only focused on direct and reflected vision, but further developed the study into vision by refracted rays (dioptrics), that is the observation of light from objects through two media of different density. This includes air to water, air to glass, water to glass. He also tabulated the relationship between the incident and refracted rays. Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazan) When Hero formulated the principle of the shortest path of light, Alhazan (1000 years later) extended it to both reflection and refraction.

The earliest recorded windmill design The persians are credited with the earliest known panemone windmill design between 700-900 AD. However they are not the first to ever create a windmill design. Hero of Alexandria (10-70 AD) invented a wind-wheel operating an organ, the earliest known instance in history of wind powering a machine. Although it is not a large scale windmill, the concept of the windmill predates medieval Islam.

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The muslims invented robotics Some people state that robotics was invented in medieval Islam. This is however not true. Philo of Byzantium (280-220 BC) had nine known books which fell under Philon's Mechanics. He invented the first automatic humanoid robot called The Robot Servant of Philon. The earliest written proof for the existence of a watermill is attributed to him as part of a washstand automaton, although a earlier watermills are dated back to as early as 1500 BC in modern Cyprus. The watermill later inspired the gristmill of Marcus Vitruvius Pollio (80-10 BC), and the Roman Janiculum watermill complex at Rome and the Barbegal watermill complex. Furthermore the earliest known escapement mechanism is attributed to Philo. However the most important part of his treaties regarding robotics - Automatiopoeica, didn't manage to survive to the present time for more detailed description of his robotic inventions. One can only speculate if more of the automatic mechanic inventions by the muslims in medieval Islam, could be attributed to Philo. Heron of Alexandria (10–70 AD) described over a hundred machines and automata in his works Pneumatica and Automata. He invented what is called the Heron’s Automatic Theatre, together with automatic doors. As written in previous section, he also invented the earliest known instance in history of wind powering a machine, a wind-wheel operating an organ. He also invented the first automatic vending machine. The romans invented the Hierapolis sawmill, which is considered to be the earliest known machine to incorporate a crank and connecting rod mechanism, around 3rd century AD. Another misconception is that Al-Jazari (1136-1206 AD) invented the combination lock. This is however not true. The earlist known combination lock discovered was in a Roman period tomb in Kerameikos, Athens. The Chinese also invented the key-operated padlocks and letter-combination padlocks. Plato (428-348 BC) invented the first alarm clock.

The muslims in medieval Islam were polymaths People often mention that a person in medieval Islam, named X, was an astronomer. mathematician, geologist, doctor, physicist, chemist and others. This was however not unique in the medieval age or before that, because there wasn't

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that much of a knowledge back than, neither in the ancient world, or in medieval Islam. It was therefore relatively easy to have at least two to three professions, if not more. Regardless of what, there were actually many people in ancient Greece who had multiple professions and were polymaths. Aristotle (384-322 BC) is considered to be the world's first polymath. He covered subjects such as physics, biology, zoology, metaphysics, logic, ethics, aesthetics, poetry, theater, music, rhetoric, linguistics, and politics. Plato (429 BC) is another example who was a greek philosopher and polymath. He covered subjects in physics, biology, zoology, economics, metaphysics, logic, ethics, music, poetry, theatre, rhetoric, aesthetics, psychology, linguistics, politics and government. Eratosthenes (276-194 BC) was also a polymath, including a mathematician, geographer, poet, astronomer, and music theorist. There are more examples from other civilizations, like Varāhamihira (500 AD), who covered architecture, mathematics, temples, astronomy, timekeeping, astrology, meteorology, agriculture, gemology, perfumes and others. As it is easily demonstrated, being a polymath was a common nature before the medieval Islam.

Architecture in medieval Islam What we now call today as Islamic architecture, has actually its origin from previous civilizations. Horseshoe arch A popular Islamic feature in architecture is the horseshoe arch, but this was already being used by the Visigoths in Spain, and by the Byzantines in Syria and Persia, who used it as early as the 5th century. They are known in the Baptistery of Mar Ya'qub (St. Jacob) at Nisibin (4th century AD) and Qasr Ibn Wardan (564 AD) Ogee arch or Tudor arch The arch that resembles the arch used in the architecture of the mosques today has been borrowed multiple places from the pre-Islamic era. The arch can be found in

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Arg-e Bam, built around 500 BC in the city of Bam, Iran. Another place where the arch already was built was in the Temple of Bel in Dura Europos, Syria. There are two other sites where the arch could have been originated from, but since they were rebuilt, it is not known if the arch was part of the original plan. The first example is the Old Bridge of Dezful, built in the Sassanid dynasty (224651 AD) in the city of Dezful, Iran. The second example is Rayen Castle in Kerman, Iran, where the arabs could not invade it during the reign of the Sasanid King, Yazdgerd III (632-651 AD) due to the high walls. Square plan The square plan of a building, in which the Kaaba is planned on, is borrowed from the Persians. Molding (art) The glamorous moldings and pargetings, the protruded type of moldings, has been borrowed from the Sassanid period (224-651 AD). An example is the art of Taq-i Kisra in the city of Ctesiphon, which resembles the later molding in medieval Islam's Fahraj Great mosque with tendril decorations. Furthermore the art on the walls and pillars in Islamic mosques resembles the Sassanid molding. The Islamic dome mosque The Sarvestan Palace, built in the Sassanid period (224-651 AD), resembles the modern mosque in great detail. This includes the dome, walls and pillars. The islamic architecture as it is know today can also be much attributed to the Hagia Sophia, a church of Constantinople built by the Byzantine empire in 537 AD. After the muslims conqured the region in 1453 AD, they turned it into a mosque, but much of the interior remained the same. The Gabri Dome (also called Jabalieh), is believed to be constructed before the Islamic era due to having many of the 120 pieces of stone carvings being related to different historical periods. It is located in Kerman, Iran, and has many of the same characteristics as the Islamic mosque. Another inspiration to the architecture of the mosques today comes from the mausoleum called Dome of Soltaniyeh, built in the city of Soltaniyeh, Iran, by the mongolian ruler Ilkhanate between 1302 and 1312 AD. Although he actually dit convert to Islam.

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The minaret Minaret means tower, and the first known minaret appeared under the Abbasid rule in 9th century. However, they are not the first to come up with the design. Many different pottery designs of watchtowers already was created under the Han dynasty (206 BC - 220 AD), and reminds a lot of the minaret, especially the square minaret. The chinese also invented the pagoda tower between 5th-10th century. The oldest existent stone pagoda in China is the Songyue Pagoda, constructed in 523 AD at the Songyue Monastery on Mount Song, in Henan province, China. Another example is the Xumi Pagoda, built in the year 636 AD, located west of Zhengding, Hebei province, China. An example of a circular pagoda is the Daqin Pagoda, built in 640 AD, located in Zhouzhi County of Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China. Now the pagoda that reminds the most of the Islamic minaret are the Three Pagodas, built around 9th and 10th centuries, and are located near the old town of Dali, Yunnan province, China.

The arabs invented the muslim carpet Many people states that the carpet, which has that special characterization of the Islamic pattern, was invented by the muslims medieval Islam. This is not true. The earliest known carpet is the Pazyryk rug, dated back to 500 BC, and is very similar to the Islamic carpet, was found in 1949 AD. The typical Roman home as early as 200 BC had mosaic flooring, for example in the House of the Tragic Poet in Pompeii, Italy, and is also similar to the muslim carpet.

Homosexuality in Medieval Islam This is not something many people read about, but many Muslim men in Medieval Islam actually had sexual act with boys or men, even high-ranking officials, like rulers or generals. For example the famous classical Arabic poet, Abu Nuwas (756-814 AD), who made a couple of appearances in The Book of One Thousand and One Nights, had sexual relationship with teenage boys. The Egyptian Ministry of Culture burned 6000 volumes of his poetry in the year 2001, due to pressure from Islamic fundamentalists. The three poets Muhammad bin Dawud al-Zahiri (868-909 AD), Ibn Hamdis (1053-1133 AD), and Ibn Quzman (1080-1160 AD) all had sexual relationship with men. Shaiykh Muhammad ibn Umar al-Nafwazi wrote the book The

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Perfumed Garden (al-Rawd al-Atir fi Nuzhat al-Khatir) between 1410 and 1434, which contains lovemaking manuals. Al-Jahiz (777-869 AD) also wrote the book called The Book of Respective Merits of Maids and Young Men (Kitab Mafaharat al-Jawari wa al-Ghilman), which also contains lovemaking manuals. The persian poet, Sa’di of Shiraz (1184-1291 AD) also described his love of young men. Omar Khayyam (1048-1131 AD) wrote Quartets (Ruba’iyyat) where he described the tone for sexuality. The persian poet, Jalal al-Din Rumi (1207-1273 AD) writes about his desires of a man named Shams al-Din Tabriz in his works. A male caliphs of Cordaba made his wife dress as a boy and use the male name Djafar to keep the sexual life going, and additionally he also kept a male harem. Of rulers there can be mentioned Sultan Mahmud (971-1030 AD) of Ghazni; texts describes his relationship with his lover Malik Ayaz. Mughal Emperor Babur (14831530 AD) wrote in his 16th century biography of his attraction to a boy in the camp bazaar. The ruler of Damascus, Al-Malik al-Ashraf (1262-1293 AD) had a strong love for his young Turkish soldiers, in which he describes: “May I be the ransom for a full moon whom description is at a loss to encompass, One who is liberal with my blood, despite being honest and trustworthy. Should I marvel? He keeps my wealth safe, But sees my soul destroyed by him and pays it no mind!” As it is demonstrated, homosexuality was indeed normalized in Medieval Islam.

Islamic Golden Age consisted of arabs and muslims who invented all of these inventions and discoveries The caliphates Harun al-Rashid (763-809 AD) and his son Al-Ma’mun (786-833 AD) had a theocratic regime and were called the rulers of the faithful. However they came to a state of secularism that indeed had a big impact. Al-Ma'mum tolerated religious dissidence and even non-believers, and supported the Mu’tizili sect who believed in rationality and the scientific method. Furthermore the caliphs enjoyed drinking wine. Ibn al-Muqaffa’, Muhammad al Warraq, Ibn al-Rawandi, and Ibn al-Rāwandī were not muslims. The persian scientist Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi, who separated alcohol and developed some alembics in chemistry was not a muslim. His statement about the Quran was:

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“You claim that the evidentiary miracle is present and available, namely, the Koran. You say: “Whoever denies it, let him produce a similar one.” Indeed, we shall produce a thousand similar, from the works of rhetoricians, eloquent speakers and valiant poets, which are more appropriately phrased and state the issues more succinctly. They convey the meaning better and their rhymed prose is in better meter. … By God what you say astonishes us! You are talking about a work which recounts ancient myths, and which at the same time is full of contradictions and does not contain any useful information or explanation.” Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi Ibn al-Haytham (965-1040 AD) drew the optic chiasm. The problem is that the teachings of Islam forbade the drawing of humans in both Sahih al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim. "We were with Masruq at the house of Yasar bin Numair. Masruq saw pictures on his terrace and said, "I heard `Abdullah saying that he heard the Prophet (‫)ﷺ‬ saying, "The people who will receive the severest punishment from Allah will be the picture makers.'" - Sahih al-Bukhari 5950 "Verity the most grievously tormented people on the Day of Resurrection would be the painters of pictures. Ashajj (one of the narrators) in the hadith narrated by him did not make mention of the word" verity". - Sahih Muslim 2109 a "The Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬cursed the lady who practices tattooing and the one who gets herself tattooed, and one who eats (takes) Riba' (usury) and the one who gives it. And he prohibited taking the price of a dog, and the money earned by prostitution, and cursed the makers of pictures." - Sahih al-Bukhari 5347 Al-Adli ar-Rumi (800–870) who was a renowned Arab chess player, wrote a chess manual in Arabic which is dated to around 840-850 AD, titled Kitab ash-shatranj (Book of Chess). The problem is that chess is not allowed in Islam: "Buraida reported on the authority of his father that Allah's Apostle ‫ ﷺ‬said: He who played Nardashir (a game similar to backgammon) is like one who dyed his hand with the flesh and blood of swine." - Sahih Muslim, 5:5612 They also developed the lute from previous guitars, and yet music is not allowed in Islam, according to the hadith below. “Narrated Abu ‘Amir or Abu Malik Al-Ash’ari: that he heard the Prophet saying,

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“From among my followers there will be some people who will consider illegal sexual intercourse, the wearing of silk, the drinking of alcoholic drinks and the use of musical instruments, as lawful. And there will be some people who will stay near the side of a mountain and in the evening their shepherd will come to them with their sheep and ask them for something, but they will say to him, ‘Return to us tomorrow.’ Allah will destroy them during the night and will let the mountain fall on them, and He will transform the rest of them into monkeys and pigs and they will remain so till the Day of Resurrection.” - Sahih al-Bukhari 7:69:494v Evolution was proposed by people in medieval Islam (although there were others who proposed it before). Al-Jahiz wrote: "Animals engage in a struggle for existence, and for resources, to avoid being eaten, and to breed. Environmental factors influence organisms to develop new characteristics to ensure survival, thus transforming them into new species. Animals that survive to breed can pass on their successful characteristics to their offspring." - Al-Jahiz (776-868 AD) But evolution is against Islam. - THE REST OF THE CHAPTER HAS NOT BEEN CORRECTED Muhammad ibn Zakariya ar-Razi (865–925) "One important Arabic medical authority started his career as lute player: Muhammad ibn Zakariya ar-Razi, born in Rajj, today’s Tehran. Only a little is known about his life (e.g., he was in charge of hospitals in Baghdad and Rajj, and was also a friend of the local emir al-Mansur ibn Ishaq). He left an extensive legacy, however, in the form of specialized literature; ar-Razi was the greatest clinician of the Arab world and has been well-known, especially in Europe, as Rhazes. He dedicated one of his medical encyclopedias to his patron Mansur. The Latin translation of its ninth chapter, which became very popular in Europe, is Liber Nonus Almansurus. It contained cures that were grouped according to individual diseases from head to toe, and was even available in some common European languages. Another ar-Razi work that became very famous in Europe dealt with measles and smallpox. This work was still being published even in the eighteenth century in England." - https://www.reddit.com/r/exmuslim/comments/ f6n829/ive_seen_somewhere_that_many_muslim_poets_and/ Ibn al-Haytham (AD 965–?) "In Basra, a person called Ibn al-Haytham was born who would later become

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known in Europe as Alhazen. He began his career as a civil service worker but switched careers and started carrying out scientific studies in Baghdad and Persia. One day, al-Haytham caught the attention of the counter-caliph in Cairo. When he mentioned that it was possible to dam up the Nile River and provide irrigation for the fields all year around, he was called to Egypt and assigned to the project. With a large team and a lot of devices at his disposal, he went up the Nile River in order to start the project, but when he saw all the impressive old Egyptian buildings along the Nile River, he began having doubts about the whole idea. If not even those people who were capable of creating such buildings were able to build a dam, how could someone like him succeed? Nevertheless, he kept on and found a suitable spot in Aswan, at the site of today’s Aswan Dam. But soon he would realize that this project couldn’t be carried out." For further study, read Freethinkers of Medieval Islam: Ibn Al-Rāwandī, Abū Bakr Al-Rāzī, and Their Impact on Islamic Thought (2016) by Sarah Stroumsa.

Scientists were called Kafirs and books were burned down Ibn Sina (Avicenna) He was called the imam of atheists. He made many statements contradicting Islam. "After-life is a notion received from the religious teaching; there is no way of establishing its truth save by way of religous dogma and acceptance of prophets" Ibn Sina (Avicenna) Scholars at his time and after them declared him to be an apostate. One of them was Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya who declared him a non-believer, who supported shirk and kufr. Another one was Ibn Taymiyyah who wrote " What those such as Ibn Sina say are worse than the statements of the Jews, the Christians, and the mushkrikeen". - Ibn Taymiyyah Al-Ghazali (1058-1111 AD), and Al-Dhahabi (1274-1348 AD) also labelled him as an atheist. Al Razi He was called the heretic, and was told that he should be executed.

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Al Kindi He disagreed with the Quran Ibn Moukaffaa His limps were cut off and was forced to eat them Thabit Ibn Karah He was a sabian, kaffir and atheist. Ibn Rishd He was an atheist whose books were burned. He was also called a traitor of Islam and he was publicly humiliated. Ibn Hayan He was accused of being a magician Al Farabi An atheist who called all prophets liars Ibn Al Haytham He was called the biggest heretic Ibn Battutaa He was accused of slandering religous leaders. Al Tusi He was an allied to blasphemy and atheism Ibn Firnas He was accused of being a magician and a heretic Ibn Tufail He was one of ahteists imams Ibn Bajjah He was an atheist and was fought by the muslims Al Ma'arri He was accused of heresy. He statement regarding Muhammad:

"Do not suppose the statements of the prophets to be true; they are all fabrications. Men lived comfortably till they came and spoiled life. The sacred books are only such a set of idle tales as any age could have and indeed did actually produce" - Abul' Ala Al-Ma'arrri Al Khatib He was accused of blasphemy, and was jailed and strangled Al Hallaj His limps were cut off first and after that his neck Al Jahiz He was told that he should be executed Al Batani He was an apostate The peak of Islam was during the Islamic Golden age, which was roughly between the 8th and 14th century, everything went downhill from there. But even then, the scientists and philosophers of that time who often had controversial viewpoints and ideas that opposed to what Islam stood for, they were persecuted, deemed as heretics and some of them were convicted of treason and sentenced to death, or worse tortured to death. While others chose to live their lives in seclusion and kept to themselves. You can find out about the heinous crimes and how the Islamic Golden age philosophers, scientists, poets, mathematicians, chemists, and doctors such as Alrazi, Alfarabi, Ibn Alhaytham, Ibn Rushed, Bashar ibn Burd, Mansur Alhallaj, Ibn Almuqaffa, Ibn Alkhatib, Alkindi, were persecuted, tortured and even killed in heinous ways in Islamic history books such as Al-Bidaya wa'l-Nihaya by Ibn Kathir, Munqidh min aldalal by Abu Hamid Alghazali, Almontathim by Ibn Aljawzi, Dara' altaearud by Ibn Taymiyyah, and Lisan Almizan by Ibn Hajar Alasqalani. There are more but those are just a few examples you could check out for yourself. Many scientists in that age were called Kafirs. Prominent mainstream figures were like Abu-Hanifa and most of the head of Mu’tazila school were called Kafirs and Shi’is were commonly called Kafirs. The worst offenders are the Ahlu-AlHadith or Hanbalis (the modern day salafis), who had a the most literalist reading

of scripture and whore vehemently opposed to Greek influences (Anti logic, philosophy and astronomy). The famous Sunni exegete and historian Al-Tabari (mainstream Sunni) was besieged by the Hanbali mob and his house was stoned. The presence of a large force from the Baghdad police prevented them from reaching him. He died under siege in six months (320H). Most philosophers were called heretics by the Ahlu-Al-Hadith: Al-Kind, Ibn-Rushd, Ibn-Sina, etc. • • • • •

The burning of the books of Ibn Masarra. The burning of the books of Ibn Hazm. The burning of the books of Al-Ghazali in 500H by Ibn Tashfeen.. The burning of the library of Ray in 384H by Al Ghaznawi. Around 981 AD in Spain, Al-Mansur burned down the library of Al-Hakam II (Caliph of Cordoba) which contained books on “ancient science” • Around 214 years later in 1195 AD, Muslims publicly burned the works of Ibn Rushd (aka Averroes), banned his teachings, and banished him from Cordoba, Spain Scientists and philosophers, when presenting ideas that opposed Islam, were persecuted, deemed as heretics and some of them were convicted of treason and sentenced to death. Other scientists choose to live in seclusion and keep their it to themselves " "Whenever it's reported someone is studying philosophy or engaging in astrology, the commoners would label him a heretic and count his breaths. And if he errs in a dubious matter (unorthodox opinion) they would stone him or burn him even before his case is reported to the sultan, or the sultan would kill him to win the hearts of the public. Often their rulers would order the burning of books in these subjects if found"." - A report from Andalusia by Ibn Sa'eed Al-Maghribi (D 685H): Al-Farabi and Ibn-Sina(Avicenna) both physicians and philosophers were considered Kafir by Al-Ghazali and others. Modern day The Pakistani nobel laureate, Abdus Salam, had his grave desecrated because he wasn't a practicing muslim and his child converted to Hinduism.

Stealing Christian children Not only did they force non-muslims to pay the tax called jiza which they were

then called as dhimmis, they also stole Christian children, raised them up and used them as a frontline attack in conquring, and even as animials in frontline defense. The Islamic golden age was anything than than harmony.

Reasons the Islamic empire rose • The roman empre and Sassanian (Persian) empire were exchausted after fighting each other, and the arabs took the chance to attack there. Had it not been for that, Islam would probably have not existed today. The ByzantineSassanian War was from 602-628 AD • As mentioned before, they stole non-muslim children and used them for battle • They had the stirrup for horses which gave them a huge benefits, beheading people from their horses with the sword Non-muslims are only presented about inventions and discoveries, and never really taught about what happened regarding the conquests. John J. O'Neill wrote "..the muslim conquest of Spain produced, instead of a Golden Age of science and learning, a bloodbath and an interminable war of attrition" - from the book Holy Warriors by John J. O'Neill (2009) pp. 116

Al-Khwarizmi invented Algebra and Algorithms. George Boole proposed the Boolean algebra, the basis for digital logic Los Alamos NL: They created computational algorithms with Monte Carlo method. In 1637, René Descartes published La Géométrie, inventing analytic geometry and introducing modern algebraic notation. Another key event in the further development of algebra was the general algebraic solution of the cubic and quartic equations, developed in the mid-16th century.

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Chapter 6: Discoveries and inventions of the modern world

Introduction This chapter is about the inventions and discoveries of the modern would where Islam did not had much influence on. This is an important chapter to give an overview of what the West and East have discovered and invented from 1600 to 2019, which is called the Golden Age of the West and East. We are in the middle of the greatest Golden Age of the entire human race, thousands of times more advanced than the Golden Age of Islam or any other. Most people don't even know half of these discoveries and inventions, not to talk about how they work Remember that global scientific output doubles every nine years.

The list The list does not include all inventions and certainly only a minor part of a scientific discoveries. If one includes all scientific discoveries, it definitely would reach at least 5000-10.000 pages, if not much more than that. For this reason only major ones are listed. Year

Inventions

Discoveries

1600

William Gilbert invents the first electrical measuring instrument (the electroscope) Shakspeare writes one of the greatest plays, Hamlet

William Gilbert publishes De Magnete which describes how Earth behaves like a giant magnet. This is the beginning of magnetism.

1602

Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie invented the first stock market.

Galileo Galilei described isochronism Vincenzio Cascarido discovers barium sulfide

1603

Federico Cesi founds the oldest scientific academy, Accademia dei Lincei

Johann Bayer developed the modern system for naming stars. Girolamo Fabrici discovered the valves in veins

1604

Huntingdon Beaumont builds the first railway, Wollaton Wagonway

Johannes Kepler developes the law of rectilinear propagation for light waves. Italy observes the first supernova which becames known as Kepler's Supernova (SN 1604) Luca Valerio developes the method for determining the center of gravity of solids

1601

1605

Sir Francis Bacon devised Bacon's cipher Sir Francis Bacon discovered the phenomenon of mechanoluminescence from scratching sugar with a knife.

1606

Johannes Trithemius wrote the cryptographic text Steganographia. Galileo Galilei invents a thermometer based on the expansion of gas. Chinese military first uses the bayonet

Willem Janszoon makes the first confirmed sighting of Australia Giovanni Antonio Magini devises trigonometric tables with a high accuracy.

1607

Frenchmen invented the howitzers

Johannes Kepler observes and records the appearance and motion of a comet which later became known as Comet Halley.

1608

Marin le Bourgeoys invents the flintlock muzzleloader King James & Lord Sheffield invents the manufacture of alum.

Hans Lippershey invents the first refracting telescope.

1609

Johann Carolus published the first newspaper Cornelius Drebbel invented the thermostat

Johannes Kepler discovers the first two laws of planetary motion Galileo Galilei builds a telescope and makes new astronomical discoveries.

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1610

German silversmith invented tinsel, who used real silver for the metal strands Poland created bagels and gave them as gifts to women after childbirth

Galileo Galilei discovered that the moon is not a perfect sphere but has craters. Galileo Galilei discovered the moons of Jupiter. Nicolas de Peirecs discovered orion nebula Thomas Harriot became the first to view sunspots through a telescope Jean Beguin publishes Tyrocinium Chymicum, the first book of chemistry lectures in the world

1611

France finishes the building of Cordouan lighthouse on the Gironde estuary, the first wave-swept light.

Johannes Kepler produces Kepler's conjecture on sphere packing.

1612

Claude-Gaspar de Meziriac invented the first maths for fun puzzles book Marin de Bourgeoys invented flintlock musket

Simon Marius gives the first description of the Andromeda Galaxy based on observations by telescope Santorio Sanctorius is the first to ue the thermometer into the medical field.

1613

England opens The New River (engineered by Sir Hugh Myddelton), supplying London with drinking water from Hertfordshire.

Galileo Galilei published the Letters on Sunspots which is the first major work on the topic.

1614

Antonio Zara invented the index for books

John Napier invented the logarithms for calculation and incorporation of decimal mark Santorio Santorio became the first person to study metabolism which leads to carbondioxid

1615

Salomon de Caus invented the first known solar activated device, a water pumping machine

Jean Beguin discoveres the first-ever chemical equation in his chemistry textbook Tyrocinium Chymicum

1616

Giuliano Bossi invented a double-barreled gun.

Fortunio Liceti is the first person to begin the field which studies the malformations of the embryo. Robert Bylot and William Baffin make a detailed exploration of Baffin Bay, they discover Smith Sound, Lancaster Sound and Devon Island, and furthermore also reach latitude 77° 45' North which became the world record for 236 years.

1617

John Napier invented the Napier’s Boneswhich is a multiplication device

Johannes Kepler is the first person to set out the theory of elliptic orbits in his published book Epitome astronomiæ Copernicanæ

1618

Scotland invented the featherie ball, a precursor to a golf ball

Johannes Kepler formulates the third law of planetary motion. Johann Baptist Cysat becomes the first person to study a comet through the telescope and gives the first description of the nucleus and coma of a comet. Fortunio Liceti first to support the theory of spontaneous generation of organisms.

1619

Sir Basil Brooke first produces steel using a reverberatory furnace

Johannes Kepler publishes his book where he finds out that planets path were ovals or elipses and not circles Fabriccio Bartoletti discoveres lactose Dermod O'Meara's first publishes the text on genetic disorders, De Moribus: Pathologia Haereditaria Generalis

1620

Cornelius Drebbel invented the first compound microscopes made of two converging lenses Cornelis Drebbel builded the first navigable submarine

Francis Bacon proposes Baconian method, a forerunner of the scientific method Francis Bacon studies candle flames which lead to a better understanding of combustion Francis Bacon is the first to notice the jigsaw fit of the opposite shores of the Atlantic Ocean.

1621

Cornelius Drebbel presents a compound microscope with a convex objective and a convex eyepiece, called a "Keplerian" microscope. America celebrates the first Thanksgiving Day

Willebrord Snellius is the first to formulate Snell's law on refraction.

1622

Dud Dudley recieves a patent for the process for smelting iron ore with coke.

William Oughtred invented the first slide rule Gaspare Aselli is the first to discover the lacteal vessels of the lymphatic system

1623

Wilhelm Schickard invented a calculating machine called Speeding Clock or Calculating Clock

Jacques Ferrand is the first to mention erotomania in a psychiatric treaty

1624 1625 1626 1627

308

Cornelis Drebbel makes discoveries regarding gases. Adriaan van den Spiegel gives the first comprehensive description of malaria. Jean-Baptiste Denys invented a method for blood transfusion.

Johann Rudolf Glauber discovers sodium sulfate (sal mirabilis or "Glauber's salt", which is used as a laxative) Johann Baptista van Helmont gives the first description of hydrogen and is the first to use the word "gas". Adriaan van den Spiegel's work De formato feotu is published which includes the first observation of milk in female breasts at birth.

1628

William Harvey is the first to come with the correct description of circulation of the blood in his De Motu Cordis

1629

Giovanni Branca invented a steam turbine.

1630

Cornelius Drebbel is the first to produce an early form of magic lantern or slide projector.

Pierre de Fermat is the first to study the curve which was later known as the "Witch of Agnesi". Francesco Stelluti publishes Persio tradotto in verso schiolto e dichiarato, which is the first book to contain images of organisms viewed through the microscope.

1631

Hieronymus de Zentis made the earliest known bentside spinet

William Oughtred is the first to devise the "x" symbol for multiplication and the abbreviations "sin" and "cos" for the sine and cosine functions Thomas Harriot is the first to devise the symbols for "is less than" and "is greater than", along with other innovations

1632

Leiden University builded the world's first official observatory.

1633

Giovanni Baptista Ferrari is the first to pioneer the field of floriculture. Fabrizio Bartoletti makes the first, crude, isolation of lactose

1634

Gilles de Roberval is the first to show that the area under a cycloid is three times the area of its generating circle. Louise Bourgeois Boursier is the first to propose the podalic version technique in the first of obstetrics

1635 1636

William Gascoigne invented the micrometer.

Pierre de Fermat discovered the field of analytic geometry, adequality and the Fermat numbers. Marin Mersenne is the first to devise Mersenne's laws which describs the frequency of oscillation of a stretched string.

1637

Galileo Galilei invented the Galileo's escapement England is the first to use proof-marks on firearms

René Descartes is the first to introduce the Cartesian coordinate system. Pierre de Fermat conjectures Fermat's Last Theorem.

1638

Galileo Galilei devises the laws of falling body (motion of objects) Galileo Galilei is the first to come with the field of strength of materials

1639

Jeremiah Horrocks and William Crabtree are the first and only scientific observers of a transit of Venus, which was predicted by Horrocks. Girard Desargues is the first to introduce the concept of infinity into geometry. Giovanni Battista Zupi is the first to observe that the planet Mercury has orbital phases.

1640

France invented a form of bayonet Robert Hooke invented the reticle telescope which initiated the birth of sharpshooting.

Blaise Pascal is the first to demonstrate the properties of the hexagrammum mysticum Pierre de Fermat states his "Little Theorem"

1641

Italy invented the the sealed thermometer

Samuel Winslow is granted the first patent for a new saltmaking process.

1642

Blaise Pascal starts to build the Pascaline which is the first practical mechanical calculator intended to help with the recording of taxes Ludwig von Siegen invented mezzotint engraving

1643

Evangelista Torricelli invented the mercury barometer

1644 1645

Pietro Mengoli proposes The Basel problem which puzzled mathematicians until it was solved by Leonhard Euler in 1735. Giacomo Torelli invented the revovling stage

1646

Michael Florent van Langren is the first to publish a map of the Moon. Daniel Whistler presented the first printed pediatric text on rickets Blaise Pascal developed Pascal's Law (Pascal's principle of hydrostatics)

1647

France's military is the first to use the bayonet

Johannes Hevelius is the first to publish the first comparatively detailed map of the Moon

1648

Zaya Pandita developed clear script which was used by the Torgut Mongols of Sinkiang Jean Laurent Palmer developed the first micrometer

Jan Baptista van Helmont is the first to discover that air has different gases, including carbon dioxide and nitrix oxide. Johannes Hevelius discovered the longitudinal libration of the Moon. Semyon Dezhnyov is the first recorded person to voyage through the Bering Strait. Florin Périer is the first to demonstrate that atmospheric pressure varies with height Mercurius van Helmont create an early version of the law of conservation of mass.

1649

Johann Schröder publishes two different methods for the production of elemental Arsenic.

309

1650

Giambattista Riccioli discoveres the first binary star named Mizar

1651

William Harvey is the first to describe organ formation in the developing embryo in De Generatione.

1652

Thomas Bartholin is the first to discover the lymphatic system and also determined its relation to the circulatory system.

1653

Blaise Pascal is the first to describe a convenient tabular presentation for binomial coefficients which is now called Pascal's triangle. Blaise Pascal explains his law of pressure in Treatise on the Equilibrium of Liquids

1654

Otto von Guericke is the first ever person to demonstrate the strenght of vacuum with the magdeburg hemispheres Blaise Pascal corresponds with Pierre de Fermat on gambling problems, which created the field of the theory of probability. William Petty is the first to carry out the first large scale attempt at a scientific survey.

1655

Christiaan Huygens discovered Titan, Saturn's largest moon

1656

Christiaan Huygens invented Pendulum clock

Christiaan Huygens discovered that the planetary rings of Saturn consist of rocks.

1657

Walter Rumsey invented the provang, a baleen instrument Robert Hooke invented the anchor escapement for clocks

Christiaan Huygens is the first to publish a book on probability theory. Pierre de Fermat stated the 'least time' principle which states that a light ray follows the path to its destination in the shortest possible time.

1658

Jan Swammerdam is the first to discover red blood cells Christopher Wren gives the first published proof of the lenght of the arc of a cycloid.

1659

Christiaan Huygens is the first to discover the rotation of Mars Christiaan Huygens derives the formula for centripedal force. Stefano degli Angeli is the first to use the term Abscissa

1660

Germany invented the cuckoo clocks in the Black Forest region. England banks invented the Cheque Book England developed thoroughbred horse racing

Robert Hooke proposed Hooke's Law, an equation describing elasticity

1661

Melchisédech Thévenot invented the spirit level

Marcello Malpighi discovered capillaries John Evelyn makes a pamphlet called Fumifugium which includes the earliest descriptions of air pollution. Robert Boyle invented the modern chemistry by separating chemistry as corpucles, from alchemy, as qualities, and gave the first precise definitions of a chemical element, a chemical reaction, chemical analysis. He also made studies of acids and bases. Only after this event scientists abandoned the notion of ancient times that matter was compounded of fire, earth, air and water.

1662

Blaise Pascal launches the first City Bus Service

Robert Boyle devised the Boyle's Law of ideal gas. Robert Boyle determined that sound doesn't travel in a vacuum. John Graunt invented life tables which are now used by life insurance.

1663

Otto von Guericke invented the friction machine James Gregory invented the first reflecting telescope Germany made the world's first magazine (Erbauliche Monaths Unterredungen).

Girolamo Cardano publishes the first book about games of chance

1664

Robert Hooke is the first to discover Jupiter's Great Red Spot. Thomas Willis is the first to identify the corpus striatum, now called the basal ganglia that initiats motor acts as well as being the receiver of sensory data. He also distinguished the cortical gray matter from the deeper white matter.

1665

Robert Hooke is the world's first ever to discover the cell Royal Society published the first ever peer reviewed scientific journal called Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz invented calculus Robert Hooke is the first to outline the correct theory of combustion in Micrographia

1666

1667

310

Otto von Guericke invented the first vacuum pump

England invented cheddar cheese Samuel Morland invented several designs of pocket calculating machine

Gian Cassini discovered the polar caps on Mars Amsterdam begins publishing Stanisław Lubieniecki's Theatrum Cometicum, the first encyclopedia and atlas of comets. Isaac Newton discovered the law of universal gravitation, the essentials of calculus, and that white light is composed of all the colors of the spectrum. Johann Joachim Becher is first to explain the phlogiston theory James Gregory demonstrates the transcendence of π. Robert Hooke shows that alteration of the blood in the lungs is essential for respiration.

1668

Sir Isaac Newton invented the Newtonian telescope

Francesco Redi disproved the idea of spontaneous generation. John Wilkins proposed the earliest concept of a metric system Nicholas Mercator and William Brouncker discovered an infinite series for the logarithm while calculating the area under a hyperbolic segment.

1669

Gilles de Roberval invented the shop scales.

Nicholas Steno is the first to propose that fossils are organic remains embedded in layers of sediment, which is the basis of stratigraphy Henning Brand discovered phosphorus Geminiano Montanari detected the variability of the eclipsing binary Algol. Jan Swammerdam is the first to explain the process of epigenesis and metamorphosis in insects. Rasmus Bartholin observed the birefringence of a light ray by calcite (Iceland spar)

1670

Germany invented the candy cane Dom Pérignon invented Champagne William Clement invented the minute hand for clocks William Clement builed the first longcase clock

Robert Boyle first produced hydrogen by reacting metals with acid.

1671

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz designed the calculating machine called Step Reckoner

France completes building of Paris Observatory, the world's first such national institution James Gregory developed a series expansion for the inverse tangent function. He also discovered Taylor's theorem.

1672

Sir Isaac Newton publishes his discovery that white light is a spectrum of a mixture of distinct coloured rays Robert Hooke discovered the diffraction of light John Flamsteed determined the solar parallax from observations of Mars. Giovanni Cassini discovered a satellite of Saturn called Rhea. Georg Mohr published the Mohr–Mascheroni theorem

1673

Christiaan Huygens is the first to study oscillating systems, and also analyzed the design of pendulum clocks Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz devised the Leibniz formula for π

1674

George Ravenscroft patented Lead Crystal Christiaan Huygens invented spring watch

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek was the first to visually see and describe protozoa.

1675

Christian Huygens patented the pocket watch.

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Isaac Newton discovered infinitesimal calculus, and for the first time to find the area under the graph of the function y=f(x). Anton van Leeuwenhoek observed microorganisms with a microscope Anthony de la Roché is the first to cross the Antarctic Convergence who then lands on South Georgia.

1676

Robert Hooke invented the universal joint. Compagnie de Limonadiers invented lemonade Thomas Tompion constructed the first clocks using a form of deadbeat escapement from a design by Richard Towneley,

Ole Rømer was the first to measure the speed of light at 220,000 km/s, compared to the true value of 299,792 km/s. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek was the first to see and describe bacteria with a microscope. John Ray publishes Francis Willughby's Ornithologiae, the foundation of scientific ornithology. William Briggs publishes Ophthalmographia which describes the anatomy of the eye in much greater detail than ever before Robert Plot discovered the first-ever fossilised bone of what is now known to be a dinosaur, the femur of a Megalosaurus from a limestone quarry Nehemiah Grew proposed the true nature of ovules and pollen.

1677

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek discovered the spermatozoon.

1678

Martin Lister publishes the first book ever devoted to spiders, called English Spiders

Edmund Halley publishes the first systematic southern sky survey, a catalogue of 341 southern stars. Robert Hooke discovered the fundamental law of elasticity; stress (force) exerted is proportional to the strain (elongation) produced. Denis Papin is the first to ever demonstrate the influence of atmospheric pressure on boiling points. He did that by devising a vessel in which the boiling point of water is raised by an increase in steam pressure.

1679

Denis Papin invented the Pressure Cooker

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz popularized binary system from the ancient China.

1680

Christiaan Huygens gives the first known description of a piston engine. Robert Boyle invented phosphorus matches

Gottfried Kirch observed the Great Comet of 1680, the first comet discovered by a telescope. Robert Hooke observed the nodal patterns which is associated with the vibrations of glass plates.

1681

John Mayow provides the first known description of mitral stenosis.

1682

Edmond Halley observed a comet which later became known as Comet Halley, after Edmund Halley successfully predicts its return in 1758. Antony Van Leeuwenhoek discovered the banded pattern of muscle fibers.

311

1683

Seki Takakazu developed the elimination theory based on his discovery of the resultant. To express the resultant, he develops the notion of the determinant.

1684

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz published the first description of differential calculus.

1685

Govert Bidloo published the first atlas of human anatomy

1886

Edmund Halley is the first to establish the relationship between barometric pressure and height above sea level. John Ray is the first to use the biological definition of the term species in his Historia Plantarum. Edmund Halley presented a systematic study of the trade winds and monsoons. He also identified solar heating as the cause of atmospheric motions. Isaac Newton was the first to use a fixed length of pendulum with weights of different composition to test the weak equivalence principle to 1 part in 1000.

1687

Sir Isaac Newton provides a classical mathematical description of the fundamental force of universal gravitation, and also compiled the three physical laws of motion.

1688

Louis Lucas de Nehou invented Plate Glass Russia invented the balalaika.

1689

Denis Papin invented a centrifugal pump Hans Sloane develops a milk chocolate drink

Pierre Magnol invented the concept of plant families based on combinations of morphological characters. It is the first example of a natural classification. Walter Harris published De Morbis Acutis Infantum which remained a standard textbook on pediatrics for nearly 100 years.

1690

Denis Papin invented the first steam engine.

Giovanni Cassini observed differential rotation within atmosphere of Jupiter. John Flamsteed recorded the earliest sighting of the planet Uranus, which he mistakenly catalogues it as the star 34 Tauri. Izeki Tomotoki provides the resultant and the Laplace expansion of the determinant for the n×n case.

1691

Christopher Scheiner invented the Hartmann Mask Edmond Halley devises a diving bell. Andreas Werckmeister developed the "equal temperament" in which is used in today's music.

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz discoverd the technique of separation of variables for ordinary differential equations. Michel Rolle devised the Rolle's theorem.

1692

Christiaan Huygens was the first to study the tractrix, sometimes called a tractory or equitangential curve

1693

Philip Verheyen is the first to record the name of the Achilles tendon.

1694

Rudolph Jakob Camerarious is the first to report the existence of sex in flowering plants.

1695 1696

Guillaume de l'Hôpital published the first textbook on differential calculus Jakob Bernoulli and Johann Bernoulli solved the brachistochrone curve problem which was the first result in the calculus of variations.

1697

312

1698

Thomas Savery patented an early steam engine, Savery Engine Bartolomeo Cristofori invented the piano which was originally named the "piano et forte"

Christiaan Huygens is the first to argue in his published book Kosmotheoros, that other planets in the solar system could contain extraterrestrial life. Edmond Halley sets sail with the HMS Paramour to investigate magnetic declination

1699

Sir Isaac Newton developed a reflecting quadrant.

Abraham Sharp calculated π to 72 digits by using an arctan sequence. Only the last decimal was incorrect

1700

Johann Christoph Denner invented the Clarinet

Edmond Halley observed the Antarctic Convergence from HMS Paramour. Nicolas Andry is the first to pioneer the germ theory of disease. Bernardino Ramazzini is the first to pioneer the occupational medicine.

1701

Jethro Tull invented the seed drill. Joseph Sauveur originate the French word acoustique. The english word acoustics is derived from that.

Edmond Halley published General Chart of the Variation of the Compass based on observations in the atlantic ocean. He is the first time ever to show magnetic declination and the first on which isogonic halleyan lines appear. Giacomo Pylarini inoculates children with smallpox, hoping to prevent more serious smallpox sickness when the children are older. By doing so he became the first immunologist.

1702

Frenchman M. Bion developed a fountain pen Pierre Varignon applied calculus to spring-driven clocks.

David Gregory publishes the first astronomy textbook specifically based on Isaac Newton's principles of motions and theory of gravitation. It's an important book because physics and engineering fields today uses these laws and principles to build planes, cars, buildings and developing games.

1703

Abbé Jean de Hautefeuille developed an early crude seismograph

Georg Ernst Stahl proposed the phlogiston theory. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz is the first to publish a description of binary numbers in the West.

1704

George Graham and Thomas Tompion build the first modern orrery. Heinrich Diesbach accidentally invented the pigment Prussian blue, which is used in oil painting.

Sir Isaac Newton proposed theories on optics in his Opticks Pierre Varignon invented the U-tube manometer. It is a device that is capable of measuring rarefaction in gases.

1705

1706

Edmond Halley determined the periodicity of Halley's Comet Raymond Vieussens published what is considered to be an early classic work on cardiology, Novum vasorum corporis humani systema Jean Louis Petit published his work L'Art de guerir les maladies des os, the first significant work in the field of bone disease. William Talbot and Sir Thomas Allen founded the world's first life insurance company, the Amicable Society Francis Hauksbee produced the 'Influence machine' to generate static electricity.

1707

William Jones proposed using the symbol π to represent the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter. The Greek letter pi is an an abbreviation for perimeter. Sir Isaac Newton published Arithmetica universalis, the collected works of his discoveries on algebra. Abraham de Moivre derives de Moivre's formula. John Floyer is the first to introduce counting of pulse rate during one minute. Giovanni Maria Lancisi published De Subitaneis Mortibus (On Sudden Death), which is an early work in cardiology.

1708

Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus produced calcareous hard-paste porcelain and developed after his death by Johann Friedrich Böttger.

1709

Bartolomeo Cristofori crafts the first piano. Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit invented the alcohol thermometer. Abraham Darby I is the first to successfully produce cast iron using coke fuel John Dennis invented the thundersheet method of producing theatrical thunder Johann Friedrich Böttger is first to produce hard-paste porcelain in Europe France introduces the collapsible umbrella

1710

Jakob Christof Le Blon invented a three-color printing process with red, blue, and yellow ink. Later in his life he added black, thus introducing the first four-color printing process.

Edmond Halley discovered the proper motion of some "fixed" stars by comparing his observations with Ptolemy's catalog

1711

John Shore invented the tuning fork.

Stephen Hales is the first to perform blood pressure measurement and first cardiac catheterisation Luigi Ferdinando Marsigli demonstrated that coral is actually an animal and not a plant as previously thought. Giovanni Ceva published De Re Nummeraria (Concerning Money Matters), which may be the first book on mathematical economics.

1712

Thomas Newcomen built the first commercial steam engine (Newcomen's engine) that pumps water out of mines

Seki Takakazu discovered Bernoulli numbers Brook Taylor delivers a form of what is later known as Taylor's theorem Giacomo F. Maraldi obtains the angle in the rhombic dodecahedron shape experimentally. This becomes known as the Maraldi angle.

1713

Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit substituted alcohol for mercury as the thermometric fluid in his thermometers. Thus, he created the first mercury-in-glass thermometer.

Nicolas Bernoulli is the first to describe the St. Petersburg paradox James Waldegrave is the first to provide the minimax mixed strategy solution to a two-person game

1714

Henry Mill recieves a patent for inventing the first typewriter.

Roger Cotes provided the first proof of what is now known as Euler's formula and also constructed the logarithmic spiral. Brook Taylor described his solution to the center of oscillation problem. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz delivers the harmonic triangle. Dominique Anel is the first to use fine-pointed syringe in surgery which later became known as "Anel's syringe".

1715

Thomas Doggett invents the first rowing race in the world called Doggett's Coat and Badge Unknown inventer invented the first recognised fire extinguisher

Edmond Halley proposed that nebulae are clouds of interstellar gas. Brook Taylor discovered a new branch in the higher mathematics, which is now called "calculus of finite differences". He also introduced Taylor's theorem and the Taylor series. Taylor also discussed the principles of perspective and the vanishing point. Raymond Vieussens gave the first description of valvular disease of the heart.

Herman Boerhaave published Institutiones medicae which is one of the earliest textbooks on physiology.

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1716 1717

Edmond Halley constructed the diving bell. Benjamin Franklin invented swim fins

Thomas Fairchild produced the first artificial hybrid plant.

1718

James Puckle patented the Puckle Gun

Edmond Halley discovered the proper motion of stars. Étienne François Geoffroy introduces the first ever table of chemical affinity, which was based on displacement reactions

1720

Jonathan Sisson developed a theodolite

Abraham Vater discovered the Ampulla of Vater

1721

Japan made the first suggestion box Richard Newsham obtained his first patent for a manual fire pump.

1722

French C. Hopffer patented the fire extinguisher.

1719

1723 1724

George Graham discovered diurnal variation in Earth's magnetic field. Giacomo F. Maraldi made the first observation of the Arago spot Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit invented the first mercury thermometer.

1725

314

René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur published his work on metallurgy Abraham de Moivre states de Moivre's formula which connects complex numbers and trigonometry. Willem 's Gravesande discovered for the first time, with the help of experimental proof, the formula for kinetic energy of a body in motion which is used a lot in physics. Jacob Roggeveen first lands on Easter Island.

Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit invented the temperature scale Giacomo F. Maraldi concludes that the corona is part of the Sun after observing an eclipse Daniel Bernoulli was the first to express the numbers of the Fibonacci sequence in terms of the golden ratio. Herman Boerhaave first described Boerhaave syndrome, a rupture of the esophagus which is fatal James Bradley first observed stellar aberration. Basile Bouchon invented the binary numeral system Pierre Varignon introduced planar dual graphs

1726

John Harrison developed the gridiron pendulum. It is a pendulum that compensates for temperature errors by arranging a grid of alternating brass and steel rods so that the expansion due to heat is dissipated.

1727

Edward Scarlett invented eyeglasses, with side pieces that rest on the ears Thomas Rawlinson invented the modern kilt which is associated since the 19th century with Scottish culture

Stephen Hales made the first measurement of blood pressure. George Graham and Anders Celcius independently determined that a disturbance on the sun was a magnetic storm.

1728

Pierre Fauchard published the first comprehensive text on dentistry. It includs the first description of orthodontic braces.

James Bradley uses stellar aberration to calculate the speed of light to be around 301,000 km/s James Bradley observed the nutation of the Earth's axis.

1729

Chester Moore Hall invented an achromatic lens which is commonly used as the objective of small refracting telescopes.

James Bradley presented his discovery of aberration of starlight. Fr. Nicolas Sarrabat discovered the Comet of 1729, probably the largest comet on record, with the highest apparent magnitude Stephen Gray discovered electrical conduction. Pierre Bouguer defines in his publication the quantity of light lost by passing through a given extent of the earth's atmosphere. Thus he made one of the earliest measurements in photometry and also became the first known discoverer of what is now known as the Beer–Lambert law. Stephen Switzer published a 2-volume general treatise on hydraulics, called An Introduction to a General System of Hydrostaticks and Hydraulicks

1730

René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur developed the Reaumur scale, with 0° = the freezing point of water and 80° = the boiling point. Joseph Foljambe of Rotherham invented the iron-clad Rotherham swing plough.

Grandjean de Fouchy developed the analemma

1731

Thomas Godfrey and John Hadley independently invented the octant Europe invented the harpoon gun and used for throwing the it into the body of whales.

John Bevis is the first person in modern era to observe the Crab Nebula.

1732

Henri Pitot invented the Pitot tube which is used for measuring flow velocity under the Seine bridges. England moored the world's first lightship named Nore, in the Thames Estuary

Mikhail Gvozdev and Ivan Fyodorov are the first known to cross the Bering Strait which they did with the Sviatoi Gavriil. They sail from Cape Dezhnev to Cape Prince of Wales, and explore the coast of Alaska.

1733

John Kay invented a flying shuttle, enabling only one person to operate a loom William Kent developed the perambulator Chester Moore Hall invented the achromatic refracting lens

Abraham de Moivre presents the normal distribution to approximate the binomial distribution in the field of probability.

1734

James Short invented a Gregorian reflecting telescope with had an aperture of 36 cm (14 inches)

Leonhard Euler introduced the integrating factor technique. This made it possible to solve the first-order ordinary differential equations.

1735

1736

Carl Linnaeus introduced a new system for classifying plants in his published Systema Naturae Georg Brandt discovered and isolated cobalt. This makes it the first metal discovered since the ancient times. France sats sail in the French Geodesic Mission, for the purpose of measuring Earth's roundness, and calculating the lenght of a degree of latitude at the equator. Leonhard Euler solved the Basel problem, almost 100 years after it was posed by Pietro Mengoli in 1644. He also solved the Seven Bridges of Königsberg problem. George Hadley is the first to publish the explanation of the trade winds. John Harrison tested the newly invented Sea Clock, called H1.

1737 1738

Charles Marie de La Condamine and François Fresneau Gataudière made the first scientific observations of rubber in Ecuador Leonhard Euler described the Euler–Maclaurin formula in a letter to James Stirling, providing a connection between integrals and calculus. Leonhard Euler produced the first proof of Fermat's "little theorem". Francesco Serao became the first to use the word lava in connection with extruded magma

Lewis Paul and John Wyatt invented the first mechanized roller cotton spinning machine. William Champion patented a new process to distill zinc from calamine by using charcoal in a smelter. Jacques de Vaucanson invented the world's first automaton. Franz Ketterer constructed the earliest cuckoo clocks.

1739

Pierre Louis Maupertuis confirms Isaac Newton's view that the earth is an oblate spheroid which is slightly flattened at the poles.

Leonhard Euler is the first to solve the general homogeneous linear ordinary differential equation with constant coefficients. Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier discovered Bouvet Island in the South Atlantic Ocean. Leonhard Euler invented the tonnetz

1740

Benjamin Huntsman presented the technique for the production of crucible steel Jacques-Barthélemy Micheli du Crest construct the spirit thermometer, where he used the two fixed points: 0 degree for the temperature of earth, based on a cave at Paris Observatory - and 100 degress for the boiling point of water.

Émilie du Châtelet presented a demonstration that the energy of a moving object is proportional to the square of its velocity. This becomes one of the most used formulas, Ek = ​1⁄2mv² in physics and engineering.

1741

Anders Celsius invented the centigrade temperature scale, which has the two fixing point: 0 degrees for the freezing point of water and 100 degrees for the boiling point of water.

Johann Jacob Dillenius presents his significant work on cryptogams. Vitus Bering is the first person to set out to map the coasts of Siberia and Alaska. Nicolas Andry pioneers the field of orthopedics in his published work Orthopédie

1742

Benjamin Franklin invented the Franklin stove

Christian Goldbach produced the Goldbach's conjecture.

1743

Jean-Pierre Christin of Lyon invented the mercury thermometer. The centigrade scale runs from 0 degrees to 100 degrees, representing the freezing point and boiling point of water, respectively

1744

John Newbery mentioned the earliest description of baseball in his A Little Pretty Pocket-Book

Leonhard Euler discovered the catenoid, which has a minimal surface.

1745

Pieter van Musschenbroek and Ewald Jürgen Georg von Kleist independently invented the first capacitor ever, called The Leyden jar. It is the first-ever device for storing electric charge Dr. Watson demonstrated the first blasting cap (detonator)

Johann Nathanael Lieberkühn gave the first description of Crypts of Lieberkühn César-François Cassini de Thury presented the Cassini projection, a map projection Roger Joseph Boscovich tries to find a middle way between Isaac Newton's gravitational theory and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz's monadology. By doing this he developed a concept of "impenetrability" as a property of hard bodies which explains their behavior in terms of force rather than matter.

315

1746

John Roebuck invented the lead-chamber process for the manufacturing of sulfuric acid. Andreas Sigismund Marggraf is credited to be the first person to describe zinc as a separate metal. Eva Ekeblad was the first to discover how to make flour and alcohol out of potatoes. Jean le Rond d'Alembert developed the theory of complex numbers. Patrick d'Arcy discovered the principle of angular momentum in what is known as "the principle of areas" (areal velocity).

1747

London Lock Hospital opened the first venereal diseases clinic

Bernhard Siegfried Albinus and Jan Wandelaar produced the most exact account of the bones and muscles of the human body. It resulted to the published work Tabulae Sceleti et Musculorum Corporis Humani. Jean le Rond d'Alembert became the first to use partial differential equations in mathematical physics. Benjamin Robins described the physics of a spinning projectile after his investigation of rifle barrels.

1748

Pierre Le Roy invented the detent escapement in watchmaking, which is considered the most accurate of the balance wheel escapements

Thomas Bayes derived the Bayes' theorem.

1749 1750

Leonhard Euler produced the first proof of Fermat's theorem on sums of two squares. The proof is based on infinite descent. John Canton discovered how to make artificial magnets.

1751

Benjamin Franklin is credited to be the first to discover that lightning is electrical Carl Linnaeus published the first textbook of descriptive systematic botanical taxonomy. It also contained the first appearance of his binomial nomenclature. Axel Fredrik Cronstedt discovered nickel Robert Whytt discovered the pupillary light reflex, the first reflex of the human body to be discovered.

1752

Austria establishes the Tiergarten Schönbrunn in Vienna, the world's oldest zoo.

Benjamin Frankling invented the flexible urinary catheter Thomas Melvill gives a lecture called Observations on light and colours to the Medical Society of Edinburgh. It is a precursor of flame emission spectroscopy. Leonhard Euler discoveres the formula for the number of faces, edges and vertices in a polyhedron.

1753

Benjamin Franklin invented the lightening rod. It rings a bell when struck by lightning. George Semple developes hydraulic lime cement

Ruđer Bošković discovered the absence of atmosphere on the Moon. Carl von Linné published Linnaeus' Species Plantarum, which became the start of formal scientific classification of plants. Claude François Geoffroy demonstrates that bismuth is is not the same as lead and tin

1754

316

Joseph Black invented the analytical balance which was based on a lightweight beam balanced on a wedge-shaped fulcrum. It became the best accurate weight measuring tool, and is used scientific instrument in most chemistry laboratories. Leonhard Euler and Daniel Bernoulli originated the Euler–Bernoulli beam equation.

Joseph Black discovered carbonic acid gas. Albert Brahms and Frisian Dijkgraaf begins supporting the idea of the scientific recording of tides. Joseph-Louis Lagrange starts working on the problem of tautochrone.

1755

William Cullen invented the first artificial refrigeration machine. Thomas Mudge invented the lever escapement for timepieces.

Immanuel Kant presented the Gaseous Hypothesis Immanuel Kant developed the nebular hypothesis Joseph Black presents his discovery of carbon dioxide (fixed air) and magnesium

1756

John Smeaton is the first to produce the high-quality cement using hydraulic lime France invented the recipe for mayonnaise

Joseph Black is the first ever to describe how carbonates become more alkaline when they lose carbon dioxide, and that absorbing carbon dioxide makes them more acidic. This is used in carbonated drinks, like Coca-Cola. Mikhail Lomonosov disproved the phlogiston theory of combustion. He then pioneers the study of oxidation after demontrating the conversion of tin to stannic oxide.

1757

John Bird invented the first navigational sextant.

Leonhard Euler discovered the equations for inviscid flow.

1758

John Dollond patented the achromatic doublet lens

John Champion discovered the process of calcining zinc sulphide into an oxide usable in the process of retort. Angélique du Coudray invented the first obstetric mannequin. Francis Home was the first to attempt to deliver a measles vaccine. Carl Linnaeus applied his discovered binomial system to animal classification

1759

John Harrison invented the first successful marine chronometer, called "No. 1 sea watch" ("H4")

Caspar Friedrich Wolff is the first to desribe the mesonephros in great detail

1760

John Spilsbury invented and commercialised the jigsaw puzzle

Louis Claude Cadet de Gassicourt synthesised the first organometalic compound, and thereby pioneering the field of organometallic chemistry. He did that by investigating inks based on cobalt salts and isolated cacodyl from cobalt mineral containing arsenic. John Michell is the first to suggest earthquakes are caused by one layer of rocks rubbing against another. Johann Heinrich Lambert published Photometria which invented the field of photometry. The book includes a formulation of the Beer–Lambert law on light absorption and the albedo as a reflection coefficient.

1761

John Harrison invented the marine chronometer (navigational clock) that measures longitude. Benjamin Franklin invented the Glass Armonica Claude Bourgelat founded the first veterinary school Matthew Boulton opens Soho Manufactory, the first modern factory.

Mikhail Lomonosov discovered the atmosphere of Venus William Crookes discovered Thallium Louis Gérard published Flora Gallo-Provincialis. It became the first book which flora were arranged according to natural classification Johann Heinrich Lambert presents his proof that π is irrational. Joseph Black described the latent heat

1762

Joseph-Louis Lagrange discovered the divergence theorem. Joseph Black presented his discoveries on latent heat

1763

Thomas Bayes published the first version of Bayes' theorem. It became the foundation of Bayesian probability Edward Stone discovered Aspirin's active ingredient

1764

James Hargreaves invented the spinning jenny.

Joseph-Louis Lagrange presents an explanation as to why the same face of the moon is always turned to the Earth. It was a problem he treated with the help of virtual work, containing the germ of his idea of generalized equations of motion. Joseph Black described specific and latent heats

1765

James Watt invented an improved steam engine with a separate condenser that did not waste as much as the previous one.

Jean Baptiste Vaquette de Gribeauval introduced the Gribeauval system for manufacture of cannon

1766

The Cranege brothers introduced a new method of producing wrought iron from cast iron, by using coal fuel. They did that by experimenting with the reverberatory furnace. Joseph Wright paints the stunning and very realistic painting called A Philosopher Lecturing on the Orrery.

Henry Cavendish discovered hydrogen Joseph-Louis Lagrange delivers a paper on the movements of Jupiter's satellites John Bartram works nine month to complete his exploration and cataloging North American plants

1767

Joseph Priestley invented a method to produce carbonated water.

Royal Nevil Maskelyne provided ship navigators the opportunity to find longitude at sea using tables of lunar distance

1768

Richard Arkwright patented the spinning frame. Philip Astley invented the modern circus

William Cookworthy recieved a patent for the manufacturing of porcelain from kaolinite Leonhard Euler used closed curves (Euler diagrams) to illustrate syllogistic reasoning

1769

Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot invented the first steam-powered vehicle, which was an early car, capable of carrying passengers. Richard Arkwright recieves a patent for a water-powered spinning frame which is able to spin thread mechanically.

Carl Wilhelm Scheele discovered a process for mass-producing phosphorus.

1770

Richard Salter invented the first known design for a weighing scale. Jean-Charles de Borda formulates the ranked preferential electoral system. This later becomes known as the Borda count. Richard Salter created the spring scale.

William Hewson first isolated fibrin which is a key protein in the blood coagulation process. He also investigated the structure of the lymphatic system, and described the red blood cells. He became known as father of haematology. Captain Cook and together with his ship crew became the first Europeans to encounter the coastline of the Australian continent. Joseph-Louis Lagrange proves Bachet's theorem that every positive integer is the sum of four squares. He produces a tract on elimination theory. In his published paper on general process, he solved an algebraic equation of any degree via Lagrange resolvents. Lastly he discusses representations of integers by general algebraic forms.

1771

Thomas Henry invented a process for preparing magnesium oxide.

Charles Messier is the first to publish a catalogue of astronomical objects, called Messier Objects. It includes galaxies, star clusters and nebulae. England established the world's oldest engineering society called Society of Civil Engineers which had their first meeting. Joseph-Louis Lagrange presents his paper of the general process for solving any degree of an algebraic equation with the help of Lagrange resolvents. He furthermore also proved the Wilson's theorem, that if n is a prime, then (n − 1)! + 1 is always a multiple of n.

317

1772

England established the oldest arts festival Andrew Meikle invented spring sails for the windmills.

Johann Heinrich Lambert creates seven new map projections. They include the transverse Mercator, Lambert conformal conic, and Lambert azimuthal equal area. Daniel Rutherford is the first to isolate nitrogen. Leonhard Euler confirms that the number 31 is a Mersenne prime Nicolas de Condorcet published a significant paper on integral calculus. Joseph Priestley synthesized nitrous oxide (laughing gas). He called it phlogisticated nitrous air Joseph-Louis Lagrange found the special-case solution to the three-body problem. It later became known as the Lagrangian points.

1773

David Hartley invented a method of fireproofing construction which can be used for buildings and ships

Hilaire Rouelle discovered urea. Joseph-Louis Lagrange presented his work on the secular equation of the Moon. By doing so he introduced the idea of the potential of a body. Additionally he also published a paper about the attraction of ellipsoids. Joseph-Louis Lagrange presented an idea of a functional determinant of order 3, which is a special case of a Jacobian. Furthermore he also proved the expression for the volume of a tetrahedron where one of the vertices at the origin as one sixth of the absolute value of the determinant formed by the coordinates of the other three vertices.

1774

John Wilkinson invented the boring machine. It is considered to be the first machine tool ever. Georges Louis Lesage patented the electric telegraph. Jesse Ramsden produced one of the first advanced circular dividing engines, which had the support of the Board of Longitude.

Justus Claproth developed the process of deinking. Joseph-Louis Lagrange presents his work on the motion of the nodes of a planet's orbit. Abbé Bonaventura Corti discovered cyclosis in plant cells. Joseph Priestley is the first to isolate oxygen in the form of a gas Nevil Maskelyne carried out the Schiehallion experiment to determine the mean density of the Earth

1775

Jesse Ramsden invented the modern screw-cutting lathe. Alexander Cumming patented the S-trap which layed the foundations for the modern flush toilet Jacques Perrier invented a steamship. Pierre-Simon Girard invented a water turbine.

Percivall Pott was the first person ever to demonstrate that a cancer may be caused by an environmental carcinogen, pioneering the science of epidemiology. Torbern Bergman published his work called De attractionibus electivis (translated to "A Dissertation on Elective Attractions"), which contains the largest tables of chemical affinity ever published. Joseph-Louis Lagrange developed a general theory of binary quadratic forms. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz introduced the integral symbol

1776

John Wilkinson invented a mechanical air compressor. This prototype has become the standard for all the mechanical compressors until today. David Bushnell invented a submarine. Thomas Jefferson invented the swivel chair

James Keir suggested that some rocks might have been formed by the crystallisation of molten lava. Examples are those at the Giant's Causeway. Jean Baptiste Meusnier discovered the helicoid. Furthermore he announces the Meusnier's theorem.

1777

Thomas Arnold produced the first watch to be called a chronometer, named Arnold 36

Leonhard Euler originated the letter i to represent the square root of −1.

1778

Joseph Bramah patented an improved design of the flush toilet

Joseph-Louis Lagrange presents his treatise on cometary perturbations Antoine Lavoisier identified oxygen and gave its name. He also recognizes its importance role in combustion. Samuel-Auguste Tissot is the first to desribe a classical account of migraine. Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring described the organization of the cranial nerves. Petrus Camper published an early work of comparative anatomy.

1779

Samuel Crompton invented the spinning mule. Bryan Higgins recieved a patent for hydraulic cement (stucco) to use it as an exterior plaster. Bartholomäus Girandoni designed the Girandoni Air Rifle

Étienne Bézout produces an original work on elimination theory.

1780

Benjamin Franklin invented bi-focal eyeglasses. Georg Gottfried Gervinus invented the circular saw. Aimé Argand invented the Argand lamp. Thomas Earnshaw produced the spring detent escapement for marine chronometers.

Clément Joseph Tissot is the first person to publish a text on the therapeutic benefits of physical exercise. Lazzaro Spallanzani is the first to propose the process of animal digestion as being a chemical process in the stomach. He also proposed that it was caused by the action of gastric juice.

1781

Archibald Cochrane recieved a patent for the manufacturing of coal tar. Jacob Yoder builds the first floatcard.

William Herschel expands the known boundary of the solar system for the first time in modern history by discovering Uranus. Felice Fontana is the first to describe the axon of the brain cell with the help of a microscope. Peter Jacob Hjelm isolated molybdenum.

1782

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Antoine Lavoisier and Pierre-Simon Laplace pioneered the foundation of thermochemistry. The began to use the world's first ice calorimeter to determine the heat generated in different chemical reactions. Their calculations were based on Joseph Black's discovery of latent heat. Giordano Riccati was the first to study material elastic moduli. His experiments determined what would later be known as Young's modulus.

1783

Claude de Jouffroy built the first steamboat with the Newcomen steam engine. The Montgolfier brothers invented the Montgolfière-style hot air balloon, globe aérostatique. Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier and François Laurent d'Arlandes were the first in the world to test it. Louis-Sébastien Lenormand invented the first modern parachute and was the first ever to make a public demonstration Benjamin Hanks patented the self-winding clock. Henry Cort invented the steel roller for the production of steel. Thomas Bell patented a method of printing on fabric based on engraved cylinders. Horace-Bénédict built the first hair tension hygrometer. Jacques Charles and the Robert brothers built and launched the first hydrogen balloon

John Michell is the first to propose the existence of black holes Antoine Lavoisier demonstrated that the phlogiston theory is conflicting, and thereby proposing chemical reaction as an alternative theory. He demonstrates that water is a compound and not an element, and gives the name hydrogen for the atom. José and Fausto Elhuyar discovered tungsten by finding an acid in wolframite which they reduce with charcoal to isolate the element.

1784

Andrew Meikle invented the threshing machine. Joseph Bramah invented the safety lock. Benjamin Franklin invented eyeglasses with two distinct optical powers, called bifocals Henry Cort of Funtley converted cast to wrought iron by applying the coal-fired reverbatory furnace to the puddling process.

L'Abbé René Just Haüy presents the geometrical law of crystallization. Antoine Lavoisier pioneers stoichiometry which is the basis of modern chemistry. Unknown first isolated cholesterol.

1785

Martinus van Marum is the first person ever to use the electrolysis technique. It is used in many field of science today. Edmund Cartwright invented the power loom. Claude Berthollet invented chemical bleaching. Charles Augustus Coulomb invented the torsion balance. Jean-Pierre Blanchard invented a working parachute. David Rittenhouse invented the first man-made diffraction grating Lionel Lukin patented the first rescue lifeboat

William Withering is the first ever to present an definitive account of the use of foxglove, also called digitalis, for treating dropsy

1786

Andrew Meikle invented the threshing machine. Ignaz von Born introduced the patio process for the extracting of metals William Playfair is the first person ever to produce the first line and bar charts.

Sir William Jones demonstrated the formal resemblances between Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit, thus pioneering comparative linguistics and IndoEuropean studies. Erland Samuel Bring is the first to propose algebraic solutions to quintic functions.

1787

Oliver Evans invented the automatic flour mill Harrow School founded the first glee club John Fitch invented the Fitch steamboat. Jesse Ramsden constructed the first great theodolite England produced the first all-iron edge rail for underground colliery rail transport John Curr first introduced the L section plateway, Levi Hutchins invented a mechanical alarm clock.

Jacques Charles discovered Charles's law of ideal gas. It is a corollary of Boyle's law which describes the relationship between temperature and volume of a gas. William Herschel discovered the moons titania, enceladus, oberon, and mimas Ernst Chladni demonstrates modes of vibration.

1788

Kitagawa Utamaro published Ehon Mushi Erami, a book with color illustrations Isaac Briggs and William Longstreet patented a steam engine.

Joseph-Louis Lagrange introduces Lagrangian mechanics.

1789

Edmund Cartwright invented the power loom. Joseph-Ignace Guillotin invented the guillotine. François Huber invented the leaf hive for the cultivation of honey bees.

Antoine Lavoisier discovered the law of conservation of mass, which is the basic for modern chemistry. Martin Heinrich Klaproth discovered uranium and zirconium. An uranium isotope is used in atomic bombs. Antonio Scarpa presented his classic treaty on the hearing and olfactory organs. William Herschel discovered Saturn's moons, Enceladus and Mimas Antoine Laurent de Jussieu published anno M.DCC.LXXIV, which becomes the basis for the system of natural classification of flowering plants, still used today. Jurij Vega presented his approximation of π to 140 decimal places. Only the last 14 are incorrect. James Parkinson is the first to describe human injury from lightning strikes Andrew Duncan gave the first lectures on forensic medicine

1790

Thomas Saint invented the sewing machine.

Samuel Hopkins recieves a patent for a potash production technique

1791

John Barber invented the gas turbine Comte Mede de Sicrac invented an early bicycle. Nicolas Leblanc patented the Leblanc process. It ise used for the production of sodium carbonate (soda ash) from sodium chloride (common salt) James Rumsey recives a patent pumps, motors, hydraulic cylinders related to fluid power engineering

William Gregor discovered the metal titanium. It is one of the most important metal since it is one of the strongest metals and at the same time very light. It is used for the engines of planes and other similar fields. Luigi Galvani discovered animal electricity (Galvanism) Thomas Jefferson introduces D'Hondt method, the highest averages method of voting. Samuel Croker-King presents his trepanning device. Pierre Prévost is the first to demonstrate that all bodies radiate heat, regardless how hot or cold they are.

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1792

Claude Chappe invented the modern semaphore telegraph. William Murdoch invented gas lighting. John Pearson invented the first cracker

Kurt Sprengel presented the first chronologically complete work on the history of medicine in his published book. François Chopart performed the first plastic surgery on the lip using a flap from the neck.

1793

Eli Whitney invented the modern cotton gin Dominique Jean Larrey founded the first battlefield flying ambulance service. Diego Marín Aguilera flied a glider in a lenght of about 360 m

Alexander Mackenzie is the first known person to complete a transcontinental crossing of northern North America, in his Peace River expedition to the Pacific Ocean where he reached his goal at Bella Coola. Christian Konrad Sprengel pioneered the study of pollination ecology. Matthew Baillie discovered the systematic study of pathology. He is also credited to be known as the first to identify the transposition of the great vessels and situs inversus.

1794

Eli Whitney patented the cotton gin Welshmen Philip Vaughan invented ball bearings

John Dalton is the first to describe colour blindness in his paper called Extraordinary facts relating to the vision of colours Antonio Scarpa is the first to give an accurate depiction of cardiac innervation. He also presented the discovery that the inner ear is filled with fluid Erasmus Darwin published Zoonomia, arguing that all extant organism are descended from one common ancestor, a proto-evolutionary concept. Lazzaro Spallanzani is the first to conclude that bats use another sense other than sight for locating themselves in darkness.

1795

Joseph Bramah invented the hydraulic press. Francois Appert invented the preserving jar for food. Thomas Jefferson invented the wheel cypher Samuel Henshall recieved a patent for the first corkscrew

Carl Friedrich Gauss developed the foundation of least squares analysis. Gilbert Blane introduced lemon juice in the Royal Navy to prevent scurvy. It contains vitamin C, and became mandotary for the naval soldiers. France ordered that the gram should be equal to "the absolute weight of a volume of water equal to the cube of the hundredth part of the metre, at the temperature of melting ice" - Décret relatif aux poids et aux mesures. 18 germinal an 3 (7 avril 1795)

1796

Alois Senefelder invented the lithography printing technique. Amelia Simmons invented the cupcake Benjamin Thompson invented the Rumford fireplace James Parker recieved a patent for Roman cement Thomas Telford built the first cast iron aqueducts Joseph-Michel invented the self-acting hydraulic ram

Georges Cuvier is the first to establish extinction as a fact Hanaoka Seishū is the first to perform surgery using general anesthesia. Edward Jenner developed a smallpox vaccination. Samuel Hahnemann discovered homeopathy. Franz Joseph Gall developed the theory of cranioscopy, which is a forerunner of phrenology. Carl Friedrich Gauss became the first person to prove the quadratic reciprocity law. This enabled the determination of the solvability of any quadratic equation in modular arithmetic. Adrien-Marie Legendre conjectured the prime number theorem. Georges Cuvier is the first to demonstrate that species had become extinct.

1797

Samuel Bentham invented the plywood. Wittemore patented the carding machine. Henry Maudslay invented the first metal precision lathe. He is seen as the founding father of machine tool technology

Smithson Tennant is the first to show that diamond is a pure form of carbon. Louis Nicolas Vauquelin discovered chromium. Joseph Proust proposed the law of definite proportions Giovanni Battista Venturi is the first to describe the Venturi effect.

1798

Unknown invented the first soft drink. James Sadler invented the table engine

Thomas Robert Malthus first identified consequences of population growth identified Louis Vauquelin discovered the element beryllium Joseph-Louis Lagrange the method of approximating to the real roots of an equation by means of continued fractions. Philippe Pinel is the first to emphasise the importance of nosology (classification of diseases) to medicine. Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring published the first accurate representation of the female skeleton.

1799

George Medhurst invented the first motorized air compressor. Louis-Nicolas Robert invented the first paper machine Louis Lefèvre-Gineau and Giovanni Fabbroni defined the kilogram with an n all-platinum prototype called Kilogramme des Archives. It was fabricated as closely as feasible to the mass of one cubic decimetre of water at 4 °C, which was measured to be the most stable temperatur at the time.

Pierre Bouchard finds one of the most important stones in archeology, the Rosetta Stone, in the Egyptian port city of Rosetta (Rashid). Without this stone, it would probably never have been possible to decipher ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic writings. Thomas Beddoes is the first known person to use the word biology in its modern sense. William Wallace discovered the concept of the Simson line. Caleb Parry described the mechanisms for angina. Maria Dalle Donne is the first woman to become a Doctor of Medicine Matthew Baillie developed the first comprehensive atlas of pathology as a separate subject.

1800

Louis Robert invented the Fourdrinier Machine which is used for making large quantities of sheet papers. Joseph Marie Jacquard invented the Jacquard Loom. Long Island brewery created beer ferment using yeast. Prior to that the beer was made with lambic (wild yeast and bacteria) Henry Maudslay invented the first industrially practical screwcutting lathe. For the first time this allowed standardisation of screw thread sizes. Ralph Walker produced the first design of a cast iron twin leaf swing bridge

Alessandro Volta invented the first chemical battery, thus making him the founding father of the discipline of electrochemistry. Humphry Davy discovered the anaesthetic properties of nitrous oxide (laughing gas) William Herschel discovered infrared rays Friedrich von Hahn discovered the central star of the Ring Nebula Edward Howard discovered fulminates Xavier Bichat published pioneering texts in histology and pathology.

1801

Frederick Graff Sr. invented the first fire hydrant James Finley built the first iron (chain) suspension bridge Joseph-Marie Jacquard developed the Jacquard Loom

Charles Hatchett FRS discovered the element niobium. Andrés Manuel del Río discovered vanadium, a transition metal Johann Wilhelm Ritter discovered ultraviolet Jean-Baptiste Lamarck pioneered the classification of the group of animals. He is also the first to describe invertebrates, and the firs to separate the classes of arachnids and crustaceans from insects. William Playfair is the first person to use pie chart and circle graph, using it to show part-whole relations Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring discovered and described the macula in the retina of the human eye. John Dalton discovered Dalton's law by observing that the total pressure exerted by a gaseous mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each individual component in a gas mixture. Thomas Young discovered the interference between light beams in optics, showing the wave nature of light.

1802

Humphry Davy invented the first electric light, the arc lamp. It produces light by maintaining an electric arc across a gap between two conductors. Richard Trevithick built the first full-scale railway steam locomotive George Bodley patented the first enclosed kitchen stove.

Johann Wilhelm Ritter built the first electrochemical cell. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck pioneered teleological evolution Thomas Young proposed the theory on physiological basis of colour vision Luke Howard developed nomenclature system for clouds Sir William Herschel is the first to use the term binary star which refers to a star that revovles around another star. He furthermore coins the term asteroid. William Hyde Wollaston discovered the noble metal palladium. France by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac discovered Charles's law(law of volumes), which desribes how gases tend to expand when heated James Sowerby published the first comprehensive illustrated reference work in the field of mineralogy, called British Mineralogy. The coloured figures intended to elucidate the mineralogy of Great Britain. France opened the first pediatric hospital, the Hôpital des Enfants Malades

1803

Robert Ransome invented the self-sharpening chilled cast-iron ploughshare England built and installed the first Fourdrinier continuous papermaking Paul Hammer first mentions of the Schafkopf card game.

Thomas Young discovered evidence for a wave theory of light William Hyde Wollaston discovered the chemical elements rhodium and palladium. Smithson Tennant discovered the elements iridium and smium. John Dalton developed the modern atomic theory Jean Baptiste Biot demonstrates that a meteorite shower falls on L'Aigle in Normandy is of extraterrestrial origin William Henry's first delivers the formulation of his law on the solubility of gases Gian Francesco Malfatti presented the Malfatti circles conjecture. Jean Marc Gaspard Itard is the first to discover pneumothorax.

1804

Richard Trevithick developed the first steam-powered locomotive. Frederick Albert Winsor was the first person to patent gas lighting. Sir George Cayley designed the first glider to carry a human being aloft Sir George Cayley invented the seat belt Theodore Burr built the first Burr Truss bridge across the Hudson River in Waterford, New York. The British Army is the first to use shrapnel shells (also called spherical case shot), which was invented by Major Henry Shrapnel

Hanaoka Seishū discovered tsūsensan, the first modern general anesthetic. Nicolas-Théodore de Saussure is the first to outline the basic reaction of photosynthesis. William Hyde Wollaston discovered the process of making malleable platinum. Alexander von Humboldt discovered that the magnetic field of the Earth decreases from the poles to the equator. Friedrich Sertürner is the first isolate morphine from the opium poppy plant. This is possibly the first time ever someone isolated a natural plant alkaloid

1805

Oliver Evans invented the vapor-compression refrigeration Oliver Evans invented the amphibious vehicle Johann Nepomuk Mälzel invented the music instrument Panharmonicon William Congreve is the first to demonstrates the solid-fuel Congreve rocket to use it as an artillery weapon. Francis Beaufort devised the Beaufort scale of wind speed

John Dalton published the first list of molecular weights Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac discovered that water is composed of two hydrogen atoms and one oxyge atom by volume Adrien-Marie Legendre delivers the first description of the method of least squares for fitting a curve to a given set of observations, as an algebraic fitting procedure. France makes the first known record of water birth.

1806

Benjamin Thompson invented the coffee percolator Ralph Wedgwood patented the carbon paper

Humphry Davy published his research about the electrolysis of water Louis Nicolas Vauquelin and Pierre Jean Robiquet identified the first amico acid by isolating asparagine in crystalline form from asparagus juice Jean-Robert Argand introduced the Argand diagram. John Bell published The Principles of Surgery. It describes arterial surgery, and thereby making him the founder of vascular surgery.

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1807

Claude and Nicéphore Niépce recieved a patent for the Pyréolophore, an early internal combustion engine Lionel Lukin launched the world's first sailing self-righting rescue life-boat François Isaac de Rivaz designed the first internal combustion engine powered automobile, fuelled by hydrogen. Robert Fulton invented a workable steamboat, thereby expanding water transportation and trade Alexander John Forsyth patented the use of fulminate in firearms William Cubitt patented self-regulating sails for windmills. William Hyde Wollaston patented the camera lucida.

Sir Humphry Davy isolated sodium and potassium, one of the most important elements in living organism. England founded The Geological Society William Wallace published his prove that any two simple polygons of equal area are equidecomposable. This became later known as the Bolyai–Gerwien theorem.

1808

Ebenezer Thorndike invented the lobster trap Sir George Cayley invented the tension-spoke wire wheels Jesse Fell is the first to burn anthracite coal as fuel. This discovery leads using coal as a key fuel source and sparks the industrial revolution. William Congreve patented the Congreve clock with a rolling ball regulator. John Heathcoat recieved a patent for a bobbinet lace machine

Sir Humphry Davy isolated calcium, strontium, barium, magnesium and boron Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac discovered the law of combining volumes for gases. John Dalton explained his atomic theory of chemistry, including an updated list of atomic weights. Jöns Jakob Berzelius published Lärbok i Kemien in which he introduces the modern chemical symbols and notation. He also introduced the concept of relative atomic weight. Christian Kramp introduced the notation n! in factorials. Carl Friedrich Gauss introduced Gauss's lemma in the third proof of quadratic reciprocity. Robert Adrain produced a formulation of the method of least squares

1809

Mary Kies recieved a patent for a technique of weaving straw hats with silk and thread. Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring invented a water voltameter electrical telegraph. William Hyde Wollaston invented the reflecting goniometer.

Carl Friedrich Gauss introduces the Gaussian gravitational constant. The also invented the method of least squares. Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link is the first describe penicillium. Louis Poinsot described the two remaining Kepler-Poinsot polyhedra. Ephraim McDowell performed the world's first ovariotomy, which is the removal of an ovarian tumor. Philippe Pinel is the first to describe schizophrenia. Charles Julien Brianchon proved the Brianchon's theorem.

1810

Nicolas Appert invented the canning process for food. Peter Durand invented the tin can. Oktoberfest, the world's largest Volksfest Nicolas Appert published the first description of modern food preservation using airtight containers. Friedrich Koenig and Andreas Friedrich Bauer produced the first steam printing press

Sir Humphry Davy discovered chlorine Carl Friedrich Gauss introduced the Gaussian elimination. He also worked with functions of complex number variables. Bernard Courtois discovered iodine Amedeo Avogadro proposed the Avogadro's law, which states that equal volumes of gases under constant temperature and pressure contain equal number of molecules. Charles Bell is the first person to distinguish between sensory and motor nerves in his published An Idea of a New Anatomy of the Brain

1811

Friedrich Koenig invented the first stop-cylinder printing machine Cornelius Varley invented the graphic telescope, a drawing aid with the power of a telescope

1812

William Reid Clanny invented the safety lamp which he improved years later. His improved design were used until the adoption of electric lamps. Colonel Bomford invented the columbiad

John Davy is the first to describe the synthesis of phosgene. Friedrich Mohs presented his system of classifying minerals. He also introduced his scale of mineral hardness. Heinrich Vogel discovered that glucose is a product when hydrolyzing lactose. Napoléon Bonaparte gave order to use the Mesures usuelles, which is the basis of the metric system.

1813

Tabitha Babbitt invented the circular saw which is still used substantially in the wooding industry Edward Howard invented the enclosed vacuum pan for refining sugar. Charles Waterton begins the process of turning his estate into the world's first nature reserve.

Carl Friedrich Gauss improved the Gauss's law. Mathieu Orfila published Traité des poisons, a groundbreaking book that formalized the field of toxicology. Siméon Denis Poisson corrected Laplace's second order partial differential equation for potential. Peter Ewart supported the idea of the conservation of energy

1814

James Fox invented the modern planing machine. Matthew Murray and Richard Roberts are also credited to be the inventors. George Stephenson designed the first steam locomotive. Heinrich Stölzel invented a piston valve for brass instruments. Dietrich Nikolaus Winkel invented a form of metronome

Joseph Carpue performs the first nose plastic surgery Joseph von Fraunhofer invented the spectrocope for the chemical analysis of glowing objects. Joseph Nicéphore Niépce took the first ever photograph in the world Joseph von Fraunhofer discovered Fraunhofer lines William Charles Wells delivered the first correct scientific explanation of dew.

1815

Humphry Davy invented the Davy lamp as a coal mining safety lamp. Levi Spear Parmly invented the dental floss

William Prout introduced the Prout's hypothesis, saying that the atomic weight of every element is an integer multiple of that of hydrogen. Jean Baptist Biot discovered polarimetry in the polarization of light in liquids. This means polarized light could be rotated clockwise or counterclockwise, dependent upon the optical axis of the material. In modern chemistry it is known that an R-isomere of a molecule will rotate one way and an S-isomere will rotate the other way equally. Jöns Jakob Berzelius discovered atomic decay in gadolinite, a radioactive mineral which gets damaged by alpha particles released in its own activity. Atomic decays are used to date fossils (uranium-lead dating) or modern archeology (C-14 dating)

1816

Veuve Clicquot invented the riddling table process to clarify champagne. Francis Ronalds invented the first working electric telegraph Robert Stirling recieved a patent for the Stirling hot air engine. Simeon North invented a milling machine for working metal.

John Farey introduced the Farey sequence.

1817

Baron Karl von Drais invented the dandy horse which was an early velocipede and also precursor to the modern bicycle. Georg Lankensperger invented the Ackermann steering geometry Diedrich Uhlhorn invented the tachometer David Brewster patented the kaleidoscope

James Parkinson gave the first description of Parkinson's disease in "An Essay on the Shaking Palsy" Johann Arfvedson discovered lithium. Today the world's primary batteries are based on lithion, including the electric cars and laptops.

1818

Marc Isambard Brunel invented the tunnelling shield. Heinrich Stölzel and Friedrich Blühmel invented the french horn Thomas Morton invented the patent slip. Jeremiah Chubb produced the first Chubb detector lock

James Blundell performed the first successful blood transfusion Pierre Joseph Pelletier and Joseph Bienaimé Caventou isolated strychnine, an alkaloid which is used as an rodenticide

1819

Samuel Fahnestock patented a soda fountain Ferdinand Oechsle invented the Oechsle scale John H. Hall invented the the M1819 breech-loading flintlock using interchangeable parts

René Laennec invented the stethoscope. John Bostock gave the first accurate description of hay fever, and gave the first account of allergic rhinitis Johann Franz Encke identified the Comet Encke to be periodic by computing the orbit Captain William Smith sights Williams Point, the first land discovered south of latitude 60° S.

1820

Thomas Blanchard invented the pattern-tracing lathe John Frederic Daniell invented the dew-point hygrometer, which is an instrument that is used for measuring the moisture content in the atmosphere British soldiers invented ice hockey in Canada Jean-Victor Poncelet invented an inward-flow water turbine. Warren De la Rue produced the first light bulb using a vacuum tube. Since he used a platinum coil, it made it commercially unviable. Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar invented the arithmometer, the first mass-produced calculator. Brommesche Tarok-Gesellschaft invented the Skat card game

Hans Christian Ørsted discovered that electric currents create magnetic fields, thus pioneering the relationship between electricity and magnetism. It is one of the world's greatest discoveries in history. Jean-Baptiste Biot and Félix Savart introduced the Biot–Savart law in electromagnetism. André-Marie Ampère established the laws of electrodynamics. Gideon Mantell initiated the scientific study of dinosaurs

1821

Michael Faraday invented the Faraday motor Christian Friedrich Ludwig Buschmann invented the harmonica

Thomas Johann Seebeck became the first to observe the properties of semiconductors Alexis Bouvard notices irregularities in the orbit of Uranus. John Kidd is first to describe the properties of aromatic compound called naphthaline. Pierre Jean Robiquet, Joseph Bienaimé Caventou and Pierre Joseph Pelletier isolated caffeine. France established the world's first geographical society called the Société de géographie Ignaz Venetz pioneered glaciology and proposed his ice age theory. Augustin-Louis Cauchy is the first person to present a complete presentation of calculus using limits. Charles Bell identified Bell's palsy Michael Faraday discoverd electromagnetic rotation. Thomas Johann Seebeck discovered the thermoelectric effect. Augustin Fresnel demonstrated that light is made up of a traverse wave motion.

1822

Nicéphore Niépce invented the first photographic process, called Heliography Charles Babbage began building the first programmable mechanical computer. He is considered to be the "father of the computer" Charles Babbage proposed the Difference Engine, in which he originated the concept of a digital programmable computer. It was mechanical ancestor of the modern computer to calculate trigonometric functions and logarithms.

Georges Cuvier established new standards and methods in paleontology and stratigraphy John Phillips and William Conybeare identified the Carboniferous Period. Jean Baptiste Julien d'Omalius d'Halloy identified the Cretaceous Period. He was also the first to propose the Jurassic System. Karl Feuerbach described the nine-point circle of a triangle. William Farish presented a systematization of the rules for isometric drawing. Claude-Louis Navier and George Gabriel Stokes formulated the Navier– Stokes equations in fluid dynamics. William Beaumont pioneered human gastric endoscopy

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1823

Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner invented the first lighter. Charles Mackintosh invented the Mackintosh (raincoat) William Webb Ellis invented Rugby football Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner inventred the Döbereiner's lamp Charles Macintosh invented a method of rubberizing fabric, which made them waterproof. An invention that plays a crucial role in today's world Henri-Joseph Paixhans developed the Paixhans gun. It is the first naval artillery to fire explosive shells.

1824

Johann Nikolaus von Dreyse invented the bolt-action rifle. Michael Faraday invented the first toy balloon. William Sturgeon invented the electromagnet. Joseph Aspdin patented Portland cement, which is the modern building material in today's world William Wilberforce founded the first animal welfare society, the RSPCA Louis Braille developed the six-dot code raised-letter systems (Braille), which allowed the visually impaired to read and write faster than any previous systems. He invented it when he was only 15 years old. Unknown invented the panoramagram, the first stereoscopic viewer

1825

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Sadi Carnot proposed the Carnot cycle, the idealized heat engine Franz von Gruithuisen was the first to explain the formation of craters on the Moon as a result of meteorite impacts. Joseph Fourier is the first to mention the greenhouse effect by calculating that the Earth would be far colder if it lacked an atmosphere. Augustin-Louis Cauchy used the implicit Euler method to prove the convergence of the Euler method William Buckland is the first person to describe a dinosaur in a scientific journal.

Michael Faraday isolated benzene, the first known aromatic hydrocarbon. It is one of the most important compounds in chemical and pharmaceutical manufacturing. Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring discovered the rhamphorhynchus Hans Christian Ørsted discovered that by reducing aluminium chloride which is an inorganic compound, it produced metallic aluminium in an impure form. Friedrich Wöhler and Justus von Liebig were the world's first to discover and explains isomers. They experimented with cyanic acid and fulminic acid, and found out that isomerism is caused by differing arrangements of atoms within a molecular structure. This is one of the most important discoveries in chemistry. George Julius Poulett Scrope published the first systematic work on volcanology, called Considerations on Volcanoes, Augustin-Louis Cauchy presented the theory of residues in complex analysis. André-Marie Ampère discovered the Stokes' theorem. Benjamin Gompertz formulated the Gompertz function. Georges Cuvier is the first person in history to propose the catastrophe theory as the cause of extinctions of large groups of animals.

1826

John Walker invented the friction match. Samuel Morey invented a compressionless internal combustion engine Nicéphore Niépce produced the first photograph Benoit Fourneyron invented an efficient outward-flow water turbine.

Antoine Jerome Balard isolated bromine, an important element in modern chemistry Pierre Jean Robiquet isolated the dye alizarin. Michael Faraday is the first to determine the chemical formula of naphthalene. Nikolai Lobachevsky introduced the system of non-Euclidean hyperbolic geometry. Johannes Peter Müller introduced the law of specific nerve energies. Karl Ernst von Baer discovered the mammalian ovum.

1827

John Walker invented the modern matches. Charles Wheatstone invented the microphone, one of the greatest electronic invention. Hannah Montague invented the detachable collar Robert Wilson of Dunbar demonstrated a screw propeller. Jacob Perkins introduced the uniflow steam engine John Isaac Hawkins developed the trifocal lens, which are eyeglasses with lenses that have three regions which correct for distance, intermediate, and near vision.

Georg Ohm discovered Ohm's law, one of the founding laws in electricity Carl Friedrich Gauss introduced the Gauss map and Gaussian curvature Friedrich Wöhler is the first to isolate aluminium, an important metal in the modern world William Prout is the first person in history to classify the components of food into the three main divisions of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. William Christopher Zeise discovered Zeise's salt, the first platinum or olefin complex. It is one of the earliest examples of organometallic chemistry. Richard Bright is the first to describe Bright's disease Robert Brown observed the phenomenon of Brownian motion, the fundamental experiment in discovering the atoms Joseph Fourier is the first to propose existence of the greenhouse effect

1828

James Beaumont Neilson patented the hot blast process for ironmaking. Patrick Bell invented the reaping machine. Ányos Jedlik produced the world's first electric motor. John and Charles Deane produced the first diving helmet by adapting Augustus Siebe's smoke helmet Peter Nicholson creates a method of preparing stones for construction of a helicoidal skew arch.

Friedrich Wöhler is the first to ever synthesised a chemical compound, destroying vitalism. He synthesised urea. Carl Reichenbach discovered creosote Karl Ernst von Baer pionered the science of comparative embryology Jöns Jakob Berzelius produces a table of atomic weights. He also discovered thorium. George Green published the first mathematical theory of electricity and magnetism. He also introduced the concept Green's functions, the idea of potential theory and a form of divergence theorem, which is a version of Green's theorem.

1829

William Mann invented the compound air compressor. Louis Braille invented braille printing. William Burt invented a form of typewriter, the typographer. Sylvester Graham invented graham cracker Charles Wheatstone invented the concertina Isaac Holden produced a form of friction match. Cyrill Demian patented a version of the accordion Henry Robinson Palmer files patent for the application of corrugated iron for use in buildings.

Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky presents his work on hyperbolic nonEuclidean geometry. Benjamin Guy Babington is the first to use a laryngoscope. Jules Desnoyers gives the name Quaternary period. Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet introduced the Dirichlet conditions, Dirichlet's test, Dirichlet function, Dirichlet kernel, Dirichlet integral and the modern concept of a function

1830

Carl Reichenbach created paraffin wax Edwin Budding invented the lawn mower. Barthélemy Thimonnier invented a sewing machine. Stephen Harriman Long designed the Long truss wooden bridge. Friedrich Fröbel created the kindergarten concept Aeneas Coffey recieved a patent for an improved column still. Eaton Hodgkinson pioneered the application of mathematics to problems of structural design, specifically on the optimum cross section for cast iron structural beams.

Johann Heinrich Mädler and Wilhelm Beer are the first ever to produce a map of the surface of Mars.

1831

Cyrus Hall McCormick invented the first commercially successful reaper. Michael Faraday invented an electric dynamo. Joseph Henry invented the electric bell. America invented the flanged T rail, an important structural design for trains. Wilhelm Albert invented the wire rope William Wallace invented the eidograph. Joseph Henry invented the multiple coil magnet

Michael Faraday discovered electromagnetic induction Heinrich Schwabe is the first to make a detailed drawing of Jupiter's Great Red Spot

1832

Joseph Plateau and Simon Stampfer independently devise the phenakistiscope, which is an animation device creating an optical illusion of motion. Louis Albert Necker is the first to present the optical illusion which becomes known as the Necker Cube.

