Differential mortality in Mississippi

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BOTKEUMIAL MORTALITY II? MISSISSIPPI

A BissSOTt&tioa Submitted to %M .feadiste Ibftu&ty of the Louisiana State if&iversity m& A gricultural and Meefcaaioal College la p a rtia l fulfillm ent of the retirem en ts for the decree of Bootor of Philosophy la

fhm IN^artsiaat of Sociology

by

Joha Howell Burras B.A., Tfeiveralty of Mississippi* 19^8 M,A,, Louisiana sta te University, 1 9 ^ June, 1950

UMI Number: DP69345

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MANUSCRIPT THESES Unpublished theses subm itted fo r the m a ste r's and d o c to r's degrees and deposited in the Louisiana S ta te U niversity L ibrary are a v a ila b le f o r inspection# r ig h ts of the author#

Use o f any th e s is is lim ite d by the

B ib lio g ra p h ic al referen ces may be noted, but

passages may not be copied unless the au thor has given permission# C re d it must be given i n subsequent w ritte n o r published work. A lib r a r y which borrows th is th e s is f o r use by i t s c lie n te le i s expected to make sure th a t the borrower is aware o f the above re s tric tio n s . LOUISIANA. STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY

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* * • ■ ♦ • • * * * . . *.« *.* * # end, influenza. * * * * * * «, * * * * * * * * * * Xalr&ersaial Lesion®......................... ................................. 90

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. * ............................................. 113

Biffeeenee* 4». lafe&t M ortality AeeerAtag to lee© and Seai&eae©* * « * « * * » • » * « , . * » * * , , « . » . ,

Ilf

LIFS xrasom fic® I I « W 9 K S i *. *. *■ •. *■*. , * . * . . * * ♦

126

l i f e Ixpectation im M ississippi* X9*MV19*& * ................* 12f eseparetitfe taln ee te r t i e State m& tfe* Hatioxu « . . . * X3& t in *

w s c im tm * . . * * *

* * * . *. * * * . * .

* *. * * * . * 13 ?

SIBLIOGEAFEY . . * . * . , * . * * , * * * * . * * . * * . * * * * *

1^5

AFFOTffX A . * * . * ............... * * * * * * * * ............................ * . * * 152 BIOGRAPHY » . * * * . * . * * . . * * * * * * * # #

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161

M«$ Of fAM tf

A

of Hrente in to r ta li %•

1®4I90O» * *

22

Amor&ge l i f t ®wpe«'*am®y foie Fersoste 0*1 'Tea? ef.Age* W Se*f ana Residence, Mie®i$®ippi, 1940*4941 * * * *

38

leading Causae of Death laMiseisi&lppi* I f 14- and 1944* .

39

M tin s tea Population of M ississippi, Jmv&ary 1* I f 41, % Age, bow* lego, ©md Hess!dene© * , ,

* • * . *

i *5

AanaAl Average Member of Deaths from All Cameo®, hy Age, $®9U R&ee, ana iooi&osi&e, M ississippi, 1940*4941 , * . *

46

A”g6^%©eifio Death R&tss from All 0m m $t .by sow, Race, and Residence, M ississippi, 1940*4941*

4?

Sew ta tto o in M ississippi, 19*K>*

61

lta&bei\ For Sent, and Bank of Be&ih© fro® tlw AMbtag Causes, M ississippi and fhe United State®, 1941, , , .. ,

6?

Estimated Population of Mississippi* ■dNXjp 1, 1941* hy Ago, Sow* Race, and It©si dene© fonfeor of Deaths from Heart Disease, by Age, Sew, and Rage, M ississippi, 1941,

70

Ago*Specific Boath Bate® fro® Heart Disease, % float and Hsmjs, Misoiooippi i 1941 • • * m « * * • » * * # • * * • < >

72

KiBidiOr of Beaths from B ephritls, hy Age, Sew* and la ee, M ississippi, 1941* . . * • * * »« , * , , , * * ■ , . * * * *

77

Ag©>*Specific Booth Bate® from Hephrlfcls, by Sew and Race, Ml©si s slp p l, 1941* * » * * ■ * • * • * * * o * * * *. . * *

82

Bomber of Deaths from Pneumonia and Influenza, % Age* Sow* and Race, M ississippi, 1941

84

Ag©-*Specific Death Bate® from Pneumonia and Influeassa, by Sew and Raee, Misoieslppi, 1941

85

Hma&er of Booth® from Intracranial Lesion®, hy Age* Sew, and Kao*, M ississippi, 1941, • * ............... ... ......................

