Digital Landscape Architecture: Logic, Structure, Method and Application [1st ed. 2023] 9819920450, 9789819920457

Table of contents :
Abstract
Preface
Contents
Introduction: Digital Landscape Opens the Era of Landscape Architecture 4.0
1. Digital China and Digital Age
2. Modern Landscape Architecture Based on Integration of Science and Art
3. Digital Landscape and Era of Landscape Architecture 4.0
4. The Multiple Values of Digital Landscape Architecture
Chapter 1 Significance of Digital Landscape Architecture
1.1 Background of Digital Landscape Architecture
1.1.1 The Rise of Digital Landscape Architecture
1.1.2 Digital Landscape Architecture - Landscape Architecture Era 4.0
1.2 Digital Landscape Technology Development
1.2.1 The Beginning of Digital Landscape Technology
1.2.2 Digital Landscape Technology Progress
1.2.3 Application of Digital Landscape Technology
1.3 The Value of Digital Landscape Architecture
1.3.1 Scientific Development from Qualitative to Quantitative Landscape Planning and Design
1.3.2 Development Toward Refined Landscape Architecture
1.3.3 Development Toward Systematic Landscape Planning and Design
Chapter 2 Logic of Digital Landscape Architecture
2.1 Systematic Digital Landscape Architecture
2.1.1 Multi-objective Requirements
2.1.2 Complex Systemic Nature
2.1.3 Dynamic Nature of Design Elements
2.2 Logic of Digital Landscape Architecture
2.2.1 Logic of Data Stream and Design Process
2.2.2 Logic Model - Mathematical Model - Programming Model
2.3 Digital Landscape Architecture Process
2.3.1 Data Collection and Analysis
2.3.2 Scheme Design and Simulation
2.3.3 Digital Construction, Measurement and Control
Chapter 3 Structure of Digital Landscape Architecture
3.1 Digital Landscape Architecture
3.1.1 Digital Landscape System Architecture
3.1.2 Architecture of Digital Landscape Architecture Software
3.2 Digital Landscape Architecture Platforms
3.2.1 Ecological Environment Data Collection, Analysis and Simulation Platform for Landscape Architecture
3.2.2 Spatial Form Data Collection, Analysis and Simulation Platform for Landscape Architectural Environment
3.2.3 Behavioral and Psychological Data Collection, Analysis and Simulation Platform for Landscape Architectural Environment
3.3 Landscape Information System (LIM) and Planning and Design
3.3.1 Overview of LIM
3.3.2 Characteristics of LIM
3.3.3 System Architecture of LIM
3.3.4 LIM Implementation Platform
3.3.5 LIM Upgrading
Chapter 4 Digital Landscape Architecture Methodology
4.1 Collection of Landscape Environmental Data
4.1.1 Collection of Ecological Data for Landscape Architecture
4.1.2 Collection of Landscape Architecture Form Data
4.1.3 Collection of Environmental Behavior Data for Landscape Architecture
4.2 Analysis of Landscape Environment Data
4.2.1 Vertical Data Analysis
4.2.2 Hydrological Data Analysis
4.2.3 Vegetation Data Analysis
4.2.4 Microclimate Data Analysis
4.2.5 Behavioral Data Analysis
4.3 Landscape Design Scheme Simulation
4.3.1 Refined Scheme Development Process
4.3.2 Landscape Environmental Behavior Research and Assessment
4.3.3 Landscape Scene Simulation
4.4 Digital Landscape Construction
4.4.1 3D Printing
4.4.2 CNC Machining
4.4.3 CNC Construction
4.5 Landscape Performance Evaluation
4.5.1 Environmental Benefits
4.5.2 Social Benefits
4.5.3 Economic Benefits
Chapter 5 Application of Digital Landscape Methods and Technologies
5.1 Landscape Environment Evaluation and Protection Planning
5.1.1 Nanjing Niushou Mountain Scenic Area (Northern Area) Project Practice
5.1.2 Zhenjiang Nanshan Mountain Scenic Area (West Entrance) Project Practice
5.1.3 Planning and Design of the Fengle Pavilion Scenic Area in Langya Mountain, Chuzhou, Anhui Province
5.2 Garden and Landscape Planning and Design
5.2.1 Park Landscape Planning and Design
5.2.2 Greenway Route Selection Planning and Design
5.3 Landscape Hydrology and Sponge City Planning and Design
5.3.1 Sponge City Planning
5.3.2 Sponge City Design
5.3.3 Waterscape Planning and Design
5.4 Landscape Environmental Color Planning and Design
5.4.1 Design of the Cherry Blossom Scenic Belt along the Nanjing Ming City Wall
5.4.2 Environmental Improvement Project of the Outer Qinhuai River and Hetou Area in Qinhuai District, Nanjing
5.4.3 Comprehensive Environmental Improvement of the Southern Section of the Nanjing Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum's Central Axis
5.5 Landscape Architecture Spatial Form Research and Design
5.5.1 Quality Improvement Planning and Design for the Southern Area of the Nanjing Qingliang Mountain Park
5.5.2 Upgrade of the Central Lake Area Landscape in the Jiulonghu Campus of Southeast University
5.5.3 Landscape Architecture Design of Sakura Park in Nanjing Zhongshan Scenic Area
5.6 Landscape Environmental Behavior Simulation and Application
5.6.1 Environmental Improvement Project for the Outer Qinhuai River and the Hetou Area in Qinhuai District, Nanjing
5.6.2 Nanjing Guanyao Mountain Heritage Park Planning and Design
Conclusion
References
Epilogue
Cheng Yuning Profile

