Discourse politeness in Japanese conversation : some implications for a universal theory of politeness

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Discourse politeness in Japanese conversation : some implications for a universal theory of politeness

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ひつじ研究叢書( 言語編) 第 1卷方言地理学の展開徳川宗賢著 第 3 卷 日 本 語 の 音 ---- 音声学と音韻論-----城田俊著 第 4 卷 古代 日 本 語 母 音 論 一 上代特殊仮名遣のW解 釈 松 本 克 己 著 第 5 巻パン ト ゥ諸語動詞アクセントの研究湯川恭敏著 第 6 卷 Studies in English and Japanese Auxiliaries: A Multi-stratal Approach SAWADA Harumi 第7卷言語の時間表現金子亨著 第8卷拾遗 日本文法論奥津敬一郎著 第 9 卷日本語条件表現史の研究小林賢次著 第 10 卷 束 縛 関 係 一一代用表現と 移動——

中村捷著

第 11 卷 意 味 分 析 の 方 法 一 理 論 と 実践——

森田良行著

第 12 巻 上 代 語 の 構 文 と 表 記 佐 佐 木 隆 著 第 13 巻日本語文法の諸問題 一 - 高橋太郎先斗:占希記念論文集—

鈴木泰■角田太作編

第 14 卷 日 本 語 文 法 体 系 と 方 法 川 端 善 明 • 仁 田 義 雄 編 第 15 卷日本語方言 一 型 ア ク セ ン ト の 研 究 山 ロ 幸 洋 著 第 16 卷 複 合 動 詞 の 構 造 と 意 味 用 法 姫 野 昌 子 著 第 17 卷 現 代 言 語 理 論 と 格 石 綿 敏 雄 著 第 18 卷 萬 葉 集 と 上 代 語 佐 佐 木 隆 著

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第 19 巻 日 本 語 記 述 文 法 の 理 論 近 藤 泰 弘 著 第 20 卷 日 英 語 の 自 他 の 交 替 丸 田 忠 雄 . 須 賀 一 好 編 第 21 卷 日 本 語 意 味 と 文 法 の 風 景 一 国広哲弥教授古稀記念論文集— 山 田 進 . 菊地康人. 籾山洋介編 第 22 卷 日 本 語 の 情 報 構 造 と 統 語 構 造 カ レ ル • フ ィ ア ラ 著 第 23 巷 Old English Constructions with Multiple Predicates OHKADO Masayuki 第 24 卷

Bound variables and coreferental pronouns: Zero and overt pronouns in Japanese and English SUGIURA Shigeko

第 25 卷日本 語 の モ ダ リ テ ィ の 史 的 研 究 高 山 善 行 著 第 26 卷

Discourse Politeness in Japanese Conversation USAMI Mayumi

第 27 卷 日 本 語 文 法 の 発 想 森 田 良 行 著

Discourse Politeness in Japanese Conversation Some Implications for a Universal Theory of Politeness

by USAMI Mayumi

Hituzi Syobo Tokyo

CopyrightOUSAMI Mayumi 2002 Author: USAMI Mayumi Affiliation: Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, Associate professor of social psychology of language and teaching of Japanese as a second language Address: Faculty of Foreign Studies Tokyo University of Foreign Studies 3-11-1 Asahi-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8534, JAPAN Phone & Fax: +81-42-330-5355 (Direct line) E-mail: [email protected] All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purposes of cnticism and review, no part of this publication may be reduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the written prior permission of the publisher. In case of photocopying and electronic copying and retrieval from network personally, permission will be given on receipts of payment and mailing inquiries. For details please contact us through e-mail. Our e-mail address is given below. cover photograph Tetsuya Murata (MASH) Hituzi Syobo Publishing LTD. Kayo-Flat 303 4-7-12 Kohinata Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 112-0006, JAPAN phone +81-3-5978-6608 fax +81-3-5978-6610 e-mail [email protected] http ://www. hi tuzi .co.j p/ postal transfer 00120-8-142852 ISBN4-89476-154-8

Printed in Japan



For all the people who supported me

especiully tny bestfrien d ctnd husband Iku mother Nobuko, and the late Yasuo Usami

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CONTENTS A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T S .................................................................................................................x iii P R E F A C E ....................................................................................................................................................... CH A PTER 1 IN T R O D U C T IO N : W hy study discourse politeness?..................................................................................................... 1 Pragmatic Politeness and Discourse P oliteness..........................................................................3 Research Context: Theoretical Background o f Politeness T heory........................................... 5 Pilot Studies....................................................................................................................................30 Research Q uestions.......................................................................................................................31 H ypotheses................................................................................................................. 33 Aims and Outline o f the S tudy.................................................................................................... 35 CH A PTER 2 M ETHODS: A social psychological approach to conversation analysis........................................................ 37 Experimental Design o f Conversation P airings........................................................................37 Data Collection......................................................................................................... 一................. 40 S u b jects.......................................................................................................................................... 42 P rocedures...................................................................................................................................... 47 Transcription...................................................................................................................................51 C o d in g .............................................................................................................................................56 Coding R eliability.........................................................................................................................61 A nalyses......................................................................................................................................... 62 Issues o f V alidity...........................................................................................................................62 Some Methodological C oncerns.................................................................................................65 C H A PTER 3 ASSESSM ENT O F DATA VALIDITY : H ow people perceived their interlocutors and the conversations w ith th e m ........................67 Correlation Between the Intended Perception and the Perception o f Interlocutors and the Conversations with T h e m .......................................................................................... 67 Experimental Design and the Subjects’ Perceptions o f Interlocutors................................... 72 The Subjects5Perception o f the Conversations and Their Own P erform ance..................... 82 S um m ary........................................................................................................................................88 C H A PTER 4 GENERAL FEATURES : Linguistic features of conversations between new acquaintances................................................ 89 Total Number o f U tterances........................................................................................................ 89 Proportion o f Each Speaker’s Total Number o f U tterances....................................................92 Proportion o f Substantive Utterances and Backchannels........................................................ 93 Type o f U tterance..........................................................................................................................98 Correlation Between Linguistic Feature Usage and the Participants' Perceptions o f Partners* Social Identity and Conversational E ase.........................................................102 S um m ary...................................................................................................................................... 105

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CHAPTER 5 S TR U C T U R E O F T H E VERY FIRST PART O F CONVERSATIONS: W hat people talk about and how they develop topics w ith a new acquaintance............107 Structure o f Conversation........................................................................................................... 107 S um m ary...................................................................................................................................... 134

CHAPTER 6 SEN TEN CE/U TTERA N CE-LEV EL BEHAVIOR : H ow people chose linguistic forms at the sentence level...................................................... 135 Speech Level o f Each U tterance............................................................................................... 135 Sentence-Final Speech Level o f Each U tterance................................................................... 169 Summary: How did the Speaker's Choice of Linguistic Forms Function in Discourse Politeness? .181

CHAPTER 7 DISCOURSE-LEVEL BEHAVIOR : How people interacted w ith a new acquaintance in conversation.......................................185 Speech-Level S hifts................................................................................................................... 185 Proportions o f Topic Initiations............................................................................................... 205 Summary: How did Discourse Behavior Function in Discourse Politeness?...................212

CHAPTER 8 RELA TIONSHIPS BETW EEN S E N T E N C E A N D DISCOURSE-LEVEL BEHAVIOR : H ow people m anipulated linguistic forms and discourse p h en o m en a...............................213 Correlations among the Choice o f Linguistic Forms at the Sentence Level, the Speech-Level Shift, and Topic Initiation as Discourse B ehaviors......................... 214 Summary: How did the Manipulation o f Linguistic Forms and Discourse Behavior Function in Discourse P oliteness?..........................................219

CHAPTER 9 CO N CLU SIO N S: Discourse politeness as a dynam ic whole o f pragm atic (u n ctio n s........................................221 Politeness o f Linguistic Forms at the Sentence/Utterance L evel.........................................221 Politeness o f Discourse Behavior..............................................................................................223 Implications for a Universal Theory of Politeness: Discourse Politeness as the Dynamic Whole o f Pragmatic F unctions................................................................. 225 Implications for Second/Foreign Language Teaching and Intercultural Communication .... 227

APPENDICES...........................................................................................................231 REFERENCES...........................................................................................................317 INDEX...................................................................................................................... 337

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LIST OF TABLES Table Table Table Table Table Table

1 2 3 4 5 6-1

Table 6,2 Table 7 Table 8 Table 9 Table 10 Table 11 Table 12 Table 13 Table 14 Table 15 Table 16 Table 17 Table 18 Table 19 Table 20-1 Table 20-2 Table 21-1 Table 21-2 Table 22 Table 23-1 Table 23-2 Table 24-1 Table 24-2 Table 25-1 Table 25-2 Table 26 Table 27-1 Table 27-2 Table 28-1 Table 28-2 Table 29-1 Table 29-2

Experimental Design.......................................................................................................... 38 Combinations o f Pairings for a Base Subject.................................................................... 38 Subjects* Demographic Information and Combination of 72Conversations.................. 43 Educational Background o f the Subjects.......................................................................... 43 Subjects’ Occupations..................................................................................... 44 Correlations Among Intended Perception and Subjects' Perception of Interlocutors and the Conversations with Them (B ases)...................................................................69 Correlations Among Intended Perception and Subjects* Perception of Interlocutors and the Conversations with Them (Interlocutors)....................................................... 70 Rating of “Age” ...................................................................................................................73 Rating of “Social Status” ................................................................................................... 75 Sum of the Ratings on “Age and Social Status” ...............................................................77 Rating of “Partner’s Manner of Speaking and Attitude” ...................................................78 Rating of “Ease o f Carrying on Conversation” .................................................................81 Rating o f “Naturalness of the Manner of Speaking’ ,........................................................83 Rating of “Consciousness of Being Audio-Recorded” .................................................... 85 Rating of “Influence of Repetition on the Conversations” .............................................. 87 Average o f Total Number of Utterances by Speaker and Conversation.......................... 90 Average Proportion of Each Speaker's Utterances per Conversation..............................92 Proportion of Substantive Utterances and Backchannels................................................. 94 Percentage of Each Type of Utterance (Bases)............................................................... 100 Percentage o f Each Type of Utterance (Interlocutors)....................................................101 Correlation Between Linguistic Feature Usage and the Participants1 Perceptions of Partners* Social Identity and Conversational Ease (Bases).................................. 103 Correlation Between Linguistic Feature Usage and the Participants’ Perceptions of Partners5 Social Identity and Conversational Ease (Interlocutors).......................104 Average Proportion of Utterances in Each Topic Category (Bases).............................. 110 Average Proportion of Utterances in Each Topic Category (Interlocutors)................... I ll Average Frequency of Each Speech Level (Bases and Interlocutors)...........................140 Percentage of Each Speech Level (Bases).......................................................................141 Percentage of Each Speech Level (Interlocutors)........................................................... 142 Proportion of Each Speech Level in Total Utterances, Including Only Those with Politeness Markers (Bases)............................................144 Proportion of Each Speech Level in Total Utterances, Including Only Those with Politeness Markers (Interlocutors)................................ 145 Correlations Between the Speaker's Choice of Speech Level and Participants' Perceptions of Partners5 Social Identity (Bases)........................... 147 Correlations Between the Speaker's Choice of Speech Level and Participants* Perceptions of Partners5 Social Identity (Interlocutors)................148 Average Frequency of Sentence-Final Speech Level (Bases and Interlocutors)......... 169 Average Percentage of Sentence-Final Speech Level (Bases)........................................170 Average Percentage of Sentence-Final Speech Level (Interlocutors)............................ 171 Correlations Between Sentence-Final Speech Levels and Participants' Perceptions of Partners' Social Identity, and Conversational Factors (Bases)............................. 174 Correlations Between Sentence-Final Speech Levels and Participants’ Perceptions o f Partners’ Social Identity, and Conversational Factors (Interlocutors)..................175 Percentage of Each Speech-Level Shift (Bases).............................................................190 Percentage of Each Speech-Level Shift (Interlocutors)................................................. 191

