Differential Diagnosis in Surgical Pathology [3 ed.] 9781455770137, 2013046614

Table of contents :
Inside Front Cover
Front Matter
Copyright
Dedication
Contributors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1
Special Diagnostic Techniques in Surgical Pathology
LIGHT MICROSCOPY
Tissue Processing Overview
Fixation
Histologic Stains
Connective Tissue
Fats and Lipids
Carbohydrates and Mucoproteins
Pigments and Minerals
Nerves and Fibers
Hematopoietic and Nuclear Elements
Microorganisms: Bacteria, Fungi, Parasites
Selected References
FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY
Selected References
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
Technical Overview
Ultrastructure of a Cell
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Single Membrane–Bound Structures
Filaments and Tubules
Cell Surface
Extracellular Matrix
Selected References
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY
Introduction
Technical Overview
Ground Rules for Quality Application of Immunohistochemistry in Surgical Pathology
A Practical Tabular Approach to Using Immunohistochemistry for Common Diagnostic Problems
Selected References
FLOW CYTOMETRY
Introduction
Technical Overview
Selected Reference
Cytogenetic Analysis
Selected References
Molecular Pathology Methods
Introduction
Nucleic Acid Extraction Methods
Background
DNA Extraction Methods
RNA Extraction Methods
DNA and RNA Quantification, Purity, and Integrity Assay
Nucleic Acids Storage
Tissue Microdissection Methods
Background
Methods
Applications
Gel Electrophoresis Methods
Background
Agarose Gel Electrophoresis
Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE)
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis
Capillary Gel Electrophoresis
Blot Hybridization Methods
Southern Blotting
Northern Blotting
Dot Blotting
Amplification Methods
The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
PCR Contamination Control
PCR Method Variations
Reverse Transcription (RT) PCR
Real-Time Quantitative (q) PCR
Digital PCR
PCR Tests in Pathology Practice
Other Nucleic Acid Amplification Methods
Transcription-Mediated Amplification (TMA)
Nucleic Acid Sequence-Based Amplification (NASBA)
Displacement Amplification
Helicase Dependent Amplification (HDA)
Signal Amplification Techniques
Branch DNA (bDNA)
Invader Chemistry
Hybrid Capture
Verigene Nanosphere
DNA Microarray Technology
Nucleic Acid Sequencing
In Situ Hybridization
Protein Analytic Methods
Emerging Methodologies
Resources
Selected References
Acknowledgments
Chapter 2
Skin and Adnexal Structures
Inflammatory Conditions
SUPERFICIAL PERIVASCULAR DERMATITIS
Dermatitis with Minimal Epidermal Changes
Superficial Dermatophytosis (Tinea)
Selected References
Selected References
Selected References
Interface Dermatitis
Lichen Planus
Selected References
Selected References
Selected References
Selected References
Selected References
Epidermal Spongiosis
Spongiotic Dermatitis
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
Selected References
Psoriasiform Dermatitis
Psoriasis
Selected References
Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris
Selected References
SUPERFICIAL AND DEEP PERIVASCULAR DERMATITIS
Dermatitis with Minimal Epidermal Changes
Lymphocytes Predominant
Polymorphous Light Eruption
Selected References
Eosinophils Predominant
Insect Bite Reaction (Papular Urticaria)
Selected References
Interface Dermatitis
Pityriasis Lichenoides
Selected References
Fixed Drug Eruption
Selected References
Lymphomatoid Papulosis
Selected References
Psoriasiform Dermatitis
Secondary Syphilis
Selected References
NODULAR AND DIFFUSE DERMATITIS
Neutrophils Predominant
Sweet Syndrome
Selected References
Pyoderma Gangrenosum
Selected References
Eosinophils Predominant
Eosinophilic Cellulitis
Selected References
Scabies
Selected References
Histiocytes Predominant
Xanthogranuloma
Selected References
Reticulohistiocytic Granuloma
Selected References
Palisading and Necrobiotic Granulomas
Granuloma Annulare
Selected References
Necrobiosis Lipoidica
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Selected References
Rheumatoid Nodule
Selected References
Necrobiotic Xanthogranuloma
Selected References
Sarcoidal Granulomas
Sarcoidosis
Selected References
Foreign-Body Granulomas
Selected References
Infectious Granulomas
Leprosy
Selected References
Primary Cutaneous Tuberculosis: Lupus Vulgaris
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
Deep Fungal Infections
Selected References
Leishmaniasis
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Selected References
VASCULITIS
Leukocytoclastic Vasculitis
Selected References
Superficial Migratory Thrombophlebitis
Selected References
VESICULOBULLOUS DERMATOSES
Subcorneal Pustular Dermatosis (Sneddon-Wilkinson Disease)
Selected References
Pemphigus
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Selected References
Bullous Pemphigoid
Selected References
Dermatitis Herpetiformis
Selected References
FOLLICULITIS
Acne Vulgaris
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Selected References
FIBROSING DERMATOSES
Morphea and Scleroderma
Selected References
PANNICULITIS
Erythema Nodosum
Selected References
Subcutaneous Fat Necrosis of the Newborn
Selected References
CYSTS, PROLIFERATIONS, AND NEOPLASMS
CYSTS
Epidermal Inclusion Cyst (Infundibular Cyst)
Selected References
EPIDERMAL PROLIFERATIONS AND NEOPLASMS
Seborrheic Keratosis
Selected References
Clear Cell Acanthoma
Selected References
Verrucae (Verruca Vulgaris, Plantar Warts, Verruca Plana)
Selected References
Actinic Keratosis
Selected References
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Selected References
FOLLICULAR NEOPLASMS
Trichoepithelioma
Selected References
Pilomatricoma (Pilomatrixoma, Calcifying Epithelioma of Malherbe)
Selected References
Trichilemmoma
Selected References
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
ECCRINE AND APOCRINE NEOPLASMS
Syringoma
Clear Cell Syringoma
Chondroid Syringoma (Mixed Tumor)
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Selected References
Poroma
Selected References
Spiradenoma
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
Cylindroma
Selected References
Clear Cell Hidradenoma (Nodular Hidradenoma)
Selected References
Syringocystadenoma Papilliferum
Selected References
Microcystic Adnexal Carcinoma (Sclerosing Sweat Duct Carcinoma)
Selected References
SEBACEOUS PROLIFERATIONS AND NEOPLASMS
Nevus Sebaceus
Selected References
Sebaceoma (Sebaceous Epithelioma)
Selected References
Sebaceous Carcinoma
Selected References
MELANOCYTIC PROLIFERATIONS AND NEOPLASMS
Congenital Melanocytic Nevus
Selected References
Acquired Melanocytic Nevi
Selected References
Malignant Melanoma
Selected References
VASCULAR PROLIFERATIONS AND NEOPLASMS
Hemangiomas (Capillary Hemangioma and Cavernous Hemangioma, Angiokeratoma)
Selected References
Pyogenic Granuloma (Lobular Capillary Hemangioma)
Selected References
Kaposi Sarcoma
Selected References
Angiosarcoma
Selected References
SMOOTH MUSCLE NEOPLASMS
Leiomyomas (Arrector Pili Muscle Type, Angioleiomyoma, Dartoic Leiomyoma)
Selected References
Cutaneous Leiomyosarcoma
Selected References
FIBROBLASTIC PROLIFERATIONS AND NEOPLASMS
Keloid
Selected References
Dermatofibroma
Selected References
Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans
Selected References
NEURAL NEOPLASMS
Neurofibroma
Selected References
Merkel Cell Carcinoma (Cutaneous Neuroendocrine Carcinoma)
Selected References
HEMATOPOIETIC PROLIFERATIONS AND NEOPLASMS
Urticaria Pigmentosa
Selected References
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (Letterer-Siwe Disease, Hand-Schüller-Christian Disease, Eosinophilic Granuloma)
Selected References
CUTANEOUS T-Cell Lymphoma (Mycosis Fungoides)
Selected References
Primary Cutaneous CD30-Positive T-Cell Lymphoma (Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma)
Selected References
Chapter 3
Head and Neck
THYROID GLAND
GRANULOMATOUS THYROIDITIS (de QUERVAIN THYROIDITIS)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Acute Thyroiditis
Granulomatous Diseases
Riedel Thyroiditis
Hashimoto Thyroiditis
Palpation Thyroiditis
Selected References
CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC THYROIDITIS (HASHIMOTO THYROIDITIS)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Extranodal Marginal Zone B-Cell Lymphoma (Mucosa -Associated Lymphoid Tissue [MALT] Lymphoma)
Associated Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Follicular Neoplasm
Nonspecific Lymphocytic Thyroiditis
Selected References
RIEDEL THYROIDITIS
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Hashimoto Thyroiditis (Fibrous Variant)
Undifferentiated Thyroid Carcinoma
Granulomatous (Subacute) Thyroiditis
Selected References
GRAVES DISEASE (DIFFUSE TOXIC GOITER)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Adenomatoid Nodule, Nodular Hyperplasia
Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Selected References
MULTINODULAR GOITER
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Follicular Adenoma
Graves Disease
Amyloid Goiter
Selected References
DYSHORMONOGENETIC GOITER
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Nodular Hyperplasia
Follicular Adenoma, Carcinoma
Graves Disease
Postradioactive Iodine Therapy
Selected References
THYROGLOSSAL DUCT CYST
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Branchial Cleft Cyst
Adenomatoid, Colloid Nodule
Selected References
BRANCHIAL CLEFT CYST
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) Metastatic to Lymph Node with Secondary Cystic Change
Cystic Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Metastatic to Lymph Node
Selected References
TERATOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Thyroglossal Duct Cyst
Lymphoma
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Selected References
HYALINIZING TRABECULAR TUMOR
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Follicular Adenoma
Paraganglioma
Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
Selected References
FOLLICULAR ADENOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Hyperplastic Nodule
Follicular Carcinoma
Encapsulated Follicular Variant of Papillary Carcinoma
Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma, Nodular C-Cell Hyperplasia
Intrathyroidal Parathyroid (Normal) or Parathyroid Adenoma
Selected References
FOLLICULAR CARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology ( Figures 3-12 B and C)
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Follicular Adenoma
Atypical Adenoma or Follicular Lesion of Uncertain Malignant Potential
Dominant Nodule of Nodular Hyperplasia
Follicular Variant of Papillary Carcinoma
Follicular Variant of Medullary Carcinoma
Selected References
PAPILLARY THYROID CARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology ( Figures 3-13 B and C)
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Papillary Hyperplasia in Graves Disease and Adenomatous Goiter
Follicular Adenoma and Carcinoma
Medullary Carcinoma
Selected References
MEDULLARY THYROID CARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
C-Cell Hyperplasia, Reactive
C-Cell Hyperplasia, Nodular (Preneoplastic)
Follicular Carcinoma
Papillary Carcinoma
Poorly Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma
Plasmacytoma (Extramedullary)
Paraganglioma
Hyalinizing Trabecular Tumor
Spindle Cell Tumor with Thymus -Like Differentiation (SETTLE)
Selected References
POORLY DIFFERENTIATED THYROID CARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Medullary Carcinoma
Undifferentiated (Anaplastic) Carcinoma
Carcinoma Showing Thymus -Like Differentiation (CASTLE)
Selected References
UNDIFFERENTIATED (ANAPLASTIC) CARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Poorly Differentiated Carcinoma
Medullary Carcinoma
Papillary Carcinoma, Solid Variant
True Sarcoma of the Thyroid
Metastatic Carcinoma to the Thyroid
Malignant Lymphoma
Selected References
LYMPHOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Non -Hodgkin Lymphoma
T-Cell Lymphoma
Hodgkin Disease
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Hashimoto Thyroiditis, Chronic Lymphocytic Thyroiditis
Selected References
TUMORS METASTASIZING TO THE THYROID GLAND
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Malignant Melanoma
Renal Cell Carcinoma
Carcinoid Tumor
Breast Carcinoma
Selected References
PARATHYROID GLANDS
PARATHYROID CYST
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Thyroid Cyst
Degenerated Parathyroid Adenoma or Hyperplasia
Cystic Parathyroid Adenoma
Third Pharyngeal Pouch Cysts
Branchial Cleft Cyst
Selected References
PARATHYROID HYPERPLASIA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Parathyroid Adenoma
Selected References
PARATHYROID ADENOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Parathyroid Hyperplasia
Parathyroid Carcinoma
Thyroid Nodules
Oncocytic Nodules in Parathyroids of Elderly Patients
Selected References
PARATHYROID CARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Parathyroid Hyperplasia
Parathyroid Adenoma
Atypical Adenoma
Primary Neoplasms of the Thyroid
Selected References
TUMORS METASTASIZING TO THE PARATHYROID GLANDS
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology and Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
SALIVARY GLANDS
SIALADENITIS
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Benign Lymphoepithelial Lesion
Benign Lymphoepithelial Cyst Almost Always in Parotid Gland
Necrotizing Sialometaplasia
Selected References
BENIGN LYMPHOEPITHELIAL LESION (MIKULICZ DISEASE)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Malignant Lymphoepithelial Carcinoma
Selected References
LYMPHOEPITHELIAL CYST
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Cystic Warthin Tumor
Branchial Cleft Cyst
Selected References
SALIVARY DUCT CYST
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Mucus Retention Cyst (Ranula)
Cystic Warthin Tumor
Selected References
MUCOCELE (RANULA)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Salivary Duct Cyst
Lymphoepithelial Cyst
Selected References
MIXED TUMOR (PLEOMORPHIC ADENOMA)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Polymorphous Low -Grade Adenocarcinoma (Particularly in Minor Salivary Gland)
Carcinoma Ex Pleomorphic Adenoma
Selected References
MYOEPITHELIOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology ( Figure 3-27)
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Myoepithelial -Rich Mixed Tumor (Pleomorphic Adenoma)
Myoepithelial Carcinoma
Spindle Cell Tumors (Rare in the Major and Minor Salivary Glands)
Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma (Differentiate from Clear Cell Myoepithelioma)
Selected References
WARTHIN TUMOR (PAPILLARY CYSTADENOMA LYMPHOMATOSUM)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Oncocytoma
Papillary Oncocytic Cystadenoma
Lymphoepithelial Cysts in HIV Patients
Lymphadenoma
Parotid Duct Cyst
Selected References
ONCOCYTOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Oncocytic Metaplasia in Salivary Gland
Warthin Tumor
Pleomorphic Adenoma with Oncocytic Metaplasia
Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma
Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma, Granular and Clear Cell Types
Clear Cell Carcinoma, Not Otherwise Specified (NOS)
Clear Cell Acinic Cell Carcinoma
Selected References
CYSTADENOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Warthin Tumor
Congenital Polycystic Disease
Duct Ectasia with Focal Epithelial Proliferation Secondary to Obstruction
Intraductal Papilloma
Low -Grade Papillary Cystadenocarcinoma
Selected References
HEMANGIOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Lymphangioma
Angiosarcoma
Selected References
BASAL CELL ADENOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Mixed Tumor (Pleomorphic Adenoma)
Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma
Canalicular Adenoma
Basal Cell Adenocarcinoma (Malignant Counterpart to Basal Cell Adenoma)
Basal Cell Carcinoma of Skin Origin
Selected References
SEBACEOUS LYMPHADENOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Sebaceous Carcinoma
Metastatic Squamous Carcinoma with Clear Cell Features
Selected References
ADENOID CYSTIC CARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Polymorphous Low -Grade A denocarcinoma (PLGA)
Basaloid SCC (Solid Type)
Epithelial -Myoepithelial Carcinoma
Selected References
ACINIC CELL CARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Papillary Cystadenocarcinoma of Salivary Gland
Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma
Metastatic Granular Renal Carcinoma
Selected References
MAMMARY ANALOGUE SECRETORY TUMOR
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Acinic Cell Carcinoma
Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma
Polymorphous Adenocarcinoma
Selected References
POLYMORPHOUS LOW-GRADE ADENOCARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma
Monomorphic Adenoma
Selected References
MUCOEPIDERMOID CARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Sialometaplasia ( from Low -Grade Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma)
Cystadenocarcinoma
Selected References
EPITHELIAL-MYOEPITHELIAL CARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Benign Mixed Tumor (Pleomorphic Adenoma)
Myoepithelial Carcinoma
Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma
PLGA
Selected References
SALIVARY DUCT CARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
SCC
Adenocarcinoma, NOS
Metastatic Adenocarcinoma
Selected References
CARCINOMA EX MIXED TUMOR (CARCINOMA EX PLEOMORPHIC ADENOMA)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Salivary Duct Carcinoma
Carcinosarcoma
Selected References
CARCINOSARCOMA
General Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Sarcomatoid Carcinoma (Spindle Cell Carcinoma)
Sarcoma of the Salivary Glands
Synovial Sarcoma
Selected References
UNDIFFERENTIATED NEUROENDOCRINE (SMALL CELL) CARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma (Solid Variant)
Non -Hodgkin Lymphoma
Metastatic Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
Selected References
LYMPHOEPITHELIAL CARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Metastatic Amelanotic Melanoma
Large Cell Lymphoma
Benign Lymphoepithelial Lesion
Large Cell Undifferentiated Carcinoma
Metastatic Nasopharyngeal Lymphoepithelial Carcinoma
Selected References
LYMPHOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Sialadenitis
HIV- Associated Lymphadenopathy
Selected References
TUMORS METASTASIZING TO THE SALIVARY GLANDS
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
PARANASAL SINUSES AND NASOPHARYNX
ACUTE AND CHRONIC SINUSITIS
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Allergic Fungal Sinusitis (Noninvasive)
Invasive Fungal Sinusitis
Myospherulosis
Rhinoscleroma
Selected References
NASAL POLYP
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Respiratory Epithelial Adenomatoid Hamartoma
Rhinosporidiosis
Glial Heterotopia
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Angiofibroma
Selected References
NASOPHARYNGEAL ANGIOFIBROMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Lobular Capillary Hemangioma (Pyogenic Granuloma)
Hemangiopericytoma (glomangiopericytoma)
Solitary Fibrous Tumor
Kaposi Sarcoma
Angiosarcoma
Selected References
SINONASAL PAPILLOMA (SCHNEIDERIAN PAPILLOMA)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Squamous Papilloma
Squamous Carcinoma, Nonkeratinizing
Inflammatory Polyp
Respiratory Epithelial Adenomatoid Hamartoma (REAH)
Sinonasal Adenocarcinoma (Nonenteric Type)
Rhinosporidiosis
Papillary Squamous Carcinoma
Selected References
SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA OF THE SINONASAL REGION
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Sinonasal Undifferentiated Carcinoma (SNUC)
Schneiderian Papillomas
Selected References
MIDLINE-NUT CARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Squamous Carcinoma, Nonkeratinizing
Sinonasal Undifferentiated Carcinoma (SNUC)
Selected References
SINONASAL UNDIFFERENTIATED CARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (Undifferentiated Type)
SCC
Adenocarcinoma
Small, Round Blue Cell Tumors in the Sinonasal Region
Selected References
NASOPHARYNGEAL CARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Non -Hodgkin (Large Cell) Lymphoma
Sinus Histiocytosis
SNUC
Selected References
SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA OF THE TONSIL OR OROPHARYNX
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnoses
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Undifferentiated Carcinoma
Selected References
SINONASAL ADENOCARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
SNUC
Schneiderian Papilloma -Cylindrical Cell Type Inverted Growth Pattern Has Intact Basement Membrane wi ...