Citation preview

Yuning Cheng

Digital Landscape Architecture: Logic, Structure, Method and Application

Digital Landscape Architecture: Logic, Structure, Method and Application

Yuning Cheng

Digital Landscape Architecture: Logic, Structure, Method and Application

123

Yuning Cheng Department of Landscape Architecture Southeast University Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

ISBN 978-981-99-2045-7 ISBN 978-981-99-2046-4 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-2046-4

(eBook)

Jointly published with Southeast University Press, Nanjing, China The print edition is not for sale in China Mainland. Customers from China Mainland please order the print book from: Southeast University Press. © Southeast University Press 2023 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publishers, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publishers nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publishers remain neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore

Abstract This book systematically constructs the theoretical and methodological system of digital landscape architecture, a cutting-edge field of landscape architecture, in terms of logic, structure, method and application. It provides an in-depth analysis of the principles of digital landscape architecture based on values and meanings. The structure of digital landscape architecture is explained in this book based on logic, architecture and platform. The research and application methods of digital landscape architecture are summarized based on landscape planning and design procedures such as data collection and analysis, scheme simulation, digital construction, and performance measurement and control. Additionally, this book explains in detail the achievements from the implementation of digital landscape architecture in sponge city design as well as in the environmental evaluation, planning, design, color design, and spatial and behavioral research of landscape architecture. This book contains theoretical research and detailed descriptions of digital landscape architecture design techniques and technology. It precisely targets digital landscape architecture and can provide excellent practical guidance. This book can be used as a theoretical research guide for landscape architecture professionals and as an operational guide for those engaged in landscape architecture and related professions when implementing digital landscape architecture projects.

Cataloguing In Publication (CIP) Data Digital Landscape Architecture: Logic, Structure, Method and Application. By Cheng Yuning. Southeast University Press, Nanjing, China. 2019.10. ISBN 978-7-5641-8676-0 I. ķ Digital … II. ķ Cheng … III. ķ Digital Technology - Application - Landscape Design IV. ķ TU986.2-39 China Archives of Publications CIP Data No. (2019) 278093

Digital Landscape Architecture: Logic, Structure, Method and Application Author: Cheng Yuning Editor in Charge: Dai Li, Zhu Zhenxia Printing Principal: Zhou Ronghu Published by Southeast University Press Address: No.2, Sipailou, NanjingǂǂZip Code: 210096 Website: http://www.seupress.com Publisher: Jiang Jianzhong Printed By: Shanghai Artron Graphic Art Co., Ltd. Typesetting: Nanjing Book Culture Development Co., Ltd. Book Size: 889 mm× 1194 mm, 1/16 Printed Sheet: 28.5 7KH¿UVWHGLWLRQZDVSXEOLVKHGLQ2FWREHUDQGSULQWHGIRUWKH¿UVWWLPHLQ2FWREHU ISBN 978-7-5641-8676-0