Carl Ludwig Reichenbach discovered pittacal. Thomas Bell begins the first comprehensive study of the world's turtles. Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire introduced a key text on teratology. Pierre Jean Robiquet isolated the analgesic codeine. Friedrich Wöhler and Justus von Liebig are the first ever to discover and explain functional groups and radicals. This discovery is one of the greatest finding in modern chemistry, especially in organic chemistry. Évariste Galois introduced a condition for the solvability of algebraic equations. With this presentation he essentially founded group theory and Galois theory. Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet proved Fermat's last theorem for n = 14. Thomas Hodgkin is the first to describe Hodgkin's lymphoma, a condition with abnormalities in the lymph system. Michael Faraday introduced his laws of electrolysis.

1833

Walter Hunt invented sewing machine (lock-stitch) Carl Friedrich Gauss and Wilhelm Eduard Weber invented an electromagnetic telegraph Adrian Stephens invented the steam whistle as a warning device Obed Hussey patented a reaper Jordan Mott invented the first practical coal burning oven

Anselme Payen discovered and identified the first enzyme, diastase. Thomas Graham proposed Graham's Law. Paul Gerwien proved the Bolyai–Gerwien theorem. It was initially formulated by Farkas Bolyai which states that any two simple polygons of equal area are equidecomposable. Marshall Hall introduced the term "reflex" for a muscular reaction. Jean Lobstein introduced the term arteriosclerosis.

1834

Moritz von Jacobi invented the first practical electric motor. Henry Blair patented a corn planter Jacob Perkins invented an early refrigerator Charles Babbage beings designing a a mechanical forerunner of the modern computer called "analytical engine", Leonard Norcross made the first diving-suit for under water use. Joseph Hansom patented the Hansom cab. Joseph Chaley's design of the Grand Pont Suspendu bridge is inaugurated. It is the first suspension bridge with cables assembled in mid-air. Justus von Liebig invented Melamine

Friedrich Engelhardt discovered plateosaurus Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge discovered phenol which is a key compound in organic chemistry. Carl Gustav Jakob Jacobi discovered the uniformly rotating self-gravitating ellipsoids. John Scott Russell is the first to observe a nondecaying solitary wave Émile Clapeyron introduced a formulation of the second law of thermodynamics. William Whewell is the first to introduce term scientist in the Quarterly Review Hermann Helmholtz proposed gravitational contraction as the energy source for the Sun. Johann Heinrich von Mädler and Wilhelm Beer published the most complete map of the moon up to this time, called Mappa Selenographica James Paget discovered the parasitic worm that caused trichinosis in human muscle Félix Dujardin is the first to state that single-cell animals should be classified in an individual group Heinrich Lenz discovered Lenz's law. Jean-Charles-Athanase Peltier discovered the Peltier effect.

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1835

Henry Fox Talbot took the world's first negative photograph Solymon Merrick patented the wrench. Francis Pettit Smith invented the propeller. Charles Babbage invented a mechanical calculator. Austin Burt invented the solar compass Hiram Moore built the first combine harvester Wilhelm Friedrich Wieprecht and Johann Gottfried Moritz invented the tuba. Samuel Colt invented the revolver. Joseph Henry invented the electric relay. Samuel Morse developed the Morse code.

Hugo von Mohl is the first in human history to observe cell division (mitosis) as he works over green algae Cladophora glomerata. Justus von Liebig and Henri Victor Regnault first produced vinyl chloride Adolphe Quetelet presented his theory of social physics. He also described his concept of the average man who is characterized by the mean values of measured variables that follow a normal distribution. George Biddell Airy presnted the first and full explanation of the Airy disk phenomenon. Robert James Graves is the first to describe the symptoms of Graves' disease.

1836

Amasa and George Sizer invented the gridiron (cooking) Nicholas Callan invented the first induction coil England opened Victoria Bridge, the first to use James Dredge's patent 'taper principle' of stays. James Nasmyth invented the shaper.

James Marsh invented the Marsh test which is used for detecting arsenic poisoning Theodor Schwann discovers pepsin in extracts from the stomach lining Edmund Davy discovered the chemical compound acetylene (ethyne). It is used a lot in modern chemistry. Alonzo Dwight recieved a patent for a phosphorus friction match Francis Baily observed the phenomenon named after him as Baily's beads during an eclipse of the sun

1837

Samuel Morse invented the telegraph Rowland Hill invented the postage stamp. Self-polishing cast steel plow Robert Cocking improved the parachute design Thomas Davenport recieved patent on an electric motor. Godefroy Engelmann patented chromolithography. Louis Daguerre famous image called daguerrotype L’Atelier de l'artiste is the earliest known photographic image to undergo the full process of exposure, development and fixation. Camille Polonceau patented the Polonceau truss.

Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet introduced the Dirichlet's theorem on arithmetic progressions. In here created the branch of analytic number theory by using mathematical analysis concepts to tackle an algebraic problem. By doing this he introduced the Dirichlet characters and L-functions. He also presented the difference between the absolute and conditional convergence of series, explaining its impact in the Riemann series theorem. William Rowan Hamilton began to treat complex numbers as ordered pairs of real numbers. Pierre Wantzel proved that several ancient geometric problems are impossible to solve using only compass and straightedge. This includes also doubling the cube and trisecting the angle. Michael Faraday introduced the concept of lines of force.

1838

Moritz von Jacobi invented electrotyping. Alexander Mitchell built the first screw-pile lighthouse David Bruce, Jr. invented the Pivotal Typecaster. An invention that replaced hand typecasting in printing. William Barnett recieved a patent for the first internal combustion engine with compression of the gas/air mixture in the cylinder. Sir Charles Wheatstone invented the stereoscope. Pavel Petrovich Anosov invented bulat steel alloy

Matthias Schleiden first stated that all plants are made of cells Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel made the first accurate measurement of distance to a star (61 Cygni) using stellar parallax Augustus De Morgan introduced the term 'mathematical induction'. Siméon Denis Poisson presented his work on probability theory and introducing Poisson distribution. Jean Esquirol first described Down syndrome. Gerardus Johannes Mulder discovered proteins, and Jöns Jakob Berzelius gave its name. Claude Servais Mathias Pouillet is the first person in the world quantitatively measuring heat emitted by the Sun.

1839

William Smith Otis invented the steam shovel James Nasmyth invented the steam hammer. Henry Fox Talbot invented salted paper, a paper-based photographic process for producing positive prints (from negatives Edmond Becquerel effectively produced the first solar cell, using his new method for the photovoltaic effect. Thaddeus Fairbanks invented platform scales. Charles Goodyear developed vulcanized rubber Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre and J.N. Niepce co-invented Daguerreotype photography, an invention that would forever change the nature of photography. Kirkpatrick MacMillan invented the pedal-driven bicycle (rear-wheel) William Grove invented the Grove fuel cell (hydrogen) Cumberland Valley Railroad invented sleeping car Lester E. Denison patented a corn sheller Isaac Babbitt developed the Babbitt metal Samuel Morse publicly demonstrated the electrical telegraph. Mungo Ponton presented his discovery of the light-sensitive quality of sodium dichromate to be used as a method of permanent photography.

Michael Faraday clarified the true nature of electricity in his Experimental Researches in Electricity Thomas Henderson made the first parallax measurement of the distance to Alpha Centauri Louis Daguerre took the first photograph of the Moon Theodor Schwann proposed that all living matter is made up of cells. Carl Mosander discovered lanthanum. James Clark Ross is the first person with his crew to set off on the first scientific expedition to survey Antarctica. William Daniel Conybeare and William Buckland made the first scientific report on describing an enormous landslide.

1840

John Herschel invented the blueprint. William Howe patented the design of Howe truss for bridges Robert Bunsen invented the Bunsen cell.

John William Draper invented astronomical photography Justus von Liebig is the first to emphasise the importance of agricultural chemistry in crop production. Today almost the whole world's agricultural is based on chemistry. Hugh Lee Pattinson takes the first known photograph of Niagara Falls, a daguerreotype Joseph Whitworth presented his precision called "end measurements" Carl Friedrich Gauss gives the first systematic analysis of the formation of images under a paraxial approximation, later known as Gaussian optics John Gould publicated The Birds of Australia. Louis Agassiz presented the first major scientific work to propose that the Earth has seen an ice age. Captain Charles Wilkes is the first to provide evidence that Antarctica is a complete continent. Germain Hess introduced Hess's law which states the change in energy in a chemical reaction depends only on the states of the reactants and product and not on the specific pathway taken between the two states. This is a major scientific finding in enthalpy and Gibbs energy, which is also an early statement of the law of conservation of energy George Richards Elkington patented the electroplating process. It was invented by John Wright.

1841

Alexander Bain devised a printing telegraph. Samuel Slocum patented the stapler. William Henry Fox Talbot introduced the calotype photographic process Loring Coes patented the screw type wrench, also known as the monkey wrench Squire Whipple patented the Bowstring arch iron-bridge truss William Howe and William Williams designed the Stephenson Valve Gear for the steam locomotive.

Alexander Woskresensky first discovered theobromine in cacao beans Eugène-Melchior Péligot isolated uranium Hugo Reinsch discovered Reinsch test for heavy metals Karl Weierstrass discovered the Laurent expansion theorem. William Rutherford calculates an approximation of π to 208 decimal places. Only the first 152 decimal places are correct, but it would still be a record.

1842

John Bennet Lawes invented superphosphate, which is the first man-made fertilizer. Joseph Dart built the first grain elevator. Thomas Edmondson invented the Edmondson railway ticket Nathaniel Bagshaw Ward promoted his concept of the Wardian case.

Christian Doppler proposed the Doppler effect. William E. Clarke became the first person to administer an inhaled anesthetic (ether) to perform a surgical procedure, in his case a dental extraction William Bowman is the first person in history to identify the Bowman's capsule, a key component of the nephron. It plays a crucial role in the body

1843

Alexander Bain invented the facsimile. Nancy M. Johnson inventred the first Ice Cream Maker (handcranked) James Braid is the first to publish a work based in the history of hypnotism. Richard March Hoe invented the steam powered rotary printing press

James Prescott Joule introduced the Law of Conservation of energy, the first law of thermodynamics Sir William Rowan Hamilton invented linear equations John Couch Adams predicted the existence and position of Neptune by only using mathematics Heinrich Schwabe is the first to report a periodic change in the number of sunspots. He found out that they wax and wane in number according to a ten-year cycle. John James Waterston produced an account of the kinetic theory of gases. Pierre-Alphonse Laurent discovered the Laurent expansion theorem. James Prescott Joule discovered the mechanical equivalent of heat with experiments. Georg Ohm proposed Ohm's acoustic law Ada Lovelace expanded Menabrea’s notes on Charles Babbage's analytical engine. The work included an algorithm for calculating a sequence of Bernoulli numbers which is regarded as the world's first computer program. William Rowan Hamilton discovered the calculus of quaternions and concluded that they are non-commutative. Arthur Cayley and James Joseph Sylvester discovered the algebraic invariant theory. John T. Graves discovered the octonions.

1844

Friedrich Gottlob Keller and Charles Fenerty independently, came discovered the wood pulp method of paper production. John Mercer invented mercerized cotton. Thomas and Caleb Pratt invented the Pratt truss Rillieux in Louisiana the multiple-effect evaporator Francis Rynd invented the hollow hypodermic needle. He became the first person in recorded history to perform a subcutaneous injection, specifically of a sedative to treat neuralgia Samuel Morse sent the first message using the Morse code. Henry Fox Talbot started to publish the first illustrated book with photographs from a camera, called The Pencil of Nature. Robert Bunsen invented the grease-spot photometer. Richard Turner began constructing the first large-scale structural use of wrought iron, the Palm house at Kew Gardens Egide Walschaerts invented the Walschaerts Valve Gear for the steam locomotive.

Gabriel Gustav Valentin is first to mention the digestive activity of pancreatic juice. Adolphe Wurtz is the first to synthesie copper hydride, which is a very important reducing agent and catalyst in the field of organic chemistry. Joseph Liouville discovered the first transcendental number Hermann Grassmann studied vectors with more than three dimensions.

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1845

Isaac Charles Johnson invented the modern Portland cement Elias Howe invented the modern lockstitch sewing machine Robert William Thomson patented the first vulcanised rubber pneumatic tire. Alexander Cartwright invented baseball Edward Maynard invented the Maynard tape primer Horace Day invented the pressure-sensitive tape Stephen Perry patented the rubber band

Michael Faraday discovered the Faraday effect, by seeing that an intense magnetic field can rotate the plane of polarized light Christophorus Buys Ballot confirmed the Doppler effect William Parsons discovered the nature of spiral galaxies Gustav Kirchhoff is first to describe the Kirchhoff 's circuit laws Baron Carl von Reichenbach introduced the Odic force Crawford Long is the first person to perform a childbirth using anesthesia Edmond Frémy discovered the oxidizing agent Frémy's salt (potassium nitrosodisulfonate)

1846

Henri-Joseph Maus invented the Tunnel boring machine. Royal Earl House invented the printing telegraph Germany invented the transverse shuttle sewing machine Thomas J. Smith invented the Christmas cracker Adolphe Sax patented the saxophone Robert William Thomson recieved a patent for a pneumatic tyre William Armstrong designed hydraulic crane is built Squire Whipple introduced the trapezoidal Whipple truss for bridges

Johann Galle discovered Neptune. William Lassell discovered Neptune's largest moon, Triton. Abraham Pineo Gesner developed a process to refine the liquid fuel kerosene from coal, bitumen or oil shale. Augustin-Louis Cauchy published Green's theorem. William Lassell discovered Triton Édouard Séguin published the first systematic textbook which deals with the special needs of children with developmental disabilities.

1847

Ascanio Sobrero invented nitroglycerin. It would be the first explosive produced which was stronger than black powder. Hanson Gregory invented the ring-shaped doughnut with a hole in the middle Lewis Phectic Haslett invented the forerunner to the modern gas mask James Young Simpson discovered the anesthetic properties of chloroform. He is the to use it successfully on a patient Richard March Hoe patented a rotary printing press

Hermann von Helmholtz states the law of conservation of energy. Ignaz Semmelweis pioneered the antisceptic procedures. He prevented the transmission of puerperal fever. Hermann Kolbe produced acetic acid from inorganic compounds, thus disproving vitalism further George Boole formalizes symbolic logic and defined what is now called Boolean algebra. Johann Benedict Listing first introduced the term Topology in print. Émile Küss and Charles-Emmanuel Sédillot performed the first recorded biopsies on neoplasms.

1848

Jonathan J. Couch invented the pneumatic drill. Waldo Hanchett patented the dental chair. Linus Yale, Sr. invented the modern pin tumbler lock Nicholas Callan invented an improved form of battery. James Warren submitted a patent for the Warren truss. Joseph-Louis Lambot constructed the first ferrocement boat.

Lord Kelvin established the absolute zero, which is the temperature where all molecular motion ceases. William Lassell discovered the moon Hyperion Édouard Roche calculated the Roche limit. Rudolf Wolf devised Wolf number, a way of quantifying sunspot activity Edward Frankland discovered the organometallic compound diethylzinc. USA opened the first medical school for women in the world, The Boston Female Medical School, Alfred Baring Garrod discovered that excess uric acid in the blood is the cause of gout. Hippolyte Fizeau and John Scott Russell presented his results of the Doppler effect in both electromagnetic and in sound waves

1849

Walter Hunt invented a repeating rifle which uses metallic cartridges and a spring-fed magazine. James Bicheno Francis developed the radial flow Francis turbine. Walter Hunt invented the safety pin. Jonathon Couch invented the jackhammer Thomas and William Bowler designed the Bowler hat

Édouard Roche discovered the Roche limit, by finding the limiting radius of tidal destruction and tidal creation for a body held together only by its self gravity. He used this discovery to explain why Saturn's rings do not condense into a satellite Arnold Adolph Berthold pioneerd endocrinology, a very important medical field concerning hormones Charles-Adolphe Wurtz discovered methylamine. Louis Pasteur advanced the field of stereochemistry by discovering that the racemic mixture of tartaric acid is composed of the levorotatory and dextrotatory forms, which explained the nature of optical rotation George Gabriel Stokes showed that a combination of periodic waves causes solitary waves Thomas Addison first described Addison’s disease Kohn Snow is the first to come up with the theory that cholera is a contagious disease of the human gastrointestinal tract Hippolyte Fizeau and Léon Foucault measure the speed of light to be about 298,000 km/s

1850

Sir William Armstrong invented the hydraulic accumulator. Joel Houghton recieved a patent for the first dishwasher John Leonard Riddell invented the first practical binocular microscope Allen Benjamin Wilson invented the vibrating shuttle Allen Benjamin Wilson invented the feed dogs William Penny Brookes invented the format for the modern Olympic Games Lutherans invented the advent calendar. Levi Hill invented heliochromy, a color photography process capable of basic rendering of reds and blues. John Gorrie publicly demonstrated his ice-making machine,

Carl Wilhelm Siemens discovered the Siemens-Martin process Bernhard Riemann discovered the Riemann geometry Hermann von Helmholtz invented the ophthalmoscope Victor Puiseux introduces the concept of essential singular points, and distinguishes between poles and branch points James Joseph Sylvester originates the term matrix in mathematics. George Stokes presented his findings on the numerical calculation of a class of definite integrals and infinite series. James Young discovered a method of distilling kerosene from coal.

1851

Isaac Singer invented a new sewing machine. John Nelson Gamewell invented the fire alarm box Allen Benjamin Wilson invented the rotary hook, a design that would eventually prevail over all other lockstitch bobbin driver designs. Samuel Fox developed the steel-ribbed umbrella Hermann von Helmholtz invented the keratometer England laid the first protected submarine telegraph cable across the English Channel. William Armstrong invented the weight-loaded hydraulic accumulator. Frederick Scott Archer presented the wet plate collodion photographic process.

William Lassell discovered Ariel and Umbriel, the moons of Uranus Johann Julius Friedrich Berkowski took the first ever correctly exposed photograph (daguerrotype) of the solar corona is made during the total phase of the eclipse. Robert Grant, William Swan and Karl Ludwig von Littrow observed this eclipse and determined that solar prominences are part of the Sun. Julius Pintsch producesd Pintsch gas. Charles-Adolphe Wurtz produced compound ureas with cyanic ethers Eugène Prouhet is the first to apply the Thue–Morse sequence to number theory. Bernhard Riemann presented his proof of Green's theorem James Joseph Sylvester coined the term term "discriminant", a key component in solving second degree eqautions William Marsden established the world's first specialist cancer hospital, The Royal Marsden as the Free Cancer Hospital Hippolyte Fizeau is the first to measure the relative speeds of light in moving water by carrying out the Fizeau experiment

1852

Robert Wilhelm Bunsen first to use a chemical vapor deposition technique. Elisha Otis invented the safety brake elevator. Henri Giffard becomes first to perform a controlled and powered flight by using a dirigible. Jean Bernard Léon Foucault invented a gyroscope. Henri Giffard built an airship which was powered by the first aircraft engine Lorenzo Lorraine Langstroth patented the Langstroth hive for the cultivation of honey bees. Alexander Bonner Latta's first american designed experimental steam fire engine is tested. France replaced most of the mechanical semaphores with the electric telegraph

Georg Meissner first to descripe the tactile corpuscle August Beer proposed Beer's law, which established the analytical technique known as spectrophotometry, a very important machine in the chemical and pharmaceutical industry. He achieved it partly with the work of Pierre Bouguer and Johann Heinrich Lambert. The Beer's law explains the relationship between the composition of a mixture and the amount of light it will absorb. Francis Guthrie posed the four colour problem to Augustus De Morgan.

1853

François Coignet invented reinforced concrete, one of the most important invention in the construction industry that makes it possible to built very tall buildings. George Cayley invented a manned glider. George Crum invented potato chips David M. Smith patented the modern clothespin Augustus Russell Pope patented the burglar alarm Charles Pravaz and Alexander Wood independently invented a practical hypodermic syringe. John Francis Campbell invented the Campbell–Stokes recorder for sunshine Eugenio Barsanti and Felice Matteucci developed the BarsantiMatteucci engine. It is an internal combustion engine that uses the free-piston principle.

Claude Bernard first to describe the glycogenetic function of the liver. Anton de Bary demonstrated that rust and smut fungi causes plant disease. Jakob Steiner introduced the Steiner system, a basic kind of block design in combinatorial mathematics

1854

John Tyndall demonstrated the principles of fiber optics. Orwell H. Needham patented the breast pump Heinrich Band invented the bandoneon Thaddeus Hyatt patented the pavement light. James Ambrose Cutting recieved three patents for improvements of the Ambrotype photography, a wet plate collodion process Elisha Otis finished his safety elevator.

George Boole proposed the Boolean algebra, the basis for digital logic George Airy measured the gravity in a coal mine, and using this data calculated the mean density of the Earth Benjamin Silliman first to fractionate petroleum into its individual components by distillation. Charles Wheatstone demonstrated the Playfair cipher Arthur Cayley introduced the original Cayley's theorem and also produced the first Cayley table. Bernhard Riemann described the Riemann integral. Claude Bernard introduced the physchology term Milieu intérieur Filippo Pacini discovered the bacterium that causes cholera, Vibrio cholerae Louis Pasteur began studying fermentation

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James Clerk Maxwell invented the modern color photography, by proposing that if three black-and-white photographs were shot through red, green and blue filters and transparent prints of the images were projected onto a screen using three projectors equipped with similar filters, when superimposed on the screen the result would be complete reproduction of all the colours in the scene. This method was neither chemical or electronic. The graphic design industry today uses his three color method, called the RGB-color. Sir. Henry Bessemer patented the Bessemer process for making steel. Improvements of this process were made by others during later years. Isaac Singer patented the sewing machine motor. Georges Audemars invented rayon Joshua C. Stoddard patented the calliope Wolfgang Franz von Kobell invented the stauroscope James Patterson introduced the Gall orthographic projection for celestial and terrestrial equal-area cartography William Armstrong invented the rifled breech-loading Armstrong Gun. Heinrich Geißler designed a mercury pump, which was a better pump to produce a vacuum than anything before

Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge invented chromatography, one of the most important analytical technique in chemistry. Robert Bunsen and Peter Desaga invented the Bunsen burner, one of the most important instruments in chemistry Friedrich Gaedcke is the first to isolate the cocaine alkaloid. He gives the name "erythroxyline". William Odling proposed that carbon is tetravalent. Charles-Adolphe Wurtz discovered the Wurtz reaction, an important organic chemistry reaction to produce chemicals and medicine. Benjamin Silliman, Jr. disovered the methods of petroleum cracking. It is one of the most important discovery in the modern world, that makes the entire modern petrochemical industry possible. James Clerk Maxwell showed that light is an electromagnetic wave by unifying electricity and magnetism into a single theory, the classical electromagnetism

1856

James Harrison used the principle of vapour compression to produce the world's first practical ice making machine and refrigerator William Henry Perkin discovered the first synthetic dye (aniline), Mauveine. William Austin Bur invented the equatorial sextant Gail Borden patented condensed milk Alexander Parkes patented Parkesine, the first thermoplastic Alphonse Louis Poitevin invented the collotype photographic process. Tinsmith Ralph Collier invented the first egg beater with rotating parts. Pierre-Louis Gautrot invented the sarrusophone

Germany found the remains of Neanderthal 1 in the Neandertal Valley Gregor Mendel began researching genetics. Lev Tsenkovsky discovered infusoria, including the lower algae are unicellular organisms. Louis Pasteur first crystallized galactose. Charles-Adolphe Wurtz discovered the glycols. William Ferrel proposed the Earth's wind circulation by demonstrating the tendency of rising and rotating warm air from southern and warmer regions, being transported to the northern regions. Eunice Newton Foote first presented the causes of the greenhouse effect. Henry Darcy introduced Darcy's law on fluid flow.

1857

Heinrich Geissler invented the Geissler tube. George Pullman invented the Pullman Sleeping Car for train travel. France invented the pink lemonade William Rowan Hamilton invented the Icosian game. Robert Forester Mushet invented the first rails made from steel Carl Wilhelm Siemens patented the Siemens cycle.

Johann Carl Fuhlrott and Hermann Schaaffhausen gave the first description of the Neanderthal Friedrich Albert Fallou pioneered the modern study of soil science. Robert Bunsen invented the apparatus for measuring effusion. Jean-Louis-Paul Denucé first mentioned the neonatal incubator. August Kekulé proposed that carbon has four chemical bonds, a tetravalent. It is the basis for organic chemistry and living organism.

1858

Hamilton Smith patented the rotary washing machine Jean Lenoir invented an internal combustion engine Thomas E. McNeil patented the dustpan Homer N Grillot invented the twine knotter W. Vandenburg patented the ironing board Joseph Gayetty invented the modern toilet paper (massproduced and rolled) Hymen Lipman invented the pencil eraser John Landis Mason patented the Mason jar John Landis Mason patented the pepper shaker William Herschel initiates fingerprint identification Gaspard-Félix Tournachon took the first aerial photograph from a moored balloon, using the collodion photography process. Friedrich Hoffmann patented the Hoffmann kiln for continuous production brickmaking.

Rudolf Virchow concluded that cells can only arise from pre-existing cells Henry Gray published Gray's Anatomy, which is regarded as the first complete human-anatomy textbook. Giovanni Battista Donati photographed the first comet ever, Donati's Comet. August Ferdinand Möbius and Johann Benedict Listing independently discovered the Möbius strip Arthur Cayley introduced the modern concept of the matrix in mathematics.

1859

Gaston Planté invented the lead acid battery, which is the first rechargeable battery in history USA invented the escalator George B. Simpson invented the electric stove Harry Gem and Augurio Perera invented tennis France launched the first ocean-going ironclad battleship, the French ironclad Gloire Thomas Aveling invented the first traction engine Étienne Lenoir invented the first single-cylinder two-stroke Lenoir cycle gas engine with an electric ignition system.

Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species, the earliest and most influental book on the theory of evolution by natural selection Wilhelm Rudolph Fittig discovered the Pinacol coupling by producing Pinacol Bernhard Riemann introduced Riemann hypothesis Joseph Prestwich and John Evans extended human history back to is now known as the Paleolithic Era, from the results of their investigations of gravel-pits in the Somme valley and other places Marian Albertovich Kowalski introduced the method to deduce the rotation of the Milky Way. Charles Harrison Blackley identified pollen as the cause of allergic rhinitis by. Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire introduced the term ethology. Rudolf Virchow published a major textbook on cellular pathology. Benjamin Collins Brodie discovered the lamellar structure of thermally reduced graphite oxide. Aleksandr Butlerov discovered hexamine. Robert Bunsen and Gustav Robert Kirchhoff invented an improved spectroscope. John Tyndall discovered that some gases block infrared radiation, thus considering that if the concentrationen of those specific gases rises in the atmosphere, it would bring climate change. Arthur Cayley produced the first Cayley–Klein metric Bernhard Riemann published his number theory paper, including the Riemann zeta function and Riemann hypothesis. Gustav Kirchhoff introduced the Kirchhoff 's law of thermal radiation

1860

Joseph Swan invented carbon fibers. Benjamin Tyler Henry designed the repeating rifle that used metallic cartridges Daniel Hess of West invented a carpet sweeper, which is a predecessor of a vacuum cleaner Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville produced the earliest known decipherable sound recording of the human voice, a phonautogram

Florence Nightingale pioneered modern nursing Germany held the first international meeting of chemists, the Karlsruhe Congress Marcellin Berthelot rediscovered acetylene and gives its name. Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff discovered caesium in mineral water, using their newly improved spectroscope Stanislao Cannizzaro compiled a table of atomic weights, ending decades of conflicting atomic weights and molecular formulas. It was possible only because he used Avogadro's ideas regarding diatomic molecules. It also lead to Mendeleev's discovery of the periodic law. Albert Niemann isolated the crystalline alkaloid by analyzing the coca leaf, and discovered cocaine Emil Erlenmeyer invented the the Erlenmeyer flask Carl Wilhelm Borchardt proved the Cayley's formula in graph theory. Sixt Friedrich Jakob von Kapff discovered Teratosaurus

1861

Elisha Otis patented elevator safety brakes Pierre Michaux invented a bicycle. Linus Yale invented the Yale lock (cylinder lock) John P. Charlton produced the postcard Coleman Sellers invented the kinematoscope, an early cinema camera Stephen A. Morse invented the twist drill William Schrafft invented jelly bean USA invented the first steam-powered carousel William Froude presented his research into ship hull design. Richard J. Gatling invented the Gatling gun. James Clerk Maxwell demonstrated the principle of permanent three-colour photography. Philipp Reis invented the Reis telephone. He created a device that captures sound and converts it to electrical impulses. These eletrical impulses are transmitted via electrical wires to another device that transforms them into the original acoustical sound.

Louis Pasteur introduced Germ theory John Tyndall made experiments in Radiant Energy, and proved the connection between CO2 and infrared radtion. This reinforced the Greenhouse Effect Francis Galton created the world's first weather map Anton de Bary described the sexual reproduction in Peronospora (fungi) Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff discovered rubidium Aleksandr Butlerov introduced the concept of chemical structure that the molecules are also determined by the arrangements of the atoms, not only which atoms. This is one of the greatest discovery in chemistry. Josef Loschmidt proposed the two-dimensional representations for over 300 molecules. He also recognized the variations in atomic size. Ernest Solvay invented the Solvay process to manufacture soda ash (sodium carbonate). Eduard Suess first to propose the supercontinent Gondwana Paul Broca identified the brains speech production center Franciscus Donders introduced the term visual acuity. Adolf Zsigmondy invented a dental notation system.

1862

Louis Pasteur invented pasteurisation. Brown & Sharpe invented the first universal milling machine. Alexander Parkes invented Parkesine, one of the earliest synthetic polymers.The invention formed the foundation of the industry of modern plastics.

Alexander Borodin is first to describe a nucleophilic displacement, in his case of chlorine by fluorine in benzoyl chloride. The modern chemistry is based on this. David Kirkaldy pioneered the tensile testing in his published book called Results of an Experimental Inquiry into the Comparative Tensile Strength and other properties of various kinds of Wrought-Iron and Steel in Glasgow describing Alexandre-Emile Béguyer de Chancourtois is first to propose arranging the chemical elements in order of atomic weights Friedrich Albert Fallou founded soil science. Hermann Snellen introduced the Snellen chart for testing visual acuity.

1863

John Gilleland designed the double-barreled cannon James L. Plimpton patented quad skates J. J. Richardson patented a ratchet wrench James Caleb Jackson invented the breakfast cereal Alanson Crane patents a fire extinguisher. Frederick Walton invented linoleum

Teerfarbenfabrik Meister, Lucius & Co. produced a green dye from coal tar. Max Schultze discovered that animal and vegetable protoplasm are identical, thus advancing cell theory William Banting published the first popular low-carbohydrate diet. Paris Observatory began to publish weather maps.

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1864

H. L. Hunley, a Confederate hand-propelled submarine became the first submarine to sink an enemy ship, the USS Housatonic ship, using a spar torpedo during the American Civil War Siegfried Marcus inventerd and constructed the first motorized cart

James Clerk Maxwell introduced the theory of electromagnetism Adolf von Baeyer first synthesized barbituric acid William Huggins became the first person take the spectrum of a planetary nebula when he analyzes NGC 6543. John Alexander Reina Newlands constructed the first ever periodic table of the atomic elements. Lothar Meyer produced one of the earliest periodic table, with 28 elements organized by valence. Cato Maximilian Guldberg and Peter Waage proposed the law of mass action. They proposed it by building on Claude Louis Berthollet's ideas. William King desribed the species Homo neanderthalensis

1865

Carl Wilhelm Siemens and Pierre-Émile Martin invented the Siemens-Martin process for making steel. William A. Bullock improved the rotary printing press (web) John B. Stetson invented the cowboy hat Aveling and Porter invented the world's first steam roller Hermann Sprengel invented the Sprengel pump

Friedrich Kekulé proposed a ring structure for benzene. Francis Galton formulated eugenics Rudolf Clausius formulated the first mathematical version of the concept of entropy, which is a key concept in physical chemistry. He also gives its name. Adolf von Baeyer started his work on indigo dye, which revolutionized the dye industry, and modern industrial organic chemistry Louis Pasteur demonstrated that air is full of bacteria. Max Schultze is the first to fully describe the platelet. Johann Josef Loschmidt discovered the exact number of molecules in one mole. This becomes known as Avogadro's number, which is one of the most important discovery in chemistry John Newlands devised the periodic table

1866

J. Osterhoudt patented the tin can with a key opener. Robert Whitehead invented the self-propelled naval torpedo Charles Goodnight invented the chuckwagon Andrew Rankin invented an upright flushing apparatus (Urinal) England formed the The Aeronautical Society of Great Britain', which is the world's oldest of such society. Ralph H. Twedell patented the hydraulic riveter Alfred Nobel invented dynamite, which is stronger than black powder August von Hofmann invented the voltameter

William Huggins discovered that a nova is surrounded by a cloud of hydrogen, by studying the emission its spectrum Giovanni Schiaparelli observed that meteor streams happens when when planet Earth passes through the orbit of a comet that has left debris along its path. Gregor Mendel published Mendel's laws of inheritance, which is the basis for genetics. Ernst Haeckel observed that the single celled organisms, the protists, do not fit neither in the plant or animal division of life. August von Hofmann proposed the system of hydrocarbon nomenclature, which has become as standard system in modern chemistry Emil Erlenmeyer proposed that the chemical compound naphthalene has a structure of two fused benzene rings. Max Schultze discovered two sorts of 'receptors' in the retina, the basis of the anatomy of the eye that recieves images John Langdon Down introduced his theory that different mental condition can be classified ethnic characteristics, describing mongolism, which is the genetic developmental disability now known as Down syndrome. Thomas Clifford Allbutt invented a clinical thermometer James Clerk Maxwell introduced the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution in the field of kinetic theory of gases.

1867

Christopher Scholes invented the first practical and modern typewriter. USA invented the refrigerator railroad car B&W patented the water-tube steam boiler Edward A. Calahan invented ticker tape Lucien B. Smith invented the barbed wire Samuel B. Fay invented the paper clip Pierre Michaux invented the motorcycle, called a steam powered velocipede Sylvester H. Roper invented the Roper steam velocipede Pierre Michaux invented the first mass-produced bicycle, the front wheel-driven velocipede

Joseph Lister outlined the discovery of antiseptic surgery. Henry Enfield Roscoe isolated vanadium. Charles-Adolphe Wurtz synthesized neurine.

1868

George Westinghouse invented railway air brake Robert Mushet invented tungsten steel. John Peake Knight invented traffic lights Alvin J. Fellows invented the tape measure Margaret E. Knight invented the paper bag Thomas Edison invented a form of electronic voting machine. Louis Arthur Ducos du Hauron invented a new method of color photography, using both additive and subtractive methods. The discovery of dye sensitization helped him to achieve it.

Norman Lockyer used spectroscopy to discover helium in the sun William Henry Perkin first to synthesize coumarin (the first synthetic perfume) and cinnamic acid, which he did via the Perkin reaction Paul Langerhans discovered Langerhans cell Jean-Martin Charcot described and names multiple sclerosis Adolph Kussmaul is the first to perform the esophagogastroduodenoscopy on a living human Louis Lartet discovered the original Cro-Magnon skeletons, the first anatomically modern humans

1869

O. A. North invented clothes hanger Daniel Chapman Stillson invented the modern pipe wrench USA invented American football George Taylor invented the vibrator (steam-powered Manipulator) John Wesley Hyatt invented celluloid William Stanley Jevons invented the logic piano, a mechanical computer, constructed to work out problems in symbolic logic.

Dmitri Mendeleev is the father of the modern periodic table which he presented it to the Russian Chemical Society. Paul Langerhans discovered the pancreatic islets. Friedrich Miescher discovered the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) in the pus of discarded surgical bandages. He is the one that gave its name "nuclein", because it was found in the nuclei of the cells. Hermann Schwarz devised the Schwarz–Christoffel mapping.

1870

Jones County invented feather duster Benjamin Chew Tilghman invented the sandblasting (air blast) process William Lyman invented the rotary can opener Moses Quinby invented the bee smoker David Edward Hughes invented carbon microphone David Joy recieved a Joy valve gear for steam locomotives Svend Foyn recieved a patent for the grenade harpoon cannon for whaling. Henry R. Heyl invented a magic lantern movie projector. Thomas Edison invented a practical stock ticker Kingdom of Prussia were the first known to use weapons for anti-aircraft warfare

Felix Klein presented a model for hyperbolic geometry and the logical independence of Euclid's fifth postulate. Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch established the germ theory of disease. Weather Bureau (National Weather Service) made the first first official meteorological forecast. Rudolf Clausius proved the scalar virial theorem Ludimar Hermann observed the Hermann grid illusion.

1871

W. B. Curtis improved the rowing machine England is first to use alternating current electricity in the Souter Lighthouse Ralph Hart Tweddell invented the portable hydraulic riveter

John Strutt introduced the the phenomenon which is now called Rayleigh scattering, which explains why the sky is blue. He also introduced the theory of acoustic resonance Felix Hoppe-Seyler first explained Porphyria in biochemical terms Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg introduced the first successful elective human tracheotomy for the purpose of administering general anaesthesia. George Biddell Airy discovered that astronomical aberration is independent of the local medium. James Clerk Maxwell published the Theory of Heat, and demonstrated Maxwell's demon in the philosophy of thermal and statistical physics. He also established Maxwell relations

1872

J.E.T. Woods and J. Clark invented Stainless steel, one of the most important metals in the industry. J.S. Risdon invented the metal windmill. A.M. Ward issues the first mail-order catalog. Walter Scott established the first diner George Westinghouse Jr. inveted the railway air brake John Hopkinson introduced the idea of the group flash system for distinguishing lighthouses C. M. Ramus of Sussex invented the single-step hydroplane hull

Eugen Baumann rediscovered polyvinyl chloride Robert Chesebrough invented Vaseline Charles-Adolphe Wurtz discovered the aldol reaction, a very important reaction in modern chemistry HMS Challenger expidition from Portsmouth laid the foundation for the science of oceanography Richard Dedekind introduced the theory of irrational numbers in his published Stetigkeit und irrationale Zahlen Felix Klein invented the Erlangen program on geometries George Huntington is the first person to describe Huntington's disease in detail Ferdinand Monoyer proposed the dioptre unit which is used in modern day glasses and contact lenses for measuring the optical power. Ludwig Boltzmann published his H-theorem Ludwig Boltzmann presented his Boltzmann equation which describes the statistical behaviour of a thermodynamic system (temporal development of distribution functions in phase space)

1873

Frederick Ransome invented the rotary kiln. Sir William Crookes invented the Crookes radiometer Zénobe Gramme invented the Gramme machine, the first commercial electrical generator Eli H. Janney invented the knuckle coupler (Janney coupler) Jacob W. Davis invented the jeans, an important invention in clothing in the modern world USA invented the farm tower silo Chester Greenwood invented the modern day earmuffs Jacob W. Davis and Levi Strauss invented the copper rivets to strengthen the pockets of blue denim jeans Christopher Miner Spencer produced the fully automatic turret lathe Carl von Linde installs his first commercial refrigeration system, using dimethyl ether as the refrigerant

Johannes Diderik van der Waals discovered a intermolecular force called van der Waals force. It is one of the most important discovery in modern chemistry Frederick Guthrie discovered thermionic emission Willoughby Smith discovered photoconductivity of the element selenium Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff and Joseph Achille Le Bel independently developed a model of chemical bonding that explains the chirality from Louis Pasteur experiments. They also provide a physical cause for optical activity in chiral compounds. Charles Hermite proved that the mathematical constant e is a transcendental number Henri Brocard introduceed the Brocard triangle, the Brocard points, and the Brocard circle James Clerk Maxwell introduced Maxwell's equations, partial differential equations, which form the foundation of classical electrodynamics, optics, and electric circuits. He introduced it in his book A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism and is first to do so. Gerhard Armauer Hansen discovered Mycobacterium leprae, which is is the first bacterium to be identified as pathogenic in humans. The bacterium causes leprosy, Camillo Golgi demonstrated the Golgi's method.

1874

Gustave Trouvé invented the first metal detector. Charles Goodyear invented the shoe welt stitcher C. F. Bennett invented the jockstrap Thomas Edison invented the quadruplex telegraph Robert McCay Green invented the ice cream soda Samuel W. Francis patetned the spork Henry S. Parmalee invented the modern fire sprinkler (automated) British Army invented snooker Christopher Latham Sholes and Samuel W. Soule invented the Sholes and Glidden typewriter, with cylindrical platen and the modern day QWERTY keyboard. The QWERTY keyboard is the modern day computer keyboard Joseph Glidden invented modern barbed wire

Georg Cantor introduced Cantor's first uncountability proof Georg Cantor discovered set theory C. R. Alder Wright synthetized heroin Othmar Zeidler synthesised DDT Jacobus van't Hoff and Achille Le Bel independently proposed that organic molecular models can be three-dimensional Vladimir Alekseyevich Betz is the first to discover and describe giant pyramidal cells in the motor cortex. These were later known as Betz cells James Clerk Maxwell produced a model of Maxwell's thermodynamic surface Franz Brentano published Psychologie vom Empirischen Standpunkte which translates to Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint.

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1875

Thomas Edison invented the mimeograph George Green invented the first electric dental drill Alexander P. Ashbourne invented biscuit cutter

William Crookes invented the Crookes tube. He also studied cathode rays Friedrich Sigmund Merkel is the first to describe Merkel cell Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran discovered gallium via spectroscopy. He also obtained the free metal by electrolysis of its hydroxide. This is an important discovery because it is the first of Dmitri Mendeleev's predicted elements to be identified. Hermann Emil Fischer discovered phenylhydrazine

1876

Nikolaus August Otto invented the Four-stroke cycle engine Alexander Graham Bell recieved a patent for the telephone. Melville Bissell patented the carpet sweeper. Thomas A. Edison invented the tattoo machine Elisha Gray the electrical music instrument, the synthesizer Francis Galton invented the silent dog whistle Francis Edgar Stanley invented an atomizing paint distributor, a form of airbrush Seth Thomas Clock Company invented an adjustable wind-up alarm clock.

Josiah Willard Gibbs introduced the notions of chemical potential, the phase rule in thermodynamic equilibrium Oscar Hertwig discovered meiosis Robert Koch discovered that Bacillus anthracis bacterium is the cause of anthrax. It is the first bacterium found that caused the disease. August Rauber first to describe Koller's sickle in avian gastrulation William Macewen diagnosed brain sites with tumors clinically. He also performed the first successful intercranial surgery. Patrick Manson began to study the filariasis infection in humans. Édouard Lucas showed that 127 is a Mersenne prime. It would be the largest Mersenne prime found for 75 years. He also demonstrated that the Mersenne number 267 − 1 (M67) must have factors. Asaph Hall made the first recorded observation of the Great White Spot on Saturn, who used it to calculate the planet's rotation period.

1877

Thomas Edison invented the first working phonograph Eadweard Muybridge invented the first moving pictures Frederick Wolseley invented a sheep shearing machine. French poet Charles Cros invented the Paleophone, a method of recording sound Emile Berliner invented combined telegraph and telephone, in which he incorporated a microphone Louis Brennan patented the Brennan torpedo. Emile Berliner invented a telephone with induction coils Thomas Edison demonstrateed the phonograph, a sound recording machine. George R. Carey invented a selenium telectroscope, which is a camera projecting moving images to a distant point. It is the precursor of television. Maximilian Nitze and Josef Leiter invented the first practical cystourethroscope with an electric light source

Charles Sanders Peirce devised the Peirce quincuncial projection Georg Cantor advanced the continuum hypothesis. Adolph Kussmaul described dyslexia as word-blindness Patrick Manson studied animal carriers of infections Ludwig Boltzmann described the connection between entropy and probability. He also introduced the conecpt of distributions of molecular velocities in the gas phase Wilhelm Rudolph Fittig invented Poly(methyl methacrylate)

1878

Henry Fleuss inventerd the first practical rebreather (closedcircuit scuba) Lester Allan Pelton invented the Pelton wheel Joseph Wilson Swan invented a practical and longer-lasting electic lightbulb. Samuel Pierpont Langley invented the bolometer J.W. Stawitz designed the Stawitz Turbine, a Free jet water turbine Thomas Edison inventerd the phonograph Vctor D'Hondt introduced the D'Hondt method of voting. Percy Gilchrist and Sidney Gilchrist Thomas developed the 'basic' process, enabling the use of phosphoric iron ore in steelmaking John Philip Holland's experimental powered submarine is launched Eadweard Muybridge used multiple cameras to capture motion in stop-motion photographs and produces the famous Sallie Gardner film. It was a predecessor of silent film, and he also demonstrated with the film that all four feet of the horse are off the ground at the same time. Joseph Swan invented an incandescent light bulb Karl Benz invented a two-stroke gas engine William Crookes invented the Crookes tube, that produces cathode rays. Gustav Kessel invented an espresso machine Karel Klíč developed the photogravure process. Lester Allan Pelton developed the first succesful Pelton wheel Remington introduced a new typewriter, the first with a shift key that made it possible to use lower and upper case character

Richard A. Proctor described the area of the night sky that is obscured by our own galaxy, called the Zone of Avoidance William Allen Whitworth was the first to introduce the Bertrand's ballot theorem

1879

Constantine Fahlberg discovered and invented saccharin, used in the sweetening industry and pharmaceutical industry. James Ritty inventred the cash register Goerge Eastman invented a machine to produce photographic dry plates Werner von Siemens inventred the first electric locomotive using an external power source William Denny and Brothers built an ocean-going ship, made of mild steel Thomas Edison developed a incandescent light bulb with a carbon filament thread Jacob Morrison built a heavy oil engine is built by Eadweard Muybridge inventerd the zoopraxiscope, the first and early device for displaying moving images. It is considered to be the predecessor of the movie projector.

Wilhelm Wundt in Leipzig developed experimental psychology Heinrich Anton de Bary coins the term symbiosis Charles Sanders Peirce developed the Peirce quincuncial projection Lars Fredrik Nilson discovered the element scandium. Vasily Dokuchaev introduced pedology, which is the foundations of modern soil science Ferdinand André Fouqué published a significant text in volcanology, called Santorin et ses éruptions Gottlob Frege published an important text in the development of mathematical logic. Felix Klein was the first to describe the Grünbaum–Rigby configuration George Stokes developed the Campbell–Stokes recorder (for sunshine) fully. Vassili von Anrep demonstrated the analgesic properties of cocaine Edwin Hall discovered the Hall Effect Joseph Stefan developed the Stefan–Boltzmann law. An important law in thermodynamic which states that the total radiation from a black body is proportional to the fourth power of its thermodynamic temperature. Wilhelm Wundt constructed the first laboratory of experimental psychology

1880

British Perforated Paper Company began selling toilet paper John Milne invented the modern seismograph. Justin White developed candlepin bowling Amanda Jones invented a better oil burner Walter Parry Haskett Smith develiped modern rock climbing England invented table tennis or ping-pong Werner von Siemens invented the world's first electric elevator Dugald Clerk built the first successful two-stroke engine.

Pierre Curie and Jacques Curie discovered Piezoelectricity John Venn devised the Venn diagram Robert Koch pioneered the modern bacteriology. Henry Draper took the first photograph of the Orion Nebula. He also photographed the spectrum of Jupiter. Fortuné Landry discovered the largest known Fermat prime, 65537. Sampson Gamgee presented his use of the medical dressing Gamgee Tissue. William Macewen presented the orotracheal intubation as an alternative to tracheotomy Thomas Edison observed the Edison effect. Johannes Diderik van der Waals formulated the Law of Corresponding States.

1881

Nikolay Benardos presented the first practical carbon arc welding Alexander Graham Bell invented the first crude metal detector. David Houston patented the roll film for cameras. Edward Leveaux invented the automatic player piano. Alfred Southwick invented the electric chair Scotland launched The Cunard Line's SS Servia, the first steel transatlantic liner Siemens & Halske opened the world's first electric tramway, the Gross-Lichterfelde Tramway, England made the town Godalming the first in the world to have its streets illuminated by electric light. The light were hydroelectrically generated. Peter Herdic pateneds the Herdic horse-drawn cab England opened Richard D'Oyly Carte's Savoy Theatre, which became the world's first public building to be fully lit by electricity. The building used Joseph Swan's incandescent light bulbs.

Eugene Allen invented the peristaltic pump John Tebbutt discovered C/1881 K1, a long-period comet Hermann Reinhard conducted the first systematic study in forensic entomology India discovered the birch bark Bakhshali manuscript, which contains the earliest known Indian symbol of zero Simon Newcomb presented Benford's law George Goodfellow performed the first laparotomy. The patient had to remove a bullet. Ferdinand Adolf Kehrer performed the first modern Caesarean section Louis Pasteur discovered a vaccine for anthrax Carlos Finlay was the first to propose that yellow fever is transmitted by mosquitoes, and not by humans Waren Tay first described the genetic disorder Tay–Sachs disease Samuel Siegfried Karl von Basch invented the non-invasive sphygmomanometer, for the measurement of blood pressure

1882

Schuyler Wheeler invented an electric fan. Henry W. Seely patented the electric flat iron Paul Beiersdorf patented an adhesive bandage England began operating the world's first coal-fired public electricity generating station, the Holborn Viaduct power station Étienne-Jules Marey invented a chronophotographic photography gun. It was capable of taking 12 frames per second on the same plate. Werner von Siemens demonstrated the first form of trolleybus, the Electromote

Robert Koch discovered Mycobacterium tuberculosis as the cause of tuberculosis Élie Metchnikoff discovered phagocytosis, a very important biological and physiological concept. Luigi Palmieri detected helium on Earth through its D3 spectral line Ferdinand von Lindemann proved that π is a transcendental number. He also further proved that squaring the circle is impossible. Felix Klein first describeed the Klein bottle. Vladimir Bekhterev began noting the role of the hippocampus in memory.

1883

Warren S. Johnson patented the thermostat Charles Fritts constructed the first solar cell. He used the semiconductor selenium on a thin layer of gold which produced less than 1% efficiency. USA invented the salt water taffy Otto von Bismarck invented health insurance

Francis Galton formulated the concept Eugenics Carl Friedrich Claus patented the Claus process Svante Arrhenius developed ion theory, which explains conductivity in electrolytes Carl Schotten and Eugen Baumann first decribed the Schotten–Baumann reaction Robert Koch isolated Vibrio cholerae Osborne Reynolds introduced the Reynolds number in fluid mechanics

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1884

Hiram Maxim invented the Maxim gun, founding the age of semi- and fully automatic firearms. Paul Vieille invented the first smokeless powder for firearms. Poudre B Charles Parsons invented the modern steam turbine. Károly Zipernowsky, Ottó Bláthy and Miksa Déri invented the AC parallel power distribution, and the closed core high efficiency transformer George Eastman invented the paper-strip photographic film. H. de Chardonnet invented rayon. Lewis Edson Waterman invented the first practical fountain pen. James Ritty invented the mechanical cash register. William Upjohn invented the first dissolvable pill Chester H. Pond invented the first electrical self-winding clock.

Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff discovered the osmotic pressure in solutions and the laws of chemical dynamics Oliver Heaviside reformulated the Maxwell's equations into the four modern ones Carl Paal and Ludwig Knorr discovered the Paal–Knorr synthesis Robert Koch and Friedrich Loeffler presented the Koch's postulates. Friedrich Loeffler discovered that Corynebacterium diphtheriae causes diphtheria Robert Koch discovered that cholera is caused by vibrio cholerae bacteria Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff proposed the Arrhenius equation. It is one of the most important equation in physical chemistry describing the temperature dependence of the reaction rate constant, and therefore, rate of a chemical reaction Hermann Emil Fischer proposed the structure of purine. It is one of the most important chemical component in many biomolecules Henry Louis Le Chatelier presented the Le Chatelier's principle, which is one of the most important principle in a chemical reaction, which explains the response of dynamic chemical equilibria to external stresses Georg Cantor introduced the Cantor function Gottlob Frege presented a theory of logicism. Friedrich Schultze first described Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease Vladimir Bekhterev presented his study on the formation of the human conception of space Ludwig Boltzmann formulated the Stefan–Boltzmann law on blackbody radiant flux

1885

John Kemp Starley presented his Rover safety bicycle, which is regarded as the first practical modern bicycle Sylvanus Bowser invented the fuel dispenser George Eastman sold the first flexible photographic roll film Charles Cretors invented the popcorn machine Gottlieb Daimler, with the help of Wilhelm Maybach, invented the Daimler Reitwagen, whch is regarded as the first motorcycle. It had a single-cylinder water-cooled engine design. George H. Pegram recieved a patent for the Pegram truss Tolbert Lanston invented a typesetting system which included the basic Monotype System keyboard. Karl Benz invented the Benz Patent-Motorwagen, which is regarded as the first automobile car Marinus Gerardus van den Bos invented the first form of gyrocompass Rufus Eastman invented the electric food mixer William Le Baron Jenney's designed ten floor building, the Home Insurance Building, gets completed and is regarded as the first skyscraper in the world. Thus, USA built the first skyscaper. Paul Gottlieb Nipkow patented the Nipkow disk Carl Auer von Welsbach invented the incandescent gas mantle.

Clemens Winkler discovered germanium Ernst Hartwig discovered the first supernova beyond the Milky Way, the S Andromedae in the Andromeda Galaxy. Theodor Escherich discovered the bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli), which is one of the most important bacterias found. Eugene Goldstein used cathode ray and canal ray to discover the electrons and protons, respectively. He discovered that protons have equal and opposite charge of an electron. He also discovered that a proton is 1,840 times heavier than an electron. Eduard Suess presented his theory of eustasy, pioneered different concepts in ecology, and proposed the existence of the previous supercontinent Gondwana William W. Grant performed the first successful appendectomy Georges Gilles de la Tourette discovered Tourette syndrome Wilson Bentley took the first photograph of a snowflake by attaching a camera to a microscope. Johann Balmer presented a mathematical formula for the visible spectral lines of the hydrogen atom.

1886

Carl Gassner invented the first dry cell battery, the zinc-carbon battery Charles Martin Hall invented the Hall–Héroult process for converting alumina into aluminum by electrolysis Karl Benz invented the fiirst gasoline powered car John Pemberton invented Coca Cola, probably the most famous carbonated soda in history Gottlieb Daimler built the world's first four-wheeled motor vehicle. Reuben H. Donnelley produced the first Yellow Pages directory (telephone directory) Henry Brown invented the horizontal filing cabinet Ottmar Mergenthaler presented his Linotype machine William Stanley, Jr. invented the first practical alternating current transformer device, the induction coil Gottlieb Daimler invented the first motorboat, called Neckar Josephine Cochrane invented the automatic dishwasher Auguste Mustel invented the celesta. Herbert Akroyd Stuart invented the first heavy oil engine

Richard Altmann discovered of mitochondrion Eugen Goldstein discovered anode rays Henri Moissan isolated fluorine by electrolysis of a solution of potassium hydrogen difluoride in liquid hydrogen fluoride William Allen Whitworth used ordered Bell numbers to count the number of weak orderings of a set Heinrich Schule described dementia praecox. Heinrich Hertz verified the existence of electromagnetic waves.

1887

Carl Josef Bayer invented the Bayer process for procuding alumina. James Blyth invented the first working wind turbine used for generating electricity. John Stewart MacArthur developed the process of gold cyanidation Heinrich Hertz invented the radar. Emile Berliner invented the gramophone record August Müller and Adolph Fick invented the first wearable contact lenses. Thomas Hill invented the comptometer Farragut Boat Club invented softball Hannah Harger invented the screen door Everett Horton invented a fishing rod, made of telescoping steel tubes. Herman Hollerith received a patent for the punched card calculator. Dorr Eugene Felt invented the comptometer Anna Connelly patented the fire escape. Manuel Mondragón invented the Mondragón rifle, which is the world's first automatic rifle Alfred Yarrow invented the high-pressure water-tube Yarrow boiler, used for a torpedo boat

Julius Richard Petri invented the Petri dish, used in bacteria research Lazăr Edeleanu synthesized amphetamine, which he named phenylisopropylamine Friedrich Loeffler developed Löffler's Heinrich Hertz helped establish the photoelectric effect by discovering its effect on the production and reception of electromagnetic waves in radio. Jean Pierre Mégnin pionered the modern forensic entomology Sergei Winogradsky discovers the first form of lithotrophy Émile Guyou developed Guyou hemisphere-in-a-square projection Henri Poincaré presented a solution to the three-body problem.

1888

Marvin Stone invented the spiral winding process for manufacturing paper drinking straws. Nikola Tesla invented the AC motor and transformer. John Boyd Dunlop invented the pneumatic tire. James Salisbury invented salisbury steak Frank Edward McGurrin invented touch typing Elisha Gray developed the telautograph Theophilus Van Kannel invented the revolving door Almon Brown Strowger invented the stepping switch Van Depoele invented the trolley pole Thomas Edison invented the kinetoscope Karl Benz invented the driver's license Oliver B. Shallenberger invented the AC induction electricity meter. Nikola Tesla invented the induction motor. George Eastman invented the roll film camera, registering the trademark as Kodak. John J. Loud invented the ballpoint pen, who wished to produce pen that can write on leather Louis Le Prince shoots the first recorded film in history, using a single lens camera and Eastman paper film. The film was called Roundhay Garden Scene John Boyd Dunlop invented the pneumatic bicycle tyre

Friedrich Reinitzer discovered liquid crystals. Theodor Boveri described the centrosome Ernst Büchner invented the Büchner flask and Büchner funnel, important instrument in chemistry. Peter Hermann Stillmark isolated ricin, which founded the field of lectinology. Henri-Louis Le Chatelier states his Law of Stability of Chemical Equilibrium Emil Fischer established the relation between glucose, fructose and mannose. He did that by passage to a common osazone David Hilbert proved the Hilbert's basis theorem Francis Galton introduced concept of correlation in statistics Richard Dedekind introduced his definition of an infinite set Sofia Kovalevskaya discovered the 'Kovalevskaya top' Heinrich Rudolf Hertz discovered radio waves. Carlo Martinotti first described cortical cells (Martinotti cells) Emile Roux and Alexandre Yersin isolated diphtheria toxin Johannes Robert Rydberg devised the Rydberg formula, used to describe the wavelengths of photons emitted by changes in the energy level of an electron in a hydrogen atom.

1889

Joshua Pusey invented the matchbook James Dewar and Frederick Abel invented Cordite Southern New England Telephone Co. installed the payphone in USA Samuel Leeds Allen inventedh the flexible flyer Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach invented the V engine Almon B. Strowger invented an automatic telephone exchange using the Strowger switch Herman Hollerith invented an electric tabulating machine USA completed the first long distance electric power transmission line Acquedotto de Ferrari-Galliera implemented an early method of high-voltage direct current transmission (invented by René Thury). It transmitted 630 kW at 14 kV DC over a distance of 120 km Siegfried Marcus's car design was completed, with his lowvoltage ignition magneto

Francis Galton published the book Natural Inheritance, which inspired other people, including Karl Pearson and Raphael Weldon to develop the mathematics and statistics of inheritance and biometry Joseph von Mering and Oskar Minkowski demonstrate that one of the function of the pancreas is to produce the hormone insulin Hugo de Vries postulated the existence of genes, in his book Intracellular Pangenesis Svante Arrhenius presented a physical explanation for the Arrhenius equation, used to derive the reaction rate constant Joseph Louis François Bertrand introduced the Bertrand's box paradox in probability theory. Giuseppe Peano introduced the Peano axioms for the natural numbers. USA opened the Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland, which originated the concept of a residency for training junior doctors Franz Carl Müller-Lyer devised the Müller-Lyer illusion

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Frédéric Swarts invented the first chlorofluorocarbons, applying it as a refrigerant. Clément Ader invented Ader Eole, the first aircract, airplane and fly machine. Francis Robbins Upton invented the smoke detector Stephen Babcock developed the babcock test Henry Perky invented shredded wheat cereal William Phelps Eno inventerd the Stop sign William Kemmler became the first person to be executed in the AC electric chair. Ernest William Moir invented the airlock Robert Gair invented the precut paperboard box Ferdinand Hurter and Vero Charles Driffield described the Hurter and Driffield film speed measurement system, an early practical system for measuring the sensitivity of an emulsion

Emil von Behring and Kitasato Shibasaburō discovered that it was possible to immunize people against diphtheria, by preparing an anti-toxin via injecting of diphtheria toxin into animals. Walter Heape breeded rabbits from a fertilised ova, which was transferred from the biological mother into the upper end of the Fallopian tube (uterus) of a different breed Francis Galton demonstrated the uniqueness and classifiability of the human fingerprint Jacques Loeb presented his major work on tropism, Henry Luke Bolley isolateed the organism responsible for potato scab. He also managed to develope an effective treatment. Nikolai Menshutkin discovered the Menshutkin reaction, where a tertiary amine can be converted into a quaternary ammonium salt with the help of an alkyl halide Emil Fischer discovered the stereochemistry and isomeric properties sugars. He accomplished it by epimerization between the gluconic and mannonic acids. He also synthesized glucose, fructose and mannose from glycerol Herman Hollerith's tabulating machine started being used to record census returns using punched card input. It is one of the most important step in the history of compuing hardware. The company later became IBM, one of the most important hardware componies in the world today. USA drilled the first geothermal well. Germany discovered the phosphate mineral messelite Percy John Heawood proved the five colour theorem Giuseppe Peano demonstrated first a space-filling curve Curt Schimmelbusch invented the Schimmelbusch mask. It is used for the delivery of anesthetics to surgical patients, safely. Robert Koch postulated the causal relationship between microbes and diseases.

1891

Whitcomb Judson invented the zipper Jesse W. Reno invented the escalator August Schrader invented the Schrader valve, used for bicycle tires still today Almon Brown Strowger invented the rotary dial Nikola Tesla invented the Tesla coil George Washington Gale Ferris Jr. inventred the Ferris wheel Albert Ballin built the first purpose-built cruise ship, called Prinzessin Victoria Luise Almon B. Strowger recieved a patent for an automatic telephone exchange using the Strowger switch W. K. L. Dickson developed and demonstrated the kinetograph moving picture system, showing the film known as Dickson Greeting. Thomas Edison patented peephole viewer Crompton & Co. invented the electric kettle Michelin invented the removable pneumatic bicycle tire Panhard et Levassor and Émile Levassor invented the Système Panhard automobile layout, which consisted of four wheels with a front-engine, rear-wheel drive and a sliding-gear transmission Friedrich Wilhelm Gustav Bruhn invented the modern taximeter

Herbert Henry Dow discovered the Dow process, the electrolytic method of bromine extraction from brine Georg Cantor introduced the Cantor's diagonal argument and Cantor's theorem Agnes Pockels presented the results of surface tension Emil Fischer devised the Fischer projection, an important concept in organic chemistry Hans Reusch first discovered Reusch's Moraine in Norway, a tillite from a Precambrian glaciation The Japan Meteorological Agency was the first to start taking records of the global average temperature Yevgraf Fyodorov and Arthur Schoenflies concluded the Fyodorov– Schoenflies theorem, from their work on crystallographic groups Édouard Lucas introduced the ménage problem. Julius Ludwig August Koch introduced the concept of psychopathology Arnold Pick introduced the term dementia praecox Themistocles Gluck carried the earliest recorded attempt at hip replacement, using ivory to replace the femoral head

1892

Léon Bouly invented the cinematograph James Dewar invented the Dewar flask or vacuum flask. Arthur Garford invented the bicycle seat (padded) William Painter invented the bottle cap Rudolf Diesel recieved a patent for a compression-ignition engine. François Hennebique patented his developed system of reinforced concrete

Dmitri Ivanovsky discovered the first virus August Weismann discovered Weismann barrier and germ plasm Edward Emerson Barnard discovered the third moon of jupiter, Amalthea. It is also the last natural satellite found by direct visual observation. Ellen Swallow Richards introduced the word ecology, to embrace environmental education and consumer nutrition. Georg Cantor demonstrated that there are different kinds of infinity. He also studied transfinite numbers. Gino Fano discovered the Fano plane Waldemar Haffkine demonstrated the first anti-cholera vaccine. Curt Schimmelbusch designed a form of autoclave, a technique used in the hospital and pharmaceutical industry to sterilize the medical instruments. He also proposed that medical dressings should be sterilized daily prior to surgery. Johann von Mikulicz-Radecki is the first to describe Sjögren’s syndrome

1893

Rudolf Diesel invented the diesel engine Edward Goodrich Acheson invented carborundum. Louise Austin invented the pinking shears H.A. Deslandres invented the spectroheliograph Webb C. Ball invented the railroad chronometers. A timepiece which was used for safe and correct operation of trains in many countries Thomas Edison completed the world's first construction a motion picture studio, in West Orange, New Jersey. János Csonka and Donát Bánki inventred the carburetor Edward Goodrich Acheson invented the method for making the abrasive silicon carbide powder William Scherzer invented a rolling lift bridge design USA opened the first Ferris Wheel at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago Wilhelm Maybach invented the spray nozzle carburetor Alan MacMasters invented the first electric bread toaster Edward Weston developed the Weston cell

Kōkichi Mikimoto developed a method to seed and grow cultured pearls Henry Luke Bolley discovered a method of treating smut with formaldehyde Hans Goldschmidt discovered the thermite reaction Nagai Nagayoshi first synthesized methamphetamine from ephedrine Alfred Werner established the field of coordination chemistry, by discovering the octahedral structure of cobalt complexes Eduard Suess first to postulate the existence of the Tethys Sea in previous times Daniel Hale Williams completed the first successful open heart surgery Ádám Politzer first described otosclerosis Wilhelm Wien formulated Wien's displacement law.

1894

William Halsted implemented the use of sterilized medical gloves Bradley Allen Fiske invented the stadimeter Charles Francis Jenkins invented the phantoscope Charles Frederick Cross, Edward John Bevan and Clayton Beadle invented viscose, a form of artificial silk or rayon Auguste and Louis Lumière invented the portable motionpicture camera, the cinematographe, which is a combination of a movie camera and a projector. William C. Hooker patented a spring-loaded mousetrap John Joly devised an additive colour photographic process for producing images from a single photographic plate, called the Joly colour screen Julius Scheiner devised a film speed measurement system.

John Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh and Scot William Ramsay discovered argon Patrick Manson postulated that malaria is spread by mosquitoes

1895

Guglielmo Marconi invented wireless communication using radio waves. Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen invented the first x-ray radiograph William G. Morgan invented volleyball Charles Hanson invented the clipless pedal Curtis H. Veeder invented the cyclocomputer Ogden Bolton Jr. invented an electric bicycle Wilhelm and Carl Fein invented the world's first portable handheld electric drill Ernest A. Hummel invented the telediagraph. Auguste and Louis Lumière are the first to present a projected motion picture to an audience of more that one person, using their newly invented cinematographe.

Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen discovered x-rays, a type of electromagnetic radiation William Ramsay isolated helium by treating the mineral cleveite. Per Teodor Cleve and Abraham Langlet also isolated it the same year, and they also determined its atomic weight Emil Fischer and Arthur Speier are the first to describe the Fischer–Speier esterification Carl von Linde discovered the Linde cycle. Svante Arrhenius presented his quantified data about the sensitivity of global climate to atmospheric carbon dioxide. Eugen Warming founded the scientific discipline ecology, with the publishing of Plantesamfund France held the first international meeting for the protection of birds Diederik Korteweg and Gustav de Vries derived the Korteweg–de Vries equation. The equation describes the development of long solitary water waves in a canal of rectangular cross section Georg Cantor introduced set theory containing the arithmetic of infinite cardinal numbers and the continuum hypothesis Henri Poincaré provided the first systematic treatment of topology Alexander Stepanovich Popov invented the first practical application of electromagnetic waves by demonstrating a radio receiver, containing a coherer, refined as a lightning detector

1896

H. O'Sullivan invented the rubber heel. Jesse W. Reno produced the first working inclined escalator Gottlieb Daimler invented the first truck Captain Neville Bertie-Clay invented an expanding bullet.

Henri Becquerel exposed photographic plates to uranium, and this way discovered radioactivity Svante Arrhenius formulates the greenhouse law. He is the first person in history to predict that the emissions of fossil fuels's carbon dioxide are large enough to cause global warming. Hadamard and de la Vallee Poussin proved the prime number theorem on the distribution of primes Karl Pearson contributed significant to correlation and regression Ernest Duchesne discovered the properties of penicillin Wilhelm Wien derived Wien approximation. Victor Despeignes pioneered radiation oncology

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1897

William A. Spinks and William Hoskins invented the billiards cue chalk Ellsworth B. A. Zwoyer invented the charcoal briquette Alfred L. Cralle invented the ice cream scoop Wyn Eugene Mccoy inventhed the tapered roller bearing William Morrison and John C. Wharton invented the machinespun cotton candy William Harbutt invented plasticine Walther Nernst invneted the Nernst lamp Rudolf Diesel built the first working prototype Diesel engine Thomas Edison recieved a patent for the Kinetoscope. It is a precursor of the movie projector. Robert Dahlander recieved a patent for the Dahlander pole changing motor Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft built the world's first meterequipped taxicab, the Daimler Victoria,

J.J. Thomson discovered the electron in cathode rays David Hilbert used his treaty Zahlbericht to unify the field of algebraic number theory John Edward Campbell devised the Baker–Campbell–Hausdorff formula. It is used for the multiplication of exponentials in Lie algebras Raoul Bricard defined the Bricard octahedron, by investigating and classifying flexible polyhedra John Jacob Abel isolated epinephrine (adrenaline) Felix Hoffmann successfully synthesizes acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) Felix Bernstein and Ernst Schröder presented the Cantor–Bernstein– Schroeder theorem Arthur Eichengrün discovered protargol

1898

Hans von Pechmann invented polyethylene, which is the most common plastic today in the world Edwin Prescott patented the roller coaster. John and Will Kellogg invented Corn Flakes J.W. Pepper invented the sousaphone Sinclair Smith invented the installer bit (bell-hanger), which is one of the most common drilling bit Henry van de Velde inventhed the filing cabinet Alexander Winton invented the semi-trailer truck John Browning invented the semi-automatic shotgun Nikola Tesla inventhed the remote control Goelitz Candy Company invented the candy corn

Martinus Beijerinck discovered that virus are infectious replicating in their host. He also named it virus Joseph John Thomson proposed the Plum pudding model of an atom Ronald Ross identified the mosquito as the carrier of malaria Morris Travers and William Ramsay discovered neon, xenon, and krypton. Egypt discovered the Narmer Palette in Hierakonpolis, which contains some of the earliest hieroglyphic inscriptions ever found from 31st century BC. Annie Scott Dill Maunder photographed the outer corona of the sun during a solar eclipse George Darwin proposed that the Earth and Moon had before been one body Emil Fischer synthesized purine, and proposed the structure. Purine is a key component in many biomolecules. Richard Willstätter derived cocaine from tropinone, and analyzied the structure of it Alfred Einhorn discovered polycarbonate Vilhelm Bjerknes devised the primitive equations, which is used in climate modeling. Paul Flechsig presented the cytoarchitecture of the brain into 40 areas.

1899

Waldemar Jungner invented the nickel- battery. I.R. Johnson inventhed the bicycle frame. J.S. Thurman inventhed the motor-driven vacuum cleaner. Joshua Cohen invented the electric flash-lamp for photography Wright Brothers invented the wing warping, a key design in airplanes U.S. Congress first approved voting machines for use in federal elections Hugo Lenz presented the Lenz poppet valve gear for stationary steam engines.

Unknown established the International Committee on Atomic Weights Élie Cartan formulated today's exterior derivative David Hilbert proposed Hilbert's axioms (a formal set) to replace Euclid's elements Georg Alexander Pick presented his theorem on the area of simple polygons Ernest Rutherford discovered two types of radiation, alpha rays and beta rays. Henri Becquerel discovered charged particles can be deflected by magnetic fields, from the radiation of uranium Hertha Ayrton was the first woman ever to read her own paper. Her paper was about the electric arc

1900

Ferdinan Graf von Zeppelin and Theodor Kober designed and completed the first rigid dirigible airship, the Zippelin LZ1 Robert R. Montgomery invented the fly-killer Frederick Baldwin invented the carbide lamp USA invented the Duckpin bowling The Wright brothers first experimented with the first manned glider flight Eastman Kodak invented their first Brownie camera Guglielmo Marconi invented the tuned circuit Thomas Alva Edison inventhed the rechargeable nickel-zinc battery Charles Washington Merrill discovered the Merrill–Crowe process, which is a technique for seperating gold from the solution obtained by the cyanide leaching of gold ores.

Jagdish Chandra Bose pioneered the investigation of microwave optics Wilhelm Schlenk invented the Schlenk flask, used a lot in the chemistry lab Carl Bosch and Fritz Haber discovered the Haber process Max Planck introduced his quantum hypothesis, in which he disocvered Planck's law of black-body radiation, and Planck constant. He marked the birth of quantum physics. Moses Gomberg identified the first organic radical, the triphenylmethyl radical Richard Dixon Oldham distinguished between primary, secondary and tertiary waveforms, in which he recorded it with the seismometers Max Dehn introduced Dehn plane examples and the Dehn invariant. Ernst Zermelo discovered Russell's paradox Gaston Tarry confirmed that no 6×6 orthogonal Graeco-Latin square is possible, confirming Leonhard Euler's conjecture Alfred Young introduced the Young tableau. Reginald Fessenden made the the first audio radio transmission, while experimenting with a high-frequency spark transmitter, in which he successfully transmitted speech over a distance of about 1.6 kilometers Paul Villard discovered Gamma rays, while studying uranium decay. Karl Landsteiner first discovered blood types, and identified the ABO blood group system Jōkichi Takamine and Keizo Uenaka discoveed adrenaline

1901

Reginald Fessenden invented an improved wireless transmitter Sartori Kato invented instant coffee Peter C. Hewitt invented the mercury vapor lamp King C. Gillette invented the disposable razor blade Italy invented the radio direction finder Edwin Moore invented the push pin Guglielmo Marconi invented the radio Eastman Kodak invented the 120 film. Germany pioneered Max Schiemann's under-running trolley current collection system, by building the first passenger-carrying trolleybus in regular service operates Hubert Cecil Booth invented the electrically powered vacuum cleaner, which uses suction Frank Hornby invented a construction toy that will become Meccano Ernest Godward invented the spiral hairpin Theodor Rall invented a design of a rolling lift bridge

Frederick Gowland Hopkins discovered the amino acid Tryptophan Frederic Kipping discovered silicone Karl Pearson developed the discipline of modern mathematical statistics Edmund Selous gave rise to the term birdwatching, with his book called Bird Watching in the U.K. Emil Fischer and Ernest Fourneau synthesized the dipeptide, glycylglycine, an important discovery in DNA and proteins. Emil Fischer presented his work on the hydrolysis of casein. Germany established the world's first history of science society, called Deutsche Gesellschaft für Geschichte der Medizin und der Naturwissenschaften, Henri Lebesgue defined the Lebesgue integration for some function f(x) Élie Cartan developed the exterior derivative. Aleksandr Lyapunov used characteristic functions to prove the central limit theorem Albert Einstein presented his conclusions on capillarity Owen Richardson described thermionic emission which gave rise to Richardson's Law Ivan Yarkovsky described the Yarkovsky effect, an important concept in astronomy how a force acts on a rotating body which is caused by the anisotropic emission of thermal photons. Guglielmo Marconi is the first in history to receive a trans-Atlantic radio signal. It was sent from England to Newfoundland, with the letter "S" in Morse code. Alois Alzheimer examined Auguste Deter, which lead to a diagnosis of the condition that will carry Alzheimer's name Ivan Pavlov introduced the theory of the conditional reflex Georg Kelling performed the first laparoscopic surgery on a dog, also called coelioscopy

1902

Guglielmo Marconi invented the radio magnetic detector Georges Claude invented the Neon lamp Poulsen Reginald Fessenden invented the radio telephone: Simon Lake invented the periscope (collapsible) Washington Post invented the teddy bear Arthur Hill Pitney invented the postage meter USA invented the windowed envelope Ransom Olds invented the automobile assembly line Nathan Stubblefield demonstrated his wireless telephone Léon Serpollet sat a new land speed record of 119 km/h (74 miles/h) with a steam car. Willis Carrier invented the first modern air conditioning system William Willcocks designed the Old Aswan Dam Belgium built the first Vierendeel bridge, designed by Arthur Vierendeel Valerios Stais identified the Antikythera mechanism, which is considered to be the oldest analog computer Auguste Verneuil invented the Verneuil process for making synthetic rubies

Peter Cooper Hewitt invented the mercury arc valve Almroth Wright developed the first typhoid vaccine Arthur D. Little discovered the Rayon cellulose ester Wilhelm Ostwald discovered the Ostwald process Hermann Emil Fischer and Joseph von Mering discovered barbitone, a succesful hypnotic agent, and one year after it was used for insomnia. Giuseppe Mercalli invented the Mercalli intensity scale as a seismic scale for earthquakes Walter Sutton and Theodor Boveri independently developed the Boveri– Sutton chromosome theory Bertrand Russell introduced the Russell's paradox Gyula Farkas introduced the first proof of Farkas' lemma Henri Lebesgue introduced the theory of Lebesgue integration Barnum Brown excavated the remains of the second Tyrannosaurus rex specimen Oliver Heaviside and Arthur E. Kennelly independently predicted the existence of Kennelly-Heaviside Layer of the ionosphere. Philipp Lenard observered that the maximum photoelectron energy depends on frequency, and not on illuminating intensity Gilbert Newton Lewis presented the cubical atom atomic model. Theodor Svedberg postulated that the Brownian motion is caused by the fluctuations in molecular bombardment William Bayliss and Ernest Starling discovered the first hormone, secretin. Captain Robert von Beringe discovered the first Mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei)

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1903

Ægidius Elling invented the first gas turbine to generate electric power, using a centrifugal compressor Édouard Bénédictus invented laminated glass. Richard Pearse invented the powered Monoplan Michael Owens invented bottle machine Mikhail Semyonovich Tsvet invented chromatography, one of the most important analytic technique in a laboratory Mary Anderson patented the windscreen wiper for automobiles USA invented the baker valve gear for steam locomotives John G. A. Kitchen and Ludlow Perkins invented the Lune Valley boiler

Orville and Wilbur Wright performed the first manually controlled, fixed wing, motorized with a petrol engine, aircraft flight Aida de Acosta became the first female to fly a powered aircraft solo. She used Santos-Dumont's motorized dirigible, called No. 9 Konstantin Tsiolkovsky discussed space suits, the liquid fuel rockets to reach the outer space, and the colonization of the solar system. Carl Chun described the type specimen of the vampire squid, Vampyroteuthis infernalis The International Committee of Atomic Weights published its first report on atomic weights Frank Nelson Cole identified the factors of the Mersenne number 2^67 − 1 (M67), by factoring 193,707,721 * 761,838,257,287 Carle David Tolmé Runge introduced the Fast Fourier Transform algorithm Edmund Georg Hermann Landau presented a much simpler proof of the prime number theorem George Darwin and John Joly postulated that radioactivity can have an influence on Earth's heat. Prosper-René Blondlot detected N rays David Bruce identified the cause of sleeping sickness (African trypanosomiasis), the parasitic Trypanosoma protist. Antoni Leśniowski published described first Crohn's disease Alfred Walter Campbell divided the cytoarchitecture of the brain into 14 areas Ernest Fourneau synthesized the first synthetic local anesthetic, amylocaine Willem Einthoven discovered electrocardiography (ECG/EKG)

1904

John Ambrose Fleming invented the Fleming valve, the first vacuum tube and diode Harvey Hubbell invented the Separable Attachment Plug Benjamin Holt invented the tractor John W. Page invented the Dragline excavator John Q. Brown invented the diamon-shaped pantograph David Evans inventefd the banana split Sturtevant brothers developed the automatic transmission Ira W. Rubel invented the offset printing press Piero Ginori Conti discovered the geothermal power to generate electricity David Roberts invented a continuous track tractor France built the fhe first diesel engined submarine, the Z Wilhelm Heckel invented the Heckelphone variety of oboe Charles Yale Knight invented the sleeve valve is United States Navy put the turbine-powered Bliss-Leavitt torpedo into service. It was designed by Frank McDowell Leavitt and manufactured by the E. W. Bliss Company Lucien Bull developed the field of chronophotography (of insect flight)

Johannes Franz Hartmann discovered the interstellar medium Edward Walter Maunder discovered the butterfly diagram, Mauders' sunspot Lick Observatory disvovered the sixth moon of Jupiter, later called Himalia Alphons J. van der Grinten proposed the Van der Grinten projection Henri Poincaré discovered the Poincaré homology sphere. This lead him to develope the Poincaré conjecture. Helge von Koch describes the Koch snowflake, possibly a description of the earliest fractal curves Charles Spearman developed the rank correlation coefficient Ernst Zermelo proved the well-ordering theorem with the axiom of choice USA published possibly the earliest official study on the relationship between alcohol and cardiovascular disease Friedrich Stolz artificially synthesized epinephrine

1905

John Ambrose Fleming invented the radio tube diode Frank Epperson invented the ice pop Mogridge created the first batting helmet Pathé Frères invented the first commercially successful stencil color photography process, which became one of the most accurate and reliable stencil coloring systems Alfred Buchi patented the turbocharger Paul de Vivie invented a two-speed rear-wheel derailleur gear for bicycles Pipe, a belgian carmaker, invented the first automobile with a hemi V8 engine Walter Griffiths invented a manually powered domestic vacuum cleaner Reginald Fessenden invented the superheterodyne receiver Marconi invented the directional antenna Italy established the first full-scale factories to use the Frank– Caro process. The process uses nitrogen fixation of calcium carbide and nitrogen in the atmospheric to produce calcium nitrate as a fertilizer

Albert Einstein published his theory of special relativity, an explanation of Brownian motion, and the photoelectric effect Nikolay Umov discovered the Umov effect Reginald Punnett published the first popular science book on genetics, the Mendelism Frederick Blackman presented his law of limiting factors in the field of photosynthesis Nettie Stevens and Edmund Beecher Wilson independently described the XY sex-chromosomes which determine the gender Stamen Grigorov discovered the Lactobacillus bulgaricus, the bacterium that created yogurt out of milk Carl von Linde cooled air and obtained pure liquid oxygen and nitrogen Alfred Einhorn synthesised the novocaine, a local anesthetic Pierre Fatou defined the Mandelbrot set Oswald Veblen proved the Jordan curve theorem Martin Kutta introduced the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method James A. Cullen began studying the Cullen numbers. Karl Pearson proposed the random walk Fritz Schaudinn and Erich Hoffmann discovered the cause of syphilis, a spiral-shaped spirochete bacterium called Treponema pallidum. Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch developed the Haber process for making ammonia from its elements, one of the most important discoveries in agriculture.

1906

Lewis Nixon invented the first Sonar device Sloan invented the flushometer Ludlow Typograph Company invented the Ludlow Typograph typesetting Germany developed the Schutzhund Lee De Forest invented the first triode amplifier, the Audion vacuum tube Arthur Korn invented the Bildetelegraph (phototelautograph system), which is a fax machine. He succefully transmitted a photograph electronically over a distance of 1800 km Reginald Fessenden makes the first radio broadcast. It included a violin solo, readings and a musical recording Hermann Anschütz-Kaempfe invented the first practicable gyrocompass

Walther Nernst discovered the third law of thermodynamics Charles Barkla discovered all the different atomic elements has a specific X-ray, and the intensitiy the X-rays is related to the atomic weight of the element Mikhail Tsvet is the first to use the term chromatography, a technique for organic compound separation. He also demonstrated that chlorophyll is not a single chemical compound Richard Oldham presented his theory that the Earth has a molten interior Andrey Markov presented his theories on Markov chain processes. Axel Thue founded the study of combinatorics on words, by using the Thue–Morse sequence Frederick Hopkins is the first to propose that vitamins exists, and a lack of them causes scurvy and rickets Clemens Peter von Pirquet and Béla Schick invented the term "allergy" to describe hypersensitive reactions. Belfast completed the Royal Victoria Hospital, the world's first air conditioned building August von Wassermann invented a complement fixation test to diagnose syphilis.

1907

Paul Cornu carried out the first free flight of a rotary-wing aircraft Leo Baekeland invents bakelite. Auguste and Louis Lumiere invented the color photography Paul Cornu invented the helicopter James Spangler invented an electric vacuum cleaner Alva Fisher invented the electric washing machine Scott Paper Company invented the paper towel Lord Baden-Powell created the scout movement Lee DeForest invents the radio tube triode thermionic amplifier Sweden built the Furuholmen Lighthouse, the world's first to be equipped with AGA's Dalén light. The lighthouse also incorporated the sun valve, invented by Gustaf Dalén, which turns the beacon's accumulator gas supply on and off using daylight Ole Evinrude invented the outboard motor Rudge-Whitworth invented the first detachable wire wheel for automobiles Lumière brothers invented the Autochrome Lumière, the first color photography process Samuel Simon patented a screenprinting process

Alfred Bertheim and Paul Ehrlich synthesized the first modern chemotherapeutic agent, arsphenamine, the first organic antisyphilitic Emil Fischer succesfully synthesized peptide amino acid chains. By doing so showed that amino acids in proteins are connected by amino group-acid group bonds. Hermann Staudinger synthesized the first β-lactam. Bertram Boltwood discovered that the amount of lead in uranium and thorium ores can determine the age of the Earth. He dates different rocks to have ages between 410–2200 million years. Ben Peach and John Horne identified the Moine Thrust Belt in Scotland, possibly the first discovered. Zambia discovered the rare phosphate mineral tarbuttite Paul Koebe presented the Koebe quarter theorem. Paul Ehrlich discovered a cure for sleeping sickness. Unknown discovered that dengue fever is caused by a virus, the second virus found to cause an infection. Germany found the jaw of Homo heidelbergensis, Mauer 1 Tatiana and Paul Ehrenfest proposed the Ehrenfest model of diffusion to explain the second law of thermodynamics Albert Einstein discovered inertia and the equivalence of gravitation. He used it to predict the gravitational redshift. Ivan Pavlov demonstrated his Pavlovian conditioning with salivating dogs. Carl Hagenbeck opened the Tierpark Hagenbeck. It became the first zoo to use open moated enclosures, instead of barred cages.

1908

Jacques E. Brandenberger invented the cellophane Hans Geiger and Ernest Rutherford invented the Geiger counter Hermann Anschtz-Kaempfe invented the gyrocompass Thomas Sullivan invented the tea bag William W. Kolb invented the candy apple Melitta Bentz invented the paper coffee filter Josef Friedrich Schmidt invented the Mensch ärgere Dich nicht board game France sent a long-distance radio message from the Eiffel Tower for the first time. Henry Ford developed the assembly line in automobile manufacturing. He used it to produce the Model T automobile. Émile Cohl created the world's first animated cartoon Hans Geiger and Walther Müller invented the Geiger–Müller tube

Daniel Hartmann and Otto Schoetensack discovered Homo heidelbergensis Otto Hauser found a 40,000-year-old Neanderthal skeleton boy Kikunae Ikeda discovered the chemical behind the taste of umami, monosodium glutamate Heike Kamerlingh Onnes first liquefied helium. Edmond Nocard developed the BCG (Bacilli-Calmette-Guerin) vaccine for tuberculosis Godfrey Harold Hardy and Wilhelm Weinberg independently formulated the Hardy–Weinberg principle. Ernst Zermelo axiomized set theory. This way the Cantor's contradictions can be avoided Josip Plemelj solved the Riemann problem. Gustav Mie proved the Maxwell's equations regarding the scattering of electromagnetic radiation by a sphere, named the Mie solution Germany developed dihydrocodeine, an opioid analgesic used as an alternative to codeine Eugen Bleuler introduced the term schizophrenia Leo Buerger is the first to accurately describe the pathology of Thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease) Victor Horsley and R. Clarke invented the stereotactic method. Margaret Reed Lewis became the first person successfully to grow mammalian tissue in vitro in history

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1909

Georges Rignoux and A. Fournier made the first instantaneous transmission of images. In other words a live television broadcast Henry W. Walden invented the monoplane Leo Baekeland invented bakelite, the first plastic made from synthetic components, and a hard thermosetting phenol formaldehyde resin Hiram Percy Maxim invented the gun silencer Abbot Augustus Low invented the paper shredder Einar Dessau used a shortwave radio transmitter White Star Liner RMS Republic became the first ship in history to send a CQD emergency signal. They used Marconi wireless telegraphy to send it Charles Urban launched the kinemacolor, a two-colour additive colour process, which is the first commercial natural color system for movies Johann Stumpf made the uniflow steam engine practical by developing it further Fritz Hofmann's team invented and synthesized for the first time synthetic rubber (methylkautschuk).

Robert Andrews Millikan determined the charge of an electron by conducting the oil drop experiment Thomas Harriot first drawed the Moon through a telescope Korbinian Brodmann first descripted the Brodmann's areas Wilhelm Johannsen introduced the term "Gene" Thomas Hunt Morgan produced Drosophila melanogaster, a heritable mutant Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch demonstrated the Haber process Søren Peder Lauritz Sørensen introduced the concept of p[H] as a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution at the Carlsberg Laboratory. The modern chemistry of acid and base was born, which made it for the first time possible to use it. Ernest Shackleton first located the South Magnetic Pole Robert Peary, Matthew Henson, and indigenous circumpolar people reached the North Pole wihtin a few kilometers Luitzen Egbertus Jan Brouwer proved the Brouwer fixed-point theorem Paul Ehrenfest presented the Ehrenfest paradox Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden presented the Geiger-Mardsen experiment, and discovered large angle deflections of alpha particles by thin metal foils. This is the first proof that atoms had a nucleus. Ernest Rutherford and Thomas Royds detected alpha particles from helium atoms. Korbinian Brodmann defined the cytoarchitecture of the Brodmann area Carlos Chagas described Chagas disease. Edward B. Titchener first used the term Empathy as a translation of the German Einfühlungsvermögen Louis Bleriot first person to fly across the English Channel in a heavierthan-air craft.

1910

Henri Coand invented the thermojet engine Nathaniel Baldwin invented the headset (headphones) Hiram Percy Maxim invented the gun Suppressor Ummo Luebben invented the Baler (round) William G. Allen recieed a patent for a hex key Robert W. Wood first published infrared photographs in the Royal Photographic Society's Journal. Georges Claude first presented his modern neon light George Owen Squier invented the telephone carrier multiplexing.

Williamina Fleming discovered the first white dwarf, called 40 Eridani B Thomas Harriot discovered sunspots Ejnar Hertzsprung and Henry Norris Russell developed the Hertzsprung– Russell diagram Walter Behrmann introduced the Behrmann projection Umetaro Suzuki isolated the first vitamin complex, aberic acid Henri Fabre made the first flights in a seaplane Albert Einstein and Marian Smoluchowski discovered the EinsteinSmoluchowski formula for the attenuation coefficient George Barger and James Ewens first synthesized dopamine Paweł Ciompa first used the term Econometrics Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell published Principia Mathematica, one of the most important works in mathematical logic and philosophy Theodor Wulf discovered the first evidence of cosmic rays, by climbing the Eiffel Tower with an electrometer Hans Reissner and Gunnar Nordström defined the Reissner-Nordström singularity Hermann Weyl solved the special case for a point-body source Sigmund Freud founded International Psychoanalytical Association Henry H. Goddard presented a system for classifying individuals with mental retardation based on intelligence quotient (IQ). Those who had an IQ of 51-70 are morons, those with an IQ of 26-50 are imbeciles, and those with 0-25 are idiots. Thomas Hunt Morgan discovered that genes are found on the chromosomes James B. Herrick became the first to identify sickle cells in the blood of a patient suffering from anemia. Peyton Rous found out that that a malignant tumor can be transmitted by a virus. It was later discovered the cause was the Rous sarcoma virus, which is a retrovirus Edward Emerson Barnard first to photograph Comet Halley, on a photographic plate.

1911

Charles Thomson Rees Wilson invented the first particle detector, the cloud chamber Elmer A. Sperry invented the gyrocompass: Charles F. Kettering perfected the automobile self starter Willis Haviland Carrier invented an air conditioner: Glenn Curtiss invented the hydroplane June McCarroll invented the road surface marking Louis E. Baltzley invented the binder clip Beiersdorf AG invented NIVEA Otto "Rambo" Herzog invented the carabiner for climbing Eugene Ely first to land an aircraft on the deck of a ship, the USS Pennsylvania Denmark launched the first large ocean-going diesel ship, the MS Selandia John Joseph Rawlings invented a wall plug Isaac Newton Lewis invented the Lewis automatic light machine gun, which is based on the initial work by Samuel Maclean

Ernest Rutherford discovered the atomic nucleus Heike Kamerlingh Onnes discovered superconductivity, where the electrical resistance of mercury completely disappeared at temperatures just above absolute zero. Arthur Holmes pioneered geochronology Canada's Department of the Interior established the world's first national park service, the Dominion Parks Branch USA, Russia, UK, and Japan signed the first international treaty to adress wildlife conservation issues, the North Pacific Fur Seal Convention, prohibiting open-water seal hunting of the endangered fur seal in the North Pacific Ocean. Six years after the signed treaty, the seal population increased by 30% Roald Amundsen and four others first reached the South Pole. Robert Remak showed that any two decompositions of a finite group into a direct product are related by a central automorphism. Domenico Pacini demonstrated that the radiation (cosmic rays) cannot be originated by the Earth's crust running a series of measurements of underwater ionization in the Gulf of Genoa Charles Wilson built a cloud chamber. Mario Ponzo demonstrated the Ponzo illusion, a geometrical-optical illusion

1912

Edwin H. Armstrong invented the regenerative radio circuit Lester Wire invented the electric traffic light S.I. Russell invented the electric blanket Benno Strauss and Eduard Maurer invented austenitic stainless steel Elwood Haynes and Harry Brearley independently discovered martensitic stainless steel alloys RMS Titanic, the largest ship at that time sinked Lewis Richardson invented the worlds first underwater echo ranging device (sonar), a month after Titanic sinked The British Royal Navy invented the director ship gun firecontrol system which used a mechanical analogue computer, the Dreyer Table The Sperry Corporation developed the gyroscopic stabilizer apparatus, also called autopilot, for aviation use. Donald M. Bliss invented the earth inductor compass William M. Burten invented the cracking process for gasoline, one of the most important discovery in the oil industry Walter H. Deubner created the first paper tote bag (grocery bag)

Alfred Wegener proposed the theory of continental drift. He also gave gave the supercontinent Pangaea its name Max von Laue discovered x-ray diffraction, one of the most important discoveries in the biochemical science Vesto Slipher discovered galactic redshifts Henrietta Swan Leavitt discovered the Cepheid variable period-luminosity relation Frederick Gowland Hopkins discovered that vitamins are essential to animal growth and survival J. J. Thomson invented the mass spectrometer, one of the most important device to find out the structure of a molecule. He showed that charged subatomic particles can be separated by their mass-to-charge ratio William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg discovered Bragg's law for strong X-ray reflection, and X-ray crystallography. It is one of the most important tool for elucidating the crystal structure of substances Oriental Company found the Nefertiti bust Unknown measured the mean solar day to 86400.00389 seconds of Terrestrial Time, which is the slowest rotation of Earth's crust ever to be recorded Peter Debye derived the T-cubed law in thermodynamics Fritz Klatte discovered polyvinyl acetate Fritz Klatte applied a patent for preparing vinyl acetate, with the addition of acetic acid to acetylene, and by using the catalyst mercuric chloride Wilbur Scoville invented the the Scoville scale to measure the heat of peppers. England held the first meeting with the History of Medicine Society, under the chairman of William Osler. Wilfrid Voynich discovered the Voynich manuscript Karl F. Sundman solved the n-body problem for n=3. Harvey Cushing discovered that a malfunction of the pituitary gland caused Cushing's disease Solomon Carter Fuller is the first to name the Alzheimer's disease. Max von Laue is the first person to suggest using crystal lattices to diffract X-rays. Walter Friedrich and Paul Knipping diffracted X-rays in zinc blende. Victor Hess suggested the existence of cosmic radiation, by discovering that the ionization of air increases with altitude

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1913

Friedrich Bergius developed the Bergius process Viktor Kaplan invented the Kaplan turbine Arthur Wynne invented crossword puzzle Robert Owen invented thed ouble acting wrench: Elmer A. Sperry invented the gyroscope stabilizer Ernst Alexanderson invented the cascade tuning radio receiver Reginald Fessenden invented the heterodyne radio receiver Harry Brearley inventerd stainless steel Daniel J. O'Conor and Herbert A. Faber invented the composite plastic laminate Formica William Crookes invented sunglass lenses Gideon Sundback invented the all-purpose zipper. Igor Sikorsky is the world's first to fly a 4-engine fixed-wing aircraft, called Bolshoi Baltisky biplane Oskar Barnack invented the first 35 mm film miniature still camera. René Lorin invented the ramjet

Henry Moseley defined atomic number. He demonstrated that nuclear charge is the basis for numbering the elements. Henry Moseley used x-ray spectra obtained by diffraction in crystals, and thus discovered a systematic relation between wavelength and the atomic number Niels Bohr presented his quantum model of the atom, the same model as today with electrons jumping from shells J. J. Thomson discovered isotopes Frederick Soddy proposed that isotopes of the same atom may have different masses Friedrich Bergius discovered the coal liquefaction (Bergius process) William D. Coolidge improved the X-Ray Alexander Behm discovered the echo sounding Albert Einstein and Marcel Grossmann published Outline of a Generalized Theory of Relativity and of a Theory of Gravitation Johannes Stark discovered the Stark effect, that strong electric fields will split the Balmer spectral line series of the hydrogen atom The duo of Elmer McCollum and Marguerite Davis, and the duo of Lafayette Mendel and Thomas Burr Osborne independently discovered Vitamin A Charles Fabry and Henri Buisson first discovered the ozone layer. Albert A. Michelson measured tides in the solid body of the Earth Émile Borel first stated the today's known infinite monkey theorem Robert Millikan measured the fundamental unit of electric charge. Georges Sagnac demonstrated the Sagnac effect, that speed of light is independent of the speed of its source Nikolay Anichkov discovered the role of cholesterol in atherosclerosis pathogenesis John B. Watson published "Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It". It is sometimes called "The Behaviorist Manifesto" as it is known

1914

Ernst Alexanderson invented the radio transmitter triode mod. Robert Goddard invented liquid fuel rocket Charles P Rudabaker invented the traffic cone Edwin Armstrong patented the regenerative circuit Willis Carrier invented an air conditioner Polly Jacob invented the backless bra Kodak invented the autographic system for film roll Irving Langmuir and G. S. Meikle invented the thyratrons

Germany developed xxymorphone, a very effective narcotic analgesic, which is closely related to morphine Seth Barnes Nicholson discovered Sinope, the outermost known moon of Jupiter Robert Goddard began developing rockets Walter Sydney Adams calculated a very high density for Sirius B Albert Hustin made the first non-direct blood transfusion, by using anticoagulants Jacques Loeb introduced artificial parthenogenesis in sea urchins Karl von Frisch presented his work on honey bee behavior, Julian Huxley published his key text in ethology, called The Courtship Habits of the Great Crested Grebe John Joly discovered how to extract radium. He also found out how to apply it in radiotherapy Edward Calvin Kendall isolated thyroxine Morris Simmonds is the first to mention hypopituitarism John Edensor Littlewood demonstrated that prime number theorem underestimates the cumulative total of primes Peru discovered the pascoite mineral James Franck and Gustav Hertz presented their experiment on electron collisions, which showed internal quantum levels of atoms Edgar Buckingham suggested the use of the symbol "πi" for the dimensionless variables in the Buckingham π theorem. This would have a profound significance to dimensional analysis Ernest Rutherford suggested that the nucleus of atoms with are positively charged, contains protons.