Nasopharyngeal Papillary Adenocarcinoma
Teratocarcinosarcoma
Selected References
OLFACTORY NEUROBLASTOMA (ESTHESIONEUROBLASTOMA)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Rhabdomyosarcoma
SNUC
Sinonasal Melanoma
Peripheral Neuroectodermal Tumor (PNET), Ewing Sarcoma
Pituitary Adenoma
Malignant Lymphoma
Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
Selected References
RHABDOMYOSARCOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
SINONASAL MELANOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Olfactory Neuroblastoma
Rhabdomyosarcoma
SNUC
PNET, E wing S arcoma
Malignant Lymphoma
Selected References
LYMPHOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Olfactory Neuroblastoma
Wegener Granulomatosis
Cocaine Abuse
Selected References
TUMORS METASTASIZING TO THE PARANASAL SINUSES AND NASOPHARYNX
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
ORAL CAVITY
LEUKOPLAKIA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Squamous Dysplasia (Mild to Severe)
Lichen Planus
Actinic Cheilitis
Selected References
SQUAMOUS PAPILLOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
SCC with Papillary Growth
Verruca Vulgaris (Common Wart)
Condyloma Acuminatum
Selected References
PYOGENIC GRANULOMA (LOBULAR CAPILLARY HEMANGIOMA)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Hemangioma or Lymphangioma
Kaposi Sarcoma of Oral Cavity
Peripheral Giant Cell Granuloma
Selected References
GRANULAR CELL TUMOR
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Metastatic Granular Renal Cell Carcinoma
Selected References
RADICULAR CYST
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Odontogenic Keratocyst
Dentigerous Cyst
Selected References
DENTIGEROUS CYST
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Radicular Cyst
Keratocystis Odontogenic Tumor
Selected Reference
KERATOCYSTIC ODONTOGENIC TUMOR ( Figure 3-67)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Radicular Cyst
Dentigerous Cyst
Selected References
AMELOBLASTOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Ameloblastic Fibroma
SCC
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Salivary -Type Adenocarcinomas
Selected References
CALCIFYING EPITHELIAL ODONTOGENIC TUMOR (PINDBORG TUMOR)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
SCC
Selected References
ADENOMATOID ODONTOGENIC TUMOR
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Ameloblastoma
Selected References
BENIGN CEMENTOBLASTOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Osteoblastoma of the Jaw
Selected References
CHONDROSARCOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnoses
Chondroblastic Osteosarcoma
Chondroma
Chordoma
Selected References
OSTEOSARCOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnoses
Chondrosarcoma
Myxoid and Salivary Neoplasms
Ossifying Fibroma
Osteoblastoma
Selected References
SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Verrucous Carcinoma
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Selected References
TUMORS METASTASIZING TO THE ORAL CAVITY
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Metastatic Melanoma
Selected References
LARYNX
LARYNGEAL (VOCAL CORD) NODULE OR POLYP
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Juvenile Laryngeal Papillomas
Contact Ulcer, Granulomatous Ulcer
Selected References
LARYNGEAL PAPILLOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
SCC
Selected References
AMYLOIDOSIS OF THE LARYNX
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Vocal Cord Nodule
Selected References
SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA OF THE LARYNX
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnoses
Verrucous Hyperplasia
Squamous Papilloma
Selected References
NEUROENDOCRINE CARCINOMA OF THE LARYNX
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Malignant Melanoma
Metastatic or Locally Invasive Medullary Carcinoma
Paraganglioma
Selected References
TRACHEA
CLASSIFICATION OF TRACHEAL MALIGNANCIES
SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnoses
Papilloma and Papillomatosis of the Trachea
Nonsquamous Lesions
Selected References
Chapter 4
Lung and Pleura
NON-NEOPLASTIC CONDITIONS
CONGENITAL PULMONARY AIRWAY MALFORMATION (CPAM)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
CPAM Type 0
CPAM Type 1
CPAM Type 2
CPAM Type 3
CPAM Type 4
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Pulmonary Sequestration
Pleuropulmonary Blastoma (PPB)
Selected References
BRONCHOPULMONARY SEQUESTRATION
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Intralobar Sequestration
Entralobar Sequestration
Histopathology
Intralobar Sequestration
Entralobar Sequestration (Figure 4-2)
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
BRONCHOGENIC CYST
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Modern Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
CONGENITAL LOBAR EMPHYSEMA (CLE)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASES
CHRONIC BRONCHITIS
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Selected Reference
ASTHMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Selected Reference
BRONCHIECTASIS
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Postinfectious Bronchial Damage
Cystic Fibrosis
Primary Cilia Dyskinesis
Congenital
Middle Lobe Syndrome
Selected Reference
SMALL AIRWAY DISEASES
EMPHYSEMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Interstitial Emphysema
Selected Reference
RESTRICTIVE AND INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASES
DIFFUSE ALVEOLAR DAMAGE (DAD), ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME (ARDS), AND ACUTE INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA (AIP)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Exudative Phase (First Week after Injury)
Proliferative Phase (Second Week after Injury)
Fibrotic Phase (Late)
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Infection
Usual Interstitial Pneumonia (UIP) or Accelerated UIP
DAD in Patients with Collagen Vascular Disease
Selected References
CRYPTOGENIC ORGANIZING PNEUMONIA (COP)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Usual Interstitial Pneumonia
Nonspecific Interstitial Pneumonia
Desquamative Interstitial Pneumonia
ARDS/Diffuse Alveolar Damage
Selected Reference
USUAL INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA (UIP)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Chronic Hypersensitivity Pneumonia with Fibrosis
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
Organizing Pneumonia
Selected References
NONSPECIFIC INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA (NSIP)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Cellular NSIP
Fibrotic NSIP
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
UIP Versus NSIP
Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
Lymphoid Interstitial Pneumonia
Organizing Pneumonia
Selected References
DESQUAMATIVE INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA (DIP)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
RB-ILD
UIP
NSIP
Focal, Nonspecific DIP-Like Reactions
Selected References
LYMPHOID INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA (LIP)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
HYPERSENSITIVITY PNEUMONITIS (HP)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
NSIP
UIP
LIP
Sarcoidosis
Selected References
EOSINOPHILIC LUNG DISEASES
Clinical Features
Acute Eosinophilic Pneumonia
Chronic Eosinophilic Pneumonia
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
SARCOIDOSIS
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Infection
Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
Reaction to Inhaled Substances (e.g., Talc, Aluminum, Beryllium)
Conditions Associated with Sarcoid -Like Disorders
Selected References
IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY HEMOSIDEROSIS
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Other Pulmonary Hemorrhagic Syndromes
Selected References
GOODPASTURE SYNDROME AND ANTIBASEMENT MEMBRANE ANTIBODY DISEASE (ABMABD)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Idiopathic Pulmonary Hemosiderosis
Wegener Granulomatosis
SLE
Selected References
SILICOSIS
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Acute Silicosis
Classic Silicosis
Silicotuberculosis
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis (PAP)
Selected References
ASBESTOSIS
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Studies and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
NSIP
UIP
Selected References
RADIATION PNEUMONITIS
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
BLEOMYCIN TOXICITY
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
VASCULAR CONDITIONS
Vasculitides
Selected References
PULMONARY HYPERTENSION
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Pulmonary Veno -Occlusive Disease (PVOD)
Pulmonary Hypertension Due to Chronic Thrombotic or Embolic Disease
Pulmonary Capillary Hemangiomatosis (PCH)
Selected References
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
CYTOMEGALOVIRUS (CMV) PNEUMONIA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Selected Reference
LEGIONELLA PNEUMONIA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
NOCARDIOSIS
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
A ctinomycosis
MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
ATYPICAL MYCOBACTERIAL PNEUMONIA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References (Bacterial Pneumonia)
ASPERGILLOSIS
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
ZYGOMYCOSIS
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
HISTOPLASMOSIS
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Acute Coccidioidomycosis
Persistent Pulmonary Coccidioidomycosis
Chronic Progressive Coccidioidomycosis
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
BLASTOMYCOSIS
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
OTHER TECHNIQUES FOR DIAGNOSIS
Differential Diagnosis
CRYPTOCOCCOSIS
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECI PNEUMONIA (PCP OR PJP)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References (Fungal Pneumonia)
SURGICAL COMPLICATIONS
LUNG TRANSPLANTATION
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Selected Reference
NEOPLASTIC CONDITIONS
BENIGN EPITHELIAL TUMORS
Squamous Dysplasia (SD) and Squamous Carcinoma in Situ (SCIS)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Basal Cell Hyperplasia (BCH)
Squamous Metaplasia (SM)
Reactive Atypia of Inflammation, Infection, and Chemoradiation
Invasive Carcinoma in Transbronchial Biopsy Specimens
Selected Reference
ATYPICAL ADENOMATOUS HYPERPLASIA (AAH)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Localized Nonmucinous AIS
Diffuse Interstitial Lung Disease
Peribronchiolar Metaplasia
Papillary Adenoma
Alveolar Adenoma
Micronodular Pneumocyte Hyperplasia
Selected Reference
ADENOCARCINOMA IN SITU (AIS, FORMERLY BRONCHIOLOALVEOLAR CARCINOMA)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
AAH
Peribronchiolar Metaplasia
Adenocarcinoma, Well -Differentiated
Selected Reference
DIFFUSE IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY NEUROENDOCRINE CELL HYPERPLASIA (DIPNECH)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis for DIPNECH
Selected Reference
ADENOCARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Metastatic Adenocarcinoma
Mesothelioma
Bronchiolar Metaplasia
Selected References
SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA (SCC)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Papillary Variant
Clear Cell Variant
Small Cell Variant
Basaloid Variant
Nonkeratinizing Variant
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
SCC V ersus SCLC
Selected References
SMALL CELL LUNG CARCINOMA (SCLC)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Lymphocytic Infiltrate
Atypical Carcinoid
Selected References
LARGE CELL CARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Adenocarcinoma, Solid Type
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
LARGE CELL NEUROENDOCRINE CARCINOMA (LCNEC)
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Poorly Differentiated Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Basaloid Carcinoma Versus Basaloid Variant of Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Solid Type of Adenocarcinoma
Atypical Carcinoid
Selected References
CARCINOID TUMOR
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Other Neuroendocrine Tumors
Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma (LCNEC)
Small Cell Lung Carcinoma (SCLC)
Pulmonary Carcinoid Versus Intestinal or Pancreatic Carcinoid Tumors
Adenocarcinoma and Other Carcinomas
Selected References
PULMONARY HAMARTOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Carney Triad
Leiomyoma
Lipoma
Selected References
LYMPHANGIOLEIOMYOMATOSIS (LAM)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Benign Metastasizing Leiomyoma
Leiomyosarcoma
Peribronchiolar Smooth Muscle Hyperplasia in Honeycomb Fibrosing Lesions
Selected References
INFLAMMATORY MYOFIBROBLASTIC TUMOR (IMT)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Fibrous Histiocytoma of Soft Tissue
Plasmacytoma
Pulmonary Amyloidosis
Pulmonary Hyalinizing Granuloma
Inflammatory Fibrosarcoma
Selected References
PLEUROPULMONARY BLASTOMA (PPB)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
CPAM
Metastatic Wilms Tumor
Primary Pulmonary Sarcomas of Children
Adult Pulmonary Blastoma (APB)
Selected References
MARGINAL ZONE B-CELL LYMPHOMA OF THE MUCOSA-ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID TISSUE (MALT) TYPE
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Follicular Bronchitis or Bronchiolitis
Lymphoid Interstitial Pneumonia (LIP)
Chronic Lymphocytic Lymphoma (CLL)
Selected References
PULMONARY LANGERHANS CELL HISTIOCYTOSIS (PLCH)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Respiratory Bronchiolitis
Chronic Eosinophilic Pneumonia (CEP)
UIP
Reactive Eosinophilic Pleuritis
Selected References
POSTTRANSPLANTATION LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDER (PTLD)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
MALIGNANT MESOTHELIOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Adenocarcinoma
Reactive Mesothelial Hyperplasia
Desmoplastic Mesothelioma versus Chronic Fibrosing Pleuritis
Solitary Fibrous Tumor
Selected Reference
Chapter 5
Chapter 5 Thymus and Mediastinum
Thymic Cyst
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Parathyroid Cyst
Cystic Hygroma (Lymphangioma)
Esophageal Cyst
Bronchial Cyst
Cystic Teratoma
Cystic Thymoma
Cystic Degeneration in Hodgkin Lymphoma
Selected References
Foregut Cysts of the Mediastinum: Bronchial (Bronchogenic) Cyst, Esophageal Cyst, Enteric Duplication Cyst *
Clinical Features
Bronchial Cyst
Esophageal Cyst (Esophageal Duplication)
Enteric Duplication Cyst
Gross Pathology
Bronchial Cyst
Esophageal Cyst
Enteric Cyst
Histopathology
Bronchial Cyst
Esophageal Cyst
Enteric Cyst
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Thymic Cyst
Mesothelial Cyst
Cystic Teratoma
Foregut Cysts
Selected References
Mesothelial Cyst
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Thymic Cyst
Lymphangioma
Selected References
True Thymic Hyperplasia
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Thymoma
Thymic Follicular Hyperplasia
Selected References
Thymic Follicular Hyperplasia
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Follicular Lymphoma
Normal Thymus with Prominent Corticomedullary Differentiation
Selected References
Thymolipoma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Involution of Thymus Gland
Thymoma
Lipoma
Selected References
Thymoma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Thymic Hyperplasia versus Lymphocyte- Rich Thymoma
Lymphoma versus Lymphocyte-Rich Thymoma
Lymphoblastic Lymphoma
Burkitt Lymphoma
Nodular Sclerosing Hodgkin Lymphoma
Castleman Disease
Spindle Cell Sarcoma versus Spindle Cell Thymoma
Selected References
Thymic Carcinoma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Keratinizing Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Thymus
Poorly Differentiated (Lymphoepithelioma-Like) Nonkeratinizing Squamous Cell Carcinoma ( Figure 5-7)
Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma
Clear Cell Carcinoma
Basaloid Carcinoma
Spindle Cell (Sarcomatoid) Carcinoma
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Metastatic Carcinoma
Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma
Germ Cell Tumors
Lymphoma
Selected References
Neuroendocrine Neoplasms of the Thymus
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Large Cell Lymphoma
Metastatic Malignant Melanoma
Medullary Carcinoma of Thyroid Gland
Paraganglioma
Metastatic Carcinoid or Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
Selected References
Chronic Mediastinitis
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Solitary Fibrous Tumor
Hodgkin Lymphoma, Nodular Sclerosing
Large Cell Lymphoma with Sclerosis
Selected Reference
Hodgkin Lymphoma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Thymoma
Thymic Cyst
Sclerosing Large Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Selected References
Diffuse Large Cell Lymphoma, B-Cell Type
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Germinoma
Hodgkin Lymphoma, Syncytial Variant
Lymphoblastic Lymphoma
Metastatic Carcinoma
Selected References
Lymphoblastic Lymphoma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Thymoma
Large B-Cell Lymphoma
Other Small Round Blue Cell Tumors of Childhood
Granulocytic Sarcoma
Neuroblastoma
Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma
Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor (PNET)
Small Cell Carcinoma (Neuroendocrine Carcinoma, Oat Cell Carcinoma)
Selected References
Castleman Disease
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Hyaline Vascular Type
Plasma Cell Type
Histopathology
Hyaline Vascular Type (about 80% of cases)
Plasma Cell Type (10% to 20%)
Mixed (Rare)
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Follicular Lymphoma
Plasmacytoma
Selected References
Thymic Histology in Immune Deficiencies
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
DiGeorge Syndrome
B-Cell Immune Defects
Severe Combined Immune Deficiency (SCID)
Severe Acquired Immune Damage (AIDS and Graft-Versus-Host Disease [GVHD])
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Stress Involution
Selected Reference
Teratoma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Modern Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Teratomas with Additional Malignant Components
Bronchial Cyst
Foregut Cysts
Selected References
Teratoma with Additional Malignant Components
Clinical Features
Gross Features
Histologic Features
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Selected References
Germinoma (Mediastinal Seminoma)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Diffuse Large Cell Lymphoma with Sclerosis
Nodular Sclerosing Hodgkin Lymphoma, Syncytial Variant
Selected References
Nonseminomatous Germ Cell Tumors (NSGCTs): Embryonal Carcinoma, Yolk Sac Tumor (Endodermal Sinus Tumor), Choriocarcinoma, M ...
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Embryonal Carcinoma
Yolk Sac Tumor
Choriocarcinoma
Mixed Nonteratomatous Germ Cell Tumors
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Metastatic Adenocarcinoma
Thymic Carcinoma
Metastatic Melanoma
Selected References
Neurogenic Tumors: Neuroblastoma, Ganglioneuroblastoma, Ganglioneuroma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Neuroblastoma
Ganglioneuroblastoma
Ganglioneuroma
Histopathology
Neuroblastoma
Ganglioneuroblastoma
Ganglioneuroma
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis: Neuroblastoma
Ewing Sarcoma, PNET
Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma
Lymphoblastic Lymphoma
Small Cell Carcinoma
Ganglioneuroblastoma and Ganglioneuroma
Selected References
Schwannoma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Neurofibroma
Leiomyoma
Selected References
Metastatic Tumors
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Thymic Carcinoma
Germinoma
Yolk Sac Tumor
Embryonal Carcinoma
Lymphoma
Selected References
Chapter 6
Chapter 6 Gastrointestinal System
Esophagus
Congenital and Acquired Esophageal Abnormalities
Clinical Features
Esophageal Ectopias
Esophageal Atresia
Congenital Esophageal Duplication
Esophageal Diverticula
Esophageal Webs and Rings
Esophageal Hernia (Diaphragmatic Hernia)
Gross and Endoscopic Pathology
Esophageal Ectopias
Esophageal Atresia (Tracheoesophageal Fistula)
Esophageal Duplication
Esophageal Diverticula
Esophageal Webs and Rings
Esophageal Hernia (Diaphragmatic Hernia)
Histopathology
Esophageal Ectopias
Esophageal Duplication
Esophageal Diverticula
Esophageal Webs and Rings
Esophageal Hernia (Diaphragmatic Hernia)
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Esophageal Ectopias
Esophageal Atresia
Bronchogenic Cysts and Esophageal Duplication
Selected References
Infectious Esophagitis
Clinical Features
Gross and Endoscopic Pathology
Histopathology
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)
CMV
Fungi
Bacterial
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Corrosive Esophagitis
Reflux Esophagitis
Selected References
Injurious Esophagitis
Clinical Features
Chemical Esophagitis
Drug Esophagitis
Radiation Esophagitis
Gross and Endoscopic Pathology
Chemical Esophagitis
Drug Esophagitis
Radiation Esophagitis
Histopathology
Chemical Esophagitis
Drug Esophagitis
Radiation Esophagitis
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Reflux Esophagitis
Infectious Esophagitis
Esophagitis Dissecans Superficialis (“Sloughing Esophagitis ”)
Acute Esophageal Necrosis (So-Called Black Esophagus)
Selected References
Inflammatory Esophagitis
Clinical Features
Dermatologic Conditions
Graft-versus-Host Disease (GVHD)
Gross and Endoscopic Pathology
Dermatologic Conditions
GVHD
Histopathology
Dermatologic Conditions
GVHD
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Dermatologic Conditions
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Infectious Esophagitis
Reflux Esophagitis
Lymphocytic Esophagitis
Selected References
Eosinophilic Esophagitis
Clinical Features
Gross and Endoscopic Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Reflux Esophagitis
Selected References
Reflux Esophagitis and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (Gerd)
Clinical Features
Gross and Endoscopic Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Infectious Esophagitis
Helicobacter pylori Gastritis of Cardia (Carditis) with or without Intestinal Metaplasia
Eosinophilic Esophagitis
Pill Esophagitis
Squamous Dysplasia, Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Selected References
Barrett Esophagus
Clinical Features
Gross and Endoscopic Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Chronic Gastritis Involving Cardia-Type Mucosa with Intestinal Metaplasia
Ectopic Gastric Mucosa
Adenocarcinoma
Selected References
Dysplastic Lesions Associated with Barrett Esophagus
Clinical Features
Gross and Endoscopic Pathology
Histopathology
Dysplasia
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Regenerative Atypia
Drug and Irradiation Effect
Adenocarcinoma
Selected References
Adenocarcinoma Associated with Barrett Esophagus
Clinical Features
Gross and Endoscopic Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Barrett Esophagus–Associated Dysplasia
Gastric Cardia Adenocarcinoma
Selected References
Benign Esophageal Lesions
Clinical Features
Glycogenic Acanthosis
Inflammatory Fibroid Polyp
Fibrovascular Polyp
Gross and Endoscopic Pathology
Glycogenic Acanthosis
Inflammatory Fibroid Polyp
Fibrovascular Polyp ( Figure 6-11)
Histopathology
Glycogenic Acanthosis
Inflammatory Fibroid Polyp
Fibrovascular Polyps
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Inflammatory Fibroid Polyp
Glycogenic Acanthosis
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
Granular Cell Tumor
Clinical Features
Gross and Endoscopic Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Selected References
Squamous Papilloma and Carcinoma
Clinical Features
Squamous Papilloma
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Gross and Endoscopic Pathology
Squamous Papilloma
Squamous Cell Dysplasia and Carcinoma
Histopathology
Squamous Papilloma
Squamous Cell Dysplasia and Carcinoma
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Squamous Papilloma
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Squamous Papilloma
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Differential Diagnosis
Ulcerative Esophagitis
Infectious Esophagitis
Barrett Esophagus
Selected References
Squamous Cell Carcinoma Variants
Clinical Features
Undifferentiated Carcinoma
Verrucous Carcinoma
Sarcomatoid Carcinoma
Gross and Endoscopic Pathology
Undifferentiated Carcinoma
Verrucous Carcinoma
Sarcomatoid Carcinoma
Histopathology
Undifferentiated Carcinoma
Verrucous Carcinoma
Sarcomatoid Carcinoma
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Undifferentiated Carcinoma
Verrucous Carcinoma
Sarcomatoid Carcinoma
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Undifferentiated Carcinoma versus L ymphoma, Melanoma, and Sarcoma
Verrucous Carcinoma versus Papilloma and Condyloma
Sarcomatoid Carcinoma versus Sarcoma, Melanoma, and Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor
Selected References
Rare Esophageal Neoplasms
Clinical Features
High-Grade Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
Malignant Melanoma
Gross and Endoscopic Pathology
High-Grade Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
Malignant Melanoma
Histopathology
High-Grade Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
Malignant Melanoma
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
High-Grade Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
Malignant Melanoma
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
High-Grade Neuroendocrine Carcinoma and Malignant Melanoma (Metastatic versus Primary)
Lymphoma
Selected References
Stomach
Congenital and Acquired Gastric Abnormalities
Clinical Features
Gastric Duplication
Congenital Pyloric Stenosis
Heterotopia
Gross and Endoscopic Pathology
Gastric Duplication
Congenital Pyloric Stenosis
Heterotopia
Histopathology
Gastric Duplication
Heterotopia
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Modern Techniques for Diagnosis
Pancreatic Heterotopia versus Adenocarcinoma
Selected References
Xanthelasma
Clinical Features
Gross and Endoscopic Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma versus Xanthelasma
Selected References
Acute Erosive Gastritis
Clinical Features
Gross and Endoscopic Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Chronic Gastritis
Selected References
Reactive Gastropathy
Clinical Features
Gross and Endoscopic Pathology
Histopathology ( Figure 6-21)
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Chronic Gastritis and Helicobacter pylori Gastritis
Gastric Antral Vascular Ectasia (“Watermelon Stomach ”)
Selected References
Helicobacter Pylori–Associated Gastritis (Chronic Superficial Gastritis and Chronic Antral Gastritis)
Clinical Features
Gross and Endoscopic Pathology
Histopathology
Diffuse Antral Gastritis
Multifocal Atrophic Gastritis
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Autoimmune Gastritis (Diffuse Corporal Atrophic Gastritis)
Atrophic Autoimmune Pangastritis
Acute Erosive Gastritis and Reactive Gastropathy
Helicobacter Heilmannii Gastritis
Selected References
Special Types of Gastritis
Lymphocytic Gastritis
Collagenous Gastritis
Granulomatous Gastritis
Eosinophilic Gastritis
Selected References
Peptic Ulcer Disease
Clinical Features
Gross and Endoscopic Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Gastric Carcinoma with Ulcer
Acute Erosive Gastritis and Reactive Gastropathy
Selected References
Hypertrophic Gastropathy
Clinical Features
Ménétrier Disease
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
Helicobacter Pylori– Associated Gastropathy
Gross and Endoscopic Pathology
Ménétrier Disease
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
Histopathology
Ménétrier Disease
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Ménétrier Disease–Like Hypertrophic Gastropathy Associated with Lymphocytic Gastritis
Ménétrier Disease
Gastritis Glandularis Et Cystica Profunda
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome Versus Peptic Ulcer Disease
Selected References
Non-Neoplastic Gastric Polyps
Clinical Features
Hyperplastic Polyp
Fundic Gland Polyp
Inflammatory Fibroid Polyp
Gross and Endoscopic Pathology
Hyperplastic Polyp
Fundic Gland Polyp
Inflammatory Fibroid Polyp
Histopathology
Hyperplastic Polyp (Figure 6-29)
Fundic Gland Polyp
Inflammatory Fibroid Polyp
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Inflammatory Fibroid Polyp
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Adenomatous Polyp Versus Hyperplastic Polyp
Fundic Gland Polyp Versus So-Called Gastric Adenocarcinoma with Chief Cell Differentiation (GA-CCD)
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST) and Sarcoma Versus Inflammatory Fibroid Polyp
Selected References
Gastric Carcinoma and Precursor Lesions
Clinical Features
Precursor Lesions
Gastric Carcinoma
Early Gastric Carcinoma
Gross and Endoscopic Pathology
Precursor Lesions
Gastric Carcinoma
Histopathology
Precursor Lesions
Gastric Carcinoma
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Chemotherapy or Radiation Effect
Chronic Gastritis with Erosion and Glandular Regeneration
Ulcer
Intestinal Metaplasia with Dysplasia
Selected References
Gastric Neuroendocrine Tumors (Carcinoid Tumors and Neuroendocrine Carcinomas)
Clinical Features
Gross and Endoscopic Pathology
Histopathology (Figure 6-36)
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Gastric Adenocarcinoma
Lymphoma
Selected References
Gastric Lymphoma
Clinical Features
Gross and Endoscopic Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Lymphocytic Gastritis Versus MALT Lymphoma
Selected References
Lower Gastrointestinal Tract (Small and Large Intestine)
Congenital Anomalies
Clinical Features
Malrotation
Omphalocele
Gastroschisis
Atresia and Stenosis
Meckel Diverticulum
Intussusception
Volvulus
Gross and Endoscopic Pathology
Malrotation
Omphalocele
Gastroschisis
Atresia and Stenosis
Meckel Diverticulum (Figure 6-38)
Intussusception
Volvulus
Histopathology
Malrotation, Omphalocele, and Gastroschisis
Atresia and Stenosis
Meckel Diverticulum
Intussusception
Volvulus
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
Enteric Infections in Immunocompetent Hosts
Clinical Features
Escherichia Coli Infection
Shigellosis
Salmonellosis
Salmonella Gastroenteritis
Campylobacteriosis
Cholera
Yersiniosis
Gross and Endoscopic Pathology
Escherichia Coli O157:H7 (Enterohemorrhagic E. Coli) (Figure 6-39)
Shigellosis
Salmonellosis
Campylobacteriosis
Cholera
Yersiniosis
Histopathology
Escherichia Coli Infection Including E. Coli O157:H7 (Enterohemorrhagic E. Coli) (Figures 6-40 and 6- ...