Table 30-1 Table 30-2 Table 31 Table 32-1 Table 32-2 Table 33-1 Table 33-2

Correlations Between Speech-Level Shifts and Participants Perceptions of Interlocutors* Social Identity, and Conversational Ease (Bases).................. Correlations Between Speech-Level Shifts and Participants* Perceptions of Interlocutors5Social Identity, and Conversational Ease (Interlocutors)...... Average Proportions of Topic Initiations............................................................... Correlation Between the Frequencies and Proportions of Topic Initiations and Perception of Partners' Social Identity (Bases)........................................... Correlation Between the Frequencies and Proportions of Topic Initiations and Perception of Partners’ Social Identity (Interlocutors).............................. Coirelations among Sentence-Level Behaviors and Discourse Behaviors (Bases)........ Correlations among Sentence-Level Behaviors and Discourse Behaviors (Interlocutors)

APPENDICES Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table

1-1 1-2 2-1 2-2 3 4 5-1 5-2 6 7-1 7-2

Table

7-3

Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table

8-1 8-2 9-1 9-2 10-1 10-2 11 12

Rating o f “Age” ........................................................................................................... Reasons for Age Rating (multiple choices).............................................................. Rating of “Social Status” .......................................................................................... Reasons for Social Status Rating (multiple choices).............................................. Rating of “Ease of Carrying on Conversation” ....................................................... Rating of “Naturalness” .............................................................................................. Rating of “Consciousness of Being Audio-Recorded” ............................................ Rating of “Influence of Being Audio-Recorded on the Manner of Speaking” .... Rating of “Influence of Repetition” ........................................................................... Average Percentage of Each Speech Level (Bases).................................................. Average Percentage of Each Speech Level (Interlocutors): Super-Polite and Polite Form s............................................................................... Average Percentage of Each Speech Level (Interlocutors): Non-Polite Form and Non-Marked Utterances..................................................... Average Percentages of Speech-Level Shifts (Bases)............................................... Average Percentages of Speech-Level Shifts (Interlocutors).................................... Average Percentages of Downshifts (Bases)............................................................. Average Percentages of Downshifts (Interlocutors).................................................. Average Percentages of Upshifts (Bases)................................................................... Average Percentages of Upshifts (Interlocutors)..................................................... Average Percentages of No-shifts (Interlocutors).................................................... Average Proportion of Topic Initiations (Bases only)..............................................

1 9 3 1 9 4 2 0 6 2 0 8 2 0 9 2 1 5 2 1 6 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 4 3 2 4 3 2 4 4 2 4 6 2 4 7 2 4 7 2 4 8 3 0 6 3 0 7 3 0 8 3 0 9 3 1 0 3 1 1 3 1 2 3 1 3 3 1 4 3 1 5 3 1 6

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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12

Circumstances determining choice of strategy (from Brown & Levinson 1987:60)....16 Recording Procedure..........................................................................................................48 Means of Rating “Age” .......................................................................................................73 Means of Rating “Social Status” ........................................................................................ 75 Means of Rating “Age and Social Status” .........................................................................77 Means of Rating “Ease of Carrying on Conversation” ..................................................... 81 Means of Rating “Naturalness of the Manner of Speaking” ............................................. 83 Means of Rating “Consciousness of Being Audio-Recorded” ..........................................85 Means of Rating “Influence of Repetition on the Conversation” .....................................87 Average of Total Number of Utterances by Conversation............................................... 90 Average Proportion of Each Speaker's Utterances per Conversation..............................92 Proportion of Substantive Utterances and Backchannels for Both Bases and Interlocutors............................................................................................................. 95 Figure 13-1 Proportion of Backchannels by Interlocutor’s Age andGender (B ases).........................% Figure 13-2 Proportion of Backchannels by Interlocutor's Age andGender(Interlocutors)..............96 Figure 14-1 Percentage of Each Type of Utterance (Bases).............................................................. 100 Figure 14-2 Percentage of Each Type of Utterance (Interlocutors)...................................................101 Figure 15-1 Average Proportion of Utterances in Each Topic Category (Bases)..............................110 Figure 15-2 Average Proportion of Utterances in Each Topic Category (Interlocutors).................. I l l Figure lb-1 Percentage of Each Speech Level (Bases)..................................................................... 141 Figure 16-2 Percentage of Each Speech Level (Interlocutors).......................................................... 142 Figure 17-1 Proportion of Each Speech Level in Total Utterances, Including Only Those with Politeness Markers (Bases)............................................. 144 Figure 17-2 Proportion of Each Speech Level in Total Utterances, Including Only Those with Politeness Markers (Interlocutors)................................. 145 Figure 18-1 Results of ANOVA: Mean Percentage of Super-Polite Forms (Bases)......................... 153 Figure 18-2 Results of ANOVA: Mean Percentage of Super-Polite Forms (Interlocutors)..............153 Figure 19-1 Results of ANOVA: Mean Percentage of Polite Forms (B ases).....................................154 Figure 19-2 Results of ANOVA: Mean Percentage of Polite Forms (Interlocutors)......................... 154 Figure 20-1 Results of ANOVA: Mean Percentage of Non-Polite Forms (Bases)............................ 155 Figure 20-2 Results of ANOVA: Mean Percentage of Non-Polite Forms (Interlocutors)................. 155 Figure 21-1 Results of ANOVA: Mean Percentage of Non-Marked Utterances (Bases)..................156 Figure 21-2 Results of ANOVA: Mean Percentage of Non-Marked Utterances (Interlocutors) •.…156 Figure 22-1 Results of ANOVA: Mean Percentage of Super-Polite Forms within Utterances Including Politeness Markers (B ases)......................................................................... 161 Figure 22-2 Results of ANOVA: Mean Percentage of Super-Polite Forms within Utterances Including Politeness Markers (Interlocutors)..............................................................161 Figure 23-1 Results of ANOVA: Mean Percentage of Polite Forms within Utterances Including Politeness Markers (B ases)......................................................................... 162 Figure 23-2 Results of ANOVA: Mean Percentage of Polite Forms within Utterances Including Politeness Markers (Interlocutors)..............................................................162 Figure 24-1 Results of ANOVA: Mean Percentage o f Non-Polite Forms within the Utterances Including Politeness Markers (B ases)......................................................................... 163 Figure 24-2 Results o f ANOVA: Mean Percentage of Non-Polite Forms within the Utterances Including Politeness Markers (Interlocutors)..............................................................163 Figure 25-1 Average Percentage of Sentence-Final Speech Level (Bases)......................................170 Figure 25-2 Average Percentage of Sentence-Final Speech Level (Interlocutors).......................... 171 Figure 26-1 Results of ANOVA: Mean Percentage of Polite Forms at the Sentence-Final Position (B ases)....................................................................... 177

Figure 26-2 Figure 27-1 Figure 27-2 Figure 28-1 Figure 28-2 Figure 29-1 Figure 29-2 Figure 30-1 Figure 30-2 Figure 31-1 Figure 31-2 Figure 32-1 Figure 32-2 Figure 33 Figure 34

Results of ANOVA: Mean Percentage o f Polite Forms at the Sentence-Final Position (Interlocutors).. R « UthS ° f ANOVA:. Mean Percentage of Non-P〇]ite"F〇™ s............. at the Sentence-Final Speech Level (Bases)....... Results of ANOVA: Mean Percentage o f Non-Poli'te F o m s.............. at the Sentence-Final Speech Level (Interlocutors) Rep,MhS f ANOVA; Mean Percentage of Non-Marked Utterances at the Sentence-Final Speech Level (Bases) f A(NOV^ : Mean Percentage of Non-Marked u tte'ranCeS… ^ at the Sentence-Final Speech Level (Interlocutors) Percentage o f Each Speech-Level Shift (Bases) ..................... Percentage of Each Speech-Level Shift (Interlocutors)....................... Results of ANOVA: Mean Percentages o f Downshifts (Bases)........... Results o f ANOVA Mean Percentage of Downshifts (Interlocutors) Results of ANOVA Mean Percentages of Upshifts (Bases) Results o f ANOVA Mean Percentage o f Upshifts (Interlocutors) Results of ANOVA Mean Percentages of No-shifts (Bases) Results of ANOVA

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This book is based on my Ed.D dissertation submitted to Harvard University in 1999. The publication of this book was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Publication of Scientific Research Results from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. The first thing I would like to mention is that I cannot express my heartfelt gratitude in so few words to the many people who have supported me in their own ways in the course of this research and publishing this book. First of all,I would like to express my special gratitude to my advisor at Harvard University, Catherine Snow, for her prompt, pertinent, and valuable comments and advice throughout this long-term research project. What she gave me during this period made my experience in conducting research truly rich and fruitful.I would also like to thank Lowry Hemphill for her concrete and helpful suggestions, as well as her kind words of encouragement. I am also grateful to Terry Tivnan for his help in statistical analyses. I believe that his guidance enabled me to give this study a solid empirical foundation. Special thanks go to the participants of the conversations, on whom this study heavily relied. Without their cooperation, this study could not have been realized. I

am also indebted to Jiro Nishigori for his cooperation in developing the “Basic

Transcription System for Japanese,” and Joji Takamoto for his help in coding. My thanks also go to Masahiko Minami and Yusaku Otsuka for their kind suggestions about statistical analyses in the very early phases. I

also wish to thank Cyndi Dunn and Scott Saft for their valuable comments on

the earlier version of my dissertation. I am especially thankful to Helen Snively, for her interest and patience in reading and editing, as well as her continuous encouragement. Appreciation also goes to my friends, Mark Langager and Kaori Ogino, for their encouraging comments and editing. I would like to express my special thanks to Michael Haugh, who worked with me as a research student at Tokyo University of Foreign Studies and is now a Ph.D candidate at the University of Queensland, for his

X IV

valuable comments and sincere involvement in helping to manage the very final phase of this book. Finally, I would like to say ufqn PU B UO d a. aIuJpa ua uf

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CHAPTER4

105

As clearly shown in Table 20-1, the results for the bases show a negative correlation between the proportion of utterances and their ratings of interlocutor’s social status, significant at the 0.01 level. This finding suggests a tendency for the proportion of a base’s utterances to be relatively low when they perceived their interlocutor’s social status to be higher than their own. In addition, all three values (frequency, percentage and proportion) of backchannels for bases are significantly correlated with their ratings of social status at the 0.05 level. That is, the bases showed the tendency to give backchannels more frequently when they perceived their interlocutor's social status as relatively higher. Similarly, the results for the interlocutor’s side show that their proportion of utterances was negatively correlated with all of the ratings of age, social status, and the sum of the age and social status; these findings were significant at the 0.05, 0.05, 0.01 and 0.01 levels respectively. That is, their proportion of utterances tended to be higher when they rated their partner as younger and lower in social status.