1915

Ernest Swinton invented the tank Irving Langmuir invented the Tungsten Filament Elmer A. Sperry invented the searchlight arc Lee DeForest invented the radio tube oscillator Corning Inc invented Pyrex William Foster developed skeet shooting Thomas Lyle Williams invented the mascara Maybelline. Georges Claude invented the neon discharge tube John G. A. Kitchen invented the reversing rudder USA established The National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, which was the predecessor of NASA Unknown invented synchronization gear in aerial warfare. This allowed to shoot fron the front of the plane every time the propeller didn't block the gun while rotating William Foster & Co. completed the first prototype military tank "Little Willie". Wolfgang Gaede invented the diffusion pump William Mills invented the Mills bomb, a hand grenade Dagobert Müller von Thomamühl invented a hovercraft.

Albert Einstein introduced the Einstein field equations of general relativity Albert Einstein and David Hilbert presented their theory of general relativity, used to explain Mercury's strange motions that wondered Urbain Le Verrier. Karl Schwarzschild discovered the Schwarzschild radius. This discovery lead to the identification of black holes Henry Hallett Dale identificed acetylcholine (ACh) for its action on heart tissue, one of the most important chemical compounds in the body Ernst Stromer described the largest known theroped, the Spinosaurus Lowell Observatory photographed Pluto, for the first time Robert Innes discovered the closest star to the Earth after the sun, Proxima Centauri Alfred Wegener presented his theory of Pangea. He calls it Urkontinent Walter Bradford Cannon invented the term fight or flight, one of the most important biological terms to describe an animal's response to threats Thomas Hunt Morgan demonstrated non-inherited genetic mutation, thus discovering the basic of eugenics Clara H. Hasse identified the cause of citrus canker. The identification lead to the discovery of methods to control it, which saved the citrus crops from being wiped out in the southern part of USA. Emmy Noether proved the Noether's first theorem, an important theorem about the conservation law Wacław Sierpiński introduced the Sierpinski triangle Ada Hitchins discovered that radium is formed by the decay of uranium Arnold Sommerfeld modified Niels Bohr atomic model, adding the elliptic orbits to explain relativistic fine structure. Edgar Rubin introduced the optical illusion called Rubin vase

1916

Jan Czochralski discovered the Czochralski process, which is used for the production of single crystal silicon. The process is used in 90% of all the electronics today John Browning invented the Browning Gun John T. Thompson invented the Thompson submachine gun Irving Langmuir invented the incandescent gas lamp William J. Newton invented the toggle light switch Edward Christopher invented the condenser microphone Ernest Holmes, Sr. invented the tow truck Arthur Hale invented the cloverleaf interchange USA invented the supermarket Walter Anderson invented the hamburger bun bread Gerhard Stalling established the world's first training school for dogs, called Guide dog Peter Nissen completed the Nissen hut

Karl Schwarzschild introduced the Schwarzschild metric and Schwarzschild radius Martin Freund and Edmund synthesized oxycodone Gilbert N. Lewis and Irving Langmuir introduced an electron shell model in chemistry, regarding the chemical bonding Sydney Chapman and David Enskog developed the kinetic theory of gases Ludwig Bieberbach introduced the Bieberbach conjecture Wacław Sierpiński described the Sierpinski carpet, and gave the first example of an absolutely normal number The British Royal Army Medical Corps first to succesfully carry out a blood transfusion using blood that had been stored and cooled. Bayer AG developee Suramin against African sleeping sickness and river blindness Karl Schwarzschild solved the Einstein vacuum field equations. He also calculated Schwarzschild radius. Max Born and Fritz Haber developed the Born–Haber cycle, which is an approach to analyze reaction energies. Lewis M. Terman developed the Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales for intelligence testing.

1917

Alexander M. Nicholson invented the crystal oscillator, using a crystal of Rochelle Salt Paul Langevin invented the sonar echolocation Charles Ketterin invented the cruise missile Max Heiser, Karl Schelenz, and Erich Konigh invented the modern handball Alvin D. and Kelvin Keech invented an early form of the banjolele, the banjulele-banjo USA released the first film, which was made in Technicolor System 1, a two-color process. The name of the film was The Gulf Between. Gilbert Vernam reinvented the one-time pad encryption system.

Paul Ehrenfest introduced principle for a three-dimensional space. Shinobu Ishihara introduced his color perception test Julius Wagner-Jauregg discovered malarial pyrotherapy Albert Einstein introduced stimulated radiation emission. Ernest Rutherford achieved nuclear fission of nitrogen into oxygen. He used alpha particles directed at nitrogen, and they converted 14N + α to 17O + p. It is the world's first observation of a nuclear reaction. Since a proton comes out of the reaction, he was able to discover it and also gave its name

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1918

Edwin H. Armstrong invented the superheterodyne receiver Anton Fokker invented the interrupter gear Charles Strite invented pop-up toaster Malcolm Loughead invented four-wheel hydraulic brakes Conrad Bahr invented the torque wrench Philippe Mathieu invented the French dip sandwich Arthur Scherbius invented the Enigma machine, a famous encryption machine Edward Hugh Hebern invented the Hebern rotor machine Alexander M. Nicholson invented the radio crystal oscillator Theodore von Karman and Asbóth Oszkár built the first coaxial helicopter. Charles Strite invented the pop-up bread toaster

Harlow Shapley discovered the dimensions of the Milky Way galaxy, and of the location of its centre. Heber Curtis was the first to discover and notice a polar jet, from the Elliptical galaxy M87. Ronald Aylmer Fisher introduced a model that demonstrated that continuous variation could be the result of Mendelian inheritance Felix Hausdorff introduces the concept of the fractional Hausdorff dimension Gaston Julia described the iteration of a rational function Emmy Noether introduced the Noether's theorem, which describes conditions under which the conservation laws are valid Josef Lense and Hans Thirring discovered the Lense–Thirring precession, which is a relativistic correction to the gravitomagnetic precession of a gyroscope near a large rotating mass Hans Reissner and Gunnar Nordström solved the Einstein and Maxwell field equations Friedrich Kottler solved the Schwarzschild without using Einstein's vacuum field equations. John Brian Christopherson discovered that antimony potassium tartrate can be used as an effective cure for bilharzia Hartog Jacob Hamburger described the chloride shift

1919

William Eccles and F. W. Jordan invented the flip-flop circuit Walter A. Patrick inventhed silica gel Lee De Forest invented the the Phonofilm sound-on-film process. John Browning completed his design of the M1919 Browning machine gun. John T. Thompson completed his design of the Thompson submachine gun.

Albert Betz introduced Betz's law, which indicats the maximum power that can be extracted from the wind by a wind turbine in open flow. Irving Langmuir is the first to use the term covalence in relation to chemical bonding Viggo Brun proved Brun's theorem B2 for twin primes. Arthur Eddington tested Einstein's theory of general relativity, by observing the bending of light during the total solar eclipse Arnold Sommerfeld and Walther Kossel introduced the displacement law James Jeans discovered that the distribution function for a system of particles is determined by dynamical constants of motion United States Navy made the first transatlantic flight with the flying boat called NC-4

1920

Sebastian Hinton invented the jungle gym Christian Kent Nelson invented the Eskimo Pie USA sent the first domestic radio to the stores. It was a Westinghouse radio which costed $10 Lev Sergeyevich Termen (Leon Theremin) invented the first electronic musical instrument, the Theremin

Arthur Eddington discovered Stellar nucleosynthesis Carl Mannich and Helene Löwenhei first synthesized hydrocodone Mount Wilson Observatory determined the diameter of the red giant star Betelgeuse with the optical astronomical interferometer (Michelson stellar interferometer) Andrew Douglass proposed dendrochronology dating Frederick Banting and Charles Best discovered insulin Hans Gerhard Creutzfeldt first described the symptoms of Creutzfeldt– Jakob disease. Megh Nad Saha introduced his ionization equation Albert Einstein delivered his Leiden Lecture Ernest Rutherford predicted the existence of the neutron James Jeans discovered that the distribution function for a system of particles is determined by the dynamical constants of motion Alan A. Griffith published his analysis of the process of brittle fracture John B. Watson conducted the Little Albert experiment Karel Čapek with his R.U.R: Rossum's Universal Robots drama play, introduced the word Robot to the world

1921

John A. Larson invented the polygraph C.G. Johnson invented the garage door Benjamin Katz invented the headrest Earle Dickson invented the adhesive bandage (Band-Aid) Frank Gilbreth invented the flowchart, used in almost every presentations, in many ads, posters and similar Hugo A. F. Abt recieved a patent for his design of bascule bridge USA invented the vibraphone in its original form Thomas Midgley discovered that tetraethyllead has effective antiknocking properties. It is used in leaded gasoline.

Otto Hahn discovered nuclear isomerism Oswald Winkel proposed the Winkel tripel projection, which is the arithmetic mean of the equirectangular projection and the Aitoff projection. Otto Stern and Walther Gerlach introduced the Stern–Gerlach experiment Étienne Biéler and James Chadwick introduced the birth of the strong interactions Lauge Koch is the first person in history to set foot on Kaffeklubben Island, which is the northernmost point of land on Earth. He also names it. Marston Morse used the Thue–Morse sequence to differential geometry. Emmy Noether developed the ideal ring theory. It is a significant publication in the field of abstract algebra Frederick Banting discovered the hormone insulin. Elmer McCollum identified vitamin D in cod liver oil, which he found out cures rickets Fidel Pagés pioneered epidural anesthesia. Theodor Kaluza showed that Albert Einstein's five-dimensional equations unifies gravitation and electromagnetism. Hermann Rorschach proposed the inkblot test Unkown discovered the first vaccine for Diphtheria

1922

Herbert T. Kalmus invented technicolor Ralph Samuelson invented water skiing Arthur C. Pillsbury produced the first mass production photo machine E. P. Fowler and R. L. Wegel invented the audiometer Raymond DeWalt invented the radial arm saw Ben P. Ellerbeck introduced the first convertible car BBC began broadcasting a radio service Lancia introduced the Lancia Lambda, the first automobile in history to use monocoque construction Madeleine Vionnet invented the bias cut dress Stephen Poplawsk invented the blender Vincenzo Lancia invented a shock absorber

Frederick Banting, Charles Best, James Collip, and John Macleod isolated and produced insulin to treat diabetes Howard Carter discovered King Tutankhamen's tomb in the Valley of the Kings of Egypt, one of the greatest Egyptian archeological findings in history Hermann Joseph Muller presented the basic properties of genetic heredity Herbert McLean Evans and Katharine Scott Bishop discovered vitamin E Jaroslav Heyrovský invented polarographic methods Hermann Staudinger introduced the field of macromolecules Bronisław Malinowski published Argonauts of the Western Pacific, an influential ethnological text Jarl Waldemar Lindeberg presented his proof of the Lindeberg condition Ernst Steinitz proved the Steinitz's theorem in polyhedral combinatorics Lewis Fry Richardson is the first to introduce a scheme for weather forecasting by solution of differential equations. The modern weather forecasting uses his scheme Arthur Compton studied the experiments of X-ray photon scattering by electrons Otto Stern and Walther Gerlach demonstrated space quantization Hilding Faxén introduced Faxén's law in the field of fluid dynamics

1923

Ernst Alexanderson invented the arc tube Lee DeFores invented the sound film Philo Farnsworth invented the television electronic Max Munk invented the wind tunnel: Harold Edgerton invented the xenon flash lamp Samuel Shlafrock inventred the instant camera Leo Gerstenzang invented the cotton swab J. Earl McLeod made the first design for the bulldozer Juan de la Cierva invented the autogyro Germany demonstrated the first official public of a planetarium projector (Zeiss model) Germany produced the Enigma machine commercially Otto Julius Zobel first described the Zobel networks Vladimir K. Zworykin invented the television systems Herbert Grove Dorsey invented the fathometer.

Niels Bohr and Dirk Coster presented their paper on X-ray spectroscopy and the elements of the periodic system Gilbert N. Lewis and Merle Randall pioneered the field of chemical thermodynamics, with the measurement of the reaction heat of chemical compounds, and calculating its corresponding free energy. Roy Chapman Andrews was the first person in history to discover fossil dinosaur eggs, of the theropod Oviraptor Peter Kaisen discovered the first Velociraptor fossil

1924

Iwan Serrurier invented the Moviola, the first machine for motion picture editing Morris Titterington refined the earth inductor compass Lionel Sternberger invented the cheeseburger William S. Petersen invented the locking pliers John Logie Baird is the first person to send rudimentary television pictures over a short distance Václav Holek invented the ZB vz. 26 light machine gun Clarence Birdseye invented the frozen food

Wolfgang Pauli discovered the quantum Pauli exclusion principle Edwin Hubble discovered that Milky Way is not the only galaxy in the universe Edward Victor Appleton for proved the existence of the ionosphere Arthur Stanley Eddington discovered the Eddington limit, which is the radiation generated by accretion onto a compact object Albert Einstein and Satyendra Nath Bose proposed Bose–Einstein statistics, Bose–Einstein condensate and Boson. It described the behavior of the state of the matter at 0 kelvin Karl Reinmuth discoered the 1056 Azalea John Burdon Sanderson Haldane coined the term "ectogenesis" to describe the growth of mammalian embryos in artificial environments Unknown discovered and produced the first inactive tetanus toxoid Stefan Banach and Alfred Tarski introduced Banach–Tarski paradox David Hilbert proposed Hilbert's paradox of the Grand Hotel Hans Berger is the first to record the human electroencephalogram (EEG)

1925

Franz Fischer and Hans Tropsch invented the Fischer–Tropsch process Richard Drew invented the masking tape Harold Alden Wheeler invented the automatic volume control (AVC) Charles Francis Jenkins made the first transmission of synchronized pictures and sound broadcast. He used a mechanical television system (Nipkow System) and 48 lines, and calls the event the first public demonstration of radiovision England broadcasted the first transatlantic two-way radio John Logie Baird transmitted the first-ever greyscale image television pictures Julius Edgar Lilienfeld invented a form of field-effect transistor Charles F. Brannock invented the Brannock Device to measure shoe sizes Vladimir K. Zworykin invented, using Braun tubes, a cathode ray tube television system Jonas Hesselman invented the Hesselman engine.

Erwin Schrödinger introduced Schrödinger equation in quantum mechanics, an important equation describing the orbital of the hydrogen atom Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin discovered that hydrogen is the most abundant atomic element in the universe. She also discovered the composition of the sun. Theodor Svedberg invented the ultra-centrifuge, which is used to determine molecular weights Ernst Stromer discovered the stomatosuchus Oscar Sherman Adams published the Adams hemisphere-in-a-square projection Franz Fischer and Hans Tropsch developed the Fischer–Tropsch process for production of hydrocarbons Wolfgang Pauli introduced his exclusion rule Werner Heisenberg, Max Born and Pascual Jordan described the quantum mechanics as a matrix formulation

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1926

Hidetsugu Yagi and Shintaro Uda invented the Yagi-Uda antenna. It was used a lot in WW2, and after the war ended, it was developed as home television antennas. Robert H. Goddard first person to launch a liquid fueled rocket John Logie Baird invented the Television Mechanical Scanner USA invented the Drive through Francis W. Davis invented the first practical power steering system C.G. Johnson invented the garage door opener Hermann Joseph Mulle discovered X-ray mutagenesis Herbert Rühlemann invented an electric percussion fuse for explosive projectiles Alan A. Griffith first to propose an airfoil shape for turbine blades Erik Rotheim invented the aerosol spray Harry Ferguson recieved a patent for the Duplex hitch linking tractor and plough Frank W. Ofeldt II invented the steam pressure washer

Waldo Semon and the B.F. Goodrich Company invented a way to plasticize polyvinyl chloride, which could be used commercially Vladimir Vernadsky made the concept of the biosphere popular Roald Amundsen, Umberto Nobile and their crew first flied over the North Pole Otakar Borůvka introduced the greedy algorithm Unknown developed the first vaccine for Pertussis. Erik Adolf von Willebrand is the first to describe Hereditary pseudohemophilia, which was later called Von Willebrand disease. Walter Freudenthal first to present a clear description of keratoma senile in its histopathological sense. He also distinguished it from verruca senilis Wolfgang Pauli derived the observed spectrum of the hydrogen atom, by using Werner Heisenberg's matrix theory of quantum mechanics

1927

Warren Marrison and J.W. Horton invented the quartz clock John Rust invented the mechanical cotton picker Eduard Haas III invented the PEZ Candy AMI invented the jukebox Max Giese and Fritz Hull invented the concrete pump Harold Stephen Black invented the negative-feedback amplifier Philo Farnsworth transmitted the first image at his laboratory with his eletronic image dissector television camera tube Westinghouse Electric built the world's first railroad bridge of wholly welded construction in USA Emil Lerp invented the gasoline chainsaw (transportable)

Abbé Georges Lemaître proposed the theory of the expansion of the Universe, and the Big Bang which he called 'hypothesis of the primeval atom'. He also derived Hubble's law, and made the first estimation of the Hubble constant. Werner Heisenberg introduced his uncertainty principle Nikolai Cholodny is the first to propose th Cholodny-Went model of tropism in emerging monocotyledon shoots Fritz London and Walter Heitler pioneered quantum chemistry, by applying quantum mechanics to explain covalent bonding in the hydrogen molecule Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell published the 2nd edition of Principia Mathematica. It is one of the most important and works in mathematical logic and philosophy António Egas Moniz developed cerebral angiography test

1928

Frank Whittle presented his idea for a turbo-jet engine. Philo Farnsworth is the first to demonstrate the world's first working all-electronic television system. Jacob Schick invented the electric dry shaver Walter Gordon Wilson invented the preselector gearbox Jacob Schick invented the electric razor Unknown invented the clip-on tie Walter Diemer invented bubble gum Lloyd Groff Copeman invented the rubber ice cube tray John Logie Baird broadcasted a transatlantic television signal Kálmán Tihanyi invented a cathode ray television transmission system John Logie Baird invented the first in the world color television transmission, in which he used scanning discs Harry Ferguson recieved a patent for a three-point linkage for tractors Poland completed the Maurzyce Bridge, the world's first road bridge of wholly welded construction Otto Frederick Rohwedde invented the bread slicer Fritz Pfleumer invented the magnetic tape

Paul Dirac introduced the Dirac equation in quantum mechanics, a relativistic wave equation. By using this, he predicted the existence of the positron, which is the electrons antimatter Otto Diels and Kurt Alder first described the Diels-Alder reaction. It is one of the most important organic chemistry reactions Frederick Griffith presented the results of Griffith's experiment. The results proved the existence of DNA indirectly. Alexander Fleming rediscovered the antibiotic penicillin Raymond Pearl proposed that lifespan is shorter in animals with faster metabolisms David Hilbert and Wilhelm Ackermann a pioneering first-order logic, stating the Entscheidungsproblem John von Neumann published a key text in game theory, called Zur Theorie der Gesellschaftsspiele Philip Drinker and Louis Agassiz Shaw, Jr. designed an 'iron lung' medical ventilator C. V. Raman and K. S. Krishnan discovered Raman scattering in liquids Leslie Comrie described use of punched card equipment for interpolating tables of data.

1929

Rudolph G. Boehm invented the ball screw Vladimir Zworykin invented the kinescope Charles W. Stickel and William E. McDonell invented the eyelash curler Earle Haas invented the modern tampon Thomas Midgley, Jr. and Charles Franklin Kettering invented freon, a CFC gas Frank Whittle invented the turbojet engine (single-handedly) Edwin H. Land invented the Polaroid polarizing film Foster Grant first produced sunglasses made from celluloid Arthur C. Pillsbury invented the first X-Ray motion picture camera Walter Bock created styrene-butadiene (synthetic rubber) Herbert E. Ives and colleagues at AT&T's Bell Telephone Laboratories held the first public demonstration of color television, with a system that transmit 50-line images John Logie Baird made the first transmissions of an experimental 30-line television system by the BBC Vladimir Zworykin invented a color television. Lloyd Espenschied and Herman Affel invented the first practical coaxial cable Rudolf Hell invented the Hellschreiber, which is an early fax machine.

Edwin Hubble introduced his Hubble's law, that the speed at which galaxies recede positively correlates with their distance Alexander Fleming discovered the first beta-lactam antibiotic, penicillin Lars Onsager introduced the reciprocal relations, possibly a fourth law of thermodynamics Robert H. Goddard performed multiple rockets test launches with scientific instruments; a camera and a barometer George Gamow first ever to propose to use hydrogen fusion as the energy source for travelling to the stars. Harold Horton Sheldon proposed seriously about the possibilty of using rockets to visit other planets. Konstantin Tsiolkovsky proposed in his book Cosmic Trains to construct multistage rockets Jimmy Doolittle used only instruments to take off, fly and land an airplane - without a view outside the cockpit, the world's first to ever do that Richard Byrd first person to fly over the South Pole. Carl and Gerty Cori proposed the Cori cycle Karl Lohmann, and Cyrus Fiske and Yellapragada Subbarow discovered ATP, a very important co-enzyme in biochemical processes Adolf Butenandt isolated estrogen and purified estrone C. B. van Niel discoverered that photosynthesis is a light-dependent redox reaction Frederick Gericke pioneered hydroponics, by showing that plants can grow soil-free all the way to maturity John Lennard-Jones introduced his linear combination of atomic orbitals, a method for calculating molecular orbitals in quantum chemistry Lars Onsager introduced his reciprocal relations equations in thermodynamics Linus Pauling introduced Pauling's rules. The rules are one of the most important to deduce the molecular structure with the use of X-ray crystallography Kurt Gödel proved his own completeness theorem. Kurt Mahler demonstrated that the constant of Prouhet–Thue–Morse is a transcendental number Holbrook Working and Harold Hotelling devised a procedure for linear regression, called Working–Hotelling procedure Hans Berger discovered human electroencephalography Werner Forssmann first to perform cardiac catheterization. He inserted a catheter into the vein, and used fluoroscopically to guide it into the right atrium of the heart. By doing so he took an X-ray image of it. Robert Bureau used telemtry to fly the first radiosonde Tilly Edinger pioneered paleoneurology, in his published Die fossilen Gehirne (Fossil Brains). Robert J. Van de Graaff developed the Van de Graaff generator. Oskar Klein discovered the Klein paradox. Oskar Klein and Y. Nishina derived the Klein–Nishina formula. The formula gives the differential cross section of a single free electron's scattered photons Nevill Francis Mott derived the Mott cross section Paul Dirac and Werner Heisenberg developed ferromagnetism. Ernest Lawrence invented the cyclotron

1930

Frits Zernike invented phase-contrast microscopy Arthur C. Pillsbury invented the Underwater Motion Picture Camera Ruth Wakefield invented chocolate-chip cookies Samuel Ruben invented the thermistor Pat Olivieri invented the cheesesteak Unknown invented the car audio George Lehberger invented the tiltrotor Ernest O. Lawrence invented the cyclotron, a particle accelerator Max Himmelheber invented the particle board Unknown completed building the rotolactor rotating milking machine for cows Bernhard Schmidt invented the Schmidt Camera Wallace Carothers invented nylon

Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar discovered the eponymous limit of a white dwarf star's maximum mass Frankfurter School introduced the critical theory Unknown observed that the lunar phase reaches its fullest, at the same time as the Moon moves into perigee Clyde Tombaugh identified Pluto from photographs Sydney Chapman explained the ozone-oxygen cycle Elena Ivanovna Barulina first studied the international distribution of lentils DuPont invented Neoprene Vojtěch Jarník discovered Prim's algorithm Kazimierz Kuratowski introduced his planar graph theorem Wolfgang Pauli introduced the existence of the electron neutrino

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1931

Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll invented the electron microscope, one of the most important inventions in science. Karl Jansky Grote Reber invented the Radio telescope Vladimir Zworykin invented the iconoscope William Folmer and Harrison Chapin invented the bug zapper Steven Kistler invented aerogel Harold Eugene Edgerton invented the strobe light George Beauchamp invented the electric guitar Auguste Piccard and Paul Kipfer made the first human flight into the stratosphere. They reached a record altitude of 15,785 m in a balloon with a pressurized gondola, and gathered data, and measured cosmic rays. Clyde Edward Pangborn and Hugh Herndon, Jr. are the world's first to complete a non-stop flight across the Pacific Ocean, in 41,5 hours Alan Blumlein invented binaural or stereophonic sound László Bíró invented a ballpoint pen USA introduced the Modified Mercalli intensity scale as a seismic scale for earthquakes

Ernst Stromer discovered the carcharodontosaurus Bernard Lyot invented the coronagraph Erich Hückel proposed Hückel's rule, an important aromatic principle in organic chemistry Harold Urey demonstrated the existence of heavy water (deuterium) by the fractional distillation of liquid hydrogen Adolf Butenandt discovered androsterone John Haven Emerson and August Krogh presented new negative pressure ventilator Lucy Wills showed that anemia in pregnancy can be treated or completely reversed with brewer's yeast

1932

Edwin H. Land invented polaroid glass John Borden invented the tape dispenser William G. Pankonin invented the staple remover JK Wadley invented the golf cart William C. Schopp invented the toilet brush La Coste invented the Zero-length springs. It revolutionized seismometers and gravimeters.

James Chadwick discovered the neutron Karl Guthe Jansky discovered the first astronomical radio source, named Sagittarius A Ernest Walton and John Cockcroft produced nuclear fission by proton bombardment, by focusing a proton beam on lithium and split its nucleus. Ernst Stromer discovered aegyptosaurus Kurt Henseleit and Hans Adolf Krebs discovered urea cycle C. D. Darlington described the mechanics of chromosomal crossover, and the relation to the evolutionary science John Burdon Sanderson Haldane unified Mendelian genetics with evolutionary science Walter Bradford Cannon developed the concept of homeostasis, a key concept in physiology South Africa discovered the mineral Braggite, the first discovered with the assistance of X rays John von Neumann pioneered the field of ergodic theory Rózsa Péter presented her recursive function theory results Marian Rejewski used permutation group theory (pure math) to decode the Enigma machine ciphers Harvey Cushin first described the pathology of Cushing's syndrome Burrill Bernard Crohn first to describe Chrohn's disease, which is inflammation of the terminal ileum Rudolph Schindler invented the semi-flexible gastroscope Madge Thurlow Macklin first used the term Medical genetics Gerhard Domagk discovered a chemotherapeutic antibiotic for streptococcus Albert Szent-Györgyi and Charles Glen King discovered that ascorbic acid can be used as an anti-scorbutic IG Farben discovered the first sulfonamide drug, Sulfonamidochrysoidine Werner Heisenberg introduced the concept of isospin Carl Anderson first observed the positron Roy J. Kennedy and Edward M. Thorndike conducted the Kennedy– Thorndike experiment, which demonstrated that measured time and length are affected by motion. This confirmed the theory of special relativity John von Neumann introduced a mathematical framework for quantum mechanics

1933

Edwin H. Armstrong recieved a patent for the FM radio Orton Englehart invented the impact sprinkler Ub Iwerks invented multiplane camera Donald Roebling invented Landing Vehicle Tracked Vladimir K. Zworykin and his group launched the first practical cathode ray tube television camera, called the iconoscope

Leó Szilárd conceived the idea of the nuclear chain reaction, while waiting on a red light Walther Meissner and Robert Ochsenfeld discovered the Meissner effect Walter Baade and Fritz Zwicky introduced the concept of a neutron star Fritz Zwicky proposed the existence of dark matter Gilbert N. Lewis isolated for the first time deuterium ( heavy water) by electrolysis Morris S. Kharasch and Frank R. Mayo proposed that anti-Markovnikov addition of hydrogen bromide to allyl bromide are caused by free radicals Andrey Kolmogorov laid the modern axiomatic foundations of probability theory David Champernowne introduced the Champernowne constant in real numbers Alfréd Haar introduced Haar measure Stanley Skewes discovered Skewes' number Jerzy Neyman and Egon Pearson introduced the Neyman–Pearson lemma

1934

Elizabeth Kingsley devised the acrostic (puzzle) Percy Shaw invented the cat's eye road-safety device André Lefèbvre and Flaminio Bertoni's designed Citroën Traction Avant is first introduced. It is the first front-wheel drive monocoque production automobile in the world Kodak invented the 135 film cartridge with the Kodak Retina camera. It made 35mm film easier to handle Telefunken manufactered the first commercial electronic television sets with cathode ray tubes

Enrico Fermi discovered nuclear fission by neutron irradiation Clive McCay discovered that the restriction of calorie extends the maximum lifespan of another species Ernst Stromer discovered bahariasaurus Richard Tolman demonstrated that black-body radiation remains thermal, while cooling in an expanding universe Georges Lemaître interpreted the cosmological constant Robert S. Mulliken developed the Mulliken scale for chemical element electronegativity Norman Haworth and Edmund Hirst first synthesized vitamin C John Desmond Bernal and Dorothy Crowfoot first used the technique of X-ray crystallography to analyze a biological substance, in their case pepsin Norway built the first commercial deuterium (heavy water) plant at Vemork Oscar Reutersvärd devised the Penrose triangle University of Cologne discovered sonoluminescence Gregory Breit and John A. Wheeler first described the Breit–Wheeler process. Ernest H. Volwiler and Donalee L. Tabern synthesized sodium thiopental, and first administered it on human subjects. It is also the first intravenous anesthetic George de Hevesy first used deuterium (heavy water) to estimate the rate of turnover of water in the human body. It is possibly the first biological tracer experiments Regina Kapeller-Adler discovered that the presense of histidine in urine confirmed the pregarncy of women, and thereby invention an innovative early pregnancy test Tudor Thomas restored the sight of an individual who had been blind for 27 years, using corneal grafting Arnold Orville Beckman invented the pH meter

1935

Wallace Carothers invented nylon, the first fully synthetic fiber, while working with polyamides to develop a viable new fiber for DuPont. The first items produced with it are toothbrush bristles. Robert Watson-Watt invented microwave radar George Nissen and Larry Griswold invented trampoline: Earl Whittier Stephen invented the casein fiber Laurens Hammond invented the hammond Organ Tom Blake invented the surfboard fin William H. Byler invented the black light (a type of UV light) Gottfried Krueger Brewing Company solde the first beer can Carl Magee (which patented), and Holger George Thuesen and Gerald A. Hale, which designed the parking meter, is first installed in Oklahoma City. Edwin H. Armstrong introduced FM broadcasting, which is a method of reducing disturbances in radio signaling, as he described Sydney Camm's designed Hawker Hurricane British fighter aircraft is first demonstrated A. M. Hamilton patented the Callender-Hamilton bridge Eastman Kodak introduced, and invented by Leopold Godowsky, Jr. and Leopold Mannes, the Kodachrome subtractive color reversal film as 16mm movie film

Karl Fischer discovered the Karl Fischer titration Beno Gutenberg and Charles Francis Richter invented the Richter magnitude scale, which is used in modern day to scale earthquakes Arthur Tansley presented the concept of ecosystem George Pólya introduced counting techniques for graphs as algebra George K. Zipf introduced Zipf 's law on probability distribution Unknown developed the first vaccine for yellow fever Ernst Laqueur first isolated and synthesized testosterone A.C. Hardy invented the spectrophotometer, a key invention in the analytical laboratorie Robert Watson-Watt and Arnold Wilkins demonstrated the reflection of radio waves from an aircraft, thereby advancing the detection of aircrafts from ground-based radar. Albert Einstein, Boris Podolsky, and Nathan Rosen proposed that quantum mechanics is not a complete physical theory, also known as the EPR paradox. This has lead to the 'Schrödinger's cat' thought experiment Jacques Yvon discovered the S-particle distribution functions in classical statistical mechanics, which later were added in the BBGKY hierarchy

1936

Gottfried Schmidt invented the pinsetter in bowling Paul Tutmarc built the first bass guitar Arthur C. Ruge invented the bonded resistance strain gage Union Pacific Railroad built the first chairlift George Inman invented the first practical compact fluorescent lamp Alan Turing invented the Turing machine, the world's first programming languages Unknown invented the untyped lambda calculus, which is also considered the world's first programming language USA held the first stock car racing Henry F. Phillips invented the Phillips-head screw, one of the most important mechanical tools Walter B. Ellwood invented the reed switch Henrich Focke and Gerd Achgelis's designed Focke-Wulf Fw 61 made it first flight. It is the first fully controllable helicopter

Gerhard Schrader and his research team accidentally discovered the first nerve agent, Tabun Alan Turing introduced the concept of the theoretical "a[utomatic]machine" or Turing machine, in his paper called "On Computable Numbers" Rózsa Péter pioneered the modern field of recursive function theory, in his paper "Über rekursive Funktionen der zweite Stufe" Inge Lehmann proposed that Earth's molten interior has a solid inner core Cornelis Simon Meijer introduced the Meijer G-function Guido Fanconi describes a connection between bronchiectasis, celiac disease, and cystic fibrosis of the pancreas

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Gyrgy Jendrassik invented the turboprop engine Frank Whittle and Hans von Ohain invented the jet engine Niels Christensen invented the O-ring Russell and Sigurd Varian inventerd the klystron Edwin Land invented the polarized sunglasses USA invented the shopping cart John Vincent Atanasoff invented the first electronic digital computer Otto Bayer and his crew first created polyurethanes. Konrad Zuse invented his Z1 computer, first freely programmable computer in the world. . With his invention of Z3 in 1941 (the world's first programmable computer), he is considered to be the founding father of modern computers Edward Both invented the Both respirator Alan Blumlein invented an ultra-linear amplifier Alec Reeves invented the pulse-code modulation, used to convert an analog signal into a digital signal

Michael Sveda discovered cyclamate, an artificial sweetener Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin developed protein crystallography, an important tool in molecular biology. He also solved the structures of insulin, penicillin, cholesterol and vitamin B12. S. Donald Stookey discovered photosensitive glass Meredith Crawford introduced the cooperative pulling paradigm, tested with chimpanzees Hans Adolf Krebs identified the citric acid cycle, possibly the most important finding in biochemistry Germany synthesized the opioid Methadone Claude Shannon demonstrated that Boolean algebra could construct and resolve any logical numerical problem. It is the basis of digital and programmable computers Hans Freudenthal proved the Freudenthal suspension theorem in the field of homotopy Michael Goldberg discovered Goldberg polyhedron Lionel Whitby discovered a first-generation sulphonamide antibiotic called sulphapyridine M&B 693, used to treat pneumonia Eugene Wigner introduced the term isospin

1938

Laszlo Biro invented the ballpoint pen Russell Games Slayter John invented fiberglass J. F. McCullough and his son, Alex invented the soft serve ice cream Chester Carlson invented xerography Jonathon DeLonge invented the beach ball Roy J. Plunkett accidentally discovered and invented polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon). Konrad Zuse completed bulding the Z1 mechanical computer, which used Boolean logic and reading instructions from punched celluloid film (perforated 35 mm film)

Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner and Fritz Strassmann discovered nuclear fission of heavy nuclei Isidor Rabi discovered Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), one of the most important analytical methods to determine the structure of chemicals, besides IR- and mass-spectroscopy Burrhus Frederic Skinner invented the operant conditioning chamber, a laboratory apparatus used to study animal behavior. It is an important tool in biology. Guy Stewart Callendar proposed the Callendar effect, describing the link between the rising carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere to global temperature Frederick Bawden and Norman Pirie discovered that a virus can be crystallized. They demonstrated this by isolating tomato bushy stunt virus Ugo Cerletti and Lucio Bini discovered electroconvulsive therapy Frank Benford rediscovered Newcomb–Benford law, the law of distribution of first digits Raymond Pearl presented his work of the negative health effects of tobacco smoking Hans Asperger introduced the modern term autism Dorothy Hansine Andersen first proposed that cystic fibrosis is a recessive disorder. She also correlated cystic fibrosis of the pancreas with the celiac, respiratory and intestinal diseases Henry Turner first to describe Turner syndrome Herbert E. Ives and G. R. Stilwell carried out the Ives–Stilwell experiment Anatoly Vlasov proposed the Vlasov equation which describs plasma

1939

G. S. Yunyev or Naum Lazarevich Gurvich invented the electric current defibrillator Edwin H. Armstrong invented the FM radio Igor Sikorsky built and flew the Vought-Sikorsky VS-300 helicopter William Gruber invented the view-master Luther George Simjian invented the automated teller machine USA invented the vocoder USA invented the twist tie Clay Puett invented the enclosed electric starting gate USA invented the VU-meter Clinton Riggs created the Yield sign John V. Atanasoff and Clifford Berry introduced the first Atanasoff–Berry Computer, the first automatic electronic digital computer Vannevar Bush proposed a proto-hypertext collective memory machine, which he named memex. USA founded Hewlett-Packard (HP) as an electronics company Ben Kelsey flew the Lockheed P-38 Lightning, for the first time Erich Warsitz made the first flight with the Heinkel He 178, only on turbojet power USA made the first flight of the Consolidated B-24 Liberator Semyon Kirlian invented the Kirlian photography

Niels Bohr and John Wheeler split the uranium nucleus with a release of 200 million electron volts of energy. This was the beginning of the atomic age, and remains one of the most important experiment in the entire human race. Robert Oppenheimer calculated the structure of neutron stars, with the help of George Volkoff. He also predicted the existence of black holes, with the help of Hartland Snyder. Vladimir V. Kavrayskiy devised the Kavrayskiy VII projection Linus Pauling compiled all knowledges regarding chemical bonding i modern chemistry in his The Nature of the Chemical Bond. Among the things he included, is that he explained hybridization theory and covalent bonding. He also gave an explanation to ionic bonding as explained through electronegativity, which is a key concept in organic chemistry and modern chemistry. Lastly, he included the concept of resonance to explain different molecules, among benzene being the most important of them. His book is the basis of modern chemistry. Richard von Mises introduced the birthday problem in the field of probability Leó Szilárd and Albert Einstein advised United States President, Franklin D. Roosevelt, of the potential use of uranium to built a nuclear bomb, in their Einstein–Szilárd letter John H. Lawrence pioneered nuclear medicine by using neutron beams from a particle accelerator to treat a patient with leukemia. By doing this, he demontrated that it was more effective than X-rays Gerhard Küntscher first to use intramedullary rod

1940

Victor Vacquier invented the fluxgate magnetometer Bell Labs developed the Complex Number Calculator, a relaybased calculator for complex numbers Alan Turing and Gordon Welchman designed the British Bombes to decrypt the signals of the Wehrmacht Enigma machine George Stibitz is the first to perform a remote operation of a computer Heinrich Wöhlk invented the fully plastic contact lenses William Justin Kroll invented the Kroll process John Randall and Harry Boot invented the cavity magnetron Bantam developed the BRC Quarter-Ton General Purpose Vehicle Donald Leslie invented the Leslie speaker

Selman Waksman and H. Boyd Woodruff first to isolate the antibiotic dactinomycin (actinomycin D) Barbara McClintock discovered the first transposons in maize (zea mays) Martin Kamen and Sam Ruben discovered the radioactive isotope carbon-14, which is the isotope used to determine the age of objects which have existed in the last 12000 years Glenn T. Seaborg and Edwin McMillan and their team first synthesized plutonium, by bombarding uranium-238 with deuterons. Edwin McMillan and Philip H. Abelson synthesized the first transuranic element, Neptunium Louis Plack Hammett introduced the term physical organic chemistry, an important field in modern chemistry Robert McCance and Elsie Widdowson published The Chemical Composition of Foods Austin T. Moore performed the first metallic hip replacement surgery Georgy Flyorov and Konstantin Petrzhak are first to observe spontaneous fission Otto Frisch and Rudolf Peierls wrote the Frisch–Peierls memorandum, the first technical exposition of a practical nuclear weapon. They calculated that a nuclear bomb could be produced by using much less enriched uranium than it was previously proposed

1941

John Whinfield and James Dickson invented polyester, used in many products, like clothing, jackets, bags, chairs etc. Bill Tutte developed the Cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher Lester William Polsfuss invented an electrically amplified guitar (solid body) DuPont invented the acrylic fibers Jules Montenier invented the modern formulation of antiperspirant deodorant Lyle Goodhue and William Sullivan invented the modern spray can (aerosol bomb) Konrad Zuse introduced Z3, the world's first programmable, fully automatic digital, and a Turing complete computer John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford E. Berry invented the Atanasoff–Berry Computer USA built the first calutron, operating succefully Alexander Lippisch's designed rocket-powered interceptor, called Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet, made its first flight British Royal Air Force introduced the first operational microwave-frequency Airborne Interception, called Prototype AI Mk. VIII radar

George Wells Beadle and Edward Lawrie Tatum demonstrated that specific genes code for specific proteins, one of the most important discovery in genetics John William Field developed Field stain, a histological method to detect malarial parasites Glenn T. Seaborg, Arthur C. Wahl, Joseph W. Kennedy and Emilio Segrè chemically identified and synthesized element 94, plutonium. This was kept secret until after the nuclear explosions in Japan Herschel K. Mitchell, Esmond E. Snell and Roger J. Williams isolated folic acid via extraction from spinach leaves, one of the most important biochemical compounds Cahit Arf defined the Arf invariant Geoffrey Ingram Taylor predicted the blast effects from nuclear explosions

1942

Nazi Germany developed the world's first long ballistic missile, the V-2 rocket. The test launch flew a distance of 147 km, and 84.5 km in altitude. Leslie A. Skinner C. N. Hickman invented the Bazooka Rocket Gun Britain constructed the first undersea oil pipeline, in the operation called Operation Pluto Hedy Lamarr and George Antheil developed frequency hopping. It made radio-guided torpedoes harder to detect, and used a spread spectrum communication system Siemens AG invented Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) John V. Atanasoff and Clifford Berry successfully test the first electronic digital computing device, called Atanasoff–Berry Computer British Royal Engineers built the first operational military Bailey bridge Harry Coover invented cyanoacrylate adhesive Eastman Kodak invented Kodacolor color negative film

James Stanley Hey pioneered radio astronomy. He was was the first to detect radio waves emitted by the sun Max Westenhöfer introduced aquatic ape hypothesis Alfred Gilman, Louis S. Goodman and Frederick S. Philips pioneered trials of anti-cancer chemotherapy, in which they used mechlorethamine. Eugene Reybold established the Manhattan Engineer District Enrico Fermi, Leó Szilárd, George Weil and their team built the first nuclear reactor, Chicago Pile-1, thus making it the first human-made selfsustaining nuclear chain reaction. Katharine Cook Briggs and Isabel Briggs Myers developed the BriggsMyers Type Indicator in psychology. Japan discovered the high-altitude west-to-east winds across Pacific (also called jet stream).

1943

Jacques-Yves Cousteau and Emile Gagnan invented Aqua-Lung, for swimming Richard Jones invented the Slinky P.J. Eliomarkakis invented the magnetic proximity fuze England built Mark I Colossus, the world's first totally electronic programmable computing device to assist in cryptanalysis The United States Army and Moore School signed a contract to develop the ENIAC. England tested the Gloster Meteor, which was the first operational military jet aircraft Barnes Wallis designed and invented bouncing bombs, for the British Royal Air Force. Lyle Goodhue and William Sullivan invented the refillable aerosol spray, for use with mosquito-repellant Werner Krüger invented the Krueger flaps for aircraft wings

Oswald Avery isolated DNA and proved it to be the material of which genes and chromosomes are made of Max Delbrück presented the Luria–Delbrück experiment J. Robert Oppenheimer started to operate Project Y, for development and production of the first atomic bombs. It is the Manhattan Project's secret laboratory at Los Alamos. Germany made Vicodin and Lortab Albert Schatz first isolated the antibiotic streptomycin Leo Kanner first publicly adopts the term autism Warren S. McCulloch and Walter Pitts published their text which is considered seminal in neural network theory Willem J. Kolff invented the first kidney dialysis machine Robert Reynolds Macintosh invented a curved laryngoscope blade for tracheal intubation

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Benjamin Green invented sunscreen Nazi Germany invented the Assault Rifle Anthony E. Pratt invented the Cluedo game IBM introduced the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC), which is the first program-controlled calculator, also known as Mark I. Nazi Germany invented the first operational cruise missile,V-1 flying bomb. It contained a gyroscope guidance system and a pulsejet engine. Erik Wallenberg and Ruben Rausing invented started the company Tetra Pak after discovering a new a way to package milk in paper Germany invented the submarine snorkel, which made possible for a submarine to operate underwater while still taking in air from above the surface.

Elliot Evans invented the electron spectrometer Nazi Germany successfully launched the V-2 rocket, which reached a height of 84.5 km, thus making it the first man-made object to ever reach space Hendrik van de Hulst predicted the the hydrogen line (21-centimeter line) of neutral hydrogen atom. Oswald T. Avery and his crew published the Avery–MacLeod–McCarty experiment Donald Griffin and George Washington Pierce discovered that bats use high-frequency sound, which they called echolocation Erwin Schrödinger published What is Life? The book discusses the genetic code and negentropy (negative entropy) Lars Onsager presented his correct solution to the The Ising Model in Two Dimensions Glenn T. Seaborg discovered americium Hans Asperger first described Asperger syndrome David S. Sheridan developed the tracheal tube, a disposable plastic catheter Dorothea and Alexander Leighton first-ever introduced applied medical anthropology James Stagg forecasted the weather conditions over the English Channel correctly, allowing the Normandy landings to take place the next day Sweden's city Uppsala observed ball lightning Hanford Site produced the first plutonium

1945

USA, UK and Canada invented the atomic bomb, as part of the Manhattan Project Ralph Teetor invented cruise control for cars Percy Spencer inventerd the microwave oven Arthur C. Clarke presented the idea of a geosynchronous communications satellite England built the world's first desalination plant, and also became operational

Alfred Day Hershey and Salvador Edward Luria independently discovered that viruses undergo mutations Dorothy Hodgkin and C. H. Carlisle determined the three-dimensional molecular structure of cholesteryl iodide (a steroid) Dorothy Hodgkin discovered the structure of penicillin, demonstrating that it contains a β-lactam ring American Cyanamid's Lederle Laboratories first obtained folic acid in a pure crystalline form John von Neumann introduced the idea of the EDVAC, in which he is the first to describe the logical design of a computer with the von Neumann architecture. The EDVAC was the first stored-program and the instruction data stored in the same address space within the ultrasonic serial memory. It was also the first binary (0 and 1) computer rather than decimal USA completed assembling the Electronic Numerical Integrator Analyzer and Computer (ENIAC), which is the world's first general purpose electronic computer. It covered 170 m2 of floor space. Raymond L. Libby introduced a method of orally administering the antibiotic penicillin Unknown introduced the Amsler grid for monitoring the central visual field, including macular degeneration George Stigler solved the Stigler diet problem USA, UK and Canada performed the Trinity test, which is the first test of an atomic bomb in the history of the human race. They used 6 kilograms of plutonium, which had an equivalent of 20 kilotons of TNT USA dropped two nuclear bombs, first in Hiroshima and then Nagasaki, which shocked the entire world with its power. United States government released the Smyth Report

1946

James Martin invented the ejector seat AT&T and Southwestern Bell invented the Mobile Telephone Service John William Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert invented the Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer (ENIAC), the first non-classified all-electronic Turing complete computer. It uses conditional branching, and can be programmed by a plugboard. Marion Donova invented the modern waterproof diaper John Biggins invented the credit card Joseph Buford Cox invented the chipper teeth Elwood L. "Buck" Perry invented spoonplug Earl Tupper invented the tupperware Lyman Spitzer suggested a space observatory. In 1968 the Orbiting Astronomical Observatory was launched into space by the americans Hilary Fisher Page invented toy building bricks, which was named Kiddicraft. Lego acquired her patent years later Frederick Williams invented a random-access memory device

US Army Signal Corps' Project Diana bounced radar waves off the Moon back to the Earth where they detected it. Reginald Aldworth Daly was the first to propose a giant impact hypothesis of the moon Edmund Jaeger discovered approaching hibernation and a state of extended torpor, in the the common poorwill bird Wellman Chamberlin developed the Chamberlin trimetric projection Arthur Holmes used uranium-lead dating to estimate the age of the Earth to be around 4,5 billion years. Benjamin Spock published the book The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care, which has become one of the biggest best-sellers in history Chance Brothers invented the all-glass syringe with interchangeable plunger and barrel. This made it easy to mass-sterilize the individual components. Nikolay Bogolyubov appiled the BBGKY hierarchy of equations for s-particle distribution functions to the derivation of kinetic equations. John Gamble Kirkwood considered the related kinetic transport theory in a paper. Max Born and Herbert S. Green's paper considered a general kinetic theory of liquids

1947

Dennis Gabor invented holography Floyd Farris and J.B. Clark invented hydraulic fracturing technology John Bardeen and Walter Brattain invented the first transistor, a bipolar point-contact transistor. This is one of the greatest inventions in the entire human race. They were under the supervision of William Shockley at Bell Labs Edwin Land invented the polaroid camera, the Land Camera. It is the first practical instant camera. Leonard Bocour invented acrylic paint USA invented the first supersonic aircraft, called Bell X-1 England officially began constructing the Automatic Computing Engine Mikhail Kalashnikov invented the AK-47 selective-fire, gasoperated assault rifle Douglas H. Ring and W. Rae Young proposed a hexagonal cellular telephone network for mobile phones in vehicles Constant Martin inventred the clavioline Valerie Hunter Gordon invented the disposable nappy Thomas T. Goldsmith Jr. and Estle Ray Mann invented a cathode ray tube amusement device, which is probably the first video game ever

Soviet Union found the largest iron meteorite known to have impacted on earth, the Sikhote-Alin meteorite which fell in Siberia U.S. Army Ordnance Corps sent the first living organism into space, the fruit flies, and returned them home. They used the V-2 rocket (invented by Nazi Germany) which reached an altitude of 109 km. Bart Bok first observed Bok globules Unknown first isolated the Zika virus from a rhesus macaque in the Zika Forest of Uganda. Unknown first introduced the word computer in its modern sense, which referred to an electronic digital machine John Crank and Phyllis Nicolson introduced the Crank–Nicolson method in the field of numerical analysis George Dantzig introduced the simplex algorithm for linear programming USA introduced the first antithyroid drug, propylthiouracil Claude Beck performed the first use of defibrillation on a human subject Mary Barber presented her work on antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus bacteria England founded The International Organization for Standardization (ISO). They are responsible for many standardizations, like A4 paper, file systems, cd-roms, languages etc. Robert Broom and John T. Robinson discovered the most complete skull of an Australopithecus africanus specimen, Mrs. Ples (STS 5). Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists introduced the Doomsday Clock Clifford Butler and George Rochester discovered the kaon

1948

United States's National Bureau of Standards developed the first atomic clock Robert Durrer invented the basic oxygen steelmaking. The majority of steel that is produced today is made by this process Peter Carl Goldmark invented the Long Playing Record Alan Turing and David Champernowne developed a chess simulation called Turochamp, which is considered to be officially the first game. Walter Frederick Morrison and Warren Franscion invented the flying disc (frisbees) USA invented the cable television Francis Rogallo and Gertrude Rogallo invented the Rogallo wing, a self-inflating flexible wing George Clemens invented the hand dryer Chase Products invented the hair spray Newman Darby invented windsurfing Candido Jacuzzi invented the Jacuzzi Peter Goldmark of CBS Laboratories invented the LP records Germany built the first modern long-span permanent box girder bridge Tom Kilburn developed the Manchester Baby, the world's first working program un on an electronic stored-program computer

Richard Feynman, Julian Schwinger, Sin-Itiro Tomonaga and Freeman Dyson discovered and pioneered quantum electrodynamics Julian Huxley organized a conference with delegates to agree on the formation of the International Union for Conservation of Nature Fairfield Osborne presented his Malthusian critique of human environmental destruction, in his Our Plundered Planet Claude E. Shannon pioneered information theory, and introduced the concept of Shannon entropy and adopted the term Bit, in his A Mathematical Theory of Communication United Nations established the World Health Organization (WHO) Julius Axelrod and Bernard Brodie discovered the analgesic effects of acetaminophen (paracetamol) Tinker Air Force Base issued the world's first tornado forecast Ralph Asher Alpher and George Gamow published the Alpher–Bethe– Gamow paper Hendrik Casimir prediceted the Casimir effect Herbert Fröhlich presented his work to understand superconductivity in much greater detail

1949

Edward Seymour invented aerosol paint (spray paint can) J. P. Stapp invented the crash test dummy Frank Zamboni invented the Ice resurfacer (zamboni) Gilmore T Schjeldahl and Donovan D. Wendt invented the airsickness bag England established the oldest literary festival, the Cheltenham Literature Festival England began operating the Manchester Mark 1 computer England completed and tested the EDSAC, the first practicable stored-program computer, which was used to calculate a table of squares

Norman J. Holter and Bill Glasscock developed the Holter monitor John J. Wild developed the diagnostic ultrasound, and used to assess the thickness of bowel tissue. He is considered to be the so-called "father of medical ultrasound". Harold Ridley developed the artificial intraocular lens transplant surgery for cataract patient USA launched a V-2 rocket, and sent Albert II, a rhesus monkey, into the outer space, thus becoming the first mammal in space which reached an altitude of 134 km. It died on impact after a parachute failure. Willard Libby and his colleagues discovered the radiocarbon dating (14C) technique, a radiometric dating method that can determine the age of materials made out of carbon for up to about 60,000 years old Ákos Császár discovered the Császár polyhedron Dattatreya Ramchandra Kaprekar discovered the convergence property of the number 6174 John Cade rediscovered the use of lithium salts to control mania. It is the first mood stabilizer to be discovered Raymond Cattell released the first Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire, which is a self-report personality test Gilbert Ryle pioneered the field of the philosophy of the mind, in his The Concept of Mind Freeman Dyson incidentally invented the Dyson series Cornelius Lanczos introduced the Lanczos tensor in the field of general relativity Wolfgang Pauli and Felix Villars published the Pauli–Villars regularization method John Burdon Sanderson Haldane proposed the Darwin as a unit of evolutionary change

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TelePrompTer Company invented the teleprompter Richard W. Hamming developed hamming code, a family of linear error-correcting codes Art Hunt, Dave Richey, and Wayne Pierce invented artificial snow Peter Goldmark developed the first color television system to be adopted for commercial use, using a field-sequential color system Harry Wasylyk, Larry Hansen and Frank Plomp invented the plastic bin bag Reevesound Company invented the first practical pager

Sengstaken and Blakemore developed the Sengstaken-Blakemore tube Melvin Calvin, James Bassham, and Andrew Benson discovered the Calvin cycle in photosynthesis Willi Hennig pioneered the study of cladistics Claude Shannon published Programming a Computer for Playing Chess, which strongly influnced the development of computer chess. He also introduced the Shannon number Richard Hamming published Error detecting and error correcting codes, which strongly influnced the construction of error detection and correction codes Alan Turing published Computing Machinery and Intelligence, which strongly influenced the developement of study of artificial intelligence. He also introduced the Turing test John Forbes Nash, Jr. proposed the Nash equilibrium in game theory Merrill Flood and Melvin Dresher framed the prisoner's dilemma Little Company of Mary Hospital performed the first cadaveric internal kidney transplantation on a 44-year-old woman named Ruth Tucker, which suffered polycystic kidney disease Kovacs discovered antihistamines, by showing that eosinophils possess antihistamine activity Unknown discovered the Duffy antigen in a multiply-transfused hemophiliac patient John A. Hopps and Wilfred Gordon Bigelow developed an external artificial pacemaker John Ward derived the Ward–Takahashi identity in the field of quantum field theory

1951

Walter Zinn designed and built the first nuclear power reactor to produce electricity, the Experimental Breeder Reactor I Bette Nesmith Graham invented liquid paper (correction fluid) John Hopps invented the artificial pacemaker Hugh Bradner invented the wetsuit Richard Laramy invented the cooler Remington Rand handed over the first general purpose electronic digital computer, the UNIVAC I computer, to the United States Census Bureau Ferranti delivered the world's first commercially available general-purpose electronic computer, Mark 1, to the University of Manchester Ferranti introduced the NIMROD, which was the first digital computer designed specifically to play a game, a game named Nim, using panels of lights Britain developed Lyons electronic office I (LEO I), which became the first computer to run a full commercial business application Moore School of Electrical Engineering built the EDVAC binary electronic stored program computer, which was inspired from First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC by John Von Neumann. The system incorporated high speed delay line memory Sancti Thomae introduced the first example of word index Carl A. Wiley introduced his concept of the solar sail Carl A. Wiley invented synthetic aperture radar William Shockley invented the junction transistor

George Otto Gey propagated the first cancer cell line, called HeLa. The cells were used for many different things, for example leading to the discovery that humans have 46 chromosomes, helped develope the polio vaccine, lead to the first clone of human cell, and used to develop in vitro fertilization Hal Anger invented the well counter, which is a device used for measuring radioactivity in small samples Lyman Spitzer invented the stellarator plasma device Carl Djerassi, Luis E. Miramontes and George Rosenkranz synthesized progestin norethisterone, which became significant in creation of the combined oral contraceptive pill Britain is first to use the term "Industrial archaeology" in print Richard Asher first described Münchausen syndrome Edward Teller and Stanislaw Ulam developed the first thermonuclear bomb, the hydrogen bomb, which is hundreds of times more powerful than a conventional atomic bomb. Solomon Asch introduced his conformity experiments. They demonstrated that group pressure can persuade an individual to conform to an obviously wrong opinion Maurice Wilkes introduced the concept of microprogramming

1952

Alastair Pilkington developed the float glass process Christopher Cockerell Airbag invented the hovercraft Geoffrey Dummer proposed the integrated circuit Fred Waller's developed Cinerama widescreen film system is first used at the Broadway Theatre, showing the movie This Is Cinerama Norman J. Woodland and Bernard Silver invented the barcode

Jonas Salk developed the first polio vaccine Frederick Sanger demonstrated that proteins are composed of amino acid sequences. This is one of the most important discovery in biochemistry, biology and medicine Forest Dewey Dodrill performed the first successful open heart surgery using the Dodrill-GMR heart machine Geoffrey Wilkinson discovered the structure of ferrocene Alan Turing introduced a reaction–diffusion hypothesis of pattern formation, in his paper The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesi. It strongly influenced morphogenesis Alan Hodgkin and Andrew Huxley introduced the Hodgkin–Huxley model of action potentials Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase presented their Hershey–Chase experiment, which demonstrated conclusively that helped to confirm that DNA is genetic material, and not protein Preben von Magnus observed the von Magnus phenomenon, which produces defective interfering particles Jack Gross and Rosalind Pitt-Rivers discovered the thyroid hormone triiodothyronine (T3) O. Moran discocovered the Braeburn apple cultivar as a chance seedling L. V. Radushkevich and V. M. Lukyanovich are the first to publish images of carbon nanotubes Alick Glennie developed the first autocode and its compiler, for the Manchester Mark 1 computer. It is probably the first high-level compiled programming language John Forbes Nash, Jr. advanced the field of real algebraic geometry R. A. Bradley and M. E. Terry presented the Bradley–Terry model in probability theory F. John Lewis and C. Walton Lillehei performed the first successful operation to correct a cardiac shunt, thus utilising the induced hypothermia technique Mount Sinai Hospital conducted the first successful surgical separation of conjoined twins Robert Gwyn Macfarlane and colleagues first identified Haemophilia B Armin Klein introduced Klein's line as a diagnostic tool Jean Delay and Jean-François Buisson discovered the antidepressant effect of isoniazid USA succesfully detonated the first hydrogen bomb, codenamed "Ivy Mike" in Openration Ivy. Einsteinium and fermium were discovered in the fallout

1953

Norikazu Sawazaki invented the first video tape recorder, a helical scan recorder Charles Townes invented the maser Unknown invented the crossed-field amplifier, a specialized vacuum tube NCR Corporation invented the carbonless copy paper David N. Mullany invented the wiffle ball Unknown invented the wheel clamp Charles W. Fuller inventerd the gilhoolie Sidney Rosenthal invented the marker pen (felt-tip pen) Andrew Kay inventerd the voltmeter (digital) Remington Rand built the UNIVAC 1103 Tom Kilburn built the MEG, which was able to perform floatingpoint calculations. This computer was then developed into the first transistorized computer device, the Metro-Vickers MV950 Alan Turing described the first 1104 zeroes of the Riemann zeta-function. This made computers able to tackle a fundamental problem in number theory USA released the The Robe, filmed in CinemaScope, which was the first widescreen anamorphic format movie USA agreed to used the NTSC color television standard Joseph Cyril Bamford invented the backhoe loader Jet Propulsion Laboratory built the first american surface-tosurface ballistic missile, called the SSM-A-17 Corporal I rocket. It was fueled by a liquid-fuelled motor, which utilized nitric acid as the oxidizer

Francis Crick and James D. Watson published Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid, which present the helical structure of DNA, the basis for molecular biology Virginia Apgar developed the Apgar scale Edler and Carl Hellmuth Hertz invented the medical ultrasonography John H. Gibbon Jr. performed the first human-heart surgery suing a heartlung machine Stanley Miller presented the Miller-Urey experiment, which demonstrated that that organic molecules in living organisms can form easily from inorganic chemicals Robert G. Parr, Rudolph Parise and John Pople introduced computational quantum chemistry theory Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta invented the Ziegler–Natta catalyst Maurice Ewing and Bruce Heezen discovered the deep canyon in MidAtlantic Ridge. The discovery was a seminal in contributing to the theory of plate tectonics Klaus Roth introduced his seminal theory in arithmetic combinatorics Eugene Aserinsky and Nathaniel Kleitman discovered the REM sleep Max Lurie and Harry Salzer introduced the term antidepressant Burrhus Frederic Skinner applied the behavioral studies of laboratory animals to human psychology. Frederick Reines and Clyde Cowan constructed the first neutrino detector (a cadmium-water target), and performed the first neutrino detection experiments Enrico Fermi, John Pasta, Stanislaw Ulam, and Mary Tsingou introduced the Fermi–Pasta–Ulam–Tsingou experiment

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1954

Calvin Souther Fuller, Daryl Chapin and Gerald Pearson invented the Solar Battery. It was the first practical device to capture the sun's power, and turn it into a current of electricity. Texas Instruments invented the transistor radio, Regency TR-1 Buckminster Fuller invented the geodesic dome Decatur Electronic invented the radar gun Tracy Hall first created synthetic diamond Lawrence J. Fogel invented active noise control Lee Hewit and Dee Horton invented the automatic sliding door Orville Carlisle designed the first model rocketry Swanson Brothers inventerd TV dinner Robert W. Vergobbi invented zipper storage bag Adolf (Adidas) or Rudolf Dassler (Puma) invented modern football boots with screw-in studs IBM held the first public demontration of the translation machine called Georgetown-IBM experiment Sojvet Union commissioned the first civilian nuclear power station, called Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant United States Navy commissioned the first atomic-powered vessel submarine, USS Nautilus (SSN-571) William Hamilton developed the Hamilton Jet, the first pump-jet engine which was capable of propelling a jetboat Gottlob Widmann invented the first electric drip brew coffeemaker, called Wigomat Staley T. McBrayer developed the Vanguard web offset press, for newspaper printing Ackermann + Schmitt (FLEX-Elektrowerkzeuge GmbH) invented the Angle grinder

James Elam introduced cardiopulmonary resuscitation, also called CPR Rabbi Harry Bronstein designed the Mogen clamp Georg Wittig discovered the Wittig reaction, an important reaction to synthesize chemicals and pharmeutical drugs Daniel I. Arnon demonstrated the function of photosynthesis in chloroplasts, chemically Dorothy Hodgkin and his crew first analyzed the three-dimensional molecular structure of vitamin B12, thus utilising computer analysis Orlando J. Benston collected the first specimens of the benstonite mineral in the Magnet Cove igneous complex of Arkansas Klaus Roth pioneered modern discrepancy theory Leonard Jimmie Savage promoted Bayesian statistics, in his Foundations of Statistics USA is the first country to mass vaccinate children against polio Boston and Paris carried the first organ transplants Robert Stämpfli introduced the sucrose gap measuring the action potential in nerve fibers General Conference on Weights and Measures proposed the 6 original SI base units Alexander Macmillan presented his work, Macmillan correction, an important tool to account for errors of moving objects due to viscous effects and wall proximity Harold Hopkins and Narinder Singh Kapany used a 75 cm long optical fiber bundle to achieve low-loss light transmission. The internet today runs through the optical fibers along the oceans USA tested a hydrogen bomb on Bikini Atoll in the Pacific Ocean 12 Europeans states founded CERN, the largest particle accelerator in the world Muzafer and Carolyn Sherif carried out the Robbers Cave Experiment

1955

Malcom McLean developed the intermodal container George de Mestral invented the velcro fabric hook-and-loop fastener Helene Curtis invented hair spray Simon Foner invented the Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) C.W. Musser invented the harmonic drive, a strain wave gear US Navy commissioned the USS Nautilus, the first nuclear submarine Harold Hopkins and Narinder Singh Kapany presented their development in optical fiber technology Lincoln Laboratory developed the ultra high frequency AN/ FPS-31 early warning radar, and began operating Sweden built the first significant cable-stayed bridge of the modern era, the Strömsund Bridge Louis Essen and J. V. L. Parry built the first accurate atomic clock, a caesium standard based on a certain transition of caesium-133 Eugene Polley invented the first wireless television remote control, the Zenith Flash-Matic

Jan Oort confirmed synchrotron radiation from the Crab Nebula produced polarized light Rosalind Franklin discovered that all tobacco mosaic virus rods have the same lenght Joe Hin Tjio and Albert Levan first discovered that there are 46 human chromosomes Albert Ghiorso, Glenn T. Seaborg, Gregory R. Choppin, Bernard G. Harvey, and Stanley G. Thompson first synthesized element 101, mendelevium Emilio Segrè and Owen Chamberlain experimentally confirmed the existence of the antiproton Enrico Fermi, John Pasta, Stanisław Ulam and Mary Tsingou discovered solitary wave type behavior, by numerically studying a nonlinear spring model of heat conduction Joseph Rotblat discovered that contamination of nuclear fallout is greater than officially stated Gilbert Plass published his article, The Carbon Dioxide Theory of Climate Change Ulrich Steinhilper coined the term textverarbeitung, which translate to word processing Maurice Wilkes described of microprogramming Clair Cameron Patterson discovered the age of the earth to be around 4,55 billion years, by using lead isotopic data from the Canyon Diablo meteorite Michael Rix popularised the term industrial archaeology Richard Dagobert Brauer and K. A. Fowler introduced the Brauer-Fowler theorem, in the calssification of finite sample groups. Claude Chevalley introduced Chevalley groups Gilbert, Shannon and Reeds introduced the Gilbert–Shannon–Reeds model, in the mathematical field of shuffling playing cards Klaus Roth introduced Roth's theorem Yutaka Taniyama introduced the Taniyama–Shimura conjecture Henry K. Beecher discovered the effect of placebos on patient outcomes Bernard Heuvelmans pioneered the pseudoscientific field of cryptozoology

1956

D.E Protzmann invented the digital clock Basil Hirschowitz, C. Wilbur Peters, and Lawrence E. Curtiss invented the optical fiber Ampex invented the videocassette recorder, a 2-inch quadruplex videotape Unimation built the first industrial robot, called Unimate Art Ingels invented the kart racing (gokart) Nicholas McKay, Sr. invented the lint roller Reynold Johnson and IBM invented the hard disk drive, one of the most important inventions in electronics General Electric/Telechron invented the first snooze alarm clock, The Snooz Alarm England connceted the Calder Hall nuclear power station (Magnox plant) to the National Grid. It is the first large commercial nuclear power plant Robert H. Widmer's designed Convair B-58, made its first flight. It was the first supersonic jet bomber with a speed of Mach 2 Harry Chamberlin invented the first Chamberlin electromechanical keyboard instrument

Denham Harman presented his theory of the free-radical theory of aging Gerard K. O'Neill proposed particle storage ring Joseph Kruskal published Kruskal's algorithm John McCarthy, Marvin Minsky, Claude Shannon, and Nathaniel Rochester made the first research meeting regarding artificial intelligence Jean-Pierre Serre introduced in algebraic geometry and analytic geometry, his GAGA paper Burwell first introduced the classic definition of obesity hypoventilation syndrome Unknown first described the treatment of Wilson's disease, using penicillamine Leon Cooper first described Cooper pairs England opened the DIDO heavy water enriched uranium nuclear reactor Clyde L. Cowan and Frederick Reines carried out the Cowan–Reines neutrino experiment, which experimentally confirmed the existence of the antineutrino Bruce Cork experimentally confirmed the existence of the antineutron Leon Festinger, Henry W. Riecken and Stanley Schachter provided a classic study of disconfirmed expectancy, in their book called When Prophecy Fails

1957

IBM invented the IBM 610, the first PC which was able to be used by one person and controlled by a keyboard William Hamilton invented the Jet Boat Alfred Fielding and Marc Chavannes invented the Bubble Wrap (air-bubble packing) USA built the first commercial pressurized water reactor, called Shippingport Atomic Power Station John Bremer developed the cryotron Hal Anger developed the gamma camera (scintillation camera) Robert H. Wentorf, Jr. produced the borazon Benjamin Eisenstadt invented sugar packet Minsky invented the confocal microscopy Gordon Gould invented the laser, by using two mirrors in the form of a Fabry–Pérot interferometer Keller brothers invented the skid-steer loader

Sovjet Union launched the first artificial satellite, named Sputnik 1, with the R-7 Semyorka rocket Sovjet Union launched Sputnik 2, with the first animal sent into orbit USA began Project Orion, intented to build a spacecraft fueled by nuclear explosions Kathleen Montagu first identified dopamine in the human brain John Kendrew and his crew determined the structure of myoglobin , using x-ray crystallography Jens Christian Skou discovered the first antiporter enzyme, the Na+/ K+-ATPase. This is one of the greatest discoveries in physiology and pharmacology Tang Feifan and his crew are the first to culture chlamydia trachomatis bacterium, in the yolk sacs of eggs IBM presented the FORTRAN scientific programming language Robert C. Prim rediscovered Prim's algorithm Medical Research Council presented evidence that there is a link between tobacco smoking and lung cancer Fred Kummerow proposed a link between trans fats and heart disease Hugh Everett III first proposed the many-worlds interpretation (MWI) of quantum physics UK started to operate the ZETA fusion reactor John Bardeen, Leon Cooper, and Robert Schrieffer developed the BCS theory of superconductivity Rudolf Mössbauer discovered the Mössbauer effect Britains's cyclotron produced violation of charge conjugation symmetry Harry Harlow began experimenting with rhesus monkeys with maternalseparation and social isolation

1958

Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce independently invented the integrated circuit Kenneth Masterman-Smith invented the communications satellite Artur Fischer invented the modern plastic wall plug (Fischer Wall Plug) Momofuku Ando invented instant noodles Lego patented the classic Lego brick Jack Kilby presented the first integrated circuit Leyland Motors manufactured the Leyland Atlantean rearengined double-decker bus Bell Helicopter's Bell XV-3 tiltrotor is the first to ever make a true mid-air transition from vertical to fixed-wing flight. Maus Gatsonides invented the roadside automobile speed measurement device USA invented the high-performance carbon fiber Steve Russell, Timothy P. Hart, and Mike Levin invented the Lisp programming language, the second oldest programming language after Fortran Thomas & Betts invented the cable tie Edward H. Hon invented the doppler fetal monitor

John Gurdon clones used somatic-cell nuclear transfer from a Xenopus tadpole to clone a frog Anne McLaren and John D. Biggers first developed embryos in vitro, then transferred to a surrogate mother, and had grown the first mammal Arthur L. Schawlow and Charles H. Townes presented their principles of the optical laser James Van Allen discovered the Earth's magnetosphere USA launched the first american satellite into orbit, the Explorer I. United States Congress created the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Ernst Mohr's designed rockets reached the upper atmosphere USA launched the world's first communications satellite, the SCORE Francis Crick introduced the Central Dogma of molecular biology, one of the most important discovery in genetics ACM and GAMM produced the International Algebraic Language, later known as the ALGOL programming language Friedrich L. Bauer and ZMMD-Group constructed a ALGOL 58 compiler John McCarthy specified the Lisp programming language USA established the Society for the History of Technology Jérôme Lejeune and Marthe Gautier discovered that Down syndrome is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21 Ian Donald described the diagnostic use of ultrasound in obstetrics Earl Bakken invented the first wearable external artificial pacemaker B. Eiseman first described fecal microbiota transplantation Denis Parsons Burkitt first described Burkitt's lymphoma Barbara and Tom Harrisson discovered Deep Skull in Niah Caves in Sarawak, the oldest known Homo sapiens in southeast Asia, around 40,000 years old

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Mohamed Atalla and Dawon Kahng invented the MOSFET (MOS transistor) Joseph-Armand Bombardie invented the snowmobile Joseph C. Shivers invented the spandex fiber, used in many clothing NASA launched the first weather satellite, Vanguard 2 Philo T. Farnsworth built the Fusor IBM began selling the IBM 1401, a transistor-based mainframe USA launched the USS George Washington, the first submarine to carry ballistic missiles Agfa invented the Optima, which was the first fully automatic camera Lewis Urry invented the long-lasting alkaline battery Gordon Gould introduced the term Laser Pilkington Brothers patented the float glass process. It was invented by Alastair Pilkington

Francis Thomas Bacon developed the first practical hydrogen–oxygen fuel cell Hans Georg Dehmelt invented the Penning trap USA accomplished the first successful test firing of a intercontinental ballistic missile USA launched Jupiter AM-18 rocket with two primates, together with living microorganisms and plant seeds. It is the first successful flight to space and back to earth, alive USA launched the first operational spy satellite, KH-1 Corona USA launched Explorer 6 Sovjet Union's Luna 3 first to send back photos of the far side of the Moon Giuseppe Cocconi and Philip Morrison described using radio waves to transmit information over interstellar distances, the foundation of Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence (SETI) NASA launched Little Joe 2 (part of the Mercury program) into space, carrying Sam the monkey. The mission was to verify the command module parachute recovery system in abort mode Richard Eugene McCrosky and A. Posen discovered the Coma Berenicids LANL tested the first successful nuclear thermal rocket engine Unknown determined that cultivars plants must no longer be named in latin, but in a modern language Peter Karlson and Martin Lüscher coined the term pheromone B. J. Davis and Leonard Ornstein were the first to give a describtion of using acrylamide in gel electrophoresis Martin Gardner introduced the Three Prisoners problem in the field of probability theory CODASYL designed the programming language COBOL Edsger W. Dijkstra rediscovered Prim's algorithm Society for the History of Technology began publishing the Technology and Culture journal Kenkichi Iwasawa introduced the Iwasawa theory Unknown discovered that mercury causes Minamata disease Joseph Murray performed the first allotransplantation Georges Mathé performed the first bone marrow transplants, but all the patients immune system rejected the transplants Yakir Aharonov and David Bohm predicted the Aharonov–Bohm effect Richard Feynman pioneered the field of nanotechnology, in his There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom

1960

Theodore Maiman invented the first functioning laser, a ruby laser Irving Friedman and Robert Smith discovered obsidian hydration dating US Military deployed the first Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) IBM invented the magnetic stripe card Gordon Lewis, Ralph Hooper, Stanley Hooker and Sydney Camm invented Vertical Take-Off and Landing (VTOL) aircraft, the Harrier. It is used in F-35 Arthur Leonard Schawlow and Charles Hard Townes invented a a laser. Fredrick Moby invented a tungsten halogen lamp bulb Pentax Spotmatic invented single-lens reflex (SLR) camera. With this invention they pioneered through-the-lens metering U.S. Army developed multi-use nozzle jet injectors James West and Gerhard Sessler invented the electret microphone

Roger Altounyan was the first to use sodium cromoglycate for asthma prophylaxis John Gurdon pioneered the use of Xenopus eggs to translate microinjected messenger RNA molecules NASA's U.S. Discoverer 13 Corona capsule succefully recovered from the Pacific Ocean U.S. Army launched the world's first active communication repeater satellite into low earth orbit, the Courier 1B Max Perutz determined the structure of hemoglobin, one of the most important transport proteins in the human body John Kendrew determined the structure of myoglobin Alister Hardy introduced his aquatic ape hypothesis Robert Burns Woodward synthesized chlorophyll Jane Goodall observed the first recorded case of tool use by animals. He observed a chimpanzee using a grass stalk to extract termites from a termite hill, at the Kasakela Chimpanzee Community Emil Paleček discovered that nucleic acids can be studied with the help of electrochemistry Jacques Ruffié invented hemotyping Juan Oro finds discovered that ammonium cyanide in water produces the adenine nucleotide Sam Weiss, Jerard Hurwitz, Audrey Stevens and J. Bonner discovered the bacterial RNA polymerase. An important discovery in molecular biology USA opened the Climatron geodesic dome greenhouse Edsger W. Dijkstra and Jaap A. Zonneveld produced the DijkstraZonneveld ALGOL 60 programming language for the Electrologica X1 John McCarthy published the Lisp programming language Harry Hammond Hess proposed his theories on sea floor spreading Jacques Piccard and Don Walsh first to reach a depth of over 10 km (10,916 meter), at the bottom of Mariana Trench, helped by US Navy USA's nuclear submarine USS Triton is the first in the world to complete a underwater circumnavigation of the Earth. Wacław Sierpiński proved the existence of Sierpinski numbers Stanko Bilinski rediscovered the Bilinski dodecahedron Charles Antony Richard Hoare invented the quicksort algorithm Irving S. Reed and Gustave Solomon introduced the Reed–Solomon error correction code. Wilson Greatbatch designed the first fixed-rate cardiac pacemaker with mercury battery Robert Goetz, Michael Rohman, Jordan Haller and Ronald Dee performed the first coronary artery bypass surgery, using internal mammary artery as the donor vessel U.S. Food and Drug Administration announced that it will approved the world's first combined oral contraceptive pill The American Heart Association announced that there is a strong association between heavy cigarette smoking and coronary heart disease USA launched TIROS-1, the first weather satellite General Conference on Weights and Measures established International System of Units (SI units) Jonathan Leakey discovered the first fragments of Homo habilis, OH 7 Harrison G. Gough and Alfred B. Heilbrun, Jr. introduced the Adjective Check List (ACL)

1961

David Paul Gregg invented the optical disc Omar Knedlik invented the frozen carbonated beverage (FCB) Ed Thorp invented wearable computer Eberhard Zwicker invented the Bark scale Andrew R. M. Dunlop, Stewart Adams, John Nicholson, Vonleigh Simmons, Jeff Wilson and Colin Burrows patented the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug Ibuprofen, derived from propanoic acid by Sovjet Union introduced the RPG-7 rocket-propelled grenade launcher James L. Buie invented the transistor-to-transistor logic circuitry (TTL), which is used in integrated circuits. It was called transistor-coupled transistor logic Butler and Lowe proposed the Butler matrix for beamforming

NASA sent the male chimpanzee Ham into space in a rocket designed to carry american astronauts into space. It was part of the Project Mercury William House invented the cochlear implant Sovjet Union sent the first human in space, Yuri Gagarin R. N. Schwartz and Charles Hard Townes provided a basis for Optical SETI, in their Interstellar and Interplanetary Communication by Optical Masers NASA's Venera 1 the first object made by man to fly-by another planet Frank Drake wrote the the Drake equation Guy Newton and Edward Abraham first characterized cephalosporin C USA's rat strain, the Brattleboro is born. It is a rat that failed to produce vasopressin, an antidiuretic hormone, and was used for research purposes for high blood pressure J. Heinrich Matthaei performed the Poly-U-Experiment, an experiment to defined the modern genetics Leonard Ornstein described disc electrophoresis Rolf Landauer formulated Landauer's principle Francis Birch introduced Birch's law which establishes a linear relation between compressional wave velocity and density of minerals and rocks Stephen Smale proved the Poincaré conjecture for all dimensions greater than or equal to 5 UK discovered methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) John Cyprian Phipps Williams identified the Williams syndrome Sovet Union detonated the largest nuclear weapon by yield (50-megaton) in world history, the Tsar Bomba Stanley Milgram began the Milgram experiment

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Nick Holonyak invented light-emitting diode: Robert N. Hall and Marshall Nathan demonstrated the laser diode Ball Brothers Aerospace Corporation built a space observatory John F. Kennedy signed the Communications Satellite Act of 1962 Walter Bruch invented the Phase Alternating Line (PAL), which is a colour encoding system for analogue television England installed the first ICT 1301 business mainframe, named Flossie England built the first system designed for multiprogramming, and also the most powerful supercomputer, named Atlas. Ivan Sutherland wrote the program Sketchpad, using the TX-2 computer. It is the first graphical program used for computeraided design. Roger Tomlinson began developing the world's first Geographic Information System (GIS) Nick Holonyak, Jr. developed the first practical visible-spectrum (red) light-emitting diode Ladislaus von Rabcewicz, Leopold Müller, and Franz Pacher developed the modern method to design and construct tunnels, called The New Austrian Tunnelling Method (NATM), also called sequential excavation method (SEM) and sprayed concrete lining method (SCL). Stanley Wade, Roald Dahl and Kenneth Till developed the Wade-Dahl-Till valve, a cerebral shunt

Riccardo Giacconi and his crew discovered Scorpius X-1, which is the first cosmic x-ray source detected Neil Bartlett is the first in the world to create a noble gas compound, called xenon hexafluoroplatinate Clark and Ann Lyons developed the glucose meter (glucose enzyme electrode biosensor) NASA launched the Ranger 3 as part of the Ranger program, to study the Moon. It misses the moon by 35,000 km Emile Zuckerkandl and Linus Pauling introduced the molecular clock concept N. R. Grist discovered the first nude mouse strain Francis O. Schmitt established the Neuroscience Research Program (NRP) Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider conceptualized the Internet, by starting to refer to the Intergalactic Computer Network. He became head of the US Department of Defence's ARPA, which he calls Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) New York Times features the first recorded use of the term personal computer (PC) John Charnley used a high molecular weight polyethylene (HMWP) socket to make the first successful whole hip replacement operation James W. Black synthesized the first beta-blocker, propranolol. It became the world's best selling pharmaceutical drug, which is used for regulation of angina pectoris and high blood pressure Joseph Murray performed a permanent cadaveric kidney transplantation Leon M. Lederman discovered the muon neutrino

1963

Herbert A. Gilbert invented the first electronic cigarette. Hon Lik invented the modern electronic cigarette Douglas Engelbart invented the computer mouse, which almost the entire world uses Harold Rosen, father of the geosynchronous satellite, invented the first operational geosynchronous satellite, called Syncom 2 Thomas J. Fogarty invented the balloon catheter (embolectomy catheter) John George Kemeny and Thomas Eugene Kurtz developed the BASIC progamming language Edward Craven Walker invented the lava lamp England shipped the Mellotron Mark I electro-mechanical, polyphonic tape replay keyboard Don Buchla started designing an electronic music synthesizer, which made him a pioneer in the field of sound synthesis

Lawrence Morley, Fred Vine, and Drummond Matthews introduced the Vine-Matthews-Morley hypothesis, by discovering paleomagnetic stripes in ocean crust as evidence of plate tectonics Herbert Kroemer discovered heterojunction Roy Kerr discovered the Kerr metric, which is an exact solution to the field equation of general relativity, proposed by Einstein. The Kerr metric predicted rotating black holes France sent the first cat in space, the bicolor cat (C 341, later known as Félicette) with the Véronique AGI 47 sounding rocket USA officially opened the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico, the world's largest single-dish radio telescope Allan Sandage and Thomas A. Matthews identified the first radio source, 3C 48, with an optical object, later identified as a quasi-stellar object (quasar) John Burdon Sanderson Haldane coined the term clone Emile Zuckerkandl and Linus Pauling introduced the term paleogenetics Niko Tinbergen introduced his Tinbergen's four questions, in any animal behavior Sydney Brenner propsosed the use of Caenorhabditis elegans model Arthur H. Robinson devised the Robinson projection Fred Vine and Drummond Matthews presented their proof of seafloor spreading Unknown observed the first appearance of the Icelandic volcanic island of Surtsey, above the sea level. Paul Cohen discovered that the continuum hypothesis and the axiom of choice are independent from the Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory Walter Feit and John G. Thompson introduced their Feit–Thompson theorem Edward Lorenz discovered the butterfly effect, seminal in the field of chaos theory Thomas Starzl performed the first liver transplantation Guy Alexandre, using a heart-beating and brain-dead donor, performed the first kidney transplantation James D. Hardy performed the first lung transplantation Grant Liddle identified Liddle's syndrome David H. Frisch and James H. Smith discovered that mesons' radioactive decay gets slowed down by their motion Glen Jensen coined the term contrafreeloading

1964

William Bridges invented the argon-ion laser Robert Jaklevic, John J. Lambe, James Mercereau, and Arnold Silver invented the DC SQUID, a very sensitive magnetometer University of Illinois invented Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) plasma display, with the dynamic scattering mode Kumar Patel invented the carbon dioxide laser (CO2) Ruth Rogan Benerito invented the permanent press Bill Lear created the 8-track cartridge Anchor Bar served the first Buffalo wings IBM built the System/360 with 32-bit architecture Aaron Ismach invented an intradermal nozzle for the Ped-O-Jet injector John George Kemeny and Thomas Eugene Kurtz tested the first program which was created in BASIC. It became included in game consoles and many computers Pier Giorgio Perotto invented the first commercial programmable dekstop computer, the Programma 101 Robert Moog demonstrated the synthesizers Digital Equipment Corporation built the first successful minicomputer

Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig proposed the existence of quarks, which lead to the standard model Arno Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson detected cosmic microwave background (CMBR), which provided evidence for the Big Bang European countries established ESRO, which is the precursor of the European Space Agency NASA's Ranger 7 sent back 1000 times more clearer photographs of the moon than anything taken from Earth's telescopes Robin Holliday proposed existence of Holliday junction in DNA George Radin created a block-structured computer language, called Programming Language I (PL/I) Paul Cohen proved the independence of the continuum hypothesis Jacques Tits introduced an important paper on group theory Federal government of the United States's Luther Terry first reported from the government itself, that smoking may be hazardous to health Charles Dotter carried out the first angioplasty on the superficial femoral artery James D. Hardy carried out the first heart transplantation on a human, using a chimpanzee heart Anthony Epstein, Bert Achong and Yvonne Barr first described the Epstein-Barr virus Jerome Horowitz synthesized zidovudine (AZT), one of the most important antiviral drug to treat HIV Lorenz Bohlander synthesized temazepam Fernando Alves Martins became the first person to built a gastrocamera with optical fiber technology, producing a flexible fiberscope in esophagogastroduodenoscopy James Bjorken and Sheldon Glashow proposed the existence of the charm quark John Stewart Bell introduced the Bell's theorem in EPR paradox

1965

Stephanie Kwolek invented Kevlar, a high-strength para-aramid synthetic fiber Jerome V. V. Kasper and George C. Pimentel invented the pulsed chemical laser James T. Russell invented the Compact Disc (CD) NASA invented the Fisher space pen, also known as Zero Gravity Pen Teri Pall invented the cordless telephone Ted Nelson invented hypertext Sherman Poppen invented snowboarding Robert W. Lucky developed the adaptive equalizer (automatic) Control Data Corporation built and delivered the CDC 6600 supercomputer to CERN Digital Equipment Corporation launched the first successful commercial minicomputer (12-bit PDP-8) Bryan Whitby and S. C. Cummins invented the Mobile Ice Cream Producing Equipment Owen Finlay Maclaren invented the modern collapsible baby buggy

Leonard Hayflick introduced the Hayflick limit, where he discovered that normal cells divide only a certain number of times NASA's Ranger 8 photographed possible landing sites for the Apollo program astronauts, and then successfully crashed on the Moon NASA launched the first two-person space flight, with the Gemini 3 Soviet Union launched the Venera 3 space probe. It's mission was Venus, which it reached in 1966, thus became the first human object to reach another planet Emile Zuckerkandl and Linus Pauling introduced the molecular clock concept Unknown discovered the "brain-eating amoeba", also called the Naegleria fowleri Wang Yinglai and his crew first synthesized insulin Lyndon Johnson (US President) recieved a report 'Restoring the Quality of Our Environment' from his science advisory committee Gordon Moore introduced his Moore's law, a very important concept in the technology field innovation. It describes the exponential growth in computing power James Ax and Simon B. Kochen proved the Ax–Kochen theorem James Cooley and John Tukey introduced the Cooley–Tukey FFT algorithm, a very important digital signal processing technique. It was known before as the Fast Fourier transform Lotfi Zadeh developed the fuzzy logic Roger Penrose introduced gravitational collapse and space-time singularities Harry Angelman first described Angelman syndrome Victor Dubowitz described Dubowitz syndrome Frank Pantridge built the first portable defibrillator

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Alexander Coucoulas invented thermosonic bonding Bob Dennard developed the Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) chip Marie Van Brittan Brown first developed the home security system

Soviet Union made the first controlled rocket-assisted landing on the Moon, with the Luna 9 spacecraft Sovjet Union's Venera 3 space probe became the first spacecraft to land on another planet's surface, when it crashed on Venus NASA's Gemini 8 used an Agena target vehicle to conduct the first docking in space Soviet Union launched Luna 10 spacecraft, the first to enter orbit around the Moon Walter C. Pitman and James Heirtzler confirmd the hypothesis of seafloor spreading at mid-ocean ridges, with their magic Eltanin marine magnetic anomaly profile Willi Hennig advanced the study of cladistics, in his Phylogenetic Systematics Martin Richards designed the BCPL programming language Roger MacGowan and Frederick Ordway proposed machine superorganisms Jaap Fabius introduced the Fabius function Chen Jingrun introduced Chen's theorem David Mumford introduced Mumford–Tate groups John McLean Morris and Gertrude Van Wagenen used oral high-dose estrogen pills for post-coital contraception in women and rhesus macaque monkeys Victor A. McKusick published Mendelian Inheritance in Man, which contains all known genes and genetic disorders, the first to do so Andreas Rett described Rett syndrome

1967

John Shepherd-Barron invented the Automatic Teller Machine Andries van Dam and Ted Nelson developed the Hypertext Texas Instruments developed the first hand-held calculator, the Cal Tech Krupp in Essen invented the first hydraulic breaker, Hydraulikhammer HM 400 Control Data Corporation manufactured the CDC 7600 supercomputer

Jocelyn Bell Burnell and Antony Hewish discovered the first pulsar, which are explained a year later as rotating neutron stars. USA's Vela satellites (nuclear test detection satellites) discovered the first gamma-ray burst USA, Soviet Union and UK signed the Outer Space Treaty NASA's Surveyor 3 landed on the Moon NASA's Mariner 5 flied by Venus. NRAO built the 36-foot Radio Telescope USA's Washoe chimpanzee began learning American Sign Language (ASL), the first non-human to learn to communicate with sign languages Arno Peters rediscovered the Gall orthographic equal-area projection Errett Bishop proved theorems in real analysis by using constructive analysis Michael Goldberg discovered that the Malfatti' construction is never the solution James Bedford's body first to undergo cryopreservation for future resuscitation Ruth Sonntag Nussenzweig discovered that by exposing mice to Plasmodium berghei sporozoites that have been inactivated by X-ray irradiation, it can obtain immunity to the Plasmodium berghei parasite Christiaan Barnard and his crew performed the first successful human heart transplantation Thomas Starzl performed the first successful human liver transplantation Adrian Kantrowitz and Arthur Kantrowitz's intra-aortic balloon pump first used in a case of myocardial infarction Jean Talairach and Gabor Szikla developed the Talairach coordinates for brain mapping Steven Weinberg introduced the electroweak interaction theory Morikazu Toda introduced the Toda lattice model, for a one-dimensional crystal in solid state physics

1968

Ralph H. Baer invented the video game console, the Magnavox Odyssey Spencer Silver and Art Fry invented post-it notes Joseph Brown invented the Zipper ride Ivan Sutherland, Bob Sproull, Quintin Foster, and Danny Cohen created The Sword of Damocles, the first virtual reality (VR) head-mounted display (HMD) system Robert Kendler founded the International Racquetball Association Roy Jacuzzi recieved a patent for the Jacuzzi whirlpool hot tub Gordon E. Moore and Robert Noyce founded Intel, a semiconductor chip company Douglas Engelbart demonstrated for the first time in history the computer mouse, hypermedia, word processing, hypertext, the video conference, teleconferencing, the dynamic linker, and a realtime editor using NLS. This event is called The Mother of All Demos

USA printed the first book, completely using electronic composition, The Long Short Cut by Andrew Garve Beniamino Segre described the tennis ball theorem USA identified the first norovirus (Norwalk agent) in an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis among schoolchildren France is the first European country to adopt brain death as an indicator and legal definition of death Robert Good performed the first bone marrow transplant, with the intention to treat severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) Georges Charpak invented the multiwire proportional chamber John Darley and Bibb Latané demonstrated the bystander effect Miomir Vukobratović proposed Zero Moment Point, which explains biped locomotion Sovjet Unions' Zond 5 spacecraft became the first to circle around the Moon and return to Earth safely, with living animals and bacterias Frank Borman, Jim Lovell and William A. Anders entered the Moon orbit with NASA's Apollo 8. In this trip, Anders took the famous space photograph called Earthrise. They also became the first humans to see the far side of the Moon, and the whole planet Earth

1969

Advanced Research Projects Agency developed the ARPANET, the first network to implement the TCP/IP protocol suite. It is the precursor to the internet Jack Kelley designed the first mousepad Boyle and Smith invented the charge-coupled device NASA developed the taser Boeing developed the first wide-body aircraft, the Boeing 747 airplane Hench et al. developed the bioactive glass Gary Starkweather developed the first laser printer Sumner Saphirstein designed the electromagnetic lock NASA developed the Lunar Module Advanced Research Projects Agency sent the first ARPANET message, a precursor to the internet. They also established the first permanent ARPANET link, between Interface Message Processors at UCLA and Stanford AT&T Bell Lab invented the CCD, which is used as the electronic imager in photo cameras and video cameras

Patrick Christopher Steptoe and Robert Geoffrey Edwards developed the in vitro fertilisation (IVF) Soviet Union launched Soyuz 5. Sovjet Union's Venera 5 spaceprobe landed on Venus Soviet Union's Venera 6 flew through the atmosphere of Venus, and sent back data of the atmosphere before crashing Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin and Michael Collins became the first humans in world's history to land on the Moon with NASA's Apollo 11. They returned safely back. NASA launched the second manned mission to the Moon, with Apollo 12. They landed and returned safely home Thomas D. Brock and Hudson Freeze discovered the hyperthermophilic bacteria (thermus aquaticus) in a hot spring at Yellowstone National Park with has a temperature around 60-80 °C. It became an important bacterium for the discovery and understanding of polymerase chain reaction. It also became a standard bacterium to test on, mainly the reason because it is able to withstand higher temperatures than the E. Coli bacterium Dorothy Hodgkin and her team determined the structure of insulin Japan named the condition diffuse panbronchiolitis Denton Cooley and Domingo Liotta performed the first temporary artificial heart surgery Unknown proposed the term 'Sudden infant death syndrome' Herbert Saffir and Bob Simpson developed the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. Yoichiro Nambu and Leonard Susskind first described string theory

1970

Japan invented the pocket calculator Unknown developed the surf leash University of Hawaii developed the Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), used for local internet Douglas Engelbart invented the first computer mouse Phil Ray and Gus Roche designed the Datapoint 2200, a massproduced programmable terminal

Sovjet Union launched Venera 7, the the first human-made object to successfully transmit data from another planet Unknown set the Unix time from 00:00:00 UTC, which is the time format used in operating systems and file formats. It is the number of seconds that have elapsed since this time Len Deighton wrote the first novel on a word processor (IBM MT/ST). He wrote 1943-set Bomber Xerox PARC open their computer laboratory in California Sovjet Union began drilling the Kola Superdeep Borehole on the Kola Peninsula. The hole reached 12262 metres (12 km) deep into the earth John Horton Conway devised Conway's Game of Life, a cellular automaton Kurt Gödel introduced Gödel's ontological proof, about the existence of God Sheldon Glashow, John Iliopoulos and Luciano Maiani predicted the GIM mechanism, which requires the existence of a charm quark Henri Tajfel introduced the minimal group paradigm, which is a part of the social identity theory 18 countries signed the Patent Cooperation Treaty into international law

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1971

Ray Tomlinson invented and sent the first APRAnet E-mail, with the first use of the @ sign in an address Federico Faggin and his team invented the Intel 4004, the first single-chip microprocessor in the world, developed with the silicon-gate MOS technology. This microprocessor revolutionaized the entire personal computer (PC) industry. Intel's (and AMD's) microprocessors are run by almost all computers in the world today James Fergason invented Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) Sharp Corporation invented a pocket calculator Raymond V. Damadian developed Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), used in hospitals David Noble and IBM invented the floppy disk, used until around year 2000 George C. Ballas invented the string trimmer (Weed Eater) Leon Chua described the memristor NASA developed the supercritical airfoil. It is a design which led to the development of supercritical wings (SCW). The SCW are used by almost the entire airplane industry; business jets, airliners and transports, and military aircraft. Merle Robbins developed the Uno, a card game Michael S. Hart posted the first e-book, of the United States Declaration of Independence John V. Blankenbaker developed the Kenbak-1, which is considered to be the world's first personal computer by the Computer History Museum and the American Computer Museum Unknown developed Twisted nematic field effect LCD. It made mod LCD's practical Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney with Syzygy Engineering created the first arcade video game, Computer Space Godfrey Hounsfield invented the X-ray computed tomography (CT scan), and is first used on a patient with a cerebral cyst to visualize the interior features of the brain Richard H. Frenkiel, Joel S. Engel and Philip T. Porter first presented the parameters for a cellular telephone network

John O'Keefe discovered Place cells in the brain NASA's Apollo 14 landed on the Moon Sovjet Union launched Mars 2 NASA launched Mariner 9 toward Mars. NASA launched Apollo 15. The crew were the first to ride in a lunar rover on the Moon USA published the UNIX Programmer's Manual Stephen Cook and John Hopcroft conceptualized NP-completeness in computational complexity theory Daniel Quillen presented a proof of the Adams conjecture Steven Takiff introduced Takiff algebras American countries eracicated smallpox from the entire continent Roger Penrose proposed the Penrose process

1972

Unknown developed compressed air rocket Unknown developed the PET scanner USAF Central Inertial Guidance Test Facility developed Global Positioning System (GPS) Dennis Ritchie developed the C (programming language) Magnavox released the Magnavox Odyssey, which was invented by Ralph H. Baer. It is the first video game console able to connect to a television set at home BBN Technologies held the first International Conference on Computer Communications, and demonstrated the ARPAnet publicly, which is a precursor of the internet Atari developed Pong, devised by Nolan Bushnell and Allan Alcorn Karen Spärck Jones introduced inverse document frequency (idf) in the field of information retrieval Hewlett-Packard (HP) invented the first scientific hand-held calculator, the HP-35 Jack Cover invented the original form of Taser electroshock weapon Peter Powell invented a steerable dual-line kite Signetics devised write-only memory

US President Richard Nixon gave order to develop a space shuttle program NASA's Mariner 9 sent photographs from Mars The International Time Bureau added the first leap second to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) NASA launched the first Earth-resources satellite, the Landsat 1 NASA launched Apollo 17, which took the famous photograph called 'The Blue Marble' of the Earth Niles Eldridge and Stephen Jay Gould presented their findings on punctuated equilibrium Hewlett Packard Enterprise founded Cray Research The Ecologist published A Blueprint for Survival James Lovelock introduced the Gaia hypothesis Daniel Quillen introduced higher algebraic K-theory Daniel Gorenstein influenced classification of finite simple groups with his 16-step program Richard M. Karp NP-completed the Hamiltonian cycle problem Hartmann F. Stähelin and his team discovered the immunosuppressive effect of ciclosporin Tu Youyou separated the antiplasmodial drug artemisinin in pure form John Yudkin warned about the dangers of sucrose in diet, in his Pure, White and Deadly Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman introduced heuristics in judgment and decision-making and cognitive bias

1973

CERN develoed the the first capacitive touchscreen Bob Metcalfe and David Boggs developed the ethernet IBM developed the voicemail Martin Cooper developed the mobile phone Carl D. Keith, John J. Mooney, Antonio Eleazar, and Phillip Messina developed the first catalytic converter (three-way) Nick Sheridon developed the electronic paper (E-paper) Kawasaki manufactured the personal watercraft (Jet Ski) Xerox PARC developed the first commercial graphical user interface (GUI) computer, the Xerox Alto. Windows and Mac were inspired from them Don Lancaster designed the TV Typewriter, a video terminal able to display two pages of 16 lines of 32 upper case characters Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer released the film Westworld, the sci-fi movie to use digital image processing Martin Cooper made the first handheld mobile phone call Donald Wetzel, Tom Barnes and George Chastain invented the Docutel automated teller machine Ichiro Kato built the Wabot-1, the world's first full-scale humanoid robot

Stanley Norman Cohen and Herbert Boyer first to discover genetically modified organism (GMO). This has huge application in many different industries Luboš Kohoutek discovered Comet Kohoutek NASA launched Pioneer 11 spacecraft NASA launched the first US space station, called Skylab NASA launched Mariner 10, making it the first space probe to reach planet Mercury. The spacecraft is also the first probe to use gravity assist NASA's Pioneer 10 sent the first close-up photographs of Jupiter Ohio State University Radio Observatory began a full-time search for extraterrestrial intelligence radio survey, with their Big Ear. US President Richard Nixon signed the Endangered Species Act Waldo R. Tobler introduced the Tobler hyperelliptical projection Robert Burns Woodward and Albert Eschenmoser discovered a successful method of Vitamin B12 total synthesis James H. Ellis, Clifford Cocks and Malcolm J. Williamson developed asymmetric key algorithms (also known as public-key cryptography) Fischer Black and Myron Scholes first introduced the Black–Scholes mathematical model Ralph M. Steinman and Zanvil A. Cohn coined the term dendritic cell Nils Bejerot coined the term norrmalmstorgssyndromet, also called Stockholm syndrome

1974

Vinton Cerf and Robert E. Kahn proposed the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP), creating the modern basis of the internet. They proposed it for the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) ARPANET Erno Rubik invented the Rubiks Cube Victor Wouk invented the hybrid vehicle Spencer Silver and Art Fry invented the Post-it note Jonathan Titus designed the the Mark-8 microcomputer based on the Intel 8008 microprocessor. Radio-Electronics announced it on their cover, with the headline "You Personal Minicomputer" USA invented the Universal Product Code Stephen Salter invented the a wave energy converter, the Salter Duck Yun-Yu Tsai and Ping-Long Wang invented Electroluminescent display

Russell Alan Hulse and Joseph Hooton Taylor, Jr. discovered gravitational wave radiation in the Hulse–Taylor binary Charles H. Henry invented Quantum well laser R. A. Lemons and C. F. Quate developed the scanning acoustic microscope Arecibo Observatory transmitted the Arecibo message to Messier 13 Stephen Hawking predicted Hawking radiation Yves Hellegouarch proposes a connection between Fermat's Last Theorem and the Frey curve.[3] Henry Heimlich first described Heimlich maneuver September 25 – 1974 – The first "Tommy John surgery" for replacement of ulnar collateral ligament of elbow joint is performed by Frank Jobe in the United States. Archie Cochrane's proposed randomized control trials in perinatal medicine to make medicine more effective and efficient, is first used Maurice Taieb and french geologists discovered Lucy, a 3,2-million-yearold skeleton of an Australopithecus afarensis Ethiopia India performed the first nuclear test explosion underground, named Smiling Buddha Samuel Ting and his team discovered the J/ψ meson, the first particle found to contain a charm quark John Hughes and Hans Kosterlitz isolated the peptides met-enkephalin and leu-enkephalin.