Shigellosis
Salmonellosis
Campylobacteriosis
Cholera
Yersiniosis
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, Campylobacter Species, and Salmonella Species Infection versus Infla ...
Yersinia Species Infection versus Crohn Disease
Selected References
Infections in Immunocompromised Patients
Clinical Features
Gross and Endoscopic Pathology
Viral Infections
Parasitic Infections
Fungal Infections
Bacterial Infections
Noninfectious AIDS-Related Enteropathy
Histopathology
Viral Infections
Parasite Infections
Fungal Infections
Bacterial Infections
AIDS-Related Enteropathy
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Kaposi Sarcoma
Whipple Disease
Selected References
Whipple Disease
Clinical Features
Gross and Endoscopic Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
MAI Infection
Histoplasmosis
Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia
Selected References
Celiac Sprue
Clinical Features
Gross and Endoscopic Pathology
Histopathology (Figures 6-52 and 53)
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Normal Mucosa
Lymphocytic Enterocolitis
Refractory or Unclassified Sprue
Entities Associated with Variable Villous Abnormality with Intraepithelial Lymphocytosis (> 30 Lymphocyt ...
Entities Associated with Severe Villous Abnormality and Crypt Hypoplasia
Entities Associated with Variable Villous Abnormality that Contain Specific Diagnostic Changes
Selected References
Small Intestinal Adenoma and Adenocarcinoma
Clinical Features
Adenoma
Adenocarcinoma
Gross and Endoscopic Pathology
Adenoma
Adenocarcinoma
Histopathology
Adenoma
Adenocarcinoma
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Brunner Gland Nodules
Heterotopic Gastric Mucosa
Polyps Associated with Various Polyposis Syndromes
Selected References
Neuroendocrine (Carcinoid) Tumor of the Small and Large Intestine
Clinical Features
Gross and Endoscopic Pathology
Histopathology (Figure 6-58)
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Gangliocytic Paraganglioma
Mixed Carcinoid-Adenocarcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
Selected References
Hirschsprung Disease (Hd)
Clinical Features
Gross and Endoscopic Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Hypoganglionosis
Intestinal Neuronal Dysplasia
Idiopathic Constipation
Selected References
Diverticular Disease
Clinical Features
Gross and Endoscopic Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (Particularly Crohn Disease)
Selected References
Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis
Clinical Features
Gross and Endoscopic Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Cow’s Milk Allergy
Other Food Allergies
Systemic Mastocytosis Involving Gastrointestinal Tract
Selected References
Graft-Versus-Host Disease (Gvhd)
Clinical Features
Gross and Endoscopic Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Chemotherapy/Radiation and Drug Effect
Opportunistic Infection
Selected References
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (Ibd)
Clinical Features
Crohn Disease
Ulcerative Colitis
Gross and Endoscopic Pathology
Crohn Disease
Ulcerative Colitis
Histopathology
Crohn Disease
Ulcerative Colitis
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Acute Self -Limited Colitis
Lymphocytic Colitis
Collagenous Colitis
Diversion Colitis
Indeterminate Colitis
Selected References
Biopsy of Ileum and Pouches
Ileal Reservoirs (Pouches)
Selected References
Dysplasia in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Clinical Features
Gross and Endoscopic Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Inflammatory Atypia
Low-Grade Versus High-Grade Dysplasia
DALM Versus Sporadic Adenoma
Selected References
Other Forms of Colitis
Clinical Features
Infectious Colitis (Acute Self-Limited Colitis)
Clostridium Difficile–Associated Pseudomembranous Colitis
Radiation Colitis
Ischemic Colitis
Lymphocytic and Collagenous Colitis
Mucosal Prolapse Syndromes
Gross and Endoscopic Pathology
Infectious Colitis (Acute Self-Limited Colitis)
Clostridium Difficile–Associated Pseudomembranous Colitis (Antibiotic-Associated Colitis) (Figure 6-68)
Radiation Colitis
Ischemic Colitis
Microscopic Colitis (Lymphocytic and Collagenous Colitis)
Mucosal Prolapse Syndromes
Histopathology
Infectious Colitis (Acute Self-Limited Colitis)
Clostridium Difficile–A ssociated Pseudomembranous Colitis
Radiation Colitis
Ischemic Colitis (Figure 6-74)
Microscopic Colitis (Lymphocytic and Collagenous Colitis)
Mucosal Prolapse Syndromes
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Diversion Colitis and Proctitis
Mucinous Adenocarcinoma
Aberrant Histologic Features in Microscopic Colitis
Cord Colitis Syndrome
Selected References
Amebiasis
Clinical Features
Gross and Endoscopic Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Selected References
Other Intestinal Parasitic Infestations
Clinical Features
Strongyloides Stercoralis
Aonchotheca (Capillaria) Philippinensis
Trichuris Trichiura (Whipworm)
Enterobius Vermicularis (Pinworm)
DiphylloboThrium Latum (Fish Tapeworm)
Ankylostoma Duodenale or Necator Americanus (Hookworm)
Schistosomiasis
Gross and Endoscopic Pathology
Strongyloides stercoralis
Aonchotheca (Capillaria) Philippinensis
Trichuris Trichiura
Enterobius Vermicularis
Diphyllobothrium Latum (Figure 6-81)
Ankylostoma Duodenale or Necator Americanus
Schistosomiasis
Histopathology
Strongyloides Stercoralis
Aonchotheca (Capillaria) Philippinensis
Trichuris Trichiura
Enterobius Vermicularis
Diphyllobothrium Latum
Ankylostoma Duodenale or Necator Americanus
Schistosomiasis
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Selected References
Lymphangiectasia
Clinical Features
Gross and Endoscopic Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Pneumatosis Intestinalis
Hemangioma
Lymphangioma
Selected References
Pneumatosis Intestinalis
Clinical Features
Gross and Endoscopic Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Lymphangiectasia
Pseudolipomatosis
Selected References
Melanosis Coli
Clinical Features
Gross and Endoscopic Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Brown Bowel Syndrome (Ceroidosis)
Pseudomelanosis Duodeni
Selected References
Gastrointestinal Polyps
Clinical Features
Hyperplastic Polyp
Inflammatory Polyp (Pseudopolyps)
Adenomas
Gross and Endoscopic Pathology
Hyperplastic Polyp
Inflammatory Polyp
Adenomas (Figure 6-89)
Histopathology
Hyperplastic Polyp
Inflammatory Polyp
Adenomas
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Hyperplastic Polyp
Inflammatory Polyp
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Sessile Serrated Polyp (SSP) (Figures 6-93 and 6-94)
Hamartomatous Polyps
Regenerative Change
Selected References
Sporadic Adenomas and Adenocarcinoma of the Large Intestine
Molecular Classification
Clinical Features of Colorectal Cancer
Gross and Endoscopic Pathology
Adenocarcinoma (Figures 6-95 and 6-96)
Histopathology
Adenocarcinoma
Mucinous Adenocarcinoma
Lynch Syndrome and Sporadic MSI-H Colorectal Cancer
Uncommon Types of colorectal cancer
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Endometriosis
Metastatic Carcinoma
Selected References
Polyposis Syndromes
Clinical Features
FAP (Figure 6-99)
Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome
Juvenile Polyps and Juvenile Polyposis Syndrome
PTEN Hamartoma Tumor Syndrome
Cronkhite-Canada Syndrome
Gross and Endoscopic Pathology
FAP
Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome
Juvenile Polyposis Syndrome
PTEN-Hamartoma Tumor Syndrome
Cronkhite-Canada Syndrome
Histopathology
FAP
Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome
Juvenile Polyposis Syndrome
PTEN Hamartoma Tumor Syndromes (Cowden Syndrome and Ruvalcaba-Myhre-Smith Syndrome)
Cronkhite-Canada Syndrome
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Modern Techniques for Diagnosis
FAP and Gardner Syndrome
Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome
Juvenile Polyposis
PTEN-Hamartoma Tumor Syndrome
Differential Diagnosis
Sporadic Juvenile and Peutz Jeghers Polyps
Intestinal Ganglioneuromatosis (Figure 6-106)
Serrated Polyposis Syndrome (Formerly Known as Hyperplastic Polyposis Syndrome) ( Figure 6-107)
Traditionally Defined Serrated Adenoma
Benign Fibroblastic Polyp/Colorectal Perineurioma
Elastosis and Elastofibromatous Change
Mucosal Neuroma /Schwann Cell Hamartoma
Selected References
Gastrointestinal Mesenchymal Neoplasms
Clinical Features
GIST
Gross and Endoscopic Pathology
GIST
Histopathology
GIST
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
GIST
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
CD117-N egative GIST
Spindle Cell Carcinoma
Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma (MFH)
Fibromatosis
True Smooth Muscle Tumor
Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor
Schwannoma
Solitary Fibrous Tumor
Granular Cell Tumor
Glomus Tumor
Osteoclast-Rich Tumor Resembling Clear Cell Sarcoma (Malignant Neuroectodermal Tumor)
Kaposi Sarcoma
Selected References
Intestinal Lymphoma
Clinical Features
Follicular Lymphoma
Mantle Cell Lymphoma
Extranodal Marginal B-Cell Lymphoma of MALT Type (also see Gastric Lymphoma)
Enteropathy-Associated T-cell Lymphoma
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
Anal Canal
Anal Neoplasia
Clinical Features
Condyloma Acuminatum
Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions
Anal Carcinoma
Gross and Endoscopic Pathology
Condyloma Acuminatum
Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions
Anal Carcinoma
Histopathology
Condyloma Acuminatum
Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions
Anal Carcinoma
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Verrucous Carcinoma
Paget Disease
Adenocarcinoma Involving the Anal Canal
Hidradenoma Papilliferum
Malignant Melanoma
Selected References
Vermiform Appendix
Developmental Abnormalities
Appendicitis
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Mucocele
Adenocarcinoma
Selected References
Appendiceal Neoplasms
Clinical Features
Mucocele
Mucinous Cystadenoma
Adenocarcinoma
Gross and Endoscopic Pathology
Mucocele
Mucinous Cystadenoma
Adenocarcinoma
Histopathology
Mucinous Cystadenoma
Adenocarcinoma
Pseudomyxoma Peritonei
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Ruptured Acute Appendicitis
Myxoglobulosis
Selected References
Carcinoids and Other Nonepithelial Tumors of the Vermiform Appendix
Clinical Features
Carcinoid Tumors
Gross and Endoscopic Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
Secondary Malignancies in the Gastrointestinal Tract
Gastrointestinal Metastatic Disease
Clinical Features
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Appendix
Gross and Endoscopic Pathology
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Histopathology
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
Chapter 7
Chapter 7 Hepatobiliary System
Viral Hepatitis
Clinical Features
Hepatitis A Virus (HAV)
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)
Hepatitis D (Delta Agent) Virus
Hepatitis E Virus
Hepatitis G Virus
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Acute Viral Hepatitis
Chronic Viral Hepatitis
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Alcoholic Hepatitis
Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH)
Autoimmune Hepatitis
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Hepatitis
Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC)
Primary Sclerosing Cirrhosis
Drug Hepatitis
Selected References
Nonviral Infections
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Syphilis
Entamebiasis
Echinococcal (Hydatid) Cyst
Ascariasis
Malaria and Leishmaniasis
Histopathology
Bacterial
Syphilis
Entamebiasis
Echinococcal Infection
Ascariasis
Liver Flukes
Malaria
Leishmaniasis
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
Drug-Induced Liver Disease
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Viral Hepatitis
Autoimmune Hepatitis
Biliary Obstruction
PBC
Selected References
Alcoholic Liver Disease and Alcoholic Steatohepatitis
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Fatty Liver of Pregnancy
Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis
Selected References
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
NASH
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Chronic Viral Hepatitis
Fatty Liver of Pregnancy
Biliary Obstruction (E specially PBC)
Wilson Disease
Indian Childhood Cirrhosis
Selected References
Acute Fatty Liver of Pregnancy
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Drug Toxicity
Reye Syndrome
HCV
Alcoholic Steatohepatitis
Selected References
Hemochromatosis
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Hemosiderosis
Cirrhosis of Nonbiliary Etiology
Selected References
Wilson Disease
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Viral Hepatitis
Chronic Obstructive Cholestasis
Selected References
α 1 -Antitrypsin Deficiency
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
Autoimmune Hepatitis
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Drug Injury
Chronic Viral Hepatitis
Selected References
Primary Biliary Cirrhosis
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC)
Autoimmune Hepatitis –PBC Overlap Syndrome
Autoimmune Cholangitis
Graft-Versus-Host Disease and Liver Transplant Rejection
Selected References
Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Well-Differentiated Cholangiocarcinoma
PBC
Extrahepatic or Large Duct Intrahepatic Biliary Obstruction
Selected References
Liver Transplantation Pathology
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Recurrent HCV
Post-Transplantation Lymphoproliferative Disease
Chronic (Ductopenic) Rejection in Allograft
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Recurrent PSC
Recurrent PBC
Selected References
Cirrhosis
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
High-Grade Dysplastic Nodules
HCC
Congenital Hepatic Fibrosis
Nodular Regenerative Hyperplasia
Focal Nodular Hyperplasia
Subcapsular Fibrosis
Selected References
Focal Nodular Hyperplasia
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Hepatic Adenoma
Nodular Regenerative Hyperplasia
Well-Differentiated HCC
C irrhosis
Selected References
Hepatic Adenoma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Focal Nodular Hyperplasia
Nodular Regenerative Hyperplasia
Well-Differentiated HCC
Selected References
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Macroregenerative Nodule in Cirrhosis
High-Grade Dysplasia in Cirrhosis
Cholangiocarcinoma
Focal Nodular Hyperplasia
Hepatic Adenoma
Hepatoblastoma
Metastatic Endocrine Carcinoma
Metastatic Nonendocrine Neoplasms
Selected References
Hepatoblastoma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Epithelial Type
Mixed Epithelial and Mesenchymal Type
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Metastatic Primitive Tumor of Infancy (Nephroblastoma and Neuroblastoma)
HCC of C hildhood
Selected References
Bile Duct Hamartoma (Von Meyenburg Complex)
Clinical Features
Gross Features
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Peribiliary Gland Hamartoma (Bile Duct Adenoma)
Mesenchymal Hamartoma
Well-Differentiated Carcinoma (Metastatic or Cholangiocarcinoma)
Selected References
Peribiliary Gland Hamartoma (Bile Duct Adenoma)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Proliferation of Packed Uniform Tubular Structure (F igure 7-18)
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Bile Duct Hamartoma
Mesenchymal Hamartoma
Well-Differentiated Carcinoma (Metastatic or Cholangiocarcinoma)
Selected References
Mucinous Cystic Neoplasm
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Cystadenocarcinoma
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Developmental Cysts
Intraductal Papillary Neoplasm of the Bile Duct
Selected References
Intraductal Papillary Neoplasm of the Bile Duct (Ipnb)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Mucinous Cystic Neoplasm
Selected References
Cholangiocarcinoma: Intrahepatic, Extrahepatic, And Hilar (Klatskin Tumor)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
HCC
Metastatic Adenocarcinoma
Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma
Selected References
Gallbladder Carcinoma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology ( Figure 7-22)
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Cholangiocarcinoma
HCC
Metastatic Tumors
Selected References
Hepatic Metastases
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Selected References
Peliosis Hepatis
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Sinusoidal Dilation
Hemangioma
Selected References
Hemangioma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Peliosis Hepatis
Angiosarcoma
Juvenile Hemangioendothelioma
Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma
Selected References
Infantile Hemangioendothelioma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Capillary Hemangioma
So-Called Infantile Angiosarcoma
Angiosarcoma
Selected Reference
Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Angiosarcoma
Cholangiocarcinoma
Metastatic Carcinoma
Malignant Melanoma
Selected References
Angiosarcoma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
HCC
Cholangiocarcinoma
Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma
Metastatic Carcinoma
Selected References
Mesenchymal Hamartoma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Bile Duct Adenoma
Bile Duct Hamartoma
Embryonal (Undifferentiated) Sarcoma
Selected References
Embryonal (Undifferentiated) Sarcoma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Pleomorphic Sarcoma (So-Called Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma)
Primary and Metastatic Hepatic Sarcomas and Other Spindle Cell Neoplasms
Anaplastic Small Cell Hepatoblastoma
HCC with Sarcomatoid Differentiation
Mesenchymal Hamartoma
Selected References
Chapter 8
Pancreas
NONNEOPLASTIC ENTITIES
CHRONIC PANCREATITIS
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Infiltrating Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Well -Differentiated Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor
SELECTED REFERENCES
PANCREATIC PSEUDOCYST
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Cystic Neoplasms of the Pancreas
Selected References
LYMPHOEPITHELIAL CYST
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Mature Cystic Teratoma (Dermoid Cyst)
Epidermoid Cyst in Heterotopic Spleen
Selected References
NEOPLASMS OF THE EXOCRINE PANCREAS
SEROUS CYSTIC NEOPLASMS
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Mucinous Cystic Neoplasm
Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasm
Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma
Lymphangioma
Selected References
MUCINOUS CYSTIC NEOPLASMS
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasm
Serous Cystic Neoplasm
Pseudocyst
Selected References
INTRADUCTAL PAPILLARY MUCINOUS NEOPLASMS
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Mucinous Cystic Neoplasm
Pancreatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia (PanIN)
Selected References
PANCREATIC INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA (PanIN)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasms
Invasive Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Selected References
INVASIVE DUCTAL ADENOCARCINOMA AND ITS VARIANTS
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Chronic Pancreatitis
Acinar Cell Carcinoma
Pancreatoblastoma
Solid -Pseudopapillary Neoplasm
Well -Differentiated Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor
Metastases to the Pancreas
Selected References
ACINAR CELL CARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Pancreatoblastoma
Well -Differentiated Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor
Solid -Pseudopapillary Neoplasm
Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Selected References
PANCREATOBLASTOMAS
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Acinar Cell Carcinoma
Well -Differentiated Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor
Selected References
NEOPLASMS OF THE ENDOCRINE PANCREAS
WELL-DIFFERENTIATED PANCREATIC NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Solid -Pseudopapillary Neoplasm
Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Acinar Cell Carcinoma
Pancreatoblastoma
Islet Aggregation in Chronic Pancreatitis
Selected References
HIGH-GRADE NEUROENDOCRINE CARCINOMA (SMALL CELL CARCINOMA)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Pulmonary Small Cell Carcinoma Metastatic to the Pancreas
Well -Differentiated Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor
Lymphoma
Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors (PNET) and Other Round Blue Cell Tumors of Infancy and Childhood
Selected References
NEOPLASMS OF UNCERTAIN DIRECTION OF DIFFERENTIATION
SOLID-PSEUDOPAPILLARY NEOPLASMS
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Well -Differentiated Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor
Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Acinar Cell Carcinoma
Pancreatoblastoma
Selected References
METASTASES TO THE PANCREAS
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Selected References
Chapter 9
Adrenal Gland
ADRENAL CORTICAL INSUFFICIENCY (ADDISON DISEASE)
Clinical Features
Primary Adrenal Cortical Insufficiency
Secondary Adrenal Cortical Insufficiency
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA (ADRENOGENITAL SYNDROME)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Adrenal Cortical Hyperplasia
Adrenal Cortical Adenoma
Selected References
ADRENAL CORTICAL HYPERPLASIA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Adrenal Cortical Adenoma
Selected References
ADRENAL CORTICAL ADENOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology ( Figure 9-4 D-H)
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma
Epithelioid Angiomyolipoma
Selected References
ADRENAL CORTICAL CARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Metastasis
Adrenal Cortical Adenoma
Pheochromocytoma
Selected References
ADRENAL MEDULLARY HYPERPLASIA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Adrenal Cortical Adenoma
Neuroblastoma
Metastatic Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
Selected References
GANGLIONEUROMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Neurofibroma