91

V

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S ttl* OTL XIX. XX. XXI. XXII*

XXIXI. XXIV. XXV. XXVI. XXVII*

XXTXII.

XXIX.

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Agi* sp ecific Death Rates fmm lmwm$m%&% Lesions* *$r Sex. and Bae®, Mie»la®is#i* 19*1. * . . . « * * ♦ ♦ ♦

93

BM wr of Death® from Oencer, hy Ago, Sex* and te g * Hlefti&elppi* 19*1 # * * < , * * ......................................

100

Age*Specific Death Rate* from dancer, % $m Md Race, ............... . » . - « . . * • • « K iasiseippl, 19*1 . .

101

Ites&er of Deaths from I'dfeoronlosi®, % Age# Bex, s*Ul Race, M ississippi, 19*1 « .............................• . ■ • « . *

107

Age*-8p*eifie Death Bat os from Tmherceleste, hy Bex end Bees, M ississippi9 19*1. . . . * ......... *

108

fo ia l Average Death Bates fo r Selected Age Oroopo Com-** pared to Infant M ortality Bate®, M ississippi, 19*0* 19^14 . . . . . . v 11? Infant and Maternal M ortality late®, M ississippi, 1922*19*2

130

Infant Mortal! ty Bate® hy Been and Besideno©, Missis* sip p i, 19*0*19*1 and 19*&*19*?«......................................

121

Average Benaining Life Bnpeotanoy for Whites, M issis sippi, t9*G *i9*l*......................130 Average Remaining Life Bxpeeianey for Degree®, Missis* Sippi, 19^0*1941. .................. * * * . ♦ . . . . ■ * , . ■ , • 1JI Conniete Expectation of Life in Tears a t Decennial Agee, fo r ¥M te Males and females, The United S tates, and M ississippi. 1939-1941.............................. .......

I 35

Life Table for Urban, White Males, M ississippi, 19401941.................................

133

Life Table fo r Urban, White females, M ississippi, 1940-1941 .......................................................

154

XXX.

Life Table for Sural White Males, M ississippi, 19401941......................................................................................... . 155

XXXI.

Life Table for Rural White Females, M ississippi, 1940* 1 9 4 1 ............................................. .................. ... 156

XXXII.

Life Table for Urban, Hegro Male#, M ississippi, 19401941.......................... vi

157

tiX U X X ini. XXXI?. XXX?.

Page M fe TaMe fo r Wbaai, Sagro Females, M ississippi. 1*M*01 9 « . ............................

158

U fa fable fo r Rtxral, Xegro Males. M ississippi, 1940“ lf H . ...................... , . . * . .

159

l i f e faille fo r Sural, Hegro Females, M ississippi. 19*W“* I f* ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

160

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Pag© Age*Sex Pyramids by Race m■* assemble, proms statistical ly and &jyOy»a tb» mast m eat ua&ble data

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H rt* * , as.* *U *« w* 235*236* 9**pvint6& in ti»* Y JM StotigttCB wport cited In footeiote stove.

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&£ whtoh expresses

WU- is a mmrn® o f l i f t

tMtfta* sutiibef of years Itfed' by i l l pOftcmt- In a

population r n t m r *h© are

in a eMp&uted period*

the a r t t a p

tan be imefeetid without inarsaelng bh© proper Ilea #f Mghef a#©» thus the areragt length of l i f t can he'ineyeasai without

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Spaa**0 M£&

fhe l i f t span |« the satbreae I M l of hM ft l i f t ' whlah

is 00%by old ago* t% eazmot h© represented h j m asm#! floors but in© l i f t spaa is usually stated m about 1D0 years, sine© some person© Imre been known to lir e 100 years of a l i t t l e l©si§ef#

fbsf© i s no euthofibi^

tir e erideaee that the l i f e span, at hears defined* ha® changed in any up* preelatble amount within M stef'ieal tisu©®*^ the proepeet of a l i f e span o f 1M o f 1$0 yeafe feeen*&y serried by ®o®e pepule? writings seeraia l i t t l e sefo than a ^ e lls is ® phantasy.9 3* Procedures and ttaages Sa th is seetion slat m tm p te basic to au. imdef&tading of future d ia ly sis are defined of diseussed*

the®* concepts are used to define the

usage of ear tain terms of to explain the set*e*io& o f ' certain © flo ta tio n points*

they are discussed a t the outset to minimise rep etitio n , gape

Polar.