Summary As described thus far, the linguistic features in adult dyadic conversations in Japanese between new acquaintances showed a very uniform pattern regardless of the interlocutors’ age and gender. The balance of each speaker’s total number of utterances was quite constant. The distribution of each type of utterance also showed quite a uniform pattern.

The proportion of each speaker's utterances and backchannels,

however, showed some tendency to correlate with the interlocutor’s perceived age and/or social status. Since both of these phenomena reflect interactions between the speaker and hearer, the results described above can only be obtained by analyzing natural conversations or actual interactional discourse, and by analyzing linguistic features at the discourse level. Therefore, these behaviors—such as managing the proportion of total number of utterances and backchanneling, even if they are occurring subconsciously~can also be considered strategies of discourse politeness.

I discuss

this idea later in Chapter 7, along with the results of the two main discourse-level

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phenomena focused in the present study: proportion of topic initiations and speechlevel shift. In the next chapter, I examine the general features of conversations between new acquaintances from the viewpoint of topic content and development.

CHAPTER5

107

CHAPTER 5

STRUCTURE OF THE VERY FIRST PART OF CONVERSATIONS: What people talk about and how they develop topics with a new acquaintance

In this chapter, in order to give a general idea about the contents of Japanese conversations between new acquaintances, I describe the structure of the first part of the 72 conversations, from the viewpoints of what people talked about, and how they developed topics.

Structure of Conversation In this section, I describe the general structure of the first three minutes of the 72 dyadic conversations from the viewpoint of conversation flow. I first describe the 3 categories of topic—greeting, topic initiation and non-topic initiation—and look at the percentage of each in a conversation. I then look at patterns of greeting and topic development.

Percentage of greeting, topic initiation and non-topic initiation Before I present the percentages of greeting, topic initiation and non-topic initiation, I explain the coding rules for each category. Main classification of topic category

There are diverse definitions of “topic,” some more global, some more local. Conversations among newly acquainted people tend not to deepen on one topic but rather touch lightly on several. Following Keenan and Schieffelin (1976), therefore, I coded topic shifts returning to previous topics, more as initiations of new topics, using a

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very local definition of topic. I define topic initiation as the utterance that became the first opportunity to talk about a local topic. I present an example below. In Excerpt 1 below, I coded utterances 7, 11 and 21 as “topic initiation.” I decided that “where BF06 came from” was the topic of utterances 7 to 10, and “where SF03 came from” was the topic of utterances 11 to 20. In 21,BF06 introduced another new topic,“weather.”

Excerpt 1 :(from #17 BF06SF03) + 7 * S F 0 3 : 今 日 は ど ち ら か ら い ら っ し ゃ っ く た ん で す か ?> | 1 わ た く し は 、 目 白 か ら 、 ま 一 、 ち ょ っ と 歩 い て 13、 4 ‘ し’ 分 の と こ ろ か ら … 。 {>} watakushi wa, Mejiro kara , ma-, chotto aruiteju san, shi fun no tokoro kara .... Ah, er, (I came) from a place, er, where it just took thirteen or rourteen minutes on loot from Mejiro station. 9 * S F 0 3 :あ つ 、 そ う で す か 。 A, so desu ka. Is that so. 10 * B F 0 6 : は い 0 Hai. Yes. + 1 1 *B F 06: あ の 一 、 こ っ か ら 遠 い ん で す か ? Ano-, kokkara tom desu ka? Er, Did you come from a place far from here? 12 * S F 0 3 : い え 、近 い で す 、 駒 沢 一 な の で 。 le, chiKai desu, Komazawa- nanode. No, it’s close, because it’s Komazawa. 13 *B F 06: あ つ 、 そ う で す か 。 A, so desu ka. Is that so. 1 4 * S F 0 3 :はい 。 Hai. Yes. 15 * B F 0 6 : あ つ 、 じ ゃ あ 、 え 一 と 、 バ ス に な る ん で す か ? A, jaa, e-to, basu ni narun desu kal Ah, so, er, (you came) by bus?

CHAPTER5

109

1 6 * S F 0 3 :バ ス で 0 Basu de. By bus. 17 * B F 0 6 : あ つ 、 そ う で す か 。 A,so desu ka. Is that so. 18 * S F 0 3 : は い 。 Hai. Yes. 19*SF03:1 0 分くらいですね。 Juppun kurai desu ne. (It took) about ten minutes. 20 *BF06: あ 一 、 そ う で す か 0 A-, so desu ka. Is that so. - > 2 1 BF06: あ 一 の 一 、 { < 1 [イ 可 か を 言 い だ そ う と し て 、引 っ 込 め た 感 じ ] く機#>{く } [nanika o iidasd to shite, hikkometa kanji] { |> 1 、な ん か そ う い う 、地 方 に 特 有 な 名 前 で す か ? [t] {>}, nanka soiu, chihd ni tokuyuna namae desu ka? [T] Is that a name commonly found in your particular area, your hometown? [T] いえ、そういうわけではないんですけど一。

Ie, soiu wake dewa nain desu kedo-. No, that’s not really the case.

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15 SM03:

121

あ の 一 、三 重 県 の 方 の 出 身 な ん で す け ど も 、

Mie ken no ho no shusshin nan desu kedomo, Er, Fm from Mie Prefecture. 17

16*BF 08:

はあ_ 〇

H a' Oh. 18

15 *SM03:

も と も と は 、大 阪 の 方 か ら 出 た っ て い う 話 で す け ど 、 あんまり 苗字自体は多くない< みたいですけどもね。

19

17 *BF08:

20

18 *SM03:

> KI Motomoto wa, Osaka no ho kara deta tteiu hanashi desu kedo, anmari mydjijitai wa oku nai { | > 1 そ う な ん で す か 一〇 くA-,> {>} sd nan desu k a ' Oh, is that so? ええ0

Ee. Yes. ->21

19 *SM03:

22

20 *BF08:

23

21*BF08:

24

22 *SM03:

25

23 *BF08:

26

24 *SM03:

27

25 *BF08:

あ の 一 、 BF08 さ ん は 、 ど う 、 あ の 下 の 名 前 は ? [—] A no-, BF08 san wa, do, ano shita no namae wa? [—>] Er, how about you, er what is your first name? [->] え 一 、 BF08 や す こ と い い ま す 。 E-, BF08 Yasuko to iimasu. Ah, my name is Yasuko BF08. や す は 、 井 上 靖 の 「靖 」 ‘ヤ ス ’ と 書 き ま す 0 Yasu wa, lnoue Yasushi no ^Yasu " to kakimasu. Yasu is written the same as Yasushi Inoue’s “Yasu.” あ — 、 立 つ に 青 い っ く て い う …。 > K l A—, tatsu ni aoi { 1>1そうです。 {>} desu. Yes, that’s right. すばらしい、 きれいなお名前ですね 一。 [少し間 が あ っ て ] < 2 A 、> Subarashii, kireina onamae desu ne-. [sukoshi maga atte] くboth laugh〉 That’s wonderfiil, a beautifbl name. え 一 、 う、 そ う 言 っ て 頂 け る と 、嬉 し い で す け ど 。

E-, u, so itte itadakeru to, uresnu desu kedo. Ah,uh,it’s nice of you to say that. +28

26 *SM03:

ご出身はどちらなんですか?

Goshusshin wa docnira nan desu ka? Where are you from?

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29

27 *BF08:

えと、東京で生まれて横浜で育ちました。

Eto, Tokyo de umarete Yokohama de sodachi mashita. Uhm, I was bom in Tokyo and raised in Yokohama. Example 4: (Place where conversation took place) in the example below, the topic relating to tne place where conversation took place, a university campus, was introduced in #12. It continued until #28, the utterance in which YM03 was preparing to shift the topic from the campus where the conversation took place to the university from which he graduated. Excerpt 8: (from #72 BF12YM03) 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1 *YM03:

あ、はじめまして0 A, hajimemashite. Ah, How do you do? 2 *YM03: YM03と 申 し ま す 。 YM03 to mdshimasu. Tin YM03. 3 *BF 12: BF12 と 申 し ま す 。 BF12 to mdsnimasu. My name is BF12. 4*YM03: あ 、 そ う で す か 。 [無 声 化 ] A, so desu ka. [museika] Oh, is that so? [silence] 5 *BF 12: /沈 黙 2.5 秒 / え 一 っ と …。 < 2 人 で 吹 き 出 す よ う に 笑 い > /cninmoku z.5 byo/^-tto... /2.5 seconds silence/ Uhmmm ...くboth laugh suddenly〉 6 *BF 12: な か な か は じ め の き っ か け と い う の が 難 し い 。 NaKanaka hajime no kikkake toiu no ga muzukashii. Ifs not easy to find a starting point. 7 *YM03: そ う で す ね 、 は い 。 So desu ne, nai. That’s right, yes. 8 *BF 12: こ ち ら に お 勤 め の 方 で す か ? Kochira ni otsutome no kata desu ka? Do you work here? 9 YM03: は い 、 あ の 大 学 の 事 務 局 の う ち の 教 務 課 で … 、 Hai, ano daigaku nojimukyoku no uchi no kydmuka de..., Yes, er in the university administrative office’s department of school aftairs...

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123

あ一そうですか。

A- so desu ka. Oh Is that so.? 9 *YM03:

え え 、仕 事 を し て ま す 、 え え 。

Ee, shigoto o shitemasu, ee. Yes,I’m working,yes. 11 *BF12: /少 し 間 /広 く て い い で す ね 、 こ こ の 大 学 は …。 < 笑 い 〉 /sukoshi ma/Hirokute u desu ne, koko no daigaku w a ....

/a brief pause/ It’s great that it is so big, this university I mean... 12 *YM03: あ っ そ う で す か 。 < 笑 い > [語 尾 を 上 げ る よ う に ] A so desu ka. \gobi o ageruyoni] Oh is that so? [the word ends with a rising tone] 13 *BF12: あ た し は こ こ の 者 じ や な い も ん で す か ら … 。 Atashi wa koko no monoja nai mon desu Kara. . . . (I say that) because Tm not from here... 14 *YM03: え え 、 え え 、 あ 一 、 こ こ ご 出 身 と か そ う い う こ と で は な い … ? [最 後 の 方 は 口 早 に ] Ee, ee, a-, koko goshusshin toka soiu koto dewa nai...? [saigono ho wa kuchibayani] Yes, uhm, ah, so you^e not rrom here...? [speaking quickly toward the end] 15 *BF12: え え 、 < 違 い ま す 。 > 1 {>} sd desu ka. Oh, is that so. 17*BF12: はい。 Hai. Yes. 18*YM03: 確 か に 広 い 、 ま あ 、 結 構 い い 環 境 と は 、 い い 環 境 で す よ ね 、 < 世 田 谷 の … 。 > K1 Tashikani hiroi, maa, kekko ii kankyo to wa, ii kankyd desu yo ne, { |>1 {>} That’s right.