* All rights reserved and no infringement allowed.

v

Preface

As an artistic heritage that can be traced back to the very beginning of human civilization, landscape architecture boasts a long history of 4000-5000 years in both the East and the West, and reflects the pursuit of a better living environment for mankind. Landscape architecture is not only built to meet people's functional and safety needs but also to discover and express nature, as well as to make people feel pleasant and comfortable. As of today, landscape architecture continues to be an important approach for humankind to implement sustainable environmental development. By building a sustainable living environment (human settlements), it helps us embark on the sustainable utilization of our environment. During thousands of years of evolution, landscape architecture has gradually demonstrated DSHUIHFWFRPELQDWLRQRIVFLHQFHDQGDUW2QWKHRQHKDQGODQGVFDSHDUFKLWHFWXUHLVFORVHO\ linked with the practical needs and aesthetic tastes of human beings; on the other hand, it is DOVRFRQVWDQWO\XVHGWRH[SORUHWKHVFLHQWL¿FODZVRIQDWXUH)URPDVFLHQWL¿FSRLQWRIYLHZ the laws of everything can be described in a quantitative way. Meanwhile, art is another presentation of human cognition and expression of the outside world. Landscape architecture is both science and art, characterized by both perceptual and logical thinking. Therefore, it has become the underlying logic and principle for modern landscape architecture to IROORZWKHGHYHORSPHQWWUHQGLQWKHGLJLWDOHUDDQGKLJKOLJKWLWVDUWLVWLFYDOXHDQGVFLHQWL¿F significance. Therefore, how to realize the organic integration of ecological environment and artistic form in the planning and design of modern landscape architecture is proved to be an emerging question in this era and a new starting point for the evolution of landscape architecture in the 21st century. Landscape architecture planning and design powered by digital technology are based on scientific analysis and evaluation, which is helpful to recognize and understand the laws RIQDWXUHLQDPRUHGH¿QLWHDQGV\VWHPDWLFPDQQHUZKLOHSURYLGLQJGLYHUVL¿HGPHDQVIRU artistic manifestation of the outside world and human perception of nature. Therefore, the emergence of digital landscape is inevitable for the development of landscape architecture. I believe that with further development of digital landscape research and practice, a new era will be unfolded for landscape architecture. Professor Cheng Yuning has been dedicated to the research and practice of digital landscape architecture for nearly 18 years. His topics range from the early application of the digital map overlay method and GIS in the evaluation of land ecological sensitivity and suitability, to the study of virtual reality, parametric design, sponge city and landscape color, to the quantitative research and interactive design of complex space, performance evaluation, etc. In the meanwhile, he paid close attention to the theoretical research of landscape architecture planning and design, and launched a long-term systematic study on the elements with digital potential. The good results he has achieved have been duly verified in practice. Professor Cheng has written Digital Landscape Architecture: Logic, Structure, Method and Application based on his long-term research achievements. This book systematically constructs the theory and methodology of digital landscape architecture and opens a new chapter of research and application in this field. It will promote the scientific landscape architecture development process. We would like to preface this paragraph with the wish that digital landscape architecture will enable landscape architecture to gain a brighter future. Academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering August 18, 2019 vii

Contents

Introduction: Digital Landscape Opens the Era of Landscape Architecture 4.0 .............................................................................................001 6LJQL¿FDQFHRI'LJLWDO/DQGVFDSH$UFKLWHFWXUH ..................... 007 Background of Digital Landscape Architecture ................................. 007 The Rise of Digital Landscape Architecture ........................................... 007 Digital Landscape Architecture - Landscape Architecture Era 4.0 ......... 008 Digital Landscape Technology Development ...................................... 010 The Beginning of Digital Landscape Technology .................................. 010 Digital Landscape Technology Progress ................................................. 016 Application of Digital Landscape Technology ....................................... 028 The Value of Digital Landscape Architecture..................................... 034 6FLHQWL¿F'HYHORSPHQWIURP4XDOLWDWLYHWR4XDQWLWDWLYH/DQGVFDSH Planning and Design ............................................................................... 035  'HYHORSPHQW7RZDUG5H¿QHG/DQGVFDSH$UFKLWHFWXUH.......................... 038 1.3.3 Development Toward Systematic Landscape Planning and Design ....... 040