A stable fa c ia l diehofco&y is used in th is study*

fh@ eategories are labeled 'as "white* and "ttonwMfc©** of *5«g?»* * Ktmwhifc© and Kegfo are used as Interctage& ble terms*

and th is I t

^%©uls I* Xhibltn and Alfred d» Iiotlca, I B S S S£ S to * *** tlftlfcr, fhe Ronald Press, 1916* pp# 31*32* u l>id*. p. 31*

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n a tiv ity , and tm i& m m are

discussed end Megr© a o ria lity i t given mme speoiul ©onsiderabioa.

fhomp*

Htt*l H&* tat>%m im Ohio and Ms textual treabfiHmb «f m ortality at® m©n~ tiMuft in another place* the Katioaal &esoiufees Goia&ittee, In the exhaustive ©onograph - id ^ l « > fit a e^sjagipg Fen>ula.tlefia avm #!** a wealth of fast# relative is regional m ortality d ifferen tia ls ( a ll eausse) for the white population o f the nation* deaths*

Standardised rate* mm eojsputed m the haul# ©f I f 29*1921

flue*© rate* were ©stayed 1* a six division seal©.

M ississippi

f o il in the gpoup third fre® the- bottom ©f the seal©* 9&e Information w sid be asefo **r* valuable to states having large nonsrhite populations I f rate*, x (W*),

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M ississippi

tad ft densitr ftf

pertans pftr

*«*& d£ -3QM ifttis e s a iia a e& ft ta& is ®f

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dexes « f t a r l i f e and w elfare are fonaad ia snob diverse representations &s an in fa n t m ortality ra te o f

per tiiousaat and a divorce ra te of one

i s eleven. marriages* S tare wore la 19*K)» 2200 persons per physician end 1*6 l e ^ l M ted s per i ©®0 population*

f ta white pcpniatitm has a M rth

ra te e f 53 p er cen t above replacement and the white farm population was reproducing a t 90 p er cent above replacement«

logro reproduction ra te s

mere lewer than the whites th e ir death ra te s h ig h e r* ^ In tav eatar o f 198.2 tbs S tate started t a r ©m etata-wl&o system o f v ita l ta e tta sp ia g .

Previous to th a t time m ®In#e o ffic e bandied,

a i l the v ita l s ta tis tic s records*

ffee S tate ©ontlnned her

of inforss^iioa* deaths m&itended

'Nr *■ m&t&mx person, asd fierce- pride and iadiWt&nMis®*. M m m has #®m* SMSte&e . . .I f more Shea one o f every #fwMWi* among eefteved people and ©a® m% of every twenty among the white® in the s ta te sash year & w a t Sheet msdio&I attention* th e valid* itjf « f o&m&mUm s ta tis tic s fcy sense of death M e t h# mder^etlmaied and even moh erode d eta ils as age* seas* and e a te r of the deceased persons may he sdbjeet H inordinate «rrear*3® I t i s generally assumed that admission to the l^der&t itegtstraMoh Are* Uptime a t le a st ninety P®r east efficiency in t**a& reporting# Whelp* tea ha* aoaelndaft that Mrth sm*£at*wtiaft in M ississippi in 1930 was slig h tly below th is alniaem* there Is every indication* however * that death registration was reasonably shove the ninety per eenb r*tmrewiat» Wm&am gees on to emphasise that ninety at m m f | ter eent regie* tStttde* dees not neeeeaarily assure aeeurate or a&e$n*te date for- a ll aaalytieal purposes*

I f , for exea^le, sexesiM®g Hhe twelve per seat of

a ll deaths occur without medical attention, as has sometimes been the ease la M ississippi, according to Foreman, the usefulness of the data for awes parieon % eases o f death is g reatly imp&trsd, area though the law*1 he compiled with end the death certifica te obtained

the death

wm$ he reported by tmderisheae, ministers* or others who may hare only ,a

3^pa«a B. Foreman, ^ ^ I s s l ^ f jjartl%tlett. Joint TJaiverstty Libraries, 1939» W* 5>5S*