21

20 *YM03:

ええ0

Ee. Yes. 22

21 *YM03:

く し き 、 し き ち が …。

> | {く} 23

22 *BF12:

24

23 *YM03:

The camp, campus is... < ま 、 わ り と > |> 1 便 利 も い い し … 。 {>} benri mo iishi.... Well, it’s fairly convenient... そ う で す よ ね 。 (ふ ん )

desuyo ne. (fun) That’s right. (Mmm) 25

24 *BF12:

バスもたくさんとおってますしね一。

Basu mo takusan tottemasushi ne-. And there are lots of buses going by. 26

25 *YM03:

ええ 、 又又。

Ee, ee. Yes, yes. 27

26 *YM03:

確かに広いですからね。

Tashikani hiroi desu kara ne. It’s true. ►28 27 *YM03:

29

30

31

32

どんなもんですかね。

Donna mon desu ka ne. Tm not sure, well. 28 *YM03: 他 の 大 学 あ ん ま り 一 、 [息 を 吸 い 込 む ] 知 ら な い ん で 、あ れ で す け れ ど も …。 (ん ん 一 ) Hoka no daigaku anmari-, [iki o suikomu] shiranain ae, are desu keredomo.... (nn-) Since I don’t know much about other universities [breathe in deeply], you know... (mmm) 29 *YM03: ま あ 、 わ た し の 母 校 て い う か 、 大 学 は D大 学 で … 。 Ma, watashi no boko tteiu ka, daigaku wa D daigaku de.... Well, my Alma Mater, I mean my university is D University, so... 30 *YM03: ご 存 知 で す か ? Gozonji desu ka? Do you know it? 31 *BF12: ええ0 Ee. Yes.

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32 *YM03:

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あ、 そうですか。

A, so desu ka. Oh, is that so. 34

35

36

33 *BF 12:

あの、く行ったことはないですけれども。 > Kl Ano, { I>1 < 笑 い > {>} Oh, is that so.? M m . 〈laughter〉 35 *YM03: あ の 一 、 は い 、 西 武 線 、 西 武 池 袋 線 の 江 古 田 と い う 駅 に あ る ん ですけれども、あそこは凄い狭かったですね。 く苦笑〉

37

36 *BF 12:

Ano-, hai, Seibusen, Seibu-Ikebukurosen no Ekoda toiu eki ni arun desu keredomo, asoko wa sugoi semakatta desu ne.

Er, yes,ifs at a station called tdota on the Seibu-IkebuKuro line, that place was terribly small. くforced smile〉 あ一、そうなんですか0 A-, so nan desu ka. Oh, is that so?

As mentioned earlier, in two atypical examples male subjects seemed to have prepared a topic to start the conversation, i hese starting points sound somewhat abrupt from the viewpoint of a naturally flowing conversation. This abruptness may partially result from the setting, that is, from the subjects knowing that the conversation would be with a new acquaintance. It could be, however, that some people have a habit of preparing topics for future conversations in actual life. One example of this type is shown below.

Example §: (Specific topic that one speaker had prepared) Although introducing a topic by asking “Do you like parties?” may sound somewhat unnatural and unusual, compared with other more typical topics such as place of residence or work, this topic actually allowed the two subjects to go further and let their conversation take on something of a discussion.

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Excerpt 9: (from #71 BF12SM04) 1

1 *BF 12:

じゃあ、 はじめまして。

Jaa, hajimemashite. Uhm, how do you do? BF12 と 申 し ま す 。 BF12 to mdshi masu. My name is BF12.

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2 *BF 12:

3

3 *SM04:

+4

4 *SM04:

パーティーはお好きですか?

5

5 *BF 12:

Pa-ti- wa osuki desu ka? Do you like parties? パ ー テ ィ で す か ?。 < 笑 い > Pa-ti desu ka? Parties? (laughter)

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6*BF 12:

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あ 一 、 は じ め ま し て 、 あ の 一 、 SM04 と い い ま す 。 A-, hajimemashite, ano- SM04 to iimasu. Ah, how do you do? Er, my name is SM04.

パーティ一はほとんど出たことがありません。

Pa-ti- wa notondo deta koto ga arimasen. I haven’t been to many parties at all. < あ っ そ う で す か 。 > | < 1 [短 く ] { |> |結婚式の披露宴くらいです。 {>} kekkonshiki no hirden kurai desu. Well, my wedding reception is about all. あ っ 一 そ う で す か 。 [低 い 声 で 早 口 に 、 少 し 沈 ん だ 感 じ で ] A- so desu ka. [hikui koe de hayakuchi ni,sukoshi shizunda kanji de ] Oh, is that so? [spoken in low and quick voice, somewhat deflated] あ の 一 ご 主 人 と じ ゃ あ 一 、一 緒 に パ 一 テ ィ に 行 く っ て い う 機 会 はないわけですね?

Ano- goshujin to jaa-, issho ni pa-ti- m iku tteiu kikai wa nai wake desu ne? Er, then, you mean that you don’t have the chance to go to pames together with your husband? 11

12

11 *BF 12:

ええ一、ないですね、ほとんど。

12 *SM04:

Ee- nai desu ne, hotondo. No, I don’t, almost none at all. < あ 一 、 そ う で す か 。 > K 1 [小 さ い 声 で ] { | > 1 く ら い で す け ど …。 < 笑 い 〉 {>} kurai desu kedo... . Well, about all I do is go out for drinks... あ一そうですか、なるほど。

a - so

desu ka, naruhodo. Oh, is that so? I see.

15

15 *SM04:

な ん か ね 、パ ー テ ィ っ て い う 形 式 自 身 が 、 あんまり日本人には なじみませんよね。 く少し笑う> Nanka ne, pa-ti tteiu keishiki jishin ga, anmari nihonjin ni wa najimimasen yo ne. You know, don't you trunk that Japanese are not very used to actual “parties?” 〈 small laugh〉

16

16*BF 12:

そうですね一、 そこで、ん一っ、出会った人とどんどん輪を広 げ て い け ば い い ん で し よ う け れ ど も 、結 局 知 っ て い る 人 同 士 で 話 し ち ゃ っ く た り と か …。

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> | {く} That’s right". I guess it would be good if they kept enlarging their circles with the people they met there, but they end up talking (only) with people they know, and so forth... < うん— | 〉 | だ と 思 い ま す ね 。 (ん ん 一 ) {>} dato omoimasu ne. (nn-) Uh huh, that's what l think too. (mm) ん ん 一 、 ね 、 く あ り ま す よ ね 。 > |< | Nn-, ne, くarimasuyo ne.> {く} Uh huh, right, that’s what happens. < ん 一 、 な か な か 、 > |> 1 ん ん 一 っ 、 う ま く な い 、 うまくな いっていうか、 きっとあの、 日本人にはあの車座になってね、 こ う い う 形 式 じ ゃ な く っ て 、車 座 に な っ て 、 (え え )宴 会 ふ う が いいんだと思いますよ。

{>} nn-, umaku nai, umaku nai tteiu ka, kitto ano, ninonjin ni wa ano kurumaza ni natte ne, kdiu keishiki la nakutte, kurumaza m natte, (ee) enkai ju ga un da to omoimasu yo. Mm, not so, mmm, good, not good (at parties一 that may be the case, but) no doubt er, I think that Japanese enjoy sitting on the tatami and getting into a big circle, not like this, but the “enkai” (dinner party) style. 20 *BF 12:

そうですね一。

desu ne-. That’s right.

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21

21 *BF 12:

そ こ に い て 、ん で 、お 互 い に 声 が 届 く 範 囲 で 、 (ん ん っ ) こ う 会 話したほうがたぶん、 しっくりいくんじゃないかなと思うんで すけどね。

Soko ni ite, nde, otagaini koe ga todoku hani de, (nn) ko kaiwa snita ho ga taoun, shikkuri ikun ja nai kana to omoun desu kedo ne. I think that maybe it would work much Detter ior them to go there, and then carry on conversation with those sitting around them, (mm) 22

22 *SM04:

んんっ、そうでしよう〇

Nn, so desno. Mmm, that’s probably right. 23

23 *SM04:

あの一、これ、たぶんしゆ一かん一的な部分が多いんでしよう けど 、 ええ。

Ano-, kore, tabun shu-kan- tekina bubun ga oin desho kedo, ee. Er, probably this is largely due in part to custom, yes. 24

24*BF 12:

自 分 か ら こ う 歩 い て い っ て 、 ん で 、話 し か け て っ て い う の は 、 難しいんじゃないかと思うんですけどね一。

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Jibun kara ko aruite itte, nde, hanashikakete tteiu no wa, muzukasnunja naika to omoun desu kedo ne-. I think that perhaps it is difficult (for Japanese) to be the initiator, and then to strike up a conversation. < ん 一っと そ う で す ね 。 > 11 {>} Something about that... 例 え ば 立 食 な ん て い う パ ー テ ィ 一 あ り ま す よ ね 、 (ふ ん )そ う い うときって自分でこう機会をつくっていかなくちゃならないこ とがありませんか?

Tatoeba risshoku nante iu pa-ti- arimasu yo ne, (fun) soiu tokitte jibun de ko kiKai o tsukutte ikanakucha naranai koto ga arimasen ka? For example, you know these stand-up buffet parties (uh huh) that’s a time when you yourself have to make occasion (for conversation), right? 28

28 *SM04:

んー、 もちろんそうですよ。

N-, mochiron so desu yo. Uh huh, of course, that’s right.

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ん 、あ の 一 、で す か ら 一 、い か に 一 、自 分 が そ の 一 、 < 笑 い 〉 あ の 一 、 ロを突っ込むかと、 ( ん) い う こ と な ん で す よ ね 、 ええ一。

N, ano-, desu kara-, ikani-, jibun ga sono-, ano-, kuchi o tsukkomu kato, (n) iu koto nan desu yo ne, ee-. Mm, er, so, it all depends on how well one can, er, jump into conversations, don’t you think? 30

30 *SM04:

ですから一、 あの一、欧米人はその一、ロ 、つっこむの好きで す か ら 、 (ん 一 ) ん 一 、 あ の 、 そ う い う こ と に な り ま す よ 。

Desu kara-, ano-, dbeijin wa sono-, kuchi, tsukkomu no suki desu kara, (n-) n-, ano sdiu koto ni narimasu yo. So, er, (parties) are like that since Westerners like to, well, to speak... out (mm). 31

31 *SM04:

日本人はそれがその好きじやないかっていうとそんなことない で す よ 。 (ふ ん )

Nihonjin wa sore ga sono suki ja nai ka tteiu to sonna koto nai desu yo. (fun) Ifs not the case that Japanese don't like that, (mmm) 32

32 *SM04:

好 き じ や な い ん で す け ど も (ん ん っ ) そ の 立 ち な が ら 歩 き 回 り ながら、あの、あ一でもない、 こ一でもないということを日本 人 は 情 習 と し て 僕 は や っ て こ な か っ た ん だ と 思 い ま す よ 。 (ふ 一ん)

^uki ja nain desu keaomo [nn) sono tachinagara aruki mawari nagara, ano, a- demo nai, ko- demo nai torn Koto o mhonjin wa kanshu toshite boku wa yatte konakattan da to omoimasu yo. (fu-n) They don’t like it (mm), (having conversation) while standing and walking around, er, (talking about) this and that... as a matter of custom Japanese haven't done that... that’s what I think, (mmm) 33

33 *SM04:

こ う 、畳 の 上 に 座 っ て 、 っ て い う の が 一 番 、 (ん ん ) あ の 、 あ っ てるんでしようね。

a.0, tatami no ue ni suwatte, tteiu no ga ichiban, (nn) ano, atterun desho ne. Er, I guess sitting on tatami suits them best.