Selected References
GANGLIONEUROBLASTOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Neuroblastoma
Ganglioneuroma
Selected References
NEUROBLASTOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
GNB
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Malignant Lymphoma
Ewing Sarcoma
Nephroblastoma (Wilms Tumor)
Selected References
PRIMARY MALIGNANT MELANOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Pigmented Adrenal Cortical Adenoma
Metastatic Melanoma
Pigmented Pheochromocytoma
Selected References
MYELOLIPOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Lipoma
Adenolipoma
Selected References
ADRENAL CYSTS AND PSEUDOCYSTS
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Infections
Myelolipoma
Selected References
METASTATIC TUMORS
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Metastatic Malignant Melanoma
Metastatic Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma (Clear Cell)
Selected References
Chapter 10
Ureter, Urinary Bladder, and Kidney
URETER
URETERITIS CYSTICA et GLANDULARIS
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Ureteritis Cystica
Ureteritis Glandularis
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Urothelial Hyperplasia
Von Brunn Nests
Selected References
UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA (TRANSITIONAL CELL CARCINOMA)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Grading of Urothelial Carcinomas
Low -Grade Papillary Urothelial Carcinoma
High -Grade Papillary Urothelial Carcinoma
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Inverted Papilloma
Fibroepithelial Polyp
Selected References
URINARY BLADDER
INFECTIOUS CYSTITIS
Malakoplakia
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Xanthogranulomatous Cystitis
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
Selected References
NONINFECTIOUS CYSTITIS (POLYPOID CYSTITIS, FOLLICULAR CYSTITIS, GIANT CELL CYSTITIS)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Polypoid Cystitis
Follicular Cystitis
Giant Cell Cystitis
Histopathology
Polypoid Cystitis
Follicular Cystitis
Giant Cell Cystitis
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Bacterial Cystitis
Low -Grade Papillary Urothelial Carcinoma
Malignant Lymphoma
Sarcoma
Selected References
TREATMENT-RELATED CYSTITIS
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Granulomatous Cystitis Secondary to Bacillus Calmette -Guerin Therapy (BCG C ystitis)
Radiation Cystitis
Hemorrhagic Cystitis
Histopathology
BCG Cystitis
Radiation Cystitis ( Figure 10-4)
Hemorrhagic Cystitis
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Bacterial Cystitis
Urothelial Carcinoma in Situ
Selected References
INTERSTITIAL (HUNNER) CYSTITIS
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Nonulcerative or Early Disease
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Flat Urothelial Carcinoma in Situ (CIS)
Bacterial Cystitis
Noninfectious Cystitis
Selected References
CYSTITIS CYSTICA et GLANDULARIS
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Cystitis Cystica
Cystitis Glandularis
Histopathology
Cystitis Cystica
Cystitis Glandularis
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Urothelial Carcinoma, Nested Variant
Adenocarcinoma
Selected References
NEPHROGENIC ADENOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Prostatic and Clear Cell Adenocarcinoma
Low -Grade Papillary Urothelial Carcinoma
Capillary Hemangioma
Selected References
FLAT UROTHELIAL LESIONS
Urothelial Hyperplasia
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Urothelial Dysplasia
Urothelial Carcinoma in Situ
Selected References
Urothelial Dysplasia
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Urothelial Carcinoma in Situ
Reactive Inflammatory Atypia
Urothelial Atypia of Unknown Significance
Selected References
Urothelial Carcinoma in Situ (CIS)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Urothelial Dysplasia
Reactive Atypia
Urothelial Atypia of Unknown Significance
Radiation -Induced Atypia
Polyoma Virus Infection
Selected References
PAPILLARY UROTHELIAL LESIONS
Papillary Urothelial Hyperplasia
Clinical Features
Gross Features
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Urothelial Papilloma
Selected References
Urothelial Papilloma
Clinical Features
Gross Features
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Papillary Neoplasm of Low Malignant Potential (PUNLMP)
Selected References
Inverted Papilloma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Urothelial Carcinoma
Florid Proliferation of von Brunn Nests
Selected References
Papillary Urothelial Neoplasm of Low Malignant Potential
Clinical Features
Gross Features
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Noninvasive Low -Grade Papillary Urothelial Carcinoma
Urothelial Papilloma
Selected References
Noninvasive Low-Grade Papillary Urothelial Carcinoma
Clinical Features
Gross Features
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Papillary Urothelial Neoplasm of Low Malignant Potential
Rare Mitotic Figures
Selected References
Noninvasive High-Grade Papillary Urothelial Carcinoma
Clinical Features
Gross Features
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Low -Grade Papillary Urothelial Carcinoma
Selected References
Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma
Clinical Features
Gross Features
Histopathology
Urothelial Carcinoma Invading Lamina Propria (pT1)
Urothelial Carcinoma Invading Muscularis Propria (pT2)
Urothelial Carcinoma Invading A dipose Tissue and Surrounding Organs (pT3 and pT4)
Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma: Histologic Variants
Infiltrating Urothelial Carcinoma with Squamous Differentiation
Infiltrating Urothelial Carcinoma with Glandular Differentiation
Infiltrating Urothelial Carcinoma, Nested Variant
Infiltrating Urothelial Carcinoma, Large Nested Variant
Infiltrating Urothelial Carcinoma, Micropapillary Variant
Infiltrating Urothelial Carcinoma, Lymphoepithelioma -Like
Grading of Urothelial Carcinoma (see Noninvasive Low- and High-Grade Papillary Urothelial Carcinomas)
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Polypoid Cystitis
Florid von Brunn Nests
Nephrogenic Adenoma
Inverted Papilloma
Low -Grade Papillary Urothelial Carcinoma with Inverted Growth Pattern
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Lymphoma
Prostatic Adenocarcinoma
Selected References
VILLOUS ADENOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Features
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Well -Differentiated Adenocarcinoma of the Colon or Bladder
Selected References
ADENOCARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Features
Nonurachal Adenocarcinoma
Urachal Adenocarcinoma
Histopathology
Urachal and Nonurachal Adenocarcinomas
Urachal Adenocarcinomas
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Cystitis Cystica et Glandularis
Nephrogenic Adenoma
Endometriosis
Metastatic Adenocarcinoma
Selected References
SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Urothelial Carcinoma with Squamous Differentiation
Metastatic Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Squamous Papilloma
Condyloma
Selected References
SMALL CELL CARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Metastatic Small Cell Carcinoma
Malignant Lymphoma
Selected References
INFLAMMATORY MYOFIBROBLASTIC TUMOR (IMT)/INFLAMMATORY PSEUDOTUMOR
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Sarcomatoid Urothelial Carcinoma /Carcinosarcoma
Leiomyosarcoma
Selected References
RHABDOMYOSARCOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Sarcomatoid Carcinoma (Carcinosarcoma)
Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor (IMT)
Selected References
CARCINOSARCOMA/SARCOMATOID CARCINOMA WITH/WITHOUT HETEROLOGOUS ELEMENTS
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Urothelial Carcinoma
Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor /Postoperative Spindle Cell Nodule
Malignant Spindle Cell Tumor, Including Leiomyosarcoma
Selected References
METASTATIC TUMORS AND SECONDARY EXTENSION
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
KIDNEY
RENAL DYSPLASIA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Infantile Polycystic Kidney Disease (Autosomal Recessive)
Medullary Cystic Disease (Autosomal Dominant)
Medullary sponge kidney
Selected References
INFANTILE (AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE) POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Dysplastic Kidney
Medullary Cystic Disease
Medullary Sponge Kidney
Selected References
ADULT (AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT) POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Acquired Cystic Disease
Selected References
ACQUIRED CYSTIC DISEASE
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease
Selected References
XANTHOGRANULOMATOUS PYELONEPHRITIS
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma
Sarcomatoid Carcinoma
Malakoplakia
Selected References
Angiomyolipoma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Malignant Spindle Cell Tumors, Including Leiomyosarcoma
Selected References
EPITHELIOID ANGIOMYOLIPOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
High -Grade Carcinoma
Selected References
PAPILLARY ADENOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Low -Grade Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma (PRCC)
Metanephric Adenoma
Selected References
Metanephric Adenoma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Differentiated Nephroblastoma (Epithelial Predominant Wilms tumor)
Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma, Solid Variant
Selected References
RENAL ONCOCYTOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma with Eosinophilic Cytoplasm
Renal Oncocytosis
Selected References
RENAL CELL CARCINOMA, CLEAR CELL TYPE
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Electron Microscopy
Molecular Genetics
Differential Diagnosis
Chromophobe Renal Cell Carcinoma
Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma
Clear Cell (Tubulo) Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma
Adrenocortical Carcinoma
Epithelioid Angiomyolipoma
Selected References
RENAL CELL CARCINOMA, PAPILLARY TYPE
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Papillary Adenoma
Clear Cell (Tubulo) Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma
Metanephric Adenoma
Differentiated Nephroblastoma (Epithelial Predominant Wilms Tumor)
RCC Associated with Xp11.2/TFE3 Translocation
Collecting Duct Carcinoma
Selected References
RENAL CELL CARCINOMA, CHROMOPHOBE TYPE
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma
Oncocytoma
Selected References
MULTILOCULAR CYSTIC RENAL CELL CARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Cystic Nephroma
RCC with Extensive Cystic Change
Selected References
COLLECTING DUCT CARCINOMA (CARCINOMA OF THE COLLECTING DUCTS OF BELLINI)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Histopathology
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma
Urothelial Carcinoma with Glandular Features
Renal Medullary Carcinoma
Metastatic Carcinoma
Selected References
RENAL MEDULLARY CARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Collecting Duct Carcinoma
Selected References
MUCINOUS TUBULAR AND SPINDLE CELL CARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Collecting Duct Carcinoma
Papillary RCC, Solid Variant
Sarcomatoid RCC
Selected References
RENAL CELL CARCINOMA ASSOCIATED WITH XP11.2/TFE3 TRANSLOCATION
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Clear Cell RCC
Papillary RCC
Selected References
RENAL CELL CARCINOMA ASSOCIATED WITH t(6;11)(p21;q12)/TFEB TRANSLOCATION
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Clear Cell RCC
Papillary RCC
Selected References
RENAL CELL CARCINOMA ASSOCIATED WITH NEUROBLASTOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
RENAL CELL CARCINOMA, SARCOMATOID TYPE
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Renal Cell Carcinoma with Scar and Granulation Tissue
Mucinous Tubular and Spindle Cell Carcinoma
Primary Renal Sarcoma
Selected References
RENAL CELL CARCINOMA, UNCLASSIFIED TYPE
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Renal Cellcarcinoma with Predominantly Sarcomatoid Differentiation
Metastatic Carcinoma to the Kidney
Selected References
CYSTIC NEPHROMA (MULTILOCULAR CYST)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Mixed Epithelial and Stromal Tumor (MEST)
Cystic Renal Cell Carcinoma
Cystic Renal Dysplasia
Benign (Non-neoplastic) Renal Cysts
Selected References
MIXED EPITHELIAL AND STROMAL TUMOR OF THE KIDNEY (MEST)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology ( Figure 10-38)
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Cystic Nephroma
Cystic Renal Cell Carcinoma
Selected References
TUBULOCYSTIC CARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Cystic Nephroma
Multilocular Cystic Renal Cell Carcinoma
Selected References
CLEAR CELL (TUBULO) PAPILLARY RENAL CELL CARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma
Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma
RCC Associated with Xp11.2/TFE3 Translocation
Selected References
HEREDITARY LEIOMYOMATOSIS RENAL CELL CARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Tubulocystic Carcinoma
Collecting Duct Carcinoma
Selected References
BIRT-HOGG-DUBÉ–ASSOCIATED RENAL TUMOR
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Chromophobe Renal Cell Carcinoma
Renal Oncocytoma
Selected References
SDH-RELATED CARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma
Renal Oncocytic Tumors
Selected References
ACQUIRED CYSTIC DISEASE-ASSOCIATED RENAL CELL CARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma
Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma
Renal Oncocytoma
Selected References
RENOMEDULLARY INTERSTITIAL CELL TUMOR/MEDULLARY FIBROMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Leiomyoma
Selected References
JUXTAGLOMERULAR CELL TUMOR/RENIN-SECRETING TUMOR
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma
Selected References
NEPHROBLASTOMA (WILMS TUMOR)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Nuclear Anaplasia
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Neuroblastoma
Synovial Sarcoma
Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor
Rhabdoid Tumor
Mesoblastic Nephroma
Selected References
NEPHROGENIC RESTS AND NEPHROBLASTOMATOSIS
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
CYSTIC PARTIALLY DIFFERENTIATED NEPHROBLASTOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
MESOBLASTIC NEPHROMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Nephroblastoma (Wilms Tumor)
Clear Cell Sarcoma
Rhabdoid Tumor
Selected References
CLEAR CELL SARCOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Nephroblastoma (Wilms Tumor)
Mesoblastic Nephroma
Rhabdoid Tumor
Selected References
RHABDOID TUMOR
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Nephroblastoma (Wilms Tumor)
Mesoblastic Nephroma
Selected References
METASTATIC TUMOR
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
KIDNEY: GLOMERULAR DISEASES
PODOCYTOPATHIES
Nonsclerosing Podocytopathies: Minimal Change Disease
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Special Stains
Direct Immunofluorescence
Electron Microscopy
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
Sclerosing Lesions: Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and Collapsing Glomerulopathy
Clinical Features
Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Classification
Histopathology
Special Stains
Direct Immunofluorescence
Electron Microscopy
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
COLLAGENOPATHIES
Disorders of Collagen Type IV (Alport Disease, Thin Basement Membranes, and Benign Familiar Hematuria)
Clinical Features
Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Classification
Histopathology
Special Stains
Direct Immunofluorescence
Electron Microscopy
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
ENDOTHELIOPATHIES
Thrombotic Microangiopathies (TMA)
Clinical Features
Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Classification
Histopathology
Special Stains
Direct Immunofluorescence
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
ANTIBODY-MEDIATED DISEASES
Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody [ANCA]–Mediated Small Vessel Vasculitis
Clinical Features
Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Classification
Histopathology ( Figure 10-51)
Special Stains
Direct Immunofluorescence
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane (GBM) Disease
Clinical Features
Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Classification
Histopathology
Special Stains
Direct Immunofluorescence
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
IMMUNE-COMPLEX MEDIATED GLOMERULOPATHIES AND GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
Membranous Glomerulopathy
Clinical Features
Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Classification
Histopathology
Special Stains
Electron Microscopy
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
Infection-Mediated Disease
Clinical Features
Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Classification
Histopathology
Special Stains
Direct Immunofluorescence
Electron Microscopy
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
IgA-Related Nephropathies
Clinical Features
Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Classification
Histopathology
Special Stains
Direct Immunofluorescence
Electron Microscopy
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
COMPLEMENT-MEDIATED GLOMERULONEPHRITIS AND IMMUNE-COMPLEX MEDIATED MEMBRANOPROLIFERATIVE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS (MPGN)
Immune-Complex Mediated MPGN (Type I and Type III)
Clinical Features
Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Classification
Histopathology
Special Stains
Direct Immunofluorescence
Electron Microscopy
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
C3 Glomerulopathies
Clinical Features
Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Classification
Histopathology
Special Stains
Direct Immunofluorescence
Electron Microscopy
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
AUTOIMMUNE-MEDIATED DISEASE
Lupus Nephritis
Clinical Features
Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Classification
Histopathology
Special Stains
Direct Immunofluorescence
Electron Microscopy
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
COMMON AND UNCOMMON METABOLIC DISORDERS
Diabetic Nephropathy
Clinical Features
Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Classification
Histopathology
Special Stains
Direct Immunofluorescence
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
Fabry Disease
Clinical Features
Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Classification
Histopathology
Special Stains
Direct Immunofluorescence
Electron Microscopy
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
ORGANIZED DEPOSITS
Amyloidosis
Clinical Features
Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Classification
Histopathology
Special Stains
Direct Immunofluorescence
Electron Microscopy
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
KIDNEY: TUBULOINTERSTITIAL DISEASES
ISCHEMIA-INDUCED TUBULOINTERSTITIAL DAMAGE
Acute Tubular Injury/Necrosis
Clinical Features
Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Classification
Histopathology
Special Stains
Electron Microscopy
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
NEPHROTOXIC AGENT-INDUCED INTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS
DRUG-INDUCED INTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS
Clinical Features
Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Classification
Histopathology
Special Stains
Direct Immunofluorescence
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
TUBULOINTERSTITIAL DAMAGE CAUSED BY TUBULAR OBSTRUCTION
Myeloma Cast Nephropathy
Clinical Features
Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Classification
Histopathology
Special Stains
Direct Immunofluorescence
Electron Microscopy
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
KIDNEY: VASCULAR DISEASES
HYPERTENSIVE VASCULAR DISEASE
Clinical Features
Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Classification
Histopathology
Special Stains
Direct Immunofluorescence
Electron Microscopy
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
ATHEROMATOUS EMBOLI
Clinical Features
Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Classification
Histopathology
Special Stains
Direct Immunofluorescence
Electron Microscopy
Differential Diagnosis
Selected Reference
Chapter 11
Chapter 11: Male Genitourinary System
PROSTATE GLAND
ACUTE AND CHRONIC PROSTATITIS
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Non -Hodgkin Lymphoma
Poorly Differentiated Adenocarcinoma (Gleason Grades 8 to 10)
Sarcoidosis
Selected References
INFARCTION
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Prostatic Adenocarcinoma, Low Grade
Selected Reference
HYPERPLASIA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Benign (Nodular) Prostatic Hyperplasia
Basal Cell and Clear Cell Cribriform Hyperplasia
Atypical Adenomatous Hyperplasia
Histopathology
Benign (Nodular) Prostatic Hyperplasia
Basal Cell Proliferations
Clear Cell Cribriform Hyperplasia
Sclerosing Adenosis
Atypical Adenomatous Hyperplasia
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia (PIN)
Prostatic Adenocarcinoma, Low Grade
Clear Cell Cribriform Hyperplasia versus Cribriform Adenocarcinoma
Selected References
EPITHELIAL METAPLASIA
Clinical Features
Urothelial and Transitional Cell Metaplasia
Squamous Metaplasia
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Urothelial and Transitional Cell Metaplasia
Squamous Metaplasia
Mucinous Metaplasia
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Transitional Cell Carcinoma
Squamous and Adenosquamous Cell Carcinoma
Mucinous Adenocarcinoma
Selected References
PROSTATIC INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Prostatic Adenocarcinoma, Low Grade
Selected References
ADENOCARCINOMA: ACINAR (CONVENTIONAL) AND DISTINCT SUBTYPES (COLLOID [MUCINOUS], SIGNET RING CELL, DUCTAL TYPE, FOAMY GLAND ...