M m htlllw

f tp

of the pfeysielaa a t death does not necessarily Impair re g is tra tio n of the death* la the Wegro population a slanble aemher of b u r ia ls

mm handled

by t o t a l insurance companies whioh a re %mt* In clin ed

to comply w ith a l l laws* fh ls serves to record the death though the mmm lis te d might not he the ta $ t £ 1M omm*

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T«raon Bair.* and Jota Beloh«r, *llaala«tool.M fo gables. Jackson? M ississippi State Commission on H ospital Sara, I ftS , pp. ^

^Soopare Bablin end lotha* 6B S& s£M Sl* end M ississippi State Board of Health, fhp?$%~d*qg;p?i$ teacfet* pages 02 and Jf2f recfac* lively* ^ W l i n end Lettoa. gg$» ig&|* * p. 07. ^ l t is doubtful th a t the change in toe Census c la ssific a tio n of "white" between the If30 «#a«*#*# aft# eignifiean.l fo r M ississippi. fim figure# ere oar roe ted t# include persons of m xiam cwtys&otion a# w hite.

m m m o f death that took th© greatest t o ll o f l i f e twe®%? #

years a@» are as longer m m $ the ten leading

I l l helew & m i the changes a t a gismo©.

fable

I t iasrtlflet' both to great

progress and to great need. SftSUB 111

tm y m tm m m ® m m m i n Mxssxssxm, % m ®b4 i9*mi* ♦twy

1* Tabercoiosis 2* ^B66R8ffiOalA 3, P o l i n a k

1. &* * . 5*

m .*am

5* Diarrhea, end en teritis 6. la riy Infancy

f* fyphold

8. Camesf 9« Accidents 10* Homicide

&* 7* 8* 9* 10.

Heart Disease Xnbeyeranl&l lesio n s dhreaie n ep h ritis dancer Aeeidsnts fufcerettXesle P&©Uiao»la tnfXmm& Bariy Infancy Syphilis

gqnrth Siegmlftl j|g)g$£i* p* $0, ^social progress has teen mad© in the e&g* of tee© g reat killer© * namely* a s ia ri* . typhoid, sad p ellag ra. ^

the three Combined took only

1%3 lir a s in 19^3 as compared to 1850 lire© three decades earlier*

$i£~

teen deaths were a ttrib u te d to typhoid in W j I t had goo© a# high m 668 in a single year.

Brea w ith fctpymMMoit tuberculosis 1* s t i l l a©

im portant cause of death,

fhere were 1092 deaths from th is cause in 19^35

hut the state he# experienced a lo ss yearly n* hl^h as 2&Z$M

^ fh e cause of sad mure for pellagra was di©towered in M ississippi by Br. Ooldherger. who established I t as a disease of dietary d efitieaey.

Some special mention should b© mad© of In fa n t end maternal morM* ity .

la 1942 Wnderweod reported a to ta l in fa n t death fat# Of 46 per 1000

lir a births (3?.8 for whites sad $4*3 for Negroes)* ra te s were 2*9 fo r whits* and 5*1 fo r Begroes*

Maternal mortality

f i f t y per dual of a ll

M rtht and 83 per ©eat o f Beg#© "birth® are attended "by mdM### *** of which there about 3000 knows. While the percentage of a ll birth# la hospitals was e^ all, a white child had six times the chance o f being M horn in a hospital as did a Negro infant* fh ls ha# it# own m ortality Im plications.