34

34 *SM04:

だ と 思 い ま す よ (ふ ん )。

Da to omoimasu yo. (fun) That’s what I think, (mmm) 35

35 *SM04:

だ け ど あ の 、パ 一 テ ィ ー 形 式 と り ま す と ね 、 あ の 、 ここでもそ う な ん で す け れ ど も 、男 女 平 等 に な る ん で す よ 。

Dakedo ano, pa-ti- keishiki torimasu to ne, ano, koko demo so nan desu keredomo, danjo byddo ni narun desu yo. But er, ii it s done as a party, er, and thafs the case here, men and women are placed on an equal tooting.

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37

37 *BF 12:

38

38 *SM04:

むしろ女性の方が前面にでるんですよね。

Mushiro josei no ho ga zenmen ni derun desu yo. Rather, women are the ones to be in the spotlight. あ 一 、 そ う で す < か 。 > I1あの一、 っていうのはあの一どうしてもね、 あの一これは男性は女性…。

39

40

39 *SM04:

40 *SM04:

41 *BF12:

41

{> } ano-, tteiu no wa ano- doshitemo ne, ano- kore wa dansei wa jo se i.... Yes, er, because, er, no matter what, er, the reason is, men (approach) women... 例 え ば あ た く し が BF12 さ ん に 近 付 く よ う に で す ね 、 あ の 、 く 笑 い > 女 性 の 方 に 男 性 が 話 を も っ て い く わ け で す 。 (ん ん 一 ) Tatoeba atakushi ga BF12 san ni chikazuku yoni desu ne, ano, josei no ho ni dansei ga hanasm o motte iku wake desu. (nn-) For example, just like I am approaching you, er men are rather the ones to start a conversation with women, (mm) だけど一、 日本の場合にはそんなことはないですよね一?

Dakedo-, nihon no baai ni wa sonna koto wa nai desu yo ne-? But in Japan that's not the case, is it? /沈 黙 2.5 秒 / そ う で す か 。 /Chinmoku 2.5 byo/ So desu ka. /2.5 seconds of silence/ Is that so?

Example 6: (finding a common topic accidentally) The next is a good example of the subjects developing topics differently from the more typical patterns, because they found a common interesting topic by coincidence: the previous evening, they had watched the same movie on television. Excerpt 10: (from #16 BF060F03) 1

2

1 * O F 0 3 :は じ め ま し て 。 く 笑 い な が ら 〉 Hajimemashite. How do you d o ? 〈laughing〉 2 *BF06: は じ め ま し て 。 hajimemashite. How do you do?

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あ の 、 科 学 科 の 〇F〇3 と 申 し ま す 、 え 一 。 Ano, kagakuka no OF03 to mdshi masu, e-. Er, Tm from the Science Department, my name is OF03, yes. あ っ 、 あ の 、 わ た く し 、 BF06 り か と 申 し ま す 。 A, ano, watakushi, BF06 Rika to mdshi masu. Ah, er, I am Rika BF06.

あ一0

A-. Ah. 6

6 *OF03:

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12

12 *OF03:

少 し 間 /な ん か 今 日 は も う 睡 眠 不 足 で ダ メ な ん で す 。 /sukoshi ma/Nanka Kyo wa mo suimin busoku de dame nan desu. /pause/ I’m no good today—I’m so sleepy. あ一〇 < 笑 い > A-. A h. 〈laughter〉 昨 日 、 3 時 ま で 、 な ん か 起 き て た も ん で す か ら 、 (あ あ ) ち ょ っ と な ん か 頭 が 全 然 働 い て な い と い う か …。 < 笑 い を 交 え な が ら > Kino, san ji made, nanka okiteta mon desu kara, (aa) chotto nanka atama ga zenzen hataraite nai toiu ka... . I〉 丨 で す ね 。 {>} desu ne. It was interesting, wasn’t it? ええ、すっごいおもしろくって。

Ee, suggoi omoshirokutte. Yes, it was really interesting.

\

CHAPTER5

21

21*OF03:

133

そ う 、 コマーシャルが長 い ん で ね、 (あ っ ) な ん か 、イ ラ イ ラ し ながら…。

So, koma-sharu ga nagain de ne, (a) nanka, iraira shinagara.... Yes, but the commercials were so long, (ah) you know, I was getting frustrated … 22

22 *BF06:

う一ん、 そうですね一。

U-n, so desu ne-. Mmm,that’s right. 23

23 *OF03:

え 一 、 え一。

E-, e-. Yes, yes. 24

24 *BF06:

25

25 *OF03:

あのギャップが< 2人 笑 い >急にコマーシャルに入る…。 Ano gyappu ga kyu ni koma-sharu ni hairu....

That gap く both laugh>broke suddenly into a commercial... そうそうそう。 く笑い〉

so so. Yeah, yeah, yeah.〈laughter〉 26

26 *BF06:

あ の # # # # # # 。

Ano ####//#. E r######. 27

27 *OF03:

え 一 、早 送 り し た い な 一 と か 思 い な が ら 、 (う 一 ん ) あ の 一 、見 て ま し た け ど も 一 、途 中 で ち ょ っ と や め ら れ な い で < い た っ て

28

28 *BF06:

29

29 *OF03:

い う か …。 > | I>1 くSd nan desuyo rte.> {>} That’s right!

え一え_ 〇

E -e' Yes. 30

30 *BF06:

わ た し も 、 で も 、途 中 で あ の 一 、今 日 の こ と も あ る し 、寝よう な ん て (え 一 ) 思 っ て た ん で す け れ ど (え 一 ) … 。

Watashi mo, demo, tochu de ano-, kyd no koto mo arushi, neyd nante (e-) omottetan desu keredo (e-).... Me too, but midway through er, thinking about today and all,I thought (yes) I would go to sleep (yes)...

134

31

31 *BF06:

あ の 一 、そ れ で ビ デ オ を 回 し た ん で す け ど 、< 笑 い な が ら 大声で笑い>

)

>

(く

そ れ に も か か わ ら ず 、最 後 ま で 見 て し ま い ま し

た 。 (く 聞 き な が ら 笑 っ て い る >) Ano-, sore de bideo o mawashitetan desu kedo, () sore nimo kakawarazu, saigo made mite shimaimashita. () Er, and so I started recording it on the VCR,〈laughing〉 (くbig laughter〉 ) but still,I ended up watching to the end. (〈 laughing while listening〉)

32

32 *BF06:

とてもよかったです。

Totemo yokatta desu. It was reallly good. 33

33 *OF03:

よ か っ た で す よ ね 、 う一ん。

Yokatta desu yo ne, u-n. It was good, wasn't it! Mmm. 34

34 *BF06:

な ん か 、 本 当 に 一 、 う ん 、 な ん か す ご い っ て い う か (そ う で す よねえ) おもしろいですよね一。

35

35 *BF06:

Nanka, honto ni-, un, nanka sugoi tteiu ka (so desu yo nee) omoshiroi desu yo ne-. You know, it really, mmm, I mean it was great (it was wasn’t it), it was interesting! あ の 一 、映 画 と か は し ょ っ ち ゅ う 見 ら れ る ん く で す か 。 > |< | A no-, eiga toka wa shocchu mirarerun {

33



9

v〇 〇〇 ?N 〇 o 9



?Q * s o ?0 *

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MI '

ol

i * •**

* ** ** * * *



*

i 1 1 I

i i |i 1 1 g I | z s1

B

[SP/SPN

S 8 サ S g 〇 9 9 9 i

Polite form s

| 家

9

|

9 异 氏

Ease o f carrying on

g 9 9

convCTsation

9

%

Gender

o (NM )

utterances

8 吞 艺 9 9

Social status

〇 〇

i

| |

8 o O fN

0 O o 〇

ヌ o 0

o

3 $ p

O O

§

5 o 〇

s

o

ロヌ O

{. After < >, { {>} Likewise, after < >, {>} is attached to the utterance that overlaps the other. E x a m p le :A : それはそれは、 < ご苦労様です。 >{1 {>} It was nothing. (

)

Short inteijections with no special meaning are enclosed in parentheses in the position that is closest to the actual utterance within the speaker's discourse. Example:

私 は 、 あの、小 学 部 中 学 部 に い た ん ( ふうん) ですけれども

APPENDICES 2 6 7

Watashi wa, ano, shogakubu chugakubu ni itan (fuun) desu keredomo… . Well,I was, uhm, in the elementary and junior high school club (hmm). < >

Explanations of discourse spoken while laughing, as well as other laugh ter, for example, are enclosed in < > , such as くwhile laughing〉 , and . In the event that laughter itself functions as a reply to something, for example, it takes its own line. Otherwise, it is generally noted at the end of the most recent discourse line. Example:

え、 あの意外と集中できるんですねえ。 < 笑 い > E, ano igai to shuchii dekirun desu nee. Yes, er, I can concentrate more than one would think. くlaughter〉

(< >)

When laughter overlaps with the partner's discourse while she or he is talking, it is recorded in the same way as short interjections: (〈laughter〉 ).

/

/silence number of seconds/ When a short “pause” is felt in the mid-flow of the conversation,s tempo, it is noted by /brief pause/. However, as a rule,“pauses” longer than one second are noted as silence, followed by the number of seconds, as above. In the event that silence itself is a reply to something, it is treated as a single discourse and it takes its own line. Otherwise, it is generally noted at the beginning of the line in which the silence is broken by discourse so as to identify who speaks after the silence.

/

Example A :

あの一、ニケ月に一回です。

Ano-, nikagetsu ni ikkai desu. Uhm, once every two months. B: / 沈 黙 5 秒, ふうん。 /chinmoku 5 byd! tun. /silence 5 seconds/ Hmmm. ###

This symbol is used when a portion of the discourse is inaudible. The number of # signs corresponds to the estimated number of syllables in that portion. Example:

私なんか、 #

# # # # まったくないもんね。 Watashi nanka, # # # # # mattaku nai mon ne. Well as for me, I don't have any # # # # # at all.

Paralinguistic and non-verbal information. In order to best understand the situation surrounding a certain discourse, special vocal characteristi cs will be noted, such as that thought to require special mention (e.g., accent, intonation, high or low voice, loud or quiet voice, speed), as well as non-linguistic information. Furthermore, t4T —> i 1' are each used to indicate rise, no change, or fall in intonation. E x a m p l e : [ ささやくように ] [sasayaku yom\ [as if whispering] [ 息を吸い込みながら ] [iki o suikomi nagara] [while sucking in her breath] [大 き い 声 で n [dkii koe de\] etc. [in a loud voice T] etc.