1975

MITS developed the Altair 8800, sparking microcomputer evolution Steven Sasson invented the digital camera, a self-contained, portable digital camera Arthur Ehrat invented the breakaway rim in basketball. When a player dunks a basketball, the rim will bend downward, and then quickly snaps back into a horizontal position. This is because it contains a hinge and a spring Robert Metcalf invented the Ethernet Bill Gates and Paul Allen created the company called Micro Soft. Its purpose was to develop BASIC interpreter software for the Altair 8800 computer Chuck Peddle and his team developed the MOS Technology 6502, an 8-bit microprocessor.

Frederick Sanger used Sanger sequencing to sequence the world's first DNA genome of an organism USA and Sovjet Union made history with their Apollo-Soyuz Test Project. They performed the first link-up between spacecraft from the two nations in orbit space (docking), with the American Apollo and a Soviet Soyuz spacecraft. César Milstein and Georges Köhler pioneered the history of monoclonal antibody use in science, by discovering how to use hybridoma cells to isolate monoclonal antibodies Wallace Smith Broecker first used the term global warming in its modern sense Benoit Mandelbrot coined the term fractal Unknown discovered the Harada–Norton group Steve Selvin posed the Monty Hall problem in probability Lyme, Connecticut first recognised the Lyme disease

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1976

W. L. Gore invented Gore-Tex fabric General Dynamics made the first flight with the F-16 Fighting Falcon. General Dynamics' changed the name later to Lockheed Martin, the most important contractor for the US Department of Defence Seymour Cray's Cray Research released the first commercially developed supercomputer, called Cray-1 Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak formed Apple Computer Company Michael Shrayer originated the Electric Pencil, the first word processor for home computers

Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and NASA launched the Gravity Probe A to test Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity NASA's Viking 1 successfully landed on Mars. NASA released the 'Face on Mars' photograph NASA's Viking 2 landed on Mars and was the first probe to take the first close-up color photographs Mars' surface. It specifically landed on Utopia Planitia NASA's Space Shuttle Enterprise was rolled out Aérospatiale og British Aircraft Corporation's Cancorde began the first commercial flights. It was a turbojet-powered supersonic passenger airliner, capable of supersonic speed Oberlin, Endo and Koyama created carbon nanotubes using a vaporgrowth technique Peter Chen published the entity–relationship model Kenneth Appel and Wolfgang Haken proved the four color theorem. It is the first time a major theorem was proved by the use of a computer Andrei Suslin and Daniel Quillen independently proved the Quillen– Suslin theorem. It is also called the Serre's conjecture.

1977

Andreas Pavel invented the personal stereo Bell Labs invented cellular mobile phone US Air Force developed the chemical oxygen iodine laser (COIL) Commodore International developed the Commodore PET. In 1982 they launched Commodore 64, the single most produced home computer, and probably the most famous at the era Apple released the first Apple II home computers Radio Shack developed the TRS-80 Model I computer, with over 10,000 units sold in just one and a half months Atari, Inc. released the Atari 2600 home video game console Lockheed Skunk Works developed the Lockheed Have Blue, the world's first stealth aircraft to fly Lisa Lindahl and Polly Smith invented the first general exercise sports bra

Frederick Sanger discovered DNA sequencing by chain termination Richard J. Roberts discovered introns in eukaryotic DNA and the mechanism of gene-splicing Gunther von Hagens discovered plastination Kuiper Airborne Observatory discovered the rings of Uranus, by measuring star occultation Ohio State University Radio Observatory detected the Wow! signal, which was a strong narrowband radio signal from deep space. Jerry R. Ehman gave its name NASA launched the Voyager 2 spacecraft NASA launched Voyager 1, after a brief delay Kip Thorne and Anna Żytkow theorised the Thorne–Żytkow objects Fred Sanger and his team sequenced the first complete genome. They sequenced Phi X 174, a tiny bacterium-infecting virus, with only about 5000 base pairs and 11 genes Hillel Furstenberg reformulated Szemerédi's theorem, using ergodic theory Lajos Szilassi discovered the Szilassi polyhedron Joel L. Weiner described the tennis ball theorem Raymond Damadian, Larry Minkoff and Michael Goldsmith performed the first MRI body scan of a human Leon M. Lederman discovered the bottom quark

1978

Ray Jardine invented the spring loaded camming device Dan Bricklin invented spreadsheet General Mills invented the popcorn bag Manning Lane, Warren J. Hauck and Roy O. Sweeney invented the Slide Away Bed Ward Christensen and Randy Suess launched the first computer bulletin board system

James W. Christy discovered the first moon of Pluto, Charon Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir and Leonard Adleman first described the RSA algorithm for public-key cryptography, which is based on the factoring problem James Byerlee introduced Byerlee's law, in geology Louise Brown became the first human ever to be born from in vitro fertilisation Arthur Riggs and Keiichi Itakura, together with Herbert Boyer produced the first genetically engineered synthetic human insulin, by using E. coli Unknown discovered the remains of a fossilized partial human cranium, among hominid in Apidima Cave, Greece. Dated more than 210,000 years, it would make it the earliest Homo sapiens fossil ever found outside Africa

1979

Malden Mills invented the Polar Fleece fabric NASA developed the winglets for airplanes, which improve the efficiency of fixed-wing aircraft by reducing drag Oxford University Dangerous Sports Club made the first modern bungee jumps the 76 m Clifton Suspension Bridge in Bristol Software Arts developed VisiCalc, the first spreadsheet program US Department of Defence developed a draft of the Ada programming language, much more advanced than anything before The RISE Project discovered hydrothermal vents. They discovered it on a mid-ocean ridge in the Pacific Ocean John Conway and Simon P. Norton proved the connection between the Monster group M and the j-function, in the field of number theory Howard Garns devised the first modern Sudoku, the Number Place. It first appeared in Dell Pencil Puzzles and Word Games Lionel Crawford, David Lane, Arnold J. Levine and Lloyd J. Old discovered and identified the tumor protein p53. It is one of the most important discovery regarding cell division and cancer Philips invented an optical digital audio disc Paul MacCready and his team built the human-powered aircraft Gossamer Albatross. It was piloted by Bryan Allen, which made a crossing of the English Channel to win the second Kremer prize.

NASA's Skylab (first US space station), was programmed to burn up on atmospheric entry NASA's Pioneer 11 became the first spacecraft to pass the planet Saturn, at a distance of 21,000 km. Marion Brandvold discovered dinosaur eggs in the Two Medicine Formation, located in Montana.

1980

Fujio Masuoka invented flash memory (both NOR and NAND types), which is found in USB flash drives, MP3 players, digital cameras and solid-state drives Japan developed the arcade game Pac-Man, one of the most famous games in history Tim Berners-Lee began working on the ENQUIRE, which became the World Wide Web Bill Gates made a contract with IBM to develop an operating system for their new Personal Computer. This would later be known as Windows. David Bradley was responsible for developing the ROM BIOS code, and the Control-Alt-Delete command Digital Equipment Corporation, Intel and Xerox developed the DIX standard for Ethernet, which became the first to support a speed of 10 Mbit/s Atari developed and released Space Invaders (arcade game) for the Atari 2600. This game made the home video game console popular. USA established Usenet at the University of North Carolina and Duke University Kunihiko Fukushima introduced convolutional neural networks Oxford Instruments manufactured the first commercial MRI whole body scanner

Klaus von Klitzing discovered the Quantum Hall Effect (Hall conductivity is exactly quantized) John Raymond Hobbs discovered hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for treating a many different genetic diseases John B. Goodenough and his team discovered the cathode material, that made it possible to develop the rechargeable lithium-ion battery, which almost the entire world today is based on Unknown discovered the orthopteran Cooloola monster, in Australia.

1981

Gerd Karl Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer invented scanning tunneling microscope Symbolics commercialized Lisp machines, with advanced graphical user interfaces, windowing, and mouse Xerox developed Star, a pioneering workstation which incorporated many of PARC's innovations. This is the product that directly influenced Apple, Microsoft and Sun Microsystems Bob Gurnsey invented paintball Daniel Axelrod developed Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence (TIRF) Microscopy David Bradley invented the Control-Alt-Delete USA developed The F-117 Nighthawk, the first real stealthaircraft. It uses geometry and chemical materials to minimise radar and infrared signals Sinclair Research launched the ZX81, a pioneering home computer Osborne Computer Corporation developed the Osborne 1, the first successful portable computer Nintendo developed the arcade game Donkey Kong, including a debut of Mario IBM released the IBM Personal Computer NASA launched the first Space Shuttle, in the STS-1 mission Paul MacCready's designed electric aircraft Solar Challenger, made a flight of 262 km through the English Channel with only solar power, made by the wing-mounted photovoltaic cells. It was piloted by Stephen Ptacek

Martin Evans discovered how to culture embryonic stem cells Stephen Jay Gould published The Mismeasure of Man, a critique of biological determinism Peter Armbruster and Gottfried Münzenberg and their team, producede 5 atoms of the isotope bohrium-262, by bombarding a target of bismuth-209 with accelerated nuclei of chromium-54 Alexander Merkurjev proved the norm residue isomorphism theorem Michael R. Harrison performed the world's first human open fetal surgery Bruce Reitz and his team performed the first successful heart–lung transplant Lorna Wing introduces the term Asperger syndrome

1982

Denon developed the CD-ROM Hans Becke and Carl Wheatley RCA developed insulated gate bipolar transistor Commodore International launched the Commodore 64 8-bit home computer, which was the all-time best-selling single personal computer Rich Skrenta wrote the first computer virus, the Elk Cloner. It infected Apple II computers through the floppy disk Walt Disney Productions produced the science fiction movie Tron, the first feature film to extensively use computer animation

Donald C. Backer discovered the first millisecond pulsar John R. Vane discovered the ACE inhibitor Willem Johan Kolff transplanted a permanent artificial human heart, a device known as Jarvik 7 Harry Kroto discovered buckminsterfullerene John Schutt and Ian Whillans discovered the first lunar meteorite on Earth (Allan Hills A81005), during the ANSMET meteorite gathering expedition Astronomers observed that all 9 planets align on the same side of the Sun, known as Syzygy Unknown developed a production of anti-human monoclonal antibody Unknown detected the North Yemen earthquake, for the first time with the global seismograph networks. Michael Freedman proved the Poincaré conjecture in dimensions equal to 4 Gerhard Frey introduced Frey curce, by describing the property of the elliptic curve Celso Costa described mathematically the Costa's minimal surface Allen Hill and his team developed a glucose biosensor George Brownlee and his team published their work on cloning human clotting factor IX Sister Frances Dominica set up Helen House, which is the world’s first children’s hospice Atomic Energy of Canada developed a radiation treatment for cancer patients to remove tumors, the Therac-25 Fumihiro Sakuma, Akira Ono and Susumu Hattori first proposed the Sakuma–Hattori equation

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1983

Chuck Hull invented stereolithography, a form of 3D printing technology Sony invented the camcorder Robert S. Reis and Robert E. Stoddard developet the laser turntable, a phonograph that plays standard LP records David Chaum developed blind signature (digital signature) US Department of Defense' ARPANET changed to use the Internet Protocol, thus creating the Internet Dave Smith devised the MIDI 1.0 specification for a Musical Instrument Digital Interface Richard Stallman introduced his GNU Project, a mass collaborative initiative for the development of free software. Microsoft released Multi-Tool Word, which later became Microsoft Word, the greatest word precessing software still today Fred Cohen presented a self-replicating virus Voja Antonić released special issue, with full instructions showing how to build a full-featured home computer, the Galaksija Alain Le Mehaute, Olivier de Witte and Jean Claude André, and Chuck Hull filed 3D printing patents

Kary Mullis invented the polymerase chain reaction, one of the most important discovery in genetics (molecular biology) NASA's Pioneer 10 passed the orbit of Neptune, first object made by man to pass the major planets in the solar system Unknown first used monoclonal antibody as a medical test Unknown first determined the sequences of type I keratin and type II keratin Unknown predicted the α-helical domain structure of intermediate filament proteins US Federal Government standardized the Ada programming language Daniel Gorenstein and with Richard Lyons proved the trichotomy theorem General Conference on Weights and Measures redefined the length of 1 meter as the distance light travels in vacuum in 1/299,792,458 of a second Howard Gardner introduced his theory of multiple intelligences, in his book Frames of Mind Gísli Guðjónsson developed the Gudjonsson suggestibility scale.

1984

Motorola developed the DynaTAC 8000X, the first commercially available cell phone Apple developed the Apple MacIntosh, the first successful PC to use a graphical user interface. Ted Selker invented the pointing stick for laptops Gene Dolgoff invented the LCD video projector, with a digitallyaddressable LCD matrix device Alexey Pajitnov developed the Tetris tile-matching video game Argentine–Brazilian's Itaipu Dam began to generate hydroelectricity

Bruce McCandless II and Robert L. Stewart made the first untethered space walk The United States National Radio Astronomy Observatory rebuilt the Kitt Peak radio telescope to the ARO 12m Radio Telescope Claude Dornier developed lithotripsy England reported the first known case of Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease) Carol W. Greider and Elizabeth Blackburn discovered the enzyme telomerase, in the ciliate Tetrahymena Steen Willadsen is the history's first to successfully use cells from early embryos to clone a mammal by nuclear transfer. He cloned a sheep Peter Kramer and Dan Shechtman discovered quasicrystals Kamoya Kimeu discovered the fossil skeleton of the Turkana Boy hominid, in Kenya. John Buster and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center performed the world's first embryo transfer from one woman to another, which resulted in a live birth Robert Gallo and Margaret Heckler discovered that HTLV-III is the virus that causes AIDS

1985

John B. Goodenough, Rachid Yazami and Akira Yoshino invented the lithium-ion battery. It is used in almost, if not all, modern consumer electronics and electric vehicles Microsoft released the Microsoft Windows operating system Symbolics Inc. registered the first commercial Internet domain name (with .com), in the name symbolics.com Joshua Silver developed an adjustable corrective lens Gerd Binnig, Calvin Quate and Christopher Berger invented the Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), powerful enough to see molecules and chemical bonds Sony and Philips developed the Yellow Book standard CD-ROM, which adapted the format to hold any form of binary data, thus making it able to be accessible and writable by a computer for data storage and music playback

Kary Mullis discovered polymerase chain reaction Alec Jeffreys developed DNA fingerprinting Harold Kroto, James R. Heath, Sean O'Brien, Robert Curl and Richard Smalley intentionally prepaed the fullerene Buckminsterfullerene (C60) British Antarctic Survey discovered the ozone hole Louis de Branges de Bourcia proved the de Branges's theorem Dennis Sullivan proved the No wandering domain theorem John Horton Conway, Robert Turner Curtis, Simon Phillips Norton, Richard Alan Parker and Robert Arnott Wilson published their book, ATLAS of Finite Groups Jean-Pierre Serre presented his partial proof that a Frey curve cannot be modular Leonard Adleman, Roger Heath-Brown and Étienne Fouvry proved that Fermat's Last Theorem's first case holds for infinitely many odd primes p FDA approved a blood test for AIDS infection. This test is still used all over the U.S. blood donations Erich Mühe performed the first laparoscopic cholecystectomy

1986

Matsushita Electric Industrial Co. developed the first breadmaker Chuck Hull recieved a patent for stereolithography, a form of 3D printing Unknown developed the first MS-DOS computer virus, Brain, which started to spread on MS-DOS-based personal computers IBM unveiled the first laptop, the IBM PC Convertible Eric Thomas developed the first e-mail list management software, called LISTSERV Mark Crispin visualized the Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) Steve Jobs founded Pixar Australia opened the Gateway Bridge, the world's largest prestressed concrete single box bridge Dick Rutan and Jeana Yeager piloted the Rutan Voyager, which became the first plane to ever fly around the earth without stopping or refueling. It took them nine days from taking off from Edwards Air Force Base and land again on the same base.

Alex Müller and Georg Bednorz developed a high temperature superconductor (a brittle ceramic compound), that superconducted at 30 kelvin NASA's Voyager 2 made the first encounter with Uranus Japan's Suisei flied by Halley's Comet to study the comets UV hydrogen corona and solar wind Unknown discovered a new way to produce monoclonal antibody containing parts from mouse and human antibodies. It is a breakthrough in the development of humanized antibodies (medical therapeutics) The Internet Engineering Task Force held its first meeting. It is a standards organization that develops and promotes Internet standards Kenneth Alan Ribet proved the ε-conjecture, later known as Ribet's theorem Lawrence Paulson released Isabelle automated theorem prover Lee Sallows introduced the alphamagic square

1987

Larry Hornbeck developed Digital Light Processing Johnson & Johnson developed the disposable contact lenses Eastman Kodak Company developed the Kodak Fling 200 disposable camera Apple Inc. released HyperCard, possibly the first hypermedia Thomas Knoll and John Knoll developed Photoshop, the most powerful photo-retouching, photo-manipulation, graphicdesigning software today Tommy Lee Andrews became the first to be convicted as a result of DNA fingerprinting England and France began digging the Channel Tunnel Tinker Hatfield designed the Nike Air Max Maglite invented the 2AAA Mini Maglite flashlight, used in many medical fields and in the industry Larry Wall developed and released the Perl programming language Texas Instruments invented Digital Light Processing (DLP), which is an optical micro-electro-mechanical technology, using a digital micromirror device Steve Jobs developed NeXT

Masahiro Koishikawa discovered Asteroid 7816 Hanoi Kurt Gödel published his Gödel's ontological proof of the existence of God Per Bak, Chao Tang and Kurt Wiesenfeld published the first discovered example of a dynamical system displaying self-organized critically (SOC), the Abelian sandpile model (or Bak–Tang–Wiesenfeld model) FDA approved for the first time an antiretroviral drug for the treatment of HIV and AIDS. The specific drug was zidovudine (also called AZT, azidothymidine, or Retrovir) Researchers coined the name chronic fatigue syndrome FDA approved the first statin, specifically lovastatin Ben Carson made the first successful surgical separation of craniopagus twins Roger Lewin proposed the 'Mitochondrial Eve' hypothesis Unknown discovered the fossils of Argentinosaurus in Argentina American Physical Society held the Woodstock of physics marathon session meetings, concerning the science of high-temperature superconductors Harry J. Lipkin gave the name pentaquark

1988

Society of the Plastics Industry developed the Resin identification code (RIC) Digital Equipment Corporation developed the first firewall University of California invented the nicotine patch M. Levine and R. Marrs invented the electron beam ion trap Jet Propulsion Laboratory invented the ballistic electron emission microscopy (BEEM), which is a three terminal scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) John K. Ousterhout created Tool Command Language (Tcl), an open source, cross-platform scripting language Scott and Lisa Crump created the Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), an additive manufacturing process Unknown invented the tilt-and-roll luggage The Morris worm is unleashed on the Internet. The Netherlands was the 2nd country in the world to connect to the internet Thomas Knoll's first version of the graphics software Photoshop, is shopped with Barneyscan image scanners NeXT Inc. released the NeXT computer

Bart van Wees and his team discovered the quantized conductance in a two-dimensional electron gas Peter Grünberg discovered giant magnetoresistance James Hansen first introduced the term global warming to the public attention, by presenting it in a testimony to the United States Congress United Nations established the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Patricia Bath invented the Laserphaco Probe. It is used for ablating and removing cataract lenses

1989

Nintendo Corporation invented the Nitendo Gameboy Carl Deckard and Joe Beaman developed the selective laser sintering (SLS) Phil Katz invented the ZIP file format Tim Berners-Lee's "Information Management: A Proposal", to manage a system at CERN, eventually became the World Wide Web Brian Fox developed the GNU Bash for the GNU Project, a Unix shell and command language United States Air Force's Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit, also called the Stealth Bomber aircraft, made its first flight Isamu Akasaki invented the bright gallium nitride (GaN) p-n junction blue/UV light-emitting diode (LED)

NASA's Voyager 2 approached Neptune at its peak, and for the first time delievered definitive proof of the planet's rings Unknown discovered the cystic fibrosis trans-membrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene New Zealand Department of Conservation inplemented the Kakapo Recovery Programme Researchers measured the global concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere at 350 ppm by volume James M. Supplee formulated the Supplee's paradox Stanley Pons and Martin Fleischmann discovered cold fusion Chiron identified hepatitis C virus (HCV)

1990

Tim Berners-Lee introduced the World Wide Web to the public Unknown invented Caller ID NASA launched the Hubble Telescope, which marked the most significant advance in astronomy to date. It has contributed to many important scientific discoveries Michael Ury invented the sulphur lamp Joy Mangano invented the self-wringing mop Thomas Knoll's Adobe Photoshop 1.0 was released Microsoft shipped Windows 3.0 Satoshi Tajiri began to develop the first Pokémon game

NASA's Voyager 1 probe took the Pale Blue Dot photograph of Earth, around 3.5 billion miles away. Unknown detected gamma ray burst GRB 090423, the most distance object at this time NASA's Space Shuttle Discovery transported the Hubble Space Telescope into orbit of the Earth Astronomers observed an Earth-grazing meteoroid, which weighed 44 kg and had a speed of 41,5 km/s, passed above Czechoslovakia and Poland at only a distance of 97,9 km from the ground. The calculations were based on photographic records from two distant places, and is the first time any objects was calculated this way Unknown first uses the term rewilding Victor Kolyvagin introduced Euler systems Ruth Lawrence introduced novel linear representations of the braid group, the Lawrence-Krammer representation, in his published paper on homological representations of the Hecke algebra Sue Hendrickson found the best preserved Tyrannosaurus rex specimen, named Sue, in South Dakota Germany, Britain, Japan, France and China founded the Human Genome Project. Their mission was to sequence the entire human genome. Mary-Claire King first proved the existence of the BRCA gene encoding for a DNA repair enzyme, which is involved in breast cancer susceptibility Roger Shepard presented the Shepard tables illusion

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1991

Unknown developed mobile broadband (2G) Linus Torvalds invented Linux, an open source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel. Software engineers and computer scientists typically uses Linux. James McLurkin conceptualized ant robotics Tim Berners-Lee developed the first web browser, called WorldWideWeb. It was also a WYSIWYG HTML editor Nicola Pellow developed the first cross-platform web browser, called Line Mode Browser Phil Zimmermann introduced the Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) data encryption program Sega released the video game Sonic the Hedgehog. It made the Sega Genesis 16-bit console popular CERN opened the first website online University of Cambridge's Trojan Room coffee pot inspired the first webcam Apple released the first modern laptop, the PowerBook Finland made the world's first GSM telephone call

Helmut and Erika Simon from Nuremberg discovered Ötzi NASA's Galileo spacecraft was the first in history to visit an asteroid, specifically 951 Gaspra Steven Balbus and John F. Hawley introduced elucidation of magnetorotational instability Sumio Iijima discovered carbon nanotubes, in the insoluble material of arc-burned graphite rods Alan Hildebrand and others proposed the Chicxulub crater in Mexico as the impact for a large asteroid 66 million years ago. It further supported the Alvarez hypothesis for the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event Rex Olson identified the Ames crater impact structure in Oklahoma, USA Philip Candelas and his team demonstrated, that usin mirror symmetry could help solve problems in enumerative geometry Qiudong Wang developed a solution to the n-body problem University of Utah HiRes observatory observed the "Oh-My-God particle". It was the first ultra-high energy cosmic ray which had an energy of 3*10^20 eV, which is 40 million times more than any photons produced in a particle accelerator Sato's colleague Dote, gave name to Takotsubo cardiomyopathy and is first studied

1992

Neil Papworth sent the first text message (SMS), which read "Merry Christmas" Pei-Yuan Wei created the first popular web browser, ViolaWWW David Koblas developed the SOCKS Internet protocol, and is made made publicly IBM developed the IBM Simon. It is considered to be the first smartphone, which had a touchscreen and a personal digital assistant

Aleksander Wolszczan and Dale Frail (radio astronomers) discovered the first planets outside the solar system, also called exoplanets. They observed the terrestrial-mass planets orbiting the pulsar PSR B1257+12 Robin Dunbar proposed the Dunbar's number. It is the number of people a person can maintain an interpersonal relationship, which is 150 people. David C. Jewitt and Jane X. Luu discovered the first trans-Neptunian object after Pluto and Charon, the 15760 Albion Pedro and Josep Brugada first described Brugada syndrome

1993

United States Department of Defense introduced Global Positioning System (GPS) Shuji Nakamura invented blue LED Ben and Jonathan Finn released the Sibelius music notation program Marc Andreessen and Eric Bina released the first version of the Mosaic Web browser. It is the first popular web browser Universal Pictures released Jurassic Park. It is the first movie to be made using CGI, to produce moving images of prehistoric creatures Adobe introduced the first version of Adobe Acrobat 1.0, and the first version of the PDF format Charles A. Blatchford & Sons first commercially available microprocessor-controlled prosthetic knee, the "Intelligent Prosthesis" Wes Linster found the first Bambiraptor skeleton

NASA launched the STS-61 Space Shuttle mission to the Hubble Space Telescope, to install, upgrade, and increase the magnification that made the telescope much more clearer images Intel Corporation shipped the first Pentium chips, which became the best line of computer processors in more than a decade Richard Depew's written bug in a program sent an article to 200 newsgroups simultaneously. Joel Furr coined the term spamming after this event The New England Journal of Medicine published an article that peptic ulcers disease are caused by H. pylory, and can be treated with antibiotics

1994

Sony released the video game console, PlayStation Unknown invented drones Stefan Hell and Jan Wichmann invented STED miscroscopy Jerry Yang and David Filo introduced a hierarchically-organised website, called Jerry's Guide to the World Wide Web, which they renamed toYahoo! Jeff Bezos launched Amazon Netscape introduced the web browser, Netscape Navigator. It created HTTP Secure Penguin Books first offered the world's first electronic novel, on two floppy disks with Peter James' novel Host England and France's Channel Tunnel opened between England and France. It took 15,000 workers over seven years to complete the construction Researchers invented the first high-brightness blue LED Denso invented the QR code

Andrew Wiles proved Fermat's Last Theorem Jean-Marie Chauvet and other speleologists discovered the Chauvet Cave in France. It contains one of the oldest cave paintings of animals known. It also contains proof Upper Paleolithic life Unknown discovered the first gene linked to Alzheimer's disease. University of Utah, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) and Myriad Genetics cloned the BRCA1 gene Pan American Health Organizatio declared polio-free of the Western Hemisphere Leonard Adleman made first use of DNA to compute an algorithm. He described the use of DNA as a computational system to solve Hamiltonian path problem's seven-node instance M. Chalfie, Y. Tu, G. Euskirchen, W.W. Ward and D.C. Prasher first used Green fluorescent protein as a marker for gene expression. They successfully expressed it in C. elegans, thus it has been used in the science research since then

1995

Philips, Sony, Toshiba, and Panasonic invented and developed the DVD optical disc storage format, which offered higher capacity of storage than CD's, while still mantaining the same dimensions Ward Cunningham created WikiWikiWeb, the first wiki software Rasmus Lerdorf released the first version of the PHP scripting language. Today it is used in almost all web servers in the world, as a server-side language Andy Harter and his team developed Virtual Network Computing Photonics Imaging developed full-color plasma display

Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz discovered the first extrasolar planet around a main sequence star Eric Cornell, Carl Wieman and Wolfgang Ketterle achieved the first Bose-Einstein Condensate, an important milestone in the absolute zero temperature Project Phoenix started operating to find E.T. transmissions with the the largest telescope in the Southern Hemisphere, the Parkes Observatory Radio Telescope Valeri Polyakov sat a record of 438 days in space Richard P. Binzel devised Torino Scale for near-Earth objects Unknown discovered the first brown dwarf, Teide 1 Oracle announced the Java programming language, one of the most important to this day. It is a general-purpose programming language, used almost everywhere Bruce Luyendyk proposed the name Zealandia for a southern continent National Institutes of Health announced the first treatment for sickle cell anaemia Gabriella D'Arcangelo and her team discovered the RELN gene and Reelin protein. It explained the formation of inverted cortical layers in reeler mutant mice's brain, and was a seminal discovery in further research of its role in neurodevelopment Edward Witten presented the M-theory Elizabeth Loftus described the Lost in the mall technique in psychology

1996

Oracle released the first version of the Java programming language IBM's Deep Blue defeated Garry Kasparov, a chess grand-master Nitendo released Pokémon Red and Pokémon Blue as Pocket Monsters, first role-playing video game in the Pokémon series. They were developed by Game Freak Jennifer Ringley became the first official video streamer (livecasting) Brewster Kahle, with Bruce Gilliat developed the Wayback Machine software. The purpose of the software was to crawl and archive pages in the World Wide Web Lov Grover introduced the quantum database search algorithm Unknown founded IRCnet Zenith developed the HDTV-compatible front projection TV. It became a digital standard for broadcasters, TV and PC manufacturers Eastman Kodak introduced Advanced Photo System (APS) film format

The Roslin Institute successfully cloned the first mammal, Dolly the sheep, from an adult cell Alan Hale and Thomas Bopp discovered Comet Hale-Bopp, and shortly after was observable with the naked-eye NASA launched the Mars Global Surveyor USA's Keck Observatory with the second 9,8 m reflecting telescope opened in Hawaii. The two telescopes are the most scientific productive telescopes in the world, and one of the biggest telescopes in existence International researchers sequenced the genome of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae's. It became the first genome of an eukaryotic cell to be fully sequenced Göran Kropp climbed to the top of Mount Everest alone and without oxygen. He bicycled also to Himalaya from Sweden to climb the mountain Unknown launched the Cochrane Library to inform health care decisionmaking UK identified a new variant of Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease in humans FDA approved donepezil, a palliative treatment for moderate Alzheimer's disease

1997

SaeHan Information Systems invented the world's first MP3 player, the MPMan F10, a digital audio player (non-mechanical) Toshiba released Toshiba DVD (VHS Capture) Alex Hills invented Wi-Fi Toyota developed the first mass-produced hybrid car, the Toyota Prius Digital Projection Ltd introduced DLP-based projector Ottobock developed the C-Leg Lockheed Martin's F-22 Raport (a 5th generation figher jet), made its first flight Steve Jobs returned to Apple Inc. Rockstar Games launched the first Grand Theft Auto (GTA) video game

Fermilab performed the CDF and DØ experiments regarding the top quark NASA's astronauts from the Space Shuttle Discovery started repairing work and tune-up of the Hubble Space Telescope NASA's Mars Pathfinder landed on Mars NASA launched of Explorer 71 (Explorer program) European Space Agency made the first successful test flight of the Ariane 5 expendable launch system CWRU's School of Medicine and Athersys Inc. announced that they have created human artificial chromosomes Japan discovered the KLOTHO gene, involved in human aging ThrustSSC set the first supersonic land speed record FDA appoved the first humanized antibody therapeutic, daclizumab

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1998

NASA began assembling the International Space Station (ISS), by launching the first module of the ISS, Zarya Larry Page og Sergej Brin founded Google, Inc., and the Google domian was registered, promoting their web search engine Apple released the first iMac Sega developed Dreamcast (6th generation home video game console) University of California demonstrated the first working 2-qubit Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (MRI) computer Tiger Electronics launchd the first domestic robot electronic toy, called Furby Japan opened the Akashi Kaikyō Bridge, which became the longest-span suspension bridge in the world, with a total lenght of 3,9 km Kevin Warwick carried out the first experiments with an RFID implant

Pfizer patented sildenafil (Viagra), used for erectile dysfunction Theodor W. Hänsch discovered frequency comb Saul Perlmutter and his team, Adam Riess and Brian Schmidt and their team discovered the accelerated expansion of the Universe, and dark energy NASA launched the Lunar Prospector spacecraft into orbit around the Moon. The probe found frozen water on the surface of the Moon NASA's Galileo space probe's recieved data, indicated that the moon of Jupiter (Europa) had liquid ocean under a thick crust of ice NASA's Clementine probe found enough water in polar craters to support rocket-fuelling station and a human colony Luca Cardelli and Andrew D. Gordon developed ambient calculus Thomas Callister Hales proved the Kepler conjecture Boston University obtained experimental proof that neutrinos have mass Dallas, Texas researchers discovered an enzyme that slows aging and cell death, also called apoptosis Researchers elucidated the RNA interference (RNAi) of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Andrew Wakefield published a case series of 12 children with gastroenterological and autistic spectrum disorders Friedrich-Wilhelm Mohr performed the first robotically assisted coronary artery bypass surgery, with the help of the da Vinci Surgical System Science published an article describing how biologists sequenced the genome of Treponema pallidum, the bacterium that causes syphilis Aileen Miller pioneered the world's first bionic arm. the Edinburgh Modular Arm System France's surgeons carried the first medically successful hand transplantation Bruce Beutler and and his team discovered that Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) operates as a lipopolysaccharide sensing receptor Researchers sequenced the genome of the first multicellular organism, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans Fred Gage and Peter Eriksson discovered neurogenesis in the hippocampus of an adult human

1999

RFC 2616 described and defined the HTTP version 1.1, Hypertext Transfer Protocol, which is commonly used David Bowie's album called Hours became the first music album to supersede purchases online rather than in physical dics IBM demonstrated the first working 3-qubit NMR computer demonstrated. It was the first execute Grover's algorithm. Japan introduced the first emojis Blackberry released the BlackBerry phone. It ran on Mobitex network. It also used the Inter@ctive pager 950's hardware

Bertrand Piccard and Brian Jones first to fly around the world non-stop in a hot air balloon NASA launched Stardust. Its mission was collect samples of a comet coma, and return the samples back to the Earth Researchers discovered the Thiomargarita namibiensis bacterium at the coast of Namibia. It's size is measured at 0,3 mm in diameter, and is the largest bacterium known to date Huda Zoghbi demonstrated that mutations in the gene MECP2 causes Rett syndrome

2000

Samsung developed the first camera phone M-Systems invented the USB flash drive Jaap Haartsen invented bluetooth Sony Computer Entertainment released PlayStation 2 (6th generation home video game console) Stephen King's Riding the Bullet horror story, became the world's first mass-market electronic book, published in e-book format only

DONUT collaboration discovered the Tau neutrino US President Bill Clinton and PM Tony Blair announced the rought draft of the human genome Nature published the complete genome sequence of the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana International researchers launched the 10-year Census of Marine Life Mexican miners discovered the Cave of the Crystals, at the Naica Mine

2001

Unknown introduced Digital Satellite Radio Carlton Calvin invented the air powered pogo stick Dean Kamen invented the segway human transporter (Ginger) Aprilia introduced fuel-cell bike Groen Bros. Aviation invented the gyroplane Wilkinson Eyre Architects and Gifford and Partners, civil engineers invented the Millenium Bridge Kenneth Matsumura invented the artificial liver Georgia Tech Research Corp. and SensaTex Inc. inventedd the Smartshirt Sensors First Alert invented the infrared smoke alarm PPG Industries invented the self-cleaning windows, SunClean glass Miles Maiden invented the Steri-Pen, which kills 99,99% of bacterias in water iRobot invented the Office Coworker Robot Ian Kelly invented the Slugbot Maiden Ventures, Polartec and North Face Research, Design & Development invented the heat-generating jacket AgION Technologies invented the stink-free shoes, coated with silver-based antimicrobial compound Corpo Nove invented a wrinkle-free shirt, made of titaniumalloy fibers interwoven with nylon Apple Inc. developed the iPod portable media player Apple Inc. released the iTunes media player Jimmy Wales launched Wikipedia on the internet Microsoft released Windows XP personal computer operating system, the most popular OS in the world until a decade later Walter Bright, Digital Mars released the C# programming language specification IBM demonstrated the first working 7-qubit NMR quantum computer, which demonstrated Shor's algorithm. Sony released the Walkman Circ, a circular MP3 player

The Human Genome Project published their decoding of the human genome, in Nature and Science NASA's NEAR Shoemaker became the first spacecraft to land on an asteroid, in the "saddle" region of 433 Eros NASA launched the Genesis spacecraft The Hubble Space Telescope first measured an exoplanets atmosphere, by detecting sodium in the atmosphere of HD 209458 b Trans Ova Genetics produced the first animal from an endangered species by cloning. It was a gaur with the name Noah Italy produced the second animal from an endangered species by cloning. It was a european mouflon lamb Linda Partridge and her team identified the role of a gene in animal ageing Craig Venter and Mark Adams decoded the genetic map of the laboratory mouse Philip D. Gingerich found the fossil remains of the Rodhocetus balochistanensis whale in Pakistan S. White and N. Sottos developed capsule-based fibre-reinforced polymer composite self-healing material (capsule-based self-healing system) AbioMed developed the self-contained artificial heart, called AbioCor, and implanted in Robert Tools. Institute of Human Genetics discovered that adult-onset basal ganglia disease is caused by FTL mutations

2002

University of Queensland, Semi Ring Fabry-Perot (SRFP) Resonator, Shervin Taghavi-Larigani from Caltech invented the scramjet, which makes it possible to fly at least 6000 km/h Unknown invented the wireless headset Apple introduced the iMac G4, the next generation iMac Unknown announced the Tor anonymity network Danger, Inc. released the Danger Hiptop, which is the first smartphone to incorporate instant messaging USA's Tactical High Energy Laser (THEL), a deuterium fluoride chemical laser technology, shot down an incoming artillery shell Malcolm C. Smith introduces the inerter Grant Taylor invented the Wheelman James Auger and Jimmy Loizeau invented the Phone Tooth (not phone booth) Ryan Patterson invented the Braille Glove, converting sign language to text Lawrence and Sharon Tarantino invented the foam chairs David Summers invented the Landmine Destroyer iRobot invented the Robot Vacuum Eli Nir invented the safety chute James Dyson invented the spin vacuum (cyclonic separation) Nano-Tex, LLC invented the Nano-Tex pants Lutz & Patmos, with Yves Behar developed Ultra-Cashmere (water repellent), coated in teflon H2Eye invented the mini submarine Spinmaster Ltd. developed the Ultra-Bubble NASA developed and refined aerogel Linden Lab developed the 3D online environment Canesta and VKB developed the virtual keyboard Pfizer developed the breath strips

NASA's Odyssey spacecraft began to use thermal emission imaging system to map the surface of Mars. By doing this the Odyssey discovered signs of huge water ice deposits Palomar Observatory discovered 50000 Quaoar Bob Abramms and Howard Bronstein commissioned the Hobo–Dyer projection Kevin Warwick experimentally linked a part of his nervous system toa computer, and made a direct communication between two humans Manindra Agrawal, Neeraj Kayal, and Nitin Saxena published the polynomial-time primality test Grigori Perelman proved the century-old Poincaré conjecture Archaeologists identifed Ciampate del Diavolo as hominid footprints Rusi Taleyarkhan and his team reported to produce a small-scale fusion in a liquid undergoing acoustic cavitation, also called bubble fusion or sonofusion Unknown discovered a new radioactivity, the 2-protons radioactivity Researchers discovered that the BRAF gene was mutated in some cancers in human subjects

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2003

Masahiko Inami, Naoki Kawakami and Susumu Tachi developed an optical camouflage, using Retro-reflective Projection Technology (RPT) Unknown developed the Active-Matrix OLED (AMOLED), containing a TFT capacitor Kodak released the first digital camera with an organic lightemitting diode (OLED) display Brian Binnie first flew the SpaceShipOne. It is the first privately built airplance to achieve supersonic speed Intel released the Pentium M microprocessor Alban Geissler invented the Skyray Apple released iTunes Music Store Adam Whiton and Yolita Nugent developed the No-Contact Jacket, a self-defence jacket that can produce 80,000-volt electrical Walt Disney Imagineering created Lucky, the Roving RoboRaptor Sony developed the Qrio Keijiro Yamamoto invented the Power Suit Dan Hanebrink invented the Ice Bike P2P, Niklas Zennström and Janus Friis invented Skype

Russia synthesized moscovium (element 115) NASA's WMAP satellite images revealed the universe is 13,7 billion years old (cosmic microwave background radiation map). It also discovered evidence of the inflationary theory H.J. Tsai created glowing fish National Physical Laboratory developed NPL Super Black, a nickelphosphorus compound that absorbs 99,65% of visible light. It makes it more black than anything natural Japan described a new species of baleen whale, Omura's whale (Balaenoptera omurai) Peter Bro Miltersen introduced the 100 prisoners problem in the field of probability theory China first to approve the commercial production of gene therapy

2004

Unknown released HDTV's Sony released Librié, the first electronic paper (e-paper) device with E ink display Mark Zuckerberg launched Facebook Google launched Gmail Mozilla launched Firefox browser NASA's X-43A from the Hyper-X project, reached a speed of over Mach 7. This made it the fastest free flying air-breathing hypersonic flight University of California developed the first carbon nanotube high-speed transistor, which can operate at microwave frequencies Burt Rutan's civilian spacecraft SpaceShipOne reached an altitude of 100 km, passing the edge of space Segway invented the Centaur Rob Bruce, Dylan Van Atta invented the Nike Strapless Swim Goggles JVC invented the JVC J4 Robot U.S. Army developed the Sword Unmanned Vehicle Sumitomo Chemical invented the Nguvu ya Ajabu Mosquito Net Conenhill Biomedics developed the Vein Contrast Enhancer

Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov isolated graphene, the strongest compound in the world, consisting only a monolayer of carbon atoms NASA launched the Swift satellite to detect gamma-ray bursts (GRB) Nature published a paper describing the theoretical maximum height of trees, which is 130 meter MBARI discovered the Osedax genus, which is deep sea worm that survives by eating lipids in decaying whale carcasses Neil Shubin and his team discovered the fossils of the sarcopterygian Tiktaalik in Canada, an important find in the evolution of tetrapods Mike Newman discovered a 428 million-year-old fossil of Pneumodesmus in Scotland, the oldest known animal to have lived on land Pennsylvania State University created the first solid Bose–Einstein condensate JILA created the fermionic condensate. It is a condensate with atoms rather than molecules USA and Russia discovered element 113 and element 115 Australia, Russia and Greece created a material with the lowest density ever reported for a solid. It is made out of nano-foam of carbon NASA launched Gravity Probe B to confirm Einstein's general theory of relativity Belén Paredes and his team produced the first Tonks–Girardeau gas, using optical lattice Université Joseph Fourier and the Institut Laue–Langevin created a solution with a-cyclodextrine, water, and 4-methylpyridine, that behaves the opposite way in temperature. When heated, it changes from liquid to solid, and vice versa NASA's Mars Rover named Spirit (MER-A), landed successfully on Mars. Soon after the Mars Exploration Rover Mission Opportunity (MER-B), landed successfully on Mars.

2005

Unknown developed the Commwarrior, the first cellphone virus/ malware to use MMS messages Google launched Google Maps Jawed Karim, Steve Chen and Chad Hurley launched YouTube, and the first video was uploaded

Edvard Moser and May-Britt Moser discovered Grid cells in the brain Astronomers discovered the VIRGOHI21 galaxy, which almost only consist of dark matter Researchers observated light from planets circling two different stars, using the Spitzer Infrared Space Telescope ESA's Huygens probe reached the atmosphere of Titan and sent back data via the Cassini orbiter to Earth. After the landing, it additionally sent pictures Michael Kosfeld and his team discovered that oxytocin increases trust in humans Nature published the first draft of the chimpanzee genome Richard Leakey's discovered two Ethiopian fossil skulls were re-dated to be 195,000 years old Nature published the results of the flint artefacts dating to be 700,000 years ago old, making it the oldest evidence for humans north of the Alps

2006

Samsung released the first Blu-ray ROM Sony released Playstation 3 Nitendo released Nitendo Wii Jack Dorsey, Noah Glass, Biz Stone, and Evan Williams created Twitter Tesla Motors released its first Tesla Roadster MW-Line developed the sun21 catamaran, world's first solar powered boat that crossed the Atlantic Ocean Murata Manufacturing Co. invented the RoboBike Zou Ren Ti created the Body Double robot, an exact looking robot Aqua Sciences developed a rainmaker, which can pull water out of thin air M Ship Co. developed the Low Rider

NASA's Stardust mission successfully ended and returned PLANET/RoboNet, OGLE and MOA discovered the planet OGLE-2005BLG-390Lb, with the help of gravitational microlensing NASA's Cassini-Huygens discovered liquid substance geysers (possibly water) shooting from Enceladus, a moon of Saturn International Astronomical Union redesignated Pluto as a dwarf planet Anthony Atala and his team transplanted the first laboratory-grown organs (bladders) into humans Human Genome Project sequenced the last chromosome Joint Genome Institute used the shotgun method to sequence the Western Balsam Poplar. It is is the first tree which the DNA has been determined Adrian Owen discovered that functional neuroimaging can be used to detect awareness. This c Haifan Lin discovered Piwi-interacting RNA CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research presented their experimental data that proved the rising of sea level GIMPS found the 44th Mersenne prime Bigelow Aerospace launched Genesis I, an experimental space habitat NASA continued again to contruct the ISS, after a hiatus of almost four years

2007

Amazon released Kindle Apple released the first iPhone smartphone Open Handset Alliance launched the Android mobile operating system WowWee developed the FlyTech Dragonfly Senz invented an umbrella that can withstand winds up to 93 km/h iWalk developed the PowerFoot One

Walter Sekundo and Marcus Blum introduced Small Incision Lenticule Extraction (SMILE) Astronomers discovered HD 209458 b with the help of spectroscopic analysis. It is the first expoplanet where evidence for water has been detected on, beyond the Solar System Stéphane Udry discovered Gliese 581 c, in the constellation Libra, a potentially habitable exoplanet IBM built half a virtual mouse brain on their supercomputer High Resolution Fly's Eye Observatory (HiRes) and Pierre Auger Observatory suggested the Greisen–Zatsepin–Kuzmin limit

2008

Babak Parviz created a bionic lens, which shows images, maps, or data directly on the wearer's eyes. It is powered by solar cells Unknown developed flying windmills Sony introduced the Sugar Battery, a biobattery Germany developed the camera pill (capsule endoscopy) ASU developed the first flexible displays SanDisk developed 12 GB microSDHC flash memory cards Unknown developed the first all-nanotube transistor radio Satoshi Nakamoto proposed Bitcoin Martin Aircraft Co.'s Martin Jetpack flew for 46 seconds, a new record Apple released a Macbook Norway built the The Global Seed Vault above the Arctic Circle US Army developed Active Protection System (APS) IBM built the Roadrunner supercomputer with 1 quadrillion calculations per second Touch Bionics created a bionic hand David Fisher designed the The Dynamic Tower, a rotating building Mectex and Australian Institute of Sport designed the Speedo LZR Racer. 94% of Olympic swimmers in 2008 used it

Large Hadron Collider (LHC) began testing proton beams Scientists observed for the first time an asteroid impacting Earth Biologists create baker's yeast, capable of living 10 times longere University of Michigan School of Public Health identified seven genes that influence blood cholesterol levels Pulickel Ajayan created the darkest material that absorbs 99,955% light Nature Geosciences published the first evidence of a volcanic eruption under Antarctica British space experts began building the ion-powered BebiColumbo Albert Einstein Institute and Leibniz University of Hanover developed a laser beam with very high quality Unknown discovered where intense radio waves in the Earth's upper atmosphere originates. It determines the dynamics of the Van Allen radiation belts Unknown observed the farthest object that could be seen by the naked eye, gamma-ray burst GRB 080319B FDA approved a fibrin sealant, named Artiss (medical adhesive) Unknown developed a handheld 3D imaging device Paolo Macchiarini performed first tissue-engineered whole organ transplant Canadian Mineralogist published an article describing the mineral magnesiopascoite Unknown developed the first commercial wave farm in Portugal, and began operating

2009

Satoshi Nakamoto created the Bitcoin cryptocurrency network when he mined the genesis block of its blockchain Microsoft introduced controller-free gaming, Kinect EnergyHub developed the Smart Thermostat James Dyson created the bladeless fan (air multiplier) Geoff and Mike Howe created the world's fastest tank with a speed of 96 km/h, the Ripsaw

Phillip J. Cook and Maeve E. Gearing developed the Breathalyzer to detect lung cancer WHO published an article stating that Bisphenol A in plastics harms humans Hao Yan and Yan Liu used nanoparticles to create 3D DNA nanotubes NASA discovered 12 new gamma-ray-only pulsars, and detected gammaray pulses from 18 others, with the Fermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescope Center for Agro-Nutrition Research and Technology cloned the first extinct animal by cloning, a Pyrenean Ibex. It died seven minutes later NASA launched the Kepler Space Observatory, and began searching exoplanets Lorenza Viola and Kaveh Khodjasteh discovered a way to develop more robust quantum gates, the building blocks of quantum circuits Yinfa Ma discovered a pre-cancer screening detection, using urine samples Franzen et al. discovered Darwinius masillae, a missing link with the anatomy to lemurs, monkeys, and humans Chinese researchers used induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells to create live mice European astronomers discovered 32 exoplanets ISMCBBPR announced SB 100X (Sleeping Beauty 100X), as the Molecule of the Year 2009

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Apple released the first iPad Nasser Peyghambarian developed holographic telepresence, thus not requring 3D glasses to watch a movie Perry Chen and Yancey Strickler created Kickstarter Google developed autonomous cars Berkeley Bionics developed the eLegs Exoskeleton The Consumer Electronic Show popularised 3DTV TED held it's first innovation conference in California Mike McCue and Evan Doll created Flipboard Sony developed the Alpha A55 Camera, the first camera that does not blink when taking a photograph, which increases its shooting speed Coulomb Technologies first built electric-car charging stations Shenzhen Huashi Future Parking Equipment developed the the Straddling Bus Nathan Myhrvold and Intellectual Ventures Laboratory developed a Mosquito Laser, which can target the mosquitos with malaria and not kill the ones not infected. It does it by analyzing its size and signature wing beat Minesto invented a deep green underwater kite, that can generate 800 times more energy than if it were in the sky Thomas Heatherwick designed the The Seed Cathedral

British scientists created artificial arteries out of flexible polymer Laura Niklason grew lungs in the lab American and Australian researchers built a quantum computer that simulated a hydrogen molecule Scientists developed the fMRI, using it to communicate with a braindamaged man Scientists used interpretated a dinosaur's color, using direct fossil evidence Masahiro Hotta teleported energy Cambridge University researchers developed an artificial pancreas to treat Diabetes I Scientists discovered a way to alter lone electron without disturbing nearby electrons, a breakthrough in quantum computers Scientists discovered genes linked to human stuttering Scientists sequenced the DNA of 4,000-year-old man's hair, permafrosted in Greenland. The DNA resembles the asians and native americans closest Scientists performed a genetic study of the tiger, showing its evolution from 3.2 million years ago. Its DNA resembles the snow leopard the most Scientists discovered that the Murchison meteorite contains millions of organic compounds. It crashed on Earth in 1969 Biological Psychiatry published a study that shows chronic lack of sleep and insomnia results in lower density of grey matter in the brain NASA discovered that the North Pole of the Moon contains millions of tons of ice Scientists discovered how thalidomide created malformed limbs in embryos Scientists create a quantum state, which is billions of times larger than anything before, and is large enough to be visible without any device Scientists discovered the first animals (phylum Loricifera) in the L'Atalante basin, able to live without oxygen Researchers produced human embryos with a combination from three people's DNA Neanderthal Genome Project presented genetic evidence of interbreeding. They discovered a strong link between Neanderthals and modern humans Scientists created robotic nano-spiders Scientists linked pesticides to the rise of different cases of ADHD Craig Venter and his team created a synthetic living cell, with a strand of DNA built from scratch NASA's data suggested that one-third of the surface of Mars was once covered by an ocean The Swiss Solar Impulse performed a 24-hour non-stop flight, with only solar energy UK scientists discovered a protein in hens, vital to produce eggs American doctors began testing embryonic stem cells in human trials High Resolution Fly's Eye Observatory confirmed the Greisen–Zatsepin– Kuzmin limit FAO announced that rinderpest has been eradicated worldwide Scientists discovered the UDFy-38135539 galaxy, the most distant object to date Scientists trapped neutral antimatter (38 antihydrogen atoms) for the first time NASA discovered the first microorganism to survive using arsenic, a toxic chemical SpaceX retrieved the first commercial spacecraft from orbit, the Dragon spacecraft German doctors cured an HIV patient, using stem cell transplant Chinese fossil hunters discovered a 252 million years old ancient marine ecosystem, with over 20,000 fossils

2011

US Air Force launched the Boeing X-37 robotic spaceplane. It remained in orbit for 469 days Researchers developed thin-film solar cells, requiring much less silicon, and has a greater efficacy MIT developed a computer which learned the meaning of the words in language, just by playing strategy games T. Lolla, G. Cola, B. Narayanan, B. Alexandrov & S. S. Babu developed a new process to produce steel in less than 10 seconds, which is 7% stronger than any steel in existence Intel released Ivy Bridge, the next generation of microprocessor technology with greater efficieny and increased processing power. It uses a 22 nanometer manufactering process, compare to 32 nanometer of previous generations Alcoa invented Smog-eating aluminium panels, which is made of titanium dioxide coating D-Wave Systems released the world's first commercial quantum computer Japan's K computer became the most powerful supercomputer, capable of operating at 8.16 quadrillion floating-point calculations per second (petaflops) Stanford University developed a microphone can work in the most deepest depth in the ocean IBM developed an instantaneous memory, which is 100 times faster than the current flash memory, the Solid State Drive Stanford researchers developed a transparent electric battery, using liquid silicone, silicon lithography, and different patterns of electrodes Todd Coleman and his team developed an ultra-thin, flexible electronic circuit which can be attached to the skin. It can be used as a cellphone and similar other applications Japanese scientists developed the wind lens which triples the energy output. It is a breakthrough in wind energy, because this invention makes it cheaper than nuclear energy AMD achieved an overclocked frequency of 8429 GHz, using liquid nitrogen and liquid helium coolant, and thus breaking the world overclocking speed record. They used an 8-core AMD FX 8150 Bulldozer processor. A normal laptop has only about 3 GHz NASA developed a heavy-lift rocket design for Mars missions Boston Dynamics developed the AlphaDog military transport robot, which can carry up to 180 kg of cargo Richard Branson opened the world's first commercial spaceport, Spaceport America Fort William, Richard Little and Robert Irving developed a bionic leg exoskeleton Northwestern University engineers discovered how to create cellphone batteries which recharge ten times faster and hold a charge ten times longere than anything to date, by making millions of tiny holes in them Andreas Velten and Ramesh Raskar invented an imaging system with 1.000.000.000.000 frames per second. They used it to capture light waves China developed a high-speed train which can reach a speed of over 500 km/h Cornell University scientist developed a 3D printer, capable of making edible food Researchers invented a 3D nanostructure for battery cathodes, allowing a much faster charging than anything seen before. These ultrafast-charge batteries can charge electric cars in minutes and cellphones in seconds University of Missouri researchers discovered a way to make solar cells capable of capturing solar energy with 90% efficiency, using nanoantenna electromagnetic collectors (NECs). Solar cells today have only an efficiency of 20-40% Paul Braun and his team developed a new process, based on nanostructured metal foams, to produce battery electrodes. This produces a laptop battery that can recharge 90% in less than two minutes, and a cellphone battery in only 30 seconds Researchers invented a method to fabricate high-speed graphene transistors, a milestone in commercializing graphene

Unknown developed Single-Cell Mass Cytometry, which measures 40 simultaneous cellular parameters at single-cell resolution Unknown developed Illuminating Microscopy NASA launched the largest Mars cover, the Curiosity rover University of Pennsylvania researchers discovered that baldness is possibly related for some stem cells being unable to grow into full-sized hair follicles Researchers discovered that smoking already causes damage in a matter of minutes after inhaling, and not years as it was previously known Researchers developed a technique that makes T-cells resistant against HIV and AIDS, without influencing other process or growth Scientists set a new world record with 10 billion bits of quantum entanglement in silicon Junchang Lü and colleagues discovered a Darwinopterus pterosaur, preserved with an inhatched egg B. Radisavljevic, A. Radenovic, J. Brivio, V. Giacometti & A. Kis discovered that Molybdenite is up to 100,000 times more efficient than silicon transistors. It is even better than graphene regarding electrical properties Stanford University's Linac Coherent Light Source became operational. It is an X-ray source that is a billion times brighter than previous sources Researchers discovered in a study of 470,000 participants, that disrupted sleep patterns and sleep deprivation can result in serious and long-term health implications IBM's Watson supercomputer (artificial intelligence) defeated humans on the Jeopardy! quiz show Scientists developed an anti-laser that absorbs incoming laser beams completely. It is the first invention of its kind Judith F. Kroll's research demonstrate that bilingual speakers are better at multitasking University of Michigan researchers developed the first complete millimeter-scale computing system. It has a size of about 1 cubic millimeter, and consist of a thin-film battery, a solar cell, a pressure sensor, memory, an ultra-low-power microprocesssor, and a wireless radio with an antenna Liaofu Luo and Jun Lu calculated a quantum mechanic law that describes change of protein folding according to temperature Samsung introduced the first full-color quantum dot display Yale University scientists demonstrated that bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) can be blow molded like plastics Medtronic introduced a pacemaker as small as a Tic Tac, by using microelectronics University of Manchester researchers developed an optical microscope, which is capable of taking images of objects down to 50 nanometer. It is the highest-resolution optical microscope ever Jun Chen, Jack Ng, Zhifang Lin, C. T. Chan generated a backward-pulling force from a forward-propagating beam Swiss researchers discovered a gene that is responsible for the ability of wasps to reproduce asexually US surgeons used the first tissue-engineered urinary tubes (urethras), on five mexican boys NASA's MESSENGER spacecraft is the first ever to enter the orbit around planet Mercury Scientists developed a new way to deliver pharmaceutical drugs to the brain through the Blood-Brain Barrier, by using he body's own exosomes. A breakthrough in medicine, including the treatment of of Alzheimer's University of Innsbruck physicists produced a controlled entanglement of 14 atoms to produce 14 qubits, a record in quantum computing Unknown developed a human heart from stem cells in a laboratory, a breakthrough in personalized medicine Scientists discovered a new way to inhibite angiogenesis, thus using it for cancer treatment Japanese scientists created eye's retinas from stem cells of a mouse Scientists discovered in a study that by increasing the telomere lenght in the DNA, the aging process can be reduced Swiss researchers found a link betweetn cellphones and the global decline in honeybee population University of Michigan researchers discovered a magnetic effect of light when going through certain materials and intensities. This can be used to develop solar panels, without the use semiconductors or absorption of light, but will be capable of storing solar energy magnetically Researchers discovered a new way to produce belts of graphene, also known as nanoribbons Scientists discovered the largest known fossilised arachnid spider, named Nephila jurassica, with legs as long as 15 centimeters Israeli engineers developed a breath analyzing device, which is capable of detecting cancers in the neck and head Albert Einstein College of Medicine first observed gene transcription in real-time in a living cell

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Researchers stored a qubit in a single atom, a milestone CERN scientists confined antihydrogen for 1000 seconds, four orders of magnitude longere French scientists announced that the exoplanet Gliese 581d may be the first confirmed exoplanet that could support Earth-like life Researchers broke the record of data transfer with a rate of 26 TB per second, using a single laser. A normal laptop has 0,512 TB to 2 TB, which means it can transfer the whole harddisk in less than 0,1 seconds Stanford University researchers converted skin cells into neurons, without first converting them to pluripotent stem cells Chinese physicists entangled 8 photons at the same time, and observed them Researchers discovered the deepest-living land animal, a worm. It survives in depth of 1,3 km and 48 degrees celcius Researchers observed light behaving as both a wave and a particle, which has bent the rule of quantum mechanics Researchers have discovered dozens of underwater volcanoes near Antarctica, while seveal of them are active NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter's photographs appear to show liquid water on Mars Researchers for the first time created artifical sperm using stem cells, which could help men who are infertile NASA's data on the analysis of meteorites on Earth, gives evidence that DNA may have come from space King's College London researchers developed a pill to prevent sunburn, by using coral's natural defence American engineers unveiled a microlattice of metallic tubes, the lightest material in the world, 100 times lighter than Styrofoam. It also has a significant absorption of energy, which can be used for batteries Washington University scientists successfully tested their bionic contact lenses on animal trials. They are capable of projecting images in front of the eyes, showing floating texts and emails Japanese researchers discovered a way to illuminate tiny and hidden tumors with a fluorescent spray, only taking minutes to track. This helps doctors to remove every single tiny tumours without overseeing University of California researchers discovered two of the biggest supermassive black holes ever observed Tufts University biologists created new eyes outside of tadpoles head areas, by simply altering the membrane voltage gradients of cells University of California Scientists cultivated drought-tolerant crops

2012

Student developed mind-controlled cybernetic limbs Google's self-driving car logged about 500.000 km without a single accident China launched the first 3DTV channel US Armed Forces' leaked documents revealed an underwater sonic weapon for incapacitating SCUBA divers, an Active Denial System, a non-lethal weapon designed for crowd control, and a laser-based weapon designed to divert hostile aircraft Researchers invented low-resistivity electrical wires, by chaining phosphorus atoms together and encasing them in silicon Researchers developed transistors, using cotton fibers, which are doped with gold nanoparticles and a conductive polymer. It can be used to create t-shirts that displays information, carpets that sense people, and clothing capable of measuring pollutants IBM researchers developed a 9 nanometer transister, a huge milestone. They used nanotubes instead of silicon Scientists invented a touchscreen that can identify the existence and concentration of DNA molecules, by placing the hand or finger Scientists developed a 100 nanometers terahertz antenna, which is 30.000 times smaller than any other in existence Animators created an algorithmic method to make very realistic CGI trees The European Southern Observatory activated the linked Very Large Telescope (VLT). Its combined size is 130 meters, thus making it the largest optical telescope built Researchers developed a giant 3D printer, which can construct an entire full-sized house with stairs, partition walls, piping cavities and more, in only 24 hours IBM demonstrated a qubit microchip that can preserve its quantum states 4 times longer Twin Creeks developed solar panels which costs only half of the cheapest solar cells in existence NEC developed a 0,3 mm thick organic radical battery (ORB) Google unveiled Project Glass German scientists linked two laboratories using entangled rubidium atoms as network nodes, with the world's first universal quantum computing network German scientists developed a fiber-based wallpaper, which is capable of delaying building collapses during earthquakes, by masonry reinforcement Researchers developed, by using satellite data to track seismic activity in real-time, a GPS-derived earthquake warning system. It may predict earthquakes and tsunamis ten times faster Researchers developed a 300 atoms constructed crystalline quantum computer Stanford University scientists invented a working bionic eye, which only needs to be powered by focused light Virginia Tech engineers invented the first 3D-printing vending machine, allowing anyone to print 3D objects on demand SpaceX's Dragon spacecraft became the first commercial spacecraft to ever complete a successful rendezvous with the ISS South Africa, Australia and New Zealand agreed to built the world's largest single radio telescope, named Square Kilometre Array (SKA), comprising of thousands of antennaes with a total signal-collecting area of 1 square km Spain tested the first public autonomous vehicle, a road train of wirelessly linked autonomous vehicles which completed a 200 km motorway drive Sharp Corporation developed a solar cell with an efficiency of 43,5, the highest efficiency of solar energy conversion to date Corning Inc. developed Willow Glass, an ultra-thin glass similar to Gorilla Glass, but is also flexible, meaning it can bend The Solar Impulse aircraft became the first intercontinental aircraft, using only solar power, by landing in Morocco from Spain which took 19 hours, IETF developed and released the new version of Internet Protocol, IPv6 US Navy developed a form of underwater solar energy European Southern Observatory organization approved the European Extremely Large Telescope for construction Engineers developed 50-gigapixel camera, by constructing it with 98 small cameras into one device Scientists developed a brain-scanning MRI technology, which makes to possible for paralyzed people to write, by only using their thoughts Scientist developed a graphene that can purify water more efficiently than existing technology

CERN discovered the Higgs boson MIT discovered photonic molecules Thermo Fisher Scientific developed the Ion Proton System, which sequence the DNA by analyzing the hydrogens of the nucleic acids Berndnaut Smilde created indoor clouds MyCell Services NASA launched the Curiosity Rover Researchers injected stem cells in genetically modified fast-ageing mice, and lived two to three times longer than expected Astronomers reported, using gravitational microlensing, that on average there may be 1,6 planet in each star in the Milky Way Galaxy. This would mean that there are 160 billion planets in our galaxy alone Scientists first described the frog named Paedophryine amauensis, the world's smallest known vertebrate species with only 7 mm in lenght IBM researchers used scanning tunnelling microscope to store 1 bit of data in 12 supercooled iron atoms. Normal hard disk this year requried one million atoms to achieve the same Scientists have developed an ultra-sensitive listening device from a 60 nanometer gold sphere, which can record sounds from bacterias University of Cambridge researchers reactivated older mice's regenerative stem cells and repaired myelin sheath damage with multiple sclerosis Astronomers discovered a 10 billion light-year star, the most distant dwarf galaxy yet found Austrian researchers developed an ultra-secure cloud, blind quantum cryptography computing. A quantum computer which uses encoded strings of photons, and performing calculations without revealing any of the data involved Unknown found the oldest nest of dinosaur eggs, of the prosauropod Massospondylus Scientists discovered that graphene can selectively filter gases and liquids, which can be used to purify water, or used in industrial distillation University of Colorado Cancer Center found that grape seed extract kills head and neck cancer cells, without impacting the healthy cells Scientists produced the most detailed 3D image of the Amazon rainforest, using an airborne LIDAR system. It can be used to measure its ecosystem and rate of deforestation The British Royal Navy began to develop the Sea Ceptor, which can intercept and destroy supersonic missiles within an area of 1,300 square km Researchers created a three atoms wide pane of glass, made of silicon and oxygen, thus making it the world's thinnest pane of glass Max Planck Institute scientists developed a microscope able to take living images of brain cells, in real-time inside of animals Doctors successfully fit the first 3D printed artificial jaw on a patient Researchers decoded the entire genome of the 40.000 year old Denisova hominin, an extinct species University of California scientists created a 200 nanometer wide telecommunications laser, the smallest ever built Scientists repaired half of the damaged heart tissue in heart attack patients, using infusions of the patient's own stem cells Scientists regenerated the oldest plant, the 32.000 years old Silene stenophylla NASA detected a solid form of buckminsterfullerene (buckyballs) in space Researchers made a milestone and a breakthrough in science, physics, chemistry, biochemsitry and medicine. They took the first ever images of the charge distribution in a single molecule, precisely showing the motion of electrons NASA's Cassini detected oxygen in the atmosphere of Dione, one of Saturn's moons Researchers found that there is a connection between snoring as a toddler and behavior problems later in life UK Doctors performed the first robotic open-heart surgery, using the remote-controlled Da Vinci Surgical System Scientists decoded the genome of the gorilla Harvard Medical School researchers found that a diet high in read meat can shorten life expectancy, but it increased if one substituted read meat with fish, chicken, or nuts. The study contained 120.000 participants Scientists have developed a drug which can speed the lysosome to remove the trash faster in the cell, thereby probably increasing life expectancy Astronomers discovered the LEDA 074886 galaxy, the first known rectangular-shaped galaxy James Cameron first reached the deepest known point in Earth's oceans, the Challenger Deep in the Deepsea Challenger submersible NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) satellite observed solar tornadoes, multiple times as big as, with the help of the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly telescope Researchers have created a quantum computer out of diamond US Air Force launched the Boeing X-37 robotic spaceplane

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Engineers developed an algorithm that makes it possible for autonomous drones to fly without GPS navigation through complicated terrains Scientists used crystals of p-Terphenyl to develop the world's first room-temperature maser (the microwave version of lasers) Harvard University scientists developed am octopus-inspired robot which is a flexible robot that can quickly change its color by pumping liquid dyes into its surface, thus camouflaging itself to the same color as the surrounding LG Electronics unveiled the 4K television, the world's largest ultra-definition TV Haier unviled a a gaze-tracking smart television, which can be controlled with the eyes Scientists invented a pressure-mapping carpet, which can sense if a sudden fall of a person has happened DARPA's prototype of the cheetah legged robot ran faster than the world's fastest sprinter, Usian Bolt MakerBot Industries opened the world's first 3D printer retail outlet Singapore opened the the world's first commercial vertical farm Amonix developed a photovoltaic (CPV) solar power which has an efficiency of 33,5%, compared to the previous record of 30,3% USA's Titan machine became the most most powerful supercomputer, which can perform 17.59 quadrillion floating point operations per second Scientists developed a computer chip that can real-time monitor concentrations of just 1 parts per billion in the air, thus mimicing a dog's nose Cambridge Research Laboratory sent for the first time encrypted quantum signals on a standard broadband fibre. It can be used to develope near-impenetrable quantum cryptography Unknown developed a device that can rapidly print an entire bicycle China's high-speed rail line enters operation. It is a 2298 km railway, thus making it the longest in the world

Scientists found out that transparent graphene sheets can encapsulate liquids, which then can be studied with an electron microscopes UCLA researchers have genetically engineered stem cells to specifically find HIV infected cells and kill them American National Institutes of Health researchers developed a nanotechnology-based drug, that treated the some of the symptoms of cerebral palsy Scientists report that the continent of Africa is above an a vast reservoir of groundwater Researchers identified 53 different nerve cells in the homing pigeon brain, which can help to explain how they navigate around the Earth's geomagnetic field University of Science and Technology of China used quantum teleportation to transmit photons 97 kilometres away Researchers induced cells in mice to produce the enzyme telomerase. This increas the lifespan of the mice by 24% Surgeons used nerve transfer technique to restore the function of a hand of a partly paralyzed man Researchers deveoped a rewritable DNA memory, which can store digital data Archeologists discovered the oldest musical instrument, a 42,000-year-old bone flutes in a German cave Wales began as the first country in the world to have its plant DNA barcoded Scientists developed zeolite thermal storage pellets, that can store thermal energy as much as four times more than water University of Washington scientists sequenced of a fetuis in the womb, using blood samples from the mother Scientists discovered a new way to accurately visualize complex protein interactions IARC reports that exposure of diesel exhaust can cause cancer Scientists developed the world's first magnetic emulsion Physicists produced the highest man-made temperature ever on record, an astonishing of 4 trillion degrees Celsius, by colliding gold ions together to produce a quark–gluon plasma Researchers took the first photograph of the shadow of a one atom Scientists first ever recored individual proteins in a single neuron moving through different pathways, the most detailed footage ever Scientists discovered a teeth cavity-roof chemical Researchers used the newly found stem cells in mice, to grow sweat glands Researchers fully simuated a bacterium, by creating the first complete computer model of it ISS's Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer has recorded 18 billion cosmic ray events NASA landed its Curiosity rover on Mars Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna published a paper on CRISPR-mediated programmable genome editing Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering researchers stored 700 TB data in 1 gram of DNA NASA's Voyager 1 became the first human-made object to cross the heliopause, thus entering interstellar space Besse Cooper celebrated her 116th birthday Copenhagen University researchers detected glycolaldehyde in a distant star, 400 light years away. The sugar molecule is needed to form RNA, which is similar to DNA NASA scientists discovered that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in interstellar medium, are transformed via hydroxylation, oxygenation, hydrogenation into other organic molecules Researchers quantum teleportated a distance of 143 kilometres Scientists largely disproved the notion of junk DNA, by discovering that much more of our genetic code is biologically active than postulated Japan reached a record of 2111 metres, a new world record for ocean drilling depth Researchers produced laser pulses with a duration of 67 attoseconds, thus making it possible to see movements of electrons Researchers used stem cells to restore hearing in animals for the first time IBM researchers published one of the greatest achievements in science, the most detailed single-molecule images. They are clear enough to distinguish the atomic bonds between the atoms Scientists discovered 5 genes in the DNA that determine how the human face will look like. It can be used by the police identification sketchers to draw the face characteristics solely on DNA findings Scientists published 3D photographs of the Arctic sea ice, and comparing it to 1970's. The ice has decreased 50% compared to the 1979–2000 average Researchers disocvered a 97-110 million old fossil of an ancient spider attacking it prey caught in its web John B. Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka discovered that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent stem cells

part 3

2013

Yale University scientists suggested that a planet orbiting a nearby star is composed mosly of diamond Felix Baumgartner performs the highest skydive yet attempted, an altitude of 39 km. He became the firstto break the sound barrier by himself Researchers have grown a kidney-like organ from stem cells, and has been demonstrated to work in animals Unknown discovered the oldest Mayam tomb in Guatemala, which is dated between 400-700 BC University of Washington scientists first to remove the extra copy of chromosome 21 in cell cultures, taken from a patient with Down syndrome Physicists quantum teleported from one macroscopic object to another microscopic object. This could lead to quantum internet and quantum routers IBM researchers have simulated 530 billion neurons and 100 trillion synapses on a supercomputer Italian scientists published the first direct images of the DNA Paleontologists discovered the oldest known dinosaur, the Nyasasaurus parringtoni Physicists studied methanol in another galaxy, and found out that the the ratio of the mass of a proton to the mass of an electron is constant DARPA and Boston Dynamics unveiled Atlas Robot South Korea plan to build Tower Infinity, and invisible skyscraper Google unveiled Google Glass LG Electronics released the first OLED TV Toyota demonstrated its advanced autonomous car Researchers developed the PaperTab tablet, which is flexible and as thin as paper Architects prepared to construct the first 3D-printed building in the world NEC and Corning Inc. invented a multi-core fiber optic cable, with a speed of 1000 TB data per second ESA and architectural firms developed a 3D printer capable of 3D-printing building made out of lunar regolith, thus having the option to build as many buildings as possible on the moon as long as there is enough electricity The British Army developed a miniature drone helicopter Engineers developed 3D printers that can produce edible meals, which can be used by astronauts Boston Dynamics unveiled a newer version of the BigDog military robot Lockheed Martin used carbon membranes with nanoscale pores to develop a new method for desalination, which is much cheaper and more efficient Researchers developed a smelling digital display screen, which is a screen that can emit pinpointed smells Scientists invented a display screen able to display 3D images without the need of 3D glasses Heriot-Watt University scientists developed a new camera system that can create high resolution 3D-photographs, as far as up to one km away Stanford University scientists developed a new method to make the brain almost transparent Philips developed a new LED lighting, which uses half as much energy as any previous electric lightbulb University of Illinois researchers have developed a new type of lithion-ion battery, that recharges 1000 times faster, and is 2000 times more powerful Matt Denton built a huge six-legged robot spider Harvard scientists developed RoboBee, the smallest ever arial robot, capable of flight Engineers developed a new way to increase the efficiency of silicon solar cells from 19% to 23% Researchers have succeed to give graphene magnetic properties Nanyang Technological University researchers developed new sensor based on graphene. It is 1000 times more sensitive to light than CMOS or CCD sensors, which are sensors used in today's cameras. This would mean much more clearer and sharpere images, and could even take pictures in dim conditions AMD unveiled the world's first 5-GHz computer processor Sharp Corporation developed a solar cell with a conversion efficiency of 44,4% using a concentrator triple-junction compound solar cell. It is the highest energy conversion efficiency to date China's Tianhe-2 supercomputer became the world's most powerful computer, with 33 quadrillion floating point per second

British researchers used photosensitive cells to cure blindness in mice. This could be used to treat retinitis pigmentosa Astronomers report that 17 billion exoplanets similar to the size of the Earth, could reside in our Milky Way galaxy Researchers discocvered that a gamma secretase inhibitor found to be effective in regenerating the inner ear hair cells. This could cure deafness Scientists encoded the complete sonnets of William Shakespeare on a synthetic DNA, digitally Scientists invented a light-based tractor beam, which can controll individual cells and move them Scientists discovered that all pigeon breeds are descended from the wild rock dove, after they sequenced the genome of the domestic pigeon Japanese scientists modified a zebrafish genetically, so it produced a visible glow when there is an intense brain acitivity during different periods of the specimen. This allows to monitor its thoughts, because the fish itself is transparent Heriot-Watt University scientists invented a 3D printer capable of producing living stem cells in clusters. This can be used to 3D print organs, like a new heart Scientists found living bacterias in Antarctic Lake Whillans Researchers cured leukodystrophy in mice. The researchers used skin cells to repair their damaged myelin sheaths, which can be used to treat multiple sclerosis in humans NASA's Curiosity Mars made the first-ever drill on another planet, to obtain a deep rock sample Scientists used gene therapy to cure cure type 1 diabetes in dogs Researchers invented a neural implant, which gave rats an infrared light sense Unknown discovered the deepest hydrothermal vents at a depth of about 5000 meters, in the Caribbean Oxford University researchers discovered how neurons survive doing deprivation of oxygen Scientist found out that chimpanzees solve puzzles for fun Astronomers measured the spin of a supermassive black hole, spinning at almost the speed of light. Using the NuSTAR satellite, this is the first time the spin has been measured Researchers performed the first-ever direct brain-to-brain interface, in two rats, where they shared informationen between the brains. Researchers performed the first skull surgery using a 3D printed polymer replacement The Human Connectome Project created the most detailed scans of the brain of humans Scientists invented a Breathalyzer-style device which can quickly detect and diagnose stomch cancer, with no need of an endoscopy Bedmap2 analysed 50 years of data and calculated that Anartctica has a volume of 26,5 million cubic km ice. If all the ice melted, it would lead to 58 meters of sea rising Scientists made a chart with the global temperature from the last Ice Age till today, and it shows that a clear and rapid warming peak has happened in the last 100-200 years. They took samples from 73 sites around the world Dental researchers created teeth from a stem cells and gingival cells. This would allow to recreate a patients own teeth Japan first in the world to extract natural gas from the deposits of an offshore methane clathrate Germany scientists sequenced the Neanderthal genome from a teo bone, which was found in Siberia

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MIT engineers invented an X-ray vision device, which can see movements of people through walls Researchers developed molecular nanowires, which requires no magnetic materials to change their electrical conductivity. The Solar Impulse aircraft made the first cross-country flight, using only solar energy, across the USA Scientists developed an optical lattice clock that only misses one second in 300 million years. This could replace atomic clocks, which are already a very precise measurment Researchers developed a sensitive and flexible electronic skin, that behaves like real human skin Scientists grew an artificial human-like ear in the laboratory Researchers created full-colour 3D infrared images, which gives extra details of molecules University of Washington researchers first to perform an experiment of brain-controlling through an internet. One researcher managed to control the other researchers hand with the brain British researchers developed a spinning object with 600 million revolutions per minute, the world's fastest spinning man-made object Stanford researchers created a transister from graphene, using DNA, copper ions and heat Researchers set a new world record for solar cell efficiency, with 44,7% Researchers developed the first mind-controlled bionic leg Columbia University researchers developed the world's smallest FM radio Engineers built a hybrid flying bicycle-paraglider which can fly up to 1,200 meter in altitude Engineers demonstrated a multi-rotor electric hoverbike Shane Chen invented the Hoverboard Scooter

The Planck cosmology probe detected that that the universe contains 4,9% ordinary matter, 26,8% dark matter and 68,3% dark energy. It also measured the Hubble constant to be 67.80 (km/s)/Mpc Scientists discovered the first meteorite on Earth which originated from Mercury, a 4,56 billion years old green rock Scientists discovered a new way to lose weight. They found out that by altering a mice's gut microbes, the mice lost 20% of its weight Chinese scientists created a carbon-based aerogel with a density only a bit larger than the density of air Scientists made the first discovery, that by studying the brains of patients, it was possible to measure the pain objectively Scientists discovered that cholesterol levels in mice can be reduced by 45% by inhibiting the SEC24A gene. This can elimiate the use of statins, which has side effects Scientists reconstructed the skeleton of the Australopithecus sediba Massachusetts General Hospital successfully transplanted a functional lab-grown kidney into a live rat in NASA's Cassini photographed a hurricane, which is 20 times larger than the average hurricane on Earth, on Saturn IBM scientists released A Boy and His Atom movie to the public, a breakthrough in science. They used a scanning tunnelling microscope to manipulate individual CO molecules to produce the smallest stop-motion animation ever created. Researchers for the first time created human embryonic stem cells by cloning Researchers found in a study that for the past several decades, fish has been migrating to the poles, because of global warming Scientists discovered the oldest water in a Canadian mine, which dates back to 2,6 billion years Berkeley Lab scientists made one of the most important breakthrough in science and chemistry in general. For the first time, they have created a high-resolution images of molecules. They have even caught a chemical reaction caught in the act, the breaking of bonds and reforming them. SCRM biomedical researchers synthesized human blood using stem cells Scientists detected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the upper atmosphere of Saturn's largest moon, Titan Researchers found an embryonic protein which is reactivated in patients with advanced cancer. It is normally deactivated shortly after birth Scientists discovered that plants also have a similar circadian rhythm like humans, using complex mathematical calculations University of Hawaii astronomers discovered the 10.000th near-Earth object Researchers found the oldest preserved DNA sequence, in the bones of an 700,000 years ancient old horse Japanese scientists used a single drop of blood to produce a healthy cloned mouse Researchers change the DNA of wheat strains to make them resistant to fungal disease stem rust Scientists made a breakthrough in molecular biology, by trapping a ribosome in the middle of its protein-forming state. This made it possible to study the exact motions in the process of translating the genetic code into functional proteins Seismologists introduced seismic scream, where tiny earthquakes happens in a sequence, with the increasing of frequency before the eruption of a volcano happens Scientists discovered a way to switch off the chromosome that causes Down's syndrome, which is an extra chromosome in the nuclei NASA's Cassini photographed the Earth and Moon from the orbit of Saturn Scientists discovered for the first time a way to chemically synthesize ingenol mebutate, an important anticarcinogenic compound of great interest by the medicinal industry Food critics eat the first hamburger which was made entirely of lab-grown in-vitro meat Astronomers dated back the universe to withing 100.000 years before the Big Bang, using cosmic microwave background Scientists confirmed that the largelst volcano on Earth has been found in the northern Pacific, undersea Scientists discovered that ocean acidification in the Artic, due to the rapidly melting sea ice, occurs much fater than previously forecast Researchers have discovered the brain cells schrink under sleep, which makes it possible for the brain to clean out the toxins, due to the gaps between the neurons Doctors grew a new face on the chest of a fire victim Scientists discovered a tiny microbial mat, the oldest complete fossils on Earth, around 3.48 billion years old The Hubble Space Telescope discovered water in the atmospheres of five exoplanets Scientists found that perfluorotributylamine, only discovered recently, has 7100 times the heat-trapping effect of carbon dioxide

part 3

2014

Scientists sequenced the DNA of the oldest human ever found, from a 400.000 years old hominin femur bone fossil. The result reports that it matches the genome human which lived in Siberia, the Denisovans NASA recorded a record low temperature on Earth, -94.7 °C in Antarctica University College London astronomers detected Argon-36 (argon hydride) in outer space. It is the first time noble gases has been detected in outer space. Astronomers detected the first known exomoon, 1,800 light years away Astronomers reported for the first time to have discovered clouds on an expoplanet, on Kepler-7b NASA may have detected clouds in several exoplanets Researchers created the first single-molecule LED, a milestone achievement A danish man recieved a prosthetic hand, and had the ability to sense a touch Stanford bioengineer invented a microscope, named a Foldscope, which is able to magnify up to 2000 times, and only costs about 50 cents in materials to make StoreDot developed a battery that can charge in less than 30 seconds SpaceX's Falcon 9 made the first controlled ocean soft touchdown, a flight test controlled decending. It is a milestone achievement in the space industry, where the liquid-rocketengine orbital booster control landed back from an altitude of 80 km. This would mean that space debris would drastically decrease by landing its fuel tanks back to the Earth. SpaceX is the firs to do so. Stanford engineers have created a 9000 times faster, and more energy-efficient microchip than a typical PC, based on the human brain FDA approved the first hi-tech bionic arm for mass production Korean scientists invented a robot that can run 46 km/h on a treadmill NASA introduced an X-ray powder diffraction instrument, called CheMin (Chemistry and Mineralogy) NASA launched Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 satellite, which can measure global carbon dioxide in geographic details Harvard University demonstrated a a self-organising machine swarm, based on 1,000 individual robots Researchers developed a computer program, capable of recognizing the emotional states of a user, accurately up to 87% of the time University of Cambridge manufactured the first graphene-based flexible display SanDisk developed a 512 GB SD card Ohio State University researchers have invented a solar battery, which is part solar cell and part battery, a solar battery, which can store its own energy, using nanometer-sized rods of titanium dioxide NTU scientists developed a battery which can be recharged up to 70% in two minutes. The battery itself can last 20 years Physicists contructed a tractor beam which can move objects of a size of 0,2 mm, over a distance of 20 centimetres. This is 100 times more than anything before TU/e researchers have developed a bandwidth which is 21 times faster, 255 terabits/s, using a newly type of fibre Hewlett-Packard developed a new 3D printer, which is 10 times faster than current 3D printers DARPA introduced the fastest integrated circuit with 1 terahertz (1 trillion cycles per second). The currrent record in 2012 was 850 gigahertz, thus the new circuit has an improvement of 150 billion cycles faster Google researchers and Standford University developed a new AI software program, which has the ability to recognise objects in photos and videos at near-human levels of understanding Scientists have for the first time 3D printed electronic circuitry, composed of semiconductors French-German researchers has created a new solar cell with an efficiency record of 46% Researchers demonstrated the fastest receive-only 2D camera in the world, with 100 billion frames per second, fast enough to monitor chemical processes and light pulses US Navy developed a laser weapon which can defend ships without conventional weapons with ammunition Researchers have developed an alloy, which is as light as aluminum, but as strong as titanium, a high-entropy alloy