&KDSWHU 1.1 1.1.1 1.1.2 1.2 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.3 

Chapter 2 2.1 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.1.3 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.3 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3

Logic of Digital Landscape Architecture ................................. 045 Systematic Digital Landscape Architecture ........................................ 045 Multi-objective Requirements ................................................................ 045 Complex Systems.................................................................................... 047 Dynamic Design Elements ...................................................................... 048 Logic of Digital Landscape Architecture ............................................ 049 Logic of Data Stream and Design Process .............................................. 049 Logic Model - Mathematical Model - Programming Model .................. 051 Digital Landscape Architecture Process ............................................. 059 Data Collection and Analysis .................................................................. 060 Scheme Design and Simulation .............................................................. 070 Digital Construction, Measurement and Control .................................... 084

ix

x

Contents

Chapter 3 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.2 3.2.1  3.2.3 3.3  3.3.2 3.3.3 3.3.4 3.3.5 Chapter 4 4.1 4.1.1  4.1.3 4.2 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 4.2.4 4.2.5 4.3  4.3.2 4.3.3 4.4 4.4.1 4.4.2 4.4.3 4.5   

Structure of Digital Landscape Architecture .......................... 089 Digital Landscape Architecture ........................................................... 089 Digital Landscape System Architecture .................................................. 089 Architecture of Digital Landscape Architecture Software ..................... 094 Digital Landscape Architecture Platforms ......................................... 098 Ecological Environment Data Collection, Analysis and Simulation Platform for Landscape Architecture ...................................................... 098 6SDWLDO)RUP'DWD&ROOHFWLRQ$QDO\VLVDQG6LPXODWLRQ3ODWIRUPIRU Landscape Architectural Environment .................................................... 104 Behavioral and Psychological Data Collection, Analysis and Simulation Platform for Landscape Architectural Environment ............................... 110 Landscape Information System (LIM) and Planning and Design.... 118 2YHUYLHZRI/,0 .................................................................................... 118 Characteristics of LIM ............................................................................ 122 System Architecture of LIM ................................................................... 126 LIM Implementation Platform ................................................................ 137 LIM Upgrading ....................................................................................... 142 Digital Landscape Architecture Methodology ........................ 144 Collection of Landscape Environmental Data.................................... 144 Collection of Ecological Data for Landscape Architecture .................... 144 &ROOHFWLRQRI/DQGVFDSH$UFKLWHFWXUH)RUP'DWD .................................. 148 Collection of Environmental Behavior Data for Landscape Architecture............................................................................................. 155 Analysis of Landscape Environment Data ......................................... 158 Vertical Data Analysis ............................................................................. 158 Hydrological Data Analysis .................................................................... 180 Vegetation Data Analysis ........................................................................ 191 Microclimate Data Analysis .................................................................... 202 Behavioral Data Analysis ........................................................................ 206 Landscape Design Scheme Simulation ................................................ 214 5H¿QHG6FKHPH'HYHORSPHQW3URFHVV................................................... 214 Landscape Environmental Behavior Research and Assessment ............. 219 Landscape Scene Simulation .................................................................. 221 Digital Landscape Construction .......................................................... 225 3D Printing .............................................................................................. 225 CNC Machining ...................................................................................... 228 CNC Construction................................................................................... 230 Landscape Performance Evaluation ................................................... 237 (QYLURQPHQWDO%HQH¿WV........................................................................... 238 6RFLDO%HQH¿WV ........................................................................................ 243 (FRQRPLF%HQH¿WV .................................................................................. 243