APPENDICES 2 6 9

APPENDIX 6

Examples of Conversations The following is an example of the all three-minute-transcribed part of a conversation, which were discussed in the main text. Example 1 (Place of residence)

(#49 BF050M02) 1

1

* OM02:

2

2

* BF05:

3

3

* OM02:

4

4

* BF05:

5

5

* OM02:

6

6

* BF05:

K l { {>} How do you do? はじめまして。

Hajimemashite. How do you do? BF05 です。 BF05 desu. I’m BF05. BF05—、 さ ん ?。 BF05-, san? Ms. BF05? はい。

Hai. Yes. 7

7

* OM02:

はい、 よろしくお願いします。

Hai, yoroshiku onegaishimasu. Yes, pleased to meet you. 8

8

* BF05:

よろしくお願い致します。

YoroshiKu onegaiitashimasu. I’m pleased to meet you too. 9

10

9

* OM02:

10 * BF05:

え一、 (あつ、 ) お住まいはどちら …? 。 [—] E-, (a,) osumai wa dochira...? [—>] So, (ah) where do you live? [-^] あつ、 あの 一 、 栃 木 県 で す < 笑 い > 。

A, ano-, lochigi Ken desu ] So that means, today (you came from Tochigij? [-^] ええつ、 あの一、遠距離通勤をしております。

Ee, ano-, enkyori tsukin o shite orimasu. Yes, er, I am commuting long distance. 15

15

* OM02:

ああ、そうですか。

Aa, so aesu Ka. Oh, is that right? 16

16

* BF05:

はい。

Hai. Yes. 17

17

* OM02:

18

18

BF05:

19

19

* OM02:

20

18

*

BF05:

あの一、勤 務 、勤 務 先 っ て い う の は く ど の 辺 り で す か ?。〉

1< 丨 [「ですか」 はほとんど聞こえない ] Ano-, kinmu, kinmusaki tteiu no wa { | > 1 あつ、 A の 、 A女 子 大 の 、(え一) え一、 あの近代文化 < 研 究 所 の 、 > |} a, Ee no Ee joshidai no, (e-) e-, ano kindaibunka { I>1 {>} Oh, is that right? 研 究 室です。

Kenkyiishitsu desu. The research room. 21

20

* OM02:

え一、近 代 文 化 研 究室ってことは、あの一、あの先生んとこ ろだ、 え一、短歌でしたかをやっている…。

E-, kindaibunka kenkyiishitsu tte koto wa, ano-, ano sensein tokoro da, e-, tanka deshitaka oyatteiru. . . . Yes, the Modem Culture Research Room is, er, that professor’s place, uhm,he’s /she’s doing tanka. ••

APPENDICES 2 7 1

22

21

23

22

* OM02:

24

23

* BF05:

25

24

*

26

25

* BF05:

27

26





BF05:

OM02:

OM02:

あっそうです、く N N先生 。 > |} Professor NN. はい 0 Hai. Yes. ねえ、 < そうですよねえ 。 > 11 {>} Yes. え一、 わたしもここなんですけどもね。 (あ)

E-, watashi mo koko nan desu kedomo ne. (a) Yes,I’m also here, (ah) 28

27



OM02:

オープンカレッジなんですけども。

BF05:

0-vun Kareiji nan desu kedomo. But (I’m in) Open College. ああ、 そうですかあ 0 Aa, so desu kaa. Oh, is that right?

29

28

*

30

29

* OM02:

31

30



BF05:

32

31



OM02:

33

32

*

BF05:

お会いしたことないんですよねえ。

Oaishita Koto nain aesu yo nee. We haven’t met before, have we? ああ 、 < そうですねえ〇 > |l {>} Yes,that’s right (we haven’t). はい。

Hai. Yes. 34

33

* OM02:

35

34



BF05:

じ ゃ あ 大 変 じゃないですか?、朝 8 時半ですもん。 Jaa taihen ja nai desu ka?, asa hachiji han desu mon. Then, isn’t it hard? It’s (at) 8:30 in the morning. ええ、 はい。

Ee, hai. Yes,yes.

36

35

*

BF05:

37

36

* OM02:

38

37

* BF05:

あの一、朝 、だいたい、土曜日 は 一 、ちょっとゆっくり出て 来 る ん で す け ど も 、 (ん一)普 通 は 一 、 まあ、 あの、学校に 着 く の が 8 時 、 1 5 分 ぐ ら い 前 なんですがー、 (ええ) あの —、家 は 、 5 時 、 5 時 半 に 、出ます。

Ano-, asa, daitai, doyooi wa-, chotto yukkuri detekurun desu kedomo, (nn-) jutsu wa-, maa, ano, gakko m tsuku no nacnin jugo fun gurai nan aesu ga-, (ee) ano-, ie wa, goji, gon nan ni, demasu. Er, most mornings, well on Saturdays I take my time, (mmm) usually, well,er, I arrive at school around a little before 8:15... (ah) er, I leave the house at 5, 5:30. 5 時 半 …。 [無声化 ] Goji han.... [museika] 5:30... [silence] はい。

Hal Yes. 39

38

* OM02:

40

39

* BF05:

41

40

* OM02:

42

41

* BF05:

43

42

* OM02:

44

43

* BF05:

45

44

* OM02:

で 、 こ こ 5 時に出 ま す よ ね え 、< K I [後半無声化 ]

5 時半くらいですか? >

De, koko goji ni demasu yo nee, { [silence the last half of the sentence] < ええ 、 > |> 丨そうですねえ。 {>} desu nee. Yes, that’s right. 8 時ぐ ら い …。 Hachiji gurai … . Around 8:00... ええ、早 く て 7 時 半 、です。 Ee, hayakute snichiji han desu. Yes, at the earliest 7:30. ああ、そうですか一 0 Aa, so aesu k a ' Oh, is that right? はい。 < 笑 い > Hai. Yes.〈laughter〉 や あ 、 それはそれはごくろうさまです。 [前半無声化 ] Yaa, sore wa sore wa gokurdsama desu. [zenhan museika] Wow, you have it tough, [silence the first half]

APPENDICES 2 7 3

46

45

* BF05:

47

46

* OM02:

48

47

* BF05:

いえいえ〇 < 笑 い > Ie ie. No, n o . 〈laughter〉 ああ、そうですか一 0 Aa, so aesu ka-. Mm, is that right.

ええ、ああ。

/ie, aa. Yes, well. 49

48

* OM02:

うわあ一、オープンカレッジ、 9 時半なんですよね、く出勤 が ー 〇

50

49

* BF05:

51

50

* OM02:

52

51

*

BF05:

53

52

* OM02:

54

53

*

BF05:

55

54

* OM02:

56

55

*

BF05:

>

| 1 いいですねえ。 < ふ た り で 笑 い > {>} ii desu nee. Well, that’s nice isn’t it? K1

Tada, are nan desu yo nee, ano-, watasm, ano-, watashi Machida nan desu { |>1 {>} Yes. あの、 1 時 間 15 分 ぐらいなんで すけども、 (ええ)あの 一 、 9 時 45 分 ま で 、夜 は 、勤務があるんですよ。 Ano, icnijikan jugo fun gurai nan desu kedomo, (ee) ano-, kuji yonjugo fun made, yoru wa, kinmu ga arun desu yo. Er, (it takes) about 1 hour and 15 minutes, (ah) er, until 9:45 at night I have to work. ああ0

A a. Oh. 2 時からってのがありましてね。 Niji Kara tte no ga arimashite ne. There is one from 2:00. ええ。

Ee. Uh huh.

274

57

56

* OM02:

58

57

* BF05:

そ れ 9 時 45 分なんですよ。 Sore kuji yonjugo fun nan desu yo. Then it’s (until) 9:45. ああ0

Aa. Uhhuh. 59

58

* OM02:

そうすっと帰りますとですねえ、 (はい)11時過ぎてしまう んですよねえ。

sutto kaerimasu to desu nee, (hai) juichiji sugite shimaun desu yo nee. That means when I get home, (yes) it is past 11:00. 60

59

* BF05:

ああ、そうですか一。

Aa, so desu ka-. Oh, is that right? 61

60

* OM02:

ええ0

Ee. Yes. 62

61

* OM02:

63

62

* OM02:

で す か ら 10 時 か ら 、# # # # # # 、12 時 ま で # # ますよね。 Desu kara juji kara, 1111111111"li, jumji made ## masuyo ne. So, from 10:00, ######, until 12:00 ##. もしねえ…、 # # # 。

Moshi nee..., ###. If... ###. 64

63

* OM02:

でも体つらくありませんか?

Demo karada tsuraku arimasen ka? But isn5t that really hard on you? ええ、いやあ、 もう慣れました。 < 笑 い > t^e, iyaa, mo naremasnita. Yes, well no, Tve gotten used to it.

65

64

* BF05:

66

65

* BF05:

つ て い う か … 。

Tteiuka … . But... 67

66

* OM02:

ああ、 # # # # # ね 一 。

Aa, ##### ne-. Well, ##### right. 68

67

* BF05:

ええ、あの、それに、 (ええ) あの、わりと楽、なんです。

Ee, ano, sore ni (ee) ano, warito raku nan desu. Yes, er, even so (uh huh) er, ifs fairly easy. 69

68

* BF05:

あの一、池袋止まりっていう の が あ り ま し て 、 (ええ) なんですね。

1本

Ano-, lkebukuro domari tteiu no ga arimashite, (ee) ippon nan desu ne.

APPENDICES 2 7 5

70

69

71

70

BF05:

* OM02:

Er, there is one that stops at Ikebukuro, (uh huh) one shot (without needing to change trains). で、 < あの 、 > K1 De, {

1>1

{>}

Oh. 72

69

* BF05:

座 っ て 、ずっと座ってられますので。

Suwatte, zutto suwatte raremasu node. Because I sit, Tm able to sit the whole time. 73

71

* OM02:

ああそうですか。

Aa so desu ka. Oh, is that right. 74

72

* BF05:

ええ。

Ee. Yes. 75

73

* OM02:

ひょっとするとそれはですねえ、 (ええ)わたしよりも、 (え え) あの一、通勤に か か る エ ネ ル ギ ー が 、 (ええ)少ないか もしれないっすね。

Hyotto sum to sore wa desu nee, (ee) watashi yori mo, {ee) ano-, tswan m kakaru enerugi- ga, (ee) swainai kamo shirenaissu ne. Perhaps, er, (yes) it takes less energy ior you to commute than for me. 76

74

* BF05:

そうですね。

So desu ne. That’s right. 77

75

* BF05:

78

76

* OM02:

79

77

* BF05:

80

78

* OM02:

わたしもあの一、 むしろ大宮とか、あの一、 (はい) あの大 宮からこっちに近いほうが、疲れるんじゃないかと思います。

Watashi mo ano-, mushiro Omiya toka, ano-, (hai) ano Omiya kara kocchi ni chikai ho ga, tsukarerun ja nai ka to omoimasu. I also, er, actually Omiya and, er, (yes) er I think it may be more tiring to come here from nearby Omiya. そうくですよね 。 > |1 {>} Yes. わたしはまずバスに乗って、最初だけ座れるんですけどね。

Watashi wa mazu basu ni notte, saisho dake suwarerun desu kedo ne.

276

First of all I take a bus, and only for the first part (of my commute) can I sit down. 81

79

* BF05:

ええ0

Ee. Yes. 82

80

* OM02:

で、電 車 で 小 田 急線つうのが、もう、殺人的に混みまして。

De, densha de Odakyusen tsu no ga, mo, satsujinteki ni komimashite. Then, by train on the Odakyu line, ohh, it gets so crowded, it’s a killer. 83

81

* BF05:

又又、又又〇

Ee, ee. Yes, yes. 84

82

OM02:

え一、それから、今 度 、お一、南武線に 乗 り 換 え て 、

E-, sore kara, kondo, 〇 -, Nanbusen ni norikaete, Yes, then after that, next, oh, I change to the Nanbu line. 85

83

* BF05:

ああ。

Aa. Oh. 86

82

* OM02:

それから今度、新玉川線に。

Sore kara kondo, Shintamagawasen ni. Then after that, next to the Shintamagawa line. 87

84

* BF05:

ぇぇ。 Ee. Yes.

88

85

* OM02:

これがまた殺人的ですからねえ。

Kore ga mata satsujinteki desu kara nee. This one is a killer too. 89

86

* BF05:

90

87

OM02:

91

88

* BF05:

92

87

* OM02:

93

89

* BF05:

ええ、そうですね一。

Ee, so desu ne-. Yes, that’s right. すつごい < ですよ 、 > | I>l < え一、 え - 〇 > 丨} { I > 1 たるや。 {>} taruya. My! Such energy! ああ 一0

Aaa. Well...