LHCb discovered exotic hadrons Astronomers have measured the distance to galaxies which are six billion light years away, using the Sloan Digital Telescope Scientists have discovered a trench under the Antarctic ice, which is deeper than the Grand Canyon Researchers have discovered a new kind of gene therapy technique, which have restored the sight of 6 patients European Space Agency scientists for the first time detected water vapor on dwarf planet, specifically on the largest object in the asteroid belt Scienists analysed the genome of a 7,000 years year old European male. It had dark hair, dark skin, and blue eyes Chinese scientists created the first genetically modified monkeys in the world, using the CRISPR/Cas9 DNA engineering NASA photographed the Earth and Moon in the night sky from the planet Mars, using the Curiosity rover Archaeologists found footprints at Happisburgh in England. They report that it possible came from Homo antecessor, which can be up to 1 million years old Astronomers discovered the oldest known stars in the universe Penn State University scientists and engineers for the first time controlled nanomotors inside a living cell Astronomers have produced the first global geologic map the largest moon in the Solar System, Ganymede British scientists have developed genetically modified potatoes, which have the ability to resist Scientists created a photoactivated peptide antibiotic, which can be switched off and on using UV light and visible light, respectively NASA discocovered that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are very much abundant in the universe, with 20% of the carbon may be associated with PAH's. They could have started the formation of biological life Researchers have created the first known quasiparticle that behaves like a liquid, a dropleton NASA's Kepler mission discovered 715 extra exoplanets. The total sum of exoplanets would at this time be 1700 Scientists discovered the largest giant virus known to mankind, the pithovirus. It was revived from a frozen tundra, as old as 30.000 years Researchers announced they have found good quality of a wolly mammoth's DNA in Siberia, which there would be a high chance of using it to clone the extinct species Researchers found that by eating 560 g of fruit and vegatable per day will reduce the risk of death by 42%, a comparison with those who ate less than 80 g NASA's Hubble Space Telescope's measuring capability has been improvement ten-fold, using spatial scanning. This would allow the telescope to measure up to 10.000 light years away The sequencing of the tsetse fly genome, which causes the deadly sleeping sickness in Africa, is completed after a 10-year multimillion-dollar effort Astronomers had for the first time in history measured the lenght of a day of an exoplanet, the Pictoris b exoplanet, which only lasts 8 hours compared to Earth's 24 hours Researchers sequenced the genome of the spider, first time in history Scientists have demontrated the maximum theoretical limit of energy in order to control the magnetisation of a single atom Scientists demonstrated unlimited heat conduction in graphene Paleontologists discovered the largest dinosaur ever found, in Argentina. A 40 meter long and 20 meter tall, and weighing 77 tonnes Researchers concluded that the continent of Anarctica is losing 160 billion tonnes of ice every year. The speed has doubled since it was last measured Scientists have created the first Proteome database, a database of every single human protein Physicists were able to teleport information between two quantum bits separated with a distance of three meters, with zero percent error rate NASA's Curiosity rover on Mars, made history when making the first observation of a planetary transit from a celestial body besides Earth, in this case Mercury transiting the Sun

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APL successfully tested two modular prosthetic limbs on a Colorado man, which could then control the them using only his thoughts Researchers achieved an efficiency of 17 percent for thin-film solar, a new record

Researchers detected 42 yoctonewtons, the smallest force ever measured Scientists discovered Pegagornis sandersi, the largest prehistoric bird with a wingspan of 7,4 metre Astronomers discovered two of the most distant stars in the Milky Way galaxy, 775,000 and 900,000 light-years from Earth Physicists developed an atomic force microsope (ATM) that can detect the weight of an individual virus. It is 20 times more sensitive than conventional atomic force microscopes Cosmonauts found sea plankton outside the ISS Scientists discovered thousands of different types of microorganisms in an underground lake buried under the Antarctic ice, approximately 800 meter deep University of Queensland concluded from a study that an office enriched with plants, boosts the productivity of the staff by 15% and makes them happier Researchers demonstrated a brain-to-brain communication, about 3000 kilometre apart Researchers sequenced the genome of coffee for the first time, with more than 25.000 genes discovered. The researchers found which genes are responsible for making caffeine, and concluded they differed from those found in cacao, tea or similar NASA found the first evidence of plate tectonics in another world, on Jupiters satellite, called Europa Astronomers discovered for the first time water ice clouds on a world outside our solar system Scintists spliced the human gene FOXP2 into mice. This made them learn more quickly. The FOXP2 gene in humans is responsible for language and speech NASA discovered for the first time water vapor on an exoplanet, the exoplanet called HAT-P-11b Astronomers discovered iso-propyl cyanide near the galactic core. It is a complex organic molecule similar to amino-acids which is the building blocks of living organism Scientists developed a new process which CO2 can be converted to carbon and O2. A milestone of a dicovery, because spacesuits or underwater suits do not need to refill oxygen for a very long period, since CO2 exhaled from humans will be converted constantly to oxygen in the same tank Swedish woman gave the first successful birth, with a womb transplant Eric Betzig, William Moerner and Stefan Hell developed a super-resolved fluorescence microscopy. It is a special development of microscopy, because it is the first time an optical microscope is able to zoom into the nano-scale Researchers convereted human embryonic stem cells into insulinproducing cells Researchers reproduced Alzheimer's cells in a Petri dish Scientists found that plants absorb 16% more carbon dioxide than it was previously calculated Scientists found a method to attack brain tumours, using toxic stem cells. It attacks the brain tumours without killing the normal cells The ALMA Telescope revealed a protoplanetary disk in the best detail ever taken Rosetta spacecraft's Philae probe landed on the surface of the Comet 67P (Churyumov-Gerasimenko) Scientists have created the world's first artifical enzymes Researchers have slowed down aging of skin in mice, by blocking the activity of the Granzyme b enzyme Scientists have discovered the two photoreceptors called rods and cones in a 300 million years old fossilised fish eye

2015

SanDisk introduced the 200GB microSD card NASA's most powerful booster (rocket engine) for the Space Launch System, was successfully tested Japanese L0 Series maglev was the first train to reach a speed of 600 km/h Tesla Motors introduced a new large-scale battery technology Daimler's autonomous car Freightliner Inspiration Truck became the first in the world to be granted a license for road use Scientists developed a metho to create a single-molecule diode, which is 50 times faster than all current designs IBM introduced 7 nm computer chips, a breakthrough in teachnology Researchers used nanowires to boost solar fuel cell efficiency 10 times better. Furthermore this would only require 10.000 times less for the use of precious metals Researchers announced Sketch-a-Net, a program that recognises sketches more better than humans Intel and Micron introduced 3D XPoint, 1000 times faster than NAND and 10 times denser than current DRAM MIT researchers developed a 3D printing technique, capable of making transparent glass objects

NASA discovered liquid water on Mars Astronomers discovered a way to determine the age of a star by measuring how fast it spins NASA's Kepler Space Telescope discovered the 1000th confirmed exoplanet Researchers observed the DNA from a mitochondria in mice, moving between the cells and initiate cancer growth Duke University researchers grew the first contracting human muscle in the laboratory Open Worm Project scientists mapped the brain of a roundworm, and converted it a software that is similar to that in function. After uploading it to a lego robot, it behaved like the roundworm Scientists used a special mask to change the shape of photons, thus slowing down the speed of light NASA launched the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) observatory, the most advanced and accurate observatory to measure soil moisture from space NASA launched the Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR) through s SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket Researchers have calculated that within a 50 kilometer of coastline, between 4,8 and 12,7 million metric tons of plastic entered the ocean in the year of 2010

part 2

Philips developed the first quantum dot monitor DARPA tested a prosthetic hand directly connected to the brain of a paralysed man. He was able to feel physical sensations IBM discovered a new way to to shrink silicon transistors with carbon nanotubes, down to 1,8 nanometer Durham University scientists announced that fusion reactors could be economically viable within a few decades Chattanooga city reported that an utility soon will offer a 10 GB broadband service. An average broadband is 0,1 GB in a developed country, which means that the city's broadband is 100 times faster Researchers developed a tractor beam that grabs beads with sound waves, and move them from a distance of 40 centimeter away MIT invented a shockwave process to desalinate water Engineers invented a technology that uses Wi-Fi routers to power devices MIT developed a new polarised 3D system, capable of increasing the resolution of current 3D imaging devices 1000 times more Epson introduced their PaperLab. It is the first papermaking system for offices that turns used papers into new blank papers Colorado State University introduced a new mass spectral imaging device, capable of 3D mapping cellular composition 20 times higher than current available devices. The resolution it can perform is 75 nm wide and 20 nm deep Researchers developed the world's smallest temperature sensor, which is powered by radio waves Disney Research unveiled FaceDirector MIT announced a new atomic force microscope, which can scan images 2000 times faster than current ATM Researchers used quantum dots to produce a 0,0092 mm^2 photograph at a resolution of 25.000 dpi. A world record for smallest inkjet image, which is only possible to see the photo with a microscope

Scientists discovered that limpet teeth might be the strongest natural material Researchers discovered that regulating HARE5 (human-accelerated regulatory enhancer) will make the human brain larger Swiss Scientists took the first ever photo of light behaving both as a wave and as a particle NASA formed for the first time complex organic compound used to build DNA and RNA under outer space conditions. This includes cytosine, uracil and thymine. What makes this special is that they used the starting materials found in meteorites and outer space, like pyrimidine and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH's), thus proving that it is possible for DNA to be created in outer space Astronomers discovered the fastest known star, with an hypervelocity of 1200 km/s NASA's Dawn spacecraft became the first to visit a dwarf planet, specifically Ceres Satellite images found that a volcanic acitivity has formed a new island in the Pacific near Tonga Researchers discovered a new method using ultrasound to treat Alzheimers in mice. The technique has been demonstrated to clear amyloid plagques in 75% of the animals Genetists copied for the first time the genes from an extinct woolly mammoths, and spliced it into the DNA of an elephant Researchers recorded the highest temperature ever recorded in the Antarctic Peninsula, with a temperature of 17.5 °C Scientists entangled 3000 atoms using only one single photon Scientists discovered that the miR-182 molecule can suppress the genes that causes cancer in mice with glioblastoma mulitforme Astronomers detected for the first time methylcyanide, a complex organic molecule, in a young star system Astronomers detected the first exoplanet's visible light spectrum Seismologists managed to image two magma chambers under the Yellowstone National Park, in 3D Scientists sequenced the full genome of the extinct woolly mammoth Researchers found that tomosynthesis is 40% more effective to detect breast cancers than conventional mammography. Furthermore it also lowers the radiation risk Astronomers made the first measurement of an exoplants weather dynamics Researchers used chemical vapor deposition to develop a method to massproduce graphene Scientists confirmed that the opah is the first known warm-blooded fish, capable of regulating its internal temperature Researchers discovered connective tissue and red blood cells in dinosaur fossils, which are 75 million-year-old Researchers used a technology the size of a smartphone to to sequence the full genome of a living organism Scientists created the thinnest light buld in the world, using graphene Surgeons successfully implanted a titanium 3D-printed prosthetic jaw in a patient Geophysicists identified all the biggest impact craters on Earth Astronomers discovered a rare five-star system Scientists discovered the massless quasiparticle, called Weyl fermion Researchers developed a new treatment for cataracts, suing eye drops Researchers created the first artificial ribosome Scientists developed a technique capable of obtaining nanoscale images of the brain Public Health Agency of Canada developed an ebola vaccince that is 100% successful FDA approved the first 3D printed pill, called Spritam Astronomers discovered the most distant galaxy, the EGSY8p7 galaxy, 13.2 billion years for its light to reach Earth Researchers developed a method that convert carbon dioxide in the atmosphere into carbon nanofibers Researchers used stem cells to culture a miniature human brain in a dish, an equivalent of a five-week-old fetus Researchers found a new way to switch of the PLEKHA7 protein, thus switching off cancer cell growth Physicists contained a superheated hydrogen plasma for five milliseconds Scientists discovered the Pentecopterus decorahens, described as the first real big predator Researchers estimate that there are only three trillion trees left on Earth British Psychological Society warned not to pressure teenagers with social media and technology, due to them causing higher anxiety, increased depression, lower sleep quality, and lower self-esteem. NASA's Cassini found an ocean under the icy crust of Encoladus, a moon of Saturn Researchers used opticl fiber to transfer quantum information, which was teleported via light particles over a distance of 100 km

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Part 3

2016

390

Scientists discovered the Ugrunaaluk kuukpikensis dinosaur, the farthest north of any known dinosaur, which lived above the Arctic circle for 69 million years ago Researchers implemented a computer system that reroutes signals from a brain of a paraplegic man to electrodes on his knees, which made it possible for him to walk again NASA scientists discovered liquid water (liquid brine) flowing on planet Mars Scientists found the smallest snail ever discovered, the Angustopila dominikae, which only measures 0,86 mm in height Researchers developed the ViroCap test, capable of detecting almost every virus known to infect Researchers constructed for the first time a quantum logic gate, using silicon Scientists discovered a general cure against cancer, able to be effective on 90% of cancer types. The cure works by attaching malaria proteins to cancer cells Forensic scientists developed test that can identify the gender of humans, using only their fingerprints. This is due to the fact that amino acids are present in different amount in males and females Scientists discovered a 4,1 billion year old fossil. They conluded that if it only too 0,4 billion years to develope living organism on earth, then life would be very common in the universe Researchers developed a new gene therapy, capable of curing muscular dystrophy in dogs US physicists used lasers to create positrons Researchers invented a a blood test that can diagnose cancer with a probability of 97%, by only using a single drop of blood, NASA's New Horizons performed four propulsive maneuvers. This is the first time any spacecraft has ever corrected the most distant trajectory corrections Scientists identified a chemical that could reverse the eye cataracts, by using it as eye drops Researchers treated leukaemia in a one year old girl, using gene-edited immune cells Scientists discovered that 90% of the entire human genome is essential for survival. They achieved the conclusion by switching off, one gene at a time, almost 18,000 genes Scientists used in vitro fertilization to create the world's first test tube puppies Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics's Wendelstein 7-X fusion device conducted the first helium plasma test SpaceX made history, by landing a Falcon 9 rocket vertically. The rocket fuel tanks can be reused and do not fill the outer space with space debris China's Chang’e-3 discovered a black mineral, a ilmenite-rich asaltic rock, on the moon IUPAC officially declared the seventh row of the periodic table completed. This was possible due to the discovery of elements 113, 115, 117 and 118 UK inventors invented the an ocean vacuum Researchers developed a new way to 3D print heat-resistant varieties of near-flawless ceramics Fixstars announced the world's first 13 TB solid state drive (SSD), which costs 13.000 dollars Lockheed Martin announced the Segmented Planar Imaging Detector for Electro-optical Reconnaissance (SPIDER) Researchers announced a handheld microscope with a size of a pen, that can identify cancer cells in operating rooms and at the doctor's office The University of Southampton came a step closer in creating 5D data storage, capable of surviving billions of years Boston Dynamics revealed a new version of the Atlas humanoid robot, with incredible new human-like features MIT demonstrated a flexible and thin solar cell, that is so light that it can be draped on a soap bubble Case Western Reserve University developed an optical sensor, which is one million times more sensitive than current available. It can be used to detect early cancers Researchers introduced a new process to produce transistors. using nanocrystal inks SpaceX's Falcon 9 Rocket made the first successful land on a floating drone ship in the ocean Chinese scientists developed solar panels, that generates eletricity from randrops, by adding a one-atom thick layer of graphene to it Samsung introduced a 256 GB microSD card Google introduced the new chip, Tensor Processing Unit (TPU), which is significant better in performace (per watt) than all current processors

The LIGO team used a black hole merger to detect gravitational waves, first time in history has the gravity been detected Scientists genetically engineer mosquitos and released them in Grand Cayman Island, of which any offspring of them produced will not survive to adulthood. It only took three months, and already 80% of the entire population in the area of the island had vanished Scientists discovered that a mutation in the gene GK-PID may have allowed single cell organism to become multicellular organism, about 800 million years ago Researchers discovered the oldest known evidence of tea, from the mausoleum of Emperor Jing of Han in Xi'an, as early as 2nd century BC Mathematicians discovered a new prime number, 274,207,281 − 1 Scientists identified glycerol 3-phosphate phosphatase (G3PP), an enzyme that prevents sugar being stored as fat NASA discovered for the first time water ice on the surface of comet 67P Astronomers found the brightest supernova ever detected, ASASSN-15lh, which had a brightness of 570 billion Suns University of Colorado Boulder demonstrated a light-activated nanoparticles, capable of killing over 90% of antibiotic-resistant bacteria Researchers used real-time 3D videos to show how cancer cells extend arms from their body and grab other cells University of Sydney released the world's first global nitrogen footprint, encompassing 188 countries The University of New South Wales began human trials of a bionic eye, the Phoenix99 Google developed an artificial intelligence program, capable of beating the European champion of Go Researchers found that proton beam therapy for treating cancer has the same efficiency as conventional radiotherapy, but has fewer side effects

part 2

China invented the world's fastest supercomputer, called the Sunway TaihuLight. It can perform 93 petaflops, and a top performance of 125 petaflops China constructed the world's largest radio telescope, a 500 meter aperture spherical telescope, made up of 4500 triangular aluminium panels Rice University scientists invented a titanium-gold alloy, that has a strenght 4 times harder than steel Unknown introduced a new vortex laser, which can carry more than 10 times information than conventional lasers Engineers developed the first dust-sized wireless sensors. The sensor can be implanted inside the body Researchers developed a software algorithm, which can copy the handwritings of people and replicate it MIT introduced lithium-ion battery, two times more capacity than the current available Princeton researchers Researchers introduced Piton, a 25-core open-source processor, that can create a 200,000-core computer by scaling it Nokia Bell Labs, Deutsche Telekom T-Labs and the Technical University of Munich developed a 1 TB/s transmission rates over optical fiber Sandisk developed the first-ever 1 TB SD card Researchers demonstrated a working 1 nanometre transistor A research team developed a 10-fold boost in stability quantum bit Adobe invented an audio software that precisely replicates the voice of any person The University of Oxford AI Lab developed an AI algorithm called LipNet, which can lip-read 40% better than humans Researchers developed a robot called Salto, a wall-jumping robot Researchers introduced a super flexible liquid crystal (LC) device

Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) created the smallest lattice structure ever, using braces with a diameter less than 200 nanometre, and also using glassy carbon struts Germany conducted the first hydrogen plasma test and the Wendelstein 7-X fusion device Scientists created a list, containing the rarest 2500 minerals in the world NASA's Hubble Space Telescope analyzed for the first time the atmosphere of a super-earth exoplanet, the 55 Cancri 3. It detected hydrogen and helium, and possibly also hydrogen cyanide. It did not detect any water vapor Researcher revived animals, microscopic tardigrades, after they have been frozen for over 30 years Scientists discovered that pancreatic cancer has four separate sub-types. They inidividually have different causes, and thus needs different treatments NASA's Hubble Space Telescope detected the most remote galaxy ever, GNz11, with a distance of 13,4 billion light years Japanese researchers found the first species capable of degrading polyethylene terephthalate (PET), the ideonella sakaiensis Paleontologists discovered a pregnant Tyrannosaurus rex Researchers reversed age-related osteoporosis in mice, using stem cell therapy Astronomers discovered a white dwarf star, which has a 99.9 percent oxygen atmosphere, named SDSSJ124043.01+671034.68 Researchers implanted a chip into the brain of a quadriplegic man, and was then able to perform complex movements with his fingers BioViva USA first to extend the lenght of telomeres in a patient, using gene therapy. It is though that the shrinking of telomeres causes aging Astronomers had for the first time in 40 years detected oxygen in the atmosphere of Mars National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine reported that there is no risk from genetic modifications of food (GMO) Scientists announced the HGP-Write project, to synthesize the entire genome of humans Researchers found that the brain of chronic stroke sufferes were revived and could walk again, after injecting them with stem cells directly into the brain Researchers demonstrated a method to pump carbon dioxide underground and turning it into solid carbonate minerals Researchers demonstrate mixing a molecule with light at room temperature, using quantum states NASA's Juno spacecraft arrived at the planet Jupiter, 4200 km above the clouds. This is the closest approach ever by a man-made object Scientists found out that graphene-infused packaging is one million times more effective at blocking moisture than conventional plastic Solar Impulse 2 is the first-ever aircraft to fly around the earth, using only solar power Researchers found an antibiotic, produced by a bacteria in the nose that is very efficient against multiresistance pathogens Reseachers accomplished a record-breaking 99.9% precision with a quantum logic gate, which is enough to build a quantum computer Stanford University researchers proposed that phase-change memory chops can be developed to be 1000 times faster, and at the same time using less space and less energy Scientists found out that the longest-lived vertebrate is the Greenland shark (Somniosus microcephalus), with a lifespan of almost 400 years Astronomers detected the closest exoplanet in its habitable zone, with the same size as Earth, named Proxima b. Its red dwarf star Proxima Centaur is the closest star to planet Earth NASA's HI-SEAS IV experiment to simulate a human colony on Mars, was completed Kate Rubins sequenced the first DNA in outer space, using a MinION device inside the ISS Scientists found the world's oldest known fossils (stromatolites), on a wavy rock feature, about 3,7 billion years old Researchers demonstrated for the first time the outperformance of silicon transistors with the nanotube transistors Scientists reported that 1/10 of the wildernes in the world have disappeared in the last 20 years ESA's Gaia telescope recorded the position and brightness of one billion stars in the Milky Way alone Japanese scientists sequenced the genome of the tardigrade. They transfered a gene from the animal into human cells, and demonstrated after that the human cells became resistance to radiation Scientists found out that all living humans today, that are not Africans, can be traced back to one single 50.000-80.000 year old population that lived in Africa. Their results were based on human DNA genetic studies Astronomers discovered that Mercury is tectonically active Scientists used the new "three parent" technique to give birth to a baby with three parents

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2017

392

Astronomers reported that ultraviolet light from stars created the carbonhydrogen radical molecule, the carbon-hydrogen positive ion, and the carbon ion alone. These are the very basic chemical ingredients of life Astronomers estimated that there are 2 trillion galaxies in the observable universe, ten times more than it was previously thought. They used the photographs of Hubble Space Telescope for the last 20 years, and applied 3D imaging techniques Researchers revealed the 3D shape of a genome, by using the "neighbour maps" technique Researchers discovered the first fossilised brain tissue in a dinosaur Scientists viewed the neurons of a mouse brain firing action potentials in real time 3D, by using the technique called light sculpting Researchers developed genetically modified wheat which boost the efficiency of photosynthesis by 20 to 40 percent Researchers using stem cells to developed lab-grown mini lungs. They successfully transplaneted it into a mice Researchers used HITI, a new gene-editing technique based on CRISPR, to restore blind animals vision, partially Researchers invented a method to remove mutated DNA from mitochondria, a possible cure for aging Researchers grew human intestinal tissues with nerves, using human pluripotent stem cells. This was then used to study Hirschsprung's disease Researchers created cells that form silicon-carbon bonds Researchers calculated the weight of the technosphere of the Earth, as 30 trillion tons. It is 50 kilogram per square meter CERN performed the ALPHA experiment, and observed for the first time the light spectrum of antimatter Researchers discovered that using fMRI to scan the brains of people, is found to be much more effective at spotting lies than a polygraph Unknown developed the GreenWave 3D Ocean Farm VICIS developed the Zero1 helmet Nintendo introduced Nitendo Switch Michelin developed the Vision Concept tire, which does not need air Molekule developed an air filter which zaps away pollutants from the air, called Molekule Unknown developed the levitating lightbulb, FLYTE Solarcity developed the solar roof Goodyear developed the Eagle 360 spherical tires Researchers designed a material which is only 5 percent of steel, but 10 times stronger. It is the strongest lightweight materials known, using graphene Researchers developed a 3D printer, able to print fully functional human skin Unknown invented a new safe batteriy twice the storage of lithion-ion battery, but is rather based on solid lithium Researchers introduced the world's first blueprint of how to build a quantum computer Researchers invented blue-phase liquid crystal that can increase the sharpness of screens three times compared to conventional phase liquid crystal screens. It also reduces the power needed to run it Researchers demonstrated a robotic drone bee, capable of pollinating flowers The University of Alberta described the DeepStack, capable of beating poker stars in the game Researchers demonstrated a 3D-printed sense of touch bionic skin for robots Researchers developed the thinnest hologram in the world, using a fast direct laser writing system Google's DeepMind AlphaGo AI program won over Ke Jie, the world's best Go player Researchers introduced a solar cell with 44.5 percent efficiency Researchers developed a terahertx multiplexer with a data transmission speed of 50 Gbit/s. This could be used to make a new generation of fast Wi-Fi Engineers developed a compact wireless communication antenna, that is 100 times smaller than the smallest today Researchers demontrated that at even a temperature of -213 °C, it is possible to have magnetic hysteresis in individual molecules. This could lead to data storing devices that have 100 times more density Reseachers invented Flip-flop qubits, which is a new type of quantum computing design Qualcomm developed the world's first 5G mobile connection, with a speed 1 Gbit/s Researchers developed quantum dot solar cells with 13,4 percent efficiency, a world record

MIT developed a chip to reverse paralysis Scientists introduced Gene Therapy 2.0 NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter photographed the Earth and Moon, as viewed from Mars, 200 million kilometre away Researchers found out that it is not the nerve cells that are affected by aging, but the glia cells Scientists discovered the regulator protein that binds the ends of chromosomes and determines how long telomeres, called TZAP Researchers created, using genetic DNA from a human and a pig, the first a human-pig hybrid embryo Scientists synthesized for the first time a stable helium compound, in the form of Na2He. It is a milestone in chemsitry, since it is the most unreactive element in the periodic system Scientists calculated that the activity of humans in the modern age of fossils, is changing the climate 170 times faster than the Earth does it naturally Scientist found that due to global warming and stratification, the concentration levels of oxygen in the oceans have declined globally by 2% in the last 50 years. This has a great impact on sea animals Scientists developed a new method to grow inner ear progenitor cells that convert into hair cells, which could possibly be used as a cure for hearing loss Researchers discovered the oldest forms of life on Earth, the putative fossilized microorganisms, 4,280 billion years old. The earth was formed 4,54 billions years ago and the oceans 4,4 billion years ago Scientists discovered time crystals, which is a new phase of matter where the atoms move in a pattern that repeats in time, and not space as it is usually the case Dutch scientists discovered a drug that flushes out senescent cells in the body that have stopped dividing, thus reversing ageing, tested in old mice. In the experiment the mice's stamina, coat of fur and organ function were restored Australian scientists discovered the largest dinosaur footprint, measuring 1,7 metres long, almost double the size of the second largest Researchers demonstrated a fluid with negative mass, which is accelerated backwards when pushed Scientists discovered that wax moth larvae are capable to degrade polyethylene biologically, the most used plastic material. They can be used to solve the problem of plastic waste The University of Utah developed a robotic drill system that greatly speeds up surgical procedures. A two hour surgical procedure can be decreased to 2 minutes and 30 seconds Researchers found in a study with 6000 participants that that high levels of physical activity will prolong life with 9 extra years. Those who exercises were found to have longere telomere lenghts Boston Children's Hospital researchers were first to grow human blood stem cells

part 2

IBM built a quantum computer that has 50 qubits Researchers discovered a new material which is more resistant to nuclear fusion with helium than existing materials Google's AlphaZero AI taught itself chess in 4 hours, and then beat a champion chess program Researchers developed a new battery that could hold the batteries of electric cars 3 times more than current ones Engineers nanofabricated artificial graphene in a semiconductor Researchers inveiled a complete design of a silicon quantum computer chip. It is possible to manufacture it using standard components and processes Reseachers published a design of a memory storage device, only one atomic layer thick X20 developed the X27 Night Vision, which can see in complete darkness like it would had been daylight

Researchers found out that eating six bars of chocolate per week, will decrease the rist of heart conditions by 25% Swiss researchers developed artificial viruses that can treat cancer. They work by alerting the immune system, in which it sends killer cells to detroy the cancer cells Researchers discovered a new method to modify the antibiotic vancomycin structurally, making it more powerful Elon Musk published Making Humans a Multi-Planetary Species, his plan to colonise Mars Scientists discovered fossil evidence that Homo sapiens may have originated 300,000 years ago, and not only 200,000 years ago as it was previously known Researchers created a virtual universe with 25 billion galaxies, which was generated from 2 trillion digital particles. It is the largest virtual universe ever simulated Scientists used the chinese satellite Micius and were able to achieve transmission of entangled photons between suborbital space and Earth. The previous record was only 100 km or less, while in this experiment they managed to a achieve a distance of 1200 km ESA announced that it will launch the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) in 2034, the third large-class mission in its science programme Researchers from Remote Sensing Systems (RSS), published a more accurate value of nearly 30% faster global warming since 1979 than it was previusly stated Researchers revealed in a study that hackers could use brainwaves to steal passwords from brainwave-sensing headsets Researchers developed a GMO banana with higher levels of vitamin A NASA's Juno spacecraft photographed the red spot of Jupiter in the most detailed photographs ever taken of the planet Astronomers discovered EBLM J0555-57Ab, the smallest star able to sustain fusion Researchers discovered that adding a common enzyme to the ocean will make carbon sequestration 500 times faster Archaeologists discovered evidence that the indigenous Australians have existed in the continent of Australia for more than 65,000 years Astronomers measured a gamma ray burst as it happened Astronomers found acrylonitrile (vinyl cyanide or simply C2H3CN) on Titan, a moon of Saturen. It is an organic compound essential for life and cell membranes Researchers developed the world's smallest storage medium, a single atom memory strage system Scientists constructed a 3D model image of a 140 million years old flower, perhaps the first flower that has ever existed Scientists removed faulty gene in the DNA of human embryos, that was responsible for a hereditary heart condition. They used CRISPR Scientists discovered the largest volcanic region on Earth, located two km below the Antarctic Ice Sheet, in which they found 91 volcanos Researchers discovered a new technique to generate very high-energetic ions to study nuclear fusion Scientists demonstrated cyborg bacteria, capable of outperforming plants at photosynthesis Astronomers produced the most detailed image ever of a star, specifically Antares, by using ESO's Very Large Telescope. They also made a map of surface motion of it, which is the first time it was achieved on a star other than the Sun Scientists achieved the lowest temperature ever, 50 millionths of a degree above 0 kelvin IBM's quantum computer calculated the enerygy levels in beryllium hydride Researchers developed photonic computer chips, which does not use electricity but rather light to operate, and was able to imitate the synapses of the brain Astronomers discovered the farthest comet in our Solar System, 1,5 billion kilometres away Scientists inserted a bacterial gene from E. Coli, which stimulates production of the amino acid methionine, into the DNA of corn to enhance its nutritional value Scientists provided further evidence for CPT symmetri, by measuring the magnetic moment of antiprotons NASA found the first known interstellar asteroid or comet to pass through our Solar System Astronomers discovered a large hot jupiter sized planet, named NGTS-1b, orbiting a small-sized sun every 2,65 days. Archaeologists discovered a large void inside the Giza pyramid in Egypt, using muography Researchers discovered that one dose of the drug called trodusquemine can melt away fat inside the blood arteries Archaeologists discovered the oldest-known ancestors of most living mammals, 145 million year fossils of tiny shrew-like creatures, in England

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2018

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UK scientists made senescent cells younger, with longer telomeres and regaining the ability to divide again, by using resveratrol analogues Germany doctors treated a boy with junctional epidermolysis bullosa, using gene therapy technique. Scientists found the fossil remains of an 80 million years old ancient shark FDA approved the first drug with digital ingestion tracking system, recording when the medication was ingested Caltech researchers first to stabilize a ring of plasma in open air Newcastle University reseachers discovered that sea life as deep as 11 kilometres in some of the deepest parts of the Pacific Ocean is contaminated with plastic NASA's Voyager I fired its trajectory thrusters. It is the most distant manmade object controlled by humans on Earth Imperial College London researchers reduced the distance over which light can interact by 10.000 fold, in optical computing Scientists developed a new technique using measurements of the gravitational field, to estimate the magnitude of large earthquakes in only minutes ESA's MICROSCOPE satellite found the Equivalence principle was measured within a precision of 10−15 Physicists discovered a new form of matter called excitonium Vanderbilt University researchers invented a hyperlens material that can see the details of a virus above cells Carbon Engineering developed a technology that can convert atmoshperic carbon dioxide and water into gasoline and diesel fuels Scientists succesfully helped to give birth to a baby from a transplanted cadaveric womb The Pentagon unveiled the existence of the secret investigatory program called AATIP, to research and study UFOs FDA approved the first gene therapy for an inherited condition General Fusion used their newest plasma injector called PI3, to achieve the first plasma Tesla unveiled its electric semi-truck Airbus & IBM developed Crew Interactive MObile CompanioN (CIMON) Bell developed the V-280 Valor tiltrator Raytheon developed Low Power Radar (LPR) Airbus developed the Zephyr S HAPS, a high altitude solar satellite Gravity Industries invented the Gravity Jet Suit Corning developed the Gorilla Glass 6 Synaptics developed the fingerprint sensor Clear ID Raytheon developed a high energy laser weapon system Darpa & Carnegie Mellon developed reconfigurable wheel track Thruvision developed TAC-TS4 Denmark introduced Digital Health Microsoft and Alibaba developed artificial intelligence programs, which was better than human beings in a reading and comprehension Engineers and scientists created the atomristor, a memory storage device only one atomic layer thick Google created the most advanced quantum computer chip with 72 qubits, named Bristlecone Nanyang Technological University invented a robot, capable of assembling an IKEA chair autonomously Oak Ridge National Laboratory developed the most powerful supercomputer, the Summit, with 200 petaflops (200.000 trillion calculations per second) MIT announced a new machine-learning algorithm, 1000 times faster at registering brain scans and other 3-D images, called VoxelMorph Scientists revealed the most wear-resistant metal, 100 times more durable than high-strenght steel, a platinum-gold alloy MIT developed a new system that allows robots to pick up any object after visually inspecting it, called the Dense Object Nets (DON) NASA launched the most advanced ice-monitoring spacecraft, called ICESat-2 INRS invented the world's fastest camera, T-CUP, which is able to capture 10 trillion frames per second Scientists activated the Human Brain supercomputer with 1 million processors Researchers create a deep learning algorithm, which only needs 0,005 seconds to solve text-based CAPTCHA tests Scientists developed a new technique to construct a solid-state memory, 1000 times more dense than current ones. Their technique involves on quickly removing or replacing single hydrogen atoms

Scientist for the first time used CRISPR to genetically engineer newborn babies, named Lulu and Nana. They are the world's first genetically edited babies, where the genes were edited to resist HIV NASA launched the Parker Solar Probe, which will be the first man-made object to touch the sun Scientists developed a bionic hand with a sense of touch NASA conducted the Station Explorer for X-ray Timing and Navigation Technology (SEXTANT) experiment, which demontrated how spacecraft in outer space can use millisecond pulsars to determine their position Medical researchers first used CRISPR to turn skin cells into stem cells Scientists created two monkey clones, named Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua SpaceX successfully conducted the first flight of Falcon Heavy, the most powerful rocket since the Space Shuttle program University of Edinburgh researchers grew for the first time human eggs in the laboratory Scientists discovered a new form of light, with polaritons Astronomers indirectly detected a signal of the reionization epoch, light from about 180 million years after the beginning of the Big Bang NASA medical researchers found out that being in space alters gene expressions in astronauts, based on the study of the twins, Scott Kelly and Mark Kelly Researchers identifed 6331 groups of genes which are the same in all living animals. These genes are traced back to a single ancestor that lived 650 million years ago in the Precambrian Scientists found that rigorous Bell test experimentations further supports the physical phenomenon of quantum entanglement NASA approved the Mars Helicopter Scout (MHS) program. The space agency plan to add a helicopter on Mars with the mission Scientists developed different rices that produced 25-31% more grain than anything in existence, by using the CRISPR/Cas9 technique Newcastle University created the first 3D printed human corneas CERN performed the ATLAS experiment and the CMS experiment to direct couple the Higgs boson with the top quark Archaeologists determined the footprints in the Yangtze Gorges area of South China to be the earliest known record of an animal with legs, dating back 546 million years Researchers developed synthetic T cells, which functions in the same way as real T-cells from human Astronomers took the first confirmed photograph of a newborn planet, called PDS 70b The IceCube Neutrino Observatory in Antarctica located for the first time in history an object in space, by detecting its neutrino. It origin of the object is 3,7 billion light-years away Scientists used two high-speed electron microscopes on 7000 brain slices and 21 million images, to mape for the first time a fruit fly connectome at nanoscale resolution

part 2

2019

Researchers used artificial intelligence to predict a persons personality, simply by tracking the eyes movements Scientists succefully transplanted lab-grown lungs into pigs Scientists sequenced for the first time the genome of wheat Scientists published a research paper about space weathering on the surface of Phobos, which has caused the surface to be dividied into a red and blue unit Scientists discovered the earliest drawing by Homo sapiens, which are about 73,000 years old Researchers for the first time used pluripotent stem cells to grow human oesophageal tissue Researchers for the first time identified the human skeletal stem cells Astronomers detected for the first time matter falling into a black hole at 30% of the speed of light, located in the galaxy PG211+143. They used data from ESA's X-ray observatory XMM-Newton Scientists determined that the bird known as Vorombe titan is be the largest bird to have ever existed. It reached a height of 3 metre and weighed 800 kg Researchers recreated 450 million-year-old enzymes, able to withstand higher temperatures Scientists discovered the oldest weapons in North America. They found spear points made of chert, which are between 13500-15500 years ago Scientists made the first the 3D virtual reconstruction of a rib cage from a Neanderthal species Scientists launched the Earth BioGenome Project, a global plan to sequence the genomes of 1,5 million animal, plant, fungal and protozoan species Scientists discovered the oldest figurative art painting, between 4000052000 years old in the cave of Lubang Jeriji Saléh Institute of Plasma Physics's Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak's plasma reached 100 million degrees Celsius Astronomers used (NIRSPAO) to search for biosignatures on exoplanets. It is short for NIRSpec in adaptive optics (AO) Astronomers reported that the extragalactic background light (EBL) amounts to 4 × 1084^84 photons Scientists completed the 100.000 Genomes Project China launched the first robotic craft to the far side of the Moon, called Chang'e 4 Astronomers discovered the most distant object ever observed in the Solar System, about 120 AU away. It is called 2018 VG18 (or Farout) NASA first placed a seismometer onto the surface of another planet, with their InSight lander on Mars IBM launched the first commercially integrated quantum computing system, the IBM Q System One Unknown developed the first holographic car assistant, called Eyelights Padrone invented the Padrone Ring Hoversurf invented the hoversurf Unknown invented the HiMirror Mini Countries world wide launched the 5G technology, 20 times faster than 4G. A movie can be downloaded in a matter of seconds or minutes Lexar developed the first SD card with 1 TB Researchers demonstrated a new process to 3D printing, which is up to 100 times faster than anything current. It is based on the lifting of shapes from a vat of liquid Alphabet's DeepMind developed the AlphaStar, which defeated professional players in StarCraft II, in 10 out of 11 rounds Researchers developed 3D printer, which transform a viscous liquid into complex solid objects, by using light exposure Micron developed the first microSD card with 1 TB storage ELI-NP developed the most powerful laser system, with a peak power of 10 Petawatts National Nuclear Laboratory (NNL) and University of Leicester first achieved usable electricity from americium. They can be used to power space missions for up to 400 years Researchers demonstrated a non-invasive mind-controlled robotic arm Engineers invented a new device capable of cooling parts of buildings, without using electricity, by up to 11 °C Cerebras Systems and TSMC developed the first computer chip to exceed one trillion transistors, called the Wafer Scale Engine Google developed a deep learning system, capable of dectecting 26 skin conditions as accurately as dermatologists OpenAI demonstrated a human-like robotic hand solving a Rubik's Cube Northwestern University researchers invented the HARP 3D printer, short for high-area rapid printing. It can produce a human-sized object within two hours

Astronomers captured the first ever photograph of a black hole. They used 8 different telescopes equipped with atomic clocks, which took the images at an extremely simultanous and precise time Scientists found that tons of the greenhouse gas, methane, are released by melting ice sheets in Greenland China became the first country in the world to soft land a probe on the far side of the Moon, with its Chang'e 4 Scientists genetically engineered crops to boost plant growth by 40% in normal earth conditions Researchers developed a messenger RNA aerosol in an inhalable form, to treat lung diseases Astronomers calculated one rotation of Saturn takes 11 hours, 33 minutes and 38 seconds, using the planet's C Ring Scientists createdfive identical cloned gene-edited monkeys Medical scientists discovered that by attaching iridium to albumin, the complex can penetrate cancer cells, and then can be killed with photodynamic therapy (using light) Medical scientists made the first gene editing therapy, using Zinc Finger Nuclease (ZFN), in a living human being. It was performed to permanently change the DNA of a person with Hunter Syndrome Surgeons for the first time ever used gene therapy to treat a british woman for age-related macular degeneration (AMD) Scientists restored hearing in an adult mouse, using gene therapy Scientists found evidence to support the claim that some Neanderthals may have eaten meat Scientists developed Hachimoji DNA, which is composed of the four known natural nucleobases and four unnatural nucleobases SpaceX launched the first privately financed probe to the Moon, called SpaceIL's Beresheet Astronomers discovered the most distant object in the Solar System, about 140 AU from the sun. It is named FarFarOut Researchers developed a new method of using a liquid metal catalyst to turn atmospheric CO2 back into solid coal Scientists found for the first time evidence of groundwater system on Mars MIT researchers developed an optical imaging system that can detect very small tumours, down to 200 cells Paleontologists found first fossil bird with an unlaid egg, named Avimaia schweitzerae, a 115 million years ago bird

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MIT introduced a new system to capture carbon, using electrodes combined with carbon nanotubes. Researchers developed a film that is applied to solar cells, which can capture infrared light too, with more than 10 percent of increase in solar energy converseion efficiency

Scientists reported that terrestrial organisms survived 533 days outside of the ISS, where there is intense ultraviolet radiation, extreme temperature variations, and vacuum ESO astronomers used optical interferometry, with the GRAVITY instrument on their VLTI, to make the first direct detection of an exoplanet ETH Zurich scientists created the first bacterial genome entirely by a computer, called Caulobacter ethensis-2.0 Astronomers detected for the first time ever the primordial molecule, helium hydride, in outer space in NGC 7027. It is believed to have been formed 100.000 years after the Big Bang NASA's Mars InSight became the first lander on another planet, Mars, to detect an earthquake, called Marsquake NASA's Hubble Space Telescope in collebration with scientists, detected buckminsterfullerene (C60) in the interstellar medium spaces between the stars Britsh doctors performed the first genetically modified phage therapy on a british teenager, to treat a drug-resistant infection, which cannot be treated with antibiotics but only with viruses to kill the bacteria Mauna Loa Observatory measured the highest level in 2,5 million years of atmospheric CO2. It reached 415 parts per million (ppm) Researchers described the role of TGF-beta type II signaling receptor (TGFBR2) in osteoarthritis University of Chicago researchers observed superconductivity at very high pressure at a temperature of -23 °C University of Colorado Boulder researchers demonstrated nanobio-hybrid, able to convert atmospheric CO2 and N2 into plastics and fuels Physicists captured an image of quantum entanglement, for the first time ever Astronomers used Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment (OGLE) and 2400 Cepheids to produce the most detailed measurements of the warping effect on the Milky Way's 3D structure University of Leeds scientists created a two atoms thick gold, measured at 0,47 nanometres Chemists created an 18-atom cyclocarbon, made of pure carbon Austrian and Chinese scientists teleported for the first time threedimensional quantum states, also known as qutrits NASA activated the Deep Space Atomic Clock (DSAC). The DSAC is ued for precise radio navigation in deep space Scientists discoverered Dyakonov-Voigt wave, first suggested by James Clerk Maxwell Scientists used calcium phosphate ion clusters as a precursor layer to regrow the complex structure of tooth enamel NASA's InSight lander detected unexplained magnetic pulses, which could indicate a planet-wide reservoir of liquid water Scientists 3D printed nanoscale structures up to 1000 times faster than conventional two-photon lithography (TPL), using the femtosecond projection TPLS (FT-TPL), which is a new parallelised technique Broad Institute researchers developed Prime Editing, which is according to the researchers better than CRISPR University of Rochester scientists used femtosecond laser bursts to create superhydrophobic metals that float on water Yamagata University reseachers discovered 143 new Nazca geoglyphs NASA's Cassini mission fully mapped Saturn's largest moon, Titan, for the first time in history Astronomers detected sugar molecules, including ribose, in meteorites - for the first time ever

Conclusion Going through the list, it is obvious that today's world is not determined by the medieval age of Islam, and the Golden Age of the modern world is probably 1000 times more advanced, if not more than the Medieval Islam. It is worth noting that to make this list, a total of about 6000-8000 discoveries and inventions had be studied in order to select those in this list, which fills almost 100 pages. What is interesting about these inventions and discoveries, is that if one goes into the details of them, then they would probably only be considered 5% of the entire modern world, although the inventions are the most important.

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Chapter 7: Myths about Islam

Introduction In this chapter we will provide you about some misconceptions about Islam. - THIS CHAPTER HAS NOT BEEN CORRECTED

Celebrities and famous people converting to Islam To convince that Islam is true, apologists use examples of famous people converting to Islam. The most famous examples are below: Niel Armstrong, Angelina Jolie, Rowan Atkinson, Michael Jackson, Liam Neeson, Tupac Shakur, Will Smith, Sunita Williams, Mark Zuckerberg, Robert Pattinson, Bill Gates, Jackie Chan, Jim Carrey, Princess Diana, Madonna, George Clooney, Lindsay Lohan and Paris Hilton However, this is false. None of them converted to Islam. Many of them come forward and said it’s false, like Will Smith after making the movie Ali. Also Liam Neeson whose respons was “No!”.

If Islam was an evil religion, all non-mulims would be dead by now Many Muslims claim that if Islam was an evil religion, all non-Muslims would be dead now. This is often a sentence you’ll hear from many people, which is completely wrong. The 11 strongest military are: USA, Russia, China, India, France, Japan, South Korea, UK, Turkey and Germany. We all know who’s got the nuclear arsenal, and we all know who got the strongest Navy, Air Force and Army. We also know who’s got the most advanced weaponry. Only 1 of these eleven countries is a Muslim country, Turkey, and that country is number 10 in the list. There are many other non-Muslim countries which is not mentioned. So the correct statement would be, if non-Muslims had no morals, all Muslims would be dead by now. Let’s be fair and square. If every nation has an equal military force without any nuclear arsenal, then Muslims would still not win the fight. There are 1.8 billion Muslims and 5.9 billion non-Muslims.

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Whoever kills an innocent person it is as thought he has killed all mankind, and whoever saves a life it is though as he has saved all mankind. – Quran 5:32 This is not true. After realizing the true verse, I keep noticing it being used everywhere by people. They care a lot about context when something is negative mentioned from the Quran, but obviously, they don’t care about context when it is something positive. They like to manipulate you into that killing is absolutely forbidden in Islam and cares so much about life and living things, that it has to be peace and beautiful. This is the real verse: “Because of that, We decreed upon the Children of Israel that whoever kills a soul unless for a soul or for corruption [done] in the land - it is as if he had slain mankind entirely. And whoever saves one - it is as if he had saved mankind entirely. And our messengers had certainly come to them with clear proofs. Then indeed many of them, [even] after that, throughout the land, were transgressors." – Quran 5:32 The Quran itself says that it was revealed to children of Israel, but not to the muslim. Notice, the verse says "unless for a soul or for corruption [done] in the land". The word in Arabic for curruption or mischief is fasadin. Ibn Kathir, the most reliable tafsir, defines the word: "("Do not make mischief on earth"), that is disbelief and acts of disobedience." Abu Ja 'far said that Ar-Rabi' bin Anas said that Abu Al-'Aliyah sad that Allah's statement, (And when it is said to them: "Do not make mischief on earth,") means, "Do not commit acts of disobedience on the earth, or commands that Allah be disobeyed, he has commited mischief on the earth. Peace on both the earth and in the heavens is ensured (and earned) through obedience (to Allah)."" Tafsir Ibn Kathir 2:11 This is also confirmed in: "Because of that, which Cain did, We decreed for the Children of Israel that whoever slays a soul for other than a soul, slain, or for, other than, curruption, committed, in the land, in the way of unbelief, fornication or waylaying and the like, it shall be as if he had slain mankind altogether; and whoever saves the life of

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one, by refraining from slaying, it shall be as if he had saved the life of all mankind - Ibn 'Abbas said [that the above is meant] in the sense of violating and protecting its [a soul's] sanctity [respectively]. Our messengers have already come to them, that is, to the Children of Israel, with clear proofs, miracles, but after that many of them still commit excesses in the land, overstepping the bounds through disbelief, killing and the like" - Tafsir Al-Jalalayin 5:32 This means those who do not believe in Allah does curruption and mischief, and should therefore be killed. "Taking the disbelievers as friends is one of the categories of mischief on the earth" - Tafsir Ibn Kathir 2:11 Taking non-Muslims as friends is mischief, and they should also be killed. Furthermore as many people like context, here is one more, the verse after 5:32, which tells you the punishment curruption: “Indeed, the penalty for those who wage war against Allah and His Messenger and strive upon earth [to cause] corruption is none but that they be killed or crucified or that their hands and feet be cut off from opposite sides or that they be exiled from the land. That is for them a disgrace in this world; and for them in the Hereafter is a great punishment” – Quran 5:33 This includes corruption for opposing Islam. This means that leaving Islam, insulting Islam, inciting apostasy, homosexuality, adultery etc. Ibn Kathir confirmed this statement: “Wage war’ mentioned here means, oppose and contradict, and it includes disbelief, blocking roads and spreading fear in the fairways. – Ibn Kathir (13011373) So it is not permissble to kill anyone - unless the person kills another person, or does curruption and wages war against Allah and Muhammad. Curruption and waging war means not believing in Allah, not practicing Islam, taking nonMuslims as friends and others. See also the section Allah says "Whoever hurts a non-muslim I shall be adversay to him, on the day of resurrection" later in this chapter for a deeper explanation of dhimmihs, and also article 18 on chapter 7 for the complete list that Islam does not tolerate other religions.

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Quran tells you to mind your own business Is there any book or any laws that tells you to mind other peoples business then it is the Quran. It literally makes you compare yourself to others. Instead of talking about ideas in the modern world, the Quran and Hadith seriously only talks about people. It slanders people without people even haven’t realized it. They somehow came to the conclusions it’s a beauty. Now think about this. The Quran always tries to justify its actions by talking bad about other people, groups or religions. Islam is always in the offense, by attacking other religions and scriptures and tries to justify Islam that way. Their books advertising Islam are mainly polemical which means trying show the wrong things about other religions to justify that Islam is the truth. It cannot justify itself to be the truth, because more than half of the Quran talks negatively and violently about non-believers. If you go into one of Islamic meeting and by the time you walk out, all you find is what the problems with the West and Christianity are. That is the difference between Islam and other religions. Islam defends itself from criticism by attacking people personally. This is called ad hominem. Islam attacks the person physically too and not just the idea. The reason for this is because people treat debates like battles. Why Muslim failed as community? Because they want to change others instead of changing themselves. - Anonymous An example can be read below: "The [unmarried] woman or [unmarried] man found guilty of sexual intercourse – lash each one of them with a hundred lashes, and do not be taken by pity for them in the religion [i.e., law] of Allah, if you should believe in Allah and the Last Day. And let a group of the believers witness their punishment.” – Quran 24:2 When people who are unmarried have sexual intercourse, they must be flogged, and a group of Muslims must watch the flogging, which is minding other people’s business. Westerners think of religion whether it's Islam, Christianity, Judaism, Hindusim

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and all the ism in the world. Westerners think that it's a personal issue. A buddhist will go to the temple and peacefully worship whatever he does, meditates, contemplates. A Jew goes to a synagogue and does his Mitzvah, do his good deeds. A Muslim goes to the mosque, pays zakat, alms or go to the pilgrim al Hajj in Mecca or a christian goes to church on some day. They think It's a personal issue, that religion is a personal issue. So when they look at Islam, they compare Islam with the way they understand religions; and that's the first mistake. Islam is not a religion for personal use. Islam is Sharia Law. Islam is a form of government through the world, first then to a personal application. It is not just how you pray or how you pray towards Mecca. It's how you dress; you dress in Arab culture; you speak Arabic. You can't go to heaven unless you pray in Arabic. You can't read the Quran in English and expect to get good deeds to go to heaven. Read the Quran in Arabic. It becomes an imperialistic system that everybody now must speak Arabic, think Arabic, practice the religion in Arabic. It's a form of law. Not just in how you eat, but how you get married, how you deal with your government, how you deal with your military, how you deal with the youth, how you deal with women. Every aspect of your life becomes Islam. Everything is Islam - From the documentary: Islam - What the West Needs to Know When anyone studies a little or pays a little attention to the rules of Islamic government, Islamic politics, Islamic society and Islamic economy he will realize that Islam is a very political religion. Anyone who will say that religion is separate from politics is a fool; he does not know Islam or politics. - Ruhollah Khomeini

Islam gave women rights The statement that Islam gave women rights is untrue. This is in terms of marriage, divorce, bridal price, social roles, inheritance, and veils. “Islamic civilization developed a construct of history that labeled the pre-Islamic period the Age of Ignorance and projected Islam as the sole source of all that was civilized – and used that construct so effectively in its rewriting of history that the peoples of Middle East lost all knowledge of the past civilizations of the region. Obviously, that construct was ideologically serviceable, successfully concealing, among other things, the fact that in some cultures of the Middle East women had been considerably better off before the rise of Islam than afterward” – Ahmed, L. (1992), page 37. Women and gender in Islam. New Haven and London: Yale University press

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“Muslim writers on the subject of inheritance often state that Islam instituted inheritance and property rights for women, something that they were presumably deprived of in pre-Islamic Arabia. This is simply false and in contradiction to many statements in the Muslim hadith itself ” – “women were able to inherit and also to bequeath inheritance to whom so ever they wish (sic). The fact that women were those who bestow rights to their close relatives demonstrates their legal power of ownership and inheritance” – (Al Fassi, 2001, p. 55). “Islam further restricted women’s divorce rights by leaving it only to the husband to decide on divorce. Although the practice of foregoing one’s mahr for a divorce continues to exist in Muslim countries up to now, it no longer guarantees the wife a divorce: the husband has the right to refuse a divorce even if the wife is prepared to forego her mahr. Only very limited circumstances (such as disappearance of a husband over four years, or extreme physical deformities leading to sexual impotence) entitle a wife to ask an Islamic judge for a divorce. The final decision is left to the judge, however.” I also want you to think of two logical views from Muslim people: Islam was the first to support women’s rights, women were treated like trash before Islam! See Islam supports women’s rights! The West has gone too far, women have no morality and too many rights! See Islam tells us what the proper place of women is! People also use the argument that Islam gave women the right to own property. The truth is that a daughter’s inheritance is unequal, and usually half that of her brother or other relatives: “Allah instructs you concerning your children: for the male, what is equal to the share of two females” – Quran 4:11 In the verse above, the females of the children inherits half of the males. Another thing is that Islam was not the first to give women right to own property. “Ancient Egypt, 3100 BCE and after: Women hold equal financial rights with men. As scholar Janet Johnson writes, “Egyptian women were able to acquire,

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to own, and to dispose of property (both real and personal) in their own name. They could enter into contracts in their own name; they could initiate civil court cases and could, likewise, be sued; they could serve as witnesses in court cases; they could serve on juries; and they could witness legal documents.” Women don’t always exercise these rights, Johnson says, because of social factors.” – the Guardian. 2021. Women’s rights and their money: a timeline from Cleopatra to Lilly Ledbetter. “Ancient Rome: The pendulum swings back as freeborn Roman women are allowed to divorce, own property and inherit. Divorce is easy to get – presaging the Christian opposition to splitting up marriages – but the husband has the legal right to keep the children.” – the Guardian. 2021. Women’s rights and their money: a timeline from Cleopatra to Lilly Ledbetter. As it is already shown, women actually had these rights before Islam. According to the Islamic traditions, the wife of Muhammad, Khadijah was the richest of the Qureshi tribes. She married to times before Muhammad, and there she inherited everything after her husbands death. In the end who cares that Islam gave women rights to own a property. These rights are children rights. What about those other 5000 rights? Where are they? Name a single right in Islam woman have that men lack? - Anonymous If you want to know how civilized a culture is, look at how they treat its women - Bacha Khan

Women cannot divorce easily as men

“Divorce is twice. Then, either keep [her] in an acceptable manner or release [her] with good treatment. And it is not lawful for you to take anything of what you have given them unless both fear that they will not be able to keep [within] the limits of Allah. But if you fear that they will not keep [within] the limits of Allah , then there is no blame upon either of them concerning that by which she ransoms herself. These are the limits of Allah , so do not transgress them. And whoever transgresses the limits of Allah – it is those who are the wrongdoers.” – Quran 2:229

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“The wife of Thabit bin Qais came to the Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬and said, “O Allah’s Messenger (‫ !)ﷺ‬I do not blame Thabit for defects in his character or his religion, but I, being a Muslim, dislike to behave in un-Islamic manner (if I remain with him).” On that Allah’s Messenger (‫ )ﷺ‬said (to her), “Will you give back the garden which your husband has given you (as Mahr)?” She said, “Yes.” Then the Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬said to Thabit, “O Thabit! Accept your garden, and divorce her once.”” – Sahih al-Bukhari 5273 “The Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬said: If any woman asks her husband for divorce without some strong reason, the odour of Paradise will be forbidden to her.” – Sunan Abi Dawud 2226 Men can divorce women simply by saying that he wants to divorce her, but women have to ask the husband for permission, or by giving him a payment in return of the divorce, f the husband agrees to it. The other option is for the women asking the Muslim community to divorce her husband. Divorcing three times Accroding to the Quranic verse 2:229 above, it is only allowed to marry the same women twice. However, according to the hadiths below men can say "I divorce you three times" or repeat "I divorce you" three times, and they can never be married again. “Enlighten us with your information whether the three divorces (pronounced at one and the same time) were not treated as one during the lifetime of Allah’s Messenger (‫ )ﷺ‬and Abu Bakr. He said: It was in fact so, but when during the caliphate of ‘Umar (Allah be pleased with him) people began to pronounce divorce frequently, he allowed them to do so (to treat pronouncements of three divorces in a single breath as one).” – Sahih Muslim 1472c “If it is the first or second divorce, the Messenger of Allah would tell him to take her back and keep her until she has menstruated again and purified herself, then divorce her before having intercourse with her. But if it was three simultaneous divorces, then you have disobeyed Allah with regard to the way in which divorce should be conducted and your wife has become irrevocably divorced.”” – Sunan an-Nasa’i 3557 (Sahih)

Women receives less than men in inheritance

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"Allah instructs you concerning your children: for the male, what is equal to the share of two females. But if there are [only] daughters, two or more, for them is two thirds of one’s estate. And if there is only one, for her is half. And for one’s parents, to each one of them is a sixth of his estate if he left children. But if he had no children and the parents [alone] inherit from him, then for his mother is one third. And if he had brothers [or sisters], for his mother is a sixth, after any bequest he [may have] made or debt. Your parents or your children – you know not which of them are nearest to you in benefit. [These shares are] an obligation [imposed] by Allah . Indeed, Allah is ever Knowing and Wise." - Quran 4:11 "They request from you a [legal] ruling. Say, " Allah gives you a ruling concerning one having neither descendants nor ascendants [as heirs]." If a man dies, leaving no child but [only] a sister, she will have half of what he left. And he inherits from her if she [dies and] has no child. But if there are two sisters [or more], they will have two-thirds of what he left. If there are both brothers and sisters, the male will have the share of two females. Allah makes clear to you [His law], lest you go astray. And Allah is Knowing of all things." - Quran 4:176 Female children inherits only half of males. In the verse above, the females of the children inherits half of the males. Daugthers inherit only half or two thirds However, if there are only female daugthers, they only inherit two-thirds for all of them, and the remaining goes to other family members. But if there is only one female daugther, she only gets half. However, if there is only one male son, then all money goes to him if he has no other relatives. Mothers inherit only one sixth or two thirds If the person who died have children, the parents of this person inherits one sixth each. However, if the person does not have any children, the mother gets only one one third and the father gets two third. Mothers inherit only one sixth If the person who died has siblings, then only one sixth goes to the mother, and the remaining fifth sixth goes to the father. The siblings do not get any of the inheritance. Female siblings gets half If a male dies childless and without parents and grandparents, and has a sister, she would get one half. However, if a female dies childess and has a brother, he would

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get all of it. Female siblings gets two third If a male dies childless and without parents and grandparents, and has two or more sisters, they would get two thirds. However, if a male dies childless, and has brothers and sisters as siblings, the females will get only half.

1,8 billion believers in Islam makes Islam the true and right one This is a claim apologists use a lot, which is actually one of these lame statement you hear occasionally. Christianity has 2,3 billion, does it make it more true? Quantity does not mean quality. As of 2019, Islam has never been the largest religion in history in its 1400 years of existence. When Islam becomes the major religion in 2040-50, they are going to use this sentence every single day. A lie doesn't become truth, wrong doesn't become right, and evil doesn't become good, just because it's accepted by a majority - Booker T. Washington Never underestimate the power of stupid people in large groups - George Carlin

Islam is spreading faster than any other religions One of the statements Muslims use is that Islam is spreading faster than any other religion. The reason is because the western world only makes 0-3 children and in the Muslim world it is about 2-10 children. Most people in Europe in the modern world gets married too late and have too few children, which an average of 1-2 in recent years. Furthermore it is also because in the modern world, you are free to convert away, which in the Islamic countries is not the case. There are multiple reasons why Islam is spreading faster than Christianity: One, Arabic is still spoken among Muslims, therefore they are easily more connected to the history of it. The other thing is everybody’s name is Muhammad, so this obviously reminds people of religion daily, while in Christianity almost nobody is named Jesus. The last thing is of course the greeting, Salam Alaikum, which reminds people of Allah basically every hour. The only thing that come from

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Christians is “Hi”. These are the three reasons why Islam is spreading faster, except also for the birthrates and death penalty for apostasy. Imagine if we in the west spoke Aramaic and Latin, 15% would be named Jesus, and greeting each other in the name of the Lord? That sure as hell would remind us about Jesus in our daily life.

So many western people are converting to Islam One of the claims apologists use is that many western people are converting to Islam. The truth is 0,3% (500,000 people) of the Muslim population growth in the period of 2010–2015 was be due to conversions, While 152,000,000 of the Muslim population growth was due natural increase (births minus deaths) – Pew Research Center. That means 99,7% of Islams growth is due to birth rates. These are the facts that apologists do not mention. What they don’t mention is that there are a lot Middle-Easterns who are also going away from Islam. What they don’t mention is that there is death for apostasy in 12 of the some of the largest Muslim countries. In at least a further 7 countries, apostasy is punishable with a prison sentence. In other countries parents would kill you if you convert. In other countries there is a pressure from family from going away from Islam. In other countries there is a pressure from society. If Islam takes this away, the Muslim population and conversation would drop a lot. One of the main reasons many are converting to Islam is because religion is a digital detox.

Islam is 1400 years old, it’s so old it makes it true Many apologists claim that just because Islam is 1400 years old, it makes it true. This is literally a senseless point. Just because something is old, doesn’t make it true. So that means Hinduism is more true?

Look how beautiful Islam has made UAE, Dubai, Saudi Arabia Apologists try to convince you to Islam by mentioning how beautiful Islam has made UAE, Dubai and Saudi Arabia. The truth is that Middle-East has almost no innovations, no great brains. The biggest export coming from there is basically oil,

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which is the reason why the oil countries have good infrastructures some places. Imagine if they didn’t had that. There is a reason why Saudi Arabia wanted to buy Tesla, because it’s not gonna take longer than 50 years before we end up in an era of electric cars. Watch how these oil countries declines from there. Freedom of speech and freedom of religion is vital to invented and discover.

Only one person has written the Quran, and there were 40 authors who write the Bible People use the claim very often that the Quran was only written by one person and the Bible was written by 40 authors. The Quran was first written after Muhammad’s life in 632-634 AD when Abu Bakr ordered it to be written, and then later 18-20 years after in 652 AD it was standardized into one Quran because there were many different versions of it. The earliest reference to how the Quran was written is from the 9th century in Sahih al-Bukhari. According to the Islamic traditions, which were all written after 700 AD, it wasn’t Muhammad who wrote anything, he had different scribes. "There was a Christian who embraced Islam and read Surat-al-Baqara and Al`Imran, and he used to write (the revelations) for the Prophet.” – Sahih al-Bukhari 3617 The problem is that the Quran is not much of a use without the Hadith. There are 37 different primary hadiths for the Sunni (6 of them are canonical books), and there are 23 hadith from Shia. Many times many Muslims contradict themselves all the time when they say that the Quran is the final revelation, but then they focus most of their attention on Hadiths. Even Sharia Law has laws implemented from the hadith, like killing homosexuals which is not mentioned in Islam. So ask yourself for a moment, if only one person wrote the Quran (which there isn’t any evidence anyway), how come that the hadith written by so many people are part of the constitution? The problem with hadiths is some hadiths are reliable while others not – who decides which ones are and which one aren’t? You really want that part as a constitution? One of the biggest problem in regard to the Quran, sira and especially hadiths is that people accept facts from heresay. At least in the Bible everything is in one book, and there are no “reliable/unreliable” questions there.

The oldest complete bible is from 700 AD

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Apologists use this to justify that just because the bible hasn’t been preserved properly, this means that Islam is true. According to the investigation Al Mushaf Al Sharif, 6 of one of the oldest Qurans from the 7th and 8th century are not the same as the one today, and neither with each other. Muhammad died in 632 AD, and so far there are no known complete Qurans in 600s, 700s, 800s, 900s, but only the first complete Quran with all the 114 surah is the Ibn al-Bawwab Quran dated 1000-1001 AD. This is 368 years after Muhammad supposedly died. People usually compare the Bible to the Quran, just to justify that there is a paranormal power that Islam must be true. Just because the Bible didn’t survive properly, doesn’t mean that Islam is true. British Museum also has complete manuscripts (non-religious) from 400-500 AD, which obviously indicates that you do not need paranormal powers for having complete and clear preservation of books. There is also a difference between papyrus on which the Bible was written on and parchment/vellum, which is animal skin. Papyrus only last about 100 years and velum can last for thousands of years, which is the reason why some governments around the world still writes new laws on parchments. Furthermore a 1350 years old book is easier to preserve than a 2000 years old book. The important thing is that Christians do not make the claim that the Bible is the word of God, but the record of the word of God. They even admit they do not have it, and try to move on with their lives. Also unlike Jerusalem in the Bible in 0 AD, Mecca in the Quran did not exist in the 7th century.

Being referred as a logic person Many do this all the time. When you present a contradiction verse from the Quran, and they tell you “typical logic person” and comes up with an unreliable or reliable hadith that disproves the Quranic verse. So a logic person is: A person who only looks at the text from Allah, and not these human made hadith where some are reliable while others aren’t. Logic is long-term, feelings are short term. This is why logic will always win. This is easily demonstrated in secular countries which in the long term has no wars, and in Islamic countries the who structure falls down. We can judge our progess by the courage of our questions and our willingness to

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embrace what 's true rather than what feels good - Carl Sagan

What do you have to lose to be a Muslim? Everything, and time. Comparing Islamic peoples lifestyle to a modern western lifestyle, it is obvious that Islamic religiosity brings a lack of productivity and social progress because you spend so much time on worship and arguing who did what. The Islamic Mozart, the Islamic Gerard Reve, the Islamic Bill Gates; they do not exist because without freedom there is no creativity - Geert Wilders It is furthermore worth noting that in Islam you have to constantly talk about people "he did this, he did that" or "he said this, he said that", especially the hadiths which are basically what we call today as rumours. This brings a person into a state of only talking about people and not ideas. Great minds discuss ideas. Average minds discuss events. Small minds discuss people. Eleanor Roosevelt

Islam has nothing against Buddhism The Quran actually never mentions other religions besides Judaism, Christianity and the polytheists. Although Buddhism is a very neutral religion when it comes to Gods, is certainly not does not believe in Allah and Islam, and therefore is against it. Buddhists are therefore non-believers, and they should be killed if they do not convert to Islam or pay jizya tax.

He made the earth egg-shaped. This is not true. “beyda” means egg in arabic, ostrich egg is the same + na’aama which means ostrich, “dahaha” which is used means he spread out. This is the most common understanding. Usually people who speaks Arabic have no idea how the term dahaha was interpreted as egg shaped. The word “kawara” means

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he made it round, if we want something realistic. People like also to say that this explains that one side of Earth is smaller and the other side is wider due to gravity. If we take a perfect ball and a normal egg, then the earth is much closer in shape to the perfect ball than to the egg. Scientists tell us that the actual shape of the earth is nearly a perfect ball very minor flattening at the poles. The actual percentage is so small that it is negligible. All this has been explained mathematically in part 1. Just think about it, would one side of the egg be more pointy and the other side thicker? One thing is that the Quran doesn’t say eggshaped, the other thing is it is not like an egg-shaped. The last thing is that there are 20-30 other verses and hadiths which says that earth is flat, while only this one should be the ultimate truth to be egg-shaped? Comeon..

Being called Islamophobic and racist This term Islamophobia can’t be more ridiculous. This is a term many people like to use a lot against people who are against Islam. Phobic means “an extreme or irrational fear of or aversion to something”. There is absolutely no fear of being against child marriage, slavery, beheading, beating wife, an ideology against democracy, jihad, intolerance against non-believer, apostate murder, arranged marriage, inequality, animal cruelty, anti freedom of speech, anti freedom of expression and opinions, community divisions, anti-science (evolution) and more All these points are directly mentioned in the Quran and the Islamic traditions. It is unique to the Islamic. There is no such thing as Christianophobia, Hinduphobic, sikh phobic, buddishto-phobic. Then there is also the term racism which is used against non-Muslims or critics of Islam. If you take an example with one-egged twin girls, born with same eyes, same hair color, same skin color, same height, same weight, same educational diploma, same amount of money in the bank, same social status – and the atheist twin hates the religion of the other twin practicing Islam – and she is a racist? Comeon.. Belief has nothing to do with racism, it’s just a new word people use these days to play the victim card, or to hide the true radical Islam. Suggesting I hate people with religion because I hate religion is like suggesting I hate people with cancer because I hate cancer - Ricky Gervais The problem with this term is that it makes people think that Muslims and Islam

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are the same thing. Indians and Pakistanis were once both mutual Hindus; same race, same color, same food, same art, same science, same religion – and now they are seen as racist towards Muslims. Another example is Arab Lebanese Christians who were persecuted only for their beliefs by Arab Muslims. There is a difference between not liking a religion and the followers of that particular religion. In this case, Muslims are human beings, and Islam is a set of ideas and beliefs. Not liking Islam does not mean not liking the followers of Islam. Therefore the religion can be criticized and Muslims shouldn’t generally be criticized. Someone who criticized bad ideas is not phobic to the ideas, but rather has common sense to determine it is wrong. In this case the Muslims has already determined it to be true. Being intolerant over for intolerance has nothing to do with Islamophobic or bigotry. However, looking at the Quran, it actually refers people of different religious beliefs as creatures: "Indeed, they who disbelieved among the People of the Scripture and the polytheists will be in the fire of Hell, abiding eternally therein. Those are the worst of creatures." - Quran Bigotry means “a person who is intolerant towards those holding different opinions.”. The problem with this term is that Muslims cannot use this word for Islam, because radical groups, Saudi Arabia and other conservative countries are not misinterpreting the Quran wrong. "The term islamophobic helps political islam to achieve their goals in the West by using the term and playing the victim. Once you critizse Islam, you will be called islamophobic, which makes you stop critizing it, because the word sounds offensive to you, like racism. It makes you immoral and criminal. This way political islam will have a clear road to go up the step ladder and achieve sharia law" - Quote If you want to silence your opponent, just call him Islamophobic, Christianphobic, Jewishopobic. And if you want to silence those you calls you that, just call them logicophobic. There are three phases of muslim immigration: Few in numbers - oppressed islam: play the victim, claim islamophobia, more tolerant of others Large minority - indignant islam: threatening, demand sharia law, intolerant of infidels Clear majority - dominant islam: Militant, strict sharia law, kill / subdue all

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infidels For 1400 years this pattern hasn't changed. Moderates are irrelevant. Therefore those who favor the laws mentioned in this chapter and the next, which is the correct radical Islam, can be called Islamofascists when being called Islamophobe. There are four types of Muslims: The extremist with knowledge They know about the radical Islam, know the laws fully - and they have fully accepted it. These are usually Islamic leaders and Imams. The extremist without knowledge This group usually manipulated by other people because they do not have a critical sense to understand how Islam is wrong, but would believe anything their Imams tells them. The moderate with knowledge This is usually the most dangerous one, since a moderate Muslim favors Sharia law. in secular countries An extremist performs their Islam duty outside the court with violence, while a moderate who follows Islam correctly performs their duty through the court, through a process. The outcome is the same. This is the reason why 10 Islamic countries still have death penalty for apostasy. The moderate without knowledge This group helps the three other groups and convinces Non-Muslims that Islam is peaceful by not even having read anything. This group believes that God is good, and he wants to be a good person in his life. He would be considered a hypocrite in an correct Islamic country or by extremists, and would be killed. " Whenever I tell you a narration from Allah's Messenger (‫)ﷺ‬, by Allah, I would rather fall down from the sky than ascribe a false statement to him, but if I tell you something between me and you (not a Hadith) then it was indeed a trick (i.e., I may say things just to cheat my enemy). No doubt I heard Allah's Apostle saying, "During the last days there will appear some young foolish people who will say the best words but their faith will not go beyond their throats (i.e. they will have no faith) and will go out from (leave) their religion as an arrow goes out of the game. So, where-ever you find them, kill them, for who-ever kills them shall have reward on the Day of Resurrection."" - Sahih al-Bukhari 6930 The above hadith confirms the killing of hypocrites.

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Being called a Murtad and a Kafir Murtad which means apostate, and kafir which means disbeliever, are dehumanizing words used by Muslims towards those who were once followers of Islam and non-Muslims. Murtads and kafirs who does curruption in the land, which means spoiling the Muslim society, thereby making them the 'other'. This is the reason why non-Muslims are mostly not allowed to attend Muslim events in the West, or visit Mecca. This is also the reason why Muslims wants to built Mosques in the West, but gets offensive when the West wants to built churches in Mecca. Kafir is a derogatory term used by Muslim towards disbelievers, which means denier, and implies that non-Muslims are liars. "The chieftains of his people, who were disbelieving, said: Lo! we surely see thee in foolishness, and lo! we deem thee of the liars." - Quran 7:66 (Pickthall) And then they complain about bigotry and Islamophobia.

Non-muslims are not allowed in Mecca O you who have believed, indeed the polytheists are unclean, so let them not approach al-Masjid al-Haram after this, their [final] year. And if you fear privation, Allah will enrich you from His bounty if He wills. Indeed, Allah is Knowing and Wise. Fight those who do not believe in Allah or in the Last Day and who do not consider unlawful what Allah and His Messenger have made unlawful and who do not adopt the religion of truth from those who were given the Scripture - [fight] until they give the jizyah willingly while they are humbled. Quran 9:28-29 Allah commands His believing servants, who are pure in religion and person, to expel the idolators who are filthy in the religious sense, from Al-Masjid AlHaram. After the revelation of this Ayah, idolators were no longer allowed to go near the Masjid. - Ibn Kathir 9:28

Non-muslims are not allowed to enter a mosque "The mosques of Allah are only to be maintained by those who believe in Allah and the Last Day and establish prayer and give zakāh and do not fear except

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Allah, for it is expected that those will be of the [rightly] guided." - Quran 9:18 "Allah says that it is not fitting that those who associate others with Allah in worship should maintain the Masjids of Allah that were built in His Name alone without partners." - Tafsir Ibn Kathir "Only he shall attend God’s places of worship who believes in God and the Last Day, and observes prayer, and pays the alms, and fears none but God alone; it may be that those will be among the rightly guided." - Tafsir Al-Jalalayn 9:18 "(He only shall tend Allah's sanctuaries) the Inviolable Place of Worship (who believeth in Allah and the Last Day) believes in resurrection after death (and observeth proper worship) fulfils the five daily prayers (and payeth the poor-due) which is obligated (and feareth) and worships (none save Allah. For such (only) is it possible that they can be of the rightly guided) by means of Allah's Religion and clear proof." - Tafsir Ibn Abbas According to the Quranic verse above and tafsirs, non-Muslims are not allowed to enter mosques. This is the reason why many western people are not allowed to attend events in an Islamic mosque, even though the mosque has been built in a western country.

The Quran and Bible are fundamentally the same This can’t be further from the truth. In fact they are complete opposite in their fundamentals. This misconception probably arises because Islam says that Allah is the same as the Christian God as many prophets in the Quran are from the Bible and Torah. No matter what, anyone reading them both knows that they are not. This can easily be demonstrated with one of the most important commandments: "Jesus replied: "'Love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your mind.'" - Matthew 22:37 "And the second is like it: 'Love your neighbor as yourself.'" - Matthew 22:39 "But I tell you, love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you," Matthew 5:44 You cannot find this in the Quran. Neither can you find the 10 commandments in

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the Quran except not to kill, but even that one has has many exceptions. The next example is the sword: "Then said Jesus unto him, Put up again thy sword into his place: for all they that take the sword shall perish with the sword." - Matthew 26:52 Not only is the sword a symbol of Islam, it also glorifies it. Contrary to The People of the Book (Jews and Christians), where King David was disqualified by God because he was a man of the sword, as seen below: "And David said to Solomon, My son, as for me, it was in my mind to build an house unto the name of the LORD my God: But the word of the LORD came to me, saying, Thou hast shed blood abundantly, and hast made great wars: thou shalt not build an house unto my name, because thou hast shed much blood upon the earth in my sight. Behold, a son shall be born to thee, who shall be a man of rest; and I will give him rest from all his enemies round about: for his name shall be Solomon, and I will give peace and quietness unto Israel in his days. - 1 Chronicles 22:7-9 "Then King David rose to his feet and said, “Hear me, my brethren and my people: I had it in my heart to build a house of rest for the ark of the covenant of the Lord, and for the footstool of our God, and had made preparations to build it. But God said to me, ‘You shall not build a house for My name, because you have been a man of war and have shed blood.’"" - 1 Chronicles 28:2-3 Now comparing it to Islam: "Indeed, Allah has purchased from the believers their lives and their properties [in exchange] for that they will have Paradise. They fight in the cause of Allah, so they kill and are killed. [It is] a true promise [binding] upon Him in the Torah and the Gospel and the Qur'an. And who is truer to his covenant than Allah ? So rejoice in your transaction which you have contracted. And it is that which is the great attainment." - Quran 9:111 "Fighting is prescribed for you, and ye dislike it. But it is possible that ye dislike a thing which is good for you, and that ye love a thing which is bad for you. But Allah knoweth, and ye know not." - Quran 2:216 "Allah's Messenger (‫ )ﷺ‬said, "Know that Paradise is under the shades of swords."" Sahih al-Bukhari 2818

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"The Prophet said, "A single endeavor (of fighting) in Allah's Cause in the forenoon or in the afternoon is better than the world and whatever is in it."" Sahih al-Bukhari 4:52:50 "Narrated Anas bin Malik: The Prophet said, "Nobody who dies and finds good from Allah (in the Hereafter) would wish to come back to this world even if he were given the whole world and whatever is in it, except the martyr who, on seeing the superiority of martyrdom, would like to come back to the world and get killed again (in Allah's Cause)."" - Sahih al-Bukhari 4:52:53 "Narrated Al-Bara: A man whose face was covered with an iron mask (i.e. clad in armor) came to the Prophet and said, "O Allah's Apostle! Shall I fight or embrace Islam first? "The Prophet said, "Embrace Islam first and then fight." So he embraced Islam, and was martyred. Allah's Apostle said, A Little work, but a great reward. "(He did very little (after embracing Islam), but he will be rewarded in abundance)."" - Sahih al-Bukhari 4:52:53 "“He who dies without having fought or having felt fighting (against the infidels) to be his duty will die guilty of a kind of hypocrisy.”" - Sunan Abi Dawud 2502, Book 15, Hadith 26 "Whoever dies without having fought or thought of fighting, he dies on one of the branches of hypocrisy." - Sunan an-Nasa'i 3097 (Sahih) According to the Quran and hadiths below, Jihad is the most important: "Among the believers, those who stay at home without a good reason are not equal to those who strive for the cause of God in person or with their property. To those who strive for His cause in person or with their property, God has granted a higher rank than to those who stay at home. God has promised that everyone will receive his proper share of the reward but He will grant a much greater reward to those striving for His cause than to those who stay home (for no reason)." - Quran 4:95 (Muhammad Sarwar) " The ones who have believed, emigrated and striven in the cause of Allah with their wealth and their lives are greater in rank in the sight of Allah. And it is those who are the attainers [of success]." - Quran 9:20 "Say, [O Muḥammad], "If your fathers, your sons, your brothers, your wives, your

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relatives, wealth which you have obtained, commerce wherein you fear decline, and dwellings with which you are pleased are more beloved to you than Allah and His Messenger and jihād [i.e., striving] in His cause, then wait until Allah executes His command. And Allah does not guide the defiantly disobedient people."" Quran 9:24 "And fight in the cause of Allah and know that Allah is Hearing and Knowing." Quran 2:244 ""(That she said), "O Allah's Messenger (‫ !)ﷺ‬We consider Jihad as the best deed. Should we not fight in Allah's Cause?" He said, "The best Jihad (for women) is Hajj-Mabrur (i.e. Hajj which is done according to the Prophet's tradition and is accepted by Allah)." - Sahih al-Bukhari 2784 "A man came to Allah's Messenger (‫ )ﷺ‬and said, "Instruct me as to such a deed as equals Jihad (in reward)." He replied, "I do not find such a deed." Then he added, "Can you, while the Muslim fighter is in the battle-field, enter your mosque to perform prayers without cease and fast and never break your fast?" The man said, "But who can do that?" Abu- Huraira added, "The Mujahid (i.e. Muslim fighter) is rewarded even for the footsteps of his horse while it wanders bout (for grazing) tied in a long rope."" - Sahih al-Bukhari 2785 "It has been narrated on the authority of Abu Sa'id Khudri that the Messenger of Allah ‫ ﷺ‬said (to him): Abu Sa'id, whoever cheerfully accepts Allah as his Lord, Islam as his religion and Mubammad as his Apostle is necessarily entitled to enter Paradise. He (Abu Sa'id) wondered at it and said: Messenger of Allah, repeat it for me. He (the Messenger of Allah) did that and said: There is another act which elevates the position of a man in Paradise to a grade one hundred (higher), and the elevation between one grade and the other is equal to the height of the heaven from the earth. He (Abu Sa'id) said: What is that act? He replied: Jihad in the way of Allah! Jihad in the way of Allah!" - Sahih Muslim 20:4645 "It has been narrated on the authority of Abu Huraira that the Messenger of Allah ‫ ﷺ‬said: One who died but did not fight in the way of Allah nor did he express any desire (or determination) for Jihid died the death of a hypocrite. 'Abdullah b. Mubarak said: We think the hadith pertained to the time of the Messenger of Allah ‫ﷺ‬." - Sahih Muslim 20:4696 "Abu Dharr reported: I said: Messenger of Allah, which of the deeds is the best? He (the Holy Prophet) replied: Belief in Allah and Jihad in His cause. I again

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asked: Who is the slave whose emancipation is the best? He (the Holy Prophet) replied: One who is valuable for his master and whose price is high. I said: If I can't afford to do it? He (the Holy Prophet) replied: Help an artisan or make anything for the unskilled (labourer). I (Abu Dharr) said: Messenger of Allah, you see that I am helpless in doing some of these deeds. He (the Holy Prophet) replied: Desist from doing mischief to the people. That is the charity of your person on your behalf." - Sahih Muslim 1:149

The Bibles God and the Qurans God are the same In Exodus 3:14-3:15 it says: 14 God said to Moses, “I am who I am.[a] This is what you are to say to the Israelites: ‘I am has sent me to you.’” 15 God also said to Moses, “Say to the Israelites, ‘The Lord,[b] the God of your fathers—the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac and the God of Jacob—has sent me to you.’ “This is my name forever, the name you shall call me from generation to generation. In the original language God's name is Yahweh, and this shall be his name forever, which is not the same as Allah. There is however another major point, that is that much of Islam has been also borrowed from the pagan religion. For example, neither Judaism nor Christianity do not know anything about a Kaaba.

Islam is an Abrahamic religion This is not true. One of the most obvious evidence that Islam is not an Abrahamic religion is that it has plagiarized from the Zoroastrian and pagan religion. Zoroaster (Zarathustra) lived sometime between 1500-1000 BC and was active somewhere in Central Asia. It is a dualistic religion, meaning it sees the conflict of good and evil, the good god Ahura Mazda and the evil god Angra Mainyu. It was an important religion during the Achaemenid Persian Empre (530-330 BC) and then it became the official religion of the Sassanid Persian Empire (224-651 AD). For example, Islam has copied the five prayers like the Zoroastrian religion, which has almost the exact same times and names of the prayers, together with its directional qibla. Furthermore the story of Muhammad’s journey is also copied.

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None of them has anything to do with Judaism and Christianity. The Quran says it has sent 2 books before and now the third. Then how come the Zoroastrian religion is part of it? “And this [Qur’an] is a Book We have revealed [which is] blessed, so follow it and fear Allah that you may receive mercy. [We revealed it] lest you say, “The Scripture was only sent down to two groups before us, but we were of their study unaware,” - Quran 6:155-156 If the Jews and Christians had corrupted the scriptires, why do they never mention anything in regard to a Kaaba or a qibla? Christians don't know anything in regard to the Kaaba.

All the previous prophets in history are in the Quran. No other books has that. This is one thing they use a lot. They will say “the Quran is the true one, because all the previous prophets are mentioned there”. Maybe it has to do with that Muhammad lived in 600 AD and all the other prophets has lived before that time and their existence were documented? Maybe because he just copied everything? If Islam existed before Jesus, and it would have mentioned that Jesus would be born, then people would accept it. But it didn’t, it has just collected the names that has happened prior to Muhammad time. This is the very fundamental theory of time. To bring it down to pieces: Prophet 1>Prophet 2>Prophet 3>Prophet 4>Prophet 5>Prophet 6>Prophet 7>Muhammad Prophet 1 cannot write anything because no other prophets existed before him. And he can’t write anything about 3,4,5,6,6,7 and Muhammad because he has no idea they are going to exist. Prophet 2 can write about prophet 1, but not the future prophets. Prophet 3 can write about prophet 1 and 2, and not the future prophets. Prophet 4 can write about 1, 2 and 3, but not future prophets. This goes on till prophet Muhammad, which basically just copies all the previous prophets, because they existed and were documented. No wonder they are all in the Quran! There is no miracle about it. It’s amazing that it has to be explained.

The Golden Age of Science happened in 850-1258 AD. 422

Wrong. The Golden Age of Science is in 1500-2019, especially in 1600-2019. We are in the middle of the greatest golden age of science ever, 1000 times more advanced than the Islamic age, if not more. Almost everything, if not 99,8% of all science today which scientist in chemistry, biology, biochemistry, molecular biology, biomedical, medicine, computer science, physics, construction engineering, robotic engineering, mechanical engineering, and many other engineering fields and science related – are using the knowledge that was discovered and invented after 15th century. Let that sink a little bit, 99,8% of what we know today in science has not been known before Leonardo Da Vinci. Up until 1600 scientists recited golden age, simply because they collected different knowledge from different civilizations into one single book, so it was easier to reference to one book rather than to different books from different civilizations. That is was the medieval Islam achieved, collecting the knowledge from different civilizations into single books.

When you don’t accept Islam, then you are either an atheist, Jew lover or Christian or against Islam This is a response you get when you are against all the Islamic laws and don’t want to accept their scientific miracles.

Western laws are build from the Bible Depends which countries, but generally the answer is no. There are many laws which are not even mentioned in the Bible. Western countries have only taken the good parts out of the Bible and leaved out all the bad things behind.

Islam means peace No, Islam means submission and obedience. Jihad is a part of Islam. According to Dr. Moorthy Muhtuswamy, 51% to 61% of the contents of the Quran speaks against the unbeliever or call for violent conquest. That is more than half the book, where the majority of the Quran is focused on the non-Muslim/outsider. Why does the Quran focus more on the outsider than the Muslim? Only a maximum of 2,6% of the Quran shows a goodwill towards humanity. Quran states 273 times to kill. 164 times it states for control of the world, holy war and Jihad.

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109 times it states to behead non-Muslims. Sira, which is the biography of Muhammad contains of 75% of jihad against unbelievers. Any person with a good sense of moral would see a pattern here. The purpose of religion is to control yourself, not critizise others Dalai Lama The word Islam in Arabic is the noun of the verb aslam, which means to submit or resign. So Islam means "to submit the will to God". It is the word salaam that means peace, just like in hebrew the word shalom. In arabic the word salaam is a 1st form verb and the word Islam is a 4th form verb. This means that these two words cannot be merged together. Many like to take verses from the Quran which tells that Islam is compatible, and there is no compulsion in religion. They usually also use the verse: "There shall be no compulsion in [acceptance of] the religion." - Quran 2:256 "For you is your religion, and for me is my religion." - Quran 109:6 The problem with this verse is that it was one of the first verses that was revealed to Muhammad. And there is a rule that follows: If two verses are contradictory to one another, then choose the one that is revealed later which is called the law of abrogation. "We do not abrogate a verse or cause it to be forgotten except that We bring forth [one] better than it or similar to it. Do you not know that Allah is over all things competent?" - Quran 2:106 The truth is that in the Quran the first revealed chapters is about peace, and the last revealed chapters is about war with Jews, Christians and infidels. All Muhammad did from 624 AD to 632 AD was making war in Medina and around the Hijaz, which is where Mecca, Medina and it's surrounding area are located. So any Muslims who presents peaceful verses, they were probably from the first chapters revealed and do not count. The law of abrogation is confirmed with the incident when Muhammad changed the Qibla in about 622-624 AD in the Quran 2:143-44

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Sallam ibn Mishkam, a Jew who lived in Medina, asked Muhammad “How can we follow you when you have abandoned our qibla and you do not allege that Ezra is the son of God?”, in which Muhammad then announce the revelation: The Jews say, "Ezra is the son of Allah "; and the Christians say, "The Messiah is the son of Allah ." That is their statement from their mouths; they imitate the saying of those who disbelieved [before them]. May Allah destroy them; how are they deluded? - Quran 9:30 This is the time when Muhammad confirmed that the God of the Christians, the Jews, and the Muslims, are not the same . Therefore all the previous peaceful revelations do not count anymore, according to the law of abrogation, and the fighting against the Jews, Christians and non-believers takes place. Examples They usually also use the verse below to justify the peacefulness of Islam which means defend yourself from attacks but do not go beyond a limit: "Fight in the way of Allah those who fight you but do not transgress. Indeed. Allah does not like transgressors." - Quran 2:190 The problem with this one is that they are not including the next verses too: "Fight in the way of Allah those who fight you but do not transgress. Indeed. Allah does not like transgressors. And kill them wherever you overtake them and expel them from wherever they have expelled you, and fitnah is worse than killing. And do not fight them at al-Masjid al- Haram until they fight you there. But if they fight you, then kill them. Such is the recompense of the disbelievers. And if they cease, then indeed, Allah is Forgiving and Merciful. Fight them until there is no [more] fitnah and [until] worship is [acknowledged to be] for Allah . But if they cease, then there is to be no aggression except against the oppressors.". - Quran 2:190-191 Suddenly the meaning changed. Fighting them until they have acknowledged Allah. They also use Quran 5:32: Because of that, We decreed upon the Children of Israel that whoever kills a soul unless for a soul or for corruption [done] in the land - it is as if he had slain

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mankind entirely. And whoever saves one - it is as if he had saved mankind entirely. And our messengers had certainly come to them with clear proofs. Then indeed many of them, [even] after that, throughout the land, were transgressors. Quran 5:32 The problem is that this verse was revealed to the Jews. However, the second problem is that it says "unless for a soul or for corruption [done] in the land". The word in Arabic for corruption or mischief is fasadin. Ibn Kathir, the most reliable tafsir, defines the word: "("Do not make mischief on earth"), that is disbelief and acts of disobedience." Abu Ja 'far said that Ar-Rabi' bin Anas said that Abu Al-'Aliyah sad that Allah's statement, (And when it is said to them: "Do not make mischief on earth,") means, "Do not commit acts of disobedience on the earth, or commands that Allah be disobeyed, he has commited mischief on the earth. Peace on both the earth and in the heavens is ensured (and earned) through obedience (to Allah)."" Tafsir Ibn Kathir 2:11 This is also confirmed in: "Because of that, which Cain did, We decreed for the Children of Israel that whoever slays a soul for other than a soul, slain, or for, other than, curruption, committed, in the land, in the way of unbelief, fornication or waylaying and the like, it shall be as if he had slain mankind altogether; and whoever saves the life of one, by refraining from slaying, it shall be as if he had saved the life of all mankind - Ibn 'Abbas said [that the above is meant] in the sense of violating and protecting its [a soul's] sanctity [respectively]. Our messengers have already come to them, that is, to the Children of Israel, with clear proofs, miracles, but after that many of them still commit excesses in the land, overstepping the bounds through disbelief, killing and the like" - Tafsir Al-Jalalayin 5:32 "(that if anyone killed a person not in retaliation of murder, or (and) to spread mischief in the land - it would be as if he killed all mankind, and if anyone saved a life, it would be as if he saved the life of all mankind.) The Ayah states, whoever kills a soul without justification -- such as in retaliation for murder or for causing mischief on earth -- will be as if he has killed all mankind, because there is no difference between one life and another." - Tafsir Ibn Kathir 5:32 This means those who do not believe in Allah does curruption and mischief, and should therefore be killed.

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"Taking the disbelievers as friends is one of the categories of mischief on the earth" - Tafsir Ibn Kathir 2:11 Taking non-Muslims as friends is mischief, and they should also be killed. But again, the next verse tells the rest of the meaning: “Indeed, the penalty for those who wage war against Allah and His Messenger and strive upon earth [to cause] corruption is none but that they be killed or crucified or that their hands and feet be cut off from opposite sides or that they be exiled from the land. That is for them a disgrace in this world; and for them in the Hereafter is a great punishment” – Quran 5:33 This means that leaving Islam, insulting Islam, inciting apostasy, homosexuality, adultery etc. Ibn Kathir confirmed this statement: “Wage war’ mentioned here means, oppose and contradict, and it includes disbelief, blocking roads and spreading fear in the fairways. – Ibn Kathir (13011373) So it is not permissible to kill anyone - unless the person kills another person, or does corruption and wages war against Allah and Muhammad. Corruption and waging war means not believing in Allah, not practicing Islam, taking nonMuslims as friends and others. According to the statistics from December 2015, approximate 2000 from Britain have joined ISIS, while on 450 had joined the UK army. Since 2006 Britain started a project to stop radicalization, 2000 muslims have been arrested from tipoffs from the public. Only 230 of these radical muslims were arrested because of tipoffs from muslims. You would think that muslims were in the inner circle who could stop this radicalization better than non-muslims, so what does it tell us? If they really wanted to stop radicalization, they could have been responsible for at least 60% of the tipoffs, and yet they don't. The reason to this is because the place the muslims gets radicalized is exactly in the muslim community, so the people best situated to tipoff the police are the muslim themselves. In 2015 the muslim community has said that no mosques and no muslims should work for preventing radicalization. So how can you say that Islam is a religion of peace and radical islam are misinterpretation the Quran? Regarding the verse saying that there is no compulsion in religion, is that a

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dhimmih and a jizya tax is mentioned in the Quran and further explained in the Islamic traditions, especially in the hadiths and tafsirs. How come that chapter two says that there is no compulsion in religion and yet a dhimmih and a jizya tax exist simultaneously? An Islamic preacher has answered this question: "Let there be no compulsion in the religion" is a verse whereby... It means that you cannot force a person to actually believe in Allah and his Messenger, but you can force the person to live by Shari'a. - Imam In chapter 1 it was revealed that Islam began in 685 AD, around 50 years after the conquest of Jerusalem. This is because the Arabs controlled much of the middle-east and North Africa with the sword, but they did not control the people religously. So in order to have them submit them to the Arabs, they created the religion, and this is the reason why Islam means submit.

Radical means extremism Radical actually means “root”. Those who are radical Muslims go to the root of the Quran and Muhammad. Ibn Taymiyyah (1263-1328 AD) was the person who defined radicalism 700 years ago. He said that to be a good Muslim you must read the Quran. Since the Quran is very hard to understand by itself, he therefore also said to know how to live by the Quran, you must go by the model of the Quran, which means you must go to Muhammad. So read the book and follow the man. Martin Luther did the same thing with Christianity where he said read the book and follow Jesus. This is called reformation, so people are asking when will Islam have their reformation? They had that for 700 years ago. Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab (1703-1792 AD) and Shah Waliullah Dehlawi (1703-1762 AD) were the persons who studied the teachings of ibn Taymiyyah, and what did they created? Wahhabism which is an ultraconservative form of Islam, basically they want to world to live just like Muhammad did back in the days, like beheading non-believers. Saudi Arabia is running on wahhabism. It was al-Wahhab who charted with Muhammad bin Saud, and as the surname Saud suggest, is the reason why it is called Saudi Arabia. Muhammad Ilyas Kandhlawi (1885-1944) created the most largest radical group today based on the teachings of ibn Taymiyyah, called Tablighi Jamaat.