Sash month twenty M ississippi children ere orphaned da#

to the death of the mother from cause# as so©la ted w ith childbirth* her©nl©sis Is an Important m aternity problem in the qnfre p^y-tum period* Saeh year more women in the childbearing age# CljMW die from iuberotfc* ie e ls than from causes due to childbirth**^ feme Soefiiflc studies*

?he f i r s t formal study of M ississippi

demographic data found outside the regular United S tates Census or h istorica l w ritings such a# those of StanM? lowland» is contained in a Progress Baperfe. issued by the M ississippi S tate H anning Commission in 1938.^^

The main emphasis Is on growth and d istrib u tio n of population

hut susBaary treatm ent is given to death ra te s and th e ir trends*

th e

ch ief claim of th is volume to notice is i t s nature a# a milestone.*

(M.D.) i# Sxeeufcive o fficer of the M ississippi state Department of Health. ^M rtm »ie fo u rth Bien n ial ie n e rt. p. 22# *flS#iP #WP#WW ^°KiMi»aippi State Planning Oomnisslon, Egfteg—e Henort S le a a lM te S to e S ttite tiU M U M w a W S ia S :

ffc» m $I s^BpKtoneiwe in the

te io n tifie

%f #*«!

F ix a ti o n fH $ r

s. M mam entitled

ta§&

Wm study i s %a««l m 1930 date and'settemsive treatment Is m% made of ao rd n lity .

4* previously commented npen* foreman »a mmlp**

s is i s syeioa&iie e»& penetrating* aM forms a fr&mowerfe t o t cannot he Ignored i» sx^ M ississippi demographic study.

On® of the la s t

H obs Is a ta b le u tilis in g tmfraMiehed m ortality s ta tis tic s ©emptied ty Mary S m , H show tnsiisil ©rude ra te s by age and eotcr* sM

ffeftse m eets*

data sure ©©n^saaeed with be® eth er &mthem S lates in two periods

t«& years apfttb*^ Another course of dale is the y®rl ^gIM d .. p. 61. See Sbr©BHWi*s ©©ament on devot*© JMJU* *• f5 .

SiM M tiB-*

% * Y. Tan Siefele has a rep o rt on Mlmlm&ml tm M tiM {previously oiled)*hat mo3i of the data re la tiv e to m ortality have been ©evened elsewhere. Rrietfiy (see bibliography) has used some rath er elaborate .©©rrels^ tio ns and found a e i^ iifie a n t relatio n sh ip he tween the nttmhet of ease# of m alaria and aeel©*»se©nemie conditions. Sue to the difference in the aspects ©f study, these findings w ill not ho recapitulated here*

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Mississippi bow has underway a widely noticed program to eapaad and Isa*

m%* m m t. mk iNMtfdantt#

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m 1mm imm fc&e 'fcr&ugltt * i moMoioo in tfea pm% tba pmfolmM tr a in in g $#* lio n aape s t i l l $reat«x»* Imp* of i n .J f t t l i f i H i i In the continued ®»& increasing toovio> v&i&h e&n %# to Ike r e lie f o f ta*&& m$$W* ing and Han aw ing *$ Imrni lives*

,...... wiiiin n - nm*w m m *

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m w m m sm m wm& mm§. m m t wm m m , mm*m m fhe purpose of th is chapter Is to describe those dlffeteneee la a e rta iity sjepsHene# in the stat#vs* Uses, there are sixteen age groups fo r each of the sense fo r which death ra te s of whit© and nonwMte persons of ru ra l Sad urban r e s id e © are arrayed*

fhe to ta l number o f peseftfcia amnbinatieas of

these four facto rs and th e ir subdivision© provide a wide hate fo r the Study of differences In death ra te s. fhe a© tods e*»loy«& in arriv in g a t these ra te s have bees Ate* cussed in a b rie f manner,

An annual average age-specific death ra te

(eiabracing the calendar years 19^0 and 19^1) was computed fo r each cate*, gory*

Xfce processed data used in computing the rate s used Are given in

accompanying tab les and illu s tra te d in figures %and 3* P lffa ro n tla la M &S&- ®» con.ider*tleB of the aiffw ran tlals la o o rta lity KfjKsrfonoa *7 a«* Intjpoftaa** the geaenral discussion of ij4

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Sixteenth Census af the United States. 19hQ« Pannia.il a a . Second S eries, C har& ofrfot|aa of th e Papulation. ■M ississippi. “ Washington; Oovewaent P rin tin g Ofjfloa, l $ k ,

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I t * * . t a r y . f e a tu r e Influencing Death Bate* in Loatelfljaa, UhputU i l » d M e*tor’ s th e s is , L ouisiana S ta te tto r e r c lty * M l L u~~ v Alexander Me Hsftld Pgp^aftjop. den P re s s , 1937• Ito rle e , Ternon end B eleber, John 0.

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