APPENDICES 2 7 7

94

90

OM02:

95

91

BF05:

96

90

* OM02:

97

91

* BF05:

98

92

* OM02:

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93

* BF05:

< いや ---- 、 :> |< | { 1 向こうからこっちに向かう方が、 くMu, ano-,> {>} mukd kam kocchi ni mukau hd ga, Com, er, Coming from there to here is... たいへん。 [無声化 ] laihen. [museikax Tougher, [silence] 混 み 、 ま よ く ね え 。 > |1 {>} That’s right. はい。

Hai. Yes. 100

94

* OM02:

もう何だか知らないけどね、何の因果かそういうふうになっ てしまいまして。

Mo nandaka shiranai kedo ne, nan no ingaka soiu Ju ni natte shimaimashite. Well i don't know what it is, but tor some mystenous reason it has turned out that wav. 101

95

* BF05:

ああ…。

A a. ... Uh huh. 102

96

* OM02:

あっ、そうですか一0

A, so desu kaMmm, is that right? 103

97

*

BF05:

ええ0

Ee. Yes. 104

98

*

BF05:

ま、ですから、ええ、あの一、始 発 、朝 、あの、土曜日以外 は乗って来るのは始発なんです。

Ma, desu kara, ee, ano-, shihatsu, asa, ano, doyobi igai wa notte kuru no wa shihatsu nan desu. Well, because, uhm, er, the tirst train, mornings, er, except for Saturdays I take the nrst train in. 105

99

* OM02:

ああ_ 〇

Aa-. Oh.

278 106

100 * BF05:

で、小金井っていう所から。

De, Koganei tteiu tokoro kara. And, I come from a place called Koganei. 107

101 * OM02:

ああそうですか。

Aa so desu ka. Oh, is that right? 108

102 * BF05:

で、池 袋 で 終 点 で 、え え 1 時 間 、 1 時 間 、 4 、 5 0 分ですか、 ん一、い ち 、ん一 、 4 0 分 ぐ らいですかね、ええ、そのぐら い座ったままで…。

De, Ikebukuro de shuten de, ee ichijikan, ichijikan, shi, go iuppun desu ka, nn-, ichi, nn-, yonjuppun gurai desu ka nee, ee, sono gurai suwatta mama d e .... Then, at Ikebukuro, ah one hour, one hour, forty, fifty minutes? Mmm, one, mmm, about forty minutes perhaps, yes, Fm just sitting there for about that long... 109

103 * BF05:

110

104 * OM02:

111

105

112

106 * OM02:

113

105 * BF05:

BF05:

114

107 * OM02:

115

108 * BF05:

116

109 * OM02:

だから色々できるんですけれども。

Dakara iroiro dekirun desu keredomo. So that means I can do quite a bit. 勉 強 できますくねえ 。 > I | あの、かえって、 < 少 し 笑 い 〉 {>} ano, kaette, Yes, er, actually, そうですよくねえ 。 > I1 {>} Yes. [ たたみかけるように ] できますねえ。 [tatamikakeru yoni] Dekimasu nee. [Quickly and assertively] You can (study). あの、い いかもしれないん < ですよねえ。 > | 丨 新 聞 を そ の 中 で (ええ、 )必死 に (ええ、 )読 んできますけどね、読み切れないですよ。

{>} shinbun o sono naka de (ee,) hisshi ni (ee,) yonde kimasu kedo ne, yomikirenai desu

y〇 , Tsk, I, while on (the train) I read the newspaper like mad, but I still can’t read it all.

APPENDICES 2 7 9

117

110

*

BF05:

え一、 え一、 え一、 え一 、 え一。

E-, e-, e-, e-, e-. Um huh, uh huh, uh huh, uh huh, uh huh. 118

111 * OM02:

いや一

、 それだけあったらいろんな勉強できますね一。( え一

え一え一)

119

112 * OM02:

120

113

121

114 * BF05:

BF05:

Iya-, sore dake attara ironna benkyd dekimasu nee. (e- e- e-) Wow, with all of that (time) you can do all kinds of studying, (uh huh, uh huh, uh huh) く本も読めるしね一 。 > Il {>} So... ええ0

Ee. Yes. 122

113 * BF05:

あの 一 、 すごい時は、ワープロ打ったこともく笑いながら〉 あります。

A no-, sugoi toki wa, wa-puro utta koto mo くwarai nagara> arimasu. Er, some times (when I have really gotten serious), I have even done word processing. /少し間 / [早 口 、無 声 化 ] あ 一 、 そうですか。 /sukoshi ma/ [hayakuchi, museika] A-, so desu ka. /a brief pause/ [speak fast, silence] Oh, is that right?

123

114 * OM02:

124

115 * BF05:

ええ、 ちょっと重、重い ですけども、 ええ。

125

116 * OM02:

tLe, chotto omo, omoi desu icedomo, ee. Yes, but it does get a little hea, heavy, uh huh. あの、充電 式 の 、 (ええ) ワ ー プ ロ で ?。 n ] Ano, juaensmh no, (ee) wa-puro de? [T] Er, with a battery operated word processor? [T]

126

117 * BF05:

ええ0

Ee. Yes. 127

118 * BF05:

128

119 * OM02:

129

120 * BF05:

あの、あの一、 ノー 卜パソコンですけれども。

Ano, ano-, No-topasokon desu keredomo. Well,er, it’s a laptop computer. あ一、 < それは …。 > |

くDe,> {>} ano-, Shinkansen dato chotto okane kakarimasu keredomo, (ee) shintokkyii tteiu no ga atte, sore da to daitai juden kireru koro ni tsuku tteiu.... So, er, if ifs the Shinkansen it costs a lot, but there is an express train (called Shintokkyuu), if (I come) by that one I arrive just about the time my battery runs down... 〈laughter〉 130

121 * OM02:

そりやすごいですねえ一。

131

122 * BF05:

Sorya sugoi desu nee-. That’s incredible. ええ 0 Ih6. Yes.

132

123 * OM02:

133

124 * BF05:

134

125 * OM02:

あの、よく、あ の 国 際 線 の 飛 行 機 に ビ ジ ネ ス マ ン が ##、(え え < 笑 い > ) 最 初 の 何 分 かだけ書いてて、 (ええく笑い >) あとは座ってるって、あとは重たいだけだっていう話、聞い たことありますけどね。

Ano, yoku, ano kokusaisen no hikdki ni Dijinesuman ga ##, (ee ) saisno no nanpunka dake kaitete, (ee ) ato wa suwatteru tte, ato wa omotai dakeda tteiu hanashi, kiita koto arimasu kedo ne. Er, often, er on international flights businessmen ##, (uh huh ) I’ve heard that they write (type) for the first few minutes, (uh huh ) after that they sit there, it’s just heavy after that. はい。 < 笑 い な が ら > Hai. Yes. くlaughing〉 あ一、そうですか。

A-, so desu ka. Well, is that right. 135

126 * BF05:

ええ 0 17

-,

E j Q.

Yes. 136

127 * OM02:

それで学校で充電しといて、 また帰りはやると。

Sore de gakkd de juden shitoite, mata kaeri wa yarn to. So at school you recharge the battery, then work again on the way home. 137

128 * BF05:

ええ、そうですね。

Ee, so desu ne. Yes, that’s right.

APPENDICES 2 8 1

138

129 * BF05:

そんなことも、できますし。

Sonna koto mo,dekimasushi. I can do that too. 139

130 * OM02:

140

131 * BF05:

141

132 * OM02:

142

133 * OM02:

BF05:

143

134 *

144

135 * OM02:

は一、わたしも新幹線の中で、当時ワ ープロがなかったんで、 ( ええ) あの一、文字は書きましたけどね一。

Ha-, watashi mo Shinkansen no naka ae, toji wa-puro ga nakattan de, (ee) ano-, moji wa kaki mashita kedo nee. Mmm, back then we didn’t have word processors, but on the Shinkansen I also did some writing. あ一、はい 0 A-, hai. Oh, ah. あ一そうですか一。 ( < 笑 い :>) A- so desu ka-. () Mmm is that right. () 南武線にもいるんですよね、若者で。

Nanbusen m mo irun desu vo ne, wakamono de. There are also some (who use a computer) on the Nanbu line, young people. あっ、そうですか〇 < 笑 い > A, so desu ka. Oh is that right? 〈laughter〉 いやあ一、 これはおみそれしました。

Iyaa-, kore wa omisore shimasmta. Mmm, that’s incredible. 145

136 * BF05:

はい。

Hai. Yes. 146

137 * OM02:

でもそうするとあれですね、勉 強 と か 何 と か 、あ一、 はかど りますねえ、 ( え)研究もねえ。

Demo so sum to are desu ne, benkyo toka nantoka, a-, hakadorimasu nee, (e) kenkyu mo nee. But if that is the case, you can make lots oi progress with vour studies and research, can't you? 147

138 * BF05:

148

139 * OM02:

149

140 * BF05:

え、あの、意外と集中できたりするんですね一。 く 笑 い 〉

E, ano, igai to shuchii dekitari surun desu ne-. Yes, er, I can concentrate more than one would think, 〈laughter〉 そうですよ < ね一。 > |} Yes.

1>1

282

150

141 * OM02:

わたしもある時期、受 験 の試験勉強、電車の中でやったこと ありますけど、 (ええ) できますくよね 。 > fく1

Watashi mo arujikijuken no sikenbenkyd, densha no naka deyatta koto arimasu kedo, (ee) dekimasu {

|>1

{>} Yes. 152

143 * OM02:

まわりにだれもね、 (ええ、 )迷 惑 か け て る 、あの一、わたし なんか襲われるタイプですけど、全くないですもんね一。

Mawari ni daremo ne, (ee,) meiwaku kaketeru, ano-, watashi nanka osowareru taipu desu kedo, mattaku nai desu mon ne-. No one around, (uh huh,) bothers me, er, even though I,m the type to be easily disturbed... there’s no one (who bothers me) at all. 153

144 * BF05:

ええ、そうですね一。 (はあ一)

Ee, so desu ne-. (haa-) Yes, that’s right, (uh huh) 154

145 * BF05:

なんか、うま《 こう、 物を置いたりするところができれば…。く笑 い>

Nanka, umaku, kd, mono o oitari suru tokoro ga dekireba... . Mmm, if you have space to to set things down... 〈laughter〉 155

146 * OM02:

そうですねえ一。

So desu ne-. That’s right. 156

147 * BF05:

ええ0

Ee. Yes. 157

148 * OM02:

いや一、そっか、そういう、そっか、遠距離っていうのをそ のまま完全にプラスに転じてる…。

lya-, sokka, soiu, sokka, enkyori tteiu no o sonomama kanzen ni purasu ni tenjitem." • Mmm,i see, so you, I see, you’ve turned a long-distance commute into a perfect plus... 158

149 * BF05:

そうかもしれないですねえ一。

So kamo smrenai desu ne-. Maybe so.