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It is a group with 80 million members around the world in 120 countries and is responsible for many terror attacks in the world. Abul A’la Maududi (1903-1979) created the Jamaat-e-Islami group which is a radical group based on the teachings of ibn Taymiyyah. It is the fastest growing group in Pakistan today. This group became the taliban, moved to Afghanistan drove out the Russians and took over the government in the country. Hasan al-Banna (1906-1949) created the Muslim Brotherhood which is based on wahhabism, which in turn is based on the teachings of ibn Taymiyyah. Sayyid Qutb (1906-1966) had memorized the Quran by the age of 10 years old. He became the theologian for the Muslim brotherhood, and was due to this put to jail. From 1956-1966 in jail he wrote two books. What he did was taking the surahs from the Quran and applied it to the 20th century, and thus he is seen as the father of radical Islam. Ayman Zawahir (born 1951) was a student of Sayyid Qutb who became a member of Egyptians Islamic Jihab and later a mentor of Osama Bin Laden and a leading member of Al-Qeada. Bin Laden was responsible for the World Trade Center attack in 2001. Al-Qeada means “the base”, that means “the root” which is based on ibn Taymiyyah. Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi (1971-2019) created ISIS or as later called Islamic State. His teachings is based on ibn Taymiyyah. All this is traced back to radical Islam from ibn Taymiyyah 700 years ago, who said read the book and follow the man, because alone the book is not enough to understand Islam. Below is the prove for radicalism: "Indeed in the Messenger of Allah (Muhammad SAW) you have a good example to follow for him who hopes in (the Meeting with) Allah and the Last Day and remembers Allah much." - Quran 33:21 (Mohsin Khan) "You are the best nation produced [as an example] for mankind. You enjoin what is right and forbid what is wrong and believe in Allah . If only the People of the Scripture had believed, it would have been better for them. Among them are believers, but most of them are defiantly disobedient." - Quran 3:110 "The Prophet was asked, "Who are the best people?" He replied: The people of my generation, and then those who will follow (come after) them, and then those who will come after the later; after that there will come some people whose witness will

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precede their oaths and their oaths will go ahead of their witness." Ibrahim (a subnarrator) said, "When we were young, our elder friends used to prohibit us from taking oaths by saying, 'I bear witness swearing by Allah, or by Allah's Covenant."' - Sahih al-Bukhari 6470 (see also Sahih Muslim 6478) Combining it with the command from Allah gives radical Islam: "Fight those who do not believe in Allah or in the Last Day and who do not consider unlawful what Allah and His Messenger have made unlawful and who do not adopt the religion of truth from those who were given the Scripture [fight] until they give the jizyah willingly while they are humbled." - Quran 9:29 "I have been commanded to fight against people till they testify that there is no god but Allah, that Muhammad is the messenger of Allah, and they establish prayer, and pay Zakat and if they do it, their blood and property are guaranteed protection on my behalf except when justified by law, and their affairs rest with Allah." - Sahih Muslim 22 + Sahih Muslim 21 c + Sahih Muslim 21 b + Sahih Muslim 21 a "Our Prophet, the Messenger of our Lord, has ordered us to fight you till you worship Allah Alone or give Jizya (i.e. tribute); and our Prophet has informed us that our Lord says:-- "Whoever amongst us is killed (i.e. martyred), shall go to Paradise to lead such a luxurious life as he has never seen, and whoever amongst us remain alive, shall become your master." - Sahih al-Bukhari 3160 Allah's Apostle ‫ ﷺ‬said, "I have been ordered to fight the people till they say: 'None has the right to be worshipped but Allah.' And if they say so, pray like our prayers, face our Qibla and slaughter as we slaughter, then their blood and property will be sacred to us and we will not interfere with them except legally and their reckoning will be with Allah." Narrated Maimun ibn Siyah that he asked Anas bin Malik, "O Abu Hamza! What makes the life and property of a person sacred?" He replied, "Whoever says, 'None has the right to be worshipped but Allah', faces our Qibla during the prayers, prays like us and eats our slaughtered animal, then he is a Muslim, and has got the same rights and obligations as other Muslims have." Sahih al-Bukhari - 8:387 "`Umar sent the Muslims to the great countries to fight the pagans. When AlHurmuzan embraced Islam, `Umar said to him. "I would like to consult you regarding these countries which I intend to invade." - Sahih al-Bukhari 3159

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Regarding ummah, which is having the entire earth bow down to Islam: "It is He who has sent His Messenger with guidance and the religion of truth to manifest it over all religion, although they who associate others with Allah dislike it." - Quran 9:33 Indeed Allah gathered up the earth for me so that I saw its eastern and western parts, and indeed the dominion of my Ummah will reach what was gathered up for me from it.” - Jami at-Tirmidhi 2176 (Sahih) This hadith above explicitly says that Muslims wants to rule the world with Sharia laws. "Syria will be conquered and some people will go out of Medina along with their families driving their camels. and Medina is better for them if they were to know it. Then Yemen will be conquered and some people will go out of Medina along with their families driving their camels, and Medina is better for them if they were to know it. Then Iraq will be conquered and some people will go out of it along with their families driving their camels, and Medina is better for them if they were to know it." - Sahih Muslim 1388 a Muhammad life to negotiate with non-Muslims was based on three levels: Pen (Mecca 610-622 AD) Scale, laws (Medina 622-624 AD) Sword (624-632 AD) If the pen doesn’t work, use laws, and if laws doesn’t work use the sword. In todays world, it is already in the second stage, and some places in the third stage. In the western world in will be in the third stage in the next 50 years. All one must do is read the biography (sira) of Muhammad , and one will understand how violent Muhammad was, because most of his biographies is about jihad, compared to the Quran and hadiths. In the maghazi documents which is the oldest biographies from Muhammad, it is written that between 624-632 AD Muhammad went to 29 battle campaigns and planned another 39 on top of that. The Jews lived in Medina and Muhammad had nothing to do in Medina cause he was from Mecca. He had no reason to be in Medina because it wasn’t even his city, and yet he slaughtered the Jews because his peace agreement wasn’t accepted. In the battle against the last Jewish tribe in Medina in 627, he conquered the last tribe and took the women as slaves. Muhammad forced 800 Jewish men to take a shovel and digg their

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grave and then beheaded them. Does this sound like man of peace? This is clearly documented in the sira, hadith and tafsir. Pew News deals with surveys and investigated if it is true when western Muslims say that 99% of all Muslims are peaceful is true or not. This means only 1% are not peaceful and extreme and have not tolerance for other religions. Should apostasy be punished by death? Afghanistan: 79% said yes Egypt: 86% said yes Jordan: 82% said yes Pakistan: 76% said yes Malaysia: 62% said yes The total of all Muslim participants who said yes was 27% which said apostasy should be punished with death. That is about 500 million out of 1,7 billion. Does it sound like only 1%? Are honor killings justified? 37% of all Muslims believed that those who dishonor the family should be killed. That is around 660 million Muslims out of 1,7 billion. Is that 1%? Are suicide bombings justified? Muslims in France: 42% said yes Muslims in UK: 35% said yes Muslims in USA: 26% said yes Is that 1%? Should Sharia Law be implemented into Europe and America? 53% of all Muslims in the west are in favor of Sharia Law. 52% of all Muslims in the west wants whopping and amputation punishment 51% of all Muslims in the west are in favor of stoning adultery These number are only from the Muslims in the west, which is Europe and America. Is that 1%? ICM Research According to a survey in 2016 by ICM Research, 23% of the British Muslims wants sharia-law imposed.

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Al-Jazeera poll According to an Al-Jazeera poll in 2006, of the 41260 Arab Muslims who participated in the survey, 49,9% supported Osama Bin Laden, who was the leader of Al-Qeada. Pew Research According to a survey in 2013 by Pew Research, only 57% of Muslims worldwide disproves of Al-Qeada, and only 51% disprove of the Taliban. Wenzel Strategies According to a survey in 2012 by Wenzel Strategies, 32% of Muslims in America believe that Sharia should be the supreme law of the land. Preachers When westernes listens to Islamic preachers in which they regard their statements as hate preaching, the problem is problem is that people are focusing on the wrong people. The preachers only preach, the audience agree, which is the reason why 660 million out of 1,7 billion favor stoning for adultery. Down here is an extract from an event where a preacher asks the audience whether they do agree or not I will ask you. Everyone in the room. How many of you are normal Muslims? You are not "extremists". You are not "radical". Just normal Sunni Muslims. Please raise your hands. *everyone raises their hands* Everybody. Masha'allah. Subhan'allah. Take down your hands again. How many of you agree that men and women should sit seperate? Please raise your hands. *everyone raises hand* Everyone agrees. Everyone agrees. Brothers and sisters. It is not just these radical sheikhs then. Allahu Akbar. Next question. How many of you agree that the punishments described in the Qur'an and the Sunnah, whether it is death, whether it is stoning for adultery, whatever it is. If it is from Allah and his messenger, that is the best punishment ever possible for human kind and that is what we should apply in the world. Who agrees with that? *everyone raises their hand* Allahu Akbar. Are you all radical extremists?

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The excuse is simply this: "Ever heard of peer pressure? Look for example at the first row on how they look at each other to see if the other raises their hand. See a lot of young people in there (even children) in the room. Remember peer pressure." But this can also be applied in a larger scale, in an Islamic country. Ever heard of peer pressure from your neighbor? From your teachers? Form your local authorities? This is exactly what is happening in the vast majority of Islamic countries. They simply admit with that statement that in Islam peer pressure happens. Another excuse they say: "The speaker first began with 2 normal questions, where the answer would be under any circumstances yes and then the final question. Most people tend to answer yes, this is also a trick used in the world of sales" - Anonymous Explain to me how someone can trick you to agree with beheading and murders, unless you actually do? There is a big difference between agreeing to buy something and agreeing to behead someone, wouldn't you agree? - Anonymous

Jihad is the most important in Islam "Among the believers, those who stay at home without a good reason are not equal to those who strive for the cause of God in person or with their property. To those who strive for His cause in person or with their property, God has granted a higher rank than to those who stay at home. God has promised that everyone will receive his proper share of the reward but He will grant a much greater reward to those striving for His cause than to those who stay home (for no reason)." - Quran 4:95 (Muhammad Sarwar) " The ones who have believed, emigrated and striven in the cause of Allah with their wealth and their lives are greater in rank in the sight of Allah. And it is those who are the attainers [of success]." - Quran 9:20 "Say, [O Muḥammad], "If your fathers, your sons, your brothers, your wives, your relatives, wealth which you have obtained, commerce wherein you fear decline, and dwellings with which you are pleased are more beloved to you than Allah and His Messenger and jihād [i.e., striving] in His cause, then wait until Allah executes His command. And Allah does not guide the defiantly disobedient people."" -

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Quran 9:24 "And fight in the cause of Allah and know that Allah is Hearing and Knowing." Quran 2:244 ""(That she said), "O Allah's Messenger (‫ !)ﷺ‬We consider Jihad as the best deed. Should we not fight in Allah's Cause?" He said, "The best Jihad (for women) is Hajj-Mabrur (i.e. Hajj which is done according to the Prophet's tradition and is accepted by Allah)." - Sahih al-Bukhari 2784 "A man came to Allah's Messenger (‫ )ﷺ‬and said, "Instruct me as to such a deed as equals Jihad (in reward)." He replied, "I do not find such a deed." Then he added, "Can you, while the Muslim fighter is in the battle-field, enter your mosque to perform prayers without cease and fast and never break your fast?" The man said, "But who can do that?" Abu- Huraira added, "The Mujahid (i.e. Muslim fighter) is rewarded even for the footsteps of his horse while it wanders bout (for grazing) tied in a long rope."" - Sahih al-Bukhari 2785 "It has been narrated on the authority of Abu Sa'id Khudri that the Messenger of Allah ‫ ﷺ‬said (to him): Abu Sa'id, whoever cheerfully accepts Allah as his Lord, Islam as his religion and Mubammad as his Apostle is necessarily entitled to enter Paradise. He (Abu Sa'id) wondered at it and said: Messenger of Allah, repeat it for me. He (the Messenger of Allah) did that and said: There is another act which elevates the position of a man in Paradise to a grade one hundred (higher), and the elevation between one grade and the other is equal to the height of the heaven from the earth. He (Abu Sa'id) said: What is that act? He replied: Jihad in the way of Allah! Jihad in the way of Allah!" - Sahih Muslim 20:4645 "It has been narrated on the authority of Abu Huraira that the Messenger of Allah ‫ ﷺ‬said: One who died but did not fight in the way of Allah nor did he express any desire (or determination) for Jihid died the death of a hypocrite. 'Abdullah b. Mubarak said: We think the hadith pertained to the time of the Messenger of Allah ‫ﷺ‬." - Sahih Muslim 20:4696 "Abu Dharr reported: I said: Messenger of Allah, which of the deeds is the best? He (the Holy Prophet) replied: Belief in Allah and Jihad in His cause. I again asked: Who is the slave whose emancipation is the best? He (the Holy Prophet) replied: One who is valuable for his master and whose price is high. I said: If I can't afford to do it? He (the Holy Prophet) replied: Help an artisan or make anything for the unskilled (labourer). I (Abu Dharr) said: Messenger of Allah, you

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see that I am helpless in doing some of these deeds. He (the Holy Prophet) replied: Desist from doing mischief to the people. That is the charity of your person on your behalf." - Sahih Muslim 1:149

Muslims are happy of WTC attack It is true that many Muslims are happy of the attack on World Trade Center. The date September 11th, which happened in 2001, was chosen by Osama Bin Laden because it was the day on September 11th 1683, the Turks, also called The Ottomon Caliphate, were stopped at the gates of Vienna with the help of Jan Sobieski III. 138.000 Muslims surrounded the city in Austria against 10.000 defenders, and if he didn’t help the helpless Austrian ruler Leopold I, the entire Europe and America would had been Muslims now. The below is a personal account by a person: "I'm a german that grew up in a Muslim dominated neighborhood. Some people will not like this but it happened: You want to know how I heard about the 9/11 attacks just when they happened? Some of my Muslim neighbors were loudly celebrating on the streets, some were running around throwing kisses at the sky, and I was like "What's going on?" Yeah..." - reddit-user hewman_robot If one looks at the Pew Research report about Islam, 15% of all Muslims in the world says that suicide in defense of Islam is justified which is 258 million out of 1,7 billion Muslims in 2013. That is almost as big as the United States. However, 527 million Muslims said that that sharia law must also apply to non-Muslims. Interestingly, if a western people noticed, that there are no major Muslim organizations in the world who opposes Jihad violence. The deradicalization in the west always needs to be performed by the western countries, never by the Muslim community themselves.

The real Quranic verses that commands to kill nonbelievers in general

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Apologists claim that those verses in the Quran which says "kill the disbelievers", "kill the polytheists", "kill the Jews" and "kill the Christians" are verses that are meant only during the lifetime of Muhammad, and that the radical attacks happening around the world, especially in the middle-east is a misinterpretation of the Quran and Islam. They either don't know or they are lying. Below are the real verses which explains that it is a matter of religion, and the meaning is until judgement day. Fight those who do not believe in Allah or in the Last Day Regarding the Quranic verses, you have to combine those with other Quranic verses, hadiths and tafsirs. This include the Jizyia and dhimmih verses: Fight those who do not believe in Allah or in the Last Day and who do not consider unlawful what Allah and His Messenger have made unlawful and who do not adopt the religion of truth from those who were given the Scripture [fight] until they give the jizyah willingly while they are humbled. - Quran 9:29 Explanation: Notice above that it says "or in the Last Day", which is a general statement until the end of times. Here Ibn Kathir confirms it: Allah commanded His Messenger to fight the People of the Scriptures, Jews and Christians, on the ninth year of Hijrah, and he prepared his army to fight the Romans and called the people to Jihad announcing his intent and destination. Ibn Kathir on 9:29 Explanation: There are no historical records which points that the Romans wanted to make the first attack on Muslims. The "or in the Last Day" is not really explained in the tafsir, but it is a clear statement alone in the Quran. "those who disbelieved" "[Remember] when your Lord inspired to the angels, "I am with you, so strengthen those who have believed. I will cast terror into the hearts of those who disbelieved, so strike [them] upon the necks and strike from them every fingertip." - Quran 8:12 Explanation: Notice that the Quranic verse above says "those who disbelieved" and not "the disbelievers". "wage war against Allah and his Messenger" "Indeed, the penalty for those who wage war against Allah and His Messenger and

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strive upon earth [to cause] corruption is none but that they be killed or crucified or that their hands and feet be cut off from opposite sides or that they be exiled from the land. That is for them a disgrace in this world; and for them in the Hereafter is a great punishment" - Quran 5:33 Explanation: Now this is one of the most important Quranic verses, which is hidden very deeply. Here it is important to understand what the term "wage war against Allah" means. Below is the tafsir explaining it: “Wage war’ mentioned here means, oppose and contradict, and it includes disbelief, blocking roads and spreading fear in the fairways. – Ibn Kathir (13011373) The Messenger of Allah [SAW] said: "It is not permissible to shed the blood of a Muslim except in three cases: An adulterer who had been married, who should be stoned to death; a man who killed another man intentionally, who should be killed; and a man who left Islam and waged war against Allah, the Might and Sublime, and His Messenger, who should be killed, or crucified, or banished from the land." - Sunan an-Nasa'i 4048 (Sahih) Explanation: The term "waging war against Allah" is very clear in the hadith, which gives the example of a man who left Islam and thereby waging war against Allah. You cannot misinterpret it otherwise, because obviously you cannot wage war on Allah physically, can you? This is why understanding the "wage war" term is important because in Quran 5:33, because it says "those who wage war against Allah must be killed or crucified or their hands and their feet be cut off on the opposite sides, or be exiled from the land. That is their disgrace in this world, and a great torment is theirs in the Hereafter." Notice, the Quran 5:33 above says "That is for them a disgrace in this world; and for them in the Hereafter is a great punishment". The killing is in this world by humans, and then there is a punishment in the afterlife by Allah. Can it only mean apostasy? This would contradict "or in the last day" and "those who disbelieved" On Earth in general "And when the sacred months have passed, then kill the polytheists wherever you find them and capture them and besiege them and sit in wait for them at every place of ambush. But if they should repent, establish prayer, and give zakah, let them [go] on their way. Indeed, Allah is Forgiving and Merciful." - Quran 9:5

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Explanation: In the verse above, it is unclear if it refers to polytheists during Muhammad or in general. The mother of all tafsirs, Ibn Kathir says: "(then fight the Mushrikin wherever you find them), means, on the earth in general, except for the Sacred Area, for Allah said" - Ibn Kathir on Quran 9:5 Allah encourages to fight those who say "Jesus is the son of God" The Jews say, "Ezra is the son of Allah "; and the Christians say, "The Messiah is the son of Allah ." That is their statement from their mouths; they imitate the saying of those who disbelieved [before them]. May Allah destroy them; how are they deluded? - Quran 9:30 It is very unclear what this verse really means. The mother of all tafsirs (Ibn Kathir) is specific on this one: "Allah the Exalted encourages the believers to fight the polytheists, disbelieving Jews and Christians, who uttered this terrible statement and utter lies against Allah, the Exalted. As for the Jews, they claimed that `Uzayr was the son of God, Allah is free of what they attribute to Him" - Ibn Kathir on 9:30 Explanation: Allah encourages Muslims to fight those who say "Jesus is the son of God", a very general statement to kill Christianity. Sahih al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim The last hour would not come unless the Muslims will fight against the Jews and the Muslims would kill them until the Jews would hide themselves behind a stone or a tree and a stone or a tree would say: Muslim, or the servant of Allah, there is a Jew behind me; come and kill him; but the tree Gharqad would not say, for it is the tree of the Jews. - Sahih Muslim 41:6985 Explanation: Apologists try to come with excuses that it is not the Jews themselves but that they will be possessed, and that it doesn't only refer to Jews. A question to the reader of this post: If you knew that in any given time shaytan would posses the Jews, would you live peaceful with them till that last hour? Of course not! You will take precautions, and make sure you will be safe before that happens. "Fight against people till they testify that there is no god but Allah, Allah's Messenger (‫ )ﷺ‬said: "I have been ordered (by Allah) to fight against the people until they testify that none has the right to be worshipped but Allah and that

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Muhammad is Allah's Messenger (‫)ﷺ‬, and offer the prayers perfectly and give the obligatory charity, so if they perform that, then they save their lives and property from me except for Islamic laws and then their reckoning (accounts) will be done by Allah." - Sahih Muslim 1:36 + Sahih al-Bukhari 2:8 The hadith below confirms that even the hypocrites must be killed in the last day. "Whenever I tell you a narration from Allah's Messenger (‫)ﷺ‬, by Allah, I would rather fall down from the sky than ascribe a false statement to him, but if I tell you something between me and you (not a Hadith) then it was indeed a trick (i.e., I may say things just to cheat my enemy). No doubt I heard Allah's Apostle saying, "During the last days there will appear some young foolish people who will say the best words but their faith will not go beyond their throats (i.e. they will have no faith) and will go out from (leave) their religion as an arrow goes out of the game. So, where-ever you find them, kill them, for who-ever kills them shall have reward on the Day of Resurrection." - Sahih al-Bukhari 6930 Conclusion There is absolutely no doubt that all those are general statements and not just "the disbelievers/Jews/Christians/polytheists" during Muhammads life. Radical Islam is not misinterpreting the Quran.

Beings a Quranist is better Being a Quranist means that those people who do it, do not follow the biographies, the hadiths and tafsirs. However, it is actually worse. The Quran is timeless, and only the Islamic traditions written 100-400 years after when Muhammad supposedly died gives the different verses a story and a time. The Quran almost always says general statements like "The Jews says" or "Kill the unbelievers" without regard to population and time, instead of writing "Some of the Jews says" or "Kill the unbelievers who are attacking you for defense"

Criticising Muhammad Asma Bint Marwan was a woman who criticized Islam. When Muhammad heard her critics, he asked "Who will rid me of Marwan’s daughter?”. Umayr b. ‘Adiy al-Khatmi heard him and he went to her house and killed her. He then went back and Muhammad said

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You have helped God and His apostle, O `Umayr!”. The motivation behind the Charlie Hebdo killing in France was motivated by the verse: "Indeed, those who abuse Allah and His Messenger - Allah has cursed them in this world and the Hereafter and prepared for them a humiliating punishment." Quran 33:57 However, the verse below specifically commands Muslims to kill those who criticize Allah (which means Islam) and Muhammad, and then Allah will give them a punishment after death: "Indeed, the penalty for those who wage war against Allah and His Messenger and strive upon earth [to cause] corruption is none but that they be killed or crucified or that their hands and feet be cut off from opposite sides or that they be exiled from the land. That is for them a disgrace in this world; and for them in the Hereafter is a great punishment" - Quran 5:33 "Accursed wherever they are found, [being] seized and massacred completely." Quran 33:61 Radical Islam are not misinterpreting this verse. A wise man once said To find out what is destroying your society, discover which ideas are considered beyond criticism - Brett Stevens In learning new knowledge and skills, it is important to be allowed to criticise something, without making an enemy. This is not possible with Islam Tact is the art of making a point without making an enemoy - Isaac Newton A blind man had a slave-mother who used to abuse the Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬and disparage him. He forbade her but she did not stop. He rebuked her but she did not give up her habit. One night she began to slander the Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬and abuse him. So he took a dagger, placed it on her belly, pressed it, and killed her. A child who came between her legs was smeared with the blood that was there. When the morning came, the Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬was informed about it. He assembled the people and said: I

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adjure by Allah the man who has done this action and I adjure him by my right to him that he should stand up. Jumping over the necks of the people and trembling the man stood up. He sat before the Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬and said: Messenger of Allah! I am her master; she used to abuse you and disparage you. I forbade her, but she did not stop, and I rebuked her, but she did not abandon her habit. I have two sons like pearls from her, and she was my companion. Last night she began to abuse and disparage you. So I took a dagger, put it on her belly and pressed it till I killed her. Thereupon the Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬said: Oh be witness, no retaliation is payable for her blood. - Sunan Abi Dawud 4361 There was a blind man during the time of the Messenger of Allah [SAW] who had an Umm Walad by whom he had two sons. She used to slander and defame the Messenger of Allah [SAW] a great deal, and he would rebuke her, but she would not pay heed, and he would forbid her to do that, but she ignored him. (The blind man said) One night I mentioned the Prophet [SAW], and she slandered him. I could not bear it so I went and got a dagger which I thrust into her stomach and leaned upon it, and killed her. In the morning she was found slain. Mention of that was made to the Prophet [SAW] and he gathered the people and said: "I adjure by Allah; a man over whom I have the right, that he should obey me, and he did what he did, to stand up." The blind man started to tremble and said: "O Messenger of Allah [SAW], I am the one who killed her. She was my Umm Walad and she was kind and gentle toward me, and I have two sons like pearls from her, but she used to slander and defame you a great deal. I forbade her, but she did not stop, and I rebuked her, but she did not pay heed. Finally, I mentioned your name and she slandered you, so I went and got a dagger which I thrust into her stomach, and leaned on it until I killed her. The Messenger of Allah [SAW] said: "I bear witness that her blood is permissible." - Sunan an-Nasa'i 4070 (Sahih) (see also Sunan Abi Dawud 4361) Who will kill Ka'b b. Ashraf? He has maligned Allah, the Exalted, and His Messenger. Muhammad b. Maslama said: Messenger of Allah, do you wish that I should kill him? He said: Yes. He said: Permit me to talk (to him in the way I deem fit). He said: Talk (as you like). So, Muhammad b. Maslama came to Ka'b and talked to him, referred to the old friendship between them and said: This man (i. e. the Holy Prophet) has made up his mind to collect charity (from us) and this has put us to a great hardship. When be heard this, Ka'b said: By God, you will be put to more trouble by him. Muhammad b. Maslama said: No doubt, now we have become his followers and we do not like to forsake him until we see what turn his affairs will take. I want that you should give me a loan. He said: What will you mortgage? He said: What do you want? He said: Pledge me your

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women. He said: You are the most handsome of the Arabs; should we pledge our women to you? He said: Pledge me your children. He said: The son of one of us may abuse us saying that he was pledged for two wasqs of dates, but we can pledge you (cur) weapons. He said: All right. Then Muhammad b. Maslama promised that he would come to him with Harith, Abu 'Abs b. Jabr and Abbad b. Bishr. So they came and called upon him at night. He came down to them. Sufyan says that all the narrators except 'Amr have stated that his wife said: I hear a voice which sounds like the voice of murder. He said: It is only Muhammad b. Maslama and his foster-brother, Abu Na'ila. When a gentleman is called at night even it to be pierced with a spear, he should respond to the call. Muhammad said to his companions: As he comes down, I will extend my hands towards his head and when I hold him fast, you should do your job. So when he came down and he was holding his cloak under his arm, they said to him: We sense from you a very fine smell. He said: Yes, I have with me a mistress who is the most scented of the women of Arabia. He said: Allow me to smell (the scent on your head). He said: Yes, you may smell. So he caught it and smelt. Then he said: Allow me to do so (once again). He then held his head fast and said to his companions: Do your job. And they killed him. - Sahih Muslim 1801 Allah's Messenger (‫ )ﷺ‬sent some men from the Ansar to ((kill) Abu Rafi', the Jew, and appointed 'Abdullah bin Atik as their leader. Abu Rafi' used to hurt Allah's Messenger (‫ )ﷺ‬and help his enemies against him. He lived in his castle in the land of Hijaz. When those men approached (the castle) after the sun had set and the people had brought back their livestock to their homes. `Abdullah (bin Atik) said to his companions, "Sit down at your places. I am going, and I will try to play a trick on the gate-keeper so that I may enter (the castle)." So 'Abdullah proceeded towards the castle, and when he approached the gate, he covered himself with his clothes, pretending to answer the call of nature. The people had gone in, and the gate-keeper (considered 'Abdullah as one of the castle's servants) addressing him saying, "O Allah's Servant! Enter if you wish, for I want to close the gate." `Abdullah added in his story, "So I went in (the castle) and hid myself. When the people got inside, the gate-keeper closed the gate and hung the keys on a fixed wooden peg. I got up and took the keys and opened the gate. Some people were staying late at night with Abu Rafi` for a pleasant night chat in a room of his. When his companions of nightly entertainment went away, I ascended to him, and whenever I opened a door, I closed it from inside. I said to myself, 'Should these people discover my presence, they will not be able to catch me till I have killed him.' So I reached him and found him sleeping in a dark house amidst his family, I could not recognize his location in the house. So I shouted, 'O Abu Rafi'!' Abu Rafi` said, 'Who is it?' I proceeded towards the source of the voice and

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hit him with the sword, and because of my perplexity, I could not kill him. He cried loudly, and I came out of the house and waited for a while, and then went to him again and said, 'What is this voice, O Abu Rafi'?' He said, 'Woe to your mother! A man in my house has hit me with a sword! I again hit him severely but I did not kill him. Then I drove the point of the sword into his belly (and pressed it through) till it touched his back, and I realized that I have killed him. I then opened the doors one by one till I reached the staircase, and thinking that I had reached the ground, I stepped out and fell down and got my leg broken in a moonlit night. I tied my leg with a turban and proceeded on till I sat at the gate, and said, 'I will not go out tonight till I know that I have killed him.' So, when (early in the morning) the cock crowed, the announcer of the casualty stood on the wall saying, 'I announce the death of Abu Rafi`, the merchant of Hijaz. Thereupon I went to my companions and said, 'Let us save ourselves, for Allah has killed Abu Rafi`,' So I (along with my companions proceeded and) went to the Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬and described the whole story to him. "He said, 'Stretch out your (broken) leg. I stretched it out and he rubbed it and it became All right as if I had never had any ailment whatsoever." - Sahih al-Bukhari 4039 Wenzel Strategies According to a 2012 survery by Wenzel Strategies, 58% of Muslim-Americans said criticism of Islam or Muhammad is not protected free speech under the First Amendment. 45% wants mockers of Islam face criminal charges. 12% said that blaspheming Islam should be punished by death. Insulting other than Allah, Islam and Muhammad is permissible: "And do not insult those they invoke other than Allah, lest they insult Allah in enmity without knowledge. Thus We have made pleasing to every community their deeds. Then to their Lord is their return, and He will inform them about what they used to do." - Quran 6:108 "Muslims used to insult the idols of the disbelievers and the disbelievers would retaliate by insulting Allah wrongfully without knowledge." - Tafsir Ibn Kathir 6:108 Muslims are not permitted to insult those who critisize other religions except Islam.

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" I asked `Ali "Do you have anything Divine literature besides what is in the Qur'an?" Or, as Uyaina once said, "Apart from what the people have?" `Ali said, "By Him Who made the grain split (germinate) and created the soul, we have nothing except what is in the Qur'an and the ability (gift) of understanding Allah's Book which He may endow a man, with and what is written in this sheet of paper." I asked, "What is on this paper?" He replied, "The legal regulations of Diya (Blood-money) and the (ransom for) releasing of the captives, and the judgment that no Muslim should be killed in Qisas (equality in punishment) for killing a Kafir (disbeliever)." - Sahih al-Bukhari 6915 "“A Muslim should not be killed in retaliation for the murder of a disbeliever.”" Sunan Ibn Majah 21:2659 (Sahih) ""A believer should not be killed in retaliation for the murder of a disbeliever, and a person who has a treaty should not be killed during the time of the treaty.”" Sunan Ibn Majah 21:2660 (Sahih) This is often seen when a person who critizies Muhammad gets killed in an Islamic country, they are usually not persecuted, but praised by the country. Narrated 'Abdullah: Allah's Apostle said, "Abusing a Muslim is Fusuq (i.e., an evildoing), and killing him is Kufr (disbelief)." - Sahih al-Bukhari 6044 The Prophet, said, "Abusing a Muslim is Fusuq (evil doing) and killing him is Kufr (disbelief). - Sahih al-Bukhari 7076 The Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬said, "Abusing a Muslim is Fusuq (an evil doing) and killing him is Kufr (disbelief)." - Sahih al-Bukhari 48 In the hadith above, it is clearly stated that it only applies to Muslims.

Muhammad was a clean person I heard Sulaiman bin Yasar talking about the clothes soiled with semen. He said that `Aisha had said, "I used to wash it off the clothes of Allah's Messenger (‫ )ﷺ‬and he would go for the prayers while water spots were still visible on them. - : Sahih al-Bukhari 231

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I heard Sulaiman bin Yasar talking about the clothes soiled with semen. He said that 'Aisha had said, "I used to wash it off the clothes of Allah's Apostle and he would go for the prayers while water spots were still visible on them. - Sahih alBukhari, Vol. 1, Book of Ablutions (Wudu), Hadith 232 I used to wash the semen off the clothes of the Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬and even then I used to notice one or more spots on them. - : Sahih al-Bukhari 232 I used to wash the traces of Janaba (semen) from the clothes of the Prophet (‫)ﷺ‬ and he used to go for prayers while traces of water were still on it (water spots were still visible). - : Sahih al-Bukhari 229 It was narrated that Aishah said concerning semen: " I used to scratch it from the garment of the Messenger of Allah" - Sahih Muslim 669 It was narrated that Aishah said: " I often scraped it (semen) from the garment of the Messenger of Allah with my hand"- Sunan Abu Dawud 537 Narrated Sulaiman bin Yasar: I asked Aishah about the clothes soiled with semen. She replied, "I used to wash it off the clothes of Allah's Messenger and he would go for the Salat (prayer) while water spots were still visible - Sahih al-Bukhari 230 Many people don't know it but he was not that clean.

The Quran does not use adult language It is often believed that the Quran is free of adult words, however this is not the case. The reason for this is because the translators have corrupted the translations. "And [mention] the one who guarded her chastity, so We blew into her [garment] through Our angel [Gabriel], and We made her and her son a sign for the worlds." - Quran 21:91 "And [the example of] Mary, the daughter of 'Imran, who guarded her chastity, so We blew into [her garment] through Our angel, and she believed in the words of her Lord and His scriptures and was of the devoutly obedient." - Quran 66:12 In most, if not all, translations the word chastity is used. However, in Arabic the correct word used in the verses is farjaha, which means her vagina. So the correct

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translations would be: "And [mention] the one who guarded her vagina, so We blew into her [garment] through Our angel [Gabriel], and We made her and her son a sign for the worlds." - Quran 21:91 "And [the example of] Mary, the daughter of 'Imran, who guarded her vagina, so We blew into [her garment] through Our angel, and she believed in the words of her Lord and His scriptures and was of the devoutly obedient." - Quran 66:12 Furthermore the Quran writes that disbelievers are losers. "Those to whom We have given the Book recite it with its true recital. They [are the ones who] believe in it. And whoever disbelieves in it - it is they who are the losers." - Quran 2:121 "To Him belong the keys of the heavens and the earth. And they who disbelieve in the verses of Allah - it is those who are the losers." - Quran 39:63 "To Him belong the keys of the heavens and the earth. And they who disbelieve in the verses of Allah - it is those who are the losers." - Quran 39:63 "[This is] so that Allah may distinguish the wicked from the good and place the wicked some of them upon others and heap them all together and put them into Hell. It is those who are the losers." - Quran 8:37 "And whoever denies the faith - his work has become worthless, and he, in the Hereafter, will be among the losers." - Quran 5:5 "And whoever desires other than Islam as religion - never will it be accepted from him, and he, in the Hereafter, will be among the losers." - Quran 3:85 "And never be of those who deny the signs of Allah and [thus] be among the losers." - Quran 10:95 " Say, "Sufficient is Allah between me and you as Witness. He knows what is in the heavens and earth. And they who have believed in falsehood and disbelieved in Allah - it is those who are the losers."" Quran 29:52 And deaf, dumb and blind.

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"The example of those who disbelieve is like that of one who shouts at what hears nothing but calls and cries cattle or sheep - deaf, dumb and blind, so they do not understand." - Quran 2:171 "But those who deny Our verses are deaf and dumb within darknesses. Whomever Allah wills - He leaves astray; and whomever He wills - He puts him on a straight path." - Quran 6:39

Multiculturalism is the true way for a peaceful world Islams goal is not to live side by side, but really change everything to Sharia Law and make the Quran the constitution. "And judge, [O Muhammad], between them by what Allah has revealed and do not follow their inclinations and beware of them, lest they tempt you away from some of what Allah has revealed to you. And if they turn away - then know that Allah only intends to afflict them with some of their [own] sins. And indeed, many among the people are defiantly disobedient." - 5:49 "And never will the Jews or the Christians approve of you until you follow their religion. Say, "Indeed, the guidance of Allah is the [only] guidance." If you were to follow their desires after what has come to you of knowledge, you would have against Allah no protector or helper." - Quran 2:120 "They wish you would disbelieve as they disbelieved so you would be alike. So do not take from among them allies until they emigrate for the cause of Allah. But if they turn away, then seize them and kill them wherever you find them and take not from among them any ally or helper." - Quran 4:89 "You worship not besides Him except [mere] names you have named them, you and your fathers, for which Allah has sent down no authority. Legislation is not but for Allah . He has commanded that you worship not except Him. That is the correct religion, but most of the people do not know." – Quran 12:40 Then there is the hadiths below: “The Prophet said, “A Muslim has to listen to and obey (the order of his ruler) whether he likes it or not, as long as his orders involve not one in disobedience (to

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Allah), but if an act of disobedience (to Allah) is imposed one should not listen to it or obey it.” – Sahih al-Bukhari 9:89:258 “The ‘Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said, “It is obligatory for one to listen to and obey (the ruler’s orders) unless these orders involve one disobedience (to Allah), but if an act of disobedience (to Allah) is imposed, he should not listen to or obey it.” – Sahih alBukhari 4:203 William Ewart Gladstone (1809–1898) was Prime Minister of Great Britain in 1868–74, 1880–85, 1886 and 1892–94. He called the Qur’an an “accursed book” and held it up during a session of Parliament, declaring: “So long as there is this book there will be no peace in the world.” - William Eward Gladstone

"We don’t talk bad about Jesus, why are you talking bad about Muhammad?" Many apologists state that they do not talk bad about Jesus, so Christians should not attack Muhammad. It’s actually much more simple than people might think. Because he is mentioned in the Quran. Because he is a prophet in the Quran, and Islam stole him from the Bible? This is the reason why Muslims do not talk bad about Jesus, because he is in their own book a part of it. It is very certain that any prophet who is mentioned in the Bible, but was not copied by the Quran, the Muslims would mock them.

We don't attack Christianity for the crusades One of the claims is that western people attack Islam for Jihad and terrorism, but they don't attack their own religion, Christianity, for the crusades in the 11-16th century. The reason is because if a Christian murders non-Christians, they are disobeying Jesus and Christianity, but if a Muslim murders unbelievers, they are actually obeying Muhammad. "Fight against those who do not believe in Allah or in the Last Day and who do not consider unlawful what Allah and His Messenger have made unlawful and who do not adopt the religion of truth [i.e., Islām] from those who were given the Scripture - [fight] until they give the jizyah1 willingly while they are humbled." -

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Quran 9:29 "And when the inviolable months have passed, then kill the polytheists wherever you find them and capture them and besiege them and sit in wait for them at every place of ambush. But if they should repent, establish prayer, and give zakāh, let them [go] on their way. Indeed, Allah is Forgiving and Merciful." - Quran 9:5 "And fight against them until there is no fitnah and [until] the religion [i.e., worship], all of it, is for Allah.2 And if they cease - then indeed, Allah is Seeing of what they do." - Quran 8:39 Jihad is part of Islam, however, the crusades are not part of Christianity. Furthermore it was actually the Muslims themselves that caused the crusades, which were in response to Islamic attacks and assaults on Europe. For hundreds of years the Muslims attacked and destroyed Europe, before Europe had enough of the Jihad and terrorism and responded with attacks. According to the three-volume Encyclopedia of Wars by Charles Phillips and Alan Axelrod, there have been 1763 wars throughout history until 2003, whereby only 123 have been classifed to involve a religous cause. Out of the 123 wars, 66 of them were waged in the name of Islam, which means that for all the wars which were waged in the name of all religions, Islam accounts for more than half.

Western people are arrogant This actually is the truth what Muslims believe about the western people that non-Muslims are arrogant. This is also one of the reasons they keep distance from them. The Quran itself teaches to put a God and prophets above other people, and the Quran itself teaches that a woman is half worth of man, that is arrogance in itself. The Quran itself teaches you that you own a woman and you are above them. The Quran itself allows slaves and put Muslim slave owners above them. It is a book full of arrogance while defending its own action by talking bad about other people, groups and religions. It does it so much that it infects the followers subconsciously, and they do the same thing. Many always try to show off themselves to others how well they are following Islam, by comparing their imams. If you ask them “which religion is the best” they’ll say “Islam”, so by definition Muslims are above other religious groups. A dhimmah (non-Muslim who pays tax to Muslim) is also a miserable, disgraceful and humiliated person who is below a Muslim, according to the Quran and tafisir Ibn Kathir. Muslims

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always feel Superior over those who drink alcohol and looks down at them. So yes, the Quran itself is in its fundamentals an arrogance. Muslims also claim “The Quran is the best Book and is superior to other books”. Neither Christianity nor Judaism puts their book over others. Islam is arrogance Dhimmih, women is worth half, a man is above a woman, Muslims are worth more than non-Muslims, killings dogs, Allah is superior than all other things. It is not permissible to greet non-Muslims first unless they do it first. The Muslim is higher in status before Allah, so he should wait. Muslims brag about their skills in Islam and how well they can perform as a Muslim, but when non-Muslims brag about their skills in for example sport, painting, languages or anything else, then it is arrogance. Non-Muslims Bragg about their skills, and so do Muslims with Islam. In the Quranic verse below and hadith it is explained not to show off: "O you who have believed, do not invalidate your charities with reminders [of it] or injury as does one who spends his wealth [only] to be seen by the people and does not believe in Allah and the Last Day. His example is like that of a [large] smooth stone upon which is dust and is hit by a downpour that leaves it bare. They are unable [to keep] anything of what they have earned. And Allah does not guide the disbelieving people. And the example of those who spend their wealth seeking means to the approval of Allah and assuring [reward for] themselves is like a garden on high ground which is hit by a downpour - so it yields its fruits in double. And [even] if it is not hit by a downpour, then a drizzle [is sufficient]. And Allah, of what you do, is Seeing." - Quran 2:264-265 "The Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬said, "He who lets the people hear of his good deeds intentionally, to win their praise, Allah will let the people know his real intention (on the Day of Resurrection), and he who does good things in public to show off and win the praise of the people, Allah will disclose his real intention (and humiliate him)." - Sahih al-Bukhari 6499 However, in Islam, showing off your skills as a Muslim is part of it. So showing of skills in Islam is accepted, but if you show off skills in sport, language, science, painting and others, then it is arrogance. Furthermore, they are worthless if they are not meant for Allah:

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"And whoever denies the faith - his work has become worthless, and he, in the Hereafter, will be among the losers." - Quran 5:5 "That is because they disliked what Allah revealed, so He rendered worthless their deeds." - Quran 47:9 "And it was already revealed to you and to those before you that if you should associate [anything] with Allah, your work would surely become worthless, and you would surely be among the losers."" - Quran 39:65 The verses above says that whatever you do in life for humanity, is worthless without Islam. The hadith below says that not praying is worse than stealing. The Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬said, Gabriel came to me and gave me the glad tidings that anyone who died without worshipping anything besides Allah, would enter Paradise. I asked (Gabriel), 'Even if he committed theft, and even if he committed illegal sexual intercourse?' He said, '(Yes), even if he committed theft, and even if he Committed illegal sexual intercourse." - Sahih al-Bukhari 9:93:579 Islam always has that attitude that your are not worth anything. "O Prophet, urge the believers to battle. If there are among you twenty [who are] steadfast, they will overcome two hundred. And if there are among you one hundred [who are] steadfast, they will overcome a thousand of those who have disbelieved because they are a people who do not understand." - Quran 8:65 "Now, Allah has lightened [the hardship] for you, and He knows that among you is weakness. So if there are from you one hundred [who are] steadfast, they will overcome two hundred. And if there are among you a thousand, they will overcome two thousand by permission of Allah . And Allah is with the steadfast." - Quran 8:66 "Indeed, the worst of living creatures in the sight of Allah are those who have disbelieved, and they will not [ever] believe -" - Quran 8:55 So do not weaken and call for peace while you are superior; and Allah is with you and will never deprive you of [the reward of] your deeds. - Quran 47:35 "Indeed, they who disbelieved among the People of the Scripture and the polytheists will be in the fire of Hell, abiding eternally therein. Those are the worst

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of creatures." - Quran 98:6 "Those to whom We have given the Book recite it with its true recital. They [are the ones who] believe in it. And whoever disbelieves in it - it is they who are the losers." - Quran 2:121 "To Him belong the keys of the heavens and the earth. And they who disbelieve in the verses of Allah - it is those who are the losers." - Quran 39:63 "And whoever denies the faith - his work has become worthless, and he, in the Hereafter, will be among the losers." - Quran 5:5 "The chieftains of his people, who were disbelieving, said: Lo! we surely see thee in foolishness, and lo! we deem thee of the liars." - Quran 7:66 (Pickthall) Then there is Ibn Kathir: “(and feel themselves subdued.), disgraced, humiliated and belittled. Therefore, Muslims are not allowed to honor the people of Dhimmah or elevate them above Muslims, for they are miserable, disgraced and humiliated. Muslim recorded from Abu Hurayrah that the Prophet said, Do not initiate the Salam to the Jews and Christians, and if you meet any of them in a road, force them to its narrowest alley).” - Ibn Kathir 9:29 Arabs are supirior above non-Arabs The Arabs claim that they are the descendant of Ismai'il, and according to the following hadiths, they are the chosen people: ""Indeed Allah has chosen Isma'il from the children of Ibrahim, and He chose Banu Kinanah from the children of Isma'il, and He chose the Quraish from Banu Kinanah, and He chose Banu Hashim from Quraish, and He chose me from Banu Hashim." - Jami at-Tirmidhi 1:46:3605 (Sahih) + 1:46:3606 (Sahih) From the sira of Al-Tabari: ""Praise belongs to Godwho created heaven and earth and carried out His commandtherein, and His knowledge encompasses His Throne.Nothingexists but by His bounty.By His power He made us kings andchose the best of His creation as a prophet who is the noblest inlineage,the most truthful in speech, and the best in noble de-scent.He sent down to him His book and entrusted him with

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Hiscreatures.He was the chosen one of God from the worlds. Thenhe summoned people to faith,and the Emigrants from his peopleand his kinsfolk believed in the Messenger of God. They are themost noble people in lineage,the most prominent,and the best indeeds.." - Al-Tabari volume 9, p. 69 (see also Ibn Sa'd volume 1, p. 12) From the sira of Ibn Ishaq: "I am the most Arab of you all. I am of Quraysh, and I was suckled among the Banū Sa'd b. Bakr”" - Ibn Ishaq, page 72 Passing the grave of a non-Muslim “A Bedouin came to the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) and said, ‘My father used to uphold the ties of kinship, and so on and so forth - where is he now?’ He said, ‘In Hell.’ The Bedouin got upset and said, ‘O Messenger of Allaah, where is your father?’ He said, ‘Whenever you pass by the grave of a kaafir, give him the tidings of Hell.’ The Bedouin later became a Muslim, and he said, ‘The Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) gave me a difficult commission. Whenever I pass by the grave of a kaafir, I give him the tidings of Hell.”’” - Al-Tabarani, Al-Mujam, Al-Kabir 326 (Sahih). See also AlHaythami (1/117-118) The Arabic word used for "give him the tidings" is bushraa, which in general terms means to preach or deliver news. It is used in the context of delivering good news, but in this example it is bad news, which means that the Muslim is happy to deliver the bad news over the grave of the non-Muslim.

“Allah says” The correct term is “The Quran says Allah says”. Difference.

Those who reject Islam or leave Islam are called “ignorant” This is a statement I hear a lot about from them. The problem is that 90% of all them one have come across with who says that, are ignorant themselves. They have no proper knowledge of the world how it operates. Whether we are talking about infrastructure, buildings, roads, tunnels, bridges. Whether we are talking

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about the chemical, biochemical, biological, pharmaceutical and medical world. Whether we are talking about the physical world in physics, like astronomy, nuclear, electromagnetism or engineering in programming, robotic engineering or rocket science. Whether we are talking about professional sport in any Olympic discipline, or media science in photography, film making or music theory. And one of the most important is how the laws govern our modern world and how democracy really works. They are indoctrinated in so an early age, that they think that Islam is the way to understand the rest – which is completely nonsense. Obviously from an outsiders experience most Muslims actually are worse in those disciplines by following Islam. They are ignorant because they don’t understand everything what is mentioned above. The usual phrase you get “he does not know Islam at all”. The problem is they those who says that knows nothing about the world. Technically they are the more ignorant people. People have seen these “scientific miracles”, they are not special, not scientific and has been known to man before Islam anyway. Going back and fourth with verses just wastes your life. It’s funny how they try to convert you, and if you convert “mashallah”. But if you reject and criticize it, they’ll say “he doesn’t even know Arabic”. What, so if he accepts Islam, he knows Arabic? Pathetic. Apologists often use the word ignorant, and for some people it might feel like a personal attack. The word ignorant actually has roots in the Quran and Islamic traditions. "Nay, but their hearts are in ignorance of this (Qur'an), and they have other works, besides, which they" - Quran 23:63 "When those who disbelieved had put into their hearts chauvinism - the chauvinism of the time of ignorance. But Allah sent down His tranquillity upon His Messenger and upon the believers and imposed upon them the word of righteousness, and they were more deserving of it and worthy of it. And ever is Allah, of all things, Knowing." - Quran 48:26 "And even if We had sent down to them the angels [with the message] and the dead spoke to them [of it] and We gathered together every [created] thing in front of them, they would not believe unless Allah should will. But most of them, [of that], are ignorant." - Quran 6:111 "During the pre-lslamic period of ignorance I saw a she-monkey surrounded by a number of monkeys. They were all stoning it, because it had committed illegal sexual intercourse. I too, stoned it along with them." - Sahih al-Bukhari 3849

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The Muslims did not free slaves as Sa'iba, but the People of the Pre-lslamic Period of Ignorance used to do so. - : Sahih al-Bukhari 6753 "Allah's Messenger (‫ )ﷺ‬said to me, "Were your people not close to the Pre-Islamic period of ignorance, I would have demolished the Ka`ba and would have rebuilt it on its original foundations laid by Abraham (for Quraish had curtailed its building), and I would have built a back door (too)." - Sahih al-Bukhari 1585 "Hakim bin Hizam said, "O Allah's Messenger (‫ !)ﷺ‬I used to do good deeds in the Pre-Islamic period of Ignorance.." - : Sahih al-Bukhari 2220 "`Umar said "O Allah's Messenger (‫ !)ﷺ‬I vowed to perform I`tikaf for one night in Al-Masjid-al-Haram, during the Pre-Islamic Period of ignorance (before embracing Islam)." - Sahih al-Bukhari 6697

Muslims are being attacked in the West, we are the victims Many people try to play the victim card in the west, that they are being attacked in the west. Let’s put some statistics on the table here: • USA Anti-Muslim incidents: 273 Anti-Semitic incidents: 938 Anti-Christian incidents: 144 • Germany Anti-Muslim incidents: 82 Anti-Semitic incidents: 264 Anti-Christian incidents: 26 • UK Anti-Muslim incidents: 276 Anti-Semitic incidents: 332 Anti-Christian incidents: 8 • France

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Anti-Muslim incidents: 22 Anti-Semitic incidents: 1 Anti-Christian incidents: 150 Islam is being attacked in the media only because Islam is attacking democracy, freedom of speech, freedom of though and liberty. Furthermore the most persecuted religious groups happens in Islamic countries, where Muslims are attacking non-Muslims in mostly Africa and Middle-East. Muslims in the West always protest against the West and its democracy. Can Christians in Islamic countries do the same? The answer is no. The difference is that the West is defending it’s values with democracy, and Middle-East is defending it’s religion with violence, executions and prison.

Quran says do not talk with non-Muslims "O you who have believed, do not take the Jews and the Christians as allies. They are [in fact] allies of one another. And whoever is an ally to them among you - then indeed, he is [one] of them. Indeed, Allah guides not the wrongdoing people." - Quran 5:51 "O you who have believed, do not take your fathers or your brothers as allies if they have preferred disbelief over belief. And whoever does so among you - then it is those who are the wrongdoers." - Quran 9:23 "Let not believers take disbelievers as allies rather than believers. And whoever [of you] does that has nothing with Allah, except when taking precaution against them in prudence. And Allah warns you of Himself, and to Allah is the [final] destination." - Quran 3:28 "They wish you would disbelieve as they disbelieved so you would be alike. So do not take from among them allies until they emigrate for the cause of Allah. But if they turn away, then seize them and kill them wherever you find them and take not from among them any ally or helper." - Quran 4:89 This is true. Everything in the Quran is supposed to be timeless unless stated otherwise. There are no statements for "otherwise" for this verse, so this is a commandment for all time. Take a note that the Quran refers the Jews and Christians as the People of the Book, as one entity against Islam.

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"Taking the disbelievers as friends is one of the categories of mischief on the earth" - Tafsir Ibn Kathir 2:11 Ibn Kathir, the most reliable tafsir says that taking non-Muslims as friends is mischief. "Do not accompany except a believer, and do not serve your food except to one with Taqwa." - Jami` at-Tirmidhi 2395 (Sahih) A person without Taqwa means it is a person who does not have awareness of believing in the Islamic God, and fearing him. This means that a Muslim is not allowed to accompany or serve his food to a non-Muslim.

Islam does not allow child marriage "Divorced women remain in waiting for three periods, and it is not lawful for them to conceal what Allah has created in their wombs if they believe in Allah and the Last Day. And their husbands have more right to take them back in this [period] if they want reconciliation. And due to the wives is similar to what is expected of them, according to what is reasonable. But the men have a degree over them [in responsibility and authority]. And Allah is Exalted in Might and Wise." Quran 2:228 "And those who no longer expect menstruation among your women - if you doubt, then their period is three months, and [also for] those who have not menstruated. And for those who are pregnant, their term is until they give birth. And whoever fears Allah - He will make for him of his matter ease." - Quran 65:4 The Quran says "and [also for] those who have not menstruated" for divorced womens, which means that it is allowed to marry females who have not yet menstruated. The tafsirs confirms, including Ibn Kathir, the most reliable tafsir: "Her `Iddah is three months instead of the three monthly cycles for those who menstruate, which is based upon the Ayah in (Surat) Al-Baqarah. see 2:228 The same for the young, who have not reached the years of menstruation." - Tafsir Ibn Kathir 65:4 "those who do not have menstruation because they are too young?" - Tafsir Ibn Abbas 65:4

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"And [also for] those who have not yet menstruated, because of their young age, their period shall [also] be three months" - Tafsir Al-Jalalayn 65:4 Some people claim that the word nisa does not refer to girls who have not gone into purberty but adult females. This is however not true, the word refers to orphan girls in the Quranic verse below: "And they request from you, [O Muhammad], a [legal] ruling concerning women. Say, " Allah gives you a ruling about them and [about] what has been recited to you in the Book concerning the orphan girls to whom you do not give what is decreed for them - and [yet] you desire to marry them - and concerning the oppressed among children and that you maintain for orphans [their rights] in justice." And whatever you do of good - indeed, Allah is ever Knowing of it." Quran 4:127

Aisha was not child when she married and had sex with Muhammad rather 14, 16, or even 18 years old. In recent years many have begun saying that Aisha was not a child when she married and had sex with Muhammad. This is however a deception and the term taqiyya is probably being used here. Sahih Bukhari, the most reliable hadith says: “Narrated `Aisha: that the Prophet (swf) married her when she was six years old and he consummated his marriage when she was nine years old, and then she remained with him for nine years (i.e., till his death).” – Sahih Bukhari Volume 7, Book 62, Hadith 64 “The Prophet (swf) wrote the (marriage contract) with `Aisha while she was six years old and consummated his marriage with her while she was nine years old and she remained with him for nine years (i.e. till his death).” – Sahih al-Bukhari 5158 “A’isha (Allah be pleased with her) reported that Allah’s Apostle married her when she was seven years old, and he was taken to his house as a bride when she was nine, and her dolls were with her; and when he (the Holy Prophet) died she was eighteen years old.” – Sahih Muslim 3481 Narrated 'A'isha : 'A'isha (Allah be pleased with her) reported that Allah's Apostle

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(‫ )ص‬married her when she was six years old, and he (the Holy Prophet) took her to his house when she was nine, and when he (the Holy Prophet) died she was eighteen years old" - Sahih Muslim 3482 "The Messenger of Allah (‫ )ﷺ‬married me when I was seven years old. The narrator Sulaiman said: or Six years. He had intercourse with me when I was nine years old." - Sunan Abi Dawud 2121 "So Allah's Messenger (‫ )ﷺ‬called for Barira and said, "O Barira! Did you ever see anything which might have aroused your suspicion? (as regards Aisha). Barira said, "By Allah Who has sent you with the truth, I have never seen anything regarding Aisha which I would blame her for except that she is a girl of immature age" - Sahih al-Bukhari 4750 There is really no more debate about this. Other people state that this was normal at a time when life expectancy was low. This is however not the case because in old indigenous religions, men married in their middle twenties, and women married between 12 and 15 years of age, which corresponds with puberty. Furthermore as the religion of Christianity expanded throughout the regions, men began to marry in a decreasing age, and women increasingly later than 12-15 years old. Corruption of one hadith "The Messenger of Allah (‫ )ﷺ‬married me when I was seven or six. When we came to Medina, some women came. according to Bishr's version: Umm Ruman came to me when I was swinging. They took me, made me prepared and decorated me. I was then brought to the Messenger of Allah (‫)ﷺ‬, and he took up cohabitation with me when I was nine. She halted me at the door, and I burst into laughter. Abu Dawud said: That is to say: I menstruated, and I was brought in a house, and there were some women of the Ansari in it. They said: With good luck and blessing. The tradition of one of them has been included in the other." - Sunan Abi Dawud 4933 (Sahih) The translation of the hadith above has been corrupted, as the word in Arabic means she breathed and not she menstruated.

Muhammad encouraged to lie to non-muslims

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"it is not lawful to lie except in three cases: Something the man tells his wife to please her, to lie during war, and to lie in order to bring peace between the people." - Jami` at-Tirmidhi 1939 (Sahih) "He replied that he had given him an undertaking and and he did not know whether he could fulfil it. The apostle said, 'All that is incumbent upon you is that you should try.' He said, 'O apostle of God, we shall have to tell lies.' He answered, 'Say what you like, for you are free in the matter."' - Ibn Ishaq, page 367

Allah encourages to lie to non-muslims This is one of the most important points in modern politics. According to the Quranic verses below, Allah does not approve apostasy which means going away from Islam, except if you have to pretend: "Whoever disbelieves in Allah after his belief... except for one who is forced [to renounce his religion] while his heart is secure in faith. But those who [willingly] open their breasts to disbelief, upon them is wrath from Allah, and for them is a great punishment;" - Quran 16:106 "Let not believers take disbelievers as allies rather than believers. And whoever [of you] does that has nothing with Allah, except when taking precaution against them in prudence. And Allah warns you of Himself, and to Allah is the [final] destination." - Quran 3:28 Explanation: The above verses explains not to take unbelievers as friends unless it is to guard themselves against them by pretending to be the non-muslims good friend. This is called taqiyya. The only question remains, was this verse only intended to be during the lifetime of Muhammad? The answer is no. The most reliable tafsir, Ibn Kathir writes: Allah prohibited His believing servants from becoming supporters of the disbelievers, or to take them as comrades with whom they develop friendships, rather than the believers. Allah warned against such behavior when He said, (And whoever does that, will never be helped by Allah in any way) meaning, whoever commits this act that Allah has prohibited, then Allah will discard him. - Ibn Kathir on 3:28 And continous:

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"(unless you indeed fear a danger from them) meaning, except those believers who in some areas or times fear for their safety from the disbelievers. In this case, such believers are allowed to show friendship to the disbelievers outwardly, but never inwardly. For instance, Al-Bukhari recorded that Abu Ad-Darda' said, "We smile in the face of some people although our hearts curse them.'' Al-Bukhari said that Al-Hasan said, "The Tuqyah is allowed until the Day of Resurrection.'' - Ibn Kathir on 3:28 Ibn Kathir, the most reliable tafsir, states that you must not take unbelievers as friends until judgement day or end of time. This is a direct confirmation from the Quran itself and the most reliable tafsir. This is however only half the truth, the dangerous part follows right after by asking the question why it would matter for muslims in the modern world to use taqiyya? Simply because the Quran commands to fight the until judgement day: "Fight those who do not believe in Allah or in the Last Day and who do not consider unlawful what Allah and His Messenger have made unlawful and who do not adopt the religion of truth from those who were given the Scripture [fight] until they give the jizyah willingly while they are humbled. - Quran 9:29 Explanation: Notice that the Quranic verse above states to fight those who do not believe in Allah or in the Last Day. The dangerous part comes when it gets applied into the 21th century where they must fight or expel non-muslims, destroy churches, implement shariah law (middle-east in the 21th century), and if they are in danger, for example being the minority in the west, then they are allowed to pretend that radical Islam is misinterpretating Islam until they become the majority and are no longer in danger. The second part is directly stated by Ibn Kathir where he writes (unless you indeed fear a danger from them) meaning, except those believers who in some areas or times fear for their safety from the disbelievers. Both fighting those who do not believe in Allah or in the Last Day by the Quran and the Tuqyah is allowed until the Day of Resurrection' by Ibn Kathir (the most reliable tafsir) is meant to be for all ages of time, even in the 21th century. The Westerns would of course not agree with this statement, simply because there is no sign of war in the West. In fact they were even the ones themselves who welcomed muslims into their country, so the muslims have no reason to be in danger. Exactly. They have been commanded to fight until the end of times, and if they did as a minority (of those who wants shariah law), they would risk their

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lives in doing so. You have not read Muhammad’s life, have you? If you had read Muhammad’s life, you will see he was not a man of peace once he moved to Medina from 624 and on. Now he moved to Medina in 622. Up until 622 he was a man of peace, because he was a minority. And if you are a minority, you better be a person of peace. And I would suggest that muslims in this country are a people of peace, yes they are. Because they are a minority here, and as a minority they have to live by our laws and our rules and our jurisdictions. And we demand that they are peaceful, they cannot do any other" - Jay Smith Taqiyya used in modern times Many people claim that taqiyya is permitted if the Muslim fears for his safety, and therefore it is not relevant in todays world. This is however not true. According to world statistics, the countries with most wars are generally Islamic countries, and the solution for a conversative Muslim who favors shariah law, is to flee to secular countries, which often happens to be a Christian country. In order for a foreigner to get citizinship, one must demonstrate an attachment to the principles and ideals of the constitution for that country. If the person refuses to do so, he risks being sent back to the Islamic country where another war might happen, thus risking and fearing for their safety. The solution is simply lying to get citizinship, and once the goal has been archieved, voting for shariah law becomes a tool. Another verse for lying in general is: "And it has already come down to you in the Book that when you hear the verses of Allah [recited], they are denied [by them] and ridiculed; so do not sit with them until they enter into another conversation. Indeed, you would then be like them. Indeed Allah will gather the hypocrites and disbelievers in Hell all together" - 4:140 The verse above states that if people present the radical laws to a western person, and he knows that the person will criticises, deny or redicule the radical laws, he should not speak about it until they enter another conversation. In another words, hiding the radical laws until they become a majority.

Muhammad gave gifts in order for people to convert to Islam This is actually a deception made by apologists, trying to convert you by giving

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you gifts or anything related. "Zakah expenditures are only for the poor and for the needy and for those employed to collect [zakah] and for bringing hearts together [for Islam] and for freeing captives [or slaves] and for those in debt and for the cause of Allah and for the [stranded] traveler - an obligation [imposed] by Allah . And Allah is Knowing and Wise." - Quran 9:60 "Ibn Shihab reported that Allah's Messenger (‫ )ص‬went on the expedition of Victory, i. e. the Victory of Mecca, and then he went out along with the Muslims and they fought at Hunain, and Allah granted victory to his religion and to the Muslims, and Allah's Messenger (‫ )ص‬gave one hundred camels to Safwan b. Umayya. He again gave him one hundred camels, and then again gave him one hundred camels. Sa'id b. Musayyib said that Safwan told him: (By Allah) Allah's Messenger (‌‫ )ص‬gave me what he gave me (and my state of mind at that time was) that he was the most detested person amongst people in my eyes. But he continued giving to me until now he is the dearest of people to me. - Sahih Muslim 2:144:6022 "So the Quraish and the Ansar became angry and said, "He (i.e. the Prophet, ) gives the chief of Najd and does not give us." The Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬said, "I give them) so as to attract their hearts (to Islam)." - Sahih al-Bukhari 3344 “Take comfort in the fact that when an atheist is kind to you, it’s not because they’re trying to get into Heaven” - Anonymous This is a good quote, but in the case with Islam it is actually more like a political agenda by dragging one into a belief and radical Islam, and not just only going into heaven.

The Quran is absolute and Science is not People who says this have no idea what real science is. There are probably around 1000 different engineering, technology and science courses in total in Universities which make up the whole science. There are of course more different ones, but these 1000 courses fills up the overall syllabus for everything. The 40 different engineering degrees puts science into practice, which means it proves it works. The medical world does the same with the biochemical science.

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Since many like to use the word “absolute”, then prove it? One of the oldest Qurans known today are from the 8th century (topkapi, sammarqand, ma’il, housini, petropolitanus, sana'a). As explained in chapter 1, none of these Qurans are original, none of these quran are the same as the Qurans today, all these qurans have mistakes in grammar and language, and some of the have missed words, missed pages and so on. So where is the absolute in that?

Of all the 4200 religions, I was born as a muslim Many apologists say that of all the 4200 religions, they were born as a Muslims. Let’s do the math. Christians comprises 31% of the worlds population, that means you have a chance of about 1/3 of being born as a Christian. Muslims comprises 24% of worlds population, and therefore you have a chance of 1/4 of getting born as a Muslim. By saying that there is a 1/4200 chance of being born as a Muslim is just untrue.

Allah says "Whoever hurts a non-muslim I shall be adversay to him, on the day of resurrection" You will not find this verse in the Quran, because it’s not true. But also they were copied and modified by hadith. “Whoever hurts a dhimmi, I am his adversary, and I shall be an adversary to him on the day of judgement” - Al-Khatib “Whoever kills a mu‘ahid will not smell the fragrance of Paradise, although its fragrance may be detected from a distance of forty years.” Narrated by alBukhaari, 2995 A mu'aahid or dhimmih is a non-Muslim living under Muslim rule. "The Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬said, "Whoever killed a person having a treaty with the Muslims, shall not smell the smell of Paradise though its smell is perceived from a distance of forty years."" - Sahih al-Bukhari 3166 “Whoever kills a man from among Ahl Adh-Dhimmah.[2] he will not smell the fragrance of Paradise, and its fragrance may be detected from a distance of

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seventy years.” - Sunan an-Nasa’i 4749 It’s not about free non-muslims, it is about dhimmis who live in Islamic areas and has agreed to pay a tax to the community for not being killed, while still practicing Christianity or Judaism. In the Sahih hadith it says: “When Allah’s Messenger had conquered Khaibar, he wanted to expel the Jews from it as its land became the property of Allah, His Apostle, and the Muslims. Allah’s Messenger intended to expel the Jews but they requested him to let them stay there on the condition that they would do the labor and get half of the fruits. Allah’s Messenger told them, “We will let you stay on thus condition, as long as we wish.” So, they (i.e. Jews) kept on living there until `Umar forced them to go towards Taima’ and Ariha’.” - Sahih al-Bukhari 2338 The Quran confirms the jizyah. Muhammad gav non-muslims 3 options: Convert to Islam, Pay the jizyah tax, or die. This is from Quran 9:29: “Fight those who do not believe in Allah or in the Last Day and who do not consider unlawful what Allah and His Messenger have made unlawful and who do not adopt the religion of truth from those who were given the Scripture [fight] until they give the jizyah willingly while they are humbled.” - 9:29 This hadtih below says dhimmis are where you get the money to feed your family: “We said to `Umar bin Al-Khattab, Jo Chief of the believers! Advise us.” He said, “I advise you to fulfill Allah’s Convention (made with the Dhimmis) as it is the convention of your Prophet and the source of the livelihood of your dependents (i.e. the taxes from the Dhimmis.)“ - Sahih al-Bukhari 3162 “(and feel themselves subdued.), disgraced, humiliated and belittled. Therefore, Muslims are not allowed to honor the people of Dhimmah or elevate them above Muslims, for they are miserable, disgraced and humiliated. Muslim recorded from Abu Hurayrah that the Prophet said, Do not initiate the Salam to the Jews and Christians, and if you meet any of them in a road, force them to its narrowest alley).” - Ibn Kathir So long story short, if a non-muslim does the labor, pays the tax, get half the fruits, then it is forbidden to kill that dhimmi. A dhimmah is also a miserable, disgraceful and humiliated person who is below a muslim. The jizyah tax was:

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20% for a poor family 40% for a medium income family 80% for a rich family All while muslims only had to pay the zakat which was 2,5%. No wonder people converted to Islam. The Sahih Muslim confirms the three stages or options: "Fight in the name of Allah and in the way of Allah. Fight against those who disbelieve in Allah. Make a holy war, do not embezzle the spoils; do not break your pledge; and do not mutilate (the dead) bodies; do not kill the children. When you meet your enemies who are polytheists, invite them to three courses of action. If they respond to any one of these, you also accept it and withhold yourself from doing them any harm. Invite them to (accept) Islam; if they respond to you, accept it from them and desist from fighting against them. Then invite them to migrate from their lands to the land of the Muhajireen and inform them that, if they do so, they shall have all the privileges and obligations of the Muhajireen. If they refuse to migrate, tell them that they will have the status of Bedouin Muslims and will be subjected to the Commands of Allah like other Muslims, but they will not get any share from the spoils of war or Fai' except when they actually fight with the Muslims (against the disbelievers). If they refuse to accept Islam, demand from them the Jizya. If they agree to pay, accept it from them and hold off your hands. If they refuse to pay the tax, seek Allah's help and fight them. When you lay siege to a fort and the besieged appeal to you for protection in the name of Allah and His Prophet, do not accord to them the guarantee of Allah and His Prophet, but accord to them your own guarantee and the guarantee of your companions for it is a lesser sin that the security given by you or your companions be disregarded than that the security granted in the name of Allah and His Prophet be violated. When you besiege a fort and the besieged want you to let them out in accordance with Allah's Command, do not let them come out in accordance with His Command, but do so at your (own) command, for you do not know whether or not you will be able to carry out Allah's behest with regard to them." - Sahih Muslim Book 19, Hadith 4294 The hadith below further confirms the jizya: "When we reached the land of the enemy, the representative of Khosrau came out with forty-thousand warriors, and an interpreter got up saying, "Let one of you talk to me!" Al-Mughira replied, "Ask whatever you wish." The other asked, "Who are you?" Al-Mughira replied, "We are some people from the Arabs; we led a hard, miserable, disastrous life: we used to suck the hides and the date

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stones from hunger; we used to wear clothes made up of fur of camels and hair of goats, and to worship trees and stones. While we were in this state, the Lord of the Heavens and the Earths, Elevated is His Remembrance and Majestic is His Highness, sent to us from among ourselves a Prophet whose father and mother are known to us. Our Prophet, the Messenger of our Lord, has ordered us to fight you till you worship Allah Alone or give Jizya (i.e. tribute)," - Sahih al-Bukhari 3159 Khalid ibn al-Walid (592-642 AD) wrote a letter to the Persian monarch Emperor Yazdegerd III before invading it, saying: Submit to Islam and be safe. Or agree to the payment of the Jizya (tax), and you and your people will be under our protection, else you will have only yourself to blame for the consequences, for I bring the men who desire death as ardently as you desire life. - Khalid ibn al-Walid (592-642 AD) Also when people mentions protection tax, against who? The term protection tax is a meningsless term, because the tax is payed to those who wants to harm them. They were rather under subjugation. It is basically give me money or I'll kill you, which is the sequence of how a mob operates.

You need to know Arabic to understand the Quran The last card claim is “it only works in Arabic”. So there are two options: • You accept the book without investigating it and every apologists are happy how you accomplished it without even knowing a single word of Arabic • Or you need the next 15 years to learn classical Arabic, then read the Quran and hadiths and then you can question it. They also claim that the Quran is wonderfully written. Romeo and Juliet is also wonderfully written, what does it have to do with the word of God? Everyone who has studied law will agree that the Quran is the most disoriented book that exists. It has no structure. Even Islamic scholars agree with that. “The Koran claims for itself that it is ‘mubeen’, or ‘clear’, but if you look at it, you will notice that every fifth sentence or so simply doesn’t make sense. Many Muslims—and Orientalists—will tell you otherwise, of course, but the fact is that

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a fifth of the Koranic text is just incomprehensible. This is what has caused the traditional anxiety regarding translation. If the Koran is not comprehensible—if it can’t even be understood in Arabic—then it’s not translatable. People fear that. And since the Koran claims repeatedly to be clear but obviously is not—as even speakers of Arabic will tell you—there is a contradiction.” - Classical Arabic scholar Gerd Puin “The Quran contains sentences which are incomplete and not fully intelligible without the aid of commentaries; foreign words, unfamiliar Arabic words, and words used other than the normal meaning; adjectives and verbs infected without observance of the concord of gender and number; illogical and ungrammatically applied pronouns which sometimes have no referent; and predicates which in rhymed passages are often remote from subjects.” - Iranian Shi’ite scholar Ali Dashti Remember that the Quran itself says that it is easy to understand the Quran, and yet most muslims refer you to scholars, classical scholars, hadiths and tafsirs. "Alif, Lam, Ra. [This is] a Book whose verses are perfected and then presented in detail from [one who is] Wise and Acquainted." - Quran 11:1 "[Say], "Then is it other than Allah I should seek as judge while it is He who has revealed to you the Book explained in detail?" And those to whom We [previously] gave the Scripture know that it is sent down from your Lord in truth, so never be among the doubters." - Quran 6:114 "And [mention] the Day when We will resurrect among every nation a witness over them from themselves. And We will bring you, [O Muhammad], as a witness over your nation. And We have sent down to you the Book as clarification for all things and as guidance and mercy and good tidings for the Muslims." - Quran 16:89 "A Book whose verses have been detailed, an Arabic Qur'an for a people who know," - Quran 41:3 If it is written in great detail, then a is it that a book that 's so clear, basic, fundamental and explained in detail needs a dedicated scholar to interpret it? A good joke

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"It's a mistranslated metaphor that you have taken out of context. You can only understand it in Real Arabic if you have 5 PhDs from Al-Azhar and look at the text with sincerity" - Unknown To be a Muslim you just need to recite some surah, but to denounce it you need to get a PhD - Unknown Interestingly enough, apologists always criticizes Judaism and Christianity, but when it comes to Islam, non-Muslims need to know Arabic. Most apologists can not speak Hebrew, in which the Torah has been written with, or Aramaic in which the Bible has been written with. If a verse was translated correctly, people tend to say that the verse was being misinterpretation. However, the important thing is that they do not have any explanation as to what the correct interpretation is. Another thing people tend to say is that a verse was taken out of context, with no explanation as to the correct context is. People often say things are out of context without knowing the exact context. Ironically, many things are taken out of context to in order to show the peace of Islam. As it was mentioned in chapter two, there are many non-Arabic words in the Quran, according to the book Al Muhadhdhab by Al-Suyuti (1445-1505 AD) there are 275 non-Arabic words in almost 15 different languages.

Muslims wants Islam to be as great as Islamic Golden Age Technically, Islam has conquerd more lands now than back in the Age of Medieval Islam. In medieval Islam they conquered Saudi Arabia, parts of north Africa, Persia, Spain, Iraq and parts of Pakistan. Now it’s double as much area. Not to mention that the total population of the world in 1200 AD was only around 300 million, but now there are 1,8 billion muslims. In the times of Medieval Islam, many claim that they brought prosperity and progress wherever they conquered. But looking today muslims are the exact opposite, wherever they conquer, they bring that place back to stone age, unless they have oil of course. The Islamic Golden Age was mostly copy and modify, that

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is why their intellect doesn’t really matter anymore, because they don’t have that monopoly anymore as before, cause now the whole world can access everythimg. There are 1,8 billion muslims in the world, how many got a Nobel Prize? • 1.8 billion muslims 12 Nobel Prizes, 1,4% of total Nobel Prizes given • 15 million jews 206 Nobel Prizes, 22% of total Nobel Prizes given Muslim are 24% of the worlds population and Jews are only 0,2% of the worlds population. In the last 600-700 years Muslims have almost not gotten anything to the table, only a minor percentage of the total science, engineering and technology - and Nobel Peace Prize for that matter. They just keep talking about Golden Age, just move on accept that the majority of it was just copy and modify. Just also in mind that Islam was the reponsible factor that conquered lands and stole their knowledge, but normal people in the Islamic commnuty, independent of religion modified the science and inventions. The science and inventions were not because of Islam, but despite Islam. This is demonstrated easily. The Indians in 500 BC invented chess, but in the Medieval Islam it was further improve. And yet chess is not allowed according to Sahih Muslim: “Buraida reported on the authority of his father that Allah’s Apostle said: He who played Nardashir (a game similar to backgammon) is like one who dyed his hand with the flesh and blood of swine.” - Sahih Muslim, 2260 If alcohol was prohibited in the Quran and Hadith, then what the hell was it doing Jabir ibn Hayyan’ lab? He knew (everybody knew) that the strong ingredient in wine does somehow evaporate from the wine, leaving the wine without its strong taste. Obviously, somebody made the wine and drank it. It must have been this way he had the idea to catch the evaporating alcohol. O you who have believed, indeed, intoxicants, gambling, [sacrificing on] stone alters [to other than Allah ], and divining arrows are but defilement from the work of Satan, so avoid it that you may be successful. - Quran 5:90 Also the example with music. They invented the lute, and yet music is haram. “Narrated Abu ‘Amir or Abu Malik Al-Ash’ari: that he heard the Prophet saying,

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“From among my followers there will be some people who will consider illegal sexual intercourse, the wearing of silk, the drinking of alcoholic drinks and the use of musical instruments, as lawful. And there will be some people who will stay near the side of a mountain and in the evening their shepherd will come to them with their sheep and ask them for something, but they will say to him, ‘Return to us tomorrow.’ Allah will destroy them during the night and will let the mountain fall on them, and He will transform the rest of them into monkeys and pigs and they will remain so till the Day of Resurrection.” - Bukhari, Volume 7, Book 69, Number 494v So they invented stuff without thinking about religion too much. Also think about it, if Bagdadh was the center of knowledge, why were there scientists living in Spain?

Islam has ruled the world before No it hasn't. It never ruled America, it never ruled the pacific, it never ruled Asia, it never ruled Australia, it never ruled mid Africa, it never ruled southern Africa, and it certainly never ruled Europe (except Spain and the Balkans).

"You don’t know anything about Islamic inventions" Science has no religion, the west doens’t say “Christian inventions” anyway, and there are probably 1000 times more inventions and discoveries from Christians than from Muslims if one compares the whole list. When a chinese man invents something in China, and an American can produce the same invention in USA, it just shows that gender, sex, color, nationality, religion, age doesn’t determine the ability to invent or discover anything. There are certain things which will be invented or discovered, regardless what where you come from. This is science. Science is universal, they just need to be discovered. Art in the other hand is determined by an individual and culture.

Teaching children Islam before they get adults "The Messenger of Allah (‫ )ﷺ‬said: Command your children to pray when they become seven years old, and beat them for it (prayer) when they become ten years old; and arrange their beds (to sleep) separately." - Sunan Abi Dawud 495 (Hasan Sahih)

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Some people say: We must teach children about Islam until they are old enough to understand the world. Until they get to that age, it is the parents responsibility to teach how to be a muslim. It is called indoctrination. You are really just taken advantage of the children where they are the most powerless members of the society, and have nothing to defend themselves but to believe everything they hear from their most trusted and closest people they have ever known; their parents. It’s been found out that a child’s deepest root in personality and perception is programmed from the age of 0 till 7. Everything that happens after are mostly modifications. Another thing is that critical thinking is vital to learning new skills, and indoctrinating children at a young age will damage it. Islam does not encourage critical thinking, because it helps planting the seed of doubt. It can especially be dangerous from a young age. I have a problem with anyone who promotes scientific falsehoods to children - Richard Dawkins Don't just teach your children to read... Teach them to question what they read. Teach them to question everything - George Carlin

Muhammad Ali changed his name because his former name was for white people Muhammad Ali stated in an interview that he changed his name because his former name was for white people. The only problem is that he was deceived by Islam because prophet Muhammad was actually white: While we were sitting with the Prophet in the mosque, a man came riding on a camel. He made his camel kneel down in the mosque, tied its foreleg and then said: “Who amongst you is Muhammad?” At that time the Prophet was sitting amongst us (his companions) leaning on his arm. We replied, “This white man reclining on his arm. - Sahih al-Bukhari, Vol. 1, Book of Knowledge, Hadith 63 Muhammad Abul Huda al-Yaqoubi today is as white and orange man, that you would think he is an Irish or an Englishman, when in fact he is a descendant

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from the prophet Muhammad himself. Of course it depends which ancestors he had after Muhammad that made him a ginger. Muhammad Ali was also deceived because Muhammad actually owned a black slave: Allah’s Messenger was on a journey and he had a black slave called Anjasha, and he was driving the camels (very fast, and there were women riding on those camels). Allah’s Messenger said, “Waihaka (May Allah be merciful to you), O Anjasha! Drive slowly (the camels) with the glass vessels (women)!” - Sahih alBukhari 6161 The hadith below says that an Arab slave has a value of two black slaves: “A slave came and gave his pledge to the Messenger of Allah to emigrate, and the Prophet did not realize that he was a slave. Then his master came looking for him. The Prophet said; ‘Sell him to me.’ So he bought him for two black slaves, then he did not accept until he had asked; ‘Is he a slave?’’’ - Sunan an-Nasa’i, 4621(Sahih) The black man is Allah’s most hateful creation: "The most hateful among the creation of Allah is one black man among them (Khawarij) " - Sahih Muslim 1066 g If only he knew that before he changed his name. Racism in Islam The Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬said, "I saw (in a dream) a black woman with unkempt hair going out of Medina and settling at Mahai'a, i.e., Al-Juhfa. I interpreted that as a symbol of epidemic of Medina being transferred to that place (Al-Juhfa). - Sahih alBukhari 7038 "concerning the dream of the Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬in Medina: The Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬said, "I saw (in a dream) a black woman with unkempt hair going out of Medina and settling at Mahai'a. I interpreted that as (a symbol of) the epidemic of Medina being transferred to Mahai'a, namely, Al-Juhfa."" - Sahih al-Bukhari 7039 "The Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬said, "I saw (in a dream) a black woman with unkempt hair going out of Medina and settling in Mahai'a. I interpreted that as (a symbol of) epidemic of Medina being transferred to Mahai'a, namely, Al-Juhfa." - Sahih alBukhari 7040

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" “I saw a black woman with disheveled hair, who left Al-Madinah and went to stay in Al- Mahya’ah, which is Juhfah. I interpreted it as referring to an epidemic in Al-Madinah which moved to Juhfah.”" - Sunan Ibn Majah 3924 (Sahih) The comment for Sunan Ibn Majah 3924 in the published book: “seeing an ugly person in a dream means disease or trouble”.

Believing in Allah makes you a moral person There has been conducted psychological experiments with children. The children were left in a room empty to wait while hidden cameras were recording. They were told not to do anything stupid, and yet they did. In the second part of the experiments, now the children were told there is an invisible man watching you from a chair, and the result showed that the children behaved in a more moral and responsible way, and didn’t do anything they had been prohibited in doing. The lesson of this experiment is very simple, it doesn’t matter who you believe in, as long as you believe someone is watching you and the likelihood that you will behave in a more moral way is greater. Good people do not need laws to tell them to act responsibly - Plato When people are no longer affected by religion, they find out that moral was no longer handed to them, but they had to start thinking and then judging their actions based on their impacts, which makes people more moral.

The signs of the Quran And they say, "Why does he not bring us a sign from his Lord?" Has there not come to them evidence of what was in the former scriptures? - Quran 20:133 And of His signs is the creation of the heavens and the earth and the diversity of your languages and your colors. Indeed in that are signs for those of knowledge. Quran 30:22 Any person can take anything from nature as an example and write that it is a sign. For example if the heavens and the earth are the signs of Islam, then people might as well believe in Zeus, where lighting is obviously his signs.

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Muslims greeting non-muslims It is not allowed to greet non-Muslims according to the hadiths below: 'Abdu'r-Rahman said, "Ibn 'Umar passed by a Christian who greeted him and Ibn 'Umar returned the greeting He was told that the man was a Christian. When he learned that, he went back to him and said, 'Give me back my greeting.'" - AlAdab Al-Mufrad 1115 Do not greet the Jews and the Christians before they greet you and when you meet any one of them on the roads force him to go to the narrowest part of it. Sahih Muslim 2167 a "I am riding to the Jews tomorrow. Do not initiate the greeting with them, and if they greet you, then say: Wa 'alaikum (and also upon you)". - Sunan Ibn Majah 3699 There is also this:

This is translated to "Greetings are upon those who follow the truth" or "Peace be upon who follow the righteous path". Which means when muslims greet a nonmuslim with this, it basically means that the greeting is not meant to you, if you are a non-muslim.

Most muslims live in North Africa and Middle East It is often believed that most Muslims live in North Africa and Middle-East. This is incorrect. Out of 1,8 billion Muslims in the world, more than 1 billion Muslims live in Asia. The four largest Muslim countries are: • • • • •

Indonesia (Asia): 229 million Muslims Pakistan (Asia): 200 million Muslims India (Asia): 195 million Muslims Bangladesh (Asia): 153 million Muslims (total: 777 million Muslims)

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Only 15% of 1.800.000.000 Muslims understand Arabic while the rest, 85% don’t, mainly because most of them live in Asia.

The first arabic book is the Quran Caliph Umar (the Caliph after Abu Bakr when he died in 634 AD). His most dastardly deed was the destruction of the great library in Alexandria. His order to Amir Amron ibn al-Ass (rightly named) is preserved as follows: "As for the books you mentioned here is my reply. If their content is in accordance with the book of Allah, we may do without them, for in that case the book of Allah more than sufficies. If on the other hand, they contain matter not in accordance with the book of Allah, there can be no need to preserve them. Proceed then and destroy them." - Chronicum Syriacum by Bar Hebraeus The books from Alexandria were burned. Moslems destroyed the library of Alexandria in Egypt in 642 AD, The Christian crusades in the 11th and 12th century were held and the exclamation of the state Israel in Palestine in 1948 AD. "The 700,000 scrolls, some of them works a thousand or more years old, many on Mathematics, science and philosophy were destroyed. Ibn al-Kifti wrote that, "it took 6 months to burn all that mass of material." Tarikh al-Hukama (1903) by Ibn al-Qifti, says, that the books were used to warm the public baths. They say it took 6 months to burn all the books. What does it have to do with the Quran? Because he might also have ordered to burn arabic books that was against the Quran, or of no worth. This burning of books of Alexandria did not start in Egypt, but 4 years earliere in Persia. When the arabs conquered Persia, they burned the libaries down. The only book that managned to survive during from the beginning of Islam was the Quran. Remember that in chapter one, it was revealed that Uthman made a new Quran and ordered the previous to be burned. Qutubuddin Aibak India lost millions of books on Mathematics, Astronomy, Philosophy and other Sciences of the Vedic and Buddhist periods. in the year 1196 A.D. the eunuch Qutubuddin Aibak destroyed the famous Sanskrit college of Vishaldev in the capital of Gujrat

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Muhammad encouraged his followers to suck on each other's fingers The Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬said, 'When you eat, do not wipe your hands till you have licked it, or had it licked by somebody else." - Sahih al-Bukhari 5456 Ibn 'Abbas reported Allaah's Messenger (sallAllaahu alayhi wa sallam.) as saying: When any one of you eats food he should not wipe his hand until he has licked it himself or has given it to someone else to lick. - Sahih Muslim 5037 Ibn 'Abbas reported Allaah's Messenger (sallAllaahu alayhi wa sallam) as saying: When any one of you eats food he should not wipe his hand until he has licked it or got it licked by (someone else). - Sahih Muslim 5038 Ibn 'Abbas reported Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him.) as saying: When any one of you eats food he should not wipe his hand until he has licked it himself or has given it to someone else to lick. - Sahih Muslim 5294 Jabir reported that Allah's Messenger commanded the licking of fingers and the dish, saying: You do not know in what portion the blessing lies. - Sahih Muslim 5300

Muslims don't like when the Quran is burned “‘Uthman then ordered Zaid bin Thabit, ‘Abdullah bin AzZubair, Said bin Al-As and ‘AbdurRahman bin Harith bin Hisham to rewrite the manuscripts in perfect copies. ‘Uthman said to the three Quraishi men, “In case you disagree with Zaid bin Thabit on any point in the Qur’an, then write it in the dialect of Quraish, the Qur’an was revealed in their tongue.” They did so, and when they had written many copies, ‘Uthman returned the original manuscripts to Hafsa. ‘Uthman sent to every Muslim province one copy of what they had copied, and ordered that all the other Qur’anic materials, whether written in fragmentary manuscripts or whole copies, be burnt.” Sahih al-Bukhari, Hadith 51 As it is known in Islam, it is strictly forbidden to burn the Quran. The question is why do Muslims get upset when people burn the Quran today, when in 652 AD, according to the Islamic traditions, their own Caliph Uthman burned themselves

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the original ones, and even changed it?

Birds do not fly over the Kaaba Many claim that birds do not fly over the Kaaba. Indeed they do, there are even photographs of birds pooping on the top of the Kaaba.

Mecca and Medina are holy cities "There are angels guarding the entrances (or roads) of Madinah, neither plague nor Dajjal will be able to enter it." – Sahih al-Bukhari 3:30:104 Mecca is however also seen as a holy city. A plague in Mecca killed 75% of all the pilgrims in 1831. In 1837, another plague hit the city, which paused the Hajj until 1840. In 1846, cholera hit the city and killed 15000 people. In 1858, another pandemic with cholera hit the city. Another pandemic hit Medina in 1898-1899. As it is easily demonstrated, Mecca and Medina are not well projected against pandemics and plagues.

Islam cares about animals Many people claim that the Quran teaches you to love animals and care for them. This is not the case, at least not according different hadiths, including the most reliable one: Sahih Bukhari. Killing Crows, Kites, Mice, Scorpions and Dogs "Narrated Hafsa: Allah's Apostle said, "It is not sinful (of a Muhrim) to kill five kinds of animals, namely: the crow, the kite, the mouse, the scorpion and the rabid dog."" - Sahih Bukhari 3:29:54. See also 3:29:55, 4:54:531, 4:54:532, 7:2718 and Sahih Muslim 7:2818, 7:2819, 7:2724, 7:2725, 7:2726, 7:2727 and Al-Muwatta 20:89, 20:90, 20:91, 20:92. Killing dogs "Abdullah (b. Umar) (Allah be pleased with them) reported: Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) ordered the killing of dogs and we would send (men) in Medina and its corners and we did not spare any dog that we did not kill, so much so that we killed the dog that accompanied the wet she-camel belonging to the

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people of the desert." - Sahih Muslim 10:3811, 24:5248, 16:2840, 16:2839, 10:3811, 37:128, 39:210, 22:56, 22:57, 22:59, 22:60, Jami` at-Tirmidhi 1486, 1488, Sunan an-Nasa'i 4276 (Sahih), Sunan Abi Dawud 2845 (Sahih) "Allah's Messenger (‫ )ﷺ‬ordered that the dogs should be killed." - Sahih al-Bukhari 3323 Killing geckoes "Amir b. Sa'd reported on the authority of his father that Allah's Apostle (may peace be upon him) commanded the killing of geckos, and he called them little noxious creatures." - Sahih Muslim 26:5562, See also Sahih Muslim 26:5563, Sahih Muslim 26:5564, Sahih Muslim 26:5565 and Sahih Muslim 26:5566 Killing snakes Narrated Ibn Umar: That he heard the Prophet delivering a sermon on the pulpit saying, "Kill snakes and kill Dhu-at-Tufyatain (i.e. a snake with two white lines on its back) and ALBATROSS (i.e. a snake with short or mutilated tail) for they destroy the sight of one's eyes and bring about abortion." ('Abdullah bin 'Umar further added): Once while I was chasing a snake in order, to kill it, Abu Lubaba called me saying: "Don't kill it," I said. "Allah's Apostle ordered us to kill snakes." He said, "But later on he prohibited the killing of snakes living in the houses." (Az-Zubri said. "Such snakes are called Al-Awamir.")" - Sahih Bukhari 4:54:518, 4:54:527, 4:54:528, 41:5241, 3:921. No punishment for beastiality "Narrated Abdullah ibn Abbas: There is no prescribed punishment for one who has sexual intercourse with an animal." - Sunan Abu Dawud 38:4450 (Hasan) Sacrifices The Prophet sacrificed many camels (slaughtering them) with his own hands while standing. While Allah's Apostle was in Medina he sacrificed two horned rams black and white in color in the Name of Allah. - Sahih Bukhari 2:26:623. See also Sahih Bukhari 2:26:774. See also Sahih Bukhari 2:26:775, Sahih Bukhari 2:26:776, Sahih Bukhari 2:26:778 Scholar: Vegetarianiam is un-islamic if it is done because of compassion "The unbeliever who prohibits the slaughtering of an animal [for no reason but] to achieve the interest of the animal is incorrect because in so doing he gives preference to a lower, khasis, animal over a higher, nafis, animal." - ‘Izz ad-Din b. ‘Abd as‑Salam, Qawa’id al-Ahkam fi Masalih al‑Anam (Damascus: Dar al-Tabba,

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1992); cited in Izzi Dien, 146. In addition it doesn't change the animal cruelty that is happening when they want to eat halal meat, chopping off half their throat and let the blood flow out while they are still alive. If one knows neurobiology, it doesn't take long to realize that that the animals have exactly the same brain areas as humans, like the frontal lope, motor cortex, somatosensory cortex parietal lobe, occipital lobe and more. In fact it has been known for a long time that their brain areas gets activated the same as humans. If a human feels sad, certain areas are activated in the brain; the same areas as in animals. It is important to understand that regardless how many verses religous folsk comes with, halal slaughtering is animal cruelty which is actually a must-do as a muslim. If religions wanted animals to be food, he wouldn't have given them the ability to feel pain in the first place. Most people I've met who werenn't kind to animals weren't kind to people either. Kindness is kindness. Simple as that. - Ricky Gervais There is a reason why Saudi Arabia has lions, tigers and cheetahs, simply because they have killed all the dogs. And they are not misinterpretating the Quran or hadiths.

The first word in the Quran is "Read" This is wrong. The first sentence in the Quran is "In the name of God", and therefore the first word is "In". It is according to the Islamic traditions written in the 9th and 10th century which states that the first word revealed was "Iqra", which means pronounce or read. However, going after the Islamic traditions again, let us see what one of Muhammads last words were: "Allah's Messenger (swf) said, "I have been sent with the shortest expressions bearing the widest meanings, and I have been made victorious with terror (cast in the hearts of the enemy), and while I was sleeping, the keys of the treasures of the world were brought to me and put in my hand." Abu Huraira added: Allah's Messenger (swf) has left the world and now you, people, are bringing out those treasures (i.e. the Prophet did not benefit by them)." - Sahih al-Bukhari 2977 The part which says "I have been made victorious with terror".