Clinical Features
Ductal -Type Adenocarcinoma
Carcinosarcoma (Sarcomatoid)
Gross Pathology
Acinar (Conventional) Adenocarcinoma
Colloid (Mucinous) Adenocarcinoma
Ductal -Type Adenocarcinoma
Histopathology ( Figure 11-5)
Acinar (Conventional) Adenocarcinoma
Colloid (Mucinous) Adenocarcinoma
Signet Ring Cell Adenocarcinoma
Ductal -Type Adenocarcinoma
Foamy Gland Adenocarcinoma
Pseudohyperplastic Adenocarcinoma
Carcinosarcoma (Sarcomatoid)
Atrophic -Type Adenocarcinoma
Treated Adenocarcinoma
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Sclerosing Adenosis
Atypical Adenomatous Hyperplasia (Adenosis)
High -Grade Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia (PIN)
Glandular Atrophy and Partial Atrophy /Postatrophic Hyperplasia
Clear Cell Cribriform Hyperplasia versus Cribriform Adenocarcinoma
Transitional Cell Carcinoma
Additional Microscopic Mimics of Prostatic Adenocarcinoma:
Selected References
ADENOID CYSTIC/BASAL CELL CARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Basal Cell Carcinoma with Cribriform Spaces (Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma)
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Basal Cell Hyperplasia
Sclerosing Adenosis
Atypical Adenomatous Hyperplasia
Adenocarcinoma, Cribriform Type
Selected References
NEUROENDOCRINE (SMALL CELL) CARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Metastatic Small Cell Carcinoma from Bladder or Lung
Non -Hodgkin Lymphoma
Selected References
TRANSITIONAL CELL CARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Prostatic Adenocarcinoma
Selected References
SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA AND ADENOSQUAMOUS CARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology ( Figure 11-6 A)
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Squamous Metaplasia
Prostatic Primary
Selected References
PHYLLODES TUMOR
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Stromal Hyperplasia
Giant Multilocular Prostatic Cystadenoma
Postoperative Spindle Cell Proliferation
Solitary Fibrous Tumor of the Prostate
Leiomyoma or Leiomyosarcoma
Sarcomatoid Carcinoma
Selected References
RHABDOMYOSARCOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma
Alveolar, Botryoid, and Pleomorphic Patterns
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
LYMPHOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Chronic Prostatitis with Follicular Hyperplasia
Granulomatous Prostatitis
Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Selected References
TESTIS
CRYPTORCHIDISM
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
OTHER TECHNIQUES FOR DIAGNOSIS
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
TESTICULAR CYSTS
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Selected Reference
HYDROCELE
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Spermatocele
Mesothelial Cyst
Selected Reference
ORCHITIS
Clinical Features
Viral Orchitis
Bacterial Orchitis
Granulomatous Orchitis
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Viral Orchitis
Bacterial Orchitis
Syphilitic Orchitis
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Infectious Granulomatous Orchitis
Noninfectious Granulomatous Orchitis ( Figure 11-10)
Seminoma
Malakoplakia
Selected References
MALAKOPLAKIA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Idiopathic Granulomatous Orchitis
Lymphoma
Seminoma with Granulomatous Response
Selected References
TORSION
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Germ Cell Tumor with Extensive Necrosis and Hemorrhage
Selected References
MALE INFERTILITY
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
INTRATUBULAR GERM CELL NEOPLASIA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Germinal Epithelium with Maturation Arrest
Selected References
SEMINOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Embryonal Carcinoma
Yolk Sac Tumor
Lymphoma
Sertoli Cell Tumor
Choriocarcinoma
Selected References
SPERMATOCYTIC SEMINOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Classic Seminoma
Selected References
EMBRYONAL CARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Seminoma
Yolk Sac Tumor
Choriocarcinoma
Selected References
YOLK SAC TUMOR
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology ( Figure 11-18)
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Seminoma
Embryonal Carcinoma
Juvenile Granulosa Cell Tumor
Selected References
TERATOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Dermoid Cyst
Nondermoid Benign Teratoma
Epidermoid Cyst
Mixed Germ Cell Tumor
Somatic -Type Malignancy (Carcinoma or Sarcoma)
Selected References
CHORIOCARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Mixed Germ Cell Tumor Containing Foci of Choriocarcinoma
Seminoma
Selected References
LEYDIG CELL TUMOR
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Leydig Cell Hyperplasia
Large Cell Calcifying Sertoli Cell Tumor
Seminoma
Selected References
SERTOLI CELL TUMOR
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Seminoma
Adenomatoid Tumor (versus Sclerosing Variant of Sertoli Cell Tumor)
Testicular Well -Differentiated Neuroendocrine (Carcinoid) Tumor
Leydig Cell Tumor (versus Large Cell Calcifying Variant of Sertoli Cell Tumor)
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome or Testicular Feminization
Selected References
GRANULOSA CELL TUMOR
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Adult Type
Juvenile Type
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Carcinoid Tumor
Yolk Sac Tumor
Selected References
GONADOBLASTOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Sertoli Cell Nodule with Intratubular Germ Cell Neoplasia
Selected Reference
LYMPHOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Seminoma
Chronic Orchitis
Selected References
PARATESTICULAR ADNEXA AND SPERMATIC CORD
EPIDIDYMITIS
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Selected Reference
CYSTS OF TESTICULAR ADNEXA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Selected Reference
LIPOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Well -Differentiated Liposarcoma
Selected Reference
ADENOMATOID TUMOR
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Metastatic Carcinoma
Sclerosing Sertoli Cell Tumor
Adenocarcinoma of the Rete Testis
Malignant Mesothelioma
Selected Reference
PAPILLARY CYSTADENOMA OF THE EPIDIDYMIS
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Papillary Carcinoma
Selected Reference
FIBROUS PSEUDOTUMOR
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Spindle Cell Mesothelioma
Idiopathic Fibromatosis
Sarcoma
Leiomyoma and Neurofibroma
Selected References
LEIOMYOMA AND LEIOMYOSARCOMA
Clinical Features
Leiomyoma
Leiomyosarcoma
Gross Pathology
Leiomyoma
Leiomyosarcoma
Histopathology
Leiomyoma
Leiomyosarcoma
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Low -Grade Leiomyosarcoma versus Leiomyoma
Fibrous Mesothelioma
Liposarcoma with Smooth Muscle Dedifferentiation
Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma, Spindle Cell Type
Smooth Muscle Hyperplasia of Testicular Adnexa
Selected Reference
LIPOSARCOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Lipoma
Sclerosing Lipogranuloma
Selected References
RHABDOMYOSARCOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
MALIGNANT MESOTHELIOMA OF THE TUNICA VAGINALIS
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Benign Reactive Mesothelial Proliferation
Florid Atypical Mesothelial Hyperplasia
Adenocarcinoma, Metastatic or Primary
Selected References
SEMINAL VESICLE
CARCINOMA OF THE SEMINAL VESICLE
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Prostatic Adenocarcinoma
Urinary Bladder Adenocarcinoma
Transitional Cell Carcinoma
Selected References
URETHRA
URETHRAL POLYPS
FIBROEPITHELIAL POLYP
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
CARUNCLE
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
NEPHROGENIC ADENOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Adenocarcinoma
PROSTATIC URETHRAL POLYP
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Selected Reference
CARCINOMA OF THE URETHRA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Selected Reference
ADENOCARCINOMA OF THE PERIURETHRAL GLANDS
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Mucinous Tumors
Clear Cell Carcinoma
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Prostatic or Urothelial Adenocarcinoma
Selected References
PENIS
PENILE FIBROMATOSIS (PEYRONIE DISEASE)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
BALANITIS XEROTICA OBLITERANS
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Lichen Simplex Chronicus
Lichen Planus
Plasma Cell (Zoon) Balanitis (Balanitis Circumscripta Plasmacellularis)
Selected References
CONDYLOMA ACUMINATUM (GENITAL WART)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Verrucous Carcinoma
Selected References
PENILE CARCINOMA IN SITU: ERYTHROPLASIA OF QUEYRAT
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Bowen Disease
Bowenoid Papulosis
PENILE CARCINOMA IN SITU: BOWEN DISEASE
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Erythroplasia of Queyrat
Bowenoid Papulosis
Selected Reference
BOWENOID PAPULOSIS
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Verrucous Carcinoma
Penile Sarcomas
Selected References
VERRUCOUS CARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Condyloma Acuminatum and Giant Condyloma of Buschke -L öwenstein
Invasive Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Hybrid Tumors
Selected Reference
PENILE SARCOMA
General Features
KAPOSI SARCOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
EPITHELIOID HEMANGIOENDOTHELIOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Poorly Differentiated or Metastatic Carcinoma
LEIOMYOSARCOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
FIBROSARCOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Leiomyosarcoma
Spindle Cell Variant of Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Proliferative (Early) Phase of Fibromatosis (Peyronie Disease)
EPITHELIOID SARCOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Ulcerating Infiltrating Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Ulcerating Granulomatous Reactions
Selected Reference
SCROTUM
IDIOPATHIC SCROTAL CALCINOSIS
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Calcification of Preexisting Epidermal or Pilar Cyst
Selected Reference
PAGET DISEASE
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Malignant Melanoma
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Selected References
SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
Chapter 12
Chapter 12:
Female Reproductive System
VULVA
LICHEN SCLEROSUS (CHRONIC ATROPHIC VULVITIS)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Lichen Planus
Selected References
LICHEN SIMPLEX CHRONICUS (SQUAMOUS CELL HYPERPLASIA, HYPERPLASTIC DYSTROPHY)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
LICHEN PLANUS
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Lichen Sclerosus
Lichen Simplex Chronicus
Selected References
VULVAR CYSTS
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Epidermal Inclusion Cyst
Bartholin Duct Cyst
Mucinous Cyst
Mesonephric -Like Cyst
Ciliated Cyst
Mesothelial Cyst
Periurethral Cyst
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Ciliated Cyst versus Endometriosis
Selected References
PAPILLARY HIDRADENOMA (HIDRADENOMA PAPILLIFERUM)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Adenocarcinoma
Other Skin and Skin Adnexal Tumors
Selected References
HERPES VIRUS INFECTION
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
MOLLUSCUM CONTAGIOSUM
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
CONDYLOMA ACUMINATUM
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
High -Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Neoplasia (Vulvar Intraepithelial Neoplasia [VIN] 2-3)
Squamous Cell Hyperplasia and Lichen Simplex Chronicus
Squamous Papilloma
Selected References
VULVAR INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA (VIN)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
VIN 1 (Low -Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion)
VIN 2 and 3 (High -Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion)
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Paget Disease
Selected References
SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Spindle Cell Squamous Carcinoma
Basaloid Carcinoma
Verrucous Carcinoma
Warty (Condylomatous) Carcinoma
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Basal Cell Carcinoma: As per Basal Cell Carcinoma of Skin
Amelanotic Malignant Melanoma
Epithelioid Sarcoma
Pseudoepitheliomatous Hyperplasia
Metastatic Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Selected References
MALIGNANT MELANOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Paget Disease
High -Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions (VIN 3)
Selected References
BARTHOLIN GLAND CARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Metastatic Adenocarcinoma versus Primary Bartholin Gland Tumor
Skin Adnexal Adenocarcinoma versus Bartholin Gland Adenocarcinoma
Metastatic Squamous Cell Carcinoma versus Bartholin Gland Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Selected References
EXTRAMAMMARY PAGET DISEASE
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
VIN
Superficial Spreading Malignant Melanoma
Selected References
GRANULAR CELL TUMOR
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Leiomyoma, Neurofibroma, and Dermatofibroma
Selected References
ANGIOMYOFIBROBLASTOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Aggressive Angiomyxoma
Selected References
Aggressive Angiomyxoma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Superficial Angiomyxoma (Cutaneous Myxoma)
Angiomyofibroblastoma
Selected References
LEIOMYOSARCOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans
Aggressive Angiomyxoma
Selected References
OTHER SARCOMAS
Selected References
VAGINA
VAGINAL POLYP (FIBROEPITHELIAL POLYP, MESODERMAL STROMAL POLYP)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Sarcoma Botryoides
Selected References
SQUAMOUS PAPILLOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Condyloma Acuminatum
Vaginal (Fibroepithelial) Polyp
Selected Reference
VAGINAL INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA (VAIN)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
VAIN 1 (Low -Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion)
VAIN 2 and VAIN 3 (High -Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion)
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Atrophy
Immature Squamous Metaplasia
Radiation Change
Reactive Atypia
Selected References
SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Amelanotic Malignant Melanoma
Pseudoepitheliomatous Hyperplasia
Metastatic Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Selected References
VAGINAL ADENOSIS
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Metastatic Adenocarcinoma
Selected References
CLEAR CELL ADENOCARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Metastatic Clear Cell Carcinoma from the Ovary
Metastatic Renal Cell or Adrenal Carcinoma
Selected References
RHABDOMYOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma (Sarcoma Botryoides)
Selected References
EMBRYONAL RHABDOMYOSARCOMA (SARCOMA BOTRYOIDES)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
M üllerian Papilloma
Vaginal Polyp (Mesodermal Stromal Polyp)
Rhabdomyoma
Selected References
OTHER SARCOMAS
CERVIX
ENDOCERVICAL POLYP
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Microglandular Adenosis (Hyperplasia)
Papillary Adenofibroma
Selected References
MICROGLANDULAR HYPERPLASIA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Clear Cell and Classic Cervical Adenocarcinoma
Selected References
SQUAMOUS INTRAEPITHELIAL LESION (SIL) OR CERVICAL INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA (CIN) AND CARCINOMA IN SITU
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Low -Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion (LGSIL; Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia [CIN] 1) ( Figures 12- ...
High -Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion (HGSIL; CIN 2 or 3 and CIS) ( Figures 12-23 B,C,D)
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Atrophy
Immature Squamous Metaplasia
Reactive Atypia
Microinvasive Carcinoma versus HGSIL (CIN 3/CIS) with Gland Involvement
Selected References
INVASIVE SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA ( Figure 12-24 A-H)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Squamous Metaplasia with Gland Involvement
Glassy Cell Carcinoma
Small Cell Carcinoma
Malignant Melanoma
Metastatic Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Selected References
ADENOCARCINOMA IN SITU (AIS)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Reactive Glandular Atypia
Microinvasive Adenocarcinoma
Invasive Adenocarcinoma
Microglandular Hyperplasia
Tubal Metaplasia
Endometriosis
Selected References
INVASIVE ADENOCARCINOMA ( Figure 12-26 A-F)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Microglandular Hyperplasia
Adenocarcinoma in Situ
Metastatic Adenocarcinoma
Direct Extension of Endometrial Adenocarcinoma
Selected References
ADENOSQUAMOUS CARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Direct Extension of Adenocarcinoma of Endometrium
Endocervical Carcinoma with Synchronous Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Selected Reference
NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Poorly Differentiated, Nonkeratinizing Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Poorly Differentiated Adenocarcinoma
Lymphoma
Selected References
METASTATIC ADENOCARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Metastatic Carcinoma versus Primary Cervical Carcinoma
Selected References
UTERUS
ENDOMETRIUM
ACUTE ENDOMETRITIS
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Menstruation
Selected References
CHRONIC ENDOMETRITIS
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Endometrial Hyperplasia
Endometrial Adenocarcinoma
Selected References
ENDOMETRIAL POLYP ( Figure 12-29 A-D)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Endometrial Hyperplasia
Polypoid Adenocarcinoma
Adenofibroma
Adenosarcoma
Selected References
ATYPICAL POLYPOID ADENOMYOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Endometrial Hyperplasia
Infiltrating Carcinoma
Metaplastic Carcinoma (Carcinosarcoma)
Selected References
ENDOMETRIAL HYPERPLASIA ( Figure 12-31 A-D)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Proliferative Endometrium
Endometrial Polyp
Cystic Atrophy
Chronic Endometritis
Endometrial Adenocarcinoma
Selected References
ENDOMETRIAL INTRAEPITHELIAL CARCINOMA (EIC)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Serous Carcinoma
Eosinophilic and Hobnail Metaplasia
Tubal Metaplasia
Selected References
Endometrial Carcinoma ( Figure 12-32 A-J)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Endometrioid
Adenocarcinoma with Squamous Differentiation
Villoglandular Adenocarcinoma
Secretory Adenocarcinoma
Ciliated Carcinoma
Serous Carcinoma
Clear Cell Carcinoma
Other Rare Variants, Including Mucinous Adenocarcinoma and Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Mixed Carcinoma
Undifferentiated Carcinomas
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Endometrial Hyperplasia
Metastatic Adenocarcinoma
Atypical Polypoid Adenomyoma
Selected References
ADENOFIBROMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Adenosarcoma
Selected References
ADENOSARCOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Adenofibroma
Carcinosarcoma (Metaplastic Carcinoma)
Homologous Sarcoma
Selected References
CARCINOSARCOMA (METAPLASTIC CARCINOMA MALIGNANT MIXED MESODERMAL TUMOR)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Poorly Differentiated Endometrial Carcinoma
Adenosarcoma
Selected References
ADENOMYOSIS
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Normal Endometrium That Is Cut Tangentially
Endometrial Carcinoma Involving Adenomyosis
Invasive Adenocarcinoma
Stromal Tumor
Adenomatoid Tumor
MYOMETRIUM
Selected Reference
LEIOMYOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Leiomyosarcoma
Stromal Nodule
Low -Grade Stromal Sarcoma
Selected References
LEIOMYOSARCOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Mitotically Active Leiomyoma
High -Grade Stromal Sarcoma (Undifferentiated Sarcoma)
Metaplastic Carcinoma (Carcinosarcoma)
Selected References
STROMAL NODULE
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Leiomyoma
Low -Grade Stromal Sarcoma
Hemangiopericytoma
Selected References
LOW-GRADE ENDOMETRIAL STROMAL SARCOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Stromal Nodule
High -Grade Stromal Sarcoma
Hemangiopericytoma
Intravenous Leiomyomatosis
Metaplastic Carcinoma versus Low -Grade Endometrial Stromal Sarcoma with Prominent Epithelioid Elements
Adenosarcoma
Selected References
HIGH-GRADE ENDOMETRIAL STROMAL SARCOMA (UNDIFFERENTIATED SARCOMA)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Low -Grade Stromal Sarcoma
Undifferentiated Endometrial Sarcoma
Metaplastic Carcinoma
Leiomyosarcoma
Adenosarcoma
Other Sarcomas ( e.g., Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma, Rhabdomyosarcoma, Osteosarcoma)
Poorly Differentiated Endometrial Carcinoma
Selected References
ENDOSALPINGIOSIS
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Extraovarian Serous Cystadenoma
Selected Reference
OVARY
MISCELLANEOUS CONDITIONS
FOLLICULAR CYST AND CORPUS LUTEUM CYST
Clinical Features
Follicular Cysts
Corpus Luteum Cysts
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Follicular Cyst
Corpus Luteum Cyst
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
HYPERREACTIO LUTEINALIS
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Large, Solitary Luteinized Follicle Cyst of Pregnancy and Puerperium
Selected References
POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME ( Figure 12-41 A,B)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Pregnancy
Stromal Hyperthecosis
Selected References
STROMAL HYPERPLASIA AND HYPERTHECOSIS
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Luteinized Thecoma versus Stromal Hyperthecosis
Fibroma versus Stromal Hyperplasia
Low -Grade Endometrial Stromal Sarcoma versus Stromal Hyperplasia
Selected References
MASSIVE EDEMA AND FIBROMATOSIS
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Massive Edema
Fibromatosis
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Edematous Fibroma versus Massive Edema
Fibroma versus Fibromatosis
Selected References
PREGNANCY LUTEOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Luteinized Thecoma
Lipid -Poor Steroid Cell Tumor
Selected References
ENDOMETRIOSIS
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Endometrioid Cystadenoma
Hemorrhagic Corpus Luteum Cyst versus Endometriosis
Selected References
SURFACE EPITHELIAL-STROMAL TUMORS
SEROUS TUMORS
BENIGN SEROUS TUMORS ( Figure 12-45 A-C)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Epithelial Inclusion Cyst versus Small Serous Cystadenoma
Follicle Cyst versus Serous Cystadenoma
Struma Ovarii versus Serous Cystadenoma
Rete Cystadenoma versus Serous Cystadenoma
Selected Reference
ATYPICAL PROLIFERATIVE SEROUS TUMOR (SEROUS BORDERLINE TUMOR) ( Figure 12-45 D-E)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Endocervical -Like Borderline Mucinous Tumor versus Mucin -Secreting Borderline Serous Tumor
Retiform Sertoli -Leydig Cell Tumor (SLCT)
Selected References
SEROUS CARCINOMA Low Grade (Micropapillary or psammomatous)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
HIGH GRADE
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Papillary Clear Cell Carcinoma versus Papillary Serous Carcinoma
Endometrioid Carcinoma versus Poorly Differentiated Serous Carcinoma
Adult Granulosa Cell Tumor (AGCT) versus Solid Serous Carcinoma
Retiform SLCT
Selected References
MUCINOUS TUMORS
BENIGN MUCINOUS TUMOR
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Serous Cystadenoma
Heterologous SLCT
Mucinous Carcinoid Tumor versus Epithelial Mucinous Tumor
Selected References
ATYPICAL PROLIFERATIVE MUCINOUS TUMOR (MUCINOUS BORDERLINE TUMOR)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Heterologous SLCT
Selected References
MUCINOUS CARCINOMA (MALIGNANT MUCINOUS TUMOR) ( Figure 12-46 E-G)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Serous and Endometrioid Adenocarcinomas
Heterologous SLCT
Krukenberg Tumor
Selected References
ENDOMETRIOID TUMORS
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Atypical Proliferative Endometrioid Tumor (Endometrioid Borderline Tumor)
Malignant Endometrioid Tumor (Endometrioid Carcinoma)
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Poorly Differentiated Serous Carcinoma versus Endometrioid Carcinoma
Mucinous Carcinoma versus Endometrioid Carcinoma
SLCTversus Endometrioid Carcinoma
Malignant Mixed M üllerian Tumor versus Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma
Selected References
CLEAR CELL TUMORS
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Benign Clear Cell Tumor
Atypical Proliferative Clear Cell Tumor (Clear Cell Borderline Tumor)
Clear Cell Carcinoma (Malignant Clear Cell Tumor)
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Dysgerminoma
Yolk Sac Tumor (YST)
Selected References
TRANSITIONAL CELL TUMORS (BRENNER TUMORS) ( Figure 12-49 A-C)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Benign Transitional Cell Tumor (Benign Brenner Tumor)
Atypical Proliferative Transitional
Transitional Cell Carcinoma
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Mucinous Cystadenoma
Poorly Differentiated and Undifferentiated Surface Epithelial Carcinoma
Selected References
MALIGNANT MIXED MÜLLERIAN TUMOR
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Immature Teratoma
SLCT
Adenosarcoma
Selected References
SEX CORD–STROMAL TUMORS
FIBROMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Thecoma
Massive Edema and Fibromatosis
Selected References
THECOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Fibroma
Steroid Cell Tumor
Stromal Hyperthecosis
Pregnancy Luteoma
Selected References
ADULT GRANULOSA CELL TUMOR
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Undifferentiated Carcinoma and Adenocarcinoma
Thecoma, Cellular Fibroma, and Fibrosarcoma
Carcinoid Tumor
Hypercalcemic Small Cell Carcinoma
Endometrial Stromal Sarcoma
Selected References
JUVENILE GRANULOSA CELL TUMOR
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Adult Granulosa Cell Tumor
YST, Embryonal Carcinoma
Thecoma
Hypercalcemic Small Cell Carcinoma
Selected References
SCLEROSING STROMAL TUMOR
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Thecoma versus Fibroma
Selected References
SERTOLI CELL TUMOR
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Sertoli-leydig Cell Tumor
Carcinoid Tumor
Selected References
SERTOLI-LEYDIG CELL TUMOR
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Mucinous Tumors
Endometrioid Carcinoma
Malignant Mixed M üllerian Tumor
Selected References
SEX CORD TUMOR WITH ANNULAR TUBULES
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Gonadoblastoma
Selected References
GYNANDROBLASTOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Granulosa Cell Tumor
Sertoli Tumor or Sertoli -Leydig Tumor
Sex Cord Tumor with Annular Tubules
Selected References
STROMAL LUTEOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Stromal Hyperthecosis
Selected References
LEYDIG CELL TUMOR
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
SLCT
Selected References
GERM CELL TUMORS
MATURE CYSTIC TERATOMA (DERMOID CYST)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Immature Teratoma
Selected References
MATURE SOLID TERATOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Immature Teratoma
Selected References
DYSGERMINOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Solid Yolk Sac Tumor
Embryonal Carcinoma
Diffuse Clear Cell Carcinoma
Lymphoma
Selected References
YOLK SAC TUMOR
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Clear Cell Carcinoma
Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma
Hepatoid Carcinoma
Dysgerminoma
Selected References
EMBRYONAL CARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Dysgerminoma
YST
Juvenile Granulosa Cell Tumor
Selected References
POLYEMBRYOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Retiform SLCT
Selected References
Choriocarcinoma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Embryonal Carcinoma
Dysgerminoma
YST
Poorly Differentiated Surface Epithelial Tumors
Selected References
IMMATURE TERATOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Mature Solid Teratoma
Malignant Mixed Mullerian Tumor
Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor (PNET)
Selected References
MONODERMAL TERATOMAS: STRUMA OVARII
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Mucinous Cystic Tumor
Serous Cystadenoma
Steroid Cell Tumors
Sertoli Cell Tumor
Selected References
MONODERMAL TERATOMAS: CARCINOID TUMOR
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Granulosa Cell Tumor (Microfollicular Pattern)
Selected References
MIXED MALIGNANT GERM CELL TUMORS
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Gynandroblastoma
Gonadoblastoma
Metastatic Carcinoma
Selected References
OTHER TUMORS
GONADOBLASTOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Dysgerminoma
Sex Cord Tumor with Annular Tubules
Selected References
HYPERCALCEMIC SMALL CELL CARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Granulosa Cell Tumor (Adult)
Lymphoma
Selected References
METASTATIC TUMORS
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Primary Mucinous Adenocarcinoma versus Krukenberg Tumor
Selected References
FALLOPIAN TUBE
ACUTE AND CHRONIC SALPINGITIS
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Ectopic Pregnancy
Selected References
TUMOR-LIKE LESIONS
ENDOMETRIOSIS
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Physiologic Extension of Endometrial Tissue into the Fallopian Tube
Salpingitis Isthmica Nodosa
Metastatic Adenocarcinoma
Selected Reference
SALPINGITIS ISTHMICA NODOSA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Endometriosis
Metastatic Adenocarcinoma
Selected References
TUBAL ECTOPIC PREGNANCY
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Missed Abortion of Intrauterine Pregnancy
Placental Site Trophoblastic Tumor (PST; PSTT)
Selected References
BENIGN TUMORS
ADENOMATOID TUMOR
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Lymphangioma
Leiomyoma
Malignant Mesothelioma
Metastatic Adenocarcinoma
Invasive Primary Adenocarcinoma
Selected Reference
OTHER BENIGN TUMORS
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Adenomatous Hyperplasia
Metastatic Adenocarcinoma
Selected References
MALIGNANT TUMORS
CARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Metastatic Carcinoma
Benign Tubal Epithelial Tumors
Selected References
SARCOMAS AND MIXED TUMORS
Selected References
METASTATIC TUMORS
Selected Reference
GESTATIONAL TROPHOBLASTIC DISEASE
EXAGGERATED PLACENTAL SITE (EXAGGERATED IMPLANTATION SITE)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Placental Site Nodule
Placental Site Trophoblastic Tumor (PST; PSTT)
Choriocarcinoma
Epithelioid Trophoblastic Tumor
Selected References
PLACENTAL SITE NODULE (PLACENTAL SITE PLAQUE; INVOLUTING IMPLANTATION SITE)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
PSTT (PST)
Selected Reference
HYDATIDIFORM MOLE: COMPLETE MOLE
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Partial Mole
Early Nonmolar Pregnancy
Choriocarcinoma
PSTT (PST)
Selected References
HYDATIDIFORM MOLE: PARTIAL MOLE
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Complete Mole
Early Nonmolar Pregnancy
Selected References
INVASIVE HYDATIDIFORM MOLE
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Noninvasive Hydatidiform Mole
Placenta Accreta, Increta, or Percreta
Choriocarcinoma
Selected References
GESTATIONAL CHORIOCARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology ( Figure 12-77 A,B)
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Early Nonmolar Pregnancy
Hydatidiform Mole
Invasive Mole
PSTT (PST)
Poorly Differentiated Carcinoma
Epithelioid Trophoblastic Tumor
Selected References
PLACENTAL SITE TROPHOBLASTIC TUMOR (PSTT; PST)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Exaggerated Placental Site
Placental Site Nodules and Plaques
Choriocarcinoma
Epithelioid Leiomyosarcoma
Poorly Differentiated Carcinoma
Selected References
Chapter 13
Chapter 13:
Breast
SUBAREOLAR ABSCESS
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Plasma Cell Mastitis
Granulomatous Lobar Mastitis
Selected References
PLASMA CELL MASTITIS
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Granulomatous Lobar Mastitis
Tuberculous Mastitis
Selected References
GRANULOMATOUS LOBAR MASTITIS (GRANULOMATOUS MASTITIS)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Plasma Cell Mastitis
Tuberculous Mastitis
Breast Abscess
Sarcoidosis
Cat Scratch Disease
Selected References
FAT NECROSIS
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Infiltrating Ductal Carcinoma
Granular Cell Tumor
Selected References
DIABETIC MASTOPATHY
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Granulomatous Lobar Mastitis
Breast Abscess
Fibrocystic Change
Selected References
JUVENILE OR VIRGINAL HYPERTROPHY
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Juvenile Fibroadenoma
Selected References
GRANULAR CELL TUMOR
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Histiocytic Lesions, Including Fat Necrosis and Mammary Duct Ectasia
Apocrine Carcinoma
Metastatic Neoplasms, Including Oncocytic Renal Cell Carcinoma, Melanoma, and Alveolar Soft Part Sar ...