Contents

xi

Chapter 5 Application of Digital Landscape Methods and Technologies .............................................................................. 247 5.1 Landscape Environment Evaluation and Protection Planning ........ 247 5.1.1 Nanjing Niushou Mountain Scenic Area (Northern Area) Project Practice .....248 5.1.2 Zhenjiang Nanshan Mountain Scenic Area (West Entrance) Project Practice ....................................................................................... 257  3ODQQLQJDQG'HVLJQRIWKH)HQJOH3DYLOLRQ6FHQLF$UHDLQ Langya Mountain, Chuzhou, Anhui Province......................................... 265 5.2 Garden and Landscape Planning and Design .................................... 270 5.2.1 Park Landscape Planning and Design ..................................................... 271 5.2.2 Greenway Route Selection Planning and Design ................................... 295 5.3 Landscape Hydrology and Sponge City Planning and Design ......... 320 5.3.1 Sponge City Planning ............................................................................. 320 5.3.2 Sponge City Design ................................................................................ 337 5.3.3 Waterscape Planning and Design ............................................................ 363 5.4 Landscape Environmental Color Planning and Design........................... 373 5.4.1 Design of the Cherry Blossom Scenic Belt along the Nanjing Ming City Wall ................................................................................................. 374  (QYLURQPHQWDO,PSURYHPHQW3URMHFWRIWKH2XWHU4LQKXDL5LYHUDQG +HWRX$UHDLQ4LQKXDL'LVWULFW1DQMLQJ ................................................ 386 5.4.3 Comprehensive Environmental Improvement of the Southern Section of the Nanjing Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum's Central Axis .......................... 394 5.5 Landscape Architecture Spatial Form Research and Design ........... 402  4XDOLW\,PSURYHPHQW3ODQQLQJDQG'HVLJQIRUWKH6RXWKHUQ$UHDRI WKH1DQMLQJ4LQJOLDQJ0RXQWDLQ3DUN .................................................... 403 5.5.2 Upgrade of the Central Lake Area Landscape in the Jiulonghu Campus of Southeast University ........................................................................... 413 5.5.3 Landscape Architecture Design of Sakura Park in Nanjing Zhongshan Scenic Area ............................................................................................. 418 5.6 Landscape Environmental Behavior Simulation and Application ... 423  (QYLURQPHQWDO,PSURYHPHQW3URMHFWIRUWKH2XWHU4LQKXDL5LYHU DQGWKH+HWRX$UHDLQ4LQKXDL'LVWULFW1DQMLQJ.................................... 424 5.6.2 Nanjing Guanyao Mountain Heritage Park Planning and Design .......... 431 Conclusion .....................................................................................................438 References .....................................................................................................439 Epilogue

.....................................................................................................446

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175

Concave terrain: Close sight, convergence

undulating outdoor environment. In addition, changes in the terrain that serves as the base for planting design can alter the skyline and forest edge line in the landscape environment. Another important role of the terrain in shaping the space is to guid the line of sight )LJXUH &RPPRQWHFKQLTXHVLQFOXGHVKDSLQJDWWUDFWLRQVWRJXLGHWKHOLQHRIVLJKW shaping barriers to isolate the line of sight, and shaping the background. People’s line of sight is opposite in the raised and depressed areas. Both types of areas can be organized as viewing and landscaping areas. Convex terrain such as mountains and hills, as the visual focus, is often the landmark of the landscape. Water is often accumulated in a depressed area to form a lake, constituting the waterscape. Because of its centripetal, it LVVRPHWLPHVDORQJZLWKJUDVVVORSHDGRSWHGIRURSHQDLUWKHDWHUDQGRWKHUVSDFHV)RU any place with a requirement for privacy, the terrain can also be used to block the line of sight, and the effect is excellent and very natural. Terrain is often used as the background of space to contrast the landscape theme, and various terrain elements can be the background of each other. In addition, the terrain can not only guide people's sight, but also organize their behavior, shelter from the cold wind, improve microclimate, isolate noise, etc. Most of the landscape design objects have initial natural terrain as a limitation. Such present conditions result from long-term run-in between the site and nature, which in most cases is the optimum form shaped by nature. Therefore, the form of site terrain should be harmonious with it to yield the maximum environmental benefits with the minimum investment. 5) Vertical and habitat construction Habitat refers to the environment in which an individual organism or a population or community of organisms lives. It includes the necessary conditions for survival and other ecological factors that act on organisms. In ecology, habitat is also called wildlife habitat, which is formed by biological and abiotic factors. The soil layer not only sustains the growth of plants, but also contains a large number of microorganisms, insects, small animals, etc, which together constitute the ecosystem of landscape environment. If the soil ecosystem is destroyed in the design, a series of properties of the soil will be changed to affect the growth of plants. The biological factors shall be considered in vertical design operation, including distribution of plant species, coverage of species, abundance and dominant species, community type and pest status.