APPENDICES 2 8 3

Example 2 (Work)

(#56 BF07SM03) 1

1

* SM03:

2

2

* BF07:

3

3

* SM03:

4

4

* SM03:

5

5

* BF07:

< ども、 はじめまして 。 > K1 { {>} Ah, how do you do? あの一、S M 0 3 と申します。

A no-, SM03 to mdshimasu. Er,I’m SM03. くよろしくお願いします 。 > K 1 [ とても小さな声で ] { 1> 1 中高部で社会科を教えてます、 B F 0 7 と (あ、 ども) 申します。

6

6

* SM03:

7

7

* BF07:

8

8 *

SM03:

{>} chukdbu de shakaika o oshietemasu, BF07 to (a domo) mdshimasu. Uhm, I teach social studies at the high school, my name is BF07. (ah) あっ、 どうも初めまして。 [ とても小さい声で ] A, domo hajimemashite. [totemo chnsai koe de] Ah, it5s very nice to meet you. [very small voice] えっと、お仕事は、 < 何 … ?。> 1 1 コンピューター室というところで、 ( ええ)え一、コ ン ピ ュ ー タ 一 の 開 発 の 方 (あ、そうですか〉 をやらしてもらってます。

{>} konpyu-ta- shitsu toiu tokoro de, (ee) ee, konpyu-ta- no kaihatsu no ho (a, so desu ka) oyarashite morattemasu. Yes, er, at a place called the Computer Room ^yesj uh, Fm working in computer development (oh is that right). 9

9

* BF07:

あ、あの一、 プ ロ グ ラ ム を 作 る ん で す か ?。

A, ano-, puroguramu o tsukurun desu kar Ah, er, are you in programming? 10

10

* SM03:

そうですね、 ( あっ) え一、プログラムっていうかなんか、 うちの一、職 場 が 学 校 (ええ、はい)ですから、学内の財務 業 務 ですとか、 (ええ、ええ)それの機械化っていうことで、

284

( あ一)設 計 と プ ロ グ ラ ム の 開 発 (あ一)っていうかたちで やらせてもらってますけど。 ( あ一)

11

11

*

BF07:

12

12

*

SM03:

13

13

*

BF07:

So desu ne, (a) e-, puroguramu tteiu ka nanka, uchi no-, shokuba ga gakko (ee, hai) desu kara, gakunai no zaimugyomu desu toka, (ee, ee) sore no kikaika tteiu koto de, (a-) sekkei to puroguramu no kaihatsu (a-) tteiu katachi de yarasete morattemasu kedo. (a-) That’s right (oh) yes, partially programming, since my workplace is a school (yes, I see), I work in financial affairs, for example, (yes, yes) to computerize the system, (oh) in the development of design and programming, (oh) え一と、財 務 業 務 、あの、 まあ、予 算 、 < と か か し ら ?。〉 1く1 < 笑 い 〉 E-to, zaimugyomu, ano, maa, yosan, { < そう、そうですね 、 > |> 1 く決算とかそういう こと〇 > K1 {>} { | > | 細 々 と し た も の 、給料計算と か…。

14

14

* SM03:

15

15

BF07:

16

16

*

SM03:

17

15

* BF07:

18

17

* SM03:

{>} hosoboso to shita mono, kyuryo keisan toka.... Things like what you spent (money) on, small items, iigunng salaries... ええ、ま、給料 計 算 は < ちょっと 、 > |1 {>} That... それやってませんけどもね。

Sore yattemasen kedomo ne. I don’t do that. なんか …。 く笑いながら〉 Nanka.... Mmm." ) 学校の プ ロ グ ラ ム に か け て 、< 少 し笑いながら〉い る ん で す か ?。

Ano-, kyuryo meisai toka (hai) are wa, pu, ano puroguramu ni kakete …, () gakko no puroguramu ni kakete, irun desu ka? Er, detailed salary statements and the like (yes), is that pr... in the program." (〈laughter〉 ) is that written in the school (while laughing a little> program? 別のところに出してるんですか? 0 Betsu no tokoro m dashiterun desu ka? Is that done in a different place? あれは学内でやってるみたいですね。

Are wa gakunai deyatteru mitai aesu ne. It looks like they’re doing that at the school. 学内でやってるんくですか 。 > K1 Gakunai deyatterun くdesu Iccl> {く} They do that at the school? くええ 、 > l 〉l あれは一、あの、人 事 の 方 ‘かた,(あ一、 ええ)がですね、え一、他 の 人 に (ええ、ええ)みられない ようにして、え一、処 理 し て る 、 ( あ一そうですか)ますよ。 < 2 人笑い>

25

24

*

SM03:

{>} are wa-, anojinji no kata (a-, ee) ga desu ne, e-, hoka no hito ni (ee, ee) mirarenai yom shite, e-, shori shiteru, (a- so desu ka) masu yo. Yes, someone in human resources (ah, yes) is doing that, yes, so that no one else (yes, yes) will see it, yes, they take care of it (Oh, is that right?). ) んですけどね、年 を 、ええ 一〇

A, watashi wa jusan nen me kana to nanka mo dandan kazoerarenaku nacchau () n desu keao ne, toshi o, ee-. Oh, I think this is mv thirteenth year...〈laughter〉 I’m gradually getting to the point where I can’t count (〈laughter〉) ,age, yes.

APPENDICES 2 8 7

34

33

*

SM03:

あの、社 会 、科 の ( あっ、 はい、 はい) ほ う で す か ?。

Ano, shakai, ka no (a, hai, hai) ho desu ka? Er, are you in Social Studies (ah, yes yes)? 35

36

34

35

*

*

SM03:

BF07:

ちゅうこく、中 高 で す と (はい)社 会ってのはあの 一 、 社会 の 中 で も い ろ い ろ 分 か れ る ん で す か ?、< 日本史とか、世界 史 と か …。 > 1{ 1 ええ、どこの学校でも 同 じ 、だと思いますけど。 (ええ)

{>} ee, doko no gakko demo onaji, da to omoimasu kedo. (ee) Ah, yes, well,er, yes, I think it is the same at every schoolぺyes l 37

36

*

BF07:

あの一、ま、え一と、地 理 、大きくわけると中学は地理と歴 史 と 公 民 て い う ふ う に (ええ) あの 一 、 分かれます。

Ano-, ma, e-to, chiri, dkiku wakeru to chugaku wa chiri to rekishi to komin teiu ju ni (ee) ano-, wakaremasu. t,r, well, uhm, Geography, ir you divide it broadlv, junior high is dividea up into Geography, History, and Civics. 38

37

*

BF07:

それから、高 校 は 、え一と、あの、去 年 、おととしまでかな、 は ‘wa’、 あの一、 しゃ、社 会 、 え一、教 科 が 社 会 で 、 (え え)あの一、いろんな科目が、社会の中にいっぱい入ってた ん で す け ど (ええ)、今 度 は 教 科 が (ええ)あの 一 、 地 歴 と 、 地 歴 っ て い う 教 科 と 、 (ええ)公民てい う 教 科 に 分 か れ て 、 んで一、あの、内容的にはあんまり、かつてと、あの一、今 までと、今までの社会科でやってることと変わりがないよう です け ど 、 (ええ)社 会 科 が ま あ 、二 つ に わかれたというよ うな、 ( あ一) そんな感じですね。

^orekara, koko wa, e-to, ano, kvonen, ototoshi made kana, wa, ano-, sha, shakai, e-, kyoka ga shakai ae, (ee) ano-, ironna, kamoku ga, shakai no naka ni ippai haittetan desu kedo (ee), kondo wa kyoka ga, (ee) ano-, chireki to, chireki tteiu kyoka to, (ee) Komin teiu kyoka ni wakarete, nde-, ano, naiydtekini wa anmari, katsute to, ano-, ima made to, ima made no shakaika de yatteru koto to kawari ga nai yd desu kedo, (ee) shakaika ga maa, futatsu ni wakareta toiu ydna, (a-) sonna kanji desu ne.

288

Then in high school, uhm, er, until last year, or was it two years ago, er, Soc... Social Studies, yes, the curriculum was Social Studies, (yes) er, although there are a lot of subjects in Social Studies (yes), now the curriculum (yes) is divided into a curriculum called Civics, and, er, the contents are not, compared to before, er, until now, there is not much difference from what we have done in Social Studies up till now, (yes) but, well Social Studies has been divided in two, (oh) something like that. 39

38

* BF07:

で 、あの一、ま、高 校 で い え ば 、地 歴 、が地歴 で は 、ま、地 理 と 歴 史 は 日本史と世界史、 (ええ)の 3 つにあたります。

De, ano-, ma, koko de ieba, chireki, ga chireki de wa, ma, chiri to rekishi wa nihonshi to sekaishi, (ee) no mittsu ni atarimasu. So, er, well, in high school, Geography and History, in Geography and History, well, Geography and, History includes Japanese History and World History, (yes) we have those three. 40

39

* BF07:

それから、公 民 、科 は 、 え一と、現 代 、社 会 、 と、 (ええ) それから、倫 理 と (ええ)え一と、政治経済っていうふうに、 あの一、分 か れ て 、い て 、で、ま、生徒達は履修するように な っ て い る (ええ) んですけれども。 < 笑 い >

Sore kara, komin, ka wa, e-to, gendai, shakai, to, (ee) sore kara, rinri to [ee) e-to, seijikeizai tteiu fu m, ano-, wakarete, ite, de, ma, seito tachi wa rishu sum yom natteiru (ee) n aesu keredomo•くwarai> And then, Civics is, uhm, divided up into Modem, Society, and, (yes) and then, Ethics and (yes) uhm, Politics and Economics, so, it’s set up for the students to take these (yes). 41

40

* SM03:

あの一、先 生 の 場 合 、っていうか、そ の 一 (ええ)あの、専 門 っ て い う の が あ る ん で す か ?。 (ええ、 ええ)

Ano-, sensei no baai, tteiu ka, sono- (ee) ano, senmon tteiu no ga arun desu ka? (Ee, ee) Er, as for the teachers, I mean, their (yes) er, do they have their own specialty? 42

41

SM03:

その、もし、その、教 え る 、そ の (あ一)いろ ん な 、社会で もいろいろ… 、

Sono, moshi, sono, oshieru, sono (a-) ironna, shakai demo iroiro What, if, what thev teach, the (ah) various, even in Social Studies there are various..

APPENDICES 2 8 9

43

42

* BF07:

44

41*

SM03:

< そうですね、あの一 …。 > | 1丨 < そうなんですか 。 > I} { | > | そんなとこみたいですけどもね。 {>} sonna toko mitai desu kedomo ne. So they say, I guess ifs that kind of place. 支 店 は た く さ ん あ る ん で す か ?。

Shiten wa takusan arun desu kar Are there many branches? 117

106 * SM03:

い や 、あんまり聞いたことないですね。 ( ん一)

Iya, anmari kiita koto nai desu ne. (Nn-) No, I haven’t really heard of them. 118

107 * SM03:

何箇所かあるかもしれませんけども。 ( ん一ん)

[BF08が何かぼそぼそつぶやいている ] Nankashoka aru kamo shiremasen kedomo. (Nn-n) [BF08 ga nanika bosoboso tsubuyaiteiru] I’m not sure, but there may be a few places. (Uh huh) [BF08 is mumbling something] 119

120

108 * SM03:

109 * SM03:

1 2 1 110 *

BF08:

122

SM03:

111

熊 野 の 方 と か は 行 か れ た こ と あ り ま す か ?。

Kumano no ho toka wa iKareta koto arimasu K a ? Have you ever been to Kumano? 熊 野 大 社 と か 、 < なち大社とか 。 > I 1 ですよね、 < 雨の多い 。 > I} desu yo ne, 1 < おわせの向こうですから、〉 K) {>} {