Selected References
Fibrocystic Changes
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology ( Figures 13-8, 13-9 and 13-10)
Cyst Formation
Stromal Fibrosis
Apocrine Metaplasia
Sclerosing Adenosis
Epithelial Hyperplasia without Atypia (Usual Ductal Hyperplasia)
Columnar Cell Lesions (CCLs)
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Fibromatosis
Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia (ADH) or Ductal Carcinoma in Situ (DCIS)
Selected References
ADENOSIS
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology ( Figure 13-11)
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Infiltrating Tubular Carcinoma
Infiltrating Lobular Carcinoma
Selected References
RADIAL SCLEROSING LESION AND RADIAL SCAR
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Tubular Carcinoma
Selected References
INTRADUCTAL PAPILLOMA (SOLITARY AND MULTIPLE)
Clinical Features
Solitary Papilloma
Multiple Papillomas
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Papillary DCIS
Encapsulated (Intracystic) Papillary Carcinoma and Noninvasive Papillary Carcinoma
Selected References
FLORID PAPILLOMATOSIS OF THE NIPPLE
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Paget Disease
DCISor Invasive Carcinoma
Selected References
PSEUDOANGIOMATOUS STROMAL HYPERPLASIA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Hemangioma
Low -Grade Angiosarcoma
Selected References
ADENOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Tubular Adenoma
Lactating Adenoma
Apocrine Adenoma
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Tubular Carcinoma
Selected References
FIBROADENOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Tubular Carcinoma
Phyllodes Tumor
Tubular Adenoma
Selected References
PHYLLODES TUMOR
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Juvenile Fibroadenoma
Carcinosarcoma
Selected References
ATYPICAL DUCTAL HYPERPLASIA AND DUCTAL CARCINOMA IN SITU
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
ADH
DCIS (Several Well -Recognized Variants Exist)
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
ADH Versus Intraductal Carcinoma
Invasive Ductal Carcinoma
LCIS
Selected References
ATYPICAL LOBULAR HYPERPLASIA AND LOBULAR CARCINOMA IN SITU
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Atypical Lobular Hyperplasia (ALH)
LCIS
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
DCIS Involving Lobules
Selected References
INFILTRATING DUCTAL CARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Infiltrating Tubular Carcinoma
Infiltrating Lobular Carcinoma
Radial Scar
Sclerosing Adenosis
Selected References
INFILTRATING LOBULAR CARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Sclerosing Adenosis
Infiltrating Ductal Carcinoma
Malignant Lymphoma
Selected References
TRIPLE NEGATIVE CARCINOMAS
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
MEDULLARY CARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Infiltrating Ductal Carcinoma
Selected References
MUCINOUS (COLLOID) CARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Mucocele -Like Tumor
Mixed Mucinous Carcinoma
Metastatic Mucinous Ovarian or Pancreatic Carcinoma
Selected References
TUBULAR CARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Sclerosing Adenosis
Microglandular Adenosis
Mixed Tumors (Tubulolobular or Ductal Carcinoma with Tubular Features)
Selected References
PAPILLARY CARCINOMA (INTRADUCTAL, INTRACYSTIC, ENCAPSULATED, AND INVASIVE)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Benign Papilloma Versus Intraductal Papillary Carcinoma
Invasive Papillary Carcinoma
Selected References
METAPLASTIC CARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Infiltrating Ductal Carcinoma
Adenosquamous Carcinoma
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Selected References
SECRETORY CARCINOMA (JUVENILE CARCINOMA)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Lactating Adenoma
Secretory Changes
Selected References
APOCRINE CARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Sclerosing Adenosis with Apocrine Metaplasia
Selected References
ADENOID CYSTIC CARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Invasive Cribriform Carcinoma
Cylindroma
Selected References
INFLAMMATORY CARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Metastatic Carcinoma
Selected References
PAGET DISEASE OF THE NIPPLE
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Malignant Melanoma
Bowen Disease (Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Situ)
Clear Cell Change of Keratinocytes
Selected References
HEMANGIOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Low -Grade Angiosarcoma
Pseudoangiomatous Stromal Hyperplasia (PASH)
Selected References
ANGIOSARCOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Hemangioma
PASH
Selected References
POSTMASTECTOMY ANGIOSARCOMA (STEWART-TREVES SYNDROME)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Postirradiation Angiosarcoma
Kaposi Sarcoma
Reactive Vascular Proliferation Associated with Chronic Lymphedema
Selected References
GYNECOMASTIA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology ( Figure 13-37)
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Intraductal Carcinoma
Selected References
MALE BREAST CARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Metastatic Prostate Carcinoma
Selected References
METASTATIC TUMORS
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Gastric Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma
Ovarian Carcinoma
Selected References
Chapter 14
Chapter 14:
Lymph Nodes
Normal Lymph Node
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Reactive Follicular Hyperplasia
Autoimmune Disease
Clinical Features
Histopathology ( Figure 14-1)
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Nonspecific Follicular Hyperplasia
Syphilis
Early Viral Infection
Toxoplasma Lymphadenitis
IgG4-Related Lymphadenopathy
Follicular Lymphoma
Marginal Zone Lymphoma
Plasma Cell Neoplasm in Lymph Node
Selected References
Cytomegalovirus Lymphadenitis
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Nonspecific Follicular Hyperplasia
Toxoplasma Lymphadenitis
Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma
Small B-Cell Lymphoma
Selected References
TOXOPLASMOSIS
Clinical Features
Histopathology ( Figure 14-3 A)
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Nonspecific Follicular Hyperplasia
HIV Lymphadenitis
Leishmaniasis
Cat Scratch Disease
Sarcoidosis
Selected References
HIV-Related Lymphadenopathy
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Nonspecific Follicular Hyperplasia
Infectious Mononucleosis
Follicular Lymphoma
Angioimmunoblastic T-Cell Lymphoma
Castleman Disease
Kaposi Sarcoma
Mycobacterium Avium Intracellulare Infection
Selected References
Kimura Disease
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Angiofollicular Hyperplasia with Eosinophilia
Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
Parasitic Infection
Drug -Related Lymphadenopathy
Nonspecific Follicular Hyperplasia
Selected References
IgG4-Related Lymphadenopathy
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Castleman Disease
Nonspecific Follicular Hyperplasia
Progressive Transformation of Germinal Centers
Inflammatory Pseudotumor
Small B-Cell Lymphoma with Plasmacytic Differentiation
Angioimmunoblastic T-Cell Lymphoma
Selected References
Progressive Transformation Of Germinal Centers (PTGC)
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Nodular Lymphocyte -Predominant Hodgkin Lymphoma (NLPHL)
Follicular Lymphoma
Mantle Cell Lymphoma
IgG4-Related Lymphadenopathy
Selected References
Reactive Paracortical Hyperplasia
Infectious Mononucleosis (IM)
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma
Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma
CMV Lymphadenitis
HIV-Associated Lymphadenopathy (Early Phase)
Selected References
Herpes Simplex Lymphadenitis
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Histiocytic Necrotizing Lymphadenitis (Kikuchi Disease)
Cat Scratch Disease
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
Selected References
Dermatopathic Lymphadenitis
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Mycosis Fungoides
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
Nonspecific Paracortical Hyperplasia
Selected References
Drug-Related Lymphadenopathy
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
Nonspecific Paracortical Hyperplasia
Selected References
Sinus Histiocytosis
Rosai-Dorfman Disease
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Nonspecific Sinus Histiocytosis
Lymph Nodes Draining Prosthetic Implants
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
Metastatic Melanoma
Metastatic Carcinoma
Selected References
Whipple Disease
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Nonspecific Sinus Histiocytosis
Atypical Mycobacterial Infection
Sarcoidosis
Lymphadenopathy due to Deposition of Exogenous Material
Lymphadenopathy due to Deposition of Endogenous Lipid Material
Selected References
Necrotizing Lymphadenitis
Kikuchi Disease
Clinical Features
Histopathology ( Figure 14-14 Aand B)
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Herpes or CMV Lymphadenitis
Kawasaki Disease
Fungal Lymphadenitis
Tuberculous Lymphadenitis
Cat Scratch Disease
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma
Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma
Metastatic Carcinoma
Selected References
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
Granulomatous Lymphadenitis
Tuberculosis
Clinical Features
Histopathology ( Figure 14-15)
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Sarcoidosis
Fungal Lymphadenitis
Foreign -Body Type Granuloma
Kikuchi Disease
Aggressive B-Cell Lymphoma
Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma
Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma
Metastatic Carcinoma
Selected References
Atypical Mycobacterial Infection And Leprosy
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
CAT SCRATCH DISEASE
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Acute Suppurative Lymphadenitis
Other Infectious Necrotizing Lymphadenitis
Mycobacterial and Fungal Lymphadenitis
Kikuchi Disease
Lymphoma
Selected References
SARCOIDOSIS
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Tuberculous Lymphadenitis
Fungal Lymphadenitis
Cat Scratch Disease
Brucellosis
Whipple Disease
Syphilis
Foreign -Body Type Granulomas
Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma
Selected References
CASTLEMAN DISEASE
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
SMALL B-CELL NEOPLASMS
SMALL LYMPHOCYTIC LYMPHOMA/CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (SLL/CLL)
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Follicular Lymphoma
Mantle Cell Lymphoma
Marginal Zone Lymphoma
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL)
Selected References
FOLLICULAR LYMPHOMA (FL)
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Reactive Follicular Hyperplasia
Mantle Cell Lymphoma
Marginal Zone Lymphoma
CLL/SLL
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL)
Selected References
MANTLE CELL LYMPHOMA (MCL)
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
CLL/SLL
Follicular Lymphoma
Marginal Zone Lymphoma
Lymphoblastic Lymphoma
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL)
Selected References
NODAL MARGINAL ZONE LYMPHOMA (MZL)
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Reactive Lymph Node with Monocytoid B-Cell Hyperplasia
CLL/SLL
Follicular Lymphoma
Mantle Cell Lymphoma
Lymphoplasmacytic Lymphoma (LPL)
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
Selected References
LYMPHOPLASMACYTIC LYMPHOMA (LPL)
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Marginal Zone Lymphoma
Plasmacytoma
CLL/SLL
Mantle Cell Lymphoma
Selected References
DIFFUSE AGGRESSIVE B-CELL LYMPHOMA
DIFFUSE LARGE B-CELL LYMPHOMA (DLBCL)
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Reactive Lymph Node with Immunoblastic Proliferation
Small B-Cell Lymphoma
Mantle Cell Lymphoma, Blastoid, and Pleomorphic Variants
Burkitt Lymphoma
Lymphoblastic Lymphoma
Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma (CHL)
Metastatic Neoplasm
Myeloid Sarcoma
Selected References
LYMPHOBLASTIC LYMPHOMA (LBL)
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
Burkitt Lymphoma
Thymoma
Metastatic Neoplasm
Myeloid Sarcoma
Indolent T-Lymphoblastic Proliferation
Selected References
BURKITT LYMPHOMA (BL)
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
B-Lymphoblastic Lymphoma
Metastatic Neoplasm
Myeloid Sarcoma
Selected References
B-CELL LYMPHOMA, UNCLASSIFIABLE, WITH FEATURES INTERMEDIATE BETWEEN DLBCL AND BURKITT LYMPHOMA (BCLU)
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
Burkitt Lymphoma
Follicular Lymphoma (FL)
Lymphoblastic Lymphoma (LBL)
Selected References
PERIPHERAL T-CELL LYMPHOMA
ANGIOIMMUNOBLASTIC T-CELL LYMPHOMA (AITL)
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Peripheral T- cell Lymphomas Not Otherwise Specified (PTCL-NOS)
Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma
DLBCL
Reactive Paracortical Hyperplasia
Selected References
ANAPLASTIC LARGE CELL LYMPHOMA (ALCL)
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma
DLBCL
PTCL, NOS
Myeloid Sarcoma
Metastatic Neoplasm
Selected References
PERIPHERAL T-CELL LYMPHOMA, NOS
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma (CHL)
DLBCL
Reactive Paracortical Hyperplasia
Angioimmunoblastic T- cell Lymphoma
Anaplastic T-Cell Lymphoma
Selected References
HODGKIN LYMPHOMA
NODULAR LYMPHOCYTE PREDOMINANT HODGKIN LYMPHOMA (NLPHL)
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Progressive Transformation of Germinal Centers (PTGC)
Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma, Lymphocyte -Rich Type
T Cell /Histiocyte -Rich Large B-Cell (THRLBCL)
Selected References
CLASSICAL HODGKIN LYMPHOMA, NODULAR SCLEROSIS TYPE (CHL, NS)
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma, Mixed Cellularity Type
Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant Hodgkin Lymphoma
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL)
Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (ALCL)
Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma (PTCL)
Infectious Mononucleosis (IM)
Reactive Lymph Node
Selected References
CLASSICAL HODGKIN LYMPHOMA, MIXED CELLULARITY TYPE (CHL, MC)
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma, Nodular Sclerosis Type
T Cell /Histiocyte -Rich Large B-Cell Lymphoma (THRLBCL)
Selected References
CLASSICAL HODGKIN LYMPHOMA, LYMPHOCYTE-RICH TYPE (CHL, LR)
Clinical Features
Histopathology ( Figure 14-35)
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Nodular Lymphocyte -Predominant Hodgkin Lymphoma (NLPHL)
Follicular Lymphoma
Selected References
NONLYMPHOID DISORDERS OF LYMPH NODES
LANGERHANS CELL HISTIOCYTOSIS (LCH)
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Rosai -Dorfman Disease
Sinus Histiocytosis
Dermatopathic Lymphadenitis
Selected References
KAPOSI SARCOMA (KS)
Clinical Features
Histopathology ( Figure 14-37)
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Angiosarcoma
Vascular Transformation of Lymph Node
Selected References
EXTRAMEDULLARY HEMATOPOIESIS (EMH)
Clinical Features
Histopathology ( Figure 14-38)
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Myeloid Sarcoma
Metastatic Carcinoma
Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma
Selected References
MYELOID SARCOMA (MS)
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
Burkitt Lymphoma
Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma, NOS
Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (ALCL)
Lymphoblastic Lymphoma
Metastatic Neoplasm
Selected References
MAST CELL DISEASE
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
Monocytoid B Cells (in Reactive Hyperplasia or Marginal Zone Lymphoma)
Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells
Follicular Hyperplasia and Follicular Lymphoma
Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma
Sinus Histiocytosis
Selected References
Chapter 15
Chapter 15: Spleen
Non-Neoplastic Diseases Involving The Splenic White Pulp
Reactive Follicular Hyperplasia with Germinal Center Formation
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Follicular, Mantle Cell, and Marginal Zone Lymphomas
Selected References
Reactive Lymphoid Hyperplasia without Germinal Center Formation
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma (DLBCL), Immunoblastic Variant
Hodgkin Lymphoma
Selected References
Castleman Disease (Angiofollicular Hyperplasia)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology ( Figure 15-4)
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Reactive Lymphoid Hyperplasia
Rheumatoid Arthritis versus Castleman Disease, Plasma Cell Type
Selected References
Common Variable Immunodeficiency
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Nonspecific Follicular Hyperplasia
Lymphoproliferative Disorders
Selected References
Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Lymphoproliferative Disorder
Selected References
Neoplastic Diseases Involving The Splenic White Pulp
Splenic Marginal Zone Lymphoma (SMZL)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis (also see Table 15-1)
Splenic Diffuse Red Pulp Small B-Cell Lymphoma
Hairy Cell Leukemia
T-Cell Large Granular Lymphocytic Leukemia
Hepatosplenic T-Cell Lymphoma
Selected References
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia/Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Splenic Marginal Zone Lymphoma
Follicular Lymphoma
Mantle Cell Lymphoma
Lymphoplasmacytic Lymphoma (Waldenström Macroglobulinemia)
Prolymphocytic Leukemia
Selected References
Prolymphocytic Leukemia
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
CLL/SLL
Splenic Marginal Zone Lymphoma
Selected References
Mantle Cell Lymphoma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
CLL/SLL
Splenic Marginal Zone Lymphoma
Lymphoblastic Lymphoma
Selected References
Follicular Lymphoma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology ( Figure 15-9)
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Reactive Follicular Hyperplasia
Castleman Disease
Mantle Cell Lymphoma
Splenic Marginal Zone Lymphoma
Selected References
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Hodgkin Lymphoma
Inflammatory Pseudotumor (IPT)
Selected References
Hodgkin Lymphoma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology ( Figure 15-11)
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
DLBCL
Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
Inflammatory Pseudotumor
Splenic Hamartoma
Metastatic Carcinoma or Melanoma
Selected References
Non-Neoplastic Diseases Involving The Splenic Red Pulp
Gaucher Disease and Other Storage Disorders
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
Hematologic Diseases
Extramedullary Hematopoiesis
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology ( Figure 15-14)
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Lymphoid Infiltrate in Red Pulp
Acute Leukemia
Selected References
Hereditary Spherocytosis
Clinical Features
Prominent Splenomegaly and Anemia
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
Sickle Cell Disease and Variants
Fibrocongestive Splenomegaly
Selected References
Sickle Cell Disease and Variants
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology ( Figure 15-16 B,C)
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Splenic Infarcts
Hereditary Spherocytosis
Malaria
Selected References
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology ( Figure 15-17)
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
ITP
Congestive Splenomegaly
Hereditary Spherocytosis
Selected References
Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (Autoimmune Thrombocytopenic Purpura)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology ( Figure 15-18)
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Nonspecific Follicular Hyperplasia
Selected References
Neoplastic Diseases Involving The Splenic Red Pulp
Splenic Diffuse Red Pulp Small B-Cell Lymphoma (SDRPBCL)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Studies and Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Splenic Marginal Zone Lymphoma (see Table 15-1)
Hairy Cell Leukemia-Variant (HCL-v)
Hairy Cell Leukemia
Selected References
Hairy Cell Leukemia
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Marginal Zone B-Cell Lymphoma
Splenic Diffuse Red Pulp Small B-Cell Lymphoma
CLL/SLL
Mastocytosis
Myeloid Leukemias
Selected References
Hairy Cell Leukemia-Variant
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Splenic Diffuse red Pulp Small B-Cell Lymphoma
Classical Hairy Cell Leukemia
Selected References
Hepatosplenic T-Cell Lymphoma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology ( Figure 15-22)
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis (see also Table 15-3)
CLL/SLL
Hairy Cell Leukemia
Prolymphocytic Leukemia
Large Granular Lymphocytic Leukemia (LGL)
Selected References
Systemic Mastocytosis
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Hairy Cell Leukemia
Large Granular Lymphocytic Leukemia
Selected References
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Reactive Splenic Red Pulp Hyperplasia
Acute Leukemia
Selected References
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Disseminated Juvenile Xanthogranuloma (JXG)
Gaucher Disease (and Other Lysosomal Storage Diseases)
Hemophagocytic Syndromes
Mycobacterium Avium-Intracellulare
Acute Myeloid Leukemia, Particularly Acute Monoblastic Leukemia
Histiocytic Sarcoma (Malignant Histiocytosis)
Selected References
Vascular Tumors
Splenic Hemangioma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology ( Figure 15-25B)
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Cord Capillary Hemangioma
Hematoma
Peliosis
Littoral Cell Angioma
Hemangioendothelioma
Angiosarcoma
Splenic Hamartoma
Lymphangioma
Selected Reference
Littoral Cell Angioma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Hemangioma
Splenic Hamartoma
Hemangioendothelioma
Angiosarcoma
Selected References
Splenic Angiosarcoma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Hemangioma
Hemangioendothelioma
Hemangiopericytoma
Kaposi Sarcoma
Bacillary Angiomatosis
Metastatic Melanoma
Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma
Selected References
Cysts And Pseudotumoral Lesions
Epidermoid Cyst (True Cysts)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Pseudocyst
Parasitic (Echinococcal) Cyst
Pseudocyst
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Epithelioid Cyst
Parasitic Cyst
Parasitic (Echinococcal) Cyst
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Epithelioid Cyst (see “Epidermoid Cyst [True Cysts]”)
Pseudocyst
Selected References
Splenic Hamartoma (Splenoma)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology ( Figure 15-29 B,C)
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Hemangioma
Littoral Cell Angioma
Inflammatory Pseudotumor
Selected References
Inflammatory Pseudotumor of the Spleen
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology ( Figure 15-30)
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Splenic Hamartoma
Castleman Disease
Hodgkin Lymphoma
Plasmacytoma
Follicular Dendritic Cell Sarcoma (versus ­IPT-Like Follicular Dendritic Cell Tumor of the Spleen)
Mycobacterial Pseudotumor
Bacillary Angiomatosis
Selected References
Circulatory Abnormalities
Congestive Splenomegaly
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Leukemic Infiltration
Lymphoma
Myelofibrosis or Other Myeloproliferative Disorders
Peliosis
Selected References
Vasculitides
Polyarteritis Nodosa, Hypersensitivity Angiitis (Churg-Strauss Disease), Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Rheumatoid Arthritis ...