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The true origin of veiling The wife of Muhammad then was outside for defecating and was found by Umar who said " I have recognized you oh sauda". The wife went to Muhammad and told him in which the revelation of veiling came into existence. "'A'isha reported that the wives of Allah's Messenger used to go out in the cover of night when they went to open fields (in the outskirts of Medina) for easing themselves. 'Umar b Khattab used to say: Allah's Messenger, ask your ladies to observe veil, but Allah's Messenger did not do that. So there went out Sauda, daughter of Zarn'a, the wife of Allah's Messenger, during one of the nights when it was dark. She was a tall statured lady. 'Umar called her saying: Sauda, we recognise you. (He did this with the hope that the verses pertaining to veil would be revealed.) 'A'isha said: Allah, the Exalted and Glorious, then revealed the verses pertaining to veil." - Sahih Muslim 5:5397 + 31:5903. See also Sahih Bukhari 1:4:148 + 8:74:257 + 6:60:10 + 6:60:313 Hijab was not enough for Umar, because one could see the figure of women who were fat, so according to the following hadith burka was introduced. " Sauda (the wife of the Prophet) went out to answer the call of nature after it was made obligatory (for all the Muslims ladies) to observe the veil. She was a fat huge lady, and everybody who knew her before could recognize her. So 'Umar bin Al-Khattab saw her and said, "O Sauda! By Allah, you cannot hide yourself from us, so think of a way by which you should not be recognized on going out. Sauda returned while Allah's Apostle was in my house taking his supper and a bone covered with meat was in his hand. She entered and said, "O Allah's Apostle! I went out to answer the call of nature and 'Umar said to me so-and-so." Then Allah inspired him (the Prophet) and when the state of inspiration was over and the bone was still in his hand as he had not put in down, he said (to Sauda), "You (women) have been allowed to go out for your needs."" - Sahih Bukhari 6:60:318 + Sahih Muslim 26:5395 The reason why the veiling of women came to is because of Umar, and not because of Muhammad.

The origin of slaves in America This is not something many people know but Europeans bought their slaves from

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muslims in the western Africa. Slavery is not prohibited according to the Quran and hadiths, sira and tafsirs.

Islam's ultimate goal and end goal is to make world peace "The last hour would not come unless the Muslims will fight against the Jews and the Muslims would kill them until the Jews would hide themselves behind a stone or a tree and a stone or a tree would say: Muslim, or the servant of Allah, there is a Jew behind me; come and kill him; but the tree Gharqad would not say, for it is the tree of the Jews." - Sahih Muslim 2922 Wrong. According to the most reliable hadith about the end of days, specifically all the jews will be percecuted and killed. This is Islam's end goal. People will use the excuse that there will be the Dajjaj, disquised as a false Messiah, which people is going to follow, and it does not mention only jews. "The Dajjal would be followed by seventy thousand Jews of Isfahan wearing Persian shawls." - Sahih Muslim 2944 However, Jews do not live in Isfahan today. Then there is the next hadith regarding the Dajjaj: ""You will fight the Arabian Peninsula and victory will be granted by Allah. Then you will fight the Romans and victory will be granted (by Allah). Then you will fight Dajjal and victory will be granted (by Allah)." Jabir said: "Dajjal will not appear until you have fought the Romans."" - Sunan Ibn Majah 4091 (Sahih) In regard to fighting the Romans, it besically means the entire Europe and America in todays world. Furthermore the evidence supports the other direction, in which the next page illustrates it. Japan for example composes mostly of atheist, and they do not believe in judgement day, hell, heaven or 72 virgnings, and yet they have no corruption, no bribery, no illiterates, no sectarianism and no wars. No single war in the history of humanity has killed as many people as religion - Bill Murray

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Another important thing is that there are different Qurans from Ibn Mujahid, there are different beliefs, different sects, and different intepretations of the Quran and hadiths. You cannot create a peaceful world with this, it has been demonstrated in the last 1400 years, and it being demonstrated now. In a presentation Avi Lipkin said: Adolf Hitler was psychotic: He though he could conquer the earth, and he thought he can kill all the jews. So what does Islam preach? That they can conquer the earth, and just as bad as the nazis, they can kill all the Jews, which is just as bad as the nazis. But the Muslims take it a few steps more: They are gonna kill all the Christians, 2 billion, all the hindus, 1 billion, and all the buddisht, 2 billion - that's 5/6 of the human race. And then when everybody else's dead, what will the muslims do? They kill each other - Avi Lipkin What is important to remember is that muslims are happy to die, and the west are happy to live. An arab secularist on Kuwait television said: With regard to the question why our youth are being led astray, I believe that the reason is the concept of the Herafter, which is instilled in their minds, with all the stories of the Paradise virgins and so on, and at the same time it is the result of fatwas and heritage that prohibit all the innocent pleasures in the lives. They have banned music, singing, theater, sculpture, love... Everything. Such a person has nothing to lose in this world. - Nasser Dashti The reason why this is the case is because the Bible teaches you to love God, and the Quran teaches you to fear Allah. In fact, there is not a single verse which commandants to love humans. "The Quran contains no commandment to love either Allah or other humans" The Quran with Christian Commentary by Gordon D. Nickel, page 560 (2020) The Quran does however contain verses to only love Muslims, and describes Christians, Jews and polytheists as being the worst of creatures. "Indeed, they who disbelieved among the People of the Scripture and the polytheists will be in the fire of Hell, abiding eternally therein. Those are the worst of creatures". - Quran 98:6

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"Indeed, the worst of living creatures in the sight of Allah are those who have disbelieved, and they will not [ever] believe" - Quran 8:55 Another thing is, already in the history of within 50 years of Islam according to the Islamic traditions, internal fights were fought. "It was narrated from Anas bin Malik that the Messenger of Allah ‫ ﷺ‬said: ‘The Children of Israel split into seventy-one sects, and my nation will split into seventy-two, all of which will be in Hell apart from one, which is the main body.” Sanun Ibn Majah 3993 (Sahih) According to the Quran, Allah has perfected the religion. "This day I have perfected for you your religion and completed My favor upon you and have approved for you Islam as religion." - Quran 5:3 How come then the statistics shows otherwise? Furthermore Islamic countries are also generally the least progressive compared to the secular countries. If the guidance is perfect, then the results will follow - Anonymous Another claim is that they claim that it is culture, however, as written later in this chapter and in the next, most myths about cultural problems actually has deep roots in the Quran and Islamic traditions. Furthermore, religion can highly impact culture, and if this religion was perfect, cultural problems wouldn't appear. Furthermore using Islamic solution to solve problems, create problems that weren't even there in the first place. "If Islam is the solution, I would rather have the problem" - Anonymous

There is no difference between Sunni and Shia Wrong. According to the Islamic traditions, Muhammad died with only female children, and Ali who was the husband of his daugther. The Muslims who follow Sunni do not believe that Ali should had been the successor after Muhammads death, but that thair new leader should be elected from among those capable of the job. Shias believe that the leadership should have passed directly to his family,

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specifically Ali. Shia in Arabic is a abbreviation of Shiat Ali means followers of Ali. However, there is another big difference between those, and that is that Sunni believes that Allah can be seen in the afterlife, while Shias don’t. "[Some] faces, that Day, will be radiant, looking at their Lord." - Quran 75:22 Ibn Kathir, the most reliable tafsir says: "(Looking at their Lord.) meaning, they will see Him with their very eyes. This is just as was recorded by Al-Bukhari in his Sahih, (Verily, you all will see your Lord with your own eyes.) The believers seeing Allah in the abode of the Hereafter has been confirmed in the authentic Hadiths from numerous routes of transmission with the scholars of Hadith." - Ibn Kathir for Quran 75:22-23 "The Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬said, "You will definitely see your Lord with your own eyes."" Sahih al-Bukhari 7435 The Quran states that those who deny the verses by Allah are hypocrites. "And it has already come down to you in the Book that when you hear the verses of Allah [recited], they are denied [by them] and ridiculed; so do not sit with them until they enter into another conversation. Indeed, you would then be like them. Indeed Allah will gather the hypocrites and disbelievers in Hell all together" - 4:140 Ibn Taymiaah writes: "Whoever claims that Allah cannot be seen (by eye sight) in the herafter, is a kafir and has rejected the Quran and replied Allah (sw). He must be made to repent. Otherwise he should be killed" - Majmoo' al-Fataawa, volume 6, page 500 by Shaykh al-Islaam ibn Taymiyah Shias do not believe Allah can be seen in the hereafter, and therefore according to Sunni Islam, which is 85% of the world Muslim population, Shias must be killed, who are only 15% of the Muslim population. It is important to note that whether the Quran really means that Allah can be seen in the afterlife or not, it doesn’t matter, since Sunni and Shia Muslims believe in the opposite, so at least one of them are incorrect. There are four possibilities: • Sunni Muslims believe that Allah can be seen in the hereafter, and they are

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correct • Sunni Muslims believe that Allah can be seen in the hereafter, and they are incorrect • Shia Muslims believe that Allah cannot be seen in the hereafter, and they are correct • Shia Muslims believe that Allah cannot be seen in the hereafter, and they are incorrect In all cases, Sunni Muslims and Shia Muslims believe in the opposite, this is irregardless whether the interpretation of the Quranic verse is the correct one or not for each other. One of the groups is at least incorrect and is denying the Quranic verse. For Sunni Muslims however, even if Sahih al-Bukhari and Ibn Kathir are wrong, and that the Quran says Allah cannot be seen in the after-life, it doesn’t change the conclusion that their own Islamic traditions says that he can be seen.

Islam creates fear It is obvious that islam's purpose is to fear Allah and many aspects of the religion. Fear is one of the most powerful emotions and shuts down the ability to think rationally and causes cognitive dissonance. This is why fear based messages have been used by the inventors of religions to control, manipulate and subjugate other humans for thousands of years. Tell your heart that the fear of suffering is worse than the suffering itself - Paulo Coelho Create a world, with no fear - Heal the World song by Michael Jackson Fear can hold you prisoner. Hope can set you free - Stephen King Another thing about Islam is that it is not allowed to shake hands with females nor touch them. This happens often on work or other places were collagues whom they work with female muslims, are not allowed to touch a female or shake hands with her: The Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬used to take the Pledge of allegiance from the women by words

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only after reciting this Holy Verse:--(60.12) "..that they will not associate anything in worship with Allah." (60.12) And the hand of Allah's Messenger (‫ )ﷺ‬did not touch any woman's hand except the hand of that woman his right hand possessed. (i.e. his captives or his lady slaves). - Sahih al-Bukhari 7214 This means that there is always a constant fear of not getting too close to a female, or touch them. It creates a separation and has an impact on oneself in the long term to connect with other people. Islamic countries are built around fear, shame and guilt, which is a result of Islam itself. Islam does not teach to be human nor does it teach integrity, and this is the reason why follower of Islam develops a habit to hide their humanity, and this is also the reason why it is more prevalent in democratic countries to make the world a better place. Furthermore, you cannot invent or discover new things with fear in the scientific community.

Making mistakes in learning In life it is important to be allowed to make mistakes. Somehow Islam creates a mentality that people expect you to know Islam, and follows it. The "it is okay to make mistakes" behavior is destroyed by Islam, because they already demand you can Islam, so it infects in other skills. If one should learn new skills, nobody shall expect from you anything. Freedom is not worth having if it does not include the freedom to make mistakes - Mahatma Gandhi I'm not in this world to live up to your expectation, neither are you here to live up to mine - Bob Marley To learn new skills it is important to not be controlled by religous expectations. Muslims are raised because they always feel offended when someone corrects their religion, so it infects it to their daily life in different fields. Do not correct a fool or he will hate you. Correct a wise man and he will appreciate you. - Bruce Lee This is the reason why some people, and not just religious people, feel offended when you correct them. You correct them in order to be better, and religion

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cannot be better than it is, because it is the best according to them. Correcting them would be correcting their childhood, their identity, their destiny and at the same time insulting. When you correct them in their daily life and give them positive critics, it comes subconsciously from a religious habit that they feel offended by it. The difference between a Muslim and a skeptic is that the skeptic is always looking for answers. The Muslim is however satisfied with what he knows and questioning in Islam is not something the book teaches you neither. It makes you feel like you own the truth. It is usually enough that Allah knows everything, and what they personally have knowledge of is of lesser importance. This is the reason why creativity, inventions and discoveries are not prevalent in Islamic countries, because in order for them to do so, they need to break their fixed habits and question things. I would rather have questions that can't be answered than answers that can't be questioned - Richard Feynman must go to the beginning of it, to the root of it, and learn how it all began. That is why the first verse in the Bible "In the beginning" is important. Let's take the Pythagoras theorem as an example: Everyone can start learning using the formula, but to really understand it, one must go back and question how it was discovered. Why is it so important in Islam? Because nobody questions the origin of Islam, and here in this book it was finally revealed that no mosque's pointed towards Petra until around 730, the 6 oldest Qurans are different from the one today (from 671-705 AD and later), the evolution of the coins in which Muhammad is first mentioned around 685-692 AD, the evolution of the Quran, any many other things. The true way for success is going backwards in historical terms and understand the beginning of a field - where it all started, and Islamic countries do not do that, which in term infects in other fields in order for them to understand the root of it. This is the reason why many Golden Age of Islam inventions and discoveries have been debunked in chapter 5, like the Muslims invented the university, numerical, the lute, distillation devices, and going back to the root, it was now discovered that they existed before and this gave an inner peace and satisfaction for finding out that inventions and discoveries came not out of nowhere, but had a history. Blindly following ancient customs and traditions does not mean that the dead are alive, but that the living are dead. - Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406 AD)

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The philosophical card Many people jump between Quran which was changed by Uthman and the 5 copies which were never seen, reliable/unreliable hadiths, Islamic Golden Age which was mostly copy/modifications (not to mention the exaggerations), and finally if you don’t agree with it, people will attack you with philosophical question like “how can you not believe in God” and shift the focus to it has to be only Allah. Like they just want you to convert specifically Islam, no matter what. To that there is a good quote Disproving Islam doesn't mean disproving God - Unknown Then people might as well believe in Krishna? Many people believe in God, just not the Islamic one. Below is a list of 8 philosophical questions people can’t answer you. • • • • • • •

Can God generate a random number? Can God surprise himself? Can God create a rock heavy enough that he can’t lift? What would God do to a child who passes away right after birth? Would you be happy in heaven if someone you knew were in hell? If God created us, who created God? If Allah created everything and he has the power of predestination, then that means none of us have free will, since our destiny was written before we were even born. As such, whether we go to hell or paradise has already been decided for us. How can a god who describes himself as “the ultimate in justice” punish/reward us for something we had no hand in choosing? • If God didn’t stop the holocaust, what makes you think he is gonna help you with your driver licence? • Is something right because God commands it or does God command it because it is right? The last question is called the euthyphro dilemma, it implies that if moral authority must come from the Gods it does not have to be good, and if moral authority must be good it does not have to come from the Gods. Either way, God loses. In the case of Islam, where religious people have debates with atheists about God's existence, the answer to it is simply that Islam is not even in the conversation.

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Wisdom from Muhammad in the hadiths In the hadiths, often Muhammad would come up with wisdom which could not have been known. The question is, are they not too revelations? If so why are they not in the Quran?

Science in photography Often in books and often in many video and so, many would use the newly discovered science to prove that the Quran knew it before. The funny thing is that all those scientific discoveries has been discovered by non-muslims. They use many of the beautiful photos and illustrations which didn't exist before to justify the truthfulness of Islam. "If the Quran allegedly has all these scientific miracles, then why has it always been non-Muslims discovering them and not the ones who have been reading the book for centuries? - Anonymous

Listening to Quranic recitation Many Muslims often many make videos on the street for social experiment to test Caucasians by making them listening to Quran recitations. The result is straightforward, resulting in a calm voice. What other people should do is test occasions with Quranic verses like 2:190-191, 4:34, 8:12 and many other violent verses.

Female with burka teaching in school Often people would say that there is no difference and nothing wrong with a women teaching children in school who has covered her hair and mouth. The problem is that it is very important, for example in grammar, to see the teachers lips how they move in order for a person to learn the lip movement to pronounce a word.

Hijab is a choice

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"Tell the believing woman to cast down their eyes, guard their chastity, and not to show off their beauty except what is permitted by the law. Let them cover their breasts with their veils. They must not show off their beauty to anyone other than their husbands, father, father-in-laws, sons, step-sons, brothers, sons of brothers and sisters, women of their kind, their slaves, immature male servants, or immature boys. They must not stamp their feet to show off their hidden ornaments. All of you believers, turn to God in repentance so that perhaps you will have everlasting happiness." - Quran 24:31 (Muhammad Sarwar) "O Prophet, tell your wives and your daughters and the women of the believers to bring down over themselves [part] of their outer garments. That is more suitable that they will be known and not be abused. And ever is Allah Forgiving and Merciful" - Quran 33:59 "And abide in your houses and do not display yourselves as [was] the display of the former times of ignorance. And establish prayer and give zakah and obey Allah and His Messenger. Allah intends only to remove from you the impurity [of sin], O people of the [Prophet's] household, and to purify you with [extensive] purification." - Quran 33:33 In the second verse, it doesnt explicitly say that it is the womans fault, but implies it. To this four points can be drawn: • • • •

It is a womans fault she get raped, if she is not covered So she has to cover herself to not get raped If she does not cover and she get raped, she will lose the case in Islamic laws So not getting covered is a physical punishment in a form of rape

People will say that this verse is only meant for Muhammads wives, but this is not true. According to the most reliable hadith, Sahih al-Bukhari: "Umar said, "I agreed with Allah in three things," or said, "My Lord agreed with me in three things. I said, 'O Allah's Apostle! Would that you took the station of Abraham as a place of prayer.' I also said, 'O Allah's Apostle! Good and bad persons visit you! Would that you ordered the Mothers of the believers to cover themselves with veils.' So the Divine Verses of Al-Hijab (i.e. veiling of the women) were revealed. I came to know that the Prophet had blamed some of his wives so I entered upon them and said, 'You should either stop (troubling the Prophet ) or else Allah will give His Apostle better wives than you.' When I came to one of his wives, she said to me, 'O 'Umar! Does Allah's Apostle haven't what he could advise

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his wives with, that you try to advise them?' " Thereupon Allah revealed:-- "It may be, if he divorced you (all) his Lord will give him instead of you, wives better than you Muslims (who submit to Allah).." (66.5)" - Sahih Bukhari 6:60:10 "Narrated Umar: I said, "O Allah's Apostle! Good and bad persons enter upon you, so I suggest that you order the mothers of the Believers (i.e. your wives) to observe veils." Then Allah revealed the Verses of Al-Hijab." - Sahih al-Bukhari 6:60:313 The hadiths above explicity says mothers of the believers. I love how Muslim women say they wear their coverings by choice. The problem is when they decide not to wear it - Anonymous It is worth noting that the Quranic verse above says that they must cover themselves so they do not get confused with a slave, therefore it is necessary for women to cover them so they do not get confused as being slaves. If a man has sex with a female without hijab and without consent, then she is considered according to Islamic law a female slave, in which there is no punishment for the man, except property damage. People also claim that it is because of women going to heaven. When one goes through the Quran from cover to cover, they'll find out that there is nothing about women going to heaven, as if they do not exist. The Quran contains 114 chapters, and only one chapter is named after a women, and that is Mary. In fact she is the only woman named in the Quran! Muslim females often make the ironical remark that if they kill all men, they do not need to wear hijabs. This may seem as a joke, but in reality is a confession that hijabs actually bothers them. Countries under Sharia law have one of the lowest rape rates in the world. The reason why the sex crime rates are low is simply because they go unreported, because of fear of imprisonment, physical punishments or death.

Arranged marriage is allowed The chapter heading in Sahih Muslim (chapter 10) says: Chapter 10: It is permissible for the father to give the hand of his daughter in marriage even when she is not fully grown up. - Sahih Muslim 8:3309 + 8:3311

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Chapter heading for chapter 39: (39) CHAPTER. Giving one's young children in marriage (is permissible).

Women cannot go out alone "O wives of the Prophet, you are not like anyone among women. If you fear Allah , then do not be soft in speech [to men], lest he in whose heart is disease should covet, but speak with appropriate speech. And abide in your houses and do not display yourselves as [was] the display of the former times of ignorance. And establish prayer and give zakah and obey Allah and His Messenger. Allah intends only to remove from you the impurity [of sin], O people of the [Prophet's] household, and to purify you with [extensive] purification." - Quran 33:33 "These are the good manners which Allah enjoined upon the wives of the Prophet so that they would be an example for the women of the Ummah to follow. - Ibn Kathir 33:32 "(And stay in your houses,) means, stay in your houses and do not come out except for a purpose. One of the purposes mentioned in Shari`ah is prayer in the Masjid, so long as the conditions are fulfilled" - Ibn Kathir 33:33 According to the Quranic verse above, women should not come out except for a purpose and not display themselves. "The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said, "It is not permissible for a woman who believes in Allah and the Last Day to travel for one day and night except with a Mahram."" - Sahih alBukhari 2:20:194 "It is not lawful for a Muslim woman to travel a night's journey except when there is a Mahram with her." - Sahih Muslim 1339a According to the most reliable hadiths, it is not permissible for women to go out alone except for a Mahram, which is the male family member for more than 24 hours. A Mahram can even be the son for the mother. Another Sahih al-Bukhari hadith mentions three days: "The Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬said, "A woman should not travel for more than three days

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except with a Dhi-Mahram."" - Sahih al-Bukhari 1087 Muslim men have the choice if it should be 24 hours or 3 days, as they are both Sahih hadiths, but it doesn't change they can chose the lowest number as a choice. Another hadith mentions a young, newly wedded man who returns one day carrying his weapons: "The man carried the weapons and then came back and found his wife standing between the two doors. He bent towards her smitten by jealousy and made a dash towards her with a spear in order to stab her. She said: Keep your spear away and enter the house until you see that which has made me come out. He entered and found a big snake coiled on the bedding." - Sahih Muslim 2236 a He finds his wife standing outside the door without his permission. Rather the man greeting his wife, he suspected her of unfaithfulness, and wanted to kill her, just for standing, but the wife told him to put his spear away and then being told that there is a snake inside the house. "Sa'd bin Ubada said, "If I found a man with my wife, I would kill him with the sharp side of my sword." When the Prophet heard that he said, "Do you wonder at Sa'd's sense of ghira (self-respect)? Verily, I have more sense of ghira than Sa'd, and Allah has more sense of ghira than I."" - Sahih Al-Bukhari 8:82:829 According to the hadith above, Muhammad did not object to his companian wanting to kill a man if he saw him with his wife.

Musical instruments is forbidden in Islam "And of the people is he who buys the amusement of speech to mislead [others] from the way of Allah without knowledge and who takes it in ridicule. Those will have a humiliating punishment." - Quran 31:6 "He connect that with mention of the doomed, those who turn away from the Qur'an and do not benefit from hearing the Words of Allah. Instead, they turn to listening to flutes and singing accompanied by musical instruments. As Ibn Mas`ud commented about the Ayah; And of mankind is he who purchases Lahu Al-Hadith to mislead (men) from the path of Allah, he said, "This -- by Allah -refers to singing."" - Tafsir Ibn Kathir for 31:6

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"(And of mankind) the reference here is to al-Nadr Ibn al-Harith (is he who payeth for mere pastime of discourse) discourse of falsehood, books on legends, on the sun, the stars, mathematics and singing; it is also said this means: associating partners with Allah, (that he may mislead) by means of it (from Allah's way) from Allah's religion and obedience (without knowledge) or proof, (and maketh it the butt of mockery. For such there is a shameful doom) for these, there is a severe chastisement." - Tafsir Ibn Abbas for 31:6 In the Quranic verse above it is stated that it is not allowed to sing or listen to music that brings a person away from Allah. According to the Quran and hadiths, it is not allowed to play music. “Narrated Abu ‘Amir or Abu Malik Al-Ash’ari: that he heard the Prophet saying, “From among my followers there will be some people who will consider illegal sexual intercourse, the wearing of silk, the drinking of alcoholic drinks and the use of musical instruments, as lawful. And there will be some people who will stay near the side of a mountain and in the evening their shepherd will come to them with their sheep and ask them for something, but they will say to him, ‘Return to us tomorrow.’ Allah will destroy them during the night and will let the mountain fall on them, and He will transform the rest of them into monkeys and pigs and they will remain so till the Day of Resurrection.” - Sahih al-Bukhari 7:69:494v There are however other hadiths that allows music, which contradicts the Quran and the hadith above.

Wearing yellow and orange is forbidden in Islam 'Abdullah b. 'Amr b. al-As reported: Allah's Messenger ‫ ﷺ‬saw me wearing two clothes dyed in saffron. whereupon he said: These are the clothes (usually worn by) the non-believers, so do not wear them. - Sahih Muslim 5:5173 + 5:5174 + 5:5175 + 5:5176 + 5:5177 The yellow and orange colors are forbidden in Islam to wear, and is the reason why Muslims Islamic countries are not seen wearing it.

Hair extension is forbidden in Islam The Messenger of Allah (‫ )ﷺ‬cursed the woman who adds some false hair and the

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woman who asks for it, the woman who tattoos and the woman who asks for it. Sunan Abi Dawud 4168 - Book 35, Hadith 10 (Sahih) Sa`id bin Al-Musaiyab narrated that Mu'awiya came to Medina for the last time and delivered a sermon. He took out a tuft of hair and said, "I thought that none used to do this (use false hair) except Jews. The Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬labelled such practice, (the use of false hair), as cheating." - Sahih al-Bukhari 72:821 "A woman came to 'Abdullah bin Mas'ud and said: "I am a woman with little hair, is it alright for me to add extensions to my hair?" He said: "No." She said: "Is it something that you heard from the Messenger of Allah [SAW] or that you find in the Book of Allah?" He said: "No, rather I heard it from the Messenger of Allah [SAW] and I find it in the Book of Allah." And he quoted the Hadith." - Sunan an-Nasa'i 5098

The three hadiths clearly says that hair extension is forbidden.

Tattoos are forbidden for women According to the hadith below, it is not allowed for women to have tattoos. "Abdullah used to say: 'May Allah curse the women who have tattoos done and Al-Mutanammisat, and have the women who have their teeth separated. Should I not curse those whom the Messenger of Allah [SAW] cursed?'" - Sunan an-Nasa'i 5255 (Sahih) The Messenger of Allah (‫ )ﷺ‬cursed the woman who adds some false hair and the woman who asks for it, the woman who tattoos and the woman who asks for it. Sunan Abi Dawud 4168 - Book 35, Hadith 10 (Sahih)

The origin of the beard "Ibn Umar said, The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said, 'Do the opposite of what the pagans do. Keep the beards and cut the moustaches short.' Whenever Ibn 'Umar performed the Hajj or 'Umra, he used to hold his beard with his hand and cut whatever moustaches. Ibn Umar used to cut his moustache so short that the whiteness of his skin (above the upper lip) was visible, and he used to cut (the hair) between his moustaches and his beard." - Sahih al-Bukhari 7:82:780

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"Ibn Umar said: The Apostle of Allah ‫ ﷺ‬said: Trim closely the moustache, and let the beard grow." - Sahih Muslim 2:498 "Ibn Umar said: The Apostle of Allah ‫ ﷺ‬ordered us to trim the moustache closely and spare the beard." - Sahih Muslim 2:499 "Ibn Umar said: The Messenger of Allah (may peace be opon him) said: Act against the polytheists, trim closely the moustache and grow beard." - Sahih Muslim 2:500 "Abu Huraira reported: The Messenger of Allah said: Trim closely the moustache, and grow beard, and thus act against the fire-worshippers." - Sahih Muslim 2:501 "'A'isha reported: The Messenger of Allah (may peace be npon him) said: Ten are the acts according to fitra: clipping the moustache, letting the beard grow, using the tooth-stick, snuffing water in the nose, cutting the nails, washing the finger joints, plucking the hair under the armpits, shaving the pubes and cleaning one's private parts with water. The narrator said: I have forgotten the tenth, but it may have been rinsing the mouth." - Sahih Muslim 2:502 Muslims must trim the mustache and keep the beard and in order to be opposite of the pagans.

Muhammads rise to power in 23 years is a miracle Many people try to justify that Islam is the true religion because Muhammad conquered two cities, according to the Islamic traditions, Mecca and Medina in 23 years. Alexander the Great (356-323 BC) conquered Egypt, Persia and all the way to India in 13 years. Genghis Khan (1162-1227 AD) conquered half of Euroasia in 21 years.

Raping is allowed in Islam "Men are in charge of women by [right of] what Allah has given one over the other and what they spend [for maintenance] from their wealth. So righteous women are devoutly obedient, guarding in [the husband's] absence what Allah would have them guard. But those [wives] from whom you fear arrogance - [first] advise them; [then if they persist], forsake them in bed; and [finally], strike them. But if they obey you [once more], seek no means against them. Indeed, Allah is

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ever Exalted and Grand". - Quran 4:34 "(beat them) means, if advice and ignoring her in the bed do not produce the desired results, you are allowed to discipline the wife, without severe beating. Muslim recorded that Jabir said that during the Farewell Hajj, the Prophet said;" Tafsir Ibn Kathir 4:34 Ibn Kathir, which is the most reliable tafsir, confirms the beating for above. [We said], "And take in your hand a bunch [of grass] and strike with it and do not break your oath." Indeed, We found him patient, an excellent servant. Indeed, he was one repeatedly turning back [to Allah ]. - Quran 38:44 Ibn Kathir, Al-Jalalayn and other commentaries for Quran 38:44 above confirms that it is talking about the wife. (And take in your hand a bundle of thin grass and strike therewith (your wife), and break not your oath.) - Tafsir Ibn Kathir 38:44 Do not beat Allah's handmaidens, but when Umar came to the Messenger of Allah (‫ )ﷺ‬and said: Women have become emboldened towards their husbands, he (the Prophet) gave permission to beat them. Then many women came round the family of the Messenger of Allah (‫ )ﷺ‬complaining against their husbands. So the Messenger of Allah (‫ )ﷺ‬said: Many women have gone round Muhammad's family complaining against their husbands. They are not the best among you. - Sunan Abi Dawud 2146 Narrated Umar ibn al-Khattab: The Prophet (peace be upon him) said: A man will not be asked as to why he beat his wife. - Sunan Abu Dawood, 11:2142 "Do not beat Allah's handmaidens, but when Umar came to the Messenger of Allah (‫ )ﷺ‬and said: Women have become emboldened towards their husbands, he (the Prophet) gave permission to beat them. Then many women came round the family of the Messenger of Allah (‫ )ﷺ‬complaining against their husbands. So the Messenger of Allah (‫ )ﷺ‬said: Many women have gone round Muhammad's family complaining against their husbands. They are not the best among you." - Sunan Abu Dawood, 11:2141 Mu'awiyah asked: Messenger of Allah, what is the right of the wife of one of us over him? He replied: That you should give her food when you eat, clothe

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her when you clothe yourself, do not strike her on the face, do not revile her or separate yourself from her except in the house. Abu Dawud said: The meaning of "do not revile her" is, as you say: "May Allah revile you". - Sunan Abi Dawud 2142 "Do not beat Allah's handmaidens, but when Umar came to the Messenger of Allah (‫ )ﷺ‬and said: Women have become emboldened towards their husbands, he (the Prophet) gave permission to beat them. Then many women came round the family of the Messenger of Allah (‫ )ﷺ‬complaining against their husbands. So the Messenger of Allah (‫ )ﷺ‬said: Many women have gone round Muhammad's family complaining against their husbands. They are not the best among you." 12:2146 ""The Prophet said: 'Do not beat the female slaves of Allah.' Then 'Umar came to the Prophet and said: 'O Messenger of Allah, the woman have become bold towards their husbands? So order the beatin g of them,' and they were beaten. Then many women went around to the family of Muhammad,. The next day he said: 'Last night seventy women came to the family of Muhammad, each woman complaining about her husband. You will not find that those are the best of you.'" - Sunan Ibn Majah 1985 A husband can rape her wife if she does not agree to have sex by beating her. Raping slaves is allowed, even thought the slave has converted to Islam. Also strangely enough, hijab does protect from rape, but only from Muslim men in Islamic countries.

Americanization is the same as Islamization Many apologists claim that since Americanization happens, there is nothing wrong with Islamization, in which according to them is the same thing. They are absolutely is not. First of all islamization is a belief with radical laws, which for most people is obvious is not the true religion. Those who think that Americanization is wrong have forgotten where the Americans come from: Europe. So basically Americanization is Europization. They have the same mentality as Europeans. Furthermore many inventions and discoveries comes from America, so it is obvious that Americanization is a big influence in Europe and to the whole world, contra to Middle-East where almost nothing is invented or discovered there, or achieved. Remember also that all Islamic nations were forced to become Muslim, compared

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to Americanization which is a choice.

Radical Islam destroying ancient archaeological artifacts Many people try to defend that terrorists destroying archaeological artifacts is not Islamic, but this is not the case. "It is He who has sent His Messenger with guidance and the religion of truth to manifest it over all religion, although they who associate others with Allah dislike it." -Quran 9:33 "And We had certainly given Abraham his sound judgement before, and We were of him well-Knowing. When he said to his father and his people, "What are these statues to which you are devoted?" They said, "We found our fathers worshippers of them." He said, "You were certainly, you and your fathers, in manifest error." They said, "Have you come to us with truth, or are you of those who jest?" He said, "[No], rather, your Lord is the Lord of the heavens and the earth who created them, and I, to that, am of those who testify. And [I swear] by Allah, I will surely plan against your idols after you have turned and gone away." So he made them into fragments, except a large one among them, that they might return to it [and question]." - Quran 21:51-58 "The Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬entered Mecca and (at that time) there were three hundred-andsixty idols around the Ka`ba. He started stabbing the idols with a stick he had in his hand and reciting: "Truth (Islam) has come and Falsehood (disbelief) has vanished."" - Sahih al-Bukhari 2478 "Allah's Apostle said: "I have been ordered (by Allah) to fight against the people until they testify that none has the right to be worshipped but Allah and that Muhammad is Allah's Apostle, and offer the prayers perfectly and give the obligatory charity, so if they perform a that, then they save their lives an property from me except for Islamic laws and then their reckoning (accounts) will be done by Allah."" - Sahih al-Bukhari 1:2:24 "I have been commanded to fight against people till they testify that there is no god but Allah, that Muhammad is the messenger of Allah, and they establish prayer, and pay Zakat and if they do it, their blood and property are guaranteed protection on my behalf except when justified by law, and their affairs rest with

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Allah" - Sahih Muslim 22 In 2017, the Islamic State destroyed temples dedicated to the pagan gods Baal Shamin and Bel, simply according to the hadiths above. Monasticm is forbidden in Islam: "Then We sent following their footsteps Our messengers and followed [them] with Jesus, the son of Mary, and gave him the Gospel. And We placed in the hearts of those who followed him compassion and mercy and monasticism, which they innovated; We did not prescribe it for them except [that they did so] seeking the approval of Allah . But they did not observe it with due observance. So We gave the ones who believed among them their reward, but many of them are defiantly disobedient." - Quran 57:27 Monasticism, which the Quran specifically says "which they innovated" is forbidden in Islam. The bell is forbidden in Islam "Abu Hurairah reported the Apostle of Allaah(‫ )ﷺ‬as saying “The bell is a wooden wind musical instrument of Satan.”" - Sunan Abi Dawud 2556 (Sahih) "The bell is the musical instrument of the Satan." - Sahih Muslim 2114 The bell is one of Christianities most important instrument, which is the reason radical Islam destroys churches. The cross is forbidden in Islam " They have taken as lords beside Allah their rabbis and their monks and the Messiah son of Mary, when they were bidden to worship only One Allah. There is no Allah save Him. Be He Glorified from all that they ascribe as partner (unto Him)!" - Quran 9:31 "The Messenger of Allah (‫ )ﷺ‬never left in his house anything containing the figure of a cross without destroying it." - Sunan Abi Dawud 4151 (Sahih) This is the reason why the cross built on churches gets destroyed. The oldest monuments and inscriptions around the world When people say that the oldest surviving monuments or inscriptions in a city is the Islamic ones, then this is probably because the Muslims themselves destroyed

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them. Saying the oldest archaeological evidence in a city is Islamic is like saying the oldest continually running university is Al-Qarawiyyin University, because the Muslims themselves destroyed at least 5 universities around 1000 AD which could had been them. It is well documented that Muslims throughout history and but also today destroy evidence and monuments which belonged to other civilizations. Throwing stones in Mecca One of the duties in the Islamic Hajj, which is performed once a year where Muslims go to Mecca, is throwing stones at pillars, which is a ritual performed to throw stones at the devil. The pillars were in 2004 replaced with walls. This is psychologically not good, as the destroying gets embedded in children, and therefore radical Muslims loves destroying non-Islamic artefacts. The hadith for building mosques "I heard `Uthman bin `Affan saying, when people argued too much about his intention to reconstruct the mosque of Allah's Messenger (‫)ﷺ‬, "You have talked too much. I heard the Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬saying, 'Whoever built a mosque, (Bukair thought that `Asim, another sub-narrator, added, "Intending Allah's Pleasure"), Allah would build for him a similar place in Paradise.' "" - Sahih al-Bukhari 450 "'Uthman b. 'Affan listened to the opinion of the people (which was not favourable) when he rebuilt the mosque of the Messenger of Allah (‫)ﷺ‬. Thereupon he said: You have not been fair to me for I have heard from the Messenger of Allah (‫ )ﷺ‬saying: He who built a mosque for Allah, the Exalted, Allah would build for him a house in Paradise. Bukair said: I think he (the Holy Prophet) said: While he seeks the pleasure of Allah (by building the mosque). And in the narration of Ibn 'Isa (the words are):" (a house) like that (mosque) in Paradise."" - Sahih Muslim 533 Everything that is non-Islamic must be destroyed, while building mosques for Islam is allowed.

Homosexuality in Islam There will circulate among them [servant] boys [especially] for them, as if they were pearls well-protected. - Quran 52:34 There will circulate among them young boys made eternal. When you see them,

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you would think them [as beautiful as] scattered pearls. - Quran 76:19 "Indeed in Paradise there is a market in which there is no buying nor sellingexcept for images of men and women. So whenever a man desires an image, he enters it." - : Vol. 4, Book 12, Hadith 2550 It is related that Abu Hurayra said, "I never sae al-Hasan without my eyes overflowing with tears. That is because the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, went out one day and I found him in the mosque. He took my hand and I went along with him. He did not speak to me until we reached the market of Banu Qaynuqa'. He walked around it and looked. Then he left and I left with him until we reached the mosque. He sat down and wrapped himself in his garment. Then he said, 'Where is the little one? Call the little one to me.' Hasan came running and jumped into his lap. Then he put his hand in his beard. Then the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, opened his mouth and put his tongue in his mouth. Then he said, O Allah, I love him, so love him and the one who loves him!'" - Al-Adab al-mufrad 48:1183

Islam can be reformed That is pretty much impossible. 62% of the entire Qurans is against the jews, christians and non-believers. Furthermore the problem is that the Quran is the word of God, so every verse is to be taken litterally, whereas the Bible was written by eyewitnesses or people who knew the eyewitnesses. You cannot reform Islam. "But no, by your Lord, they can have no Faith, until they make you (O Muhammad SAW) judge in all disputes between them, and find in themselves no resistance against your decisions, and accept (them) with full submission." Quran 4:65 "That is because they disliked what Allah revealed, so He rendered worthless their deeds." - Quran 47:9 "And whoever does not judge by what Allah has revealed - then it is those who are the wrongdoers." - Quran 5:45 (see also Quran 5:44) You worship not besides Him except [mere] names you have named them, you and your fathers, for which Allah has sent down no authority. Legislation is not but for Allah . He has commanded that you worship not except Him. That is the

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correct religion, but most of the people do not know. - Quran 12:40 "Say, "Indeed, I am on clear evidence from my Lord, and you have denied it. I do not have that for which you are impatient. The decision is only for Allah . He relates the truth, and He is the best of deciders." - Quran 6:57 It is not permissible for anything to leave out or dislike what Allah has revealed. The below hadith and tafsirs confirms it: "Aaishah that the Prophet (Sallallahu Alaihi wasallam) said: The likeness of the one who reads Quraan and memorizes it is that he is with the righteous honourable scribes. The likeness of the one who reads it and tries hard to memorize it even though it is difficult for him, he will have (at least) a double reward. "- Sahih al-Bukhaari 4937 “Anyone who knows the Quran by heart and follows the lawful and the prohibited according to it, he will be sent to Heaven by Allah.” - Al Thirmidhi “Whoever reads the Quran and learns and acts according to it, will he adorned on the Day of Judgment with a crown of Light whose gleam is like that of the sun, and his parents will he dressed in two garments that the world can never he equal to. Thereupon, they will question, ‘For what reason are we dressed in these garments?’ lt will be said, ‘This is by virtue of your son who memorized the Quran.” - Al-Hakim "'Abdullah (b. Mas'ud) reported that he (said to his companions to conceal their copies of the Qur'an) and further said: He who conceals anything he shall have to bring that which he had concealed on the Day of judgment, and then said: After whose mode of recitation you command me to recite? I in fact recited before AIlah's Messenger ‫ ﷺ‬more than seventy chapters of the Qur'an and the Companions of Allah's Messenger ‫ ﷺ‬know it that I have better understanding of the Book of Allah (than they do), and if I were to know that someone had better understanding than I, I would have gone to him." - Sahih Muslim, 6:6022 “(these fixed shares) are ordained by Allaah. And Allaah is Ever All Knower, All Wise” - Quran 4:11 In the next verse and the corresponding hadiths, it is stated that one should not follow other laws as constitution other than the Quran, this includes democracy:

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"So judge between them by that which Allah hath revealed, and follow not their desires, but beware of them lest they seduce thee from some part of that which Allah hath revealed unto thee. And if they turn away, then know that Allah's Will is to smite them for some sin of theirs. Lo! many of mankind are evil-livers." Quran 5:49 "The Prophet said, "A Muslim has to listen to and obey (the order of his ruler) whether he likes it or not, as long as his orders involve not one in disobedience (to Allah), but if an act of disobedience (to Allah) is imposed one should not listen to it or obey it." - Sahih al-Bukhari 9:89:258 "The 'Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said, "It is obligatory for one to listen to and obey (the ruler's orders) unless these orders involve one disobedience (to Allah), but if an act of disobedience (to Allah) is imposed, he should not listen to or obey it." - Sahih alBukhari 4:203 In the next hadiths, it is stated that Islam started as something strange, and it will return to being strange: "Islam initiated as something strange, and it would revert to its (old position) of being strange. so good tidings for the stranger." - Sahih Muslim 145

Islam encourages you to think "And it has already come down to you in the Book that when you hear the verses of Allah [recited], they are denied [by them] and ridiculed; so do not sit with them until they enter into another conversation. Indeed, you would then be like them. Indeed Allah will gather the hypocrites and disbelievers in Hell all together" - Quran 4:140 The Quranic verse above says not to discuss with non-Muslims about Islam whether or true Islam is correct, in which the verse specifically says that a believer will be like a non-believer if he does so. Not talking about whether Islam is true does not encourages people to think critically. Also the Quranic verse 47:9 tells to accept the revelations of Allah regardless what. "That is because they disliked what Allah revealed, so He rendered worthless their deeds." - Quran 47:9

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Considering of signs in the Quran Part of the Quran is to keep repeating statements insisting that you are a witness to something you did not see, or is obvious to see. Examples are: "Have you not seen that Allah created the heavens and the earth in truth?" Quran 14:19 "Have those who disbelieved not considered that the heavens and the earth were a joined entity, and We separated them and made from water every living thing? Then will they not believe?" - Quran 21:30 “He has created the heavens without any pillars that you can see” - Quran 31:10 "Have you not considered, [O Muhammad], how your Lord dealt with the companions of the elephant?" - Quran 105:1 "Do they not then consider the Quran carefully? Had it been from other than Allah, they would surely have found therein much contradictions" - Quran 4:82 “Do they not see the birds suspended in mid-air up in the sky? Nothing holds them there except Allah – Quran 16:79 "Do they not see the birds above them with wings outspread and [sometimes] folded in? None holds them [aloft] except the Most Merciful. Indeed He is, of all things, Seeing." - Quran 67:19 "Ye have not, beside Him, a protecting friend or mediator. Will ye not then remember?" - Quran 32:4 "Had he not been a sperm from semen emitted?" - Quran 75:37

Muhammad was first persecuted and then he defended himself with violence "And do not insult those they invoke other than Allah, lest they insult Allah in enmity without knowledge. Thus We have made pleasing to every community

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their deeds. Then to their Lord is their return, and He will inform them about what they used to do." - Quran 6:108 "Muslims used to insult the idols of the disbelievers and the disbelievers would retaliate by insulting Allah wrongfully without knowledge." - Tafsir Ibn Kathir 6:108 That was because he openly abused and mocked the native Gods and threatened the way of life of the Meccans. This was first. Persecution came later. "‘O Abu Talib, your nephew has cursed our gods, insulted our religion, mocked our way of life 1 and accused our forefathers of error; either you must stop him or you must let us get at him, for you yourself are in the same position as we are in opposition to him and we will rid you of him.’" - Ibn Ishaq, page 119 According to Ibn Sad, the opposition in Mecca started when Muhammad delivered verses that "spoke shamefully of the idols they (the Meccans) worshiped other than Himself (God) and mentioned the perdition of their fathers who died in disbelief." - Francis Edwards Peters,Muhammad and the Origins of Islam, SUNY Press, p.169

Islam accepts disowning their own family for Islam "O you who have believed, do not take your fathers or your brothers as allies if they have preferred disbelief over belief. And whoever does so among you - then it is those who are the wrongdoers." - Quran 9:23 "The Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬said, "None of you will have faith till he wishes for his (Muslim) brother what he likes for himself." - Sahih al-Bukhari 13 "Narrated Abu Huraira: Allah's Apostle said, By Him in Whose Hands my life is, none of you will have faith till he loves me more than his father and his children." - Sahih al-Bukhari 14 The Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬said "None of you will have faith till he loves me more than his father, his children and all mankind." - Sahih al-Bukhari 15 Now combine this with:

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"'Ali burnt some people and this news reached Ibn `Abbas, who said, "Had I been in his place I would not have burnt them, as the Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬said, 'Don't punish (anybody) with Allah's Punishment.' No doubt, I would have killed them, for the Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬said, 'If somebody (a Muslim) discards his religion, kill him.' "" Sahih al-Bukhari 3017 And you have the reference why muslim parents kill their children for leaving Islam. The next type of disowning is killing their daughters for fornication, which is when an unmarried person engages in sexual intercourse. " And do not approach unlawful sexual intercourse. Indeed, it is ever an immorality and is evil as a way." - Quran 17:32 "The [unmarried] woman or [unmarried] man found guilty of sexual intercourse lash each one of them with a hundred lashes, and do not be taken by pity for them in the religion of Allah, if you should believe in Allah and the Last Day. And let a group of the believers witness their punishment." - Quran 24:2 “The child is for the bed, and for the fornicator is the stone.” - Jami` at-Tirmidhi 1157 The next type is adultery, when a married person, often a woman, who had sex with someon who is not their wife or husband: " And do not approach unlawful sexual intercourse. Indeed, it is ever an immorality and is evil as a way." - Quran 17:32 "The [unmarried] woman or [unmarried] man found guilty of sexual intercourse lash each one of them with a hundred lashes, and do not be taken by pity for them in the religion of Allah, if you should believe in Allah and the Last Day. And let a group of the believers witness their punishment." - Quran 24:2 "Verily Allah sent Muhammad (‫ )ﷺ‬with the truth, and he revealed the Book to him. Among what was revealed to him was the Ayah of stoning. So the Messenger of Allah (‫ )ﷺ‬stoned, and we stoned after him. I fear that time will pass over the people such that someone will say 'We do not see stoning in the Book of Allah.' They will be misguided by leaving an obligation which Allah revealed. Indeed stoning is the retribution for the adulterer if he was married and the evidence has been established, or due to pregnancy, or confession." - Jami` at-Tirmidhi 1432 (Sahih)

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"Allah's Messenger (‫ )ﷺ‬as saying: Receive (teaching) from me, receive (teaching) from me. Allah has ordained a way for those (women). When an unmarried male commits adultery with an unmarried female (they should receive) one hundred lashes and banishment for one year. And in case of married male committing adultery with a married female, they shall receive one hundred lashes and be stoned to death." - Sahih Muslim 1690 a

Death penalty for homosexuality "And the two who commit it among you, dishonor them both. But if they repent and correct themselves, leave them alone. Indeed, Allah is ever Accepting of repentance and Merciful." - Quran 4:16 There are disagreements whether this verse refers to homosexual acts or heterosexual acts. However the condeming of homosexuality are in other verses: "And [We had sent] Lot when he said to his people, "Do you commit such immorality as no one has preceded you with from among the worlds? Indeed, you approach men with desire, instead of women. Rather, you are a transgressing people." - Quran 7:80-81 Then the punishment follows immediatly after: But the answer of his people was only that they said, "Evict them from your city! Indeed, they are men who keep themselves pure." So We saved him and his family, except for his wife; she was of those who remained [with the evildoers]. And We rained upon them a rain [of stones]. Then see how was the end of the criminals. Quran 7:82-84 The hadith is very clear about luts: "The Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬said: If you find anyone doing as Lot's people did, kill the one who does it, and the one to whom it is done." - Sunan Abi Dawud 4462 (Sahih + Hasan) "It was narrated from Abu Hurairah that the Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬said concerning those who do the action of the people of Lut: “Stone the upper and the lower, stone them both.”" - Sunan Ibn Majah 3:20:2562 (Hasan)

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"“Whoever you find doing the action of the people of Lut, kill the one who does it, and the one to whom it is done.”" - Sunan Ibn Majah 3:20:2561 (Hasan) "That the Messenger of Allah (‫ )ﷺ‬said: "Whomever you find doing the actions of the people of Lut then kill the one doing it, and the one it is done to."" - Jami` atTirmidhi 1456 (Hasan) British Muslims regarding homosexuality Accordin to a survey in 2016 by ICM Research, 52% of the British Muslims wants homosexuality to be illegal.

Apostasy is punishable by death "Whoever disbelieves in Allah after his belief... except for one who is forced [to renounce his religion] while his heart is secure in faith. But those who [willingly] open their breasts to disbelief, upon them is wrath from Allah, and for them is a great punishment;" - Quran 16:106 "Let not believers take disbelievers as allies rather than believers. And whoever [of you] does that has nothing with Allah, except when taking precaution against them in prudence. And Allah warns you of Himself, and to Allah is the [final] destination." - Quran 3:28 Explanation: Explanation: You are only allowed to leave Islam, if you have to pretend. "So they set out, until when they met a boy, al-Khidh r killed him. [Moses] said, "Have you killed a pure soul for other than [having killed] a soul? You have certainly done a deplorable thing."" - Quran 18:74 Explanation: Al-Kidhr killed a boy "And as for the boy, his parents were believers, and we feared that he would overburden them by transgression and disbelief. So we intended that their Lord should substitute for them one better than him in purity and nearer to mercy." Quran 18:80-81 Explanation: This is because the boy apostatized. Below are all Sahih hadiths

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which confirms apostasy. "'Ali burnt some people and this news reached Ibn `Abbas, who said, "Had I been in his place I would not have burnt them, as the Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬said, 'Don't punish (anybody) with Allah's Punishment.' No doubt, I would have killed them, for the Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬said, 'If somebody (a Muslim) discards his religion, kill him.' "" Sahih al-Bukhari 3017 "Some Zanadiqa (atheists) were brought to `Ali and he burnt them. The news of this event, reached Ibn `Abbas who said, "If I had been in his place, I would not have burnt them, as Allah's Messenger (‫ )ﷺ‬forbade it, saying, 'Do not punish anybody with Allah's punishment (fire).' I would have killed them according to the statement of Allah's Messenger (‫)ﷺ‬, 'Whoever changed his Islamic religion, then kill him.'"- Sahih al-Bukhari 6922 "Allah's Messenger (‫ )ﷺ‬said, "The blood of a Muslim who confesses that none has the right to be worshipped but Allah and that I am His Apostle, cannot be shed except in three cases: In Qisas for murder, a married person who commits illegal sexual intercourse and the one who reverts from Islam (apostate) and leaves the Muslims."" - Sahih al-Bukhari 6878 'Uthman said: "I heard the Messenger of Allah [SAW] say: 'It is not permissible to shed the blood of a Muslim except in three cases: A man who commits adultery after having married; or one who kills intentionally, in which case he deserves retaliation; or one who apostatizes after having become Muslim, in which case he deserves to be killed.'" - Sunan an-Nasa'i 4057 (Sahih) "I heard the Messenger of Allah [SAW] say: 'It is not permissible to shed the blood of a Muslim except in three cases: A man who commits adultery after having married; or one who kills another person, who is to be killed; or who reverts to Kufr after having accepted Islam, who is to be killed.'" - Sunan an-Nasa'i 4058 (Sahih) "The Messenger of Allah (‫ )ﷺ‬said: 'Whoever changes his religion, kill him.'" Sunan an-Nasa'i 4059 (Sahih) "Some people apostatized after accepting Islam, and 'Ali burned them with fire. Ibn 'Abbas said: 'If it had been me, I would not have burned them; the Messenger of Allah [SAW] said: 'No one should be punished with the punishment of Allah.' If it had been me, I would have killed them; the Messenger of Allah [SAW] said:

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'Whoever changes his religion, kill him.'" - Sunan an-Nasa'i 4060 (Sahih) "The Messenger of Allah [SAW] said: 'Whoever changes his religion, kill him.'" Sunan an-Nasa'i 4061 (Sahih) "The Messenger of Allah [SAW] said: 'Whoever changes his religion, kill him.'" Sunan an-Nasa'i 4062 (Sahih) "The Messenger of Allah [SAW] said: 'Whoever changes his religion, kill him.'" Sunan an-Nasa'i 4063 (Sahih) Ibn 'Abbas said: "The Messenger of Allah [SAW] said: 'Whoever changes his religion, kill him.'" - Sunan an-Nasa'i 4064 (Sahih) 'Ali came to some people of Az-Zutt, who worshipped idols, and burned them. Ibn 'Abbas said: "But the Messenger of Allah [SAW] said: 'Whoever changes his religion, kill him.'" - Sunan an-Nasa'i 4065 (Sahih) ‘Ali burned some people who retreated from Islam. When Ibn ‘Abbas was informed of it, he said: If it had been I, I would not have burned them, for the Messenger of Allah (‫ )ﷺ‬said: Do not inflict Allah’s punishment on anyone, but would have had killed them on account of the statement of the Messenger of Allah (‫)ﷺ‬. The Apostle said: Kill those who change their religion. When ‘Ali was informed about it he said: How truly Ibn ‘Abbas said! - Sunan Abi Dawud 4351 (Sahih) " The blood of a Muslim man who testifies that there is no god but Allah and that I am the Messenger of Allah should not be lawfully shed but only for one of three reasons: married fornicator, soul for soul, and one who deserts his religion separating himself from the community." - Sunan Abi Dawud 4352 (Sahih) The Messenger of Allah [SAW] said: "It is not permissible to shed the blood of a Muslim except in three cases: An adulterer who had been married, who should be stoned to death; a man who killed another man intentionally, who should be killed; and a man who left Islam and waged war against Allah, the Might and Sublime, and His Messenger, who should be killed, or crucified, or banished from the land." - Sunan an-Nasa'i 4048 (Sahih) Explanation: The term "waging war against Allah" means not believing in Islam. This is important because in Quran 5:33, it says those who wage war against Allah

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must be killed or crucified or their hands and their feet be cut off on the opposite sides, or be exiled from the land. That is their disgrace in this world, and a great torment is theirs in the Hereafter. That 'Ali burnt some people who apostasized from Islam. This news reached Ibn 'Abbas, so he said: "If it were me I would have killed them according to the statement of Messenger of Allah (‫)ﷺ‬. The Messenger of Allah (‫ )ﷺ‬said: 'Whoever changes his religion then kill him.' And I would not have burned them because the Messenger of Allah (‫ )ﷺ‬said: 'Do not punish with the punishment of Allah.' So this reached 'Ali, and he said: "Ibn 'Abbas has told the truth." - Jami` at-Tirmidhi 1458 (Sahih) “Whoever changes his religion, execute him.” - Sunan Ibn Majah (Sahih) Yahya related to me from Malik from Zayd ibn Aslam that the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, said, "If someone changes his deen - strike his neck!" The meaning of the statement of the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, in our opinion and Allah knows best, is that "if someone changes his deen, strike his neck!" refers to those who leave Islam for other than it - like the heretics and their like, about whom it is known. They are killed without being called to tawba because their tawba is not recognised. They were hiding their kufr and publishing their Islam, so I do not think that one calls such people to tawba, and one does not accept their word. As for the one who goes out of Islam to something else and divulges it, one calls him to tawba. If he does not turn in tawba, he is killed. If there are people in that situation, I think that one should call them to Islam and call them to tawba. If they turn in tawba, that is accepted from them. If they do not turn in tawba, they are killed. That does not refer as we see it, and Allah knows best, to those who come out of Judaism to Christianity or from Christianity to Judaism, nor to someone who changes his deen from the various forms of deen except for Islam. Whoever comes out of Islam to other than it and divulges that, that is the one who is referred to, and Allah knows best! - Muwatta Malik (Sahih) "The reason he (Muhammad) ordered him to be killed was that he had been a Muslim and used to write down revelation ; then he apostatized and returned to Quraysh" - Ibn Ishaq, page 550 (see also page 551) All four schools of Islam, which are the Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i and Hanbali, accepts killing for apostasy.

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Apostatizing two times " Indeed, those who have believed then disbelieved, then believed, then disbelieved, and then increased in disbelief - never will Allah forgive them, nor will He guide them to a way." - Quran 4:137 This means going from being a Muslim to non-Muslim, then reverting back, and then apostasizing again away, he can never be a Muslim again. Therefore the following universal verse applies: "[Remember] when your Lord inspired to the angels, "I am with you, so strengthen those who have believed. I will cast terror into the hearts of those who disbelieved, so strike [them] upon the necks and strike from them every fingertip."" - Quran 8:12 It says "those who disbelieved" and not "the disbelievers" when people try to excuse it during the times of Muhammad.

Death penalty for drinking alcohol The Messenger of Allah [SAW] said: "If he becomes drunk, whip him; then if he becomes drunk, whip him; then if he becomes drunk, whip him." Then he said concerning the fourth time, "Strike his neck (i.e., kill him)." - Sunan an-Nasa'i 5662 (Sahih) "The Messenger of Allah [SAW] said: 'Whoever drinks Khamr (intoxicating beverage), whip him; then if he drinks (again), whip him; then if he drinks (again), whip him; then if he drinks (again), kill him.'" - Sunan an-Nasa'i 5661 (Sahih) Above is the Sahih hadith that whipping is the punishment for drinking alcohol the first three times, and the fourth time it is death penalty.

Not praying is worse than stealing "This day [all] good foods have been made lawful, and the food of those who were given the Scripture is lawful for you and your food is lawful for them. And [lawful in marriage are] chaste women from among the believers and chaste women from among those who were given the Scripture before you, when you have given

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them their due compensation, desiring chastity, not unlawful sexual intercourse or taking [secret] lovers. And whoever denies the faith - his work has become worthless, and he, in the Hereafter, will be among the losers." - Quran 5:5 "And it was already revealed to you and to those before you that if you should associate [anything] with Allah, your work would surely become worthless, and you would surely be among the losers."" - Quran 39:65 The verses above says that whatever you do in life for humanity, is wothless without Islam. The hadith below says that not praying is worse than stealing. The Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬said, Gabriel came to me and gave me the glad tidings that anyone who died without worshipping anything besides Allah, would enter Paradise. I asked (Gabriel), 'Even if he committed theft, and even if he committed illegal sexual intercourse?' He said, '(Yes), even if he committed theft, and even if he Committed illegal sexual intercourse." - Sahih al-Bukhari 9:93:579

Muhammad beheaded 800-900 males who surrendered and took the female slaves Many believe that Muhammad was very peaceful, but he was responsible for the beheadings of 800-900 jewish men from the Banu Qurayza tribe "Then they surrendered, and the apostle confined them in Medina in the quarter of d. al-Harith, a woman of B. al-Najjar. Then the apostle went out to the market of Medina (which is still its market today) and dug trenches in it. Then he sent for them and struck off their heads in those trenches as they were brought out to him in batches. Among them was the enemy of Allah Huyayy b. Akhtab and Ka`b b. Asad their chief. There were 600 or 700 in all, though some put the figure as high as 800 or 900. As they were being taken out in batches to the apostle they asked Ka`b what he thought would be done with them. He replied, "Will you never understand? Don't you see that the summoner never stops and those who are taken away do not return? By Allah it is death!" This went on until the apostle made an end of them. Huyayy was brought out wearing a flowered robe in which he had made holes about the size of the finger-tips in every part so that it should not be taken from him as spoil, with his hands bound to his neck by a rope. When he saw the apostle he said, "By God, I do not blame myself for opposing you, but he who forsakes God will be forsaken." Then he went to the men and said, "God's command is right. A book and a decree, and massacre have been written against

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the Sons of Israel." Then he sat down and his head was struck off." - Ibn Ishaq And He brought down those who supported them among the People of the Scripture from their fortresses and cast terror into their hearts [so that] a party you killed, and you took captive a party. - Quran 33:26 Indeed, the worst of living creatures in the sight of Allah are those who have disbelieved, and they will not [ever] believe - The ones with whom you made a treaty but then they break their pledge every time, and they do not fear Allah . So if you, [O Muhammad], gain dominance over them in war, disperse by [means of] them those behind them that perhaps they will be reminded. If you [have reason to] fear from a people betrayal, throw [their treaty] back to them, [putting you] on equal terms. Indeed, Allah does not like traitors. - Quran 8:55-58

Muhammad killed children Messenger of Allah, we kill the children of the polytheists during the night raids. He said: They are from them. - Sahih Muslim 1745 b

Muhammad killed people for committing adultery and fornication "Those who commit unlawful sexual intercourse of your women - bring against them four [witnesses] from among you. And if they testify, confine the guilty women to houses until death takes them or Allah ordains for them [another] way." - Quran 4:15 This is an abrogated verse for adultery, according to tafsir Ibn Kathir: "The Adulteress is Confined in her House; A Command Later Abrogated. At the begining of Islam, the ruling was that if a woman commits adultery as stipulated by sufficient proof, she was confined to her home, without leave, until she died. Allah said, - Tafsir Ibn Kathir for 4:15 And continues.. "Ibn `Abbas said, "The early ruling was confinement, until Allah sent down Surat An-Nur (chapter 24) which abrogated that ruling with the ruling of flogging (for

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fornication) or stoning to death (for adultery).'" - Tafsir Ibn Kathir 4:15 Ibn Kathir mentions Ibn Abbas, which is stated below: "(As for those of your women) your free, married women (who are guilty of lewdness) i.e. of fornication, (call to witness) that they were caught red-handed in the act (four of you against them) four of your free men. (And if they testify) to the Truth of the allegation (then confine them to the houses) keep them in prison (until death take them) until they die in prison (or (until) Allah appoint for them a way) out by means of stoning. Imprisoning a free, married woman who commits fornication until she dies in prison was later abrogated by stoning." Tafsir Ibn Abbas for 4:15 "As for those of your women who commit lewdness, adultery, call four, Muslim men, of you to witness against them; and if they witness, against them such [lewdness], then detain them in their houses, and prevent them from mixing with people, until, the angels of, death take them or, until, God appoints for them a way, out of it. This was stipulated for them at the very beginning of Islam, but then a way out was appointed for them through [the stipulation] that the virgin should receive a hundred lashes and be banished for a year, and the married woman be stoned. The prescribed punishment was explained thus in the hadīth, ‘Come listen to me! Come listen to me! God has now made a way out for them’, as reported by Muslim." - Tafsir Al-Jalalayn for 4:15 Ibn Abbas and Al-Jalalayn confirms that it was abrogated by stoning. However, as stated above by Ibn Kathir, this verse was abrogated to chapter 24 for flogging for fornication, and from the hadiths as stoning for adultery. "The [unmarried] woman or [unmarried] man found guilty of sexual intercourse lash each one of them with a hundred lashes, and do not be taken by pity for them in the religion of Allah, if you should believe in Allah and the Last Day. And let a group of the believers witness their punishment." - Quran 24:2 Explanation: The Quran itself changes it from confining to her home, to 100 lashes - and according to the hadiths and tafsirs, which were written 200-400 years after, it was changed to stoning. Below are the hadiths. Narrated 'Abdullah bin 'Umar : The Jew brought to the Prophet a man and a woman from amongst them who have committed (adultery) illegal sexual intercourse. He ordered both of them to be stoned (to death), near the place of offering the funeral prayers beside the mosque." - Sahih Bukhari 2:23:413

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"Allah sent Muhammad (saw) with the Truth and revealed the Holy Book to him, and among what Allah revealed, was the Verse of the Rajam (the stoning of married persons, male and female, who commit adultery) and we did recite this verse and understood and memorized it. Allah's Apostle (saw) did carry out the punishment of stoning and so did we after him. I am afraid that after a long time has passed, somebody will say, "By Allah, we do not find the verse of the Rajam in Allah's Book", and thus they will go astray by leaving an obligation which Allah has revealed." - Sahih al-Bukhari, Vol.8, p.539 The Jews brought to the Prophet a man and a woman from among them who had committed illegal sexual intercourse. The Prophet said to them, "How do you usually punish the one amongst you who has committed illegal sexual intercourse?" They replied, "We blacken their faces with coal and beat them," He said, "Don't you find the order of Ar-Rajm (i.e. stoning to death) in the Torah?" They replied, "We do not find anything in it." 'Abdullah bin Salam (after hearing this conversation) said to them. "You have told a lie! Bring here the Torah and recite it if you are truthful." (So the Jews brought the Torah). And the religious teacher who was teaching it to them, put his hand over the Verse of Ar-Rajm and started reading what was written above and below the place hidden with his hand, but he did not read the Verse of Ar-Rajm. 'Abdullah bin Salam removed his (i.e. the teacher's) hand from the Verse of Ar-Rajm and said, "What is this?" So when the Jews saw that Verse, they said, "This is the Verse of Ar-Rajm." So the Prophet ordered the two adulterers to be stoned to death, and they were stoned to death near the place where biers used to be placed near the Mosque. I saw her companion (i.e. the adulterer) bowing over her so as to protect her from the stones. - Sahih Bukhari Volume 6, Book 60, Number 79: 'Abdullah b. Buraida reported on the authority of his father that Ma'iz b. Malik al-Aslami came to Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) and said: Allah's Messenger, I have wronged myself; I have committed adultery and I earnestly desire that you should purify me. He turned him away. On the following day, he (Ma'iz) again came to him and said: Allah's Messenger, I have committed adultery. Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) turned him away for the second time, and sent him to his people saying: Do you know if there is anything wrong with his mind. They denied of any such thing in him and said: We do not know him but as a wise good man among us, so far as we can judge. He (Ma'iz) came for the third time, and he (the Holy Prophet) sent him as he had done before. He asked about him and they informed him that there was nothing wrong with him or with his mind. When it was the fourth time, a ditch was dug for him and he

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(the Holy Prophet) pronounced judg- ment about him and he wis stoned. He (the narrator) said: There came to him (the Holy Prophet) a woman from Ghamid and said: Allah's Messenger, I have committed adultery, so purify me. He (the Holy Prophet) turned her away. On the following day she said: Allah's Messenger, Why do you turn me away? Perhaps, you turn me away as you turned away Ma'iz. By Allah, I have become pregnant. He said: Well, if you insist upon it, then go away until you give birth to (the child). When she was delivered she came with the child (wrapped) in a rag and said: Here is the child whom I have given birth to. He said: Go away and suckle him until you wean him. When she had weaned him, she came to him (the Holy Prophet) with the child who was holding a piece of bread in his hand. She said: Allah's Apostle, here is he as I have weaned him and he eats food. He (the Holy Prophet) entrusted the child to one of the Muslims and then pronounced punishment. And she was put in a ditch up to her chest and he commanded people and they stoned her. Khalid b Walid came forward with a stone which he flung at her head and there spurted blood on the face of Khalid and so he abused her. Allah's Apostle (may peace be upon him) heard his (Khalid's) curse that he had huried upon her. Thereupon he (the Holy Prophet) said: Khalid, be gentle. By Him in Whose Hand is my life, she has made such a repentance that even if a wrongful tax-collector were to repent, he would have been forgiven. Then giving command regarding her, he prayed over her and she was buried. - Sahih Muslim Book 017, Number 4206 "There came to him (the Holy Prophet) a woman from Ghamid and said: Allah's Messenger, I have committed adultery, so purify me. He (the Holy Prophet) turned her away. On the following day she said: Allah's Messenger, Why do you turn me away? Perhaps, you turn me away as you turned away Ma'iz. By Allah, I have become pregnant. He said: Well, if you insist upon it, then go away until you give birth to (the child). When she was delivered she came with the child (wrapped) in a rag and said: Here is the child whom I have given birth to. He said: Go away and suckle him until you wean him. When she had weaned him, she came to him (the Holy Prophet) with the child who was holding a piece of bread in his hand. She said: Allah's Apostle, here is he as I have weaned him and he eats food. He (the Holy Prophet) entrusted the child to one of the Muslims and then pronounced punishment. And she was put in a ditch up to her chest and he commanded people and they stoned her." - Sahih Muslim 17:4206 A woman belonging to the tribe of Juhaynah (according to the version of Aban) came to the Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬and said that she had committed fornication and that she was pregnant. The Messenger of Allah (‫ )ﷺ‬called her guardian. Then the Messenger of Allah (‫ )ﷺ‬said to him: Be good to her, and when she bears

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a child, bring her (to me). When she gave birth to the child, he brought her (to him). The Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬gave orders regarding her, and her clothes were tied to her. He then commanded regarding her and she was stoned to death. He commanded the people (to pray) and they prayed over her. Thereupon Umar said: Are you praying over her, Messenger of Allah, when she has committed fornication? He said: By Him in Whose hand my soul is, she has repented to such an extent that if it were divided among the seventy people of Medina, it would have been enough for them all. And what do you find better than the fact that she gave her life. Aban did not say in his version: Then her clothes were tied to her. - Sunan Abi Dawud 4440 A woman of Ghamid came to the Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬and said: I have committed fornication. He said: Go back. She returned, and on the next day she came to him again, and said: Perhaps you want to send me back as you did to Ma’iz b. Malik. I swear by Allah, I am pregnant. He said to her: Go back. She then returned and came to him the next day. He said to her: Go back until you give birth to a child. She then returned. When she gave birth to a child, she brought the child to him, and said: Here it is! I have given birth to it. He said: Go back, and suckle him until you wean him. When she had weaned him, she brought him (the boy) to him with something in his hand which he was eating. The boy was then given to a certain man of the Muslims and he (the Prophet) commanded regarding her. So a pit was dug for her, and he gave orders about her and she was stoned to death. Khalid was one of those who were throwing stones at her. He threw a stone at her. When a drop blood fell on his cheeks, he abused her. The Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬said to him: Gently, Khalid. By Him in whose hand my soul is, she has reported to such an extent that if one who wrongfully takes extra tax were to repent to a like extent, he would be forgiven. Then giving command regarding her, prayed over her and she was buried. - Sunan Abi Dawud 4442 Two men brought a dispute before the Messenger of Allah (‫)ﷺ‬. One of them said: Pronounce judgement between us in accordance with Allah’s Book, Messenger of Allah! The other who had more understanding said: Yes, Messenger of Allah! Pronounce judgement between us in accordance with Allah’s Book, and allow me to speak. He (the Prophet) said: Speak, He then said: My son who was a hired servant with this(man) committed fornication with his wife, and when I was told that my son must be stoned to death, I ransomed him with a hundred sheep and a slave girl of mine; but when I asked the learned, they told me that my son should receive a hundred lashes and be banished for a year, and that stoning to death

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applied only to man’s wife. The apostle of Allah (‫ )ﷺ‬replied: By him in whose hand my soul is, I shall certainly pronounce judgment between you in accordance with Allah’s Book. Your sheep and your slave girl must be returned to you, and your son shall receive a hundred lashes and be banished for a year. And he commanded Unias al-Aslami go to that man’s wife, and if she confessed, he should stone her to death. She confessed and he stoned her. - Sunan Abi Dawud 4445 The people passed by the Messenger of Allah (‫ )ﷺ‬with a Jew who was blackened with charcoal and who was being flogged. He called them and said: Is this the prescribed punishment for a fornicator? They said: Yes. He then called on a learned man among them and asked him: I adjure you by Allah Who revealed the Torah to Moses, do you find this prescribed punishment for a fornicator in your divine Book? He said: By Allah, no. If you had not adjured me about this, I should not have informed you. We find stoning to be prescribed punishment for a fornicator in our Divine Book. But it (fornication) became frequent in our people of rank; so when we seized a person of rank, we left him alone, and when we seized a weak person, we inflicted the prescribed punishment on him. So we said: Come, let us agree on something which may be enforced equally on people of higher and lower rank. So we agreed to blacken the face of a criminal with charcoal, and flog him, and we abandoned stoning. The Messenger of Allah (‫ )ﷺ‬then said: O Allah, I am the first to give life to Thy command which they have killed. So he commanded regarding him (the Jew) and he was stoned to death. Allah Most High then sent down: "O Apostle, let not those who race one another into unbelief, make thee grieve..." up to "They say: If you are given this, take it, but if not, beware!...." up to "And if any do fail to judge by (the light of) what Allah hath revealed, they are (no better than) unbelievers," about Jews, up to "And if any do fail to judge by (the right of) what Allah hath revealed, they are no better than) wrong-doers" about Jews: and revealed the verses up to "And if any do fail to judge by (the light of) what Allah hath revealed, they are (no better than) those who rebel." About this he said: This whole verse was revealed about the infidels. - : Sunan Abi Dawud 4448 The Jews brought a man and a woman of them who had committed fornication. He said: Bring me two learned men or yours. So they brought the two sons of Suriya. He adjured them and said: How do you think about the matter if these two persons bear witness to the effect that they have seen his sexual organ in her female organ (penetrated) like a collyrium stick when enclosed in its case, they will be stoned to death. He asked: What is there which prevents you from

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stoning them: They replied : Our rule has gone, so we disapproved of killing. The Messenger of Allah (‫ )ﷺ‬then called four witnesses. They brought four witnesses. Who testified that they had seen his sexual organ (penetrated) in her female organ like a collyrium stick when enclosed in its case. The Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬then gave orders for stoning them. - : Sunan Abi Dawud 4452 The Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬had a man and a woman of the Jews who had committed fornication stoned to death. - Sunan Abi Dawud 4455 "During the pre-lslamic period of ignorance I saw a she-monkey surrounded by a number of monkeys. They were all stoning it, because it had committed illegal sexual intercourse. I too, stoned it along with them." - Sahih al-Bukhari 3849 " a woman came to the Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬and confessed to committing fornication. He issued orders, and her garments were tightened around her (so that her private parts would not become uncovered) then he stoned her, then he offered the funeral prayer for her." - Sunan Ibn Majah 3:20:2555 (Sahih) "The Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬stoned two Jews, and I was among those who stoned them. I saw (the man) trying to shield (the woman) from the stones.”" - Sunan Ibn Majah 2556 (Sahih)

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Chapter 8: Islam against The Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Introduction In this chapter, we will explain why Islam is against the fundamental laws of our modern world. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is the westerns holy book and constitution. The declaration consist of 30 articles and was created by the UN General Assembly and accepted by most countries to be universal laws for every human individuals to have, regardless geography, race, ethnicity, nationality, color, sex, age – in any given time. Even thousands of years from now these fundamental laws will not be broken, because they are universal and “absolute”. Islam is against around 15 articles of these 30 articles. In fact the muslim member states of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation created their own declaration in 1990, called The Cairo Declaration, because Islam does not agree with it. One statement led to the writing of this chapter. "Though the Universal Declaration of Human Rights came into existence in 1948, the Quran which marvelously justifies this Declaration was revealed a long 1400 years back!" - Anonymous The country where Mecca and Medina are located, namely Saudi Arabia, has still not recognized these laws because they directly have stated that it is against Islamic laws, so this statement above is as false as it can be. Down you’ll find out why it’s the case. If the West studied law and realized how many thousands of rights they have, and how well these rights are connected to each other, they would never have allowed Islam in their country.

Article 1

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. _________________________________________________________________ Quran Quran (4:11) – “The male shall have the equal of the portion of two females” Explanation: In inheritance, women receives only half. Quran (4:176) – If there are both brothers and sisters, the male will have the share

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of two females. Explanation: Again not equal in inheritance. Quran (2:282) – “And call to witness, from among your men, two witnesses. And if two men be not found then a man and two women”. Explanation: In a court testimony, womens testimony is half the men, even though there has been studies that show women lie less than men. Quran (2:228) – “and the men are a degree above them [women]“. Quran (5:6) – “And if ye are unclean, purify yourselves. And if ye are sick or on a journey, or one of you cometh from the closet, or ye have had contact with women, and ye find not water, then go to clean, high ground and rub your faces and your hands with some of it”. Explanation: Women are dirty. Quran (2:223) – “Your wives are as a tilth unto you; so approach your tilth when or how ye will…”. Explanation: Basically men own women. Quran (4:3) – “Marry women of your choice, Two or three or four”. Men can marry up to four wifes, while women only one man. Quran (4:24) – “Also (forbidden are) women already married, except those (captives and slaves) whom your right hands possess”. Explanation: Permitting to take women as sex slaves 33:59 – O Prophet, tell your wives and your daughters and the women of the believers to bring down over themselves [part] of their outer garments. That is more suitable that they will be known and not be abused. And ever is Allah Forgiving and Merciful. Explanation: Women have to wear hijab due to sexual reasons, while in the opposite situation men don’t.

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Quran 8:65 – One Muslim is more powerful than 10 non-Muslims – If there be of you twenty steadfast they shall overcome two hundred, and if there be of you a hundred (steadfast) they shall overcome a thousand of those who disbelieve Quran 8:66 – One Muslim can overcome two non-Muslims – So if there be of you a steadfast hundred they shall overcome two hundred, and if there be of you a thousand (steadfast) they shall overcome two thousand by permission of Allah. Quran 2:221 – Do not marry unbelieving women (idolaters), until they believe: A slave woman who believes is better than an unbelieving woman, even though she allures you. Quran 98:6 – Indeed, they who disbelieved among the People of the Scripture and the polytheists will be in the fire of Hell, abiding eternally therein. Those are the worst of creatures. Quran 2:29 – Fight those who believe not in God and in the Last Day, and who do not forbid what God and His Messenger have forbidden, and who follow not the Religion of Truth among those who were given the Book, till they pay the jizyah with a willing hand, being humbled. (tr. The Study Quran) Quran 9:29 – Fight those of the People of the Book who do not [truly] believe in God and the Last Day, who do not forbid what God and His Messenger have forbidden, who do not behave according to the rule of justice, until they pay the tax and submit to it. (tr. Abdel-Haleem) Quran 4:34 - Men are in charge of women by [right of] what Allah has given one over the other and what they spend [for maintenance] from their wealth. So righteous women are devoutly obedient, guarding in [the husband’s] absence what Allah would have them guard. But those [wives] from whom you fear arrogance [first] advise them; [then if they persist], forsake them in bed; and [finally], strike them. But if they obey you [once more], seek no means against them. Indeed, Allah is ever Exalted and Grand. Hadith and sira Sahih Bukhari (6:301) – “[Muhammad] said, ‘Is not the evidence of two women equal to the witness of one man?’ They replied in the affirmative. He said, ‘This is the deficiency in her intelligence.’”

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Sahih Bukhari (6:301) – “[Muhammad said] ‘Isn’t it true that a woman can neither pray nor fast during her menses?’ The women replied in the affirmative. He said, ‘This is the deficiency in her religion.’” Sahih Bukhari (2:28) – The Prophet said: “I was shown the Hell-fire and that the majority of its dwellers were women who were ungrateful.”. Sahih Bukhari (54:464) – The Prophet said, “I looked at Paradise and found poor people forming the majority of its inhabitants; and I looked at Hell and saw that the majority of its inhabitants were women.”. This is important because the only mentioning of women paradise are the virgins who serve the sexual desires of men. Sahih Bukhari (62:81) – “The Prophet said: “‘The stipulations most entitled to be abided by are those with which you are given the right to enjoy the (women’s) private parts (i.e. the stipulations of the marriage contract).’”. This means that in a contract of a marriage, the most important thing is between her legs, and making children for the husband. That’s the value of the woman. Sahih Bukhari (62:58) – This is a long example, therefore read it by clicking on it. Long story short, Muhammad didn’t like a women who offered him to marry her, so he donated her to his companion. Yes, Muhammad was the perfect example (sarcasm if people didn’t get it). Sahih al-Bukhari 1:9:493 - The things which annual prayer were mentioned before me (and those were): a dog, a donkey and a woman. I said, "You have compared us (women) to donkeys and dogs. By Allah! I saw the Prophet praying while I used to lie in (my) bed between him and the Qibla. Whenever I was in need of something, I disliked to sit and trouble the Prophet. So, I would slip away by the side of his feet." Sahih al-Bukhari 1:9:486 - Do you make us (women) equal to dogs and donkeys? While I used to lie in my bed, the Prophet would come and pray facing the middle of the bed. I used to consider it not good to stand in front of him in his prayers. So I used to slip away slowly and quietly from the foot of the bed till I got out of my guilt. Sahih al-Bukhari 1:9:490 - The things which annul the prayers were mentioned before me. They said, "Prayer is annulled by a dog, a donkey and a woman (if they pass in front of the praying people)." I said, "You have made us (i.e. women) dogs. I saw the Prophet praying while I used to lie in my bed between him and the Qibla. Whenever I was in need of something, I would slip away. for I disliked to

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face him." Sahih al-Bukhari 519 - It is not good that you people have made us (women) equal to dogs and donkeys. No doubt I saw Allah's Messenger (‫ )ﷺ‬praying while I used to lie between him and the Qibla and when he wanted to prostrate, he pushed my legs and I withdrew them. Sahih al-Bukhari 67:32 - Evil omen was mentioned before the Prophet: The Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬said, "If there is evil omen in anything, it is in the house, the woman and the horse." Sahih Muslim (4:1039) – “A’isha said [to Muhammad]: ‘You have made us equal to the dogs and the asses’”. There is a reason why I made the text bold, because only an idiot can’t see how disgusting this is. Sahih Muslim 4:1032 - Abu Dharr reported: The Messenger of 'Allah ‫ ﷺ‬said: When any one of you stands for prayer and there is a thing before him equal to the back of the saddle that covers him and in case there is not before him (a thing) equal to the back of the saddle, his prayer would be cut off by (passing of an) ass, woman, and black Dog. I said: O Abu Dharr, what feature is there in a black dog which distinguish it from the red dog and the yellow dog? He said: O, son of my brother, I asked the Messenger of Allah ‫ ﷺ‬as you are asking me, and he said: The black dog is a devil. Sahih Muslim 4:1034 -Abu Huraira reported: The Messenger of Allah ‫ ﷺ‬said: A woman, an ass and a dog disrupt the prayer, but something like the back of a saddle guards against that. Sahih Muslim 4:1039 - Al-Aswad reported that 'A'isha said: You have made us equal to the dogs and the asses, whereas I lay on the bedstead and the Messenger of Allah ‫ ﷺ‬came there and stood in the middle of the bedstead and said prayer. I did not like to take off the quilt from me (in that state), so I moved away quietly from the front legs of the bedstead and thus came out of the quilt. Sahih Muslim 1403 a - The woman advances and retires in the shape of a devil, so when one of you sees a woman, he should come to his wife, for that will repel what he feels in his heart. Al-Tabari 9:1754 – “Treat women well, for they are [like] domestic animals with you and do not possess anything for themselves.”.

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Explanation: Women are like domestic animals. Abu Dawud (2155) – “Amr bin Shu’aib on his father’s authority said that his grandfather reported the Prophet (may peace be upon him) as saying: If one of you marries a woman or buys a slave, he should say: ‘O Allah, I ask Thee for the good in her, and in the disposition Thou hast given her; I take refuge in Thee from the evil in her, and in the disposition Thou hast given her.’ When he buys a camel, he should take hold of the top of its hump and say the same kind of thing.”. Women are born evil and are compared to slaves and camels. Ishaq 734 – “As for Ali, he said, ‘Women are plentiful, and you can easily change one for another.“. Equality my ass. Ali was not Muhammad’s son but was raised as one by him, and was also the 4th caliph. He said this in front of Muhammad, and he didn’t protest. Ishaq 878 – “From the captives of Hunayn, Allah’s Messenger gave [his son-inlaw] Ali a slave girl called Rayta and he gave [future Caliph] Uthman a slave girl called Zaynab and [future Caliph] Umar a girl to whom Umar gave to his son.”. Through the list we have come from women less worth than men, and now they are slaves too. Ibn Ishaq 693 – “Then the apostle sent Sa-d b. Zayd al-Ansari, brother of Abdu’lAshal with some of the captive women of Banu Qurayza to Najd and he sold them for horses and weapons.”. Trading captured women for horses and weapons. Tabari 8:117 – “Dihyah had asked the Messenger for Safiyah when the Prophet chose her for himself…the Apostle traded for Safiyah by giving Dihyah her two cousins. The women of Khaybar were distributed among the Muslims.”. Captured farm wives which they distributed them among themselves. Al-Tirmidhi 3272 – “When Allah’s Messenger was asked which woman was best he replied, ‘The one who pleases (her husband) when he looks at her, obeys him when he gives a command, and does not go against his wishes regarding her person or property by doing anything of which he disapproves’.” (See also Abu Dawud 1664) Ishaq 969 – “Lay injunctions on women kindly, for they are prisoners with you having no control of their persons.”. Again women are seen as an entity who are less worth by saying they specifically as a gender can’t control themselves.

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Shaykh Ibn ‘Uthaymeen – Greeting a non-Muslim first is haraam and is not permitted, because the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: “Do not initiate the greeting with the Jews and Christians, and if you meet them in the street push them towards the narrowest part of it.” But if they greet us we have to respond to them, because of the general meaning of the verse in which Allaah says (interpretation of the meaning): “When you are greeted with a greeting, greet in return with what is better than it, or (at least) return it equally” Sahih Muslim 41:6985 – The last hour would not come unless the Muslims will fight against the Jews and the Muslims would kill them until the Jews would hide themselves behind a stone or a tree and a stone or a tree would say: Muslim, or the servant of Allah, there is a Jew behind me; come and kill him; but the tree Gharqad would not say, for it is the tree of the Jews. Sahih Bukhari 9:88:219 – Narrated Abu Bakra: During the battle of Al-Jamal, Allah benefited me with a Word (I heard from the Prophet). When the Prophet heard the news that the people of the Persia had made the daughter of Khosrau their Queen (ruler), he said, “Never will succeed such a nation as makes a woman their ruler.” Sahih Muslim 2431 – There are many persons amongst men who are quite perfect but there are none perfect amongst women except Mary, daughter of ‘Imran, Asiya wife of Pharaoh, and the excellence of ‘A’isha as compared to women is that of Tharid over all other foods. Sahih al-Bukhari 5184 – Allah’s Messenger (swf) said, “The woman is like a rib; if you try to straighten her, she will break. So if you want to get benefit from her, do so while she still has some crookedness.” Sahih Muslim 1066 g - The most hateful among the creation of Allah is one black man among them (Khawarij). Al-Albaani: Hasan – “Order your children to perform prayer when they are seven years old and beat them (for neglecting it) when they are ten.” Tafsir Ibn Kathir- Therefore, Muslims are not allowed to honor the people of Dhimmah (non-muslim minorities) or elevate them above Muslims, for they are miserable, disgraced and humiliated.

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Conclusion Completely against equality in many aspects.

Article 2

Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty. _________________________________________________________________ Quran Quran 8:65 – If there be of you twenty steadfast they shall overcome two hundred, and if there be of you a hundred (steadfast) they shall overcome a thousand of those who disbelieve Quran 8:66 – So if there be of you a steadfast hundred they shall overcome two hundred, and if there be of you a thousand (steadfast) they shall overcome two thousand by permission of Allah. – Quran 4:101 – The disbelievers are an open enemy to you. Quran 8:14 - For disbelievers is the torment of the Fire.

Article 3

Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person. _________________________________________________________________ Quran Quran 6:151 - "Say, "Come, I will recite what your Lord has prohibited to you. [He commands] that you not associate anything with Him, and to parents, good treatment, and do not kill your children out of poverty; We will provide for you and them. And do not approach immoralities - what is apparent of them and what is concealed. And do not kill the soul which Allah has forbidden [to be killed]

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except by [legal] right. This has He instructed you that you may use reason.""

Article 4

No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms. _________________________________________________________________ Quran Quran (33:50) – “O Prophet, indeed We have made lawful to you your wives to whom you have given their due compensation and those (slaves) your right hand possesses from what Allah has returned to you” Quran (23:5-6) – “..who abstain from sex, except with those joined to them in the marriage bond, or (the captives) whom their right hands possess…” Quran (4:24) – “And all married women (are forbidden unto you) save those (captives) whom your right hands possess.” Quran (8:69) – “But (now) enjoy what ye took in war, lawful and good” Quran (24:32) – “And marry those among you who are single and those who are fit among your male slaves and your female slaves…” Quran (2:178) – “O ye who believe! Retaliation is prescribed for you in the matter of the murdered; the freeman for the freeman, and the slave for the slave, and the female for the female.” Quran (16:75) – “Allah sets forth the Parable (of two men: one) a slave under the dominion of another; He has no power of any sort; and (the other) a man on whom We have bestowed goodly favours from Ourselves, and he spends thereof (freely), privately and publicly: are the two equal? (By no means;) praise be to Allah.’ Quran 2:221 – Do not marry unbelieving women (idolaters), until they believe: A slave woman who believes is better than an unbelieving woman, even though she allures you. Quran 4:92 – “Never should a believer kill a believer, but if it so happens by

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mistake, compensation is due. If one so kills a believer, it is ordained that he should free a believing slave, and pay compensation to the deceased’s family, unless they remit it freely….If he (the deceased) belonged to a people with whom you have treaty of mutual alliance, compensation should be paid to his family, and a believing slave be freed. For those who find this beyond their means, is prescribed a fast for two months running, by way of repentance to Allah, for Allah has all knowledge and all wisdom” Quran 70:27-30 - "And those who are fearful of the punishment of their Lord - Indeed, the punishment of their Lord is not that from which one is safe -And those who guard their private parts Except from their wives or those their right hands possess, for indeed, they are not to be blamed" Quran 33:59 - " O Prophet, tell your wives and your daughters and the women of the believers to bring down over themselves [part] of their outer garments. That is more suitable that they will be known and not be abused. And ever is Allah Forgiving and Merciful." Explanation: The above verse state that hijab is for making a difference between a free woman and a slave Hadith Sahih al-Bukhari (52:255) – The slave who accepts Islam and continues serving his Muslim master will receive a double reward in heaven. Sahih al-Bukhari (41.598) – Slaves are property. They cannot be freed if an owner has outstanding debt, but they can be used to pay off the debt. Sahih al-Bukhari (62:137) – An account of women taken as slaves in battle by Muhammad’s men after their husbands and fathers were killed. The woman were raped with Muhammad’s approval. Sahih al-Bukhari (34:432) – Another account of females taken captive and raped with Muhammad’s approval. In this case it is evident that the Muslims intend on selling the women after raping them because they are concerned about devaluing their price by impregnating them. Muhammad is asked about coitus interruptus. Sahih al-Bukhari (47.765) – A woman is rebuked by Muhammad for freeing a slave girl. The prophet tells her that she would have gotten a greater heavenly

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reward by giving her to a relative (as a slave). Sahih al-Bukhari (34:351) – Muhammad sells a slave for money. He was thus a slave trader. Sahih al-Bukhari (72:734) – Some contemporary Muslims in the West (where slavery is believed to be a horrible crime) are reluctant to believe that Muhammad owned slaves. This is just one of many places in the Hadith where a reference is made to a human being owned by Muhammad. In this case, the slave is of African descent. Sahih al-Bukhari 5:59:512 - The Prophet offered the Fajr Prayer near Khaibar when it was still dark and then said, "Allahu-Akbar! Khaibar is destroyed, for whenever we approach a (hostile) nation (to fight), then evil will be the morning for those who have been warned." Then the inhabitants of Khaibar came out running on the roads. The Prophet had their warriors killed, their offspring and woman taken as captives. Safiya was amongst the captives, She first came in the share of Dahya Alkali but later on she belonged to the Prophet. The Prophet made her manumission as her 'Mahr'. Sahih al-Bukhari 5:59:513 - Anas bin Malik said, "The Prophet took Safiya as a captive. He manumitted her and married her." Thabit asked Anas, "What did he give her as Mahr (i.e. marriage gift)?" Anas replied. "Her Mahr was herself, for he manumitted her." Sahih Bukhari (64:253) - The Prophet stayed for three rights between Khaibar and Medina and was married to Safiya. I invited the Muslim to h s marriage banquet and there wa neither meat nor bread in that banquet but the Prophet ordered Bilal to spread the leather mats on which dates, dried yogurt and butter were put. The Muslims said amongst themselves, "Will she (i.e. Safiya) be one of the mothers of the believers, (i.e. one of the wives of the Prophet) or just (a lady captive) of what his right-hand possesses" Some of them said, "If the Prophet makes her observe the veil, then she will be one of the mothers of the believers (i.e. one of the Prophet's wives), and if he does not make her observe the veil, then she will be his lady slave." So when he departed, he made a place for her behind him (on his and made her observe the veil. Sahih al-Bukhari 3010 - The Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬said, "Allah wonders at those people who will enter Paradise in chains."

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Bukhari (47:743) – Muhammad’s own pulpit – from which he preached Islam – was built with slave labor on his command. Sahih Bukhari 5:59:369: Now we want you to lend us a camel load or two of food." (Some difference between narrators about a camel load or two.) Kab said, "Yes, (I will lend you), but you should mortgage something to me." Muhammad bin Maslama and his companion said, "What do you want?" Ka'b replied, "Mortgage your women to me." They said, "How can we mortgage our women to you and you are the most handsome of the 'Arabs?" Ka'b said, "Then mortgage your sons to me." They said, "How can we mortgage our sons to you? Later they would be abused by the people's saying that so-and-so has been mortgaged for a camel load of food. Sahih al-Bukhari (59:637) – “The Prophet sent Ali to Khalid to bring the Khumus (of the booty) and I hated Ali, and Ali had taken a bath (after a sexual act with a slave-girl from the Khumus). I said to Khalid, ‘Don’t you see this (i.e. Ali)?’ When we reached the Prophet I mentioned that to him. He said, ‘O Buraida! Do you hate Ali?’ I said, ‘Yes.’ He said, ‘Do you hate him, for he deserves more than that from the Khumlus.’” Muhammad approved of his men having sex with slaves, as this episode involving his son-in-law, Ali, clearly proves. This hadith refutes the modern apologists who pretend that slaves were really “wives.” This is because Muhammad had forbidden Ali from marrying another woman as long as Fatima (his favorite daughter) was living. Sahih al-Bukhari 61:3446 - Allah's Apostle said, If a person teaches his slave girl good manners properly, educates her properly, and then manumits and marries her, he will get a double reward. And if a man believes in Jesus and then believes in me, he will get a double reward. And if a slave fears his Lord (i.e. Allah) and obeys his masters, he too will get a double reward. Sahih al-Bukhari 5:58:182 - Abu Bakr had a slave who used to give him some of his earnings. Abu Bakr used to eat from it. One day he brought something and Abu Bakr ate from it. The slave said to him, "Do you know what this is?" Abu Bakr then enquired, "What is it?" The slave said, "Once, in the pre-Islamic period of ignorance I foretold somebody's future though I did not know this knowledge of foretelling but I, cheated him, and when he met me, he gave me something for that service, and that is what you have eaten from." Then Abu Bakr put his hand in his mouth and vomited whatever was present in his stomach. Sahih al-Bukhari 5:58:197 - I saw Allah's Apostle , and the only converts (to Islam) with him, were five slaves, two women and Abu Bakr.