176

Chapter 4 Digital Landscape Architecture Methodology

Alkali barrier layer 150 thick rubble

The habitats for plant growth are created with a good regulation over microclimate to meet the growth conditions of different plants. According to the soil and hydrological conditions of the site, suitable seedlings are adopted. In addition, through the combination of plant configuration and terrain, the wonderful landscape skyline is formed. The vertical planting planning and design can be carried out to shield the undesirable landscape while diversifying the garden space and creating a superior RXWGRRUHQYLURQPHQW)RUH[DPSOHLQWKHXUEDQGHVLJQRIWKH'DIHQJ+LJKWHFK=RQH the excavated terrain is introduced to form a river system, and the excavated soil is used for a hill to enrich the vertical space of the site. Because the existing underground water is strongly alkaline and unsuitable for plant growth, an alkali barrier is made of 150 thick rubble at the constant water level in engineering practice to improve the soil HQYLURQPHQWDQGSURYLGHSURSHUJURZWKFRQGLWLRQVIRUSODQWV)LJXUH 

4.2.1.3 Cut and Fill Balance and Vertical Design Optimization In the vertical design of landscape architecture, the reconstruction of site terrain is often LQGLVSHQVDEOHZKLFKLQHYLWDEO\LQYROYHVWKHFXWDQG¿OO(DUWKURFNDQGSURWHFWLRQZRUN is an important evaluation indicator of whether the vertical design scheme is reasonable and economical. It is also a compulsory basis for the estimated investment on landscape projects. Earthwork calculation is an important step in landscape project construction. The common earthwork calculation methods include the contour line method, the square grid method, the section method, the average elevation method, the DTM method, and the regional earthwork balance method. The triangular mesh method plays a key role in the Civil 3D earthwork calculation model. The earthwork is calculated by comparing the curved surface generated by road and terrain with the existing ground. This method of calculating earth quantities by two surfaces is more accurate than using other methods. In Civil 3D, the cross-section sample line of the road can be automatically created according to the mileage range or the specific mileage position, and the material list LVGH¿QHGIRUWKHURDG7KHHDUWKZRUNTXDQWLW\DQGURDGPDWHULDOTXDQWLW\DUHTXLFNO\ calculated in each stage of design to generate the earthwork allocation map as the reference for the construction cost, scheme optimization and accurate construction. Earthwork includes the estimation and balance of earthwork quantity of site leveling, road and water system. The Code for Vertical Planning of Urban Land Use (CJJ_83-99) VSHFL¿HVWKHHDUWKZRUNTXDQWLW\TXRWDVDQGEDODQFHVWDQGDUGVIRUYDULRXVW\SHVRIXUEDQ construction sites (Table 4-12). Earthwork and protection work in the vertical design of landscape architecture should be carried out in accordance with the following principles. (1) Meet the land use requirements Most earthwork adjustments in the design are meant to trim the area unsuitable for construction. Therefore, earthwork adjustment should first meet the functional requirements to ensure the safety and reliability of the project construction. (2) Reduce earthwork and ensure earthwork balance

Figure 4-31 Diagram Of Habitat Improvement

4.2 Analysis of Landscape Environment Data

177

In the earthwork project, the amount of earthwork should be reduced as much as SRVVLEOH7KHFXWDQG¿OOVKRXOGEHFORVHUHDVRQDEOHDQGEDODQFHGWRUHGXFHWKHWLPH PDQSRZHUDQGPDWHULDOUHVRXUFHVXVHGIRUFXW¿OODQGHDUWKWUDQVSRUWDWLRQ7KLVFDQ also reduce the project duration and cost. (3) Reasonably determine the type of slope protection and slope ratio In the design, the form of the revetment or retaining wall shall be determined according to the soil, geological condition, design philosophy and safety requirements of service engineering, and the slope ratio of revetment shall be determined as required by the VSHFL¿FDWLRQV Table 4-12 Earthwork volume quotas and balancing standards for different types of urban construction land Site Type Plains Land Use Type