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Polyarteritis Nodosa
Hypersensitivity Angiitis (Churg-Strauss Disease)
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Thromboemboli
Postmortem Clot
Amyloidosis
Selected References
Viral And Other Nongranulomatous Infections
Infectious Mononucleosis
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Large Cell Lymphoma or T-Cell/Histiocyte-Rich Large B-Cell Lymphoma
Hodgkin Lymphoma
Reactive Lymphoid Hyperplasia Not Related to EBV Infection
Selected References
Cytomegalovirus Infection
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Abscess
Infarct
Selected Reference
Mycobacterium Avium-Intracellulare
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology ( Figure 15-35)
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Lepromatous Leprosy
Histoplasmosis
Gaucher Disease (and Other Metabolic Storage Diseases)
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
Pneumocystis Carinii
Malaria
Selected References
Malaria
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Acute Phase
Chronic Phase
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Leishmaniasis
Hemochromatosis
Formalin Pigment
Selected References
Pyogenic Bacterial Infections (Abscess)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Splenic Infarct
Hodgkin Lymphoma
Extramedullary Hematopoiesis
Selected Reference
Granulomatous Diseases
Sarcoidosis, Miliary Tuberculosis, Histoplasmosis, Coccidioidomycosis, and Lipogranulomas
Clinical Features
Sarcoidosis
Miliary Tuberculosis
Histoplasmosis
Coccidioidomycosis
Lipogranulomas
Gross Pathology
Sarcoidosis
Miliary Tuberculosis
Histoplasmosis
Coccidioidomycosis
Lipogranulomas
Histopathology
Sarcoidosis
Miliary Tuberculosis
Histoplasmosis
Coccidioidomycosis
Lipogranulomas
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Selected Reference
Other Conditions
Amyloidosis
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology ( Figure 15-37)
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Castleman Disease, Hyaline-Vascular Type
Infarct
Granulomas
Hyalinosis
Selected References
Hematoma and Traumatic Rupture
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Hematoma
Rupture
Histopathology
Hematoma
Rupture
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Spontaneous Rupture
Infarct
Splenic Cyst
Hemangioma and Other Vascular Tumors
Selected References
Chapter 16
Chapter 16: Bones and Joints
Osteoid Tumors
Osteoma
Clinical Features
Radiographic Findings
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Osteoblastoma
Parosteal Osteosarcoma
Selected References
Osteoid Osteoma
Clinical Features
Radiographic Findings
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Osteomyelitis and Bone Abscesses
Osteoblastoma
Osteosarcoma
Stress Fracture
Selected References
Osteoblastoma
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Osteoid Osteoma
Giant Cell Tumor
Aneurysmal Bone Cyst
Osteoblastic Osteosarcoma
Selected References
Conventional Intramedullary Osteosarcoma
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Fracture Callus
Osteomyelitis
Osteoblastoma
Giant Cell Tumor
Chondrosarcoma
Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma
Fibrosarcoma
Small Cell Tumors (Ewing Sarcoma /PNET, Lymphoma, Mesenchymal Chondrosarcoma)
Metastatic Carcinoma
Selected References
Telangiectatic Osteosarcoma
Clinical Features
Radiographic Findings
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Aneurysmal Bone Cyst
Conventional Osteosarcoma
Selected References
Parosteal Osteosarcoma
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques in Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Osteochondroma
Myositis Ossificans
High - Grade Surface Osteosarcoma
Periosteal Osteosarcoma
Selected References
Periosteal Osteosarcoma
Clinical Features
Radiographic Findings
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
P eriosteal C hondroma
P eriosteal C hondrosarcoma
P arosteal O steosarcoma
C onventional I ntramedullary O steosarcoma
H igh -G rade S urface O steosarcoma
Selected References
High-Grade Surface Osteosarcoma
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Dedifferentiated Parosteal Osteosarcoma
Parosteal Osteosarcoma
Conventional Intramedullary Osteosarcoma
Selected References
Low-Grade Central Osteosarcoma
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Fibrous Dysplasia
Desmoplastic Fibroma
Osteoblastoma
Conventional Intramedullary Osteosarcoma, Fibroblastic Variant
Selected References
Chondroid Tumors
Osteochondroma
Clinical Features
Radiographic Findings
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Parosteal Osteochondromatous Proliferation (Nora Lesion)
Chondrosarcoma Arising in an Osteochondroma
Parosteal Osteosarcoma
Selected References
Enchondroma
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Prominent Costochondral Cartilage
Fibrous Dysplasia with Chondroid Differentiation
Low - Grade Chondrosarcoma
Selected References
Periosteal Chondroma
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology ( Figure 16-9)
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Juxtacortical Chondrosarcoma
Periosteal Osteosarcoma
Selected References
Chondroblastoma
Clinical Features
Radiographic Findings
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Chondromyxoid Fibroma
Giant Cell Tumor
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (Eosinophilic Granuloma)
Aneurysmal Bone Cyst
Clear Cell Chondrosarcoma
Chondroblastic Osteosarcoma
Selected References
Chondromyxoid Fibroma
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology ( Figure 16-11)
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Chondroblastoma
Medullary Chondrosarcoma
Selected References
Intramedullary Chondrosarcoma (Conventional)
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Enchondroma
Fracture Callus
Chondroblastic Osteosarcoma (Osteosarcoma with Prominent Chondroblastic Differentiation)
Selected References
Dedifferentiated Chondrosarcoma
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma and Fibrosarcoma
Mesenchymal Chondrosarcoma
High - Grade Intramedullary Chondrosarcoma
Metastatic Sarcoma to Bone (Leiomyosarcoma, Angiosarcoma, Rhabdomyosarcoma)
Selected References
Mesenchymal Chondrosarcoma
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Modern Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Dedifferentiated Chondrosarcoma
Ewing Sarcoma /PNET
Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma
Solitary Fibrous Tumor (Formerly Hemangiopericytoma)
Selected References
Clear Cell Chondrosarcoma
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Modern Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Chondroblastoma
Osteoblastoma
Aneurysmal Bone Cyst
Intramedullary Chondrosarcoma
Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma
Selected References
Vascular Tumors
Hemangioma
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma
Angiosarcoma
Selected References
Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Angiosarcoma
Metastatic Carcinoma
Selected References
Solitary Fibrous Tumor (Formerly Hemangiopericytoma)
Clinical Features
Radiographic Findings
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
Angiosarcoma
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma
Metastatic Carcinoma
Selected References
Fibro-Osseous, Histiocytic, And Giant Cell Lesions
Fibrous Dysplasia
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Osteofibrous Dysplasia
Desmoplastic Fibroma
Low - Grade Intramedullary Osteosarcoma
Selected References
Osteofibrous Dysplasia (Ossifying Fibroma Of Long Bones)
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Fibrous Dysplasia
Adamantinoma
Well - Differentiated Intramedullary Osteosarcoma
Selected References
Nonossifying Fibroma (Fibrous Cortical Defect, Metaphyseal Fibrous Defect)
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Giant Cell Tumor
Desmoplastic Fibroma
Fibrous Dysplasia
Benign Fibrous Histiocytoma
Selected References
Desmoplastic Fibroma
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Low - Grade Fibrosarcoma
Fibrous Dysplasia
Selected References
Fibrosarcoma
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Desmoplastic Fibroma
Dedifferentiated Chondrosarcoma
Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma
Selected References
Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Giant Cell Tumor
Osteosarcoma
Dedifferentiated Chondrosarcoma
Fibrosarcoma
Selected References
Giant Cell Tumor
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Giant Cell Reparative Granuloma
Nonossifying Fibroma
Aneurysmal Bone Cyst
Giant Cell – Rich Osteosarcoma
Metastatic Carcinoma Containing Giant Cells
Selected References
Giant Cell Granuloma (Giant Cell Reparative Granuloma)
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Aneurysmal Bone Cyst
Brown Tumor in Hyperparathyroidism
Giant Cell Tumor
Nonossifying Fibroma
Giant Cell – Rich Osteosarcoma
Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma
Selected References
Adamantinoma
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology ( Figure 16-28)
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Osteofibrous Dysplasia
Fibrous Dysplasia
Metastatic Carcinoma
Selected References
Small Cell Neoplasms
Ewing Sarcoma/Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor (Pnet)
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Metastatic Neuroblastoma
Lymphoma, Leukemia
Osteosarcoma, Small Cell Variant
Mesenchymal Chondrosarcoma
Selected References
Lymphoma
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Neuroectodermal Tumor of Bone
Metastatic Neuroblastoma
Osteosarcoma, Small Cell Variant
Mesenchymal Chondrosarcoma
Metastatic Small Cell Carcinoma
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
Sarcoma
Chronic Osteomyelitis
Selected References
Multiple Myeloma And Solitary Plasmacytoma Of Bone
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Chronic Osteomyelitis
Metastatic Carcinoma
B-Cell Immunoblastic Lymphoma
Selected References
Miscellaneous Bone Lesions
Chordoma
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Chondrosarcoma
Metastatic Adenocarcinoma
Liposarcoma
Selected References
Aneurysmal Bone Cyst
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Unicameral Bone Cyst
Giant Cell Tumor
Telangiectatic Osteosarcoma
Secondary Aneurysmal Bone Cyst
Selected References
Unicameral Bone Cyst (Simple Cyst)
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Aneurysmal Bone Cyst
Giant Cell Tumor
Selected References
Paget Disease Of Bone
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Osteoblastic Metastatic Carcinoma
Chronic Osteomyelitis
Fibrous Dysplasia
Osteoblastoma
Selected References
Metastatic Tumors
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology ( Figure 16-35)
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Osteosarcoma
Primary Bone Sarcomas
Paget Disease
Selected References
Joint And Synovial Diseases
Osteoarthritis
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Osteoarthritis Secondary to Avascular Necrosis
Osteoarthritis Secondary to Chondrocalcinosis
Selected References
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology ( Figure 16-36)
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Osteoarthritis
Chronic Osteomyelitis
Selected References
Gout
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Pseudogout (Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease)
Infectious Granulomatous Synovitis
Selected References
Pseudogout (Chondrocalcinosis–Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease)
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Gout
Tumoral Calcinosis (Calcium Hydroxyapatite Deposition; Metastatic Calcification)
Selected References
Synovial Chondromatosis
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Secondary Synovial Chondrometaplasia
Synovial Chondrosarcoma
Secondary Joint Involved Chondrosarcoma
Selected References
Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis (PVNS)
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Hemosiderotic Synovitis
Giant Cell Tumor
Rheumatoid Synovitis
Traumatic Synovitis
Detritic Synovitis
Selected References
Chapter 17
Chapter 17:
Soft Tissue
Nodular Fasciitis
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Kaposi Sarcoma
Myxoma
Fibrous Histiocytoma (Dermatofibroma)
Fibromatosis (Desmoid Tumor)
Selected References
Proliferative Fasciitis and Myositis
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Ganglioneuroblastoma
Nodular Fasciitis
Selected References
Myositis Ossificans
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Extraskeletal Osteosarcoma
Selected References
Ischemic Fasciitis
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Epithelioid Sarcoma
Myxoid Liposarcoma
Selected References
Elastofibroma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Fibrolipoma
Selected References
Superficial Fibromatoses
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Calcifying Aponeurotic Fibroma
Fibroma of Tendon Sheath
Fibrosarcoma (Infantile and Adult Types)
Selected References
Fibrous Hamartoma of Infancy
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Lipofibromatosis
Lipoblastoma
Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma
Selected References
Lipofibromatosis
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Fibrous Hamartoma of Infancy
Lipoblastoma
Desmoid-Type Fibromatosis
Selected References
Calcifying Aponeurotic Fibroma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Fibromatosis (Palmar, Plantar)
Chondroma
Giant Cell Tumor of Tendon Sheath
Selected References
Fibroma of Tendon Sheath
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Fibromatosis (Palmar, Plantar)
Nodular Fasciitis
Selected References
Collagenous Fibroma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Desmoid Fibromatosis
Selected References
Myofibroma and Myofibromatosis
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Nodular Fasciitis
Infantile Fibrosarcoma
Selected References
Gardner Fibroma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Desmoid-Type Fibromatosis
Nuchal Fibroma
Elastofibroma
Selected References
Desmoid-Type Fibromatosis
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Nodular Fasciitis
Low-Grade Fibromyxoid Sarcoma
Fibrosarcoma (Infantile and Adult Types)
Selected References
Calcifying Fibrous (Pseudo) Tumor
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor
Nodular Fasciitis
Desmoid-Type Fibromatosis
Calcifying Aponeurotic Fibroma
Selected References
Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Leiomyoma
Leiomyosarcoma
Desmoid-Type Fibromatosis
Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma
Inflammatory Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma
Metastatic Sarcomatoid Carcinoma
Spindle Cell Melanoma
Selected References
Solitary Fibrous Tumor
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Hemangiopericytoma
Synovial Sarcoma
Fibrosarcoma (Infantile and Adult Types)
Selected References
Hemosiderotic Fibrolipomatous Tumor (Hflt)/Myxoinflammatory Fibroblastic Sarcoma (Mifs)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Well-Differentiated Liposarcoma
Spindle Cell Lipoma
Plexiform Fibrohistiocytic Tumor
High-Grade Myxofibrosarcoma (High-Grade Pleomorphic Sarcoma, Myxoid Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma [M ...
Selected References
Low-Grade Fibromyxoid Sarcoma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Low-Grade Myxofibrosarcoma
Synovial Sarcoma
Desmoid-Type Fibromatosis
Myxoid Neurofibroma
Selected References
Low-Grade Myofibroblastic Sarcoma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Deep Fibromatosis
Low-Grade Fibromyxoid Sarcoma
Infantile Fibrosarcoma
Myofibroma and Myofibromatosis
Selected References
Infantile Fibrosarcoma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Fibromatosis
Myofibroma and Myofibromatosis
Spindle Cell Rhabdomyosarcoma
Synovial Sarcoma (Monophasic)
Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor
Selected References
Adult Fibrosarcoma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Desmoid-Type Fibromatosis
Synovial Sarcoma (Monophasic)
Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor
Dedifferentiated and Spindle Cell Liposarcoma
Low-Grade Fibromyxoid Sarcoma
Selected References
Sclerosing Epithelioid Fibrosarcoma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Metastatic Carcinoma
Sclerosing Lymphoma
Deep Fibromatosis
Sclerosing Rhabdomyosarcoma
Sclerosing, Well-Differentiated Liposarcoma
Low-Grade Fibromyxoid Sarcoma
Selected References
Myxofibrosarcoma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Low-Grade Fibromyxoid Sarcoma
Myxoid Liposarcoma
Myxoma
Selected References
Giant Cell Tumor of Tendon Sheath
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Giant Cell Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma
Fibroma of Tendon Sheath
Selected References
Deep Benign Fibrous Histiocytoma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Leiomyoma
Solitary Fibrous Tumor
Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma
Nodular Fasciitis
Selected References
Lipoma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Subcutaneous Lipoma
Deep Lipoma
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Myxoma
Well-Differentiated Liposarcoma
Myxoid Liposarcoma
Selected References
Angiolipoma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Involuting Juvenile Hemangioma
Intramuscular Hemangioma and Hemangiomatosis
Kaposi Sarcoma
Selected References
Spindle Cell Lipoma and Pleomorphic Lipoma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Well-Differentiated Liposarcoma or Atypical Lipomatous Tumor
Pleomorphic Liposarcoma
Lipofibromatosis
Selected References
Lipoblastoma and Lipoblastomatosis
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Myxoid Liposarcoma
Lipofibromatosis
Selected References
Well-Differentiated Liposarcoma and Atypical Lipomatous Tumor
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Panniculitis
Spindle Cell or Pleomorphic Lipoma
Angiomyolipoma
Selected References
Myxoid and Round Cell Liposarcoma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology ( Figures 17-24 and 25)
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Lipoblastoma
Spindle Cell or Pleomorphic Lipoma
Selected References
Pleomorphic Liposarcoma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Pleomorphic Lipoma
Dedifferentiated Liposarcoma
High-Grade Pleomorphic Sarcoma or Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma
Pleomorphic Rhabdomyosarcoma
Selected References
Dedifferentiated Liposarcoma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
High-Grade Pleomorphic Sarcoma or Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma
Selected References
Rhabdomyoma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Fetal Rhabdomyoma
Adult Rhabdomyoma
Genital Rhabdomyoma
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Adult Rhabdomyoma
Granular Cell Tumor
Hibernoma
Paraganglioma
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Fetal and Genital Rhabdomyoma
Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma (ERMS)
Botryoid Rhabdomyosarcoma
Selected References
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma
Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma
Pleomorphic Rhabdomyosarcoma
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Neuroblastoma
Ewing Sarcoma (EWS) and Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor (PNET)
Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumor (DSRCT)
Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor
Monophasic Synovial Sarcoma
Malignant Lymphoma
Selected References
Leiomyoma (Cutaneous and Deep Soft Tissue)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Cutaneous Leiomyoma
Angioleiomyoma
Deep Leiomyoma
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Cutaneous Fibrous Histiocytoma (Dermatofibroma)
Leiomyosarcoma
Selected References
Leiomyosarcoma (Cutaneous and Deep Soft Tissue)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Leiomyoma
Cellular Schwannoma or Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor
Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma (Pleomorphic Sarcoma)
Monophasic Synovial Sarcoma
Spindle Cell Rhabdomyosarcoma
Extragastrointestinal Stromal Tumor
Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor
Fibrosarcoma (Infant and Adult Type)
Selected References
Granular Cell Tumor
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Adult Rhabdomyoma
Hibernoma
Selected References
Schwannoma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Neurofibroma
Leiomyoma
Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor
Selected References
Neurofibroma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Schwannoma
Myxoma
Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor
Selected References
Soft Tissue Perineurioma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Benign Nerve Sheath Tumor (Schwannoma or Neurofibroma)
Low-Grade Fibromyxoid Sarcoma (LGFMS)
Myxoma
Meningioma
Selected References
Paraganglioma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Carcinoid Tumor
Alveolar Soft Part Sarcoma
Selected References
Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Malignant Triton Tumor
MPNST
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Cellular Schwannoma
Leiomyosarcoma
Fibrosarcoma
Synovial Sarcoma (Monophasic)
Clear Cell Sarcoma (Melanoma of Soft Parts)
Selected References
Hemangioma
Clinical Features
Capillary Hemangioma (Infantile and Juvenile Hemangioma)
Cavernous Hemangioma
Epithelioid Hemangioma
Pyogenic Granuloma (Lobular Capillary Hemangioma [LCH])
Spindle Cell Hemangioma
Intramuscular Hemangioma
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Capillary Hemangioma
Cavernous Hemangioma
Epithelioid Hemangioma
Pyogenic Granuloma
Spindle Cell Hemangioma
Intramuscular Angioma
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Hemangiopericytoma
Angiosarcoma
Kaposi Sarcoma
Selected References
Glomus Tumor
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Cellular or Cavernous Hemangioma
Paraganglioma
Selected References
Hemangiopericytoma and Myopericytoma
Clinical Features
Hemangiopericytoma
Myopericytoma
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Hemangiopericytoma
Myopericytoma
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Solitary Fibrous Tumor
Fibrous Histiocytoma with Hemangiopericytoma-Like Areas
Glomangioma
Synovial Sarcoma (Monophasic)
Selected References
Hemangioendothelioma
Clinical Features
Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma
Kaposiform Hemangioendothelioma
Retiform Hemangioendothelioma and Papillary Intralymphatic Angioendothelioma (Dabska Tumor)
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma
Kaposiform Hemangioendothelioma
Retiform Hemangioendothelioma and Papillary Intralymphatic Angioendothelioma (Dabska Tumor)
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Epithelioid Sarcoma
Epithelioid Angiosarcoma
Kaposiform Hemangioendothelioma and Kaposi Sarcoma
Selected References
Angiosarcoma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Hemangioma
Papillary Endothelial Hyperplasia (Intravascular Hemangioendothelioma of Masson)
Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma
Selected References
Lymphangioma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Hemangioma
Selected References
Myxoma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Nerve Sheath myxoma
Myxoid Neurofibroma
Aggressive Angiomyxoma
Selected References
Ossifying Fibromyxoid Tumor (Ofmt)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Myxoid Chondrosarcoma (Extraskeletal)
Selected References
Angiomatoid Fibrous Histiocytoma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Benign Fibrous Histiocytoma
Selected References
Synovial Sarcoma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Biphasic Synovial Sarcoma
Monophasic Synovial Sarcoma
Poorly Differentiated Synovial Sarcoma
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Hemangiopericytoma
EWS and PNET
Fibrosarcoma
MPNST
Solitary Fibrous Tumor
Selected References
Epithelioid Sarcoma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Granuloma Annulare
Synovial Sarcoma
Epithelioid Angiosarcoma
Epithelioid Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor
Rhabdoid Tumor
Malignant Melanoma
Selected References
Extraskeletal Ewing Sarcoma and Peripheral Neuroectodermal Tumor
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Neuroblastoma
Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma
Lymphoma
Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumor
Poorly Differentiated Synovial Sarcoma
Selected References
Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumor
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Extraskeletal EWS and PNET
Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma
Small Cell Carcinoma
Selected References
Alveolar Soft Part Sarcoma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma
Paraganglioma
Granular Cell Tumor
Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma (Clear Cell)
Selected References
Clear Cell Sarcoma (CCS)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Malignant Melanoma
Fibrosarcoma
Epithelioid Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor
Selected References
Perivascular Epithelioid Cell Tumor
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Clear Cell Sarcoma (Malignant Melanoma of Soft Parts)
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor
Leiomyoma and Leiomyosarcoma
Clear Cell Carcinomas
Selected References
Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma/High-Grade Pleomorphic Sarcoma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Myxoid Liposarcoma
Pleomorphic Liposarcoma
Pleomorphic Rhabdomyosarcoma
Leiomyosarcoma
Selected References
Chapter 18
Chapter 18: Heart, Pericardium, and Blood Vessels
Heart
Cardiomyopathy
Clinical Features
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia/Cardiomyopathy
Gross Pathology
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia/Cardiomyopathy
Histopathology
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia/Cardiomyopathy
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Toxic Cardiomyopathy (Specifically Doxorubicin)
Metabolic Cardiomyopathy
Differential Diagnosis
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy versus Metabolic Cardiomyopathy
Symmetrical Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy versus Physiologic Hypertrophy in Response to Exercise (“Athlete’s Heart”)
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy versus Age-Related Subaortic Bulging of the Interventricular Septum (Sigmoid or Catenoid Septum ...