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Sahih al-Bukhari 5:58:282 - That he was sold (as a slave) by one master to another for more than ten times (i.e between 13 and 19). Sahih al-Bukhari 5:58:262 - The first people who came to us (in Medina) were Mus'ab bin 'Umar and Ibn Um Maktum who were teaching Qur'an to the people. Then their came Bilal. Sad and 'Ammar bin Yasir. After that 'Umar bin AlKhattab came along with twenty other companions of the Prophet. Later on the Prophet himself (to Medina) and I had never seen the people of Medina so joyful as they were on the arrival of Allah's Apostle, for even the slave girls were saying, "Allah's Apostle has arrived!" And before his arrival I had read the Sura starting with:-- "Glorify the Name of your Lord, the Most High" (87.1) together with other Suras of Al-Mufassal. Sahih al-Bukhari 2906, 2907 - Allah's Messenger (‫ )ﷺ‬came to my house while two girls were singing beside me the songs of Bu'ath (a story about the war between the two tribes of the Ansar, i.e. Khazraj and Aus, before Islam.) The Prophet (‫)ﷺ‬ reclined on the bed and turned his face to the other side. Abu Bakr came and scolded me and said protestingly, "Instrument of Satan in the presence of Allah's Messenger (‫ "?)ﷺ‬Allah's Messenger (‫ )ﷺ‬turned his face towards him and said, "Leave them." When Abu Bakr became inattentive, I waved the two girls to go away and they left. It was the day of `Id when negroes used to play with leather shields and spears. Sahih al-Bukhari 2543 - I have loved the people of the tribe of Bani Tamim ever since I heard, three things, Allah's Messenger (‫ )ﷺ‬said about them. I heard him saying, These people (of the tribe of Bani Tamim) would stand firm against Ad-Dajjal." When the Sadaqat (gifts of charity) from that tribe came, Allah's Messenger (‫ )ﷺ‬said, "These are the Sadaqat (i.e. charitable gifts) of our folk." `Aisha had a slave-girl from that tribe, and the Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬said to `Aisha, "Manumit her as she is a descendant of Ishmael (the Prophet). Sahih al-Bukhari 7142 - Allah's Messenger (‫ )ﷺ‬said, "You should listen to and obey, your ruler even if he was an Ethiopian (black) slave whose head looks like a raisin." Sahih al-Bukhari 6753 - "The Muslims did not free slaves as Sa'iba, but the People of the Pre-lslamic Period of Ignorance used to do so" Sahih al-Bukhari 2592 - "the freed slave of Ibn `Abbas, that Maimuna bint Al-

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Harith told him that she manumitted a slave-girl without taking the permission of the Prophet. On the day when it was her turn to be with the Prophet, she said, "Do you know, O Allah's Messenger (‫)ﷺ‬, that I have manumitted my slave-girl?" He said, "Have you really?" She replied in the affirmative. He said, "You would have got more reward if you had given her (i.e. the slave-girl) to one of your maternal uncles."" Explanation: Muhammad disproved of freeing a slave, but instead suggested gifting the slave Sahih al-Bukhari 4028 - "Bani An-Nadir and Bani Quraiza fought (against the Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬violating their peace treaty), so the Prophet exiled Bani An-Nadir and allowed Bani Quraiza to remain at their places (in Medina) taking nothing from them till they fought against the Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬again) . He then killed their men and distributed their women, children and property among the Muslims, but some of them came to the Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬and he granted them safety, and they embraced Islam. He exiled all the Jews from Medina. They were the Jews of Bani Qainuqa', the tribe of `Abdullah bin Salam and the Jews of Bani Haritha and all the other Jews of Medina." Sahih Muslim 1456 a - "And women already married, except those whom your right hands possess (iv. 24)" (i. e. they were lawful for them when their 'Idda period came to an end)." Sahih Muslim 4112 – A man freed six slaves on the event of his death, but Muhammad reversed the emancipation and kept four in slavery to himself. He cast lots to determine which two to free. Sahih al-Muslim 3901 – Muhammad trades away two black slaves for one Muslim slave. Sahih Muslim 4345 – Narration of a military raid against a hapless tribe trying to reach their water hole. During the slaughter, the women and children attempt to flee, but are cut off and captured by the Muslims. This story refutes any misconception that Muhammad’s sex slaves were taken by their own volition. Sahih Muslim 1439 a – I have a slave-girl who is our servant and she carries water for us and I have intercourse with her, but I do not want her to conceive. He said: Practise ‘azl, if you so like, but what is decreed for her will come to her. The person stayed back (for some time) and then came and said: The girl has become

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pregnant, whereupon he said: I told you what was decreed for her would come to her. Abu Dawud 2150 – “The Apostle of Allah (may peace be upon him) sent a military expedition to Awtas on the occasion of the battle of Hunain. They met their enemy and fought with them. They defeated them and took them captives. Some of the Companions of the Apostle of Allah (may peace be upon him) were reluctant to have intercourse with the female captives in the presence of their husbands who were unbelievers. So Allah, the Exalted, sent down the Qur’anic verse: (Quran 4:24) ‘And all married women (are forbidden) unto you save those (captives) whom your right hands possess.’” This is the background for verse 4:24 of the Quran. Not only does Allah give permission for women to be captured and raped, but allows it to even be done in front of their husbands. (See also Muslim 3432 & Ibn Kathir/Abdul Rahman Part 5 Page 14) Abu Dawud 1814 - “…[Abu Bakr] He then began to beat [his slave] him while the Apostle of Allah (pbuh) was smiling and saying: Look at this man who is in the sacred state (putting on ihram), what is he doing?” The future first caliph of Islam is beating his slave for losing a camel while Muhammad looks on in apparent amusement. Abu Dawud 38:4458 – Narrated Ali ibn AbuTalib: “A slave-girl belonging to the house of the Apostle of Allah (peace_be_upon_him) committed fornication. He (the Prophet) said: Rush up, Ali, and inflict the prescribed punishment on her. I then hurried up, and saw that blood was flowing from her, and did not stop. So I came to him and he said: Have you finished inflicting (punishment on her)? I said: I went to her while her blood was flowing. He said: Leave her alone till her bleeding stops; then inflict the prescribed punishment on her. And inflict the prescribed punishment on those whom your right hands possess (i.e. slaves)”. A slave girl is ordered by Muhammad to be beaten until she bleeds, and then beaten again after the bleeding stops. He indicates that this is prescribed treatment for slaves (“those whom your right hand possesses”). Sunan Abu Dawud 24:3950 - A man emancipated six slaves at the time of his death and he had no other property. The Prophet (may peace be upon him) was informed about it. He cast lots among them, emancipated two and retained four in slavery Sunan Abu Dawud 24:3955 - Amr ibn Abasah, said that Marrah ibn Ka'b said: I heard the Apostle of Allah (peace_be_upon_him) say: If anyone emancipates a

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Muslim slave, that will be his ransom from Jahannam. Sunan Abu Dawud 24:3956 - The tradition mentioned above has also been transmitted by Mu'adh through a different chain of narrators. After mentioning the words "If any Muslim emancipates a Muslim slave and if a woman emancipates a Muslim woman, this version adds: "If a man emancipates two Muslim women, they will be his deliverance from Hell-fire; two bones of theirs will be emancipation for each of his bone." Sunan Abu Dawud 24:3957 - The Prophet (peace_be_upon_him) said: the similitude of a man who emancipates a slave at the time of his death is like that of a man who gives a present after satisfying his appetite. Sunan Abu Dawood 24:3944 - Jabir b. 'Abd Allah said: A man declared that his slave would be free after his death, but he had no other property. So the Prophet (may peace be upon him) ordered (to sell him). He was then sold for seven hundred or nine hundred (dirhams). Sunan Abu Dawood 24:3946 - Jabir said: A man of the Ansar called Abu Madhkur declared that his slave called Ya'qub would be free after, his death, but he had no other property. So the Apostle of Allah (may peace be upon him) called him and said: Who will buy him? Nu'aim b. 'Abd Allah b. al-Nahham bought him for eight hundred dirhams. When he handed them over to him, he (the Prophet) said: If any of you is poor, he should begin from himself; if anything is left over, give it to your family; if anything is left over, give it to your relatives; if anyfhing is left over (when they have received something), then here and here. Sunan Abi Dawud 4106 - The Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬brought Fatimah a slave which he donated to her. Fatimah wore a garment which, when she covered her head, did not reach her feet, and when she covered her feet by it, that garment did not reach her head. When the Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬saw her struggle, he said: There is no harm to you: Here is only your father and slave. Sunan Ibn Majah 3:9:1918 - It was narrated from 'Abdullah bin 'Amr: that the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said: “When anyone of you gets a new wife, a servant, or an animal, let him take hold of the forelock and say: Allahumma inni as`aluka min khayriha wa khayri ma jubilat 'alaihi, wa 'audhu bika min sharriha wa sharri ma jubilat `alaih (O Allah, I ask You for the goodness within her and the goodness that she is inclined towards, and I seek refuge with you from the evil to which she is inclined).' ”

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Sunan Ibn Majah 2272 - It was narrated from Anas that : the Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬bought Safiyyah for seven slaves. (Sahih) (One of the narrators) 'Abdur-Rahman said: From Dihyah Kalbi.' Sunan Ibn Majah 3:9:1851 (Sahih) - "'I enjoin good treatment of women, for they are prisoners with you, and you have no right to treat them otherwise, unless they commit clear indecency. If they do that, then forsake them in their beds and hit them, but without causing injury or leaving a mark. If they obey you, then do not seek means of annoyance against them. You have rights over your women and your women have rights over you. Your rights over your women are that they are not to allow anyone whom you dislike to tread on your bedding (furniture), nor allow anyone whom you dislike to enter your houses. And their right over you are that you should treat them kindly with regard to their clothing and food.' Sunan Ibn Majah 19:2517 (Sahih) - “We used to sell our slave women and the mothers of our children (Umahat Awaldina) when the Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬was still living among us, and we did not see anything wrong with that.” Sunan an-Nasa'i 4050 - "If a slave runs away, no Salah will be accepted from him, and if he dies he will die a disbeliever." A slave of Jarir's ran away, and he caught him and struck his neck (killing him). Sunan an-Nasa'i 4051 - "If a slave runs away to the land of Shirk, there is no protection (or immunity) for him." Sunan an-Nasa'i 4052 - "The Messenger of Allah [SAW] said: 'If a slave runs away to the land of Shirk, it becomes permissible to shed his blood.'" Sunan an-Nasa'i 4053 - The Prophet [SAW] said: "If a slave runs away to the land of Shirk, it becomes permissible to shed his blood." Sunan an-Nasa'i 3959 - It was narrated from Anas, that the Messenger of Allah had a female slave with whom he had intercourse, but 'Aishah and Hafsah would not leave him alone until he said that she was forbidden for him. Then Allah, the Mighty and Sublime, revealed: "O Prophet! Why do you forbid (for yourself) that which Allah has allowed to you.' until the end of the Verse. Sunan an-Nasa'i 3333 - "Also (forbidden are) women already married, except those (slaves) whom your right hands possess," meaning, this is permissible for

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you once they have completed their 'Iddah." Ibn Ishaq (734) – A slave girl is given a “violent beating” by Ali in the presence of Muhammad, who does nothing about it. Ibn Ishaq (693) – “Then the apostle sent Sa-d b. Zayd al-Ansari, brother of Abdu’l-Ashal with some of the captive women of Banu Qurayza to Najd and he sold them for horses and weapons.” Muhammad trades away women captured from the Banu Qurayza tribe to non-Muslim slave traders for property. (Their men had been executed after surrendering peacefully without a fight). Ibn Ishaq 243 - "The apostle said, 'Whoever wants to see Satan, let him take a look at Nabtal ibn al-Harith!' He was a sturdy black man with long flowing hair, inflamed eyes, and dark ruddy cheeks." Umdat al-Salik (Reliance of the Traveller) (o9.13) – When a child or a woman is captured as a captive, they automatically become slaves, and the previous marriage of the captured woman cancels. Clerics "Slavery is a part of Islam, slavery is part of jihad, and jihad will remain as long there is Islam. Those who argue that slavery has been abolished are ignorant, not scholars. They are merely writers. Whoever says such things is an infidel." Sheik Saleh Al-Fawzan, member of Senior Council of Clerics, Saudi Arabia's highest religios body Conclusion There is no doubt that both the Quran and Hadiths say that slavery is acceptable. Legal and literary documnts found shows that there was a difference between female slaves used for sexual plasure and female slaves used for domestic services. Female slave girls for sexual pleasure were also called "slaves for pleasure" or "slave-girls for sexual intercourse". Egypt abolished slavery in 1895, Morroco in 1922, Afghanistan in 1923, Iraq in 1924, Bahrain in 1937, Kuwait in 1949, Qatar in 1952, Saudi Arabia in 1962, North Yemen in 1962, South Yemen in 1967, Oman in 1970, and Mauritania in 1981, which is less than 40 years ago. For comparison, Britain abolished slavery in 1833 and USA abolished it in 1865. Furthermore, most of the Islamic countries

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above abolished it due to pressure from the west. When Islam gets the largest religion, slavery will again be imposed, because it is Islamic. Whenever I hear anyone arguing for slavery, I feel a strong impulse to see it tried on him personally - Abraham Lincoln I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal". - Martin Luther King

Article 5

No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. _________________________________________________________________ Quran Quran (5:33) – “The punishment of those who wage war against Allah and His messenger and strive to make mischief in the land is only this, that they should be murdered or crucified or their hands and their feet should be cut off on opposite sides… Quran 5:38 - " [As for] the thief, the male and the female, amputate their hands in recompense for what they committed as a deterrent [punishment] from Allah . And Allah is Exalted in Might and Wise." Quran (8:12) – “Remember thy Lord inspired the angels (with the message): “I am with you: give firmness to the Believers: I will instill terror into the hearts of the Unbelievers: smite ye above their necks and smite all their fingertips off them.” Quran (48:29) – “Muhammad is the messenger of Allah. And those with him are hard against the disbelievers and merciful among themselves” Quran (24:2) – “The [unmarried] woman or [unmarried] man found guilty of sexual intercourse - lash each one of them with a hundred lashes, and do not be taken by pity for them in the religion of Allah, if you should believe in Allah and the Last Day. And let a group of the believers witness their punishment." Quran 2:178 – You who believe, fair retribution is prescribed for you in cases

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of murder: the free man for the free man, the slave for the slave, the female for the female. But if the culprit is pardoned by his aggrieved brother, this shall be adhered to fairly, and the culprit shall pay what is due in a good way. This is an alleviation from your Lord and an act of mercy. If anyone then exceeds these limits, grievous suffering awaits him. This is again about revenge, and not putting the accused in trial for murder. Quran 42:40 – Let harm be requited by an equal harm, though anyone who forgives and puts things right will have his reward from God Himself––He does not like those who do wrong. Quran 5:45 – In the Torah We prescribed for them a life for a life, an eye for an eye, a nose for a nose, an ear for an ear, a tooth for a tooth, an equal wound for a wound: if anyone forgoes this out of charity, it will serve as atonement for his bad deeds. Those who do not judge according to what God has revealed are doing grave wrong. Quran 2:194 – A sacred month for a sacred month: violation of sanctity [calls for] fair retribution. So if anyone commits aggression against you, attack him as he attacked you, but be mindful of God, and know that He is with those who are mindful of Him. This doesn’t sound like self-defense but revenge. Quran 24:4 – And those who accuse chaste women and do not bring four witnesses – flog them with eighty stripes and do not accept their witness thereafter. Indeed they themselves are impure. Torture in the next life: Quran (22:19-22) – “These twain (the believers and the disbelievers) are two opponents who contend concerning their Lord. But as for those who disbelieve, garments of fire will be cut out for them; boiling fluid will be poured down on their heads. Whereby that which is in their bellies, and their skins too, will be melted; And for them are hooked rods of iron. Whenever, in their anguish, they would go forth from thence they are driven back therein and (it is said unto them): Taste the doom of burning.” Quran 4:56 – Surely! Those who disbelieved in Our Ayat We shall burn them in Fire. As often as their skins are roasted through, We shall change them for other skins that they may taste the punishment. Truly, Allah is Ever Most Powerful, AllWise.

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Quran (9:73): “O Prophet! Strive against the disbelievers and the hypocrites! Be harsh with them. Their ultimate abode is hell, a hapless journey’s end.” Al-Bukhari and Muslim - ""Messenger of Allah (‫ )ﷺ‬said, "The least tortured man on the Day of Resurrection is one underneath whose feet will be placed two live coal, and his brain will be boiling, and he would think that he is the most tortured, while he is the least tortured"." Hadith Sahih Bukhari (52:261) – “[Muhammad] had their hands and feet cut off. Then he ordered for nails which were heated and passed over their eyes, and whey were left in the Harra (i.e. rocky land in Medina). They asked for water, and nobody provided them with water till they died.” Sahih Bukhari 4:234 – He then ordered to cut their hands and feet (and it was done), and their eyes were branded with heated pieces of iron, They were put in ‘Al-Harra’ and when they asked for water, no water was given to them. Sahih al-Bukhari 6797 - The Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬cut off the hand of a thief for stealing a shield that was worth three Dirhams. Sahih Muslim (16:4131): “They were caught and brought to him (the Holy Prophet). He commanded about them, and (thus) hands and feet were cut off and their eyes were gouged and then they were thrown in the sun, until they died.”) Sahih Muslim (17:4196) – A married man confesses that he has adultery (four times, as required). Muhammad orders him planted in the ground and pelted with stones. According to the passage, the first several stones caused such pain that he tried to escape and was dragged back. Sahih Bukhari (11:626) – ‘Certainly I decided to order the Mu’adh-dhin (callmaker) to pronounce Iqama and order a man to lead the prayer and then take a fire flame to burn all those who had not left their houses so far for the prayer along with their houses.’” Sahih al-Bukhari 4:100 - Anas said, "Some people of `Ukl or `Uraina tribe came to Medina and its climate did not suit them. So the Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬ordered them to go to the herd of (Milch) camels and to drink their milk and urine (as

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a medicine). So they went as directed and after they became healthy, they killed the shepherd of the Prophet and drove away all the camels. The news reached the Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬early in the morning and he sent (men) in their pursuit and they were captured and brought at noon. He then ordered to cut their hands and feet (and it was done), and their eyes were branded with heated pieces of iron, They were put in 'Al-Harra' and when they asked for water, no water was given to them." Abu Qilaba said, "Those people committed theft and murder, became infidels after embracing Islam and fought against Allah and His Apostle ." Ibn Ishaq 436 – When Muhammad wished to attack the Meccan army at Badr, his men captured two slaves who were carrying water for the caravans and brought them into his presence. They were interrogated under torture as Muhammad stood praying: “…they brought them along and questioned them while the apostle was standing praying… The people were dismayed at their report…and so they beat them. When they were beaten soundly…” Ibn Ishaq 734 – When Muhammad’s favorite wife Aisha was accused of adultery, he launched an investigation that included the brutal interrogation of a female slave: “So the apostle called Burayra to ask her, and Ali got up and gave her a violent beating, saying “’Tell the Apostle the truth.’” Ibn Ishaq 764 – When he [Muhammad] asked him about the rest he refused to produce it, so the apostle gave orders to al-Zubayr bin al-Awwam, “Torture him until you extract what he has.” So he kindled a fire with flint and steel on his chest until he was nearly dead. Then the apostle delivered him to Muhammad bin Maslama and he struck off his head.” Abu Dawud (494) – “The Prophet (peace be upon him) said: Command a boy to pray when he reaches the age of seven years. When he becomes ten years old, then beat him for prayer.” Abu Dawud (4477) – “A man who had drunk wine was brought (before him) and he ordered them (to beat him). So they beat him with what they had in their hands. Some struck him with whips, some with sticks and some with sandals. The Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) threw some dust on his face.” Al-Albaani: Hasan – “Order your children to perform prayer when they are seven years old and beat them (for neglecting it) when they are ten.” Conclusion

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The Quran and but even more hadith accepts torture and punishment.

Article 6

Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law. _________________________________________________________________ N/A

Article 7

All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law. All are entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination. _________________________________________________________________ N/A

Article 8

Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent national tribunals for acts violating the fundamental rights granted him by the constitution or by law. _________________________________________________________________ Well, if it is the Islamic Constitution, then there is nothing wrong with this one.

Article 9

No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile. _________________________________________________________________ Hadith Quran 5:33 – “Indeed, the penalty for those who wage war against Allah and His Messenger and strive upon earth [to cause] corruption is none but that they be killed or crucified or that their hands and feet be cut off from opposite sides or that they be exiled from the land. That is for them a disgrace in this world; and for them in the Hereafter is a great punishment”

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While we were in the mosque, Allah’s Messenger came out to us and said, “Let us proceed to the Jews.” So we went along with him till we reached Bait-al-Midras (a place where the Torah used to be recited and all the Jews of the town used to gather). The Prophet stood up and addressed them, “O Assembly of Jews! Embrace Islam and you will be safe!” The Jews replied, “O Aba-l-Qasim! You have conveyed Allah’s message to us.” The Prophet said, “That is what I want (from you).” He repeated his first statement for the second time, and they said, “You have conveyed Allah’s message, O Aba-l- Qasim.” Then he said it for the third time and added, “You should Know that the earth belongs to Allah and His Apostle, and I want to exile you fro,,, this land, so whoever among you owns some property, can sell it, otherwise you should know that the Earth belongs to Allah and His Apostle.” - Sahih al-Bukhari 6944 While we were in the Mosque, the Prophet came out and said, “Let us go to the Jews” We went out till we reached Bait-ul-Midras. He said to them, “If you embrace Islam, you will be safe. You should know that the earth belongs to Allah and His Apostle, and I want to expel you from this land. So, if anyone amongst you owns some property, he is permitted to sell it, otherwise you should know that the Earth belongs to Allah and His Apostle.” - Sahih al-Bukhari, 3167

Article 10

Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal, in the determination of his rights and obligations and of any criminal charge against him. _________________________________________________________________ Quran Quran (2:282) – “And call to witness, from among your men, two witnesses. And if two men be not found then a man and two women”. In a court testimony, womens testimony is half the men, even though there has been studies that show women lie less than men. Quran 42:40 – Let harm be requited by an equal harm, though anyone who forgives and puts things right will have his reward from God Himself––He does not like those who do wrong. Quran 5:45 – In the Torah We prescribed for them a life for a life, an eye for an eye, a nose for a nose, an ear for an ear, a tooth for a tooth, an equal wound for

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a wound: if anyone forgoes this out of charity, it will serve as atonement for his bad deeds. Those who do not judge according to what God has revealed are doing grave wrong. Quran 2:194 – A sacred month for a sacred month: violation of sanctity [calls for] fair retribution. So if anyone commits aggression against you, attack him as he attacked you, but be mindful of God, and know that He is with those who are mindful of Him. This doesn’t sound like self-defense but revenge. Quran 2:178 – You who believe, fair retribution is prescribed for you in cases of murder: the free man for the free man, the slave for the slave, the female for the female. But if the culprit is pardoned by his aggrieved brother, this shall be adhered to fairly, and the culprit shall pay what is due in a good way. This is an alleviation from your Lord and an act of mercy. If anyone then exceeds these limits, grievous suffering awaits him. This is again about revenge, and not putting the accused in trial for murder. Hadith Sahih Bukhari (6:301) – “[Muhammad] said, ‘Is not the evidence of two women equal to the witness of one man?’ They replied in the affirmative. He said, ‘This is the deficiency in her intelligence.’” Sahih Muslim (4:1039) – “A’isha said [to Muhammad]: ‘You have made us equal to the dogs and the asses’”. There is a reason why I made the text bold, because only an idiot can’t see how disgusting this is. Abu Dawud (2155) – “Amr bin Shu’aib on his father’s authority said that his grandfather reported the Prophet (may peace be upon him) as saying: If one of you marries a woman or buys a slave, he should say: ‘O Allah, I ask Thee for the good in her, and in the disposition Thou hast given her; I take refuge in Thee from the evil in her, and in the disposition Thou hast given her.’ When he buys a camel, he should take hold of the top of its hump and say the same kind of thing.”. Women are born evil and are compared to slaves and camels. Sahih Bukhari 9:88:219 – Narrated Abu Bakra: During the battle of Al-Jamal, Allah benefited me with a Word (I heard from the Prophet). When the Prophet heard the news that the people of the Persia had made the daughter of Khosrau their Queen (ruler), he said, “Never will succeed such a nation as makes a woman their ruler.”

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Article 11:

(1) Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defence. (2) No one shall be held guilty of any penal offence on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a penal offence, under national or international law, at the time when it was committed. Nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed than the one that was applicable at the time the penal offence was committed. _________________________________________________________________ None.

Article 12

No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks. _________________________________________________________________ N/A

Article 13:

(1) Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each state. (2) Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country. _________________________________________________________________ N/A

Article 14:

(1) Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution. (2) This right may not be invoked in the case of prosecutions genuinely arising from non-political crimes or from acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations. _________________________________________________________________

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N/A

Article 15:

(1) Everyone has the right to a nationality. (2) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor denied the right to change his nationality. _________________________________________________________________ Quran The Heifer – 2:21-22 – “O people! Worship and serve your Lord, Who has created you and those before you (parents, ancestors), so that you may be saved (from evil). He has made the earth a resting place for you, and the sky a canopy; and caused water to pour down from the sky, thereby producing fruits as food for you. And do not set up rivals unto God when you know (better).“ The Heifer – 2:213 – “Mankind were one community and God sent (to them) Prophets as bearers of good tidings and warnings, and revealed therewith the scripture with the truth to judge among people concerning their differences…” Conclusion The Quran and Hadith doesn’t mention anywhere about nationalism, it neither allows it nor prohibits it, although scholars interpreted it as is it prohibited since only worshiping Allah and not nationalism is allowed. Abolishing nationality isn’t necessary a bad thing, but prohibiting it because you are forced to believe in a religion is.

Article 16:

(1) Men and women of full age, without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion, have the right to marry and to found a family. They are entitled to equal rights as to marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution. (2) Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of the intending spouses. (3) The family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to protection by society and the State. _________________________________________________________________ Quran

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Quran 2:221 – Do not marry unbelieving women (idolaters), until they believe: A slave woman who believes is better than an unbelieving woman, even though she allures you. Nor marry (your girls) to unbelievers until they believe: A man slave who believes is better than an unbeliever, even though he allures you. Unbelievers do (but) beckon you to the Fire. But Allah beckons by His Grace to the Garden (of bliss) and forgiveness, and makes His Signs clear to mankind: That they may celebrate His praise. Quran 65:4 – As for your women who have despaired of further menstruating, if you are in doubt, then their waiting period is three months as well as those who have not yet menstruated. As for those who are pregnant, their term shall be the time they deliver their burden. Allah will ease (matters) by His order for whosoever fears Him. Quran 65:4 And those who no longer expect menstruation among your women – if you doubt, then their period is three months, and [also for] those who have not menstruated. And for those who are pregnant, their term is until they give birth. And whoever fears Allah – He will make for him of his matter ease. This means minors, those who have not yet started to menstruate. Quran 4:4 – And if you fear that you will not deal justly with the orphan girls, then marry those that please you of [other] women, two or three or four. But if you fear that you will not be just, then [marry only] one or those your right hand possesses. That is more suitable that you may not incline [to injustice]. In the Quran men and women don’t have equal rights when it comes to marriage. For instance: polygamy. Men may marry up to four women, women can only marry one man. Quran 4:34 – Men are the maintainers of women for that Allah has preferred in bounty one of them over another, and for that they have spent of their wealth. Righteous women are obedient, guarding in secret that which Allah has guarded. Those from whom you fear rebelliousness, admonish them and desert them in the bed and beat them (without harshness). Then, if they obey you, do not look for any way against them. Allah is High, Great. This verse says that husbands may strike their disobedient wives… Quran 4:128 – And if a woman fears from her husband contempt or evasion, there is no sin upon them if they make terms of settlement between them – and settlement is best. And present in [human] souls is stinginess. But if you do good

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and fear Allah – then indeed Allah is ever, with what you do, Acquainted. But wives have to contend with arbitration. Quran 2:226 – Those who intend to divorce their wives shall wait four months (cooling off); if they change their minds and reconcile, then God is Forgiver, Merciful. If they go through with the divorce, then God is Hearer, Knower. Quran 2:22 – Divorced women shall wait by themselves for three periods. It is unlawful for them, if they believe in Allah and the Last Day, to hide what He has created in their wombs, in which case their husbands would have a better right to restore them should they desire reconciliation. And for them similar to what is due from them with kindness. But men have a degree above them. Allah is Mighty and Wise. Quran 2:228 – Divorced women remain in waiting for three periods, and it is not lawful for them to conceal what Allah has created in their wombs if they believe in Allah and the Last Day. And their husbands have more right to take them back in this [period] if they want reconciliation. And due to the wives is similar to what is expected of them, according to what is reasonable. But the men have a degree over them [in responsibility and authority]. And Allah is Exalted in Might and Wise. Quran 2:223 – Women are your planting place (for children); come then to your planting place as you please and forward (good deeds) for your souls, and fear Allah. And know that you shall meet Him. Give glad tidings to the believers. Quran 2:230 – If he divorces her (for the third time), she shall not be lawful to him after that until she has wed (not for the purpose of remarrying her former husband) another spouse and then if he divorces her it shall be no offense for either of them to return to each other, if they think that they can keep within the Bounds of Allah. Those are the Bounds of Allah. He makes them plain to people who know. Quran 4:24 – And (forbidden to you) are married women, except those whom your righthand owns. Such Allah has written for you. Lawful to you beyond all that, is that you can seek using your wealth in marriage and not fornication. So whatever you have enjoyed from them give them their obligated wage. And there is no fault in you in what ever you mutually agree after the obligation. Allah is the Knower, the Wise. Maududi, vol. 1, p. 319 (in 1979) about 4:24 – And forbidden to you are wedded

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wives of other people except those who have fallen in your hands [as prisoners of war] Quran 4:3 – If you fear that you cannot act justly towards the orphans, then marry such women as seem good to you; two, three, four of them. But if you fear that you cannot do justice, then one only, or, those you possess. It is likelier then that you will not be partial. Quran 4:129 – You will not be able to be just between your women, even though you are eager. Do not be altogether partial so that you leave her as if she were suspended. If you reform and are cautious, Allah is the Forgiver, the Merciful. Quran 4:11 – Allah instructs you concerning your children: for the male, what is equal to the share of two females. But if there are [only] daughters, two or more, for them is two thirds of one’s estate. And if there is only one, for her is half. And for one’s parents, to each one of them is a sixth of his estate if he left children. But if he had no children and the parents [alone] inherit from him, then for his mother is one third. And if he had brothers [or sisters], for his mother is a sixth, after any bequest he [may have] made or debt. Your parents or your children – you know not which of them are nearest to you in benefit. [These shares are] an obligation [imposed] by Allah . Indeed, Allah is ever Knowing and Wise. Hadith Sahih Muslim 8:3363 – Jabir (Allah be pleased with him) declared that the Jews used to say: When a man has intercourse with his wife through the vagina but being on her back. the child will have squint, so the verse came down: (Quran 2:223) ” Your wives are your tilth; go then unto your tilth as you may desire” Sahih Bukhari 7:62:125 – Narrated ‘Abdullah bin Abbas: The Prophet then said, “I saw Paradise (or Paradise was shown to me), and I stretched my hand to pluck a bunch (of grapes), and had I plucked it, you would have eaten of it as long as this world exists. Then I saw the (Hell) Fire, and I have never before, seen such a horrible sight as that, and I saw that the majority of its dwellers were women.” The people asked, “O Allah’s Apostle! What is the reason for that?” He replied, “Because of their ungratefulness.” It was said. “Do they disbelieve in Allah (are they ungrateful to Allah)?” He replied, “They are not thankful to their husbands and are ungrateful for the favors done to them. Even if you do good to one of them all your life, when she seems some harshness from you, she will say, “I have never seen any good from you.’ “

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Sahih Bukhari 7:72:715 – Narrated ‘Ikrima: Rifa’a divorced his wife whereupon ‘AbdurRahman bin Az-Zubair Al-Qurazi married her. ‘Aisha said that the lady (came), wearing a green veil (and complained to her (Aisha) of her husband and showed her a green spot on her skin caused by beating). It was the habit of ladies to support each other, so when Allah’s Apostle came, ‘Aisha said, “I have not seen any woman suffering as much as the believing women. Look! Her skin is greener than her clothes!” Tafseer al-Sa‘di, p. 870 – The Prophet (blessings and peace of Allah be upon him) married ‘Aa’ishah (may Allah be pleased with her) when she was six years old and the marriage was consummated when she was nine years old. Narrated by alBukhaari (4840) and Muslim (1422). Muhammad has said – “Virgin girls are like fruits on trees. If not plucked in time, the sun will rot them and the wind will disperse them. When girls reach maturity and their sexual instincts arise, like that of women, their only remedy is marriage. If they aren’t married, they are prone to moral corruption. It is because they are human beings and human beings are prone to making mistakes.” Narrated by Bukhari, 4840; Muslim, 1422 – It was narrated from Aisha (ra) that the Prophet (pbuh) married her when she was six years old, and consummated the marriage with her when she was nine, and she stayed with him for nine years. [] Tabari 9:1754 – “Treat women well, for they are [like] domestic animals with you and do not possess anything for themselves.”. Yeah, like domestic animals. Sahih al-Bukhari 5193 – The Prophet (swf) said, “If a man Invites his wife to sleep with him and she refuses to come to him, then the angels send their curses on her till morning.” Sahih al-Bukhari 6946 – I asked the Prophet, “O Allah’s Messenger (swf)! Should the women be asked for their consent to their marriage?” He said, “Yes.” I said, “A virgin, if asked, feels shy and keeps quiet.” He said, “Her silence means her consent.” Sahih Muslim 1439 a – I have a slave-girl who is our servant and she carries water for us and I have intercourse with her, but I do not want her to conceive. He said: Practise ‘azl, if you so like, but what is decreed for her will come to her. The

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person stayed back (for some time) and then came and said: The girl has become pregnant, whereupon he said: I told you what was decreed for her would come to her. " the wife of the Prophet) We set out with Allah's Messenger (‫ )ﷺ‬on one of his journeys till we reached Al- Baida' or Dhatul-Jaish, a necklace of mine was broken (and lost). Allah's Messenger (‫ )ﷺ‬stayed there to search for it, and so did the people along with him. There was no water at that place, so the people went to Abu- Bakr As-Siddiq and said, "Don't you see what `Aisha has done? She has made Allah's Apostle and the people stay where there is no water and they have no water with them." Abu Bakr came while Allah's Messenger (‫ )ﷺ‬was sleeping with his head on my thigh, He said, to me: "You have detained Allah's Messenger (‫ )ﷺ‬and the people where there is no water and they have no water with them. So he admonished me and said what Allah wished him to say and hit me on my flank with his hand. Nothing prevented me from moving (because of pain) but the position of Allah's Messenger (‫ )ﷺ‬on my thigh. Allah's Messenger (‫ )ﷺ‬got up when dawn broke and there was no water. So Allah revealed the Divine Verses of Tayammum. So they all performed Tayammum. Usaid bin Hudair said, "O the family of Abu Bakr! This is not the first blessing of yours." Then the camel on which I was riding was caused to move from its place and the necklace was found beneath it." - Sahih al-Bukhari 334 Tafsirs "(beat them) means, if advice and ignoring her in the bed do not produce the desired results, you are allowed to discipline the wife, without severe beating. Muslim recorded that Jabir said that during the Farewell Hajj, the Prophet said;" Tafsir Ibn Kathir 4:34 Scholar Maududi, vol. 5, p. 620, note 13 – Therefore, making mention of the waiting— period for girls who have not yet menstruated, clearly proves that it is not only permissible to give away the girl at this age but it is permissible for the husband to consummate marriage with her. Now, obviously no Muslim has the right to forbid a thing which the Qur’an has held as permissible. “Ibn Qudaamah said in al-Sharh al-Kabeer, 7/386 – With regard to females, the father may give his minor, virgin daughter who has not yet reached the age of nine in marriage, and there is no difference of opinion concerning that, if he

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gives her in marriage to someone who is compatible. Ibn al-Mundhir said: All of those scholars from whom we acquired knowledge unanimously agreed that it is permissible for a father to give his minor daughter in marriage if he arranges her to someone who is compatible, and it is permissible for him to do that even if she is reluctant. Ahkaam al-Qur’aan by al-Jassaas, 2/342 – The father should not give a minor daughter in marriage except in a case where he thinks it is in her best interests. [Tafseer al-Tabari, 14/142 ] – “The same applies to the ‘idaah for girls who do not menstruate because they are too young, if their husbands divorce them after consummating the marriage with them”. Al-Istidhkaar, 16/49-50, Ibn ‘Abd al-Barr said: “The scholars are unanimously agreed that a father may marry off his young daughter without consulting her. The Messenger of Allaah married ‘Aa’ishah bint Abi Bakr when she was young, six or seven years old, when her father married her to him” Al-Nawawi said: “It should be noted that al-Shaafa’i and his companions said: It is preferable for fathers and grandfathers not to marry off a virgin until she reaches the age of puberty and they ask her permission, lest she end up in a marriage that she dislikes. What they said does not go against the hadeeth of Aisha, because what they meant is that they should not marry her off before she reaches puberty if there is no obvious interest to be served that they fear will be missed out on if they delay it, as in the hadeeth of Aisha. In that case it is preferable to go ahead with the marriage because the father is enjoined to take care of his child’s interests and not to let a good opportunity slip away”. [Sharh Muslim, 9/206]. Ibn al-Mundhir – All of those scholars from whom we acquired knowledge unanimously agreed that it is permissible for a father to give his minor daughter in marriage if he arranges her to someone who is compatible, and it is permissible for him to do that even if she is reluctant. Sunan Abi Dawud 4354 - I went to the Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬while two men who were Ash’ arIs were with me. One of them was on my right and the other on my left side. Bothe of them asked him for employment. The prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬was silent. He asked : What do you say Abu Musa, or ‘Abd Allah b. Qais (Abu Musa’s name)? I replied: By him who has sent you with truth, they did not inform me of what they had in their hearts, and I did not know that they would ask for an employment. He said : I have the scene before my eyes that he had his toothstick below his lip which

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receded. He (the prophet) said: We will never or will not put in charge of our work anyone who asks for it. But go, ye, Abu Musa, or ‘Abd Allah b. Qais. He then sent him as a Governor of the Yemen, After him he sent Muadh b. Jabal. When Muadh came to him, he said: come down , and he put a cushion for him. He saw that a man was chained with him. He asked : What is this? He replied: He was a Jew and he accepted Islam. He then converted to his religion, an evil religion. He said: I will not sit until he is killed according to the decision of Allah and his Apostle (‫)ﷺ‬. He said: Yes, be seated. He said: I will not sit until he is killed according to the decision of Allah and his Apostle (peace be upon him). He said it three times. He then commanded for it and he was killed. Both of them then discussed the question of prayer and vigilance at night. One of them, probably Muadh, said : So far as I am concerned, I sleep and I keep vigilance: I keep vigilance and I sleep: I hope for the same reward for my sleep as for my vigilance. Conclusion It is permissible for male guardians (or father) to marry off their daughters before they even each the age of puberty (which means around 6-9 years old). It is permissible for men to marry multiple women, but women can also marry one man. A Muslim man cannot marry a non-Muslim woman (Jews or Christians), it is better to marry a non-muslim slave. The silence of a woman is her consent to marry her. A woman can’t refuse to have sex with her husband. A woman cannot divorce a husband unless the consent of the husband. A married woman is like domestic animals. A divorced woman cannot marry again until three months after, while a man can. Slave-women can be used as sex-slaves. In marriage, almost nothing is about eqaulity. In a divorce, women doesn’t get as much as men. The Quran, Hadiths and even the scholars agree that equality before, during and after marriage is not the same for men and women.

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(1) Everyone has the right to own property alone as well as in association with others. (2) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property. _________________________________________________________________ Hadith While we were in the mosque, Allah’s Messenger came out to us and said, “Let us proceed to the Jews.” So we went along with him till we reached Bait-al-Midras

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(a place where the Torah used to be recited and all the Jews of the town used to gather). The Prophet stood up and addressed them, “O Assembly of Jews! Embrace Islam and you will be safe!” The Jews replied, “O Aba-l-Qasim! You have conveyed Allah’s message to us.” The Prophet said, “That is what I want (from you).” He repeated his first statement for the second time, and they said, “You have conveyed Allah’s message, O Aba-l- Qasim.” Then he said it for the third time and added, “You should Know that the earth belongs to Allah and His Apostle, and I want to exile you fro,,, this land, so whoever among you owns some property, can sell it, otherwise you should know that the Earth belongs to Allah and His Apostle.” - Sahih al-Bukhari 6944 While we were in the Mosque, the Prophet came out and said, “Let us go to the Jews” We went out till we reached Bait-ul-Midras. He said to them, “If you embrace Islam, you will be safe. You should know that the earth belongs to Allah and His Apostle, and I want to expel you from this land. So, if anyone amongst you owns some property, he is permitted to sell it, otherwise you should know that the Earth belongs to Allah and His Apostle.” - Sahih al-Bukhari, 3167 “A Muslim does not inherit from a kaafir and a kaafir does not inherit from a Muslim.” - Sahih al-Bukhaari 6383 + and Sahih Muslim 1614 Conclusion Quran does not talk much about property, but the hadith says that their land belongs to Allah and muslims, and therefore Muhammad said that Jews and Christians can be taken their property and be exiled.

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Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance. _________________________________________________________________ Quran Quran 9:29 - Fight those who do not believe in Allah or in the Last Day and who do not consider unlawful what Allah and His Messenger have made unlawful and who do not adopt the religion of truth from those who were given the Scripture -

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[fight] until they give the jizyah willingly while they are humbled. Explanation: his is one of the most important Quranic verses. The verse says those who do not believe in Allah, and therefore the verse is not only meant during the lifetime of Muhammad. Quran 9:29 (Muhammad Sarwar) – Fight those of the People of the Book who do not [truly] believe in God and the Last Day, who do not forbid what God and His Messenger have forbidden, who do not behave according to the rule of justice, until they pay the tax and submit to it. (tr. Abdel-Haleem) Explanation: Fight those of the People of the Book, which means the Jews and Christians, who do not believe in Allah, the Last Day, and do not follow the laws of the Quran. This is important because this is a universal statement, and not a statement that only implies at the time of Muhammad. Quran 8:60 - And prepare against them whatever you are able of power and of steeds of war by which you may terrify the enemy of Allah and your enemy and others besides them whom you do not know [but] whom Allah knows. And whatever you spend in the cause of Allah will be fully repaid to you, and you will not be wronged. Explanation: The enemy of Allah are those who do not believe in Allah Quran 4:56 - Indeed, those who disbelieve in Our verses - We will drive them into a Fire. Every time their skins are roasted through We will replace them with other skins so they may taste the punishment. Indeed, Allah is ever Exalted in Might and Wise. Explanation: Allah will punish those who do not believe in the Quranic verses Quran 2:217 - They ask you about the sacred month - about fighting therein. Say, “Fighting therein is great [sin], but averting [people] from the way of Allah and disbelief in Him and [preventing access to] al-Masjid al-Haram and the expulsion of its people therefrom are greater [evil] in the sight of Allah . And fitnah is greater than killing. Quran 5:17: In blasphemy indeed are those that say that Allah is Christ the son of Mary. Say: “Who then hath the least power against Allah, if His will were to destroy Christ the son of Mary, his mother, and all every - one that is on the

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earth? For to Allah belongeth the dominion of the heavens and the earth, and all that is between. He createth what He pleaseth. For Allah hath power over all things. Explanation: Many always try to justify that these verses are only meant during Muhammad’s lifetime, but saying “Allah is Christ the son of Mary” and being infidel/blasphemious to say Christ is the son of God, has nothing to do with only in 600 AD, but is a generel statement that applies in all eternity. Quran 5:73 - They do blaspheme who say: Allah is one of three in a Trinity: for there is no god except One Allah. If they desist not from their word (of blasphemy), verily a grievous penalty will befall the blasphemers among them. The Quranic verse above (5:73) is probably one of the most important. Saying that Allah is one of them in the Trinity (God, Jesus, and the Holy Spirit) is not something people can use to defend that it only applied to the time of Muhammad but it applies in all eternity. Quran 4:101 - When you are on a journey, it is no sin to shorten your prayers if you are afraid of the mischief of the unbelievers. The unbelievers have always been your sworn enemies Explanation: The Quranic verse above (4:101) specifically states that unbelievers have always been the muslims sworn enemies. Quran 66:9 - O Prophet, strive against the disbelievers and the hypocrites and be harsh upon them. And their refuge is Hell, and wretched is the destination. Quran Quran 9:73 - O Prophet, fight against the disbelievers and the hypocrites and be harsh upon them. And their refuge is Hell, and wretched is the destination. Explanation: Reading the verses above (66:9 and 9:73) says that the hypocrites, who claim they are muslims, but are not following Allah and Muhammad truthworthy, should be killed. They basically had nothing to do with the Jews and Christians who were persecuting muslims. Below is a confirmation for a hypocrite. Quran 4:65 - But no, by your Lord, they will not [truly] believe until they make you, [O Muhammad], judge concerning that over which they dispute among

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themselves and then find within themselves no discomfort from what you have judged and submit in [full, willing] submission. Quran 8:12 - [Remember] when your Lord inspired to the angels, "I am with you, so strengthen those who have believed. I will cast terror into the hearts of those who disbelieved, so strike [them] upon the necks and strike from them every fingertip." Explanation: This is the verse radical groups use. Many people defend this verse by saying that the verse is only meant for the time when Muhammad lived, but it specifically says "those who disbelieved", and that the muslims must strike upon their necks and fingertips. Quran 5:33 - “Indeed, the penalty for those who wage war against Allah and His Messenger and strive upon earth [to cause] corruption is none but that they be killed or crucified or that their hands and feet be cut off from opposite sides or that they be exiled from the land. That is for them a disgrace in this world; and for them in the Hereafter is a great punishment” This includes corruption for opposing Islam. This means that leaving Islam, insulting Islam, inciting apostasy, homosexuality, adultery etc. Ibn Kathir wrote about Quran 5:33: “Wage war’ mentioned here means, oppose and contradict, and it includes disbelief, blocking roads and spreading fear in the fairways. – Ibn Kathir (13011373) Explanation: If you don't accept Islam, you are waging war against Allah, which is called disbelief. Quran 8:38 - "Say to those who have disbelieved, if they cease (from disbelief) their past will be forgiven. But if they return (thereto), then the examples of those (punished) before them have already preceded (as a warning)." Quran 8:39 - "And fight them until there is no fitnah and [until] the religion, all of it, is for Allah. And if they cease - then indeed, Allah is Seeing of what they do." Explanation: Some translations interpret fitnah as persecution, but there is no historical contexts to support this. The part which says religion, all of it, is for Allah confirms the definition of fitnah. The second previous Quranic verse above (8:38),

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confirms that it is talking about disbelief and not persecution. "And when the sacred months have passed, then kill the polytheists wherever you find them and capture them and besiege them and sit in wait for them at every place of ambush. But if they should repent, establish prayer, and give zakah, let them [go] on their way. Indeed, Allah is Forgiving and Merciful." - Quran 9:5 The mother of all tafsirs, ibn Kathir, gives an explanation of the Quranic 9:5 above: "(then fight the Mushrikin wherever you find them), means, on the earth in general, except for the Sacred Area, for Allah said" - Ibn Kathir on Quran 9:5 Explanation: It clearly says means, on the earth in general, which indicates that this sura is not specifically relevant to the life of Muhammad, but a declaration for all time. "The Jews say, “Ezra [Uzair] is the son of Allah “; and the Christians say, “The Messiah is the son of Allah .” That is their statement from their mouths; they imitate the saying of those who disbelieved [before them]. May Allah destroy them; how are they deluded?" - Quran 9:30 "Allah the Exalted encourages the believers to fight the polytheists, disbelieving Jews and Christians, who uttered this terrible statement and utter lies against Allah, the Exalted. As for the Jews, they claimed that `Uzayr was the son of God, Allah is free of what they attribute to Him" - Ibn Kathir Quran 9:30 Explanation: Ibn Kathir, the mother of all tafsirs, writes that surah 9:30 above, Allah encourges Muslims to fight Jews and Christians who says that Ezra or Jesus is the son of Allah. Quran 9:31 - They have taken their scholars and monks as lords besides Allah , and [also] the Messiah, the son of Mary. And they were not commanded except to worship one God; there is no deity except Him. Exalted is He above whatever they associate with Him. Hadith When Muhammad died, and Abu Bakr overtook, some arabs reverted to disbelief and refused to pay the zakat tax, as written in Sahih al-Bukhari:

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Sahih al-Bukhari 7284, 7285 - When Allah's Messenger (‫ )ﷺ‬died and Abu Bakr was elected as a Caliph after him, some of the Arabs reverted to disbelief, `Umar said to Abu Bakr, "How dare you fight the people while Allah's Messenger (‫)ﷺ‬ said, I have been ordered to fight the people till they say 'None has the right to be worshipped but Allah' And whoever says: None has the right to be worshipped but Allah.' waves his wealth and his life from me unless he deserves a legal punishment lusty, and his account will be with Allah! Abu Bakr said, "By Allah, I will fight him who discriminates between Zakat and prayers, for Zakat is the Compulsory right to be taken from the wealth By Allah, if they refuse to give me even a tying rope which they use to give to Allah's Messenger (‫)ﷺ‬, I would fight them for withholding it." `Umar said, 'By Allah, It was nothing, except I saw that Allah had opened the chest of Abu Bakr to the fight, and I came to know for certain that was the truth." Explanation: The arabs who reverted to disbelief and didn't wanna pay the zakat tax, so Abu Bakr wanted to fight them. The true muslims in the world are the one's who follow wahabism, according to Sahih Muslim 6470 and 4478 below. Sahih Muslim 6470 - Abdullah reported: It was asked from Allah's Apostle who amongst the people were the best. He said: (People) of my generation, then those next to them, then those next to them, then there would come a people whose evidence would precede their oath and their oath would precede their evidence. Ibrahim said: They forbade us to make vows and bear witness when we were too young. Sahih Muslim 6478 - A'isha reported that a person asked Allah's Apostle as to who amongst the people were the best. He said: Of the generation to which I belong, then of the second generation (generation adjacent to my generation), then of the third generation (generation adjacent to the second generation). Explanation: Wahabism are those who follow excact the same lifestyle as Muhammad did. Therefore Saudi Arabia does not interpret the Quran wrong according to the hadiths above, and neither does any radical groups in the world by fighting against non-muslims. Sahih al-Bukhari 6922 - Some Zanadiqa (atheists) were brought to `Ali and he burnt them. The news of this event, reached Ibn `Abbas who said, "If I had been in his place, I would not have burnt them, as Allah's Messenger forbade it, saying, 'Do not punish anybody with Allah's punishment (fire).' I would have killed them

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according to the statement of Allah's Messenger, 'Whoever changed his Islamic religion, then kill him.'" Sahih al-Bukhari 3017 - `Ali burnt some people and this news reached Ibn `Abbas, who said, "Had I been in his place I would not have burnt them, as the Prophet said, 'Don't punish (anybody) with Allah's Punishment.' No doubt, I would have killed them, for the Prophet said, 'If somebody (a Muslim) discards his religion, kill him.' " Sahih al-Bukhari 7157 - A man embraced Islam and then reverted back to Judaism. Mu`adh bin Jabal came and saw the man with Abu Musa. Mu`adh asked, "What is wrong with this (man)?" Abu Musa replied, "He embraced Islam and then reverted back to Judaism." Mu`adh said, "I will not sit down unless you kill him (as it is) the verdict of Allah and His Apostle. Sahih al-Bukhari 6878 - Allah's Messenger said, "The blood of a Muslim who confesses that none has the right to be worshipped but Allah and that I am His Apostle, cannot be shed except in three cases: In Qisas for murder, a married person who commits illegal sexual intercourse and the one who reverts from Islam (apostate) and leaves the Muslims." Sahih al-Bukhari 8:393 - Allah's Apostle ‫ ﷺ‬said, "I have been ordered to fight the people till they say: 'None has the right to be worshipped but Allah.' And if they say so, pray like our prayers, face our Qibla and slaughter as we slaughter, then their blood and property will be sacred to us and we will not interfere with them except legally and their reckoning will be with Allah." Narrated Maimun ibn Siyah that he asked Anas bin Malik, "O Abu Hamza! What makes the life and property of a person sacred?" He replied, "Whoever says, 'None has the right to be worshipped but Allah', faces our Qibla during the prayers, prays like us and eats our slaughtered animal, then he is a Muslim, and has got the same rights and obligations as other Muslims have." Sahih al-Bukhari 2926 - Allah’s Apostle said, “The Hour will not be established until you fight with the Jews, and the stone behind which a Jew will be hiding will say. “O Muslim! There is a Jew hiding behind me, so kill him.” Sahih al-Bukhari 6930 - Whenever I tell you a narration from Allah's Messenger (‫)ﷺ‬, by Allah, I would rather fall down from the sky than ascribe a false statement to him, but if I tell you something between me and you (not a Hadith) then it was indeed a trick (i.e., I may say things just to cheat my enemy). No doubt I heard

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Allah's Apostle saying, "During the last days there will appear some young foolish people who will say the best words but their faith will not go beyond their throats (i.e. they will have no faith) and will go out from (leave) their religion as an arrow goes out of the game. So, where-ever you find them, kill them, for who-ever kills them shall have reward on the Day of Resurrection." Sahih Muslim, 2922 - Abu Huraira reported Allah’s Messenger as saying: The last hour would not come unless the Muslims will fight against the Jews and the Muslims would kill them until the Jews would hide themselves behind a stone or a tree and a stone or a tree would say: Muslim, or the servant of Allah, there is a Jew behind me; come and kill him; Sahih Muslim 2767 a - When it will be the Day of Resurrection Allah would deliver to every Muslim a Jew or a Christian and say: That is your rescue from Hell-Fire. Explanation: On the day of Resurrection, Christians and Jews will be brought to muslims. The Muslim is supposed to murder the Christian/Jew in order to get to heaven. Sahih Muslim 21 a - I have been commanded to fight against people so long as they do not declare that there is no god but Allah, and he who professed it was guaranteed the protection of his property and life on my behalf except for the right affairs rest with Allah. Sahih Muslim 22 - I have been commanded to fight against people till they testify that there is no god but Allah Explanation: The hadith above clearly states that the problem was not the nonmuslims who fought against Muhammad, but it was a matter of religion. Sahih al-Bukhari 25: Allah's Messenger said: "I have been ordered (by Allah) to fight against the people until they testify that none has the right to be worshipped but Allah and that Muhammad is Allah's Messenger, and offer the prayers perfectly and give the obligatory charity, so if they perform that, then they save their lives and property from me except for Islamic laws and then their reckoning (accounts) will be done by Allah." Sunan an-Nasa'i 3973 - "When the Messenger of Allah [SAW] died, and Abu Bakr (became Khalifah) after him, and the 'Arabs reverted to Kufr, 'Umar said: 'O Abu

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Bakr, how can you fight the people when the Messenger of Allah [SAW] said: I have been commanded to fight the people until they say La ilaha illallah, and whoever says La ilaha illallah, his wealth and his life are safe from me, except for a right that is due, and his reckoning will be with Allah, the Mighty and Sublime?' Abu Bakr said: 'I will fight whoever separates Salah and Zakah, for Zakah is the compulsory right to be taken from wealth. By Allah, if they withhold from me a young goat that they used to give to the Messenger of Allah [SAW], I will fight them for withholding it.' 'Umar said: 'By Allah, as soon as I saw that Allah has expanded the chest of Abu Bakr to fighting, I knew that it was the truth.'" Sunan an-Nasa'i 3975 - "So Abu Bakr decided to fight them, then 'Umar said: 'O Abu Bakr, how can you fight the people when the Messenger of Allah [SAW] said: "I have been commanded to fight the people until they say La ilaha illallah, and if they say it, their blood and their wealth will be safe from me except for a right that is due.?' Abu Bakr said: 'I will fight whoever separates prayer and Zakah. By Allah, if they withhold from me a young goat that they used to give to the Messenger of Allah [SAW], I will fight them for withholding it.' 'Umar said: 'By Allah, as soon as I realized that Allah has expanded the chest of Abu Bakr to fight them, I knew that it was the truth.'" Ibn Majah 1:1:71 - It was narrated that Abu Hurairah said: The Messenger of Allah (‫ )ﷺ‬said: 'I have been commanded to fight the people until they testify to La ilaha ill-allah (none has the right to be worshipped but Allah) and that I am the Messenger of Allah, and establish regular prayers and pay Zakat.' "The Prophet said, "No prayer is harder for the hypocrites than the Fajr and the 'Isha' prayers and if they knew the reward for these prayers at their respective times, they would certainly present themselves (in the mosques) even if they had to c awl." The Prophet added, "Certainly I decided to order the Mu'adh-dhin (callmaker) to pronounce Iqama and order a man to lead the prayer and then take a fire flame to burn all those who had not left their houses so far for the prayer along with their houses."" - Sahih al-Bukhari 1:11:626 Explanation: Muhammad ordered to burn the houses of those who missed the prayer be burned down with people being burned alive. Al-Albaani: Hasan – Order your children to perform prayer when they are seven years old and beat them (for neglecting it) when they are ten. Sunan Abi Dawud 495 (Hasan Sahih) - The Messenger of Allah (‫ )ﷺ‬said:

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Command your children to pray when they become seven years old, and beat them for it (prayer) when they become ten years old; and arrange their beds (to sleep) separately. Explanation: Beating children is a direct proof that Islam is not a choice Sahih al-Bukhari 5952 - "I never used to leave in the Prophet (saw) house anything carrying images or crosses but he obliterated it." Sahih al-Bukhari 6:60:80 - The Verse:--"You (true Muslims) are the best of peoples ever raised up for mankind." means, the best of peoples for the people, as you bring them with chains on their necks till they embrace Islam. Sahih al-Bukhari 19:32 - "You are the best of peoples ever raised up for (the benefit of) mankind..." (3:110): The best for mankind are those who bring them with chains round their necks till they embrace Islam (and thereby save them from the eternal punishment in the Hell-fire, and make them enter Jannah in the Hereafter)." Explanation: Those who do not embrace Islam can be held as slaves with chains around their necks. Sunan an-Nasa'i 4048 - The Messenger of Allah [SAW] said: "It is not permissible to shed the blood of a Muslim except in three cases: An adulterer who had been married, who should be stoned to death; a man who killed another man intentionally, who should be killed; and a man who left Islam and waged war against Allah, the Might and Sublime, and His Messenger, who should be killed, or crucified, or banished from the land." Explanation: Those who leave Islam is waging or fighting Allah, which means that they must be killed. Sunan Abi Dawud 4151 - "The Messenger of Allah (saw) never left in his house anything containing the figure of a cross without destroying it." Explanation: Christianity is not allowed in Islam. Sahih Muslim 652 - "I intend that I should command a person to lead people in prayer, and then burn those persons who absent themselves from Jumu'a prayer in their houses."

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Explanation: Anyone missing the fridays prayer must be burned. Tafsir Ibn Kathir about Quran 9:29 - "And this noble verse was first revealed ordering war on People of the Book. After the pagans were subdued and people started flocking to Allah's faith, and Arabia was rectified, Allah and His prophet ordered that war be waged on the People of the Book: the Jews and the Christians, and that was in year 9, and so Allah's messenger prepared to fight the Byzantines." What is interesting about this tafsir above is that the Byzantines never attacked or opressed Muhammad. Muhammad was preparing to wage war against the Byzantines because they were among the People of the Book (Jews and Christians), making the first attack and not defending. Remember that Ibn Kathir is the most reliable tafsir. Muslims however claim that the Byzantines started mobilizing against them, but there are no evidence in any Byzantine records to prove this claim. Sira "The reason he (Muhammad) ordered him to be killed was that he had been a Muslim and used to write down revelation ; then he apostatized and returned to Quraysh" - Ibn Ishaq, page 550 (see also page 551) "Then He said, 'Fight them so that there is no more persecution, and religion, all of it, shall belong to God.' i.e. So that no believer is persecuted from his religion, and monotheism may be pure, God having no partner and no rivals." - Ibn Ishaq, page 324

Article 19

Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers. _________________________________________________________________ N/A

Article 20 571

(1) Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association. (2) No one may be compelled to belong to an association. _________________________________________________________________ N/A

Article 20

(1) Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association. (2) No one may be compelled to belong to an association. _________________________________________________________________ N/A

Article 21

(1) Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country, directly or through freely chosen representatives. (2) Everyone has the right of equal access to public service in his country. (3) The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government; this will shall be expressed in periodic and genuine elections which shall be by universal and equal suffrage and shall be held by secret vote or by equivalent free voting procedures. _________________________________________________________________ Quran "Men are in charge of women by [right of] what Allah has given one over the other and what they spend [for maintenance] from their wealth. So righteous women are devoutly obedient, guarding in [the husband's] absence what Allah would have them guard. But those [wives] from whom you fear arrogance - [first] advise them; [then if they persist], forsake them in bed; and [finally], strike them. But if they obey you [once more], seek no means against them. Indeed, Allah is ever Exalted and Grand." - Quran 4:34 "And abide in your houses and do not display yourselves as [was] the display of the former times of ignorance. And establish prayer and give zakah and obey Allah and His Messenger. Allah intends only to remove from you the impurity [of sin], O people of the [Prophet's] household, and to purify you with [extensive] purification." - Quran 33:33

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Hadith Sahih al-Bukhari 7099 - "During the battle of Al-Jamal, Allah benefited me with a Word (I heard from the Prophet). When the Prophet heard the news that the people of the Persia had made the daughter of Khosrau their Queen (ruler), he said, "Never will succeed such a nation as makes a woman their ruler." Jami` at-Tirmidhi 2262 - ""Allah restrained me with something that I heard from the Messenger of Allah‫ﷺ‬. When Kisra was destroyed, he said: 'Who did they have to succeed him?' They said: 'His daughter.' So the Prophet‫ ﷺ‬said: 'A people will never succeed who give their leadership to a woman.'" He said: "So when 'Aishah arrived - meaning in Al-Basrah - I remembered the saying of Messenger of Allah ‫ﷺ‬, so Allah restrained me by it."" Sahih al-Bukhari 2468 - "We, the people of Quraish, used to have authority over women, but when we came to live with the Ansar, we noticed that the Ansari women had the upper hand over their men, so our women started acquiring the habits of the Ansari women." Sahih Muslim 3511 - "We were such people among the Quraish who dominated women, and as we reached Medina we found there people who were dominated by their women, and our women began to learn (the habits) of their women."

Article 22

Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to realization, through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each State, of the economic, social and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and the free development of his personality. _________________________________________________________________ N/A

Article 23

(1) Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and favourable conditions of work and to protection against unemployment. (2) Everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to equal pay for equal work. (3) Everyone who works has the right to just and favourable remuneration

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ensuring for himself and his family an existence worthy of human dignity, and supplemented, if necessary, by other means of social protection. (4) Everyone has the right to form and to join trade unions for the protection of his interests. _________________________________________________________________ N/A

Article 24

Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation of working hours and periodic holidays with pay. _________________________________________________________________ None

Article 25

(1) Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control. (2) Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and assistance. All children, whether born in or out of wedlock, shall enjoy the same social protection. _________________________________________________________________ None.

Article 26

(1) Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. Technical and professional education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit. (2) Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. It shall promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups, and shall further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace.

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(3) Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their children. N/A

Article 27

(1) Everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits. (2) Everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author. _________________________________________________________________ N/A

Article 28

Everyone is entitled to a social and international order in which the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration can be fully realized. _________________________________________________________________ N/A

Article 29

(1) Everyone has duties to the community in which alone the free and full development of his personality is possible. (2) In the exercise of his rights and freedoms, everyone shall be subject only to such limitations as are determined by law solely for the purpose of securing due recognition and respect for the rights and freedoms of others and of meeting the just requirements of morality, public order and the general welfare in a democratic society. (3) These rights and freedoms may in no case be exercised contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations. _________________________________________________________________ None.

Article 30

Nothing in this Declaration may be interpreted as implying for any State, group

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or person any right to engage in any activity or to perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of the rights and freedoms set forth herein. _________________________________________________________________ None.

Conclusion Overall radical islam is not misinterpretating islam. On the next page, chapter 7 and 8 has been summarized. Islam has a problem with the world, because it doesn't want to be a part of the world, but wants to rule it - Hamed Abdel Samad If one takes the time to even lightly research the history of islam, they would scrape that sticker off of their car because there is no historical evidence that islam can co-exist with other religions. The only time they do is when there are so few islamists that they have no ability to be the force they want to be. - Roger Anghis

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Chapter 9: Islam in democratic countries

Introduction In this article we will provide you with a list of what happens if the West or just generally democratic countries becomes Islamic.

Losing democracy In the previous chapters about the laws and myths about Islam, it is clear that you probably would have gotten a sense of what it means implementing the Quran, hadiths, sira and tafsirs as a constitution into the western world. In the west, most children in their teenage years, and even adults, do not usually know this, but everything what we have gotten now, the achievements, culture, peace, law and order, individualism, innovation, is due to democracy and freedom of speech, freedom of though and freedom of expression. Implementing Islam would mean that Quran Hadiths Democracy/monarch/dictatorship As you can see, democracy is on the third level, and it is not even clear if there would be a monarchy or dictatorship instead of democracy. All laws must be following in accordance to the Quran and Hadith, which is basically most of our freedom. In this case, there isn’t much of a democracy left. As noted earlier, the Quran is not objective, it always tries to justify things by talking bad about the people, groups or religions. This is the reason why there is no wonder a constitution like that brings problems.

Freedom of speech will be suppressed This has been explained before in the other articles. Freedom of speech is actually much more important than you think. Democracy cannot exists without freedom of speech, and a peaceful and harmonic society cannot exist. Today 9 of 10 of the worst countries persecuting Christians and Jews are Islamic countries: Afghanistan, Somalia, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, Yemen, Iraq, Syria, Maldives, Iran and North Korea.

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Freedom of religion won’t be a choice any longer By reading the radical Islam laws, you probably have become familiar now that religion is not a choice. Converting to Islam is easy, but converting away is pretty hard, and according to the Quran and Islamic traditions, those who leave Islam faces death penalty. Furthermore the Quran commands to kill non-believers who do not convert to Islam or pay the jizya tax.

Arranged marriage will be allowed Arranged marriage is actually a part of Islam, and not a part of culture as people claim in order for them to hide this truth. It is specifically the hadiths that allows arranged marriage, and the Quran together with the hadiths allows marrying with an orphan girl.

Death penalty will be allowed This is obvious and you can read this numerous times in the Quran, the hadiths and in the tafsirs. There is death penalty if you leave Islam, there is death penatly for adultery, there is death penalty for criticizing Muhammad and the Quran, and there is death penalty if you are a non-believer and do not wanna convert to Islam or pay jizya tax.

Shia-Muslims vs. sunny-Muslims civil wars will occur The conflict between the sunni and shia is probably the longest civil war ever recorded. 1400 years of war with each other and still no peace. They will just bring the war to the western world which has already have begun in Germany, which you can in the newspaper.

Kurds vs turks civil wars will occur The conflict between the kurds and turks is just one continuous fight. As more people comes to the west from these areas, the problem is just coming to the west. There are many areas in Europe where civil wars between them has occoured. Although it has nothing to do with Islam.

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Honor killings will be more frequently Honor killings is allowed in Islam, for leaving Islam, which is called apostasy, for Zina (adultery and fornication) which is an Islamic legal term referring to unlawful sexual intercourse, and for homosexuality.

Movies, TV, or any other media will no longer be allowed to show women in bikini It is stated in the Quran and hadiths that women must be veiled and wear hijab or burka, and should therefore be obvious that it will be prohibited. Imagine all these posters at a bus station with happy women showing off their bikinis, or any other stores where they sell clothes will be prohibited.

LGBT-community will be persecuted Homosexuality is punished by death according to hadiths. Any LGBT groups or communities will be prohibited.

Mosques would be build everywhere There are many Islamic countries, including Saudi Arabia, Qatar and Turkey, whose purpose is to spread radical Islam by building mosques in democratic countries. They are not going to stop because they want to dominate Islam with the world.

Churches will be demolished With the rises of mosques, there will be a war against churches. It is also been said by Muslim Clerics that they want to change the name of the danish parliament Christiansborg to Muslimborg. The problem is that the parliament was named after one of the greatest kings of Denmark, Christian the 4th, but apparently they take it as an attack. Hundreds of churches in the UK has been changes to mosques, and many churches in many Islamic countries have been demolished throughout history and are still today.

Corruption will be much more frequently 583

The least corrupt countries in the world are those who are the most democratic, and the most corrupt countries are these who are Islamic, with some exceptions. This is no interpretations, it’s a fact. When it comes to Islam, it doesn't matter what people say, it doesn't change the conclusion that when countries become Islamic, they become the least peaceful countries, least progressive etc.

Extremism will occur even more As it has been presented, almost all verses are not misinterpreted by extremists. Commanding to kill non-believers, apostasy punishment, stoning for adultery, death penalty for drinking alcohol, marrying a child, arranged marriage, having slaves, Jihad is the most important, veiling, death penatly for homosexuality, killing those for criticizing Muhammad, invading non-Islamic countries and subjugate them under sharia, prohibiting non-Muslims to enter mosques, and many others is part of Islam. The problem is that the population rate of extremism increases as the population of moderate Muslims increases – there is nothing you can do about it, except moderate Muslims trying to insist that they are wrong at a press conference. You will be as much of a target as non-believers since Islam orderes to fight the hypocrites. One can ask an Islamic apologists: If 1 out of 500 is an extremist, how many extremists are there in 3.000.000 refugees? Not to mention that there are at least 30% who wants Sharia law in the west, if not up to 80%.

Women will be seen as inferior to men This should be obvious after reading the previous sections and article 1 and 16 in Islam against Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It clearly states that women are half that of men, men own them, they get less in inheritance, they don't have equal rights for divorce, they are like domestic animals, marrying a minor is allowed, arranged marriage is allowed and more.

Beating wife will occur much more frequently It clearly says in the Quran that beating your wife is permissible.

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Beating children will occur even more It is permissible in Islamic laws. The hadith mentioned in article 7 shows that beating children for neglecting prayer is allowed down to they are 10 years old.

Community divisions will occur and create an us vs. them mentality This is already happening and it is only the beginning. Islam is just not compatible with democracy freedom and the western values. They have no intentions to assimilate. They are going to build states within states.

No-Go zones will increase The No-Go zones will be so big, that they will merge with their neighboring NoGo zones and even get bigger till it is big enough to create a mini state.

Local Sharia Laws will increase Just look at UK, Sweden, Australia and Germany. It’s an amazement that the politicians can’t see where the community is headed towards.

They begin to tell you don’t speak with western people This is already happening. In fact in a danish broadcast a Muslim school had been exposed for saying “keep away from the danish” to its Islamic students. By mentioning the Muslim instructor again, when I said that I didn’t like the way Islam is, he told me “it is clear when you speak too much with the danish”. Yes, an instructor told me that, all while teaching danish students with a facade, all while getting everything he needs in the most peaceful, most happy, least corrupt, best welfare country in the world. Denmark and the danish people give you everything you need, and this is what you get. No wonder there are no assimilations and community divisions.

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Criticism of Islam will be strictly prohibited, but criticism of other religions would be allowed Well, this speaks for itself. Not being able to criticize religion is a breach in freedom of speech, freedom of expression and opinions – and therefore the very fundamental of democracy. The problem being a muslim is everything that is being religously is also being taken as a personal assault. This infect it to personal areas, if one corrects a person regarding daily stuff, they will take that too personally because they are used to take everything personally regarding religion. It's a subconscious thing that infect other areas of life, that being corrected is an assault in itself.

Women would gradually be forced to wear hijabs It really has happened everywhere where Islam beforehand wasn’t the primary religion in a country but became later. Like Afghanistan, Lebanon and Pakistan.

Alcohol will gradually be prohibited It really speaks for itself, there are even Sharia Police in UK, Sweden, Germany who patrols the night and forbids Muslims to drink in bars when they see them. This is literally against the law.

Your valentine day would be prohibited This is something not a lot of people knows. Everything that has to do with dating, relationship and so on would be first gradually be seen as taboo, by looking down at you. Holding hands in public and kissing will be banned in public schools and later everywhere.

Secret relationships will only cause big problems You cannot longer have a free relationship in public, and while you are on a date, people will just observe you, criticize you and spread rumors constantly by making small problems into big ones. This is a fundamental freedom, small actions between couples, that somehow becomes problems where you can get

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physically punished. Small rumours like these will make other rumours bigger, which in turns create other problems. Imagine a problem that wasn’t even there in the first place become this problematic every single day of your life. Yeah right, “Islam tells people how mind their own business”.

Bacon will be prohibited It starts with respect, then it becomes a law. Respecting Muslims in school by not cooking anything with bacon is just the beginning. Respecting it this way actually creates the effect of banning it, first in the classes where there are only Muslims, and later on the whole school. And later on everywhere, like workplace or public events.

Pranks will be prohibited Yes even pranks, tricks and mischief will be prohibited.

Helloween will be prohibited Holloween is associated with Gods and Deities other than Allah, so this will also be banned. Therefore customs will also be banned.

Celebration days will be prohibited Any celebration of specific days other than for Allah will be prohibited, like Mothers Day and Fathers Day.

Casinos and playing lotto will be prohibited It is prohibited to play these games in Islam.

Swimming pools will be divided into girls and boys This has already begun in Scandinavia without the authority even considering banning it. Some other places it has become a law to participate, and if they don’t, the parents will get a fine. It’s nothing new, and it has just started.

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Classrooms will be divided into girls and boys In the west where there are Islamic schools, especially in UK, classrooms are divided by gender. If Islam gets too much power, this will happen to the public schools.

Mosques are already divided In a mosque the boys are on one side, while the girls are on the other with a curtain in the middle making sure nobody can see each other. In fact, the males goes inside the Mosque through the main door while the females goes inside the back door. All this is happening while they try to avoid eye contact with each other. The presenter, if not always a male, only looks at the boys. If the presenter has a question from the girls, he asks without looking. This is happening now, and this is what the perfect society is. Dividing everything according to gender is Islamic.

School and religion will be one entity It’s been confirmed in the already Islamic countries, and the newly established Islamic schools in the west, especially in UK, that teaching children knowledge, and teaching them how to be a muslim is one entity.

Open science as we know will be suppressed This is the case with everything that is against the Quran, for example evolution. As you have read in previous chapters about evolution, it is not just about “we look like apes, therefore we come from apes”. There is also the depth of the buried bones, uranium-lead dating, DNA and proteins from the species, and also DNA analyzes from humans all over the world today that proves evolution. Imagine all these facts won’t be important any longer, and it would just be mentioned and laughed at. Unfortunately they have no idea how science is connected.

Jews especially will be persecuted I mean, aren’t they already? In the Sahih hadith (one of the most authentic collections of the Sunnah of the Prophet) it specifically says “The last hour would not come unless the Muslims will fight against the Jews and the Muslims would

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kill them until the Jews would hide themselves behind a stone or a tree and a stone or a tree would say: Muslim, or the servant of Allah, there is a Jew behind me; come and kill him; but the tree Gharqad would not say, for it is the tree of the Jews. “. “Sahih literally means “authentic/valid”! Basically judgement day is not happening until they are dead. This has nothing to do with interpreting it as “this verse only speaks about the time of when Muhammad lived”. This is a universal hate against the Jews.

Adultery which is not even punishable in the West, will become punishable Like written before Zina is allowed in the Quran.

Slavery will be allowed Slavery is allowed in Islam, so you can imagine that there would be some kind of slavery, especially for the females. There is absolutely nobody who can say that slavery is not Islamic when it clearly says in the Quran and hadith it is permissible. This is one little detail they are not telling you.

Marriage with an underage would be normalized This should be obvious that it is permissible in the Quran.

Stealing will be punishable with physical harm Stealing (Hudud) is punished by cutting off the hands. Even mosques in UK has been exposed for given out Saudi Arabias manual for cutting of feet and hands.

You will be judged on your strength of belief rather than your character and skills Trust me, this is actually the case. Imagine being criticized, observed and judges of how much you are following Islam in the correct way.

Politicians can no longer express themselves freely and 589

give their public opinions, death threats will therefore be a common thing Democracy, freedom of speech, freedom of expression, freedom to give opinions? Even though they are not against Islam, it will be a norm in other fields not having democracy.

If the government becomes extreme, you can’t criticize it In the west, we take this for granted but it actually plays a very big role in a free society.

Music will be banned Music is not allowed according to hadiths.

Clubs will be banned This should be obvious. The Sharia Police are already on their mission.

Porn will be banned This should also be obvious. Although porn is actually not good for yourself, Islam is going to take it away from you with force.

Individualism will be suppressed By now you should have an idea that the Quran and hadiths makes sure you don’t have any privacy life and there is absolutely no individualism.

Basically The Universal Declaration of Human Rights will be destroyed All these fundamental freedom that will be prohibited will make sure a society

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cannot function anymore. The freedom of religion is a self-eating human rights.

Other considerations Every time we give in to Islam's demands such as providing a prayer room or taking pork off a menu, we are accepting Sharia. - Judy Willem, Moorhead Men fight for liberty and win it with hard knocks. Their children, brought up easy, let it slip away again, poor fools. And their grandchildren are once more slaves D. H. Larrence "If you surrender a civilization to avoid social disapproval, you should know that all of history will curse for your cowardliness" - Alice Teller This is exactly the case with the crusades and the modern world. They have died so a peaceful future was guaranteed. It's more than disturbing when liberals help intolerant people to build their intolerant infrastructure in the West in the name of tolerance - Hamed Abdel Samad The United Nations Human Rights OHCHR's Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide article II says: Article II In the present Convention, genocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such: (a) Killing members of the group; (b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; (c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; (d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; (e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group. The article II-c is the important one, changing the conditions in a group is

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actually genocide. The quran below prohibits to live among non-muslims: Indeed, those whom the angels take [in death] while wronging themselves - [the angels] will say, "In what [condition] were you?" They will say, "We were oppressed in the land." The angels will say, "Was not the earth of Allah spacious [enough] for you to emigrate therein?" For those, their refuge is Hell - and evil it is as a destination. Except for the oppressed among men, women and children who cannot devise a plan nor are they directed to a way - Quran 4:97-98 But spreading islam to their countries is allowed or the purpose for da'wah.

European Court of Human Rights on Sharia law The annual report from 2003 by European Court of Human Rights states the following in regards to the laws of Islam: "Noting that the Welfare Party had pledged to set up a regime based on sharia law, the Court found that sharia was incompatible with the fundamental principles of democracy as set forth in the Convention. It considered that “sharia, which faithfully reflects the dogmas and divine rules laid down by religion, is stable and invariable. Principles such as pluralism in the political sphere or the constant evolution of public freedoms have no place in it”. According to the Court, it was difficult to declare one’s respect for democracy and human 22 rights while at the same time supporting a regime based on sharia, which clearly diverged from Convention values, particularly with regard to its criminal law and criminal procedure, its rules on the legal status of women and the way it intervened in all spheres of private and public life in accordance with religious precepts." - Annual Report 2003 of the European Court of Human Rights, Council of Europe

The Muslim Brotherhood plan for North America The Holy Land Foundation, which was the largest Islamic charity in USA, was charged with laundering money in what became the largest trial in the history of the United States. During the raids by the FBI of a Virginia home in 2004 in regard to the investigation, a memo by the Muslim Brotherhood was discovered, titled “Explanatory Memorandum on the General Strategic Goal for the Group in

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North America”, written in 1991. In one excerpt of the meme it says: 4- Understanding the role of the Muslim Brother in North America The process of settlement is a "Civilization-Jihadist Process" with all the word means. The Ikhwanmust understand that their work in America is a kind of grand Jihadin eliminating and destroying the Western civilization from within and "sabotaging" its miserable house by their hands and the hands of the believers so that it is eliminated and God's religion is made victorious over all other religions. Without this level of understanding, we are not up to this challenge and have not prepared ourselves for Jihad yet. It is a Muslim's destiny to perform Jihad and work wherever he is and wherever he lands until the final hour comes, and there is no escape from that destiny except for those who chose to slack. But, would the slackers and Mujahedeen be equal. In short, playing the victim card, the minority card, and when becoming a majority, change the secular laws into Islamic laws.

The account of Brigitte Gabriel Below is an account by Brigitte Gabriel who, as a Christian Lebanese, lived in Lebanan when it began being turned into an Islamic state. The full transcript has not been included due to it being too graphic. "I was introduced to radical Islam when I was 10 years old when the Muslims blew up my home as they shouted Allahu Akbar, bringing me down and burying me under the rubble wounded. My only crime was that I was a Christian living in a Christian town. I learned that at the age of 10 years old the meaning of the word infidel. I had a crash course in survival, not in Girl Scouts, but in a bomb shelter where I lived for seven years of my life, without electricity, with no water and very little food. To get some food I would crawl out under the bombs and the snipers bullets to gather grass to eat, and we would crawl to a nearby spring to get some water. At the age of 13 I dressed in my burial clothes, getting ready to go to bed at night, waiting to be slaughtered at the hands of the Muslims, and by the age of 20 I had buried most of my friends who were killed by Muslims. And we were not Americans living in New York, and we were not British citizens

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living in London; we were Arab Christians living in Lebanon. I come from Lebanon. Many people do not realize that Lebanon used to be the only majority Christian country in the Middle East. We were open-minded, we were fair, we were tolerant, we had open border policy, we welcomed everyone into our country because we wanted to share with them the westernization which we had created in the heart of the Arabic world in the Middle East. Because of the majority Christian presence in Lebanon, we were good in commerce, we focused on building the country. In a very short period of time Lebanon became Paris of the Middle East and the banking capital of the Middle East. But sadly because of our open border policy and our open-mindedness and intolerance and fairness, we welcomed people who were not supposed to be in our country in the first place. Muslims used to send their children to study in our universities because we had built the best universities in the Middle East and the Arabic world. They graduated and they stayed and worked in our economy because we had built the best economy in the Arabic world even though we did not have any oil. But even though we had the problems with the Muslims especially as the population, the Islamic population grew because of the multiple birth rates and we the Christians started shrinking because we simply do not get married to multiple wives like they, do we don't have many children like they do. So over 20-30 years of this trend they became the majority and we became the minority. But we always had the problems maintained between the Christians who have become the minority and the Muslims who have become the majority and till the influx of the Palestinians out of Jordan which we as a civilized country, as an open-hearted country, took them in here, we took in a group of Palestinian terrorists. Yasser Arafat was kicked out of Jordan when he tried to overthrow King Hussein out of power, but because of the dictatorship of the King, King Hussein kicked them out and actually killed more Palestinians and black September than the State of Israel has killed in all its existence. We as a majority Christian country open-minded and fair and tolerant and multicultural, we were the only Arabic country that took a third wave of Palestinian refugees into the country. Once they came in, the majority of them were Muslims, they put their heads together with that with the Muslims in Lebanon and declared war on the Christians and that's when the Civil War began in 1975. I was 10 years old when the war started. Because of the presence of the

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Palestinians and because of the open border, a lot of people, a lot of Muslims poured into from Arabic countries throughout the Middle East to help the Palestinians establish a presence in Lebanon. They wanted to use our open borders, our laws, our westernization, our fair and open mindedness against us, using our laws against us. People do not realize that Lebanon is a republic, very much like the United States of America, so our enemy was able, not only to infiltrate our country, but also use our existing laws to their benefit to establish their presence and twist the laws to their side. And we had many people in the country, including many Christians who actually marched with the Palestinians and the Islamists, asking for more Islamic representations on the government for them, thinking that they're taking on the cause of the underdog, however once the massacring began in 1975, once the Muslims became the majority and started taking over Christian cities and towns and killing them, that's when they would walk into the Christian homes. And some of those Christian leftist who basically demonstrated with the Islamist and said "what do you mean you're here to kill us and to slaughter us, we demonstrated with you, we pushed for your rights and the government, we pushed for you to take a part of whatever we had established". And the trends that we saw happening in Lebanon, once the Muslims and the Palestinians started massacring the Christians and they would welcome to Christian homes and even some of them leftist who demonstrated with the Islamists and fought for a new laws to be established in the country to protect the presence of the Palestinians who came to the country under refugee status, the Muslims would kill them and they would tell them "you were as infidels as any other infidel and either there's nothing but death". And those stories we heard from those who fled and came to our area which was the last Christian area left in southern Lebanon, and this was the price that we paid for our openmindedness and our tolerance of those who came into our country, who had no intention of assimilating with us, who had no intention in becoming a part of the Lebanese society and advancing with our Western advancement in the Middle East, but wanted to come, and once they became the majority, wanted to impose their backwardness, their way of life, their way of being on us which brought our culture down. And today when you watch the news, you are no longer seeing Lebanon as Paris of the Middle East, you are seeing Lebanon as a terrorist infrastructure, a terrorist organization where Hizbollah, Iran, Syria and the axis of evil have taken control of the country and basically now becoming a hug bed of Islamic extremists,

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spreading their extremism all throughout the world." - Brigitte Gabriel

The moderate way of making secular countries into Islamic countries The following text has been written by an anymous person. "When the Muslim refugees came, I didn't protest - they were just poor refugees. When they built mosques and Islamic cultural centers, I didn't protest - they have the right to pray to Allah. When they demanded only halal food in schools I didn't protest - they can only eat what the Koran allows them to eat. when they gang-raped women and girls I didn't protest - rapes occur in every culture, and they have nothing to do with Islam. When they carried out terror attacks I didn't protest - It was only a few extremists, who didn't represent true Islam. Whey they demanded Sharia Law zones I didn't protest - they needed their own space, and we live in a free country. When their MPs took their seats in parliament I didn't protest - they're almost half the population now, and have their rights. When they introduced Islamic Sharia Law, demanding that it apply to the entire population, it was too late for me to protest." - Unknown There are different Muslims, like moderate Muslims, conversative Muslims, radical Muslims - but there is only one Islam, that is radical Islam.

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Chapter 10: Memorable quotes

Introduction We have included various quotes that we found to be of importance.

Quotes “There is no way an atheist can win an argument with the religious purely because the only weapons an atheist has are reason and logic and the religious are immune to both” “Jews and Christians are filthy. Their lives and property can be taken in Jihad by the Muslims” - Imam Abu Ammaar Yasir Qadhi “If suicide bombing was a shortcut to paradise, whoever convinced you would have blown himself up before you” - Imam Tawhidi “The Islamic Mozart, the Islamic Gerard Reve, the Islamic Bill Gates; they do not exist because without freedom there is no creativity” - Geert Wilders “When they say “I’ll pray for you”, give that wonderful reply: “I’ll think for you” Richard Dawkins “Multiculturalism should not mean that we tolerate another’s intolerance. If we do in fact support diversity, women’s right, and gays rights, then we cannot in good conscience give Islam a free pass on the grounds of multicultural sensitivity” Ayaan Hirsi Ali “Islam is not a religion of peace, it’s a political theory of conquest that seeks domination by any means it can” - Ayaan Hirsi Ali “Syria was Christian, Iran was Zoroastrian, Pakistan was Hindu, Palestine was Jewish & Afghanistan was Buddhist. These people lost their land & lives because of pseudo secularism. Now all these nations are Islamic” - Ayaan Hirsi Ali "If Islam is so fantastic, why do muslims seek refuge in Christian countries? Katie Hopkins “There are no Christians, as far as I know, blowing up buildings. I am not aware of any Christian suicide bombers. I am not aware of any major Christian

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denomination that believes the penalty for apostasy is death. I have mixed feelings about the decline of Christianity, in so far as Christianity might be a bulwark against something worse.” - Richard Dawkins “If religious instruction were not allowed until the child had attained the age of reason, we would be living in a quite different world” - Christopher Hitchens “Religions survive mainly because they brainwash the young.” ~ A.C. Grayling “Faith is belief without evidence and reason; coincidentally that’s also the definition of delusion.” ~ Richard Dawkins “A woman converting to Islam is like a black man converting to slavery” - Bret L. McAtee. "The worst form of slavery is when the slave believes he is free. This is how women under Islam feel" - Wafa Sultan “You don’t need religion to have morals. If you can’t determine right from wrong, then you lack empathy, not religion” - Anonymous “When Muslims are in the minority they are concerned with minority rights, when they are in the majority there are no minority rights” - Winston Churchill “Without freedom of speech, there is no modern world, just a barbaric one” - Ai Weiwei "I do not agree with what you have to say, but I'll defend to the death your right to say it" - Voltaire “If God doesn’t like the way I live, let him tell me, not you” - Anonymous “I studied the Quran a great deal. I came away from that study with the conviction that by and large there have been few religions in the world as deadly to men as that of Muhammad” - Alexis de Tocqueville, 1838 “We must never tolerate intolerance... and Sharia is intolerant” - Anonymous “A world without freedom of speech is a world of slavery and tyranny” - Prof. Jordan B. Peterson

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“The violent tendencies of the Koran are so striking that I cannot understand how any man with good sense could miss them” - Alexis de Tocqueville, 1838 “Religion should be treated as personal as sex. People should consider the question “What religion do you follow?” as awkward as “How well did you fuck your wife last night?”” - Kamal Haasan “Tell people there’s an invisible man in the sky who created the universe, and the vast majority believe you. Tell them the paint is wet, and they have to touch it to be sure” - George Carlin “Freedom of speech is useless without freedom of though” - Spiro Agnew ““After Saturday comes Sunday” is a traditional proverb among Arab muslims, which means: First we kill the Jews then we kill the Christians” - Anonymous “Without freedom of though, there can be no such thing as wisdom, and no such thing as public liberty, without freedom of speech” - Benjamin Franklin “Religion is like a pair of shoes.... Find one that fits for you, but don’t make me wear your shoes” - George Carlin “Science will admit when it is wrong. Religion will kill to prove it is right” Anonymous “A radical muslim wants to behead you. A moderate muslim wants a radical muslim to behead you” - Anonymous “Tolerance of intolerance is cowardice” - Ayaan Hirsi Ali “If Islam is the same as every other religion, why do I have to walk around with armed bodyguards?” - Ayaan Hirsi Ali "If the Arabs had the choice between two states, secular and religious, they would vote for the religious and flee to the secular." - Ali Al-Wardi (Iraqi sociologist) “If Islam is allowed to win, it means the end of human civilization. If Islam wins, humanity will enter a dark age from which it can never emerge” - Ali Sina, Islamic apostate

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“And what I found was, that living life as a good person was better than being a good Muslim” - Anonymous “As long as there is this book, there will be no peace in the world” - William Gladstone, 4 times Prime Minister of Great Britain while holding the Quran above his head in the parliament “Take comfort in the fact that when an atheist is kind to you, it’s not because they’re trying to get into Heaven” - Anonymous “It is worse not to pray than to kill” ~ Mohammad Hoblo, 2015 “The militant Muslim is the person who beheads the infidel, while the moderate Muslim holds the feet of the victim.” ~ Marco Polo “Islam is not a race.. Islam is simply a set of beliefs, and it is not ‘Islamophobic’ to say Islam is incompatible with liberal democracy” - Ayaan Hirsi Ali “I try to do good in the world not out of fear for hell or reward of heaven, but because it feels better not to be an asshole” ~ Anonymous “Religious apologists complain bitterly that atheists and secularists are aggressive and hostile in their criticism of them. I always say: look, when you guys were in charge, you didn’t argue with us, you just burnt us at the stake. Now what we’re doing is, we’re presenting you with some arguments and some challenging questions, and you complain.” ~ A.C. Grayling “About 61% of the contents of the Koran are found to speak ill of the unbelievers or call for their violent conquest; at best only 2.6% of the verses of the Koran are noted to show goodwill toward humanity. About 75% of Muhammad’s biography (Sira) consists of jihad waged on unbeliever.” - Dr. Moorthy Muhtuswamy "Jesus Christ is the symbol of peace. He did not carry a sword, chop off heads, or accuse anyone of heresy." - Wafa Sultan "The truth will set you free" - John 8:32 "Something you can convert to is not a race. A statement of simple fact is not bigotry" - Richard Dawkins

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"Once miracles are admitted, every scientific explanation is out of the question" Johannes Kepler "Why won't people believe that I am God? It's really annoying. They suddenly want proof. I shouldn't have to prove it. What happened to faith?" - Ricky Gervais "Military cemeteries around the world are packed with brainwashed dead soldiers who were convinced God was on their side. America prays for God to destroy our enemies. Our enemies pray for God to destroy us. Somebody's gonna be disappointed! Somebody's wasting their time! Could it be.. Everyone?" - George Carlin "Religion has actually convinced people that there's an invisible man living in the sky who watches everything you do, every minute of every day. And the invisible man has a special list of ten things he does not want you to do. And if you do any of these ten things, he has a special place, full of fire and smoke and burning and torture and anguish, where he will send you to live and suffer and burn and choke and scream and cry forever and ever 'til the end of time! But He loves you.." - George Carlin "Whole areas, towns and parts of towns across England will be occupied by sections of the immigrant and immigrant-descended population." - Enoch Powell, speech from 20th Aprill 1968 "It is impossible - impossible - for any human being to read the biography of Muhammad and believe in it, and yet emerge a psychologically and mentally healthy person" - Wafa Sultan "If you want to destroy any nation without war, make adultery and nudity common in the young generation" - Salahuddin Ayyubi, 12th century "Evil preaches tolerance until it is dominant, then it tries to silence good." Archbishop Charles J. Chaput "Tolerance and Apathy are the last virtues of a dying society" - Aristotle “The difference between the three Abrahamic religions: Christianity – mumbling to the ceiling, Judaism – mumbling to the wall, Islam – mumbling to the floor.” Bill Maher

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"When you pray, do not be like the hypocrites! They love to stand up and pray in the houses of worship and on the street corners, so that everyone will see them. I assure you, they have already been paid in full." - Matthew 6:5 "Politeness never defeated an existential threat" - Chateau Heartiste "If you surrender a civilization to avoid social disapproval, you should know that all of history will curse you for your cowardliness.'' - Alice Teller "Not to oppose error is to approve it; and not to defend truth is to suppress it" Pope St Felix III Those who can make you believe in absurdities, can make you commit atrocities" - Voltaire “Just because you do not take an interest in politics doesn't mean politics won't take an interest in you.” - Pericles "It is funny that they have to rely upon the inventions of the infidels to save them" - Anonymous Ask the right questions, and nature will open the doors to her secrets - Dr. CV Raman Cherish those who seek the truth but beware of those who find it - Voltaire One of the saddest thing is seeing the way some muslims try to make their lives better, fail because of the Islamic way they were raised with or for simply religous reasons and then seek comfort in Islam again... which made their lives terrible in the first place - Anonymous How easy it is to make people a lie, and how hard it is to undo that work again! Mark Twain Islam needs disproving? Last time I checked they hadn't even made a single remotely credible claim. - Anonymous Disproving? When was it proved? - Anonymous

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The love for all living creatures is the most noble attribute of men - Charles Darwin Muhammad was a perfect man? Surely a perfect man would be able to read and write? - Anonymous Those muslims who say proudly Corrona has forced everyone to wear the niqab and forced women to stop shaking hands with men and forced singers and dancers to stop their performance. Don't you actually notice that you're comparing your religion to a deadly epidemic? - Hamed Abdel-Samad "Mental illness is key to understanding Islam" - Anonymous You believe that all humanity came from adam and eve, and humans have not evolved at all since. So tell me; between the two of them, which one was black, which one was white, and which one was Asian? - Richard Dawkins There is simply no polite way to tell people they've dedicated their lives to a illusion - Daniel Dennett I always think it's a sign of victory when they move on to the ad hominem Christoffer Hitchens "Muslims don't have the answers even to our simplest questions. If you ask a question, Muslims will give you an answer. It just won't be a real answer." - David Wood "Islam was not a torch, as has been claimed, but an extinguisher. Conceived in a barbarous brain for the use of a barbarous people, it was - and it remains - incapable of adapting itself to civilization. Wherever it has dominated, it has broken the impulse towards progress and checked the evolution of society." André Servier (1923) "Truth sounds like hate to those who hate the truth" - Anonymous "A woman in Islam is considered less smarter than men. Except for sex, then she is mature and smart enough from the age of nine" - Anonymous "What you find in the Quran is an extremely primitive science. That was nothing more than the common man could have learned from general interactions with

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learned society at the time." - Embryologist "Without data, you're just another person with an opinion" - W. Edwards Deming "9/11, Islam's biggest blunder. They awoke a sleeping giant" - Anonymous "Men only suffers because he take seriously... what God made for fun" Anonymouys "Disproving? When was it proved?" - Anonymous "If Islam is the solution, I would rather have the problem" - Anonymous "How easy is it to make people believe a lie, and how hard it is to undo that work again! - Mark Twain "Cherish those who seek the truth but beware of those who find it" - Voltaire If the Quran allegedly has all these scientific miracles, then why has it always been non-Muslims discovering them and not the ones who have been reading the book for centuries? - Anonymous "Where men build on false grounds, the more they build, the greater is the ruin." Hobbes, Leviathan "One of the saddest things is seeing the way some muslims try to make their lives better, fail because of the islamic way they were raised with or for simply religious reasons and then seek comfort in Islam again... which made their lives terrible in the first place." - Anonymous "The only peace you're gonna find in the Quran is from one Muslim to another Muslim" - Jay Smith

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