Low and medium hills

Land Land earthwork earthwork balance quantity quota(m3/m2) indicator(%)

Land earthwork quantity quota (m3/m2)

Land earthwork balance indicator(%)

High hills and mountains Land Land earthwork earthwork quantity balance quota(m3/m2) indicator(%)

Land for industrial storage

< 0.8

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Epilogue

7KHVLJQL¿FDQFHRIVFLHQFHOLHVLQWKHGHVFULSWLRQRIREMHFWLYHODZVZKLOHWKHYDOXHRI DUWOLHVLQWKHH[SUHVVLRQRIKXPDQHPRWLRQV$VDVFLHQWL¿FDUWODQGVFDSHDUFKLWHFWXUH has both scientific and artistic attributes. It needs the nourishment of culture and art. Meanwhile, it cannot develop without the support of science and technology. Modern landscape architecture develops both perceptually and scientifically. It features qualitative descriptions and quantitative research. It has progressed from using uncertain designs to using robust and reliable solutions. The dual attributes and development of landscape architecture have determined that modern landscape architecture requires not only qualitative descriptions but also quantitative research. The "unity of science and art" has become a basic feature of modern landscape architecture. A systematic review of the latest research and practice in the contemporary living environment reveals the following characteristics. The scientific guidance should be emphasized in landscape planning and design, including but not limited to low-impact development, sponge city, ecological restoration, form repair, green infrastructures, park city, etc. Different from the historical focus on form and cultural concepts, contemporary landscape planning and design pays more attention to the solution to ecosystem problems. Landscape architecture always focuses on ecological and form issues at both micro and macro levels. Ecological and form issues must be properly addressed in landscape architecture planning and design. It is a trend in modern landscape architecture to use quantitative methods to support qualitative decisions to couple ecology and form. Environmental elements and systems that comply with the laws of nature must be changed as little as possible to meet people's requirements for development and construction. Digital technology can be used to easily and accurately obtain information about environmental systems to quantitatively evaluate the environment. This can help develop planning and design schemes and techniques for low-impact development and dynamically simulate environmental changes. Environmental data must be collected, analyzed, and evaluated using digital technology. In addition, the simulation and comparison of schemes, as well as performance studies, cannot be done without the support of digital technology. The use of digital landscape technology is encouraged to calculate the input to output ratio of low-impact development. This facilitates more inGHSWKUHVHDUFKIRUDQDFFXUDWHDQGVFLHQWL¿FXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIORZLPSDFWGHYHORSPHQW In addition, it will help to improve the performance of habitat construction and management. In the 1980s, I had access to the multi-layer analysis method. The subsequent CAD layer management function was helpful to greatly facilitate analysis and modeling. Then, I quickly found that the simple overlay could be equivalent. It ignores the system attributes of the environment and the intensity of the effects of different factors. © Southeast University Press 2023 Y. Cheng, Digital Landscape Architecture: Logic, Structure, Method and Application, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-2046-4

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Therefore, since the 1990s, I have been trying to utilize the weighted overlay tool to analyze environmental ecological sensitivity and land use suitability. Compared to the traditional ones, this overlay tool is closer to the natural system attributes. Ten years ago, I managed the foundation of the Digital Landscape Laboratory of Southeast University. Duly approved to be Jiangsu Digital Landscape Teaching Demonstration Center six years ago and Jiangsu Urban and Rural Landscape Digital Technology Engineering Center four years ago, it is a great platform for systematic digital landscape research and practice. With the approval of the Chinese Ministry of Education, the International Digital Landscape Architecture Conference has been held for four consecutive sessions since 2013. This has promoted digital landscape architecture research and practice in China. This book contains more than a decade of my key research and application achievements in digital landscape architecture. I received support from Academician Wang Jianguo in writing this book. It is a great honor for me to have him write the preface. I also received assistance from my students, such as Yuan Yangyang, Tan Ming, ;LH0LQJNXQ+RX4LQJKH=KDR7LDQ\L)DQ;LDQJQDQDQG)DQ