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy versus Diseases Associated with Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Infants and Young Children
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy versus Constrictive Pericarditis
Selected References
Myocarditis
Clinical Features
Lymphocytic Myocarditis
Giant Cell Myocarditis
Eosinophilic Myocarditis
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Lymphocytic Myocarditis
Giant Cell Myocarditis
Eosinophilic Myocarditis
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Lymphocytic Myocarditis
Giant Cell Myocarditis
Eosinophilic Myocarditis
Neutrophilic Infiltrates
Selected References
Amyloidosis
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Hyalinized Collagen
Selected References
Sarcoidosis
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Giant Cell Myocarditis
Infectious Myocarditis
Myocardial Infarction
Selected References
Valvular Diseases
Morphologic and Functional Correlations
Stenotic Valves with or without Regurgitation
Purely Regurgitant Valves
Etiology of Valvular Dysfunction
Mitral Valve
Aortic Valve
Clinical Features
Rheumatic Heart Disease
Mitral Valve Prolapse
Calcific Aortic Valve Disease
Mitral Annular Calcification
Pure Aortic Regurgitation
Carcinoid Heart Disease
Gross Pathology
Rheumatic Heart Disease
Mitral Valve Prolapse
Calcific Aortic Valve Disease
Mitral Annular Calcification
Pure Aortic Regurgitation
Carcinoid Heart Disease
Histopathology
Rheumatic Heart Disease
Mitral Valve Prolapse
Calcific Aortic Valve Disease
Mitral Annular Calcification
Pure Aortic Regurgitation
Carcinoid Heart Disease
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
Infective Endocarditis
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Nonbacterial Thrombotic Endocarditis
Libman-Sacks Endocarditis
Selected References
Prosthetic Valves
Most Commonly Implanted Prosthetic Heart Valves
Bioprosthetic Valves
Mechanical Valves
Homografts
Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation
Common Complications and Modes of Failure of Prosthetic Heart Valves
Thrombus Formation
Infection
Pannus Overgrowth
Paravalvular Leak
Structural Deterioration
Selected References
Myxoma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Organized Thrombus
Myxoid Sarcomas
Papillary Fibroelastoma
Selected References
Rhabdomyoma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Glycogen Storage Disease (e.g., Pompe Disease)
Histiocytoid Cardiomyopathy
Selected References
Fibroma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Fibrosarcoma
Inflammatory Pseudotumor
Selected References
Papillary Fibroelastoma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Papillary Myxoma
Lambl Excrescences
Selected References
Cardiac Sarcomas
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Myxoma
Selected References
Pericardium
Acute Pericarditis
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
Constrictive Pericarditis
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
Pericardial Cysts
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Loculated Effusion
Bronchogenic Cyst
Selected References
Localized Fibrous Tumor of the Pericardium
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Sarcomatoid Mesothelioma
Selected References
Primary Malignant Tumors of the Pericardium
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Pericardial Mesothelioma
Pericardial Angiosarcoma
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Metastatic Adenocarcinoma
Epithelioid Angiosarcoma versus Mesothelioma
Selected References
Metastatic Tumors of the Heart and Pericardium
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
Blood Vessels
The Vasculitides
Large-Vessel Vasculitis
Clinical Features
Giant Cell Arteritis
Takayasu Arteritis
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Giant Cell Arteritis
Takayasu Arteritis
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Giant Cell Arteritis and Takayasu Disease
Chronic Sclerotic Phase of Aortitis
IgG4-Related Aortitis/Periaortitis
Behçet Disease
Age-Related Changes (Arteriosclerosis)
Selected References
Medium-Vessel Vasculitis
Clinical Features
Polyarteritis Nodosa (PAN)
Kawasaki Disease (Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome, Infantile PAN)
Gross Pathology
PAN
Kawasaki Disease
Histopathology
PAN
Kawasaki Disease
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
PAN
Selected References
Pauci-Immune Small-Vessel Vasculitis
Clinical Features
Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis, Formerly Wegener Granulomatosis (GPA)
Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis, Formerly Churg-Strauss Syndrome (EGPA)
Microscopic Polyangiitis (MPA)
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis
Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis
Microscopic Polyangiitis
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Polyarteritis Nodosa
Antiglomerular Basement Membrane Disease (Goodpasture Syndrome)
Drug-Induced Vasculitis
Infection-Induced Vasculitis
Vasculitis Associated with Circulating Immune Complexes
Sarcoidosis
Eosinophilic Pulmonary Infiltrates
Epstein-Barr Virus–Associated Lymphoproliferative Disorders with Propensity for Angioinvasion
Selected References
Immune Complex Small-Vessel Vasculitis
Clinical Features
IgA Vasculitis, Formerly Henoch-Schönlein Purpura (IgAV)
Cryoglobulinemic Vasculitis
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
IgA Vasculitis
Cryoglobulinemic Vasculitis
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Immunofluorescence Microscopy
Electron Microscopy
Differential Diagnosis
Cutaneous Leukocytoclastic Vasculitis (Hypersensitivity Vasculitis)
Hypocomplementemic Urticarial Vasculitis
Drug-Induced Vasculitis
Infection-Induced Vasculitis
Malignancy-Associated (Paraneoplastic) Vasculitis
Connective Tissue Disease–Associated Vasculitis
Pauci-Immune Small-Vessel Vasculitis
IgA Nephropathy (Berger Disease)
Selected References
Buerger Disease (Thromboangiitis Obliterans)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Organizing Thromboemboli
Necrotizing Arteritis
Selected References
Fibromuscular Dysplasia
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Medial fibromuscular dysplasia
Intimal Fibroplasia
Adventitial (Periarterial) Fibroplasia
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Atherosclerosis
Healed Arteritis
Neurofibromatosis
Selected References
Heritable Disorders of Blood Vessels
Clinical Features
Marfan Syndrome
Loeys-Dietz Syndrome
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome Type IV (Vascular Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome)
Familial Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms and Aortic Dissections
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Marfan Syndrome
Loeys-Dietz Syndrome
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
Familial Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms and Aortic Dissections
Differential Diagnosis
Infectious Aortitis
Selected References
Chapter 19
Chapter 19:
Central Nervous System
Astrocytic Tumors
Diffuse Astrocytoma, Anaplastic Astrocytoma, Glioblastoma, Giant Cell Glioblastoma, Gliosarcoma, and Gliomatosis Cerebri (W ...
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology (Figure 19-1)
Astrocytoma (WHO Grade II)
Fibrillary Astrocytomas: Most Common Type
Protoplasmic Astrocytomas: Rare Variant of Low-Grade Astrocytoma
Gemistocytic Astrocytoma
Anaplastic Astrocytoma (WHO Grade III)
Gliomatosis Cerebri (WHO Grade III)
Glioblastoma (WHO Grade IV)
Variants of Glioblastoma
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Metastasis (Metastatic Carcinoma or Metastatic Melanoma)
Lymphoma
Reactive Astrocytosis
Oligodendroglioma
Demyelinating Diseases
Selected References
Pilocytic Astrocytoma (WHO Grade I)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Diffuse Astrocytoma
Pilomyxoid Astrocytoma
Pleomorphic X
anthoastrocytoma
Ganglion Cell Tumors
Hemangioblastoma
Selected References
Pilomyxoid Astrocytoma (WHO Grade II)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Pilocytic Astrocytoma
Selected References
Pleomorphic X
anthoastrocytoma (WHO Grade II)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Glioblastoma
Pilocytic Astrocytoma
Ganglion Cell Tumors
Selected References
Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma (WHO Grade I)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Gemistocytic Astrocytoma
Subependymal Glial Nodule
Selected References
Glioneuronal Tumor With Neuropil-Like Islands (WHO Grades II and III)
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Ganglioglioma
Grade 2 or 3 Diffuse Astrocytoma
Ependymoma
Oligodendroglioma
Selected References
Oligodendroglial Tumors
Oligodendroglioma (WHO Grade II) and Anaplastic Oligodendroglioma (WHO Grade III)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Oligodendroglioma
Anaplastic Oligodendroglioma
Oligodendroglioma with Neurocytic Differentiation
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Diffuse Astrocytoma
Small Cell Variant of Anaplastic Astrocytoma and Glioblastoma
Central Neurocytoma or Extraventricular Neurocytoma
Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Tumor (DNT)
Clear Cell Ependymoma
Pilocytic Astrocytoma
Chronic Seizure Disorders with Oligodendrocyte Hyperplasia
Selected References
Oligoastrocytoma (WHO Grade II), Anaplastic Oligoastrocytoma (WHO Grade III), and Glioblastoma Multiforme with Oligodendrog ...
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Oligoastrocytoma (WHO Grade II)
Anaplastic Oligoastrocytoma (WHO Grade III)
Glioblastoma Multiforme with Oligodendroglial Features (WHO Grade IV)
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Pure Astrocytoma
Pure Oligodendroglioma
Selected References
Ependymal Tumors
Ependymoma (WHO Grade II) and Anaplastic Ependymoma (WHO Grade III)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Metastatic Adenocarcinoma
Fibrillary or Diffuse Astrocytoma
Astroblastoma
Choroid Plexus Papilloma or Carcinoma
Selected References
Myxopapillary Ependymoma (WHO Grade I)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Metastatic Adenocarcinoma (Mucin Se creting)
Chordoma
Schwannoma
Paraganglioma
Selected References
Subependymoma (WHO Grade I)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Ependymoma
Selected References
Other Neuroepithelial Tumors
Astroblastoma (No Assigned WHO Grade)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Ependymoma
Angiocentric Glioma
Papillary Meningioma
Selected References
Chordoid Glioma (WHO Grade II)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Chordoma
Chordoid Meningioma
Selected References
Angiocentric Glioma (WHO Grade I)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Astrocytoma
Pilocytic Astrocytoma
Pilomyxoid Astrocytoma
Ependymoma
Astroblastoma
Selected References
Neuronal and Glioneuronal Neoplasms
Gangliocytoma (WHO Grade I) and Ganglioglioma (WHO Grades I and III)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Gangliocytoma
Ganglioglioma
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Variants of Ganglioglioma
Pilocytic Astrocytoma
DNT
Fibrillary or Diffuse Astrocytoma
Pleomorphic X anthoastrocytoma
Selected References
Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Tumor (DNT) (WHO Grade I)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Ganglioglioma
Oligodendroglioma
Oligoastrocytoma
Pilocytic Astrocytoma
Selected References
Central and Extraventricular Neurocytoma (WHO Grade II)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Central Neurocytomas
Atypical Neurocytomas
Extraventricular Neurocytomas
Cerebellar Liponeurocytoma
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Oligodendroglioma
Ependymoma (Especially Clear Cell Variant)
Neuroblastoma (Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor)
Selected References
Papillary Glioneuronal Tumor (WHO Grade I)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Papillary Ependymoma
Papillary Meningioma
Choroid Plexus Papilloma
Metastatic Papillary Adenocarcinoma
Astroblastoma
Selected References
Rosette-Forming Glioneuronal Tumor of The Fourth Ventricle (WHO Grade I)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Pilocytic Astrocytoma
Central Neurocytoma
Papillary Glioneuronal Neoplasm
Selected References
Paraganglioma of the Spinal Cord (WHO Grade I)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Ependymoma
Metastatic Carcinoma
Selected References
Embryonal Tumors
Medulloblastoma (WHO Grade IV)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor
Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor (pPNET) and Extraosseous Ewing Sarcoma of the Craniospinal Vaul ...
Ependymoma
Pilocytic Astrocytoma
Lymphoma and Leukemia
Metastatic Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
Selected References
CNS Primitive Neuroectodermal Neoplasms (Neuroblastoma, Ganglioneuroblastoma, Ependymoblastoma, Medulloepithelioma, Embryon ...
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Neuroblastoma
Ganglioneuroblastoma
Medulloepithelioma
ETANTR
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Ganglioneuroblastoma and Neuroblastoma
Medulloepithelioma
ETANTR
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Central Neurocytoma
Peripheral PNET and Extraosseous Ewing Sarcoma of the Craniospinal Vault
Metastatic Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
Desmoplastic Infantile Ganglioglioma
Glioblastoma with PNET Foci
Esthesioneuroblastoma (Olfactory neuroblastoma)
Selected References
Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor (WHO Grade IV)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Medulloblastoma
Choroid Plexus Carcinoma
Selected References
Choroid Plexus Tumors
Choroid Plexus Papilloma (WHO Grade I), Atypical Choroid Plexus Papilloma (WHO Grade II), and Choroid Plexus Carcinoma (WHO ...
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Choroid Plexus Papilloma (WHO Grade I)
Atypical Choroid Plexus Papilloma (WHO Grade II)
Choroid Plexus Carcinoma
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Normal Choroid Plexus
Metastatic Carcinoma
Ependymoma (Especially Papillary Subtype)
Atypical Teratoid and Rhabdoid Tumors
Papillary Endolymphatic Sac Tumor
Selected References
Pineal Parenchymal Tumors
Pineocytoma (WHO Grade I) and Pineal Parenchymal Tumor of Intermediate Differentiation (WHO Grades II and III)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Pineocytoma
Pineal Parenchymal Tumor of Intermediate Differentiation
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Normal Pineal Gland
Pineal Cyst
Pineoblastoma
Astrocytoma
Papillary Tumors of the Pineal Region
Selected References
Pineoblastoma (WHO Grade IV)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Pineocytoma and Pineal Parenchymal Tumor of Intermediate Differentiation
Selected References
Papillary Tumor of the Pineal Region (WHO Grades II and III)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Choroid Plexus Papilloma
Ependymoma
Selected References
Other Neoplasms and Related Entities
Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors
Clinical Features
Schwannoma (WHO Grade I)
Neurofibroma (WHO Grade I)
Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor (MPNST) (WHO Grade II, III, or IV)
Perineurioma (WHO Grade I, II, or III)
Gross Pathology
Schwannoma
Neurofibroma
Plexiform Neurofibroma
Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor
Perineurioma
Histopathology
Schwannoma
Neurofibroma
Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor
Perineurioma
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Schwannoma
Neurofibroma
Perineurioma
MPNST
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Conventional and Cellular Schwannoma
Neurofibroma
MPNST
Perineurioma
Differential Diagnosis
Schwannoma versus Meningioma
Neurofibroma versus Traumatic Neuroma
MPNST versus Synovial Sarcoma
Selected References
Meningioma (WHO Grade I), Atypical Meningioma (WHO Grade II), and Anaplastic Meningioma (WHO Grade III)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Classic Meningioma (WHO Grade I)
Atypical Meningioma (WHO Grade II)
Anaplastic Meningioma (WHO Grade III)
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Schwannoma
Ependymoma
Meningeal Hyperplasia
Solitary Fibrous Tumor and Hemangiopericytoma /Cellular Solitary Fibrous Tumor
Selected References
Solitary Fibrous Tumor and Hemangiopericytoma/Cellular Solitary Fibrous Tumor
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Meningioma
Mesenchymal Chondrosarcoma
Selected References
Hemangioblastoma (WHO Grade I)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Pilocytic Astrocytoma
Metastatic Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma
Paraganglioma
Meningioma (Angiomatous)
Selected References
Malignant Lymphoma (Non-Hodgkin and Hodgkin)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Hodgkin Disease
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Metastatic Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
Oligodendroglioma
Medulloblastoma and PNET
Selected References
Germ Cell Tumors
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology (Figure 19-17)
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Pineocytoma and Pineoblastoma
Selected References
Neuraxial Cysts: Rathke Cleft Cyst, Colloid Cyst, and Enterogenous Cyst
Clinical Features
Rathke Cleft Cyst (RCC)
Colloid Cyst (CC)
Enterogenous Cyst (EntC)
Gross Pathology
Histopathology (Figures 19-18 and 19-19)
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Craniopharyngioma versus RCC
Epidermoid or Dermoid Cysts
Distinction Between RCC, CC, and EntC
Ependymal Cyst
Arachnoid Cyst
Cysticercosis of Ventricular System or Subarachnoid Space
Selected References
Pituitary Adenoma (Including Typical and Atypical Adenomas), Pituitary Carcinoma, and Pituitary Hyperplasia
Clinical Features
Pituitary Adenomas
Pituitary Carcinoma
Pituitary Hyperplasia
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Normal Pituitary Gland
Craniopharyngioma
Hypophysitis
RCC
Spindle Cell Oncocytoma of the Adenohypophysis (WHO Grade I)
Granular Cell Tumor of the Neurohypophysis
Selected References
Pituicytoma (WHO Grade I)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Pituitary Adenoma
Granular Cell Tumor of the Neurohypophysis (WHO Grade I)
Spindle Cell Oncocytoma of the Adenohypophysis (WHO Grade I)
Pilocytic Astrocytoma
Selected References
Craniopharyngioma (WHO Grade I)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
RCC
Epidermoid or Dermoid Cysts
Pilocytic Astrocytoma
Xanthogranuloma
Selected References
Chordoma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Chondrosarcoma
Myxopapillary Ependymoma
Metastatic Mucinous Adenocarcinoma
Chordoid Meningioma
Chordoid Glioma
Selected References
Secondary Tumors
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology ( Figure 19-23)
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Glial Neoplasms with Epithelioid, Sarcomatous, or Small-Cell Differentiation
Primitive Neuroectodermal Neoplasms Including Medulloblastomas
Anaplastic Meningioma
Selected References
Non-Neoplastic Conditions
Vascular Malformations
Clinical Features
Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM)
Cavernous Hemangioma
Capillary Telangiectasia
Venous Hemangioma
Gross Pathology
AVM
Cavernous Hemangioma
Capillary Telangiectasia
Venous Hemangioma
Histopathology
AVM
Cavernous Hemangioma
Capillary Telangiectasia
Venous Hemangioma
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
Cerebral Infarction and Intracerebral Hematomas
Clinical Features
Ischemic Cerebral Infarctions
Venous Cerebral Infarcts
Intracerebral Hematomas
Gross Pathology
Ischemic Infarcts
Venous Infarcts
Intracerebral Hematomas
Histopathology
Ischemic Infarcts due to Arterial Compromise
Venous Infarcts
Intracerebral Hematomas
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Glioma (Oligodendroglioma or Astrocytoma)
GBM
Demyelinating Diseases
Encephalitis
Selected References
Vasculitis
Clinical Features
Infectious Vasculitis
Vasculitis in Association with Collagen Vascular Diseases and Other Noninfectious Causes
Primary (or Isolated) Vasculitis of the CNS, also Known as Granulomatous Vasculitis, Occurs without Sy ...
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Primary Vasculitis
Secondary Vasculitis
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Primary CNS Lymphoma
MSand Acute Demyelinating Encephalomyelitis (ADEM)
Viral Encephalitis
Sarcoidosis
Nonvasculitic Autoimmune Inflammatory Meningoencephalitis (NAIM)
Selected References
Brain Abscess
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
GBM
and Metastasis
Selected References
Encephalitis and Meningoencephalitis
Clinical Features
Common Causative Agents: Viral
Common Causative Agents: Bacterial
Common Causative Agents: Parasitic
Common Causative Agents: Fungal
Gross Pathology
Encephalitis
Meningoencephalitis
Histopathology (Figure 19-29)
Viral Encephalitis
Herpesvirus Encephalitis
Cytomegalovirus
Rabies Encephalitis
HIV Encephalitis and Leukoencephalopathy
Tuberculous Meningitis and Tuberculoma
Neurosyphilis: Meningovascular and Parenchymal Forms
Other Causes of Meningitis and Encephalitis
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Sarcoidosis
Noninfectious Vasculitis
Nonspecific Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
Paraneoplastic Encephalitis
Selected References
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Malignant Glioma (Astrocytoma or Oligodendroglioma)
MS
Selected References
Demyelinating Diseases
Clinical Features
Multiple Sclerosis
Marburg Type of MS (Acute MS)
Concentric Sclerosis of Baló
Devic Disease (Neuromyelitis Optica [NMO]): Involvement of Optic Nerve and Spinal Cord Predominates
ADEM
Acute Hemorrhagic Leukoencephalitis (Hurst Disease)
Gross Pathology
MS
Acute Demyelinating Encephalomyelitis
Acute Hemorrhagic Leukoencephalitis
Histopathology
MS
ADEM
Acute Hemorrhagic Leukoencephalitis
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Cerebral Infarction
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy
Astrocytoma
Leukodystrophies
Selected References
Dementia
Clinical Features
Alzheimer Disease
Lewy Body Dementia
Vascular Dementia
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration (FTLD)
Gross Pathology
Alzheimer Disease
Lewy Body Dementia
Vascular Dementia
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
FTLD
Histopathology
Alzheimer Disease
Lewy Body Dementia
Vascular Dementia
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Alzheimer Disease
Lewy Body Dementia
Vascular Dementia
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Alzheimer Disease
Vascular Dementia
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration
Differential Diagnosis
Kufs Disease (Adult Form of Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis)
Status Spongiosus
Selected References
Chapter 20
Chapter 20:
Eye and Orbit
Adult Ocular Lesions
External Lesions
Malignant Melanoma of the Conjunctiva
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Primary Acquired Melanosis (PAM)
Nevus
Secondary Melanoma
Racial (Congenital) Ocular Melanosis
Selected References
Primary Acquired Melanosis of the Conjunctiva
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Conjunctival Melanoma
Conjunctival Nevus
Racial Melanosis
Pigmented Papilloma
Selected References
Pterygium and Pinguecula
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Modern Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Conjunctiva and Cornea (Invasive or in Situ)
Selected Reference
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Conjunctiva and Cornea
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Sebaceous Carcinoma
Pterygium and Pinguecula
Squamous Papilloma
Oncocytoma
Lipodermoid
Selected References
Sebaceous Carcinoma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Chalazion (Stye)
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Sebaceous Adenoma
Selected References
Internal Lesions
Malignant Melanoma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology ( Figure 20-6)
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Choroidal Nevus
Cavernous Hemangioma of the Choroid
Metastatic Carcinoma
Choroidal Melanocytoma (Magnocellular Nevus)
Subretinal Hemorrhage
Schwannoma
Choroidal Osteoma
Selected References
Ciliary Body Adenoma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Amelanotic Melanoma
Medulloepithelioma
Metastatic Carcinoma
Selected References
Iris Nevus and Melanoma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Iris Nevus
Ciliary Body Melanoma with Anterior Extension
Iridocorneal Endothelial Syndrome (ICE) Variant
Cyst of Posterior Iris Epithelium
Metastatic Tumors to the Iris
Iris Freckle (Ephelis)
Inflammatory Mass
Penetrating Ocular Trauma
Iris Leiomyoma
Selected References
Childhood Ocular Lesions
Retinoblastoma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Selected References
Adult Orbital Lesions
Orbital Lymphoma, Including Lymphoid Hyperplasia and Malignant Lymphoma of the Orbit
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Inflammatory Orbital Pseudotumor (Idiopathic Orbital Inflammation)
Orbital Cellulitis
Solid Tumors of Orbit
Graves Orbitopathy
Vascular Lesions
Selected References
Inflammatory Orbital Pseudotumor (Idiopathic Orbital Inflammation)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Orbital Cellulitis
Thyroid Orbitopathy
Orbital Lymphoma
Posterior Scleritis
Solid Tumor of Orbit
Granulomatous Disease
Ruptured Dermoid Cyst
Vascular Lesion
Selected References
Thyroid Orbitopathy (Thyroid Ophthalmopathy, Dysthyroid Orbitopathy, and Graves Orbitopathy)
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Orbital Pseudotumor
Orbital Cellulitis
Metastatic Tumors to Extraocular Muscles
Other Orbital Inflammatory, Infiltrative, and Neoplastic Conditions
Selected References
Childhood Orbital Lesions
Cystic
Dermoid and Epidermoid Cysts
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Hemangioma
Microphthalmos with Cyst
Orbital Cellulitis
Selected References
Capillary Hemangioma of the Orbit
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Lymphangioma
Congenital Hydrops
Epidermoid and Dermoid Cysts
Selected References
Lymphangioma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Hemangioma
Primary and Metastatic Malignancies of the Orbit
Cephalocele
Orbital Pseudotumor
Selected References
Microphthalmos With Cyst
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Dermoid and Epidermoid Cysts
Cephalocele
Selected References
Solid Orbital Rhabdomyosarcoma
Clinical Features
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry
Other Techniques for Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Metastatic Neuroblastoma
Leiomyoma and Leiomyosarcoma
Orbital Capillary Hemangioma
Orbital Dermoid Cyst
Cephalocele
Lymphangioma
Orbital Pseudotumor (Idiopathic Orbital Inflammation)
Orbital Cellulitis
Selected References
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
R
S
T
U
V
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X
Y
Z
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